174 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
gathering roots, berries, &c. These several provisions cover about the whole year,
so that it is optional with the Indians whether they will reside on the reservation
and avail themselves of the privileges offered in the way of schools, &c., or con-
tinue to follow the idle, wandering life of their fathers. That so many have chosen
the first alternative is a matter for congratulation.
POPULATION, ETC.
In my report for last year I gave estimated number of Indians belonging to this
reservation, parties to this treaty, at 3,950. This estimate was based upon a census
taken several years since, and did not pretend to be exact. This estimate has been,
pronounced in a certain quarter as a monstrous exaggeration. As stated in my report
the estimate did not pretend to be exact, and included the band of Chief Moses, who
were parties to this treaty and should have been compelled to reside on the reservation.
Between the time the estimate was made and the census of last winter many of the
more lawless of our Indians have left this reservation and gone to reside with Chief
Moses. It is impossible to give the number of these, but it is believed to be consider-
able. These, of course, weie included in that estimate. The census taken last winter
gives the following as the number of our Indians, who may be roughly classed as fol-
lows:
Class 1. Indians residing permanently on the reservation who cultivate farms, own
cattle teams, agricultural implements, &c., and in general require no assistance, 647.
Class 2. Indians residing on the reservation, except during the fishing season, who
cultivate more or less laud, own horses and some cattle, but depend partially on fish
for their subsistence, 1,057.
Class 3. Piute Indians located on this reservation who are destitute of cattle and have
but few horses, to whom lauds and assistance will be given this season, 472.
Class 4. Indians living habitually off the reservation, only coming here during the
winter, subsisting on fish, game, the sale of ponies, «fec., 598.
Class 5. Disaffected Indians, living entirely off the reservation, subsisting like class
4 on fish, game, &c., 276.
Class 6. Estimated number of the Palouse Indians, parties to this treaty, but who
reserved the privilege of residing at their old homes till the United States should pur-
chase their improvements — they have never been on the reservation— 350.
This makes the total number, ascertained by actual count except as to class 6, as
3,400. This falls considerably short of my estimate of last year, but I believe may be
fully covered by those who are not included in the census but are parties to the treaty.
Referring to the several classes noted above, it may be said that the first are, with
few exceptions, well qualified to care for themselves and need no further assistance,
except in the way of schools, physicians, &c. The second class still require assistance
in the way of issues of cattle, agricultural implements, &c., but are rapidly acquiring
property, and each year numbers of them join the first class. The condition of the
third class, or Piutes, will be separately noted. As a general thing it may be said that
the fourth and fifth classes reject all proffers of assistance. They do not desire to cast
off their old customs and learn the ways of the whites, and only ask to be left alone to
follow the traditions of their fathers.
Want of funds prevented my including the Palouse Indians in the Census, and I have
little definite information about them. They still occupy their original country ; in
common with white settlers, cultivate small patches of land, and depend principally
on fish for subsistence. They are said to be quiet, industrious, and worthy. The tri-
fling sum required to purchase their improvements should be paid according to the
treaty, and they should be brought to this reservation.
CONDITION OF THE PIUTES.
IntFebruary, J879, some five hundred Piutes and Bannack prisoners, fresh from the
war-path and reeking with the blood of murdered wives and children of white settlers.
were brought here and turned over to me by the military authorities. No decided
steps were taken to determine their permanent location for nearly two years, and they
remained here receiving weekly rations from our agency supplies, uncertain whether
they were to remain here or be returned to their old reservation— the Malheur. During
the winter of 1879 and 1 880, Sarah Winnemucca, with her father, visited Washington, and
gained from the honorable Secretary of the Interior permission for the Piutes and Ban-
nacks at this agency to return, at their own expense, to Malheur.
Knowing the temper of the people through whom they must pass, still smarting
from the barbarities of the war two years previous, and that the Piutes, utterly des-
titute of every thing, must subsist themselves on their route by pillage, I refused per-
mission for them to depart without military escort, and some provision for their sub-
sistence on the way. This created intense excitement among the Piutes, which, I regret
to say, was intensified by the imprudent recommendation of certain white men at Yaki-
ma City, whose position would lead one to expect better sense, who told them to " Pay no
attention to what Wilbur says ; you have the Secretary's permission, and no one has
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 175
the right to prevent your returning." Happily this advice was not acted on, and soon
after, on being more correctly informed of the state of affairs, the Hon. Secretary re-
voked his permission though no determination as to their permanent location was ar-
rived at. This was a great disappointment to the Piutes and the greatest caution and
care was necessary in dealing with them. Their uncertain status prevented any per-
manent plans for their benefit. Fields were fenced, broken, planted, and turned over
to them, but as long as they expected an early return to their old reservation, it could
not be expected they would take more than a temporary interest in matters here.
On my return from Washington, I called a council of them, and informed them of
the final decision of the department, that this must be their future home. Some feel-
ing was manifested at first, but they now seem to have cheerfully accepted the situ-
ation and are anxious to be at work on lands of their own. I turned over to them about
twenty-five acres of wheat, which they have cut and threshed themselves. As soon
as the pressure of other duties will permit, it is my intention to locate them perma-
nently, fence and break for them a large tract of land, build houses for their lead-
ing men, supply them with teams and cattle, and put them in the way of raising their
own subsistence and so relieve the agency from the burden of their support. During
harvest all who would work were given employment, and without assistance from the
more experienced Yakamas, have bound and shocked all the department grain and ren-
dered service in the hay -fields and in threshing. For these services they have been
paid in supplies. They are industrious and capable, and only need opportunity to de-
velop into practical farmers.
CROPS, ETC.
The great loss of stock last winter left many of our Indians without teams for their
spring plowing. Under these circumstances the agency teams were used as far as pos-
sible to put in crops for such Indians as had lost their own, and in this way about the
usual acreage was sown. In view of the necessity of providing subsistence • for the
Piutes and school, I had put in about two hundred and fifty acres of wheat on the ac-
count of the department. Only one field has yet been threshed, but from the returns
received I think it safe to assume that the yield of department wheat will not be less
than five thousand bushels, thus relieving us of all fears of a scarcity of breadstuffs
like last winter. The Indian grain also promises well, and there is no doubt but the
Yakamas will this year have more than will be required for their subsistence, seed next
spring, &c.
EDUCATIONAL.
Nothing in the results of the past year gives me greater satisfaction than the condi-
tion of the school. Our people have for some time been waking up to the advantages
of education for their children, and in response to our earnest solicitations last winter
brought their children from all parts of the reservation till our boarding-house and
school- rooms were crowded with nearly one hundred children. Our accommodations
being only intended, as an extreme limit, for 60, it became a question how to keep all
that offered. We were unwilling to turn any away, and found means to accommodate
all that came, though not as comfortably as might be wished. Notwithstanding the
crowded condition of the school-rooms and dormitories, no sickness of moment oc-
curred among the children, owing, no doubt, to great care on the part of the physician,
superintendent of teaching, and matron, but they were kept through the long and
severe winter contented and happy. I am now engaged in building a new school-
house and boarding-house, and hope next winter to accommodate from 200 to 250 chil-
dren. So thoroughly are our Indians aroused on the subject of education, that I fear
even this large addition to our school facilities will not accommodate all who desire to
attend school.
Some eighteen or twenty Piute children have been in the school the past winter who
have given evidence of at least equal capacity with the Yakamas. The progress made
in their studies has been highly satisfactory, though representing but a small fraction
of the benefits conferred by the boarding-school in familiarizing the children early in
life with the manners and customs of civilized life.
CIVILIZATION.
No honest observer can visit this agency and deny the wonderful advancement that
has been made. It is no longer a question of the capacity of the Indians for civiliza-
tion. It has been my policy to so use the means entrusted to me, by issues of cattle,
wagons and farming implements, that each year a number of the most industrious and
worthy should be placed in a position where, with occasional advice, they could care
for themselves and no longer require assistance, rather than by a general distribution
to so scatter my means that while each should receive something, no one would receive
sufficient to be of permanent benefit. The result of this policy may be seen in the
present condition of these Indians, partially noted under the head of population.
There are many, I might say hundreds, of families as well prepared to care for them-
selves as the majority of the white settlers in this and the adjoining counties. Not
From the collection of the
7 n
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Prelinger
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JJibrary
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San Francisco, California
2006
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
TO THE
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
FOR
THE YEA.R 1881.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1881.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Ma]) I
Report of Commissioner .' Ill
PAPERS ACCOMPANYING ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORTS OF AGENTS:
Arizona :
Colorado River, Jonathan Biggs 1
Moquis Pueblo, John H. Sullivan 3
Pirn a and Maricopa and Papago, Roswell G. Wheeler 5
San Carlos, J. C. Tiffany 6
California :
Hoopa Valley, Lieut. Gordon Winslow, U. S. A 11
Mission, S. S. Lawson 13
Round Valley, H. B. Sheldon 15
Tule River, C. G. Belknap 18
Colorado :
Los Pinos, W. H. Berry 19
Southern Ute, Henry Page 23
Dakota :
Cheyenne River, Leonard Love .' 24
Crow Creek, Capt. Wm. E. Dougherty, U. S. A 26
Devil's Lake, James McLaughlin 33
Fort Berthold, Jacob Kauffman 35
Lower Rrule", W. H. Parkhurst 37
Pine Ridge, V. T. McGillycuddy 44
Rosebud, John Cook . 50
Sissetou, Charles Crissey 55
Standing Rock, J. A. Stephan 57
Yankton, W. D. E. Andrus .... . 60
Idaho :
Fort Hall, E. A. Stone 63
Lemhi, John Harries 64
Nez Perce", Charles D. Warner 65
Indian Territory :
Cheyenne a1 d Arapaho, John D. Miles 66
J. H. Seger, superintendent Arapaho school 71
W. J. Hadley, superintendent Cheyenne school 73
S. S. Haury, missionary to the Arapahoes 75
J. B. Wicks, missionary 76
J. A. Covington, chief of police , 76
Kio wa, < :omaiiche, and Wichita, P. B. Hunt ., r 77
George W. Hunt, superintendent Kiowa and Comanche school 83
W. T. Calrnes, superintendent Wichita school 85
II CONTENTS.
REPORTS OF AGENTS — Continued.
Indian Territory— Continued.
Osage and Kaw, L. J. Miles 85
Pawnee, E. H. Bowman 87
Ponca, Thomas J. Jordan , 92
Quapaw, D. B. Dyer 94
Sac and Fox, John S. Shorb 100
Union, John Q. Tufts 103
Iowa:
Sac and Fox, George L. Davenport 105
Kansas :
Pottawatomie, H. C. Linn 106
Michigan :
Mackinac, George W. Lee 109
Minnesota:
White Earth, Charles A. Ruifee 110
Montana :
Blackfeet, John Young Ill
Crow, A. R. Keller , 113
Flathead, Peter Ronan 115
Fort Belknap, W.L.Lincoln 117
Fort Peck, N. S. Porter 120
Nebraska :
Great Nemaha, Augustus Brosius 12£
Otoe, LewellynE. Woodin 124
Santee, Isaiah Lightner 126
Winnebago and Omaha, Arthur Edwards 129
Nevada :
Nevada, Joseph M. McMaster 130
Western Shoshone, John How 132
New Mexico :
Jicarilla, W.B.Jones, farmer in charge 134
Mescalero, Wm. H.H.Llewellyn 135
Navajo, Galen Eastman 137
Pueblo, Ben. M.Thomas 14*
New York :
New York, Benj. G.Casler . - 141
Oregon :
Grand Ronde, P. B. Sinnott 142
Klainath, L. M. Nickerson 143
Siletz, Edmund A. Swan 146
Umatilla, R.H.Fay -- 149
Warm Springs, John Smith I52
Utah:
Uintah Valley, J. J. Critchlow 155
Washington Territory :
Colville, John A. Simms 158
Joseph E. Labrie, farmer 1
James O'Neil, farmer in charge C(Burd'A16ne Reserve 161
CONTENTS. Ill
REPORTS OF AGENTS — Continued.
Washington Territory — Continued.
Neah Bay, Charles Willoughby 161
Puyallup, R. H. Milroy 163
G. W. Bell, in charge Chehalis Reservation 168
Quiuault, Oliver Wood 169
S'Kokomish, Edwin Eells 171
Tulalip, John O'Keane 171
Yakania, James H. Wilbur * 173
Wisconsin :
Green Bay, E. Stephens 176
LaPointe, W. R. Durfee 180
Wyoming :
Shoshone, Charles Hatton 182
Report of Lieut. R. H. Pratt, U.'S. A., in charge of Indian training school at Car-
lisle, Pa 184
Report of S. C. Armstrong, Principal Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. 194
Report of Lieut. M. C. Wilkinson, U. S. A., in charge of Indian training school at
Forest Grove, Oregon 198
Report of Ute Commission 201
Ratification of agreement with Utes 208
Report of Poiica Commission 217
Indian legislation by the third session of the Forty-sixth Congress 226
Tabular statement showing the present liabilities of the United States to Indian
tribes under treaty stipulations 234
Tabular report of the condition of trust-funds . 241
Statement of receipts and disbursements on account of sales of Indian lands since
November 1, 1880 252
Statement of salaries and incidental expenses paid at, agencies for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1881 ,. 253
Executive orders relating to Indian reservations issued since July 23, 1880 260
Statement of expenditures made from appropriations for the Indian service for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881 . 260-261
Schedule giving names, location, and areas of Indian reservations, and the author-
ity for establishing the same 261
Statistics relating to population, schools, churches, and general condition of In-
dians at their respective agencies 272
Statistics relating to lands, agricultural improvements, live stock, crops, and
sources of subsistence of Indians at their respective agencies 292
Table showing prevailing diseases among Indians, number of cases of sickness
treated, &c 309
List of members of the Board of Indian Commissioners, with their post-office ad-
dress 312
List of agencies assigned to religious denominations 312
List of inspectors and special Indian agents, with their post-office address 312
List of agents, with their post-office and telegraphic address 313
List of all ratified treaties and agreements with Indians, giving date of the same,
and reference to their publication in Statutes at Large . 316
Report of Ute Commission 325
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded for supplies, transportation,
annuity goods, hardware, and medicines for the Indian service ' . . 337
REPORT
OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS,
Washington, October 24, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the
Indian Bureau for the year 1881.
In the outset, I desire to urge with earnestness the absolute neces-
sity for a thorough and radical change of the Indian policy in some
respects, and in so doing I shall touch upon points which will be re-
ferred to more at length hereafter under special headings.
It is claimed and admitted by all that the great object of the gov-
ernment is to civilize the Indians and render them such assistance in
kind and degree as will make them self-supporting, and yet I think
no one will deny that one part of our policy is calculated to produce
the very opposite result. It must be apparent to the most casual ob-
server that the system of gathering the Indians in bands or tribes on
reservations and carrying to them victuals and clothes, thus relieving
them of the necessity of labor, never will and never can civilize them.
Labor is an essential element in producing civilization. If white men
were treated as we treat the Indians the result would certainly be a race
of worthless vagabonds. The greatest kindness the government can be-
stow upon the Indian is to teach him to labor for his own support, thus
developing his true manhood, and, as a consequence, making him self-
relying and self-supporting.
We are expending annually over one million dollars in feeding and
clothing Indians where no treaty obligation exists for so doing. This
is simply a gratuity, and it is presumed no one will question the expe-
diency or the right of the government, if it bestows gratuities upon
Indians, to make labor of some useful- sort a condition precedent to
such gift, especially when all of the products of such labor go to the
Indian. To domesticate and civilize wild Indians is a noble work, the
accomplishment of which should be a crown of glory to any nation.
But to allow them to drag along year after year, and generation after
generation, in their old superstitions, laziness, and filth, when we have
the power to elevate them in the scale of humanity, would be a lasting
disgrace to our government. The past experience of this government
in
IV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
with its Indians lias clearly established some points which ought to be
useful as guides in the future.
There is no one who has been a close observer of Indian history and
the effect of contact of Indians with civilization, who is not well satis-
lied that one of two things must eventually take place, to wit, either
civil i/ation.or extermination of the Indian. Savage and civilized life
cannot live and prosper on the same ground. One of the two must die.
It the Indians are to be civilized and become a happy and prosperous
people, which is certainly the object and intention of our government,
they must learn our language and adopt our modes of life. We are
titty millions of people, and they are only one-fourth of one million.
The few must yield to the many. We cannot reasonably expect them
to abandon their habits of life and modes of living, and adopt ours, with
any hope of speedy success as long as we feed and clothe them without
any effort on their part.
In this connection I wish to call attention to the fact that in almost
every case it is only the non-laboring tribes that go upon the war-path,
and the stubborn facts of history compel me to say that the govern-
ment is largely to blame for this.
The peaceable and industrious Indian has had less consideration than
the turbulent and vicious. One instance in proof of this can be found
at this moment in the case of the White Eiver Utes (the murderers of
Meeker) and the Utes on the Uintah Eeservatiou. The White Eiver
Utes have just been moved to the Uintah Eeservatioii alongside of the
peaceable Uintah Utes. We feed the White Eiver murderers and
eo m pel the peaceable Uintahs to largely care for themselves. This
course induces the Indians to believe that if they are to get .favors
from the government they must refuse to work, refuse to be orderly
and peaceable, and must commit some depredations or murder, and then
a commission will be appointed to treat with them, and pay them in
goods, provisions, and money to behave themselves. This looks to an
Indian very much like rewarding enemies and punishing friends, and
gives him a singular idea of our Christian civilization and our manner
of administering justice, which has so much the appearance of reward-
ing vice and punishing virtue.
Another cause of the unsatisfactory condition of our Indian affairs is
the failure of the government to give the Indian land in severalty, and
to give it to him in such a way that he will know that it is his. He has
learned by painful experience that a small piece of paper called scrip
is not good for much as a title to land. He has again and again ear-
nestly solicited the government to give him a title to a piece of land, that
he might make for himself a home. These requests have, in a great
many instances, been neglected or refused, and this is true even in cases
where, by treaty stipulations, the government agreed to give the Indian
a ] latent for his laud. Under this state of facts, it is not to be wondered
at that the Indian is slow to cultivate the soil. He says, when urged
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. V
to do V>, that lie has no heart to do it, when in a month or a year he
may be moved, and some white man be allowed to enjoy the fruit of
his labor. That is the way the Indian talks, and that is the way a
white man would talk under similar circumstances.
Another just cause of complaint which the Indians have is that in
our treaties with them, in some instances, we agree to give them so many
pounds of beef, flour, coffee, sugar, &c.', and then a certain sum of money
is appropriated for the purpose of fulfilling the promise, which sum so
ai>propriated (as is the case the present year, because of the increased
price of beef, &c.) will not buy ike pounds; consequently, the Indians
do not get what was promised them. This they construe as bad faith
on the part of the government, and use it as an excuse for doing some-
thing wrong themselves ; and thus troubles of a serious and extensive
nature frequently arise. This would all be avoided if appropriations
were sufficiently large to cover all contingencies, and such appropria-
tions would not interfere with or violate the rules of strict economy ;
for any surplus (if there should be any) would be turned into the Treas-
ury, as is always done, a£ the end of the fiscal year, when an unex-
pended balance remains of any particular appropriation. This would
be keeping our contracts to the letter, and would inspire confidence
and respect on the part of the Indian for our government, and give
him no excuse for wrong-doing.
But I am very decidedly of opinion that ultimate and final success
never can be reached without adding to all other means and appliances
the location of each family, or adult Indian who has no family, on a
certain number of acres of land which they may call their own and
hold by a title as good and strong as a United States4>atent can make
it. Let it be inalienable for, say, twenty years 5 give the Indian teams,
implements, and tools amply sufficient for farming purposes ; give him
seed, food, and clothes for at least one year; in short, give him every
facility for making a comfortable living, and then compel him to depend
upon his own exertions for a livelihood. Let the laws that govern a
white man govern the Indian. The Indian must be made to understand
that if he expects to live and prosper in this country he must learn
the English language, and learn to work. The language will enable him
to transact his business under standingly with his white neighbors, and
his labor will enable him to provide the necessaries and comforts of
life for himself and family. The policy thus indicated will in a few
years rid the government of this vexed " Indian question," making the
Indian a blessing instead of a curse to himself and country, which,
judging the future by the past, will never be done by the present
policy.
REMOVAL OF THE MESCALERO APACHES.
I wish to call attention to the fact that some Indians in Arizona and
New Mexico have always been troublesome and difficult to manage.
Lawless Indians, belonging to no particular reservation, and des-
VI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF IXDIAN AFFAIRS.
pi-rate white men compose bands of marauders who commit depreda-
tions and when pursued fly to the mountains of Chihuahua and Sonora.
My opinion is that the most effectual remedy for all this is to remove
the Mcsrah'i-o Apaches, and eventually all other Indians, north of the
center line of New Mexico and Arizona, so as to keep them at a dis-
tance from Chihuahua and Sonora. The removal of the Mescaleros
would not seem to be difficult of accomplishment, inasmuch as a special
Indian agent, who was recently dispatched to their agency for the pur-
pose of ascertaining their views upon the subject of removal, reports
them as expressing a willingness to remove to the Jicarilla Reservation
on the north line of New Mexico.
For the past five years the office has been importuned to take meas-
ures for the removal of the Mescaleros from their present reservation
and settle them permanently on some other reserve, where they can be
more easily guarded and will be far less liable to commit depredations.
The citizens of New Mexico and Texas have urged this, and the mili-
tary authorities have regarded such a movement as indispensable to
the protection of the citizens and the welfare and good conduct of the
Indians. The county of Lincoln, in which this reservation i* situated,
has for a population the very worst elements that can be found in the
Territory or upon the borders of Mexico — Spanish and Mexican refugees
from justice, outlaws from the States, &c. In brief, as stated by Inspector
Watkius, who made a thorough investigation of affairs in that section
and that reservation in 1878, " the whole county of Lincoln is under
the control of cut-throats and thieves." He was also of the opinion,
concurred in by many others who have been personally cognizant of
affairs there, that a large share of the crimes committed by this class
of settlers are charged to the Indians. There is abundant evidence be-
fore the office to show that these outlaws have for years been in the
habit of enticing the Indians to go out upon their raids, &c., and are
the recipients of their plunder. Indians under such circumstances and
with such surroundings will not progress very far in civilization. The
result has been that over one-half of these Indians within the past five
years have been scattered and exterminated ; depredations have been
committed by them, and large sums of money have been expended by
the government in military operations against them.
Two inspectors and one special agent within the past six or eight
months have visited this reserve, and all concur in the opinion that the
Indians should be removed. The reservation is not adapted to agri-
cultural purposes. It is overrun with prospectors for mining purposes,
&c., and numerous claims have been taken, many of them antedating
the establishment of the reservation, and it will be impossible to remove
the claimants without much litigation and large expenditure of money
for their improvements.
To guard these 490 Indians and prevent them from going into South-
ern New Mexico, Texas, and Old Mexico three companies ef cavalry
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. VII
and one of infantry are stationer! some 40 miles north of the agency, at
Fort Stanton, where large expenditures have been made for barracks,
buildings, &c. If the Indians are removed these troops will not b<>
needed there, and thus a large amonnt of money would be saved to the
government annually. Because of the contemplated removal no im-
provements have been made upon the reservation to any extent for some
time ; but if the Indians remain there for any considerable time longer,
buildings will have to be erected at an expense of $3,000 to $4,000 (the
agent estimates their cost at $6,000) which must ultimately be aban-
doned, for 110 one believes that this reservation can be a permanent
home for these Indians. If removed to the Jicarilla Reservation, one
agent can take charge of the two bands, Mescaleros and Jicarillas (the
former affiliate well with most of the latter and have intermarried), and
the cost of removal will be less than the proposed expenditure for build-
ings and for troops to guard the Indians where they are.
The agent of the Mescaleros and our special agent advised the office,
when the removal to the Jicarilla Reservation was first contemplated,
that the military at Fort Stanton and certain persons who have large
contracts with that branch of the service would prevent such removal
if possible ; and, as predicted, these influences are now busily at work
to prolong the disastrous state of affairs which for the past ten years
have existed in Southern New Mexico, to continue the large expendi-
tures resulting therefrom, and to prevent the government from settling
the question now and permanently.
The Indian problem is at best difficult of solution ; but by removing
the Indians from unfavorable surroundings and bad men, as far as
possible, a long step will have been taken in the direction of success.
INDIAN DISTURBANCES IN NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.
In this connection I wish to call attention briefly to recent Indian
disturbances in New Mexico and Arizona, which are the only Indian
disturbances of any magnitude that have occurred during the year and
which have been greatly exaggerated in the accounts published in the
newspapers.
For a few months after the destruction of Victoria and his band in
Old Mexico, in October, 1880, Indian raids in New Mexico ceased ; but
last summer depredations and murders again began, chiefly in Socorro
County, which were charged to the " remnant of Victoria's band." It
was known that a portion of that band, by their temporary absence
from the main body at the time of the fight with Victoria, saved them-
selves from destruction or capture. This i ' remnant," under C hief Nana,
naturally became a nucleus for renegade Indians in that part of the
country, and their number, Avhich General Terrasas reported as 30, has
been reported this last summer as about seventy. They have been
again followed up by troops and chased toward Sonora.
The following extract from report of Agent Llewellyn, dated July
VIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
2S, 1881, would show that the return of these Indians to a marauding
1 itic was not wholly without excuse :
As to who these Indians are, I can assure the Department that they are not from this
agency, at least have not been here for over one year ; it is certain, however, that they
belong here, and had it not been for the San Carlos scouts and the soldiers, they would
have come into the agency at least two weeks ago.
It seems that some few months since a Lieutenant of the United States Army, then sta-
tioned here, gave a written permit to three Indians at this agency to go to Old Mexico and
bring back here a party of their friends whom they claimed had left at the time of the Vic-
toria troubles. This party were due here three weeks ago, and at that time attempted
to come in, but were chased and driven into the mountains thirty miles from the
agency to the south. Since that time they have made, according to the statement of
one of the packers for the scouts, who is now at this agency badly wounded, three in-
effectual efforts to get into the agency, being prevented each time by the scouts and
soldiers; finding that theyconld not return to the agency, as, they had been led to be-
lieve they could, they commenced to go on the war-path. I learn on good authority
that there are about seventy Indians in this party.
In June and July reports that these "hostiles" were being driven
by General Hatch towards Arizona caused some anxiety on the part
of the San Carlos agent and the military in the vicinity of that reserva-
tion, lest the hostiles might cause disaffection among a few of the In-
dians there who were related to the renegades, and various precau-
tions were taken and preparations made to resist any attack. These
fears, however, were not realized, and, reports to the contrary notwith-
standing, the San Carlos Indians seem to have had no part whatever
in the Indian raids in New Mexico ; on the contrary, at different times
they have had no small share in the scouting carried on against them,
In 1875 the Camp Apache Agency, located in the northern part ot
the San Carlos reserve, was abolished, and the White Mountain Apa-
ches belonging thereto, about 1,800 in number, were turned over to the
San Carlos agent. Most of them were removed to the southern part
of the reserve and located on the Gila (where a sub-agency was estab-
lished), and regularly rationed; but some, preferring to take the chance
of self-support on their old hunting-grounds, remained behind, and
were gradually rejoined by others until they numbered between 600
and 700, whose headquarters were on Cibicu Creek, in the northwestern
part of the reserve, about 40 miles from the agency and 30 from Camp Apa-
che. In June last, considerable excitement was occasioned among
these Indians by the proposition of a medicine-man named Xock-a-de-
klenny, at the expense of large gifts of horses, blankets, &c., to bring-
to life again some chiefs who had died a few months previous. The
agent remonstrated with the Indians on the ground of the folly of the
thing and the waste of their goods, but they decided to wait till the time
specified, and in case the "resurrection" failed^" to demand the resto-
ration of their property. Whether he desired only to appease the In-
dians for his failure, or Avhether he intended to bring about a revolt,
cannot be known; but when Nock a de klenny announced that the
spirits had notified him that the dead warriors could not return to the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. IX
country until the whites had left it, and fixed the date of their leaving
at the time of the corn harvest, it was feared both by the agent and
the military authorities at Camp Apache that the medicine man was
working upon the superstitions of the Indians to bring about an out-
break, or would bring them into such a condition that they could easily
be induced to join in any demonstration made by hostiles from Xew
Mexico.
It was accordingly decided that the military should arrest the man
at a u medicine-dance" which .he proposed to hold at Camp Apache on
August 20th. The dance having failed to come off, Colonel Carr, com-
manding post, sent a messenger to tell Nock a de klenny that he
wanted to see him on ^he following Sunday. Only an evasive reply
being received, he started on Monday, August 29th, with 6 officers,
79 soldiers, and 23 Indian scouts for the Indian village, reached there
the following day, and arrested Nock a de klenny, who surrendered
quietly, professing no desire or intention of attempting escape. But as
the troops were making camp for the night, their own Indian scouts
and many other Indians opened fire on them. A sharp fight ensued,
the medicine-man was killed, the Indians repulsed, and the command
reached the post the next day, to be again attacked by the Indians,
who had already killed eight men on the road to Camp Thomas and run
off some stock. The loss in the two fights was 11 killed and 3 wounded.
The mutinous scouts were themselves White Mountain Apaches, and
though a few of them are exonerated from complicity in the treachery,
it is believed that most of them left the post with no intention of aiding
in the arrest of the medicine-man.
Ee-enforcernents were sent to Camp Apache and troops were sta-
tioned at the agency, and preparations made for an attack at either
point. The White Mountain Indians, however, were not long in dis-
covering the folly of their action, and came into the agency and sub-
agency in small parties, where they were required to surrender to
military officers unconditionally, except that they asked and were
promised a fair trial for their individual crimes. Six days' notice was
given throughout the reserve that a " peace line'7 would be declared
on the reserve September 21st, outside of whose limits all Indians found
would be considered hostile, with the exception of Pedro's band near
Camp Apache. On the 20th of September the five chiefs who had been
leaders in the affair surrendered, and during the ensuing week 60 of
their principal men followed their example. Several of the mutinous
scouts had been arrested and brought in by the agency Indian police
force and delivered up to the military, and by the close of the month
nearly all were in or accounted for, and little remained to be done but
to proceed with the trials.
It appears, however, that chiefs George and Bonito, who had come
in to the subagency, and had gone with Issue Clerk Hoag to Camp
Thomas, and there surrendered to Gen. Wilcox, September 25, had been
X REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
paroled by that officer and allowed to return to the subagency. Sep-
tember :><), ( 'olonel Biddle, with some troops, was sent to the subagency
to take them and their bands back to Thomas. Unfortunately this was
issue day, and a large number of Indians were assembled. They agreed
to go as soon as the issue of beef (which was then in progress) had been
made, but later in the afternoon sent word that the troops need not
wait for them as they would follow soon with Issue Clerk Hoag. Colonel
Biddle replied that they must go at once, and started his command to-
wards George's camp, whereupon he and Bonito fled to the Chiricahuas
and so alarmed them that during the night 74 Chiricahuas, including
women and children, fled from the reserve, leaving much of their stock
behind. The troops followed and are reporte/d to have overtaken and
attacked them. In their flight the Indians have captured 8 teams and
killed 6 teamsters. Bonito went with them. These are some of the
very Indians who under chief " Juh " were induced by Captain Haskell,
to come in from Old Mexico in January last. The following, from Agent
Tiffany, shows that these Indians were not concerned in the White
Mountain troubles, and that their flight was occasioned by fear, not
hostility :
These bands have been perfectly quiet during the whole White Mountain trouble.
They have been reported out on the war-path in New Mexico and committing depreda-
tions all over the country, but every time inquiry has been made the chiefs and men
have always been found in their camps, and on two occasions they were in the agency
office talking to me when telegrams arrived as to their whereabouts; and on one of
these occasions, R. S. Gardner, Indian inspector, was present. Ten days or thereabouts
before the present outbreak they came to me to hear what was going on, and what so
many troops meant about the agencies. I explained it to them and told them to have
no fear, that none of the Indians who bad been peaceable would be molested in any
way. They said they had been out on the war-path and had come in in good faith
and were contented, that they did not want war or to fight. The only place they
would fight was if the White Mountains would come to the agency or subagency they
would fight them there.
They inquired if the movements of troops had anything to do with what they had
done in Mexico. I assured them it had not. They shook hands, much delighted
and went back. Then the military move was made on the subagency to arrest Chiefs
George and Bonito, of White Mountain Indians, and Issue Clerk Hoag at subagency,
who has been very efficient and judicious in all this trouble, tells me that they were
literally scared away by this movement of troops.
I desire to call attention to the loyalty shown by five-sixths of
the Indians on the San Carlos reserve. They have rendered invaluable
and hazardous service as police and scouts, in finding, arresting, and
guarding the guilty ones, and as messengers for both agent and military
when communication was interrupted by the cutting of the telegraph
wires.
GENERAL STATISTICS.
The following tables show :
First. The distribution of population.
Second, tfhe objects and purposes of the expenditures from appro-
priations for the fiscal year 1880 and the present year.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
XI
Third. The work accomplished and the gain made during the year
by the Indians of the country iii the way of farming, stock-raising,
house-building, &c.
Population. — According to the last annual report, the number of In-
dians in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, was 255,958; the
present number is 261,851, an increase of nearly six thousand, which is
probably largely accounted for by the more accurate census taken dur-
ing this year, and by the surrender and return to their agencies of the
Sioux who, under Sitting Bull, have been living in Canada since 1877.
These are distributed among 68 agencies established in the following
States and Territories :
States and Territories.
Aggregate number
of agencies.
Aggregate Indian
poptilation.
Arizona
4
18 690
4
4 761
Colorado *
2
2 600
Dakota
10
30 608
3
3 583
Indian Territory .....
8
18 395
Indian Territory (5 civilized tribes)
1
59 277
1
732
Iowa
1
355
9 795
1
6 126
5
20 519
4
4 222
Nevada
2
7 811
New Mexico (including Jicarilla subagency) '.
4
26, 665
New York " ° "
1
5 235
5
4 119
Utah
1
474
7
13, 137
Wisconsin . . ...
2
7, 250
Wyoming .
1
2,063
Total . . .
68
246. 417
Those Indians not under the control of the agents of the government,
numbering 15,434, are principally in the Territories- of Arizona, Idaho,
and Utah, and in the States of California, Indiana, Kansas, North Car-
olina, Oregon, and Wisconsin.
Expenditures.
Objects and purposes for which the appropriations have been expended.
1880.
1881.
4 674 573 44
4, 418, 320 76
76, 589 13
89, 493 15
3, 917 58
3, 897 23
21,696 97
24, 555 53
40, 715 91
42, 147 29
192 00
404 34
17, 273 08
15, 974 51
477, 370 39
584, 825 47
1, 867, 348 27
1. 804, 505 88
418, 487 94
291, 450 42
Expenses of transoortion and storage ...
309, 324 80
284, 680 73
XII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Expenditures— Continued.
Objects and purposes for which the appropriations have been expended. 1880.
1881.
$21 662 80
Advertising expenses and telegraphing : ^ 5,478 05
8, 347 99
306 987 84
335, 458 85
17 302 37
Support of schools 152,41176
208, 996 47
To promote civilization among Indians generally, including Indian labor. . i 73, 647 88
Traveling expenses of Indian agents . i 16,30833
117, 574 44
13,902 52
1 129 76
3, 357 39
63 442 30
Presents to Indians ' ' ' 1,03000
50 00
251 28
19,779 43
8 300 00
11 235 46
Miscellaneous 12 274 00
7 610 29
In hands of agents at date of this report .... 134 716 01
16 489 58
Total amount expended from all appropriations 4, 204, 271 73
4, 287, 323 74
Balance unexpended at date of this report 335 585 70
184 507 44
A comparison of the expenditures of the two years shows that during
the current year particular effort has been made to push forward the
educational interests of the service, and to advance the process of
civilizing the Indian by inducing him to labor, paying him therefor.
A large part of the items of "expenses of transportation, £c.,'?
$284,680.73, and "to promote civilization, &c.,» $117,574.44, has been
paid to Indians for services which formerly were performed by white
contractors. The willingness exhibited by the Indians to engage in
industrial pursuits is constantly increasing, and is one of the most
gratifying features connected with the service. Again, a comparison
shows clearly that a more careful supervision of the funds appropri-
ated is had from year to 3Tear, the amount of funds in the hands of
agents at the date of this report being only $16,489.58, against
$134,716.01 at a corresponding date last year; and a balance remain-
ing on the books of this office of only $184,507.44 against $335,585.70 the
previous year.
A table in detail of expenditures from each separate item of appro-
priation will be found on page 253 of this report.
Results of Indian labor.
1879.
1880.
INDIANS EXCLUSIVE OF FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES.
Number of acres broken by Indians 24270 '•
Number of acres cultivated 157* 056 i
Number of bushels of wheat raised .!"..!!!"". 328*637
Number of bushels of corn raised ..'. 643*286
Number of bushels of oats and barley raised ! 189* 054
Num ber of bushels of vegetables raised 390* 698
Number of tons of hay cut 48*333 !
Number of horses owned 199 732 i
Number of cattle owned 68*894
Number of swine owned 33' 537
Number of sheep owned ..........l.."..v. 863*525
27,105
168, 340
408, 812
604, 103
224, 899
375, 843
75, 745
211, 9X1
78, 939
40, 381
864, 216
1881,
29, 558
205,367
451,479
517,642
343, 444
i 488,792
i 76, 763
1 188, 402
j 80, 684
43,913
! 977.017
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XIII
Results of Indian labor — Continued.
1879.
1880.
1881.
INDIANS EXCLUSIVE OF FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES— Continued.
IN umber of houses occupied i
11 6°4
12 507
Number of Indian houses built during the year
1 211
1 639
j 409
Number of Indian apprentices who haAre been learning trades. .. .
185
3<58
456
FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES.
Number of acres cultivated ...
273 000
314 398
Number of bushels of wheat raised
565 400
336 424
Number of bushels of corn raised
2 015 000
Number of bushels of oats and barley raised
200 000
124 568
Number of bushels of vegetables raised
336 700
595 000
305 000
Number of tons of hav cut
176 500
1°5 500
Number of bales of cotton raised
10 5^30
16 800
Number of horses owned
43. 500
61 453
Number of inules owned
5 500
5 138
6 150
Number of cattle owned
272 000
297 040
Number of swine owned
190 000
400 282
455 000
Number of sheep owned
32 400
QJ <y>4
Not reported.
The decrease in quantities raised by the civilized tribes in the Indian
Territory is largely attributable to the long-continued season of drought.
APPROPRIATIONS.
The appropriations made by Congress for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1882, for the support of the Indians under treaty stipulations and
otherwise, are entirely insufficient, and nnless an additional amount is
appropriated this winter, this office will be greatly embarrassed in the
work of civilization, and want of funds may lead to serious difficulties.
Owing to the severe weather of last winter the price paid for beef for
the fiscal year 1882 is 30 per cent, higher than that paid last year, which,
taking into consideration that this office purchases nearly 40,000,000
pounds gross, makes a difference of $400,000 for that article alone. In
some instances the treaty with the Indians provides a specific amount
of clothing or subsistence to be furnished them, yet Congress in almost
every instance fails to provide sufficient funds to carry out these pro-
visions. The agreement made with the Sioux, dated February 28, 1877,
provides in article 5 as follows : •
In consideration of the foregoing cession of territory and rights, and upon full com-
pliance with each and every obligation assumed by the said Indians, the United States
does agree to provide all necessary aid to assist the said Indians in the work of civil-
ization, to furnish to them schools and instruction in mechanical and agricultural arts,
as provided for by the treaty of 1868; also to provide the said Indians with subsistence
consisting of a ration for each individual of a pound and a half of beef (or in lieu
thereof one-half pound of bacon), one-half pound of flour, and one-half pound of corn ;
and for every 100 rations four pounds of coffee, eight pounds of sugar, and three pounds
of beans, or in lieu of said articles the equivalent thereof, in the discretion of the Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs.
XIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
On a basis of 25,000 Indians (the reports of the agents giA~e a popu-
lation of over 25,000, including 2,800 turned over recently by the War
Department) these Indians are entitled, under the foregoing agreement,
to 27,375,000 pounds gross beef, 4,562,000 pounds flour, 4,502,000 pounds
corn, 365,000 pounds coffee, 730,000 pounds sugar, and 273,750 pounds
beans, costing, at prices at which contracts were made for the fiscal
year 1882, over $1,250,000 $ and this does not take into consideration
the promise also made by Congress in the article above quoted " to
provide all necessary aid to assist the srid Indians in the work of
civilization, to furnish them schools," &c. The amount appropriated
by Congress for 1882, for both subsistence and civilization, under
the above agreement, is only $1,000,000, leaving a deficiency of over
$250,000 to be provided for, for subsistence alone, and an additional sum
qf at least $100,000 for aiding these Sioux in civilization and agricultural
pursuits. There are other instances in which additional sums must be
had for subsistence, and a deficiency estimate will be submitted to you
at an early date for transmission to Congress.
The amount appropriated for schools ($85,000) is entirely inadequate.
At almost every agency day-schools, as well as a boarding-school, must
be supported from this fund, since in but few instances does the treaty
or agreement provide sufficient means for that purpose. It is confi-
dently expected that Congress will be more liberal in the future than
in the past in appropriating money for the education of the Indians.
The amount appropriated for the support of the Blackfeet Indians in
Montana ($35,000) is insufficient, and $50,000 at least should be granted
by Congress for that purpose for the next fiscal year. In this connec-
tion I call your attention to the following letters from Col. Thomas H.
Kuger, commanding district of Montana, in regard to the additional
supplies required for the support of these Indians :
HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF MONTANA,
Helena, Mont., September 1, 1831.
SIR: I have the honor to request the attention of the department commander to the
propriety of action with a view to procuring an increase of subsistence supplies for the
Indians attached to the Blackfeet Agency.
By letter of the 26th of May last, I urged the agent, Mr. John Young, to present the
case in full to the department. He passed through here on the 29th instant before my
return from Maginnis, and stated, as I learn, that he should go to Washington and en-
deavor to get more supplies for the Indians under his charge. If anything can be done
to further such object, I think, action to that end very desirable. The facts pertinent are,
that the supplies provided for these Indians are entirely inadequate for their subsistence
the coming winter; the game obtainable on their reservation is not sufficient, if added
to the issues by the agent, to prevent great suffering and even starvation. Should the
Indians be permitted to leave the reservation, the nearest region where game could be
had is the Musselshell country, to reach which would require, by their usual route by
the Judith Valley, a journey of about twenty-five days through a country now practi-
cally destitute of game, but occupied by settlers and for cattle-ranges. The Indians
would not start provided with food for such journey. Whether they committed
depredations or not, their presence in the settlement would be taken as conclusive evi-
dence that they were killing cattle from necessity. Should they move in a body and un-
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XV
der escort to the Musselshell their presence there, so near the cattle-ranges east of the
Judith and Snowy Mountains and the lower ranges of the Musselshell, would be a
source of trouble. Last winter these and other Indians in that country were the prey
of illicit-whisky traders, and consequently derived very little benefit from the robes
and peltries procured, and no doubt that experience would be repeated.
There has been for the past two years, as the settlements have spread and ranges for
cattle have been occupied, embracing generally all the country to the south of the
Marias River and the Missouri and west of the Musselshell, an increasing feeling of
hostility on the part of cattle-owners and settlers concerned, to the presence of any
Indians in the region mentioned, and recently several organizations of stock-owners
have had meetings with apparent intent to prevent Indians from crossingthe ranges ;
and some, no doubt, would not hesitate, if opportunity offered, to act with a purpose
of bringing matters to a crisis in expectation of a final settlement resulting, by which
the Indians would be confined to their reservations; and this applies as well to the
settlers on the Yellowstone with respect to the Crows, Flatheads, &c.
The time has come when the Indians attached to the Blackfeet Agency at least
should be supplied with sufficient food on their reservation. I have not the data from
which to make an accurate estimate of the amount requisite for this winter in addition
to the present appropriation, but not less than $15,000 is necessary, and which should
be expended for food only.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
THOS. H. RUGER,
Colonel Eighteenth Infantry, Commanding District
To the ADJUTANT GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA,
Fort Snelling, Minnesota.
DEFICIENCY APPROPRIATIONS.
As stated under the head of " Appropriations/' owing to the large in-
crease in the price of beef paid during the fiscal year 1882, the appro-
priations for the Indian service during 1882 will in-many cases be in-
sufficient. On the 20th of July last, the War Department turned over
to this bureau 2,813 Sioux Indians, belonging to Sitting Bull's band, and
for whose support no appropriation was made by Congress. Under
your authority a deficiency of $195,000 was incurred for the purchase
of the supplies and clothing for these Indians and the amount will be
included in the deficiency estimate to be submitted to Congress. Ad-
ditional funds for the support of the following Indians for the present
fiscal year, and for other purposes, will also be required, as follows :
Support of Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, $25,000 ; support
of Arapahoes, Cheyennes. Apaches, Kiowas, Comanches, and Wichitas,
$100,000 ; support of Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegaus, $15,000;
support of Indians in central superintendency, $7,500; support of
Modocs, $5,000 ; support of Navajoes, $5,000 ; support of Nez
Perces of Joseph's band, $7,500 ; support of schools, $50,000 ;
telegraphing and purchase of Indian supplies, $5,000; transporta-
tion of Indian supplies, $25,000.
Large sums are also due different parties for goods and supplies fur-
nished and for services rendered in 1873 and 1874, which have repeatedly
XVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAX AFFAIRS.
been reported to Congress for appropriation, but none has so far been
made. There is due the Western Union Telegraph Company, for mes-
sages transmitted during May and June, 1879, the sum of $301.65; con-
tractors for transporting Indian goods and supplies during the fiscal
year 1879, $9,556.63; during the fiscal year 1880, $44,882.1-4, and dur-
ing the fiscal year 1881, about $50,000. This indebtedness was incurred
by this office under an absolute necessity, and early provision for its
payment should be made by Congress.
Early in last spring it was found that the amount appropriated by
Congress for the support of the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Apaches,
Kiowas, Comanches and Wichitas, located at the Cheyenne and Arapa-
ho and Kiowa, and Comanche Agencies, Indian Territory, for the fiscal
year 1881, was insufficient to furnish them with beef, coifee, and sugar
until the end of the fiscal year. The agents in charge 'were notified of
the insufficient appropriations and directed to reduce the issue of beef,
but in reply thereto submitted statements which convinced the depart-
ment that to reduce the rations of those Indians was to invite a war.
Copies of these letters were transmitted to Congress with a request
for an additional appropriation, but the same was not granted. After
the adjournment of Congress the case was submitted by you to the
President, and, upon consultation with the honorable Secretary of War,
it was decided that the War Department would furnish the agents at
Cheyenne and Arapaho, and Kiowa and Comanche Agencies with beef
and flour until the end of the last fiscal year, the cost of these supplies
to be reimbursed from any appropriation which may hereafter be made
by Congress for that purpose. Accounts amounting to $59,232.01 have
been presented by the War Department for reimbursement, and it is
hoped that Congress at an early day will furnish this office with the
means to cancel this debt.
Owing to the failure of Congress to appropriate during the fiscal years
1879, 1880, and 1881 sufficient funds to pay for the transportation of
goods and supplies to the different agencies, this office has been greatly
embarrassed this summer by not having its stores promptly delivered.
Contractors to whom the government owes over $100,000 for transpor-
tation services performed under former contracts, are not very anxious
to render services and wait for their pay several years. Flour deliv-
ered to the contractors for different agencies in October, 1880, was not
delivered until July or August, 1881, and when this office urged them
to comply more strictly with their contracts, their reply, that this office
had no funds to pay them after service was rendered, appeared a suffi-
cient excuse for the delay. The failure of Congress to appropriate last
winter sufficient funds to pay outstanding indebtedness for transpor-
tation costs the government in increased price of transportation 'for
the present fiscal year more than the interest on the money due, and
while there are such large sums lying idle in the United States Treasury -
the policy of not paying debts lawfully due appears to me very short,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XVII
sighted. It cannot be expected that contractors will wait years for
money due and honestly earned without attempting to get even with
the government by charging increased rates of transportation ; and for
this reason it is urged that sufficient means be furnished this office to
liquidate these debts. This would certainly be true economy.
The right of this office to incur this indebtedness above the amount
appropriated cannot be questioned. Congress appropriates a certain
amount of money to be used in the purchase of clothing and supplies,
mostly due the Indians under treaty stipulation. Of what avail are
these goods and supplies to the Indians, if sufficient funds are not ap-
propriated to pay for transporting them to the different agencies, where
they are required ?
The attention of Congress has repeatedly been called to the insuffi-
cient amount appropriated yearly for transporting the goods and sup-
plies, and it is earnestly hoped that the efforts of this office in obtaining
means to pay the old indebtedness incurred, as well as in securing suf-
ficient funds for the present and next fiscal year, will have better suc-
cess than heretofore.
INDIAN POLICE.
The organization of a United States Indian police force is no longer
an experiment. The system is now in operation at forty-nine agencies ;
the total force employed being eighty-four commissioned officers, and
seven hundred and eighty-six non-commissioned officers and privates.
In answer to circular letter from this office, dated August 19, 1881,
special reports have been received from nearly all agencies as to the
value, reliability, and efficiency of this service. These reports are uni-
formly gratifying in their testimony as to the zeal, courage, and fidelity
of the members of the force, and their almost invaluable service to the
agents. The Indian police are fully recognized as an important agency
in the civilization of their brethren.
The immediate work of this force is to preserve order, prohibit ille-
gal traffic in liquor, and arrest offenders. In the line of these duties,
they act as guards at ration issues and annuity payments ; take charge
of and protect, at all times, government property ; restore lost or stolen
property to its rightful owners ; drive out timber thieves and other
trespassers ; return truant pupils to school ; make arrests for disor-
derly conduct and other offenses, and especially protect the reserva-
tions from the traffic in liquor, which, in the language of one of the
agents, is "the root and cause of nine-tenths of all crimes committed."
These varied and important duties are performed with a fidelity and
thoroughness that is fully appreciated by this office, and its agents.
The indirect results and ultimate influence of this system are even
more important than its direct advantages. Well trained and disci-
plined, the police force is a perpetual educator. It is a power entirely
independent of the chiefs. It weakens, and will finally destroy, the
IND II
XVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
power of tribes and bands. It fosters a spirit of personal responsi-
bility. It makes the Indian himself the representative of the power
and majesty of the Government of the United States. These latter
features constitute its main strength for permanent good. It is true
that the Indians need to be taught the supremacy of law, and the neces-
sity for strict obedience thereto ; it is also true that where the Indians
themselves are the recognized agents for the enforcement of law, they
will the more readily learn to be obedient to its requirements.
The force is, at present, limited by law to one hundred officers and
eight hundred privates. This limit should be extended so as to allow
the appointment of one hundred and twenty officers and twelve hundred
privates. There are requests now on file for an increase of force, at
points where such increase is absolutely necessary. The requests can-
not be granted without violating the above law. There are also nine-
teen agencies without police, a majority of whom would be benefited
by its introduction.
A very important matter in connection with the police service is the
amount of the annual appropriation th erefor. The compensation of eight
dollars per month for officers, and five dollars per month for privates, is
properly characterized by some of the agents as simply ridiculous. In
some cases, members of the force spend fully that sum for traveling
expenses in the discharge of their duties ; they also furnish their own
ponies and feed them. The pay of commissioned officers should be not
less than fifteen dollars per month, and privates should have at least
ten dollars monthly. The best men of the tribes can be had, if the com-
pensation is commensurate with the value and importance of the work.
The appropriation should be such that rations can be furnished at iion-
ration agencies, and that uniforms, arms, and accouterments, may be
of the best quality as a matter of mere economy. A large increase in
the annual appropriation is necessary to secure the best men, and to
promote the highest interests of the service.
Some selections from recent reports of agents will give intelligent in-
formation as to the value, reliability, and efficiency of this service.
Agent McGrillycuddy, of Pine Eidge agency, Dakota, says :
The force, to a man, are prompt to obey orders in making an arrest. It is imma-
terial to them whether the offender be a white man or an Indian, a head chief or a
young brave, the arrest is always made. The white men in this region recognize the
fact that to resist an Indian policeman would" be to resist a United States official in dis-
charge of his duty. The Indians generally recognize the police authority, for from
time immemorial there has existed among the Sioux and other tribes native soldier or-
ganizations, systematically governed by laws and regulations. Some of the strongest
opposition encountered in endeavoring to organize the police force in the spring of 1879
was from these native soldier organizations, for they at once recognized something in
it strongly antagonistic to their ancient customs, namely, a force at the command of
the white man opposed to their own. The police were threatened in various ways,
but as time passed on we secured the requisite number of members, and among them
many of the head soldiers, so that to-day the United States Indian police have, to a
great extent, supplanted the soldier bands and exercise their ancient powers.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XIX
Up to the present time nothing has occurred to cause doubt as to their trustworthi-
ness and efficiency. The Indian freighters and employe's at this agency are paid in
standard silver dollars to avoid disputes and trouble in cashing their checks by traders.
It is expressed through from the Philadelphia mint in quantities of $10,000 to Fort
Robinson, Neb., our nearest express office, sixty-three miles away. It is my custom
to proceed to that point with ten of the police as an escort, receipt for the money,
and turn it over to the police ; they then transport the same to the agency, camping
out en route. The money remains in wooden boxes in their charge until wanted, and
so far this trust has not been violated, and I feel assured will not be.
In former years this agency was the rendezvous and asylum for the hardest class of
white men in the West, such as horse-thieves, road-agents, and escaped convicts. Safely
concealed in the camps of the Indians, with whom they affiliated, they successfully
defied all efforts to arrest them. Now, with a United States court commissioner and
deputy United States marshal stationed at the agency, efficiently backed by the police,
things have changed, and a man — white or Indian— is guaranteed better protection for
his life and property on this portion of the Sioux reserve than in any of the bordering
States or Territories, as the intervening country between the villages, which are located
at various distances up to forty miles from the agency, is continually patrolled by the
police, so that no depredation could be committed without soon coming to their
knowledge.
In this connection the question might be pertinently asked, " Why is it that the Oga-
lallas, a people numbering over 7,000, have just passed three of the quietest and to the
government and themselves most gratifying years of their existence, and the first that
they have passed without the presence of military at their agency ?" For this condi-
tion of affairs much is due to the police system, The majority of the Indians appre-
ciate the fact that, sooner or later, a regularly organized armed force has to be introduced
and play a part in agency affairs. Heretofore that force has been the Army, against
which it is but natural there should be a feeling of antagonism among the Indians, and
the very presence of which at an agency is a constant reminder that the white man
cannot and will not trust the Indian. Recognizing this fact, these Indians have chosen
the lesser of (to them) two evils, the Indian police in preference to the white soldier.
Here the old adage that "confidence begets confidence" comes into play. Placing, as
has been done at this agency, the entire control of the people, the care of their supplies,
and the enforcing of the law in their own hands, has certainly given them confidence
in themselves, and put them on their good behavior.
Agent Tufts, at Union Agency, Indian Territory, says :
The police system is good, and if well paid and properly managed would be valuable
to the Indian service, and the means of saving much money to the government. It
would be valuable to the service at this agency, because, while there are fifteen thou-
sand persons in this agency not amenable to the laws of these nations, there is no offi-
cer who can make an arrest without obtaining a warrant from the United States court
at Fort Smith, Ark., except the Indian police. Crime in this Territory is almost always
the result of whisky, and takes place at Indian gatherings. If a United States officer
is present with authority to keep order, there will be little trouble. I am certainly of
opinion that while it costs the Indian Department something to keep the police on duty,
the government has saved much more than their cost to the Departments of War and
Justice.
Agent Dyer, of Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory, says :
We now have a force of reliable and efficient men, and as proof of this I would sim-
ply call attention to the fact that the eight men in garrison at Camp Quapaw perform
the same duties as did the company of troops recently removed** Upon a large reserve,
they are invaluable as messengers. As an escort in making annuity payments to the
tribes distant from the agency, their worth cannot be estimated except by the amount
XX REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
of treasure in charge. Ready for duty at any time and in any emergency, I consider it
the right arm of an agent in the successful conduct of his reservation. Ever alert to
the detection of the introduction of liquor, they are a factor that cannot be dispensed
with.
Agent Wilbur, of Yakama Agency, Washington Territory, says :
All the members are faithful, prompt, and efficient in the discharge of their duties,
though of course there are degrees of merit. Their usefulness in the detection and pun-
ishment of crime and preservation of order can hardly be overestimated. Their dis-
cipline is good ; their general appearance and demeanor among the people is such as to
command the respect and confidence of all. They are prompt and obedient, never
hesitating to obey an order though it may involve great personal danger to them-
selves.
Agent Andrus, of Yankton Agency, Dakota, says :
The knowledge that there is a body of organized police upon a reservation serves as
a powerful restraint upon both whites and Indians, and checks the inception as well
as the commission of much crime. The police have proved prompt and efficient in the
performance of the various duties assigned, steadily breaking down and overcoming
the strong opposition at first manifested toward them. The chiefs have, I think, with-
drawn all opposition because they perceived its futility.
These selections fairly represent the many reports received by this
office from all parts of the Indian country. Originally introduced as
an experiment, an organized police force has become a necessity. One
of the principal duties of the Indian policemen, as specified in the law
creating the force, is to prevent the introduction of liquor into these
Indian communities. This duty is faithfully performed. At Navajo
Agency, New Mexico, the Indians refuse to have a police force because
of the small compensation offered, yet the necessity for such a force is
well shown in a report from Captain Bennett, acting agent, under date
of October 14, 1880. He says:
The evil that has the most damaging effect upon this people is whisky. There are
several traders at many points ranging from forty to one hundred miles from the reser-
vation where whisky of the vilest description is dealt out to these people in open
violation of law, being an incentive to crime, and greatly impoverishing many of them.
Decisive and prompt measures should be adopted by the government to put a stop to
this nefarious traffic; otherwise results of the most deplorable character may be
expected. At several councils, the sensible chiefs and headmen universally deprecated
this liquor traffic, and said, " We have no rivers, streams, or lakes of whisky ; why does
not the Great Father at Washington, who can do anything he pleases, put a stop to
this trade and keep white men from bringing or selling whisky to us ? " I again urge
that the most decisive measures should be adopted to stop this whisky trade.
The civilization, Christianization, and general well-being of the Indian
tribes depends in great measure upon the arrest and punishment of these
criminals, who not only destroy the happiness and lives of the Indians,
but continually jeopardize the peace and quiet of our Western frontier
life. The most powerful and efficient agency for the destruction of this
traffic that has yet been proposed is a thoroughly organized and well-
equipped United States Indian police force.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXI
PENAL RESERVATIONS.
Iii 1879 one of niy predecessors called attention to the necessity of
providing a more effectual way to punish Indians who may engage in
hostilities against the government, commit crimes against one another,
or who may become dangerous to the peace on reservations ; and he
earnestly urged the establishment of penal settlements for this pur-
pose. No action was taken by Congress on the subject, and I now
again invite attention to the matter in the hope that provision to this
end may be made.
At least two such reservations should be created: one on the Pacific
coast, and one east of the Eocky Mountains ; and they should be lo-
cated in a good agricultural region. Fort Gibson military reservation,
in Indian Territory, is suggested as a very suitable location for the res-
ervation east of the Eocky Mounains. It embraces 5,541 acres, or a
little more than 8 square miles, and is thus described in an " Outline
description of United States military posts and stations/' published by
authority of the War Department :
The post is situated in the Cherokee Nation, upon the south bank of the Neosho,
two and a half miles above its confluence with the Arkansas. * * * There is
scarcely an acre of land, except upon the ranges of high hills along the Grand,
Verdigris, and Illinois Rivers, that is not arable and susceptible of cultivation. Soil,
loam and clay ; and will grow well and abundantly all kinds of cereals, vegetables,
fruit, cotton, and tobacco. The principal crops now raised are corn, wheat, potatoes,
and oats ; fruit (apples, pears, and peaches), of the finest quality, is very plentiful.
The country is well watered, and abounds in springs. The prairies are small, being
usually from three to four miles mide. Timber is scarce, and growing only in the
bottoms along the rivers and bayous, and on the mountains, but there very densely;
it consists chiefly of oak, walnut, hickory, pecan, and cotton- wood ; grass, wild prairie,
* * grows rank and heavy, and is cut for hay in the season in large quantities. * *
Climate, mild; average temperature of the seasons for 1868, as follows : January, Feb-
ruary, and March, 41° 13; April, May, and June, 61° 04; July, August, and Septem-
ber, 79° 41 ; October, November, and December, 61° 66. The country is generally
healthy. Chills and fever are very common among the people living in the bottom
lands ; on the high lands but little sickness is known.
A similar suitable location west of the Eocky Mountains would not,
it is believed, be difficult to find.
These penal reservations, or colonies, should be surrounded by a
cordon of military posts, and be under the exclusive control of the
military authorities. On them, should be placed all predatory Indians
who refuse to recognize treaty obligations or to go on reservations, and
who, by their depredations, endanger the peace and safety of remote
frontier settlements ; also, Indians belonging to reservations who commit
depredations upon white settlers or other Indians, or who may become
turbulent or ungovernable, or who may commit crimes for the punishment
of which there is at present no authority of law. Such are crimes com-
mitted by one Indian against another, for which, under the existing law,
there is, for the most part, no punishment except such as may be meted
out by the local law of the tribe, and this is usually the barbarous law of
XXII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
retaliation. Indians confined on such reservations should be compelled
to cultivate the soil, the proceeds of their labor to be applied to their
sustenance ; and schools should be provided for the younger Indians,
and attendance thereon made compulsory, and they should be instructed
in the mechanic arts, so that when the term of their colonization shall
have expired they may be fitted to support themselves.
Deprivation of personal liberty is the severest punishment that can
be inflicted upon an Indian, and if the plan herein suggested were car-
ried into practical operation it is believed that a want long felt in the
Indian service would be met.
ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN SEVER ALT Y AND A PERMANENT LAND TITLE.
No question which enters into the present and future welfare and
permanent advancement of the Indians is of so much importance as
the question of allotment to them of lauds in several ty, with a perfect
and permanent title. On the 24th of January, 1879, a report was sub-
mitted to the department upon this subject, in which the views of this
office were fully set out, accompanied by a draft of a bill the enactment
of which it was believed would bring about the desired end. The sub-
ject was treated at length in the annual report of this office for the year
1878, and was touched upon in the reports of 1879 and 1880. A bill to
carry out this beneficial object was introduced into the Forty-fifth Con-
gress, and was favorably reported upon by the committees of both
Houses, but failed to receive final action. A bill similar in its pro-
visions was submitted to the extra session of the Forty-sixth Congress.
(H. E. No. 354). At the second session of the Forty-sixth Congress.
House bill No. 5038 was reported by the House committee as a sub-
stitute for House bill No. 354, but it also failed to become a law. A
bill with the same objects in view was also introduced in the Senate at
the third session of the Forty-sixth Congress (S. No. 1773), and was
discussed at some length by the Senate, but no final action was reached.
Much has been said in Congress, in the public press of the country,
in public meetings, and otherwise, and various plans suggested with
reference to solving the "Indian question," but no definite and practical
solution of the question has been reached. In my judgment, the first
step to be taken in this direction is the enactment of a law providing
for the allotment of land in severalty, similar in its provisions to the
bills above referred to.
The system of allotment now in force under the various treaties and
acts of Congress is crude and imperfect, with no provisions for a title
which affords sufficient protection to the Indians. In some of the
treaties which authorize the allotment of land in severalty, pro vision is
made for the issuance of patents, with restricted power of alienation,
(with the consent of the President or the Secretary of the Interior). In
others allotments are authorized with no provision for the issuance of
patent, but simply authorizing the issuance of a certificate of allotment,
EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXIII
which caries with it no title at all. This system of allotment, so far as
carried into effect, has been fraught with much success and encouraging
improvement. The fact, however, that the Indians are not guaranteed
a title affording them perfect security from molestation, and the fear
that their lands may be taken from them, has created apprehension in
the minds of many, and has been a bar to progress in this direction.
The allotment system tends to break np tribal relations. It has the
effect of creating individuality, responsibility, and a desire to accumu-
late property. It teaches the Indians habits of industry and frugality,
and stimulates them to look forward to a better and more useful life,
and, in the end, it will relieve the government of large annual appro-
priations. As stated in the annual report of this office for the year
1880, the desire to take lands in severalty is almost universal among the
Indians. They see that in the near future the settlement of the country
by whites, and the consequent disappearance of game, the expiration of
the annuity provisions of their treaties, and other causes will necessitate
the adoption of some measures on their part providing for the future
support and welfare of themselves and their children. As illustrating
the desire on the part of the Indian to take land in severalty, to adopt
the habits and pursuits of civilization, to provide a home for himself and
family, and to guard against future want, I invite attention to the fol-
lowing extracts from a report made by C. A. Maxwell, United States
special agent, dated September 23, 1881, upon a council held with the
Crow Indians at their agency, in Montana, on the 22d of August last, viz :
It will be observed by reference to the minutes of the council that the main point
of conversation on the part of the Indians was the subject of more cattle, houses to
live in, farming, and a general desire to live like the white man and to adopt the
habits and pursuits of civilized life. The Indians are very anxious in regard to the
manner of payment for the right of way of the Northern Pacific Railroad through their
reservation, an agreement for which they signed on the 22d of August last, and also
the money which they believe is due them for the western portion of the reservation,
an agreement for the cession of which they signed June 12, 1880. It appears to be al-
most the unanimous wish of the tribe that the money due or to become due them under
both agreements should be invested in cattle for the heads of families and individual
members of the tribe, the erection of houses, and the purchase of agricultural imple-
ments, which certainly shows a commendable spirit on the part of such wild and un-
tutored savages, and tends to demonstrate the fact that, no matter how wild and
nomadic Indians are, they can be taught to follow the pursuits of the white man and
to enter upon a more useful life, and, in time, become self supporting. It is but a
question of short time when the rapid settlement of the country and the disappear-
ance of the buffalo will necessitate the confinement of the Crows to their reservation,
in which event they will, for the greater portion of each year, be in a destitute con-
dition unless some measures are adopted to render them self-supporting.
From what I observed while at the agency, the Crows are very willing to be in-
structed in and learn of the white man the ways of civilization. It appears that as
late as the spring of 1879 not one of the Crows was engaged, or had attempted to en-
gage, in agriculture, while at the present time quite a number of the leading chiefs are
occupying comfortable log cabins and cultivating small parcels of ground, some of
them having their land inclosed. The Indians manifest great interest and considera-
ble pride in this step toward civilization and the self-support of themselves and fam-
XXIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
ilies, and the example has had a good effect upon the other chiefs of the tribe. Not a
day passed while I was at the agency but what some of the leading chiefs asked
Agent Keller for houses to live in, and for tracts of land to cultivate for themselves
and their followers. In fact, this subject appears to be uppermost in their minds, and
considerable jealousy appears to exist as to whom provision shall be first made for.
About one hundred Indians have selected locations for farms, aad the agent will erect
houses at the points selected as rapidly as possible. While at the agency authority
was received for the erection of twenty houses and the breaking of five hundred acres
of land, by contract. The Indians received this information with many manifesta-
tions of joy and expressions of satisfaction. As stated by them, it made their hearts
feel good.
The disposition manifested upon this subject by such a wild, untu-
tored, and uncivilized tribe as the Crows is certainly very encouraging,
and is one of the strongest recommendations in favor of the allotment
system. As a further illustration of this desire on the part of the In-
dians, and of its practical and beneficial results, attention is also in-
vited to the following extracts from some of the annual reports of
agents. James McLaughlin, agent at the Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota,
in speaking upon the subject of the advancement of the Indians at his
agency, says :
Nearly all of them are located on individual claims, living in log cabins, some having
shingle roofs and pine floors, cultivating farms in severalty, and none are now ashamed
to labor in civilized pursuits. A majority of the heads of families have ox-teams,
wagons, plows, harrows, &c., and a desire to accumulate property and excel each other
is becoming more general. One thousand acres are under cultivation. Four hundred
and five acres of new land were broken this year preparatory to sowing wheat next
spring. This breaking was done entirely by Indians on 110 different claims adjoin-
ing their old fields.
Capt. W. E. Dougherty, acting agent at the Crow Creek Agency,
Dakota, says :
Last summer one band of the tribe was located on land in severalty, each family tak-
ing 320 acres, upon which it began some kind of improvement. Last spring the de-
mand of the Indians for the subdivision of the land and the allotment of it in severalty
became general. A surveyor was accordingly employed for the purpose, and up to the
present time the following-named per-ons have been allotted laud, and are living on
their allotments or are preparing to move upon them. [Here follows a list of 173 al-
lotments, with the quantity of land allotted to each.] All the improvements made
during the year have been made on these allotments, and consist of the erec-
tion of houses, stables, fences, corrals, &c., and the breaking of new land. The
latter was done by the government, the other by the Indians. During the past
year every family on the reservation has contributed more or less to the advance-
ment of its condition and welfare, while some, with the assistance obtained from
the agency, have made themselves very comfortable, and are the possessors of con-
siderable personal property. Forty-five houses have been erected, and about twenty-
five moved from the common lands and re-erected on land taken in severalty, by the
Indians, unaided.
Isaiah Lightner, agent for the Santees, in Nebraska, says :
Just here I feel that I should speak again of the land title, as it is a subject I have
been writing about for the last four years, and nothing special accomplished. I must
confess I feel somewhat discouraged. But as I have told the Santee Indians, with my
hands uplifted, that I would stand by them until they received a more lasting title to
their homes, I must repeat here, to you and all who may read what I have formerly
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXV
said, that the San tees should have this land given to them by a law that could not be
changed, so that the white man could not take their homes from them. At present
they have but little assurance that they can remain here, and I know it has been a
drawback to them in the way of self-support, for they have repeatedly informed me
that they do not wish to open up a farm for a white man to take from them when the
whites may feel like doing so. They want a lasting title to their homes the same as a
white man, and I think it wicked in the first degree for us, as a nation, to withhold
any longer such a sacred right — that of liberty and a free home for these people, who
eventually will be recognized as a part of our nation, exercising the rights of citizen-
ship as we do. In the name of the power that rules, cannot we bring force
to bear that will make right prevail, and produce such a law as will allow the Santee
Indians, and those similarly situated, to select their land and hold it as a permanent
home.
The reports of nearly all the agents show a similar state of facts ex-
isting among the Indians at their respective agencies. The Indian
wants his land allotted to him. He wants a perfect and secure title
that will protect him against the rapacity of the white man. He is not
only willing but anxious to learn the ways of civilization. He is de-
sirous of being taught to work and to accumulate property. His mind
is imbued with these ideas, and some decisive steps should be taken by
the law-making branch of the government to encourage him in his
laudable and praiseworthy desires and efforts toward civilization, self-
support, and a better and more useful life.
An approximate estimate shows that 5,972 allotments have been
made on the various reservations in the United States, and that 2,793
of this number have been patented to the allottees j also that 1,353 al-
lotments have been made for which certificates have been issued. As
before stated these certificates carry no title with them. They are only
evidence of the right of one Indian as against another to occupy the
tract of land which they describe. It should be stated in explanation
of the difference between the number of allotments and number of pat-
ents issued, that under the provision of some of the treaties the lands
allotted to the several members of a family are embraced in one patent
issued to the head of the family.
INDIAN HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.
On the 19th of May, 1880, my predecessor submitted to the depart-
ment a draft of a bill to enable Indians to enter land under the pro-
visions of the 15th and 16th sections of the act of Congress, approved
March 3d, 1875, extending to Indians the benefits of the provisions of
the homestead act of May 20th, 1862, and the acts amendatory thereof
(now embodied in sections 2290, 2291, 2292, and 2295 to 2302, inclusive),
without the payment of the fees and commissions now prescribed by
law in such cases. A great many Indians in different parts of the
United States are desirous of availing themselves of the benefits con-
ferred by the act of 1875, but owing to their poverty and improvidence
few of them can command the amount necessary to pay the fees and
commissions required by law. In many instances, more especially the
XXVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Mission Indians in California and the Spokanes and others in Wash-
ington Territory, the Indians, and their fathers before them, have been
residing up^n, cultivating, and improving small tracts of land for gene-
rations. When these lands are surveyed and brought into market, the
Indians, through ignorance of the law and the want of funds to pay the
fees and commissions necessary to enter the land occupied by them,
fail to take advantage of the benefits of the act of 1875 within the time
prescribed by law after filing of the plats of survey in the district
land-office, the result of which is that white men enter the Indian's
land, drive him therefrom, and appropriate his improvements and the
fruits of his industry and labor.
A condition precedent to an Indian taking advantage of the act of
1875 is that he must have abandoned his tribal relations. The policy
of the government being to break up tribal relations among the differ-
ent bands of Indians, and to encourage them to take laud in severalty,
and to adopt the habits and pursuits of civilized life, they should re-
ceive every encouragement in their efforts in that direction.
Until a change in the law as above recommended is made, it is of
great importance that the department should have at its disposal a fund
that can be used for the payment of entry fees and commissions, and,
•with that end in view, an estimate for the sum of $5,000 has been sub-
mitted.
SURVEYS OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
The want of a proper and exact definition of the boundary lines of
some of the reservations by plain and permanent marks is the cause
of great and ever recurring embarrassment to the Indian service, and
if not speedily supplied must inevitably result in serious conflicts be-
tween the Indians and white settlers. The Indians are naturally jeal-
ous in respect to their land rights, while the whites, covetous and hard
to restrain, hover on their borders, and, in the absence of lines officially
established and that are easily traceable, are not apt to be very punc-
tilious, to say the least, in deciding whether or not they are encroaching
upon the Indians. On the other hand, the Indians, by reason of this in-
definiteness of boundary, do not hesitate to extend, pretentiously, the
limits of their possessions whenever it suits their convenience to do so.
Hence disputes arise engendering the bitterest hostility, and the agent,
left to decide between them, often finds himself incapable of doing so
with fairness, and, to avoid actual conflict, is sometimes driven to arbi-
trary measures. I know of no one thing that is more fruitful of discord
in the Indian country than the absence of proper marks and monuments
to indicate the outboundaries of our Indian reservations.
The San Carlos division of the White Mountain Reservation in Arizona
Territory is a case in point. Extensive and valuable coal deposits have
been discovered along its southern line, and that these deposits are
within the limits of the reserve there is but little doubt. But the
boundary lines have never been marked upon the ground or otherwise
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXVII
by official survey, and consequently the miners and prospectors, flock-
ing into the neighborhood from all directions, dispute the jurisdiction
of the agent, who, by astronomical observations, has approximately
determined the location of the boundary, and declares the discoveries
to be within the reservation. In regard to this he says :
The great wrong in not surveying these reservation lines and monuinenting them
leaves all these border complaints for continuance, and it is along these the wrangles
commence; the ran chrnen and the prospectors claim they are off, the agent and Indians
that they are on, the reservation ; at any rate the whites crowd the line to the very
greatest extent, and only on assurance of removal and loss of improvements do they
hesitate to make them. It is a hard matter to take a crooked line 70 miles long, and
ranging from peak to peak, and decide within a mile whether a ranch is off or on the
reservation, and become responsible for the observation and action. If the government
will not appropriate funds to survey the line, I do not think any agent will or can run
the risk of deciding the exact location of it. I believe, had these lines been surveyed
and determined belonging to this reservation, that thousands of dollars would already
have been saved to the government, and if it does not do so soon it will cost thousands
of dollars more, and many lives.
The agents at the Klamath Agency, in Oregon, and the military offi-
cers as well, have repeatedly warned the department of the imminent
danger growing out of the disputed boundary question at that agency.
Herds of cattle are driven and grazed upon what is no doubt a part of
the Klamath Beservation, and the Indians claim that lands acquired
by, them under solemn treaty stipulations have been sold to white set-
tlers who are now in full occupation and enjoyment of them. It is ad-
mitted by the General Land Office that the treaty lines of the east and
south, and a portion of the west side of the reservation were not fol-
lowed by the surveyor who made the survey of the reservation in 1871,
but that ce-rtain lines of the public survey lying considerably inside of
the reservation, as defined by the language of the treaty, were followed
instead. Hence it would appear that the Indians have good grounds
for complaint. Agent Mckerson has recently made this matter the
subject of a special report to this bureau, in which he again warns the
government of the danger of further delay in the settlement of this
vexed question. He says :
While there is a patient waiting on the part of the Indians for the government to re-
dress what they believe to be their wrongs, there is also a deep and growing conviction
in their minds that nothing will be doue unless some complication shall arise that will
compel action.
Not to heed these repeated warnings is to assume a responsibility
that this office is unwilling to take upon itself.
Tillable lands within the reservations should in all cases be subdi-
vided, where it has not already been done, in order that allotments may
be made to individual Indians, and that all such lands may be made
available for that purpose, whether remote from the agency or adjacent
thereto.
It is hoped that this matter may be pressed upon the attention o1
XXVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Congress at its coming session, in order that the necessary appropriations
may be had to relieve the department of this most serious embarrass-
ment.
RAILROADS THROUGH INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
Since the date of the last annual report negotiations have been per-
fected, under the sanction of the department, with the several tribes or
bands of Sioux Indians, occupying the great Sioux Eeserve in Dakota
for a right of way across the reserve to the Dakota Central Railway
Company and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Eailway Com-
pany (extension to Black Hills), respectively; also, with the Indians
occupying the Umatilla Eeserve, in Oregon, for a right of way to the
Oregon Eailway and Navigation Company. These arrangements have
been made in accordance with treaty stipulations with the Indians in-
ter^sted, relative to the construction of railroads upon their lands, and
reasonable compensation to them by the railroad companies for the
quantity of land required has been provided for in each case.
Successful negotiations have also been had, by special agents ap-
pointed by the department, with the Shoshone and Bannack Indians,
for the extinguishment by the government, under the several acts of
Congress in that behalf, of their title to so much of the lands of their
reservation in Idaho as may be necessary for the purposes of the Utah
and Northern Eailroad Company in the construction of a road from east
to west across said reservation j also, with the Crow Indians for the ces-
sion of so much of their reservation lands in Montana as are required
by the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company for the construction of its
road westwardly through the same. Agreements embodying the terms
of purchase by the government in each case have been prepared and
executed by the Indians, and bills for the necessary ratification thereof
by Congress will be submitted by this office in due course.
The incursions of the Missouri Eiver have compelled the Atchison and
Nebraska Eailroad Company to set back its track upon the Iowa Ee-
serve in Nebraska. The requisite quantity of land has been obtained
from the Indians, and reasonable compensation has been stipulated to
be paid them by the railroad company therefor.
In the Indian Territory an unauthorized attempt was made in April
last by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Eailway Company to survey a
branch line to Fort Smith, Ark. Upon complaint of the Cherokee au-
thorities to the department, the local agent was directed to stop the
survey and remove the intruders, which was successfully accomplished.
The company, however, still claims the right, under statutory provis-
ions, to construct the branch road, and the matter is now pending be-
fore the department for adjudication.
It is gratifying to remark that the Indians have offered no opposi-
tion to the passage of railroads over their reservations ; on the con-
trary, they hail their construction with every evidence of satisfaction.
KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXIX
MILITARY OCCUPATION OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND DESTRUCTION
OF TIMBER THEREBY.
Under this heading I desire to call your attention to a subject which
occasions serious embarrassment to this office — the continued occupation
of Indian reservations and destruction of timber thereon by the military,
where the necessity for their presence in large numbers no longer exists.
The Standing Bock Agency in Dakota forms a striking illustration
in point. The history of this case is, briefly, as follows : In December,
1874, United States Indian Agent Palmer, then in charge of the agency,
when about to enroll his Indians, met with strong opposition, and called
for a company of troops to make arrests of one or two insubordinate
Indians and preserve order. The department commander furnished
him with a detachment of sixty men and three commissioned officers
from Fort Lincoln, stating that this force was "amply sufficient to
meet the wants of the situation." According to a report of Major-
General Terry, commanding department of Dakota, dated the 7th Sep-
tember last, the garrison at Fort Yates at the. present time consists
of four companies of infantry and two of cavalry, and a sum of no less
than $80,000 has been expended in the construction of the post, inde-
pendent of the work accomplished by the labor of the troops.
It is not, however, so much the actual presence of troops upon an
Indian reservation which embarrasses this office as the inordinate con-
sumption of wood and timber cut upon the reservation and used under the
direction and authority of the military, not only in the erection of bar-
racks, &c., but also in the filling of contracts awarded by military officers
to post traders, and other persons, for supplying steamers with wood —
contracts made without consulting the agent or this office in the matter.
Bemonstrances have heretofore been made by this department upon the
subject, and the War Department has been requested to cause the neces-
sary orders to be issued restraining the officers at Fort Yates and other
posts from cutting any timber except such as is absolutely necessary for
the use of their respective posts. But so far as Standin g Bock Agency is
concerned, there has been but little change for the better, and there is
every reason to believe that if the present military force is continued at the
agency, and the wood disappears as it has for the past five years (at the
rate of about 4,000 cords per annum) the Indians will in a short time be
entirely destitute of fuel and timber for building purposes, there by entail-
ing at heavy expense on the government for the necessary supplies, or, as
the only alternative, the removal of the Indians to another reservation.
In the report of Major-General Terry, before referred to, and
which was called forth by one from this office to the department of the
8th July last, setting forth the evils complained of, and renewing the
recommendations previously and repeatedly made for the reduction of
the garrison at Fort Yates to not more than one company,* as being am-
* It should be stated that since the transfer to the Standing Rock Agency, July 21st,
of nearly 3,000 Sitting Bull Indians, the Indian Office has considered it advisable that
no reduction should be made in the garrison at Fort Yates, at least at present.
XXX REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
ply sufficient for any emergency likely to arise, that officer admits that
the strong force maintained at Fort Yates since the autumn of 1876
has not been kept there solely in the interests of the Indian service, but
also for the protection of the property and persons of settlers in the
surrounding country, within a radius of perhaps 300 miles, from Indian
depredations ; also for the protection of the interests of the Northern
Pacific Eailroad Company, now prosecuting its work of construction
between the Missouri and the Yellowstone, which railroad company
protests against the withdrawal of the troops from Fort Yates, as a
measure calculated to deter settlements along the line of its road. In
regard to the fuel and timber question, which is admitted to be an im-
portant one, General Terry contends that very little, if any more, wood
will be needed for building purposes at the post, and that after this
year "lignite" can be substituted for fuel, at an increased cost, how-
ever, to the government. But whatever difference in expense there
may be, he frankly admits that the importance of the wood to the In-
dians is so great that the fuel necessary to the troops of the post should
no longer betaken from the forests in the vicinity. I think this admis-
sion of itself, without further comment, sufficiently demonstrates the
mischief which has already been done.
A similar state of things exists at Cheyenne Eiver, from which, ow-
ing to the extravagant use of timber by the military stationed at the
neighboring posts, it will in all probability become necessary to remove
the Indians at an early date.
I have no desire to provoke a controversy between co-ordinate
branches of the government, least of all with the War Department,
to which this office is under many and lasting obligations for the
prompt and valuable assistance it has ever rendered in many and seri-
ous emergencies ; but as an officer of the government, intrusted under
your direction with the management of Indian affairs and the mate-
rial welfare of the Indians, I do seriously protest against the reckless
consumption of timber upon Indian reservations by the military, and
request that measures may be taken to define and restrict their rights
in this respect, and with that view I have deemed it my duty to call
your attention to the matter.
I will add, in regard to the protection demanded by the Northern
Pacific Eailroad Company, that it appeats to me that the troops at Fort
Yates, sixty miles away, could afford but little protection ; but that
Fort A. Lincoln, and other military posts along the line of the road,
could be more advantageously used, and are amply sufficient to keep
any and all raiding parties in check, and to effectually prevent any
obstruction in the settlement of the land or the construction and
operation of the road.
LIQUOR IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY.
Existing statutes prohibit the introduction of ardent spirits into the
Indian country under any pretense, unless introduced therein by the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXXI
War Department [sections 2139 and 2140 U. S. Eevised Statutes], the
penalty being " imprisonment for not more than two years, and a fine
of not more than three hundred dollars."
Numerous complaints have been received during the year of the in-
sufficiency of the law to prevent Indians from obtaining liquor from
white persons who reside in the vicinity of Indian reservations. And
although the penalty for furnishing it may be severe, yet the difficulty
of detecting offenders and the frequent leniency of courts in prescribing
and enforcing punishment make the law to a great extent inoperative.
A case in point is brought to attention by the agent at Warm Springs
Agency, Oregon. He reports that while most of his Indians will not
touch liquor some will drink every time they go where it is? and the
parties furnishing it will make the Indians promise not to reveal the
fact; and he cites a recent occurrence in'which one Indian complained of
another for severely beating him. Examination of the matter before
the Indian council disclosed the fact that both the Indians had been
drunk (having obtained three bottles of whisky at The Dalles, on the
Columbia Eiver), and while drunk the stronger and least intoxicated
had committed the assault. The council fined him a good horse for his
crime, and the Indian assaulted was fined an ordinary horse for being
drunk. The white man who furnished the liquor was detected, brought
before the United States court, plead guilty, was fined ten dollars, and
liberated after confinement one night! In this case the witness fees,
paid by the United States, amounted to nearly five times the amount of
the fine imposed by court, and the other expenses were doubtless fully
as much more. The agent aptly remarks :
Until such flagrant violations of the laws can be more severely punished, an agent
need hardly waste time and money in hunting up offenders a»d having them pun-
ished.
The danger to be apprehended from drunken Indians certainly calls
for such legislation as will not only totally prohibit the introduction of
liquor into reservations but will also, as nearly as may be, make it
impossible for Indians to obtain it ; and experience has shown that
where soldiers obtain liquor Indians do get it. I know of no good rea-
son why authority should be conferred upon the War Department to
introduce it into the Indian country. If it is bad for Indians it is no
less so for soldiers, and, therefore, with a view more effectually to sup-
press the traffic among Indians I respectfully recommend that Congress
be urged to amend sections 2139 and 2140 of the United States Eevised
Statutes by repealing the provisions therein which permit the intro-
duction of ardent spirits into the Indian country by authority of the
War Department, and that the penalty for furnishing liquor to Indians
be a fine of not less than one hundred dollars for the first offense, and
imprisonment for not less than one year.
As a more effectual remedy for the evil complained of, I also recom-
mend that Congress be asked to enact a law absolutely prohibiting the
XXXII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
manufacture or sale of ardent spirits in any of the Territories of the
United States, or if this should not be practicable at present, that a law
be passed prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or other disposal of intoxi-
cating liquors within twenty miles of any Indian reservation.
INDIAN EDUCATION.
Schools for Indians are divided into three classes — day-schools and
boarding-schools for Indians in the Indian country, and boarding-
schools in civilized communities remote from Indian reservations. Al-
though varying greatly in the extent and character of their results,
each holds its own important place as a factor in Indian civilization.
In many tribes the less expensive and less aggressive day-school pre-
pares the way for the boarding-school, and occupies the field while
buildings for boarding pupils are being erected and furnished, or while
Congress is discussing the desirability of appropriating funds necessary
for their construction. It disarms native prejudice and opposition to
education, and awakens a desire for the thorough fundamental teaching
which, the boarding-school gives. The sending of twenty Pueblo chil-
dren to Carlisle is the direct result of the inroads made by day-schools
on the superstition and prejudice of the most conservative tribe on the
continent. In more civilized tribes like those in Michigan and Cali-
fornia the government day-school supplies the place of the State com-
mon school.
Exclusive of those among the five civilized tribes, the day schools
during the past year have numbered 106, and have been attended by
4,221 pupils. Two schools have been opened among the Mission In-
dians, .the first ever given these hard-working, much-abused people by
either government or State. Three others will open soon. At Pine
Ridge day-schools in the various Indian settlements are having a very
good influence, pending the erection of the new boarding-school build-
ing ; and they will be needed after its completion in order to extend to
the 1,400 children of the agency who cannot be accommodated therein
some small degree of civilizing influence — an influence which will not
be confined to the pupils, but will extend to the families in the vicinity
of the schools, whose remoteness from the agency renders it specially
important that some civilizing force should be exerted in their midst.
Of the 106 schools one is supported by the State of Pennsylvania,
and 28 are located in and supported by the State of New York as part
of its common-school system. As a result, of the 1,590 Indian children
of school age in that State 1,164 have attended school some portion of
the past year, and the average daily attendance has been 625.* This
provision for Indian schools has been made by New York for twenty
years, at an annual expense of about $7,000, and last year the New
York Indian agent reported that nearly all the Indians in his agency
*From the Annual Report Superintendent Public Instruction of the Scate of New
York, January 5, 1881.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIA X AFFAIRS. XXXIII
could read and write. For the support of these schools New York
does not depend on the uncertainties of a local tax, but gives to her
Indians their pro rat a share of the State school-tax and of the income
of the permanent invested fund of the State. The State law on the
subject is as follows, being an extract from the "general school law
of the State of New York » :
SECTION 5. The money raised by the State tax, or borrowed, as aforesaid, to supply
a deficiency thereof, and such portion of the income of the United States deposit fund
as shall be appropriated, and the income of the common-school fund when the same
are appropriated to the support of common schools, constitute the State school mon-
eys, and shall be divided and apportioned by the superintendent of public instruction.
*•**##**
SECTION 6. * * * He [the superintendent of public instruction] shall then- set
apart and apportion for and on account of the Indian schools under his supervision a
sum which will be equitably equivalent to their proportion of the State school money
npon the basis of distribution established by this act, such sum to be wholly payable
out of the proceeds of the State tax for the support of common schools.
The amount expended last year in the support of these schools was
$8,000, and the superintendent asks that on account of the establish-
ment of three new schools another $1,000 be added. New York is also
expending about $8,000 a year in the support of an Indian orphan
asylum.
Were this example followed by other States — Michigan, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Nebraska, North Carolina, and California, for instance —
States which have within their borders considerable numbers of Indians
who are semi-civilized and practically self-supporting, the status attained
by the next generation would attest both the wisdom of the course pur-
sued and its economy. That it is cheaper for a State to educate her
lower classes than to allow them to grow up in ignorance and supersti-
tion may be considered a truism, but, so far as it relates to Indians, the
truth of it needs practical acknowledgment in many localities.
Sixty-eight boarding schools have been in operation during the year ;
an increase of eight over last year. They have been attended by 3,888
pupils. Of the new schools six have been opened at Colorado River,
San Carlos, Pima, Pueblo, Siletz, and Uintah Agencies. They will
accommodate 351 pupils, and are the first boarding schools ever pro-
vided for the 27,000 Indians of those agencies who represent a school
population of not less than 5,000. A second boarding-school has been
given the Oinahas, who are waking up to the importance of education,
and a boarding-school for boys has been established at Cheyenne River,
where, a mission school for girls has been in successful operation for
several years. Delay in the erection of buildings has prevented the
opening of the other five schools referred to in last report.
Three new school buildings have been completed, furnished, and oc-
cupied during the year, eight more are now ready for use, and five are
in process of erection. These buildings will give accommodation for
ten new schools and additional room, which has been sorely needed,
for three old ones. Buildings are needed at nine other agencies for
in
XXXIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
whose 16,000- Indians no board ing- schools have yet been furnished, and
where there are now but six day-schools, with accommodations for 175
pupils. Another building must be erected for the Pueblo school, which
is only temporarily provided for in a rented building not adapted for
the purpose.
The interest, aptness, docility, and progress of the pupils is remarked
on by their teachers as being fully equal to that of white children.
Their acquirements, of course, are much behind those of white chil-
dren. The first two school years, at least, must be spent mainly in ac-
quiring the English language and the white man's way of living, les-
sons which the, child of civilized parents learns in the nursery, and in
these two branches progress is impeded by the reluctance of Indians
to use any but their native tongue, and is seriously interrupted by the
annual vacation, which returns the children to the old ways of speech,
thought, and life. The interest of parents in education continues to
increase, and some schools have been overcrowded.
The agency boarding-school is the object lesson for the reservation.
The new methods of thought and life there exemplified, while being
wrought into the pupils, are watched by those outside. The parents
visit the school, and the pupils take back into their homes new habits
and ideas gained in the school-room, sewing-room, kitchen, and farm.
Though more or less dissipated in the alien atmosphere of a heathen
"household, these habits and ideas still have an influence for good, real
and valuable, though it cannot always be distinctly traced. The
agency school takes the pupils as it finds them ; the dull and frail have
a chance with the quick-witted and robust $ and since Indians are much
less willing to send away their daughters than their sons, it furnishes
the girls of the tribe almost their only opportunity for acquiring a
knowledge of books and of home-making.
But so long as the American people now demand that Indians shall
become white men within one generation, the Indian child must have
other opportunities and come under other influences than reservations
can offer. He must be compelled to adopt the English language, must
be so placed that attendance at school shall be regular, and that vaca-
tions shall not be periods of retrogression, and must breathe the atmos-
phere of a civilized instead of a barbarous or semi-barbarous commu-
nity. Therefore, youth chosen for their intelligence, force of character,
and soundness of constitution are sent to Carlisle, Hampton, and Forest
Grove to acquire the discipline and training which, on their return,
shall serve as a leverage for the uplifting of their people.
The reports from these schools are in every respect encouraging. At
Carlisle 295 pupils have been in attendance, of whom 29 per cent, were
girls. They represent twenty -four tribes and fourteen agencies. Seventy
are learning trades, and have been so faithful and successful in their
labor that the articles manufactured and job work done by apprentices
in the harness, shoe, tin, and blacksmith shops have netted the school
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXXV
$770.62 over the cost of materials, salaries of instructors, and wages of
apprentices — the wages being IGf cents per day for the time actually
employed. The carpenter and tailor shops have also more than paid
expenses.
Stimulus to the industrial work of the school has been given by the
clause in the Indian appropriation act of May 11, 1880, which provides
that the Secretary of the Interior is " authorized, whenever it can be
done advantageously, to purchase for use in the Indian service from
Indian manual and training schools, in the manner customary among
individuals, snch articles as maybe manufactured at snch schools, and
which are used in the Indian service." A market has thus been found
for all articles manufactured, and this year the Carlisle school has
shipped to forty- two Indian agencies 8,929 tin cups, coffee-boilers, fun-
nels, pails, and pans ; 183 sets double harness, 1G1 riding-bridles, 10
halters, 9 spring wagons, and 2 carriages, valued (according to the
low contract rates paid by this office for such articles) at $6,333.46.
The parents are proud of the skill attained by their children, and the
boys are interested to have specimens of their handiwork sent to their
homes.
Among those " graduated" from the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency
boarding-school were found, last spring, sixteen young men who offered
to pay their own traveling expenses from the Indian Territory to Car-
lisle, provided the government would there give them instruction in
various trades. Their request was granted, but a similar request from
one of the Sioux agencies has had to be refused for lack of funds with
which to support the applicants after reaching Carlisle. Interesting
details of the year's work at Carlisle will be found in Lieutenant Pratt's
report, on page 184.
At the Hampton Institute, 81 Indian pupils have been in attendance,
two-thirds of whose support is furnished by government, the remain-
der being obtained from charitable sources. The principal event of
the year has been the return this month to their homes in Dakota of
30 of the 49 Sioux youths who went to Hampton three years ago, and
with the returned Florida prisoners initiated the experiment out of
which the Carlisle and Forest Grove schools have grown. Of the re-
maining 19 youths, 5 had died at Hampton ; 12 had been previously re-
turned to their homes, ten on account of ill health, one for bad conduct,
and one at his own request ; by consent of their guardians 2 will remain
at Hampton for further training.
The ability of Indian youth to acquire civilized ideas and habits
has been proved. Their ability to resolutely apply and continue them,
amid great disadvantages is now to be demonstrated. It cannot rea-
sonably be expected that every one of a company of 30 boys and girls
taken out of heathenism and barbarism will be transformed by a three-
years' course of training into enlightened Christian men and women,
with character and principles sturdy enough to successfully resist all
the degeuerating/ind demoralizing influences which they must encounter
XXXVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
iii their old homes. Thar white men with every inherited advantage
fail under this test is too often exemplified upon Indian reservations.
A longer stay at Hampton would undoubtedly have diminished the
risk of relapse ; but the promise made the parents that their children
should be retained but three years could not be broken. Every en-
deavor, however, has been made by General Armstrong, with the co-
operation of this office, to have suitable employment provided for these
youth at the various agencies as interpreters, apprentices, assistant
teachers, &c., and it is confidently hoped that the proportion who hold
fast to the " new road," and induce others to adopt it, will more than
compensate for the labor and money which have been expended in their
education. It is just here that the government must look to mission-
aries on the various reservations for invaluable service — the contin-
uance of the religious influence which was relied on as an indispensable
part of their training at Hampton, and which is the foundation of
American civilization.
All of the 22 Florida prisoners who remained North after their release
from Saint Augustine have now returned to their homes. Three, edu-
cated by Mr. Wicks, of Syracuse, N. Y., in his own family, are devoting
themselves to earnest missionary work among their people. The stand
taken by most of the others, who spent two or three years at Carlisle and
Hampton, is eminently satisfactory. Of those belonging to the Chey-
enne and Arapaho Agency, Agent Miles says :
The last of the Florida prisoners returned to the agency during the year, and are,
with the exception of one or two, standing firm on the side of right, and as a result
from their careful training while prisoners in Florida and while at Hampton and Car-
lisle, they aie the strongest lever we have at this agency in building up strength and
hope for the future of their people. A majority of the Indian employ 4 force of the
agency is composed of these nieo, and a better class of laborers you could not find.
Some are engaged in the shops at their trades, while one (Daniel Pendleton) is preach-
ing the gospel to his people in their own tongue, and a better Christian man we do not
find. Such results are indeed wonderful, and the example of these trained few, to-
gether with the seed from Carlisle and Hampton, and the well-directed efforts in the
agency schools, is going to kill much of the " Indian " in the Indians of this agency in
due time.
The school at Forest Grove has been in operation 20 months and is
now attended by 76 pupils. Unlike the Carlisle and Hampton schools
it began with nothing and the school-boys under skilled supervision
have themselves done most of the work of erecting necessary buildings
and making the furniture. As in the other two schools, instruction is
given in school-room, workshops, and kitchen, and the English language
occupies the ntost important place in the school curriculum. At present
its greatest need is sufficient land for farm and garden purposes. As
Lieutenant Wilkinson's report on page 198 shows, the methods and re-
sults of the school are not only awakening an interest in its workings anioii g
neighboring white people, but are overcoming a wide-spread skepticism
as to the practicability of Indian civilization. This disadvantage the
school has had^to contend with from the start. It has, however, the
advantage of being'_near the Indian country while out of it, so that the
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXXVII
expense of taking Indian children to and from Forest Grove is much
less than that incurred by the two schools in the East. Moreover, the
pupils are not required to undergo a change of climate in addition to
an entire change in the conditions of life.
Sixty-four of the Forest Grove pupils represent bands in Washington
Territory and Oregon, the other twelve are from Alaska — the first step
taken by the government toward the reclamation of the Alaska Indians
from the lower depth of ignorance and vice into which they have been
descending since the purchase of that country from the Eussian Gov-
ernmen^. Twice the number of pupils now at Forest Grove could be
accommodated, and could easily be obtained from the reservations and
from Alaska, if the funds at the disposal of the office would justify the
expenditure.
It becomes more evident with each year that the obstacle to the edu-
cation of the Indian children of this generation lies not in their inability
to be taught, nor in the indifference or hostility of the parents to edu-
cation, but in meager appropriations. For the education of its 49,000
children of school age, in day and evening schools alone, the State of
Ehode Island expends annually $600,000. For the education of the
same number of Indians (which is about the number to be provided
for exclusive of the five civilized tribes in the Indian Territory) the
United States Government last year appropriated, infufillment of specific
treaty stipulations, $64,000, and ufor schools not other wise provided for,"
$75,000, making a total of $139,000 with which to maintain day-schools,
furnish books to all pupils, erect and furnish school buildings, and
support boarding-schools ! From other funds appropriated for general
civiilzation, but which can be applied to schools after other demands not
more important but more immediately urgent have been met, the office has
been able to expend about $85,000. This, of course, has fallen so far
short of meeting the needs of the service, that requests for increased
school accommodations at various agencies have repeatedly been re-
fused. For the current fiscal year an increase of $10,000 was made by
the last Congress,, but this will hardly cover the increase in the cost of
beef and flour consumed in the schools, to say nothing of maintaining
new boarding-schools opened this fall in the new buildings before referred
to, of supporting throughout the year schools opened near the close of
the last fiscal year, and of erecting new buildings at hitherto neglected
agencies. Consequently requests for new boarding-school buildings at
seven agencies and for needed enlargement of school buildings at five
other agencies have already been refused, and unless a deficiency ap-
propriation is made by Congress at its next regular session many In-
dian boarding-schools will have to be closed early next spring, and
the children remanded to the debasing surroundings from which the
school \vas intended to redeem them.
It must not be supposed that by the appropriation of $64,000, above
referred to, treaty provisions with the various tribes have been fulfilled.
This covers only specific sums called for by treaty. In the treaties of
XXXVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
1868, made with the Sioux, 2favajo, Ute, Kiowa, Couiaiiuhe, Cheyenne,
Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, and Pawnee tribes the educational provis-
ion is a general one, and is substantially as follows :
In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty the
necessity of education is admitted; especially of such of them as are or may be
settled on said agricultural or other reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves
to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years
to attend school, and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between
said ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided
and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education
furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully discharge his or her
duties as teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for not less than twenty
years.
These tribes number in the aggregate 60,000, and have at least 12,000
youths of school age. For these children the tables herewith show that
after a lapse of thirteen years only twelve boarding -and seven day
schools have been provided, which will accommodate respectively 858
and 565 pupils. To furnish day-schools only, according to the treaties,
for the remaining 10,000 youth would require the erection and furnish-
ing of 250 school-houses at an average cost of not less than $800 each,
total, $200,000, besides an annual expenditure of $150,000 for salaries
of 250 teachers at $600 per annum, and $80,000 for books, school ap-
pliances, &c, (at an average of $8 per pupil), or more than the entire
amount expended during the past year at all agencies for both board-
ing and day schools. The shortsightedness and dishonesty of the
policy hitherto pursued in this connection is beyond question. As
Lieutenant Pratt says, after making a similar estimate :
The injury done by the United States Government to this large number of Indian
boys and girls who have grown up during this period by withholding this promised
and valuable intelligence, and the actual injury and loss to the country from their hav-
ing been an ignorant, pauper, peace-disturbing, life-destroying, impoverishing, instead
of an intelligent, producing element could not be stated in figures.
STOCK CATTLE.
Owing to the insufficient appropriations made by Congress for the
support of the Indian service during the present fiscal year, no stock
cattle could be purchased for the benefit of those Indians who had not
been supplied in former years. Experience has shown that the Indian
is able and willing to take care of his cattle, and it is hoped that the
appropriations made for the coming fiscal year will be sufficient to sup-
ply at least a part of those who desire cattle. Since 1878 stock cattle
were furnished to different agencies as follows : Blackfeet Agency, 50 ;
Cheyenne and Arapaho, 500; Crow, 82 ; Crow Creek, 300 ; Flathead,
700; Fort Hall, 200 ; Kiowa, 1,089 ; Klamath, 225 ; Lower Brute, 500 ;
Osage and Kaw, 2,725 ; Pawnee, 400 ; Pine Ridge, 907 ; Ponca, 800 ;
Rosebud, 1,000; Sac and Fox, 212; San Carlos, 1,125; Shoshone and
Bannack, 765 ; Sisseton, 437 ; Standing Eock, 500 ; White Earth, 52 ;
Western Shoshone, 200 ; Yankton, 495; total, 13,264 head.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XXXIX
FREIGHTING- DONE BY INDIANS.
During the year 1878 the 13,000 Sioux Indians under control of
Spotted Tail and Eed Cloud were induced to begin the work of civiliza-
tion by hauling their annuity goods and supplies from the Missouri
River to their new agencies, a distance of about 150 miles. Wagons
and harness were furnished, and they successfully accomplished the
undertaking. Since that time a large number of wagons have been fur-
nished other Indians, and at present not only those above mentioned,
but many others, especially those located in the Indian Territory, suc-
cessfully transport their annuity goods and supplies from the nearest
railroad station to their respective agencies. Their wages are paid,
in. cash, at the rate of $1 to $1.50 per 100 pounds per 100 miles, accord
ing to the condition of the roads over which the supplies are carried.
Herewith is a statement of the number of wagons furnished each
agency since July 1, 1877 :
Names of agencies.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
Total.
Blackfeet, Mont
32
15
IS
Cheyenne and Arapaho.Ind.T,
40
56
15
42
Crow, Mont
11
1
10
2
20
Crow Creek, Dak
11
10
38
27
Cheyenne River, Dak
51
66
1
1 1 .-
Colorado River, Ariz
1
1
Devil's Lake, Dak
11
3d
25
72
Fort Belknap. Mont
1
3
11
Q
Fort Berthold, Dak
16
35
20
Fort Hall, Idaho...
10
24
10
15
59
Fort Peck, Mont
31
20
10
4
fiC
Flathead, Mont
12
20
32
Great Nemaha, Neb^ ..
4
2
17
g
, 01
Green Bay, Wis
43
4f
Pottawatomie, Kans
10
10
Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita Ind T
56
12
15
10
93
Klamath, Oreg
12
18
1
31
LaPointe, Wis ...
4
52
Kft
Lemhi, Idaho
4
15
19
Los Pinos, C 'lo
]
1
2
5
Lower Brul6, Dak „
13
•20
24
20
77
Mackinac. Mich
25
25
Malbeur, Oreg
4
4
Mescalero, N. Mex
1
1
2
Moquis Pueblo, Ariz
1
2
3
Navajo, N. Mex
2
11
13
Nevada, Nev
3
25
28
Omaha and Wionebago Nebr
2
60
62
Osage. Ind. T . .
50
30
95
20
195
Kaw, Ind. T
5
4
9
Pawnee. Ind, T
20
68
88
Ponca Ind. T
41
42
40
2
125
Pima, Ariz
1
1
Qiwpiw, Ind. T
3
26
12
11
51
Pine Ridge, Dak
56
251
51
50
403
Rosebud. Dak
57
201
55
50
362
Sac and Fox Ind T
22
4
5
31
San Carlos, Ariz
2
2
4
Santee and Flandreau, Nebr
9
10
134
2
155
Siletx. Oreg
]
5
6
Sisseton Dak
<
135
25
161
Shoshone and Bannock Wyo
2
36
123
161
Southern Ute, Colo ...
1
i
2
Standing Rock Dak
38
51
1
50
150
Tule River. Cal ...
1
2-2
1
24
TTintah, Utah
31
I
27
59
Umatilla, Oreg
8
12
20
40
Union, Ind. T
2
2
Western Shnshones Nev
5
5
White Earth Minn (consolidated)
10
53
63
White River, Colo
3
3
6
Warm Springs, Oreg
5
6
11
Yakarna, Wash
7
10
16
33
Yankton Dak
50
7
57
Otoe, Nebr
12
51
63
Total...
3,558
XL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PURCHASE OF ANNUITY GOODS AND SUPPLIES.
All goods and supplies for the Indian service are contracted for in
the spring of each year, after due advertisement for bids in the princi-
pal newspapers in different parts of the country, the contracts being
awarded to the lowest and best bidders. The schedule of goods re-
quired for the present fiscal year comprises over 1,800 different articles
required to meet the wants of the Indians. There were received at the
opening of bids in New York, May 2, 1881, 301 bids; at a subsequent
letting in this city for beef 12 bids were received, and in San Francisco
24, making a total of 345 bids for furnishing goods required by the de-
partment for the present fiscal year ; 161 contracts were executed, made
out in quadruplicate, each one accompanied with a bond for the faithful
performance of the same. The contracts were awarded by me, with the
assistance of the Board of Indian Commissioners, after the samples
offered with the bids had been properly examined by inspectors ap-
pointed for that purpose.
The delivery, inspection, and shipment of goods is .mostly done in
New York, in a warehouse rented for that purpose. There all goods
are delivered, properly marked with a number which must correspond
with the number on the invoice of the articles furnished 5 all invoices
must be made out in quintuplicate, and must give the number, weight,
and contents of each package charged for. After delivery of the goods
they are inspected by a person appointed for that purpose, and each
package stamped by the inspector with-his name. A copy of each in-
voice is forwarded by first mail to the agent for whom the goods are in-
tended, in order that he may compare the quantities received with the
articles invoiced. A complete record of all packages received is kept,
giving the name of the articles, date of inspection, of shipment, &c. ; and
when it is considered that from May 2, 1881, to October 15, 1881, there
were shipped from the New York warehouse 25,893 packages, weigh-
ing 4,536,092 pounds, not one of which is unaccounted for, the magni-
tude of the business will be understood and appreciated.
No attempts have this year been made so far by contractors to de-
liver goods inferior to the sample upon which the contract was awarded,
and I can say that all goods and supplies furnished during the present
fiscal year were of good quality and entirely satisfactory to this office.
CASH ANNUITIES.
W-innebagocs. — At its last session Congress passed an act, which was
approved on the 18th of January last, to aid that portion of the Winne-
bago tribe of Indians residing in Wisconsin ato obtain subsistence by
agricultural pursuits, and to promote their civilization." It provides
that an account shall be stated between the two branches of the tribe,
so that those in Wisconsin may be paid their full share as found to be
due from those in Nebraska, and it directs that future distribution of
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XLI
annuities shall be made .pro rata, according to the number of the whole
tribe. This act also provides that before aiiy person sljall be entitled
to the benefits accruing thereunder, it shall be made to appear that he,
or the head of the family of which he is a member, has taken up a home-
stead, with a bona-Jide intention of complying with an act approved
March 3, 1875.
In pursuance of this just and beneficial measure, Congress further
directed that a census be taken which would show the entire number of
Winnebagoes in Wisconsin and Nebraska, separately, and also all the
facts necessary to justly decide in regard to the rights of those claiming
to participate in the benefits of the act.
When the scattered condition of these Indians in Wisconsin, and tjie
data and proof required in the case of each, is considered, the magni-
tude oi' the work will be understood. It was the purpose and is yet .
the' hope of this office to have the money due these Indians under this
act paid to them during the current year, but Congress having failed
to provide any funds to pay the necessary expenses incident to the tak-
ing of this census, and no funds being available for the purpose, noth-
ing could be done in the matter until after the beginning of the present
fiscal year. Then', in consideration of the desirability of the measure,
and in compliance with repeated requests from members of Congress
and others, I consented to liave the work done by a clerk from this
office, and the expense paid^from the contingency funds of the Indian
Department for the fiscal year 1882. Consequently, on the 12th of
August last, a clerk was detailed to proceed to Wisconsin, and he is
now there engaged in this duty. In the mean time the regular agent
at Winnebago Agency in Nebraska has been instructed in regard to
taking the census of those at that place, and both lists will no doubt
be completed at an early day.
Sac and Fox, Iowa. — Continued efforts are being made to induce the
Sac and Fox Indians in Iowa to sign a pay-roll for annuities now four
years over due. They still refuse, however, notwithstanding that the
last season has been a very unfavorable one for farming and they are
suffering in consequence. During January last I instructed the agent
at Iowa Agency to take a census and make a list of these Indians, ar-
ranging them in families in the manner established by the department.
This he succeeded in doing after great difficulty, and only by obtaining
the necessary information from parties who were not members of the
tribe, but who had lived with them long enough to become thoroughly
acquainted. Tiie chiefs in the mean time used all their influence to pre-
vent the names of the women and children from being enrolled. This
list shows a total number of 35(>, viz, 92 men, 104 women, and 160
children. Owing to the circumstances under which it was completed
this may not be strictly correct, but may be useful in the division of
annuities payable to the whole tribe under the various treaties.
• Th'ese Indians are industrious and temperate, but are suspicious of
XLII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
whites, and stubbornly refuse to abandon their Indian traditions and
customs. It is to be regretted that they will not consent to receipt
properly for their annuities, as many of them are in want, and I am
persuaded almost all would make a good use of the money. It might
be wise and humane, now that they are permanently located in Iowa,
with the approval of the State, and on land bought with their own
money, to make, if possible, a satisfactory arrangement between them
and that part of the tribe now in Indian Territory, so that the census
just taken, or one more complete, if obtainable, may be agreed upon as
a basis for a permanent division of their annuities, and a compliance
with the law, which says, "They (the whole tribe) shall be paidjpro
rata, according to their numbers." *
Wyandottes. — By an act to supply deficiencies in appropriations, and
for other purposes, approved March 3, 1881, the sum of $28,109.51
was appropriated to pay the Wyandottes their claim under treaty of
February 23, 1869. Soon after the passage of this act the United States
Indian agent at Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory, was instructed to
take a census of the Wyandottes, distinguishing between those who are
citizens and those who are not, that the payment might be made per
capita, and as directed.
Since that time he has referred to this office, under different dates,
the names of a number of claimants for enrollment, whose rights to
share in this fund are disputed by members of the council of the tribe
on various grounds, and many communications have been received from
Wyandottes who became citizens under the treaty of January 31, 1855,
asserting their right to participate in this fund, claiming that it was
appropriated in pursuance of the findings of a commission appointed
in accordance with an amendment to the treaty of 1867. In order to
determine the rights of the various claimants in the premises, a thor-
ough examination of the report of that commission became necessary,
as well as a careful and impartial consideration of all evidence and
proofs submitted by claimants, particularly by those whose claims are
contested.
A claim has also been filed by Isaiah Walker to a ferry franchise
purchased of the Wyaudottes, under treaty of 1855, amounting to
$17,91)0, which, in view of statements made by his attorneys, requires
examination and final decision, before these funds can be paid to the
Wyandottes. A conclusion has not as yet been reached in the matters
above set forth, and therefore the payment has been withheld.
Poncas. — The same act contains a provision for the purpose of in-
demnifying the Ponca Indians for losses sustained in consequence of
their remoA^al to the Indian Territory, and directs that $20,000 of
the money thereby appropriated be paid to them, in cash, the sum of
*Since the above was written a delegation of these Indians has visited Washington
and conspnted on behalf of their people to the signing of the new roll. The money
due them will therefore soon be paid.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XLIIL
$10,000 to those now in that Territory and a like sum to those in Dakota.
No cash payments having been made to these Indians since 1878, a cor-
rect and reliable list of them was not on tile, and one of the Indian in-
spectors was instructed to take a census of those in the Indian Territory.
On the 27th of May last he reported that an enrollment had been com-
pleted by him, containing1 the names of 500 persons then living, and the
names of 14 others now dead, but who were alive on the 3d of March
last, the date on which the act was approved ; in all, 520 names. In
accordance with this enrollment payment was made by the agent on
the 28th of June.
Those of the tribe in Dakota not being under the charge of any agent
of this department, but nearly all living in the vicinity of Santee Agency,
Nebraska, the agent there was instructed to prepare a complete and
correct roll of them. This roll, containing 175 names, after examination,
was approved on the 27th of the following July, and returned to the
agent, with instructions to pay,jper capita, to the parties therein named,
the $10,000 which had already been placed to his credit; and the pay-
ment was accordingly made.
Miamies of Indiana. — This act also appropriates $221,257.86 to pay
the Miami Indians residing in Indiana and elsewhere the principal
sum that became due them on the 1st day of July, 1880, in accordance
with the amended fourth article of the treaty concluded with them on the
5th day of June and ratified on the 4th day of August, 1854. To effect
this payment the fourth section of the act provides for the appointment
of a competent person to take a census and make a list of such of these
Indians as were living on the 1st of July, 1880, and were embraced in
a corrected list agreed upon by said Indians, in the presence of the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in June, 1854, and the increase of
their families. It also provided for the appointment of an agent to
make the payment.
Accordingly, on the 2d day of the following April an ageniwas ap-
pointed to take the census and make the list, and was fully instructed
in regard to his duties. As the tribal relations of these Indians is
broken up and they are much scattered, notice of this appointment was
given by publication, for three weeks prior to the 31st of May last, in a
leading paper in each of the States of Indiana, Michigan, Kansas, and
Missouri, calling upon all claimants to make their claims known on or
before that day, or be forever barred. Much difficulty was experienced
in tracing many claimants to their ancestors on the original roll,
through the great liability to change the spelling of Indian names and
their custom of often changing their names entirely. As the payment
is large (nearly $685 to each man, woman, and child), the agent was in-
structed to use all possible care to guard against fraudulent enroll-
ments. In the discharge of this duty he visited almost every family
and claimant, and received much valuable assistance from various mem-
bers of the tribe, nearly all of whom are civilized, and numbers even
well educated.
XLTV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Time was required to accomplish the enrollment according to law and
in a manner satisfactory to the Indians, this office, and the department,
so that the list was not finally submitted for your approval until the
20th of September last. This list, with its notes, references, &c., ap-
pears to be very full, complete, and satisfactory, and will be valuable
for future reference as a true exhibit of this people at the time it was
taken. The necessity for the delay incident to preparing it can be ap-
preciated by those only who are iamiliar with the circumstances and
the labor and research connected therewith.
The Hon. Calvin Cowgill, of Wabash, Ind., having been appointed
and having duly qualified as agent to make this payment, it will be
completed without unnecessary delay, probably during the current
month,
In this connection I desire to call attention to the fact that, with the
exception of that for the Sac and Fox Indians, the foregoing legislation
may be termed special, and the extra work thereby entailed 011 this
office must have been unforeseen when the clerical force allowed this
bureau for the present year was under consideration. An addition ot
at least one-fifth was thereby unexpectedly added to the general work
of this office, so that the several acts mentioned could not be carried
out as promptly as they should have been, and the current work of the
office has consequently been much retarded.
It may also be observed that the funds necessary to carry out these
enactments were not always provided, and this office was obliged to use
for the purpose the appropriation for " Contingencies, Indian Depart-
ment," a fund that has always been insufficient for the regular re-
quirements of the service.
SANITARY.
The sanitary condition of the Indians .remains about the same as at
last annual report. The aggregate number of cases of sickness treated,
however, has materially increased, being 83,899 against 67,352 for last
year, while the number of deaths reported is only 1,440 against 1,936.
The number of births is 1,290, but these numbers are probably not
strictly accurate, as the physician reports only those which come under
-his actual knowledge ; and as the disposition of the Indians of some of
the tribes is to keep these facts secret, perfectly reliable statistics are
difficult to obtain. The increase in cases of sickness treated indicates
the growth of confidence in the agency physicians and in the civilized
mode of treatment of disease, and a tendency to abandon the barbar-
ous practices of the native medicine-men. The number of cases vacci-
nated is 1,576.
The monthly sanitary reports from physicians have been for the most
part satisfactory, and the ratio of mortality to the number of cases
treated indicates a remarkable degree of success. The agency physi-
cians at many of the agencies are not provided with the necessary hos-
pital accommodations, and as the sick have to be treated in their quar-
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XLV
tors and camps, where no hygienic nor dietary measures can be enforced,
the physician is embarrassed in the effort to better the condition of
those for whom lie feels great responsibility. The medical corps con-
sists of 65 physicians, and it is fair to inter that their duties were faith-
fully performed. A tabulated statement will be found on page 309
showing the number of patients treated, diseases, &c. From this it ap-
pears that the greatest morbific agents have been malarial and pulmonary
diseases, especially the former. This is particularly noticeable among
the Indians in the Indian Territory.
HUALAPAIS.
For several years the Hualapais Indians roamed unmolested among
the mountains of Northwestern Arizona, in the vicinity of Camp
Beale Springs, and subsisted themselves in the Indian way. But in
1873, when it was represented that they were on one of the principal
lines of travel, and that mining camps were springing up all around
them, it was recommended,' by botli civil and military officers, that they
be removed from that section and located upon some reservation.
Accordingly, in the spring of 1874, 580 of them were removed to the
Colorado River Reserve, and there regularly rationed. Partly on
account of their dissatisfaction with the location, and partly owing
to their unwillingness to submit to the requirement that they should
labor for a portion of the ration, they left the reservation the following
spring, and returned to their old haunts; and the agent reported thatr
on consultation with the commanding officer of the department, it had
been decided to allow them to remain there during good behavior.
The projection of the Southern Arizona Railroad brought settlers
into that country; their stock ranged over the grounds on which the-
Indians had depended for nuts and seeds; game grew scarce; and the
Hualapais became so destitute that it was feared that their poverty
would lead them to depredate on settlers, and that a collision woidd
result. Such reports led Governor Fremont to visit them in person
in December, 1878, and he found them impoverished but friendly, and
exceedingly desirous of being allowed to remain there and hunt. Noth-
ing further was done until the fall of 1879, when the Hualapais became
so desperately poor that, as a measure of both humanity and policy,
rations were issued to nearly 700 of them by the War Department, un-
til spring opened. During the succeeding summer they subsisted them-
selves, but in the fall of 1880 their destitution again called for relief,
and the War Department provided for another issue of rations, with
the understanding that the funds expended therefor should be reim-
bursed the military by the Interior Department, whenever the neces-
sary appropriation Should be obtained. In the deficiency act of March
3, 1881, $15,000 was appropriated for the Hualapais, with which the
War Department accounts were paid.
The needs of these Indians are this fall greater than ever. The office
XLVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
has no fund with which to provide for them, and the War Department
has again agreed to issue rations on the same conditions as to reim-
bursement. An estimate of funds needed therefor Avill be submitted
to Congress at its next session; but it is important that some per-
manent arrangement should be made, whereby the Hualapais may be
put in the way of becoming civilized and self-supporting.
At their request, General Wilcox, under date of July 8, 1881, ordered
that a tract about 30 miles wide and 100 miles long, lying along a
bend in the Colorado Elver, be set apart as a u military reservation for
the subsistence and better control of the Hualapais Indians/' But the
military officer who recommends the boundary lines of this tract re-
ports that they include little or 110- arable land, and that "the water is
in such small quantities, and the country is so rocky and devoid of
grass, that it would not be available for stock-raising." Either a re-
serve suitable for agriculture or grazing should be set apart for them,
or, which is far better, they should be settled under the care of an
agent upon some reserve already established, and should be assisted in
the way of house-building, farming, or herding, and schools. Their
friendliness and willingness to render service as scouts entitle them to
generous treatment by the government; but they should be so placed that
support by their own efforts is possible, and then gradually be compelled
to depend on it for support. This will require an ample appropriation
on the start, but will be more economical in the end, and more credit-
able, than to allow them, to continue to be idle consumers of rations in
ii barren country.
UTES.
The commissioners appointed under the act of June 15, 1880, rati-
fying the Ute agreement of March 6, 1880, have selected a reserva-
tion in the vicinity of the confluence of White River with Green River,
Utah, adjacent to the Uintah Indian Reservation, for the Uncompahgre
Utes, who were formerly located at Los Pinos Agency, Colorado. The
Uncompahgre Utes have been removed thereto ; the agency buildings at
the former Los Pinos Agency have been sold, and new ones have been
erected at the new agency, which is designated Ouray Agency, in re-
cognition of the friendship and faithfulness to the whites of Ouray,
former head chief of the Utes.
The White River Utes have been removed to Uintah Agency, where
lands will be assigned to them in several ty, as provided in the Ute
agreement, so soon as the requisite surveys shall have been made.
The Southern Utes still occupy their old reservation in the southern
part of the Ute Reserve. Their agent reports that the lands on the Rio
La Plata and vicinity, assigned for their location in several ty by the
Ute agreement, are being surveyed with a view to the definite location
of these Indians so far as practicable, but that there is not a sufficient
a nount of agricultural land on the reservation in that vicinity to fur-
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XLVII
iiish to each Indian the amount of land specified in the agreement. In
this contingency the act of June 15, 1880, stipulates that the South-
ern Utes shall be located " upon such other unoccupied agricultural
lands as may be found on the La Plata River or in its vicinity in New
Mexico."
SITTING BULL INDIANS.
V
111 July last the military authorities turned over to the Indian agent
at Standing Rock Agency, Dakota, 2,858 Sioux Indians who had been
with Sitting Bull in the British possessions, and who had, from time to
time, surrendered to the military. Of this number 130 were permitted
to join their relatives at Cheyenne River Agency, the balance remaining
at Standing Rock Agency for the present, where arrangements have
been made to subsist them. Sitting Bull himself and his more imme-
diate followers, 137 in number, are still prisoners, under the surveil-
lance of the military, at Fort Randall, Dakota Territory.
At all of the Sioux agencies quietness has prevailed and progress
has been made during the year, and no event of importance has occurred
except the death of Spotted Tail, hereditary head chief of the Sioux,
who was killed by another Indian at Rosebud Agency. A full account
of the affair will be found in Agent Cook's annual report herewith, page
54. The murderer is in the custody of the judicial authorities for trial,
the United States Attorney-General having expressed the opinion that
he is subject to trial by the United States courts.
PONCAS.
By mistake, the United States, in 1868, ceded to the Sioux the land
in Dakota which had previously been ceded to the Poncas, and in 1878
the Poncas were removed to their present location in Indian Territory,
where a reservation containing 101,894.31 acres of land was assigned
to them in the Cherokee country, west of the 9,6th degree of longitude,
where, upon payment to the Cherokees for the same, it was provided
by the sixteenth article of the Cherokee treaty of July 19, 1866, that
the United States might settle friendly Indians. The Poncas were at
first dissatisfied at their removal, but, as stated in the last annual
report of this office, in October of last year the Ponca chiefs then on
the reservation in Indian Territory forwarded to this office a petition
earnestly requesting to be permitted to come to Washington to for-
mally part with their right to all lands in Dakota, and to obtain a
title to their present reservation, and to settle all their matters with
the government. Their request was granted, and while in Washing-
ton they entered into an agreement of the kind indicated in their re-
quest of 25th October, 1880.
By act of March 3,*1881, Congress appropriated the sum of $165,000
to enable the Secretary of the Interior " to indemnify the Ponca tribe
of Indians for losses sustained by them in consequence of their removal
XLVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
to the Indian Territory, to secure 'their lauds in severalty on either the
old or new reservation, in accordance with their wishes, and to settle
all matters of difference with these Indians;" the amount so appro-
priated to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the In-
terior : (1) For the purchase of the aforesaid reservation in Indian Ter-
ritory, $50,000; (2) for distribution per capita among the Ponca Indians
in Indian Territory, $10,000; (3) to purchase stock cattle and draught
animals for the Poncas in Indian Territory, $2,000; (4) to erect dwell-
ing-houses, purchase agricultural implements, stock and seed, for school
purposes, and to distribute per capita to the Poncas in Dakota, $25,000.
Seventy thousand dollars were also appropriated " to be held as a per-
manent fund in the Treasury of the United States, at 5 per cent, inter-
est, the interest to be distributed annually among all the Ponca In-
dians in cash." The amounts thus appropriated have been, so far as
practicable, expended for the purposes for which they were appro-
priated. It has not been practicable as yet to devote the money appro-
priated for the erection of houses for the Poncas in Dakota to that use,
lor the reason that they have as yet 110 settled title to any land in that
Territory.
With a view7 to securing a permanent home for those Poncas who left
the Ponca Reservation in Indian Territory under the chief Standing
Bear — being the Indians referred to in the aforesaid appropriation bill
as the "Poncas now in Dakota" — delegations from the Omaha and Win-
iiebago Indians in Nebraska, and from the Sioux in Dakota, were
brought to this city in August last, and under date of 20th of that
month the delegations of Sioux from Rosebud, Pine Ridge, and Stand-
ing Rock Agencies signed an agreement to give to these Poncas laud
for homes where they formerly resided. The agreement is as follows :
Whereas by a mistake made in the treaty between the United States and the Sioux
Indians on April 29, 1868, injustice was done to the Ponca Indians by taking away
from them and giving to the Sioux lands which belonged to the Poncas; and
Whereas the Sioux Indians, in council assembled in the city of Washington, are de-
sirous of correcting that mistake in order to do justice to the Poucas; and
Whereas the United States has given lands to a portion of the Poncas who removed
to the Indian Territory, upon which they are now living and contented; and
Whereas it is desired to provide lauds for such of the Poncas as are now in Dakota,
as well as those in the Indian Territory :
Now, therefore, this agreement, made this 20th day of August, 1831, by the Sioux In-
dians resident upon the reservation in the Territory of Dakota, represented by their
chiefs and headmen now present in Washington, and under the supervision and with
the approval of the Secretary of the Interior of the United States, witnesseth :
The said tribes of Sioux Indians do hereby cede and relinquish to the United States
to much of that portion of the present Sioux Reservation as was formerly occupied by
the Ponca tribe of Indians, set forth and described by the supplemental treaty between
the United States of America and the Ponca tribe of Indians concluded March 10, 1865
(14 Stats., 675), as may be necessary for the settlement of that portion of the Ponca
tribe under Standing Bear now on or residing near the old Ponca Reservation, for their
use and occupation, in the proportion and to the extent of as many tracts of 640 acres
each as there are heads of families and male members now of the age of twenty-one
years and upwards and unmarried.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. XL1X
If it should be found that there are of the adult Poncas, males or females, not con-
nected with any family, but standing wholly alone, there shall be reserved from the
lands thus ceded sufficient to allot to each of such Indians 80 acres, and the remainder
shall be allotted to heads of families and to such male members over the age of twenty-
one years as shall marry.
The selections and allotments shall be made by such person as the Secretary of the
Interior shall designate for that purpose, and subject to his approval; and thereupon
the United States shall give to each allottee, when he shall have settled on his laud,
title in fee-simple for the land. The title to be acquired by the Poncas shall not bo
subject to alienation, lease, or. incumbrance, either by voluntary conveyance of the
grantee or his heirs, or by the judgment, order, or decree of any court, nor subject to
taxation of any character, but shall be and remain inalienable and not subject to taxa-
tion for the period of twenty years, and until such time thereafter as the President may
see fit to remove the restrictions, which shall be incorporated in the patent.
This agreement shall not be binding until it shall have been executed and signed by
at least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying or interested in the pres-
ent Sioux Reservation, and ratified by the Congress of the United States.
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals on the day and date
above written.
Ogalalla Sioux and Brule" Sioux :
Mahpiyaluta, his -f- mark (Red Cloud).
Wakinyanska, his -f- mark (White Thunder).
Tasunkekokipapi, his -f- mark (Young Man Afraid of his Horses).
Miwakanyuha (Captain George Sword).
Asanpi, his -f mark (Milk).
Wohela, his -f mark (Cook).
Standing Rock Sioux :
Cetanwakinyan, his -f- mark (Thunder Hawk).
Nasunatanka, his -f- mark (Big Head).
Mato-cuwiyuksa, his -f- mark (Bear's Rib).
Cantepeta, his -f- mark (Fire Heart).
Tatankaluta, his -f- mark (Red Bull).
Wakutemani, his -f- mark (Shooting Walker).
I certify that the foregoing agreement was read and explained by me and was fully
understood by the above-named Indians "before signing, and that the same was exe-
cuted by the above Ogalalla, Brul6, and Standing Rock Sioux, at the Department of
the Interior, Washington, D. C., on the '20th day of August, 1881.
JOHN P. WILLIAMSON,
Interpreter.
Attest:
A. BELL,
E. P. HANNA.
INTERIOR DEPARTMENT,
August 20, 1881.
The foregoing agreement is approved by us.
S. J. KIRKWOOD,
Secretary of the Interior.
H. PRICE,
Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
An agent is now among the Sioux Indians parties to the treaty of
April 29, 1868, to obtain the ratification by them of the foregoing
agreements as indicated in the last clause, and as required by the
twelfth article of the said treaty of 1868. It will, doubtless, be thus
L REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
ratified, and if Congress shall then assent to it, the question as to the
settlement of the Poncas under Standing Bear will have been settled.
TURTLE MOUNTAIN* BAND OF CHIPPEWAS IN DAKOTA.
The unsettled condition of affairs Avith these Indians has long been
a matter of deep concern, not only to the Indians themselves, but
to this bureau as well. Prominent among their troubles is the uncer-
tainty on their part as to the view held by the government relative to
the status of the lands claimed by them, and the purposes of the de-
partment in the matter of their ultimate disposal.
The tract of country inhabited and claimed by them is north and
northwest of Devil's Lake, in Dakota, and is estimated to contain
9,500,000 acres. These lands have never been ceded to the United
States, and the claim of the Turtle Mountain Band to ownership is based
upon continuous possession and occupation by them and their ancestors
for many generations. That the Indian title to the country in question
has never been extinguished or successfully disputed cannot be denied,
and, according to the theory that has been adopted by the government,
it would seem that these Indians have all the original rights in an un-
ceded territory. Effort has been made from time to time to remove
them to the White Earth Keservation, in Minnesota, but they have
steadfastly resisted such removal, lest the abandonment of the country
claimed by them might be looked upon as a willing relinquishment of
their title thereto.
The condition of these people is deplorable in the extreme ; they have
no permanent abiding place, are very poor, and, owing to the scarcity
of game, which indeed may be said to have almost entirely disappeared,
they have only the most scanty means of subsistence. Last year the
agent at Devil's Lake Agency reported that chief Little Bull and his
people were in great danger of actual starvation. Emigration is fast
flowing into the country, to the great discomfort of the Indians, and
they desire and have repeatedly asked protection from the government.
That their condition requires the attention of the government is mani-
fest. Petitions have been presented from both sides, Indians and
whites, asking for a settlement of their difficulties, and I propose to
make the matter the subject of a special report, with a view to securing
early Congressional action looking to their permanent relief.
I will add that the number of Indians roaming about over this vast
area, homeless, destitute, and almost hopeless, is variously estimated
at from 500 to 600 full-bloods and from 1,000 to 1,500 half breeds.
LITTLE CHIEF'S BAND OF CHEYENNES.
Little Chief's band of Northern Cheyennes, taken from Sidney Bar-
racks, Nebraska, reached the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, Indian
Territory, December 9, 1878. It appears that before leaving Fort
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LI
Keogh, Montana, a liope was held ont to them, which they construed
into a promise, that if they were not satisfied with the Indian Terri-
tory they wonld be permitted to return North. They have never been
contented there, and have always urged to be taken back North.
While some of the Cheyennes have been insubordinate and disposed to
give trouble, Little Chief, whose influence has been great, has always
counseled patience, refusing to sanction any movement looking to the
return of the Cheyennes to the North without the consent of the gov-
ernment; and when, in the autumn of 1880, some of his young men
armed themselves and prepared to go to the agency to unite with other
Cheyennes in precipitating a disturbance, Little Chief armed himself
and directed his Mowers to remain in their camp, threatening to kill
any who should attempt to leave.
Believing that the time had come when any promises which might have
been made could be fulfilled with safety, and the condition of these In-
dians improved, Little Chief was called to Washington, in August last,
to meet delegations of Sioux from several of the Sioux agencies in Da-
kota. As a result of the conference, arrangements have been made to lo-
cate Little Chief and his band at Pine Ridge Agency, Dakota, among
the Sioux Indians comprised in the bands over which Red Cloud has
been recognized as head chief. Red Cloud's people and these Chey-
ennes are extensively intermarried and speak the same language, and
many of Red Cloud's relatives are still at the Cheyenne and Arapaho
Agency, in Indian Territory. The desire was expressed in the council
that all the Cheyennes who were taken to Indian Territory from the
North — about four hundred — should go to Pine Ridge Agency ; but, as
before stated, it was finally determined that only those who went with
Little Chief — about two hundred and thirty-five — should return with
him 5 but promise was made that their request in behalf of those remain-
ing in Indian Territory should be laid before Congress.
Little Chief and his band were transferred to Capt. W. A. Thomp-
son. Fourth Cavalry, on the 6th instant, he having been selected by the
military authorities to conduct them to Pine Ridge Agency. Before
leaving the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency they were furnished with
their proportion of such annuity goods as had been received, and sub-
sistence for sixty days was issued to them. In reporting their depart-
ure Agent Miles says :
Now that this band has gone it only remains to make a final and irrevocable decis-
ion in regard to the balance of the Northern Cheyennes now hero, who are as eager to
go as these people were. The promise of the Hon. Secretary of the Interior to bring
the matter before Congress at its next session is viewed by them as a direct promise
that they shall go North next summer ; and if not allowed to go, the same disquietude
which has visibly affected the Southern Cheyennes will exist, and it will be in the
interest of peace and progress to let them go. The coming of these Northern Indians
in two parties, leaving part of their numbers still North, has retarded the old Southern
Indians and created difficulties in their management, and it is hoped that the further
advancement of these people may not be retarded by the attempt to settle a discon-
tented element permanently among them.
LII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
As these Northern Cheyennes have always lived in the North, among
the Sioux, and will advance much more rapidly than if compelled to
remain in Indian Territory, I respectfully recommend that provision be
made to permit them to rejoin their relatives.
FREEDMEN IN CHOC TAW AND CHICKASAW NATIONS.
The third article of the Choctaw and Ohickasaw treaty of April 28,
1866 (14 Stat., p. 769), provides that the sum of $300,000, which was
the consideration for the cession to the United States of their territory
west of 98°, known as the " leased district " —
Shall be invested and held by the United States, at an interest not less than 5 per
cent., in trust for the said nations, until the legislatures of the Choctaw and Chickasaw
Nations, respectively, shall have made such laws, rules, and regulations as may be neces-
sary to give all persons of African descent resident in the said nations at the date of
the treaty of Fort Smith, and their descendants, heretofore held in slavery among said
nations, all the rights, privileges, and immunities, including the right of suffrage, of
citizens of said nations, except in the annuities, moneys, and public domain claimed
by, or belonging to, said nations, respectively, and also to give to such persons who
were residents as aforesaid, and their descendants, forty acres each of the land of said
nations on the same terms as the Choctaws and Chickasaws, to be selected on the sur-
vey of said land, after the Choctaws and Chickasaws and Kansas Indians have made
their selections, as herein provided. * * * On the enactment of such laws, rules>
and regulations, the said sum of three hundred thousand dollars shall be paid to the
Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, * * * less such sum, at the rate of one hun-
dred dollars per capita, as shall be sufficient to pay such persons of African descent
before referred to as, within ninety days after the passage of such laws, rules, and
regulations, shall elect to remove and actually remove from the nations, respectively.
The said article further provides that :
Should the said laws, rules, and regulations not be made by the legislatures of the
said nations, respectively, within two years from the ratification of this treaty, then
the said sum of three hundred thousand dollars shall cease to be held in trust for the
said Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, and be held for the use and benefit of such of
said persons of African descent as the United States shall remove from the said Terri-
tory in such manner as the United States shall deem proper ; the United States agree-
ing, within ninety days from the expiration of the said two years, to remove from said
nations all such persons of African descent as may be willing to remove ; those remain-
ing or returning after having been removed from said nations to have no benefit of
said sum of three hundred thousand dollars, or any part thereof, but shall be upon the
same footing as other citizens of the United States in the said nations.
The fourth article of this treaty defines the rights of freedmen in
said nations, and the forty- sixth article provides how the money due
the Indians under this treaty shall be paid.
In fulfillment of these treaty stipulations, Congress, by act of July 26,
1866, appropriated $200,000 of the $300,000 to be advanced to these
Indians, as provided in said forty-sixth article, and by the same act,
and by the act of April 10, 1869, $30,000 was appropriated as interest
on the aforesaid fund of $300,000, when two-thirds of the fund had
been advanced and paid over to the proper authorities of said nations,
and that, too, before a step had been taken by said Indians to comply
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LIII
with their part of the agreement. In fact, the Choctaws and Chicka-
saws allowed the two years to elapse without granting the freedmen the
rights and privileges therein specified, and up to this date have failed to
take action thereon, and thereby have forfeited all claim to the moneys
advanced therein. Neither did the government, within the ninety
days from the expiration of the said two years, remove, or attempt to
remove, said freedmen, willing or unwilling, from the said nations, iior
have any of said freedmeu removed themselves; but all remain, as
provided in the fourth article of the treaty.
One of the embarrassments in the settlement of this question is that
provision of the treaty which requires joint or concurrent action by
the legislative councils of the two nations. The Chickasaws desiring
the removal of all freedmen from their country, persistently refuse to
concur in any legislation granting their freedmen the rights, privi-
leges, and immunities of citizens of said nation, while the Choctaws
show a disposition to adopt all the requirements of said third arti-
cle of the treaty.
An act to extend to freedmen the privileges of citizenship was in-
troduced in the Choctaw council in 1873, and was passed by the house,
but failed in the senate. At a later period, in 1875, Hon. J. P. G. Shanks
was appointed a commissioner to visit these nations and secure an
adjustment of the status of persons of African descent residing in the
Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, reference being had to the provisions
of the third and fourth articles of the aforesaid treaty ; but, meeting the
same difficulty, was unable to effect terms satisfactory to both nations.
Not satisfied or disheartened by these failures, the Choctaw national
council, at its legislative session of 1880, passed a memorial to the Gov-
ernment of the United States, which was approved November 2, 1880,
by the principal chief, J. P. McCurtain, wherein it is proposed to adopt
their freedmen as citizens upon the basis of the third article of the treaty
of 1866, and they ask the government to enact the necessary legisla-
tion to authorize them to adopt said action without the co-operation of
the Chickasaw Nation. The only objection to this legislation comes
from the freedmen themselves, who ask to be granted all the privileges
accruing to them under these treaty stipulations, but protest against
being placed under the jurisdiction of the Choctaw laws.
These freedmen are upon the lands not from their own option, have
had no voice in these treaty provisions, have made valuable improve-
ments in the country of their enforced adoption, and do not now desire
to leave that country, and should be protected in all their rights in
the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations by the adoption separately of
such acts by each council as will, with the approval of Congress,
give the freedmen living thereon forty acres of land each and all the
rights and privileges which were contemplated to be given them by the
treaty.
LIV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
CREEK AND SEMINOLE BOUNDARY.
By the third article of the treaty of June 14, 1866 (14 Stat., p. 785).
the Creek Indians ceded to the United States the west half of their en-
tire domain, to be divided by a line running north and south, to be sold to
and used as homes for such other civilized Indians as the United States
might choose to settle thereon. By the eighth article of this treaty said
divisional line was to be forthwith accurately surveyed by the Secretary
of the Interior, under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Af-
fairs. By the third article of the treaty of March 21, 1866 (14 Stat., p.
755), the United States granted to the Seminole Nation a portion of the
above-ceded tract of Creek country bounded and described as follows :
Beginning on the Canadian River where the line divides the Creek lands according
to the terms of their sale to the United States by their treaty of February 6, 1866 fol-
lowing said line due north to where said line crosses the north fork of the Canadian
River; thence up said north fork of the Canadian River a distance sufficient to make
two hundred thousand acres by running due south to the Canadian River ; thence down
said Canadian River to the place of beginning.
In explanation of the discrepancy in the dates of the Creek treaty
above given, it should be stated that after the treaty of February 6?
1866, was made and forwarded to the President for ratification by the
Senate, objections were made by the delegates representing the South-
ern Creeks to certain stipulations not therein contained ; that two sub-
sequent treaties, dated respectively May 9 and May 21, 1866, were pre-
pared, covering the objectionable features of the former treaty ; but not
until the 14th of June, 1866, was a satisfactory treaty presented that all
the delegates were willing to sign. In the mean time the Seminole
treaty was made.
In order to carry out the provisions of the third and eighth articles of
the Creek treaty of 1866, the superintendent of Indian affairs for the
southern superintendency, under office instructions, made a contract De-
cember 28, 1867, wjth Mr. J. C. Eankin, for the above-named survey.
By the sundry civil appropriation act of July 28, 1866 (14 Stat, p. 320),
$4,000 were appropriated for this survey, which being insufficient, Con-
gress, by the deficiency appropriation act of March 3, 1869, appro-
priated $5,000 to complete the survey of the divisional line and the
out-boundaries of the Semiuole Reservation (15 Stat., p. 315). Mr.
Eankin, in the execution of his contract, located the divisional line,
which is the western boundary of the Creek Reservation, two and a half
miles east of the point where the agency buildings are now located.
The Seminoles had in the mean time been located thereon by the United
States, and had made considerable improvements in their new home be-
fore the execution and completion of the survey. The protests of the
Creeks against the acceptance and approval of this survey were so ur-
gent that this office deemed it advisable to withhold its approval for
the time being, and to require a review of the survey made and to com-
plete whatever evidences were required in the survey to determine the
true western boundary of the Creek Reservation.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LV
On the completion of the survey in 1871 (in which Frederic W. Bard-
well, esq., was employed by the contractor to assist in the review of
the survey and in the computations of the area of the country as well
as in the definite location of the line of division), which was approved
by the department February 5, 1872, it was found that nea,rly all the
extensive improvements which the Seminoles had made since their set-
tlement thereon, together with the agency buildings, were east of the
true divisional line and, consequently, upon Creek lands. As soon as
this was definitely determined, the Creeks claimed, and began to exer-
cise, jurisdiction over the country occupied by the Seminoles; and the
Seminoles, fearing the loss of their improvements and lands, appealed
to the government for protection and relief, whence has arisen a ques-
tion which, though it has been the subject of much correspondence and
negotiation, still remains unsettled and as difficult of solution as ever.
Under an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1873, authorizing the
Secretary of the Interior to negotiate with the Creek Indians for the
cession of a portion of their reservation, occupied by friendly Indians
(17 Stat.,p. 626), a commission, consisting of Supt. Enoch Hoag, Judge
Thomas C. Jones, and John M. Millikin, esq., was sent to that country
to negotiate and arrange with said tribes for a final and permanent
adjustment of the boundaries of their reservations, but with fruit-
less results. The Creeks were unwilling to part with any more of
their lands, but were willing to incorporate the whole Seminole tribe
into their nation, which proposition received no consideration whatever
from the Seminoles who had been settled thereon by the United States.
In 1875, Hon. J. P. C. Shanks was commissioned to visit and negotiate
with the Creeks for the cession of these lands and authorized to offer the
sum of one dollar per acre for all their lauds in the possession of the
Seminole ^Nation; but this offer was accepted only upon the condition of
the settlement of all their outstanding claims against the government.
Subsequently, however, the Creek council appointed a committee to
negotiate for the sale of the Seminole tract upon such terms as would
" give the best satisfaction tp the Muskogee people", with instructions
to report their negotiations to the next annual session of the national
council for its approval or rejection. The Creek delegation, in Febru-
ary last, signified through the department their willingness to sell to
the United States, for the use of the Seminoles, 175,000 acres of their
land, lying east of the divisional line and embracing the land occupied
by the Seminoles, at the rate of one dollar per acre, in full settlement
of all differences and demands on the United States growing out of the
question of Seminole occupation of their lands.
The improvements of the Seminoles are not confined to any particu
lar portion of the reservation as first defined by Mr. Eankin, but extend
over the whole, from the eastern boundary located by him in his first
survey to the eastern boundary as located by him in 1871, and reaching
from the north fork of the Canadian Kiver, on the north, to the main
LVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Canadian River, on the south. While it is not attempted to deprive the
Creeks of these lands, yet tbe Seminoles certainly should not be sub-
jected to the jurisdiction of the Creeks, nor should they be compelled
to lose their improvements or abandon their lands.
Believing that the rights and equities of both Creeks and Seminoles
can be best preserved by means of purchase, and the Creeks now show-
ing a willingness to dispose of these lands at a reasonable price after
being deprived of their use for fifteen years, it is respectfully recom-
mended and urged, as the only means of relief, that Congress adopt
the necessary legislation and provide the necessary means to purchase
said land, and thereby relieve, as the opportunity now offers, not only
these nations of a fruitful source of irritation, but this office of a sub-
ject of much embarrassment and anxiety.
KICKAPOO ALLOTTEES UNDER TREATY OF 1862.
Attention is called to the condition of .affairs relative to the estates of
deceased and minor allottees, under the provisions of the Kickapoo
treaty of June 28, 1862 (13 Stat., 623), and to certain tracts of land re-
served thereby for certain purposes. By the terms of said treaty it is
provided that the lands of said tribe shall be allotted in severalty or
held in common as the members thereof shall elect ; that the President
of the United States may cause patents in fee-simple to issue to the
adult allottees " being males and heads of families," when satisfied of
their ability to control their own affairs, and provided they had ob-
tained certificates of naturalization from the United States district
court for Kansas. No provision, however, is made by which female
allottees can become citizens and obtain patents for their lands.
Many of the allottees deceased before having, by a compliance with
the above provisions, obtained patents for their allotments, and frequent
applications are made to this office by the heirs of such deceased allot-
tees for the settlement of their estates, and by female allottees, that
some action may be taken to enable them to acquire citizenship, and to
obtain patents for their lands. Some legislation should be had by which
female allottees under said treaty can obtain citizenship and patents for
their land, and also for the settlement of the estates of deceased allot-
tees who had not become citizens as provided by the treaty. The same
difficulty having arisen as to the settlement of the estates of deceased
Pottawatomie Indians, allottees under their treaty of 1862, the treaty
of 1867 (Senate amendment) provided that where allottees had deceased,
or should thereafter decease, such allottees should be regarded, for the
purpose of a careful and just settlement of their estates, as citizens of
the United States and of the State of Kansas.
By the terms of said Kickapoo treaty certain tracts of land were re-
served as a site for a saw and grist mill, and for missionary purposes,
respectively, which are to be disposed of when the objects for which
they are reserved shall have been accomplished, in such a manner and
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LVII
for such a purpose " as may be provided by law." The said tracts have
not for years been used, and probably never will be used, for the pur-
poses for which they were reserved, and being several miles distant
from the tribal reservation, it is not possible for the agent to exercise
such care in their protection as will prevent trespasses upon them by
white men. Congress should provide for the disposition of these tracts,
and for the application of the fund derived therefrom to the benefit of
the Kickapoo Indians.
AGENCIES IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY.
This year has been one of general quiet at all the agencies of the
Indian Territory, and with the exception of some excitement over the
action of " Captain Payne," who with a small party of whites claimed
the right to homestead certain lands that the civilized Indians had ceded
to the United States for the purpose of settling friendly Indians and
freedinen thereon, and whose prompt arrest and conviction is a matter
of publicity, nothing of special moment has occurred.
The great drought of this summer, which has so terribly scourged a
goodly portion of our country, extending as it has in a wide belt from
the Eastern through the Middle and Western States, has left its with-
ering track at all the agencies in this Territory, and so thorough has
been its work of devastation that at most of the agencies an almost
total failure of crops is reported. The loss to a white farmer of his
crop for one year is keenly felt, but the loss of a crop to an untutored
Indian is a great calamity; and especially is it disheartening when it
is remembered that this is the third successive year that, from the same
cause, the crops there have been either a partial or general failure.
To induce the Indians to labor in some one of the civilized pursuits
is the paramount aim of this office, but the great and perplexing ques-
tion that constantly presents itself is, What shall they do ? Since the
year 1877, when Agent Miles so successfully inaugurated Indian freight-
ing at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, the Indians of this and other
agencies in the Indian Territory have generally freighted not only their
own agency goods and supplies, but also goods and supplies belong-
ing to the military and traders. At the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency
the Indians have freighted this year over 400,000 pounds of freight for
the military at Fort Eeno. But this field of industry of course is
not large, as it should be remembered that the Indians are shut in
upon their reservation without the chance or opportunity of working
for outside parties. If this Territory were well adapted to agriculture
it would be the better policy of the department to gather there all of
the Indians of the country, excepting only those in the most northerly
portion, but the expression of agents upon this subject has uniformly
been that, owing to frequent droughts, agriculture cannot with any
certainty be depended upon. From reports of our agents for the last
eight years it is found that farming in the Indian Territory for about
LVJII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
oue-lialf of tlie time has been a failure. Owing to the fact that there
are no hill or mountain streams in this country, irrigation is impracti-
cable. In connection with the above-named subject, and embodying
in substance what is said in other reports, attention is called to the
following extract of a report made to Agent Miles by Mr. J. A. Coving-
ton, farmer at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, who has resided in
the Territory for ten years:
As the spring opened early, with plenty of rain and warm weather, the Indian stock
was iii a condition to work much sooner than usual, and the result was a much larger
area was prepared than usual for the seed, and having been enabled by an early requi-
sition for seed to supply all who were ready, no delay was experienced, and the crops
of corn and vegetables were planted in good condition early in the season, and plenti-
ful crops of all kinds were almost assured. The ground plowed and planted embraced
all of last year's tillage, and some few new farms were opened up ; these new locations
were mostly on the Canadian River, a few, however, were on the north fork of Cana-
dian. Agency employe's, under direction, planted 90 acres of corn and 39 acres of mil-
let, and the entire agency farm and mission manual-labor tract were inclosed with a
substantial post and board fence, the logs being cut and hauled to agency saw-mill,
where they were converted into lumber, and the posts, which were of cedar, being
hauled a distance of 15 miles on the Canadian River. However, " man proposes and
God disposes." The extreme heat and drought from which this country has suffered so
severely the present season set in early in June, and -from that time until the middle
of July we had absolutely no rain, and as a matter of course the crops are a total and
complete failure, and early vegetables only about half matured. This is a heavy dis-
appointment to our Indian fanners, who had much the best prospect for corn ever
realized before. The agency field, although plowed late and thoroughly cultivated
three different times, is almost a complete failure, there not being corn sufficient to
pay for gathering, and the millet also, which was sowed in excellent condition, drie 1
up immediately after sprouting, and is a complete failure.
If further evidence were wanting in regard to this country being a failure as ;m
agricultural country this season would furnish it,\but in the light of the experience
gained during a residence of ten years in this country, we say without hesitation that
owing to the uncertainty of the seasons that agriculture cannot be relied upon as a
source of living, and the sooner the Indians turn their attention to pasturage and tho
raising of stock the more immediate will be the benefits and the less burdensome their
disappointments.
If, then, instead of agriculture, the Indians could be induced to en-
gage in stock-raising to any great extent it would be necessary, at least
at some of the agencies, to issue full rations (instead of one-half and
three-fourths rations as at present), so that there would be no deficiency
to be made good by the killing of their stock to satisfy the cravings of
hunger, and this should continue until such time as they could become,
by the increase of their stock, self-supporting. With proper encourage-
ment in this direction, added to the already acquired industries of
many of the Indians of this Territory, including freighting, brick-mak-
ing, lime and charcoal burning, stone-hauling, &c., it is believed that
the time is not far distant when even the "wild tribes" will become as
the five civilized tribes have already become, self-supporting and inde-
X>endent.
The five civilized tribes of Union Agency (Cherokees, Chickasaws,
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LIX
Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) number about 00,000, and comprise
more than one-fifth of our entire Indian population. They are not only
self-supporting and self-governing, but are fully competent to regulate
their own domestic and international affairs. Each tribe or nation has
its executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government on the
plan of the States, and their courts have exclusive jurisdiction when
the parties are citizens of the nation. There is no court, however, where
civil cases can be tried where one party only is an Indian, or where
both parties are whites, and this renders it necessary in many cases
that the agent act as arbitrator. A United States court should be es-
tablished with criminal jurisdiction only (as the treaty provides), at
some convenient point in the Territory.
During the year Tullehasse Mission and Asbury school buildings were
burned. They were large brick buildings belonging to the Creeks. Im-
mediate arrangements were made, however, for the erection of a much
larger building, in place of Tullehasse Mission, at a cost of about $25,000,
and the same will be completed during the present year. Asbury school
will also be rebuilt at once. One of the most encouraging features con-
nected with the civilized tribes is the increased and increasing interest
which is taken in all educational matters. These Indians are not retro-
grading or going back into barbarism (as it is sometimes contended they
will), but are marching forward steadily and sturdily under the banner
of progress into all the avenues of civilization, until now they stand
almost abreast of their white neighbors around them, never considering
any outlay too great when required to aid the great cause of education.
In addition to the enlargement of their schools, agricultural interests are
extended and herds increased, and their condition is better and their
prospects brighter than that of any other great number of our Ameri-
can Indians. All this is largely attributable to the fact that the In-
dians of the Five Nations own and control the land upon which they
live — in fact, have a title vested in the nations tantamount to a fee-
simple — and thus feel an interest in the cultivation of the soil, and the
consequent advance of civilization, which other Indians not so favor-
ably situated do not and, in the very nature of things, cannot feel.
Upon the subject of intruders, Inspector Pollock, in a recent report
upon the condition of Union Agency, says:
The greater portion of the t'oubles that arise here are occasioned by white intrud-
ers, American citizens whom the United States by treaty are obligated to, and should
promptly, remove from the Territory. These intruders do not come here because there
are no other unoccupied lands. Millions of acres better than this are to be found in
our Western States and Territories against the settlement of which there is no inhibi-
tion. They come here from an inherent disposition to transgress, to evade the pay-
ment of taxes, and to escape the restraints of law. To them Indian laws do not apply.
By regularly-enacted laws of the Five Nations their members are prohibited from car-
rying deadly weapons, but these white intruders — pale-faced cut-throats, the terrors
of the country — go armed to the teeth continually. The United States should keep
their OWD transgressing citizens out of this Territory, and should sacredly keep and
perform every other obligation entered into with these people. No excuse can be
made current for a failure to do this.
LX REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
The United States should establish a district court with limited criminal jurisdic-
tion at Muscogee or Fort Gibson. The cutting or stealing of timber, hay, or stone, the
grazing or raising of stock, and all other wanton and willful trespassing by United
States citizens upon lands held in common or in severally by these people -hould be
made a criminal offense, punishable not only by fine (which is usually not collectable),
but also by imprisonment. And as the United States cannot extend civil jurisdiction
over this country without violating treaty stipulations, the Indian agent here should
be clothed with authority somewhat similar to that of a foreign consul or commercial
agent, that adjudications in civil cases between United States citizens and Indian citi-
zens might be adjusted before him. As simple as this plan is, it would, if inaugurated
and carried out in good faith, solve the vexed question of Indian matters in this Terri-
tory— of one nation existing within another — and enable these people to maintain in-
tact their own institutions. And if the American people were as honest, magnanimous,
and just as they are wise, selfish, and shrewd, not another Congress would pass with-
out inaugurating some such measure.
The buildings of the agency are situated at a point very incon-
venient for its business, being about 3.J miles from the town of Mus-
cogee, and it is necessary for the government to keep the road from
Muscogee to the agency in repair, which is done at an annual cost
of $600. The Creek Nation has made a proposition to erect suitable
and necessary buildings at Muscogee for the use of the government and
agency, and take in exchange the present agency building for a school
for the freedmeu of their nation. The proposition has been accepted
by the department, and preliminary steps have been taken to obtain
land sufficient to erect said buildings upon, which action has been taken
subject to the ratification of the same by Congress.
The Indians of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency still show a steady
improvement. The present year has been remarkable for health ; and as
a consequence the Cheyennes show an increase of 430, and the Arapahoes
126. One-half of the cost of subsistence of the Indians of this agency has
been provided this year by their own labor, and the other half by the gov-
ernment. Owing, however, to the entire failure of their crops this sea-
son, it is probable that further provision will have to be made for their
necessities. During the year 42 wagons were purchased by the In-
dians themselves and 40 were issued to and paid for by the Indians in
labor, making at present 211 wagons at this agency owned by Indians.
As the amount of freighting is limited, the agent is sorely taxed to find
employment for these Indians and their teams. In addition to freight-
ing, the agent furnishes as much employment as possible to his Indians
in making brick, burning lime, hauling stone, &c. The removal of Lit-
tle Chief and his band from this agency has been referred to on page L.
The nine different tribes of the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita
Agency have made fair progress, have manifested a disposition to ac-
quire the habits of civilized life, and, until the disheartening effect of the
drought, took more than usual interest in their farm-work. Although
it was feared that the consolidation of the Indians of the Kiowa and
Comanche Agency with the Indians of the Wichita Agency, effected in
the fall of 1879, might cause some clashing and trouble between the In-
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LXI
dians of the different tribes, yet, on the contrary, the agent reports that
no difficulty has been experienced, and that the members of the different
tribes are in constant daily intercourse with each other, and as yet not
one personal or tribal difficulty has occurred. The Wichita and affiliated
bands are further advanced on the road towards civilization than the
Kiowas or Oomanches ; yet the progress made by the latter tribes has
been satisfactory. The number who wear citizen's dress in all the
tribes is steadily increasing, and the prejudice against labor is steadily
disappearing. The agent has more applications for positions on his
force of Indian laborers than he can grant. In. this connection Agent
Hunt says :
I am becoming more and more convinced that the money expended for the hire of
Indian labor is wisely appropriated, although they do not always labor faithfully, nor
is the work always important, yet it is surely effecting much good by removing the
prejudice against work. A young man tempted by the wages offered to lay aside his
blanket and work for one month will never again be affected by his old-time preju-
dices or the ridicule of his associates.
The tribal system here is fast disappearing. The change from Fort
Sill to the Washita is believed to be one of the causes, dispersing the
members of the different tribes through the new settlements ; and the
issuing of rations to individual Indians, instead of to chiefs of bands, is
another, and perhaps the principal, cause. The agent is of opinion that
the Indians of his agency could engage profitably in stock-raising if
their rations were sufficiently increased to preclude the necessity of their
killing their stock-cattle to satisfy the pangs of hunger. The proceeds
of freight hauled by the Kiowas during the year has amounted to
$11,445.56 ; and other labor has been performed, such as burning of char-
coal, cutting of logs, &c.
The Osage Indians, while reluctant to adopt the white man's way, so
far as dress is concerned, yet continue greatly interested in house-build-
ing. During the year nearly 60 houses have been built. The Indians
cut the logs, hauled the same to the agency mill (where it was cut
by one or two white employes, assisted by Indians), and hauled tl>£
lumber to where they wanted their houses built. They have also quar-
ried and hauled their own rock for chimneys, and are generally aban-
doning their lodges, as soon as their houses are completed. The agent
expects to complete about 25 more houses before winter sets in, and
to have all the Osages comfortably housed before another winter. The
Raws are rapidly decreasing, owing, mainly to disease, and number now
but about 250 full bloods and 50 mixed bloods. Some of them have raised
good patches of corn this year, and good care is taken of their stock-cat-
tle. The barbarous custom of selling their daughters for wives, even
when they are not over eight or nine years of age, still continues. The
Quapaws living among the Osages number between 150 to 200; most of
them have built log huts, and earn something by working for the mixed-
blood Osages.
LXII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
At the Pawnee Agency but little progress is noted. Of all the
Indians in the Territory the Pawnees have practically made the least
advance. Under the very best auspices and under the best of agents
their progress at no time in the past has been encouraging, and to-day
they are far removed from civilization. Owing mainly to the drought,
farming operations have not been successful. Last season 400 head of
young cattle were issued to these Indians to encourage them in stock
raising, but very soon after the issue some of the hides of these young
cattle were brought to the agency trader to be sold. The policy of giv-
ing annunity goods to Indians is often questioned on the ground that
that which is not the product of labor of the individual, civilized or
savage, is not appreciated or valued, and it would certainly seem that
in the case of the Pawnees the giving of annuity goods is of doubtful
utility. Yet out of the gloom that seems to surround the future of
these unfortunate people is a gleam of hope, which is found in the
rising generation. The pupils in the industrial boarding-school are
reported to be working in a very creditable manner. The idea of
it being discreditable^er se to labor finds no place in the school, and the
crops of corn, millet, and amber cane show gratifying evidence of work
performed and progress made. The money received from the sale of
products will be distributed among the pupils who do the work, a plan
which it is believed will work well. Another school should be added
to this agency according to the terms of the treaty.
The eight different tribes under Quapaw Agency are already well ad-
vanced in the arts of civilization, and this year encouraging progress is
noted. The drought not havin g wrought so disastrously here as at other
agencies in the Territory, fair crops are reported. There are 311 pupils
in the different schools. The great obstacle here, as elsewhere, is the
fact that the title to their homes, earned by their own industry and built
by their own hands, is insecure ; and Agent Dyer says :
The Indian is a man, and should be treated as such. Let us give him the same
rights we enjoy ; make him responsible to the law. To insure them justice in future,
le^t us deed to each individual in severally his share of the land they hold in common ;
let na protect them in its possession f»r '^5 years; make them citizens, and throw the
responsibility of self-support upon them.
Decided action should be taken by Congress to settle the titles of
these lands in individual Indians, and thereby place them on a solid
basis, when improvements would steadily and rapidly progress.
The Poncas have already been referred to on page XLVII.
CESSIONS OF PORTIONS OF CROW AND FORT HALL RESERVES.
It is earnestly hoped that Congress will ratify the agreements en-
tered into last year with the Crows and the Shoshones and Bannacks
of Fort Hall for the cession to the United States of portions of their
respective reservations, as detailed in the last annual report of this
office. The Indians cannot understand the delay, and are impatient to
*
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LXIII
have the agreements carried iuto effect. By this means a large quan-
tity of valuable mineral land will be thrown open to settlement.
OTOES AND MISSOURIAS.
By act of Congress, approved March 3, last, pro vision was made, pro-
vided the consent of the Indians was obtained thereto, for the survey?
appraisement, and sale of the remainder of the reservation of the Con-
federated Otoe and Missouria tribes of Indians in the States of Nebraska
and Kansas, and for their removal to other reservation lands to be se-
cured for their use by the Secretary of the Interior. Accordingly (the
consent of a majority of the Indians having first been obtained), a res-
ervation has been selected for them in the Indian Territory, south of
and adjoining the Poiicas and west of and adjoiding the Pawnees, under
the provisions of the 16th article of the Cherokee treaty of July 19,
1868 (14 Stat,, 804). It contains 129,113.20 acres ; is well watered arid
otherwise admirably adapted to agricultural pursuits. The location
Avas selected by a delegation of the confederate tribes which visited the
Territory for the purpose, in charge of Inspector McNeil, and has since
been designated and assigned by the department for their use and oc-
cupation.
The work of removal, which began on the 5th of October, was
completed on the 23d, and all the Indians recently in occupation of
the old reservation are now in their new home in the Indian Territory,
save only a very few, who, by reason of the valuable improvements
made by them, prefer and will be permitted to remain on the old res-
ervation.
The appraisement and sale of the lands embraced within the old re-
serve will be proceeded with at an early day. The full consent of the
Indians lias been obtained thereto, and they are anxious to see an early
termination of the whole matter.
EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEES IN NORTH CAROLINA.
These Indians are located in Cherokee, Graham, Jackson, Macon,
and Swain Counties, in the extreme southwestern section of the State.
Most of their lands lie in Jackson and Swain Counties, and are known
as the "Qualla Boundary," comprising about 50,000 acres. Their
other lands are in detached tracts lying in several counties, and aggre-
gate some 15,000 acres. These lands, as originally contemplated, were
purchased with Indian funds, at sundry times, by their late agent,
William H. Thomas, who proposed when he had completed his pur-
chases, to convey the same to the Indians. Before the execution of this
purpose, however, the war came on, and, Mr. Thomas being involved in
debt and having become insane, nothing was done until Congress, by
the eleventh section of the act of July 15, 1870 (16 Stats., p. 302), au-
thorized and empowered these Indians to institute suit in the circuit
court of the United States for the western district of North Carolina
LX1V REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
against said Thomas for all claims, including lands, which they might
have against him. Under the award of Rufus Barriuger and others,
dated October 23, 1874, which was confirmed by said court at its No-
vember term, 1874, and act of Congress approved August 14, 1876 (10
Stats., p. 139), these Indians became possessed of the lands in ques-
tion.
Adverse claims of white men have been made upon some of these
lands, and I am credibly informed that under the land laws of North
Carolina a any citizen can obtain a State grant or patent for any land
in the State regardless of the fact that the State may have parted with
its title to the same to another party." Under this law any one may
obtain a grant or patent from the State for a tract of land embracing
the town of Asheville, or any other town or other body of land in the
State, by paying 12J cents per acre for it, though the same land may
have been sold and patented fifty years ago ; but his title to the tract
must be determined in the courts. I am further informed that the State,
since the date of said award and decree, has issued grants or patents
for lands within the " Qualla Boundary" which were entered by Thomas
and others many years ago, and the only proper proceeding in respect
to* white men settled upon Indian lands is to bring suit against them
in the courts, which is the only power they will respect ; and this, too,
must be done within seven years from their entry.
To institute suits, however, involves the outlay of money. This band
has funds under section 3859 of the Revised Statutes, and by the In-
dian appropriation act of March 3, 1875, this fund was authorized to
be applied, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, to per-
fecting titles to lands, to payment of expenses of suits, to purchase and
extinguish the titles of any whites within the "boundary," and for the
education, improvement, and civilization of said Indians (18 Stats., p.
47). But by the Indian appropriation act of August 15, 1876 (19
Stats., p. 197), after the payment of certain amounts to certain claim-
ants therein named —
The balance of the fund appropriated by the act of March 3, 1875, shall, upon the 1st
of July, 1876, be placed to their credit upon the books of the Treasury Department, to
bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum ; and the Secretary of the Inte-
rior is authorized to use annually for agricultural implements and for educational pur-
poses among said Indians so much of the principal of said fund as, with the interest
annually accruing thereon, shall amount to $6,000.
By the Indian appropriation act of March 3, 1877, the sum of $1,500
was appropriated from this fund to complete the survey of their lands,
$300 for attorney fees to examine titles, and the Secretary of the In-
terior was authorized to use a portion of the fund for the support of
schools among the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in aid of schools
among said Cherokees residing in Tennessee and Georgia (19 Stats.,
p. 291).
Thus it will be seen that these Indians are subject to continued en-
croachments upon their lands by white claimants, and that, while they
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LXV
have funds belonging to thein,Congress has so legislated that their moneys
now can be used only for the purchase of agricultural implements and
educational purposes. This band is without a superintendent or agent,
and, so far as this office has supervision, is in an anomalous and unsat-
isfactory condition. The bitter feuds that have existed so long between
the several factious have added to the many difficulties which embarrass
the band and retard its progress in civilization and wealth.
The Cherokee national authorities in Indian Territory last spring
appointed a delegation to visit North Carolina and to invite and induce
these Indians to remove to the Indian Territory. The principal chief
of the nation, D. W. Bushyhead, offered every reasonable inducement
to them to remove, and this office encouraged the effort, and it was
hoped Congress would have furnished the necessary authority and
means for removal. Notwithstanding this disappointment, quite a
number of applications have been filed asking assistance to effect their
removal, and one party, consisting of forty-one adults and thirty-two
children, started on their own resources ; but on reaching Tennessee their
means were exhausted, and, on their urgent appeal, this department
furnished the means whereby they reached their destination. Since
then nineteen others have arrived in Indian Territory, and I have no
doubt many more, if not all, might be induced to remove were the
proper facilities furnished them. That is their home and there they
should be settled.
INDIANS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY AND OREGON.
The treaty provisions with the "confederated tribes and bands "and
the Walla Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla tribes in Oregon, and the
D? Wamish and other allied tribes, Makahs, Quinaielts, Quillehutes,
S' Kallams, and Yakamas in Washington Territory, expired with the fiscal
year ending June 30,1880. Congress, however, in compliance with the
request of this department, made appropriations for their benefit, and
their condition is still such that the aid and assistance heretofore ex-
tended should be continued.
An inspection made this year of all the agencies in the Territories
above alluded to has added to the desire of this office that increased
educational facilities be provided, and that the several reservations
occupied by them be surveyed and titles in seyeralty given to the In-
dians. The principal agency by which these Indians can be elevated
is believed to be the " industrial school." Several such schools are now
in successful operation at their agencies and others are contemplated^
and the requisite appropriations for this purpose and for other neces-
sary objects are respectfully recommended.
MALHEUR RESERVATION.
The appraisement and sale of the Malheur Reservation in Southeast-
ern Oregon, as recommended in the last annual report of this bureau ^
IND v
LXVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
is required in carrying out the intentions of the department in respect
to the Indians of that section. The reservation is no longer needed for
Indian purposes, and, by the direction of the President, the agency has
been finally abandoned, and a considerable portion of the public prop-
erty and supplies appertaining thereto has already been removed.
The remainder will be disposed of in such manner and at such time as
may seem to be most advantageous.
A memorial from the legislative assembly of the State of Oregon
praying for the restoration of the lands included in this reserve to the
public domain, for pre-emption settlement and sale, was referred to this
office in Febuary last by the chairman of the Senate Committee on
Indian Affairs. The proposition to dispose of the lands in the manner
therein indicated did not receive the approval of the office, and it
may be well to add that any plan looking to the disposal of the reser-
vation that does not contemplate and provide substantial return to the
Indians, for whose sole benefit it was established and set apart, should
not receive the sanction of the department. These Indians will need
assistance in the future in their efforts at self-support, and the pro-
ceeds of the sale of their reservation will, if properly invested, afford
such assistance, and relieve the government of the burden. The res-
ervation contains l',778,000 acres. The Indians who formerly occupied
it are either at the Yakaina Agency, in Washington Territory, or in the
vicinity of Camps McDermott and Bid well and the town of Winne-
mucca, where they meagerly support themselves by labor among the
whites or by cultivation of the soil.
UMATILLA RESERVATION — TOWN OF PENDLETON.
The town of Pendleton, Oregon, adjoins the Umatilla Indian Beser-
vation on the north. Indeed, the northern line of the reservation runs
through the town, so that a considerable portion of it is within the reser-
vation limits. A tract about 30 acres in extent, forming a part of the land
claim of M. E. Goodwin, the original proprietor of the town site, ac-
quired under the pre-emption laws, and for which patent was issued by
the government August 30, 1869 (the reservation was established by
treaty in 1855; proclaimed April llth, 1859), is within the reservation,
and is occupied by substantial warehouses, stores, residences, &c.
Other buildings, including " Odd Fellows Hall," a large school-house,
tenement-houses, and residences, are within the reservation lines, where
no shadow of title to the land exists. Land is much needed to meet
the growing necessities of the town, and it appears that there is none
to be had elsewhere than upon the reservation.
A petition numerously signed by citizens of Pendleton was referred
to this office by your predecessor, and was made the subject of a report
to the department in May last. The petitioners ask that the title to
the Goodwin tract lying within the reservation be quieted, and that
EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LXVII
some plan be adopted by which they may secure, by purchase from the
Indians a sufficient quantity of land to meet the absolute requirements
of the town. The Indians have already signified their entire willing-
ness to dispose of so much of their reservation as is required to meet
the demand, at a price to be fixed upon by the government, and it is
suggested that Congress be asked at the next session to grant authority
for a proper adjustment of the whole matter.
LEGISLATION NEEDED.
Upon reference to previous annual reports from this office, I observe
that repeated recommendations have been made for additional legisla-
tion in behalf of the Indians, and upon examination I find that Congress
has hitherto failed to afford the desired relief.
Foremost among the subjects which call for attention by Congress is
that of the law relating to —
Intruders upon Indian reservations.
Existing laws (intercourse act, June 30, 1834; act of August 18, 1856 r
sections 2147, 2148, E. S.) are, in the changed order of things, entirely
insufficient for the purpose. Under these laws an intruder must first
be removed from the reserve, and then if he returns he is liable to a
penalty of $1,000. As a general rule, intruders are of a class having
no property subject to execution, and as the penalty can only be col-
lected by an action of debt, the result is invariably a barren judgment,
and the delinquent goes scot-free, only to renew his attempts at settle-
ment at a later date, and perhaps in some other direction.
A notable illustration of the inadequacy of the law is found in the
case of the notorious Captain Payne, of Oklahoma fame, who, after re-
peated attempts at settlement in the Indian Territory, and removal
therefrom by the military, was finally arrested July 15, 1880, and taken
to Fort Smith, Ark., where he was released on bail to appear at
the ensuing November term of court. At the subsequent May term of
said court a civil suit in the nature of an action of debt, brought against
Payne, in the name of the United States, to recover the statutory pen-
alty of $1,000, was tried, and judgment rendered against him. It is
altogether improbable that the judgment can ever bs collected from
Payne, and the result is that he is at large, organizing another scheme
for invasion of the Territory.
I suggest an amendment of the law so that an intruder on Indian
lands shall be liable to prosecution for the first and every subsequent
offense, and, upon conviction, be punishable, not simply by fine, but by
fine and imprisonment ; and provision should also be made in the act
for confiscation and sale by the government of the entire outfit of an
intruder or party of intruders.
LXVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Another crying evil, and a never-ending cause of complaint to this
office, is the ineffective character of existing laws to prevent —
Timber depredations upon Indian lands.
Especially in the Indian Territory, spoliation of valuable walnut
timber has been and is still being constantly carried on, and unless
some stringent and effective measures are devised to stop it, that whole
section of country will be completely denuded of timber : and it is ap-
prehended by those competent to judge, that disastrous climatic effects
will follow. The whole subject was fully presented in the report of the
Hon. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1879 (pp. XLVII-XLVIII),
and the inefficacy of the law pointed out, with a recommendation for
the enactment of such measures as would effectually prevent the wan-
ton cutting or destruction of timber on Indian reservations.
At the second session of the Forty-sixth Congress, Senate bill No.
1812 was introduced, so extending the provisions of section 5388, Ee vised
Statutes, and of other laws of the United States for the protection and
preservation of timber belonging to the United States, and for the pun-
ishment of offenders who cut, destroy, or take the same, as to make them
apply to the preservation of timber upon the following classes of In-
dian reservations, viz : Lands to which the original Indian title has
never been extinguished, but which have not been specially reserved,
by treaty, act of Congress, or otherwise, for the use of the Indians, or
for other purposes, although the Indians' right of occupancy thereof
has been tacitly recognized by the government ; lands expressly re-
served by treaty or act of Congress or set apart for the use of the In-
dians by executive order of the President ; lands allotted or patented
to individual Indians who are not under the laws of any State or Terri-
tory $ lands patented to Indian tribes j and lands which have been pur-
chased by or ceded to the United States for the purpose of settling In-
dians thereon, but which are as yet unoccupied. The punishment of
offenders committing depredations upon such timber was also provided
for by said bill. I cannot too strongly urge the absolute necessity for
the early passage of some kindred measure in this behalf.
For the last four years urgent appeals have been made by this office
for—
The enactment^ of laics for Indian reservations.
Various measures looking to this end have been introduced in Con-
gress, among the latest being House bill ISTo. 350, Forty-sixth Congress,
second session, which, as amended, was favorably reported by the
House Committee on Indian Affairs. This bill reads as follows :
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the provisions of the laws of the respective States and Ter-
ritories in which are located Indian reservations, relating to the crimes of mnrder,
manslaughter, arson, rape, burglary, larceny, and robbery, shall be deemed and taken
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. LXIX
to be the law and in force within such reservations ; and the district courts of the United
States within and for the respective districts in which such reservations may be located
in any State, and the Territorial courts of the respective Territories in which such reser-
vations may be located, shall have original jurisdiction over all such offenses which
may be committed within such reservations.
In respect to all that portion of the Indian Territory not set apart and occupied by
the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw. and Seminole Indian tribes, the provisions
of the laws of the State of Kansas relating to the crimes of murder, manslaughter, arson,
rape, burglary, larceny, and robbery shall be deemed and taken to be the law and in
force therein ; and the United States district court held at Fort Scott, Kans., shall
have exclusive original jurisdiction over all such offenses arising in said portion of the
Indian Territory. The place of punishment of any and all of said offenses shall be the
same as for other like offenses arising within the jurisdiction of said respective courts.
This bill, as well as others of a kindred nature, died a natural death
at the close of the last Congress. In commenting upon this subject
the Hon. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in his annual report for
1879, said :
It is a matter of vital importance that action should be taken to secure the passage
of the above bill, or of some measure of equal efficiency to provide law for Indians, to
the end that order may be secured. A civilized community could not exist as such
without law, and a semi-civilized and barbarous people are in a hopeless state of an-
archy without its protection and sanction. It is true that the various tribes have reg-
ulations and customs of their own, which, however, are founded on superstition and
ignorance of the usages of civilized communities, and generally tend to perpetuate feuds
a-nd keep alive animosities. To supply their place it is the bounden duty of the gov-
ernment to provide laws suited to the dependent condition of the Indians. The most
intelligent amongst them ask for the laws of the white men to enable them to show
that Indians can understand and respect law, and the wonder is that such a code was
not enacted years ago.
I fully concur in the views above quoted, and earnestly hope that Con-
gress will find time to bestow attention upon this important subject.
I also beg to draw attention to the necessity of legislation in regard
to—
Indian marriages.
This subject has also been fully treated of in prior annual reports of
this office. The importance of the enactment of a law to prevent polyg-
amy and to provide for legal marriages among Indians is self-appar-
ent. I respectfully reiterate the recommendation of my immediate pred-
ecessor that the necessity and propriety for such legislation be laid
before Congress at its next session.
Other subjects calling for special legislation have already been re-
ferred to under appropriate headings, and may be summarized as fol-
lows :
Legislation is needed to provide for —
Removal of the Mescalero Apaches to the Jicarilla Reservation.
Deficiencies necessarily incurred in current and prior fiscal years.
Increase in number and pay of Indian police.
Establishment of penal reservations for refractory Indians.
LXX EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Allotment of lands in severally and issue of patents therefor, with re-
strictions as to alienation.
Remission of fees and commissions on homestead entries by Indians.
Survey of boundaries of Indian reservations and of arable lands
therein.
Prohibition of introduction of liquor on Indian reserves by authority of
War Department, and modification of penalty for sale of liquor to In-
dians.
Relief of Hualapais.
Relief of Turtle Mountain Band of Chippeicas.
Removal of Remainder of Northern Cheyennes from Indian Territory
to Dakota.
Adjustment of status of freedmen in Choctaw and CMckasaw Nations.
Purchase of Creek lands occupied by Seminoles.
Settlement of estates of deceased Kickapoo allottees, issue of patents to
female Kickapoo allottees, &c.
Ratification of cession of portions of Crow and Fort Hall Reserves.
Appraisement and sale of Malheur Reservation.
Sale of portion of Umatilla Reserve occupied by town of Pendleton.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. PRICE,
Commissioner.
The Hon. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
REPORTS OF AGENTS.
COLORADO RIVER AGENCY, ARIZONA, August 25, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor, in compliance with section 130, Instructions to Indian
Agents, 1880, and in conformity with subsequent circular letter from the Office of
Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C., to present my first annual report of the condition
of the Indian service at this agency.
On the 8th day of August, 1880, I arrived at the agency, and after making a
thorough inventory of all the property belonging to the government, and receipting
for the same, I assumed charge and control at once, relieving H. R. Mallory.
LOCATION AND SOIL.
The reservation, as enlarged by Executive order, dated May 15, 1876, is embraced
within the following-described boundaries : Beginning at a point where the La Paz
Arroyo enters the Colorado River, 4 miles above Ehrenberg ; thence easterly with
said arroyo to a point south of the crest of La Paz Mountain ; thence with said
mountain crest in a northerly direction to the top of Black Mountain; thence in a
northwesterly direction across the Colorado River to the top of Monument Peak in
the State of California ; thence southwesterly in a straight line to the top of River-
side Mountain, California ; thence in a direct line towards the place of beginning, to
the west bank of the Colorado River ; thence down said west bank to a point opposite
the place of beginning ; thence to the place of beginning.
The. soil within the abov^e-described lines is probably as well adapted to the uses of
an Indian reservation as any on or adjacent to the Colorado River ; but careful in-
spection and observation confirm me in the opinion that all efforts to successfully
cultivate the same must inevitably result in failure unless some practicable method
of irrigation be adopted. At present the cultivation of this extensive tract of land
(128,000 acres) is wholly dependent upon the annual overflow of the river. This
occurring irregularly, and rarely inundating for two successive years the same tracts
(by reason of the shifting sand of which the soil is mostly composed), constitutes a
discouragement, almost irresistible, to these Indians, many of whom desire to, and
under more auspicious conditions would soon become self-sustaining and compara-
tively independent. In this connection I desire to impress upon the department the
necessity of an appropriation sufficient at least to more thoroughly investigate the
feasibility of reclaiming these lands by irrigation.
AGRICULTURAL.
The statistics herewith transmitted contain only an approximate estimate of the
amount of laud under cultivation and its products. The cultivable land not being
contiguous, but lying in small patches, detached by wide, intervening tracts, impreg-
nated with alkali, renders anything more definite than an approximation of its area
impossible. A large portion of its products, consisting of beans, pumpkins, melons,
and other vegetables, is consumed before their maturity, and of which there is no
account kept, and, in consequence, no reliable data attainable.
BUILDINGS AND IMPROVEMENTS.
On arriving at the agency I found commodious buildings, ample for all agency pur-
poses (except a corral, slaughter and issue house), in a fair state of preservation, yet
much in need of repairs to insure their perpetuity. I at once estimated for, and soon
afterwards received authority to purchase in open market, materials for their improve-
ment; but, after expending the same as judiciously as possible, I found my estimate
inadequate to complete the repairs which I desired and considered necessary to make.
The only material now necessary to put the buildings in good condition is from 80 to
100 barrels of lime, which can be produced on the reserve. I have asked for proper
authority to employ the requisite labor for its production, upon receipt of which, if
it shall be granted, it is my intention to push vigorously the work of improvement.
Relative to the corral, slaughter and issue houses, I submitted some months since,
in compliance with instructions from the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
estimates for these buildings, but, owing to the insufficiency of appropriation, or
rather, assignment of funds to this agency, the desired authority was withheld,
hope that the appropriation for the present fiscal year may be sufficient to warrant
1 IND
2 EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.
the granting of such authority as will enable me to proceed with the construction of
these much-needed and, in fact, almost indispensable buildings.
THE INDIANS.
The two tribes imder my charge are the Mohave and Chiin-e-hue-va, of which the
latter ranks first in adopting the dress, ways, manners, and customs of the white
man; also in energy, industry, and enterprise ; but they are not more civil, or better
behaved, or more submissive and obedient to the rules and regulations of the agency
than are the Mohaves. Their respective numbers, ascertained by an enumeration re-
cently and carefully made by the agency employe's, are as follows :
Mohaves:
Number of males 412
Number of females 390
Total 802
Chim-e-hue-vas :
Number of males 107
Number of females 103
Total 210
Two hundred and twenty-nine Mohaves and 56 Chim-e-hue-vas are of school age, or
between the ages of five and twenty years.
SUBSISTENCE.
About one-half of their subsistence, consisting of beef, flour, and salt, is furnished
under contract, and issued regularly every week during the fall, winter, and spring
months, to the heads of families; the residue is obtained from the cultivation of the
soil and from gathering its natural products.
EDUCATION.
A boarding-school was inaugurated on the 1st day of March last, under the most
favorable and encouraging circumstances, and continued in session until the last of
July, when, owing to the excessive heat, a vacation was deemed advisable, and so
declared until the 1st of September. We hope to resume the school on that date with
renewed energy. During its session the pupils made almost incredible progress in
their studies, as evidence of which I will say out of a school averaging twenty-five in
daily attendance for only five months there were but three or four who could not read
quite well in the First Reader, and a class of four was advanced to, and had almost
finished, the Second Reader. The facility with which these children learned to write
during the progress of the school, and their advancement in other primary branches
of education, show conclusively that their intellectual development only requires time
and effort on the part of those under whose supervision they are.
I regret exceedingly that the assignment of funds to this agency is so limited as to
interdict the employment of an assistant teacher for the present fiscal year, for my
only hope of effecting any material changes in the condition of these Indians lies in the
education of their children. If it be the policy of the government, as I believe it is,
to civilize the Indian, it is certainly questionable economy to reduce below the actual
requirements of the service appropriations for educational purposes.
MORALS.
In personal integrity, actuated by fear, policy, or conscientiousness, the Indians
under my charge are the equals of their white neighbors, and superior to the Mexi-
cans with whom they are associated. During the entire year not a single act of dis-
honesty perpetrated by the Indians has come to my personal knowledge. Notwith-
standing their possession of this commendable characteristic, however, they are in
many other respects, viewed from a moral standpoint, very low indeed. While they
do not practice or tolerate polygamy, their rules relative to chastity and the marital
relations are very lax and extremely objectionable; and they adhere almost univer-
sally to the vice of gambling in some of its forms. They are also very superstitious,
and notably so with reference to the dead, believing that death is caused by the indig-
nation of their "Yav-a-thee," to appease whose wrath it is necessary to burn, or other-
wise destroy, buildings and other property belonging to a deceased member of the
tribe. This superstition alone, if all other conditions were favorable to their civiliza-
tion, would materially mitigate its progress, for it virtually constftutes a prohibition
against the building of permanent residences, the continuity of homes, and the fos-
tering of home influences. The authority of the agent may be advantageously exer-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 3
SANITARY.
The general health has beeii good during the year ; the mortality being less than in
a majority of communities containing a white population equal in numbers. Nearly
all cases of sickness reported to the agency, except certain contagions, were pulmonary
derangements, and confined to the aged and infirm, caused, evidently, by exposure and
a want of sufficient clothing. Here I would respectfully suggest that some provision
should be made by which to supply this class of the " nation's wards" with suitable
apparel for the winter. It is believed that a number of deaths and a great deal of suf-
fering will be averted by the expenditure of a small fund judiciously invested in this
direction.
INDIAN POLICE.
On the 1st day of April last, having received authority from the honorable Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs, I organized an Indian police, consisting of one captain, two
sergeants, and seven privates, selecting the best disposed and most influential of both
tribes. Owing to the pacific dispositions of these Indians, the police has had but little
to do, except in patrolling the various camps and observing the deportment of the
Indians. I instructed them to not only discourage, but to prohibit absolutely,, the exe-
cution of the death penalty for witchcraft, and against their "medicine men." To
their credit, and to the credit of the tribes, I am able to say they have thus far faith-
fully and effectually discharged the duties imposed upon them, and will further add
that my skepticism as to the practicability of maintaining an Indian police force on
the reservation has been thoroughly dispelled.
CONCLUSION.
In closing this report, I desire to thank the department, and especially the official)*
directly connected with the Indian Bureau, for their uniform courtesy towards this
office, and for the promptness and liberality with which my requisitions have been
met.
JONATHAN BIGGS,
United States Indian Agent*
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
MOQUIS PUEBLO INDIAN AGENCY, ARIZONA,
August 19, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit this my annual report of the condition of the affairs
of this agency for your consideration, for the years 1880 and 1881, inclusive, from Octo-
ber 1, the time when I assumed charge, to date.
On my arrival I found only an acting agent, whose time was so much occupied in
the discharge of other and imperative duties that but little attention could be bestowed
on this agency by him. The whole affair was in bad condition ; the goods for the Moquis
had been accumulating in the store-rooms of the Navajo agency at Fort Defiance for
two years ; some 30,000 to 40,000 pounds were in store there, with the supplies estimated
for in 1880, in addition, which began to arrive at that place.
The agency had no team in condition with which to transfer any portion of these
goods. I determined at once to procure teams as soon as practicable, to make the
transfer of the goods to the agency, as they were much needed by the people for whom
they were intended. Then began a serious trouble ; teams were difficult to find, and
drivers refused to engage on account of the scarcity of grass and the long hauls
between watering stations. There is but one upon which they could with certainty
depend, about midway, being nearly 50 miles each way from it (I mean Pueblo Colo-
rado). But by pressing the matter I procured the transfer of a sufficient supply to.
justify me in having a general distribution on the 3 1st of December, which proved to>
be very satisfactory to the Indians, so that the whole nation seemed to be made glad
in a day. The last winter proved to be a long and unusually cold one, with the falling-
of much snow, which served to keep the roads in an almost impassable condition until
late in April. I persevered, however, in my efforts to have the goods brought, although
in small installments, to the agency, and have, whenever I could procure enough to
justify, made an issue to the people, until there is but one wagon load remaining at
Defiance, which is unimportant to the Indians at present. I am trying, however, to
get that remaining lot brought over. I distributed amongst these people six hundred
field and garden hoes, which made them quite happy. I have also distributed nearly
all the goods on hand, in such a manner as to give entire satisfaction. So far as I am
informed they are contented.
Within a few days, same month of my arrival, the contract teacher arrived with his
wife and babe, five months old, and a brother. I had only twenty-four hours' notice of
their near approach. I was puzzled as to how I could dispose of them. I learned that
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.
Mr. T. V. Keams, the post-trader, owned a comfortable house quite near Fort Defiance ;
I called on him about it. He told me the teacher could occupy it free of rent until I
could provide for him at the agency. When he came I told him of the plan. He peremp-
torily declined, preferring to occupy the agency buildings. There being but three small
rooms, I preferred to hold this property for agency purposes, as there were no other
accommodations for the agent and the necessary employe's in which to transact the
business, lodge, and live. Situated as I was, what to do was the question, the teacher
demanding quarters, with a woman and a baby in the matter. I determined to build
a house for him at once with Indian labor, and by the first of December had a com-
fortable place for him, in which he located and still remains.
I found two rooms for the agency, which are much needed as store-rooms, partly
built, cellar wall and foundations a little above ground. I could not procure lumber
for them until in February, 175 miles from the agency. To get it here was the next
and very serious difficulty, and I did not get the last of it here until within the past
fortnight. I had the walls of stone put up by the Moquis Indians, and by giving
special personal attention it is a good dwelling. Last week the floor was put down
011 the room over the cellar, all in good order. The doors and sash were procured at
Sunset, 70 miles distant by Indian trail, and I had them carried here lashed to the
backs of the Moquis donkeys.
All the government property is in good condition, with this exception : The earth or
dirt roofs on the buildings have leaked badly during the late very heavy rains, caus-
ing some damage to the contents.
Owing to the fact that there was so much for me to do, and the limited facilities at
my command with which to accomplish anything, I did not visit the Moquis villages
until the 19th of January, at which time they told me they were comfortable. I tried
to inform myself somewhat as to their real condition by visiting from house to house.
The result was, I found they had plenty to eat, and had blankets, sheepskins, and the
like to keep them warm in their lodgings. But I was and am still disgusted at their
being huddled together as they are, caring but little, if at all, for the personal pro-
prieties that should prevail between the sexes, as well the old and the young, mar-
ried and single, living and lodging indiscriminately together in the same apartments ;
which condition of the social phase should receive the special attention of the govern-
ment by helping them house their families in separate homes in the valleys, where by
irrigation of their crops they can produce not only a good living but a surplus to
sell. The valleys are generally fertile, and sheep, cattle, and hogs would afford a
good profit to these people. Thus housed and homed, the school-teacher in his day-
school and the missionary in his church would find a field in which to work and
gather many sheaves for the garner.
The trutli is, the agency is not located at the place where the most good can be
accomplished for these people. The question of a better location has been forcibly
discussed by my predecessors before I had any occasion to say anything about it, but
I have made some suggestions in favor of a change which are quite sufficient to my
mind to justify snch action.
The Moquis people are an industrious, temperate, economical race of men; quiet
and polite in their intercourse with each other, and very friendly towards white men,
and as honest as Indians know how to be. Of course their standing in ethics is not as
high as that of more civilized communities, but I am satisfied they will soon improve
in morals, as well as in general intelligence, if they can be induced to leave their old
mesa homes and settle in the valley.
It is estimated that they have in cultivation about 10,000 acres of land, from which
they stored away about 4,000 bushels of corn last fall for bread purposes, besides
thousands of melons, squashes, pumpkins, beans, dried peaches, and onions. They
also dry a great deal of green corn and pumpkins for winter and spring supplies.
They seem to be anxious to have their children in school. Situated as they are in
their permanent homes, I am inclined to the opinion that day-schools located at or
near their villages would be well attended and accomplish much good for them.
When suitable buildings and accommodations are provided, a boarding-school might
be well attended, and also be of great service in the way of instructing them. It is
important that they be educated in all that pertains to a self-supporting, intelligent
people, which can only be brought about by a patient, persevering course of treatment.
It is, however, a question of time, depending largely upon those who are placed over
them. Intelligent, experienced men of business, who are not sentimental enthusiasts
on specialties, but practical men, are required for this service — men who can take in
the whole situation, and gradually influence them to do in an intelligent way, what
is best for themselves. I have had abundant evidence that they think and reason
upon subjects when presented to their minds in a practical manner. .
The Moquis begin to realize that they need many things, and that by adopting the
white man's plan of obtaining them they too might possess all such. In these mat-
ters they begin also to admit the superiority of the white man over them. To be even,
they will soon receive and act upon the white man's advice, hence the great impor-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 5
tance attaching to practical, common-sense advice for these people. The Moquis are an
agricultural people, all of whom work, and they would also give much attention to
the raising of stock, if located in the valley and were supplied with sufficient stock to
start their Hocks and herds, which should be of good quality and grades.
Their sanitary condition is much improved since I came to them, and is continually
improving under the assiduous attention of the physician, who spends much of his
time in their villages, who has Ms office and lodges in the government building located
in the second village.
These people seldom plant upon the same lands a second crop, but plant a new or
rested patch each year ; hence the large estimate of lands cultivated by them; it in-
cludes all the lands held by them for cultivation.
They are a peculiar people, and to me a very interesting branch of the human
family, presenting some of the best characteristics known to civilized man, occa-
sionally giving strong proof of the fact of their fathers having once enjoyed the ad-
vantages of a high degree of intelligence, the vestiges of which have come to them
through a long line of succession from sire to son. Their faults as seen by us from our
standpoints are the results of their system of education, which, being so different from
our own, we find cause to complain, and doubtless criticise with unjustifiable severity.
Inclosed with this please find my annual statistical report.
I have the honor to be your most obedient servant,
JOHN H. SULLIVAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PIMA INDIAN AGENCY, ARIZONA, August 26, 1881.
SIR : The short time, two months, in which I have had control of this agency does
not give the requisite experience for an extended yearly report, and I shall be obliged
to draw from the experience of my predecessor, Special Agent E. B. Towusend, who is
a man of great energy, and thoroughly imbued with a desire to improve the condition
of the Indians, and who probably accomplished as much good work as was ever done
before at this agency in the same length of time.
FARMING.
The Indians of this reservation have raised this season a good crop of wheat and
barley and an abundance of melons, &c., the rainfall having been greater than for a
number of years. They seem greatly encouraged in their farming operations. They
have also planted an unprecedented amount of beans, and the crop looks promising.
As a rule, these Indians seem to be a cheerful, industrious, and hardworking people ;
therefore, it is a pleasure to assist and instruct them. They are entirely self-support-
ing. They seem to appreciate the improved farming implements given them, such as
plows, hoes, &c., together with all instructions as to their proper use.
INDIAN POLICE.
The police force organized here last January by Special Agent Townseiid has proven
a power for good, its influence being felt and appreciated by all law-abiding people
in or near the reservation. The drunken carousals heretofore indulged in at their
feasts, at which dancing, sham fights, games, &c., occur, usually ending in one or
more murders, have entirely disappeared. As to those petty thefts, which are so
annoying, I can safely say that they are a thing of the past, and that now I candidly
believe that there is not a place or people where the rights of property are better
respected than among the Indians on this reservation. This state of affairs has been
brought about by the police force, which is composed of an excellent body of men.
EDUCATIONAL.
A day-school has been in successful operation here since the spring of 1871, the last
two years with J. S. Armstrong and wife as teachers. The most effectual way, in my
opinion, to educate these children is to take them away from home influence and put
them in charge of interested and competent teachers in boarding-schools. We propose
commencing such a school here as early as possible in September, to accommodate 75
boarding scholars, and a day-school of 35 pupils. The parents and chiefs of the tribes
express themselves strongly in favor of schools, and from indications I think this
school will do much towards civilizing the families of the children who will attend.
But for a population of 11,000 Indians I think that one school is insufficient, and
suggest that day-schools be started in every village where an average attendance of
fifty can be secure 1. Then, as a reward of merit, the most advanced scholars from
the day-schools can be sent to the agency boarding-school. The Pirna Indians are
among the best on the continent, and are thoroughly interested in education. If
6 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.
proper steps are taken now, they will soon become civilized. It will not be long before
the Pima youths now at Hampton, Va., will return qualified to teach; and I suggest
that a superintendent of schools be allowed, whose duty it will be to start the schools
in the different villages, with the Hampton students as teachers; see that they are
efficiently managed, and to devote his time to the educational work of these tribes.
As a man of fair attainments and good executive ability will be needed, the pay
should be sufficient to command such a one. The school at the agency should be
maintained for advanced scholars from the village schools and for the children who
live near by. The superintendent should reside at the agency and devote his time,
when not otherwise needed, to the boarding-school.
MISSIONARY WORK.
The Rev. C. H. Cook, a missionary of the Presbyterian Church, has labored with
these Indians as teacher and preacher for the last ten years ; he is peculiarly well
fitted for this position and work, as he speaks the Pima language well; and he is a
man whose moral character is excellent ; therefore his daily life is a good example to
these people.
SANITARY CONDITION.
The condition of the Piinas as regards health has been good, with a few exceptions'
Before the wheat was gathered there Avas some sickness, due to the want of appro"
priate food. Many families at that time lived upon the wild roots and herbs of the
country. In the early spring there were some cases of malarial fever ; these arise in
parts of the reservation where water from the irrigating ditches was carelessly allowed
to waste over the island, making marshes of a large part of it. During the wet season
just ended there have been a number of cases of rheumatism. The chief curse of this
people is venereal diseases. Of a low moral standard themselves, they have met many
whites who have not tried to teach them better. With the aid of ignorance and care-
lessness, disease has made fearful progress. Yet, with this exception, when we remem-
ber that these people live in poorly built and ventilated houses, sleep on the ground,
and have but a limited variety of food, we can but wonder that their health is so good
as it is.
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
There are on this reservation, besides the agency building and unfinished dwelling,
two school buildings, neither of which is in good repair ; the doors, windows, and floor
bh<
Maricopa village now deserted, the Maricopas having removed, some four years ago,
about 35 miles north of the agency, on Salt River, just off the reservation, on govern-
ment laud. Neither of these buildings is so situated as to be available for school
purposes.
CONCLUSION.
To say that these Indians are among the best that live within the boundaries of this
country is not saying too much. They have always tried to help themselves, arid
have invariably befriended and assisted the government in its endeavors to suppress
the murderous Apaches. The emigrant through this desert country has found them
always a friend and protector. Yet the government seems to ignore their claims, and
very grudgingly allows meager appropriations for their benefit, while bountiful sup-
plies are granted the Indians who are least deserving, and whose time is occupied in
the amusements of stealing and murder. The Pima Indians are aware of thiis injus-
tice, and often speak of it when insufficient rain-fall occurs and short crops ; they say
that if they were bad Indians, like the Apaches, and would go on the war-path in-
stead of being good, they too could have plenty given them by the government. They
have frequently asked for the establishment of schools in their different villages, but
no attention has been paid to their requests. These facts have come to my knowledge
in the short time in which I have been their agent.
Respectfully submitted.
ROSWELL G. WHEELER, Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SAN CARLOS AGENCY, ARIZONA, September 6, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit my annual report, which I must write from time to
time as opportunity offers, for the reason that besides the regular business of the agency
the White Mountain disturbance engrosses much time and attention.
In my last report I gave a slight description of the agency surroundings, as to loca-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 7
tioii of building-s, &c., since which time I have taken inspection trips to the various
parts of it. The southern part, or that south of the Gila River, is rough, mountainous
and much cut up with deep arroyas or water- washes. But few springs are found, and
only in the rainy season is there water in these arroyas ; the hills are covered with
large stones or malipi rock, and no part of it suitahlefor agricultural purposes. Some
of it is good for herding cattle, but only in the valleys, such as Hog Canon and the
lower part of Aravipia Canon, near the San Pedro. Mount Turnbull and its foot-hills
occupy a large part of this area. There is hut little wood beside the mesquite and now
and then a cottoiiwood. It is in this section that the coal beds were discovered
which I will mention elsewhere.
The northwestern portion of the reserve is also rough, but is well watered with run-
ning streams of sweet, limped water coming from the White Mountains. In the val-
leys through which these streams flow is excellent grass for grazing purposes, and all
about here good timber is found. It is along these streams the Indians delight to live
in the summer mouths, and there they have begun to raise corn, barley, and vegeta-
bles. The streams on which they have been living are known as Cherry, Coon, Cedar,
Cibicu, and Carrisa Creeks. They all flow into the Salt River, which is formed by
the j unction of the White and Black Rivers, near the entrance of Carrisa Creek. White
River flows by Camp Apache, and then forks — one called the North and the other the
South Fork. Along these also is good timber, pine, and oak, and excellent land for
both tillage and grazing. The Black River cuts the reservation almost in two equal
parts, running from east to west; its banks are steep, but the country adjacent to it
is well timbered with pine, many of the trees measuring three feet in diameter. " This
timber borders all around the niesa known as Melno Park, which is in the northeast-
ern part of the reserve, and is covered with short, curly gramma grass, and is as fine
a stock range as there is in this Territory. Turkey Creek runs through this, as does
the Bronito Fork of Black River, so that at distances of about 4 miles cattle find
plenty of water. Turkey Creek sinks and rises, so that the water is found in tanks
and is always a bountiful supply, while White and Black Rivers are as fully supplied
with water as the Gila.
This country is an excellent country for the Indians, as it abounds in game — deer,
bear, and turkey ; the timber laud is' free from underbrush, in consequence of fires,
and the ground covered with grass, which greatly enhances this section for grazing.
The elevation of this part of the agency is about 8,000 feet above the sea, making a
delightful climate, which, with the pure mountain water, renders it very healthy.
The Indians have commenced to till the arable land in these parts. The southeastern
part of the reserve is rough in the extreme, but little water in springs or streams ;
no arable land except along the banks of the Gila.
As I came among these Indians intending to do something for their moral elevation
and education, fully believing those to go hand in hand with work, I tried to comply
with sections 231 and 232 of " Instructions to agents," October 1, 1880, which say :
231. The chief duty of an agent is to induce his Indians to labor in civilized pursuits. To attain this
end every possible influence should be brought to bear, and in proportion as it is attained, other things
being equal, an agent's administration is successful or unsuccessful.
232. No Indian should be idle for want of an opportunity to labor, or of instructions as to how to go
to \v ork, and if farm work is not extensive enough to employ all idle hands, some other occupation
should be introduced. No work must be given white men which can be done by Indians, and it is
expected hereafter that no payments will be made to white laborers for cutting hay or wood, splitting
rails, or gathering crops. Plowing and fencing should also be done by Indians.
I have complied with the instructions to the best of rny ability ; results must speak
for themselves. All the adobes (100,000) which have been used in building school-
houses, issue-houses, and corrals were made by Indians; no white labor except a man
to. teach them how and see they did the work. They piled them in rows when dried,
cleaned the adobe yard, and the adobes made are pronounced by all that have seen
them to be of a very superior quality. They attended the mason, mixed all the
cement for laying adobes, and carried it ; no white labor except skilled masons employed.
In drawing adobes from yard to buildings, Indians loaded and unloaded, thus teaching
them how to handle carefully the product of their labor. All the ditching has been
done by the Indians, with only a man to oversee and keep the grades. A ditch 5 miles
long has been cut 5 feet on bottom and varying in width on top as it was deeper or
shallower. The upper part of the ditch is 11 feet deep for three-fourths of a mile, and
every shovelfull was thrown by Indians.
The farming has been greatly increased, as against about 150 acres under cultiva-
tion and in garden last year, there is this year estimated 1,000 acres under cultivation.
There has been sold this year by Indians, to the traders here and to merchants in Globe
and McMilleu, over 6,000 bushels of barley, against 500 bushels last year. The corn
crop, estimated last year at 1,800 bushels, is estimated this year at over 10, 000 bushels.
Much has been already gathered at this time, but many fields have been abandoned,
caused by the outbreak of White Mountain Indians. Many fields have been destroyed
by the military encamping on them and feeding whole commands for days. All the
officers in command think the estimate small. Many fields of corn are half a mile long.
8 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.
I think these results prove at any rate this part of the problem of teaching these
Indians civilized pursuits has been satisfactorily progressive. All of this work has
only been accomplished by the most unremitting labor and personal supervision, the
land cultivated and stock looked after being located in various parts of the reserve.
The patches cultivated contain from 5 to 30 acres, distant from each other, and each
needing direction and encouragements, of course requiring much travel and necessary
absence from agency building and office ; but I consider the result as being gratifying
in the extreme and very encouraging.
In order to accomplish this increase in production, there has been at least 25 miles of
new irrigating ditches made by Indians. We have had .very heavy floods along all
the streams, particularly the Gilia; much of the flume for the new ditch for the in-
dustrial school and agency farm was carried away, where it crosses the Gila and San
Carlos Rivers. It has been the highest water known by white men who have been
in the country for seventeen years. The flume was completed when the last rise came,
and was pronounced by Inspector R. S. Gardner a substantial, well-constructed work.
It can, however, be repaired, but many things will have to be taken into consideration
before I recommend the expense necessary, and this will be a subject for future corres-
pondence. These floods overflowed the banks of the Gila and entirely washed away
all the gardens and crops of the Yuma, Mohave, and Tonto Indians. These gardens
-were excellent, the melons just ripening, the squash, corn and other vegetables in fine
order; the disappointment was great, but the way in which they bore the loss was
admirable, and would have been commendable in any civilized, Christianized com-
munity; I can say much better in spirit than is shown in white communities under
similar circumstances. Also the subagency buildings were washed away by a water-
spout.
The increase of the stock has been equally encouraging ; the horses now number over
2, 000 against 1,200 last year; there are 1,500 sheep now among the White Mountain In-
dians; the cattle, cows, and steers are almost doubled by the natural increase and by
some purchases made by themselves. I do not allow the Indians to sell any cows with-
out good and sufficient reasons for so doing ; I taking pains to explain to them the
great value of increase of herd. They see this now, and during the last year permit
has only been given to sell five head, and this on account of paying expenses of Yu-
mas who wished to go to the lower Colorado, near Fort Yuma, to visit sick relatives,
whom they had not seen since coming into this reserve, and who had no other way to
obtain a sufficient amount of money to do so.
In regard to education, very satisfactory results were in progress up to the time of
vacation, which commenced about 1st July. The heat was too intense to make teach-
ing endurable; the thermometer registered for days 110° in the shade where the sun
never penetrated, and reached 112° several days ; in fact, for over a month it averaged
106°. In my last report I stated there was a great interest manifested. The parents
brought the children and requested to leave them. The school-house was not ready,
and, fearful of discouraging them, I allowed school to be held in my own room. Mr.
A. B. Ross and wife taught them, and their rapid progress in learning the alphabet,
and to write, was very gratifying. More scholars came than could be accommodated,
and another room was opened with another teacher. When the school-house was
ready there were from 40 to 50 scholars. The principal difficulty in the school is the
aversion the Apache has to the Yuma and Mohave, but this in time will be overcome
by judicious management and instilling right principles. It will take time, but will
as surely be attained as that right and truth are supreme in the economy of all things.
At present there is no school ; the arrangement of turning it over to the Presbyterian
Board, aud the non-arrival of teachers from that Board, made it necessary, together
with the order of Inspector Gardner, not to open until the new regime commenced. I
hope it will be opened before long, as the interregnum is very discouraging both to my-
self and scholars. I am aware of the popular prejudice against the education of the
Indians, especially on the frontier aud in this Territory, but time will show that these
children can learn as fast as those under more favored 'circumstances, and the mollify-
ing effects of education will change them from their savage instincts to civilization and
its benefits.
The missionary work has of course been limited. We have had services every Sun-
day, singing, Bible reading, and preaching; the latter by Rev. J. J. Wingar, during his
term as head farmer at this agency. I find that to do missionary work successfully
you must gain the confidence of the Indian, deal justly with him, and in one's own life
show the effect of Christian principle; then you can talk to him and he will listen.
But the kind of civilization which comes with oaths in the mouth and whisky and gun
in hand does not strike them as being desirable, and there is too much of this kind in
the Territories.
The improvements have been quite extensive during the year. The old corral was
replaced by two circular adobe corrals, one 100 feet, the other 75 feet in diameter, the
walls 7 feet high. 'In the first the contractor puts the cattle to be delivered ; they are
taken from that to the scales, there weighed ; then in a chute, where they are branded ;
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA. 9
then into the smaller corral ; thence to the slaughter-house, and when killed and quar-
tered to the issue-house. The issue-house is 50 by 30 feet, a fine building, the arrange-
ments inside for hanging the quarters similar to those in a well-ordered eastern
market. The "beef is cut up on blocks and weighed and issued in the qiiantities to
which applicants are entitled.
The school-buildings are built on the plan as rendered to the department, the school-
house being 30 by 60 feet in the clear, with shingle roof, as are the other buildings.
The teacher's house is two stories, with upper and lower hall, 8 feet in the clear, and
8 rooms 16 feet square. The dormitories, wash-rooms, kitchen, and store-room are all
built of adobes, with shingle roofs, the finish plain, but a little more elaborate in the
teacher's house, though still plain there. It is pronounced one of the best buildings in
the Territory. The school will accommodate 150 to 200 scholars, and the dormitories
from 60 to 80 permanent boarders. The hospital has been shingle-roofed^ which adds
greatly to the security of the building, and several other improvements have been made
for the convenience and comfort of the occupants.
The sanitary condition of the Indians is about the same, there being a noticeable
decrease in new cases of syphilis ; but the measles, which prevailed last spring, caused
a great many deaths, especially among those tainted with the disease first mentioned.
The general 'com plaints at present are diarrhoea and bilious malaria. The Indian doc-
tor still holds his sway, with his singing, rattles, tom-toms, and dances, but there is a
notable increase in the call for the white man's medicine. The doctor has treated 2,554
new cases this year.
The supplies have been in the main very satisfactory. The flour has come regu-
larly and up to the standard ; no fault in quality or time of delivery. The beef for
some time ranged very poor, but all over the country there was a drought and very
poor feed. I think it averaged as well as I saw at the military posts and in the
markets at Globe. I had to reject several issues as being too much below the require-
ments of the contract, but my opinion is the contractors did the best they could under
all the circumstances. The other supplies were good, and I have the pleasure to state
I made the original amount contracted for hold out without calling for any of the
percentages allowed for in the contracts.
The police force of scouts have been, as usual, very efficient and useful; indeed, this
agency could not be kept in its present quiet state without them. They fear no dan-
ger, are quick and obedient, have rendered efficient service in breaking up tis-win
parties, and have destroyed no less than 2,000 gallons of this villainous drink. They
have scouted this reservation as it has never been policed before, and the force is a terror
to evil-doers and runaways. In many emergencies I have too few of them, as they go
in detached parties to various parts of the reserve in discharge of their duties. Too
much praise cannot be given them.
I am pleased to report that the large ditch commenced by the Mormons on the Upper
Gila, which seriously threatened the water supply of this reservation, has been aban-
doned on account of its cost and impracticability.
The importance of surveying the lines of this reservation and monumenting or marking
them cannot be too urgently brought to your notice, or that of Congress, to make an
appropriation for so doing. Indeed, if it'is in any way possible to obtain the money
for so doing it should be done at once. It is probably 360 to 450 miles around this
reservation, and the line could be run without any great cost. I recommend that it
be monurnented with stones every mile, so as to preclude any ignorance of its location ;
so many people are now crowding into this Territory, and especially prospectors for
minerals, and Mormons for farms and ranches, who are attracted this way by the
stories of rich mineral deposits and the fine water and grazing lauds in and near this
reservation, many of whom encroach, they say ignorantly, upon it, but whose presence
is exasperating to the Indians, who have formerly seen large tracts cut off from its
original boundaries for the benefit of the whites. The persistent taking or threaten-
ing to take their grazing or mineral lands, and in the end to drive them to the Indian
Territory, renders it but just and right that this reservation, appointed for them, should
be most distinctly marked and understood. The attention of the department has
often been called to this matter, and, in view of the circumstances now in existence,
it will be a great wrong if some plan is not devised to survey it, so that neither the
Indians nor the whites can plead ignorance as to the boundary lines. Unless this is
done in a very short time there will no doubt be trouble, which will cost the govern-
ment thousands of dollars where single dollars will do now, besides settling questions
which make quarrels that result in loss of life.
I would recommend, if it is possible, that the portion of reservation known as the
McMillen mining district be cut off in the survey (provided other land north of Salt
River, and adjacent to the present western line from that river, can be added to the
reservation in lieu thereof), as the settlers there were no doubt ignorant of intrusion
and innocently came there, misled by representations of government officials. The
land surrounding McMillen is of no value to the Indians, while that proposed to be
added is excellent for their purposes. Then with the lines surveyed and permanently
10 KEPOKTS OF AGENTS IN ARIZONA.
established and marked, enforce the law upon every intruder and every Indian leav-
ing the reserve, except when they have passes to the villages adjacent to the reserve
for the purpose of selling their produce, which would give those who work and raise
a surplus the advantage of a competing market.
Early in this year valuable deposits of coal were discovered on this reserve near
the southern line, directly south of the agency buildings and about 14 miles distant.
Owing to the scarcity of wood and material for burning, both for family use and that of
the mining and railroad interests, it caused great excitement ; men rushed into the vi-
cinity and soon the whole place was located. I had posters and notices placed in the
most conspicuous location in camps and along the trails leading thereto, warning all
persons not to encroach on the Indian lands. It was insisted that the coal laud was off
the reserve. I had an observation taken of the latitude of the agency and Gila Kiver ;
an observation was also taken at the coal beds, choosing the most southern part of the
so-called claims. These observations were repeated and showed the lands to be on the
reserve at least 1-J miles. The department was informed of the action and the result.
The line was not acknowledged as correct by the department ; yet I was ordered to
put the trespassers off. This could not be done by the Indian police scouts without
bringing on a collision between the whites and Indians, which would have resulted in
a bloody war, and I requested that some soldiers be placed there to remove and keep off
intruders. This was granted after a long lapse of time, and the result is the coal fields
are for the time abandoned. The Indians were excited ; they came to me saying if the
government was going to cut off more mineral laud and keep doing so they might as
well die now as any time. I quieted their fears by saying it might be made to be of
benefit to them, and at the same time be of use to the white community, and proposed
they should consent that the department might lease it, and the royalty so received
by the department or government be applied to their own benefit, and at the same
time reduce the necessary appropriation by Congress for their support. The idea
pleased them, and they consented that the department or government might make
such a lease, and they would be satisfied, and of themselves stated they could then
sell their garden stuff to these people mining coal, and also obtain work there. These
suggestions brought on me the condemnation and abuse of the locators and those
claiming to be interested in the coal claims, and who desired the discovery to inure to
their own personal benefit without paying any remuneration to the Indians or gov-
ernment, and there was a settled, determined, and expressed resolution to have me re-
moved from this agency, some saying either by fair means or foul. The department
was notified of this at the time.
There has been a determined effort on my part for the suppression of the whisky
ring, who sell to Indians at Globe, and steal in on the reserve to do the same. Last
spring I had a Mexican named Antonio Cruz arrested in Globe, and he was bound over
to appear before the grand jury. The assistant United States attorney at Tucson was
notified and the evidence sent him ; the man was released on $500 bail. The matter
has passed two sessions of the grand jury, and in reply to rny letter as to witnesses,
<fcc., I was informed the marshal would send subpoenas for the witnesses. Nothing
has been done. On the 16th of July another Mexican was arrest ed by the Indians at
subageucy for trying to trade whisky for unchaste purposes; he was taken to Globe,
tried, and convicted by the witnesses and his own confession. Nothing has been done
in this case after all the expense which has been incurred by the department. My
opinion is now that such cases had better be tried under the Territorial statutes and
laws, and if the punishment is not so severe, it will probably, at least, be executed.
The rum power here is great, and public sentiment is in its favor, but many good citi-
zens will lend their aid to suppress this traffic with Indians. The present justice of
the peace and United States commissioner in Globe is in favor of executing the laws.
The 1st of last September, 1880, Chief Diabalo was killed near Camp Apache by the
White Mountain Indians named Petone, Alt-sas-sa, and U-cleu-ny, belonging to Pedro's
baud. When Petone was informed he would be arrested by my scouts he sent an in-
solent message, that, if I wanted him, to come and take him. I organized my scouts
under A. D. Sterling, chief of scouts, and sent him up to arrest Petone and the others.
When they arrived at Forest Dale, where they were reported to be, it wras ascertained
they had gone away into the White Mountains or Mogollons. Just then about 40 of
Diabalo's band, supported by 35 other San Carlos Indians, came up with the avowed
purpose of attacking Pedro's band, to which the three murderers belonged. As Pedro
had nothing to do with the murder, I telegraphed Sterling not to allow him to be in-
jured, but to protect him. Pedro Avas well fortified, and my scouts went between
Pedro and the intended assailants. I sent word for the attacking party to come back,
which summons they obeyed. Shortly after this, in about two months, Petone came
back and was killed in a family feud, Alt-sas-sa was wounded, and two others killed.
About the last of March Es-ki ole came here to have his pass renewed. He was a
good man. On his return to camp on the Cibicu he had some trouble about a gun fall-
ing on a child, which caused a duel, in which both he and his opponent were killed
instantly. Diabalo and this chief were the ones the medicineman first tried to resur-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 11
rect by his incantations. There have been several Indians wounded in fights among
themselves or at Tis-win parties ; one man near Apache killed ; Chief Juh was stabbed
by his squaw with a knife, but not badly injured.
A party of five Mexicans came on the reserve to cut hay; they were arrested, but
proved ignorance of locality, and getting certificates as honorable Mexicans were dis-
charged after four days' confinement in the calaboose at this agency, with a severe
reprimand and reading of the United States statutes to them, and their promise to
inform other Mexicans living in their vicinity. •
The negotiations for getting in the late hostiles of Victoria's band failed on account
of the lapse of time between niy communication to the department, dated April 13,
and the receipt of the answer, May 8, 1881.
With these exceptions the Indians have, until July 1, remained x)eaceable, quiet,
and obedient.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. TIFFANY,
United Slates Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
HOOPA VALLEY AGENCY, CALIFORNIA, August 8, 1881.
SJK : I have the honor to herewith submit my first annual report for the year ending
July 31, 1881. For a large portion of the information contained therein, I am indebted
to my predecessor, Capt. E. B. Savage, Eighth United States Infantry, who was acting
Indian agent up to the 1st day of March, 1881, upon which day I relieved him, together
with my own observations gathered during a two years' sojourn at this post as first
lieutenant of the Eighth United States Infantry.
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
The dwellings are situated upon pleasant sites, surrounded by trees, and are very
commodious and pleasant quarters for the employe's of the reservation. There are a
few repairs needed, such as papering, painting, and glazing. The barns and stables
are in good condition. The saw and flour mills are in good running order, and have
done good work, furnishing all the lumber and flour necessary ; but as the time is fast
approaching when they will be taxed to their utmost capacity, it is imperatively nec-
essary that the new penstock be hurried forward, as the present one is incapable of
conveying a sufficient quantity of water to the wheel to keep the mills running
steadily.
INDIAN BUILDINGS.
The majority of them are very old and dilapidated, and from their style of struct-
ure, half cellar, half shanty, are conducive to rheumatism and general ill health.
It would be well to distribute amongst the Indians a liberal supply of lumber, where-
with to erect new habitations in really necessary cases, for it is observable that when
they live in houses, like the white man's, they to a great extent endeavor to follow his
mode of living. Such action would not only be charitable, but in a sanitary point of
view would prove exceedingly beneficial, as well as an additional stepping-stone in
their progress towards civilization.
POPULATION AND DISPOSITION.
There are 480 full and mixed blood Indians living upon this reservation, all of whom
wear full citizen's costume, and endeavor to imitate as closely the quality and style as
their limited means will allow. Their disposition is good, being quiet and orderly,
and far from quarrelsome ; occasionally they have a quarrel among themselves, which
is quickly and quietly settled.
GOVERNMENT FARMING.
The acreage under cultivation this year is 418 acres, 150 of which is in excess of the
previous twelve years, but owing to the late and severe rains last fall plowing was
retarded to such a late period that the crops will not be as good as they otherwise
would, and furthermore it has been a cold and unfavorable season for good growth.
Frost destroyed the bean crop, cold days and nights blighted the corn, rendering it a
failure. The estimated yield of the other crops is as follows : Wheat, 1,500 bushels :
oats, 500 bushels ; potatoes, 200 bushels ; hay, 100 tons. All this land has been worked
by the Indians with perfect willingness, and for no further compensation other than
their daily rations and clothing.
Their conduct and their industry in planting, sowing, and harvesting the crops de-
serve great praise.
12 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.
INDIAN FARMING.
I am pleased to l>e able to state that this farming has received a decided and per-
manent impetus ; in fact, this is the first real attempt they have made worth consider-
ing, and it is only right to say that this impetus was caused by a liberal division of
garden seeds among them, which the honorable Commissioner of Indian Aifairs gave
me permission to purchase last spring for that purpose. There are now some 50 Indians
cultivating land for themselves in srna'll and large patches, and the success of their
attempt this year will tend to promote additional effort this coming season.
ORCHARDS.
There are nine orchards in the valley, and taking into consideration the fact that
they have as yet never been pruned, with one exception, have yielded averagely fair.
The orchards are composed of apple, peach, plum, and pear trees, and with a thorough
pruning they will yield a large quantity of fruit. A large percentage of the apples
are dried, and during the winter are issued occasionally to the Indians.
HUNTING
Is followed to a considerable extent, and with fair success. Their sales of deerskins
and furs amounted to upwards of $200 this year.
FISHING.
They give their chief attention to this branch of native industry, as upon it depends,
on an average, one-third of their subsistence. As the run of salmon was excellent,
they were well provided with hundreds of pounds of dried salmon for their winter
supply. They find but small sale for their fresh salmon, owing to the smallness of the
white community in this valley.
BASKET MAKING.
They manufacture from the roots of certain shrubs very strong and durable baskets,
and for which they find a small but remunerative sale. Also baby-baskets and briin-
less fancy hats, purchased more for curiosity than for utility.
NATIVE FLOUR
Is composed of the nut of the oak, the acorn. In the fall of the year great numbers
of them are gathered, then dried, and finally ground, or rather beaten, into a flour.
The procedure is analogous to that practiced by the Egyptians of old, who ground
their corn by beating it between two large stones. It makes a very good bread,
although somewhat acrid to the taste. It constitutes a large average "of their yearly
subsistence.
SANITARY.
Their general health is apparently good, but a great number of them are afflicted
with hereditary scrofula and venereal diseases. Rheumatism prevails to a considera-
ble extent, and an odd case of consumption now and then appears. There were 240
treated this year for various ailments. The births exceeded the deaths by seven, there
being nineteen births and twelve deaths. To establish a better condition of health
some steps must be taken in the matter of their dwellings, such as mentioned in a pre-
vious paragraph, under head of Indian Buildings.
EDUCATION AND CIVILIZATION
Have made rapid strides within the past year. In education there are several who
within the past six months have mastered the English language so far as to be able to
read and write it understandingly. A noticeable progress has likewise been made in
arithmetic. Therefore their progress in education, their general desire for better hab-
itations, their evidently awakened interest in agriculture, their rigorous search for
remunerative work, their industry and quiet dispositions, all tend to attest to their
slow but gradual approach towards true civilization.
Respectfully submitted.
GORDON WINSLOW,
First Lieutenant, Eighth United States Infantry, Acting Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONS R OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 13
UNITED STATES INDIAN SERVICE, MISSION AGENCY,
San Bernardino, CaL, August 20, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit my third annual report of the condition of the serv-
ice at this agency.
The following are the names of the tribes under the jurisdiction of this agency
commonly known as the Mission Indian, viz : Coahuillas, Serraunos, San Louis Rey!
and Dieguenos. Their aggregate population, according to the last census, is 3,010. Over
two-thirds of this number live in villages, scattered over San Diego County, embrac-
ing the Colorado desert; the others along the southern border of San Bernardino
County.
By executive order small and isolated reservations have, at different times, been
set apart for them, aggregating nearly one' hundred thousand acres— an amount of
land, if of the proper kind, that would be ample for their support ; but which, owing
to the mountainous and desert character of the country, is practically worthless for
the support of so great a number of Indians.
It has been by thrift aud economy alone that they have been able to maintain them-
selves when the seasons have been favorable, andlabor available among the whites.
When it is otherwise, they necessarily experience great destitution. What lands they
have that admit of cultivation, they plant and sow to the best advantage; but with-
out other sources or means of support, these would, at best, afford a very scanty
subsistence. Fortunately remunerative labor- has been abundant during the year —
employment being found* on farms, in the construction of railroads, of water ditches,
in the shearing of sheep, and in other industries, the demand for Indian labor being
equal to the supply. But this is not always, or even often, the case, so that, notwith-
standing a prosperous season, owing to their improvident habits, they are subject by
turns to virtual starvation.
The lands reserved for them are wholly inadequate to the support of older people,
who must of necessity remain at home, and when others are forced by the absence of
outside labor to return and subsist upon the same, want is inevitable. The necessity
for providing suitable lands for them, in the form of one or more reservations, has
been pressed upon the attention of the department in my two former reports, and I
now for the third and, perhaps, the last time, emphasize that necessity, by saying that
whether government will immediately heed the pleas that have been made in behalf
of these people or not, it must sooner or later deal with this question in a practical
way, or else see a population of over 3,000 Indians become homeless wanderers in this
desert region.
Thus far several of the larger settlements have been living on private lands — origi-
nal Spanish grants — because their owners have not seen fit to disturb them in their
quiet homes, where for generations they have lived and reared their children. No
rights to the lands so occupied seem ever to have vested with the Indian occupants,
and their ejectment has been looked upon as a mere matter of time. That time has
now come. Peremptory demands have repeatedly been made upon me by Ex-Governor
Downey, the reputed owner of the " Raucho de San Jose" del Valle," for the removal
of the Indians living there. In every instance I have evaded the task, by pleading
for time on the ground that I had no other place to put them. Recently he has inti-
mated his purpose to eject them by a writ from the supreme court of San Diego County,
in which event, and in the absence of any definite arrangement for their settlement
elsewhere, I propose to resist the execution of the writ by legal process, on the ground
that the ex-governor has no valid claim to said ranch, his title being at present in dis-
pute. Of course little can be gained except time, their ultimate ejectment being cer-
tain. The same fate is pending as to two other settlements of these Indians, on the
"Ranchos San Jacinto and San Ysabel." The fact that there is no other place for
them, and sympathy with a people who are known to be helpless, peaceable, and in-
dustrious, has caused them to remain undisturbed to the present time. But the force
of the argument that government, rather than private charity, should provide for
these people, cannot well be resisted longer.
Aside from these, there are settlements on unsurveyed government lands. Here
white men encroach, believing Indians have no rights that need be respected. As a
temporary expedient, I have asked that such lands be set apart by executive order for
the sole use of the Indian occupants, to prevent their being driven out homeless till
such time as more permanent provision should be made for them ; but I am advised
by the department that it is not the policy of the government to create small and iso-
lated reservations, and that it were better to encourage Indians so situated to take up
the land under the " Indian homestead act." In my opinion, however, it were better to
reserve such lands than to risk their ejectment, in view of the further fact that, while
these people have adopted civilized habits in a great measure, they are not yet willing,
in individual cases, to sever their tribal relations aud assume the role of citizenship. If
sufficient land might be found to offer all or even any considerable number the benefits
of the "homestead act," it would be different. In that case, I believe many would avail
themselves of the privilege. But to advise a few individuals or families, who have been
14 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.
forced to abandon their little reservations for the want of affording them support, and
who have found refuge and means of subsistence on neighboring unsurveyed land, to
sever their tribal relations, would be useless. It would be to invite the scorn or the envy
of their people, inasmuch as the influence of their headmen, and of the tribes as such, is
exerted against such individual action on the part of any of their number, not to speak
of the prejudice that prevails against the payment of the entry fees and commissions
in such cases, which to the mind of the average Indian amounts to a purchase of the
land.
A further source of trouble in this connection is that growing out of the fact that
even-numbered sections have been reserved for Indians within the limits of "railroad
land grants." In some instances their villages are found to be on railroad sections ;
or, if they happen to be on reserved land/their little fields, cultivated all these years,
are claimed as within the limits of the railroad grant, their improvements presenting
such temptations as to overcome all considerations of sympathy and right. The lands
are entered in the office of the railroad company, taken and occupied, and the Indians
turned out. Now if the same rights which attach in common to the bonafide white
settler occupying land prior to such grant to railroads were accorded to Indian occu-
pants, it would be different ; but, unfortunately for the Indian, he has not yet in fact
come to be considered by the government as a man, although bearing the impress of a
common Maker in all respects except as to the color of his skin. The situation, as far
as it relates to the subject of lands, is anything but reassuring ; and the correspondence
with the department during the year, growing out of the anomalous situation of affairs
at this agency, it is to be hoped, has developed the real needs of the Mission Indians in
such a light as that the proper steps will soon be taken to provide them with suitable
lands upon which they may gain a living. This is all that they ask of the government.
Since my last report two schools have been established and conducted, for a period
of nine months, with most gratifying results. Three more have been authorized, and
by October 1 next will be in operation if the necessary preparations can be completed
by that time. This is the first effort of the government towards the education of these
people, and I am firmly convinced the expenditures involved will be more than justi-
fied by the results obtained. It is not a question any longer whether Indian children
can be educated or not, but a demonstrated fact that they have capacities equal to
those of white children ; and, in view of their greater anxiety to learn, their average
progress for an equal period is greater. The desire is general among these Indians
that their children should go to school and learn as white children do. The evidence
of their deep interest in this matter is shown by their willingness to erect the neces-
sary buildings, the government supplying the wood-work. The last census gives them
over seven hundred children of proper school age, and with five schools in operation in
the larger settlements a large proportion of them will be afforded educational facili-
ties. Their isolated and scattered condition precludes the possibility of affording all
the benefits of a school. In not a few instances Indian children attend the public
schools that are within reach of them. I have claimed this privilege, if not right, for
them, on the ground that a large proportion of the State apportionment of funds for
such schools rests on the basis of the enumeration of the Indian children of such
school districts.
Referring to the subject of civilization, I have to say that the Mission Indians are as
much civilized as the population by which they are surrounded ; and if they are not
up to the full standard, it is because of their surroundings. All wear civilized dress,
sustain themselves, with few exceptions, by civilized pursuits, and hold themselves
answerable to the law of the land when they violate it. They, however, maintain their
tribal relations ; and until laws are enacted governing their relations with each other,
it is well, as a public regulation if nothing more, that they do, inasmuch as the word
of the headmen, or the verdict of a council, has all the force of law with a majority
of them. But it is noticeable in many instances, especially among the more intelligent,
that this assumed authority rests very loosely upon them ; and the day is not very far
off when the tribal court and headmen will be things of the past.
The medicine man has been entirely discarded by the Mission Indians proper, as
well as many of the superstitious practices that once obtained among them. The only
exception is found among the renegade class, living along the Colorado desert, but
having no tribal connection with the Mission Indians. These have more or less faith
in the medicine man, and still retain a few of their old customs and habits; but after
a few of the older people have died these will be discarded.
The position of a head chief or general has been a detriment to the service, inas-
much as it centralized authority and made each individual of the tribe subject to the
beck of that functionary whenever, under the most frivolous pretext, and to gratify
his vanity, he saw fit to call them together. My endeavor has been to distribute this
authority among the captains of villages, who should be held responsible for those im-
mediately under them. The result is proving satisfactory, and the impression gaining
ground that there is no need of a head chief or general when they have a captain over
then?.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 15
No active missionary labor is at present conducted among them. The greater por-
tion of them, however, especially the older people, have had, in years past, the bene-
fit of Christian instruction by the Catholic fathers, who conducted the famous missions
whose ruins are yet objects of veneration and curiosity. They have orthodox views
as to morals, God, and a future life, and it is not unusual to see sacred pictures, the
crucifix, and the rosary, adorning the walls of their abodes and lodges. The priest still
makes his annual rounds and baptizes their children; but aside from this no mission-
ary work is carried on, their nomadic habits and settlements over an extended mount-
ain and desert country rendering little else practicable.
The important work of the past year, one involving great labor and difficulty both
in the field aud in the office, was the enumeration of the tribes by families. It required
the traveling of more than a thousand miles over rugged mountains and desert plains
to find them, and while the work must necessarily be imperfect in many respects, cor-
rectness has been approximated as nearly as it is possible under the circumstances.
The statistical table will show for the first time the number, condition, and resources
of the Mission Indians, about which mere conjectures were possible from the occasional
and imperfect reports of visiting special agents.
A steady and marked improvement in their condition has been effected during the
year, their general and individual interests having been scrupulously guarded. The
sanitary condition of the tribes is good, under the efficient supervision of the agency
physician. Hospital accommodations for the sick, who cannot otherwise be success-
fully treated, would improve this branch of the service.
Special attention has been given to finding employment for those "out of a job,"
and honorable dealing in the payment of wages insisted upon. Indian laborers no
longer receive 50 cents per day in calico, at 25 cents per yard, and other goods in the
same proportion, from the little Indian store at the ranch; but instead, $1 and $1.50
per day in money. Good clothes, plenty to eat for their families, and more steady and
industrious habits are the result. So marked has been the change in the personnel of
these laboring Indians, that it is a frequent subject of comment by the citizens as they
contrast the past with the present.
No one thing has contributed more to effect this result than the partial suppression
of the liquor traffic among them ; and but for the leniency of the courts in dealing
with offenders who have been detected and arrested for carrying on this traffic among
them, better results might be reported. As it is, much has been done towards check-
ing this evil. If it were possible to estimate the money saved by the Indians weekly,
or turned by them to better uses, oil account of the present difficulty, if not inability,
to procure liquor with their earnings, it would amount to thousands of dollars. Re-
cently three offenders were arrested, examined before the United States commissioner
at Los Angeles, and held to answer before the United States grand jury at San Fran-
cisco. If the courts will execute the law in these cases alone it will effect a virtual
suppression of the traffic. The positive tone of the honorable commissioner in his cir-
cular, relating to the duty of agents in breaking up this great evil, has my hearty
approval; and, as far as in me lies, instructions will be carried out at this agency, in
letter and spirit, so that, if possible, these Indians shall yet become a pattern to the
white population of this locality in sober and temperate habits, as they now are in
peaceful and law-abiding behavior. I say it with pride, that among the three thou-
sands Indians under my charge, the civil authorities have not had cause in the past
three years to make a solitary arrest, except for crimes committed by them when
intoxicated, and then in very rare instances.
In conclusion I kave to say that, while nothing has been asked for, for the service at
this agency without the strictest regard for economy compatible with the best interests
of the service, I must yet express my satisfaction with the promptness of the depart-
ment in responding to every reasonable request when it was possible to do so, and my
gratitude for the continual confidence reposed in my integrity and honesty of purpose,
in the face of the persistent efforts made for my removal by a class of unprincipled
men in this locality, backed by the whisky element, who have not been benefited by
my management of Indian affairs at this agency.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, S. S. LAWSON,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OP INDIAN AFFAIRS.
ROUND VALLEY INDIAN AGENCY,
Mendocino County, California, August 25, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor herewith to submit my fourth annual report for this agency.
RESERVATION.
" By actual survey there are 102,118.19 acres included within its boundaries ; deduct
from this 3,600 acres of school and other lands, patents to which had been obtained
16
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.
before the change of the boundaries in 1873, 1,080 acres claimed as swamp lands in
this valley, and 90,000 acres of grazing lands in the possession of and used by the
settlers, who have never been paid for their improvements. Of the balance, 7,438
acres, all but 2,500 is rough and mountainous. The 2,500 lie in this valley ; of this
we are cultivating about 1,200. There are places scattered through the wide range
that would yield well if properly fenced and cultivated, but until Congress shall pay
these settlers for their improvements it is impossible for us to make much progress in
this direction ; but the sheep, cattle, horses, and hogs of the settlers are eating away
the very pasturage that should support our stock." I repeat the foregoing from last
year's report, as in the tables, pages 228-258, we are charged with 207,360 acres, and
this mistake has appeared for several years.
POPULATION.
By the Indian census taken the past spring, there were 569 Indians at the agency,
281 males, 288 females. At the date of last year's report I estimated the number of
Indians off of this reservation and so situated as to fall to the care of this agency as
about 5,000. The exact population as per the United States census return of last year
is as follows:
Mendocino County 1,240
Yolo County 47
El Dorado County 193
Shasta County 1 , 037
Tehama County 157
Solano County 21
Lassen County 330
Colusa County 353
Humboldt County 224
Marin County 162
Sonoma County 339
Butte County 522
Plumas County 508
Placer County 91
Napa County 64
Sutter County 12
Sierra County 12
Amador County 272
Nevada County 98
Lake County 774
Or a total of 6,456; add 569 on the reservation and we have a total of 7,025.
I have recommended that these Indians be visited at least once a year by the agent,
or some one competent to look after their interests, and to induce them to send their
children, or some of them to school, instead of allowing them to grow up in idleness and
vice. I have also recommended that at least all Indians in this county off of the reser-
vation be placed under the charge of the agent here, the better to guard them against
evils of drunkenness, and to carry out the provisions of section 2,139 Revised Statutes
United States.
AGRICULTURE.
As before reported, it is impossible to segregate these lands to the Indians or to give
each a respectable garden patch until the government shall pay off the settlers for
their improvements, according to the act of March 3, 1873, as the said settlers are
holding nearly all the lands. As reported last year, " Since the tirst establishment of
this reservation in 1856 it has been conducted as a farm, and not cultivated by indi-
vidual Indians or tribes for themselves, except the family gardens. The same reason
exists now for this that has in the past, viz : Our farming lands are so limited in the
valley, and so cut up by swamp land claims, that to divide what we have among them
and depend on their making their own support from said divided lands would result
in most cases in a failure. Whereas we work most of the land by a community of interest,
requiring all able to assist in raising the general crops of wheat, corn, oats and bar-
ley, while each is required to work some ground as a garden, rafsing his own vege-
tables. Thus, on a given piece of ground, a much larger yield is obtained than could
be by them in separate parcels, as they are exceedingly prodigal of ground. Although
the work is all done by the Indians that they can do, yet, as we store the wheat and
flour, and issue to them regularly in order to avoid waste and partiality, we have to
report the major part of our crop as belonging to government, instead of to the Indians,
while seldom, if ever, is a pound of flour or other cereals bought for them by the gov-
ernment."
PRODUCTIONS.
We were not able, owing to continued rain and cold during the past winter, to put
in as many acres of grain as the year before, but have raised for the general supply
3,159 bushels of wheat, 1,603 of oats, 1,850 of barley, and estimated 1,500 bushels of
corn will be gathered. The hop field yielded the past fall 20,980 pounds of baled hops,
which netted us $2,302.72. This year the yield will probably not be as much, owing
to various causes.
The Indians, for themselves, have raised 692 bushels of wheat, 148 of oats, 325 of
barley, and will have about 600 bushels of corn, 1,500 of potatoes, 60 of beans, 12,000
melons, 3,000 pumpkins, and have cut 90 tons of hay for their horses.
As the school was closed in the spring for lack of funds, nothing was raised by it as
a school.
• REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA. 17
It is entirely impracticable to carry out here tlie instructions in circular No. 23,
as to increased products, owing to the changeable character of onr climate and its
adjuncts.
STOCK.
We hare 69 horses, to be rated as follows: Serviceable work, 20, unserviceable
work, 13, serviceable saddle, 21, unserviceable saddle, 15; colts, 26; mules, 13 and
one mule colt; 20 oxen ; 452 cattle, old and young. The increase in cattle the past
year lias been about 300 head; of hogs we have 149. Some of the unserviceable ani-
mals, horses and oxen, we shall be obliged to get rid of during the comin"- year. The
Indians have 110 ponies, 7 mules, and 115 hogs.
IMPROVEMENTS.
Eighteen houses have been built for the Indians during the year, the work being
done by Indians under the superintendence of the carpenter; 410 rods of good board
fence have been built, and 327 of rails and poles, besides repairing 14| miles of rail
fence.
MILLS.
The grist-mill has ground 250,806 pounds of wheat for the agency, 24,799 pounds for
the Indians ; ground 440,998 pounds of wheat, and cracked 32,411 pounds of barley for
citizens.
The saw-mill has cut 177,000 feet of lumber, nearly exhausting the timber in ita
vicinity. I therefore moved the machinery to another place, only half the distance
from the agency to the old mill site, and where timber will be found for several years
to come. A large supply of fencing is needed immediately.
INDIAN INDUSTRY.
None of our Indians subsist by the chase, and yet they retain their love for it, which
they indulge at proper seasons. All able are required to work for themselves, or the
agency; many make large wages at shearing sheep daring the seasons therefor.
Two years since I reported that one Indian had a small flock of sheep on shares, but
he was so annoyed by the settlers surrounding him that he was obliged to return the
sheep to the owner, nor can this be remedied until these settlers are paid and
removed.
APPRENTICES.
There have been apprentices as follows, 2 blacksmiths, 2 carpenters, 2 millers, 1
logger, 3 herdsmen, 1 harness-maker, and 1 assistant clerk in the office; all have
made commendable progress.
EDUCATION.
Owing to delays (seemingly inseparable from government business), I was not able
to open the boarding school during the year, but have prepared the buildings at
Camp Wright, so that from 50 to 100 can be accommodated. The buildings already
there were too large in some respects, yet I am led to believe that in a short time its
ample rooms will be filled. At present writing the pupils are being gathered, washed,
cleaned, dressed, and prepared for the school proper, which we hope to open in
October.
Day school was maintained during nine and one-third months of the past year, and
the scholars made such progress as could be expected under the adverse circumstances.
I have tried to avoid the too common practice of cramming a given amount of knowl-
edge into the heads of pupils, and to make whatever they do learn, or have learned,
practical, by showing its utility; thus learning becomes to them not simply so many
words, thoughts, truths, stored by memory, but a part of themselves, and hence avail-
able in life's duties. For this, no teacher, who is merely a " time-server," is fit, and
there is a too common idea that almost "anybody can teach an Injun."
SANITARY.
This year the births (16) have equaled the deaths (16), a marked improvement in
the sanitary condition of the Indians, owing, perhaps, to the absence of any severe
epidemic, greater care on the part of the physician, and the improved housing of the
Indians.
MISSIONARY LABORS.
The missionary, Rev. J. S. Fisher, has been unable, by reason of sickness, to devote
as much time to his work among the Indians as could have been wished, yet Sabbath
school has been maintained, in which most of the employe's have assisted; also regular
service has been maintained, the agent and native helpers supplementing the labors
of the missionary. An interesting fieldjs open here for one willing to devote himself
to the salvation of the poor Indian.
2 IND
18 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA.
DRAWBACKS.
Gambling, drinking, and licentiousness are the great evils, blocking the way to much
progress. Indians, as well as Mexicans, seem to be gamblers, if not by instinct, yet by
early education.
We have no trading-post on the reservation, so Indians cannot obtain intoxicating
drink except they go off the reservation, or it is brought to them. It is impossible to
keep them on the reservation, as they are looked to to do most of the work of this
valley, and getting money for work, get drink for money, either buying directly at
the saloons or through third parties, and clandestinely. In the first instance, if wit-
nesses can be found that saw them drink it must also be proved that what they drank
was intoxicating. But the greatest difficulty of all is that per diem and mileage of
said witnesses will not pay their expenses attending the United States district court,
to say nothing of from 16 to 20 days' time consumed in the said trials; hence, it is next
to an impossibility to obtain the necessarv evidence to convict those that furnish the
drink.
In closing, permit me to say that I came to this work four years since, having but
little experience with Indian ways and less with governmental ways of business. I
have made many mistakes, but feel and know that they have been those of the head
and not of the heart. I have seen but one inspector during the four years, and that
one only last April. Allow me to thank you kindly for the courtesy which I have
received from the office, and the forbearance with which my ignorance has been met.
I have the honor to be, very respectlullv, vour obedient servant,
H. B. SHELDON,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
TUIE RIVER AGENCY, CAL., August 11, 1881.
SIR: I haAre the honor of submitting my sixth annual report of this agency. The
limited area of arable land on this reservation is an embarrassment realized in every
effort to advance these Indians to the position of independence. Although there are
48,551 acres of land, not over 250 can be utilized for farming purposes. Quite a large
portion of it is suitable for grazing purposes, but much the larger portion is so rocky
and mountainous that it is entirely worthless. There are at the present time only 162
Indians on the reservation, who are trying to make a living and permanent homes.
The most of these are cultivating small patches of ground, and are so located that
each family can control about 160 acres of land. The object has been by giving each
family a home to impress upon their minds the necessity of care and attention, so as
to prepare them at an early day for independent subsistence.
AGRICULTURE.
Although we had a little more land in cultivation this year than last, the yield is not
so much; 475 bushels of wheat have been produced by the Indians ; 200 bushels corn,
51 bushels barley, 50 bushels potatoes, 15 bushels onions, 25 bushels beans, 30 tons hay,
10 tons melons, and 10 tons pumpkins. The agency farm is cultivated for the exclu-
sive purpose of producing forage for government stock ; 20 tons hay was all that it
yielded the present year, which is a third less than last.
EDUCATION.
The manual labor boarding school has been in operation nine months, and a day
school one and a half months during the year. The most of the year the school was
very satisfactory. The children have really done better in the labor department than
in the literary.
There has been some opposition to the school by the older Indians, on the ground
that their children are becoming alienated and losing respect for their parents. An-
other objection to the school is that the rations are not distributed equally ; the chil-
dren are receiving nearly all, while it should be equally distributed. However erro-
neous these ideas are, they nevertheless have weight with an ignorant Indian, who
is, with his own tribe at least, a communist, both by nature and education. Careful
and persistent effort will be required at this agency to overcome this prejudice and
make the school a success.
MISSIONARY WORK.
No missionary work has been done on this reservation si nee 1 came in charge, except
by the agent and employe's. For twenty years or more these Indians have been drilled
by the Catholic fathers, and have, through them and the Mexicans, with whom they
have associated for more than that length of time, become familiar with that form of
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO. 19
Christianity. As I have repeatedly written, I cannot speak very encouragingly of
this department. They will assent to everything you say, and make many positive
promises to lead correct lives, but under temptation their course is usually such that
the missionary is almost discouraged in his efforts to bring them to a better under-
standing of the obligations and responsibilities of life.
INDIAN INDUSTRY.
If every department were as satisfactory as this there would be encouragement
sufficient to warrant ultimate success. It would not be saying too much to affirm
that these Indians would easily support themselves if they were located upon suitable
lands. They are doing remarkably well in this regard, considering their opportuni-
ties. I think now perhaps it would be well to give them a reasonable start in stock-
cattle, with the understanding that they will soon be thrown entirely upon their own
resources.
The only embarrassment in the way of self-support and comfortable homes is their
ungovernable appetite for strong drink. I think, however, even in this regard, there
has been this year some, improvement over the past.
SANITARY.
There has been during the part year six deaths and seven births, an increase of
one. This is a remarkably good showing considering the diseased condition of these
Indians. There has been a great deal of sickness, but not of quite so severe a type as
the year previous. I am satisfied their sanitary condition is gradually improving.
The most of them, when sick, come to me for treatment. Some, however think, by the
Indian medicine-man alone is the healing art possessed.
CIVILIZATION.
Living in close proximity to the whites for so many years, all havelong since adopted
citizens' dress. The women cut and make their own clothing quite as neatly as white
women. Their washing and ironing will also compare favorably. All take pride in
appearing well dressed in the presence of company, and are quite as observant of the
rules of etiquette as white people. If one is addressed politely you may be sure of a
similar response. If they could become bona-jide owners of land with an inalienable
title, it would lift them np in self-respect, and give them more encouragement than
any other possible measure.
I am, sir. very respectfully, your obedient s ervant.
C. G. BELKNAP,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Los PINOS INDIAN AGENCY,*
Salt Lake City, Utah, September 10, 1881.
SIR: In accordance with the requirements of the Indian Department, I have the
honor to submit the following as my second annual report of the affairs at this agency.
The past year has been one of much interest, alike to the government, State of Colo-
rado, and the Ute Indians, as to the peaceful removal and location of the latter, which
I am happy to say has been accomplished successfully.
Soon after submitting rny annual report last year, the trouble originating from the
murder of the Ute Indian "Johnson" by a freighter named A. D. Jackson, (which,
from all the evidence that could be gained at the time, was uncalled for) the subse-
quent capture of Jackson by the Indians from the citizens who were conveying him
to prison at Gunnison, and his alleged murder by Dhe Indians, seemed to arouse a feel-
ing of antagonism among the people to such an extent that at one time it appeared as
if a serious war between the whites and Indians would be the result and involve the
State and government in much trouble. The subject at the time was so thoroughly
presented to the department and so widely circulated by publication in the newspapers
as to inform every one, that I deem it unnecessary to make any further comments upon
the matter in this report ; suffice it to say, however, had I not traveled day and night
at the time through the Indians' camps, watched and counseled with them towards
good conduct, serious trouble I fear would have occurred ; although afterwards I was
forced to lose much time from the agency and at great expense, dwelling hard upon
my limited means, in order to defend myself at court from suits pushed forward by
parties who were actuated merely through revengful feelings.
Last December the Indians received their annual annuity payment, which had been
provided for them under the late agreement, together with their regular annuity
goods, with all of which they were well satisfied.
During the year the subject of their removal has been freely discussed by many
* Agency located in Colorado until September 1st.
20 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO,
whites with whom the Indians have met, and presented in various forms, so that it
has tended to annoy and keep them somewhat restless.
The strictest vigilance has been exercised during the year in regard to trespassers
and intruders upon the reservation, with a view of preventing any possibility of
trouble and a conflict between the whites and Indians, which appeared imminent at
any time, from the fact that large numbers of whites were upon the borders of the
reserve in all directions, uneasy and clamorous for the removal of the Indians, that
they might enter upon and locate ranches. Many have trespassed upon and subjected
themselves to removal from the reserve; the only result, hatred and curses upon the
agent.
Last April some unknown parties, supposed to have been passing through the reser-
vation, stole and drove off twenty-three head of Indian horses and ponies, which act
seemed to excite and create among them a feeling of hatred and revenge that was at
the time difficult to overcome; yet from prompt action taken at the time, and success
in recovering all of the horses and ponies, good feeling was restored. Withal, the
Indians have conducted themselves peacefully, and have done all in their power to
preserve peace upon the reservation. They have very frequently brought to the
agency horses that have strayed into their herds, belonging to whites, and left them
for their owners, or have notified me, so that all have been able to recover their prop-
erty.
About the 1st of last July I was informed by my Indians that from evidences they
had received there were a number, or at least a band, of renegade Pah Utes upon the
reservation — the same whom it was believed had committed the depredations and
murders the previous May in the vicinity of the Dolores River and Sierra la Sal — and
suggested their immediate capture. They furnished a sufficient number of their best
menas scouts, and after making arrangements with General R. S. Mackenzie, command-
ing the military in this district, who furnished two companies of cavalry, I started in
pursuit, but we were unsuccessful, as the renegades, by some means or other, made
their escape in the fastnesses of tlie mountains. Before leaving on this expedition I
ordered the entire number of my Indians, who were then scattered over the reserve
north and westward to the extent' of thirty and forty miles, to move in east of the
agency and directly across the Uncompahgre River, where I knew they would be out
of the way of any possible trouble, to which they at once complied. Not long after-
ward, however, my Indians notified me that they had captured two of the renegade
Pah Utes, and requested advice as to what should be done with them. I at once
ordered them brought to the agency, which they complied with, when I notified the
commanding officer at the cantonment, near agency, of the fact, and turned the pris-
oners over to him, since which time they have been closely confined. From what in-
formation I gained from the prisoners and others I learned that they belonged to a
band known as Tah-kun-ni-ca-vatz's baud, who have been committing murders and
depredations, more or less, in LTtah and Colorado during the past six or seven years.
The late principal chief, Ouray, while living, had made several investigations as to
murders and depredations committed, and fastened it upon them, but they have
always managed well their escape. General Mackenzie, after the event of capture of
the two Pah Utes, sent out troops several times, but without success further than
that the renegades, finding that they were pursued, hastened out of the country.
In the latter part of May the Ute commissioners, Messrs. J. J. Russell, Otto Mears,
and Judge T. A. McMorris, arrived at Los Pinos Agency for the purpose of locating
and removing the Indians belonging to said agency, and arrangements having been
completed June 10, in accordance with instructions I accompanied them with a dele-
gation of chiefs on a journey to the Grand River and vicinity, in which country it
was the intention of the department to locate the Uncompahgre Utes, provided it was
suitable. After arriving there, and making due examination of the land, it was found
to be unsatisfactory for this purpose. We then traveled through the country from
Grand River to the Uinta Agency, remained there a few days, and then visited the
country in vicinity of the Green, White, and Dushane Rivers, where, upon careful
examination, it was found to be the only and the most desirable location for the Un-
compahgre Utes. Upon the approval by the department of this selection of laud for
the Indians, due steps were taken to inform the Indians of their future location and
home, to which some of them demurred, desiring they might be located in the Uncom-
pahgre Valley, below Ouray's Ranch, upon the Uncompahgre and Guunison Rivers,
although at no time offering any serious objections or refusing to go.
After preparations were commenced by the Ute commissioners towards the erection
of temporary agency buildings at new location upon Green River, and the time had
arrived for a removal to commence, in accordance with instructions I called the
Indians together in council, August 422, and instructed them as to their duties under
the late agreement between them and the United States; that they should make
preparations and be ready to start on the journey to new agency by the 25th ; that I
would issue to them three weeks' supply of subsistence to sustain them while en route :
that the agency and certain public property would be removed to the new agency on
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO. 21
the Green River, Utah, at once upon their departure; that the department had made
arrangements to pay those who had made improvements in the Uncompahgre Valley
immediately upon their arrival; and that they would find the country they were
going to a much better home than where they now were, and that I should leave for
the new agency as soon as possible. Upon hearing these instructions for removal,
tln'.v declined to remove to the Green River country, giving as their reasons that nothing
had been paid those who had made improvements, and it should be paid to them be-
fore? leaving, as it had been promised them by the commissioners, and that they had
learned the country about the Green River was such that their stock could not live.
J gave them until next day to consider the matter, and report to me the result of their
deliberations. They came in the following day as agreed and still declined to go.
This lefusal to comply with my request resulted in their being turned over by the
department to the charge of General R. S. Mackenzie, commanding the military in this
vicinity, who, upon learning of the duty devolving upon him, decided to give the
Indians every possible opportunity to avoid trouble, and in view of this concluded
to give them a hearing. I therefore called the principal chiefs into the agency and
accompanied them to General Mackenzie's headquarters at the cantonment, where,
after learning that they were under his charge, and hearing from him good and
friendly advice as to their peaceable compliance with their agreement, they concluded
at once to remove. This convinces me that they had no very serious intention of ob-
viating the wishes of the department or the provisions of the agreement. From the
fact that certain unprincipled whites in the vicinity of the reservation and passing
through the same, had poisoned the minds of the Indians against removing by mis-
representing in every way possible the action of the department and their agent, it is
not to be wondered that the Indian, naturally suspicious as he is, should endeavor to
remain in the valley or country to which they were so fondly attached. The Indians
having decided to remove, General Mackenzie turned them over to my charge again
on the 26th of August.
August 27, rations for three weeks were issued to the Indians, who at once com-
menced their journey towards their new location all apparently cheerful and happy —
General Mackenzie, rendering them every assistance desired ; he caused a large boat
to be placed in the Green and Grand Rivers, with orders that they be safely put across
together with all their property and stock.
After the departure of the Indians, preparations were then made, and every assist-
ance rendered Maj. E. B. Townsend, special Indian agent, under whose direct super-
vision all the public property at the agency, deemed of no advantage to remove to
new agency was to be sold at public auction, August 29. August 29, 30, and 31 were
occupied in assisting at auction sale of the agency public property, after which all
public property, records, &c., for the new agency were packed and shipped by wagons
to the railroad at Gunnison, from which point they will go by rail to Salt Lake City,
and thence by wagons again to new agency.
September 3, I started from Los Finos Agency, Colorado, en route to this city, where
I arrived on the 9th instant. A large amount of the goods and supplies for shipment
to the new agency are now here, and will be sent forward in a few days in order to
meet the wants of the Indians who are expected to arrive about the 20th September.
The estimated distance from Salt Lake City to the new agency is 210 miles, chiefly
over a mountainous road.
But very little indeed has been done during the past year in the way of farming or
improvements by these Indians, from the fact that a removal was anticipated early
the past spring or summer, and as it was the expressed desire of the department that
no seed should be planted, those who had been accustomed to farming quietly yielded,
although afterwards I found some had planted a small amount of corn, potatoes, and
squash. Those who have farmed, and who I am sure will engage in agricultural pur-
suits now that they are permanently located, number twenty. To those should be
given their land under the late agreement at as early a day as possible, build for them
small but comfortable and substantial houses, furnish them agricultural implements,
wagons, and other necessary article,-, and the necessary assistance in beginning farm-
ing operations. By starting out promptly with them early next spring, and by proper
and careful handling, with a view to holding them at their new location, showing
them that the department is determined to carry out its promises, I am confident of
success, and that it will have the most encouraging effect, inducing them to further
efforts towards industrial habits. At the same time this method will have the greatest
power and be the best influence in drawing others to labor same as their friends, also
when they see the encouraging results obtained from labor, as they undoubtedly will
in a short time. It is therefore hoped that the necessary wagons, harness, implements,
&.c., that are to be furnished them by or under the supervision of the Ute Indian com-
missioners, should be delivered to tliose who will commence farming next spring, at
as early a day as possible.
These Indians are upon the whole engaged in raising horses, sheep, and goats, and
are principally herders, but I am confident in a short time from the example of those
22 KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO.
who will begin farming at once, and the assistance that shall be rendered them, a
large majority will at least commence cultivating small patches of ground as experi-
mental. Their stock now consists principally of horses, sheep, and goats, the former
receiving their principal attention. I have already endeavored and advised them to
dispose of all their horses excepting snch as they will actually require, and invest the
proceeds in cattle from which I am sure they will receive much more benefit. I shall
continue to press this matter, and am confident in another year, from the favorable
manner in which they have taken the matter, I shall accomplish the object.
Since taking charge of these Indians the question of removal, under the late agree-
ment, has been constantly under consideration until at present completed, which fact
has precluded any arrangements whatever being made towards establishing a school
at this agency; yet there are among these Indians as fine subjects and good material
as can be found among any other class of Indians in the country for'intellectual train-
ing. They have been and are now eager for the establishment of a school at the
agency, that their children may learn the English language. Now that they are^to be
located permanently, I earnestly and strongly urge upon the attention of the depart-
ment the necessity of the early establishment of a school. I would respectfully suggest
the boarding school system as being the best and most appropriate for them; where
all the scholars would be directly and continually under the charge and control of
the teachers and subject to the direct influences of civilization connected with the
agency.
Referring to the character and habits of these Indians, I am pleaded to state they
are comparatively good, and their disposition generally has been to assist i he white
man in their country where he has acted candidly and honorably towards them.
There is no licentiousness among them that I can see or have learned. Gambling
during the past year has been practiced considerably among themselves, principally
horse-racing and cards. The cause of this I am forced to believe is on account of the
unsettled condition they have been in during- the year, anticipating a removal.
The health of the Indians generally during the past year has been good. They are
free from any syphilitic diseases. A few cases of small-pox appearing among them at
one time proved quite a scare, but from prompt action and careful attention this
loathsome disease was very soon checked. A large number of the n were vaccinated,
and some, through superstitious ideas, refused. There has been during the year a
large increase in number of Indians applying for medical treatment over that of pre-
vious years, and ignoring their own "medicine" men. The "medicine" men of the
tribe themselves have applied for treatment and have brought into the agency their
children for treatment. The agency physician, Dr. C. A. Hoover, is deserving of
much credit for his medical skill and perseverance in the treatment of all their ail-
ments; his duties are on the increase and the native medicine man is rapidly losing
po\\er among the Indians. It is to be hoped that in the erection of permanent build-
ings next year at the agency a hospital can be established for the care of their sick,
and by this I am confident in a short time the medicine man will be one of the names
of the past and another great step gained towards the thorough civilization of these
people.
The employ 6 force of this agency at present consists of 1 physician, 1 clerk, 1 carpen-
ter, 1 miller, 1 blacksmith, 1 farmer, 1 assistant farmer, 1 herder, 1 laborer, all regular
whi te employe's. I am pleased to st ate that during the year, with the exception of two
cases as reported, all have conducted themselves exceedingly well and have been ever
assiduous in their endeavors to promote the interests of the 'Indian and service gene-
rally. There has been a large amount of irregular work during the year in connection
with agency affairs, yet they have acted promptly and cheerfully at any duty required
of them. Referring to this branch of the service, I have to represent that it is one of
the most particular, and in which an agent has to use very careful discretion. It is
one of the principal adjuncts towards the good conduct and morals of the Indians,
who are very close observers and are generally inclined to follow the example set him
by his white friends. In consequence of this all persons connected with an Indian
agency should be of strict moral and temperate habits. I have at all times in the selec-
tion of my employe's made this a prerequisite ; have instructed them carefully as to their
duties and at the same time the position they stood in to the Indian, that their ac! ions
might be as a good example and add something, no matter how little, to the civilizing
influences around the*n.
I respectfully recommend that an early survey and location of the boundary of the
new reservation be made; also the running of subdi visional lines, that allotments
may be made to individual Indians at as early a day as possible.
There are upon the location these Indians are now being settled, a number of per-
sons who have made improvements and who, I understand, will not remove until paid
for said improvements. It is very important that this matter of whatever they claim
should be settled at once, in order to avoid complaints from either parties.
The branch < t the I te Indian cemnrssion having in charge the location and re-
moval of these Indians have been indefatigable in their labors during the past sum-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN COLORADO. 23
mer, under many trying and conflicting circumstances, and are deserving of much
praise.
To General R. S. Mackenzie, commanding the military in the vicinity of Los Pinos
Agency, Colorado, and the officers within his command, this agency is much indebted
for Hie many courtesies extended and also for the promptness with which lie has at all
times responded with assistance in preserving peace and good order upon the reser-
vation.
The annual statistical report of this agency is herewith inclosed.
In conclusion permit me respectfully to thank you for the kind support of the de-
partment and Indian Office in the administration of affairs at this agency during the
past year, which have terminated so successfully.
1 have the honor to he, verv respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. H. BERRY,
Utiiled States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER or INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SOUTHERN UTE AGENCY,
Colorado, September — , 1881.
SIR : In obedience to orders received I have the honor to submit my third annual
report.
The Southern Lite Indians are located on their old reservation in Southwestern Col-
orado, which is a narrow strip of mountainous land, 15 miles in width and 100 miles in
.length, so usually conceded, although there is but an imaginary line on the north-
western corner, separating the Southern Ute from the main reservation recently vacated
by the While River and Tabequaehe or Uncompahgre bands.
This reservation is well adapted for grazing, being well watered by the Rio Los
Pinos, Peadre, Animas, La Plata, Florida, Mancos, San Juan, and Dolores; only the
narrow bottoms along the streams are suitable for agricultural purposes, as no crops
can be successfully raised without irrigation. There are in the mountains large num-
bers of the larger species of game, principally bear and deer, of which the Indians,
during the fall months, kill large quantities. The meat is dried for winter use, the
skins well dressed, and usually sold to the agency trader for cash, or at the stores in
near settlements for such articles as the Indian desires, with the exception of arms
and ammunition, which are not openly sold to Indians in this vicinity.
The Ute Indian, is I believe, the purest type of the American Indian now existing.
There is not a half-breed or a squaw-man hi the Ute tribe. Their principal vices are
horse-racing and gambling. No attempt at farming has been made by these Indians.
They believe that labor is beneath the dignity of the Ute Indian. They own large
bands of horses and some small herds of sheep and goats, which they carefully herd.
Their stock of horses is constantly increasing both by natural increase and by pur-
chase. They rarely sell a horse, except for some fault. Many of their sheep and
goats they kill and'eat during that portion of the winter when the deep snows prevent
reaching the agency. Cobosone, a subchief of the Weeminuches, owns and herds over
one hundred head'of American cattle, some of which he occasionally sells to the
butchers.
The Ute Indian naturally inclines towards pastoral pursuits, to which this reserva-
tion is well adapted. Nomadic in his tastes and habits, living in tepees or tents, lie fre-
quently removes from one portion of the reservation to another, as his fancy or incli-
nation dictates, the squaws doing all the labor required in connection therewith. They
steadfastly refuse to live in houses, tents to them being more satisfactory. Imme-
diately on the death of a member of a family, the tents, blankets, and in fact nearly
every thing they possess, are burned; and.if'a " warrior," several of his most valuable
horses are shot, varying in number according to the wealth and dignity of the owner.
No schools have been established. An earnest but unsuccessful effort has been made
to induce the sending of Ute children to the Indian school at Carlisle, Penn. None of
the tribe speak English. All communication with them is done either in Ute or in the
Spanish language, the latter being partially understood by many of the tribe.
The requisite number of Ute Indians having affixed their signatures to the act en-
titled "An act ratifying agreement with the Utes," Hon. George W. Manypenny, of the
Ute commission, accompanied by myself, have thoroughly examined all the lauds on the
Rio La Plata and vicinity. Said land are now being surveyed with a view to locating
the Southern Ute tribe in severally. By including all the agricultural lands on the
several streams running through the present reservation, there is not a sufficient quan-
tity to furnish the Indians the number of acres promised when said agreement was
*The' survey, construction, and operation of the Denver and Rio Grande Railway
through some 50 miles of the reservation, without any " amicable arrangement belng
made with the Indians, as ordered by the honorable Secretary of the Interior, added t
24 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
more or less trespassers on every side, the constant talk of removal, as well as the re-
moval of the other two hands, the Uiicompahgres and White Rivers, has kept these
Indians in a constant state of uncertainty and excitement, which still continues to
equire constant care and watchfulness.
Arboles, a new station of the Denver and Rio Grande Railway Company, having been
located on the Rio San Juan, on the reservation, at once became a frontier railroad
town of the worst description, made up principally of saloons and dance-houses, and
filled with outlaws of both sexes. This town lasted but a few days. All trespassers
were at once successfully removed without serious difficulty.
Nearly my whole time since May last has been consumed in keeping the Indians
from going beyond the reservation lines, and others from trespassing within, and in
investigating complaints, from whatever source they might come. At this time my
people are all on the reservation, the most of them' in the immediate vicinity of the
agency, on the Rio Los Finos, seemingly contented and -well disposed.
The Indian police force, 20 in number, are not as efficient as desired, but are grad-
ually improving. I have not deemed it practicable to attempt their use where it was
probable they would be brought in contact with whites. On several occasions the po- '
lice have come in and reported that which, if unknown and left alone, must have
caused serious trouble. The wearing of uniforms has a beneficial influence towards
civilization, and aids in inducing others to wear citizens' clothing, as well as aiding
in the control of the Indians. Several horses have been recovered, which had been
lost or stolen, through aid of Indian police.
Confidence in the agency physician has greatly increased. Applications for medi-
cal treatment are more frequent, although few, if any, have entirely abandoned their
native medicine men, with their Hoodo practices. Chief Ouray, who died near this
agency September last, seems to have been acknowledged to have been the most en-
lightened and liberal-minded of all the Utes, was constantly surrounded by his native
medicine men from the time of his arrival here until his death, which occurred a few
days later.
All supplies received during the year have been of good quality and promptly de-
livered.
The relations between this agency and the United States military forces, as well as
the civil authorities and citizens of Colorado, continue to be of the most cordial
nature.
The agency buildings are unfit and insufficient for the protection of supplies and to
furnish suitable quarters for agent and employe's.
Statistical report accompanying.
Very respectfully,
HENRY PAGE,
United States Indian Ageni.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, DAKOTA,
August 20, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with department instructions I respectfully submit the fol-
lowing as my second annual report of the condition of affairs under my charge at this
agency, being for the year ending August 20, 1881 :
During the summer and fall of 1880 the Indians were wrought up to no little excite-
ment by the appearance of the railroad officials, who were endeavoring to secure the
right of way through the Sioux reservation. This state of feeling continued until
about the 1st of January, 1881, when a treaty was completed for a right of way for
two railroads through the Sioux reservation.
When spring opened the Indians evinced a strong desire to commence farming, and
had their ox-tearns been of any use to them would have done a great deal more plow-
ing, but they were useless, being wild and unbroken; which fact being made known
to the honorable Secretary of the Interior, authority was granted to break 500 acres of
prairie sod, the breaking to be done on those sites where the Indians have laid out
their claims and indicated as their future homes.
The Indians have in all cases planted their old land and in a few instances have
broken new. The season has been favorable and the crops look well, and I have no
doubt they will reap a good harvest. The Indians at present are putting up large
quantities of hay for winter use, the experience of last winter having taught them,
that it is necessary to be well prepared for the long cold winters of this country.
Farming operations of all kinds have been very successful this season, the rainfall
having been sufficient to mature all kinds of crops.
Since my assuming charge of this agency 78 yoke of work oxen have been issued to
the Indians, all being branded C. 11. A., to denote the agency to which they belong.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
25
MORALS.
The morals of the Indians at this agency are good. The worst element that we have
to contend against is the bad influence of the squaw-men and some half-breeds, who
are constantly irritating the Indians, which causes acts of reprisal on their part. No
crimes of any magnitude among the Indians have come to my knowledge, and but
few petty offenses have been committed. The Indians that belong to this agency
were accused of stealing 20 horses and killing a Ree Indian about the 20th of Novem-
ber, 1880, but when the facts of the case were ascertained it was proven beyond a
doubt that the crime was committed by an Indian now residing at Rosebud Agency.
CENSUS.
On assuming charge of this agency, July 23, 1880, there were then drawing rations
1,764 persons. Later on in September a census was taken when there were found to be
1,809 people on the reservation; and at the present time there are 1,901 persons draw-
ing rations, being an increase for the year of 137 people.
The following is a complete record of the number of Indians at this agency :
Band or tribe.
Men.
"Women
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
Black feet band No. 1
61
82
53
63
259
Sans Arc band, No. 2
80
120
72
74
346
Monneconjou band, No. 3
146
178
103
110
537
Two Kettle band, No. 4
173
243
177
166
759
460
623
405
413
1,901
POLICE.
The police force is growing in. popularity and influence, and is of great benefit to
the agency. They are prompt in making arrests, obedient in the execution of orders,
industrious in their habits, and seem to realize the responsibility of their office. They
are appointed from the various camps and are required to remain there between issue
days, when they come in and report anything of interest, births, deaths, &c., but
should anything unusual occur they are required to report immediately.
AGENCY FARM.
The agency farm consists of about 150 acres, of which this year 100 acres was seeded
with oats, 8 acres with wheat, 10 acres with potatoes, and a large agency garden.
The Indian boys, that were attending school, cultivated 5 acres of potatoes, which bids
fair to become a good crop.
I think the best way to dispose of a large portion of this farm would be to allot it
to the Indians, the most deserving farmers in 10-acre lots, as it consists of two fields,
oue three miles north of the agency (this field I would recommend to be divided as
above), and the other in close proximity to the agency, the two together being too large
to be properly cultivated with the labor force at my disposal.
SANITARY.
The sanitary condition of the Indians at this agency has been good. The resident
physician has the confidence of all the Indians, as he won their respect. The total
number of Indians who have received medical treatment number 1,124; births, 87;
deaths, 44. This record is believed to be correct. There has been no epidemic disease
among the Indians during the year. Diseases most prevalent have been consumption,
scrofula, &c. , and of late cases of skin disease, doubtless contracted from the ponies,
following, in the majority of cases, a chronic cause. The number of deaths (44) in-
cludes those from all causes, accidents as well as diseases, and is not regarded as large
considering that the number of Indians on tlje reservation has been over eighteen
hundred and that their manner of living does not include a respect for hygienic laws.
LIVE STOCK.
A careful count
approximate result
owned by half-breeds as well as Indians.
of live stock has been taken during last month with the following
: : horses, 1,075 ; cattle, 3,450 ; hogs,l50. This record includes stock
MISSIONARY WORK.
The religious care of this agency is assigned to the Protestant Episcopal Church,
under the direction of the Rev. Henry Swift, whose work, although surrounded with
difficulties is progressing favorably. "The Oongregationalists also maintain a mission
on the reservation, which is under the care of the Rev. T. L. Riggs, and seems to be
.in a flourishing condition. I wish io add that the missionary work done by Mr. Riggs
26 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
cannot be too fully appreciated, nor the amount of good done by him in and aronud the
Indian camps.
SCHOOLS.
Of the boys' boarding school at this agency we can be justly proud. This school has
been under the immediate supervision of Mrs. Julia A. Love as principal and Miss
Mary Eccles as assistant teacher. In this school there is a regular attendance of twenty
boys whose progress is remarkable. They are instructed in the English language.
The greater portion of them, in fact all with one exception, have been attending school
less than one year; most of them can now read and write with the greatest facility.
When this school was first opened I had some little trouble to get boys to attend, but
when they found they were not going to be hurt I had no more trouble with them.
Saint John's Mission School, located about three miles north of the agency, is conduc-
ted under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Mr. J. F. Kiiniey, jr.,
who has charge of this school, seems to give entire satisfaction to all with the excep-
tion of a few discontented parents, who think they ought to draw all the annuity
goods provided for these children by government themselves, and that the church
should provide other clothing for their children. This school' has a regular attendance
of thirty girls. I am satisfied that an Indian school should be kept in session the whole
year through in order to keep the children away from the savage influences they en-
counter on their return to their homes.
CONCLUSION.
I would most respectfully recommend that more commodious school buildings on
this agency be erected, sufficient for at least fifty boys, as the Indians have a strong
desire to send their children to school and nothing in my opinion is more conducive
to establishing civilization among them than a good education for thair children.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
LEONARD LOVE,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
CROW CREEK AGENCY, DAKOTA,
August 21, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit the following report of the state of the Indians and
the condition of the service at this agency during the year 1880-'81. On the 21st of
August last, the date of my last annual report, there were present on the reservation —
Indians of pure and mixed blood 969
Died during the year 38
Transferred to other agencies 56
Absent without leave 9
Total 103
• Remaining 866
Increase :
Births during the year 45
Admitted from Standing Rock 131
Admitted from other agencies 19
Total '. 195
Present on reservation this date 1, 061
This includes Indians of mixed blood.
IMPROVEMENT.
During the past year a much greater improvement has taken place among these
people than has hitherto been observed. The dissolution of the tribal government
and existence and the establishment of the household or family, as the unit of society,
are now accomplished facts. It has taken three years of incessant labor to do this,
in the face of much opposition from the chiefs, who finally adopted it themselves and,
at last, aided in its accomplishment. In this matter the variance between the laws
governing Indian affairs and the policy of the Indian Office presents a singular anom-
aly, the former expressly recognizing and sustaining the institutions that the latter is
designed to destroy.
During the year every family on the reservation has contributed more or less to the
advancement of its condition and welfare, while some, with the assistance obtained
REPORTS OF AGENTS
DAKOTA.
27
from the agency, have made themselves very comfortable and are the possessors of
considerable personal property. Fort y-iive houses have been erected and about twenty-
live moved from the common land and re-erected on land taken in severally by the
-owners, unaided. The majority of these are built of hewn logs and are excellent hab-
itations, well lighted and ventilated, and are mostly floored with lumber. Twenty of
these are covered with good shingle roofs, with habitable rooms on the second floor.
Three frame houses were erected for three of the best families. In most instances the
•occupation of comfortable houses has produced an important change in the habits ol
the occupants. Many of these houses are furnished after the manner of the white
people, as far as possible, and some of them kept scrupulously cleaii. The most respect-
able families appear to be those most anxious to improve their condition. The total
number of houses on the reservation occupied by Indians is —
houses . . % 73
•Round-log houses 121
200
Ten new frame houses are to be built immediately and 35 hewn-log houses are ready
jfco be roofed and finished. Lumber is now being- sawed for this purpose.
AGRICULTURE.
Prior to this year these people have cultivated small tracts jointly and on the com-
mon land. The product, though usually plentiful, could never be harvested with
profit to the individuals who performed the labor. I accordingly, last fall, decided to
allot land in severalty to such families as were anxious to take it and make improve-
ments independently. Those -who obtained land on which improvements already
existed expelled all others, obliging them to take new lauds upon which it was found
impossible to make improvements until late in the season. For this reason, and also
In consequence of the severe winter and late spring, the number of families engaged
in the cultivation of the soil this year is but 95, against 166 last year; notwithstand-
ing this, however, the area under cultivation this year is greater than that of last
year by about 30 acres. One hundred and eighty-two acres of new land were broken
for the Indians during the summer, though too late to be planted this year. The
sspring was so late that it was not deemed advisable to take the risk of the failure of
email grain, and accordingly the crop of this year will be mostly corn and vegetables.
The subjoined table exhibits the number and names of the families engaged in cul-
tivation this year :
1
;
i
i
.2
3
4
5
«
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
.16
17
18
19
:20
21
.22
;23
Names.
Acres cultivated
in—
Location.
Tons of hay made up
to August 12.
i Acres broken too late
1 to plant.
O
Potatoes.
Garden.
6
5|
r>
*4
2
24-
I
1
I
i
!
1
i
Crow Creek
do
12
IS
....
Lone Hull
do
1?
T)n<r "Ranlr
do
15
do
18
Killed Manv
....do
.do
8
9
White Cloud
White Elk
3
5
M
25
2
6
?
?!
2
2i
\
Patch
""i"
..„.
Small
|
do
7
White Ghost (chief)
i
Patch
do
18
do
26 ....
Face
do
7
10
Elm Creek
I Thrown Away
do
14
7
10
8
....|
Running Bear
Killed Dead
....do
.do
patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
i
do
do
Round Head
....do
do
15
....
William Saul
....do
ao
12
8
Patch
24
H
Patch
Patch
\
Low Buck
Bench below Camp-
bell Creek.
... do
11
28
2i
5J
Thomas Yellowman
Remarks.
Two acres oats.
28
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
Names.
Acre.
3 cultivated :
in —
Location.
"o ' '-
~ C
"£ a "3
•5 tl^ "5
'•?<'£ °
Remarks.
Lucy Carpenter and sister.
William Carpenter
Patch
4
3
3
24
Patch
Patch
Patch
4
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Bench below Camp-
bell Creek.
....do
On prairie west of
Campbell Creek.
Campbell Creek
do
Widows, moving
to Crow Creek.
Moving to Crow
Creek.
Do.
Moving to prairie-
east of agency.
Moving to prairie-
Removing, &c.
Removing.
Remov'g to prairie.
Agency employe1-
20
9
9
8
With Tail
Heart Fisher
White Li<fht
do
6
7
ii
Red Hail
do
Wounded Foot
2
i
..do
5
Pretty Lightning
Crow'
2
do
18
do
Talking Crow
14
i
[
Patch
Patch
do - 10
Fool Bear
Mouth of Campbell
Creek.
Bench below agency
do -
do
12
15
12
8
....
Shaved Dog
2
Patch
Pretty Bear and son
Good Little White Man
do
7
4
7
8
8
6
"si
44
Bad Moccasin ...
14
24
l
54
1
34
1
do
Big Hawk
i
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Mouth of Campbell
Creek.
Bench below agency
On prairie east of
agency.
In agency field
Below agency on bot-
tom.
Bench above agency
do
Hair in Lodge
Eagle Dos
Brother of All
Red Bull
Patch
Patch
Fast Walker
14
Red Day
8}
\
Prairie above agency
7
10
Frog
34
Patch
14
14
Patch
Patch
Black Inside
Patch
do
11
Echo
8
Two Teeth
Splits . .
24
24
li
i
j Bottom near Great
Bend.
1 do .
6
do
ft
Red'Hawk
I
3
H
44
24
Patch
do
Red Water
do
Afraid of Hawk
do ,
Bare Foot
i
Tiir-"
nips.
Great Bend
Great Bend and
prairie.
On island in bend . . .
In Great Bend
....do
do
3
8
6
4
6
4
Medicine Crow
Eagle Shield
Big Hand
1
1
li
10
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
Backwards
White Buffalo Walker. . . .
Quick Iron
do
....do
do
5
10
C Afraid of Kettles and
| I Afraid of Shooting.
do
Changing Hawk
do ...
5
Fire Tail
Prairie at Great
Bend,
do
7
6
Patch
1
Patch
i
....do
Soldier Creek
Prairie north of
agency.
Soldier Creek
64
12
7
13
6
4
8
2
^ Fire Cloud and Wizi
Piece of Robe
Bull Ghost
lj
i
White Crane Walker
Wooden Horn
Patch
Patch
Patch
Patch
i
Soldier Creek, head.
Soldier Creek,
near head.
....do
Red Bear
2' Patch
4
l,eft Hand
....do I 5
....do 1 8
Willow Back
Listening to the Wind
Hundred
14 ; i
2J Patch
1£ Patch
Patch
Patch
In a<rency Held . . ....
Bottom in Great i 4
Bend.
....do 5
Little Wounded
EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
29
Acres cultivated
A
&
in-
i3- ,3
Xames.
l|
Location. >-•§)
rt 0
g g
X ^ Remarks.
1
g
$
1
arden.
3
1^
05
2
&
o
&H
O
;H
^
86
Skunk
14
Pat nil
Pa+Mi
87
Four Eagles
2 Patch Patch
....do
2i
1
88
Drifting Goose
a
Patch ~P«»tf>>i
19
41!
5 acres on Camp-
i
bell Creek.
89
90
91
li
Patch
Patch
Patf.Ti
6
In agency field.
Employe1.
Cekpa
li
Patch
An
B
. . .
92
Belond Le Clair
1
Patch'Pa.t("li "Rrvt.tnTn Ptrfiaf. Tlc,nrl
4 "
93
94
Antoine Le Clair
Mark Wells
1
(*)
Patch
4
Patch; On agency reserve . *
J In agency field
30 ....
6 Agency interpre-
I
t«r.
<ir:
Saul Demans *
i
12
96
Bear Ghost
1
i ! Great Bend
10
97
4
i | Elm Creek
20
Total
774$
33i
222|
12J
I8J
i
*6J acres oats.
STOCK RAISING.
Last year 300 head of domestic cattle were purchased by the department and issued
to these Indians as_ an experiment. Nearly one hundred of of them died last winter
and spring from the eifect of the severity and length of the winter ; more than a hun-
dred horses also died. The total number of head of stock now owned by these Indians
is as follows :
Horses 284
Cattle 409
Swine 38
Poultry 496
CIVILIZATION.
Probably the most gratifying evidence of improvement in the manners and customs
of Indians is that afforded by the voluntary abandonment of the practice of carrying
arms. Among these people fire-arms and other weapons seem to have lost their for-
mer value, and are no longer borne by any except the police, either openly or concealed.
No act of violence or assault with a weapon, formerly so common, has been known
here for three years. All disputes are now adjusted at the agency office, and the
decisions enforced by the police when necessary. Even this is of less frequent occur-
rence than when this mode of settlement was first instituted.
About three-fourths of the people wear civilian apparel, and I think that if the
traders did not supply red flannel and list cloth the Indian garb would entirely dis-
appear at once.
The social condition of women among the Indians has been one of utter degradation
for so many generations, and the improvement of their status so much in conflict with
inherited prejudices and so incompatible with the mode of life that prevailed up to
very recent times, that amelioration in this respect is necessarily very slow. I cannot
say that it is perceptible to me except so far as it is enforced by the power of the agent.
The abandonment of the wife and polygamous marriages are still frequent occurrences,
for which there seems to be no remedy. These evils have, however, greatly diminished
since the village life has been abandoned and the families dispersed over the reserva-
tion. A sentiment favorable to the unity of the family under one father and one
mother is becoming very pronounced among the Indians themselves, and, naturally
enough, those who maintain the polygamous relation are the most ready to denounce
and condemn it. The practice could be peremptorily suppressed by a prohibitory
measure having the force of law and applied equally at every agency.
The "Grass Lodge" dance is still practiced among these Indians, though it has
undergone some modifications and is the only form of dancing permitted. The Indians
claim the right to practice it as a rational recreation. An attempt was recently made
to revive an immoral dance, which was given up by common consent over two years
ago, but it was promptly^uupressed by the police, attended by a characteristic " knock
down and drag out" of the principal offenders. Like polygamy, this barbarous festi-
30
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
val could be entirely suppressed by the enforcement of a general prohibition. The
same may be said of the superstitious practices of the "medicine man," though the
latter is destined to be soon overcome and extinguished by the allopathist.
The Indian merchant referred to in my previous annual reports is still in business,
maintaining a salutary competition with the licensed trader, and thus, while adding;
largely to his capital and personality, diffuses genuine happiness over a large area.
Two other Indians of the tribe are preparing to open trade stores and enter the lists-
with the white trader.
EDUCATION.
The industrial school was open, and school kept from September until the end of
March. * * It was again opened on June 20 under the management of Mr. E.
D. Cantield, a thoroughly practical teacher, but in consequence of the death of hia
wife it was again closed on the 10th of July. It will be opened as soon as possible
after the 1st of September. No camp or day schools have been kept during the past
year. These have always been a total failure. * * The only practical educa-
tional measure thus far adopted for Indian children is the establishment of the schools
at Carlisle and Hampton.
LAND IN SEVEKALTY.
Last summer one band of this tribe was located in severalty, each family taking 320*
acres, upon which it began some kind of improvement. Last spring the demand of
the Indians for the subdivision of the land and the allotment of it in severalty became
general. A surveyor was accordingly employed for the purpose, and up to the present
the following named persons have been alloted land and are living on their allotments,
or preparing to move upon them :
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Names.
Acres.
No.
Names. Acres.
Thunder
320.00
318. 98
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
80.00
80.00
80.00 !
80. 13
319. 41
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
318. 34
320. 00
79.63
320.00 i
320. 00
320. 00
80.00
320. 00
320.00 j
320.00
320.00
320. 00
320. 00
252. 15 !
275. 00 I
297. 60
317. 80
313. 35
320. 00
253. 80 :
268.10 ;
302. 20
242. 45
232. 60
320.00
284.30 i
320. 00
320. 00 j
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320.00 i
320.00 !
319.68 i
320.00 |
320. 00
320. 00
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Heart Fisher
320. 0»
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
285. 60
332. 62
324. 32
301. 10
307. 45.
306. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 09
319. 84
320. 00
319. 51
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
310. 11
344.40
337. C6
284. 25
315. 55
330.40
289. 50
244.80
341. 40
272. 70
285. 65
299. 50
305. 70
320. 00
80.00
320. 00
319. 47
316. 03
320. 00
320. 00
339. 25
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
320. 00
80.00
80.00
80.00
320. 00
Walking with Iron
One in the Center
Bear Thunder
Big Ea°le
Higli Bear
Seekin"' Land
Hawk
Bear Ghost
Murmuring Water
Fire Tail
Butcher
Side • - -
Eafle Bear
Slappm0"
Yellow Back
Clear the Way
With Tail
His Brother
Belond Le Clair
Little Do0"
Walkinf Crane
Smoke
Left Hand
Hail Thunder
Crooked Horn
Afraid of Hawk
Yellow Hair
White Shield
Standing Cloud
Little Voice
Side^Hill
Red Bull
Turning Medicine
Boy
Splits
Charging Hawk
Fat
Wooden Horn
Not afraid of Shooting
Prettv Owl
Bare Foot
Red Bear
White Buffalo Walker
Backwards
Truth Teller . ...
Two Teeth
Comes after Bear
Fro"-
White Light
RedTDay
Little Elk
Burnt Prairie
Medicine Cedar
Trust
Old Man
Daniel Phillips (Fire Cloud;
Bear
Willow Birk
Hears the Wind
Trembling Man
Seeing Elk
Pretty Bov
Mark Wells
Piece of RVbe
Black Inside
Standing Soldier
Echo
Dog Back
Brave
Bull Ghost
Black Eagle
First born Woman
Little Day . .
Lone Bull . .
Red Hawk
KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
31
No.
Names.
Acres.
No.
Names.
Acres.
10?
Back
320 00
139
Bob tailed Goose
319 47
104
Charles Potka
76.35
140
Scattering Bear
319 62
105
Oldest Child
234 20
141
Amon"" the Hail
319 92
IK;
Big Hawk
336. 05
142
Killed by Thunder
79 38
107
Twin
284 90
143
Eagle Boy
81 61
108
Three Lodge
319. 10
144
Red Thunder
320 00
109
315 95
145
Brave Bull
320 00
110
Little Wounded
303. 20
146
Big Hand
320 00
111
Eagle Shield
323 45
147
Standin^ Cloud
3°0 00
11?
Wounded Knee
320. 00
148
Plays with Iron
320 Oft
11S
Red Water
320 00
149
Weazel
320 00
114
Coming with Noise
76.64
150
White Mouse
80 00
115
Red Water Woman
320. 00
151
Two Crows
320 00
116
Ton give ... . .
31' 0.00
152
Many Arrows
320 00
117
Thick Hair
319 17
153
White Fox
320 00
IIS
Ea«le Feather
317. 60
154
Pretty Whirlwind
320 00
119
Her Law
320. 00
155
Hundred
312 66
1?0
Bad Fool
347 00
156
Skunk
329 14
191
Four Eagles
355. 92
157
Mary Eggar
320 00
199
Sitting Elk .
355 69
158
Left Hand Bull
320 00
193
Yellow Man
309. 25
159
Black Bear
320 00
I9'!
Low Buck
341 15
160
Grabbing Bear
320 00
T>5
Shaved Dog
320. 00
161
Appearing Elk
80 00
T>6
Walking Warrior
320 00
162
Oldest Child
80 00
1?7
Owl Head
319 97
163
Cut Hair
257 40
T>8
320 00
164
Leaf
320 00
1^,9
Whippoorwill
319 32
165
Her Pack
80 00
130
Wood Filer
319 87
166
Seem** Stone
320 00
1S1
White Ghost
319 92
167
Crooked Horn Woman
320 00
1T>
319 75
168
Touched
80 00
1?3
Ruunin<r Bear
319 65
169
Quick Iron
320 00
TM
White Cloud i
319 55
170
Upon the Hill
320 00
135
Thrown Away
319 77
171
Iron Elk
320 00
136
320 00
172
320 00
1T7
Muskrat
349 70
173
Charles Le Clair
80 00
138
Killed Dead
319 45
All the improvements made during the present year have been made on these allot-
ments, and consist of the erection of houses, stables, fences, corrals, &c., and the break-
ing of new land, • The latter was done by the government, the other by the Indians.
During the summer, land was broken for the following named Indians on their claims :
No.
Names.
Acres
broken.
No.
Names.
Acres
broken.
1
With Tail
3 15
25
Surrounded
2 16
0
Clear the Wiy
4 72
26
Fast Walker
4 39
9
4 24
27
4 93
4
Bad Moccasin
3 72
28
Fire Tail
4 75
*,
3 66
29
5 15
ft
Ea«le Do0"
4 32
30
Hail Thunder
5 00
1
Fire Cloud
5 24
31
Little Voice
5.00
g
Wizi
4 20
32
Turning Medicine
5 00
A
Red Bull
3 68
33
Low Buck
2.42
01
5 °5
34
Bowed Head
4 82
11
Mark Wells
4 00
35
William Carpenter
1.37
1"
Little Do°"
5 (JO
36
Antoine Rondell
5 07
13
5 00
37
Afraid of Hawk
5. 00
14
4 96
38
White Lifht . . - .
1 70
1*>
5 00
39
Left Hand
4.00
16
Bear Ghost
5 00
40
Red Bear . .
4 00
17
2 74
41
Wooden Horn
4.00
18
Piece of Robe
4 88
42
Bull Ghost
3.00
19
Black Ea"-le
5 15
43
Medicine Crow
3.00
?n
James Williams
5 00
44
Ci'ooked Horn
4.00
a
5 21
45
Dont Know How
4.00
22
Boy
5 26
23
Willow Bark
3.00
Total area broken
188. 14
24
Burnt Prairie
3.00
Authority has been granted to break one hundred acres additional by contract this
year. The' reservation from settlement of immense tracts of the Sioux lands, while
the Indians are liberally provided for by treaty stipulations, cannot long continue.
Convinced of this, I have induced these people to anticipate the time when they will
be compelled to relinquish possession of the unoccupied portion of their domain and
prepare for the test of their ability to maintain themselves that will inevitably be
put upon them. The movement thus far has been eminently satisfactory.
32 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
INDIAN POLICE.
The force of Indian police authorized at this agency consists of 1 captain, 1 sergeant,
and 8 privates. The force is reliable and efficient in all ordinary emergencies, and
performs much valuable detail service.
MISSIONARY WORK.
Until July these people were without the encouragement and assistance of a mis-
sionary laborer. At present the Rev. H. Burt is located with the tribe, having been
transferred here from Pine Ridge. This gentleman formerly served with this tribe as
teacher and missionary with such satisfactory results that his return is most grati-
fying to the Indians. Services in Dakota are held in three chapels on the reservation
alternately, and in the chapel at the agency in English on Sunday evening. Mr. Burt
makes it a part of his duty to support the policy of the government earnestly and act-
ively, and directs his work exclusively for the benefit of the Indians.
CRIMES AND OFFENSES.
No crime punishable at law has been committed on the reservation during the year
either by Indians or against their persons or property.
GRIEVANCES.
It has for some years been a standing source of complaint with these people that
they have never been able to acquire a title to their reservation. They declare that
this was explicitly promised to them in the treaty made with them on the 20th of
October, 1865, at old Fort Sully. This grievance has been referred to the department
repeatedly during the last three years, but has never received any attention whatever.
SUPPLIES.
Supplies are issued weekly, and consist of flour, hard bread, coifee, sugar, beef,
bacon, baking powder, soap, salt, and tobacco. The ration is abundant and is largely
supplemented by the product of cultivation.
EMPLOYES.
The labor at this agency has become so varied and extensive that a large force of
Indians is constantly employed with the white employe's. At present 29 are engaged.
These are constantly changing, others taking the places vacated by those who feel
competent to undertake work wholly for themselves. The skilled labor and the
most difficult and arduous duties are performed by the white employe's, each of whom
has the direction of a party of Indian laborers.
THE AGENCY.
The reconstruction of the agency is almost finished. During the year a warehouse
100 by 38 feet, a stable 34 by 66 feet, an office 24 by 38 feet, and an employe's' dwelling
22 by 38 feet, have been erected, and several other buildings extensively repaired ;
these improvements all being necessary.
Three of the old " garrison" buildings still standing are to be removed immediately,
being worthless, and three others in a similar condition were removed during the year.
About 50,000 feet of cottonwood lumber is now being sawed at the agency mill.
The agency farm consists of 106 acres : the crop consists of—
Acres.
Wheat 19
Oats 51
Corn 3ft
Employe's' garden 3
Industrial school farm (corn, potatoes, and garden) , 3
One hundred and twenty-two fruit trees were set out in the spring, and about six
hundred forest trees.
OBSERVATIONS.
While undoubtedly a large number of this tribe will require assistance from the
government during their lives, I believe that under proper management a majority of
the people would be wholly able to subsist themselves within five years, and that the
youth of the present generation would at maturity be entirely self-sustaining in every
rsspect. It is a common belief that Indians cannot be brought to this state, but this
belief is founded on the assumption that the Indian nature is not susceptible of modi-
fication or improvement. This is an unfortunate as well as a common error, and is
purely a prejudice inherited from the times when the only efforts made to improve the
Indians were to remove them further westward, and thus defer the time of the actual
and practical test of the flexibility of the Indian nature. My own experience, having
lived with these Indians over seven years, is that the various aspects of Indian life
when closely studied are found to correspond with those of the white race, the only
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 33
-difference being that the Indian exists in an infinitely lower plane, from which he must
be raised by a commercial contact and an exemplary competition with the white man.
Every movement that tends to make the individual Indian a producer on his own
account and for his own benefit exclusively, by establishing his own individuality and
by encouraging his ambition creates artificial necessities upon which he soon learns
to become dependent, and which, in turn, create other wants that carry him upward in
intelligence as well as in industry. Until the Indian can, however, establish a hered-
itary foundation— a home — secured to him and his heirs by law, with all the rights and
responsibility of a person, 110 effort of the government or its agent, nor departmental
policy, however faithfully and persistently applied, can give permanence to his indus-
try or make of his individuality or personal independence other than a sham and a
criminal pretence.
I am, sir, very respectful^, your obedient servant,
WM. G. DOUGHERTY,
Captain, First Infantry, Acting Indian Agent.
To the COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
DEVIL'S LAKE AGENCY, DAKOTA,
August 15, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions contained in circular letter of July I ultimo,
I have the honor to submit the following report of affairs at this agency for the year
ending July 31, 1881 :
RESERVATION, PRODUCTIONS, «fcC.
Devil's Lake Indian Reservation (which includes the temporary military reserva-
tion of Fort Totten) contains about 275,000 acres, and lies along the southern shore
of Devil's Lake, in Northeastern Dakota, in latitude 48°. It is excellent agricultural
land, producing cereals and vegetables of the very best quality in large and paying
quantities, and it also possesses many advantages over that of the surrounding coun-
try, having sufficient timber for fuel, some of the oak being suitable for dimension
lumber for building piirposes. Plenty of good water is easily obtained; the prairies
are unsurpassed for summer grazing, and the bottom lands furnish an abundant sup-
ply of nutritious wild hay, which, with the fertility of the soil, healthfulness of the
climate, and beauty of scenery, makes this reservation very valuable and a desirable
home for these people.
INDIANS, ADVANCEMENT, &C.
The Indians of this reservation, numbering 1,066, are portions of the Sisseton,
Wahpeton, and Cut-Head bands of Sioux. Nearly all of them are located on indi-
vidual claims, living in log cabins, some having shingled roofs and pine floors, culti-
vating farms in severalty, and none are now ashamed to labor in civilized pursuits. A
majority of the heads of families have ox-teams, wagons, plows, harrows, &c., and a
desire to accumulate property and excel each other is becoming more general.
The early part of this season was favorable for crops, but several days of very warm
weather, in the beginning of July, followed by some weeks without sufficient rain,
has shortened the yield somewhat; but the area of cultivated land being largely in-
creased this season the harvest will, therefore, still be in excess of any previous year.
The seeded fields, aggregating " approximately" 1,000 acres, have been well and profit-
ably cultivated, while the following is about the proportionate acreage of the grain,
viz: wheat, 360 acres; corn, 270 acres; oats, 80 acres; pease, 10 acres; potatoes, 140
acres; turnips and ruta-bagas, 75 acres ; onions, carrots, and beets, 20 acres; beans, 20
acres; and squash, pumpkins, and cabbage, 25 acres. The oats being cut, but not
thrashed, and just having commenced harvesting the wheat, I can, therefore, give bat
approximate figures; but after examining the crops carefully we estimate as follows:
wheat, 7,500 bushels; corn, 8,000 bushels; oats, 3,500 bushels; pease, 400 bushels ; pota-
toes, 16,000 bushels; turnips and ruta-bagas, 8, 500 bushels; onions, carrots, and beets,
5,OUO bushels; beans, 525 bushels; besides a large quantity of pumpkins, squash, cab-
bage, &c. The hay cut for agency, school, and Indians will approximate 2,000 tons.
There has also been 405 acres of new land broken this year preparatory to sowing
wheat next spring. This breaking was done entirely by Indians on 110 different
claims, adjoining their old fields; the work is uniformly and well done, and in every
respect equal to that done by the neighboring white farmers.
EVIDENCES OF INDUSTRY.
Since the date of my last annual report, September 2, 1880, the Indians of this reser-
vation have hauled 349,326 pounds of quartermaster and commissary stores for the
Fort Totten military post from Jamestown, a distance of 82 miles, and received 65
cents per 100 pounds for the distance, making $2,270.60 thus earned. They hauled
3 IND
34 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
530 tons of hay and 150 cords of wood for the military hay and wood contractors, and
received $2 per ton for hauling the hay and f 2 per cord for hauling the wood, the dis-
tance hauled averaging about 7 miles, earning by wood and hay fl, 360. They hauled
260,000 pounds of oats from the Cheyenne River to Fort Totten for the grain con-
tractor, and received 20 cents per 100 pounds for the distance, which was 20 miles,
earning thus $520. They chopped 1,236 cords of wood for the wood contractor, and
received $1 per cord, or $1,236, for cutting same, making a total of $5,386.60 earned
by them in this, way. They also hauled 445,570 pounds of agency freight (which in-
cludes 53,221 feet of pine lumber) from Ojate, the railroad point of delivery, a distance
of 85 miles, making a total, apart from the hay and wood mentioned, of over 1,000,000
pounds of freight hauled by them during the past 11 mouths, and reckoning the agency
freight at the lowest obtainable rates, "65 cents per 100 pounds for the distance, 85
miles," they saved the government an expenditure of .$2,896. They also cut 769 cords
of wood for agency, grist-mill, saw-mill, and boarding schools, and hauled 476 cords
of same to these respective points. They cut, hauled, and built into fence 12,955 rails;
cut 1,680 oak saw-logs, averaging about 50 feet of lumber each, and hauled 1,362 of
these logs to the saw-mill, 600 of which have been sawed, the lumber being intended
for roofing and flooring houses for the individual owners of the logs. They also pro-
vided their fuel, which is no inconsiderable Avork during the winter months, cared for
their stock, and attended to their farms in a very satisfactory manner.
INDIAN APPRENTICES.
There are six apprentices learning trades at this agency, three in the blacksmith
shop, and three in the carpenter and wagon shop. They show a commendable apti-
tude in their work, and are now quite useful in attending to repairs of wagons, sleds,
plows, &c., which work is constantly increasing. The assistant blacksmith, George
Albert, a full-blood Indian, lives at the mill, which is about seven miles from the
agency. He is charged with the care of grist-mill and saw-mill, keeps an account of
all saw-logs and wood received, runs the engine when sawing or grinding, and takes
care of the buildings and machinery when they are not in operation. He is a married
man, and we have commenced building a blacksmith shop alongside his house for his
use, which shop, near the mill and the boarding schools, will be a central point for
work, being contiguous to the best settlements on the reservation.
INDIAN POLICE.
The Indian police force is one of the principal supports of an Indian agent, and
exerts an influence for good among the Indians that no other organization can. I
have found the force of this agency trustworthy and reliable, always ready to exe-
cute orders and cheerfully undertake any journey or hardship when in the line of
duty ; but to make the force still more efficient, a more reasonable compensation is
essential. A salary of $60 per year is insufficient to keep the best men in the service.
MISSIONARY, EDUCATIONAL, AND MORALS.
This agency is assigned to the Roman Catholic Church, the mission being under
the charge of Rev. Claude Ebner, O. S. B., who, with Rev. E. Wendl, assistant pries*
for eight months of the past year, and one Benedictine brother, has labored patiently
with these people. The christianizatioii of a heathen people, with their absurd super-
stitions and pagan practices, is very slow ; still, the Rev. Father is very hopeful, and
greatly encouraged with his success, as the old people who formerly opposed the
instruction of their children are now indifferent, and he reports 175 baptisms since
the 1st of September last, 13 of whom were adults.
The industrial boarding school is under contract with Very Rev. J. B. A. Brouillet,
director of Catholic Indian missions, and is under the immediate charge of Rev. Sis-
ter Chapin, with six assistant sisters, of the order of Grey Nuns, of Montreal, Canada.
This school, a model of order and neatness, is a powerful civilizer, the deportment,
manners, and discipline of the pupils being the admiration of all who visit it ; and
one of the most pleasing features of the results of the school is to see the change
that is being wrought among the parents and families of the children of the school.
The religious training and example shown exert a wholesome influence over all, and
the principles of justice and morality inculcated are no longer despised, but respected
by the whole community.
This school has been successfully conduct >d throughout the past year. There have
been 9 > children who attended school during the year; the largest average attend-
ance during any one month was 81 ; and the average attendance for 11 months (from
September I, 1880, to July 31, 1881) was 75 regular boarding scholars. The children
have made commendable progress, and their advancement all that could be desired,
A vacation was given on July 2b', ultimo, but after visiting their homes for a few days
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 35
a majority of the children have returned to the school to remain throughout the vaca-
tion; this course being more beneficial to the children than if they remained at home,
it is therefore encouraged by us.
The morals of these Indians are steadily improving. Neither the Sun nor Medicine
dance is now practiced upon the reservation. The Medicine feast is still continued,
but that also is no longer popular. The Grass dance is yet practiced, but it is only
allowed at stated times, and regulated so as not to interfere with farm labor.
Polygamy is rapidly dying out, and there has not been a case of drunkenness or
intoxication among these Indians during the past year. Their obedience and good
behavior is such as to be gratifying to an agent. It commands the respect of persons
knowing them, and is extolled by strangers who visit the reservation.
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
The following buildings belonging to this agency are in a good state of -repair, viz,
agent's house; industrial boarding-school; grist and saw mills ; granary and stable.
The store-rooms and shops are log buildings with shingled roofs, and are also in a fair
state of repair, but the employes' quarters need renovating. They are old log build-
ings with shingled roofs, and the buildings, having settled considerably, need new
floors throughout. The stable, 30 by 60 feet, two and a-half stories, and the grist-mill,
32 by 32 feet, were built last fall and painted this spring. The stable is very substan-
tially built, and is one of the most convenient barns in this section of the country.
The grist-mill is well constructed, and does excellent work, 4,000 bushels of wheat
having been ground for the Indians of the reservation since its completion in Decem-
ber last.
Arrangements are also now made for the erection of another school-building, 30 by
50 feet, two stories, which is intended for the larger boys, and the log building now
occupied by them will be converted into shops and store-rooms for their use.
SURVEY OF RESERVATION.
As in my last annual report, I would again call attention to the importance of the
survey of this reservation and urge its early completion. This survey is very neces-
sary for the permanent and proper location of the Indians, and will remove one of the
principal sources of annoyance to an agent here, by establishing lines that would be
accepted and respected.
SALARIES OF INDIAN AGENTS.
It is now pretty generally admitted that it requires a man of some ability to suc-
cessfully conduct the affairs of an Indian agency, his duties being judicial and execu-
tive, and both of an exacting nature. The office is, therefore, no longer considered a
sinecure. An Indian agent must also be a man who has the confidence of his neighbors
when he can give the bonds required by law ; still the salary remains in most cases
less than is paid to a second-class clerk. This inadequacy of salary is an unjust dis-
crimination from other public officers, and is a matter for the consideration of Congress
which I hope the department will call attention to, and succeed in having a more just
compensation allowed.
CONCLUSION.
In concluding this my sixth annual report as Indian agent at Devil's Lake, having
recently been assigned to the Standing Rock Agency, for which new station I expect
to leave in a few days, and in severing my connection with this agency and the Indians
among whom I have labored for the past ten years (four years as an employe" and six
years as agent), I must say that I do so with «oine reluctance; but in looking back at
what these people were when I first saw them ten years ago, and comparing their con-
dition at that time with their present prosperity, I can see enough for congratulation,
and also feel that my labors have not been entirely lost ; and with full confidence in
the future prosperity, steady advancement, and ultimate civilization of the Indians
of this agency, I take my leave of them, bespeaking for their new agent (who will
yet find much to do) that support and encouragement from the department, so essential
to his success, which I have so largely enjoyed while in the service at this agency.
I inclose herewith statistical report, together with report of the special physician.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JAMES MCLAUGHLIN,
United States Indian Agent.
THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
FORT BERTHOLD AGENCY, DAKOTA,
September 5, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions contained in office circular of July 1, 1881, I
have the honor to submit this my second annual report of affairs at this agency since
my taking charge of it on the 19th of May, 1880.
36 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
This reservation is located in the northwestern part of Dakota, and the agency in
the southeastern corner of the reservation, 95 miles overland from Bismarck in a north-
western direction. There are united at this agency three tribes: Arickarees, Gros
Verities, and Maiidans, numbering, Arickarees, 678; Gros Veiitres, 445; Maudaus, 223;
total, 1,346.
The average of farm land has been increased from 650 acres cultivated last year to
850 acres this year, of which the Indians cultivated 580 acres, divided in 255 allot-
ments ; there was also cultivated by the government 270 acres. I have thus far been
unable to thresh grain, as the threshing-machine purchased for this purpose has not
reached my agency ; therefore estimated yield only can be given. Wheat and oats
were injured by hot winds during the first half of July — on the 3d of July the ther-
mometer registered 106° in the shade ; on the 7th, 103°. While the earlier sown wheat
was in bloom these hot winds produce'd a blighting effect upon the growing crops, the
quality of the grain was greatly injured and the yield largely reduced. Yield of crops
raised by Indians from 580 acres, which they cultivated in a very creditable manner,
estimated: Ree corn (a small early variety), 345 acres, 3,500 bushels; potatoes, 125
acres, 4,000 bnshels; squash, 12 acres, 225 bushels; beans, 8 acres, 56 bushels. Also,
cultivated by the government : Wheat, 160 acres, estimated yield 1,500 bushels'; oats,
65 acres, 1,600 bushels; corn, 25 acres, 250 bushels; potatoes, 4 acres, 250 bushels;
Hungarian and millet, 16 acres, 20 tons hay. The entire tract of land cultivated is
well fenced with posts and wire ; 1,190 rods were built this summer. The soil is thin,
with subsoil sand and gravel ; the older fields show evidence of being worn out. I
would request that the breaking of 200 to 300 acres of land be secured during the next
year.
I am gratified in being able to state that the number of Indian men who labor is
constantly increasing ; and, as compared with the number willing to labor one year
ago, great improvement has been made in this direction. Men who now perform
mueh of the work formerly done only by women are no longer ridiculed by those who
have thought it undignified for Indian men to labor ; chiefs and head men of their
tribes, who never labored before, now engage heartily in farm work, and their exam-
ple has a good effect upon the younger men of the tribes. The Indians have cut, to
-date, 530 tons of hay for themselves and the government. I am now dividing in allot-
ments among them a much larger acreage of land than they ever farmed before, which
I will have them plow this fall that it may be ready for seeding and planting in early
spring, to avoid delay in preparing ground in spring-time.
I regret that all the Indians of this reservation are huddled together in one compact
village, subjecting them continually, more especially the young, to vicious influences
with which they are continually surrounded. If they could be located on lands in
severalty, and could feel assured that the lands which they would occupy and culti-
vate were really their own, and know that they held them by a tenure which could
not be taken away from them, I am persuaded that they would be greatly stimulated
to make and improve and beautify homes and occupy them. This great incentive to
civilization should no longer be withheld from them ; they would thus be induced to
i^ave the village, with all its accumulations of filth and garbage of more than thirty
.years. But as these lands are not surveyed, they are unwilling to occupy them with
an uncertain tenure.
I also find another objection made by them to leaving their village and separating
oil lands some distance apart from each other, which is the fear of being attacked by
their old enemies, the Sioux ; to such an extent is this fear entertained by them that
;they never leave the village even for a few miles without being well armed. I deem
iit irnportHut that the honorable Commissioner draw an agreement with treaty stipoila-
tlCus providing that all Indians of each tribe should mutually agree to treat and re-
g'ard Indians of other tribes as friends and abandon the hostile feelings which they
now entertain toward each other, to the end that horse-stealing and murdering may
cease among the Indians of the different tribes, and instruct Indian agents to use their
influence With " chiefs" and "head men" to sign said stipulations.
SCHOOLS.
Greater interest is being manifested by the heads of families 011 the subject of educa-
tion than ever before by the Indians of this agency; they seem awake to the impor-
tance of the education of their children, and the head men are exerting a good influ-
ence amon<* the children and young people of their tribes. It is, however, difficult
with school-houses located adjacent to the village to secure a regular attendance on-
the part of the pupils, but we feel encouraged with the evidences of improvement.
The teachers are diligent in their efforts to make the school successful. I find from
school record that the average daily attendance for the school year of ten months con-
tinuous session was 31.1; the whole number of pupils who attended school was 114;
the largest average daily attendance for one month was 50.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 37
MISSIONARY.
Missionary work at this agency under the auspices of the Congregational Church,
and under the personal care and supervision of Rev. C. L. Hall, is doubtless prepar-
atory to beneficial results, and much good will be accomplished in the work of civiliz-
ing and christianizing the Indians of this reservation. Rev. Mr. Hall has completed
within the past year a neat chapel, which is used regularly every Sabbath for service ;
instruction is given to Indians in their own language, in- which Mr. Hall has made
considerable progress. The mission work at this agency sustained a great loss, and
Rev. Hall a sad bereavement, in the death of his wife, which occurred on the 17th of
April last. Her earnest work and deeply pious li/e gave her great influence with the
Indians. Rev. Hall is ably assisted by two lady teachers, Miss Ward, and Miss Pike.
POLICE.
The police force at this agency consists of 20 men — 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, and 18
privates. They have been selected from the most intelligent, orderly, and influential
men of the tribes at my agency, and are willing at all times to perform duty when
called upon, and are obedient to orders, and also feel the responsibility which they
have assumed, and proven their efficiency in the preservation of good order throughout
the past year. No opposition to the organization is now manifested ; the chiefs and
headmen of all the tribes are in full accord with the importance and benefits of the
organization, and no disorder of note has occurred during the past year. I believe
the benefits resulting from the system more than compensate for the small expense in-
curred.
In conclusion, I will say I am greatly encouraged in the prospect of the future civi-
lization of these Indians; I firmly believe that with kind and reasonable treatment,
patient example, and honest dealing with them, together with persistent and patient
teaching in the practical lessons of agriculture, and with reasonable assistance afforded
them in their laudable efforts to help themselves, they may bo elevated to a plane of
civilization which will make them good citizens. In morals they compare favorably
with an equal number of white people. Profanity and cursing seem to be almost un-
known to them. The degrading vice of profane swearing is taught them by the worst
class of white men.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JACOB KAUFFMAN,
United Statca Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
LOWER BRULE AGENCY, DAKOTA,
Aufjust 29,1881.
SIR :. In accordance with instructions contained in circular from Indian Office bear-
ing date July 1, 1881, I have the honor to report condition of affairs at this agency
since I assumed charge December 3, 1880.
LOCATION OF AGENCY.
" Lower Brule Agency " is located upon the west bank of the Missouri River, latitude
44° north, longitude about '23° west from Washington ; its southern boundary near
the White River, and extending 20 miles north to a point near Fort Hale, and extend-
ing west from the Missouri River a uniform width of 10 miles (as described by treaty
made at Fort Sully, A. D. 1866). Much more land than this, however, is. claimed by
this tribe. The surface of the country is very broken ; and there is but little land in
the whole range of what may be called " first class" for cultivation ; the most is only
adanted for grazing purposes.
The agency headquarters are located upon the west bank of the Missouri, about one
mile from the river, which, opposite, is abont 1,000 yards wide.
The bottom lands here are about one and one-fourth of a mile wide, the land rising
with a gentle slope from the river to the bluffs in the rear to an elevation from 300 to
400 feet above the level of the river. Upon the east is American Crow Creek, a trib-
utary of the Missouri, at times a turbulent torrent, at others (as at the present) nearly
or quite dry. This creek and its tributaries drain a large surface, and in the event ot
a storm or melting snows, rises rapidly ; being at times impassable for days,
been often bridged, and the bridges have been repeatedly swept away. At the present
time a bridge is in process of construction which, it is to be hoped, may withstand the
floods, and .rive us at all times egress by way of Fort Hale, the only outlet from the
agency except by the Missouri River. * White River is the other stream watering a
part of this- reservation, subject at times to sudden rises, filled with sand bars, ex-
tremely crooked, navigable for nothing but the lightest skiffs or canoes, and the
greater part of the year is but a shallow, dirty4 stream.
38
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
THE SOIL AXD PRODUCTS.
Upon the larger part of the reservation the soil is totally unfit for cultivation ; al-
kali earths in many places largely predominate. The washings from the bluffs and
hills make a soil, when wet very tenacious, and when dry it " bakes" to such a degree
that the plow cannot be used even upon land that has been cultivated in previous
years. From the conformation of the land, much of it can never be successfully
worked. Broken as it is by deep ravines and steep hills, the plow can never be used
to advantage ; and crops can neither be planted, tended, nor gathered.
Upon the White River, and at its mouth, there are some excellent pieces of land,
producing corn, oats, wheat, hay, .potatoes, and vegetables, repaying, in ordinary
seasons, the labor expended. The same may also be said of some portions that border
upon the Missouri, but the larger part is apparently unfit for anything but grazing. No
" prairie" land thus far has been broken, and the problem of its cultivation as yet
remains unsolved. It is proposed to break from 50 to 75 acres of prairie the coming
season, sowing oats, wheat, and planting a portion with corn, that we may know from
actual trial what crops (if any) can be profitably raised. From examination I am
led to think that oats, wheat, and barley may be grown upon the upland in quantities
that will more than repay the cost of labor.
Statement of land broken.
No.
Names.
1880.
1881. i Total.
No.
Names.
1880.
1881.
Total.
1
2
3
4
5
6
• 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
s
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
li
3
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45.
46
47
48
49
50
51
Acres
6
2
2
5
6
2
3
0
7
7
4
2
3
5
4
1
2
4
6
0
2
2
2
3
1
5
3
4
2
2
4
2
34
5
4
2
o"
2
5
5
54
2
2
Acres
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
2
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
1
0
3
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
4
Acres
1
2
2
5
3
6
2
3
1
2i
10
9
8
2
3
5
10
4
1
3
5
6
3
4
2
3
4
8
5
5
3
4
2
2
6
3
34
7
6
2
I4
4
7
7
iS»
2
6
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
9o
96
97
98
Crazy Bull
Acres
2
li
5
3
5
4
1
4
i1
1
I*
i
Acres
2
i4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
•
0
1
0
i
Acres
4
3
6
4
6
5
3
5
1
2
2
2
8
1
2
li
Cloud Hoop
Hawk Track
Small Forked Tail
Chasing Horse
White Whirlwind
Forked Butte
Wind Cloud
Bull Head
Knee
Pretty Sounding Flute. J
Black Jumper
Iron Sided Bear
John Wikuwa
Fool Hawk
Thin Belly
Mary Rencountre
Man like a Bear
John Duhomette
Bob-tailed Crow
Bear Elk
Useful Heart
Bear Bird
Slow Dog
Rattler
Black Stone
Stabber
Little Pheasant, by band .
Do do
Bed Quilt-
White Buffalo Man
Prettv Dog
Little Bull
I
2
II
3
f
0
3
• 2
2
3
9
5
3
5
1
5J
Small" Sided Bear
Packettle
Flying Eagle
High Dog
Left-Handed Thunder. . .
Alex. Rencountre
Sharp Nail . . .
Ghost Lod«re
Finette Rencountre . . . ; .
Jack near the House
Pretty Head
Big Eaele Feather
Black White Man
Big Bodied Eagle
Black foot
Surrounded
Twist Nose
Red Leaf
6
P
3
2
7
3
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
2
0
0
5
0
0
0
3
4
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
8
l°i
7
3
'?
7
3
4
8
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
Spirit Walker
Medicine Bull
Sawalla
Bear with Long Claws. . .
Red Water
Chasing Crow
Mark Pattei son .*
High Do0"
Medicine Bear
Elk
Big Bellied Teacher
Dead Hand
Drivin0' Hawk
Good Soldier
Rev. Luke C. Walker. . . .
Charles Collins
Tobacco Mouth
Little Dog
Hundsome Elk
Wears the Eagle
John Whitemouse
Fcot
Stone Man
Many Eagles
Red Breast
Poor Clown
Big Heart
Yellow Hawk
Black Dog
Medicine Horse
Long Star
standin0" Cloud
Beef Carrier
Good Soldier
Dog from War
Black Wolf
Total
Solos Walker
321i
114
435^
Black Bonnet
The first column in the foregoing is taken from the report of the acting agent of
this agency for the year 1880. Some of the land broken has never been cultivated,
some cultivated in part, the most planted with corn and potatoes.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 39
No wheat lias been sown for the year 1831 by the Indians, there being no means of
grinding at or near the agency. Much of the wheat raised in 1830 was either not har-
vested at all, or else gathered in a very loose manner. There being bnt one thrasher
at the agency, and the tribe scattered so far over steep hills almost impassable for a
loaded team, renders it very discouraging work for them to hanl it to thrash. With
another machine located nearer the larger bands and with machinery for grinding, I
am of opinion that wheat would be raised more generally.
The crop of corn this year, I fear, will be nearly a failure. Up to within three weeks
I never saw finer. Since then we have had extraordinary hot weather, with very strong
hot winds, that in some cases have almost entirely destroyed the crop.
WATER AND TIMBER.
The great drawback, apparently, to the location of the Indians .away from the mar-
gin of the rivers (Missouri and White), arises from the scarcity of water and timber.
Very few springs can be found at any time, and during the hot season their number
is decreased. Upon the river bottoms and lowlands there is little or no good water,
as in most cases the alkali impregnation is such that it is absolutely poisonous; hence,
the water supply at present is confined to the Missouri and White Rivers.
In the vicinity of the agency headquarters, and apparently all through the bottom
lands, at various depths, "chalk rock," so called, appears to underlie nearly the whole
country, "cropping out" and forming the river banks, bluffs, hills, &c. This rock is
very soft, almost like compressed clay, and could be bored with almost as much ease as
the soil which it underlies, and I am convinced that below this stratum of rock water
can be found in quantity sufficient to warrant the trial. Water being found, the
means of raising it to the surface would be of small expense. Thus water could be
obtained for all necessary purposes — stock, culinary, irrigation (when needed), and
last as a protection from fires.
All the water used at the agency must be hauled from the Missouri, a mile distant,
at a cost of from $2,000 to $2,500 per year; with this sum, "water-works," capable of
sup '
coul
we
started would be almost certain to destroy the entire agency buildings, with all the
valuable stores, tools, &c., contained therein. At the saw-mill, some 7 miles distant,
is a 20 horse-power steam-engine practically useless. Could this be removed to the
agency it could be used, not only for sawing, but also for pumping and grinding. The
additional cost for mills and pumps, with the necessary pipe, would be but compara-
tively small, and then the steam-engine would be a large and important factor in
agency labor.
From a careful examination of the timber and wood resources of the agency a very
scant supply must be reported ; upon the agency proper there is almost none. The
" Missouri bottoms," that a few years since were so thickly studded with oak, ash,
elm, and cottonwood timber, have been ruthlessly stripped, and the axes of the Indian,
the wood-chopper, and military wood-contractor have cleared nearly all, leaving but
a scant supply, and it will be but a short time hendfe when timber in this part of Da-
kota will be among "the things that have been." Upon my arrival here there were
but 12 cords of wood for agency use during the long and cold winter of 1880-'81. All
the wood chopped was obtained from trees that had been felled in previous years. No
standing wood was cut, except a few trees upon the line of the proposed railroad.
In this connection permit me respectfully to call the attention of the department to
the wanton and reckless manner in which the timber lands set apart for Indian use
have been and are now mercilessly plundered of valuable standing timber and wood,
valuable cedar, oak, and elm, cut and converted into cord- wood by steamboat wood-
cutters, squatters, and others, without any benefit being derived from the same. All
cases that have come to my knowledge of wood chopping upon this or the "general
reservation" have been acted upon promptly, and the offenders warned from Indian soil.
As the whole of this part of the Territory'is practically without timber, except small
quantities upon the margin of the streams, it would seem but an act of prudence to
enforce the laws in respect to timber and wood cutting already upon the statute book,
and if these are insufficient, to apply for additional legislation to preserve the remnant
of timber from such wholesale destruction.
CLIMATE.
Perhaps no part of the United States or its Territories can show a greater range of
temperature than Dakota. The winter of 1880-'81 was in all respects a remarkable
winter. Commencing early with snow and the closing of the Missouri in October, at
the time of my arrival here, December 3, winter had fairly commenced ; snows falling,
accumulating, drifting, closing all means of access or egress, shutting the agency
completely from the outer world, almost as effectually as though we had been trans-
ported to another planet; the mercury dropping lower and lower daily, the lowest
40 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
mark of 41° below zero was reached ; with no mail for weeks (at one time an interval of
thirty-nine days and one of twenty-nine days). It seemed at times almost as though
we had been transported to those regions of snow and ice eternal so graphically described
by Dr. Kane. Still the daily routine went on, and all at the agency retained their usual
health. For fourteen consecutive days in January, 1881, the mercury at no time
during the twenty-four hours rose above zero — the lowest marking was 41° below.
(During the present month of August, 1881, for a number of days the mercury in the
agent's office has stood at 100°, 101°, and 102°.) During the " frozen time" the sun
rose, shone, and set upon a world of white; varied at times by furious winds, violent
storms, blinding snows, tilling the air, and making travel dangerous to human life.
Wood chopping, ice cutting, hauling logs to saw-mills, preparing food for domestic
animals, when the weather would admit, were all carried on with as much system
as practicable. The usual winter pasturage finally became so deeply buried that
subsistence from that source for the cattle was no longer to be had. Stores of forage
ran low, and then began the fight of the domestic cattle and ponies with cold and
starvation, and hunger became the normal condition of nearly all the domestic animals
upon the agency. Many died of hunger, some were buried deep in snow drifts, and for
a time it was feared that almost all animal life would become extinct.
The breaking up of the Missouri, fortunately for us, had but few inconveniences,
and no positive dangers. As the most of the houses are located far beyond the reach
of the river in its highest stages, but small damage was sustained. With the advent
of spring and the disappearance of the snow and ice, new duties came, and all were in-
vigorated and inspired with new hopes and new aspirations ; the winter had gone, the
land was to be prepared for crops, and nearly all had something to look forward to,
to redeem the losses of the past.
Hitherto nothing has been said descriptive of the inhabitants of this agency ; a para-
graph may be devoted profitably to
THE INDIANS OF LOWER BRULE AGENCY.
The Lower Ernie" tribe are one of the many branches of the great Sioux Nation,
speaking essentially the same tongue, practicing the same customs, having similar tra-
ditions, similar unwritten laws, and being in fact Indians. Physically, mentally, and
morally, they appear well, better than any tribe whose representatives I have met.
Among them are many who, dressed in full citizen's clothing, would command instant
attention in any community, and a closer acquaintance would disclose the fact that
they possess no small amount of mental ability. Still, with all these advantages,
they are but Indians ; not angels, but human beings, with all the human hopes, fears,
wishes, and aspirations pertaining to humanity; men whose ancestors for successive
generations have been called " savages," "barbarians," and "hateful," " treacherous,"
and every way "ugly"; who knew but little good and much evil ; whose education
developed them inlo splendid animals, having but few human hopes, and much more
of the animal than intellectual in their composition ; such were the ancestors of this
people.
Slowly, very slowly, have they been lifted above the level of their ancestors, but a
change has been made, and one for the better. Where their ancestors roamed from
hill to hill, and valley to valley, stopping a day here or there, as fancy dictated, their
descendants live, not in bark huts, or skin "tipi," but in comfortable log houses, with
many of the comforts and some of the luxuries of civilized life.
The value of these changes they are not slow to appreciate, and the desire is daily
growing for better houses, better furniture, and more of the comforts and conveniences
of a home. From frequent conversations with the oldest men in the tribe, they claim
to be the oldest tribe settled upon the Missouri River, having frequented this locality
and planted corn, melons, &c., upon this spot for a long series of years.
The tribe is scattered over an area of some 12 or 15 miles in extent, a part of themr
thirteen bands in all, being located near agency headquarters, a part at the mouth of
the White River, and still a third part upon the White River, extending as far as fif-
teen or more miles from its mouth. They are located upon the best lands in the reser-
vation, the most convenient for wood and water, and those best adapted for farming
purposes, as at present managed. Nearly or quite all the bottom lands in this reser-
vation are thus occupied. Should the experiment of breaking the prairie prove a suc-
cess, there will be room for a further outgrowth of Indian farms.
The mile square, sold by agreement January, 1881, to the Chicago, Milwaukee and
Saint Paul Railroad Company, will take a large part of the best land near the agency
headquarters.
A visit to the various camps discloses the pleasing fact that the most of them live in
a fairly comfortable manner, in log houses mostly. A few still cling to the "tipis.""
Some of the houses have shingled roofs; the most, however, still are covered with mud
and brush, as of old. They are justly proud of their farms, and point with pride to
the fences, fields, &c., that they claim as theirs; and a few words of kindness and
commendation or suggestions for making a better showing are kindly taken and prac-
I
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 41
ticed. In the care and management of their dwellings many of them show neatness
and method, and the desire for furniture evinces an appreciation of home comforts.
Previous to my arrival here there had been no resident agent for several years; the
agency having been in charge of Capt. W. E. Dougherty, First United States Infantry,
who also had charge of the agency at Crow Creek, residing for some time at the latter
place. As these agencies are on opposite sides of the Missouri River, and nearly thirty
miles apart, and as at certain seasons the Missouri cannot be crossed for days at a
time, the difficulty of management can readily be seen, and, as a matter of fact, the
"Ernie's" were somewhat discouraged. They need emphatically "line upon line and
precept upon precept" daily, and almost hourly words of encouragement, counsel,
and at times it may be sharp reproof, and no one not present or accessible at all times
can know their needs and often discouragements; and from what little experience I
have had with them, I doubt if any one, however capable, can successfully manage
two agencies at the s^ame time.
A firm, kind treatment, never promising anything, however small, that is not per-
formed to the "letter of the bond," will insure their good will and respect, and they
can be directed easily in the paths of improvement and civilization. Coming among
them a stranger, knowing but little of their antecedents, it has been my aim, with all
the means at my disposal, to encourage the worthy, rebuke the lazy and indolent, and
hold out inducements to them to array themselves in the uniform of good order. Mix-
ing among them freely, hearing them in their complaints, their hopes, and wishes,
giving them good advice, counseling them to labor themselves, to teach their children
to labor, and to give them all the advantages of education that may be provided for-
them, and generally to be kind, obliging, considerate of their neighbors' interests as
well as their own, I think I can state that, while this tribe are not quite in the
"millennial" state, they will compare favorably with any community of the same
number, be the "color or condition" what it may.
During my residence among them there have been no lives lost through violence,
and two cases only have come to my knowledge where damage has been done to prop-
erty. One of these has been amicably settled by the offender and his friends ; the
other is in process of adjustment. The good order among themselves is marked, and
a gratifying degree of decorum is manifest, especially in the issue house. Formerly
it was little better than a "bear garden"; now each waits his turn quietly and
without disturbance. The same may be said wi£h reference to the drawing of other
supplies, tools, material, &,c., furnished for them by the department. The old-time
manners have disappeared, andiii their places may be seen something of the amenities
of civilization.
Labor, formerly a disgrace to the male Indian, has become fashionable, and the man
who but recently was content to loiter away his time in indolence may be in most
instances found at work. While they do not work with the same vigor and persist-
ence as the whites, they still do work, when not long since the idea was scorned. At
no time in the history of the tribe have there been as many workers as at present.
Formerly, the agency office, shops, stables, &c., would be filled, often crowded, with
loungers. The same was true with the trader's store. Now there are but few seen,
except upon Thursdays and Saturdays. Thursday is the day when all can come,
young and old, male and female, and ask for such articles (other than food) as may be
on hand for them. Saturday being issue day, there is always a "gathering" about
headquarters. On other days it is seldom that any are seen, unless it may be some in
quest of the physician, or one who wishes to borrow, or have some broken tool repaired,
which, when done, the Indian usually departs for his home and work.
No startling incidents can be noted, with the exception of the accidental wounding
o'f chief "Medicine Bull" (which was reported in detail at the time), which occurred
a few days after my arrival, and which, coupled with the projected visit of a delega-
tion to Washington (in view of which there was quite a degree of excitement), also
the non-distribution of the " annuity goods," the arrival of a new agent, all combined,
for a few days made matters assume a rather dubious appearance, and a spark would
have caused an explosion only to be quenched in blood. Fortunately the man wounded
possessed not only great influence, but an uncommon share of good sense, and kindness
and firmness prevailed, and peace and harmony were soon restored, which have re-
mained unbroken till the present time.
EDUCATION.
Three schools have been maintained for about seven mouths during the past year.
The teachers being all Indian, the Indian tongue is the medium through which in-
struction is conveyed. The extreme cold of the past winter and the deep snows pre-
vented many from attending, and the closing of the schools in May did not allow me
an opportunity of visiting them and see just what they were doing. The whole num-
ber of scholars reported in the 3 schools was about one hundred and seventy-five— all
attending for a longer or shorter term. From all I can learn "schools in the camp
have an emphatically "up-hill work" to perform, and if anything is learned the
42 EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
teacher may well " thank God and take courage." Perhaps as much knowledge was
imparted and stored up as is the case in many schools located in (so-called) more
favored communities. Any one who has visited a school of this description may well
wonder sometimes that anything profitable has been imparted or treasured up. A
most valuable part of the instruction, perhaps, may consist in the habit of going to
the school.
A new " boarding, industrial, and day school" will be ready this autumn, that can
accommodate fifty boarding and nearly as many mere day scholars. The Indians
express the strongest wish that this school shall be under the charge of a white man
who will teach the English tongue. I am of opinion that the teaching by a com-
petent person in English would be by all means the most preferable. Hearty co oper-
ation on the part of the most influential men in the tribe is promised, and it is to be
hoped that they may be induced to take this important step in the proper direction.
Five Indian youth from this agency are expected to return from Hampton, where they
have been the past three years. It is hoped that their influence may be thrown in
favor of sound education.
RELIGION.
The only church upon this reservation is near agency head-quarters. Episcopal in
form it is " Catholic" enough to embrace, all within its fold. The rector, Rev. Luke
C. Walker is a fall-blood Santee Sioux Indian. As a factor in the improvement of this
tribe, I consider his influence of the first importance. Not only a clergyman, but also
a practical farmer, by precept and example he daily shows that it is not in his mind
that labor is a disgrace. Services are held each Sunday morning in the Dakota
tongue, attended usually by a full, devout, and attentive congregation. On Sunday
evening service is usually held in English. Besides the Sunday morning service,
there are usually one or more services held during the week-day evenings, at one of
the camps. Partial services are held from time to time by one of the school teachers,
at the camps on White River. Besides these, meetings are held from time to time
at the study of the rector, at which religious matters are discussed, and the seeds scat-
tered in a not unpromising soil, with the hope that in due time they may spring up
and bear abundant fruit. The case of Mr. Walker himself practically settles the query,
" Can the Indian be civilized ?" While perhaps we cannot expect that the old will
ever be much changed, the younger part of the Indians it is hoped can and will change
their ways, and gladly follow the "new faith," promising, as it does, a radical change
in this as well as the life to come.
0 SANITARY.
As a rule this tribe are remarkably healthy ; that class of diseases frequently met
with in semi-civilized communities is scarcely known. Consumption has its victims,
as in civilized communities. Scrofula and skin diseases are met with ; rheumatism is
to be found ; also ophthalmia, to a certain extent.
The death rate is diminishing, before a better and more comfortable home, and a
more regular and healthy diet. The number of births is in excess of the deaths, and
with improved modes of living I see no reason to doubt that the Indian race may long
have its representation among the family of the great American Republic. Very few
of mixed blood are found on the roll of the tribe, and there are at the present time no
" squaw men " upon the reservation.
In the treatment of disease a very large proportion of the whole number avail them-
seves of the services of the regular physician of the agency. Practically the occu-
pation of the native "medicine man " has gone, and it is but seldom that he is called
to perform his mummeries. One case recurs to my mind of quite a prominent man
who came to consult me personally, stating " He was a heap sick," asking my permis-
sion to send to another agency for a "grand medicine man," who he was assured could
cure him. He was. told thatthe "medicine man" could not be allowed here, and was
also informed there was a "medicineman" here who could cure him with no " hum-
bug" ; after demurring for a time he finally called for the agency physician, who quickly
gave him the desired relief. His faith in the new system is now strong, and the native
" medicine man " for him has ceased to have any influence. One such case has a much
greater weight than any given amount of humbuggery.
With the erection of the hospital building, lately authorized, a new factor will be
added in favor of the new way. The material, furniture, &c., have been purchased,
and as soon as received the work will be commenced, and it is hoped that the New
Year will open a place where the sick and disabled may be treated in a a more com-
fortable manner than heretofore.
POLICE.
The Indian police force consists of 1 captain, 1 sergeant, and 8 privates, a number
quite too small for the duties to be performed. The rapid influx of settlers in this vi-
cinity (on the opposite shore of the river) has assumed large proportions. The tempta-
tion to cross the river, for wood-cutting, trading, whisky-selling, &c., is great,
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 43
and the class that invariably flock to the extreme frontier, embracing many with
little or no moral sense, is increasing. These men are far more difficult to control
than the Indians. Bringing as they do few of the virtues and all of the vices of civil-
ized- life, their presence is in no way desirable, but quite the reverse. Orders have
been issued and posted in prominent places upon the opposite shore, that all who
land upon the agency must at once report at the office ; those not reporting to be
sent at once without the limits of the reservation. This has had a wholesome eifect,
and the number straggling has been diminished. The better class of settlers approve
the regulation; those whom it was intended to hit do not approve.
I am happy to be able to state that the police force among the Indians themselves
is growing in favor. They see that it is a protection to them, and they are desirous
that the force be increased. Quite recently a request was made by the headmen and
•chiefs that the police force be increased to fifty. When it is borne in mind that
not more than two years since they were wholly and totally opposed to any police force
at all, and that it was with great difficulty any men could be enlisted, the change in
opinion in this matter seems quite remarkable.
The pay of the Indian police seems entirely too small. Five dollars per month, the
man to find his own pony, seems a very small compensation; with an increase of pay,
providing police quarters and a fatigue suit in addition to the full dress suit now pro-
vided, a force can be organized that would be a much greater aid to the agent than at
present in his many duties. As far as they go they do well ; with increased pay and
advantages the best young "braves" would naturally seek the police force as a means
of making their influence felt in the tribe. Another method is to make the pay more
per man, and insist that his whole time should be devoted to the service.
HOMESTEADS.
The Indian, as he progresses, naturally feels that he would like some "vested
right" in the soil he occupies. It is little benefit to him, he feels, for him to work if
he knows he may at any time be dispossessed. Give him to know and feel that the
land and the house he cultivates and occupies are his land and his house, that he
cannot be removed at will, that he and his children and children's children will in-
herit the land, and you give him the highest possible inducement to move onward
and upward. In the history of their race they see that step by step they have been
driven back before the advancing host of the white man, and they naturally inquire
"How long will it be before we too will be obliged to fall back?" And they naturally
ask, "What profit will it be for us to build houses and plant fields if we too are to
be compelled to fall back before the white stranger?" By giving them the land they
now occupy, by extending over them the broad shield of the law, they are made le-
gally equal with the whites. This done, they will enter upon such a career of im-
provement as this generation or any that have preceded it have never witnessed. As
a measure of humanity and justice this great Nation cannot afford to refuse. Give
them the same rights, and at once they are placed side by side with the white settler
who seeks to make a home for himself and his posterity. Refuse them, and you doom
the Indian to uncertainty as to his position, and take from him the strongest induce-
ments to education and labor, and the twin blessings, Religion and Civilization.
EMPLOYES.
This report would be incomplete without a grateful recognition on my part of the
value of the assistance rendered by the employe's at this agency. They are the "staff"
without which the various duties could not be performed, and if any improvement
has been achieved, to them, in their hearty co-operation and active carrying out of
orders, must be awarded a large part of the credit. . But two employe's have been
changed since my assumption of charge, both of whom were relieved at their own
request. To them all, individually, I wish to tender my sincere thanks. Some of them
have been a long time at the agency, possessing the fullest confidence of the Indians,
speaking their tongue, conversant with their habits ; like skilled soldiers, they need
but few commands.
CONCLUSION.
There are other matters of more or less importance that naturally come under the
eye of an agent who performs his duty ; the habits, dispositions, modes of treatment
of individual cases, can be extended almost indefinitely.
There are other customs also which, to a greater or less degree, prevail which might
be made the subject of a longer or shorter essay ; among them ranks
DANCING.
This has been carried on, though not to so great an extent (I am informed) as in some
previous years. The "sun dance" in a modified form was held this year, and re-
sulted in a miserable failure. The expected supplies from the agency were not forth-
coming; the result was a curtailment of the whole performance, with the promise that
this was the last "sun dance" that would be attempted here.
44 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
A word might also be said relative to polygamjr, which still prevails to some extent
the more enlightened among them discountenance the practice, and the introduction
of Christianity and their o\vn' sense of wrong will gradually work its downfall. With
the example of a so-called Christian community favoring its practice (unsupprnssed by
the power of the general government) it ill becomes any to sit in judgment upon a
semi-civilized class just emerging from the chaos of barbarism. Looking at the " In-
dian question " from a standpoint quite near, living among them, and seeing them in
their daily walk, I am constrained to say that while there are many things to condemn,
still there are many things to commend. Their patience, courage, honesty, good-
nature-, and ease with which they can be guided, commend them especially to the fos-
tering care of the government; and as they can be fed, educated, and civilized cheaper
than they can be exterminated, there are two powerful factors engaged in their im-
provement, viz. humanity and economy.
One further subject I wrould respectfully call to the attention of the department,
and close this long, and perhaps prolix, report. The duties, responsibilities, and cares
of Indian agents are slightly understood outside of the circle in which they revolve.
When it is borne in mind that they are isolated from home, and all its pleasures and
comforts, from all they hold most dear; that they are charged frequently with the
most delicate and onerous responsibilities; that upon their action peace or war may
result, and that upon them, more than upon any other class, depends the success
or failure of the question of the advancement of the Indian race, it would seem to be
a measure of true economy that their services should meet with a corresponding re-
ward. Like all men holding responsible positions, they are human ; they may and
will at times err. and the rules that in many cases would be applied to others will fail
with them, and they cannot always perhaps be justly judged as other men may be.
Compelled to act at once, and often judge, court, and jury combined, deciding often
against the white settler, squatter, or wood-chopper, they are censured, in no small
degree, because they thus decide. I think I may state without any contradiction, by
any one qualified to judge, that an Indian agent who seeks to know and perform his
duty will find but few waking hours when he will not be called upon to consider in
what manner he can best perform the duties with which he is charged. His work is
never done ; be it midday or midnight, like the faithful soldier camped in the pres-
ence of the enemy, he must always be ready for action ; ready to take advantage of
any favorable movement; equally ready to repress any attempt at violence or insubor-
dination.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. H. PARKHURST,
United States Indian Agent*
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PINE RIDGE AGENCY, DAKOTA,
September 1, 1831.
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following as my annual report for past twelve
months, in accordance with requirements of circular letter, Office of Indian Affairs,
July 1, 1681.
THE INDIANS. '
There have been carried on the rolls of this agency for the past year an average
of 7/200 Indians of the Ogalalla Sioux band, with them being a few of the Wazaza
Sioux. Our number was slightly increased in the spring by the arrival of about 60
of the Northern Sioux, from Sitting Bull's hostiles, but these were at once absorbed
by the agency Indians, one or two of them becoming policemen and others freighters,
so that their advent, in a decidedly ragged and starved condition, produced no other
effect on our people except to impress on the agency Indian the fact that the north,
to them in past years attractive as the home of the buffalo, had ceased to be a desir-
able region for a prolonged sojourn of the red man.
These are now in the northern camp of the surrendered hostiles at Standing Rock
agency, several hundred of the Ogalallas who in the past have strayed away (hardly
like lost sheep) who are anxious to return to their people here, having come to the
conclusion, from force of circumstances, that the Great Father's long-horned Texas
beef is somewhat more desirable than the fast-disappearing buffalo of the north, .es-
pecially where the latter has to be sought afrer on this side of the boundary line,
with the chances of finding a few United States cavalry thrown in. These, rene-
gades I would recommend the transfer of, as their presence here will in no way inter-
fere with the peace and trauquility of the agency.
THE NORTHERN CHEYENNES.
The proposed retransfer of these people from their present abiding place1 at the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, I do not look upon with the anticipation that it will
EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 45
in any way add to the peace and prosperity which this agency has enjoyed for the
past three years. My past experience with the above-named Indians has been that
they are vicious, turbulent, and insubordinate, as compared with the Sioux. In for-
mer years when there was often threatened trouble at the Red Cloud Agency, it arose
generally with these Cheyennes, who were attached to the agency. They do not sub-
mit to agency discipline and restraint, and from their record in the Indian Territory
since their removal there in 1877 I should judge that they have not changed much in
this respect. Still, with the efficient police system now in operation here, and the good
example set by the Ogalallas, they will without doubt realize the fact that they must
alter their old habits and adapt themselves to the new order of things.
The Ogalallas themselves have during the past year progressed in the same ratio
as for the two previous years of their residence at this agency. They are rapidly adopt-
ing the white man's way of living, in the way of clothing, manner of preparing food,
•&c., and the expending of their earnings in more useful articles, such -as spring
wagons, furniture, &c., instead of beads and trinkets.
They have become reconciled, as a people, to the discipline of the Indian police,
•which was to them at first very obnoxious. They appear to realize that advance in
civilization must be associated with a legal protection of life and property by individ-
uals especially appointed for that purpose. The fact that the power to so protect
them has been intrusted to members of their own tribe has had more to do with the
peace and tranquillity of this agency for the past as well as the two preceding years
than anything else. Admit that the Indian is brutal in many ways and low in. the
evolutionary scale as a human being, but he is endowed with reasoning powers, and
a conscience to a certain degree, and it would be strange indeed if he did not appre-
ciate the trust and confidence that has been placed in him here, in placing the con-
trolling and restraining power in the hands of the Indian police as Indians, and the
entire removal from the vicinity of the agency of the white man's soldiers, whose
presence appears to be a constant reminder that the Great Father, and the agent who
represents him, are alraid to trust him.
The abandonment of Camp Sheridan, Nebraska, located nineteen miles from here,
last spring, thus leaving us with no troops nearer than sixty-three miles away at Fort
Robinson, has thus far resulted in no injury to the interests of the agency, or the
neighboring country, rather to the surprise of the stockmen and others, who as usual
prognosticated Indian raids, outbreaks, &.c. For the past year, no crime has been
committed on the reserve, or disturbance created. No stockman pr settler in the
neighboring State of Nebraska or the Black Hills can claim to have lost a head of
stock, but rather the contrary, for many stray animals belonging to the stockmen have
been picked up on the Indians' land and returned to the rightful owners by tile Indian
police and individual Indians.
During the past winter, more or less trouble was created by the introduction of
intoxicating liquor from the whisky ranches established just over the Nebraska line,
two miles from the agency, but the temporary establishing of two sub-stations for the
police on the line, and a regular patrol of the same, resulted in the locking up of the
offenders in the agency guard-house for several days at a time ; and a prompt removal
from the reserve of all white men found frequenting these ranches, very soon put a
stop to one of the principal curses arising from the association of the Indian with the
unprincipled class of whites too frequently to be found in the vicinity of Indian reserva-
tions. To thoroughly prevent the introduction of liquor into the Sioux country is a dif-
ficult matter. It is true the severe laws enacted by the United States to prevent this
traffic should apparently put a stop to it, but when we consider that the noble red men
as a people evince a remarkably natural taste for the article, it is not to be wondered at
that" They should shield the person who may attempt to supply them. This taste and
desire for liquor appears not alone among the common Indians; it is not unwelcome
to even Red Cloud (whom an editor of one of the philanthropical journals East
recently very gushingly termed "the grand old chieftain"), for excessive use of the
fluid which exhilarates and at»the same time intoxicates has had much to do with
eliminating what grandeur formerly existed in this Indian, and has resulted in his
downfall among his people.
There has been the usual attempt made during the spring to cause discontent
among the Indians and distrust in the department by the use of trumped-up charges
of stealing, &c., by the agent and his employes, emanating from a few ex-traders and
squaw men ; but owing to what I should judge to be a recent and wise policy adopted
by your office, in referring the same to the agent for investigation, and thus affording
him an opportunity as an official of the government to defend himself, (in place of the
system in vogue formerly, of subjecting him to a star-chamber investigation, with the
attendant newspaper notoriety, presumably on the theory that Indian agents are
guilty until proven innocent), the disturbance was short-lived.
^ HOUSE-BUILDING.
The construction of permanent abodes by the Indians has progressed rapidly and
satisfactorily, as many inducements have been offered them to engage in this most
46 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
promising advancement toward final civilization, interfering as it does with their mi-
grating tendencies and investing their earnings in a kind of property that they can-
not easily move off, and once having enjoyed the comfort of will be loath to forsake.
The houses have been supplied with a good cooking stove each, crockery, and various
housekeeping articles. The three hundred cooking stoves supplied by the depart-
ment during the year were excellent in both manufacture and material, but are now
all in use, aud there arc at present several houses uusuppiied. The exceedingly
severe weather of last winter, with the suffering endured among those living in the
canvas lodges, has very much stimulated the erection of houses.
The Indians naturally at first located their houses in small villages, after their cus-
tom of erecting their lodges, but by degrees the enterprising ones, who are of course
the house-builders, discover that by living in villages they have to care for the worth-
less and indolent who pass their time in dancing and feasting, so that now the owners
are scattering out, and the creek bottoms for a distance of forty miles from the agency
are dotted with substantial log houses where two years ago none were to be seen.
Where a modest little house of one room formerly satisfied the owner, the majority
now aspire to structures of two or three rooms, so that there is an increasing demand
for heating as well as cooking stoves.
Another and not insignificant benefit resulting from the use of stoves is the protec-
tion of the trees in the valleys, consisting of ash, cottonwood, box elder, and hack-
berry, as an open fire in a lodge precludes to a great extent the use of pine on account
of smoke, and the Indians were forced to resort to the other woods ; but now the pine,
which should be the proper fuel of the country, is burned in the stoves.
STOCK-RAISING.
The cows and bulls furnished these Indians during the two preceding years, num-
bering 1,500, for breeding purposes, have been well cared for and have increased
numerically to a very promising extent. The loss on the original stock was small,
notwithstanding the severe weather of the past winter, where the loss on some of the
private ranges in the vicinity equaled fully from 25 to 75 per cent. The experiment
of making these people civilized and probably eventually self-supporting as stock-
raisers does not disappoint my anticipations of two years ago and promises more prac-
tically than any other means for various reasons. For considering the Indians as a
people, and their past life for generations, it is hardly to be expected that they will take
kindly to a life of- toil requiring manual labor as is required in an agriculturist ; hav-
ing had more or less experience as stock-raisers in herding and breeding their vast
herds of ponies, it would seem but common sense to continue them in this path with
domestic cattle.
AGRICULTURE.
After practical experience and observation in this region for several years, I cannot
but consider that any attempt to make these people self- supporting, even to a limited
degree, as farmers, must necessarily be but a waste of time, labor, and money, for the
simple reason that this is not an agricultural country, principally on account of lack
of rainfall at the proper season, and the hot scorching winds that prevail during the
summer mouths. The lack of rainfall is due to the peculiar meteorological condition
of things that have probably existed in this region for ages, and may for ages to come.
The moist currents of air passing in the upper regions from the valley of the Missouri
and its tributaries of this district have their temperature increased by constant radi-
ation of heat from the earth, and their capacity for moisture being thus augmented, so
that the rain which should descend here, does not until the high peaks and ridges
of the Black Hills, Big Horn, and the foot-hills of the Rockies are reached, where the
air becomes chilled and the rain drops. From thence the moisture travels back to the
Missouri through the creeks aud tributaries heading in the above-mentioned regions.
There being very little moisture in the ground, the heat absorbed from the sun's rays
in summer, instead of passing off as latent heat of evaporation, goes off as active radi-
ated heat ; thus one thing leads to another, and vice versa.
Irrigation, except to a comparatively limited extent, I do not consider feasible. The
creek bottoms are narrow aud the upper benches, which take in the bulk of the land,
are, as a rule, too much elevated above the water to render extensive irrigation prac-
ticable; aud even if this was nob an objection, the creeks, wrhich are on an average
twelve miles apart, supply too small and uncertain an amount of water to supply ex-
tensive ditches. Land which requires irrigation to make it cultivatable is hardly the
land which we should select to try the experiment of making men self-supporting as
agriculturists, to whom manual labor is both distasteful and a thing to them person-
ally unknown.
The fact is, that by degrees the white man has taken from the Sioux pretty much
all the land that can be considered arable. When these people gave up the Black
Hills and the Big Horn, they lost the garden spots of the reserve, and it is uo^ rather
late in the day for the white man, after depriving them of all the valuable portion of
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 47
their country, to become clamorous that the lazy heathen should work and become
producers and support themselves. White men well trained in fanning, have tried
to till the soil in this vicinity in Northern Nebraska and have lost all the money in-
vested, and have not produced enough to pay for the seed. I can confidently venture
to state that, if the experiment were tried of placing 7,000 white people on this land,
with seed, agricultural implements, and one year's subsistence, at the end of that time
they would die of starvation, if they had to depend on their crops for their sustenance.
In support of the above, I take the liberty of quoting from the report of the Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs, 1876. On page 333 of said report will be found the follow-
ing extract contained in letter of instructions to the Sioux Commission from Hon.
J. Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs:
The President is strongly impressed with the belief that the agreement which shall be best calculated
to enable the Indians to become self-supporting is one which shall provide for their removal at as
curly a day as possible to the Indian Territory, and that the solution of the difficulties which now sur-
round the "Sioux problem " can be best reached by such removal. Their main dependence for sup-
port must ultimately be the cultivation of the soil, and for this purpose their own country is utterly
unsuited.
On page 337 will be found the following, embodied in the report of the Sioux Com-
mission after having visited this region:
From the information received, the commission believe that if the Indians are to be made self sup-
porting; as speedily as possible they ought to be removed to the Indian Territory at as early a day as
practicable. We are unanimous in the opinion that these Indians can, for the present, find homes on
the Missouri River, but we do not believe that they will ever become a self-sustaining people there.
We do not think that it would be advisable at this time to move the large proportion of the Sioux to
the Indian Territory, but in view of the fact that it is the only valuable country upon which the In-
dians can be located and that this country has been set apart by the most solemn guarantees as the
future home of the Indians, that to open any portion of this territory to white settlers would be a
violation of the nation's plighted faith, and that here the Indians can become a self-supporting people,
we believe that it is just and humane to remove to this Territory from time to time bodies of the Sioux
who are ready and prepared to live by labor.
From page 349 I quote still further from the report of the commission :
Inasmuch as the country now occupied by the Sioux Indians does not possess lands on which they
can ever expect to become self-supporting, we would respectfully recommend, providing these people
decide after they get homo to move down, that steps be taken, at as early a date as possible, looking
toward the removal of those Indians represented by this delegation to the Indian Territory, believing
that the best interests of the government and the Indians require their being placed where they may
be able to support themselves.
Admitting that the above is susceptible of proof, the date at which these Indians
may be hoped to cease to be a burden to the United States does not reside in the im-
mediate future, and for this "poor Lo" is certainly not to blame, for in the Indian,
unlike his favored white brother, who can adapt himself to any country or clime, love
of locality and the home of his fathers is strongly marked. The Indian has not the
same reasoning powers as the white man, for sound reasoning, although a human attri-
bute, is still a matter ^.of development, and what has there been in the past life of the
aborigine to develop this power? Comparatively nothing. His tastes and wants
were simple, and easily supplied from the game that was found around him in abun-
dance, and when the scarcity of this means of living forced him to resort to the agency
life, his wants were supplied with even less strain on his mental faculties than formerly,
and he is still being fed and cared for, so that such reasoning as he possesses does not
tell him that the time may come that he may have to help provide for himself.
There is, however, I think, among our promising young men a dim awakening to
the fact that the laud that supplied" them amply with game cannot supply them with
sustenance in the agricultural way, and the time will come when, fully realizing this
fact, and also that the time is fast approaching in which they must do for themselves,
they will be willing to seek their fortunes elsewhere, in a region that may not be quite
as acceptable to them from the standpoint of their old life. When the time comes
that necessity will require these Indians to work, they will do so, there is no doubt,
judging from the working force that has been developed among the younger portion
of this agency during the past two years; for they do their work well. In grading
roads, ditch digging, wood sawing, and manual labor generally they have done exceed-
ingly well, and this season have kept forty mowing machines in good use, and put up
a large amount of hay for their freighting animals during the winter.
INDIAN FREIGHTING.
The introduction of this enterprise with that of the Indian police system by the
last administration .has marked an epoch in the history of the Indian, and has done
much to facilitate the solving of the Sioux question. There have been engaged m
this business during the year three hundred wagons furnished the Indians by the de-
partment, and one hundred private wagons, making four hundred in all, with four
ponies to each wagon, driven by Indians. The amount of supplies hauled was 2,069,100
pounds ; distance transported, 200 miles, and amount earned for same and paid in stand-
ard silver, $41,332. The supplies have been handled with care, and have neither been
48
EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
•ost or tampered with. As the drivers change frequently, there has been given employ-
ment to seven or eight hundred young Indians, many who can boast of having been
warriors in the Ouster campaign of 1876, and probably would have been troublesome
since then had they been given nothing to do, in keeping with the old adage that
"idleness is the mother of mischief." To supply these wagons during the season, over
3,000 animals are necessary, so that war ponies are scarce, they having, like their
-owners, settled down into domestic life.
In this connection I would particularly recommend the Jackson freight wagon,
manufactured at Jackson, Mich., and which has lately been supplied by your depart-
ment; on account of the superior strength of the axle, which is providedVith a patent
iron truss rod. Fifty of these wagons have been in constant use for over a year, over
Tough roads, and so far not an axle has been broken.
The money earned by these Indians, which otherwise would have gone into the
hands of white contractors, and out of the country, has kept the Indians employed
and contented, and enabled them to purchase many articles for their houses and
domestic comfort.
The apparently extra cost of feeding these Indians on account of the cost of trans-
portation has been fully compensated by the quiet and freedom from disturbance that
this reserve has enjoyed (we should never forget that it is cheaper to feed than to
fight the noble red man), and the saving in supplies, which during the year has
amounted to more money value than the cost of the transportation, by reason that it has
accustomed the Indian to the domestic habits of the white man, with which comes
general saving, and caution in the care of property.
SAVING OF SUPPLIES.
From the accompanying tabular statement it appears that this agency, on a basis
of 7,202 Indians, was entitled under the treaty to $374,116.05 worth of subsistence (at
the prices paid fpr supplies for the year, transportation added). There was furnished
by your department $350,946.66 worth, and there was actually issued to the Indians
$300.624.38 worth, thus showing a saving in what they were entitled to of $73,491.67
and an actual saving by the agency in the issuing of the supplies of $50,322.28.
1
'•a
8,
1 .
1
Coffee.
j
|
Hard bread.
Issued as per weekly supply
Pounds.
193 885
Pounds.
10 034
Pounds.
1 759 667
Pounds.
83 520
Pounds.
60 387 •
Pounds.
• 666 650
Pounds.
73 779
Gained on issues and found ;
taken up
25, 000
90, 597
3,500
110, 000
168 885
10 034
7 669 070
80 020
69 387
556 650
73 779
Amount entitled to under
treaty
262 870
13 143J
7 886 100
105 148
657 275
1 154 350
80 000
Amount furnished
188, 822
12 000
7,847 547
99, 982
787, 936
800, 800
80, 000
1
(
i
ft
1
02
6
if
H
Issued as per weekly supply
report
Pounds.
35 259
Pounds.
69 241
Pounds.
26 188
Pounds.
21 689
Pounds.
167 016
Pounds.
10 984
£314 516 41
Gained on issues and found ;
taken up
10 000
13 000
5 000
7 000
10 000
2 300
13 985 93
Actually issued
25 259
56 241
21 188
14 689
157 016
8 684
300 624 38
Amount entitled to under
treaty
39 430
65, 715
52, 574
52, 574
210, 296
13 143J
374, 116 05
Amount furnished .
29 972
75 060
27 950
20 000
199 456
13 700
350 946 66
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 49
•Notwithstanding this great saving, these Indians do not complain of short rations.
For the past two years there has been no time that there was a lack of any article for
issue, and considering this fact, it is no wonder that they are happy and contented
where in former years they were the contrary, when, it must be remembered, that for
weeks at a time their store-houses were empty, with the exception of corn, bakiug-
soda, and soap. The matter of food has a peculiar physio-psychological bearing on
the Indian as well as the white man. There is a strong bond of sympathy between
the heart and stomach, and a" feeling of vacancy in the latter is very apt to result in
a bad feeling in the former. There is no doubt but that the scarcity of rations has
had much to do with causing a bad-hearted condition in "poor Lo," and subsequent
trouble. A well-filled commissary, with a regular issue of rations, has a wonderfully
quienng affect on the nerves of aborigines.
THE SUPPLIES.
The supplies, both annuity and subsistence, have been excellent in quality and
ample in quantity, and purchased at a price that will compare favorably with the
Army. The cooking-stoves were a great improvement on those of the preceding year,
which were too light in construction to stand the pitch pine as a fuel, which is very
destructive to the metal. The extensive use of stoves is to be encouraged among the
Indians as civilizing in effect and saving in the preparation of food.
EDUCATION.
During the winter four day schools were erected in the villages, which are good,
substantial buildings, affording a school room 20 by 30 feet, and three rooms for resi-
dence for teacher. Owing to the difficulty of procuring teachers adapted for the work
but three of the schools have been occupied up to date, but the result thus far has
been gratifying, so much so that, authority having been granted me, I shall cause to
be erected two more schools after the same plan. The attendance has been large and
is constantly on the increase, many of the older boys and girls even evincing strong
desire to obtain a knowledge of the white man's language and his ways.
It will be principally through schools, industrial and common, that we may hope to
practically open the way for civilization. It is with the young generation that we
must labor. To endeavor to civilize the Indian who has passed his prime and whose
nature has been moulded in the old-time ways of his peopls. on the war-path and
chase, is both against reason and experience. The rule holds thus with the Caucasian,
then why expect the Indian to be an exception ? Eventually there will be erected
here a boarding-school by the department, and from this institution here, as well as
elsewhere, much good may be expected in the way of permanent education.
CHURCH AND MISSIONARY WORK.
During the past year the Episcopal Church, under whose jurisdiction, spiritually and
morally, this agency is placed, completed a good church and mission building, and
missionary work succeeded to a surprising degree considering the small amount of at-
tention the Ogalallas have received in the past in this direction ; but I regret to say
that for some reason the work has been suspended, there being no resident missionary
here at present. It is sincerely to be hoped that the missionary care of these Indians
will soon be resumed.
TELEGRAPH LINE.
There has been constructed by Indian labor during the year' 108 miles of telegraph
line, which, added to the '20 miles constructed the previous year, gives this agency 128
miles of line, owned and operated by the Indian service, reaching from a point 35
miles this side of Rosebud Agency, Dakota, to Fort Robinson, Nebr., 63 miles west,
where it connects with the through line from the Union Pacific. On this latter sec-
tion of the line valuable aid was given by the military in supplying the poles. I need
not dwell upon the importance of the telegraphic connection.
MEDICINE.
The Indians are rapidly abandoning their native medicine men and adopting the
white man's treatment. The present physician, who has had former extensive expe-
rience with Indians and their ailments, has during the short time he has been here
built up an extensive practice, and is evidently gaining their confidence.
THE CHIEFS.
The old chiefs, relics of a system that has ceased to be necessary in our dealings with
the Ogalallas, are as antagonistic as ever to all innovations and improvement, their
promises and protestations as usually made in Washington to the contrary notwith-
standing. Bur, with the death of the neighboring chief Spotted Tail, and the depos-
ing of Red Cloud at this agency, their influence for good or evil is rapidly dying out.
4 IND
50 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
THE POLICE.
Of the police and the work performed by them I would refer you to my recent special
report, merely remarking here that a thorough support of themselves and the good
labor they are engaged in is essential to the peace and welfare of the agency. I could
not expect or ask more from them than they have done.
AGENCY IMPROVEMENT.
There has been constructed at the agency one building for the use of the police, con-
taining mess-room, kitchen, and dormitory. Here the police and Indian laborers are
furnished their meals three times a day at regular hours ; this arrangement is civiliz-
ing in its effect, teaching them how to conduct themselves at table and the benefit of
properly prepared food. The storage capacity of the warehouse has been increased
500,000 pounds by the construction of shed additions. This improvement was very
necessary when it is remembered that there is annually stored and handled at this
agency over 2,000,000 pounds of supplies. One of the old agency buildings, which has
heretofore been incomplete, has been converted into a storehouse for tools, building
and shop materials, &c., and placed under charge of the master of transportation,
thus entirely separating the commissary from other supplies, which is essential for the
proper care and accountability of property.
A water-works has been constructed, consisting of a 17,000-gallon tank, supported
thirty feet above the ground on trestle-work, and surmounted by a windmill. From
this, water is distributed to the different buildings through 1,600 feet of water-main,
thus affording an ample supply of water as a protection against tire and for domestic
purposes.
Last of all, there has been erected on the agency grounds the post flagstaff from the
abandoned Camp Sheridan, Nebr., and from this daily floats the flag of the Great
Father, which it is hoped guarantees by its mingled colors protection to the red and
white alike.
In closing my third annual report, I have to acknowledge the universal courtesy and
assistance extended to us by the military and neighboring stockmen, with whom we
have had the most amicable relations. Recognizing the fact that very much is due to
the majority of the employe's for the faithful manner in which they have performed their
arduous duties, I can but return to them my thanks, hoping that with their assistance
affairs may progress as well during the present as they have during the past year.
Sincerely thanking you for your kind support to myself, and assistance afforded the
Indians in their efforts to better their condition,
I am, very respectfully,
V. T. McGILLYCUDDY,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
ROSEBUD AGENCY, DAKOTA,
September 1, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions embraced in circular, dated Office of Indian
Affairs, July 1, 1881, I have the honor to transmit annual report of this agency. The
year past has been one of general quietude. The bands embraced in this reservation
have generally observed their treaty stipulations and have entertained feelings of
greatest respect and sincerest friendship, both toward the government and the whites
generally.
I regret to say that this people have made less progress in the way of civilization
and self-support than was expected of them. The absence of institutions of learning,
and the great ignorance of the means necessary to be applied from their own mental
and physical resources (being slow to learn), is greatly to be regretted. The almost
universal barrenness of the soil affords but little hope of their becoming self-support-
ing at an early date. They have sowed and planted, it is true (in a small way), but
the result is ever discouraging to them. The past winter, which is distinguished from
all preceding ones as the longest and most severe ever known to them, was most dis-
astrous. Their cattle and ponies perished by hundreds, and the constant and deep
snows prevented those living remote from the timber canons from obtaining at times
fuel sufficient to cook their provisions and keep themselves warm. Their sufferings
were very great, and while they complained of the cold, they fully appreciated the good-
ness of the government in providing for them.
CONDITION OF THE INDIANS.
The lesson of frugality is learned most slowly, and '• to lay up for a wet day" is an un-
known adage to their vocabulary. Their habits and customs do not undergo changes
(as in the case of more enlightened people) for the better. To-day they may be pos-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 51
seased of abundance, to-morrow wanting in everything. They never give grudgingly ;
on the contrary, they are profligate with their possessions, trusting rather to the gov-
ernment than to Providence and their own exertions for reimbursement. They do not
realize or appreciate the munificence and generosity of the government as they should,
and their education in these things can only be effected by throwing them more upon
their own resources.
The condition of the Indians upon this reservation might be greatly improved by
some wholesome changes in their general treatment. The government has supplied
all necessary wants looking toward their final acquisition of wealth and independence.
The wagons and harness supplied and estimated for the coming year are ample not only
for their private uses, but for the transportation of all the suppliessent to them as an-
nuities. After having so supplied them, they should be made to understand that the
care of such property not only devolves upon them, but that all repairs necessary to
preserve the implements given to them should be made at their own cost and expense.
The policy heretofore adopted by my predecessors, and which seems to have become
unalterable custom and law, of doing everything for them without consideration, in
my judgment is not an onward movement toward civilization and self-dependence.
Reward of industry and value of money can only be taught them by convincing them
"that something is never obtained for nothing." When they are made to understand
that They are to meet the expense of repairs from the proceeds of their own industry
and earnings, when this first lesson in care and attention is taught them, you may
look for (slow though it be, but steady) improvement in their condition, and, in my
opinion, not until then.
In many respects the heathenish and barbarous customs which have so long pre-
vailed among them are gradually dying out. Perhaps the most striking of these
changes is that of their manner of mourning for their dead. When I assumed charge,
the appearance of a nude Indian (their mourning weeds) seemed an admonition to
all white persons to betake themselves to cover, and get as far beyond the reach of
the grief-stricken as possible. When the hand of death has been laid upon any of
their households they feel that the departed spirit cannot go through the " dark val-
ley " to the "happy hunting grounds" without an accompanying spirit, and none
seems so desirable as that of some white person, and the truest and best friend is the
most desirable of all. This custom within a year past has been greatly modified, so
much so that the nude mourner is no longer regarded with terror. Of course they do
not mourn as the whites, but are by association, in a very slow way, gradually assimi-
lating themselves to the customs of their white brethren.
THEIR HABITS.
In this particular, as in the remarks upon their condition, no great deal can be
said of any rapid civilizing change. Nevertheless, their association with the wliites,
and the struggle to imitate, give promise of improvement in their habits. Their
restless natures and their roving and migratory instincts and inclinations are ^not
easily curbed, and I find it a most difficult task to confine them to their homes. The
interchange of visits to their relatives, far and near, is a custom so long established,
that, in a country like ours where agricultural pursuits cannot be engaged in pros-
perously (affording but a poor chance of their becoming self-supporting), it is not
easily broken up. Still in this respect I think I can see an improvement over years
past. Their visits are generally begging expeditions. They usually return loaded
down with gratuities, and their friends and kindred come to them and return with
fully as much as they had given away. To be explicit, it is generally a "swap," and
one or the other is sure to be cheated.
DISPOSITION OF THE INDIANS.
Within the past year the disposition of these Indians, I am glad to inform you, has
changed for the better. When I assumed charge, the discipline was so lax 1hat for a
long while it was difficult to determine whether they could be educated to the belief
that the government was master of the situation, and held them responsible for their
general deportment. Spotted Tail's influence over them, and his assumed power to
do and act as he pleased, without regard to the orders and instructions of the agent,
had a most demoralizing effect. Gradually he reached the conclusion that the power
of the government was superior to his own, and gracefully, though somewhat reluc-
tantly, yielded to the moral suasion of the agent, I am no\v very glad to report a
healthy^and reasonable state of " disposition" among them. None but thoroughly
reasonable orders are issued for their government, and their prompt and satisiactory
response is most gratifying.
PROGRESS.
In regard to the character and, extent of the progress made during the past year,
but little can be said either to their credit or the encouragement of the government.
With all the facts in the case this should produce little or no disappointment. The
52 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
present location of thoir agency can cause none other than keenest regret. Situated
in the midst of barren sand hills, distant from timber, with a soil almost universally
sterile and unfertile, with not the least hope of their ever becoming self-supporting
by their engaging in agricultural pursuits, and their general helplessness in almost
everything connected with their advancement in civilization, it gives but little hope
of chronicling any rapid advancement in the near future.
While they appreciate the value of money (their money) they do not appreciate the
cost and sacrifice of labor that produces it, and this they will never learn until the
government shall throw them more upon their own resources, compelling them, after
supplying them with everything useful, to care for what is given, and preserve these
munificent gifts from loss and destruction at their own cost and charges. This can
be done and should be done.
PROPERTY.
The buildings pertaining to the agency have been thoroughly repaired and are now
in good condition. Since my last report a barn 40x120 feet, 12 feet high, has been
erected from native lumber, and the public animals were well sheltered and cared for
during the past winter. The building, however, is inadequate to the requirements of
the service, as the two horses and twenty mules which I was authorized to purchase
will require additional stable room. This will be given them so soon as lumber can
be procured. The want of another large warehouse is daily becoming more pressing.
It is essential to shelter goods and supplies from the weather; and as we are at pres-
ent situated this cannot be done. I am now building temporary sheds to protect sup-
plies, and when able will proceed with the erection of a storeroom of suitable dimen-
sions, sufficient for the future wants of the agency.
The old worthless tools and implements which were here when I took possession are
gradually being replaced by new ones, and the condition of this class of property is
now far superior to what I found it. Two threshing-machines, one fanning-niill, and
one reaper, all of which were unadapted to the wants of this agency, were transferred
by me to the superintendent of warehouses at Rosebud Landing, subject to the order
of the Office of Indian Affairs. These articles are new, but of no practical use here.
Having no storage room for thein, the exposure to which they would be subjected
would soon render them worthless.
The severe winter through which we passed made serious inroads upon our herds of
work cattle, the loss being 50 out of 163 head. Being fully authorized, I entered into
an agreement with the Indians whereby they should receive the remaining 113 head,
with yokes, chains, and sixteen wagons in 'lieu of 277,128 pounds beef gross. This
agreement I consider advantageous to the government in many respects, chief among
which are, it rid the agency of what I have always believed a doubtful acquisition to
the property, and it also gratified the longing this people have had to possess the cat-
tle, and which they were led to belieA'e would eventually be issued to them. On the
whole I consider the property at this agency in a satisfactory condition.
AGRICULTURE.
Very little can be said of an encouraging character on this subject. The well-nigh
total failure of what little crops were attempted to be raised last year has had a most
discouraging influence upon our Indians, so much so, that but little effort has been
made the present season to cultivate the soil. The agency farm which was broken up
the year previous was given to them to divide up among themselves, to be tilled, but
although they promised to put in crops the soil and season gave so slim a prospect of
reward, they abandoned the idea altogether. From the experience of last year, I
concluded it far better to attempt nothing on the land, rather than take the risk of
squandering the money of the government. Excuse me for so often referring to the
matter, but this country will not in our day become an agricultural country. Our
Indians, if thrown upon their own resources and confined to this reservation, would
soon starve to death.
STOCK RAISING.
On June 30, 1879, there was issued to this people 500 native cows and bulls, and one
year thereafter they received 1,000 American cows and bulls, thus giving them a fair
start in raising stock, a business to which this country is better adapted than any-
thing else. To-day it is safe to assert that not more than one-third of these cattle
are alive. There are several reasons for the decrease. The exceptional cold winter
killed hundreds, and I may add they ate the remainder.
Indians are proverbially improvident, and although they put up a sufficient quan-
tity of hay to carry their cattle safely througn the winter, yet with their accustomed
disregard of the future, they fed it all long ere the cold weather set in. While many
are excellent stock raisers, the majority of the people require to be more advanced in
civilization before they will make a success of the business.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 53
PERMANENT ABODES.
The number of Indian houses, has materially increased, Imt a better showing would,
have been made if lumber for doors and roofing could have been furnished. The large
mill ordered in October last from Chicago reached the agency on July 4, being delayed
aperiod of ten months. This delay has been the cause of serious embarrassment to ine,
as well as disheartening to the Indians, who strongly desire to erect for themselves
permanent abodes. While it was my earnest wish to aid them in their laudable pur-
poses, I was prevented from so doing by reason of the vexatious delay. The mill is
now in position, and so soon as the material for the boarding school is completed,
will commence and furnish Indians with lumber for their houses. This being the case,
another year will show a better record for this people, who are not to blame for their
seeming negligence in this respect during the past year.
TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIES.
The Indians continue to manifest great interest in the hauling of supplies from
Rosebud Landing to the agency, a distance of ninety-two miles. They prefer this
business to any other in which they might engage, for various reasons. While it is
more remunerative, there is in fact fully as much labor connected with it as in other
pursuits. The difficulties which present themselves to those engaged in this occupa-
tion are manifold. The road to the landing is devoid of timber; the western portion
through sand hills; the eastern, though comparatively level, yet the soil over which
they pass is of such a nature as to render it impassable for so;ne time after a rain.
True, the compensation paid for their services is liberal, but when we take into con-
sideration the difficulties to be surmounted, the natural conclusion arrived at is, they
fairly earned it. I have yet to record a single instance where this agency has sus-
tained loss through the carelessness or neglect of an Indian freighter; I repeat my
assertion of last year, "that the government has not erred in its judgment of their
fitness and qualifications for such a trust."
The competition of the railroad to the Missouri River at or opposite American Crow
Creek will, as T made known in the conference of March last, soon demand as a mat-
ter of economy and convenience a change of base for the receival of supplies. I would
again recommend to your most favorable consideration a removal of the warehouses
designed for the convenience of Rosebud and Pine Ridge Agencies to the point indi-
cated as a railroad terminus, which will obviate delays and insure a prompt receipt of
all our supplies without any of the hazards of navigation.
TETEGRAPH LINE.
The line between Rosebud and Pine Ridge Agencies was opened in May last and
will be extended to Rosebud Lauding so soon as all the material arrives, which will
make the length erected by this agency over 132 miles. The poles to the latter place
are in position, and but little labor will be required to string the wire. The line will
be of great benefit by reason of speedy communication on matters relative to the trans-
portation of supplies.
EDUCATION.
The contract between the government and the Rev. Bishop Hare for the mainten-
ance of a day school at this agency expired on the 30th day of June, 1880, since which
time we have been without a school of any description. While too much cannot be
said of the value of education as an aid to'civilization, yet the system of promoting
the former on this reservation is still an experiment. Experience has fully shown
that day schools situated at the agency or in the camps are a failure, and the only
feasible* plan seems to be the establishment of boarding schools at some distant point,
or the removal of the pupils from the reservation entirely; the object being to take
them away from the influence of their parents and relatives, which is the bane of a
day school.
Owing to the large percentage of deaths among the scholars furnished by this
people to the Carlisle school, it is extremely doubtful if any parents can hereafter be
found who will permit their children to be sent to any distant point for the purpose
of being educated; hence the establishment of a boarding school within the limits of
the reservation, yet located far enough away from, the agency as to be removed from
family influences, seems to be the only true solution of the problem. This appears to
be the view of the department, and, in compliance with instructions, I have purchased
material for a building 40 by 120 feet, two stories in height, and expect to have the
same ready for occupancy before cold weather sets in.
MISSIONARY WORK.
The missionary work at the agency is still under the efficient charge of the Rev. W.
J. Cleveland, and is making some progress, which, however, is greatly retarded, owing
to the absence of educational facilities. The work of Christianizing Indians without
54 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
other civilizing influences brought to bear is a difficult task; but those who have the
matter intrusted to them are earnest in their labors, and it is to be hoped that in time
their efforts will be abundantly crowned with success.
POLICE.
The United States Indian police have rendered effective service in enforcing laws
and maintaining order on the reservation. They have cheerfully responded to the
calls made upon them, and I regret no increase of pay was authorized for the present
year. The small compensation allowed for their services has been so often alluded to
by myself and other agents that I deem it unnecessary to again make any recommen-
dation on the subject.
EVENTS.
Nothing of unusual interest transpired until the 9th of May last, when John Bordeau
(half-breed), chief herder, was killed by a party of desperadoes at a place some forty
miles distant in the State of Nebraska. The circumstances connected with the case
are as follows: In accordance with the usual custom the chief herder with two Indian
police were sent to attend the annual round-up of cattle on the Niobrara River for the
purpose of recovering estray government and Indian cattle. They left the agency
early on the morning of May 9th, and at night found themselves at a ranch (a dis-
reputable place situated about four miles from Fort Niobrara). Rain was beginning
to fall and they concluded to seek shelter and remain until the weather cleared.
About midnight the place was raided by three road-agents for the purpose of robbing
the proprietor, who was known to have a considerable sum of money in his possession.
The inmates of the ranch were ordered to hold up their hands, and not obeying, the
desperadoes opened fire, and in the melee Bordeau was killed. The policemen at once
returned to the agency and reported the affair. Details of police were sent in various
directions with instructions to hunt down the murderers. In the mean time, Maj. J. J.
Upham. commanding Fort Niobrara, had sent Lieut. Samuel Cherry with a detach-
ment of the Fifth United States Cavalry in pursuit. The lieutenant soon struck the
trail and followed it the entire day. The next morning he started east to reach
rations sent out to meet him from the post. About 11 o'clock a. m., Lieutenant
Cherry, who had divided his party, retaining three men with him, saw men at a
distance on the bluff". While riding toward them, with Sergeant Harrington on his
right, and Thomas Locke and James Conroy in the rear, a shot was fired from behind,
when the lieutenant turned, asking what it meant. Locke, with his pistol in hand,
immediately shot Lieutenant Cherry through the heart, death being instantaneous.
Locke then turned and fired on Coiiroy, severely wounding him, and putting spurs to
his horse, fled. The pursuit now turned upon Locke, who was captured and brought
before the United States commissioner at this agency, who committed him to Dead-
wood for trial. The three desperadoes were captured at Fort Pierre and sent to the
same place to answer the charges against them.
THE DEATH OF SPOTTED TAIL.
On the 5th day of August, Spotted Tail held a council with his people, prior to his
contemplated visit to" Washington to take part in a conference with the honorable
Secretary of the Interior. The council broke up about 3 o'clock in the afternoon.
What followed can best be described from the words of an eye-witness.
'•We had a council and a feast, after which Spotted Tail mounted his horse and
started home; the council had broken up and the people were scattering out; Spotted
Tail was in advance. I sawr Crow Dog coming toward us in his wagon. He had his
wife with him. He got out of his wagon and was stooping.. down when the chief rode
up to him; he suddenly raised up and shot Spotted Tail through the left breast. The
chief fell from his horse, but at once rose up making a few steps towards Crow Dog,
endeavoring to draw his pistol; he then reeled and fell backward, dead. Crowr Dog
jumped in his wagon and drove off at full speed toward his camp, some nine miles
distant."
The excitement among the Indians was intense, although none of them manifested
the least disposition to molest the whites at the agency. The commission of this crim<>,
while partially the result of an old feud, was mainly brought about through the influ-
ence of Black Crow, a headman of the Brul6 Sioux, whose ambition was to hold
Spotted Tail's position, and who did not scruple to use the most foul and cowardly
measures to accomplish his object. Black Crow had a small following, but they were
desperate characters. They determined to kill the chief, and succeeded as stated.
Upon ascertaining these facts, Eagle Hawk, captain of police, was instructed to arrest
both Crow Dog and Black Crow. Their capture was effected the next day, and they
were sent to Fort Niobrara, there to await the arrival of the United States marshal,
by whom they will be taken to Deadwood for trial.
The loss of this chief is irreparable. There is not one on the reservation who can till
his place. The value of his services to the government in the past cannot be too highly
estimated, and he was regarded by all as a true friend to the whites. His influence
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 55
was ever on the side of law and order, and to him is greatly due the credit of its main-
tenance on this reservation. While perhaps the chief was not so progressive as some
younger Indians, still he never opposed innovations when he saw they were for the
good of the people, whoso interest he had at heart, and for whom he labored so long
and so well.
This startling event occurred during my necessary and authorized absence from the
agency, having left Henry Lelar, clerk, in charge. The calmness and coolness of Mr.
Lelar, together with the courage and firmness necessary for the occasion, alone pre-
vented an outbreak among the different bauds, the result of which would have been
in the end, disastrous to the whites. His success in quelling the disturbance caused
by this diabolical murder, and restoring harmony among the Indians, and confidence
among the whites, entitles him to the highest praise. The promptness and efficiency
of his action in the matter receives the congratulations of the agent, and deserves the
highest commendation of the government.
CONCLUSION.
The health of Indians and employ6s during the past year has been all that could be
desired, and it is well that such was the case, as we were without the services of a
physician for a period of five mouths.
The employe's generally have conducted themselves satisfactorily. They have ren-
dered prompt obedience to orders, and heartily co-operated in all measures instituted
for the benefit of this people. In conclusion, I have to assure the. Office of Indian
Affairs that in the future, as in the past, my best efforts will be used to promote the
material interests and civilization of the Indians committed to my charge. To this
end they will be assisted and encouraged in those things which are for their good,
and vigorously opposed in practices which tend to keep alive their barbarous customs,
which are antagonistic to the plans devised far their future welfare.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant.
JOHN COOK,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OP INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SISSETON AGENCY, DAKOTA,
September 1, 1881.
SIR : In complicance with department circular dated July 1, 1881, I have the honor
to make to you this my third annual report of affairs at this agency for the year end-
ing August 31, 1881.
EDUCATION.
I place this first upon my report, for I most certainly think that it should receive
the first consideration in the attempt to civilize Indians. I say this, believing that
a thoroughly practical education for the Indian yonth of the present will do more to
place the future generations upon a firm civilized foundation than aught else which
can be devised for their benefit.
The boarding schools have been full to overflowing through the whole year, unless
during, vacation time, when but few remained. Day schools, owing to the scattered
abodes of the Indians, are a failure here; for in order to obtain a full attendance at
any one point, it would be necessary for some to come a distance of 5 or 6 miles, which is
utterly impossible during a greater part of the year.
A thorough and efficient board of teachers have done much towards elevating the
tone of the schools, causing them to be looked upon with much more favor by the
Indians than formerly ; so much so, in fact, that it is becoming quite " cornme ilfaut"
for them to wish to send their children and have them educated. Judging from the
number who have already come in for the fall opening of the schools, I much fear that
our accommodations will be greatly insufficient to receive them all. There are really
250 children of scholar age on the reservation, while there are accommodations for
only 75.
AGRICULTURE,
Which is the next in importance to be considered, has made quite an advance dur-
ing the year, as is shown from the fact that the acreage of land really under cultivation
is considerably in excess over any past year, though probably the amount of grain
harvested will not "be materially more, owing to the wetness of the early season. A
large amount of hay has been cut by all, in order to be prepared for such a severe
winter as the last one was, which is a strong evidence that they are beginning to take
thought for the morrow, which formerly certainly was not an Indian characteristic.
There is an earnestness springing up among the Indians in this work of cultivating
the soil, and they are fast learning that they can easily make themselves independent
and self-supporting in this manner.
56 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
SANITARY.
The health of this people is in rather a broken condition, owing to the exposures
which they have undergone during the past year, though I think there is an improve-
ment in this respect.
A hospital for a few of the worst cases, which are so far from the agency that they
cannot be properly attended to by the agency physician, would be very beneficial.
STOCK.
The increase during the year has been quite large, though no part has been by pur-
their stock
during the
chase, and the Indians are much pleased at the prospect of the addition to their stock
of the 425 cows with calves by their sides to be received under contract
present month.
MACHINERY.
About 30 Indians have purchased mowing and reaping machines during the year,
and a few have purchased thrashing machines, with all of which they do efficient work.
BUILDING.
The mill has been completed during the year, and is now in condition to do thor-
ough and efficient work, or will be so soon as some machinery, for the purchase of
which authority has been asked, can be obtained and put in running condition.
All the frame houses at the agency have been painted, aud now appear quite present-
able, so that our little settlement here looks quite like a modern village.
Eight frame and ten log houses have been built or finished during the year by the
agency for the Indians, and several more are under way. This has had the effect of
producing among many more a desire to pull down their log huts and, as they express
it, "to build better houses and live more like white men;" and, to accomplish this,
they save very carefully all Ihe money possible, with which to buy the frames and, in
some cases, the sheathing for the same, after which they are completed by the agency.
I have adopted the policy of obliging them to furnish a part of their own buildings,
as it gives them a greater incentive to take good care of them, and a feeling of abso-
lute proprietorship, which does more to make them contented than aught else. The
pleasure of seeing some old Indian patriarch, who has passed his seventy years or more
in a mud hut or log cabin, with dirt roof and floor, and in the open air, upon taking pos-
session of his newly-built frame house or log house well finished, is well worth the
labor of obtaining it for him.
POLICE,
Of whom there are 15, are very efficient in the duties of their office, though there is
not sufficient for them to do all the time; andy in fact, if there was, the pay received
would be wholly inadequate compensation. Consequently, I think that it would be
better to reduce the number and pay those retained better salaries.
RELIGIOUS WORK.
The Congregational Mission has five churches on the reservation, with a member-
ship of 407, presided over by native pastors, all under the zealous care aud supervision
of Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Morris, who, by their earnest and well-directed efforts, keep
the missionary work of their society at this point in a very flourishing condition.
They also have charge of the Goodwill Mission boarding school, which they succeed
in making very popular by their efficient efforts to give the children under their charge
a good Christian education.
An Episcopal Mission has been recently established at this agency by Bishop Hare,
of the diocese of Niobrara, to be under the charge of the Rev. Edw. Ashley. They
start with a membership of 13, and will build during the coining autumn a parsonage
and church, at a cost of about $2,000; which mission, under the active efforts of the
rector, as thus far evidenced during his short sojourn among us, will be the source of
doing much good.
CONCLUSION.
The morals of the people are fast improving, and there is coming with it a certain
elevation of character which I could not observe upon my advent among them. Those
who, during the past years, have clung to their barbaric dress have now laid it aside
and adopted citizen's dress, in which they take much pride.
Owing to the nearness of white settlements, I have been annoyed by some drunken-
ness among the Indians, and, in consequence, have adopted a plan of obliging the
police force and any other Indian who is ever known to drink liquor to sign a temper-
ance pledge, and if they break it to suspend their rations ; and I have yet to report
the first instance of the said pledge being broken; consequently, I think the plan a
good one and will succeed.
These people are becoming more tenacious of their given word; and, observing the
improvement and advancement of this people, even during the few years I have
REPOKTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
57
been among them, I can already in the near future see the brightening sky which her-
alds the dawn of the time when these poor outcasts can shake oft' the shackles of bar-
baric prejudice which now enthrall them, and, making a complete exodus from their
paganism, step forth into the bright light of progressive civilization, and assume the
duties and privileges of American citizens.
Very respectfully, yours,
CHARLES CRISSEY,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
STANDING ROCK, DAKOTA,
September 7, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following as my third and last annual report
for the year ending August 31, 1881, relative to the management and condition of the
Indian agency now under my charge.
Respectively enumerated, the different tribes embraced in this agency are classified
as follows :
'S
0
o .
o
Names of tribes of old agency.
li
11
II
|l
y*
§3
g|
1
«
to
to °
to
H
213
305
377
205
895
Tipper Yanktonnais .
116
16o
211
113
493
TJucapapas
118
179
224
119
521
Blackfeet
163
248
317
152
728
Total
610
898
1 129
589
2 637
There are 284 Indian families who have taken up claims in severalty ; 243 of them
have houses built paid by the government, and the balance are waiting for an appro-
priation to construct and finish their houses. Most of the rest of the families have
planted in common two large fields.
The agency employe's planted, with the help of hired Indians, 140 acres in oats for
the use of feeding agency stock.
The following Indians, late prisoners of war from Sitting Bull's camp, were turned
over to this agency by the military commander of Fort Yates, Dak., on the 21st of
July last:
Name of band.
Name of chief.
Number of males 16
years of age and
over.
Number of females
16 years of age and
over.
Number of males
under 16 years.
Number of females
under 16 years.
H -
157
215
110
104
586
Minneconjoux
Fool Heart
43
68
29
27
167
Brule
Bulldog
53
57
32
28
170
Sans Arc
110
129
61
44
344
Sans Arc
Circle Bear
49
70
36
25
180
Uncapapas
TJncapapas
Rain-in-the-Face
Crow King
57
84
60
117
30
54
26
46
173
301
Gall
62
84
45
38
229
Ogalalla
Big Road
125
150
79
70
424
Ogalalla
34
43
31
24
132
Blackfeet
Crawler
34
36
19
18
107
Total
808
1,029
526
450
2,813
After I had counted all the prisoners of war in company with Capt. H. S. Howe, of
the Seventeenth United States Infantry— in charge of the camp— 16 Indians who were
missing came in, which increased the number turned over to me to 2,829 persons. Few
days after 29 more hostile Indians arrived, which makes the total 2,858.
By order of the honorable Commissioner 200 of these "hostiles" were allowed to
58 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
move to the Cheyenne River Ageticy to be embodied there, but only 139 out of the
whole canip could be induced to go, and thus 2,719 remained here .
RECAPITULATION.
Number of Indians of old agency 2, 637
Number of Indians late prisoners of war 2, 719
Total 5,356
AGENCY EMPLOYES
have been prompt and faithful in the discharge of their duties. They have been ap-
pointed regardless of all religious creed and solely for fitness for their respective posi-
tions. Owing to the bad condition of work cattle, caused by unusually severe win-
ter and scarcity of feed, agency employe's, in addition to preparing and seeding agency
farm, helped and instructed the Indians throughout the entire seed time, assisting
them with every available agency team.
FARMING.
I regret to say the season this year has not been favorable for abundant crops
throughout this section. It has been a season of succcession of storms and intensely
hot weather. Prior to July 1 crops promised favorably, but on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of
July we had a period of unparalleled heat, accompanied by an intensely hot wind,
which blighted everything in its course. This was followed on the 19th of July by
a terrific tornado of wind and hail, which swept everything clear in its course, de-
molishing buildings, killing stock, and sweeping the whole face of the country per-
fectly bare. Hail in many places near the agency lay six and eight inches deep on
the level. The acreage planted this year was largely in excess of last year's planting,
but owing to the storms and heat which prevailed during the month of July, the crop is
much less abuudant, in fact not half a crop, a large portion of tbe Indians losing their
entire crop, eaten up by grasshoppers. It is impossible to form a correct estimate of the
amount of crops that have been ruined. The greater portion of the crop that survived
the storms and heat was gathered before it was matured, partly for fear of a reoccur-
rence of storms, and partly by the Indians to feed and present to the hostile Indians,
Sitting Bull's followers, from the north, who came here in a very destitute condition.
But little of this year's crop is left for winter's consumption.
Hay is abundant ; a large quantity has been gathered, Indians worthing remarka-
bly well in this connection.
AGENCY FARM.
One hundred and forty acres of oats were sown for the use of agency this spring ;
but owing to the causes already described, but a partial crop was harvested. In all
only 865 bushels were thrashed, and about half of the crop was not worth being
thrashed, and will be fed to agency and Indian stock during the winter.
LIVE STOCK.
Owing to the terrible severity of last winter, fully one-third of the Indian stock,
both cattle and ponies, perished. This loss was about the average loss throughout this
whole section. The experience of last winter has had the one good effect of teaching
the Indians the absolute necessity of putting up stables, and a sufficient quantity of hay
to feed their stock throughout the whole winter; and they have shown a commenda-
ble zeal in profiting by their bitter experience, and this summer have put up a large
quantity of hay.
The work cattle were saved by the feeding of wheat and oats raised on the agency,
under authority of the department.
PROGRESS.
While the partial failure of crops has been a serious drawback, the spirit manifested
by the Indians to cultivate and work the soil has been very commendable and ex-
ceeded all anticipation. They have been tractable, obedient, and trusty ; the conduct
of the late hostiles, since being turned over to the Interior Department, might be called
exemplary. They manifested no hostility, appear to have had enough of war, and to
be willing now to settle down. None have left the ageucy, nor attempted to, news-
paper reports notwithstanding. No trouble need be anticipated at this agency, unless
maliciously created.
APPRENTICES.
Ten apprentices are at the agency learning carpenter's, blacksmith's and saddler's
trades. These boys, or rather young men, have become mechanics and are fast approach-
ing to be good mechanics. Their progress has been remarkable, and I take pleasure in
commending them both for the zeal they have displayed not only in learning respective
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA. 59
trades, but also for their valuable services in the plowing, hay, and harvest fields,
and at any and all work they have been called upon to do.
PASSES.
During the working season hardly any passes were given. Farmers did not apply,
as they were busy, and roaming lazy Indians were refused on the ground of un worthi-
ness. If passes are given to undeserving Indians, then the bad element would \>e
favored and loafing encouraged. My agency was overrun with visiting Indians, espe-
cially when the first lot of Sitting Bull's prisoners of war had arrived. During one week
223 Indian visitors from neighbor agencies were here. Of course this kept my Indians
from work, and also they had to board and entertain their visitors and feed their horses,
thus pulling unripe corn, destroying crops, and a great deal of vegetables wasted.
MORALS
at the agency for the past year have been singularly good. Not a white man resid-
ing at the agency on the west side of the Missouri River is living with an Indian
woman without being legally married to her. Morals have been promoted wonder-
fully by the vigilance of the Indian police, who arrest every white person found in Indian
camps.
STORMS.
As before mentioned, a fearful storm of wind and hail visited this agency on the 19th
day of July last. Its effect was terrific and could be marked for miles. Fortunately
only one edge struck the agency buildings, but this was sufficient to completely de-
molish the saw-mill, ice-house, one granary, and unroof and shatter the walls of one
end of the brick building used as an issue room.
INDUSTRIAL FARM SCHOOL.
The farm school, under the charge of Rev. Father Chrysostom Foffa, assisted by four
lay brothers and four Benedictine sisters, has had a regular attendance of 22 Indian
boys. They have exhibited remarkable industry and perseverance both in their studies
and manual work. They have broken and cultivated about 120 acres of laud ; but the
merit can only be judged by the attempt not by the result, for the same disastrous
circumstance led to a failure of crops at the farm school as well as the agency and
among the Indians. A very large amount of labor has been done by the boys and
their instructors with little results except in building, and putting up 130 tons of hay.
They planted and cultivated ; but heat, wiud, and grasshoppers harvested.
THE AGENCY SCHOOLS
under the immediate charge o£ Rev. Father Jerome Hunt, principal teacher, assisted
by two Benedictine Sisters, have had a regular attendance of boarders of 34 boys and
36 girls. Their progress is all that could be wished for.
INDIAN POLICE
have fully realized all expectations, and I venture to state are as a efficient body of
civil soldiers as exist. Prompt and faithful in the discharge of their duty, compre-
hending their duties fully, they are a terror to the evil doers, both white and Indian-
In this connection I would suggest that, owing to the large increase of Indians at this
agency, some of them perhaps of a turbulent character, the police force be increased
50 men. We have 30 now, and 50 more would swell the number to 80. This would do
away with the necessity of a large garriso.ii at Fort Yates and meet all requirements.
SUPPRESSION OF CHIEFDOM.
From experience I find that the so-called Indian chiefs tire a great obstacle in civ-
ilizing Indians. Many of them are very ambitious for power, and in order to make their
followers believe in this power or influence, they are constantly using their assumed
rights as chiefs both to harangue their people and to make demands on an agent,
which is entirely out of his power to grant. These chiefs make promises to their peo-
ple, and in order to make them believe he is keeping faith with them, he will bring
them in a body to the agent, there repeat his demands, which of course will meet the
assent "how" of his followers. The main object of the chiefs seem to be to make
the Indians believe that they are Indians in the fullest sense of the word, and (the
white man being the slave and workman for the Indian must do the bidding of the
chiefs), have rights to their own form of government as he expounds it to them.
These chiefs are a body-politic, and are dangerous in proportion to their ability.
Indians are easily influenced, and if they have a chief who will think, talk, and beg
for them, they will do but little themselves. The sooner the chiefs are deposed and
the farming Indian treated as his own chief, the nearer the end will be of all Indian
^troubles; and when Indians are treated as private and sovereign individuals and not
clans, owing no allegiance except to the United States, knowing no laws except that
60 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
on our own statute books and made amenable to the laws, both for crimes committed
against one another as well as against whites, the work of civilization will progress.
I find that the visits of Indian chiefs to Washington has this bad etfect: When the
chiefs come home, in order to cement their power as authority among their people,
they state the number of heroic demands they have made on the "Great Father," and
that he promised to fulfill them all. The Indians after a while make demands for the
futtillnient of the promises the chiefs told them they had obtained — inquiry at the
Department developes the fact that no such promises had b;jeu made — the matter
solves itself into a question of veracity, which is not always pleasant for an agent to
bear the brunt of, and is very injurious to the service. I have had to shoulder that
trouble, and speak only from bitter experience.
HEALTH.
But little can be said of the general health of the Indians. While no contagious or
virulent disease has existed, many have died from pulmonary complaints. Consump-
tion with them is hereditary, and four-fifths of the deaths are attributable to this
cause. The agency physician reports 1,897 cases of all complaints treated by him,
and 105 births and 111 deaths; vaccinated 290. The Indians are rapidly realizing
that their own medicine men possess no merit, and the large number treated by the
agency physician is evidence of this faith in white men's treatment.
Medical supplies have been inadequate and usually late in arriving in fall. Pur-
chases in open market, under authority from the Department, were made to the
amount of $'200 to supply this deficiency.
CONCLUSION.
In concluding this, my last annual report, I can conscientiously say that during a
life of fifty-eight years, laboring in many vineyards, I have never met with a more
generous treatment, hearty support, and been as ably seconded in the advancement of
civilization among the Indian race as has been afforded by the Indian Bureau of the
Department of the Interior. The supplies, both edibles, annuity goods, and agricul-
tural implements, which have been furnished this agency during the past three years,
have simply been enormous. This, together with 125 yoke of work oxen, an equal num-
of wagons, harnesses, together with mules, horses, stock cattle, and the most approved
articles of farming machinery of every description, have shown both a desii'e and
earnest attempt on the part of the Indian Bureau to carry forth all and everything it
was created for. I have to thank both the honorable the Secretary of the Interior
and the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs for courteous treatment, and feel
assured the Standing Rock Agency has had its full share of the benefits they have the
authority to bestow.
The full civilization and enlightenment of wild and savage Indian tribes will be the
•work of time and patience, but every good seed cast in the right direction, will bear
its desirable fruit. Of my labors, posterity can best judge. I leave with peace and
good feeling towards my charge, whose interest I will always have at heart, and trust
my successor will be as generously co-operated with as I have been, and meet with
fewer obstacles in the way of a jealous military commander, who is, thanks to the
Department, removed from doing any further harm to the Indian civilization.
I will respectfully recommend that .all the newly arrived Indians be left at this
agency, as all their domestic ties are here, and they wish it too, and where they can
profit by the experience of their near kinsmen. I would also recommend that houses
be built for each and every Indian family, these houses to be located no nearer than
the distance of a square-quarter section of land apart. Also that the issue of ducking
or tepee cloth be discontinued ; that the Indian be compelled to abide in permanent
houses, and that they be given fewer rations, except in the case of failure of crops, and
the balance in stock and farming implements, that they may farm for the necessaries
of life as well as the luxuries.
My relations with my charge have always been kindly and friendly on both sides,
but firm and determined, and I leave them with many regrets, but feel assured they
will be left in good hands.
Very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
J. A. STEPHAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
YANKTON AGENCY, DAKOTA, August 3, 1831.
SIK : Since my last year's report the Yankton Sioux pursued their usual peaceful avo-
cations, making slow but sure progress towards civilization, at times seemingly im-
perceptible, and rather disco ura^iujf. Yot we are inclined to bridge the centuries
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
Gl
between barbarism and civilization, not giving- proper credit for the efforts required
to throw off the customs, habits, and teachings handed down by tradition and story
from generation to generation, and take up those of another race only acquired after
long persistent effort and self denial.
This people claim that, unlike other Indian tribes, the blood of no white person
stains their hands. Always at peace and friendly even to taking up arms against
their own relations, they should receive greater consideration and benefit from our
people and government ; that on the contrary they receive less, while those who fought
the government imbrued their hands in white man's bloood, and obtain all they ask.
There are now borne on our rolls —
Total Indians and mixed bloods:
Men 520
Boys 435
Women 632
Girls.. 411
Total 1,998
Mixed bloods:
Men 57
Boys 72
Women 78
Girls 81
Total ,.288
EDUCATION
is necessarily slow, hedged with difficulties and obstacles, under existing circum-
stances and influences, almost impossible to overcome. Efficient progress cannot be
looked for until well systematized industrial schools are established, where the youths
of both sexes can be removed from home influences and customs, while habits of indus-
try and self-reliance are inculcated by daily practice and example. No schools should
be deemed complete without facilities to teach boys the various mechanical trades,
with daily practical lessons in agriculture on the school farm, while the girls are being
instructed in the mysteries of the sewing machine, housekeeping, culinary art, and
other womanly attainments. More schools like Hampton and Carlisle are needed, the
children to remain till their habits are formed, and they are competent to teach others.
MISSIONARY WORK.
Under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Domestic and Foreign Missionary
Society, and the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions religious instruction has
been dispensed for some years with good effect, and the good people who have devo-
ted their lives to this work, can feel that their words and examples have not been un-
availing, as the results seen and unseen are 'marked in the life and dispositions of
many Indians.
SANITARY.
The agency physician reports average number of Indians entitled to treatment 1,921 ;
number treated, 1,936; recovered, 1,874; death from all causes, 62; of these 85 per cent,
were of chronic incurable diseases. The deaths were males 34, females 28. During the
fall of 18hO scarlet fever appeared in a severe, and in some cases, malignant, form, mostly
among the whites, with few cases at Saint Paul School. No deaths resulted.
In the winter and early spring measles appeared as an epidemic. In some 500 cases
there was but one death, that from the sequel, congestion of the lungs. The severe
winter increased the deaths among the consumptives and scrofulous. The births were
87 — males 25, females 62, exceeding deaths, 25.
Dr. Smith says : " I am of the opinion that of the 15 per cent, who died of other
than chronic disease, fully one:half would have recovered had they been treated in
hospital, and I would once more earnestly urge the erection of such a building on this
agency, plans and estimates for which have already been submitted."
AGRICULTURE.
The unparalleled cold and snow of the past winter, with its deleterious effects on
horses and cattle, together with the subsequent flooding of the Missouri bottoms, very
materially impeded progress in this the main or only industry of the Yanktous. Not-
withstanding these obstacles, with the remnants of their teams they have seeded and
cultivated the past season, as follows:
Bushels.
519 acres wheat; estimated yield 2,595
40 acres oats ; estimated yield &00
1, 006 acres corn ; estimated yield 20, 120
5 acres barley ; estimated yield 50
10 acres potatoes ; estimated yield 250
1, 580 acres.
Some 500 acres of bottom land tilled last year was ruined by this spring's flood, and
abandoned.
62 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN DAKOTA.
They have broken this year 150 acres. Were they provided with" teams, all they
could cultivate would be broken in a short time, adding greatly to their support.
This year the wheat crop is almost a total failure. Rye or barley should be substituted
therefor, both being nearly a sure crop, yielding a good supply of nutritious food.
Several have planted cotton wood, trees on their prairie claims, making an effort to
raise their fuel, obviating one great hiuderance to their moving back from the river.
Reapers and mowers purchased for us this year have not yet arrived. This is caus-
ing serious delay and expense in harvesting.
THE AGENCY FARM.
I have in crop as follows : Bnshels.
170 acres wheat ; estimated yield 850
70 acres oats ; estimated yield 2, 1UO
75 acres corn ; estimated yield 2, 250
FRUIT.
The orchard set last year looks well, the loss this far being about 5 per cent.
Nearly all the trees issued to the Indians are alive and growing nicely. All delight
in showing and talking about them. A small sum, say $150 per annum, should be
used in purchasing trees and small fruit for cultivation.
STOCK RAISING.
It seems very desirable that assistance and extra inducements should be given this
people to raise cattle ; $35,000 to $40,000 are annually required to supply them with,
beef; 25 per cent, additional provided for in contracts, expended for heifers, in a very
few years would obviate the necessity of further expenditure for beef, and save nearly,
if not q"ite, SO per cent, of all the money expended for the Yanktous.
j THE MILLS AND SHOPS
n the immediate care and direction of Chief Engineer Gordon comprise a flour-mill,
saw-mill, blacksmith shop, carpenter shop, and tin-shop, where nearly all work of
above descriptions is performed by Indians and mixed bloods, Messrs. Gordon & Dales
being the only whites employed therein.
THE BUILDINGS
with the exception of the issue-house, 'stable, and warehouse, are old, some entirely,
others nearly, worthless, part condemned but of necessity compelled to still be occu-
pied from lack of funds to build anew. The urgent need of new flour-mill and eleva-
tor has been presented to you. The necessity ot these, with new residences for em-
ploye's and agent, and a mess-house, is so apparent as to attract remark from those
inspecting same, and should induce the department to obtain a special appropriation
for that purpose. It certainly cannot be presumed it is the intent of the government
to obtain capable men in the Indian service with insufficient remuneration, then com-
pel its employe's to live in fifth or sixth rate or condemned houses. I earnestly request
some action to be taken to provide this agency with new buildings, as they are not
only necessary but indispensable.
INDIAN HOUSES
are built mostly by^themselves excepting doors and windows. An appropriation should
be made to supply them with shingles for roofs and boards for floors. The expense
would be light and add hundreds of per cent, to their health, comfort, and cleanliness.
Thirteen houses only have been built, as the Missouri floods carried away all the logs
and timber cut, rendered the bottoms impenetrable so far even as to prevent the In-
dians getting out poles for their fences.
In my letter of April 23, I informed you of the destruction by flood of their houses,
loss of stock and property, asking for assistance to rebuild houses, &c. May 27 I for-
warded a detailed statement of the losses, including 138 houses and stables, 228 cows,
69 calves, 2 oxen, 104 ponies, with heavy losses in other property, for list of which I
would respectfully refer to above letters. Nothing so far has been done to relieve these
people, who are comparatively helpless, with absolutely nothing to protect them from
the intense cold of the coming winter. Immediate action in the purchase of lumber
and building material is necessary to prevent suffering from exposure.
THE AGENCY EMPLOYES
deserve special mention for strict attention to their various duties, their cheerful, wil-
ling response to calls for extra duty, at any time, at all hours ; pleasant, friendly inter-
course, sobriety, and general good conduct.
I am, sir, very respectfully, vour obedient servant,
W. D. E. ANDRUS,
United States Indian Agent.
THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO. 63
FORT HALL AGENCY, IDAHO, September 3, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit for your consideration the annual report of this
agency.
The reservation is situated in Onida County, and lies in the Snake River Valley, and
extends some 50 miles north and south immediately along the river, and is in width
in the centre about 39 miles, and contains, it is said, 1,232,329 acres. The finest and
most extensive hay-fields in the Territory are said to be embraced within the limits of
this reserve, as also thousands of acres of as good farming lands as are to be found any-
where in the West. Spring- wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and vegetables generally,
grow here to perfection, and produce crops siich as are unknown to farmers in the
Eastern or Middle States.
Some of the Indians, unknown to my predecessor or any of the employe's, sowed a
part of their wheat last fall, and the result was an increased yield and better quality
than where it was sown in the spring ; thus demonstrating that winter as well as spring-
wheat can be successfully raised on the reservation.
INDIANS.
The Indians on the reservation are the Shoshoues, numbering 1,128, and Bannacks,
numbering 602. While both possess the prominent characteristics common to all North
American Indians, the difference between them in language and disposition is very
marked. It is impossible for them to understand each other until after long and inti-
mate association together, and the Bannack language is so complicated and difficult
that the Shoshones rarely master it.
The Bannacks are naturally a turbulent and rebellious people ; and the fact that the
" Bannack war" of 1878 left them poor in horses and money alone prevents them from
causing serious disturbances. The Shoshowes are, and always have been, of a quiet
and peaceful disposition ; the Bannacks are idle and improvident, and not inclined to
engage in civilized pursuits. The number of the Shoshones who are engaged in agri-
cultural pursuits is steadily increasing; and the day is not far distant when all of this
tribe, with proper encouragement, will be engaged in civilized pursuits.
EDUCATION.
From the reports of my predecessors I learn that a day school was opened here in
February, 1879, and continued for five and one-half months; and that in February,
1880, a boarding school was opened, which has been continued to date save the usual
vacations. Notwithstanding the fact that this school is costing the government some
$1,700 per annum for teacher and eraploy6s, in addition to food and clothing for the
pupils, the fact still remains that not one single Indian on the reservation can read a
word. This is certainly not a very favorable showing, and strongly suggests some
radical change.
Before any permanent good can be accomplished in the line of education, a good,
commodious, and comfortable school building should be erected, and the children (who
are the only hope of the race) taken and kept away from their parents, and given, at
least, a common-school education, and at the same time taught how to work, in order
that they may, in the near future, become self-sustaining. In my opinion a boarding
school under the old program is a perfect farce, and continual source of annoyance
to all concerned, and an actual waste of money, with no advantage to the Indians
save that the children who attend get full, instead of half, rations, and wear better
clothes, all at the cost of the government.
RELIGIOUS TRAINING.
Of revealed religion, their ideas are about as crude as they are of letters, save what
they have learned of their brother polygamists, the Mormons, who have quite a fol-
lowing among them.
AGRICULTURE.
There were about 500 acres of land cultivated, and 100 acres of new land sowed.
The Shoshoues raised 3,000 bushels of^wheat, 3,000 bushels of oats, 180 bushels of
barley, 2,000 bushels of potatoes, 600 bushels of vegetables, including beets, turnips,
ruta-bagas, pease, onions, carrots, and parsnips, and cut 550 tons of hay. The Ban-
nacks raised 888 bushels of wheat, 200 bushels of oats, 375 bushels of potatoes, 80 bushels
of vegetables, and cut 50 tons hay. The Shoshones own 2,500 horses, and 070 cattle.
The Bannacks own 725 horses, and 133 cattle ; an increase over last year of 33 per cent.
SANITARY.
There can be said to be no prevailing disease among these Indians of a dangerous kind.
They are afflicted with about the same ills that white flesh is heir to, and have their
periodical seasons for colds, intermittent fever, &c. While consumption is not com-
64 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO,
inon among them, frequent cases occur; and death gathers a fair proportion of its vic-
tims with this agent.
Always very respectfully, your obedient servant,
E. A. STONE,
United States Indian Agent,
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
LEMHI INDIAN AGENCY, IDAHO,
Auyust 26, 1881.
SIR : In accordance with instructions received, per circular letter of July 1, 1881, I
beg to submit my first annual report of the Lemhi Agency. The short time I have been
here — a little over five weeks — prevents my giving anything of the nature of a full
report of what has been done at this agency during the'last 12 months. I shall there-
fore aim at describing the actual condition of the agency at present.
The area of this reservation is considered to be 100 square miles, but the boundaries
are most exceedingly difficult to make out. From personal observation and infbrma-'
tion from the employe's I consider that one-sixteenth of the land is the maximum that
could be made available for agricultural purposes; the balance being just what you
might expect in this locality — Rocky Mountains.
The unsettled condition of this agency during the last two or three years could not
fail to interfere with the development of agriculture among the Indians. Still I must
say that I consider my immediate predecessors, Messrs. Wright and Stone, deserve
great credit for having accomplished so much in the way of inducing the Indians to
take hold of farming. At present there are 21 families engaged in farming operations,
on a small scale, it is true, but evidently with increasing interest. If the department
would authorize the purchase of ten or twelve head of cattle so that one cow might be
given to each of the most deserving of those farming Indians, I believe it would
materially help on the work of civilization ; several of them have asked me to try to
get them cows like the white farmers had. There has been no cultivation on behalf
of the government during the year, but the Indians have cultivated 90 acres and
broken 5 acres more in anticipation of seed that did not come to hand in time. There
are 280 acres of laud under fence, and there has been about 240 rods of new fencing
put up. I estimate the amount of crop as follows: wheat, 20 bushels; oats, 2,250
bushels; potatoes, 600 bushels; hay, 6 tons.
The number of Indians on this reservation is, as near as I can ascertain, 717 — males
375, females, 342. They are mixed Shoshones, Bannacks, and Sheepeaters. They are
peaceable and honest to an extent that is really surprising, and can only be accounted
for by the Chief Tendoy's influence over them ] he is a noble fellow, and well deserves
all the encouragement the government can give him.
I arrived here on the 19th July, took overthe property of the agency on the 20th, and
on the same day the Indians held a council by way of welcoming me to the agency.
The proceedings commenced with an address from me, in which I endeavored to set
forth the desire of the government to see the Indians everywhere happy and comfort-
able, and that their only way of being so was by learning to do what good white
people wanted to teach them. I then spoke of the advantages of education for their
children, and a knowledge of farming for themselves, giving them to understand that
the government wanted the Indians to learn all that the white people knew that was
worth knowing. I next talked to them of the evils of whisky drinking, and told them
in conclusion that the fathers at Washington felt an interest in the Indians because
they believed in a book that told them that the Great Spirit had made of one blood
all the people of the world.
The interpreter translated my address a few sentences at a time. When I had con-
cluded there was a general conversation for a few miuutes between the chief, sub-
chiefs, and head men. Then the Chief "Tendoy " replied to me in a most eloquent
speech begining with words of welcome, and then taking up in succession the vari-
ous points in iny address. He said they were glad they were now learning something
about farming ; he believed it was good, and a great many of the Indians who did not
think so formerly, were getting to think so now. As to a school they were all in favor
of having one, but he (Tendoy) had asked for one so often that he was nearly tired of
asking. He had mixed a good deal with the whites when a child and had learned a
great deal from them, and he wanted his children to learn to read and write like white
children. He (Tendoy) and his people had always been the friends of the whites, and
he thought the big fathers at Washington ought to give them a school so that their
children mighr have a chance to learn the same as the children at other agencies. He
concluded with the assurance that he would be happy to be my friend, and would
give me all the help he could; and this sentiment was heartily indorsed by all the
sub-chiefs and headmen.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN IDAHO. 65
A long and earnest talk, in which most of the Indians took part, ensued on the
necessity of a school for this agency, and the result of the discussion was that all
present (with but one exception, and that was a very old man) expressed themselves
in favor of a school, and hoped that the government would say "yes." A request was
then made to me by the council that I would ask the government for some cows for
the Indians on this reservation. I told them that cows would be very little use to
them, unless they learned to be farmers. If they did so they might depend upon me
doing my utmost to* get the government to give them some cows. At the close of the
council all present expressed themselves as being well pleased with the proceedings,
and I have reason to think that they were favorably impressed with the "new father,"
as they call me, and, from what I know of the Indian character, a good impression at
starting cannot fail to be helpful in carrying on the work of the agency.
I would here urge, not only the desirability, but the absolute necessity of providing
a school for this agency. There are 175 children of school age on this reservation,
and unless a school is provided, there is nothing before them but the same condition
of gross superstition and unmitigated ignorance in which their parents now exist.
As to religion, the Indians here have scarcely any idea of it in any form. A few
among them have some dim notion of the existence of a Great Spirit, but it is a matter
of no concern to them. This state of things, existing in some foreign country, would
be considered by us as being very sad indeed, but as it is only seven or eight hundred
of our own Indians they are allowed to go on from year to year living and dying in a
darkness as dense as if they dwelt in the interior of Africa.
The physical condition of the Indians on this reservation is by 110 means what it
ought to be in such a healthy locality, ami I can see no possibility of an improvement
in this direction, until we have an agency physician who will be able to deal with
that fearful disease that afflicts so many of our Indian population.
The agency buildings are about as bad as they can be. The dwelling-house is a low
log structure with a mud roof, and is totally inadequate for the accommodation of those
who have to reside at the agency. This, however, is a matter that I hope to see rec-
tified next spring, as by that time I expect to have the saw-mill (the erection of which
has just been authorized by the department) at work preparing lumber for a school
building and a residence for the agent, both of which I trust I may be allowed to put
up with as little delay as possible.
As to the degrading vice of intemperance, I am happy to say that it has scarcely
any hold upon the Lemhi Indians, just because they have no temptations to drink, as
it would take them a day's journey to get to a saloon, and I scarcely think they could
get liquor when they got there. And I feel it my duty to say that the example of the
employe's at this agency, in the matter of absolute sobriety, coupled with decency of
life and language, is such as cannot help being beneficial to the Indians, who are keen
observers of what takes place around them.
I cannot conclude this report without an expression of confidence that my efforts to
improve the condition of the Indians on this reservation will not be in vain, for the
promptness and kindly courtesy of the department, in matters I have already sub- ,
mitted, have been such as could not fail to make me feel hopeful for the future.
I am, sir, yours, most respectfully,
JOHN HARRIES,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OFFICE INDIAN AGENT, NEZ PERCE INDIANS,
Lapwai, Idaho, August 18, 1H81.
SIR : I have the honor to submit this as my third annual report of affairs pertaining
to the Nez Perce" reserve. The Indians under my charge have made unprecedented
advancement during the past year. As regards agricultural matters, there has been an
increase of at least 20 per cent, of grain grown over that of last year. There has also
been a corresponding increase of cultivated acreage. The crops as far as harvested are
unusually heavy, and large quantities of wheat, oats, and vegetables are being packed
into the mining camps adjacent to the reserve by the Indians, for which they receive
very satisfactory prices. Large quantities of hay are being cut and stored away by
the Indians for winter use and for sale. When any is sold the price realized is from
$10 to $15 per ton. Several houses and barns have been erected during the year, and
a great many more would have been put up had lumber been available. Wagons,
reapers, mowers, fanuing-mills, &c., have been purchased by many of the Indians
from private funds.
These Indians evidently realize that it is high time that they should bring them-
selves up to a point of self support, and are making such an effort a success. Their
progress is gradual and permanent. Last fall they hauled about 700 cords of wood
5 IND
66
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
from the banks of the Clearwater River, at the agency, to Fort Lapwai, a distance of
about 4 miles, and are now making preparations to deliver at the same point for con-
tractors this fall about 1,200 cords. They use four and six horse teams generally.
The Indians have cut about 500 cords of wood, and have cut and sold about 75,000
feet ot saw-logs,
The new school building at Lapwai is nearly completed, and will be the finest
structure of the kind in the Territory. The main building, 32 by 80 feet, three stories
high, lathed and plastered throughout. There is a wing one and a half stories high,
24 by 30 feet, for a kitchen and necessary pantries and store-rooms. The kitchen is
furnished with a hotel range, pumps, tanks, and pipes, making it the most complete
establishment of the kind in the Territory. By order from the department the board-
ing and lodging school at Kamiah has beeu closed, and their seems to be quite an
effort being made to have it reopened on the part of the Indians.
The saw-mill under course of construction at the agency will, we hope, be in running
order in about a month. As regards the grist-mill, we look for its completion some
time during the Avinter. The Indians dug the ditch to be used in conveying water to
the mill flume. The ditch is about half a mile long, and does credit to the Indians. In
matters of this kind, where they can be made to see that they are the ones to be
benefited they will work without compensation.
The general sanitary condition of the tribe is good.
In educational matters we have been laboring under disadvantages during the year
past. The accommodations for boarding schools have been very limited, and very
poor at that ; but during the ensuing year, with proper facilities in the way of school
employe's, we have reason to expect marked advancement in this department. The
Indians have taken the usual interest in religious matters. As a whole, the progress
made by the Indians in the various departments of the reserve is certainly commendable.
Pertaining to the Spokane Indian colony at Deep Creek, I would say that they have
made good use of the implements, materials, &c., furnished them by the department
through the appropriation of $500, and have advanced in civilized pursuits. This
colony should be encouraged in their efforts. It will gradually draw around them
other members of that tribe. The work that is being done by Mr. Cowley is a good
one, and it is to be hoped that he will be retained by offering him sufficient compen-
sation.
The reservation set apart by executive order for the Spokane Indians has several
white settlers on it, and others locating thereon from time to time, and apparently no
steps being taken to prevent it. If settlers continue to so locate it will be a source of
annoyance and cause no small amount of trouble in the future.
When taking into consideration the various circumstances we have had to contend
with in certain departments of the agency, I can say that I am thoroughly satisfied
with the general progress made in civilization under my charge.
Very respectfully,
CHAS. D. WARNER,
United States Indian Agent.
• The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OFFICE CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY,
Darlington, 2nd. T., September 1, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to present herewith my tenth annual report of the condition
of affairs at this agency, ending August 1, 1881.
POPULATION.
The following will represent, by tribes, the number of Indians attached to this
agency, viz :
Name of tribe.
Men.
"Women.
Chil-
dren.
Total.
958
1 119
2 077
4 154
566
*567
1 100
2 233
' 43
43
.A.rapahoes at Carlisle ...
25
25
Total ..
1 524
1 686
3 °45
6 455
From the above it will be observed there has been an increase in numbers during
the past year, which can be accounted for in the fact that the year just past has been
one of unusual good health and but few deaths reported. That portion of the Chey-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 67
ennes included in the above who came from the North, having become quite accli-
mated, have suffered no more from malarious disease than those who have lived here
for years. The dryness of the season has so completely dried up all the ponds and
stagnant water as to prevent all unhealthy influence from that source. The result of
this good state of health gives us almost the entire increase to be added to the enroll-
ment of last year.
NORTHERN CHEYENNES.
At the request of the honorable Secretary of the Interior and Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, Little Chief, accompanied by Charles E. Campbell, from this office, in
charge, and Ben. Clarke as interpreter, proceeded to Washington during August, ul-
timo, to confer with the department officers relative to the return of his band to their
old home in the north. This party has just returned, and report that Little Chief,
with 250 of his people, have been granted permission to return north and to be an-
nexed to the Pine Ridge agency (Red Cloud), Dakota, and arrangements are to be
made for their journey this fall. It is, however, understood that as the subsistence
for these people has already been contracted for and forwarded to this agency,
they will have to rely upon the generosity of the Red Cloud Sioux, and their own
energy for subsistence until the beginning of the next fiscal year, or such time as
Congress may make the necessary provision for their support at'that agency.
This band of Cheyennes have never been satisfied at this agency, and consequently
have made no progress in the right direction; but, on the contrary, have been un-
happy, discontented, and for the first two years were quite sickly. Their efforts to
convince us of their dissatisfaction have been a source of trouble to the Southern
Cheyennes and other Indians of this agency. Little Chief has always claimed that
he was compelled to come to this country, and was led to believe that if not satisfac-
tory to himself and his people, they would be permitted to return north. This hope
has been the constant burden of his soul; and although he did not get all he asked for
of the department, he is quite happy over the result of his recent visit to Washington.
In rny judgment, the honorable Secretary of the Interior and Commissioner of Indian
Affairs have done the right thing by this baud ; and as they have invariably promised
hearty efforts in the line of education and industry if permitted to return north, the
opportunity is now offered, and should be accepted for their advancement.
Little Chief, although very unhappy, has always behaved himself well, and held
liis people under good control at this agency,
SOUTHERN CHEYENNE8 AND ARAPAHOES
have manifested their usual industry and energy in an effort to accomplish something
in the way of self-support. Applications are made at my office daily for work, some-
thing at which they may be employed and receive remuneration. The transportation
Of their own supplies aiid that of the military, in part, at Fort Reno, I. T., has been
the best source of revenue to them. I have endeavored to secure all the freighting
possible from outside parties in order to give them the needed employment, and have
been So far quite successful) through the assistance of the commanding officer at
Fort Reno and the quartermaster's agent at Caldwell, Kans. For the current year I
understand the transportation contractor for the military expects to furnish his own
transportation ; also, some other contracts will be filled and delivered by the con-
tracting parties themselves with their own help and transportation, so that we can-
not depend upon that -source for much of a revenue this year.
The Indians, as also myself, have become completely discouraged in their efforts to
obtain a living from the cultivation of the soil. Much energy and practical sense was
displayed by them, in the early spring, with fair promise of good results, until the
close of May, whel> the drought set in, and their crops were all destroyed.
FARMING.
The Indiafo 'employe's, under the supervision of the agency farmer and his assistant,
plowed and planted" 90 acres of corn and 39 acres of millet, all of which was culti-
vated well and kept in excellent condition, and, until the last of May, promised an
abundant yield for all the government animals at this agency. The absence of the
necessary rain-fall has destroyed the entire crop, except a small amount of cornstalks
and blades for fodder. Hence, the grain portion of the forage for the government
animals must be provided in some other way.
At the two manual labor schools forty- five acres have been fenced and cultivated by
the children of the schools', aided and directed by the superintendent and industrial
teachers ; and by planting early and cultivating well, they had an ample supply of
«arly vegetables, but after the last of May everything not already matured or used
was soon dried up. It is due, however, to the children of these schools and those in
charge to say that they are entitled to the same credit for the energy displayed and
the labor performed as though they had reaped a bountiful harvest. Yet the same
encouragement is not manifest among them. We are glad to note the fact that the
68 KEPORTS OF AGENTS IX INDIAN TERRITORY.
training given these children in the industrial schools, on the farm, and in all the in-
dustrial work connected with the schools is already showing good results, not only in
the knowledge thus obtained by the child itself, but also in being able to impart this
knowledge to their friends and relatives in camp. Thus I conclude that the money
spent for salary of a competent industrial teacher in each industrial school brings
back as good and quick results as any money paid out by the government.
Of the farming interest, so far as relates to the camp Indians. I can only say that
commendable energy was manifested in stirring the ground in small fields and plant-
ing the same, and the proper care and cultivation was being extended when the early
drought set in, and as the hot sun and winds grew more and more intense, it was soon
apparent to all that no crops would be realized, and further labor and care was aban-
doned. Yet they, too, are deserving of some consideration for the eifort put forth.
I am thoroughly convinced that it will not do to rely upon this section of country
for agricultural purposes, except that, as is argued, the breaking up of tlm soil, the
building of railroads, establishing telegraph lines, and planting forest trees and or-
chards, have the effect to attract moisture and rains. At present, however, it is an
excellent grazing country, and the efforts of the department and Indians should be
directed principally in the line of pastural pursuits.
The question of irrigation has presented itself, but we find serious obstacles. We
have no mountain slopes nor mountain streams to be utilized in this way. This coun-
try is a high, level, sandy loam, with little or no. clay subsoil, and cannot support a
vigorous vegetation through a protracted drought. And the streams flow over a flat,
level bed of quicksand, and cannot be confined so as to collect a head 'of water for
irrigating purposes. The few springs that we find flowing from the hillsides disap-
pear in a few rods, passing down through the loose, sandy soil, so that they cannot be
utilized to any satisfactory extent,
INDIAN POLICE.
. This organization, consisting of 2 officers and 38 privates, has been well maintained
throughout the year, and through this medium we have been able to make a number
of important arrests on the reservation, to suppress disturbances among the Indians,
and to prevent trouble in a hundred different forms. The very fact of the knowledge
of the existence of such a force tends to prevent theft and other crimes that would
otherwise be of almost daily occurrence in their camps and on the reservation. The
greatest obstacle in the proper organization and control of this force is the inadequate
pay. If their pay could be so arranged as to receive the same rate as paid by the War
Department to Indian scouts, while on active duty under specific orders from the
agent in charge, leaving the pay at the rate of $5 per month when not on such spe-
cific duty, I am sure greater efficiency could be had and the ends of justice better met.
This would serve as a stimulus to be on the lookout for something to do, and the best
energy to secure a place on such details, and the pay thus increased would enable
them to keep themselves in better trim for active and effectual service. The extra
pay thus allowed would not necessarily require at this agency a detail of over ten
persons continuously. Further information on this subject is g'iven in report of J. A.
Coviugton, chief of police, herewith, marked E.
AGENCY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS AND CARLISLE TRAINING SCHOOL.
There have been in operation during the past year two manual-labor and boarding
schools, one for the Cheyeuues and one for the Arapahoes; the first under the man-
agement of W. J. Hadley, as superintendent, and the latter by John H. Seger, in the
same capacity. The practical knowledge possessed by these gentlemen in the manage-
ment of such important factors in Indian civilization, supported by a corps of teachers
and other workers, worthy of the positions occupied by each, has brought about results
quite satisfactory. The progress of the children in their studies has been excellent,
and their knowledge of many industrial pursuits has kept equal pace with their lit-
erary training. The deportment of the children has been better than ever before, and
by a continued effort on their part to acquire a knowledge of the English language,
and a practical use of it, their social intercourse with the workers is more enjoyable,
and the ordinary English amusements practiced by white children have taken place
of the camp dance, and are enjoyed. The improvement in speaking English has been
very marked during the year, and now since it is considered as honorable to speak
English, progress in their English studies will be more marked.
Excepting a portion of the Northern .Cheyennes, the Indians of this agency manifest
a very favorable interest in education, and desire that their children may be receiving
this benefit sacredly promised to them by treaty. At present not 25 per cent, of the
children of school age are in school, which is no fault of the Indians, but that of the
government which has given them this pledge, and as a matter of fact and history the
Indians must necessarily become the sufferers, and the government be compelled to
bear the consequences of its neglect of duty in not providing for the education of
every child on the reservation.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 69
Daring the past winter 16 young men and boys (9 Cheyennes and 7 Arapahoes)
made a proposition to b.ear their own traveling expenses to Carlisle, Pa., in order
that they might avail themselves of the advantages of that training school in the
acquirement of trades. This proposition was presented to Capt. R. H. Pratt, and by
his favorable indorsem -nt, the boys were admitted to the school, by authority from
the Indian Office, and instead of idling away their time in camps, or making night
hideous (as some of them did) with their camp "chants," they are to-day afc Carlisle
school. itt the shops wielding the jack-plane, the sewing-awl, shoe-hammer, sledge-
hammer, &c., and by and by will return to their people useful men, and with strong
hearts to help their people. We have had an attendance of about '250 children in the
agency schools during the year, with upwards of 70 at Carlisle, but we must nob
forget the 850 children out of school. For further information, I have the honor to
inclose herewith reports from John H. Seger and W. J. Iladley, superintendents of
schools, marked A and B, respectively.
THE "FLORIDA PRISONERS."
The last of these returned to the agency during the year, and are, with the exception
of one or two, standing firm on the side of right, and as a result from their careful
training while prisoners in Florida, and while at Hampton and Carlisle, they are the
strongest lever we have at this agency in building up strength and hope for the future
of their people. A majority of the Indian employe force of the agency is composed of
these men, and a better class of laborers you could not find. Some are engaged in the
shops at their trades, while one (David Pendleton) is preaching the gospel to his people
in their own tongue, and a better Christian man we do not find. Such results are
indeed wonderful, and the example of these trained few, together with the seed from
Carlisle and Hampton, and the well-directed efforts in the agency schools, is going to
kill much of the " Indian" in the Indians of this agency in due time.
TRANSPORTATION.
During the past year the Indians have transported all of their own supplies and
400,000 pounds for military at Fort Reno and for agency traders. These supplies have
been hauled from Caldwell and Arkansas City, Kaus., a distance of 110 and 135 miles,
for which they received $1 and $1.25 per 100 pounds for the entire distance.
During the year 40 new wagons were purchased for them by the department, and 42
were purchased by themselves from traders at Caldwell and Arkansas City, -and the
freight money realized by them has been applied, through this office, in payment for
the wagons and harness, which usually requires from four to five trips. We issue no
wagons as a gratuity or on account of treaty. The men thus laboring and earning
their wagons appreciate their value and care for them. Constant demands are made
at this office for more wagons, and those who have wagons, for more freight, and we
have not sufficient to keep half the wagons they now have (two hundred and eleven)
busy.
It is really interesting to hear the appeals for wagons and the grounds upon which
their claims are urged. One young man will tell his story of how good and obedient
he and his family have been to the requirements of the government ; another will
urge his former genuine meanness, desiring to quit his waywardness. One thing is
sure, and that is, if we could furnish all \vho desire it, an opportunity to engage in
profitable labor, we could heal a thousand woes and soon relieve the government of a
heavy burden.
SANITARY.
The health of the Indians has been comparatively good during the past year; the
malarial troubles have not been so extreme as in formers years. The Northern Cney-
ennes sent to this agency -have become acclimated, and consequently have fewer ails
among them. Arnicas the Indians confide to a greater degree in the remedies admin-
istered and offered by the agency physician, certain classes of disease are more promptly
cured than was the case when they relied almost exclusively on their own " medi-
cine men."
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
The construction of a commodious brick commissary building, completed at the
close of last year, affords ample room for all the stores required at this agency. A large
cellar underneath for bacon, oils, and roots ; first story for flour, sugar, coffee, corn,
&c. ; second story for annuity goods, with one end cut off and finished and furnished
in two apartments for Indian'and private offices ; third story for seeds, with one room
cut olf for sleeping apartment for commissary or issue clerk, makes a very convenient
and safe building, in which stores can be properly cared for with but little risk; size
of building GO by 120 feet.
Authority has "been granted by the department for the erection of a commodious
brick building in three sections, for blacksmith, carpenter, and tin shops ; also a brick
building for laundry at the Arapaho school. The brick are now being made by the
70 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
Indians for this purpose. These buildings will be constructed entirely by agency em-
ploye's, and will be completed ready for occupancy the coming winter. The shops thus
constructed will give room for more Indian apprentices, and the accomplishment of
more work.
RESERVATION.
In the matter of reservation, there is much speculation and uncertainty which should
be remedied. The late honorable Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schurz, in an inter-
view had with the chiefs of the Cheyeunesand Arapahoes in Washington, D. C., Sep-
tember viO, 1880, informed them that they had not forfeited their treaty rights to the
reservation north of the Cimarron and extending to the Kansas line, and advised them
to locate thereon under the provisions of treaty granting them said lauds, and urged
them to do so at once, as he could not guarantee them absolute protection in the per-
manent possessions of the lands on which they are now located. If Congress would
confirm the exchange anticipated in the executive order of August 10, 1869, with a
slight modification, it would be much bett T for the Indians and the government.
As the matter now stands, the government has extensive and costly buildings at this
agency, situated on lands not confirmed to these Indians. A few Indians have taken
the advice of the honorable Secretary and have moved north of the Cimarron, remote
from the agency, others propose to go next spring, while the large majority will stick
to this reservation until some decisive action is taken by the government.
ANNUITIES.
Under article 10 of the existing treaty with Cheyennes and Arapahoes, all males
above fourteen years of age are entitled to a full suit of clothing. The number of men
to whom issues are made is 1,524. Last year only one suit could be given to every
two men, one hat to an average of every two and one-half men, and blankets were
proportionately deficient. The result was great complaint on the part of the Indians,
who charge the government with violation of promises; and when the cause of the
reduction is explained to them as due to the fact that a certain sum of money being
appropriated, the amount of clothing, &c., would be entirely dependent upon the
prices paid, and that the past year the prices being double the former year's cost, the
number of blankets, &c., were necessarily only one-half, they reply that no such pro-
vision was mentioned when the treaty was made, but insist that certain things were
promised, irrespective of the price to be paid.
Again dissatisfaction has been caused by the fact that the Kiowas and Cornanches,
who number less, receive a greater appropriation for beneficial objects, they receiving
$30,000 per annum to about 3,000 Indians, or $10 per capita; whereas the Cheyennes
and Arapahoes receive but $20,000, or less than $4 per capita. This, I believe, is due
to the impression which prevailed when the treaties were made, that the Kiowas and
Comanches outnumbered the Cheyennes and Arapahoes, the latter at that time never
having submitted to a count. As communication between these tribes is constant,
the Indians realize the fact that the Kiowas and Comanches are better provided for,
without being able to appreciate the cause. As the Indians have made such a strong
point of this difference in favor of their near neighbors, the Kiowas and Couiauches,
I herewith present a list of the principal articles of annuities, and taking Agent
Hunt's last annual report for basis, I find the following results, viz:
Articles.
Kiowas and Comanches. Cheyenncs and Arapahoes.
Blankets II to every person i 27 to every 58 persons.
Blouses and coats j 2 to every man j 1 to every 2 men.
Pants and overalls j 15 to every 7 men , . . 10 to every 14 men.
6 to every 14 men.
5 pairs to every 14 men.
2 yards to every person.
Hats and caps 20 to every 7 men
Boots and shoes ! 4 pairs to every man
Calico ' Nearly 8 yards to every person
This comparison is not made because it is thought the Kiowas and Comauches receive
an undue proportion, but merely to call the attention of the proper authorities to the
inadequacy of the present issue to the Cheyeunes and Arapahoes: and in order to place
them on an equal footing with the Kiowas and Comanches, it will require about
double the appropriation they now receive. While it may be claimed that the matter,
being a treaty subject, is not now capable of being righted, yet it is believed that Con-
gress could make an equable appropriation when the great inadequacy of the present
limit is perfectly explained. Little Chief and his baud of Northern Cheyennes at first
refused to accept their annuities, and not until extraneous influence was brought to
bear could they be induced to take them. The reason given for such refusal was solely
on the ground that they were so inadequate as to be impossible to distribute them sat-
isfactorily.
The quality of the goods furnished the past year was generally good, and well
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 71
adapted to their needs. In the item of Kentucky jeans in place of shoddy cloth there
was a great saving, as one suit made from good jeans will outwear five suits of
shoddy.
EMPLOYES.
During the past year a still further reduction has been made in the force of white
employe's, and their places filled by Indians. This course will be continued as fast
as the progress of the Indians will warrant.
MISSIONARY WORK.
The Rev. E. Beard, and wife, representing Friends, remained at the agency until
about the first of May, and did excellent work in connection with the schools, and in
preaching the gospel to the adult Cheyeiines, who filled the audience room on each
Sabbath morning at the Cheyenne school, to hear them ; and I have reason to believe
that the good seed sown by them has taken root in some hearts, and will bring forth
good fruit. The Friends have sent Rev. Erwin G. Tabor, of Iowa, to succeed Mr.
Beard, who has just arrived.
Rev. S. S. Haury, representing the Meunonite church, has continued his missionary
labors among the Arapahoes with good results. He intends making it a life work, and
his uniform temper and e very-day life are in such precise harmony with his gospel
teachings as to make him the right man in the right place. The Indian wants and
needs to see religion, as well as to feel it. Mr. Haury has now completed quite a nice
building near the agency, where he expects to accommodate about twenty-five chil-
dren. For further information touching the Haury Mission, see his report herewith
transmitted, marked C.
The Rev. J. B. Wicks, representing the Episcopal church at Paris Hill, N. Y.,
arrived at this agency during the month of June, bringing with him David Pendleton
("Making Medicine"), one of the Florida prisoners, a Cheyenne, and they, too, have
entered into the missionary work in good earnest, and with such system as to reach all
the states and conditions in the tribe. Mr. Wicks is of such kind and agreeable man-
ner as to impress the Indians very favorably with all his words and actions. Assisted
as he is by David Pendleton, who is also a model Christian, their influence will tell
largely on the side of Christianity. The earnest, prayerful training given Mr. Pendle-
ton by the Rev. Mr. Wicks at his home in New York has qualified him for a noble
work among his people, and it seems more the ordering of the Great Head of the
Church than that of man, or chance, that Mr. Wicks, who did the training, or rather
completed the training of the young man, should now be here to assist him in estab-
lishing the cross of Christ among his people. For further information concerning this
work, see inclosed report, marked D.
CONCLUSION.
Thanking the department officers for their forbearance in all my shortcomings, and
their uniform prompt consideration of all matters of interest to these Indians; and
Maj. George M. Randall, commanding Fort Reno, Ind. T., for his hearty co-operation in
all matters wherein we have been interested ; and the agency employes for their hearty
sympathy and support ; and invoking the blessing of Divine favor on all the interests
that are of His ordering at this agency,
I am, very respectfully, JNO. D. MILES,
United Stales Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
A.
CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY,
Darlinyton, Ltd. T., Augnst 15, 1881.
DEAR SIR: In accordance with your request, I have the honor to submit the follow-
ing report of the " Arapaho manual-labor and boarding school" for the year ending
June 30, 1881.
I resumed charge of the school on November 15, 1880, after being absent one year
four months and a half. I found that there were 120 children in attendance. It was
soon apparent that there were missing from among the pupils several of the oldest of
them, and upon inquiry I found that most of them were in camp. I was informed that
there were some of these missing pupils who had been refused admittance on the
ground that they had become almost grown up and were hard to manage with the
same discipline used with the new and younger pupils. Some of these I found in
camp, and they had, to a certain extent, resumed their former habits of camp life, and
instead of being clothed in citizen's dress, had cast it aside and were wearing blankets,
72 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
and were not putting to use the knowledge and skill they had acquired while uuder
the training and discipline of the school. I found, however, that they were all anx-
ious to put to use the education, both manual and literary, they had acquired, and
would gladly leave camp and go to work, hut that they were unable to find work to
do, and though they were somewhat discouraged they manifested a desire to profit
both for themselves and their families by the exercise 'of the skill they had acquired.
My experience told me that what was necessary was steady employment with some
competent person to overlook and guide them, and still further instruct them in de-
tails, and thus bring them to a condition whereby they would be able to act independ-
ently. I had some conversation with you on the subject, and the result was that six-
teen of the young men went to the training school at Carlisle, Pa., to learn trades
such as they were best fitted for. I have kept myself in communication with them,
and they are beyond doubt contented and happy, and are progressing rapidly, and
when they return will prove useful and industrious citizens.
There was one thing which I could not for sometime bring about satisfactorily, and
that Avas to have the children use the English language in their sports and manual
labors. Although they would learn to read, write, and cypher almost as readily as
white children, yet they manifested a reluctance to converse in the English language.
We felt that to secure the best results from their training the habit of conversing in
English should be established. We therefore, in all the departments, insisted on the
use of the language, and we resorted to different means to bring this about. The
boys were divided into four companies, a sergeant and a corporal being appointed to
each company. These offices were held by such of the boys as manifested the great-
est willingness to use the English language, and when they failed to exercise this
knowledge they were reduced to the ranks as a punishment, and the privates were
promoted as a reward for their willingness. In this manner we found that there was
soon considerable rivalry among them as to who should speak the best English. The
sergeants and corporals, while they held their offices, were also assigned to a separate
table in the mess room, and by various such distinctions, small though they were, we
secured the best results. The girls in their housework were incited to the same desire
to be able to converse fluently, and when they were performing their duties the per-
son in charge had the best opportunities of teaching them new words daily, so that
by the end of the year they were familiar, and used daily in their work and outside
nearly all the words used in the various departments, to the extent that they be-
came in the habit of conversing freely as to their duties. By thus combining teaching
with their manual duties, the teachers each and all daily taught them to use the lan-
guage more than they could in the recitation rooms.
Various games, such as jackstraws and nine pins, and other amusements, were pro-
vided for them, in which they take great pleasure, and the use of these games and
participation in the amusements were restricted to such of the children as cultivated
the habit of conversing in English. One evening in each week was devoted to liter-
ary and musical exercises, and the children were drilled to read short essays and recite
short pieces of poetry and sing songs, participate in dialogues, and in such ways make
the duty of conversing in English a pleasure. Thus while in the recitation rooms and
labor departments there was no less careful attention than formerly bestowed, we
made a specialty of having them use as entirely as possible the English language, and
the result has been more satisfactory than we anticipated, and the progress made has
been more marked in all the departments of the school than in any period since its es-
tablishment. We are confident that the teachers in the future will find the children
making more rapid progress in the study and recitation rooms, in consequence of this
special endeavor to cultivate the habit of English conversation. Surely, the Indians
must learn to think and speak in the language of the white man in order to approach
him in business management and independence.
The past winter was so severe and the weather so inclement that but little outdoor
work could be done, except cutting wood and doing some grading on the roads leading
to and from the school grounds. The progress indoors, in the recitation rooms and
shops, was more satisfactory than during any former term or session, and children, one
and all, took the greatest interest in their studies. And it was the unanimous opinion
of the teachers that the children were more easily managed and were more diligent in
their studies than the white children in other schools.
On the 1st of March we made preparations for farm. work and began plowing and
preparing the ground for crops. We cultivated this season 25 acres of ground, which
was planted to about the same quantity of cereals and vegetables as is commonly pro-
duced on a farm, with the exception of wheat. Everything was done in good order,
and the planting and cultivation were done with care and attention, and we had a
promise of a fine crop for our pains and labor until about June 15, when the extreme
dry weather lasted until most everything was dried up before reaching maturity. A
few early vegetables and some oats and millet were harvested, but the returns were
meager. This ground was plowed and cultivated and planted by the boys of the school,
and for workmanship would compare favorably with the best farms in the States.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 73
Besides farm work the boys have performed other work looking to the ornamenta-
tion of the school grounds. Where there was formerly a pond in front of the school
building there is now a smooth park, or lawn, ornamented with trees, all the result of
the labor of the boys. The extreme dry weather has very probably killed a number
of the trees, and I would suggest that in the spring those having been killed be re-
placed in order that there may be the regularity of the original design preserved. If
the grounds are attended to with proper care for a year or two they will be an orna-
ment to the agency, and a fine play-ground for the children.
The milch cows belonging to the school have been cared for entirely by the boys,
and they have been milked and fed and looked after generally with as much skill as
on any of the dairy farms of the States. The boys have been instructed in the care
and management of stock generally, and the results of their labor and attention have
been very gratifying. In fact, without neglecting their English education, they have
been carefully instructed in all branches of farm work, and have performed the differ-
ent duties of the farm according to their age and ability.
The girls have been drilled in all the different branches of house work until they
have most of them become thorough housekeepers, and they will need but occasional
guidance and instruction to finally fit them for the practical duties of the housewife.
The only drawback that we have experienced in the school, and that is a serious
one and needs correction immediately, is the increased sickness*and rate of mortality.
After careful investigation and consultation with the agency physician, I am of the
opinion that this condition is due to the poor drainage from the kitchen and laundry,
and poor ventilation of the bedrooms, being overcrowded as they are. The ground
around the school is very nearly level, and it is very difficult to drain the slops from
the laundry and kitchen. I would recommend that the laundry be moved from its
present place to a greater distance from the school building, and in that way the drain
that is now used for both laundry and kitchen, could be used for the kitchen alone.
This I believe to be absolutely necessary.
I am also convinced that more sleeping apartments must be provided, for with the
present accommodations it is impossible to secure a healthy ventilation. For instance,
in a room 20 by 24 feet and 8 feet ceiling, we are obliged to put 24 boys, and as we can
only put 8 beds in a room, each bed holds three occupants, which is unhealthy. I
would recommend that there be built on the school grounds, but separate from the
main building, quarters or barracks to accommodate about 40 boys. These quarters-
could be used by the older boys, and they could be held responsible for the care of the
quarters, and the training received in keeping their apartments in a clean and neat
and orderly condition would be very beneficial. This I also believe to be necessary
in order that the health of the school children be preserved.
I am under many obligations to my coworkers for the cheerful and efficient aid
they have given in the management of the school, and I am sure they will be rewarded
in the manifested good which has resulted from their labors and attention.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. H. SEGER,
Superintendent.
J. D. MILES,
United States Indian Agent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency.
B.
CHEYKNNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,
August 20, 1881.
SIR: The second annual report of the Cheyenne manual-labor and boarding school
for the year commencing September 1, 1880.
Enrollment for the year:
Male 80
Female .. ... 54
Total enrollment 134
Average attendance :
Males 68.7
Females.. 45.9
Total average attendance 114.6
Number of deaths:
Males 2
Females , 1
Total.. *
74 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
Number released from school on account of sickness:
Males 4
Females 5
Total 9
Number transferred to school at Carlisle, Pa. : 9 males.
The advancement of the pupils in a literary way has been even more satisfactory than
last year. As they become more acquainted with their studies, their interest seems to
deepen ; and often during the hour of recess, some prefer to remain at their seats and
study instead of going to play. Their advancement has been rapid and thorough,
some having fully mastered the first four fundamental rules of arithmetic, and read
and write quite intelligibly, and have a fair knowledge of primary geography and
primary physiology, while others who came in later to school are working in addition
and subtraction. Others have gone on into multiplication, and are reading in the
first or second readers; but, with all the pupils, the promptness and boldness with which
they recite tells that they fully understand their lessons, and are happy in the enjoy-
ment of their school privileges.
We have been troubled but very little the past year by children running away from
school, and what few we have had were nearly every one caused by the parents' influ-
ence, they wanting their child at home for a few days to visit among their friends, or
to enjoy the pleasures that a camp life affords to an Indian boy or girl ; the parent or
child not having a just conception of the benefits derived by a faithful and close at-
tendance, or the losses sustained by a few days' absence from school.
So, also, we might speak of their industrial education. Only two years ago they
came to us direct from the camps, dressed in the blanket, wearing the hair long, &c.,
knowing nothing of how, and having a less desire, to perform any kind of manual la-
bor ; now, all the boys and girls who are old enough take their details of work reg-
ularly every week, and do their work promptly and cheerfully. The girls generally
doing their work very neatly, are careful to sweep all the corners of the rooms, and
in patching clothes do not pucker the garment, and do hide the stitches, and take a
pride in keeping themselves neat and clean. Also, in the sewing department, in-
struction has been given to all the larger girls, and several of them are able to cut
and make aprons and underwear, and one can cut and make shirts for the boys. In-
struction has been given the girlsin the kitchen and dining-room work, so that nearly
all the cooking is done by the Indian girls for the children under the careful super-
vision of the cook.
The dining-room work also has been done by the girls, under the constant care and
instruction of the dining-room employe's, and in my judgment there is no department
in the school that an employ^ is needed worse than in the dining-room, where are so
many children who have never been taught economy or cleanliness, where so much
can be saved or wasted by a little care or negligence. So many of our children are so
small that they also need the careful attention and oversight of an employe" while
they partake of their meals. An item of expense will also be added in the increased
breakage of the dishes; all things considered, I think a great mistake has been made
by the department in not giving us an employe" in the dining-room for the coming
year. One thing that should be taken into consideration is the fact that as soon as our
girls and boys have received enough instruction and had experience enough to be of
some benefit to us, they have gone to Carlisle to receive the training afforded by the
institution at that place, leaving us to fill our ranks with new recruits from the camps.
While we are sorry that our number of employe's should be diminished, wre are glad
that when the minds of the children begin to develop, and they receive a little light,
they manifest such an anxiety for more that they are willing to leave parents and
friends and go so far away that they may gain more knowledge. It gives us pleasure
to send them and then go back and take others by the hand and help thein over the
same road the others had trodden.
We have now boys that are honest, faithful workers, doing their work promptly
and well, having tended the present season the crop of 20 acres, had 3 acres of very
good early garden, which added very materially to the plain fare provided by the
government; had about 10 acres of corn, which, owing to the extreme dry weather in
June and July, produced but little corn, but made very good fodder, and was cut and
put in shock in July, in very excellent condition; had 3 acres of millet, which was
properly stacked in due season ; have 3 acres of sorghum now ready for making into
sirup; also have put up enough hay for the stock the coming winter; have cut and
drawn the wood used by the school during the year; and for near three months in the
cold winter we used near one cord of wood per day, stove length ; have also drawn
all the water used by the school, which aggregates near 100,000 gallons. We are now
engaged in laying pipes to carry the water from the spring to the house, which will
relieve us of one of our most disagreeable and hardest tasks, especially in cold weather.
The children are called together each evening, before retiring, for devotional exer-
cises, in which they engage very heartily. We have also had a Sabbath school regu-
REPORTS OF EGENTS IX INDIAN TERRITORY. 75
larly each Sabbath, the children all attending and evince a love for the teaching re-
ceived, as only those do who accept and make personal application of them to them-
selves. As I believe, many of the children have been and are Christians, so far as they
are able to understand or comprehend the gospel, so that, it makes a marked change in
their conduct as compared with last year. Then it was no uncommon thing to hear
that peculiar chant used when in the dance or at gambling ; now that has given way
to gospel hymns and repeating psalms or other scripture, with the dancing and gam-
bling left off.
The health of the children has been very excellent during the year, in considering
the great change in habits and customs, in taking them from their free, unrestrained
<;amp life and placing them in the school where their hands and minds are alike em-
ployed. I would suggest, as a sanitary measure, that the school term be reduced
to 9 months instead of 10 as at present, as we find during the month of June the chil-
dren are more likely to droop and get sickly than at any other part of the year, occa-
sioned, we think, by so long a term at school. I think it advisable, also, that one
•should be employed as nurse, whose specific duty it should be to attend the sick and
care for the small children who need a mother's care.
Respectfully submitted.
W. J. HADLEY,
JOHN D. MILES, Superintendent.
United States Indian Agent,
Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, Indian Territory.
C.
DARLINGTON, IND. T., August 18, 1881.
MY DEAR FRIEND : In regard to your kind letter, under date of August 9, making
•request to report on our missionary work among the Arapahoes in this reservation, I
<;an say that we have erected a mission house, containing kitchen and dining-room
"in the basement, a school-room and three private rooms on the first, five rooms on the
second floor, and two dormitories in the garret.
The cost, including a barn and fencing of 20 acres, amounts to about $2,800, which
is borne by the Mennouite Church, in behalf of which I am commissioned.
We had 10 acres under cultivation last year, but, owing to the extreme hot and dry
.season, the crop was almost an entire failure.
Respecting our missionary work, we purpose to teach the children in school the
common elementary branches in the English language, and in connection with it we
.shall instruct the boys in farming and the girls in housekeeping and common needle-
work. But one of our main objects, in school work even, will be the teaching of Bibli-
cal and Christian knowledge and the inculcation of Christian principles.
My missionary work among the adults will, for the present, be limited to teaching
them the Christian religion in Sunday school, and in camp occasionally, provided I
•-•can avail myself of a reliable interpreter. At the same time I shall make it a great
portion of my work to acquire the language of the tribe. I have been devoting some
of my time to this great and tedious work in the past year, and though it will be a
work of many years, I shall not shrink back from it, being convinced that the most
•effectual means to Christianize and to civilize a nation or a tribe, is by giving the people
the gospel in their own tongue.
The number of children that can be accommodated in our school, by the church, is 55,
Including an equal number of both sexes. For, to me, it is no question that, in order
to Christianize and civilize the Indians we must try to educate and lift up the woman
from her most miserable state ; we must try to effect a Chriatiau family, and to build
up a Christian home.
The expense of the work the church bears, excepting the regular rations and the
annuity goods, to which the schools in this reservation are entitled, and which I hope
the government will cheerfully grant the children in our schools.
We shall have four or five workers employed, every one of which is expected to be
a Christian and to lead a Christian, moral life ; in short, to be a Christian missionary
in daily life, however mean the particular work may seem.
Some time next month we purpose to open our school, and we feel grateful towards
you and are encouraged that you will assist us in getting the desired number of chil-
dren.
Thanking you for all the kind favors you have shown us in the past year, and for
your hearty approval of our work among and for the Indians, and hoping that it will
prove effectual in making some amends for the innumerable wrongs which have been
committed against them by an educated and civili/ed nation,
I am, very truly and respectfully, yours, S. S. HAURY,
Missionary to the Arapahoes.
.JOHN D. MILES, United States Indian Agent,
Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, Ind. T.
76 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
D.
DARLINGTON, IND. T., , .
DEAR FRIEND : Very gladly I accede to your request to furnish you with informa-
tion touching our missionary work.
Three years ago two young men who were among the Indian prisoners at Saint
Augustine, Fla., were placed in my charge by Bishop Huntington, of diocese of Cen-
tral New York, to be educated for missionaries to their people. They were members
of the Cheyenne tribe. At the end of the second year the younger man sickened and
died. The other went steadily forward with his studies, and having acquired a knowl-
edge of the story of the great sacrifice, was ordained deacon in the church of God on
the 7th of June last, and sent under my charge to begin the work of evangelizing his
tribe.
We have now been two months in the field, but can only say of the work done
that we have tried by services on Sunday, services in camp, and talks in the lodges,
and by ministering to the sick and suffering to get the good seed into as many hearts
as possible.
David Okerhater (the deacon) is very earnest and faithful in his work, and if his
life is spared is destined, I thi^k, to exert a great influence for good over his people.
The plan of the mission is to build churches, mission house, and hospital as soon as
it can be conveniently done, and to put more men into the work as it grows and de-
mands them. No human knowledge can compass the results of this effort. They lie
beyond us all. It is ours to plant and water ; God will give the increase as it pleases
him.
Very gladly, my dear friend and brother, I put on record here my grateful apprecia-
tion of your uniform kindness in word and deed in all our intercourse. It has given
me a very homelike feeling. Indeed, the pleasant greeting of yourself and family ha&
been so full of cheery, Christian feeling that it will be treasured as one of my most
precious experiences. Praying that God's richest blessing may rest upon you and
yours, I remain, your brother and co-worker in Christ,
J. B. WICKS.
Agent MILES.
E.
CHEYENNE and ARAPAHOE AGENCY,
Darlington, htd. T , August 19, 1881.
SIR : As chief of police I have the honor to submit the following as my annual report
of the status of the force among the Cheyennes and Arapahoes. As you are aware,
my other duties are of such a nature as to prevent my paying as much attention
to the discipline and efficiency of the police force, as, under different circumstances, I
could desire.
We have here, 1 police captain, 1 police lieutenant, 8 sergeants, and 30 privates,,
making a total of 40 rank and file. Of these, 1 lieutenant, 3 sergeants, and 11 privates-
are members of the Arapaho tribe, and the remainder, 1 captain, 5 sergeants, and 19
privates are Cheyennes, there being members of the police in every band of either
tribe who reside in the villages and are held, in a manner, responsible for the keep-
ing of the peace in their immediate vicinity ; and as a result of this eminently wise
disposition of the force, there can be no doubt that much lawlessness is prevented, from,
the fact of the presence of a paid officer of the government, a member of their own
tribe, whose duty it is to prevent or, at least, report all such unlawful tendencies, and:
his authority is respected.
Since my connection with the force I have observed no insubordination in the ranks,
but, on the contrary, all yield a cheerful obedience to the officers. In this respect
the Indian police force would compare favorably with any body of white men acting
in the same capacity.
I have to report eight important arrests made, and considerable lost and stolen stock
recaptured during the current year.
I cannot conclude this report without again calling your attention to the deficiency
in the arms and equipments of the police force at this agency. In the military depart-
ment a scout of the least important grade is not permitted to go on duty without a
full and complete equipment, horse, pistol, carbine, rations, and greatly superior pay
to what even our officers receive. While our Indian police, who are born scouts,
whose knowledge of the coiintry no white man can rival, are expected to furnish
their own horses, one-half their own arms, and do twice the amount of actual duty,
all for $."> per month and two rations, the comparison is obvious. I have repeatedly
asked for arms and tents for our police, without any results, and I do not consider it nec-
essary to repeat the request in this report J will only say that the necessity for a com-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
77
pl-ete equipment still exists, and until such articles are furnished the efficiency of the
Indian police force at this agency is materially lessened.
Very respectfully,
J. A. COVINGTON,
farmer and Chief of Police.
JNO. D. MILES,
United States Indian Agent, Cheyennes and Arapalioes.
KlOWA, COMANCHE, AND WlCHITA AGENCY,
Atiadarko, Ind. T., September 1, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith my fourth annual report of the condition
and affairs of the agency under my charge, being for the year ending August 31, 1881.
The general condition of the affairs of the agency is good, but I regret to say the pros-
pect for continued improvement is not altogether so encouraging or as bright as I had
hoped to be able to report. The Indians have been steadily acquiring and adapting
themselves to the habits and ways of civilized life, and, until the disheartening effects
of the drought, manifested unusual interest in their work and a more cheerful view of
their future.
The following table will show the number of Indiana belonging to this agency :
Name of tribe or band. ,
No. of
men.
No. of
women.
No. of
boys.
No. of
girls.
Total.
Kiowa
277
381
251
236
1 145
336
555
244
261
1 396
77
90
88
82
337
"Wichita
59
59
45
43
206
"Wacoe
16
18
9
6
49
37
55
29
30
151
Keechi
27
26
15
9
77
Caddo
151
151
127
123
552
14
24
16
25
79
Penetethka (Comanche)
45
60
37
23
165
Total number
1 039
1 419
861
838
4 157
Absent at Carlisle
26
9
35
Kiowa ,
10
4
14
Comanche ...
12
1
13
"Wichita
3
3
6
Keechi
1
1
1
1
It will be seen there are nine different tribes under my charge, the Penetethkas
being one of the branches of the great Comauche tribe of Indians. Some years ago
a portion of this family, about 170 in number, were permitted to associate themselves
with the Wichitas, Wacoes, Towacouies, Keechies, and Caddoes, and become of the
six affiliated bands, out of which was formed the Wichita Agency. The Delawares,
the reumant of that once powerful tribe, which figured so conspicuously in the early
history of this country, although not a party to the agreement between the United
States Government and the affiliated bands, were permitted to enjoy its benefits, and
having in some way become associated with the Caddoes, were formerly counted and
reported with them by agents. Seven languages only are spoken, as the Wichitas,
Wacoes, and Towaconies speak the same language, and are indeed one people, the
Wacoes and Towaconies being branches of the Wichita tribe. It is said that about
one hundred years ago two bands left the main tribe (the Wichitas) on the Neosho
River in Kansas, one taking up its residence on the Arkansas River, near the present
town of Wichita, Kans., and the other going on to Texas; and to the descendants of
these two bands the names of Wacoes and Towaconies were given. As, however,
many members of each of these tribes speak the Comanche language, it has become, as
it were, a court language among them. The different tribes occupy the same lands
they did before the consolidation. The affiliated bands settled north of the Washita
River, and the Kiowas, Comauches, and Apaches were restricted to the south side, and
within the boundaries designated by the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867. The reser-
vation of the affiliated bauds has been defined and surveyed, but has never been con-
firmed to them, the treaty from some cause remaining unratified. Although their
houses are separated only by the river, and the members of the different tribes are in
constant daily intercourse with each other about the office, shops, stores, and com-
missary, perfect peace subsists "between them, and I have yet to hear of the first per-
78 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
sonal or tribal difficulty; all of which, is contrary to the prediction of some who
opposed the consolidation.
CONDITION AND PROGRESS.
The affiliated bands have advanced much further in the ways of civilized life than
the Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches. One traveling through this country will see
at nearly every settlement, in addition to the well-inclosed fields of cultivated laiidy
a small, though generally comfortable, log or plauk dwelling-house, and very fre-
quently the stable, corn-crib, and other out-houses. Seldom, if at all, would be seen
the grass lodge, such as these people formerly occupied. Although some of these
Indians lived years ago as I have described above, occupying houses and tilling the
soil, their condition has since that time been very little improved, and they seem now
to be making little or no effort. They belong to the Caddo and Delaware tribes, and,,
except the disabled and children, they no longer receive rations from the government..
With this exception, I am able to report that the Indians of the affiliated bands have
made, during the year, fair progress in their efforts to learn and adapt themselves to
the ways of civilized life. I am satisfied there are very few, it' any, among them who
yet have their old-time prejudice and dislike of labor, or any preference for the savage
state, and were they but located in a country where they could expect, with any degree-
of certainty, to gather and enjoy crops, remunerating them for their labor, a very few
years only would be required to place them in an entire self-supporting condition.
The advancement made by the Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches has also been sat-
isfactory. They manifested, I think, especially the first part of the year, an increased
desire to learn and adopt the customs of civilized life. The number who use citizens'
dress has been steadily increasing, and the prejudice against labor is gradually disap-
pearing. I have more applications for positions on my force of Indian laborers than
I can accept, and just here I would remark I am becoming more and more convinced
that the money expended for the hire of Indian labor is wisely appropriated^
although they do not labor very faithfully (and this could not be expected of them
their first attempt) ; nor is always the work they do very important, yet is surely
effecting much good, by removing the prejudice against work. A young man, tempted
by the wages to lay aside the blanket and work for one mouth, will never again be
affected by his old-time prejudices or the ridicule of his associates.
I am not able to report as many houses built during the year as I had hoped to do.
There is a general desire for them, but they wait for help in the building of them,,
and this I have not been able to give. How they obtain it, I do not know, but the
fact is, that ever since I haA'e been in charge of the Kiowa, Comauche, and Apache
Indians, I have had to contend against a belief, generally held by them, that the gov-
ernment intended to build houses for them, that somehow there was an obligation^
upon the part of the government to do so. They speak of promises made them, and!
I have thought that possibly the building of the ten houses, iu 1877, by the govern-
ment, at a cost of $600 each, may have had something to do in fixing the impression
upon their minds, especially as they were the first Indian houses built upon the reser-
vation, except two by the military.
The tribal system is surely disappearing. The change from Fort Sill to the Washita
has certainly had much to do with this, by breaking up the large camps and dispersing
the members of the different bands through their new settlements, thus weakening the
influence of the chiefs and establishing the heads of families and the young unmar-
ried farmers in a position of independence. In 110 particular is the change more per-
ceptible than in the manner of camping. Two years ago would have been seen large
encampments, often the tribe, scarcely ever less than the entire band, together, while
now will rarely be seen more than two or three lodges, but oftener the single family.
In fact the baud system is so changed that "the band" is hardly more than a nominal
distinction, for while the chief has lost the greater part of his influence and there is
no longer the blind following and utter subjection of old in the administration of
affairs, it is recognized only in the issue of beef, and as this is issued on foot, some ar-
rangement of the kind is absolutely necessary.
It is probable that the Indian holds to no one of his savage beliefs and customs so v
tenaciously as he does to his belief in the power of his medicine men and their cere-
monies for making medicine. Last year I was encouraged in the belief that the In-
dians under my charge were rather disposed to lay aside these ideas and ceremonies,
from the fact that very little was heard of their medicine men during the year, and {
the Kiowas failed to hold their annual "medicine dance." The latter part of the
year, however, from some cause, their medicine men have been unusually active, as I
learn has been the case at other agencies, and the Kiowas have recently returned
from the western part of their reservation, where they held their annual dance.
AGRICULTURE.
I come now to write the darkest page of the record of our year's work. At no time
during the three years and a half I have been in charge' of these Indians have I been
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 79
so encouraged, so well pleased, with the prospect of their reaching in a-few years a
condition of self-support as I was during the first five months of the present year
(1881). Long before the time for commencing the work in their crops the Indiana
were unusually active, getting ready their plows, harness, &c., and throughout the
whole of the season of planting and cultivating they worked well and most cheerfully,
and, indeed, there were reasons why they should be encouraged. The year before they
had raised an excellent crop, the only really good one they had ever grown, and now
here was such a prospect as no one had ever seen in this country before. The stand
had been perfect, and rains had fallen at the proper intervals, making a splendid
growth, but allowing time for cleaning and cultivating, and only two or three more
rains were needed to make sure a most bountiful harvest. But their hopes were
blasted, for no more rains fell on their crops, and stalks and blades were soon dried
up with not an ear upon them.
The Indians were of course much disheartened, but what its ultimate effect will be
cannot be known. It is certain they cannot be expected to take hold of their work
next spring as they did last, and I fear that some of those who were just commencing
to farm cannot be prevailed upon to attempt it soon again. The latter have not real-
ized any of the positive benefits from a crop of corn or vegetables, as the older farmers
have, who, while they may be much discouraged at the present failure and greatly
disappointed that they will not have their sacks of corn to take to the mill every now
and then (the meal from which will bridge them over the days that the government
rations does not cover) may be induced to try again.
tl have been pleased at observing how much better use had been made of the crop
grown last year, as much of it had been made into meal, while the few bushels raised
by each farmer in previous years had generally been sold at the stores and the money
foolishly expended. Could they have enjoyed the benefits of another full crop this year,
much good would have been the result.
But from the consideration of this question, the immediate failure of this year's
crops, I would desire to call your attention to several others, more or less connected
with it, and which may have an especial bearing upon the future of Indians under my
charge. Nothing is more certain than that this country is badly adapted to agricult-
ure, the scarcity of rainfall cutting short the crops one and sometimes two out of
three years. Indeed, I am informed there has been known to be a drought three years
in succession. It is a very difficult matter to educate Indians to be farmers under the
most favorable circumstances, and it certainly would require much time and patience
in a country where so often he would realize nothing from his labor. Whether he could
entirely support himself in this country by agriculture is a question to be solved. The
only other means of doing so is by the raising of cattle, and the country is very well
adapted to that pursuit. But I have very serious doubts whether, so long as the pres-
ent state of things exist, they (in speaking of these matters I allude more particularly
to the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribes) will reach a condition of self-support, by
the breeding of cattle.
There is no sort of doubt that the ration furnished the Indians is insufficient ;
that a large proportion of them pass two or three days in every week with very little,
if any, to eat. There is at times absolute suffering, and this is increased by their
improvidence, as they consume in three or four days what might beused as partly to sat-
isfy them during seven. The fact that for two or three years past Congress has appropri-
ated money for the purchase of supplies sufficient only to feed the Indians of this agency
eight out of the twelve months of each year (supposing that the full legal ration be
given), has made it necessary for the agent to issue the supplies in such a way as to take
them Through the twelve months, giving more or less at different times, but always a
reduced ration, except possibly during the planting season, when it might be the legal
one. When, therefore, the insufficient legal ration is still further reduced by an insuffi-
cient appropriation, it may well be imagined that there is suffering among the Indians,
and can any one be surprised that when thus suffering, when their children should be
crying for something to eat, they should kill and eat one of their herd of breeding cat-
tle. I have very frequently talked with them upon the subject, and when I had en-
deavored to impress upon them the necessity of preserving their breeding stock, they
seemed to recognize its importance. The Indians have disliked to report the number
of their stock, and agents have always found it difficult to get a correct statement from
them, so I cannot speak with certainty, but I fear their herds have been reduced in-
stead of increased, as they should have been. In fact, I fear they do not own as many
cattle to-day as they did three years ago. This I had reason to suspect for some time,
but the inquiries made recently into the matter have shown a worse state of things
than I had supposed existed. I am well satisfied that such would not have been the
case, and that the Indians under my care would have been to-day in a more advanced
condition generally, had the government ration been increased at the time of the disap-
pearance of the buffalo. At the time the size of the ration was fixed upon, buffalo
were plenty and the Indians were out hunting twice every year — a short time in the
summer, and going out in the fall spent the winter, drawing no supplies from the com-
SO REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
missary and bringing in with them a quantity of meat, so that, as it was intended they
should do, they subsisted at least one-fourth of the year upon buffalo. About three
years ago the buffalo disappeared, and instead of the government ration being increased,
it has been reduced about one-fourth by insufficient appropriations. I suppose, of
course, it was expected that by tilling the soil the Indians would obtain a sufficiency
to make up for the deficiency caused by the disappearance of buffalo. But we have
seen how the scarcity of rain-fall has affected the growing of crops on the lands worked
by the Indians, and it must be remembered that as yet comparatively few of the whole
number (some 3,000 Kiowas, Comauches, and Apaches) have been engaged in the cul-
tivation of the soil, have had their patches of a few acres to work, and that the very
small crops from these poorly cultivated fields could not, in the hands of the Indians,
be expected to go far towards subsisting them.
I do not agree with those who advocate the starving process, or who contend it is
necessary you should keep the Indian hungry if you wish him to do anything for him-
self. Those who know the Indian best, always, when they wish to prevail upon him
to do any particular thing, first feed him well, give him a hearty meal. White men,
or those who have been accustomed to labor and who know how to work the soil and
gather from it a subsistence, would, while suffering from hunger, put themselves to
work, although they might feel little like it at the time ; but the red man, who is not
only unaccustomed to labor, but has a natural prejudice against it, and who knows but
little or nothing of farming or how to gain a subsistence by working the soil, will more
likely, when himself and family are suffering with hunger, spend his time in grum-
bling. I am satisfied that a large proportion of the Indians under my charge fully
realize the fact that they must sooner or later subsist themselves by their own labor,
and that many of them are really anxious to reach that condition as soon as possible,
arid could they receive a ration sufficient to satisfy their appetite, or at least such as
would secure them from suffering, they would advance much more rapidly towards
that end.
REPORT OF AN OUTBREAK.
For several days during the month of June there was considerable excitement at
at the agency, growing out of reports of an outbreak by the Kiowas. On account of
high water and the extreme hot weather, the beef contractor failed to deliver the cat-
tle on the regular day of issue, and did not reach the corral with them until two days
afterwards. While waiting for the meat ration the Indians had been camping around
the corral, hungry and complaining. On the morning of the 2d of June, after a few
draughts had been made on the scales and issued, the Kiowas refused to take any
more, saying they were too small. After remaining around the scales for some time,
acting in an excited and threatening manner, the leaders forbidding some of the bet-
ter disposed to receive their rations of beef, and by whipping their horses, driving
them off, all moved away and held a council. It was soon reported they were pre-
paring to send off their women and children and intended to charge the corral; but
towards noon they returned, received their beef, and all, including some who had
been camped around the agency for some time, moved directly out, being evidently
in a very bad humor. I did not know what to think of their conduct, and it was a
surprise to all, for they had been previously receiving' without a protest the same
quality of beef, the cattle being fully up to the requirements of. the contract, and it
looked very much as if they were trying to find a pretext to make trouble. After
their departure, different reports reached me as to their intentions and threats — one
of which was that they would return and kill all the whites about the agency, in-
cluding all Indians who spoke English, or who were following the white man's Vay.
At first I was not disposed to pay much attention to these reports, but when I learned
they were preparing to hold a council, and that the Wichitas and Delawares were
much alarmed, the former having made their women and children sleep in the brush
for two nights past, and had also held their ponies in the same way because of threats
of the Kiowas, I began to believe there must be some truth in them, and concluded
that it was best to have some troops near us. I therefore telegraphed Maj. J. K.
Mizuer, commanding Fort Sill, asking that he send up two companies, and, having
just received a reinforcemet of four companies to his command, he came in person
with five companies of cavalry, immediately after receiving my telegram, arriving
here on the evening of the 4th. No more threats were heard after the appearance of
the troops, and so far as I could learn, in the council which was held the day after
the arrival of the military, the question of going on the war-path was dropped, or
was not publicly discussed.
About two o'clock at night of the day of the council, the Wichitas carne to the
school-house and wanted to take away their children, because of some talk they had
heard while at the council; but after explaining to them that the presence of the
troops was for their protection, and assuring them of the perfect safety of their child-
ren, they quietly returned to their homes. It is certain the Wichitas and Delawares
were very much frightened, and feared the Kiowajs were about to commit some act of
violence, and being themselves peacefully inclined, with farms, cattle, and other prop-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 81
erty to protect from spoliation, I regarded the presence of troops absolutely necessary
at this crisis, to suppress the growing arrogance of the few bacT Indians, to preserve
wholesome discipline and the peace and quiet of the more civilized Indians under my
charge, and to teach all of them that the military power of the government will be
used to punish bad Indians as well as to protect them from the unlawful encroach-
ments of the white man. I think the precaution of having troops on the ground
promptly not only prevented any further hostile demonstrations on the part of the
Kiowas, but had a most excellent effect upon the peacefully inclined, in allaying all
apprehension of trouble. Major Mizner remained with his command at the agency
for about ten days, and then returned to Fort Sill, leaving two companies stationed
here under command of Captain Keyes, of the Tenth Cavalry, and subsequently one
of those was taken away, so that at this writing only one company of troops is stationed
at the agency, and from present indications it is believed that no additional force
will be required to preserve order and keep in proper subjection any of the more re-
fractory Kiowas, as no further reports have reached me of any bad conduct on their
part.
FREIGHTING AND INDIAN LABOR.
The change made two years ago in the freighting of supplies is being shown by each
year's work to have been a wise one, for while it is a saving to the government it is
certainly proving a benefit to the Indians. Quite a number of the young men are
making their first attempt at anything like business by managing a wagon to the
railroad and back, and besides the business habits thus being taught to all who en-
gage in it, the money earned by them, by supplying their wants, is teaching them to
value it, and instilling in them a desire to accumulate more. Notwithstanding that their
ponies are poor, on account of the drought, and some of the trains have had great
trouble crossing the larger streams, swollen by the rains that have fallen in the
mountains, they have usually made their trips with good success, and can be relied on
with reasonable eertainty to perform this work to any extent that the future wants
and exigencies of the service may require. During the fiscal year ending June 30,
1881, they transported by wagon the following amount of freight, viz : From Cald-
well to agency, 150 miles, 435,160 pounds; from Arkansas City to agency, 175 miles,
500,000 pounds; total, 935, 160 pounds, at the rate 75 cents per 100 pounds per 100
miles, aggregating $11, 445.56 paid to Indians of this agency for transportation of sup-
plies.
The saw and grist mill has been constantly running through the year, and, with the
exception of the miller, Indian labor has been exclusively employed in sawing and
grinding. All the logs have been cut by Indians from which was manufactured
157,156 feet of lumber, used mainly by Kiowa school building and Indian houses. The
Indians have also manufactured all the charcoal used in the blacksmith shop, requir-
ing about 200 bushels per month, and under the direction of the agency carpenter they
have built a large substantial stable, 120 feet long by 40 feet wide, provided with
granary, harness room, &c.
HORSE THIEVES.
As I reported last year, few horses have been stolen from the Indians. A few years
since, before the consolidation and removal from Fort Sill, their losses in this way
were considerable, scarcely a week passing without some raid being made on their
stock. Sometimes the whole herd of ponies would be driven oif, leaving the owners
afoot and disheartened, and the Indians were all kept in constant fear of meeting with
a similar fate. I do not see that the relief from this state of things can be accounted
for in any other way than the change in their location from Fort Sill to the Wash-
ita. It is true that some horses are now stolen, but most of these are from those In-
dians who, having places there, elected to remain near Fort Sill, where they are still
within one night's ride of the Texas border. A few days since 19 head of horses were
stolen from one of these Indians, but, fortunately, the thieves were overtaken and ar-
rested after getting into Texas.
POLICE.
It is true that the state of things described above may be in part due to the effi-
ciency of the Indian police. They were organized about the time of the removal to
the Washita, and have always been ready to move after horse thieves or other offend-
ers. The knowledge of this fact would in itself have made the thief hesitate, and, I
have no doubt, prevented the loss of many animals.
EDUCATIONAL.
The two Indian schools were successfully conducted during the year, having had a
good attendance and the scholars having made fair progress in their studies and in
learning to work. From some cause, towards the close of the year it was found more
difficult to keep the children in school, nor did the parents seem to take as much inter-
est in the school. The principal cause of this, I think, was the excessively hot weather,
6 IND
82 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
and the fact that the parents were much discouraged at the loss of their crops. I have
strong hopes of rilling both schools the coming season, and have secured for each a
corps of experienced teachers. I expect much good to result from the year's work.
For more particular information as to work in the school, attention is invited to the
reports of the superintendents, marked A and B, inclosed herewith.
RELIGIOUS.
The Indian church organization, the members of which belong to the affiliated bands,
is still in a nourishing condition. They meet two, and sometimes three, times a week,
and are certainly as earnest in their attendance to church duties as any people I ever
saw. Tulsey Micco, who is still their pastor, has recently had laboring with him Rev.
John Jumper, of the Seminole tribe, and the two about the 1st of August closed a
protracted camp-meeting. Since that time many of these people have been absent,
attending a large camp- meeting being held in the Seminole country.
On the 2'3il day of June the Rev. J. B. Wicks, of the Protestant Episcopal Church of
the diocese of Central New York, arrived at the agency, accompanied by two young
Indian men, one a Kiowa and the other a Comanche, and who had been among those
taken from this reservation in 1874 and incarcerated in Fort Marion, Fla., charged
with having been engaged in the Indian outbreak of that year. When in 1878 these
prisoners were released, twenty-two of the young men consented to remain in the East
and be educated, and these two young men, being of that number, they have since
that time been living at the home and under the instruction of Mr. Wicks, who comes
here to undertake a noble work, assisted by these young men, one of whom, the Kiowa,
Paul Zotour, has been regularly ordained as a deacon in the church by the bishop of
the diocese of Central New York. He will labor as a missionary among the Kiowa,
Comanche, and Apache tribes of Indians.
A noble-hearted Christian lady of Syracuse, N. Y., who has already defrayed the
expense of education of these young men, together with a young Cheyenne, who, as
an ordained deacon, has been installed in the good work among his people at the
Cheyenne Agency, proposes further to build a house of worship at each of the two
agencies — this and Cheyenne — with such other buildings as may be necessary or con-
ducive to the work, and as Mr. Wicks may determine on, after surveying the field.
Mr. Wicks having spent most of his time since reaching the Territory, at the Chey-
enne Agency, the work has not fairly been entered upon here ; but all Christian people
and all who feel an interest in the Indian can but wish him abundant success in his
undertaking, and what is, Indeed, in some respects, "a most remarkable mission. As I
have stated above, these young men were arrested in 1874, charged with having been
engaged in the Indian outbreak of that year, and taken to Fort Marion, Fla., where they
were held as prisoners. Three years, and now a little more than three years, after
their release, and six after their arrest and incarceration, they return as missionaries —
two of them ordained deacons in the Episcopal Church — to labor for the civilizing and
Christianizing of their people. Mr. Wicks expresses himself as feeling much encour-
aged, not only at the manner in which his ihission has been received by the Indians
of the two agencies, but at the reception he has met with at the hands of the whites
engaged in the various work of the agencies, and the assurances of their hearty sup-
port.
Here I think we may see indicated one of the happy results to be expected from the
efforts being made to* educate the Indian at Carlisle, Pa., and at other points in the
States. A few years more and we will have seen returned to work among their people,
not only the educated mechanic, the shoemaker, blacksmith, wagon-maker, carpenter,
&c., but others prepared to take the place of teachers in the schools, and, it may be
hoped, to devote themselves to the work of leading their people to a knowledge of
God. I cannot but express myself of the very hi- 11 hopes I have of a great good to
result from these schools. Besides the facilities for educating the Indian, they have
over the agency schools two great advantages, thu importance of which can scarcely
be overestimated: The one is that the child is kept from the influences of the camp,
is deprived entirely of any participation in the Indian savage customs and rites for a
period of years, probably long enough to fairly establish him in the ways of civilized
life ; and the other is that the child, away from his parents and people, can be properly
disciplined, which certainly cannot be done at the agency schools, for some tribes of
the Indians will never punish a child themselves, and, of course, will not allow* any
one else to do so.
SANITARY.
The health of the Indians has been good throughout the year. There has been much
less malarial fever than in former years, and this may be in part attributed to the
changes in their manner of camping, and the fact that the country enables them to
make selections of more healthy locations. They will, for some years yet, be under
the influence of their medicine men, although the white man's medicine is surely and
steadily coming into favor with them. The annual report of the agency physician
is herewith inclosed.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 83
PROSPECT FOR MINERALS.
On the 3d day of August information reached me that there was very considerable
excitement at Fort Sill, the military post 35 miles from the agency, in consequence of
the discovery in the hills, some few miles west of the post and on the border of the
Wichita Mountains, of a mineral ore supposed to be rich in silver. Each dajr brought
me additionl information, and I learned that, although the news had just reached this
office, prospecting had been quietly going on for some time ; that almost the entire
surface of the hills in the immediate vicinity bore evidence of the digging, and some
blasting had been done; that claims were marked off by piles of rock, in which would
be found pieces of paper bearing the names of claimants, and that books had been
opened at the post-trading store for some time for the entry of claims, a fee of $3
being charged for the recording, and the party obligating himself to contribute $20
the first month in working the claim. Knowing well the trouble that might follow
the report abroad that silver had been found in the Wichita Mountains, which run
through the Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, I became at once anxious; but when
I learned further that the officers of the post, including the commandant, were inter-
ested in the work, as shown by the books for the record of claims and the papers in
piles of rocks marking them, my anxiety increased, for, should the news get abroad,
the hearty support of the military was necessary to prevent an invasion of the reser-
vation, and, possibly, trouble with the Indians. The ore was found, it was said,
within the limits of the military reservation, a strip of laud about nine miles in
length and about four miles in width, and which is exclusively under the jurisdiction
of the military, so that I could take no positive action towards putting an end to the
prospecting. I did, however, telegraph to Major Mizner, protesting against the work,
and requesting him to take some action to stop it. In his reply I was referred to sec-
tion 2319 of the United States Revised Statutes, and was surprised to learn that he
not only claimed the right of prospecting for minerals upon the military reservation,
but all Indian lands. Fortunately, however, an order from General Pope, command-
ing the department, caused action to be taken, and the prospectors were stopped from
their work, and those from abroad ordered off the reservation.
I have thus endeavored to give you a correct idea of the condition of the Indians
under my charge, and, notwithstanding the discouraging effects of this year's crop
failure, I can but hope that the coming year will b.e one of prosperity, and that, in
my next, I will be able to report a very decided improvement.
Very respectfully,
P. B. HUNT,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
A.
Agent P. B. HUNT :
SIR : The following is respectfully submitted as a report of work done in the Kiowa
and Comanche school during the year ending the 30th of June :
The school was opened on the 4th September, and until the 8th December the
work was conducted in the same buildings occupied the previous year — the house
formerly used by the agent and some box-houses constructed for the purpose, and all
located very near the agent's office. On the 8th of December the children (with the
exception of about fifteen of the largest, who might assist ,a the work), having been
permitted to visit their camps for a few days, the removal ' > the new house was com-
menced. This new school building has been found to be well adapted to the work,
being roomy and possessing many conveniences. The rooms, while they furnish
ample space, are so arranged that the employe's may accomplish the work in their
respective departments with dispatch and thoroughness, and enable them to hold the
children well in hand. Situated as we had been formerly, when the several buildings
in which the scholars slept and all the work was done were separated the one from
the other by considerable space, it was almost impossible that a proper discipline
could be maintained.
The attendance during the year was good. The old buildings were filled to their
capacity, but more could have been accommodated in the new. It is thought this
would have been otherwise had the session opened in the new house, and it is confi-
dently expected that during the next term this building will be filled. Until the
latter part of the year very little effort was required to keep the children in school,
the average attendance up to that time falling but little below the number borne on
register. Then they became restless, and many of them much indisposed to submit
to the confinement. This could be attributed to the excessive hot weather, as the
confinement during the day in the well-filled school-rooms, and at n ight sleeping in rooms
84 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
occupied by from twelve to twenty children, must have been oppressive to those who
had been reared in the open air. The average attendance during the year was 87,
and the largest number in attendance one mouth was 113. Very few girls entered
the school, and these were small. Of the three tribes who patronize the school, the
Kiowas furnish much the larger number of children; the Coniauches, although num-
bering several hundred more than the Kiowas, entering very few, and manifesting
much less interest in the school.
The progress made by the children in their studies was very good. Many of them
had not before attended school, and these are always in the school some considerable
time before they are relieved of their timidity, become accustomed to their surround-
ings and begin to make decided improvement. This is the third year I have been en-
gaged in the education of the children of the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribes,
and I have found that they generally display an aptitude for learning. Heretofore,
as was the case the past year, good order and a fair discipline has been maintained,
yet it has not been possible to enforce such a discipline as was desired, or such as
would be most conducive to a rapid advancement. These Indians, like many other
tribes, will not punish a child themselves, and of course are not disposed to allow any
one else to do so. During the past year, however, I have been pleased to notice a
change, and that there were indications that before a great while the parents might
submit to a more rigid discipline. On several occasions punishments were indicted,
and were permitted to pass without complaint or protest of any kind from the parent,
and such as two years ago would have caused trouble and very probably the with-
drawal of the child from the school.
The studies pursued were spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography.
The object-teaching system has been followed throughout, as near as could be done,
experience having taught me that this plau is especially adapted to the teaching of
Indian children. Our desire being to teach them the English language, and to make
them acquainted with the various objects surrounding them and their uses, much time
and labor is devoted to this end, which in the education of white children would be
spent with the text book. The Indian child brought from camp and suddenly intro-
duced to this new life, when he is totally unacquainted with our language aud with
the names aud uses of the objects of civilized life, must receive about the same hand-
ling, the same instruction the white child does while yet in the nursery or yet in the
hands of its parent. It may readily be seen, therefore, how great is the aid to be
received by the use of the object, or, in its absence, of the picture representing it.
Very many of the parents express to me their wish that their children may be taught
to speak the white man's language, and being myself impressed with its importance,
with the good effect a knowledge of it or his ability to speak it may have upon the
young Indian, toward establishing him in the white man's way, I have been the more
willing to devote a considerable portion of our time to the teaching of it. I know
that too often this branch of the Indian's education has been neglected, aud I am sat-
isfied that the reluctance the child generally manifests toward learning or speaking
our language, and which is often attributed to prejudice, is the result of timidity.
This once overcome, which with patience and proper handling may soon be expected,
the language will be rapidly acquired, and then the Indian may be considered as fairly
on the road to civilization. There are in the camps to-day former pupils of mine, who
in school showed a marked proficiency in their studies, learned to read and write well,
and Avho were especially apt in arithmetic, yet who, having learned to speak very little
English, are to-day wrapped in their blankets, have their faces daubed with paint,
and who show no disposition to follow the white man's road. While other old scholars,
who during their connection with the school had picked up a knowledge of our lan-
guage, have associated with the whites, and may be considered as moving safely
towards a life of civilization.
We have endeavored to cultivate in the children habits of industry. The girls
have bean taught all kinds of household work and the use of %the needle. The boys
have been engaged at all the manual labor that could be found for them to do about
the school. Weekly details were made for all the different kinds of work, for both
males and females. As no field had yet been opened near the school for giving the
boys instruction in farming, they were occasionllyeu ployed during the cropping sea-
son in tiie agency field. This field being on the opposite side of the river from the
school, and about two miles distant, it was not practicable to work it regularly. The
field that has been plowed this year near the school, will give an excellent opportu-
nity to teach the boys to farm next year.
The excessive hot weather and very severe weather in the first months of winter,
aud while we were yet in the box-houses, has interfered somewhat with our work,
but I think that altogether the term has been a successful one, and that the very best
results have followed our labors.
I am, very respectfullv, your obedient servant,
GEO. W. HUNT,
Superintendent.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 85
B.
KlOWA, COMANCHE, AND WlCHITA AGENCY,
September 6, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions, I respectfully submit the following as the
annual report of the Wichita Industrial Bo irding School for the term commencing Sep-
tember 15, 1880, and closing June 30, 1H81 :
Upon notification of the commencement of the school, many of the children readily
came in. The total number enrolled was, males 64, females 34 ; the average attendance
per month, males 4.>, females 21. They were taught reading in the first, second, and
third readers, writing, spelling, primary and written^ arithmetics, geography, writing
on slates from dictation, and memorizing pieces selected from the readers and Testa-
ment.
The boys were required to assist in cleaning the house, to procure wood, to culti-
vate a garden, and assist in cultivating a field of corn. The garden and field of corn
were, however, abandoned when the fearful drought then prevailing showed further
work to be wholly useless.
The irregular attendance of the boys, more especially, is decidedly the worst feature
in the school, nor can I refrain from again complaining of it. The chronic runaway
not only does no good for himself, but greatly retards the progress of others, discour-
ages the teacher, and interferes with the general order and harmony of the school,
wholly breaking up the regularity of work by details. Dismissal from school of such
offenders was tried, but it rather encouraged the somewhat disaffected to go and do
likewise, in order to be also expelled, and the proposed remedy had to be abandoned.
It can, however, be truly claimed that a large majority of the children did as well as
could be expected, showing a marked progress in the school-room, as well as in the
manner of performing the work required of them.
Many of the smaller girls manifested great interest in learning to sew with the needle,
and nearly every one, with the assistance of the matron and teachers, made quilts for
themselves, which was not only an object of pride to themselves but also to their
parents and camp friends. Many of the boys took especial interest in learning how
to plant the several garden seeds and to cultivate the gardens. At first there seemed
some objection to employing the older and more capable school girls as regular em-
ploye's, but upon reflection, I am satisfied that in the end it will be productive of
good. So soon as the other school-children and their friends understand that such
employment is a reward for continuance at school and proficiency in work, it will
doubtless prove an incentive to other children.
In conclusion, I will only add, that while we teachers and matron, who have labored
more directly with the children, have met with some discouragements and disappoint-
ments, yet can we look back upon the labors of the year with much satisfaction and
some pride, for we conscientiously feel that, to a considerable extent, our labor has
been productive of good, and in behalf of each and every employ 6, whose aid I freely
and gratefully acknowledge, we cordially extend our thanks for your co-operation and
uniform kindness.
Very respectfully,
W. T. CALMES,
Col. P. B. HUNT, Superintendent.
United States Indian Agent.
OSAGE AGENCY, IND. T.,
September 21, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to make my third annual report of this agency, composed of
the Osages, Kaws, and part of the Quapaw Indians, in compliance with office circular
of July 1, 1881.
The Osages still number near 2,000, are generally healthy, and most of the deaths
of the past year have been from pneumonia or quick consumption— the latter gener-
ally following a severe case of the former. The prevalence of this disease, I think,
comes from a lack of proper care of themselves during the cold and wet weather ;
they persist in wearing moccasins, and as a consequence their feet are seldom dry, and
they often lie at night on the damp ground with nothing but a wet blanket for a cov-
ering. At their dances or games they exercise themselves until they are very warm, and
then remove their clothing and expose themselves to the cold. Disease appears to be
severe upon them, as it is no uncommon thing for them to be taken when apparently
healthy and die in two or three days. They seldom call for a physician in severe
cases, and we frequently hear of Indians being dead that were at the agency but a
short time previous. They take a great amount of medicine as a preventive, and the
agency physician finds numerous calls for cough sirups, camphor, pills, and such simple
remedies as they have learned the value of.
86 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
Nearly all the full-bloods still retain the blanket as an article of dress.
During the year there have been bnt lew requests for leave of absence from the
reservation, and they seldom come to the agency except they have some business to
transact. I have visited them at their camps a number of times and nearly always
find them at home, looking after their little bunches of stock (of which they are very
proud), and attending to their patches of ground.
Those of them that planted early have a fair crop of corn, but late planting has
proven almost an entire failure, owing to the exceeding dry weather. Most of them
have prepared their "squaw" corn for winter, and it is not uncommon to find 15 or
20 sacks carefully stowed away for future use. They raise squashes and pumpkins in
large quantities, and are very fond of melons and onions, but care nothing for other
vegetables that we generally find in domestic gardens.
During the year we have built nearly sixty houses for the Osages ; have cut all the
lumber with the agency mill, run by one or two white employe's, assisted by Indians.
The Indians have cut all the logs for themselves, hauled the lumber to where they
wanted their houses built, quarried and hauled their own rock for chimneys, and are
generally abandoning their lodges as soon as their houses are completed and moving
into them ; have had 100,000 feet of lumber cut under contract for Indians remote from
agency mill, which will build 15 to 18 houses, and hope to have these and as many
more finished before cold weather. Should the Indians keep up their present courage
and the work be permitted to go on, I trust that they all can be housed comfortably
before another winter. I believe that all they can be induced to do for themselves
without pay gives them a better appreciation of the real value of the improvements
made for them. I have compelled them all to cut their own logs and put. all the ma-
terial on the ground before mechanics are allowed to go to work, all of which they
have done cheerfully, and it has been difficult to keep up with them.
The Osages now ask that all the shops be closed with this fiscal year, and all issues"
to them from the commissary of various articles of industry cease ; that parties be
licensed to run the shops, and that they all pay for what they get.
They are clamorous for some simple laws for the settlement of their difficulties
with one another ; and for the enforcement of the same by their own officers, whom
they desire to elect and have paid out of their tribal funds.
The Raws are rapidly decreasing, and there seems little hope of rescuing them from
their downward march. They are now composed of about 250 full-bloods and 50 mixed-
bloods. Most of the full-blood adults are diseased, and the traces of their common
enemy is plainly noticed in the children. Their habits are against them, and from
disease and disappointment they have lost their courage and look up to their Great
Father like children, confidently expecting that all their wants will be supplied.
They have, however, many of them, raised good patches of corn and vegetables, and
are taking good care of the cattle that we issued to them for stock raising. They still
persist in selling their girls for wives while quite young, and I have been compelled
to separate one or two the past year, the girls or would-be wives not being over eight
or nine years of age.
There are from 150 to 200 Quapaws still on this reservation, preferring to remain
here and live as they can, to going back to their own reservation at Quapaw Agency.
Most of them have built for themselves log huts and broken small fields, and they
earn something by working for the mixed-blood Osages. They express much grati-
tude for the wagons and agricultural implements that have been lurnished them by
the government during the past year.
Schools have been kept up at both Osage and Kaw Agencies during the entire year,
with a good average attendance, except during the hot weather, when many of the
children were permitted to go to their homes. This, however, is much against their
real progress, as it keeps up their habits of camp life, and they lose in a few weeks
what they will gain in months. Their parents are persistent in their claims for their
children, and there seems no way at present to avoid the annual vacation.
Much progress has been made the past year in the manner of getting the children in
school. In years previous teams have been sent to the camps to gather up the chil-
dren, and it was seldom that a child was returned by the parents if they ran away.
They now bring the children in and leave them; and, while they are not as prompt as
would be best, we find they are doing much better in this respect than formerly.
Nearly all the Kaw children of suitable age have been at school most of the time, and
we have not had more than ten to twelve girls, and a number of these have been
previously married. The Osages have given up their girls more freely than in years
past, and we have had over fifty in regular attendance most of the year.
We find the best results from small children, and a large number of those brought
in the past year have learned to speak English quite distinctly. They soon lose their
timidity and make much better progress* than those that come in older. The scholars
are daily taught the necessity and benefits of a correct life, and I hope that the example
of those that have them in charge and the instructions they receive from the mission-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 87
ary and others, with the Sabbath-school lessons, may make a brighter future for them
than their fathers have had.
The Indian police have been used as guards at annuity payments and have assisted
much in the settlement of little difficulties between Indians ; have assisted the United
States deputy marshals in arresting several of their own people that were wanted for
horse stealing.
The Indians still do all the agency freighting, which, however, is not very extensive,
as but little subsistence is issued to Indians, and supplies are only required for schools
and (-hops.
In reviewing the year, I can see that most of the Indians of this agency are grad-
ually becoming more interested in agriculture and the value of stock-raising, and
appreciating more the benefits of a settled home and comforts surrounding the same,
and are more independent and self-reliant, viewing the necessity of educating their
children to correspond more with the change in their mode of life. I think that their
advancement will be increased by granting their request in reference to miscellaneous
issues and the adoption of some simple laws for their protection, to be enforced by
their own officers in connection with the Indian police, and by an order making the
education of their children compulsory by removing as many as possible of them to
the States to be educated, and the enforcement of the laws against polygamy by
special order.
Yours, very respectfully,
L. J. MILES,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PAWNEK AGENCY, IND. T., August 15, 1881.
SIR: In accordance with instructions in office letter of July 1, 1881, I have the honor
to forward the following annual report of this agency:
The Pawnee Reservation lies between the Arkansas River on the north and the Ciin-
arron on the south. It is comprised in ranges 4, 5, and 6 east of the Indian meridian.
Its extreme length from north to south is about 35 miles. Its width from east to west
is 18 miles, except the lower 15 miles, which is only 12 miles wide, owing to the exclu-
sion of two townships and a fraction in range 4. The area contains '283,026 acres;
latitude about 37°; longitude about 97°. The surface of the country is everywhere
beautiful. The sameness of the prairie regions of the north is here broken up by a
most charming diversity of scenery and topography. The rich bottom lands on the
small streams affording locations for cultivation, and the contiguous elevations fur-
nishing most desirable sites for the homes of a cultivated people. The numerous
small streams and little branches are most generally marked by lines, or belts, or
groves of timber, where is found nearly all the available timber for building and
fencing. The hill-tops, where underlaid by sandstone, are generally crowned with
more or less of a scrubby timber, which is mainly valuable in the economy of nature for
conserving the moisture of the scanty rain-falls of the region. The upland prairie is
possessed of the elements of fertility, if favored with adequate rain-fall. The great
uncertainty of the latter reduces this region to one of pastoral rather than agricultu-
ral capabilities. We seem to be unfortunately located near the \\estern edge of the
great southwestern current from the Gulf of Mexico, which brings so large a propor-
tion of th« fertilizing moisture for the Mississippi Valley. In the pendulum-like
oscillations of this great current from east to west, this region seems often to be left
to the west of its benign outpourings, and then we are left to suffer from drought:
our streams show the effect by subsiding to pools instead of continuing to be flowing
streams. This feature of our climate will compel the adoption of a system of cultivation
in harmony with these climatic laws. This will come of observation and experience,
a slow process even for the most advanced races ; still more slow for the less advanced,
unless helped by the superior faculties of the white race.
The production of small grain for export is not likely to be a success. If it m.°y
extend to meeting the home demand, it will be the utmost that could be reasonably
expected. Corn of the early, quick-maturing varieties is the grain giving the most
assured reliance for food for 'man and beast. The larger and late n.nturing varieties
are apt to be caught by the siimn er drought just at the peiiod of the setting of the
ears. The same conditions apply to potatoes ; only the early varieties, and these
planted very early, will be likely 'to repay the labor and expense of cultivation. Our
Early Rose and Early Ohio are the Only varieties of potatoes that, as yet, give any
promise of value.
Seeing last autumn that the available area for the production of wild hay was very
limited, and being made painfully aware of the absolute necessity of some other source
88 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
of supply for winter forage by the gre;it inclemency of the last winter, and the fear-
ful suffering and deterioration of all the exposed stock of the reservation, I, in addition
to cutting up corn for fodder, as we did last fall with most satisfactory results, looked
anxiously over the agricultural field to find something adapted to our climate and soil
to help us in the way of winter provisions for stock. Millet and Hungarian grass, as
it is called, seemed, from the short period for maturing, to afford the best promise of
success. By the kindness of the department an amount of money sufficient for sup-
plying seed was furnished. The result looks like most decided success. We have
a lot of nutritious forage put up for the government stock of agency and school. Only
one of the Indians, and he our most advanced man, could be induced to sow millet for
hay. The product is so satisfactory that he is greatly encouraged.
THE GOVERNMENT FARM
is mainly valuable as an agricultural manual-labor school ; on it experimental crops
can be raised, and the different products tested, so as to determine the climatic adap-
tation and economic value of the various grains and roots used for food for man and
beast. The product of the labor performed by each hand is not the only or most
directly important consideration in carrying on the agency farm. Every Indian em-
ployed here learns to labor, learns its value, learns that it is honorable, and so goes
back to his home with more cultivated ideas.
When I took charge of the agency I found it was the custom to detail farm hands
to dig graves for the dead. But I found after a time that it was with extreme reluc-
tance that the customary service was performed. Finally one of the best hands very
positively refused, and obstinately declined giving any reason for his action, pre-
ferring being discharged from service. The uniform excellence of the character of
the man convinced me of the necessity of investigating the matter carefully. I found
the custom introduced by my predecessor seemed to be considered by other Indians as
one of the servile and degrading duties connected with the position of farm-hand,
and they would stand by, refusing to help while our men dug the graves the bystand-
ers should have dug for their own relatives, at the same time jeering and taunting
them with their being obliged to do this menial labor for them. To learn this was to
cause the instant promulgation of an imperative order that in the future no hand
should take part in digging any grave, save for one of their own relatives, and then
the service should be purely voluntary. Now no more requests come to have farm-
hands dig graves. To show the Indian employe' that no injustice would be tolerated,
we restored the man who preferred being discharged to his former status. The cus-
tom, no doubt, grew out of an amiable desire on the part of agents to assist and
encourage in civilized modes of burial. It was soon formed into custom, and that
rapidly degenerated to stigma. We have always considered it a duty, by precept and
example, in season and out of season, to instill into the Indian mind the necessity of
labor, and its honorable character. A year or more of careful observation convinces
me that the formation of
BAND FARMS
was a most serious mistake on the part of those who were instrumental in making
them. It insures, while it remains property in common, the property of the village,
the lazy chief, and the village loafer. It keeps down or represses individuality, with-
out which no respectable progress is made by any race. Separate individualized fam-
ilies and interests would seem to be the universal order of progression in human
affairs. The baud farm seems to belong to no one so much as the chief, and the stim-
ulus of personal exertion for personal profit and well-being is very largely wanting.
The hope of sharing equally in the products, without giving equal return in labor,
keeps the lazy ones sticking to the village and band farm. It has been my careful
and .persistent aim to use all the means and influence in my power to counteract this
arrangement, so antagonistic to all progressive influences. I am urging and inducing
as many as I can to go out on farms. I used the leverage of the 50 Moline wagons and
harness, as far as possible, to make every wagon represent a new farm location. To
this end I have retained the control of the work-oxen and breaking-plows, and sent
them out under the direction of the assistant farmer northward, and the interpreter
to the southward, to break fields for the nuclei of new farms. This appears to me to
have worked well. I furnished the team, plow, and one driver; those who wanted
land broken to furnish the other help and herders for taking care of the oxen. Those
who were worth helping, were generally on hand to do their share. Those who were
too lazy or dishonest, and shirked, were left to the consequences of their own action.
The complaints will all come from those who hoped to shirk all labor themselves,
and have it all done for them. We expect to increase the area of cultivation by
this season's operations in breaking virgin sod at least 25 per cent. But the most
unfortunate (almost criminal) inistakefof band farms will require many years to ob-
literate. It met a temporary emergency at the expense of future hinderauce in the
work of civilization.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 89
STOCK-RAISING.
In reference to this I am compelled, most reluctantly, to take back somewhat that I
said in my former report. Its advantages are yet only very faintly appreciated in the
forecasting way. The munificent gift of 400 head of young stock, 384 heifers, and 16
bulls, made last season, met a most mortifying and humiliating response under the
very pernicious influence of one of the half-breeds, who is an unwarranted intruder,
aud has arrogated an ungrounded right to take the lead. The herd of young stock
began TO disappear, and the hides to come in to the trader soon after issue. We pre-
emptorily forbid the purchase of the hides, but that did not stop the destruction. The
example and precept of the half-breed (Mexican Pawnee) was paramount to all other
influences until a large proportion of the young stock was destroyed. The utter want
of appreciation and foresight manifested in this important direction was most dis-
couraging to me. It showed me that my people were less advanced than I had taken
pleasure in supposing and believing them to be. There is a long stretch in the vista
of progress between the savage animal that recklessly satisfies immediate wants,
regardless of the requirements of the future, and the advanced man who practices
self-denial to-day under the influence of calculations based on a knowledge of the
certainly recurring wants of the future. *****
ANNUITIES.
I have watched the result of annuity issue of clothing, &c. ; the conclusion is that
it is an expensive and, compared with results, a profitless waste of means. The argu-
ment that in this way tangible means get into the hands of the old and young that
would not otherwise reach them, is fallacious. It is easy for the robust to rob the old
and the young, and the frequency of the trips to "the State" to buy supplies after
annuity distribution of goods has convinced me of the waste of means in giving these
goods to an idle, lazy people, who have not labored for and do not appreciate the value
of the goods. They are sold for what they will bring. Blankets could have been pur-
chased after last distribution for $1.50 that cost the government $3.50, and boots and
other goods in proportion. This alone is evidence conclusive of the waste of means in
annuities. That which comes easy goes easy. That which is not the product of the
labor of the individual, civilized or savage, is not appreciated or valued.
THE INDUSTRIAL BOARDING-SCHOOL
when we came here was industrial only in name. Now, by patient overcoming of
obstacles and persistent effort, the school is steadily growing into an industrial school,
and I can say with pride that our pupils are working in a very creditable manner.
The idea of it being discreditable, per se, to labor, finds no place in our school. Our
corn, millet, aud amber cane show gratifying evidences of progress. We will have
the new cane-mill in place August 10, ready to work, the cane in the field ready to
harvest. The prospect is encouraging. The evaporating arrangements will be com-
pleted and all at work before you receive this. We hope to have sirup to sell suffi-
cient to give the pupils who labor some idea of the profits of well-directed exertion.
We are permitted, through the kindness of the department, to distribute the money
received from the sale of products among the pupils who do the work. This, I
think, will work well.
Our educational facilities are inadequate. We have only one school. Our treaty
with the Pawnees obligates us to have two industrial boarding-schools. A sham, dis-
honest evasion was in operation when we came here. It was ostensibly a day-school, but
made up almost entirely by a detachment from the boarding-school. This was in every
way wrong, misleading, and dishonest, besides being inconvenient and cumbersome.
By'advice of Inspector Haworth it was abolished. This was just and sensible. Now
we have to meet the issue squarely. The treaty provides distinctly for two schools ;
we have only one. The Pawnees are under treaty obligations to send all their chil-
dren to school between certain ages. We are under as distinct obligations to provide
the facilities; we have not done it. We cannot, in equity, visit any of the penalties
for delinquencies and irregularities on the Pawnees when we ourselves are culpably
derelict, according to the plain terms of the treaty. It is humiliating to be obliged to
acknowledge this, but the inexorable fact stares us in the face, and everlastingly will,
until we fully, fairly, and justly comply with our treaty obligations to them. Educa-
tion in its true and broadest sense is what we have recognized and published to the
world as the necessity of the Indian and our national obligation to furnish. Now,
while the world sees millions vanishing from the national Treasury without either the
binding obligation of treaty or the approval of common or moral sense, and sees our
solemn treaties with legal minors ignored and neglected in the most important and
vital relation, what can we think of the verdict that will inevitably be recorded
against us? This is no subject for the ward boss or the district politician to manage
or damn as heretofore ; it is matter for the action and careful thought of our statesmen
.and our wisest and best men. The time is at hand, we must meet our obligations, or
. 90 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
the verdict of the moral sense of mankind will be recorded against us, " Ye knew and
acknowledged your duty, but ye did it not."
To build and equip another good school would cost, say, $20,000. To run it com-
plete, per annum, $10,OQO. This would be a bagatelle in the national budget, and
would be a cheap price to pay for the privilege of looking honest nations in the face
and being able to deal promptly with star-route thieves. I would respectfully sug-
gest that the a Iditiou contemplated to our present only and inadequate school build-
ing will be needed to give accommodation to the males. That the erection of a
second school building should be designed and planned and located at once, expressly
for the female pupils of the tribe. The plan of a co-ordinate education of the sexes,
while yet a mooted question in the highly civilized communities of the country,
seems to me here, in this imperfect and feeble moral condition of this people, to be
not a question for discussion, but simply decision. The necessity for separate schools
for the sexes is here obvious and unquestionable.
It is of first importance that the mothers of any race be educated and elevated and
civilized. Hence one girl, a future mother, is of more value to be educated and ele-
vated than a dozen boys. This is a plain principle that confronts us, and impera-
tively demands our respectful recognition and action. There are two influences that
operate against us to prevent the filling up of our schools with girls : one is, they are
wanted at home to labor in the field and family ; the second is, they are merchantable
commodities, to be sold in the matrimonial market to the eligible man who can come
down with the largest number of good merchantable ponies. So we are brought face
to face with
POLYGAMY.
There is no question about its existence here and its baneful effects. It seems not to
have been the policy to interfere with it. But it does most seriously interfere with
and negative, to a large extent, our best and most expensive machinery for the civili-
zation of this people. The laws of the United States make polygamy a crime. They
extend over this Territory and punish all minor crimes, from larceny up, until it comes
to the highest and gravest social crimes against human well-being and progress; then
they appear to become inoperative under some strange idea of the policy of non-inter-
ference. We hope, and have just reason to expect, that the enlightened men now at
the head of the Indian Department will take this grave matter into their careful
consideration. The question must be met and settled finally. It is not wise any
longer to'ignore its pressing necessity.
RELIGIOUS.
In the religious department we have no missionaries, are not under the care of any
organized denomination, have no regular system of religious instruction outside of
the school. We wrote to a prominent bishop of the Episcopal Church, stating our
destitute condition. In reply Jie stated that "he really did not know what he could
do for our poor Indians, but would lay the matter before the convention of his chui'ch,"
which was to meet several months in the future, and giving us ghostly advice, neither
asked nor needed. We did not prospect any further in that direction. The Presbyte-
rian Board of Home Missions, by their itinerant, came along. I showed the open
field, and stated that any man who was a full pattern that was sent as a resident
missionary would be kindly treated and helped, to the full extent of our individual
and official ability. But as we were a respectable tribe for numbers, &-c., I distinctly
told him we would not be under the wing of any denomination that only did itiner-
ant work. He went away and reported to the officers of the society that he had
"taken Pawnee under the work." Since then we have not heard anything further
from him. Such imperfect flippant reports can do no real good, and have not in them
any element that an honest agent is bound to respect. Ours is true missionary ground.
The Pawnees never, that I know of, have had a resident religious teacher. Yet, they
are naturally a religious people. Here is good material without going to Alaska for
it. It is now under government control and protection, and externally under govern-
ment supervision, and is at home.
SUPERSTITION.
The grossest superstitions and most revolting barbarism exist here. The medicine
men are the priests of the tribe ; their observances, feasts, and dauct-s constitute all the
religion these people have. The doctor-priest attends in sickness and in health, and in
whatever else they fail, it is not in shearing their flock. These shepherds are remorse-
less in their grasp of everything like available property possessed by the dui-es they
manipulate. They combine in one the functions assigned by civilization to two
learned professions, viz, minister aud doctor. They are rapacious and magnify their
office. I, myself, saw an Indian to whom I had issued a suit of clothes, at the annual
issue" of goods, only a few weeks before, boldly ask an inspector to order him a suit of
clothes, that he might aTttend Sunday-school, as he had no clothes to attend in. Know--
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 91
iiig of the issue a short time before, I inquired what he had doue with the new clothes,
and was told he had given them to his doctor for curing him of an attack of sickness.
Again, when a consultation of doctors pronounces an unfavorable prognosis in the case
of any sick person, it is currently reported, and generaly believed here, that they
unite to prove their prognosis correct by " sitting down " on the doomed sick one. A
notable instance occurred in the agency last winter. Application was made at the
office for a coffin and grave (it was before the order forbidding our hands to be detailed
for that purpose) ; the order was given, and a coffin and grave prepared. Our assist-
ant farmer went with a team and empty coffin to get the corp.-.e. It was ready pre-
pared, tightly swathed, to put into its last receptacle. Taking hold of it to pub it
into the coffiu, a spasmodic kick of the corpse alarmed the farmer, who hastily tore oft'
wrappages, and the child, two years old, resumed breathing in comfortable shape. On
its being reported to me, I repaired to the tepee, with interpreter, physician, and
others. Found the child not, in my opinion, in any danger of immediate death from
disease, but only from its barbarous doctors and executioners. I directed proper care
and food, would have taken the child away from them, but there was no white who
could take charge of it. I visited it two days after, and saw that it only needed care
and food. But soon after our vigilance relaxed the unfortunate child "went good
dead, " as the people called it. There was no mistake the second time ; the mode
only known to those interested in secrecy. Here, right under the light of civilization,
among a people who have been for a long time in contact with it, is revealed a savage
barbarism, not perhaps exceeded anywhere on the face of the earth. The sole rites
connected with this terrible barbarism are dances and feasts, by the doctor-priests,
to the thud of the tom-tom (a piece of raw hide stretched over the end of any old nail
or other keg). On this a rude kind of time is kept; the performers are males exclu-
sively. The females have no part in the matter, unless doing the cooking may be
considered sharing in the ceremonies. The dances are purely religious. To encounter
this strongest phase of Pawnee development successfully, requires the combined action
of all the civilizing forces which can be brought to bear upon them. Believing this,
we have never ourselves attended one of their heathenish orgies or encouraged the
attendance of employe's. The complete exclusion of females from the dances brings-
the rites in sharp contrast with the social entertainments of the whites, where our
females are treated with marked respect and courtesy as the companions and equals
of man. Until interdicted, we had an occasional dance among the white employe's, in
which some of the tribe, both males and females, took part with great enjoyment.
The effect we thought was decidedly good, and were very sorry when a mistaken
sense of duty, as we believe, led to the forbidding of them. We hope for the time
when more enlarged views may lead to the raising of the interdict.
IN GENERAL.
The general operations of the agency have gone on without material change since
last report. No large advance in any direction is noted, save the disposition to get
out on separate farms. The principal" obstruction to this, in addition to the inertia of
the savage, are the local chiefs and doctors or priests, who retain their personal influ-
ence mainly through the village association. Scatter the people, cultivate individu-
ality, and the personal influence of assumption fails.
In this connection it seems to your agent that the speedy inauguration of a civil policy
like the whites, of having a magistrate or judge, nominated by the agent and approved
by the department, with powers and duties analogous to those of a justice of the peace,
would rapidly advance the people in civilized ways and in a correspondingly rapid
manner do away with the business of chiefs. The organization of the reservation into
road districts, with an overseer of highways, and an obligation by all able-bodied
men between the age of 18 and 45 years, would have a decided civilizing influence
among the people, as well as a conservative effect on wagons, accidents to which from
bad roads or the want of roads are of almost daily occurrence. It would relieve much
of the pressure on the carpenter and blacksmith, now largely occupied with repairs of
this character.
THE FREIGHTING
has been done very satisfactorily during the past year exclusively by Indians. Not
au instance of unfaithfulness has occurred. The only drawback this season has been
the extreme emaciation of the ponies from the great privations and exposure of the
last winter, which was one of unprecedented severity. The loads were necessarily light
and the consequent earnings small. Generally there is a willingness to go and freight,
to pay for wagons and harness. The plan, I am sure, is beneficent, and might be
wisely extended to all articles which are not of the per capita annual issue. There
is intense greed to get something for nothing without paying for it in honest labor.
I see great waste of means all around the reservation, in issues to people who want
possession, ownership, without making proper use or taking reasonable care to pre-
serve.
92 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
THE CLERICAL WORK
of the office, from the result of political appointments, without due regard for the in-
dispensable qualifications, was in a most unsatisfactory condition, both to your office
and to ourselves. By the unremitting labor of S. W. Scott, most patiently and skill-
fully performed, we are able to state that our records and work are now fully up to
date without any arrearages. This we believe has never before been accomplished
since this office was established, and we mention it with just pride. At the same time
we desire gratefully to acknowledge the kind assistance of the department in giving
the able instruction of an accomplished expert, Mr. W. L. Stewart, of the Indian
Office, who greatly shortened the tedious labor by his clear and experienced compre-
hension of the way. The only other subject on which it seems desirable to remark
further is
THE RELATIVE ADVANTAGE OF GOODS OR MONEY ANNUITY.
I have shown the great waste of means in the issue of goods, which the individual
Indian does not think he or his family need so much as they do something else. Under
these circumstances he will " swap, "and his desires being stronger than his knowl-
edge or judgment he will easily be induced to part with that which he does not want,
on terms disadvantageous to himself, in exchange for what he does covet. From care-
ful observation I incline to think that the larger the proportion of cash to goods in
our annuity payments the better for the Indian. Were he isolated from the chance of
civilized barter and obliged to wear the goods it might be better to have more goods.
As it is now, he is cheated in the price of his goods when he sells or trades them, and
does not reap the benefit from his annuity that he would do if he received the amount
in cash. The future distribution of valuable agricultural implements among a people
who know not their cost or value or the proper care of them seems to me to be of very
doubtful utility. The abuse and destruction are very great.
In conclusion, I desire to reaffirm with, if possible, greater emphasis all I said in my
report of last year concerning the school, as to its just place in our civilizing efforts,
and the fearfully baneful influences of the open and uncondemued practice of polygamy
and girl-selling for ponies as practiced here. So terribly does it put the brakes on all our
most earnest and best and most expensive arrangements for improving and elevating
this people, that I scarcely dare trust myself to speak of it, from apprehension of
exceeding the limits prescribed for official courtesy in speaking of the action of our
government.
I am, very respectfully.
E. H. BOWMAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PONCA AGENCY, IND. T., September 6, 1881.
SIR : I beg leave to make this, niy annual report. Having taken charge of this
agency on the 28th day of June, 1881, I will have but little to say, and that only in
a general way, as to the condition in which I found the business of the agency. The
short time that I have been in charge, and the limited opportunity that I have had of
looking into the business, will be niy excuse for not troubling you with very extended
remarks.
Upon my arrival the first thing that attracted my attention was the fine condition
of, and apparent good prospect for, a large crop of corn upon the agency farm of one
hundred acres, and the general healthy appearance of the Indian crops; but before
two weeks the scorching sun and hot breeze from the south had changed the pros-
pect, and by the close of July every hope of a crop was blasted. Upon inquiring I
found that the usual hot weather of this climate had anticipated itself by two weeks,
and that, with want of moisture to supply the vegetation with its necessary food,
had caused the failure. But there was another cause, and I am sorry to say it was one
that could have been avoided, to wit, the failure in not getting the crop planted in
proper time. In this climate everything depends (so far as farming is concerned) on
getting the seed into the ground in proper season, so that it may mature b< fore the
hot July and August winds have a chance to burn it up. In the State of Kansas
to-day every fine field of corn or good crop of potatoes that I have seen was planted
early'in March. Nothing is so disheartening to an Indian, and, I may add, to a white
man, too, as the loss of a season's toil by the failure to reap a proper return for labor
expended upon the soil, and that, too, simply because it was either misdirected or not
directed at all. I found the same state of affairs in the agency garden and those of
the Indians, the seeds having been received so late in the season as to preclude any
hope (except in an exceptionably wet season) of a proper return.
On the 1st of July I started the mowing-machines, and have kept them running till
the fires consumed the grass of the prairies, which are now black and bare, except
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 93
about two thousand acres in front of the agency and in the bend of the Salt Fork of
the Arkansas, which surrounds the agency buildings. In these fires we were very
fortunate in having but two stacks of hay burned, with a loss of not more than five
tons. The Indians have now in stack at least four hundred and fifteen tons, and to
get that amount (the grass being very short and thin) they, with the consent of their
neighbors, the Osages, cut a large amount upon their reservation on the east side of
the Arkansas River, where it is now stacked, and the ground properly burned around
them, so as to preserve them from any future fires that may break out.
The Poncas have now on hand four" hundred and eleven head of cattle that we have
been able to find, though it is probable that there is a larger number on the reserva-
tion. Some time since I issued an order to the Indians to bring all their cattle wanting
branding to the corral, and one hundred and seventy -one were brought in and branded.
The Indians now have two hundred and seventy-six horses and two mules, which is
an apparent decrease from last year's report of one hundred and twenty-four. This
is accounted for by the fact that they are beginning to appreciate the value of large,
serviceable horses, and have been selling and trading off their ponies as fast as they
can get rid of them. This is a very healthy sign, and one that shows very plainly that
they are advancing somewhat towards civilization.
They have two hundred and thirty-five hogs and pigs, and seem anxious to increase
their stock by proper attention and feeding. Many of the Indians are raising chick-
ens, ducks, and turkeys, and though ihe amount is not large in the aggregate of the
Poncas, yet they amount to eleven hundred and ninety-six.
During the last year the Indians have cut and sold, that we are aware of, one hun-
dred cords of wood, making an average of $'2.50 per cord.
The Indians reside in 79 log and box houses, which were provided during the terms
of former agents, and no new onos have been erected during the year.
The agency buildings consist of one agent's house, seven tenements for employe's, a
large commissary and store-house, a good carp enter- shop, blacksmith-shop, and tool-
house. The agency buildings are in good condition, out before long will require
repairs, painting, &c., which will be a saving in the end to the department and em-
ploye's, should the same be done previous to the coming winter.
The school at the agency has been kept regularly for the year, with the exception
of the months of July and August, and the attendance has been very small, as the
agent did not enforce the attendance of the children. The teacher, Miss Fannie
Skinner, is a most competent, exemplary, and painstaking lady, and no one can
regret more than she the partial failure of the school by reason of non-attendance of
the pupils. Since the school resumed, after the summer vacation, the average attend-
ance has been forty. I have directed the police to see to it that all children within
proper distance shall be sent regularly hereafter to the school, and I intend to adhere
to that policy till our large industrial school shall be completed.
The sanitary condition of this tribe has been most excellent, and the acclimating
process fully completed. This has been, to a great extent, hastened by the Indians
being quartered in good, substantial houses, which shield them from the inclement
weather, and into which but little of the noxious gases penetrate. The number of
deaths has been but seventeen, mostly children, who died from whooping-cough early
last spring. There were twenty-five births during the same time, mostly healthy chil-
dren, which shows that the tribe is increasing rather than diminishing, by the care
that comfort enables the Indians to bestow upon them. As a rule, they are fond of
and kind to their children.
The saw-mill has produced during the same time 97,455 feet of lumber. The mill
ran about two hundred and forty-five days, which would make an average of about
397 feet sawed per day, at a running expense per year of $1,540. The mill is a good
one, and the engine Is forty horse-power, and should produce (if properly handled
and supplied with logs) a far larger amount.
The articles manufactured by the carpenter, besides a large amount of jobs of
various kinds of repairing, were as follows: Thirteen bedsteads, twenty-eight tables,
one cart, one book-case, one office-desk, two brick molds, fourteen beetles, one har-
ness horse, and forty ax-handles. By the blacksmith : Twenty-three beetle-rings,
forty-eight wedges, one hundred and fifty lariat pins, seven plow-shares, and one
tobacco cutter, besides doing the general work of shoeing the horses and mules, set-
ting the tires, and the thousand and one jobs of repairing incident to so extensive an
agency.
The" police are attentive to their duty, and as efficient as can be expected of men
so poorly paid for their services.
The great want of the agency is a larger force of employe's, who can be constantly
overseeing the Indians while they are engaged at labor either for themselves or for
the agency. They are anxious to learn how properly to cultivate their soil, and use
to the best advantage the implements furnished them by the department ; and I know
of no way that this can be done so expeditiously as by efficient teachers who can be
constantly employed among them.
94 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
THE NEZ PERCES,
•ocated at Oakland, comprise threa hundred and twenty-eight souls, and I am sorry
to be compelled to report that there has been a large amount of sickness and many
deaths among them during the last year, This arises from the fact that they have
not become acclimated, and are to a great extent compelled to live in tepees, the
cloth of which has become so rotten from long wear and the effects of the weather as
to be no longer capable of keeping out the rain, by which they were soaked during the
last spring. The tribe, unless something is done for them, will soon become extinct.
Of all Indians with whom I have become acquainted, they are by far the most intel-
ligent, truthful, and truly religious. Under their pastor, the Rev Archie Lawyer, a
full-blood Nez Perce, one hundred and twenty-four Indians have joined the church
(Presbyterian), which was organized during the year by the Synod of Kansas. They
are greatly in need of a church in which to hold services, and for want of one are corn-
Eelled to meet under an arbor covered with branches and leaves. They keep the Sab-
ath-day holy, abstaining from all kinds of work, and the service at the arbor is at-
tended by every member of the tribe, whether a communicant or not. The universal
attendance, the attention and the general good conduct of these people, does not only
compare favorably, but causes me often to blush for their more favored white brethren.
Poor as they are, they have contributed $45 with which to buy the lumber, &c., nec-
essary to build a house for their pastor, which is now completed and occupied by him.
The carpenter-work was done, by my direction, by W. H. Nelson, the carpenter at Oak-
land, with the assistance of his two Indian apprentices when they were not otherwise
employed.
Love of country and home, as in all brave people, is very largely developed in this
tribe, and they long for the mountains, the valleys, the streams, and the clear springs
of water of their old home. They are cleanly to a fault and most of them have adopted
the dress, and as far as possible the habits, of the white man. They keep their stock
in good order and are a hard- working, painstaking people. I hope by the time winter
comes on, to have them all in comfortable houses.
The saw-mill (though but driven by a twenty horse-power engine) has produced one
hundred and nineteen thousand and seven hundred and forty-six feet of lumber, and one
hundred and forty-four thousand seven hundred shingles. The running time has been
about two hundred and sixty days, making an average of four hundred and sixty feet
of lumber and five hundred and fifty-six shingles per day, at a cost of $1,020 per year.
The number of acres broken and under cultivation is one hundred and sixty-one, an
increase of one hundred and twenty-one during the year.
The deaths have been seventeen and the births six.
There were fourteen box-houses erected for the Indians, one for the pastor of the
church, a good stable and saw-mill completed, besides a large amount of repairing,
done by the carpenter and his assistants.
The number of females outnumbers the males by more than one hundred. This sur-
plus is caused by the widows whose husbands fell during the war. These poor women
are all longing to return to Idaho, to their friends and relations. I would suggest the
propriety of returning them to their old homes, where they will be more comfortable
than they are at present, and, I believe, would not be a greater expense to the depart-
ment than they are here. So brave, good, and generous a people deserve well of their
government, and I can only express the hope that such generous action will be taken
by the coming Congress in their behalf as may enable the department to furnish them
with the horses and implements of agriculture that they so much need. Such a peo-
ple should not be allowed to perish, and this great government can afford to be gen-
erous and just.
A statistical table of the condition of both the Poncas and Nez Perec's will accom-
pany this report.
THOS. J. JORDAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
QUAPAW AGENCY, IND. T., August 27, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following as my second annual report:
This agency is situated in the northeast corner of the Indian Territory, adjoining
Missouri and the State of Kansas on the east and north, and separated from the Cher-
okee Nation on the west by the Neosho River, and on the south by the southern line
of Newton County, Missouri, extended west to Grand River. It embraces an area of
202,298 acres, the majority of which are rich upland prairie, divided by valleys, which
are as fertile as are found anywhere in the West. The descent from the more elevated
land to the valleys is gradual and seldom abrupt, except in the east and southeast
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 95
portion, where a spur of the Ozark Range makes its appearance ; here it is rough and
teuds to mountainous, bordering on the grand and picturesque. The streams are
fringed with thrifty groves of timber of the useful varieties known in mild climates :
walnut, white and red oak, hickory, elm, ash, maple, sycamore, and pecan. Nature,
in one of her more than usually lavish moods, made these beautiful streams, velvety-
green trees, and luxuriant herbage, and the eye rests with peculiar delight on the rich
and magnificent picture. About two-thirds of the agency is rich rolling prairie and
bottom land, one-third being timbered and hilly. It is well drained by Spring and
Neosho Rivers and their tributaries. The bottoms of the streams are solid, wet and
marshy lauds being unknown. Spring River, which resembles the beautiful Fox
River of Illinois, divides the agency into nearly equal parts, the eastern portion being
rich agricultural, grazing and timber land, with a fair show of minerals, such as lead
and zinc. The western portion contains agricultural and grazing lands hardly to be
surpassed anywhere in the world. Our agricultural products will compare with any
of the counties in the States adjoining; our corn crop is said to be superior to any in
this section, although we have suffered from the drought. The climate is mild and
delightful, seldom subject to the extremes of heat and cold; the air is dry and pure.
There is an abundance of good pure water, which makes this a desirable country for
stock-growing, and a luxuriant growth of grass in the woods and on the prairies.
Fruit, as a general thing, does well, although last winter was the severest for years,
making the crop a failure this season ; in fact, most of the peach and many of the
apple trees were killed.
In place of a collection of desperadoes, as some people imagine we have here, you
will meet an industrious, sober and hard-working community — men full of enterprise
and push in carrying out definite aims. Of course this is not universal; where is
there a white community in which it is? It is a well-established rule that Indians do
not love work, and we have some who are as lazy and dependent as are to be found
anywhere. Very little paint is used by any of our Indians and but few ornaments
worn. All of the tribes indulge in the luxury of one or more chiefs and a council,
but, with the exception of the Senecas, the offices are purely honorary. A majority
of these Indians are from old tribes who have been civilized for years, and all may be
described in a general way as civilized, and, if not rapidly advancing, still not retro-
gardiug. They are not diminishing but increasing in numbers, and if advanced civiliza-
tion is crowded upon them, or even the rights given them that they demand, they will
continue to improve. Many of them are clamoring for an allotment of their lands,
two of the tribes having spent $3,000, in the past two winters, in trying to get a bill
through Congress, which should never have been delayed a day longer than was neces-
sary for its passage. They realize that they cannot thrive, as they would wish, so
long as they hold their lauds in common, and I say, give each family a homestead-
make it inalienable for twenty-five years; make them citizens; and you will see the
beginning of the end. It is not the demands of an increasing population, nor the iron
hand of the hardy pioneer of the West alone, that is calling on the Indians to give up
a part of their fertile country, but it is the universal belief of their friends that the
sooner they are surrounded by industry, and their large reservations reduced, just
that much nearer will they be to civilization.
QUAPAWS.
The Quapaws number 250, and their reservation contains 56,685 acres, but is only
occupied by 49 people ; the balance are with the Osages. These Indians do not take
kindly to agricultural work, but certain it is that instruction in this branch is most
urgently needed, and it is equally certain that they Avere never offered a better oppor-
tunity, so far as land is concerned, to she vv that they can acquire a thorough and most
valuable education in this particular branch which they are best fitted for. If these
Indians succeed in arresting the covetous disposition of the border settlers, they must
apply the plowshare in developing the vast resources of the thousands of acres of the
richest soil on earth. It is useless to predict what might be accomplished if educated
farmers should cultivate such land. They have only cultivated 66 acres the past year,
although I have purchased for them, from money collected as a grazing tax, 10 stir-
ring plows, 10 double-shovel plows, 10 sets of harness, 1 mower and sulky hay-rake,
and $dO worth of groceries, and have had their wagons thoroughly repaired. They
promise to do better, and it is greatly to be hoped that they may. One redeeming
quality is, they send their children to school, and we hope to make industrious men
and women of them. But the reservation should be spld and annexed to Kansas. The
few remaining on it could have land with some of the other tribes if they do not wish
to join the Osages.
PEORIAS AND MIAMIS.
The Confederated Peorias and Miamis number 208, and their reserve embraces 50,301
acres of as good land as there is anywhere in the West. There is no better indication
of the stage of civilization these people have reached than the condition of their
houses and farms, and the general air their houses wear. By this the eye can tell at
96 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
once whether their progress is what it should be. A large number of these people are
as thrifty a class of men as can be found iu more pretentious communities. They
possess the requisite amount of ability and energy to make good citizens; their
homes are neat, and farms well regulated and profitable; their stock is improved and
graded, and many are on the road to riches. Few children in the States enjoy as good
a School, audit is supported wholly by their own funds. Is it any wonder that such men
should desire an allotment of their lands, so that their progress will not be retarded.
They want saw and grist mills and like improvements that they cannot have with
their present relations. They have under cultivation 2,898 acres, and 65 children
attend their two schools, some of whom are well advanced, and should be sent to col-
leges in the States to complete their education.
OTTAWAS.
The Ottawas occupy a reservation of 14,860 acres of the best land under the agency,
and i't is much larger than they will ever utilize. They number 108, a majority of
whom are intelligent Christian people. They have listened to bad white men and
have been robbed by them so long that they are dissatisfied and quarrelsome. Their
exact rights are not clearly defined. They claim to be citizens and wish to act as such.
At the same time they want the protection of the government as wards when they
are in trouble. One or two of their leading men are as corrupt and drunken as can
be found anywhere, They are smart enough to do much better than they are doing,
but they will have to become more industrious before any success will attend them.
They have under cultivation 855 acres.
•SHAWNEES.
The Shawnees number 79, and occupy a reservation of 13,088 acres, 924 of which
has been under cultivation the present year. They are a timid, modest, and rather
industrious people, their chief leading all the Indians of the agency in a well regu-
lated farm and good crops; 225 acres are in the farm. With education they wrill
become very useful citizens. The spirit of progress seems to have dawned upon them ;
they realize the necessity of educating their children, and they are kept in school and
urged to study hard. They cling to some of the old customs, and in looking after the
dance to drive away sickness, I was led to a secluded sort of natural amphitheater,
surrounded by brush and fallen trees as though the place had been visited by a whirl-
wind. In the center of a circle a brush fire was burning while the Indians danced
around it and sang or chanted in a mournful tone, keeping time to the beat of a
drum and the rattle of deer claws.
WYANDOTTS.
The Wyandotts are the largest tribe we have, numbering 279, and occupying 21,706
acres, a large part of which is very poor, fit only for sheep grazing or minerals, which I
doubt not are hidden in the hills. The greater portion are very well advanced, and
they nurnbej* men who would be a credit to any community in the States, and who are
equally Avell fitted for the responsibilities of citizenship, while they have a class as
The last
goveru-
John W.
Greyeyes, a chief of the tribe who had charge of the bill at Washington for the past
two winters, came home and died. They feel his loss greatly, as he was the greatest
worker they ever had.
SENEGAS.
The Senecas number 242, and their reservation contains 51,594 acres of the poorest
land under the agency taken as a whole. The tribe have quite large annuities, which
with their labor supports them comfortably. Although one of the last of this agency's
tribes to take hold of civilization, they are making good progress, and we have no
tribe who are more industrious, although a majority of them cling to the superstitions
of their fathers, and dance to regulate the weather or drive away sickness. The sun
dance, with the address to the sun, their brother, and an offering of tobacco to ap-
pease its wrath, and bring or stop rain and storms, will be abandoned when the
science of meteorology is so far understood by the Indians that it is as easy to tell the
rain and storm of to-morrow as to remember the fine weather of yesterday. Their
homes are comfortable, and the rooms are kept reasonably clean. A neat and home-
like appearance surrounds their habitations. They are generous and hospitable.
These people, like the other tribes, are of an average size, compactly built, but of
darker complexion than any of the others except the Modocs. Their countenances
are frank, and they are freer from disease than any of the other tribes of the agency.
A greater number of their children attended school, compared to the population, than
any other tribe; a good showing for people who a few years ago would not allow a
single child to be educated. At my request, they enlarged their blacksmith shop and
supplied it wi th two apprentices, who are making commendable progress. The subject
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 97
of religion lias agitated these people considerably the past year, and I have urged
them to have an honest discussion, without passion, which, I am sure, will injure no
one, but is likely to bring many to the truth. They have under cultivation 1,164
acres of land.
MODOCS.
The Modocs occupy a reservation of 4,000 acres, and number 96. They have been
here eight years, and to those who saw them when they arrived and can see them
to-day, the advancement must seem rapid. They were, when first received, one of
the most barbarous tribes in the West, having a very limited idea of right or wrong,
and not much knowledge of civilized life. They came here clothed in blankets, un-
able to speak a word of English, and in a generally forlorn and degraded condition.
They now dress in the garb of our race, have four hundred acres under cultivation,
have built good, comfortable cabins, have quite a number of horses and cattle that
were given them by the government, and are generally in an advancing and prosper-
ous condition, although I have had quite a struggle with some of the young Ameri-
cans the past year to keep them from whisky and gambling. I have broken it up,
and they have done noble work ; been more orderly, and are making more real practi-
cal progress than they ever have before. I am having broken for them 100 acres of
land, but the ground is so dry that 50 acres is all I have been able to get teams to
break. This with what they already have will give them all they can work. In ad-
dition to their own work the Modocs have built a good blacksmith shop, and aided
me greatly in repairing the roads. Their children are in constant attendance at the
school, and, as a rule, are ready and quick in grasping knowledge, and appear as intel-
ligent as white pupils.
The right kind of employe's at an agency is the most important branch an agent
has to contend with, and an agent who is not competent and trustworthy enough to
name his own employe's, when he is on the ground and knows what the service re-
quires, should not be retained. With one or two exceptions I think we have as good
a set of employe's as can be secured for the salaries paid. Practical information, use-
ful to the more advanced classes, is more and more desired as the intelligence of the
tribes increases, and the success of employe's, who devote their time und energies to
common-sense practical teachings, depends upon their presenting properly, clearly,
and sensibly the most simple information of a practical character they possess. The
impossibility of making attractive and beneficial to the Indians something they do
not comprehend, none will think of doubting. Employe's must be able to compel, by
simple language, the Indian, with his limited knowledge and reasoning faculties, to
found for himself principles clearly defined, and not half- comprehended facts.
RENTERS.
There are only about sixty employed in all the tribes of the agency. These are
bound in a firm contract, approved by the honorable Secretary of the Interior, so that
there is no possible chance to take advantage of the Indians. Contracts are made for
one year only, and can be revoked sooner if the party proves unworthy, or they can
be renewed when everything is satisfactory. Renting is a mutual advantage, and
will result in good if properly managed by the agent.
Our Indians do not depend upon the chase for any part of their support, and there
was not probably more than a dozen deer killed the past winter. One was killed
within a half mile of my office, but game is not plentiful. The heavy inroads made
upon it by local sportsmen, and the encroachments made by civilization, render it as
scarce as it is in the States ,* and, as there are no game laws, hunting is countenanced
at all times of the year.
All the supplies for schools and Modocs are hauled by the Indians free of cost to
the government.
The agent's residence is a large two-story frame building, 24 by 53, well built and
arranged and commodious. We have two very neat cottages, that were erected the
past year, 20 by 20, with an L 10 by 12, used by physician and carpenter. The old
agency log building, 20 by 60, is occupied by the blacksmith and assistant. A com-
missary office and dispensary, combined in one building, 20 by 80, which is entirely
too small to meet the requirements. The old Shawnee blacksmith shop, 16 bj 20,
and to this the Modocs have added a shop and storeroom, 16 by 32, without any ex-
pense to the government. Woodshop, 16 by 32; slaughterhouse, 16 by 20; stables, 18
by 20. All of these buildings are unfortunately located on the north side of a thick
wood, while the prevailing winds in the summer are from the southwest, and in the
winter from the north; the ground is a rocky point and there is no water. 1 ha/ve
removed hundreds of loads of rocks and am now sinking a well in flint rock. We
hope for a good supply of water. I have my outbuildings, shops, fences, and trees
whitewashed, the weeds kept mown down, and the yard full of flowers. The place
presents quite a different appearance from what it did when I took charge. Haul-
ing water in barrels and a general dilapidated look to the premises is a poor way to
cvilized Indians.
7 IND
98 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
SCHOOL BUILDINGS.
The Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyandotte mission is situated 4 miles southwest from
the agency, on the Wyandotte reserve. The buildings are large, well arranged, and
will easily accommodate 100 children. The same difficulty is experienced as to loca-
tion that we have here. The great need of a bath and wash room will soon be relieved,
as I expect to erect a cheap building for the purpose. The Quapaw mission is located
on the Quapaw Reserve, 12 miles from the agency, and consists of the mission proper^
the small school building, 20 by 30, and a small dormitory for boys, all of which are
somewhat out of repair and not large enough to meet the demand of an increasing
school. At present 75 can be accommodated, but not without considerable crowding".
The buildings are 6 miles southwest of Baxter Springs, Kans., and at a distance pre-
sent a fine appearance standing alone as they do on the beautiful prairie with no
other house within 3 miles. The old Ottawa mission is 8 miles from the agency on
the Ottawa Reservation, and is in a general dilapidated condition. It is not used,
neither is it needed, for school purposes. The Peoria, &c., school building is the best
on the agency, and there is hardly its equal in any district in the country. It was-
erected with their own funds, and the school is amply provided for from" the same
source. The Miami school building is small, but neat and ample for the number of
their children. It was built and is supported the same as the Peorias. The Modocs
have a handsome building on their reserve, 2 miles distant. It was erected in 1879
by the government, and is 28 by 50, larger probably than is absolutely necessary.
During the past year I have had all these inclosed with substantial fences, and out-
buildings (something that they never had before) erected.
EDUCATION— SCHOOLS.
Of all the sciences none has made more rapid progress in the past few years than
that of agriculture, and there is no branch of industry that can be engaged in by In-
dians where they can meet with equal success. To attain the much-desired end our
schools should be under the guidance of far-seeing men, who are practical in detail, and
they should not forget that many of these people for generations to come cannot ex-
pect to engage in anything but agriculture and stock raising. The science of raising
crops, as well as the business of managing a farm, should be taught with a thorough-
ness which has not been done in the past. Experiments should be tried with the dif-
ferent crops by fertilizing, and different modes of managing in other respects. Every
method of cultivation of all the farm products incident to our climate should be prac-
ticed directly before the pupil, who should be required personally to perform the nec-
essary labor in connection therewith. The boys should be given a knowledge of accounts,
so that they would be able to keep a register of time and money expended on the farm
and a credit for all products raised and sold. In this way the gains or losses could be
accurately arrived at in every branch of their future work. Lectures 011 practical
agriculture should be given by the superintendent, and no desire should be shown to
teafeh branches that cannot be easily comprehended and applied to every day use. My
idea is that a majority of these people cannot be expected to occupy any of the pro-
fessions for a generation to come. The subject of education should occupy more time
and attention than any other ; through it we are expecting and are accomplishing the
all-important object — civilization. More liberal appropriations should be made for
buildings and increased school supplies. Good schools will solve the Indian problem.
The following is the enrollment of the different schools :
Quapaw, Ottawa, &c., Indian boarding school 75
Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyandotte Indian boarding school 149-
Peoria, &c., day school 42
Miami day school 23
Modoc day school 22
Total * 311
The schools are enjoying vacation, but will reopen September 1. The interest has
steadily increased, and the schools are far more successful than they have ever been,
and never fail to satisfy the earnest people who are in daily attendance to watch the
progress of their children. There was an exhibition, June 30, at the Seneca, &c., and
Peoria schools. The children acquitted themselves handsomely, proving that the untir-
ing efforts of the teachers were producing the desired results. In addition to the
regular farming the boys split and put in the fence 4,000 rails, at the Seneca school,
and at the Quapaw mission a very great amount of labor was performed by the chil-
dren and employes in addition to the regular farm work.
In December a cyclone passed through this part of the country, tearing down 3
miles of fence around the farm, turning the school building on its side, tearing off
chimneys on the mission proper, and completely leveling the log and box barns,
stables, sheds, and outhouses. The fence was all relaid by the boys, the school-house
EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 99
put on a temporary foundation, and all the pieces of the barns, stables, &c., collected
and rebuilt. In addition the boys have dug a well, the first the institution has ever
had, although ifc has been running for nine years, and during all that time water has
been hauled in barrels (Indian style). The well is 29 feet deep and has 10 feet of
water in it.
Onr police force consists of a captain, lieutenant, two sergeants, and eleven men.
They are much more efficient than could be expected for .$5 per month. Still they are
not what we desire or is necessary. The Indians, as a whole, are peaceable, quiet* and
orderly, and we have been blessed with as good order the past year as could be found
in any portion of the United States. »
The presence of United States troops on the Quapaw Reserve has aided greatly in
lessening the work of the police in expelling intruders, timber thieves, &c., and I
wish to thank Col. George F. Towle and his gentlemanly officers and men for their
courtesy and assistance, and to express my regret at their departure.
The great need of United States courts in the Territory must be supplied and the
law in relation to timber depredations must be speedily amended. Until courts are
established it would be a great saving of expense and time if this agency was attached
to Kansas for judicial purposes.
Many of the people 011 the border are hard cases and do not scruple to give whisky
to our Indians if they think they can escape the vigilance of the government officers.
Many others wink at such violation of the law and help the outlaws to elude the offi-
cers. At one time, after securing the conviction of eight parties, the heavy fining of
four, and the imprisonment of the remainder, I thought I had the business broken up
entirely, but it seems that so long as there remain any hard cases in the country there
will be some of them ready to violate the law and find friends to justify their course
and shield them from detection. There are hundreds of good citizens on the border
who denounce this miserable low element, but who are compelled to admit that their
uniform success, in the past, in evading arrest and punishment, repeated so frequently
for a long term of years, is proof positive that the la \v-abiding sentiment, which should
rid this section of this chronic disgrace, is too weak and apathetic, or too cowardly to
overawe or conquer the adverse sentiment which invites such characters to live on
the borders to break the laws, and harbor, conceal, and protect them when they are
in danger of arrest. Some people tell me that it would be as much as their Hves are
worth if they would aid in the capture of these men. I do not share their views and
shall not in the future show such outlaws any quarter short of a home in the peniten-
tiary. A quart of whisky will do more to demoralize Indians than a month of patient
labor will accomplish to civilize them; hence enforce the law. These whisky men
expect that the Indians will not testify against them, and that rather than do so they
will commit perjury to shield those from whom they buy their drinks. I am sorry to
say that they reason correctly in some cases, but am glad to add that I have been
able to convince them of their error in others. We have many Indians who drink
whisky, but who, when called upon, will testify to the truth and refuse 1o gratify the
wishes of the rum-sellers by being false to themselves, false to the government, and false
to their God.
There have been no serious crimes during the year past. A picture can be seen at
any agency that ought to teach missionaries to attend to an amelioration of the con-
dition of the people at home before indulging in visions of foreign conquest. The
work at this agency has progressed very well the past year; meetings have been
held among all the tribes, and all those engaged in the field have worked hard to pro-
mote the cause of religion. Sunday schools have been successfully conducted at all
the schools except the Miami. But one greater work is neglected, the practical instruc-
tion of Indians in how they should live at home, cleanliness,- and a careful preparation
of the food. In my judgment, this is the proper place to begin. You have got to teach
these people practical, simple lessons that they can comprehend before you can accom-
plish any lasting good in any other direction. I look upon the advanced machinery
of to-day as one of the greatest proselyters of the Indian, and if all Christian people
will aid and beseech them to enjoy the advantages these blessings offer, a true knowl-
edge of religion is sure to follow, as they can see the great value and advantages by
simple comparisons.
As the Indians now stand, their titles to a homestead earned by their own industry
and built by their own hands are questionable and insecure. All they have is that
included in each individual claim, and which, unless made theirs by law forever, will
never make them feel the responsibilities of manhood. The Indian is a man, and
should be treated as such. Let us give him the same rights we enjoy ; make him re-
sponsible to the law. To insure them justice in the future let us deed to each indi-
vidual, in severalty, his share of the land they hold in common, let us protect them in
its possession for twenty-five years, make them citizens, and throw the responsibility of
self-support upon them1. The great oversight of those who advocate the allotment of
land to Indians is that they make no allowance, as a rule, for the unprepared state
of the Indians to receive and realize the change. An Indian cannot be taught agricul-
100 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
ture until he understands how to use a plow, and people are not fit to govern them-
selves until they acquire a certain degree of intelligence. Civilization is a gradual
growth and not a sudden conversion ; and, as these people have been on the road of
civilization for generations, it is not strange or surprising for me to say that they are
adapted to it and ready for citizenship. Decided action should be taken, by Congress
to settle the titles of these lauds in individual Indians, and thereby place them on a
solid basis, when improvement would steadily and rapidly progress.
My report is necessarily long, as it is impossible to treat so many different subjects,
varied interests, and numerous tribes in brief ; but, in conclusion, I must say that the
progress looks slow at times and one feels a little discouraged. But when you com-
pare the present condition with that represented by Agent Snow in 1869, no schools,
no crops, no industry, it is quite satisfactory and speaks volumes for the humane policy.
I am, very respectfully,
D. B. DYER,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER or INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SAC AND Fox AGENCY, IND. T., September 16, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions, I have the honor to submit the following
annual report :
During the past year nothing has occurred to disturb the tranquillity of the agency
other than the usual difficulties all agents are compelled to encounter in the adminis-
tration of affairs connected with an agency. Situated as this agency is, more than
100 miles from railroad or telegraphic communication with the department, makes
it very inconvenient, and deprives the agent of rapid communication with the de-
partment, and advice that is frequently required to enable him to act advisedly at
once. This agency should be connected by telegraph with Arkansas Cityj, via Pawnee
and Pouca Agencies, which would place the three agencies in telegraphic communica-
tion with Washington.
The Indians under control of this agency are the Sac and Fox of the Mississippi,
numbering 440 (not including the Mo-ko-ho-ko band, numbering 90, that yet remain
in Kansas) ; Absentee Shawnees, numbering 675 ; Mexican Kickapoos, 380 ; Pottawato-
mies, 400; Black Bob's band of Absentee Shawnees, about 60 in number, that are
located on what is known as the government strip immediately west of the Kickapoos ;
lowas enrolled here, 46; Sac and Fox of the Missouri, 32; Otoes, that have been here
for about two years by permission of the department, 35 ; making a total of 2,052. In
addition to the above there are 200 Otoes, 40 Kansas Pottawatoinies, 30 Kickapoos, and
6 Ottowas that have no tribal rights here.
SAC AND FOX.
The Sac and Fox Indians reside on this reservation, coptaining 479,067 acres, lying
between the Cimarron River and the North Fork of the Canadian. Many of them have
considerable land under cultivation; during the past season they planted more than
at any former season since they removed to the Territory. Having a large annuity in
money, paid them semi-annually, they are not compelled to labor for support as the
other tribes. I am fully convinced that cash annuities paid any Indian tribe is detri-
mental to their best interest, and has a tendency to make them indifferent and indo-
lent ; many of them living, or endeavoring to live, on their annuity alone, independent
of any labor, if possible. Were it not for the cash annuity paid the Sac and Fox tribe
they would soon become good, industrious farmers and stock-growers. Their laud
being better adapted to stock raising than agriculture, many of them have consider-
able stock. Being genuine, pure-blooded Indians, they adhere with great tenacity to
their aboriginal ideas and habits. They have their feasts and dances regularly, and
make visits to adjoining tribes, who return their visits. But very few of the tribe
have adopted citizen's dress, but prefer the breechcloth and blanket, some of them
having beautiful and expensive Indian costumes.
The Sac and Fox Indians seem very indifferent as to the education of their children.
They have a good school-building and boarding-house at the agency, and are furnished
good and competent teachers. The parents of the children that attended school the
past season took great interest in the progress of their children, and made frequent
visits to the school, expressing themselves as well pleased and determined to have
their children attend this winter. The school is supported by tribal funds set apart
in their treaty for this purpose. I have myself, and some of the most influential men
of the tribe, frequently talked to the Indians in regard to their duty to their children
in the matter of education ; and I think many of them are now more than ever favor-
ably inclined in that direction. We have in connection with the school a farm, of
which there are about 80 acres under cultivation, and on which the boys are taught
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 101
in all work pertaining to farming and stock-raising. The past season having been so
extremely hot (thermometer ranging from 101° to 110° in the shade for nearly three
months), and no rains for three months, our crops have proven almost an entire failure.
Instead of 1,000 bushels of corn that we should reasonably have expected on this school
farm at the agency, we will have but three or four hundred. Owing to the scarcity
of grass and water the Indians have very nearly all of them been compelled to move
quite a distance from the agency to the vicinity of the streams, where they could pro-
cure water and feed for their stock. This will prevent the opening of the school at
the agency as early as anticipated.
MEXICAN KICKAPOOS,
located on reservation west of the Sac and Fox, 30 miles from the agency, lying be-
tween the Deep Fork and North Fork of the Canadian River, numbering 3fcO, are
blanket Indians, supported in part by government, the only tribe to which rations
are issued. The past spring they put under cultivation more land than in any pre-
vious season, and so confident were they, and so willing to make the effort to endeavor
to support themselves, independent of any, or very little, support from government,
that they desired me to write the honorable Commissioner that they would be pleased to
have a portion of the money appropriated by Congress for their support expended in
the purchase of agricultural implements, wagons, mules, &c., with which to work
their lauds. There have arrived for them five new wagons and harness purchased for
them, and I expect to estimate for funds with which to purchase them some mules.
The mules I purchased for them last year they have taken good care of, and with them
they were enabled to put out more corn than any previous season, and, I feel sorry to
say, their crop is almost an entire failure, owing to the drought. Had they had a
favorable year they would have made a good showing. It is a great disappointment
to them, and will compel many to remain away hunting and trapping longer than usual.
They are getting along nicely and on very friendly terms with adjoining tribes. Dur-
ing the year they have built one or two good log houses, dug some wells, made 15,000
fence rails, broken 94 acres of new ground, fenced and planted about one-half of the
same. The ground being so very dry and hard prevented tnem from breaking some
two or three hundred acres they contemplated breaking during the season. The tribe
is endeavoring to do all that is possible for them to do to become self-supporting, and
at this time require all necessary aid from the government to assist them in their lau-
dable purpose. Last winter being the most severe and trying winter on stock ever
experienced in this country, the Kickapoos lost several of the stock cattle issued them
last summer. Those that were fortunate in saving their cattle take good care of them
and are greatly pleased with them. We have at Kickapoo Station one blacksmith,
who does the work for the Kickapoos, a superintendent of station, who makes issues,
and, with other labor, does the farm work. He succeeded in putting up 20 tons of hay
this year, and estimates the corn crop at 750 bushels, which is 1,000 bushels less than
we would 'have had with favorable weather.
ABSENTEE SHAWNEES
number 660; are located on the North Fork of the Canadian River, on what is known
as the 30-mile-square tract of land set apart for the Pottawatomies by treaty of 1867.
These Indians are self-supporting, and receive no aid from the government but the
maintenance of a manual-labor school, and a physician and medicines fui nished them.
They are industrious, well-disposed Indians. Many of them have good farms, well
fenced, and under good state of cultivation, but depend mainly on stock-raising for
support. Like the other tribes, they have suffered severely in loss of stock and the
failure of their corn crop. They have made, during the season, more than 100,000 new
fence rails, built five new houses, and broken some 75 or 100 acres of new ground.
The manual-labor school at Shawnee, supported by the government, has been filled
to its utmost capacity the past season, and I have been compelled to refuse admission
to very nearly as many scholars as we have had in attendance. It is impossible for us
to accommodate more than 50 scholars; yet, with sufficient room, we could have more
in the school the entire term. The attention of the department has been called to
the insufficient accommodations and dilapidated condition of the buildings, and I
trust they will see the necessity of the much-needed improvements. This school has
been frequently visited by parties that are acquainted with the other schools of the
Territory, and they all, of one accord, pronounce Shawuee school the best of them.
To the teachers I cannot award too much praise for the deep interest manifested in the
progress of the scholars, and to them, and the employee, alone, are the Shawnees in-
debted for the advancement in civilization and education of their children. No tribe
of Indians feel more deeply interested in education than the Shawnees, and none are
more grateful to the government for the facilities afforded them. In connection with
the school we have a fine farm of 320 acres, 75 of which are under cultivation, and
on which, notwithstanding the dry season, we will have about 7CO bushels of corn,
and have put up 35 tons of hay. "The scholars have worked faithfully in assisting
102 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
the superintendent and laborer in all Ihe farm work, and many of them have made
rapid progress in all the branches of agriculture. The girls are taught to sew, cook,
wash, and laundry-work, and when they leave school will be perfectly competent to
attend to all the duties pertaining to housekeeping.
THE POTTAWATOMIES
number 300; are located 70 miles southwest of the agency, on the 30-mile-square tract
on the Canadian River. They are industrious, well disposed, and progressive. Their
reservation for years past has been the refuge of a class of outlaws, whisky dealers,
and bad men driven from the States, many of them criminals that have fled from
justice. I am gratified to say that there are now none to be found on the reservation.
Several white men (intruders), that were removed, have lingered around the vicinity
of the reservation since their removal, and have in every conceivable manner sought
to annoy the Pottawatomies, but I believe they have now departed for a more healthy
location. The Pottawatomies are about to enact a code of laws for their own govern-
ment, which I think will prove a benefit to them. They are so far from the agency
that it is impossible to render them the assistance in many instanees they require.
The only assistance they have from the government is a day school. This was well
attended the last term. I was fortunate in securing the services of an excellent teacher
for them, of whom they speak in the highest terms, but will not be able to induce him
to return for the meager salary allowed. The Pottawatomies are very desirous the
government afford them better school facilities. They are determined on having their
children educated, but are poor and so situated that it is an impossibility to accom-
modate them without the erection of a building in which to board and lodge the
scholars. They are scattered over a large extent of country, and they cannot pro-
cure board for their children in the vicinity of the school. With the labor they would
be willing to perform themselves it would require but a comparatively small appro-
priation to supply them with a good building suitable for the accommodation of fifty
scholars, and this number would be placed in the school at once. In addition to the
day school there is a Catholic mission located in the lower part of the reservation,
which, I understand, is very well attended.
IOWAS.
The lowas that are enrolled here by order of the department, and received their
annuity payment at this agency in 1879, have received no payment since that time, no
funds having been sent here for that purpose. They are very poor, and have suffered
greatly for the necessaries of life. Why their money is not sent here to pay them I
am unable to say. Those that left their reservation in Iowa without permission of
the department, and came to this agency, yet remain here. They have been a source
of great annoyance to other Indians and myself, continually importuning me to send
for their money and pay them, &c. They are really objects of charity. I understand
they have not received a dollar in annuity in the past two years. I can see no reason
why they should not be paid or returned to their agency, which would be attended
with some difficulty as they seem determined to remain in the Territory.
OTOES.
The Otoes that are here, and number about 200, are living immediately west of the
Sac and Fox reservation. They came here without permission and have had a very
severe trial. During last session of Congress an act was passed providing for the sale of
their lands in Nebraska and their removal to the Territory. During the month of May,
1831, Indian Inspector. General John McNeil visited this agency in company with a
delegation of chiefs and head men of the tribe in Nebraska. At their solicitation, and in
company with them, I visited the Otoes, 25 miles west of the agency, where we held a
council with them, at which time they accepted the conditions of the act passed for the
sale of their lands and the removal of the tribe to a res rvation to be selected for them
by the government. This has been done and the tribe will shortly be removed to their
new home, near the Ponca reservation on the Arkansas River. The Otoes that are
here feel very greatly disappointed that the new home selected for them was not in
the vicinity of where they now are. There is quite a feeling in regard to it, and when
the time arrives it will require some careful and discreet work to have them leave
their present location in the Territory for the one selected. I have been visited by
delegations of them very frequently in regard to the matter, some of them declaring
they will not go to the new home ; but after fully informing them of the advantages
that will accrue to them when again united and the result that will follow if they
refuse to go, I think by a little careful management they will go peaceably. There is
a bitter feeling and jealousy existing between the chiefs and head men here and those
of the other portion of the tribe in Nebraska.
SANITARY.
The health of the various tribes during the past year has been remarkable good,
yet many of them have suffered severely on account of the extreme heat and want of
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY. 103
water, many families being compelled to abandon their homes and remove several
miles to procure water for their family use.
CRIME.
. During the year past I have waged a bitter and relentless war against the whisky
•dealers, and had many of them convicted. I am now able to say that the business,
so far as my agency is concerned, is entirely broken up. It was the cause of more dif-
ficulty and more crime than all other causes combined, and was carried on by white
men and the half breeds almost exclusively. There has been less horse thieving than
usual during the past year, and fewer number of murders committed, but one that I
am aware of within the limits of my agency. I succeeded in capturing the Indian
(a Missouri Sac and Fox) that murdered and scalped a poor, innocent, old white man
in the summer of 1879, a few miles from the agency, and he has just been convicted at
Fort Smith, of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to be hanged next month. It
is a very difficult matter to work up a murder case where one of the parties is In-
dian and in the Indian country. I have had 110 difficulty with outlaws during the
past year. Several of them hav e passed through and near the agency, but in no single
instance have I known them to interfere in any manner with any person under my
charge.
POLICE.
I have had no police force during the year, as I can procure none that are competent
and that can be depended on for the pay allowed.
RELIGION.
We have at the agency a small church, erected a few years since by the Baptist
association, and in which service is held when there is a minister here. * * * I nave
no doubt, could a good Christian man be sent here that could command the respect of
these Indians, he could exert a good influence. At Shawneetown the Society of Friends
have had a missionary for a year past. * * *
CONCLUSION.
In concluding ray report I desire to thank the Indian Department for their prompt
attention to the wants of this agency. To Major-General Pope I feel deeply indebted for
his many courtesies extended through the year ; and to the wise precautionary measures
by him adopted can be attributed the defeat of an influx of intruders that seemed
determined to invade the territory.
Respectiullv,
JOHN S. SHORE,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS-.
UNION AGENCY, MUSKOGEE, IND. T,, September 30, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report. This agency includes
what is known as the Five Civilized Tribes, being the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choc-
taws, Creeks, and Seminoles, numbering about 60,000. They own about 30,000 square
miles of laud, for which they have a fee-simple title from the United States. Their
country is bounded on the north by Kansas, east by Arkansas and Missouri, south by
Texas, and west by reservations of friendly Indians who have been removed to the
Indian territory by the government.
Each nation has its executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government
on the plan of the States, and their courts have exclusive jurisdiction when the
parties are citizens of the nation. There is no court where civil cases can be tried
when one party only is an" Indian or where both parties are whites ; hence the agent
is compelled to act' as arbitrator. The constant stream of emigration to and from
Texas through the Territory ; the presence of 15,000 whites who are here under permits
issued by the nations to labor for Indians, besides some thousands of intruders, make
enough cases for half a dozen agents to settle. This kind of a court seems to give
.satisfaction as but one appeal has been taken to the honorable Commissioner of In-
dian Affairs during two years.
UNITED STATES COURTS.
In cases where an Indian commits a crime against a citizen of the United States, or
a citizen of the United States commits a crime against an Indian, the case must be
tried, if tried at all, by the United States court for the western district of Arkansas,
at Fort Smith, Ark. This court is located so far from the settlements of most of
these people, and the expense of attending being more than the fees and mileage al-
104 KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
lowed, in some cases the witness is punished as much as the criminal. The conse-
quence is that it is impossible to obtain evidence in some cases on account of dread of
being taken to Fort Smith as a witness. The officers of the court are respected by
these people. They feel that they have no cause to complain against the action of the
court or its officers. There should be established a United States court, with criminal
jurisdiction only, at some point in the Territory, as the treaty provides, and to which
the Indians will not object.
INTRUDERS.
When my last report was made, there were about 6,000 intruders in this agency,
who have no rights in the country. Most of them were in the Choctaw and Chickasaw
country, where there had been some misunderstanding between the government and
the Indians about the right of the Indians to tax for permits granted to white labor-
ers. The present Indian Office settled the trouble by deciding that the In dians had the
right to charge what they pleased for permits, and that the white man had a right to
pay or get out. The result was that most of them obtained permits or left the nations.
Only a few refused to do neither and were removed by the military. The better class
of white laborers are willing to pay a permit of $5 or $15 per annum for the privilege
of remaining in the country. It is only the class who claim the world owes them a
living that make trouble for the government in the Indian country. Under the pres-
ent ruling of the department I anticipate no further trouble growing out of the per-
mit business, if the laws are promptly enforced.
Fora time there was a good deal of excitement over the action of " Captain" Payne,
who, with a small party of whites, claimed the right to homestead certain lands that
these nations had ceded to the United States for the purpose of settling friendly In-
dians and freedinen upon. The prompt arrest and conviction of " Captain" Payne by
the United States authority, has convinced these people, more than anything that has
been done for years, that the United States intends to protect their rights and to carry
out in good faith the provisions of the treaty.
Federal legislation for the five civilized tribes seems to be unfortunate. The law
for the punishment of intruders who have been removed from, and return again to
the Territory is simply a judgment filed against them for $1,000 in United States
court. The class that are removed are worthless vagabonds, who have no fear of
judgments in this world, no matter how large they may be. The result is, that as
soon as the uncollectable judgment has been safely recorded, the intruder returns to
the Indian country to go through the farce again, if arrested.
Again it has been decided by the United States court that the laws for the protec-
tion of timber on Indian reservations do not apply to this agency, hence it is not
unlawful to steal timber from these people, though they have the same title that the
parties that do the stealing have to their homes in the States. The inhabitants of
adjoining States are fast destroying the finest timber and the government is almost
powerless to prevent. On several occasions the military have been called upon to re-
move intruders, and the troops were promptly furnished. Several hundred intruders
were removed by Lieutenant Shoemaker, Fourth Cavalry, a good soldier, who man-
aged the matter well and vigorously, yet humanely.
SCHOOLS.
Since my last report Tullahassee Mission and Asbury Mission school buildings have
burned. They were large brick buildings, and would accommodate about 200 pupils.
Tullahassee burned December last, and the Creeks immediately made arrangements
for a much larger building at a cost of about $25,000, which will be completed during
the present year. The Creeks had just completed a mission school at We-tum-ka at
a cost of $10,000, when the other schools burned, but all favored rebuilding and tak-
ing no steps backward. The other nations are well supplied with high schools, and
all have as good common schools as theii; scattered settlements will permit.
About 30 of the children of these tribes are now at the Carlisle school and the par-
ents are well pleased with the reports the children send home.
The Baptist Home Mission Board have the management of the government schools
for freedmeu among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, keeping seven schools for $3,500 per
annum. It is a good investment so far as the government is concerned ; the freed-
inen furnishing school-houses, and the board furnishing the teachers and books. The
schools are a success and there should be more of them.
RELIGIOUS.
Nearly all the denominations are represented in this agency. Baptist, Methodist,
and Presbyterian have many missionaries here, some of whom have spent very many
years laboring among these people. The genuine missionary is welcome and greatly
respected by the Indians, but they have no use for those in whom they have no con-
fidence, and it would be better for all concerned if such were sent to some other field
of labor.
REPORT OF AGENT IN IOWA. 105
CROPS.
The severe drought which extended over all the western country has deprived these
people of their grain and vegetables to such an extent that it is very doubtful whetfher
they will have enough to keep them until they can raise another crop.
PENSIONS.
During the month of May about $200,000 pension money was paid to Creek and
Cherokee claimants. There was no gambling or drunkenness during the payment,
and the money paid them was not squandered, but was used to purchase wagons,
tools, and stock. There is as much more due these people from the Pension Office, and
should be paid without delay.
In conclusion, I wish to state that it is impossible to give the extent of progress
made by the Indians of this agency as it would be to state the progress made by por-
tions of some of the States, that are really behind these people in all that goes to
make civilization. That these people are on the up grade is evident from the fact
that they are more interested in educational matters, sending more children to the
States to be educated than ever before. The number of newspapers taken by Indians
is constantly increasing, and the man who does not favor education and progress
stands little chance for election to any important office.
Very respectfully,
JOHN Q. TUFTS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SAC AND Fox, IOWA, AGENCY,
Tama County, August 26, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as my third annual report of affairs
pertaining to the Indians of this agency for the year ending 'August 31, 1881 :
This branch of the Sac and Fox tribe (nearly all Foxes), located in Tama County,
Iowa, own about 700 acres purchased by them at various times out of their annuity at
ii cost of $14,000, and is held in common, about 200 acres of which are used for culti-
vation, sixty acres in timothy, and the remainder is used for pasturage. This tribe
desires to purchase, with money out of their annuities, 700 acres more. Their per-
sonal property is valued about $20,000, mostly in horses.
According to the census taken of this tribe last winter, they number 91 men3 104
women, 77 girls, and 83 boys. Population in all, 355.
In the spring the Indians, with the assistance of the agency farmer, plowed 160 acres
of land and planted it with corn, beans, and squash and potatoes. Their crops were
well cultivated and looked very promising, when, in the early part of July, heavy
storms set in, which caused the Iowa River to rise and overflow all the valley, the
water rising 4 and 5 feet over their fields and village, destroying all their crops and
doing great damage to their fences and forcing the Indians to move their families to
the adjacent hills. This calamity will cause great suffering to their families unless
they receive their annuities, which they have all along refused to do.
Their principal chief, Man-ma-wah-ne-kah, died in the early part of July. The tiibe
are in mourning for his death. He was very much beloved and had great influence
with them. He was thoroughly Indian in his ideas and sentiments, and was very
much opposed to making any progress in civilization.
In a short time this tribe will hold a council with their people to determine what
they will do in regard to signing the pay-roll and receiving their annuities, which
have up to this time accumulated to be a quite large sum. Last winter I obtained the
names and ages of all their people without their consent or assistance. But the tribe
were quite displeased, and I had to explain to them that I was obliged to carry out the
instructions received from the department. I have informed them that they can now
receive their annuities by the head of each family signing the pay-roll, and I believe
they will do so in a short time.
These are a very good people. They have behaved remarkably well during the past
year. Their conduct towards the white people has been very friendly, honorable, and
upright. Their women are modest and chaste ; their children are brought up strictly
and behave well. I have not heard of a single instance of a quarrel or disturbance of
any kind during the past year. The principal chief and council have done all they
could to suppress intemperance among them, and there have been but few cases of
drunkenness among the young men during the past year, and then it has been the fault
of the white man that gets the liquor for them.
In regard to schools the old Indian element is very much opposed, and the children
are forbid attending. But the young men make good progress in learning to read and
106 REPORT OF AGENT IN KANSAS.
write, and many of them can read and write in English. Quite a number of women
have attended the industrial school, and have made very good progress in making their
garments and learning to do household work.
Our teacher died in the early part of the month after a long illness. She had ac-
quired a knowledge of the Indian language and was very much beloved by the women
and children. It will take some time before we can overcome the prejudice the In-
dians have to regular schools. It will require patience, perseverance, and kindness to
succeed.
The honorable the Secretary of the Interior has kindly allowed me to purchase
implements, by which I have been enabled to help the working Indians to carry on
their agricultural work, and it has given them great encouragement.
The number of deaths during the year has been ten, and the number of births five.
The school building used for the agency is in good order and repair, and is the only
building belonging to the government. Inclosed herewith I respectfully submit the
statistical information called for in your letter of July 1, 1881.
Very respectfully,
GEO. L. DAVENPORT,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
POTTAWATTOMIE AGENCY,
September 10, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with instructions contained in circular letter dated July 1, 1881;
I have the honor to submit herewith my third annual report of affairs at this agency?
and the condition of the tribes of Indians living in the jurisdiction thereof.
The tribes consist of the prairie band of Pottawattomies, located in the boundaries
of Jackson County, Kansas, on their reserve, numbering 77,357.57 acres of land; the
Kickapoo Indians, occupying a reserve numbering '20,273 acres, located in Brown
County, Kansas ; and the confederated bands of Chippewa and Munsee Indians, living
on lands held by certificate title, aggregating 4,395 acres, situated about seven miles
from Ottawa, in Franklin County, Kansas.
The Pottawattomies belonging to the agency number 750 souls, of whom 430 are
present on their reserve, 280 are living with the Winuebago Indians in Wisconsin,
and 40 with the Mexican Kickapoos, at the Sac and Fox agency, in the Indian Terri-
tory. The Kickapoos number 270 persons, of whom 30 are associated with the Mexican
Kickapoos, and will doubtless remain with them, having joined the fortunes of Ke-
wah-ko-uk, a Kansas Kickapoo, who has been selected by the Mexican Kickapoos as
their principal chief. The Chippewa and Munsee Indians number 62 persons, only
two of whom are absent. We thus have 1,093 Indians, belonging to three tribes, en-
'titled by treaty stipulations to occupy 102,026 acres of land. Of this number 40 Kick-
apoos and 41 Chippewa and Munsee Indians occupy allotted lands; the Pottawatto-
mies hold in common all of the allottees, under provisions of their treaty of November
15, 1861, having severed their tribal relations by becoming citizens of the United
States in 1870 and previous years.
The Pottawattomies have placed to their credit on the books of the department sums
forming various funds, amounting to $596,563.33, which is secured to them by trealy
stipulations ranging in date from August 3, 1795, to February 27, 1867. They also
have $30,000, interest accrued on their " general fund," that cannot be expended with-
out legislation, which, with a portion of the principal, they have requested shall be
funded for the purpose of supporting a wagon-shop and improving their reserve, The
Kickapoos have placed to their credit $222,151, aggregating in round numbers for the
two tribes nearly $850,000.
In addition to the Indians heretofore named, about 150 Sac and Fox, known as " Mo-
ko-ho-ko's band," and belonging to the Sac and Fox in the Indian Territory, continue
to reside in Kansas, near Osage City. They are trespassers on lauds formerly held by
the tribe, and though deprived of annuities and all other benefactions of the govern-
ment, through their absence from their agency, persist in remaining at their present
habitations, notwithstanding every inducement has been offered to accomplish their
peaceable return. As stated in several special reports on their case, I am convinced
that force will be necessary not only in their removal, but to hold them when removed.
Both the Pottawattomies and Kickapoos have excellent opportunities for educating
their youth extended to them by their industrial boarding schools, operated on their
respective reserves. Annual interest accruing on the educational funds of these
tribes, established by their request, are ample for a liberal support of the schools. The
Pottawattomie school buildings consist of a commodious and convenient school-build-
ing, a boarding-house with a capacity for accommodating 35 pupils and the school
^employe's, a very substantial stone milk and smoke house, frame laundry with cellar
REPORT OF AGENT IN KANSAS. 107
jin I an excellent barn with stone basement. These buildings, with the exception of
the boarding-house, were built in 1874 from unexpended balances of the Pottawattomie
school fund. While the Kickapoo school-buildings have snftVrod much from decay,
and are far from being as convenient as the Pottawattomie buildings, they still
answer very well for educational purposes, and are sufficiently roomy for the accommo-
dation of 35 scholars.
The average attendance at the two schools for the year ending August 31 was
40 pupils. About one half this number have been in attendance regularly for
several years ; the remainder were received during the year. The children on enter-
ing the schools are thoroughly cleansed, if necessary, and supplied with a complete
outfit of new clothing. They are taught to speak English, by continued effort
on the part of the employe's, and by the process of study in the school room. When
accustomed to their surroundings the boys are taught to chop wood, to milk, feed
stock of all kinds, harness horses, attach them to wagons and drive them, to hoe
and plow on the school farms, to gather corn, and to perform other labor necessary to
the good order of the premises. The girls are taught to cook, wash, iron, scrub, knit,
to mend garments, to cut and manufacture them, and other labor tending to a proper
knowledge of household duties. This system, developing industrious, cleanly, and
intelligent boys and girls, quite as willing and competent to perform various duties
suited to their age and sex as are white children belonging to the industrial classes,
has demonstrated its success, while the children are susceptible of control by the
school authorities. If, when they arrive at the- age of 13 or 14, the most intelligent of
them could be removed to a distance from their homes sufficiently great to prevent
any return thereto for a period of several years, until their primary education was
strengthened, enlarged, and confirmed by uninterrupted association with the religious,
intelligent, and practical members of prosperous white communities, I am satisfied
they would then return to their homes prepared and inclined to direct their people
to a higher religion and a better order of civilization, thus furnishing a partial solu-
tion, at least, of the once hopeless " Indian problem."
There are 70 head of cattle, 4 horses, and sufficient hogs to furnish bacon for the
school during six mouths of the year, supported by the Pottawattomie school farm,
and 45 head of cattle, a work team, and a considerable number of hogs supported by
the Kickapoo school farm. Independent of the produce necessary for these purposes,
sufficient vegetables and potatoes are generally raised to supply the school during a
portion of the year. One farmer is employed at each school.
Blacksmith shops are run for each of the tribes, supported entirely by tribal funds
set apart for the purpose. A mechanic and Indian apprentice are employed in each
shop ; the mechanics are employed with a view to their capacity to do both iron and
wood work. The character of the work is the same as that required to be done in
white communities, and the Indians do not allow it to be slighted. Capable and ac-
commodating mechanics conduce very much to the advancement of the agricultural
interest of the Indiaus.
During the year the Pottawattomies have built 20 substantial houses, neat in ap-
pearance and of respectable dimensions. Nearly all of these houses have superseded
structures of rude design and inconvenient arrangement, and the number of houses is
therefore not increased, but the individuality of the Indian has been developed thereby.
The pride and happiness of his family demonstrate their appreciation of a better and
healthier mode of life. Though it has been but about eight years since the houses of
the kind described could be counted on the fingers of the hands, there are now but
very few heads of families but what are supplied with and live in them. Thirty per
cent, of these houses have been built solely at the expense of the Indians occupying
them. For furnishing the remainder, lumber has been purchased with interest derived
from their improvement fund, but no further expense has been incurred either for haul-
ing or carpenter's work, the Indians having performed this labor or employed persons
for the purpose. Their houses, with suitable space for yards, are all inclosed, generally
with very neat fences. A large number of them are furnished with cooking-stoves,
chairs, dishes, bedsteads, and other necessities of civilization.
The Kickapoos have also built some new houses, made a number of additions to
houses built last year and previously, and are gradually furnishing them with conve-
niences necessary to comfort and health.
The people of these tribes subsist on the same kinds of food as white people, and their
women, who are generally good cooks, prepare it in the same manner as white cooks,
with the exception perhaps of cooking meat more thoroughly. In the spring the peo-
ple of these tribes purchased over 2,000 apple trees at individual expense, and planted
them with very good judgment. They are fond of fruit, much interested in growing it,
and take excellent care of their orchards, all of which are inclosed with good fences.
The first and finest early apples I ate this year were presented to me by an Indian, and
while traveling over their reserves I have seen fine apples growing on trees planted by
the Indians four years ago. They have also bearing peach and cherry trees. Some
few have raised tame grapes and a number have planted pear trees.
108 REPORT OF AGENT IN KANSAS.
Much, earlier than usual in the spring, the Pottawattomies planted their farms,
which are located in various parts of their reserve, and contain about 2,335 acres of
land, in corn, potatoes, pumpkins, oats, millet, flax, and garden vegetables. Some-
what later, but in good season, the Kickapoos planted on their farms, consisting
of about 1,500 acres, the same class of seed. Seeds and plants of all kinds grew and
were hastened toward maturity by warm suns and frequent rains, with every prospect
of the continuance of a more than usually favorable farming, season, but the rain-fall
ceased, and none of sufficient quantity to benefit the crops fell from June 27 to Septem-
ber 1, and then only enough to penetrate the ground to a depth of two inches. As a
consequenee, none but corn of early variety, of the earliest planting, reached a stage
of maturity ; late potato vines are dead; beans and pumpkins, of which a large acre-
age were planted, will be an entire failure. The streams, though to a great extent
supplied by springs, have ceased running, and water for stock can only be found in
pools. It is claimed by old residents that the earth is drier, and to a greater depth,
than since 1860. The Indians are in no wise to blame for the failure of their crops,
as they were planted early, in excellently prepared soil, and thoroughly cultivated.
They are no worse oif than their white neighbors, and accept the visitation as a mis-
fortune liable to befall any farming community. They had arranged to break a
larger acreage of prairie than usual, and, having realized the importance of cultivating
more laud, are disappointed in not being able to break on account of drought.
The Pottawattomies have 16 and the Kickapoos 11 mowing-machines. These they
have kept running since the 1st of August, and, as the grass was good and the weather
very suitable for making hay, they have made a large quantity of superior quality. In
this section of the country, stock of the kinds owned by the Indians is frequently
wintered on hay alone, and I apprehend but little if any loss.
A number of the Indians have purchased cows during the summer from the proceeds
of ponies sold by them, and some who obtained them some years since have succeeded
in gathering respectable and promising herds.
These Indians are developing a strong liking for money and property of all kinds,
holding to it with astonishing tenacity, and have already learned to gauge the con-
sideration due their neighbors by their ability to gather "and retain it. All of the
Pottawattomies and a majority of the Kickapoos have conducted themselves very
commendably. They have been sober, industrious, and uniformly courteous to my-
self and employe's. They have recognized their obligations to the government, and
acknowledge their dependence upon it. Very many of them have shown their ap-
preciation of the schools by sending their brightest children to them, and by frequent
visits, when they have manifested their pleasure at the progress made by them through
study, from labor, and by association with intelligent white people.
The faction among the Kickapoos forming the exception to this rule are controlled,
or rather incited, by a brave and a Kickapoo, not a member of the tribe, who was as-
sociated with the Mexican Kickapoos, some years since, in their marauding expedi-
tions on the borders of Mexico and Texas. They are opposed to education or civiliza-
tion in any form. While demanding the care and protection of the government through
its officers and employes in the most trivial cases, they utterly repudiate and scorusuch
agencies when exerted in the discharge of duties not according with their views, or
subserving their collective or individual interests. This faction represents supersti-
tion, ignorance, and sloth, as arrayed against religion, education, and industry. It is
to be deplored that there is no law by which the leaders of such factions might be
punished and prevented from retarding the advancement of their people.
In my last annual report I made several recommendations in reference to the Kick-
apoos, and have since referred to them specially in letters forwarded to the office of
Indian Affairs. As the subjects referred to are proper ones for legislative action, any
further reference to them herein is perhaps unnecessary.
The Chippewa and Munsee Indians are supplied with houses, orchards, barns, and
farms. They have been intimately associated with a good class of white people for
many years, with whom they have transacted business, and of whose habits and cus-
toms they are well informed^ They have $45,000 invested in gold-bearing bonds, the
interest of which is paid to them as annuity ; they maintain at their or* n^expense a
small school, which is taught by one of their number, under the direction of a mis-
sionary of the Moravian Church, North, who has charge of their spiritual welfare.
They have all accepted the truths of revealed religion, and, with some exceptions, are
temperate and industrious.
The greatest detriment to their best interests is in their acknowledgment of a tribal
head or heads, as each band has a chief claiming to control their pecuniary interests,
and to some extent their domestic government, though nearly any of them are as in-
telligent, and all of them quite as honest, as the chief.
The Indians in this agency who have not embraced Christianity worship " the Cre-
ator." To Him they appeal for relief in sickness and misfortune ; to Him they render
thanks for the blessings of health, plenty, and happy associations. They have deep
jieligious convictions and express them in a fervent manner. There are but few gath-
BE PORT OF AGENT IN MICHIGAN. 109
erings among them but what the subject is introduced, and 110 one can doubt, who
has heard their views expressed, but what they have the most complete faith in their
perfection, and that by strictly adhering to them they will be enabled to reach a place
of happiness hereafter. They claim that this result cannot be attained by a careless
and ignoble life ; they believe that it can only be accomplished by the practice of
charity, by truthfulness toward each other, by speaking justly of the absent, and by
according to men all to which they are entitled, without question. The expression
of such sentiments denotes elevated character, and affords some consolation, in view
of the failure to convince them of the birth of a Saviour who died for their redemp-
tion. At least half of the Indians expressing such religious views are among the
most successful farmers and stock-raisers in the agency, which seems to prove that
industrious and economical habits accomplish desired and valuable results among
Indians, though no expression of a full belief in Scripture may have been made bv
them.
The Indians are steadily advancing to a condition of self-support. Their intercourse
with white people living contiguous to their reserves is destroying many superstitious
ideas and educating them to a proper appreciation of labor aiid care for its results.
Herewith forwarded please find the statistical information required by office circular.
I am under obligations to the Indian Bureau for kind aud courteous treatment.
Very respectfully,
H. C. LINN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
MACKINAC INDIAN AGENCY,
Ypsilanti, Mich., September 1, 1881.
SIR : In accordance with the instructions to agents and superintendents from the
Indian Bureau, I have the honor to submit this-my sixth annual report of the tribes
in charge of this agency, being for the year ending August 31, 1831.
During the year I have given all the time I could spare from my regular duties as
connected with the affairs of the agency to the taking the census of the Indian popu-
lation, and have also had the assistance of all the employe's of the agency who were in
any way qualified for the work. Yet, with all the diligence we have been able to use,
and all the care we have taken, I am not well satisfied with the result, as I am confi-
dent we have failed to obtain very many names belonging to many bands, who were
not to be found when their neighborhood was visited, and when absent I found it very
difficult to find anything of their whereabouts or their families from others. Indeed,
I found it no unusual thing to find a father ignorant of the age of his own children.
Sometimes it required quite an effort on his part, where the family was large, to re-
member just the number of his children and what were their names— particularly the
younger ones.
From so much of the work as we have finished, I am satisfied, while I do not think
the Indian population of this agency has been overrated, that we shall not be able to
give the names of the number heretofore claimed, for the reasons above given. There
are so many little bands scattered here and there over such a wide extent of country,
and there are so many scattered among the whites, working in various capacities in
the numerous lumber camps, mines, and other industries, that it is almost impossible
to get a correct enumeration.
Owing to various causes, the agricultural results of this year have not been as satis-
factory as could be desired, among which causes are to be included the very unusually
severe winter, the consequently late spring, and the almost uuprecedentedly dry sum-
mer. Still, I think where both soil aud climate are adapted to the growth of agricul-
tural products, we have good reason to be encouraged, and feel assured that progress
is being made in this direction. I refer to the report of the farmer at Isabella Reser-
vation and the accompanying statistics, which I have made up with the utmost care
from the best and most authentic data I could procure.
The schools in the agency have, in the main, been fairly attended during the year,
and the children have made very good progress in their studies, and the parents man-
ifest a growing interest and seem more anxious to have their children receive instruc-
tion. I have had numerous applications for aid for schools, far in excess of any former
year since my connection with the affairs of the agency. In several instances a few
school-books given them has secured their attendance at the public schools in their
neighborhoods, where they were accessible, when but for these (which they felt too
poor to buy) they would not have attended a day. As I have before suggested, I
would request that authority for such discretionary distribution of books be contin-
ued, as I can conceive of no plan by which so much good can be Accomplished for so
small an outlay. It is an undeniable fact that the Indians exhibit quite as much tal-
110 REPORT OF AGENT IN MINNESOTA.
ent for learning as ordinary white children, and, I think, retain what they learn as
readily.
Tire general health of the Indiana of the agency has been tolerably good, yet there
has been in some localities a prevalence of diphtheria, scarlet fever, and measles. The
two former, in some neighborhoods, have proved very fatal, sometimes sweeping off
whole families of children in a very short time. Only a small portion of our Indians
have the benefit of a physician, as we have but one in all the large extent of territory
over which the Indians are settled, and a majority of them can only avail themselves
of their " medicine men/' in whom they seem to place great confidence.
The moral condition of our Indian population, as I have often had occasion to re-
mark, will compare favorably with that of any of the nationalities of which our
homogeneous population is composed, and but for the curse of alcoholic drinks, which
too many of them find means, in one . way or another, to procure, I should hope at
an early day to see them bearing off the palm as peaceful and law-abiding citizens.
The Indian is naturally religious, and many of those in this agency are, to all ap-
pearance, sincere, earnest worshipers, and live devout Christian lives, strictly abstain-
ing from the use of intoxicating drinks, and the commission of any acts which are in-
consistent with strictly religious lives or the most rigid morality. About one-quarter
of our Indian population are still under the religious influence of the Roman Catholic
Church, as they have been for nearly two hundred years. The balance are largely
members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, whose mode of worship seems admirably
adapted to their mind and natures. There have been this year eight or ten camp-
meetings, in various portions of the agency, all of which, so far as I have learned,
were conducted with as much decorum and propriety as ^those of this church under
the most rigid and favorable management or circumstances. So, from year to year,
they are advancing in the manners and customs incident to civilization and Chris-
tianity.
I have no new o$ untried suggestions to make. If the experience of giving them
land is worth anything, as an encouragement to test it in other agencies, I would say
there has been here but one serious objection, and that is, the unlimited privilege of
disposing of it at pleasure by the Indian before he or she has learned the value of it.
A great mistake occurred in granting them the privilege of alienation, either by sale
or mortgage, until they had become educated to comprehend the value of a home and
its enjoyments. As I have often remarked, the restriction as to sale, and the donation
of whatever payments may be made them, in something useful in the cultivation of
their lands, and a little assistance in cultivating them, until they become accustomed
to the modus operandi, with such men in charge of all the departments of this work
as are in full sympathy with it, are all the conditions that are needed to make the
Indian question one of easy solution.
I have not made this the occasion for a lengthy argument upon topics to which I
have so frpquently taken the liberty of calling your attention, and will close by ask-
ing your especial notice of the gratifying exhibit of the aggregate of the products of
their industries. Thousands of dollars, in addition, are earned by them by labor in
various capacities, such as mining, lumbering, wood-chopping, fishing, farming, and
exploring, of which I could get no tangible estimates, yet it would equal in amount
nearly all the amounts here given ; all of which goes to show abundant evidence that
this people, who forty years ago depended entirely upon the uncertain results of hunt-
ing and fishing for a livelihood, are now adapting themselves to the manner of life
prescribed by civilization, and some are becoming comparatively independent farm-
ers. Although this number is small, yet they form a nucleus for the future, when we
may expect them to all be absorbed by the body politic as citizens of the republic.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
GEO. W. LEE,
United Slates Indian Agent.
The Hon. COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
WHITE EARTH AGENCY, MINN.,
September 1, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit this my fourth annual report of this agency.
The general condition of the Indians of this agency has been satisfactory during
the current year. But little sickness has existed and comparatively few deaths
occurred. No crime of any magnitude has been committed within my jurisdiction.
An increased area has been cultivated, and a good crop grown, which is now mostly
secured. The schools have been maintained as heretofore, and to the full extent of
the small fund available for such purposes. An active interest has been manifested
in the improvement^ of the condition of the Indians engaged in agriculture, and
especially is this true of those of the Pembina bands, who, from a condition of utter
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. Ill
poverty and barbarism, as represented by my predecessor, are now among the most
orderly, industrious, and thrifty under my charge.
A new dam and mill should be at once constructed at Red Lake in place of that
destroyed by flood last spring ; the estimated expense is about $3,000. The saw-mill
at Leech Lake requires immediate repairs. The government barn burned at Leech
Lake in May last should be rebuilt.
But little annoyance has occurred from the whisky traffic, only few instances of
its sale having come to my knowledge, and the parties offending have been summa-
rily dealt with. The police force has been of much service, but its efficiency would
be greatly increased if pay sufficient for their maintenance was provided, the little
now allowed being wholly inadequate for the proper support of the men employed.
The police force should be armed and equipped.
The various religious denominations have prosecuted the work of christianizing
the Indians with gratifying success.
Matters in detail are set forth in exhibit hereto attached.
I am, sir, very respectfully,
C. A. RUFFEE,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
BLACKFEET AGENCY, MONT.,
July 31, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with the directions of department circular dated July 1, 1881,
I have the honor to forward my fifth annual report of the transactions at this agency,
and of the present condition of the Indians under my charge.
There are no Indian tribes, either north or west, who have had so little intercourse
with the whites in the past as the consolidated tribes of Blackfeet, Bloods, and Pie-
gans, now known as Piegans. The out-of-the-way location of their reservation — no
places of interest or importance requiring roads through it — and the reputation the
tribes had for the possession of all the bad qualities of the Indians, account for this. If
this isolated position lost to them the civilizing influence of intercourse with the whites,
it undoubtedly saved them from much of the vice and degradation which usually in-
creased the death-roll and points to extermination.
Events twelve years ago brought about a change, and they have since avoided out-
rages on white men, and have become obedient to authority, and have accepted the
rule of the " White Father." They now show a disposition to meet the altering con-
ditions of their surroundings, keep friends with the white man, gradually give up their
nomadic habits, and adopt a civilized mode of living and obtaining support.
With some 13 or 14 bands, each under its own chief, aggregating over 7,000, and
made up of about the same variety of character that would be shown by a similar num-
ber of whites, and with many superstitions (among them that of not occupying a dwell-
ing where a death has occurred, which sometimes upsets attempts at permanent resi-
dence), the change from living by the chase to location and raising crops in a climate
where irrigation and much labor are required, must necessarily be a work of slow
growth. While they believe and readily admit the great superiority of the white
man in power and knowledge, from the deceit and injustice they have so often been
the victims of at his hands, it will take more than one generation to fully establish con-
fidence. They are made suspicious, and their suspicions are kept alive by a few old
" medicine men," to increase their own rapidly waning influence. Every new move is
feared, as covering some evil to them, and even their trust of old, tried friends is not
firm. A few days since, the children of the school, with some of their parents (8 wagons
full, 130 in all), were taken for a picnic about 10 miles up the river. Just as the camp-
ing ground was reached, the officers commanding a detachment of soldiers camped 12
miles off, who had been invited to come over, arrived, and their sudden appearance
caused a momentary panic that was distressing to witness, the Indians' first notion
being that the whole thing was a device to get them there for the soldiers to destroy
them.
Soon after the crops had been saved last fall, a report that buffalo were close caused
a nearly universal application for leave to go beyond the reservation line to hunt.
The chiefs were called together, and it was explained to them that department instruc-
tions were to strictly keep them on the reservation, and if they went it must be with-
out official sanction, and with the distinct understanding that whisky traders must
be kept from their camps, and that the persons and property of white men must not
be injured. This was promised, and the promise tolerably well remembered. It was
not deemed wise to say that there was not sufficient force here to detain them, nor the
means to keep off starvation during the winter if their hunting was prevented. The
winter hunt was not a success, and they returned in the spring poorer than when they
left.
112 EEPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
PROGRESS.
Upon their return nearly all the headmen asked help to build cabins and locate,
convinced the time had come when they must abaudou the buffalo chase and turn to,
some other means of support. Proper locations were selected for them, the necessary
tools furnished, logs cut and hauled from the mountains, and the work of cabin build-
ing has been pursued all the summer. A year ago there were some forty cabins on
the reservation ; there are now over eighty.
AGRICULTURE.
The severe early frost of last autumn, destroying the growing grain crops on the
agency farm, did not much damage the root crops. The potatoes on the Indian farms
were a fair yield, and a valuable addition to their food supply. A portion was stored
in the agency root house for seed. This year, those who had heretofore located, as
well as those who only broke ground this spring, were urged to plant all the root
crops possible, which was done, and, as the season has been favorable to their growth,
the prospect of a good yield is cheering. Their farming labor is rude, yet they hoe
up and keep down weeds well, and their faculty of imitation is wonderful. The in-
sides of their cabins are a pleasing sight — no untidiness ; floors swept ; beds neatly
made up ; the walls often covered with brown muslin, and in many cases ornamented
with pictures from illustrated papers. To possess a clock is an object of ambition,
and to have the apartment as like as possible to a white man's is the main point.
The agency cattle herd, now numbering 600, suffered little from the severe winter,
are not molested by our Indians, and in due time will furnish a needed addition to the
beef supply.
'EDUCATION.
The day school is well attended, and all the children for the time camped near are
punctual. The exercises are interesting to the children, who are fond of their teach-
ers. Their progress is fair, and they are naturally quick and intelligent. While they
are mastering the alphabet and making the letters on their slates, from the blackboard,
they do not comprehend what it leads to, but when they put the letters into syllables
and words, and then read, it dawns on them that they are acquiring a new language.
One small boy, who had got so far as to read " Tom has a top," "Tom can whip his
top," &c., came next morning early to his teacher's window, saying " hurry up,
come to school, I want to read more about that boy and his top." For figures they
have a peculiar aptness, aud can do sums correctly. The great drawback to better
work in the school is the impossibility, from the roaming habits of the parents, of
securing the continued attendance of the same children. It is pleasing to see, on the
return of some children, after being months away, how well they remember what
they had been taught.
MISSIONARY.
The agent's time is fully occupied with the temporal requirements of these Indians.
On the Sabbath some instruction is given in the facts of Bible history and the general
plan of redemption, as points for thought and talk in their lodges, and all the heathen
cruelties that come to his notice are reproved, and, as far as possible, punished or pre-
vented; but to aiford such instruction as would lead them to embrace Christianity,
the residence among them of a missionary speaking their language is necessary. This
matter has been, almost persistently, brought to the notice of the mission board, to
whom this agency has a right to apply. Some money was appropriated, at the last
annual meeting of the board, for Indians in Montana, but no benefit from it has yet
reached these Indians. Liberal sums are expended to better instruct the Hindoo
mother, that she may not sacrifice her babe to Ganges, but nothing is done to teach
our own heathen to refrain from the greater cruelty of tying their babes in trees to
slowly perish! How long is this glaring inconsistency to continue?
INDIAN TRANSPORTATIONS.
To economize the sum allowed last fall for the purchase of lumber for the comple-
tion of our buildings, the nearest saw-mill being on Lyons Creek, 160 miles from the
agency, and the cost of freight being more than the cost of the lumber at the mill, a
freight train of Indi an teamsters was form ed, who made two trips under the charge of two
white employe's. The last trip was made by 21 wagons, and the work was safely and
satisfactorily performed. As the whole thing was entirely new two difficulties had to be
overcome : the first, to prove the falsity of the report that the agent only wanted to
get the young men to Fort Siiaw and imprison them; the second, to prevent low white
men on the borders of the reservation from bringing whisky into the camps at night.
The Indians thus demonstrated their capability of freighting their own goods and
supplies either from the railway terminus or from the head of river navigation, when-
ever the department shall consider it proper to permit them to do so.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 113
SAW-MILL.
The saw-niill is now in working order, and is successfully turning out lumber. A large
gang of Indians were employed in the mountains for some weeks, cutting saw-logs and
putting them in the river, where, after a twenty mile le drive," they were stopped by
a boom at the mill. Nearly 1,000 logs have been brought down this season, and there
is an almost exhaustless supply of tine timber on the headwaters of the river. Appli-
cations from the ranchmen in the Teton Valley, 50 miles distant, to purchase lumber,
have been made. Our mill is 100 miles nearer to them than any other, and, if the de-
partment will allow it, a profitable source of employ mentis thus opened to the Indians.
SANITARY.
The winter was long and severe, and as spring opened, throat disease, a species of
diphtheria, spread among the children, and measles became prevalent. Every family
was affected, less or more, and many of the cases were fatal. The phyician was dili-
gent and generally successful, but those at a distance from him, and who adopted the
native remedy, plunging into cold water, had heavy mortality. This has now passed
away, and there is general good health.
POLICE.
The police force has been useful, and performed the duties required faithfully. In
several cases where horses had been stolen from neighboring tribes, they sought out
and had them returned to their owners. Quite a large number of stray horses found
on the reservation were brought to the agency, and restored to the owners.
Looking back over the year, and its work, the result is encouraging. The disposi-
tion to give up the chase and locate is spreading. More of the Indians wear citizens
dress ; they make progress in the management of teams and wagons ; in plowing, har-
rowing, and hoeing crops ; in fence building, cutting timber, and in building their own
cabins ; appear to take pride in keeping up their reputation for obedience, and are
anxious to be instructed in what is required of them. With proper encouragement
and protection, there is no reason why these Indians may not in a few years become
self-sustaining and prosperous.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN YOUNG.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
CROW AGENCY, MONT.,
August 25, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with your circular letter dated July 1, I have the honor to sub-
mit herewith my third annual report of affairs at this agency, the agency haying
been established, as the name would imply, for the benefit of the Crow tribe of Indians
in 1868, subsequent to Laramie treaty, May 7 of that year.
POPULATION.
Our last census shows the following: Men, 960; boys, 770; women, 1,100; girls,
670; total, 3,500 souls. There are of this number near a thousand persons capable of
bearing arms. The boys learn the use of fire-arms quite early in life, and to ride on
horseback from infancy, being tied upon the horse before they have learned to sit him.
They are profusely rich in horses, owning on an average of at least four for every man,
woman, and child in the tribe. It must not be inferred from the foregoing that they
are held in common, but on the contrary each individual owns and manages for him-
self or herself as the case may be. By marriage a woman does not surrender or trans-
fer the right to her property, but maintains it in her own right, to use or dispose of
according to her own will.
PROPERTY.
Their property, then, would schedule about as follows :
Horses, 14,000, at $20 $2?n'nnn
Buffalo robes, 10,000, at $4 40,00
Cattle, 600, at $18 Jgrgg
Peltries, 50,000 pounds, at 25 cents lxj>5c
Other furs and peltries _ 5»QO
Total ' - 348,300
This estimate, which is a very moderate one, shows that in per capita wealth they
compare favorably with their pale-faced brothers in this or any other country.
8 IND
114 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
THE RESERVATION
embraces near 8,000,000 acres of land, extending from the 107th meridian to near the
lllth on the west, and includes all that portion of the Territory lying between the
Yellowstone River and the Wyoming line. The Yellowstone Range of the Rocky
Mountains extends almost along the entire southern boundary of the reservation.
Between the mountains and the river, the face of the country is hilly and broken, but
is covered with excellent bunch grass, which, with numerous streams of pure cold water,
makes it one of the most desirable grazing regions in the West. There are numer-
ous fertile valleys, all of which can be irrigated by the streams which meander through
them, and which produce bountifully anything grown in this latitude. These streams
are fed by springs and the everlasting snows in the wild gorges of the rough mount-
ain side, all joining in the Yellowstone in their mad rush to join the Father of Waters.
TREATIES.
A treaty was concluded in June, 1880, by this tribe with the government, for the ces-
sion of nearly 2,000,000 acres of the western and southern portions of the reserve, but
which, for some unaccountable reason, has never been ratified by Congress. A treaty
was also made on the 22d of the present month by the Crows, with a commission ap-
pointed by the government, consisting of Messrs. L. A Luce, W. H. Walker, and C.
A. Maxwell, granting the right of way for the Northern Pacific Railroad across the
reservation, along the Yellowstone River. The failure on the part of Congress to ratify
the treaty of 1880 occasions much unfavorable comment among the Indians, as they
feel that the government is trifling with them and suspect bad faith on its part.
AGRICULTURE.
The fruits of persistent, patient labor are beginning to manifest themselves, and we
are now able to practically illustrate that the wildest Indian can be induced to labor.
During the present season at least twenty families of Indians have abandoned their
lodges, moved into houses, and begun the work of opening up farms and homes for
themselves. They have broken and planted to vegetables about 30 acres, all of which
is yielding bountifully, and is gratifying in the highest degree to those thus engaged.
They have cut and hauled the poles and built at least 500 rods of fence, and are all
anxious to have more land inclosed and in cultivation another year. A hopeful fea-
ture of the case is that among the most active workers are a number of the leading
chiefs of the tribe, who have thought it no disgrace to break through and disregard
all the hereditary traditions of the tribe, with the superstitions and prejudices of cen-
turies, handed doVn from time immemorial, and blister their hands at manual labor and
exhibit them with pride as marks of distinction, showing their progress " in the white
man's road." Their almost universal cry is " Build for us houses," " Show us how to
work," &.c. A hundred families could easily have been settled this year had we been
furnished with the necessary facilities. The success of this year will still further
stimulate others next year.
EDUCATION.
A school has been kept in operation for ten months of the past year, with an average
attendance of about 30 pupils. During a considerable portion of the year there were
but few Indians near the agency. The home was small and but ill adapted to such
purpose, and but few were encamped within reach of the school-room for sufficient time
to have accomplished much. With those in attendance, however, commendable prog-
ress has been made. Our new home building is approaching completion and will be
of important service in our work.
MISSIONARY WORK.
No missionary work has been done among these people save by a Jesuit priest in
the past few. weeks. ' ' The field is white for the harvest," and although repeated eiforts
have been made, they have so far been fruitless.
CIVILIZATION.
We feel confident that the most arduous and trying labor in the civilization of this
people has been performed. It required the most persistent labor to induce them to
yield their educated prejudice against labor by the braves, but the barriers have
yielded. It was an exhibition of moral courage ol no ordinary character by the pio-
neers in this work, when they met the continued scoffs of the wilder ones, and even
the sneers and taunts of women and children. To one familiar with the extent of this,
their conduct rises to the high plane of moral heroism. They have now progressed to
that extent that it is an every-day scene about the agency to see Indians hauling wood,
sawed lumber and poles, plowing, planting, hoeing, herding, building fence, chop-
ping wood, or hauling agency freight. Their repugnance for all these innovations of
civilization having been overcome, it now remains only to properly direct their efforts
and furnish them with such necessaries as they require, and the question of their civili-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 115
zation becomes an accomplished fact. They have in a large measure abandoned their
profligacy and seem anxious to acquire proprietorship in horses, cattle, farm implements,
and, in short, property. They are not slow to realize the changes that are taking place
around them and the necessity of their accommodating themselves to the inevitable
results effected by the irresistible progress of American genius and industry. Soon the
last herd of wild game will have disappeared from their hunt ing-grounds forever, and
their stories of the war-path and hunting-trail be relegated to the musty environs of
mythology. They must in the near future be merged into our progressive industries
and their " old life " sink back among the garnered traditions of the past.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
A. R. KELLER,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
FLATHEAD AGENCY, MONT.,
August 15, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with the regulations of the Indian service, I have the honor to
submit this, my fifth annual report of the affairs at this agency, and it is a pleasant
duty to inform the department of the rapid progress and steady advancement of the
Indians in agricultural pursuits, habits of civilization, and moral and religious train-
ing. Instead of a wild, waste, and unbroken soil, which only a few years ago marked
the scene, the rich and beautiful agricultural valleys are being cut up into farms, with
snug houses and well-fenced fields, and the owners have now schools, churches, and
a written language. The houses are built by the Indians themselves, who only require
the assistance of the agency carpenter as to doors, windows, and other matters of finish.
Of course the fences are also built by the Indians, who split and haul the rails, and
many of whom have become experts with the scythe and grain-cradle, while a few are
lumber manufactured as cited above, and delivered to Indians for building purposes,
and when the haying and harvesting seasons are over there will doubtless be a lively
demand for more.
The cereals raised upon the reservation consist almost entirely of oats and wheat,
they being the best adapted to the soil and climate. Considerable corn and beans,
however, with some barley, are beginning to be cultivated, while cabbage, turnips,
potatoes, and roots of all kinds grow in abundance. Of course we have still a great
many thriftless Indians upon the reservation, who prefer to wander about and live a
life of vagrancy, but, as a rule, they are fast settling down, and the lodge is giving
way to permanent habitations.
EDUCATION.
The Indian boarding-schools on this reservation for boys and girls are both under
contract between the department and the Rev. J. B. A. Brouillet, the boys and girls
being taught in separate buildings, and under separate contracts. The former have
competent male teachers connected with the Mission of Saint Ignatius, viz, a principal
and four assistants, two of whom instruct in farm and garden culture, blacksmithing,
carpentering, working in saw and grist mills, cooking, baking, working in printing
office, and other useful employments. The pupils are also instructed in the English
language in reading, writing, lower mathematics, geography, &c. The girls, who are
under the care of the Sisters of Charity, in addition to the English branches just men-
tioned, are educated in household work of every description, and also in music. The
church choir is composed altogether of the girls and boys of the schools, and a band,
consisting of a number of the boys, with eight brass instruments, supplemented by
drums, fifes, &c., has been formed, and the teachers expect to turn out some very re-
spectable musicians in the course of time. These Indian schools are pronounced by
all who visit them, either officially or otherwise, as of the very best in the Indian
country, and for results in all the branches taught challenge the admiration of all who
take an interest in Indian education. There is a general desire among the Indians to
have their children educated, and a large number of applicants to the schools cannot
be admitted, as the contract with the government only provides for a limited number.
A NEW SCHOOL INDUSTRY.
As some of the sisters in charge of the school are practical weavers, I would suggest
that a small outlay of some two hundred dollars, for the purchase of a weaver's hand-
loom, extra sets of reels ai?d spools, three or four spinning-wheels, some yarn reels, and
a dozen or so of hand wool-cards, with one hundred pounds of warp in skeins, would
116 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
be sufficient to start a new industry at these schools, which would prove of invalua-
ble benefit to the Indians, as the manufacture of cloths in this manner would have a
tendency to induce them to destroy their dogs, and raise sheep in place of them.
SANITARY.
Scrofula prevails to a considerable extent among the Indians of this reservation,
and it gradually undermines the constitutions of those affected, hastening their pas-
sage to the grave. There seem to be no peculiar causes for the affection but those of
a character fitted to lessen the energies of the system and to impoverish the blood.
The Indians' mode of life may, to a certain extent, account for it. Habitual exposure to
cold, insufficiency of nutritious food, with sometimes excesses in eating, want of clean-
liness, «fec., may have favored the development of tubercles, but, in the great majority
of fatal cases of tuberculous disease among them, the original and essential cause
would probably be found to be an inherited peculiarity of their organization. Disease
of the eye is another affection very common among the Indians,' particularly among
those of the Kootenais tribe, and to the same causes as those mentioned in counection
with the former disease, and to their frequent exposure to smoke in their lodges, it may
be attributed. With these exceptions, disease on this reservation is by no means preva-
lent, and a sanitary report would, I believe, compare favorably with one from any
other portion of the continent. An hospital here, however, wrould prove very benefi-
cial to the Indians, by giving them an opportunity of following an appropriate medical
course, which is more especially required for chronic diseases, such as those above men-
tioned. When medicines are given to the Indians to take to their homes, the ' ' direc-
tion" is very often forgotten, or, being entirely neglected, the patient uses his own
judgment as to the amount or frequency of the doses. Of course drugs cannot be used
in this indiscriminate manner, even when comparatively harmless, with any satisfac-
tory results, and to add to the difficulty, Indians neither can nor will diet themselves
in a manner appropriate to the treatment or prescription which they receive from a
physician. A small hospital, therefore, with a competent nurse, would be a great con-
venience, and would furnish Indians with the advantage of a comfortable and healthy
room while under medical treatment.
CRIME
on the reservation is of rare occurrence. With the exception of small faults and delin-
quencies, to which all races and people are given, I have nothing to report as happen-
ing during the past year. Such great crimes as murder or polygamy have been un-
known. There is no such thing as the sale of whisky on the reservation, and not a
single case of drunkenness or insubordination has come under my notice or been
reported to me. But, when the vicious and riotous portions of the tribes visit the
towns and settlements outside of the reservation, they are supplied with liquor and
get intoxicated, and crimes and debaucheries which are unknown here are then com-
mitted. Nevertheless, on account of the miserable few referred to, it would be a great
hardship and injustice to the majority of the Indians to prevent, or attempt to prevent,
their free trade and uncontrolled liberty to deal with the merchants and traders of the
adjacent towns, as a curtailment of such privileges would place those who are now
stock raisers and producers to a certain extent at a disadvantage with other producers
of the country, and leave them entirely at the mercy of the reservation traders as to
the sale of their stock and produce.
As a census has lately been taken, it will perhaps be understood that the replies
given to questions contained in the statistical document herewith forwarded should
tally therewith and be wholly reliable. But while in a settled white community
such would, to a very great extent, be the case, a belief in the absolute exactitude
of an Indian census would give birth to very erroneous impressions. It is very well
known that in the most enlightened countries census takers meet with no little diffi-
culty in obtaining correct information. What obstacles then are met with in the
Iiidian country, where most of the inhabitants are totally ignorant of weights, measures,
yea, even of their own ages, can well be imagined. While, therefore, the census returns
are an excellent guide for those who are acquainted with the attending facts and cir-
cumstances, and it is believed that in this case, through them, a very close estimate
has been arrived at, it is considered necessary to call attention to the following points :
1st. When the total population of the reserve is represented in the census papers as
1,057, it must be remembered that at no season of the year can more than three-quarters
thereof be found, a large number being camped in various secluded spots fishing or
hunting. In addition to this fact, it should be known that, bordering on the reserve,
there is a large plateau known as Horse Plains, which is not only a good fishing-ground
but.a first rate winter cattle-range. There being very few whites in the neighborhood,
Indians will slip across the line, and many are always to be found in that section, while
it is often a matter of great difficulty to determine what portion does and what portion
does not belong to this agency, as the locality referred to is en route to the lands of
the Spokanes, Colvilles, and Occur d'Alenes, all of which tribes speak the Flathead
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 117
language. For these reasons the estimate given in the aforesaid document will be
found to exceed the population mentioned by name in the census returns by one-fourth,
added to tlie Kootenais and Pend d'Oreilles, there being a correct list of the Flatheads,
owing to the fact that they receive regular annuities.
2d. While those only who'make a business of farming and " follow it " for a livelihood
would, with us, be entitled to rank as farm-laborers, it would lead to a total miscon-
ception of the character of the Indians on this reservation were all others denied the
credit of doing farm-work. While there are only ninety-six Indians who own farms,
there are a great number of their relatives and friends who do a good deal of hunting,
but who also assist to cultivate the ground. In fact, while there are very few who
can be enrolled as regular laborers or mechanics, there are really a large number who
do a considerable amount of work of one kind or another during the year, either for
their fellows or in the neighboring settlements.
3d. The census being taken last winter, while yet there was no cultivation of the
ground going on, the acreage represented as cultivated to a great extent represents
the amount of land under fence, but as such is seldom, if ever, all tilled during any one
year, the estimate of cultivated ground now furnished will be found considerably less.
4th. As stated among the statistical replies, there has as yet been no division of
ground on this reservation. There being a considerable amount of arable land, any
Indian who desires to become a farmer selects from the unoccupied parts thereof the
location which suits him best, fences as much as he desires, and, being thoroughly
independent in connection therewith, proceeds to cultivate.
5th. With respect to dress: Although there are few Indians of this section who have
entirely discarded all the outward signs and appendages of their forefathers, there
are perhaps still fewer who, in this particular, do not more or less imitate the white
man, many to a very great extent.
These remarks being taken into consideration, I believe my report will be found
thoroughly reliable, and I think there is nothing of moment to add, with the excep-
tion of a statement that, without doubt, these Indians are prosperous and happy ;
that they are pleased and contented with the treatment they have for some years re-
ceived from the government, and that there is no reason why this state of affairs
should be altered, unless the cupidity of the white race produces a struggle for the
land of the red man for which, for the present at least, the former has no necessity.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
PETER RONAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF 'INDIAN AFFAIRS.
FORT BKLKXAP AGENCY, MONT.,
August 20, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to herewith present to you my third annual report of the
Indian service at this agency.
This reservation is situated north of the Missouri River, and comprises all that part
of the country lying between the Missouri River on the south, the British line on the
north, the Marias River on the west, and the 109th parallel on the east, less the area
covered by the military post of Fort Assiiiaboine, which covers an area of some 1,200
square miles of territory, more or less. The balance of the territory comprised within
the bounds, as above stated, probably contains 2,500 square miles, and is unmistakably
in both instances much larger than their wants require. The territory as above de-
scribed is probably as valuable for stock-raising and other agricultural pursuits as
any other portion of Montana, and already the whites are anxiously awaiting the time
when they can bring their flocks to graze upon the land now held for the Indians.
The Bear Paw Mountains, supposably rich in minerals and ores, has attractions for
another class of our people, and they only await the extinguishment of the Indians'
title to fully prospect for the precious metals.
In connection with its adaptability for grazing purposes I will state that last winter,
while all through Montana the cold and depth of the snow was unprecedented, here
.at Belknap, and for a distance of 30 miles either way, the snow never at any time
attained a depth of over 8 inches. Our beef herd was delivered about November 15,
and to keep them from straying away I bad to corral them nights for two months ;
still every one, except those slaughtered before, went through the winter and came
out in the spring in good condition.
NUMBER OF INDIANS.
The number of Indians at this post varies some with the different seasons. Some of
the Assinaboines appear to have a disposition to go to Wolf Point, and some go north
and take their money, thus becoming British Indians. When I find out such cases I
118 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
immediately take up their tickets, but there are 'always some of my Indians at Wolf
Point and Cypress, and probably as many from those places here. A portion of the
Gros Ventres have also a great desire to spend most of their time across ttie Missouri
Eiver, some of them staying nearly all the time with the Crows. A band of them went
to visit the Arapahoes last fall, where they have relatives, so that the exact number
cannot be given. The approximate number, according to our census, together with
those away, is, Assiuaboines, 900; Gros Ventres, 1,100.
I have lately received letters from ranchmen in the Judith country, complaining of
the presence of some forty lodges of Gros Ventres, and stating that, although they had
not caught them in the act, they had reason to believe that they were killing and
living off their cattle, and asking for their removal. I immediately wrote to the com-
manding officer at Fort Maginnis, about 30 miles from where the Gros Ventres were
camped, asking him to remove them across the Missouri River on to their own terri-
tory, and to use such force as was necessary to accomplish that result ; up to this time
I have not learned the outcome. When these Indians left the agency, about June 1,
I expressly charged them not to cross the Missouri River, under pain of having the
military sent after them. The main reason why these Indians are so determined to go
off the reservation is that they can get whisky.
The Judith County is open to settlement, and is settling up with two classes of peo-
ple ; one class the ranchmen, who have large cattle and horse interests ; they are good
citizens, and are anxious to have the Indians kept away. Then the other class is just
as anxious to have them come and stay through the winter, because they are most all
of them traders in a small way and can purchase all the Indians' peltries for a song,
and will and do trade them all the whisky they can pay for. The wood-choppers on
the Missouri River are all doing the same thing, and I think it would be the right
thing to clean them all out and allow no man to keep a wood-yard without being duly
licensed, or send detectives to catch them in their nefarious traffic. The facts are, an
Indian loves whisky as well or better than his white brother, and will take just as
great risks and go as far to get it as they wrill ; and no agent can, in the present con-
dition of the country, fully control all his Indians.
SUPPLIES.
The supplies furnished the past year were ample for all their wants, taken in con-
nection with what they get by hunting and what they raised last year. Still they
are poor — poor in clothing for two reasons; they made but few robes and skins last fall
and winter, thus cutting them short in their trade, and also from the half-breeds' trad-
ing them out of a large proportion of their annuity goods.
And while upon this subject I might as well say that the half-breeds are a terrible
nuisance, and should be immediately abated, or relegated to their own country. Every
one of them is a trader, and trades the Indians out of the goods sent to the Indians by
the government. An Indian is just as intemperate in the use of black tea as he would
be in the use of whisky, and for a little tea the half-breed can buy almost anything
an Indian has, so that the British half-breed gets as much benefit from the goods fur-
nished by the government as do the Indians themselves. I propose to make an exam-
ple of some of them the coming season if occasion requires, but the best and right way
to control these matters is to drive them all out of the country, at the same time punish-
ing them by confiscating horses, carts, &c. I might also say that they use every en-
deavor to keep our own Indians away from buffalo, by falsehoods, threats, and by form-
ing combinations to drive the buffalo away from this part of the country. Buffalo are
now within 50 miles of this post, but the half-breeds and Northern Indians are mov-
ing in such numbers that they will soon be slaughtered and driven out.
RELATION WITH THE WHITES.
In this direction I can do no better than to copy my report of last year, viz : My
Indians are eminently friendly with the whites, although disappointed in not being
protected in rights of territory. I have failed to see anything in their general conduct
that would indicate anything but the most friendly disposition. It has been my aim
to keep them fully assured that the whites would always be their friends and protect
them in all their rights, but they are somewhat incredulous in regard to the latter
statement, saying, and with truth, that if such was the fact, the military at Fort As-
sinaboine would show more of a disposition to drive out the trespassers upon the res-
ervation.
MORALS.
I should be pleased to be able to say that their morals had improved since the date
of my last report, but candor compels me to say that I can see no appreciable differ-
ence. The same causes and the same influences combine, as it probably always has
and will, upon their first contact with civilization, to drag them down in the scale of
morality. I believe it will take many years of trials and conscientious work, and the
influences of good schools and agricultural pursuits, before, an approach to the habits
and ways of the whites will be reached by this people.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 119
AGRICULTURE.
In agricultural pursuits I am pleased to give a good report. The season has been
propitious from the start, and everything that has been put into the ground has
thriven wonderfully. We had broken in the spring 20 acres of ground, which was
sown to oats. They are now being cut, and although not an extra crop (which could
not be expected on new breaking), still will repay the expense incurred. Of wheat
but little was sown ; it is a good crop. Of potatoes there were probably planted 26
acres ; they are a good crop and will yield heavily. Of corn the seed was bad, and in
some cases it did not come up, but what did come up, say two-thirds of a stand, is
first rate ; the King Philip variety that I ordered is now in the ear, and if we do not have
early frosts will probably mature ; sweet corn is fit for the table. Of turnips there
are probably 30 acres ; they are a good crop ; the early-sown is fit for use, and are
being used by the Indians. Pumpkins and squashes bid fair, but rather late; they
were planted on new breaking. All kinds of garden vegetables are very fine.
I cannot close this part of my report without giving my opinion in relation to the
capacity and adaptability of this country for agricultural and grazing purposes ; of the
latter I have already spoken. I have now been here long enough to watch the growth
of three seasons' crops, and I can say all those three years the crops have been good,
and I believe that if land sufficient could be broken, and seed and implements furnished,
wheat enough could be raised in the next three years to supply these Indians with all
the bread they would need. Of course, a grist-mill would be necessary. There are
several sites on Milk River, near the agency, where such a mill could be erected, with
sufficient power and water to run two run of stones, if needed. I believe this country
is peculiarly adapted to raising of small grains of all kinds, and of root crops there
has been no failure since I have been here. So that it is my opinion that as a matter
of profit it would be well for the department to at once cause to be broken 'at least
300'acres more land, and the erection of a mill, with a view to the Indians raising their
own bread at an early day. I have no doubt but with proper management the result
would be satisfactory.
INDIAN FARMING.
Some 75 families of Indians have remained at the agency all summer, and double
that number have been here part of the time. There are about 200 allotments of lands
to Indians, and in all cases where the Indians have remained, their crops, with the
assistance and supervision of the head farmer, have been well tended and will give
good returns. There will be no trouble in the future in getting quite a proportion of
the Assinaboines to till the soil, and the proportion will increase with each succeeding
year. The Gros Ventres do not fall into those ways as readily as the Assinaboines;
they are quite ready to accept the fruits of others' labors, and no doubt will in time
join in the production of the same.
While I write, most of my Indians are here near the agency, or on their way here.
They have been away for sometime, and have had a successful hunt. They are bring-
ing large quantities of dried meat, which I am storing for them. They will stay for
a few weeks, and then start out again for another hunt. Some of them while here
will cut hay, and propose to build themselves log houses this fail. In the advance-
ment in agricultural pursuits, I am pleased to record a decided advancement.
ILLICIT TRADING.
The aggregation of so many Indians in the Milk River country and in the neighbor-
hood of the Milk River has produced a lot of illicit traders, who mostly have their
headquarters at Carroll, on the Missouri River, not within my jurisdiction. Whisky is
there sold to Indians and half-breeds, openly and in any quantity that they can pay for.
They also send out traders into the lower Milk River country, and trade whisky, tea,
&c. My own Indians, as near as I can learn, get but little if any, their trade being
mostly confined to the North or British Indians. A party of 50 lodges of Crees passed
here on their way north some days ago. Two of my police found a bottle in one of their
lodges, of most villainous stuff which they called whisky, and confiscated and brought
it to me. They had, it seems, enough to last them all the way jrom Carroll and have
some left when they arrived here. Something should be done to break up this traffic.
I would advise a little detective work at Carroll and vicinity.
INDIAN POLICE
are not as effective as I could wish. I am of the opinion that they should have a
white man as leader, and as the position might be a little dangerous, I would recom-
mend that he, if one of the employes, should receive additional pay. I intend to re-
organize them this fall with a white man at their head, when I do not doubt they will
be more efficient.
SCHOOLING.
A day-school has been kept up most of the time during the last year, and with very
fair results. The needs and good of the service require the establishment of a board-
120 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
ing-school at as early a day as practicable. To that end I submitted a plan to the hon-
orable Secretary of the Interior for boarding-school house, which was approved. Later,
estimates for material were submitted, since which time I have heard nothing from it ;
but I am in hopes that the erection of buildings and the establishment of a boarding-
school will not be delayed, for upon the accomplishment of educational facilities very
much for the well being of these Indians depends ; in fact upon these agencies depends
the moral, social, and civilized elevation of these people.
In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that in this respect I have aimed to give
nothing but facts. I have striven to in no wise overrate or overstate, but to give
facts as they appear to my mind, and although the advancement of the people under
my charge may not have been all I could wish, still it has been all that could reason-
ably be expected. It has been my endeavor to impress upon them the necessity that
existed that they should engage in agriculture pursuits, and by their own labor secure
to themselves the necessaries of life. I have demonstrated to them the certainty that
by their labor in tilling the soil they could feed themselves and their children. I have
also demonstrated to my own satisfaction that small grains and all the root crops can
be successfully raised in this far northern latitude. In my endeavors to show and teach
these Indians in tilling their soil, I flatter myself that my efforts have not been in
vain, but that late years will show that with" proper care and assistance they will
slowly but gradually advance on their way to comfort and civilization. An agent's
duties partake largely of the duties of a teacher, and in my opinion the future welfare
of the race depends wholly upon the agent's and his subordinates' adaptability as
teachers. And while with the greatest of care and the most conscientious work the
progress of the Indian will be necessarily slow, and many things will occur to disap-
point and discourage the friends of the Indians, still the years as they pass will each
show a little gain on the way towards civilization and civilized pursuits.
I am, sir, respectfully, vour obedient servant,
W. L. LINCOLN,
Uniied Slates Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OFFICE OF FORT PECK AGENCY,
Montana Territory, August 27, 1881.
Sin: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year ending June 30;
1881.
In submitting my annual report it affords me pleasure to state that the Indians be-
longing to this agency are peaceable and well disposed, both toward the whites and
toward each other, and to know that my labor with them has made them feel the neces-
sity of tilling the soil. Their progress was checked in no little extent by the arrival :
of the hostiles from the British possessions, of which I will speak further ; but now that
this element has been removed, a great change for the better may be expected.
There have been no crimes committed by the Indians during the year that have been
brought to my notice, and very few have been punished for disobedience. Good feel-
ing prevails generally, and my every-day work has been to retain this.
I notice with regret the
EXECUTIVE ORDER
cutting off a portion of this reservation where their best and only hunting ground was
left. This will deprive the Indians of their great resource, the buffalo. In itself this
wrould not be a misfortune to them, if Congress had provided otherwise for their sup-
port, as up to this time the buffalo have made at least one-third of their subsistence.
Without further notice than by the Executive order itself that this land had been re-
stored to the public domain, I have endeavored to prepare my Indians to receive that
news, but not successfully. They feel that at any time their farms and houses may be
taken from them, in a like manner, to give to the white man.
I hope and trust that Congress will not delay in giving these people a home that
they will know and feel is theirs, and not to be taken from them. Further, I believe
that an Executive order setting aside that land was as sacred as though Congressional
action had been taken in the matter, and, if I may be allowed to say, I do not believe
it right to, by another Executive order, reclaim a portion so set aside, as it cannot be
understood by the Indians.
LOCATION OF AGENCY.
The agency is located on the north side of the Missouri River, about 60 miles above
the mouth of the Yellowstone River, on a high plateau of land 60 feet above the Mis-
souri River bottom.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA. 121
TRIBES.
The tribes belonging to this agency are the Yauktonnai Sioux, with some Saiitee and
Teton at Poplar River (agency proper), and Assinaboine Sioux at Wolf Point, num-
bering, according to the late census taken by Census Office, Yanktonnai, Santee, and
Teton, 4,814; Assinaboine, 1,413. These tribes are situated twenty-two miles apart.
AGENCY BUILDINGS
at Poplar River are agent's house, 88 by 40, two stories, frame ; warehouse, 33 by. 100,
two stories, frame ; two frame cottages, 16 by 32, with L, one story, erected for em-
ploy6s' dwellings; one other, same as above, partially completed; school-house, 20 by
40, one story, frame; one log house, 16 by 18, one story, dirt roof; slaughter-house, 20
by 30, log, with shingle roof, board floor; carpenter shop, 16 by 24, log, dirt roof;
blacksmith shop, 16 by 18, log, dirt roof; root-cellar, 20 by 40, log, dirt roof; ice-house,
16 by 20, log, dirt roof; cattle-scales house, capacity of scales 30,000 pounds; boarding
school, partially complete, north side 114 feet, west end 57 feet, east end 51 feet, form-
ing three sides of a square, 1£ stories high, built on stone foundation, walls of hewn
logs, finished with lime mortar, pine floors, roof, doors, and windows. This will make
n good-looking building, warm and convenient, when completed.
TRADERS.
Leighton & Jordan have a large store building, stables and corral, located 150 feet
west from government warehouse; space occupied 100 by 200 feet. Charles Aubery is
building a new post north from Leighton &. Jordan. Buildings and corral at Tooley
Creek, 12 miles from Poplar Creek, for the beef cattle. The corral is 300 by 300 feet,
and the house 18 by 20, log; stable 16 by 30, log. At
WOLF POINT
superintendent's house, frame, 16 by 32, with L 14 by 16; storehouse, 28 by 50, frame,
two stories; employe's house, 16 by 40, log, pine floor, shingle roof. The old log ware-
house is now used for storing machinery. The old log house, formally used as a dwell-
ing, now used for a school-room and employe's mess. Steam saw-mill, capacity 30
horse-power, is now in good condition, having had it moved back from the river bank
and repaired.
Trading post here of Charles Aubery is a neat and commodious place.
INDIAN HOUSES.
I have now seventy Indian families living in log houses, which they have built
themselves, with little help of the agency carpenter, receiving doors, windows, and
nails from the government. Now, I have the mill in good repair, and with the assist-
ance granted by the department I shall be able to construct a much better class of
buildings for them. They are anxious to have houses, and with the assistance of the
agency carpenter and Indian apprentices they will build them.
FARMING.
The government is .farming about 55 acres at Poplar Creek ; Wolf Point, 60 acres ;
total 115, as follows: 44 acres oats, 25 potatoes, 30 corn, 6 beans; beets, carrots,
pumpkins, &c., 5 acres, from which I estimate will be 1,300 bushels oats (oats badly
damaged at Poplar River by army worm), 1,200 bushels potatoes, 900 bushels corn,
50 bushels beans, 300 bushels beets, 200 bushels carrots, 200 bushels rutabagas.
Industrial school farm, 30 acres; 12 to 14 acres under cultivation, and, although
planted late, the vegetables look well.
acres,
their
families without a farm. They understand that all full-gro wn able-bodied male Indians
would farm, or do without sugar, coffee, and tobacco. The system has worked well,
and the result an abundant harvest for them. The farms were well cultivated. I can
say that the 950 farms belonging to my Indians were, on an average, as well cul-
tivated as the same number in any State or Territory that I have resided in. I esti-
mate that the Indians will raise 6,000 bushels corn, 2,500 bushels potatoes, 500 bushels
beans, and each Indian will have some squash, pumpkins, melons, &c. I have sown
about 30 acres flat turnips on new laud, but the weather was so dry since they were
sown they will be a failure. This year I have had 300 acres of prairie broken, and
having better farm machinery and stock, I feel confident that I can do more farm
work next season.
The farms are situated as follows :
Acres.
Between the agency buildings and the Missouri River -v 220
Boarding-school farm north of agency
At Deer-tails, 7 miles east of the agency 100
122 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN MONTANA.
Acres.
At Alkali Creek, 6 miles east of agency 20
At Frenchman's Point, 18 miles east of Poplar River 24
At Box Elder, 4 miles west of Poplar River 130
At Two Chimneys, 25 miles east of Poplar River 15
At Grangerville, 2 miles west of Wolf Point 80
At Wolf Point 70
At Little Wolf Creek, 2 miles east of Wolf Point 15
At Spread Eagle, 10 miles east of Wolf Point 10
By this you will see my object, is to scatter the Indians as much as possible, thus
avoiding all strife, and I am glad to state that the male Indians are beginning to
shoulder the yoke, thus relieving their wives and daughters from the burdens of toil.
HUNTING.
The Indians had a fair hunt last fall and winter, a large hunting party remaining
out in the buffalo country till early in January, when they returned with an abund-
ance of dried meat and plenty of good buffalo robes, which they sold to the traders
at a good price. Good robes were sold, to my knowledge, for twelve ($12) dollars.
Early in February the Missouri River broke up, flooding all the valley and timber
land by from one to fifteen feet of water ; deer and antelope gathered on the high
timbered points, along the river, and became an easy victim to the hunter, they often
killing them with their hatchets, as they could not escape on the ice. I estimate 7,000
deer and antelope were killed during February and March. Early in July all the
Indians who had horses went across the river 30 to 100 miles southwest, where they
found buffalo in abundance. A large majority of the Indians remaining out during
July and August; they claim to have killed and dressed 4,500 buffaloes during this
hunt, and now have 3,500 dressed hides, worth on an average $2.
EDUCATION
of the children at this agency has progressed slowly, and I am not satisfied at what is
being accomplished in the day schools. I can report some improvement in the last two
years at Wolf Point, but am inclined to believe that there can be no permanent ad-
vancement made in day schools until the Indians have fixed homes. At Wolf Point
the school has made some advancement under Mr. Hedenberg.
The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions sent Rev. G. W. Wood to extend their
work among the Indians at this place. They have built two buildings, dwelling and
school-house, and their mission work is to some extent successful, but not much could
be expected in the time they have labored here.
Rev. Snyder is in charge of the boarding-school ; sent by the Methodist Episcopal
Church; began his work on August 1, 1881.
MEDICAL.
There has been gradual improvement in the various diseases of the camp. There is
greater confidence placed in the physician, and in his ability, consequently the Dumber
of his patients is wonderfully increased. The native doctors are very much afraid
they are going to lose their practice, and use every means in their power to prevent
the Indians from seeking aid of the physician, Dr. Woodbridge.
HOSTILES AND MILITARY.
The hostiles arriving from Sitting Bull's camp, during the fall of 1880, as it was im-
possible for me to govern them with what force was at my command, damaged and
stole from the agency Indians until the ones the least disposed to disorderly conduct
joined with them, and it was with the utmost caution that the work was carried on.
But for the patience and bold front presented by the few here we would undoubtedly
have had serious trouble.
On the 12th day of October, 1880, Capt. O. B. Read arrived here with two companies
of the Eleventh United States Infantry, and from that on we were at least enabled to
compel the hostiles to stop their regular demands for provisions ; although they had
never been successful in obtaining this, it was decidedly unpleasant to have them
flourish their guns at times when we knew we were powerless. Major Ilges arrived in
December, and after trying all peaceable measures to induce the hostiles to. surrender,
he was compelled on the 2d day of January to attack their camp, which was then
directly opposite the agency on the south bank of tjie Missouri River. He captured
about 100 men, 200 women and children. This was the starting point, and from that
on the followers of the noted chief Sitting Bull have surrendered one by one until S. B.
himself, weakened by successive desertions caused by Capt. McDonald, C. M. P., and
Capt. O. B. Read, U. S. A., surrendered at Fort Buford.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.
THE INDIAN POLICE
have been as faithful as an Indian can be with as little idea of civilization and govern-
ment ; all I have asked them to do, they did, as well as they knew how.
Much credit is due them for the amount they do, receiving only $5 per month for
their services, and I repeat their salary ought to be $15 per mouth, instead of $5.
THE PAST YEAR
has been a rule of kindness and respectful treatment, not only by myself, but by all
persons connected with the agency. The Sabbath is strictly observed, and one of the
many rules is, never make a promise to the Indians without fulfilling it. Gambling is
almost stopped. Horse racing has entirely ceased. Much could be said that points to
their advancement, and to an occasional visitor, not noticeable, but to one who knew
them two years ago the changes are marked and significant.
I desire, in conclusion, to give prominence to the satisfaction I feel at the increased
thrift, providence, and advancement of the Yanktonais and Assinaboine Indians. As
evidence the increased area of land under cultivation, the desire for cattle, cows, pigs,
and fowls, comfortable homes, and the wish everywhere exemplified to abandon en-
tirely their old ways, and assimilate themselves to the whites around them.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
N. S. PORTER,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
GREAT NEMAHA AGENCY,
Nohart, Nebr., August 31, 1881.
SIR: Agreeably to the requirements of circular received, dated July 1, 1881, I trans-
mit to the Indian Department the following report for this agency for the year ending
at this date.
The Great Nemaha Agency is composed of two tribes of Indians, the lowas and Sac
and Fox of Missouri. The reservations of these tribes adjoin each other and comprise
about 22,000 acres of as fine land for agriculture or grazing purposes as is usually found
in so large a tract. ' It yields abundantly when properly tilled and the natural grasses
are among the most nutritious.
The white settlements that surround the reserve are often the cause of much annoy-
ance in consequence of depredations committed. It would eminently gratify the
wishes of the whites could the Indians be induced to dispose of their present home
and seek an abode elsewhere ; and they avail themselves of opportunities to spread
discontent, if possible, among the tribes by unasked-for advice ; and although their
influence has in some instances shown its deleterious effects, it is gratifying to know
that the most of our people are attached to their homes and would with great reluct-
ance relinquish them and seek new ones.
It is rarely that the whites have occasion to complain of the doings of the Indians.
The latter treat them with respect, and I believe that when sober their reputation as
peaceful characters will compare very favorably with an equal number of whites.
But strong drink is the greatest curse that besets the red man, and unprincipled
whites in the settlements, knowing this weakness and regardless of the consequences
that may follow, will barter their own souls that they may fill their coffers with their
unlawful and ill-gotten gains. This bartering in strong drink in conducted in such a
surreptitious manner that it has been found very difficult to convict parties or even
ascertain where it is obtained, the Indians being unwilling to turn informers.
We have been further annoyed by having the property of the Indians stolen, some
five or six horses and considerable other property having disappeared, and although a
reward has been offered, efforts to recover them have proved unavailing.
THE IOWAS.
These Indians number 130 according to the enrollment for the spring payment
There has been an excess of 5 births over the deaths. Within the past year 47 of the
tribe have sought homes in the Indian Territory, but they have mostly been of those
rambling, discontented dispositions, who would do very little good while here them-
selves, and endeavor to infuse into others the same spirit of unrest that has caused
them to throw away the golden opportunities afforded of bettering their condition,
making for themselves pleasant homes and enjoying the comforts of civilized life. With
perhaps a few exceptions those who remain are satisfied with the present home. They
are frequently asking to have improvements made to their dwellings or new ones built,
wells dug, &c., which gives evidence of their progress in the ways of civilized life.
They mostly conform to the usages of the whites in their manner of dress. Nearly all
124 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.
are supplied with comfortable houses and convenient water, either from wells or
springs. Several are supplied with sewing-machines, their individual property ; have
rooms carpeted, and the customs of their former life are gradually being obliterated.
There have been two new houses built and one had an addition put to it.
They are gradually increasing the acreage of tillable land. Near 190 acres were put
in with wheat, but owing to the unusually severe weather of last winter the yield will
scarcely be more than half the usual average, perhaps, judging from what is already
threshed, not exceeding 1,750 bushels. The continuous dry weather of the season has
so injured the corn crop that it will not yield more than one-fourth the usual quantity,
and it will be a serious question as to how the stock is to be furnished with grain the
coming winter. Had the corn receiAred more thorough cultivation it would have been
better able to have stood the severe drought. But the Indians were on one of their
unprofitable visiting tours at the time the crop needed the most careful attention.
Owing to the dry weather there is also a meager supply of grass, but perhaps sufficient
hay can be gathered to meet our wants during the winter.
THE SCHOOL.
There has been erected during the year a commodious and finely constructed build-
ing for the boarding-school of the lowas, with many of the modern conveniences of a
building for such a purpose. The school has had a session of ten months, the last two
of which were held in said building. The average attendance has been twenty.
There is a tract of upwards of eighty acres of land in connection with the school, from
which the meats and flour necessary for the school are expected to be raised. The
scholars perform what manual labor is required of and adapted to them, and it is the
testimony of those who are in position to know that the progress in their studies has
been as rapid and satisfactory as with any other class of scholars.
THE SAC AND FOX OF THE MISSOURI
li ve upon the northern portion of the reserve. They are now 63 in number. The deaths
are 3 in excess of the births.
This tribe has not made as rapid strides towards civilized life. They hold more
tenaciously to the savage costume and customs, and in consequence of the large annui-
ty they receive do not feel so much the necessity of performing manual labor or en-
tering into farming operations. They have, however, usually cultivated crops to
supply their stock with grain and themselves partly with flour. They are already
furnished with good houses ; mostly have wells, and are desiring more improvements,
being willing that their funds shall be used for the best interests of the tribe. The
thrift which is apparent in the settlements and among two or three of their own num-
ber, cannot fail to have a very salutary eifect upon the tribe. The prospects for the
future are, however, encouraging, as they are now showing a disposition to enlarge in
farming operations, having already within the year used nearly 5,000 pounds of wire
in fencing, and have requested over 5,000 pounds more, which has already arrived.
We believe that in the near future more glowing accounts can be given of the progress
of this people, but the advance will not be rapid so long as they annually receive as
much money as is now at their command. The poor condition of the crops that are
referred to in the report from the lowas will apply equally well to the Sac and Fox
of Missouri, with the exception that they have a plentiful supply of grass.
There is a school mostly supported from their funds for the education of their
children. A family is employed to board the children at two dollars per week each.
The number of children of school-going age is 17, with an average attendance of 9£
for the year. It would be more encouraging if there was a greater degree of interest
evinced in the education of their offspring. The present condition, however, of the
people, when compared to what it was twenty or thirty years ago, gives us cause to
know that the labor in their behalf has been attended with very beneficial results,
and the Indian problem, although not entirely solved, has progressed so far that it
needs nt> prophetic vision to discern the probabilities of the race in the future.
AUGUSTUS BROSIUS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OTOE AGENCY, NEBRASKA, August '20, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions contained in circular letter dated July 1, 1881>
I have the honor to transmit my annual report for the year ending August 20, 1881,
with statistical information for the same period.
RESERVATION.
This reservation, which is the garden of Nebraska, has an area of 43,000 acres, a large
percentage of which is availably for farming purposes. The soil is excellent and it
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA 125
has a natural drainage. There are several lateral streams, all of which flow into the
Bine River, which penetrates the reserve from north to south ten miles in a direct line.
The Blue, as well as its tributaries, is fringed with narrow belts of timber, consisting
of oak, ash, and elm. Springs abound, giving an abundance of excellent water, sum-
mer and winter. The climate is delightful and very healthy.
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
The agency buildings consist of industrial boarding school, agent's residence, two-
cottages for employe's, grist-mill, commissary, council-house, jail, two granaries, black-
smith and carpenter shops, barns, sheds, &c., all in very good condition.
AGENCY FARM AND CROPS.
The agency farm comprises about 340 acres, but a small portion of which has been
utilized this year in expectation of moving to the Territory before crops could mature.
Seventy acres of wheat, however, were sown, which was destroyed by the unprecedented
cold weather ofthe past winter, supplemented by numerous blizzards. The heavy floods
of spring very effectually prevented the early planting of corn, but we finally succeeded
in getting about sixty acres, which will produce about one-half a crop. We sowed
twenty acres of oats which threshed out 443 bushels.
The past year has been a very discouraging one for crops in this section. The Indians
have made but little progress in agriculture this year; after the visit of the chiefs to
Washington, where they were assured that they would be moved to the Territory
some time during the summer, they declined putting in any crops, as they did not wish
to go away leaving growing crops behind ; but they assure me that they will go to
work in earnest when they are located in the Territory, the O toes' promised land.
THE BOARDING-SCHOOL.
The industrial boarding-school for the past year has been well attended, there being
an average daily attendance of 24 out of 42 children of school-going age. But few of
them knew their letters at the commencement of school, and those who attended reg-
ularly have made very gratifying progress in their studies and the different branches
of work which was assigned them. The only complaint made during the year was
about rations. The parents of the children want them increased, and if the children
of other tribes are as hearty eaters as the Otoe children, there certainly is a necessity
for it.
SANITARY.
The sanitary condition ofthe tribe is improving. They are gradually learning that
the way of the white "medicine man" is the best. Many have presented themselves
at the dispensary lately for treatment that one year ago could not be induced to take
our medicine on any terms. With the influence of the Indian doctors destroyed, one
of the greatest steps towards civilization will have been made. Their power hitherto
has been supreme, and none but the hardiest could survive their treatment.
POLICE.
The force organized by my predecessor not being satisfactory, I reorganized it last
February. The officers were disposed, as I found them, to be entirely under the influ-
ence of the chiefs. I reduced the force from fifteen to nine, as I found that force suffi-
cient for the business at this agency. The present force are giving better satisfaction,
and, with the chief of police to lead, will execute and have executed all orders as-
signed them. There is some trouble to collect them when wanted, as most of them
have families, and it takes most of the time to find food for them, the pay not being
sufficient to maintain their families without doing other work. In order to make this
branch of the service more effective, the pay should be increased, so that they can give
their entire attention to their duties.
CATTLE HERD.
The unparalleled severity of the past winter told heavily upon our stock. Fully 25
per cent, of the cattle herd was destroyed, though every effort was put forth to save
them. The herd now numbers 237. I reduced the ration of meat to the minimum in
the spring, as the herd came out, in every sense of the word, spring poor. They are
now in fine condition, with every prospect of keeping the above number good.
CONCLUSION.
The Indians have given but little trouble in the past year, and are as happy as can
be. When any disputes arose between them they invariably brought the case before
me, and have in every instance accepted my ruling. They are very patient, and if
properly treated can be got along with easily. Their besetting sins are their love of
whisky and their dislike of work. One has been taught them, the other inherited.
126 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.
Both evils can be eradicated by proper treatment. They promised me if I would help
them to move to the Territory that they would show me what an Otoe could accomplish
as a farmer, and I shall hold them to their word.
Very respectfully,
LEWELLYN E. WOODIN,
Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SANTEE AGENCY, NEBRASKA, August 22, 1881.
RESPECTED FRIEND : In compliance with instructions and conformity to regulations
of the department, I submit my fifth annual report of the condition of the consoli-
dated Santee and Flandreau Agency, including the Poncas of Dakota.
The Santee Agency is located on the southwest bank of the Missouri River, in Knox
County, Nebraska. The reservation is 12 miles wide and extends back from river from
12 to 18 miles, according to bends in river; contains near 115,000 acres of land, much
of which is bluff land, unfit for cultivation. There are several streams running through
the reservation, viz, Bazille Creek, East Branch, Lost Creek, Good Thunder Creek, and
Cook's Creek, along and at the head of which there is more or less good farming land
and considerable timber, principally cotton, oak, and elm, some walnut, ash, and cedar.
The Indians have selected their land in severally along and at the head of these
streams, have generally tried to procure 160 acres, and are opening up farms of vari-
ous sizes, and have from 5 to 50 acres under cultivation.
As they are thus located, like white people, a stranger traveling through the country
would not know that he was traveling through an Indian reservation unless informed
of the fact, for I am sure the majority of their places would compare favorably with
their white neighbors.
Just here I feel that I should speak again of the land title, as it is a subject I have
been writing about for the last four years and nothing special accomplished. I must
.confess I feel somewhat discouraged. But as I have told the Santee Indians, with my
Lands uplifted, that I would stand by them until they received a more lasting title to
•their homes, I must repeat here to you, and all who may read what I have formerly
said, that the Santees should have this land given to them by a law that could not be
changed, so that the white man could not take their homes from them without their
consent. At present they have but little assurance that they can remain here, and I
know it has been a drawback to them in the way of self-support, for they have repeat-
edly informed me that they do not wish to open up a farm for a white man to take from
them when the whites ma/ feel like doing so. They want a lasting title to their homes
the same as a white man, and I think it wicked in the first degree for us as a nation
to withhold any longer such a sacred right, that of liberty and a free home, from thest-
people, who eventually will be recognized as a part of oiir nation, exercising the rights
of citizenship as we do. And I believe the majority of the Santees to-day are in ad-
vance of many of those who are recognized as citizens, and would make better neigh-
bors and more loyal citizens. In the name of the power that rules cannot we bring
force to bear that will make right prevail and produce such a law as will allow the
Santee Indians, and those similarly situated, to select their land and hold it as their
permanent homes.
The Santees and Flandreaus are a part of the great Sioux Nation, who at one time;
were acknowledged to be one of the finest bodies of Indians on this continent, and wer<-
said to be superior to any wild men seen. They were our friends, and it was their
boast for many years that their hands had not been stained with the blood of the whitr-
man. They had possession of and claimed the northern portion of the country extend-
ing from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and by treaties made from time
to time their land has been taken from them, and at this time many of them do not have
a foot of land left which they can hold sacred and inviolably ; and we say it is not just.
See the reports of committee after committee who have been sent out to investigate
the cause of trouble and wars, and the general conclusion arrived at is that the white
man has not been just in dealing with the Indian as a man, thus creating war and
bloodshed. The Indian is a man and must be recognized as such. He is susceptible to
feelings of kindness, has a heart that can be reached with acts of love, and if we deal
justly, loving mercy, the Indian question can be solved and he become a good citizen.
I believe in having laws to protect them in the right and to punish them in the wrong.
The Santee and Flandreau Indians all wear citizen dress, hunt but little, have aban-
doned the Indian dance and paint, attend church, and hold the Christian religion in
high esteem. The Congregational and Episcopal churches have made great effort to
christianize these people, and I think have met with good success, and in their efforts
to send out native missionaries deserve much credit.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 127
At Santee there are three regular boarding schools, one supported by the American
Board of Foreign Missions, under the supervision of Rev. A. L. Riggs. They have a
collection of large, commodious buildings for their purpose. One supported by the
Protestant Episcopal Mission, under the supervision of Rev. Wm. W. Fowler, con-
ducted by Miss Amelia Ives. One industrial manual labor school, supported by the
government, under the care of the agent, in charge of Joseph H. Steer and wife.
These schools are all doing good work. Children are brought here from other agencies
to be educated. The missions educate teachers and preachers, send them among other
tribes, and they are doing good. Amelia Ives, of the Episcopal, and Rev. A. L. Riggs,
of the Congregational Missions, have been engaged in the mission work for a number
of years, and I think that they with the other members of their mission are faithful
laborers, deserving the prayers and support of their missions. There are three religious
societies engaged at Santee in the work of civilization, and I am glad to say are work-
ing in harmony with each other, endeavoring to promote the principles of truth, jus-
tice, love, and mercy among the Indians, and practicing the Christian leaven among
themselves.
The government buildings at Santee Agency comprise 2 industrial school buildings,
6 dwelling-houses (log and frame), 3 work-shops, 1 council-house or office, 2 ware-
houses, 1 machine-house, 1 saw-mill, smoke-house, ice-house, jail, physician's office,
harness-shop, trader's house and store, 2 granaries, 2 brick (double) dwellings, 1 grist-
mill, and dwelling house 10 miles from agency.
The Sautees have been receiving weekly rations for a number of years which are
gradually being withdrawn from them. At the present time the tribe at large receive
two-third ration of beef ; the old, blind, and helpless, of whom there are about 100, re-
ceive the rations allowed to Indians. We hope to be able to make arrangement by which
we can take special care of the aged and infirm, in having a building erected to be
used as hospital and alrnshouse, thereby doing away with the issue of rations, and
secure better care for the aged and infirm.
Our annuity supplies are purchased by the department, and are generally received
during July and August. They are inspected and generally prove to be of good quality.
The year's supply of beef cattle, about 500 head, are received at one delivery. Indian
herders are employed. I find them to be very efficient and good care takers.
The winter of 1880-'81 was one long to be remembered on account of quantity
of snow, severe cold, and long duration. The snow drifted, and in the valleys and
ravines was from ten to fifty feet deep; in many places covered the dwellings and
stables of the Indians and settlers, causing great suffering among the people and cattle.
The ice in the Missouri River froze to the depth of from two to four feet thick. The
enow and ice commenced to melt the latter part of March, which caused the river to
rise from 15 to 20 feet, ice piling up from two to ten feet aloug the bottom land
destroying many cattle, and doing great damage to all kinds of property along the
river.
The wheat crop this season has been almost an entire failure. Corn, oats, potatoes,
and vegetables have generally been good. Had sown and planted this year 1,127
acres to wheat, 8rt3 acres corn, 30 acres oats, and 503 acres to potatoes, &c. Total
under cultivation, 2,543 acres.
The carpenter and blacksmith shops are worked entirely by Indian labor, also care
of stock and farm work; have an Indian clerk and find him efficient, and a good
man. I have Indians employed in mill and harness shops, and as a rule find them to
be good apprentices. Expect to make the harness necessary for use at Santee, and in
a short time manufacture for other agencies. I also have them employed in the man-
ufacture of brick; expect to make 125,000 this season, entirely with Indian labor,
except the burning. I have no trouble to get Indians as apprentices and for all kinds
of laborers. The hay for feeding beef cattle, about 500 tons, has been put up by In-
dians. They have entire charge of the thrashing, reaping, and mowing machines.
We do not inquire if the Indians will work, for we know that by far the majority of
them will work, and when we have it to be done, we ask, and the necessary labor is
performed. In this, its well as in many other things, we can see the effects of civiliza-
tion. The young men who have been taught from youth, understand how to handle
the hoe, shovel, plow, reaping, thrashing, and mowing machines, and work with ease,
while the older ones take hold awkwardly, and labor with difficulty. Here is where
we must commence civilization, among the young, and train the mind to put into
operation those faculties which will enable them to perform the works of husbandry
with ease and satisfaction. The war-path will thus be abandoned, and the white and
red man be at peace.
Inasmuch as I feel that our most successful Indian work lies in the education ot
the young, I would cad attention to the fact that the government industrial school
at this agency could accommodate about 15 scholars from other agencies, 10 females
and 5 males.
The Flaudreau Indians were formerly Santees, who left Santee on account of their
land titles, and took up homesteads along the Sioux River, near Flandreau, Moody
128 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA.
County, Dakota, under act of Congress approved March 3, 1875, which extends the
benefits of the homestead act of May 20, 1862, and the acts amendatory thereof, to In-
dians (with restrictions), provided they abandon their tribal relation and leave the
home they have on the reservation among their people. These people were loth to
give up their homes at Santee, but were determined to have a home they could call
their own, and by the aid of friends succeeded in making good selections. * They have
procured eighty-five homesteads of from 40 to 160 acres each ; have 700 acres under cul-
tivation, and 600 acres broken this year.
They have chosen a beautiful country. When they first located they had but few
white neighbors; the land generally belonged to the government. At present they
have plenty of white settlers among them, and the land has all been taken up. The
town of Flandreau has grown to be quite a thriving village, with a branch of the
Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway passing through it, giving life and
thrift to the country.
It is a difficult matter to measure the progress in civilization during the space of
one year, but by looking back and comparing the last four years with the present,
we are assured that the majority of the Flaudreau Indians are advancing. They have
two churches, in which religious instruction is imparted by two native ministers.
Their land has become valuable, and there is quite a pressure brought to bear upon
them which is calculated to induce them to sell out. The Indian makes but little cal-
culation for the future, and when he has the comforts of life he is willing to divide
with his friends. From this cause we find the Indian is not one to accumulate much
property around him, and in having a sum of money or a good pair of horses offered
him for his .laud, it is quite a trial for him not to accept. For this cause we feel that
some restriction should be put upon Indian titles. But in this they are not unlike the
majority of white settlers, who take the advance, soon become dissatisfied when civil-
ization gathers around them, sell out and go farther west, seeking a new home.
The government has been extending care to the Flandreau people in the way of
farming implements, stock, and some assistance in seed and houses. They pay their
taxes promptly, their word can be relied upon, and they make good neighbors. They
number 306 souls ; during this year 30 have been born and 14 have died. Flandreau
is 140 miles north of Santee. I get there about twice a year, spring and fall. They
meet me when I go there, and inform me what they would like me to do for them.
Their homesteads extend along the Sioux River for a distance of perhaps 20 miles,
Flandreau being about the center of settlement. The government school house is
located here. John Eastman is employed by government as teacher. He understands
the English language, and is a good teacher. Some of the children who live at too
great a distance to attend this school go to the district schools near them, with their
white neighbors.
The Poncas are a faction of the Ponca tribe who were removed to Indian Territory
a few years ago, became dissatisfied with their southern homes, and came back to their
old reservation on the Niobrara River, a part of them locating on said stream about
two miles from Missouri River. They are designated as the Poncas of Dakota. In dress
and general appearance they are behind the Santee and Flandreau people. Many of
them wear blankets, have long hair, and dress in their native costumes. They have
some good men among them who are making a start, and I think will advance rapidly
in civilization. They are generally industrious, have had a hard struggle to sustain
themselves since they came here, and had it not been for kind friends some of them
would have perished during the past winter. They have had no regular agent. Dur-
ing the spring I purchased some seed for them, have quite recently paid them $10,000
annuity money, and have instructions at present to expend $3,000 for them in the pur-
chase of farming implements, stock, &c. The land upon which the Poncas at pres-
ent are located belongs to the Sioux by error in treaty. The present prospects are
that said error will be corrected and the Ponca land will be given back to them, or a
sufficiency at least, for their use. Houses will be built, schools will be established,
and they permanently started towards civilization again. They have planted this
year 200 acres in corn and 25 acres in potatoes. Have 80 horses, 6 yoke of oxen, 58
swine, and 5 cows, and have put up a large quantity of hay. They numbered at time
of enrollment for annuity payment 175 persons, but^ince making payment some have
left, and I don't believe the actual number of settlers will exceed 160 souls.
In closing up my report for the year, I can say upon the whole we have had a sat-
isfactory years work. We can see that advancement has been made. The Indians
are learning to rely more upon themselves for help, and are more willing to send their
children to school. The white employe's are being reduced, and the Indians are taking
their places. I believe the American people, by a large majority, wish the Indian
God-speed in civilization, and that the President, Secretary of the Interior, and Com-
missioner are doing what they can to promote the cause. What I feel we greatly need
at the present time is proper legislation and a hearty co operation between the parties
named and our wise law-makers. I hope the latter will take into consideration the
large amount of money that is appropriated each year for civilization, and in doing
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEBRASKA. 129
this will make laws which will enable us to bring the Indian to his proper standard,
there to hold and respect him among the people of onr land of liberty and freedom.
I am thy friend,
ISAIAH LIGHTNER,
United States Indian Agent. v
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OMAHA AND WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEBRASKA,
September 1, 1881.
SIR : I respectfully submit this as my second annual report, having been appointed
to this agency in July, 1880 :
The agency is a consolidated one, composed of two tribes of Indians, the Winneba-
goes, numbering 1,422, and the Omahas, numbering 1,121, aggregating 2,543 souls. The
agency contains 310,000 acres of land, divided between the two tribes as follows : The
Winnebagoes have 130,000 acres and the Omahas 180,000. Both reservations are
bounded 011 the east by the Missouri River, and distant from Sioux City, Iowa, to
the agency of the Winnebagoes, 22 miles in a southerly direction, and to the Omaha
Agency in the same direction, 32 miles, both tracts of land joining each other. This
large body of land is better adapted to the raising of stock than for farming purposes,
it being much broken and mountainous, especially that part of it lying on the Missouri
River. The western part of both reservations, and through which the " Logan "runs,
is more level and well adapted to farming purposes, and it is said to be equal in fer-
tility to any land in the State of Nebraska. A large number of the Omaha tribe are
thinking very strongly of disposing of 50,000 acres of this western portion of their res-
ervation, though while in Washington and when asked by the honorable Secretary of
the Interior whether they would sell 20,000 acres of their reservation to the Poiicas,
they replied that they would not, but might be induced to dispose of it to the white
settlers.
On both reservations the wheat crop has been a failure for the last two seasons, and
I apprehend may continue to be lor years to come. It is the opinion of farmers gen-
erally that wheat cannot be successfully raised in this part of the State, and design in
the future to cultivate corn, oats, and other grain. The last year the yield of corn
was passably good, and though requiring perhaps more labor, is a more certain crop
to produce, and one that the Indians better understand.
Stock raising above all others is the best and surest paying business that can be gone
into by the Indians, and one that they least understand. The reservation is peculiarly
adapted to the raising of stock of all descriptions. In traveling over the reservation
the other day, especially that part lying on the "Logan," I could not help being im-
pressed with the untold wealth that lay before me ; pasturage sufficient for thousands
and thousands of head of stock ; a fine stream of water running at my feet and hardly
a tree in sight ; grass from 2 to 4 feet in hight ; and all this treasure in a month or two,
instead of being gathered into barns, to be consumed by the annual prairie lire ; there
is no end to grass anywhere except on the border of the Missouri. The reservation is
one grand prairie — one great stock-raising country, where if a white man had a title
to 300 acres of laud, could not help becoming wealthy in a very few years. The Win-
uebagoes have been on this reservation since the spring of 1864, and though aided by
the government and in possession of all the means necessary for farming purposes, the
laud they cultivate falls short, certainly does not exceed 2,500 acres, leaving unoc-
cupied, unimproved, liberally speaking, 125,000 acres; the same ratio may be applied
to the Omahas.
We have upou both reservations three industrial boarding schools, two among the
Omahas and one on the Winnebago Reservation. One of the schools in the Omaha
tribe was established by the Presbyterian Board of Missions, and is located on the bank
of the Missouri River, 4£ miles east of the agency buildings. With this school the gov-
ernment has a contract whereby they receive $120 per annum for each child attending
the same, the board agreeing to board, clothe, educate, and care for the scholars. Mr.
Partch, a very able and efficient teacher, has charge of the school. The building will
accommodate comfortably fifty children, and the contract limits the attendance to that
number. The other school, under the immediate charge of the agency, is located at
the Omaha Agency proper, and is capable of accommodating one hundred scholars.
This school is in charge of Judge Cole, of Dakota City, in this State, an experienced
teacher, and a gentleman who has had charge of several institutions of learning here-
tofore.
At the Winnebago Agency, though a larger tribe, there is but one industrial-school
building, but its capacity is' greater than both the others at the Omaha Agency. The
building is of brick, and* is capable of accommodating all the children on the reserva-
tion, and all the children ought to be in attendance. The Rev. Mr. Martin stands at
9 IND
130 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA.
the head of this school, with his excellent wife as matron. In all the schools we have
Sabbath-school organizations, and an attendance of all the children who attend the
day-schools, with quite a number of their parents.
I find that the greatest opposition to overcome lies with the parents. They do not
comprehend or understand the great benefits resulting from an education, and con-
sider when a child goes to school that they confer a favor on the white man instead of
themselves. I earnestly recommend that compulsory education be adopted, and that
all the children between the ages of 10 and 18 years be compelled to attend school,
especially the government schools. At the Omaha industrial school a barn and play-
house is much needed. The building occupied as a school boarding-house stands alone,
without a fence to protect it or a single out house. We need a barn and play-house,
but on this subject I will address the honorable Commissioner hereafter.
I am strongly in favor of requiring the Indians to work. He should pay in work
for what he gets, and not get what he asks for until he renders a fair equivalent for
the same in labor. The suggestions made in a former letter on this subject may not
be practicable, but may contain some hints that may be suggestive of a remedy for
the evil now existing.
There is among the Winnebagoes a good deal of anxiety manifested in relation to
the "Cameron bill" passed last winter and known as "An act for the relief of the
Winnebago Indians in Wisconsin." It is, however, not in my province to further
allude to the subject.
In relation to the moral and religious condition of the Indians, I would state that
they are, so far as this agency is concerned, strictly temperate. I have not seen a
drunken Indian on the reservation since I took charge of its interests, and but few
cases have been brought before me, and those only of a doubtful character. They
are peaceable, quiet, and obedient to the rules and regulations of the agency. A man's
life is safer on the reservation than any other place in the State of an equal number of
inhabitants. They have some idea of Christianity and the claims of the Bible among
the Omahas, through the influence of the missionaries sent out by the Board of Missions
of the Presbyterian church. They have about fifty members, who I understand are
consistent Christian men and women.
A large number of both tribes understand English but have an aversion to talking
it. Many of them read and write fluently, and this state of affairs exists to that
extent that interpreters are not needed to be continued under a stated annual salary.
As a whole and in conclusion, I think we are moving forward, but rather slowly.
Some evils exist that can be remedied; but where on this broad earth can we go to
find perfection in all business relations of life?
Respectfully, your obedient servant,
ARTHUR EDWARDS,
United Slates Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
NEVADA, AGENCY, NEVADA,
August 31, 1881.
SIR : The Nevada Agency has under its supervision two tribes of Indians, the Pi-
Utes and the Pah-Utes, very similar in name, butvery distinct in nationality. These
Indians have for some years been peaceable, and many of them laboring in civilized
pursuits, chiefly in farming or freighting, or as " vaqueros," herding. On the reser-
vations a number of families have settled down on farms or ranches of their own, and
are cultivating them as best they can with the few implements and conveniences at
their command. Their great want has been water to irrigate growing crops, for the
need of which the harvests have been small and uncertain.
The past spring and early summer the Indian Department, appreciating some of
the difficulties and needs of the reservation under the explanations and observations
of the late Agent Spencer, appropriated a sum for making a dam, a ditch, and a bridge,
thus giving to these Indians the first opportunity they have ever had of becoming self-
supporting. They have worked well and have begun the irrigating works in such
shape as that they can be made permanent at the cost of another appropriation of
about the same amount as was devoted to this special object last year. These works,
being only partly completed this year, could only help the crops in part ; that is, in
such places as the water was conducted to. The rest of the crops were dependent on
the seepage ; that answered very well in some localities, and in others failed to make
a crop, so that part of the Indians were discouraged, and a part encouraged to go
on and try to make a living on a farm as white people do.
It is evident that the minds of these Indians are all inclined to this way of living
in preference to their old ways. They have very many things to contend Avith in the
fact that they have absolutely nothing to begin on. To some of the Indians at Pyra-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA. 131
mid Lake there lias been issued wagons, harness, agricultural implements, &c., and
as a result of giving them a little start of this kind, their harvest for this year has
amounted in the aggregate to about sixty thousand pounds of barley, which is their
chief crop of grain, and some ten to twelve thousand pounds of wheat, with vegetables,
such as onions, tomatoes, beets, cabbage, lettuce, parsnips, cucumbers, melons, rad-
ishes, sweet corn in the usual variety, that are common to white farmers; also a large
crop of hay, estimated at over four 'hundred thousand pounds. This shows what they
will do if a chance is given to them.
Another thing that they have to contend with is their early education, or lack of
education ; that is, they have been educated to regard eatables as common property,
Their game, being wild, was of course the property of the one who first secured it. 80
also of fish ; so also of the wild pine nuts and seeds they gather in the fall ; so also the
wild sweet potatoes that grow in the mountains. They have so far a great difficulty in
remembering or ascertaining that tame or Irish potatoes planted by some person and
cultivated by said person are th« property of said person, and instead they appear to
think that whatever grows in the ground is common, whether in the mountains orin a
fenced field. At least they practice. on that belief, and so without scruple dig up po-
tatoes and eat them wherever found. Of course this is bad for the cultivator, and can
only be eradicated by making examples of arresting some of them — locking them up for
a day, or two so that they will realize that taking eatables not their own is stealing.
This of course cannot be done without either police force^or guard-house, of which
there is at this agency neither police nor guard-house. The requisite authority has
now been requested, and it is to be hoped that there will be an improvement in this
respect. Cases of drunkenness also occur occasionally, and there is at present no way
of dealing with them in a satisfactory manner. It appears that this taking of eata-
bles arises from ignorance rather than from positive vice, for in regard to those articles
which they regard as property, as ponies, for example, they do not steal from each other
in any greater ratio than their white neighbors, nor in fact is there as large percentage
of the Indians that will steal from Indians of their own tribe as there is of white
people that will steal from white people. In those things that are in a certain sense
new to them, as farming the crops, that they have begun to be accustomed to, and such
as they cannot eat — these are hay and barley— these they do not steal from one an-
other, while wheat is regarded as a sort of intermediate, and they will take a little at
times, and potatoes, lettuce, cabbage, corn, melons, &c., they will help themselves to
from any one's field when they can.
They still adhere to their wild habits, and live in camps made of limbs of trees or
else willows placed in the form of a somewhat irregular horse-shoe, or in Southeastern
Nevada in huts of adobe. When any of the party in the camp dies, the camp is
burned, together with the clothing of the other members of the family, and they move
away, if it is only a short distance. Now this practice of theirs makes it difficult to
get them to live in houses. All these peculiarities have to be overcome by firm but
regular and constant insistence on their observing the ways of civilized life.
In attaining this end, greater progress can now be made in consequence of the advice
and example of some few of the bright and intelligent ones who seem to comprehend
the advantages to themselves by this new course of life, and have followed pursuits
more and more approaching to civilization, until now they are in all respects, save and
except living in camps instead of houses, very much like white farmers; the other
Indians desire to live with the same advantages as this, but find it hard to break oft'
their idle, gambling habits, and so require to be continually looked after.
There is not so much of this desire for farms manifested among the Indians at Moapa
River Reserve, for the reason that the government has given them a reservation so
situated that it is impossible to keep cattle of other herders off the land reserved for
the Indians. If the department would present the case to the President and have the
land set aside as bounded in the description given in the request for change of bound-
ary by the late Agent Spencer, one year ago, there would then be an opportunity to
exclude trespassers, and the Indians would have some sort of heart to work at making-
homes for themselves.
At Walker River, some of the Indians show a disposition to do what they can, and
have made some hay and raised some barley, but comparatively small amounts, and
they desire to be set on their feet in the way of starting a ranch; that is, be furnished
tools, and enough rations to start them while doing the preliminary work, and then
they hope to be self-supporting also. This preliminary work consists in grading and
preparing the ground for water, and making ditches to run the water in.
As to whether the Indians will work if they have the opportunity, the amount of
labor for the last quarter and thus far in this quarter is the only time I have personal
knowledge of, as iny arrival at this agency dates back only to April 16, 1881, and
in that time, that is, in four months, the Indians at Pyramid Lake Reserve have built
three miles of ditch, assisted to build thirteen hundred feet of flume, cut logs, and
hauled and put up two abutments and a pier suitable for a bridge twenty feet wide
and one hundred and sixty feet long, across the Truckee, in two spans, said bridge
132 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA.
carrying flume six feet wide, to carry water 14 inches deep, floor or roadway and
bottom of flume sixteen feet above surface of water at present writing, which is low-
water; have blasted and hauled rock for same to the amount, as estimated, of three
hundred thousand pounds, to secure bridge from effects of high water, and three hun-
dred thousands pounds of rock and willow for dam, and have freighted from Wads-
worth to headquarters of agency at Pyramid Lake, over eighteen miles of rough aiid
very bad road, the supplies for Indians while at work, and school furniture, and also
freighted lumber, hardware, &c., amounting as stated in detail in monthly report to
a total of two hundred and thirty thousand pounds. In addition to freighting, they
did their harvesting and haying to the amount, as mentioned previously, of 60,000
pounds barley, 12,000 pounds wheat, and 400,000 pounds hay. Outside of the reserva-
tion a number of these Indians are working for the whites, and give good satisfac-
tion, receiving from a dollar per day up to forty dollars per month, according to the
various duties they perform.
The most important means of livelihood to the Indians besides working for white
people is their fisheries, the trout from Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake being ac-
counted the very finest, and bringing as high a price as any known to the writer.
The Indians catch large quantities of fish, but with their usual improvidence they
spend the money they get immediately, and eat up the fish they dry very soon, and
are often very hard put to for something to eat. Then, too, the lakes are visited by
white persons, trespassers, which it is difficult to eradicate, as even after the con-
viction and sentence of tile trespasser, a year ago, sufficient influence was brought to
bear on the President to induce him to pardon the trespassers. However, the moral
effect of the trial was such as to establish the fact that the Indians have some rights
that wrhite men are bound to respect. And now if the department would order a sur-
vey of the reservation so that the lines could be positively defined, and authorize a
sufficient force of Indian police, trespassers could be kept off or made to suffer, and
the Indians get the benefit which is their due from the fisheries in these Avaters which
have been reserved to them.
If those who are anxious to farm are given fencing and tools, and the irrigating
works begun are completed, it seems evident that a continuation of the efforts the\r
seem at present ready to make will relieve the government of expense in the future to
a large extent, if, in fact, it does not come in a very few years to be entirely self-sup-
porting.
Some of the Indians are very anxious and earnest that their children should have a
good education, and some of the children are bright and eager to learn, but their hab-
its make them irregular in attendance, and many of them learn very slowly in most
branches that white children learn ordinarily, but most of the Indian children are very
quick at drawing and like to work at that. Some in attendance at the school here at
Pyramid Lake have learned to read as rapidly as white children, but none of them so
far show much aptitude in mathematics or the higher branches. On the whole it is
clear that parents and children are endeavoring to grow more like the whites, and
would be self-supporting and growing in knowledge and in civilization if they were
allotted land in severalty, and then made citizens with all of the privileges and respon-
sibilities, and subject to the laws that govern the citizens of these United States.
Very respectfully,
JOSEPH M. McM ASTER,
L'nited State* Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
WESTERN SHOSHONE AGENCY,
E //ro, JVer., September 2, le^l.
SIR: I respectfully offer this as my annual report for 1880-1831, being my third since
I took charge, and also the third year of the agency.
I still have the pleasure of reporting progress. Five hundred acres (400 of wheat and
barley, and 100 of potatoes and turnips) are ready for harvest. No frost has troubled
us and the crickets which troubled us four years ago have not been seen since. We
have a large quantity of hay, estimated at one thousand tons, ai:<! we shall ask of the
government this year nothing for cereals.
Our cattle, with exception of those bought from Carlin farmers, have caused us a
great deal of trouble. Those bought June, 1880, wen-- contracted to be brought from
Colorado and Wyoming, and they require the attention of vaqueros at Roderos, within
a circuit of 100 miles, to reclaim cattle, brand calves, &c. If it should be the pleas-
ure of the department to give us more cattle, I would recommend that they be pur-
chased in Nevada, and as near the reservation as possible. In this connection I would
recommend the purchase of cattle, two hundred or three hundred head more, which I
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEVADA. 133
think would effectually do away with our beef bill. This would leave nothing but
groceries and clothing to be furnished, and I hope in the next years of the agency, the
agent, whoever he may be, will be able to dispense with everything but clothing and
groceries. The tribe deserves the character I have given them. They worked, as a
body, as well as the same number of white men, through this year.
For the first time I have noticed a feeling against the idlers and loungers on the
reservation. A disinclination to divide with those who, by every way they can, decline
to work, arouses inquiries, often made, when the government will give them laud in
severalty. So far I have tried to meet this by regular supplies to those who work or
help with their horses. Applying this rule brought about the attempted exodus to
Fort Hall Reservation, which I stopped bv the Indian police, as I have before written
you. The report given them by visiting Indians that there they could obtain all they
wanted without work was too great an inducement for them to withstand.
The tribal relations are weakening much in this tribe. The Indian police system
has done a great deal toward breaking it up. This body, selected from the best of the
tribe, independent entirely of the chiefs (though some'of the subchiefs are members
thereof), is viewed with great dislike by the principal chief here. Captain Sam, our
nominal chief at the reservation, showed himself inimical to it, so far as to give his
advice to the young men against belonging to it; conjoined to his opposition to the
school, and my belief that he actually encouraged the Fort Hall emigration, I was
compelled to tell the tribe that I did not consider him a chief at all, and would not
treat him as such hereafter. He was very angry at the time and absented himself
from the reservation ; visited the neighboring agency, the Pi-Utes, and the different
camps belonging to the agency — i. e., Austin, Cherry Creek, &o. — and asked them to
act with him in a petition for my removal, for the reason that I had established police
and schools, and that he, as a big chief, was in consequence losing all authority.
Winuemucca, Natchez, David, of Pi-Utes, and the subchiefs insisted that he must
make his complaint to me personally, and that they would accompany him to see me,
which they did, nineteen chiefs and subchiefs, Pi-Utes and Shoshoues, appearing at a
council, Natchez presiding and interpreting. With some difficulty Sam, or Dark Man,
Shoshone chief, was brought to the council. Natchez explained the object of the
council, and gave the outlines of Sam's complaint, which was in substance what I
have related. After iny explanation that all I had done and was doing was per direc-
tion of the department at Washington, and the good effects were already seen, Natchez
called upon each member of the council to express his opinion on the subject, leading
off himself by denouncing Sam as having told them squaw talk, and that the agent
had done right. Old Winnemucca told him he was a fool, and to go back and do his
duty and enforce my rules. Sam came to me at the close and said he would return to
the reservation and do as I wanted him to do. He has fulfilled his promise and is
doing all he can. He is politic and wise and needs watching. The Pi-IJte chiefs were
anxious that I should write these incidents to the department.
I wish that we could give Indians their lands in severalty. Whenever they have
tried culti vation by themselves amongst the whites they have succeeded. Their labor
is sought for by the ranchers and by many of the miners in preference. I have as-
sisted four settlements, one each in the following valleys: Clover, Lamoille, and
Cherry, and at Mineral Hill, with plows. They have done well and are making a
home. They average in each place about fifty souls. Their children attend the dis-
trict schools with the whites, and the falling off of the practice of giving Indian
names to their children was well shown in taking the census. They most generally
gave English names, and to the question for the Indian name the response most inva-
riably was, "He no more Indian." I think with this tribe civilization would soon
come if this policy was adopted, and quicker than any other way. The Indian liquor
law keeps them sober and makes their labor more to be depended upon than the whites.
Superstition is one great obstacle we have to fight against. They seem to fear bad
spirits more than to reverence good ones. Enchantments and charms they always
fear. Some of the most intelligent ones will take a notion from some trivial circum-
stance that they are under a charm, and until they are relieved of that fear they are
not good for anything. Their medicine-men give sanction to their infatuations.
They carry out this feeling in burying of the dead, with a very few exceptions, and
however much you may congratulate yourselves that you have got their concurrence in
abrogating this practice, or convince them the placing the rifle of the dead in his
grave and the killing of horses to accompany the spirit to far-off land was futile, yet
when death occurs they will most always follow their traditions, and horse and rifle
go the usual way. In one instance 1 interfered and prevented it, but it caused a great
deal of feeling and gloomy looks, so that I have ceased to object, leaving it for time
to correct this as other traditional errors.
The school will have to do part in this matter, and which we will be enabled to try,
our teachers having arrived with their furniture. They have commenced under good
auspices, and I hope at the end of my fourth year's report to be able to report satisfac-
torily on this subject.
134 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.
INDIAN POLICE.
I have to report favorably on this part of Indian management. They have shown
themselves active and good men. I have during the year frequently given you my
appreciation of their conduct in what was to them trying times. Some object to the
ditties on account of insufficient pay, as they not only perform police duty, but are
among the best workers on the farm, cutting wood, and in fact all labor, being se-
lected for their good character and fitness. I hope that Congress will enable the de-
partment to pay them at least $ 10 per month.
During my three years in office I have been visited twice by military companies,
brought there by rumors adverse to good order of this tribe. I have felt it my duty
to trace up these rumors, and find they wish to have military posts established 'in the
neighborhood. In 1879 a series of meetings were held in Cornucopia, Silver Creek,
Columbia, Mountain City, and Island Mountain, called by an itinerant member of
the bar of Elko County, he preparing resolutions and having them passed at meetings
or no meetings. Certainly it was no prominent citizen presided at those meetings, but
all contributed to pay the itinerant for his dirty work. The object then was to have
a military post established near Cornucopia. At this time the captain of the company,
Captain Carr, from Fort Halleek, reported favorably of the tribe, and showed there
was no necessity of the post called for. The recent scare which sent Captain Parnell to
reservation was in the interest to retain Fort McDermott as a post, which rumor said
the United States was about to abandon. I was happy to show in both instances that
the Western Shoshones were all right, though short rations had made me permit many
Indians to be absent from reservation.
My office is now established at the reservation by direction of the department. As it
will be remembered that my charge of thirty-eight hundred Indians are located in
five counties in Nevada, it causes me many a long journey. A slight neighborhood
quarrel calls for the agent's presence and he must go, sometimes with attendance of
police. A reception of stores, supplies, and annuity goods by railroad, which in my
experience come in August, September, and October, requires his constant attendance
at Elko.
The office of agent of the Western Shoshoues is no sinecure, and we deliver supplies
to none otfthe reservation but the indigent; they having the offer of the Reservation
Home where they would be cared for, and having declined, I have not thought it
proper to follow them to their various homes, except to settle their troubles. A few
weeks will close an anxious year. Discouraged much by the poor harvest of last year,
and in consequence the latter part of it short of supplies, I dreaded another failure, but
that is now over.
The health of the Indians at the reservation has been uniformly good. Some deaths
have occurred, but a small percentage for the number of Indians.
I will close my report with the assurance that in my opinion the Western Shoshone
Indians have done well.
Respectfully,
JOHN HOW,
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
JICARILLA APACHE INDIAN AGENCY,
Tierra Amarilla, N. Mex., August 20, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with instructions from Department of Interior, I have the honor
to submit my annual report.
I assumed my duties at this agency December 1, 1880, and found the Indians anx-
iously waiting for their blankets, &c., which for some reason did not arrive until late
in February. In consequence there was much suffering. The winter was an unusu-
ally severe one, thermometer ranging to twenty-two degrees below zero, and in order
to get comfortable places for themselves and grass for their horses, of which they have
upwards of twelve hundred, they were obliged to live at a distance of from twenty-five
to forty-five miles from the agency.
The tribe numbers seven hundred and fifty, which average they* have maintained
throughout the year.
The cases of sickness reported have been treated with such simple remedies as we
could command ; comparatively few deaths have been reported. I learned that some-
thing like " mountain fever" prevailed to quite an extent during the spring-time, but
being a long distance from the agency, and as no aid was sought, I was unable to
locate the suffering or learn the extent. I apprehend, however, that when the next
annual count is made it will be found that a number will have passed away.
Except while under the influence of whisky, they are a tractable people, and under
more favorable circumstances could be made productive of usefulness. Their present
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 135
situation is a most demoralizing one — idleness and an unrestricted range of country
that allows them the privilege of some fourteen localities where whisky can be ob-
tained ; the result is apparent. In the ' ' Plaza " where their rations are issued, I believe
a large number of the inhabitants derive a living principally from traffic with the
Indians. During the winter-time, on account of living at such a distance from the
agency, they are obliged to remain in the town one night each week to get their rations,
and having no place to lodge except in the houses of the Mexicans, the difficulty to
prevent their coming in contact with adverse influences is easy to conjecture. I fear
they are well "up" with some of the customs that surround them— horse stealing, &c.
The better men of the tribe, and some that are not better men, express a desire to be
placed on a reservation and be given a chance to farm and have a school for their
children. The old stubborn superstition in regard to sending their children to an east-
ern school to be educated has yet to be overcome.
Great jealousy and dislike prevail between the two bands, i. e., those who have
always lived in this vicinity and those who were brought here from Cimarron. I believe
that when they are permanently located upon a reservation, which I trust they soon
will be, it would be well for both if they were separated.
Very respectfully,
W. B. JONES,
farmer in Charge.
Dr. B. M. THOMAS,
United States Indian Agent, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
MESCALERO AGENCY, NEW MEXICO,
September 1, 1881.
Sin: In compliance with instructions contained in department circular dated July
1, I have the honor to submit this iny first annual report. On June 16th I arrived
here, but did not complete transfer and assume charge until June 23.
THE AGENCY.
The agency is located in a beautiful valley about half a mile wide, between two
mountains, and conveniently near the Rio Tularosa, a rapid stream 5 feet wide and
6 inches deep. The elevation above sea-level, obtained by barometrical observations
at the agency, is nearly 5,980 feet (Wheeler's survey, 1878). The agency buildings are a
collection of miserable slab shanties, and must soon be abandoned. From the agency
it is 40 miles in a northeasterly direction to Fort Stanton, and about 100 miles to Me-
silla and Las Cruces, on the Rio Grande, in a southwesterly direction ; these last-named
places are stations on the Atchison, Topekaand Santa Fe" Railroad.
THE RESERVATION.
Within the boundary lines of this reservation is included what is called the " garden
spot" of New Mexico. The Sierra Blanca range of mountains extend from the north
line of the reservation south to the Rio Tularosa, and the Sacramento Mountains
extend south from the Rio Tularosa to and beyond the southern line of the reservation.
Fine grass lands, excellent water, forests of grand timber, small, fertile, well-watered
valleys and lofty mountain peaks constitute the general physical features of the res-
ervation, which is 30 miles east and west, and 36 miles north and south; the southern
boundary line is the thirty-third parallel, and it lies between the twenty-eighth and
twenty-ninth degrees of longitude west from Washington. The entire north half of
the reservation, including Nogal and White Mountain Peaks, is alleged to be rich in
gold and silver mines, while on the west line of the reservation, near the Mexican vil-
lage of Tularosa, good copper mines are said to exist. All over this section described
above, bear, elk, and deer abound. In considering these facts, together with the well-
known healthfulncss of the country, is it to be wondered at that these Indians love
the mountains and are loth to surrender to the whites this their home ?
This reservation, however, presents the curious anomaly of farms and mill property
lying within its limits, but not a part of it. The lines of the reservation were extended
so as to embrace many settlements, and, as a matter of course, these prior rights of the
settler could not be merged into an Indian title save by purchase, and this has not
been done, except in a few instances. This state of affairs works considerable incon-
venience in the handling and management of the Indians. The agent can have no
right to interfere with the question of Avho may be permitted to live on these farms;
any person, no matter how objectionable he may be, can reside and do business within
a short distance of the Indian camps, and the agent is powerless to interfere. The
property of private citizens has to be crossed in order to reach the principal Indian
farm. Stock is owned by both Indians and the settlers, and questions of damage
136 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.
done to growing crops are continually being raised, and sucli questions tend to embit-
ter the feeling existing between the Indians and citizens. An early solution of this
problem is advisable.
AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIES.
The Mescalero Apache Indians are but indifferent farmers. There is under fence at
and near the agency 185 acres of land, 66 acres of which are cultivated by the Indians.
One hundred and forty-seven families grow small patches of corn of the Mexican vari-
ety ; it matures early, and the Indians display a great fondness for " roasting ears," so
that it is seldom permitted to ripen. These Indians are skillful basket-makers, using
willows and making baskets of artistic design and beautiful color ; these they trade to
the Mexicans during fruit season, for peaches, grapes, &c. The women are expert
with the needle in making garments from calico and muslin furnished them as annui-
ties by the government. Old settlers here tell me that there is a marked improvement
noticeable in these Indians within the past few years. Next year 50 acres will be added
to the area of the farm laud.
EDUCATION AND MISSIONARY WORK.
The school has been maintained about five months duriugthe past year; it has met
with limited success, owing to inefficient teachers, though I do not hesitate in saying
that it can be made a success. No missionary has ever visited this agency ; the Indians
all recognize a Supreme Being, and, in my opinion, great good could be accomplished
by persistent missionary labor ; there is certainly a good field and an excellent oppor-
tunity for a trial.
CRIMES AND OFFENSES.
Late last fall, five Indians were arrested by the military for burning five hay wagons
and for general insubordination ; one of the number was afterwards killed in attempt-
ing to escape from the guard-house at Fort Stanton ; the other four are confined at Fort
Union as prisoners. On June 18, in a drunken fight, Jose Mauzita and his three sons
killed four Indians at San Juan camp. Under the tribal law, these four Indians were
banished and went off into the mountains, and are now encamped 35 miles south from
the agency.
During the Indian troubles of the past two months in Southern New Mexico, the In-
dians under my charge have remained quiet ; they are counted each week, on issue day.
I have invited General Edward Hatch, district commander, to detail an officer at any
and all tim^s to count these Indians, in order to convince him that they are not off
their reservation. Designing persons have persistently circulated reports that the
agency Indians were engaged with the " hostiles." Chief Roman Chiquita, who evinces
a friendly disposition towards the waitesand desires to adopt their customs and man-
ner of gaining a livelihood, was reported in 'the "New Mexican" newspaper of Santa
F6 in August as being out with a war party from this agency, when at that particular
time the said chief was acting as guide for Captain Cusack, Ninth Cavalry, in the
mountains north of the agency.
INDIAN POLICE.
An Indian police force has just been organized, consisting of fifteen members. No
great difficulty was experienced in bringing about this important organization. On
August 22, 1 sent the chief of police and a detail of six policemen as escort to two wagons
to Las Graces ; they were diligent and watchful while on the road, and were treated
kindly by the citizens of the town. They will make an efficient auxiliary in maintaining
order and preventing depredations.
INDIAN LABOR.
In July I decided to place Indians on the herd, but did not perfect arrangements
until August 1. This arrangement has proved a success ; three young men have assisted
in herding agency cattle since that date, and their services are valuable; they are
prompt and reliable and work in a satisfactory manner. I have also got three young
men employed about the agency in the capacity of laborers.
In conclusion I will state that the Indians in council have expressed a willingness
to haul their own freight from the railroad, if the government will furnish them teams
and wagons to do so. Furnishing them employment of various kinds, and humane and
careful management, will, in my opinion, soon bring them within the pale of civiliza-
tion, and they will in a few years become self-sustaining.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. H. H. LLEWELLYN.
United Slates Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 137
NAVAJO INDIAN AGENCY, ARIZONA,
August 20, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with your instructions in circular letter dated July 1, 1881, I
respectfully submit my annual report.
I came to this agency first in April, 1879, and recently again June 30, 1881, having
been absent from here since October 7, 1880, owing to military interference and as-
sumption (under pretext that my Indians were dissatisfied and hostilely inclined). A
military officer was permitted to act temporarily in my place, and I was put at spe-
cial service during the interim, when my accounts were satisfactorily settled, and the
charges preferred by those who desired 'to control my agency refuted, and my salary
and expenses continued and paid to me up to the time (July 1, 1881) when I relieved
the said military officer here. But the facts are, my Indians were and have been
<juiet and peaceable all the time, and express themselve's satisfied with me. I trust the
time has arrived, now that railroads and civilization are advanced into this far coun-
try, when such intrigues and practices will cease, which, in my opinion, were origi-
nated and are continued in the interest of those who have heretofore been profited in
the management of agencies thus remote.
THE NAVAJOS ARE. INCREASING.
I issued annuity goods to 11,400 Indians in October, 1879, beiijg their last issue
under their ten years' treaty stipulation, and in my estimate then of those who were
left behind to care for their flocks and such Navajos as never come here, who reside
westwardly from 150 to 300 miles from tlm agency, I placed the total as approximat-
ing 15,000 souls, but now believe there are more than 16,000 of them.
THEIR FARMING
this season has resulted disastrously. They had planted more than last year; for the
previous.winter's snow-fall was greater than usual here, which encouraged them; but
the severe drought that followed, lasting until July '20, 1881, ruined much of their pros-
pects. Then the iloods of rain came, washing out in many places all that was left.
But in portions of the "Chusca" and "Chinale" valleys they have raised their usual
crops. Now that supplies are out here, nearly all of the Indians living near the
agency ha\^e gone to these valleys to eat green corn, which the successful ones share
with the others — a practical illustration of the "golden rule" not often excelled by
their white guides.
The peach crop at Canon de Chelle (Du Sha) is this year reported greater than usual.
This canon is located in the westerly part of this reservation, and, including its
branches and various winding courses, is estimated at about 75 miles in length, in
places not more than a few yards wide and seldom exceeding 80 rods in its greatest
width, with walls of perpendicular sandstone, varying from 500 to 2,000 feet in height
on both sides, with occasional springs gushing forth along the base of these inclosing
walls, affording the necessary moisture to sustain their peach trees and other crops.
The peach trees are supposed to have been originally planted by a superior race or
by ancient explorers, possibly by the cliff-dwellers, whose remnants of swallow-like
dwellings still line the walls of this romantic canon; but the memory of these Indians
does not reach back to that period. They value highly their peach orchards. Each
family in the fruit season visits its respective orchard, which is replanted where neces-
sary by the aged ones who are about to depart, the younger people believing that such
acts forebode early death — a common excuse for their improvidence, and often illus-
trated by their white brethren.
SHEEP, GOATS, AND HORSES.
The chief wealth of the Navajos consists of their sheep, goats, and horses, and is as
well a source of subsistence for them. They sell such of their wool, pelts, &c., as are
not used by themselves in the manufacture of blankets, scarfs, sashes, hosiery, skirts,
&c. They sell a large number of blankets, many of them of elegant design and finish.
Their flocks have not increased any since 1879, owing to the terrible drought of that
year and the severe winters since.
DRESS.
Their dress is semi-civilized, and in my opinion is fairly adapted to their present ne-
cessities^ their resources and climate being properly considered.
BUILDING OF THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC RAILROAD.
The building of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad during the past year to within
about ten miles of the southern line of the Navajo reservation is a notable event in
the history of this tribe, and extends the evils as well as blessings of the white man
into this hitherto remote country. I trust, however, that these Indians, under a reason-
able guidance, will not only be able to hold their own, but improve under this ordeal
test, for I believe many of them are fit to survive while undergoing this baptism of in-
138 KEPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.
creased opportunity, which always includes a corresponding exposure to evil. The
wisest of their chiefs feel the increased danger from
WHISKY SELLING
all along the line of the railroad, and through me, would send their cry to the ear
of the Great Father in substance as follows : " We do not make whisky ; it is the Ameri-
cans that do it ; and we earnestly plead that the Great Father will take it away from us
and not let it be brought near us, for our young men drink it like water. Those who
sell it tell us they hold a license from Washington permitting its sale," &c., and they
greatly wonder why such inconsistent practices are permitted from the Great Father or
"Washington," which signifies one and the same authority to them. I can only re-
ply that I will tell the Great Father all about it, and do all I can when the Congress
of chiefs meet, next winter to have the bounds of the Indian country extended, so far
as relates to excluding whisky therefrom; but advise them in the mean time to in-
fluence and teach their young men to not touch or taste whisky, just the same as they
teach their children to avoid the rattlesnake which the Great Spirit permits to exist
among them; and then the "coyotes" that prey upon their flocks — they must protect
themselves from them; how else shall they learn to be strong and vigilant except they
have these trials to contend with? And while they consider these thoughts and renew
their courage to work against this great evil, still they ask us to remove it beyond
their reach.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.
Many of these Indians are in want of wagons, harness, plows, harrows, &c., and
also windows, doors, nails, lumber, &c., that they may farm more like white men,
and build themselves houses. lam assisting them all I can in that direction, and also
putting down pumps for them, but the
VERY SMALL APPROPRIATION
granted these Indians by the last Congress for their support is an effectual barrier to
further progress at present. In this connection, I cannot keep silent, when comparing
their meager allowance with their Ute and Apache neighbors on the north and south
of them, viz, the Los Piuos and Southern Utes, and the Mascalero and San Carlos
Apaches. These four agencies of restless, undeserving Indians receive from twenty to
fifty -nine times more subsistence from government than my Indians do, and the Nava-
joa exceed in population by several thousands the combined numbers of said Utes and
Apaches (the four agencies referred to), each occupying the same character of country.
The eifect upon these observing and deserving Indians is (especially under the influ-
ence of scheming and bad white men) to teach them that only bad Indians are paid
the best, therefore it pays to be naughty, create disturbances, obtain a new treaty,
and more stuff, which that same class of intriguing white men stand ready to divide
with them under an improved version of the monkey and "cat's paws" fable theory;
for while they often succeed in using the Indians as the "cat's paws'," taking the lar-
ger share themselves, they then endeavor to make them also believe that they are the
Indians' best friends, by favoring a few influential and ruling chiefs, at the expense of
all the rest.
I shall hope to obtain a more reasonable appropriation for this people for the next
fiscal year, and also upon the opening of Congress, next December, obtain a share for
them of the $235,000 appropriated this fiscal year for the Indians of Arizona and New
Mexico, and of which these Indians constitute a large moiety, and are deprived of any
share therein because the paltry sum of $25,000 was allotted to them separately. Mr.
Commissioner, I shall expect your hearty co-operation with me in ttfis endeavor to do
justice to these Indians.
THE HOMESTEAD RIGHTS
of Indians under acts March 3, 1875, and May 14, 1830, will enable such of these Navajos
as have for many generations lived off their present reservation and have been in con-
tinuous occupancy of their present homes to retain them, and they are happy in this-
new prospect, which I have only recently brought to their notice; and this view of
the matter will not injure the railroad interests, for these Indians will produce about
as much support to the road as a similar number of white men would.
THE XAVAJO SCHOOL.
The school is not yet in as thriving a condition as I had hoped would have been the
case by this time, but the struggle alluded to in the commencement of this report has
greatly retarded progress in that direction, and the new building, which I reasonably
expected would have been completed and in occupancy last winter, is only begun, its
walls being but a foot or two above the foundations, and at this writing I am not ad-
vised whether my estimates sent to your office in July are or will be allowed in time
to complete said building ready for school purposes the ensuing winter. I shall do all
I can toward that end as soon as the necessary authority and funds are received.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 139
However, I am pleased to be able to state that Mr. an 1 ?.[;••. :' -- ;ins, teachers
and missionaries under Dr. Kendall, secretary of the Homo Missionary Society, who
have been here since February, 1881, have done what they could under all the trying
circumstances which have surrounded them, and now stand at their post of duty ready
to organize a well-regulated boarding-school, permanently, as soon as the building
shall be ready to occupy. To make it successful will require constant and unremitting
effort on their part, with all the aid that an agent in sympathy and accord with their
humanitarian labors can give them.
Navajo children of school age are employed as shepherds, and there is a natural
prejudice existing among these Indians to all education that is not immediately avail-
able, which I regret to say is somewhat stimulated by the anti-progressive white men
before alluded to, and will to some extent hinder the prosperity of our school, but not
make its final success an impossibility, for the Navajos are more intelligent, naturally,
than the average Indian.
: AGENCY FARMING.
When I came here, June 30 last, I found that the agency farming for this season was
a failure. After the rains came, July 20, I had several acres of millet sown for fodder,
which now promises a fair yield. I estimate eight to ten tons as the outcome if the
frosts hold off until October, which may be reasonably expected. The floods have
washed down the adobe fences and mud huts in which the employe's of this agency
try to live. For a month past my employe's have done little else than endeavor to
keep themselves and the property out of the water.
AGENCY BUILDINGS.
The wretched condition of the present buildings occupied by the agent and employe's
at this agency is neither reasonable nor economical. The War Department of our
government does not require its officers and employe's to live thus, and I respectfully
submit that it is not right for the Interior Department to put up with such parsimony
when the government is amply able to provide suitable tenements for all its employe's.
In this connection I will repeat what I stated in my annual report for 1879, referring
to employes at Indian agencies, viz : " I will venture the suggestion and hope that the
time will come (soon, too) when only married men, accompanied with their wives, can
be employed at an Indian agency. • This, of course, must include additional compen-
sation to enable them to support a family, equal to the extra cost of living in this re-
mote land, as well as more civilized improvements, but it will more than pay in the
direction of civilization now endeavored to be taught these Indians ; for the demor-
alized side of most white men, who come single, is very apt to be shown towards the
Indian, and immoral practices do exist at the agencies as a consequence. Besides, the
most refining phase of civilized life, the example of a well-regulated and Christian
household, is not often brought to bear upon the observation of these Indians."
I have since that time been still more confirmed in the views then expressed, for
illicit intercourse between the whites and the women of this tribe is on the increase
(and I am informed that men in high position are guilty), and the support of illegiti-
mate offspring is thrown entirely upon the helpless daughters of this people, for the
rights of citizens and consequent protection is denied them, and their testimony un-
available in all cases of crime perpetrated against them by offending whites, saving
the notable exception of selling whisky to them.
SALE OF ARMS TO INDIANS.
Arms are being sold these Indians against law. The law becomes inoperative from
the fact that an Indian's testimony cannot be received, and all that is necessary to
subvert the law and carry on a lucrative trade with the Indian is for the white man
to go alone into the Indian country and dispose of arms with impunity to all the In-
dians he meets. Why continue this policy towards these real " Native Americans,"
justice having been more than done the imported African, who is less qualified on the
average to exercise franchised rights than the Indian? I trust that the "severalty
bill," to come before the next Congress, will also accord to the Indian the right of a
citizen, or at least to testify in the courts, and thus afford him relief and protection.
Nearly all of these Indians live upon and cultivate more or less lands on and off the
reservation under their own allotment, and they regard each other's rights sacredly.
I estimate that less than 5 per cent, of their subsistence is procured by hunting and
less than that amount this year from government. <
I herewith hand you the statistical information asked for in connection with my
annual report
Very respectfully, vour obedient servant,
GALEN EASTMAN,
United States Indian Agent*
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
140 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN NEW MEXICO.
PUEBLO AND JICARILLA APACHE AGENCIES,
Santa Fe, N. Mex., September I, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit ray ninth annual report as United States Indian
agent.
The Indians under my charge are the Pueblos, of New Mexico, and the Jicarilla
Apaches. A careful census of the Pueblos was taken during the year, showing a total
population in the nineteen pueblos of nine thousand and sixty, as follows:
Acoma 58*2
Cochiti 271
Isleta 1,081
Jernes 401
Laguna 968
Nambe" 1 66
Picuris 115
Pojoaque 26
Sa.nta Ana 489
Santa Clara 212
Santo Domingo 1, 129
Sandia 350
San Felipe 667
San Ildefonso 139
San Juan 408
Taos 391
Tesuque 99
7ia 58
Zuni ,. 1,608
Total 9,060
A
These people, with sixteen hundred in Arizona, constitute the remnant of the pow-
erful tribe found here by the Spaniards nearly three hundred and fifty years ago. They
live now as they did then, in villages built of adobe, and subsist upon the products of
the soil and their herds. They are industrious, inoffensive, provident, and reliable,
and the sons of the Republic are not more faithful to the United States. The race is
as distinct to-day as ever it was, and they cling as tenaciously to the traditions and
customs of their fathers. An earnest effort is now being made by the government and
benevolent societies in the East to arouse the youth of this tribe to the importance of
adapting themselves to the new conditions of life, which differ entirely from the teach-
ings and practices of their ancestors ; and if the effort fails, this peculiar people will
soon disappear by extinction instead of by conversion.
Each pueblo has a tract of land, at least two leagues square, granted originally by
the Spanish Government and subsequently confirmed by the United States. Eight of
these are situated on the Rio Grande, and consist of as good laud as there is in the
Territory, and the others are on small mountain streams, each containing more or less
good arable lauds. The cultivated land is held in severalty under the laws of the
pueblo, and in case the individual ceases to cultivate his allotment it reverts to the
community. The Indians produce corn, wheat, pumpkins, melons, beans, red pepper,
apples, peaches, plums, apricots, and grapes, and they usually have a small surplus
for sale.
Good results have been accomplished during the year in the different departments
of agency work, but not as much has been done by the department for our boarding
school as we expected. The agency has three day schools, located at the pueblos
of Zuni, Laguna, and Jemes. Dr. T. F. Ealy continued as teacher at Zuni till June
20, when he was relieved by Mr. S. A. Bentley. While that is the largest of the
pueblos, it is smallest in point of appreciation of benefits offered by government ;
but I hope the influence that is being exerted upon the Indians will soon be more
manifest. The average attendance at that school during the year was twenty-three.
A fine supply of modern school furniture was sent to that school, and as soon as the
next shipment of appliances can.be made it will be very well equipped. A teacher's
residence was begun at Zuni last fall, but on account of inability to get laborers and
material, all of which were absorbed by the building of the Atlantic and Pacific Rail-
road, it has not been completed. The Presbyterian Church has supported Miss Hani-
maker at Zuni as an assistant teacher.
The Laguna school is continued under Dr. JohnMenaul as principal and Miss Perry
as assistant teacher. The new school house which the Indians of Lagnna promised
last year to build for Miss Perry is making progress, but it is not yet completed. The
average attendance at this school for the year was 29.
The Jemes school is still conducted by Dr. J. M. Shields and his wife, assisted dur-
ing several months by Miss Harris, who is supported by the Presbyterian Church.
REPORT OF AGENT IN NEW YORK. 141
The average attendance at this school for the year was 28. The average attendance
of the three day schools for the year ending June 30, 1831, is 81.
On January 1, 1881, a boarding and industrial school was opened for the Pueblos at
Albuquerque under contract with Henry Kendall, D. D., secretary of the Board of
Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church. The contract was for a maximum attend-
ance of 50 pupils of both sexes. The average attendance has been 40. This experi-
mental effort has been quite a success, and has proven beyond question that boarding
schools for Indians are greatly superior to day schools. The school is conducted in a
Mexican house which was built for a residence, and it affords poor conveniences for
school purposes. The success of a boarding school for the Pueblos having now been
demonstrated, I again urge the importance of erecting suitable buildings for its
accommodation.
On January 6 Rev. Sheldon Jackson, D. D , acting as agent for the department,
took ten Pueblo children to the school at Carlisle Barracks, in addition to the ten
taken by him in July, 1880. They were sent from the following pueblos: Two boys
and two girls from Acoma ; one boy from Cochiti ; one boy from Isleta, and one boy
and three girls from Laguna. One of the Acoma boys has since been sent home on
account of bad health, and one of the Zuiii boys sent last July died at Carlisle of con-
sumption, in just a year from the time he left here. This death will be a hard blow to
the parents, and will cause the officers of that pueblo to seriously doubt the wisdom
of their action in departing in anywise from their ancient customs.
This agency is indebted to the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church,
arid to several auxiliary societies as well as many benevolent individuals in the East,
for efficient co-operation and timely contributions in furtherance of the education of
the Pueblos.
THE JICARILLA APACHE AGENCY.
This agency was placed in my charge in 1878 and so remains. It is located in the
town of Tierra Amarilla and has hitherto been known as the Abiquiu Agency, but the
name was changed on June 30 last. The Jicarilla Apaches number seven hundred
and five, over four hundred of whom lived at Cirnarron, N. Mex., till the summer of
1878. They have never lived on a reservation, and their agency has always been in
a small Mexican town, surrounded by influences adverse to their improvement in any
respect. The Apaches do not consider work degrading as do the Utes, and if they
could have been placed on a reservation years ago it is very probable that they would
now be nearly self-supporting, whereas they are in fact vagabonds, and receive their
support from the government.
An effort has been made for several years to secure their location on a suitable res-
ervation, and in July of last year a selection was made by Special Agent Townsend,
and the tract was reserved for the Apaches by Executive order dated September 21,
1880. Removal of the Indians to the new reservation has been delated, but I am now
informed by the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs that Special Agent Town-
send will soon be with me to assist in their removal. Meantime quite a number —
probably one hundred and twenty-five — of Chief San Pablo's band, who formerly lived
at Cirnarron, have returned to that place under the captains, Juan Julian and Santi-
ago Largo. Sau Pablo himself remains in the vicinity of the agency, but desires to
follow the others to Cirnarron. He will probably remain at the agency to learn what
course is to be adopted on the arrival of Colonel Townsend in regard to their future
home, and I will try to induce the absentees to return to the agency on the same busi-
ness. But little can be done for the advancement of the Jicarilla Apaches till they
are permanently located where they and the agent have recognized rights.
Papers A, B, C, D, and E herewith are reports of employes in charge of different
branches of the work at each agency.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
BEN. M. THOMAS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
NEW YORK INDIAN AGENCY,
Kandolpk, N. Y., October 14, 1881.
SIR: In accordance with instructions, I submit my first annual report of the condi-
tions of affairs at this agency.
Owing to the delay of local superintendents in not forwarding their annual reports,
and the'short time I have been in charge, it will be impossible for me to make as full
or complete a report from my own knowledge as I deem advisable, as I have not yet
visited all of the reservations. I assumed control of this agency June 15, 1881, reliev-
ing Daniel Sherman, who had been in charge for several years.
1 have the honor to state that the 31 schools in this agency have been taught on an
142 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
average of 8J months each during the past school year, and have had a total attend-
ance of about 1,300 children of school age; of these nearly all have attended school
some portion of the year.
I beg leave to renew the appeal made in 1&77 by the former agent in behalf of an
appropriation from the United States to enable the manual labor school, on the Tona-
wanda Reservation, to be put into effective operation. The Indians have contributed
most liberally from their means. A fine building has been erected and is nearly ready
for occupancy, and yet for lack of a comparatively small sum, the great outlay already
made by the Indians and the State of New York is rendered entirely ineffective.
The building stands idle, unoccupied, and decaying. I think $1,000 from the United
States would put this school into active operation. Such a school is urgently needed
on the Tonawanda Reservation, and, in my opinion, that sum of money could not be
used to better advantage for the benefit of the Indians than by appropriating it for
this purpose.
In general intelligence I can safely report that the Indians under my charge are
making satisfactory progress. Many of their dwellings are neat and tasty, and in
general they are comfortably furnished. Many of the women excel in the household
arts, and neater-kept houses than some of them display are seldom found.
The character and permanency of their buildings is, however, sadly affected by the
uncertain nature of their title. It is very desirable that their laud-tenure may as soon
as possible be made fixed and certain.
The national government of the Senecas has, in years past, incurred so me debts,
but their income from the lands leased under the act of Congress of February 19, 1875,
is such that they are now paying all national expenses, and it is hoped will soon be
free from debt.
In the past year they also appropriated from their national funds $1,000 toward the
erection of a new iron bridge across the Allegauy River on the Allegany Reservation.
The survey of the Cattaraugus Reservation, recently made by authority of Congress,
included in the bounds of the reservation a strip of land one mile wide and several miles
long, which for many years has been occupied by whites. Examination disclosed the
fact that no treaty pursuant to laws could be found among the archives at Washing-
ton by which the Indians had parted with the title to this land, but that an instru-
ment purporting to be a treaty with the Senecas was recorded in the office of the
county clerk of Genesee County, under which the whites had taken possession of the
land. The Senecas claim that they have been defrauded out of this land, and did
not receive its full value. They are anxious that the general government shall see
that they have justice, and have on one or more occasions sent delegations to Wash-
ington to induce the department to take some action in the matter, but thus far with-
out effect.
In conclusion I would say that while great progress has been made by the Indians
of this agency much yet remains to be done for them by the general government. In
my opinion one of the greatest evils to be overcome is the sale of intoxicating liquor
to them. I am making strenuous efforts to stop this traffic in this agency, and trust
to do much in that direction the coming year.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
BENJ. G. CASLER, Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
GRAND RONDE AGENCY, OREGON,
August 15, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with the department regulations and instructions I have the
honor to submit this my tenth annual report of affairs at this agency.
For the purpose of showing the Indians' advancement, I think I may be allowed
to contrast their condition at the time I first assumed charge of this agency, ten years
ago, and their condition at the present time. Upon first coming into charge of this
agency I found the Indians living huddled together in families of from ten to fifty,
in filth, idleness, and ignorance, in very poor houses or shanties, old and young, niar-
ried and single, occupying the same apartments, with no restraints upon their actions,
and no incentives to purer lives, without ambition, and apparently without hope of
bettering their then deplorable condition ; the policy at that time pursued towards
them being to employ a sufficient force of white men to raise grain and vegetables for
their food, depending upon the government appropriations to furnish the main bulk
of the necessaries of life, besides purchasing innumerable trinkets, which were of no
value in fact to them, and large supplies of blankets and clothing, which only en-
couraged them in idleness and increased their facilities for gambling, a habit so strong
among all heathen tribes. At that time an appropriation of five or six thousand dollars
was annually expended for white labor, and from five to ten thousand dollars for sub-
sistence.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 143
To-day these same Indians are all, or nearly all, living upon their individual lands,
hold by allotment in single families, and are industriously working their small farms,
and a great majority of them are earning a living without any material aid from the
government other than an occasional issue of clean seed grain. This improvement
has been accomplished by the informal allotment of land in severalty to the Indians,
by moving them upon their respective tracts, and assisting them to improve them,
and by the gradual discontinuance of the purchasing of large amounts of blankets,
•clothing, and subsistence and applying the money available for the purchase of agri-
cultural and mechanical tools and such farm machinery as was indispensable, and by
offering the Indians every inducement to work for their own support, and at the same
time making it a necessity for them to become producers. Indians, like any other
people, are willing to remain idle so long as the necessaries of life are provided for
them, aud will only work as they are made to see the necessity for so doing. The
great majority of the Indians at this agency have teams, a wagon, plow, harrow, a few
cattle aud hogs, while some few ha vv reapers and mowers.
The greatest obstacle in the way of allowing the greater number of them to become
citizens and to homestead their lauds under certain special laws to prevent the land
from being incumbered, sold, or leased, is the constant watchfulness required to prevent
them from obtaining whisky from a disreputable class of whites, who hover around the
borders of the agen cy or in the small towns, ever ready to furnish Indians liquor, and to
take advantages of the Indians as soon as they have become intoxicated, and the taste
and desire for whisky seems to be the constant companion of the average Indian. I
have succeeded in having from forty to fifty of this class of offenders arrested during
the past year, nearly every one of whom has been convicted, but the fines imposed
are not sufficient to give them a proper respect for law and order. Could our courts
be induced to make the sentence imprisonment instead of a small fine, I am confident
there would be fewer transgressors. Could this evil be overcome by some more stren-
uous laws more rigidly enforced, I can see no reason why the majority of these Indians
could not be settled upon their lands with conditional titles not alienable and all
government support withdrawn.
Although the area of laud sown to grain the present season by the Indians is greater
than last year, the yield will not be much greater, as the season has been less favora-
ble, frequent showers of rain having promoted the growth of wild oats and weeds to
the injury of the grain. The foul condition of the ground is a great hinderance to the
production of heavy crops, and this can only be remedied by summer fallowing the
ground, and most of the Indians have too small tracts to permit of this being done.
Besides, it is very difficult to induce them to work their ground during the summer
months. They desire to go off the agency and work for whites as soon as their crops
are sown. A statistical report is herewith forwarded for a more extended report of
the farming operations.
The agency saw and grist mill is in good repair, excepting that we require a few
feet of belting and a small quantity of bolting-cloth, which I have estimated for, the
cost of which will be trifling. The agency roads and bridges are equal to if not bet-
ter than the county roads in the vicinity of the agency, and are kept up without aid
from the government, beyond nails and bridge lumber, except when bridges are required,
that the Indians are not competent to erect. I experience great difficulty in obtain-
ing an employ6 competent to run both a saw and grist mill.
The purchase by me during the present year, under instructions from the department,
of two heavy work horses, eleven milch cows, and various farm and mechanical tools
and implements for the use of the school, has placed that institution in possession of
all the appliances necessary to a successful operation, the contractor having the pos-
session of a comfortable and commodious school building, large enough to accommodate
nearly twice the number of pupils that are in attendance, sufficient good farming
land, fenced and cleared, a good team, and all necessary tools and implements to carry
on every branch of the school.
The sanitary condition of the Indians is about the same as for the past few years.
Were it not for the scrofulous condition of their blood, they would be increasing in
numbers, in their present manner of living, as they travel less and are less dissipated
than in former years.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
P. B. SINNOTT,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
KLAMATH AGENCY,
Lake County, Oregon, August 1, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to herewith submit my third annual report of affairs at
Klamath Agency, Oregon.
144 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
THE RESERVATION.
Klamatli Indian Reservation is located in Lake County, Oregon. It lies 'south of
latitude 43° and west of longitude 120°. Its lowest lands have an altitude of 4,200 feet.
A large portion of its surface is composed of mountainous ridges crossing it in dif-
ferent directions. These uplands are generally well timbered, principally with a variety
of pines. They abound with " sage brush," " grease wood," and other shrubbery, which,
together with a considerable quantity of bunch grass, make both a good summer's and
winter's range for stock cattle. Upon these uplands the snow seldom falls to any con-
siderable depth. All of the upland and most of the lowland regions are of purely vol-
canic origin, being composed mostly of volcanic ashes.
The surface soil along the margin of the streams and lakes is alluvial, mixed with a
large percentage of vegetable mold. This soil so far as its composition is concerned,
is well adapted to agricultural purposes. The dryuess and frostiness of our summers
have hitherto, however, proved serious obstacles in the way of success in this depart-
ment of labor. Still, the success of our experiments in selected and sheltered localities
during this season affords grounds for believing that the hardiest of grains and vegeta-
bles wrill yet become fully acclimated and be raised in considerable quantities. There
are also several palatable and nourishing roots, which are used by the Indians for food,
and which I have no doubt can be materially improved by continued cultivation.
Such a result would tend very much to habits of industry and the civilization of these
Indians. I regard such an effort as well worth the trial.
One obstacle in the way of success in these efforts is the want of suitable plows.
Those now owned by the Indians are made of iron and are worthless in this volcanic
and stony soil. I have on former occasions estimated for steel plows for the Indians,
but have thus far been unable to secure their purchase.
This whole reservation is well watered by many springs of the purest water, several
of which ape sufficiently large to form rivers at their fountain head. All these streams
are abundantly supplied with the finest species of trout that the country affords. The
lakes are also well stocked with a variety of excellent fish suitable for food for the
Indians. Klamath Marsh, a large shallow lake, has ever been the harvest Held of the
Klamath Indians. This lake is densely covered by a species of the pond lily, which
produces in abundance a small seed known by the name of "wocus." During the
month of August of each year a large portion of this tribe removes to this marsh, and,
by pushing their canoes among the lilies, gather the pods, and from them thrash out
the seeds to the amount of from 5 to 15 bushels per family. These seeds when parched
have the flavor and palatableuess of parched corn and are fully as nutritious. This
wocus, with dried tish, forms a large portion of the food of those who have not the
money with which to purchase flour and groceries. The natural products of this
reservation are generally quite abundant to supply the wants of an uncivilized tribe
of Indians.
Realizing the fact that this reservation can never be made to any considerable degree
an agricultural country, I have been endeavoring to turn the attention of this people,
more fully than ever before, toward cattle raising as a means of support. In further-
ance of this purpose, I have recently asked the Interior Department to furnish funds
with which to purchase, by contract, 300 head of yearling stock cattle. This request
has been granted and a contract for that purpose has already been made. These cattle,
with what they already have on hand, with care, will in a few years contribute largely
towards their support and tend to increase their desire to become civilized.
I have also a plan for the improvement of their present breed of horses, which, with
[the aid of] the Interior Department, I hope to be able to carry out another fiscal year.
I shall ask for funds to purchase, by contract, about 20 young stallions, of good com-
mon blood, of good build, and of good size and action. Such stallions can, I think, be
purchased for about the sum of f 150 per head. My plan would be to require the In-
dians to castrate all of their inferior stallions, and to turn thesH animals thus pur-
chased among their mares, .which I estimate to number from 800 to 1,000, that are
suitable for breeding purposes. These Indian horses have a great degree of hardiness,
great energy, and good style and action. From such a combination I am satisfied
there would result a breed of horses of good size and possessing in a sufficient degive
the endurance and energy of the le^t Indian horses, and at the same time be more
manageable and teachable, and be much better adapted for training purposes, and find
a ready sale at good prices in markets outside the reservation.
The winter range for horses and cattle in the vicinity of Yainax is usually very good.
But little snow falls in that region, and swamp grass and shrubbery are abundant.
These swamp lauds become so thoroughly frozen during winter that the horses and
cattle find no difficulty in crossing them, and thrive upon the grass which, not having
had rain upon it in the fall, is nearly as good for food for cattle as cured hay.
THE INDIANS.
The number of Indians included in our census enumeration is about 1,000. They
are composed of Klamaths, Modocs, and Snakes, with a few Pit Rivers, Molallas, and
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 145
others who were captured in war and since the treaty adopted as members of the Kla-
math Nation. They are industrious and temperate in their habits, energetic and pro-
gressive in their character, friendly to the whites, and loyal to the Government of the
United States. They have all adopted the costume of the whites, and as far as they
are able their modes of living. Considering that it is but 20 years since they came in
contact with civilized people, they have made remarkable progress in the direction of
civilized life. It is now 16 years since they came under treaty regulations. It is nearly
that length of time since they gave up the practice of burning their dead, and disposed
of them by burial. I know of no recent case of burials in connection with which they
tiave destroyed their horses and cattle and other property. They now very nearly
conform to the methods of the whites in their burial services.
THE INDIAN DOCTORS.
The Indian doctors are steadily losing their control over the people. A large part
of them have recently been compelle(KuO cease to practice, and are punished for doing
so without the authority of the agent and of the chiefs. Several of these doctors have
already been punished by one month's labor each at the agency for frightening the
people by threatening to poison them.
Had we a hospital where the more difficult cases of the sick and wounded could be
treated, it would require but a few years to break the control and destroy the practice
of the Indian doctors. This would hasten quite rapidly the advancement of the people
by destroying their superstitions beliefs and practices. They have already given up
their savage war dances and feasts.
THE BOARDING SCHOOL
has had during its last its most prosperous year. The progress of 50 or more pupils
has been very satisfactory, both as to mental training and discipline. I regard this
school as the most important and the most promising factor among the forces and ap-
pliances at work for the mental, moral, and social elevation of this people.
THE INDIAN POLICE FORCE
has recently been increased to ten members, with the head chief of the Klamath Nation
as captain and the second chief as lieutenant. They are active, vigilant, and take
great interest in the moral elevation of their people. They excel in discipline and
drill, and feel the responsibility of their positions. The good order and good feeling
among the Indians of this reservation are due in a great measure to the efficiency of the
police.
INDIAN APPRENTICES.
We now have three Indian apprentices in the saw-mill, three in the carpenter shop,
and two in the blacksmith shop. They are making good progress in their respective
trades, and in time will no doubt become fair workmen.
EMPLOYES.
The employe's on this reservation are more than ordinarily intelligent, active, and
willing to devote their time and best energies to assist in aiding the Indians to learn
civilized pursuits, and to rise iu the grade of civilization.
IMP RO VEM E NTS .
The police building begun last year has been nearly completed, and will soon be
ready for occupancy. A new office building has been erected during the year, and is
well adapted for its designed use. The saw-mill has been materially improved, and
provided with additional machinery. It is now in excellent condition, and capable of
doing efficient work. One and a half miles of board fence have been constructed, and
the dwellings of agent and employe's have been repaired and are now quite comforta-
ble and homelike. A large hay-shed and a commodious wood-shed have been con-
structed, and a new roof has been placed on the agency stables.
INDIAN IMPLEMENTS.
The Indians now possess about 80 wagons, 7 mowing machines, 5 sulky hay rakes,
and a fair supply of the smaller agricultural implements. They make excellent use of
them iu their different fields of labor.
INDIAN LABOR.
These Indians are always anxious to work, and are excellent laborers. They find
considerable work outside of the reservation making rails, hauling lumber, making
hay, working on farms, cutting logs for saw-mills, and cutting cord- wood, contributing
in this way largely to the support of their families.
10 TND
146 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
THE WHITES
in the vicinity of the reservation are generally kindly disposed toward these Indians,
giving them employment in preference to other laborers, and treating them honorably
and justly.
RELIGIOUS SERVICES
are held at the agency twice each Sabbath, consisting of Sabbath-school, followed by
preaching in the forenoon, and prayer-meeting and praise service in the afternoon.
The morning service is largely attended by the Indians, many of whom evince a good
degree of interest in the Christian religion. Quite a goodly number are earnest church
members, and by their lives and conduct portray the results of Christian thought and
feeling. It will require time and good teaching both by precept and example to per-
suade them to give up their old superstitious and unreservedly adopt the ideas of a
Christian civilization in full ; . but the advancement they have made during the years
they have been in contact with the whites augurs well for their future.
FUTURE OF THESE INDIAN'S.
The chiefs and most of the leading men are beginning to learn to respect the rights
of women and to regard as sacred the marriage relation. Even the syphilis, that bane
of social life, which they contracted to an alarming degree by their early contact with
the military and with frontier life, and by which even those innocent of crime were
poisoned, is slowly but surely disappearing under an improved social order and skill-
ful medical treatment. I know that there are men who will say " Turn them out ; let
them struggle for existence. If they cannot survive the struggle with the whites let
them go under." I regard this as a most shameful and brutal sentiment. A white child
born into the world has the inspiration and impulses of a thousand years of civiliza-
tion and mental and moral culture to aid him to rise. On the other hand, an Indian
child has the resistance and weight of a thousand years of savage life and of supersti-
tious beliefs to overcome and to drag him downward.
Yours, respectfully,
LINUS M. NICKERSON,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SILETZ INDIAN AGENCY,
Toledo, Benton County, Oregon, August 18, 1881.
SIR: Agreeably to instructions contained in your circular under date July 1, 1881, I
have the honor to transmit herewith my third annual report, with statistics accom-
panying.
NAME AND LOCATION OF RESERVE.
The Siletz Indian Reservation is located within the counties of Benton and Tilla-
mook, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, extending 24 miles from north to south and
about 16 miles from east to west, containing 246,000 acres, of which 23,000 only are
suitable for agricultural purposes. The tillable lands are mostly found along and ad-
jacent to the Siletz River. The Indians to whom this reserve belongs number about
1,000, and are composed of the remnants of 18 tribes.
AGENCY AND OTHER BUILDINGS.
The buildings consist of a flouring-mill, saw-mill, wagon-shop, smith-shop, har-
ness and shoe shop, several dwelling-houses for the use of the agent and employe's, to
gether with barns, outhouses, &c., a store and granary, and a large and commodious
boarding-school house for Indian children. There are scattered over the reservation
some more than 200 houses, with barns, granaries, &o., owned and occupied by Indian
families, several of which have been built for new-comers the present year.
AGRICULTURE.
The recent inducements held out to Indiacs who were scattered in the various coun-
ties adjacent, as well as those living on the reservation, to take up 160 acres of land for
themselves as a home have proven eminently successful. Many of the roving and wayward
from far and near have availed themselves of the benefits thus offered in returning, lo-
cating lauds, building bouses, and putting in grain, vegetables, &c., so far as their
means would allow. Their numbers can be largely increased if teams, farming imple-
ments, and peed grains be furnished them, as also eatables, until a return for their labor
is realized. Number of acres under fence, 2,033; under cultivation, 1,186; acres new
land broken, 86; rods of new fence made, 1,818. The amount of grain and vegetables
raised and now unharvested, by careful estimate, is as follows : Wheat, 3,150 bushels
REPORTS OF A(J FATS IN OREGON. 147
oats, 13,380; potatoes, 16,000; turnips, 800; parsnips, 700; tons of hay, 515. The in-
crease over the past year is one of great encouragement and speaks well for the future
of the red man.
TRANSPORTATION.
The transportation of supplies for this agency within the year has reached about 170
tons. The same has been done entirely by Indian teams, at distances ranging from 8
to 60 miles, and at a cost far less than heretofore paid white men. I may add that
while our roads are over mountains, and at certain seasons of the year next to impas-
sable from long-continued rains — fording streams — dangerous to life and property — yet
not a dollar of damage was done to wares and merchandise in their transporting, much
of which was of a kind difficult to move without injury.
INDIAN POLICE.
This reserve was granted a force of twelve men, consisting of a captain, two ser-
geants, and nine privates, with a white employe as chief. The force have been active
and efficient in their discharge of duty. I am pleased to say that the calls made upon
the men have been few, and those for minor offenses with one exception, an evidence
of the good intention of our Indians and their respect for law and order.
SANITARY.
Whole number of Indians receiving treatment during the year, exclusive of office
practice, 304, being an increase over the past year. This addition was in great part
owing to Indians going outside and, as is usually the case, associating with the lower
order of whites, returning with diseases of the venereal kind in an advanced state,
thereby rendering them incurable. Births within the year, 41 ; deaths, 25. Our resi-
dent physician, Dr. Boswell, tendered his resignation, to take effect at the end of the
fiscal year. He had attained an age (three score years and ten) when a release would
seem desirable. I accepted his resignation, and was exceedingly fortunate in securing
the services of Dr. S. A. Brown, of Portland, who comes with the best of testimonials
and whose practice is giving general satisfaction.
UNITED STATES CENSUS OF INDIANS.
In conformity with an order from your office to take the census of Indians on this
reservation, and such others as belonged here, but had one by one strayed away, going
southward on the ocean shore, dropping into towns along as far down as the California
line, on or about the 1st of January last ex-Indian Agent Bagley was selected to pro-
ceed down the coast, obtaining the names of such as could be traced. The season of
the year was an unfortunate one. For weeks almost continually the rains fell so as
to quite deluge the country through which he had to pass, rendering the roads and
mountain passes dangerous in the extreme, in many localities being obliged to travel
by canoe, camping out in such places as he chanced to reach by nightfall, an expedi-
tion dangerous to life as well as to health and limb. The task was as well and faith-
fully performed as possibly could be at that season of the year. The work on the re-
serve was well done by one of the employe's, with some little outside assistance. Num-
ber taken on and off the reservation, 998. There are some untaken scattered along the
line of railroad running south, as well as on the creeks and rivers adjacent thereto. It-
would be difficult to obtain these with any degree of accuracy, as they move from one
point to another as necessity may require. Could the names of these have been ob-
tained their number would have somewhat increased the figures given.
REMOVAL OF ALSEA INDIANS.
In August, 1879, I was directed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to go dov\n to
Alsea River and Bay and try to induce the Indians there, some 67 in number, to return
to this reserve, to which some years previous they had been brought, but from which
they had one by one strayed back. Several interviews were had and much of corre-
spondence passed between their leaders and the agent up to April last, at which time
the proffers made and the inducements held out caused them to leave the home of tlu-lr
fathers and again try a life of civilization. At their coming tLey were quartered on
lands from which many of them are to select their future homes. They at once began
the erection of temporary houses until more permacent ones could be built. An en-
couraging feature at their arrival was a desire to at once begin the tilling of the soil
I trust such aid will be rendered them in the providing of teams, wagons, farming im-.
plements, &c., as will enable them to continue the getting out of rails, building of
fences, plowing the lands, and such other help as will induce them to go forward m
their new vocation.
EMPLOYES.
It was deemed advisable to dispense with the services of two of our white employes,
carpenter and ini]ler, the present year; leaving us a physician, superintendent of in-
struction, his assistant, agents, clerk, general mechanic, farmer, matron of the
148 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
board ing-school house, seamstress, and cook. Of Indians there are a carpenter, inter-
preter, engineer, assistant farmer, blacksmith, shoe and harness maker, teamster, and
laundress. There are a goodly number of Indians who assist in the various branches
above mentioned when their services are required. I may say the Indians fill these
places with credit to themselves and in a manner most satisfactory to those in whose
charge they are.
FLOURING AND SAW MILLS.
The flouring-mill has done work for such as had grain, both in flouring and in feed,
at times through the year. An increased quantity will be manufactured the year to
come. The amount of lumber sawed during the season is '203,000 feet. Much more
was needed in the building of new houses, as also in the repairs to old ones, but lack of
funds prevented. The saw-mill can cut from 1,000 to l,500feet per hour when in good
running order. Repairs are needed to fit up and place these mills in proper condition
for fall use, to the end that such benefit as designed may accrue to our Indians. The
mills are manned by Indian help, with the exception of a foreman. I am informed
that these mills have been in use many years, with but a very trifling outlay.
INDIAN INDUSTRY.
The Indians on this reservation, as a whole, are willing to labor when they can see
a fair return. It is true tl ey are easily discouraged and disheartened if they meet
with misfortune in the loss of friends or property, or if they lack wherewith to carry
out their desires ; but, it must be remembered, a few years only have passed since they
emerged from a life of complete barbarism, hunting, fishing, &c., being the highest
point to which they had attained. It has been my aim from the first to give them all
needed assistance, so as to induce them to forsake their old ways and adopt a life of
activity in the way of mechanical and agricultural pursuits. In this. I am pleased to
say, my efforts have been seconded to a very satisfactory degree by the department,
and, I may add, with encouraging results from those for whose benefit these endeav-
ors have been put forth.
EDUCATION.
The day-school has been continued through the year, with a principal and an assist-
ant ; largest average attendance during any one month, 56J ; average attendance dut-
ing the year, 52 ; some considerable progress has been made, and a growing relish for
study is evinced by the children.
The boarding-school building for the reception of Indian youth was opened on the
25th of October last, receiving on that day to the number of 5, which has increased to
some over 50. These favored inmates present a complete transformation from their
wretched condition when received, many of them wild, filthy, illy clad, and indolent,
going from their homes and returning at will. Now they exhibit marked advancement
in deportment, industry, and taste. A systematic allotment of the girls to kitchen;laun-
dry, and sewing-room, alternating weekly, is bringing them to a practical acquaintance
with those branches. The boys perform service in cutting and carrying in wood, and
in various ways, such as attending to their sleeping-rooms, sitting-apartments, &c.,
by this learning to be more careful of soiling and deranging them. Economy and
care of their clothing is taught as a specialty, a thing with them so much needed. The
gift of magazines and papers to such of the children as can read has had a happy effect.
A sense of personal ownership has increased their interest. One who is promising and
bright, after looking them through, hands them over to his elder brothers, young men
who are also learning to read. Now and ihen the matron indulges in a spelling match
or a run of questions on their school studies. The home blackboard is in daily use for
writing and drawing, for which the boys show considerable talent. Their personal
appearance and manners at table would be no discredit to an equal number of, child-
ren of fairer faces, and their behavior at church is such as seldom, if ever, calls for re-
proof.
CHRISTIAN WORK.
There has been preaching during the year on each Sabbath morning, and religious
service in the evening, led in most cases by Indians. Our services are held in the
school-house, sometimes taking the form of prayer and praise meetings — a class-meet-
ing on Tuesday evening and a prayer-meeting on Thursday evening of each week.
These services have been generally of an interesting character, with several additions.
many of whom were of the children in the boarding-school, giving abundant evidence
of a change of heart and a desire to lead, by word and example, thobe of their parents
and friends to embrace the gospel ; in this success has crowned their efforts The com-
ing year promises even greater encouragement than the past, as of late some of the
aged have abandoned their old manner of worship and found favor in Christ ; or hers
are seriously inclined. I must not omit stating that a few months since a bell-tower
was added to our school-house, and the bell placed in position that was so wi Singly
forwarded on call. Now our gathering together on Sunday mornings is rendered far
BEPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 149
more uniform than heretofore, besi les aiding those of the children who attend day-
school and live at long distances from the agency in being prompt at the opening.
The Sunday school is well attended, and is to some extent increasing in interest. The
adults who attend church remain and listen attentively as the story of the cross is told
them by the superintendent or some officer of the school who can speak their language.
The children sing in English, in which they are joined by many of the adults.
CHRISTMAS.
I must not close without the mertion of a Christmas dinner prepared at our boarding-
house by the matron and her assistants, for any and all Indians, irrespective of age, sex,
and condition, who would avail themselves of a feast of good things. The dinner was
a new revelation to them of social life, and did much to win them to the new home of
their children. For more than four hours they came, eat, and went, to the number of
between four and rive hundred. The India^ girls neatly clad, having on white aprons,
played the part of waitresses with as much dignity and grace as could have been found
in any Eastern town by the pale-faced misses. Many a countenance that came with
saddened look went away with smiles and hearts of gratitude. In short, the day was
one long to be remembered by many who were fortunate enough to be present and
share in the day's bounties. Such occasions are rendered valuable and interesting in
more wa\ s than one, tending to cement the bonds of friendship already existing between
the whites here and our red-faced brethren, trusting ere long to win over to a higher
state of civilization and Christian experience than is now enjoyed those of the aged
who still cling to the ways of their fathers, and who to some extent hold to supersti-
tions of years ago.
CONCLUSION.
In conclusion permit me to say that it has been the custom on this reservation for
some years, as I am credibly informed, to issue a limited amount of subsistence as well
as farming implements to worthy and destitute Indians who are laboring on their
lands, increasing the acreage from year to year, and thus establish for themselves a
permanent abiding place, with the hope that ere long they can obtain a support with-
out the aid of government — a thing most commendable, and which has and ever shall
receive at my hands all the encouragement possible. While the giving out of farming
utensils is continued, an order of recent date cuts off their supply of food, causing them
to break up their homes a portion of the season and seek labor in a distant valley to
earn and purchase these necessaries, and at a time of year when they could most success-
fully do important service on their own lands. This, in my judgment, results injuri-
ously, in that the work needed at their homes is bestowed elsewhere, and while away
they come in contact and mingle with the lower order of whites, from whom they con-
tract habits and customs that tend to demoralize, rendering them less valuable as citi-
zens and neighbors, adding to their natural unrest and lack of love of a permanent
home, a thing so much to be deplored. It seems tome a few supplies judiciously dealt
out would remedy this great evil and tend to keep the Indians more steadily on the
reservation, looking after interests far more important to the welfare of all concerned.
I may be allowed to add that the stock cattle so recently purchased and issued to
the poor on the reserve, so far as they went, have been already of great benefit to a large
number in the beginning of stock-raising. To some it seemed like the commencement
of a new era in their history. Many a heart was made glad as they started off with
their cow and calf toward their scanty homes.
I have the honor to report the refunding to the United States Treasury, at the end
of the present fiscal year, an unexpended balance of $939.38.
Very respectfully,
E. A. SWAN,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
UMATILLA AGENCY, OREGON.
August 31, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit my first annual report, for the current year, accom-
panied by statistics.
In compliance with instructions from the department of July 20, 1380, I assumed
charge of this agency on the 1st, of August, 1880, relieving N. A. Cornoyer as farmer
in charge, and receipted to him for all public property found at the agency and per-
taining thereto.
This reservation covers an area of 326,550 acres, about one-fourth of which is moun-
tainous and covered with timber. The balance is prairie and rolling hills, well
watered and adapted for agricultural and grazing purposes.
150 REPORTS OF AGENTS IX OREGON.
In compliance with orders from the department I took an accurate census of those In-
dians who belong here, and with the following result, viz : Walla-Wallas, 245 ; Cayuses,
348 ; and Umatillas, 158 ; total, 751 ; males, 330 ; females, 421. A good many Indians,
however, who properly belong here are roaming at large along the Columbia River, and
who are averse to reside here, or indeed on any reservation, notwithstanding repeated
efforts to that end. They seem to live peaceably and no complaints of any disturbances
with the whites have been made. They subsist principally on hunting and fishing,
and possess considerable property in the shape of horees and ponies.
Nearly if not quite all of the Indians on this reservation are self-supporting, and
this last year particularly they have developed a marked and gratifying improve-
ment in the cultivation of their farms and general industry, having now fenced in
and under cultivation over 4,000 acres of land, more than double the amount ever
they had before. They have raised this season, as near as can be estimated, 10,000
bushels of wheat, 2,000 bushels of corn, 1,000 bushels of oats, 5,000 bushels of barley, 5,000
bushels of potatoes, 1.600 bushels of other vegetables, 10,000 melons, 2,000 pumpkins,
and cut and cured 900 tons of hay, a good and satisfactory result. This is owing to
the fact that they are more and more impressed with the necessity of making their
own living, and from my repeated representations that they must no longer depend
upon the government, which has done so much for them, not only according to the
treaty of 1855, but for the past two years, when they have been supplied gratuitously
with wagons, harness, agricultural implements, and other supplies from the disin-
terested benevolence of the government. There is also a marked increase in the
number who now wear citizens' dress, and, except when they go hunting or fishing,
nearly all men, women, and children are clothed in the habiliments of civilization.
These Indians own about 10,000 horses and ponies, 400 cattle, 100 swine, and 3,000
sheep, besides poultry, &c.
The crops being nearly all in, a good many have gone into the mountains on their
usual hunting tour, but not near so many as at other past seasons.
There have been 28 deaths and 25 births during the year, the deaths principally oc-
curring among the children and some few chronic cases among adults, such as scrofula,
consumption, old age, &c.
O-la-le, a Cayuse Indian, was shot and killed by another Indian (a Nez Perce") on
this reservation in a drunken row on the 12th of October, 1880. The Indians in coun-
cil tried the murderer and he was found guilty and sentenced to be hung, but as in
my opinion the man did not have an impartial trial, he having no friends or any one to
speak for him, and both parties being drunk when the occurrence took place, tlie chiefs
agreed to refer the matter to General Howard, then commanding the Department of
the Columbia, who at once ordered him to be sent to Vancouver for safe keeping until
he could have him sent to the Indian Territory to his people, which was accordingly
done. This Nez Perce, it seems, was one of White Bird's band, and, one of those engaged in
hostilities against the whites in 1877. 1 caused the arrest and punishment of the Indian
who furnished the liquor on this occasion, and propose hereafter to have all Indians as
well as whites arrested and punished who either give or sell liquor to any Indian either
on or off this reservation, if I can catch them or find sufficient proof of the facts.
An Indian police force, consisting of one captain and ten privates, was organized
and placed on duty here January 1, 1881, under authority of the Commissioner of In-
dian Affairs, and the results obtained from this force are most beneficial to the Indians
and all concerned. They are trustworthy, vigilant, and attentive to duty, and im-
plicitly obey all orders, closely watch and report all movements of a suspicious char-
acter on the reserve or in any way not in accordance with usual customs or law. They
liave caused the arrest and punishment of 20 whites and about 12 Indians during the
year for selling liquor to Indians and for other offenses of a less character, and con-
victions were had in nearly all the cases before the United States district court in Port-
land, Oreg. The police are a credit to any community and keep perfect order on the
reservation. The pay , however, is altogether inadequate, and I recommend an increase
if it possibly can be done, as they are well worthy of every encouragement.
I found upon taking charge that a number of whites were cutting cord-wood and
rails upon the reservation for their own use. I notified them that it was a criminal
offense and an encroachment on the rights of the Indians, and that I would institute
legal proceedings against all such parties so engaged in the future. Nothing of the
kind has occurred since, owing no doubt to the vigilance of the police.
Under the instructions as laid down in the revised rules and regulations for the gov-
ernment of Indian agents, I have received rent for grazing purposes from citizens to
M.e amount of $36850 (miscellaneous receipts, class No. 2), which sum I still have in
my possession. Nearly all of the citizen stock have been moved oft the reserve, but
no doubt next spring many will want the privilege, which will be duly reported to the
department in the usual manner.
As I have previously reported under dates of September 2, 1880, March 4, and 28, and
May 12, 1881, several trespasses and encroachments by whites have occurred and still
exist on this reservation, not only on that poition covered by the " Goodwin patent,"
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 151
(so called), but also in other portions, near the town of Pendleton, without even tbe
pretext of a right except that the boundary line is disputed by some. A plat and
a list of the names, nature of improvements, &c., were forwarded to the department
May 12, 1881. Since that a saloon was started within the limits and run by a disrep-
utable woman and other parties, whose arrest and punishment I have caused a short
time ago, and the place broken up at once. There is also a livery stable building now
within the limits of the reservation in addition to those other buildings already re-
ported.
That oortion of the boundary line running parallel with Pendletou from the center
of tbe Uniatilla River opposite the mouth of Wild Horse Creek to a point at McKay's
land claim has, so far as I can learn, been always disputed by the surrounding whites
and Indians, the former claiming that Moody's official survey included in the reserva-
tion too much of the land in question, whiife the latter claim that the proper line in-
cludes nearly all the town site.
In my letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of January '24, 1881, 1 reported
that all traces of the official survey are obliterated with the exception of a few of the
rock mounds and tree marks of the exterior boundary. The Indians also claim that
the survey does not extend to the source of Wild Horse Creek, as it should according
to the provisions of the treaty, but that it runs up a small branch of the creek below
the source, thereby cutting off a portion of the reservation through the Blue Mount-
ain. These questions being so disputed, the whites have of course taken advantage and
have encroached, and no doubt will encroach more and more, and I therefore reiterate
my previous recommendations on this subject, that this reservation be resurveyed as
soon as practicable, and the exact boundaries defined beyond the possibility of any
misconstruction ; as until this is done there will be endless disputes and encroachments,
and will perhaps eventually lead to serious trouble, as the whites look upon this place
with a longing eye, being about the finest land in Oregon, and the sooner the matter
is settled definitely the better for all parties.
The citizens of Pendleton petitioned some time ago for the sale of a certain portion
of the reserve adjoining the town (consisting of about 364£ acres), for the extension
of the town for building purposes, and at a council of the Indians held at this agency
January 31, 1881, when Inspector W. J. Pollock was present, the Indians agreed to
sell it to the citizens, but as they could not agree on a price, they decided to leave the
price to b ; paid to the decision of the Great Father at Washington (President), which
facts were duly reported to the office February 12, 1881.
Under instructions of March 8, 18S1, from the department, agreement and supple-
mental agreement between the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company and the
Indians belonging here was ratified at a council held June 8, 1881, for the "right of
way" to build a railroad across this reservation, having previously obtained the
authority of the President of the United States, in accordance with the provisions of
the treaty made and provided by law. The agreement, map*, &c., I forwarded to the
department July 14, 1881, for the approval of the proper authorities. The company
have not yet commenced operations, but, their workmen are about three miles from
Pendleton, engaged in tunneling; and beyond building a depot in Pendleton (when
agreements, &c., are approved), 1 do not suppose work will be commenced here be-
fore next spring. The best of feelings prevailed between the Indians and the rep-
resentatives of the company, and everything was satisfactory arranged.
The day-school, under instructions from the department, is closed and teacher
discharged June 30, 1881. Authority for the erection of a manual-labor boarding-
school was asked for and plans and specifications forwarded July 14, 1881. Acknowl-
edging receipt of the above, under date of August 8, the Commissioner directs certain
modifications, and in accordance therewith revised plan was forwarded August 26,
together with estimate of extra labor, materials, &c., required. The necessity of a
school of this class has been time and again represented, and, in fact, the only hope
for the Indian race is in the rising generation, and to properly instill into the children
the proper views of life, and to enable them to become self-supporting and civilized
they must be removed from their people for a time, and by a judicious and kind sys-
tem, under proper and zealous teachers, they will most undoubtedly learn the uses and
advantages of civilization, and impart this knowledge to their people and help to ele-
vate them, so that when the time arrives to take their lands in severalty they will be
able, it is hoped, to assume the responsibilities of American citizens. This most desir-
able result can only be obtained by a boarding-school, where the children will con-
stantly see and learn a sound education, as well as labor suitable to their various
capacities; and although the restraint which will naturally be felt at first may seem
to them harsh, yet they will soon learn, as other Indian children have done, to
love their labors aod their teachers also, and in time may be able to appreciate the
noble policy of the government with regard to their race. The saw-mill having been
(through the prompt action of the office in approving my estimates) completed in
May last, I have now suffioinnt lumber sawed ( 75 ,000 feet) to build the school, so soon
as I obtain the requisite authority. All of my employe's, as well as myself, have been
152 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
engaged for the past six weeks at the saw -mill. The shingle-mill will soon be in oper-
ation, when a sufficiency of shingles for immediate purposes will be furnished. I feel
confident that, should my estimates be approved, I will be enabled to have the build-
ing erected this fall.
The agency buildings (with the exception of the one occupied by myself) are in a
dilapidated condition so as to be uninhabitable. Those should be repaired or replaced
as soon as possible. The grist-mill also needs immediate attention, particularly the
dam and mill-race, which I will have repaired, with the permission of the department,
as soon as, with the small number of employes at my command, I possibly can.
I shall employ the Indians in hauling all supplies from the Umatilla landing, as they
have willingly agreed to, as per my report of July 9, 1881, and also in hauling lumber
as much as possible from the saw-mill to the propostd site of the school.
Two suicides occurred at this agency on the 20th and 21st of July, 1881 (something
that has not occurred here for a number of years). One was a young lad about fifteen
years of age, who shot himself twice with a revolver. No cause can be assigned for
the act in this case. The other a young girl about eleven years old, who was found
hanging by the neck, dead. The cause of this is supposed to be excessive grief at the
death of her little brother, who died at the Yakama Reservation some short time previ-
ous, and to whom she was passionately attached.
The agency employe's have been very busily employed all the season, not only in
building up the saw-mill, but also assisting the Indians in their farming operations,
using the reaper and mower machines, and will at once commence thrashing grain
with the thrashing-machine so soon as we get through at the saw-mill. The agency
farm will not yield much this season, as I paid more attention to the Indian farms than
almost anything else, and with good results, as I have already stated, and next season,
should nothing occur to prevent it, the results will be still more satisfactory.
Notwithstanding all the vigilance of our police, the United States marshal, myself,
and others, whisky is occasionally introduced amongst the Indians. However, the ter-
rible nuisance is abating, and the prompt arrest and punishment of those whom we
have caught has taught the parties engaged or who would engage in the execrable
traffic to be careful, as the better class ot the citizens are as anxious as any officer of
the government to stop the business, and there is a decided abatement in cases of this
kind compared with other years.
I have now four Indian apprentices at work. They do as well as can be expected,
and I have no doubt in time they will like their work, as already two of them are very
useful, and the others are trying to be, and will, I have no doubt, succeed.
The arms and accouterments for the police force were purchased and received from
Vancouver Arsenal, and distributed, to their great satisfaction, July 1, 1881.
The general health and sanitary condition of this reservation is good.
In conclusion, I would express my thanks to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for
rot only prompt responses to all rny estimates for what was deemed necessary, but
also for many official courtesies and valuable instructions in the performance of my
official duties.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. H. FAY,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
WARM SPRINGS AGENCY, OREGON,
August 17, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit the following as my annual report for the year end-
ing July 31, 1881, together with the statistics accompanying the same :
INDIAN POPULATION.
Owing to various hindering causes, the complete census, as called for by the Census
Bureau, has not been advanced far enough for me to use in preparing this report ; hence
I shall have to base all my figures on those given last year, noting the changes from
the same during the year as shown by the records in my office. During the year there
have been 20 births reported, 13 males and 7 females. Deaths reported, 6 males and
7 females, making 13. This gives 7 increase, all males. These have been credited as
follows : To the Wascoes 5, making a total of 223 ; the Warm Springs 1, making 216 ;
the Teninoes 1, making 77 ; the John Days are 18, and the Pi-Utes 27, both as last year.
Total Indian population, including 4 mixed bloods, 306 males and 259 females, or to-
gether 565 souls. The Warm Springs, though numbering nearly as many as the Was-
coes, barely hold their own, or make a slight gain, from the fact that they are less civi-
lized, and less inclined to avail themselves of iny physician's services, seeming to pre-
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON. 153
fer their own doctors, and hence losing numbers that might otherwise be saved. Dis-
eases brought by white men can be successfully treated only by white men.
THE DAY-SCHOOL.
This we style the boarding and day school, from the fact that a noonday meal is given
to all the Indian scholars. The boarding department has been under the supervision
of an Indian woman, employed as matron. There have been two teachers employed
to instruct the children, one principal teacher and an assistant, who also instructed tho
girls in plain sewing, cutting and fitting garments, &c. Late last fall an industrial
teacher was engaged, with the expectation that a school would be started for the
Warm Springs Indians at a point 15 miles northwest from this agency, but the un-
usually early and severe winter storms prevented the erecting of buildings ; hence the
industrial teacher carried on the day-sch<fol here, while the regular teacher was em-
ployed in other labors, and during the most inclement weather he took down a large
part of the Warm Springs language in connection with the regular census. The num-
ber of children of school age is given at 126. Whole number attending school one
month or more, males 53, females 32, total 75. School was taught in each month from
October 1 to June 30, making nine months in which school was taught, but not nine
full months of school, as more than a month of vacation was given at intervals of about
three months apart, of from two to three weeks each time. The average attendance
was 36|. Largest average in anyone month, 45f , from 75 scholars in attendance. Num-
ber of Indians who can read, adults 15, youths 30, total 45.
NUMBER OF INDIAN APPRENTICES.
Of these there have been six— two assistant millers, two assistant sawyers, one
assistant blacksmith, and one assistant carpenter. They have made commendable prog-
ress, more particularly one young man taken up as assistant sawyer the middle of
last December. He can now run our circular-saw mill (water-power) alone, and keep
it in fair order, repairing any of the ordinary breaks, as in belting, &c. Also the
assistant blacksmith has made excellent progress, and can now do all kinds of ordinary
blacksmithiug.
NUMBER WEARING CITIZENS' DRESS.
I doubt whether a single Indian can be found upon this reservation that is not at
least partly clothed in citizens' dress. By far the greater part wear such dress alto-
gether. Excepting in winier time it is seldom an Indian can be seen with a blanket
on. It often puzzles us when we see a wagon and team approaching to know whether
an Indian is the driver or a white person passing through from one white settlement
to another. This matter of dress is not confined to the head families and more wealthy
class, but is practiced by all, high or low, rich or poor, and is invariably an unfailing
sign as to who are civilized and who are not.
NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED.
It surely must speak well for these Indians that not one person has been killed by
either their own people or soldiers or citizens. Where will you find a community of
near 600 souls with less of violence and crime ? Neither have any whites or other per- "
sons been killed by them. The Indian council, composed of the headmen, and pre-
sided over by myself, or the acting agent in my absence, met as occasion required, and
tried all cases brought before it. These mostly consisted of c.ises of bigamy or of par-
ties seeking divorce, and also disputes as to the ownership of horses. In some in-
stances divorces were granted, but as often the parties were reconciled. Those com-
mitting criminal acts were imprisoned for a time and fined a horse or two, and in some
cases five horses, according to the enormity of the offense.
SELLING LIQUOR TO INDIANS.
This is a serious matter and needs stronger'safeguardsorelse more thorough enforce-
ment of the laws. Most of these Indians will not touch liquor, but some will drink every
time they go where it is. The parties furnishing it invariably make them promise to
not reveal the fact, and hence it is difficult to discover the offender. A few weeks ago,
one Indian made complaint against another, for beating him severely over the head.
The parties were both summoned before the council when it was found that both were
drunk at the time, had procured three bottles of whisky at the Dalles, and going out into
the hills near town, had both got beastly drank, and the stronger and least intoxicated
had committed the assault. The latter was fined a good horse for his crime, the former,
an ordinary horse for being drunk, but was told the fine would be remitted provided
he would inform on the parties furnishing him the liquor. After considerable hesita-
tion, he did so, and agreed to point out the person. The United States district attorney
was immediately notified, and the matter by him turned over to the United States.
marshal, and by him I was notified to have the Indian witness in the Dalles by a cer-
tain time. My captain of police, who is also head chief, was sent, with the two wit-
154 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN OREGON.
nesses, to the Dalles, met with the marshal, fonad and arrested the man, and he and
the two witnesses were taken to Portland. The white man plead guilty, was fined
$10, and liberated after one night's imprisonment. The two witnesses were each paid
1 22 50 as milage, &c. — much more than the fine was. Upon being informed of the re-
sult, I made complaint that the puuishmaun was not sufficient ; that at that rate a man
could plead guilty every few months and then make money. The answer came back,
that for the first offense, where the party plead guilty, ouly a nominal fine was im-
posed. This might do in some cases where it was found that the offending party had,
through ignorance or some peculiar circumstances, violated the law, but was not in
the habit of doing so willfully, as, is my belief, was the case with the white man above
referred to. Until such fligraut violations of the laws can be more severely punished,
an agent need hardly waste time and money in hunting up offenders and having them
punished. I have more hopes in the furnishing to each Indian agent of a set of Sewell's
plates of the human stomach, and showing the Indians the terrible effects of intoxicat-
ing liquors upon the human system. A somewhat noted temperance lecturer, Hon.
Levi Lealand, exhibited these plates to a number of Indians at this agency, and it
seemed to strike them with a kind of superstitious dread. They realized for the first
time what the internal effects of such liquors were.
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL AND PRODUCTS.
During the past year I estimated that at least 500 acres of ground have been broken,
and 2,500 acres cultivated. Several large tracts of land have been fenced that are as
yet only in small part cultivated. The principal crop is wheat, of which I estimate
11,000 bushels, as against 10,000 last year. The increased acreage and verv favorable
season will make at least 1,000 bushels difference. The next principal crop is potatoes,
of which I estimate 2,800 bushels. I always endeavor to put the estimates too low in-
stead of too high, though the latter makes a better showing on paper. It is much bet-
ter to have persons who chance to see these Indians and these farms and products
agreeably surprised by not bein g told " the half," than to be disappointed by having
seen or heard exaggerated reports. Scarcely an Indian family upon this reservation
can be found that does not have a patch of ground in cultivation. Hundreds of acres
are now cultivated by the Warm Springs that were untouched three years ago. These
Indians will soon rival the Wascoes.
NUMBER OF STOCK OWNED BY INDIANS.
This is very difficult to arrive at with any degree of correctness. Many of the horses
and cattle, especially the latter, are untamed, and run wild back on the reservation
ranges. The natural increase would seem to be greater than I have given it, but I
have taken into account the fact that quite a number of horses have been sold to white
men for gathering up and driving off cattle to distant markets from white settlements
around us. Upwards of fifty head of beef cattle have been killed and furnished as beef
for issues at this agency. Also, last winter was unusually severe, and more stock was
lost than in many previous winters put together. Horses are the great item in stock,
of which I estimate 4,200. Cattle are next, of which the estimate is 575. But one
Indian has a band of sheep. He had good success wintering them, and this spring sold
his wool at the highest market rates prevailing in the Dalles at the time he made sale.
A large part of this reservation is well adapted to sheep husbandry, and I am constantly
urging the Indians to sell their horses and invest in sheep.
LUMBER SAWED.
Of the 150,000 feet sawed, all but 12,000 feet has been cut by our new saw-mill since
the 1st of last April. Many of the Indians have large lots stacked up for future use
in building houses and fences.
HOUSES OF INDIANS.
Nearly all the houses are frame buildings, of which there are now 85, and 7 log
houses. Five only were erected during the year, owing to the small amount of lumber
sawed last year. Another year will see a considerable increase in buildings. Of those
erected by government, one is a small dwelling-bouse at the saw-mill, 15 miles west
or northwest from this agency, and two are now in process of erection at the Sin-e-
mar-sha Valley, 15 miles northwest from agency, where the school for the Warm
Springs is to be started. One building is so far completed that I expect to hold re-
ligious services in it soon.
SUBSISTENCE OF INDIANS.
This I have given at T§, as obtained by labor of Indians for themselves or others in
civilized pursuits, -f(<- DJ hunting, fishing, gathering roots, &c., and -fa by government
issues. The latter has only been made to the Piutes, 25 now in number, who draw
rations, the 6 apprentices, and the boarding department of the school, with perhaps a
few occasional issues to sick or poor Indians. Field and garden products are growing
more and more to be depended upon, while wild game, roots, and berries, especially
REPORT OF AGENT IN UTAH. 155
the two latter, only fill in as necessity or desire may require. Salt and dried salmon
are still put up, but in diminishing quantities, as the supply is being gradually reduced
in the rivers. Thus necessity compels the Indian to resort to civilized methods in order
to sustain life.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS WORK.
This is by far the most important factor in the civilization and elevation of the
Indian. Bible truths and Bible teachings carry with them a power that none can
gainsay nor resist. The " Thus saith the Lord," is more convincing and irresistible to
the Indian mind than all arguments of men. Indians are close observers and good
iudges of human nature, and they too easily discover the inconsistencies of white men
as between their words and ways. The Cachings of the Bible they can see are just
fitted to guide erring human beings. The most civilized among the Indians are those
who are the most consistent Christians. Go into their homes and you will find refine-
ment, and works of art adorning their walls, well-kept houses, and clean surroundings.
Thus, though no missionary has been here during the year, our regular Sabbath serv-
ices have supplied spiritual life to our little church of 51 members, and kept the field
from running to tares and weeds, and a harvest growing for some missionary hands to
gather in. All the success of the past, all the hope of the future, lies in the teachings
of Christian truth and examples of Christian morality. Christian teachings in early
days kept these Indians to always be the friends of the whites, while all around them
were sworn enemies, imbruing their hands in the white man's blood. The results
of the past are standing testimonials to the truth of my words, and this subject a fit
ending of rny annual report.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN SMITH,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
UINTAH VALLEY AGENCY, UTAH, August 18, 1881.
SIR: In accordance with department instructions I have the honor to submit the
following as my eleventh annual report of affairs pertaining to the agency and Indians
under my charge, and to transmit the accompanying statistics relative thereto.
The past year has been one of many encouragements to all connected with this por-
tion 01 the Indian service. The steady progress of these Indians in all matters pertain-
ing to their civilization has been evident and even marked. Their farming operations
have not been more extensive than in former years, but more interest has been shown
in caring for their crops; they have been more" energetic in their work, and have taken
more pride in their farms, and this advancement I am pleased to say is mainly due to
the disposition of the Indians themselves, although both my employe's and mjself en-
deavor faithfully to direct them in matters pertaining to their interests.
During the last winter a careful census was made of the Uintah Utes, showing a total
population of 474 Indians. This is a considerable increase over the population recorded
for several years previous, probably due to the fact that a number of families from
other portions of the Territory have settled here claiming the privileges of the reserve,
and from continual residence have been recognized as belonging to and have been in-
cluded in the enumeration of the tribe. This number will be probably reduced when
the lines are drawn and proper distinctions made between the members of the Uiutah
and White River tribes.
FARMING OPERATIONS.
With so small a band of Indians the aggregate results of their labors is not sufficiently
large to attract particular attention, but we feel satisfied that a careful examination
of the statistical report herewith as well as an inspection of their farming operations
will show as decided an individual effort as can be found among any tribe of the same
degree of advancement in civilized pursuits. They have something over 250 acres of
land fenced and under cultivation. Most of this is planted with cereals; but almost
every family has small patches of ground for garden vegetables and potatoes. Until
after the harvesting is done and grain all threshed it will be impossible to yive definite
figures, but my farmer estimates the yield this year as follows: Wheat, 2,000 bushels;
oats, 400 bushels ; and potatoes, 500 bushels. The Indians make no pretensions at rais-
ing corn except for summer use, seldom or never allowing it to mature, unless it be a
small portion preserved principally for seed. In speaking of garden vegetables it is
pleasant for me to recall the iact that this year some of our early vegetables were fur-
nished us by Indians. How different is this independence from the condition in which
I found tbese Indians some years since, when they were entirely dependent for their
subsistence on their success in hunting, or the scanty allowance furnished by the gov-
ernment.
156 REPORT OF AGENT IX UTAH.
During the haying season many of the Indians assisted in the work. Not only did
they assist my employe's in putting up hay for agency use, but independent of this they
harvested a supply of about, twenty tons for their own stock, to be used during the
winter and spring work. The most of the cutting of grain and hay has heretofore
been done by agency employe's.™ the Indians are unaccustomed to the use of n achinery,
such as reapers and mowers. But this year I have issued to such Indians as were
most likely to use them a dozen grain-cradles with rakes, &c., and have been gratified
to find that many of them have been used with considerable diligence, thus materially
curtailing the labor usually performed by the agency of white employes.
FREIGHTING BY INDIANS.
Last fall the department kindly furnished the Indians with 25 freight wagons,
and this year 7 more have been purchased for them. It was expected that these
wagons would be an inducement to them to transport their own annuity goods
and supplies, and in this we were not disappointed. Almost all the transporta-
tion from Salt Lake City to thi^ agency, a distance of 200 miles, over one of the worst
roads in the Territory, was done by our Indians with their own teams, and I can safely
say that every pound would have been transported by them were it not for the delay
in the arrival of the goods, which iLade it difficult for teams to cross the mountains
through the snow. And in this connection I would remark that I never have received
goods in better condition than were those delivered by my Indians last fall. A num-
ber of Indian teams are now on the road with this year's freight, and it is expected
that they will do all their own freighting this season, and possibly transport a fair por-
tion of the supplies furnished for the White River Utes. The advantages of furnishing
Indians with wagons is manifest in many particulars. It is an incentive to them to
dispose of their little ponies, which for practical work are comparatively useless, and
secure horses or cattle fitted for work. Aside from this, wagons and agricultural im-
plements of any value have a tendency to insure permanency of location and lead them
to abandon their nomadic habits.
Several of the Indians are devoting their attention to stock-raising, and although
they are constantly obliged to use their own cattle for subsistence, owing to the very
limited supply of beef furnished by the government, they still have in the neighbor-
hood of fifteen hundred head of stock cattle.
SCHOOL.
On the 1st of January our school opened, a contract having been made between the
department and the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, and a school building having
been erected for the purpose. We had expected to commence operations a mouth or
two earlier than this, but owing to unavoidable delays our building was not completed
and we were disappointed. We were provided by the board with three school em-
ploye's, a principal or male teacher, a lady assistant, and a cook. During the first
month the largest number of Indian pupils in attendance was 13 and during the
next two months the attendance, instead of increasing, diminished, until finally not a
pupil remained. This was discouraging ; we had hoped for excellent results and had
certainly failed. The Indians made many excuses for not sending their children to
school. They were ignorant and superstitious and feared that harm might come to
their boys and girls, but the failure in my opinion and that of others was due mainly
to the character and incapacity of the principal teacher, for, after he left, the lady
teacher, assisted by my clerk, had little difficulty in inducing 25 Indian children to at-
tend school, and, much to our satisfaction, 20 of them remained in regular attendance
until school closed, June 1. The progress made and interest manifested by these chil-
dren was marked. The school bids fair if continued to be a success, as I always believed
it would be if properly managed. The parents have become somewhat interested,
much of the superstition and prejudice has been overcome, and already some of the
pupils are asking when school will reopen and express their willingness and desire to
attend.
INDIAN POLICE.
Frequent reference has been made, both in my own reports and in those of my chief
of police, to the difficulties of persuading Indians with the most suitable qualifications
to undertake the duties of police at this agency, and in the organization of the present
force this difficulty was especially manifest. Notwithstanding this, a force of 8 members,
afterward increased to 10, was organized, and in but few instances have we cause to
complain of inefficiency or lack of interest. We were fortunate in securing as captain
of police an Indian who is energetic and enthusiastic and possessed of more than ordi-
nary good judgment. The police have a wholesome influence OD the tribe, and although
arrests have not been frequent, I am inclined to think there has not been frequent
cause, as the Indians pretty generally understand that their offenses and discrepancies
will be reported and therefore wrongs which might otherwise be committed are sup-
pressed.
REPORT OF AGENT IN UTAH. 157
The liquor traffic is the great source of annoyauce. The Indians procure intoxi-
cating liquors from white men residing in settlements bordering on the reserve. It is
comparatively easy for Indians to obtain whisky, but qnite difficult for us to procure
definite information and witnesses necessary for the prosecution of guilty parties. But
we have already made some important progress in this direction and we hope ere long
to be able to do away effectually with this nuisance or at least make examples of those
DOW engaged in the traffic.
In relation to police matters I would call special attention to the suggestion of my
chief of police in his last report, recommending an increase of pay to Indian police,
for J, with him, am of the opinion that this force can never beacomplete success until
a higher pecuniary valuation be put on its services. And we are satisfied that one
half the number with at least double the *>ay would be better than the present arrange-
ment.
SANITARY.
Ten births and twelve deaths have been recorded during the year. The sanitary
condition of the Indians has not been particularly favorable, and many cases of sick-
ness have been recorded. My clerk, who also acts as physician, has been able to furnish
most of these with medical treatment, and there is a growing tendency among the In-
dians to avail themselves of suoh medical assistance as we can offer them and to de-
pend less upon their native medicine men.
BUILDINGS AT AGENCY.
At the agency two new buildings have been erected during the year, at an expense
to the government of about $2,000. One was the erection of school building already
mentioned, at a cost of $1,200. This building was more properly remodelled and fur-
nished with two large additions. We now have accommodations for at least forty
boarding scholars and could easily arrange for a number of daily pupils. The other
building, an agem/s dwelling, erected at a cost of about $800, has long been needed,
as the agent and family have heretofore been obliged to reside in the school building
and have had anything but comfortable quarters. These buildings are lathed and
plastered and furnished with brick chimneys, conveniences entirely new to this section
of country. These materials were prepared at the agency by employe's at little expense,
and they add greatly both to the comfort and appearance of the buildings.
SETTLEMENT OF WHITE RIVER UTES, FUTURE PROSPECTS, ETC.
The great source of anxiety now is the disposition to be made of the White River
Utes, and their probable influence on the Uintah tribe. In the latter part of June, the Un-
compahgre division of the Ute Commission, together with Agent Berry and two Uncom-
pabgre chiefs, visited this agency and inspected a portion of the reserve, and on the
22d of July, Commissioner Meacham and J. R. French arrived with a military escort,
and funds with which to make the first payment to the White River Utes. It was ex-
pected that ere their arrival all, or at least the larger portion of the tribe, would have
been here according to agreement, but at the date of the arrival of the commissioner,
not more than a dozen lodges had presented themselves, and these were such as had
remained at this agency during the greater portion of the winter. Runners were im-
mediately sent out and the tribe is now well represented. It happened that this delay
was not so unfortunate, as we were, with the exception of flour, without any subsis-
tence to issue them. Supplies of sugar and coffee did not reach Salt Lake City until
after the first of August, and the beef herd driven from White River was not deliv-
ered until the 15th instant. At a later date Commissioners Russell and Mears joined
Colonel Meacham, and they are now engaged in negotiatioi.s with the White Rivers,
which I trust will result in a satisfactory and amicable settlement of these Indians.
But to return to the Uintahs. I have already expressed some anxiety as to the
probable influence of the White Rivers over them. The latter have been the larger
number; they are indolent and know nothing of farming or caring for themselves by
civilized pursuits, and what is worse, many of them have no desire to learn, and are
free to express their intention of avoiding anything of the kind. They laugh at the
Uintahs for farming, and say they ought to tight and then Washington would fur-
nish them plenty to eat. This seems reasonable to the simple minds of these Indians,
who have been told that the harder they worked the more they might expect from the
government, and who, after endeavoring with honest pride to make themselves inde-
pendent, now see others, parties to a horrible massacre, located on lands which the
Uintahs had always supposed their own, and without any effort toward self-support,
promised abundant subsistence and liberal annuity payments forever, while this tribe,
meriting reward and encouragement, are furnished with less than one-fourth of a ra-
tion, and, aside from a very small Appropriation, are supplied with nothing, except at
the earnest and frequent importunity ot their agent. It is true that the White Rivers
are under treaty stipulations and therefore well provided for, and it is also true that
the Uintahs are not, and therefore are unfortunate. But is it just that because of
158 REPORTS OF AGENTS IX WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
this the Indians guilty of crime should at the same agency and in the presence of de-
serving ones, be issued five or six times the amount supplied to the latter? It is my
firm conviction, and in this opinion I am supported by the gentlemen of the commis-
sion, that the Uintahs and White Rivers, if they are to remain together, must be treated
with equal liberality. Their issues must be made in common ; they must be looked
upon as members of the same tribe. It will be my earnest endeavor to bring about a
consolidation of those two tribes, for upon this in my opinion, depends the future suc-
cess of Indian affairs at this agency.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. J. CRITCHLOW,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
OFFICE UNITED STATES INDIAN AGENT,
Colville Agency, Washington Territory, August 18, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to submit my ninth annual report of the agency under my
charge.
COUNCIL WITH SPOKANES.
On the 26th of October, 1880, I was requested by Col. Wm. J. Pollock, United States
Indian inspector, to meet him at Deep-creek colony, 17 miles from Spokane Falls, where
he proposed to hold a council with the roving bands of Spokane Indians. I met him
as directed, but no Indians being present the meeting was adjourned to Spokane Falls,,
where, after due notice, the representative men of the Upper and Middle bands of Spo-
kanes met in council. They were informed by Colonel Pollock that it was the desire
of the government that they should either take up homesteads or go at once upon the
ColviJle or Cceur d'Alene Indian reservation, as the country was being rapidly settled
upon in consequence of the building of the North Pacific Railroad through it, and un-
less they took immediate steps to secure their homes, their land would be appropriated
by the whites. Many of them manifested a disposition to take up land, and have since
taken out the papers necessary to secure their homesteads ; more would like to do sor
but think it a harship to have to pay the office fees of $22, while others are unable to
raise the necessary amount.
RESERVATION FOR LOWER SPOKANES.
In allusion to the reservation lately set aside by executive order of January 18, 1881,
for the Lower Spokanes, it is to be regretted that the recommendations of Col. E. C.
Watkinsin 1877, and Col. William J. Pollock in 1880, United States Indian inspectors, for
the setting aside of the 6-mile strip on the east side of the Columbia River from the
mouth of Kettle River to the mouth of the Spokane River, was not adopted, as the
homes of the Colville Indians would have been included, which would have been but
justice, as they were the first to ask for the addition. It is not to be wondered at that
they consider themselves unjustly treated in that their request was turned to the ben-
efit of others.
CENSUS.
In compliance with instructions contained in Office Circular, No. 56, Civilization,
September 27, 1880, requiring "Indian agents, their assistants, and employes" "to
make a complete enumeration of all the Indians ' * * and obtain such facts as
may be necessary to exhibit the condition of the several tribes and their progress in
civilization," and "report any extra expenditures incurred in this connection " to Maj.
J. W. Powell, special agent, Census Bureau, the census of four tribes of this agency has
been obtained, and the papers forward* d to your office. But as it will necessarily in-
volve some extra expense, of which Major Powell has been informed, to take the cen-
sus of the four remaining tribes, some of them living more than one hundred milea
from the agency, and no funds to defray the expense having, as yet, been provided, the
work has necessarily been suspended.
REDUCTION IN FORCE OF EMPLOYES.
The reduction in the employe" force of this agency, viz, the farmer, clerk, and two
blacksmiths, at a time when their services are more than ever required, cannot but
operate to the disadvantage of the Indians and of the public service. It is not possi-
ble for an Indian agent and his interpreters to give the necessary supervision over
3,500 Indians, inhabiting a country 200 by 150 miles in extent, in two different Terri-
tories, and at the same time perform the clerical work of the office and attend properly
to the other business that necessarily devolves upon an agent in the discharge of his
official duty.
RKPFRTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 159
PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION.
That commendable and substantial progress has been made by the Indians of tlm
agency during the past year is evident from the increased amount of their productions,
their, more extensive and better cultivated farms, the number of new houses and barns
built, the number of rods of fence made and acres of land broken, as will be seen from
the following statement :
CROPS AND AGRICULTURE.
1880. 1881.
Number of houses -. 248 322
Number of acres cultivated 4,400 7,886
Number of bushels of wheat 18,000 53,090
Number of bushels of corn 500 600
Number of bushels of oats and barley 17,000 47,860
Number of bushels of vegetables 4, 150 9, 550
Number of tons of hay... 150 1,176
Number of cords of wood cut 2, 500 3, 000
Number of rods of fencing made 2,000 2,000
which, considering the limited aid furnished them, ought to convince the most in-
credulous that the Indian both willing and capable of advancement in civilized pur-
suits. Whatever has been done in the way of building houses and barns, has been by
their individual effort, without the advantages of a government saw-mill or carpenter
to assist them.
THE CCEUR D'ALENES.
who are wholly unaided by the government in the extent of their farms and produc-
tions, are far in advance of the other tribes. They endeavor to keep up with the times
by the purchase of improved agricultural labor-saving machinery, and have paid out
for wagons alone more than $15,000 within the past six years. A people making such
commendable efforts to redeem themselves from barbarism, are certainly deserving
of some consideration from the government whose wards they are, and all they ask for
is to have their present reservation made secure to them, assistance rendered in the
erection of a saw and grist mill, and continuance of aid in the education of their
children.
SURVEYS OP RESERVATION.
It is also the earnest wish of the Occur d'Alenes that their reservation should be sur-
veyed at an early day, that they may permanently locate the boundaries of their farms.
It is also desirable that surveys of the Colville Reservation be made.
EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS.
No more desirable results could have been anticipated than have been attained in
the education of the children of this agency provided for by the government. The
two Indian boarding-schools, one at Colvilie and one at the Cceur d'Aldne Indian Res-
ervation, in charge of the Sisters of Charity, educate 70 children, who are taught the
ordinary branches of English, and are also instructed in the industrial work of ordi-
nary life. A large school building 60 x 40 feet was built during the year by the Jesuit
fathers at the Colville mission for the better accommodation of the school-boys, who
are under the constant supervision of the male teacher, under whose direction they are
making satisfactory progress.
THE MISSIONARY WORK
among these Indians is continued by the Jesuit fathers with their usual fervor. The
large and commodious church at the Colville mission is nearing completion, and a con-
tract has recently been let by the reverend fathers at $4,000 for the erection of a fine
church at the Cceur d'Aldne mission on the reservation, the Indians contributing largely
both in money and labor towards the building of these churches, and continue to show
their religious zeal by the regularity with which they attend to their religious duties,
never missing an opportunity to be present at their church on festival days, some of
them coming from a great distance, amid great privations.
Special efforts are being made by the reverend fathers to induce the San Poel and Nes-
pelum Indians (Dreamers) to embrace a Christian life, and with that view, the Rev. U.
Grassi, "without scrip or staff," spent the whole of last winter, the most inclement
known for several years, among them, cut off entirely from all communication with
his mission and white settlements for five months. His success has induced him to
take measures for the early establishment of a permanent mission in their vicinity.
The necessity for agency buildings upon the reservation, to which I would again
call the attention of the department, is constantly felt, as there is no doubt but that
if suitable buildings, mills, shops, &c., were erected upon the reservation, it would be
the means of inducing many Indians to remove to it.
160
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
REPORT OF FARMERS.
I herewith inclose the report of the resident farmer at Coeur d'Ale'ne Reservation,
and that of the late farmer at this agency, in which i8 embodied much valuable in-
formation.
Statistical report of crops, &c., is also inclosed.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN A. SIMMS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
COLVILLE INDIAN AGENCY,
WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
August 11, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to submit my report of the farming operations of the Indians
of your agency.
Many of the Indians are cultivating large farms, well inclosed with good fences of
oedar and fir rails, the farms b^ing well cultivated. Louis lias a 100-acre farm, Ed-
ward, 60 acres ; Ga,bri«ll, 140 acres ; Jeremiah and Louis, 120 acres ; Joe Donney, 60 acres ;
Alexsimo, 80 acres; Alick Simpson, 50 acres; Kin-Kin-a-kwhah, chief, 80 acres; Baptiste,
45 acres; Ko-los-as-ket, 180 acres— two farms. Each of the above mentioned Indians
have good squared log dwelling houses, large barns, stables, granaries, and root-
houses. Others among the Indians have small farms, not sj well improved, they be-
ing new beginners.
The following table is an exhibit of industries among the Colvilles, Lakes, and Spo-
kaues, and the number of domestic animals owned by them :
4
4
V
t
I
-o
0
3
1
Number of farmers . .......
96
04
75
o«
Number of round log houses
fil
58
10
Number of log stables
Mi
45
40
Number of graneries and storehouses
44
18
26
980
ooq
Number of acres of oats planted
518
141
294
Number of acres of corn planted ...... . ..
19
10
Number of acres of potatoes planted
24
17
23
Number of acres of turnips planted .. '
2
1
4_
_
2
g
Number of acres ol beans planted
2
3
They have large gardens of vegetables adapted to this climate and melons and
pumpkins in quantity.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
Number of horses
1 231
424
936
Number of milch cows
309
116
189
Number of oxen.
135
30
45
Number of other cattle
200
40
130
Number of swine
83
3
Number of fowls
886
163
257
Number of tons of wild hay
250
230
296
These Indians express themselves as desirous of taking up more land and locating
upon it as soon as they can get the necessary implements for cultivating the land.
Those who have learned to read and write are increasing their knowledge by prac-
tice, and are desirous of learning more. Their dress is better than common, their
houses are cleaner and better kept than the average of Indian houses.
The Colvilles and Lakes find a good and ready market for their surplus crop among
the miners and traders, while the Spokanes dispose of theirs at Spokane Falls and other
settlements.
All the Indians residing on or near the reserve are peaceable, laborious, and very
healthy, and in all their intercourse with the whites they are friendly and tractable ;
those residing near the settlements are neither so healthy nor so industrious, and it is
with this latter class that difficulties, if any, arise. Could any inducement be held out
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 161
to them to abandon the settlements and remove to the reserve it would be to the ad-
vantage of all parties.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOSEPH E. LABRIE, Farmer. '
Hon. JOHN A. SIMMS,
United States Indian Agent, Colville Agency, Wash. *
COLVILLE INDIAN AGENCY,
Cceur d'AUne Reservation. August 16, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor to forward you the report of the farming operations of the
Coeur d'Aldne Indians.
It is gratifying to note the progress made by them, not only in the cultivation of
their land but also in their dwellings, barns, and fences. Since my report of last year
their farms have been much increased in acreage, probably one-third more, with a
corresponding increase of crop. I do not think, however, their sales of produce (wheat
and oats) will amount to as much as last year. The increase of oats will be cut before
ripening, and made into hay, and that of wheat will be used in feeding swine, the in-
crease of which since the taking of the census last fall has been very heavy, and with
the low price of wheat, 35 cents to 60 cents per bushel, according to the locality they
sell at, they think it will be more profitable to feed than to sell.
They are very anxious for a survey of tbeir reservation, that they may have a better
understanding about their farm lines, and they are also desirous that the government
will build for them a saw and grist mill. Before the expiration of two years after
such erection, fifty frame or board houses would be built by the Indians. There are
many excellent points upon the reservation where a steamnaill could be built, and
which would be convenient to all parts of the reservation. After a few months' time,
with their aptness, the engine could be run, and the sawing and grinding done exclu-
sively by them. As in former reports I have to say they are living on friendly terms
with their white neighbors bordering on the reservation.
To recapitulate, there are 111 farmers, 3 hunters or trappers. They have under fence
and in cultivation nearly 4,500 acres of land, 1,800 head of swine, 2,500 horses, 200 milch
cows, 100 oxen, 1,400 other cattle. Their products will be nearly 20,500 bushels of
wheat, 28,000 bushels of oats, 8,000 bushels of potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, beets,
and ofcher vegetables, 250 tons of oat hay, and 150 tons of timothy and wild hay. They
have 106 log dwelling-houses and 10 frame or board dwellings, 30 large barns and 50
smaller out-houses, 95 good, strong farm wagons, 3 spring or buggy wagons, one reaper,
and one reaper and binder, with all other necessary farm implements. The farmers
most worthy of mention among them are Nicodemus, Felicanne, Alphonso, Louis, Fi-
dele, Joseph, and Leo. Nicodemus, Louis, and Fidele, will have fully 1,000 bushels
each of wheat and oats ; the others mentioned from 700 bushels to 800 bushels each of
wheat and oats.
The Cosur d'A16nes are much to be commended for what they have done for them-
selves in the five or six years they have been upon their reservation. We must take
in consideration that, with the exception of the schools supported by the government, they
have no other aid. They purchase their own wagons, harness, plows, cradles, ox-yokes,
and all other implements used by them. In the matter of wagons alone, during the
last six years, they have paid over $15,000, but they have gone on under the encour-
agement and advice of their agent and the fathers of De Srnet mission, and are becom-
ing a happy and contented people.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, JAMES O'NEILL,
Resident Farmer, Cceur d'Ale'nes.
Hon. JOHN A. SIMMS,
United States Indian Agent, Colville Agency, Wash.
NEAH BAY AGENCY. August 18, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with your request contained in circular of July 1, I have the
honor to submit the following as my fourth annual report of this agency :
The tribes under my supervision, Makahs and Quillehutes, numbering in all 1,000,
located at the extreme northwest point of the United States, ocean-girted on the west,
with the straits of Juan de Fuca on the north, with an almost impenetrable barrier of
timber and chaparral on the east and south, are by force of necessity compelled to ob-
tain the greater portion of their subsistence from the sea, in the shape of seal, otter, sal-
mon, halibut, and codfish, which in years gone by has been given with no niggard
hand. And this year has been no exception to the past ; though the catch of seal the
past season has fallen off in numbers, the increased value in the fur will fully compensate
for the diminished yield. The catch of halibut, salmon, and codfish, has fully equaled
11 IND
162 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
their home demand, and all have been abundantly supplied with their staple article
of food.
One great existing demand among them is a knowledge of the latest improved
methods of curing and packing fish for shipment, a8 a source of revenue, their present
method not producing a desirable article of commerce, acceptable to the taste of an
epicure. With a little assistance and proper teaching in this branch of industry, but
few years would elapse before the Indians of this reservation would rival in wealth any
equal number of any nationality in the most favored locality of the older States.
To prove that their advancement, which at first was slow, has been not only grad-
ual but permanent, one has but to visit, first, the lodge of an old fossil of the tribe, of
which there are but few remaining, who still clings to the ways of his ancestors with a
tenacity only terminated with death, and for one moment take in the utter disregard
of comfort or convenience, to say nothing of the demands of common decency, and then
pass on to a large though rudely-constructed cabin of split boards, roomy, well venti-
lated, and, arranged with some degree of taste, certainly of convenience. And now to
the last and latest — the neat, painted cottage. Within we do not look for mahogany
and Eastlake, but we do find comfortable furniture, neat and clean blankets, and the
luxury of a cook stove with its steaming pots and kettles. Father, mother, and chil-
dren are well clothed, and all apparently anxious to show visitors that they know how
to enjoy the comforts of civilization — a contrast so great as to seem hardly credible.
The government has just built for Howeath, chief of the Quillehutes, a nice and com-
fortable house at a cost of $250 ; and at my last visit to the tribe the venerable chief,
whom fortune has not smiled on, expressed his appreciation of the interest the govern-
ment had taken in him and the tribe in the most grateful terms. Others of the tribe
have been encouraged in their desire for better quarters and assisted in a smaller way,
at a trifling expense to the government, all of which I think has been wisely and judi-
ciously expended.
Quite a number of the Indians have had set apart for their exclusive use small tracts
of land to cultivate and build on, and the results in all cases have been very favorable,
as the small patches of turnips, beets, and timothy will testify. Were it not for the
scarcity of suitable land cleared for cultivation many more such little homes would
immediately spring up.
MORALS.
I have made it a part of my duties to visit each separate lodge once a week and ex-
amine their daily mode of living, correct irregularities, reprimand any cases of misde-
meanor, and impress on their minds the importance of a higher standard of morality,
which, added to their expanding ideas of civilization, is having the desired effecton the
Indian mind. No Indian of the tribe has more than one wife, and she is looked on
more in accordance with the American idea of such; and gambling, which formerly
was regarded as a pastime, is but seldom known, and licentiousness is practically un-
heard of. Their marriage ceremonies are now considered a binding contract, not to be
broken with the slightest pretext.
QUILLEHUTES.
In concluding my report of the Indians, I should neglect to do my duty did I not
make special mention of this band, numbering 300, which has neVer availed itself of
the advantages offered at the industrial school except in a very limited way. This is
accounted for from the fact that the band is located 30 miles distant and oo communi-
cation by road or trail, and the continued severe storms on this coast make it extremely
hazardous ft)r canoes, their only method of traveling, to make the trip except in the
most favorable seasons, to which add the strong prejudice existing among them against
letting their children go to any great distance from home. In view of these circum-
stances, and the repeated application of the leading men of the tribe, for a school in
their village, there being by last census 50 children of school age, I would suggest the
establishing of a branch school at Quillehute, and I think the good results arising
therefrom would more than compensate for the additional expense incurred; therefore,
I would most respectfully call the attention of the department to this band of the
tribe.
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
The school, with a total number of 70 pupils and a yearly attendance of 55, has
been conducted under the supervision of the agent. The teachers, A. W. Smith and
Charles E. Plimpton, both young men of energy and perseverance, familiar with the
habits and language of the Indians, and entering into the work with a determination
backed by youthful vigor, and animated with a desire to elevate a retrograding race,
have awakened an undeveloped faculty and inspired a hope in the minds of their
pupils, which exceeded my most ardent wishes and sanguine expectations. The pupils
have made most satisfactory advances in the primary branches, and many good readers
and fine penmen are to be found among them. All understand the English language,
and many speak it with ease and correctness.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 163
The boys have taken great interest in the agricultural department, and have raised
some fine lots of vegetables, such as the limited amount of land would allow. The
girls, are under the special care of the matron and assistant matron ; both ladies, endowed
with a will and devotion worthy of the cause, have exercised an influence and taken
almost a mother's pride in caring for and in watching their advancement day by day.
Such untiring zeal has brought its own reward, as their neat and tidy appearance, their
improved manners, bear unmistakable evidence.
Association with members of the school and my unceasing efforts have aroused an
interest in the young men of the tribe, who, from thoughtless neglect, parental preju-
dice or distrust, did not attend school in their boyhood days, and now see their great
mistake to such a degree that I have succeeded in forming a class of 13, who attend
school punctually three evenings each week, anxious to regain their lost opportunities,
and I most assuredly take great pleasure in affording them such facilities.
FARM.
The farm proper, comprising about seventy acres, situated at Ho-o-buck, with 19
years' successive cropping, has become valueless for cultivation except for the small
amount of hay cut, or a stock-range, for which it soon must be given up entirely. The
smaller fields at Neah Bay and Ba-ha-da, which are of different geological formation,
still furnish a fair yield of different crops when unmolested by the army- worm, or not
affected by rust. Taking into consideration these existing difficulties the yield as given
;n annual statistics appears creditable.
TRADESMAN.
The farmer, carpenter, and blacksmith, each with his Indian apprentice, have assid-
iiously given their time to the different duties required of them, and been so successful
in teaching their apprentices their respective trades, that by order of the department
I have discharged the white employes and appointed the apprentices to till the differ-
ent positions.
HOSPITAL.
A neat and commodious structure, erected a little more than a year ago, has been in
constant use for the past year, affording comfortable quarters to two incurables, who,
under the attention of the agency physician, I. N. Power, have enjoyed all the com-
forts and careful nursing usually received in institutions of this class, a great contrast
to the indifferent, unsympathetic feeling shown by the Indians to their sick and help-
less in years gone by. The arousing of this trait in their character, which in their
warlike days remained undeveloped, is looked upon as a rapid stride in their advance-
ment, and the growing desire to have their sick treated by the agency physician, in
the wards of the hospital, instead of the barbarous usages practiced by their medicine
men or the more heathenish custom of leaving them uncared for to die, all speak vol-
umes of praise for the results of education, civilization, and Christianity on an unfor-
tunate race.
POLICE.
During the latter part of the year I established a police force, composed exclusively
of Indians, an organization heretofore Don-existing, which not only gives satisfaction
to those holding the office but meets with the general approval of the tribe, conveying
to them the idea that the government places confidence in their advancement and
future executive ability.
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT,
as kindly furnished me by J. G. Swan, inspector of customs, and volunteer observer
for United States Signal Service, at this place :
Mean barometer during year 30. 13
Mean temperature during year 47. 85
Total rainfall during year 97. 86
Total snowfall during year 39. 74
Verv respectfully,
CHARLES WILLOUGHBY,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
PUYALLUP, NESQUALLY, CHEHALIS, &c., AGENCY,
Olympia, Wash., August 31, 1S81.
SIR : In accordance with the requirements of your department, I have the honor to
submit the following as my sixth annual report as United States Indian agent, this
being my ninth year in the Indian service in this Territory.
164
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
RESERVATIONS AND BANDS.
The four reservations over which the jurisdiction of this agency extends, are the
Puyallup, 40 miles north of this ; the Chehalis, 25 miles south ; the Nesqually, 15 miles
east ; and the Squaxin, 10 miles north. Besides these 4 reservations there are 7 bands
or nuclei (as they are much scattered) belonging to this agency, viz : Lower Cowlitz,
Upper Co wlitz, Lewis River, Olytnpia, South Bay, Mud or Oyster Bay, and Gig Harbor.
CENSUS — DIFFERENCE IN THAT OF 1878 AND 1880 EXPLAINED.
By circular No. 6, January 23, 1878, explained by letter of your predecessor to me, of
March 14, 1878, I was directed to take a census of the Indians of this agency by heads
of families with the number in each, to be taken by inquiry of chiefs and headmen
as I might see them at the agency office, or while visiting the reservations. Said cen-
sus thus obtained was forwarded to your bureau under date of June 7, 1878. By that,
census thte number of Indians belonging to the Puyallup Reservation, of all ages and
sexes, was 560 ; to the Chehalis Reservation, 205 ; to the Nesqually Reservation, 165:
to the Squaxin Reservation, 100. Total belonging to said 4 reservations 1,030. By
said census the Indians belonging to said 7 bands of all ages and sexes were aS follows :
Lower Co wlitz, 66; Upper Cowlitz, 105; Lewis River, 104 ; Olyinpia, 43; South Bay,
30 ; Mud or Oyster Bay, 41 ; Gig Harbor, 46. Total belonging to said 7 bands, 435 ;
and grand total belonging to said reservations and bands, 1,465. To this number was
added the Indians belonging to Shoal Water Bay Reservation and the Gray's Harbor and
Lower Chehalis bands then belonging to this agency, and amounting by said census in
all to 267, which brought the number of Indians then belonging to this agency, accord-
ing to said census, up to 1,732. But by order of the Hon. Secretary of the Interior of
December 5, 1879, all that portion of this Territory that included the Shoal Water Bay
Reservation and the Gray's Harbor, and Lower Chehalis bands was stricken off from
this agency and attached to the Quinaielt Agency, leaving as aforesaid 1,465 Indians
belonging to this agency as per said census.
By circular No. 56, of September 27, 1880,1 was directed — under minute instructions
of the Census Office — to take and have taken a careful and complete census of the In-
dians belonging to this agency not taxed. In compliance with said direction and in-
structions I had such census taken and forwarded at different times last spring, one
copy to your bureau and one copy to the Census Office.
By this last census, as will be seen, there was a considerable falling off from the cen-
sus of 1878, as follows :
Census of 1878.
Census of 1880.
I
1
£
Puyallup.
560 Puyallup
. 539
Chehalis
205 Cbehalis
116
Nesqually.
165 Nesqually
105
Squaxin
100 Squaxin
1 91
Lower Cowlitz band.
66 Lower Cowlitz band.
56
1 71
Lewis River band
104 ' Lewis River band
Olyinpia band
43 j Olympia band
12
South Bay band
30 South Bay band
15
Mud or Oyster Bay band. . ....
41 Mud or Oyster Bay band
26
Gig Harbor band
46 Gig Harbor band
8
Totals
1 465
1,038
21
89
60
9
10
34
104
31
15
15
38
This falling off or difference between said two censuses was occasioned by the follow-
ing reasons, viz :
1st. The enumerators of the census of 1880 of the whites in this Territory were in-
structed to include in such census all Indians who were taxed. Many Indians belonging
to tribes on reservations live off the reservations, around among the whites. Some of
these have taken homesteads ; some have purchased a few acres from white men. In
both cases they pay taxes. Others have leased lands from the whites and own a few
horses and cattle for which they are taxed. Others, again, being simple and ignorant
often pay taxes when called on by the tax collector, when not legally liable. The enu-
merators of the white census, \se\ugpaidper head, wereatixious to swell the number enu-
merated, and therefore included every Indian, old aud young, male and female, on the
slightest pretext. In this county alone 164 Indians andtf half-breeds were included by the
enumerators of the white census, which was taken over six mouths before the Indian cen-
sus was taken, and of course they could not betaken a second time. I think that not
more than one-fourth of said Indians and half-breeds — certainly not more than one-
EFFORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 165
third of them — were legally taxable. The Indians belonging to said seven bands being-
all surrounded and mixed up with the whites, were of course gobbled up to a much
greater extent in proportion to their number by the census enumerators of the whites
than were the reservation tribes.
2nd. It will be seen that not one of the Lewis River band, which, by the census of
1878, numbered 104, was included in the Indian census of this agency, which was oc-
casioned by the following facts : I was informed that the greater part of them had
been taken by the enumerator of the white census, and those not taken were scattered
over a region of country fully as large as the State of Delaware — out of the way, very
broken, heavily timbered, and difficult of access — and to have hunted up these scat-
tered Indians, probably not to exceed twenty- five or thirty in all, would have required
the time and expense of an enumerator for perhaps three weeks, which I considered
would not pay. The enumerator whom I employed to take the census of Upper and
Lower Cowlitz and the Lewis River bands after completing the census of the two first
named. bands declined to take that of the latter, and, it being late, I did^aot engage
auother-enumerator.
"3rd. The census of 1878, having been mostly taken or obtained from chiefs and head-
men, was perhaps somewhat exaggerated and not very reliable; and
4th. The slow decay mentioned in my last annual report (See Report of Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs for 1880, p. 159), which, with a few exceptions, is among all
the Indian tribes and bands on this coast, doubtless assisted some in said difference;
so that, taking all these facts into consideration, the amount of the difference (427) be-
tween the census of 1878 and 1880 of the Indians belonging to this agency is not sur-
prising,
PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION.
Civilization is wholly artificial, and consists of civilizing culture and habits acquired
between infancy and mature age. " The untutored Indian " seems to be as helplessly
dependent upon good, zealous white teachers and missionaries to mature him into a
vital civilization as the embryo fowl upon the patient care of its brooding mother to
hatch it into active life. Hence progress among the Indians of this agency is only
observable among Indians on the reservations, where they have had the benefit of the
presence and training of good, earnest white teachers and missionaries. Even among
those most favored in this respect progress in civilization, like the growth of forest
trees, is so slow as to make that of one year's time scarcely perceptible. It is only by
looking back five or ten years and comparing then with now that continuous, active
progress in civilization is plainly observable.
THE PUYALLUP RESERVATION,
forty miles north of this on Puget Sound, containing 18,061| acres, is the only one of
the reservations belonging to this agency that has had the benefit of the continuous
presence of white teachers for over twenty years and the presence of active mission-
ary work for about eight years, prior to which time there was some missionary labor
among these Indians by the Romanists, but not sufficient to make a perceptible differ-
ence in their moral status ; and prior to that time, judging by the very slight advance
that had been made by the Puyallup Indians from primitive barbarism, the teachers
and other employe's that had been there had spent no weary days or sleepless nights
in the discharge of official duties. Said Indians, together with all others belonging to
this agency, had, for many years previous, xwholly abandoned the blanket and breech-
clout as articles of apparel and adopted the style of dress of the whites, which was
the most apparent sign of progress in civilization among them. They now have two
churches on this reservation, one Romish and one Presbyterian. The former has 50
members, the latter 200 members.
There is an excellent industrial boarding school on this reservation, of sixty Indian
pupils, which is the full capacity of accommodations at the present boarding school
buildings. Additions to said buildings to a sufficient extent to accommodate at least
one hundred pupils are much needed, as that number of Indian pupils could be readily
obtained there. The annual report of Prof. T. R. Wilson, the head teacher of said
school, herewith sent, shows the condition of said school, progress of pupils, &c. He
has two assistants, Miss Thompson and Mrs. McCoy, both of whom are experienced
teachers. There is also a matron, a seamstress, a cook, and laundress, and an indus-
trial teacher, all*of whom are competent and efficient. The agency physician, Dr.
McCoy, resides on the Puyallup Reservation near the boarding school buildings and
looks after the hygiene of the same, together with that of the pupils and Indians of
this and other reservations of this agency.
Crops of all kinds on this reservation look well and promise abundantly. The sta-
tistics of the Puyallup Reservation herewith sent show that the Indians of said reser-
vation have 1,200 acres inclosed and 918 acres under cultivation, upon which they
have raised during the year 2,529 bushels of wheat, 2,185 bushels of oats, 9,830 bush-
els of potatoes, 2,905 bushels of turnips, 341 bushels of onions, cabbage, carrots, and
other vegetables, and 722 tons of hay ; that they own 257 head of horses, 616 head of
166 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
hogs, 416 head of cattle, 214 head of sheep ; that they have 102 houses, 19 of which
have been built during the present year, together with 3,099 rods of fencing. They
have also cut and sold 400 cords of wood, besides what they have used themselves,
Many of the Indian farmers on this reservation have each sold quantities of hay,,
oats, wheat, potatoes, and other vegetables of their own raising, and rely wholly upon
their farms for the support of themselves and families.
THE NESQUALLY INDIAN RESERVATION,
containing 4,7 17 J acres, and situated on the Nesqually River, 15 miles east of this-
place, has always been without government employes, except upon a time many years
ago, a white man was sent to live among them as farmer for a few years, but without
any perceptible benefit to the Indians belonging to said reservation, who have made
very slow progress in civilization. I visit and talk to them as often as I can, and the
chiefs and other members often call at my office on business matters, my interpreter
being a member of that tribe.
The Rev. M. G. Mann, Presbyterian missionary to the Indians of this agency, has
been visiting and preaching to them for about three years, and mainly through his
efforts a Presbyterian Church was organized, and a commodious house of worship was
erected there last year. This church has 28 members and is increasing in numbers.
There was also a Romish Church organized and a church building for their worship
erected on this reservation over twenty years ago, but it has had but little moral vi-
tality, and has now but six members. Four Indian childreu from the Nesqually Res-
ervation are attending the Puyallup Indian boarding-school, and 2 are attending the
Indian training-school at Forest Grove, Oreg.
The accompanying statistics of the Nesqually Reservation show that there has been
raised thereon this season 750 bushels of wheat, 2,300 bushels of oats, 3,200 bushels of
potatoes, 520 bushels of turnips, 60 bushels of peas, 800 bushels of carrots, 580 bushels
of onions, 1,200 head of cabbage, other garden vegetables, and 60 tons of hay.
SQUAXIN RESERVATION,
is an island in Puget Sound of 1,494 acres, 10 miles north of this place. It is mostly
heavily timbered and not very good land. The agency for the Medicine Creek Treaty
Indians, with employ 6s allowed, was established on this reservation soon after the
ratification of the treaty in 1856, but was only maintained there a few years, and
there has been no resident employe on that reservation for over twenty years, and I
have never known or heard of any missionary labor on or visit to said reservation.
As will be seen by the recent census, the number of Indians of all ages and sexes be-
longing to this reservation is 91. The chiefs and headmen frequently call to see me on
business matters, and I visit the reservation as often as I can and talk to them. Out-
side of this they are left to flounder amid the breakers between barbarism and civili-
zation without any perceptible progress towards the latter. The only real progress
perceptible among them is that of slow decay, which proves the allegations in my an-
nual report for 1879, under the head of "A fact proved by my experience." (See Re-
port of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1879, p. 151.) The Indians of this reserva-
tion depend almost wholly for subsistence upon gathering oysters for the whites and
upon clams and fish.
Their reservation was all allotted in 1878 to thirty-one allottees, but only twenty-four
of these pretend to make homes on the reservation, and only ten of that number have
made any efforts towards cultivating " small patches of ground " during the year. As
shown by the statistics herewith sent, the whole amount of land ulider cultivation by
them on their reservation this year is about twelve acres, on which they have raised
about 600 bushels of potatoes, 15 bushels of carrots, and a small Amount of other vege-
tables, and about 13 tons of hay ; they have 22 horses, 45 head of cattle, and 30 chick-
ens, and 13 dwelling houses. None of the Indians belonging to this reservation read
or write, and none of their children go to school.
CHEHALIS RESERVATION.
This reservation contains -4,224f acres, and is situated on the north side of and is
bounded by theChehalis River, 25 miles southwest of this place, and includes the mouth
of Black River. It is a non-treaty reservation, and was sefc apart by order of the Sec-
retary of the Interior undt- r date of July 8, 1864 (see Report of Commissioner of Indian
Affairs of 1864, pp. 77 and 78). The lands of this reservation are mostly rich bottom,
and well adapted to agricultural purposes, but are heavily timbered except where they
have been cleared for farming purposes. The one hundred and sixteen Indians belong-
ing to this reservation (as per late census) do not all reside upon it continuously. Over
one-half of them work around among the neighboring white farmers the greater part
of the year, and ouly remain at their homes on the reservation during the inclement
weather of winter, and when they cannot obtain employment. Consequently the im-
provement of their farms is slow.
The industrial boarding school, which was reopened on this reservation about the
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 167
1st of December, 1879, after being closed four and a half years, has thirty pupils, and
is prosperous and efficient. The number of pupils now there is the utmost capacity of
the buildings for their accommodation. Dormitory and kitchen accommodations 'are
inadequate, and additions to the boarding-school buildings are much needed. Also the
government horses belonging to this reservation are old and inefficient, and a span of
good work horses is much needed on the school farm.
The presence of efficient Christian employe's among the Indians of this reservation
is doing much to encourage and improve them morally. A Presbyterian church of fif-
teen Indian members was recently organized there by the Presbyterian missionary
among the Indians of this agency. The statistics of the Chehalis Reservation, here-
with sent, show encouraging progress.
THE SEVEN BANDS
that belong to this agency, and which number in the aggregate, according to the late
census, one hundred and ninety -seven, being each surrounded by and widely scattered
among the whites, whose poisonous vices they absorb as readily as sponges absorb
water, there is no perceptible progress or change among them, except that of slow
decay. What few children they have are mostly diseased with hereditary syphilis,
in the form of scrofula. I have some of their more healthy children in the two Indian
boarding schools under charge of this agency, and in some few neighborhoods their
children are permitted to attend the common schools of the whites, but most of their
children are growing up in ignorance and the vices of their parents.
UNITED STATES INDIAN POLICE.
The innovation and inauguration of the system of United States Indian police was
a most beneficial idea, and is doing much to accelerate the progress of Indian civilza-
tion,and is rapidly demonstrating the fact and opening a way by which the control
of our Indian tribes may soon be turned over to themselves, and not require the pres-
ence or help of soldiers to coerce them to keep the peace and be governed by law. The
six Indian policemen allowed at the Puyallup Reservation, and three at the Chehalis
reservation have proved themselves trustworthy, obedient and efficient, and they are
a great power in the interest of peace and good order among the Indians of these res-
ervations. But the pay of said police, only $5 per month without rations, is very in-
adequate, and I respectfully request that it be increased to $10 per month for privates,
$12 for sergeants, and $15 for captain.
I would also earnestly recommend an amendment of the rules and regulations for
the government of the United States Indian police, so as to deny the privilege of res-
ignation mentioned in section 21, and to require that every Indian policeman without
regard to his rank, who voluntarily entered the service shall be considered as having
enlisted for one year, and can only get out of said service before the end of the year
by death or dismissal.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Recommendations by an Indian agent in a much unread annual report appear to be-
about as little heeded by the law-making powers at Washington as the buzzing of a
mosquito. But is obedience to instructions, I make recommendations as follows, being
the result of observation and experience. I reiterate the recommendations made in
my last annual report (see Report Commissioner Indian Affairs for 1880, p. 160 ;) and
in addition thereto, will add, that a commodious hospital building properly furnished
is greatly needed at the Puyallup Reservation for the Indians of this agency. I have
repeatedly called attention in former annual reports, to the great need of a hospital
for the Indians of this agency, as far back as 1872. (See Report Commissioner Indian
Affairs for 1872, pp. 332 and 333.) I am told by good medical authorities that both
primary and hereditary syphilitic poison which are in the blood of most Indians of
this regions, can be wholly eradicated by proper medical treatment for a reasonable
length of time; which it is wholly impossible to give them in their rude uncomforta-
ble huts, where the medicines must be trusted to be administered by themselves or
relatives, and if they cannot see beneficial effects in a day or two, generally judge the
medicine worthless, and stop giving it; and when the medicine should happen to be
given according to directions, the diet of the patient is often so irregular and pernici-
ous as to counteract its beneficial effects. S-.i that hospital treatment is imperatively
necessary to eradicate this syphilitic poison whioh — with whisky — is slowly but surely
destroying the Indian race in this region. Such treatment is also necessary to cure
sore eyes among Indians of this agency, often resulting in total blindness. Indeed all
diseases among them could be much more successfully treated in a good hospital.
ACCOMPANIMENTS.
Besides this report in duplicate, I herewith send in duplicate the first annual report
of Prof. T. R. Wilson, teacher of the Puyallup industrial boarding school, and the sec-
ond annual report of Mr. G. W. Bell, teacher of the Chehalis industrial boarding
168 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
school, both of which I heartily commend to your perusal. I also send four copies of
annual statistics, one for each of the four reservations belonging to this agency.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. H. MILROY,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
CHEHALIS INDIAN RESERVATION, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
August 25, 1881.
DEAR SIR : The time has again arrived when duty requires, and your orders demand,
a report of my stewardship during the past year in the Indian school and upon the
reservation which you have entrusted to my charge. I therefore respectfully set forth
the following facts concerning the work, and its results, of your employes at this place.
Pupils. — At present there are 28 pupils in the school ; 8 others have Withdrawn during
the year. Three of them graduated into the Indian training school at Forest Grove,
Oregon, under care of Captain Wilkinson ; 2 left on account of ill health ; 2 were per-
mitted to return to their homes to assist their parents, who needed them (one of these
two married shortly after leaving school), and 1 died; making a total of 36 who have
attended school during the year.
* * * » * * *
The,school-room is divided into two sections, each under the charge of a teacher.
As new pupils are enrolled we generally have to begin by imparting to them a knowl-
edge of the English tongue. For this purpose the word method is used, with script
letters, on the blackboard.
The progress in study is very gratifying. * * ' A number of strong and some-
what musical voices have been found among those "children of the forest ; " and sev-
eral have developed into independent singers. Respect to teachers and seniors is faith-
fully inculcated, and lessons in good manners are not forgotten. Of course you under-
stand, without my so reporting, that religious exercises and instruction in good morals
form important features of our system of education.
The school is kept in session five days in each week from eight o'clock a. m. to twelve
m., during which time the children are instructed in the branches above mentioned.
In the afternoons the boys are under the supervision of Mr. M. E. Hartsuck, the indus-
trial teacher, who is a master mechanic in the line of carpenter work, and competent
to teach some practical knowledge of shoemakiug and blacksmithing as well as farm-
ing. The girls are at the same time under the immediate control of the matron, Mrs.
M. E. Hartsuck, an educated Christian lady, who keeps a kind and faithful watch over
their physical and moral development. By her the details are planned for the different
industrial departments, and so varied each month as to give every girl a chance to
learn all kinds of plain household employment. The matron, by this systematic plan-
ning, knows where each of her charge is, at all hours of the day. The larger girls
assist in washing, ironing, and cooking, under an experienced cook and laundress
(Mrs. Reynolds) who has been recently employed, and who is careful that her instruc-
tions are not neglected. Her pnpils are not permitted to hang out half- washed linen,
or thrust crumpled clothing away on the shelf. The larger girls delight in the use of
the sewing-machine, running it with ease and skill, and use the cutting-shears rapidly
and economically. It will thus be seen that mechanical aud domestic industries occupy
as prominent a place as literarj studies in this school, and that we are training the
pupils in the useful habits and manners of civilized life, as well as imparting to them
a knowledge of books.
Farm. — We have 31 acres of land under crops requiring the working of the soil,
(besides a large portion of hay) consisting of about 21 acres of oats, 4 acres of wheat, 3
acres of potatoes, 3 acres of rutabagas, cabbage, and other vegetables. Last year we
raised 371 bushels of oats, 38 bushels of wheat, 15 tons rutabages, carrots, cabbage,
&c. The crops look better and promise larger returns this year than last.
Animals. — There are at present 4 horses on the reserve belonging to the farm, all old
and broken down (I believe they were good horses when I was a boy a number of
years ago) ; 4 cows, 2 yearlings, and 4 calves. I have, as you know, frequently made
application in my monthly reports, for permission to dispose of our four old nags and
purchase a good active team. Two good brood mares would enable us to stock the
farm fully with horses and have some for sale in a very few years. But I suppose we
must not expect to have all things exactly right in this imperfect world. Still it is
not an unreasonable thing to ask that we be supplied with a team of horses sufficiently
active to enable us to do a fair day's work with the plough or harrow, and to reach
Olympia at a gate faster than two aud a half miles per hour. At present I am com-
pelled frequently to use my own horse while traveling on government business (with-
out charge of course) for the purpose of saving time.
Tribe. — The older Indians are becoming more thoroughly in favor with our work and
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 169
aims on this reservation. So far as I can learn, the employes have their utmost con-
fidence. At least we have tried to act so as to secure this, with the result stated.
Many of them are industrious, cultivating their farms, building up comfortable homes,
comparatively speaking, and depend largely upon their farms for subsistence. Some
of them add to their incomes by service among white farmers near the reserve and
elsewhere. All seem (with but few exceptions) anxious to advance along the line of
progress.
A Presbyterian church of 15 members, has been organized during the past year, by
a missionary of that church, who gives part of his time and labor to this field. The
vices of drunken revelry or of heathen incantations are no more heard upon this reser-
vation ; and if you will pardon a personal allusion, permit me to conclude this rather
lengthy report by saying that your active zeal in the cause of Indian civilization,
your long experience as an Indian official, and your wise general planning of our work,
has enabled us to make a record during the past twelve months on this reservation,
for which we feel inclined to congratulate ourselves as well as our agent, and to thank
God for what has, by his help and blessing, been accomplished.
Respectfully submitted by your obedient servant,
GEORGE W. BELL,
Teacher Chehalis Indian School.
General R. H. MILROY,
United States Indian Agent for Puyallup and other tribes.
QUINAIELT AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
August '22, 1881.
Slit : In compliance with instructions, I have the honor to submit my fourth annual
report for this agency.
During the past year the work on this reservation has progressed in a reasonably
satisfactory manner. It cannot be expected that any very considerable amount of
farming will be done on a reservation like this, where the land is so densely timbered
and so uneven that to clear any considerable portion of it would be a task greater than
white labor would uadertake. Nor can it be expected that Indians who have always
lived by hunting and fishing will be successful farmers where so much labor is required
to prepare the land for cultivation. The farmer has given almost his entire attention
to Indian farming during the season, and with very gratifying results, and there is a
fair prospect of harvesting double the amount harvested last year.
The improvement in agriculture is greater among the Quinaielts than any other
tribe belonging to the agency; being located immediately at the agency, they receive
more attention than any of the others. They have cut and secured 15 tons of hay
and will harvest 300 bushels of carrots, 1,000 bushels of potatoes, and 4,000 bushels
of turnips and beets. Grain cannot be raised here. I have tried corn and oats every
year, but the atmosphere is too cool and damp for them to ripen.
The Queets and Hoh Indians living on the coast north of the agency 20 and 235 miles
respectively, are almost inaccessible; the only way of reaching them is either by sea
in a canoe or on foot over the spurs of the bluffs and along the beach at low tides. I
have visited them each year since I have been here and have had some of the employe's
do the same. All of the land cultivated by them is broken with mattock, spade, and
hoe, and but very little farming can be expected of them. I have given them all the
assistance possible in clearing and cultivating their land, and they now realize the
benefit of having a reasonable amount of vegetables for winter use. The Queets will
probably harvest 100 bushels of carrots, 200 bushels of potatoes, and 1,000 bushels of
turnips and beets. The Hoh Indians raise potatoes only, and these on Destruction
Island, four miles off the coast ; they will probably harvest 300 bushels this season.
During the sealing season all of the Indians of this tribe able to work in a canoe are
engaged in sealing and obtain most of their means of living from this source ; their
sales of seal skins this year amount to over $1,200.
The Chehalis Indians living on the Lower Chehalis River and Gray's Harbor, with few
exceptions, do very little farming for themselves. Three of them have patents for
small tracts of land, and five others have made homestead entries. Those will harvest
40 bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of carrots, 300 bushels of potatoes, 1,000 bushels of
turnips and beets. They have also cut five or six tons of hay. The others are em-
ployed by the farmers from time to time, but obtain most of their living by hunting
and fishing.
The Shoalwater Bay Indians are located on a sandy beach on the north side of Shoal-
water Bay, and have but very little land suitable for farming. They will not raise
this year more than 100 bushels of potatoes and a few carrots. There are some vacant
grazing lands near them and a few of them have purchased some cattle, and they now
have about 50 head. These Indians have always made their living by oystering on
the bay during the oyster season, and fishing on the Columbia River during the fishing
season. They are farther advanced in civilization than any other Indians on the coast.
170 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
early all of them have very comfortable frame houses, and live quite as well as many
of the white settlers.
Under authority dated January 11, 1881, I have had a school-house erected on this
reserve, and a day-school was opened on the 1st instant with an attendance of 18
scholars, which has since been increased to 20. Rev. Edward Davis, formerly mis-
sionary to Africa, is employed as teacher.
The "boarding-school has'made fair progress during the past year, the average attend-
ance being 34 during the eleven months in which school was maintained. I think
greater advancement has been made than during any previous year. The larger boys,
under direction of agency physician, have cultivated a large garden, and will harvest
all the vegetables needed for the school. There will be 50 bushels of carrots, 200 bushels
of potatoes, 200 bushels of turnips, besides enough onions, cabbage, peas, and beets
for table use. The girls have been instructed in general housework, and the older ones
can now do plain cooking very well, make all of their own clothing, and assist in mak-
ing and repairing for the other scholars.
There have never been any apprentices here, for the reason that there was no mechan-
ical work being done that would justify employing them, and now that all employes
are discharged there is no chance of educating these Indians in either mechanical or
industrial pursuits.
The Indian police, three in number, have rendered effective service in maintaining
order and arresting those inclined to be disorderly. They have never been organized
in accordance with rules, for the reason that their number did not seem to require it,
and I could use them to as good advantage without it.
In addition to the school-house mentioned for Shoalwater Bay, I have had a ware-
house 16 by 24 feet built at Gray's Harbor for storing agency supplies, and a log barn
24 by 32 feet built at the agency ; $60 was expended for material for the warehouse,
nothing for the barn, and the work was all done by the employe's. Under the author-
ity given me in letters dated June 3 and 8, respectively, I have purchased 14,000 pounds
flour and 20,000 feet of lumber, and doors, windows, and other material, for erecting
some new buildings ; had all shipped direct to the agency, and landed through the
surf. The total expense of purchase and delivering the above-named supplies at the
agency was $1.028.66 cash and $92 paid in supplies to the Indians for surfing the arti-
cles ashore. The cost of these supplies delivered here is less than it would have cost
to haul the same supplies from the agency landing on Gray's Harbor to the agency,
and nearly all the supplies for this agency could be shipped and landed in the same
manner if the goods could be ready for shipment during the summer months. The
policy of waiting until winter before shipping the supplies to this agency is rather an
expensive one.
No missionary work has been done here since I have been in charge other than that
done by the agent and employe's, and the only contribution was a donation of books,
magazines, and leaflets, for church and Sundny school service, costing $21.90, given
by St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, Lebanon, Pa., Rev. C. Hare, rector, at the
instance of Rev. Alfred M. Able, rector St. John's Church, Olympia, Wash. Inas-
much as the Methodist Church, to which this agency is assigned, does not take any in-
terest in missionary work here, I respectfully suggest the propriety of transferring it
to the care of the Episcopal Church, which has manifested a willingness to render
some assistance when needed.
The sanitary condition of these Indians is very good, and the scrofulous indications
are not as apparent as formerly. There have been eight deaths and eight births during
the year. These numbers may not be exact, but they are as near as can be ascertained
by the agency physician and by myself, while taking the census.
The number belonging to this agency is somewhat less than was reported last year.
In the transfer from the Nisqually to this agency I understood that it included all In-
dians west of the Coast Range, and took the census accordingly. I learned afterwards
that I had made a mistake, and dropped them from my lists. Some of the Queets and
Hoh Indians have left their homes and gone to other bands. The mistake in getting a
few from the Nisqually Agency, and the removal of those named made up the difference
between the actual number and those reported last year. I forward herewith the in-
closed statistics pertaining to. the agency ; the numbers and amounts given are as ac-
curate as they well can be, and show that some improvement has been made e-ince my
last report.
The manner in which the department appreciates faithful service is not very satis-
factory to those employed. In ordinary business, a faithful employe is at least com-
mended. In the Indian service the salaries are reduced to starvation rates. No one
connected with the Indian service has visited this agency since I have been in charge.
All seem to fully understand the difficulties of the trip, and are careful to avoid it. I
see no good reason why the inspectors should be exempted from a plain duty, and I
respectfully suggest the propriety of one being sent here.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,- OLIVER WOOD,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Washington, D. C.
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 171
SKOKOMISH AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
August 31, 1881.
SIR : I have the honor herewith to submit my eleventh annual report of the Indians
under my charge and the affairs at this agency. Two tribes of Indians are assigned
to this agency, the S'Klallains numbering by the last census, 481, and the S'Kokomish
or Twanas numbering 243.
The former live in villages remote from the reservation, at distances varying from
fifty to one hundred and fifty miles. They have never lived on the reservation,
and only visit it at intervals, either on business or when brought here on account of"
some misconduct for which they are punished. Most of them gain their living by
working at the saw-mills and for the farmers in their vicinity, and also by hunting
and fishing. They are peaceable, orderly, and industrious ; are more than half civil-
ized, and require but comparatively little care or attention from the government. At
two places they have purchased tracts of land, respectively, 150 and 200 acres each,
which has been subdivided among them, and upon which they have built comfortable
and respectable houses and are cultivating small patches of land. A small number
have also taken up homesteads on the public domain. At Dunginess, the principal vil-
lage, resides the head chief. Here for the past two or three years has been kept up a
day school with good success. Ill health compelled the teacher to leave on the first of
June last, since which time there has been a long vacation. Religious services have
been held among them by the missionary and the school-teacher, and also conducted
by themselves. The principal vice among them is drunkenness which has been kept
in check very considerably by the Indian police force, and the board of chiefs in which
the government of the tribe consists. There has been no marked change in their con-
dition during the past year.
. THE S'KOKOMISH
tribe live on or near the reservation. During the year those having allotments on the
reservation have had certificates issued to them signed by the Commissioner of In-
dian Affairs, which has gratified them very much and stimulated them to do more
clearing than in former years. There has scarcely been an idle man on the reservation
during the summer, and drunkenness among those living here is almost entirely un-
known. It is very desirable that the certificates of allotment may be followed up
by patents so that full and complete possession shall be guaranteed to them.
The boarding-school has been kept up during the year with a fair attendance. All
the children of the tribe of school age are accommodated in it and some from the neigh-
boring tribes.
There have been nine apprentices under the different employes at the agency until
the end of the fiscal year, when the white working employ6s were all dismissed, and
they have continued to perform all the duties of the agency with satisfactory success.
The hay crop of about seventy-five tons was gathered entirely by them, they running
the mowing-machine and repairing it when necessary. The members of the tribe seem
much pleased that their own people can do all their own work. They are like chil-
dren, however, and require the personal oversight of the agent in all departments of
work continuously. No doubt they will improve with age and experience.
The Indians under my care are now more than half civilized. They are peaceable,
industrious, and reasonably intelligent. Their weakness for strong drink' makes it
necessary for them to have all the safeguards that can be thrown around them. They
should be educated and for this purpose it will be necessary for a time that schools be
maintained at the expense of the government for them. Aside from this there is but
little else that is necessary to be done for them except to grant them the patents they
are entitled to, as soon as suitable legislation can make this. They are still much like
children in many respects, but need the care and oversight of a wise and discreet
guardian rather than pecuniary aid. The more they are made to depend on them-
selves the better it will be for them. A gradual withdrawal of the aid they have here-
tofore received would, however, be followed by better results than any sudden drop-
ping of them, so that they would be compelled to depend on untried resources.
With tbanks to an All-wise Ruler for the favorable condition they now are in, and
trusting in His providence to guide them on in the same way, we enter upon another
year with hope and confidence that all efforts to benefit our fellow-men will be measur-
ably successful.
Respectfully submitted. EDWIN EELLS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
TULALIP AGENCY, September 13, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with office instructions, I have the honor to submit the following
report of affairs at this agency for the year ending August 31, 1881 :
Tulalip Agency consists of five reservations, viz: Tulalip, Swinomish, Lumini, Port
172 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Madison, and Muckleshoot, containing a total of 52,648 acres, and situated from the
agency as follows :
Acres.
Tulalip, agency 22.490
Lumnii, 75 miles north from agency 12,312
Swinomish, 35 miles north from agency 7,195
Port Madison, 50 miles south from agency 7,284
Muckleshoot, 70 miles south from agency . 3,367
The census shows a population of 2,817 Indians — 1,389 males, and 1,428 females — 75
per cent, of whom support themselves by laboring in civilized pursuits for themselves,
while the remaining one-fourth are supported by the government and by fishing and
hunting.
They cultivate with fair success 753 acres of land, each family having from 1 to 20
acres, and have raised during the past year 870 bushels wheat, 4,690 bushels oats,
23,840 bushels potatoes, 925 bushels turnips, 510 bushels onions, 522 bushels peas, 866
tons hay. The Lummi Indians excel in farming, and are by far the most advanced in
civilization of all the Indians under my charge. The Swinomish Indians, considering
that the land in their reservation is so poorly adapted to agriculture, have in past years
accomplished little. This great impediment to their advancement will be removed as
soon as a dike, which is now being built on a strip of tide land, containing about 500
acres, is completed ; 330 rods of dike is now finished. The work was done by the In-
dians under the management of the resident farmer, and is considered to be as good a
piece of work of the kind as can be found in the country.
SCHOOLS.
The boarding, agricultural, and industrial schools, under the management of the
Sisters of Charity, have been carried on with marked success, and, although the gov-
ernment contract provides for the payment of but 50 scholars, there was an average
attendance of 60|- during the year. Many applications were made by parents wishing
to send their children to school, but were necessarily refused, as the schools were
already full. It is clearly shown at this agency that the schools do more to civilize
the Indians than any other mode of civilization, and in order that a great number of
children, now deprived of schooling, be educated, I would urgently request that the
compensation for conducting the boarding-schools be increased, so that 100 pupils can
be accommodated instead of 50, the present number. The boys are taught, in addition
to the usual school branches, the principles of farming and the use of mechanical tools,
while the girls learn general housework, and are taught how to make their own gar-
ments.
DAY- SCHOOLS.
The day-schools have not been a success during the year, for the reason that the sala-
ries paid teachers by the government are entirely too small. The day-schools are, in
my estimation, productive of much good, and should not be discontinued until board-
ing-schools be established adequate to accommodate all the Indian children of school-
age.
SANITARY.
The sanitary condition during the summer and fall has been very good, but during
last winter and spring the Indians suffered greatly from a disease called influenza ; it
was particularly severe on children, many dying from the effects of it. The school-
children were attacked, but owing to the skilled treatment and good care which they
received from the hands of the Sisters of Charity, only two died of the disease. Since
the agency physician began to reside at the agency a marked improvement is notice-
able, as prompt attention in many cases saves life.
RELIGION.
The agency is assigned to the care of the Roman Catholic Church, and out of the
whole population, 2,817, 2,433 are church members ; the remaining 384 belong to other
religious denominations, or adhere to their old customs, placing implicit faith in their
Tamanawas doctors.
CRIME.
No crimes of a serious character were committed on the reservations, and if it were
not for the nefarious trade carried on in selling liquor to Indians by degraded white
men, whom it is next to impossible to indict on Indian evidence, the Indians would
be a happy and prosperous race of people.
INDIAN INDUSTRIES.
Many of the Indians, especially the old men and women, are constantly employed in
fishing, hunting, and gathering berries, and in the manufacture of canoes and mats.
The following statement, taken from the last census, will give an idea to what extent
these industries are carried on, to wit : 4,985 yards matting, 323 canoes, 1,485 baskets,
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 173
40 Indian blankets, 3,320 deer and other wild animals, 1,110,000 pounds fish, and 2,636
bushels berries.
CIVILIZED PURSUITS.
Several of the young men find remunerative employment in the. logging camps and
saw-mills on the sound; they work faithfully, and in many positions are as good as
white men. A considerable quantity of cord wood is sold by the Indians to steamers at
Tulalip and Swinomish Reservations. Several of the larger farmers have considerable
stock, and engage to some extent in making butter, 900 pounds of which was sold by
four Indians of the Lurami Reservation during the year.
EMPLOYES.
During the year the employes have been attentively engaged in their various occupa-
tions. Three apprentices made fair progress toward the acquirement of trades ; they were
all industrious young men, and I regret that the white employe's were discharged, for
in another year under their instructions the apprentices would be capable of doing all
the mechanical work at the agency, while under the present circumstances there is no
Indian who can fill a position of blacksmith, or even carpenter, to good advantage.
In past years it will be seen by examining the reports that there were but few appren-
tices employed at this agency, and in no instance did an Indian become a master of
his trade.
IMPROVEMENTS.
Among the many repairs and improvements may be mentioned two dwelling-houses
for Indians, 10 by 26 feet, with kitchens attached, built with planed rustic on the out-
side and well finished ; also an addition to the pharmacy to be used as a dwelling for the
agency carpenter. Two of the buildings at the boarding-school were reshingled. Nine
brick chimneys and thirteen flues were built for the Indians. The saw-mill which was
broken was rebuilt, and an excavation made beneath it, which is used for a shop. A
new lot of furniture was made for the female school-room. One hundred and ten thou-
sand feet of lumber was sawed in the agency mill, which was used in the general work,
and issued to Indians.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN O'KEANE,
United States Indian Agent.
' The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
YAKAMA AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
Fort Simcoe, August 15, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions, I have the honor to submit the following, my
sixteenth annual report from this agency. I am happy to say that numerous evi-
dences of a steady and continuous advancement in knowledge and civilization are ap-
parent, together with an increasing desire to conform to all the customs and require-
ments of civilized life.
The unusual severity of the past winter proved a severe blow to our Indians. In
obedience to my instructions they have been in the habit of providing forage for their
stock during the winter, which has usually proved more than sufficient. But last
winter was one of unusual severity. From December 1 till nearly the 31st of March,
the earth was covered with a depth of from eight to thirty-six inches of snow, with
a heavy crust for the most of the time, so that animals were unable to move outside
the beaten paths ; consequently, when the supply of forage was exhausted, cattle and
horses were unable to reach the creek bottoms, where they might browse on bushes,
but for the most part perished where they were. Nor did much success attend the
efforts of many of the Indians who tried to save a portion of their stock by breaking
roads to the creek bottoms, though some were saved in that way. Probably ninety
per cent, of the Indian horses perished and eighty per cent, of their cattle. Mauy^
families formerly in comparatively good circumstances were reduced to poverty, and
the means of all seriously impaired. The effect has been that some have been stimu-
lated to greater effort, and now look to the cultivation of the soil for a support, instead
of depending, as formerly, on the sale of ponies, while others, of a wilder and more
untractable sort, seem to consider all ties that bound them to the agency severed, and
have taken up their abode at the fisheries, depending on fish for subsistence, thus de-
priving their children of the benefits of the school, and themselves of the advice and
assistance they mijrht receive at the agency.
The provisions of the treaty give these Indians a practically unlimited privilege of
iidence off the reservation. Under it they may " visit and reside at their accus-
tomed fisheries, during the fishing season ; " may visit their accustomed hunting.
residence off the reservation. Under it they may " visit and reside at their accus
tomed fisheries, during the fishing season ; " may visit their accustomed hunting
camas, and berry grounds, during the proper seasons, for the pu-rpose of securing game
174 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
gathering roots, berries, &c. These several provisions cover about the whole year,
so that it is optional with the Indians whether they will reside on the reservation
and avail themselves of the privileges offered in the way of schools, &c., or con-
tinue to follow the idle, wandering life of their fathers. That so many have chosen
the first alternative is a matter for congratulation.
POPULATION, ETC.
In my report for last year I gave estimated number of Indians belonging to this
reservation, parties to this treaty, at 3,950. This estimate was based upon a census
taken several years since, and did not pretend to be exact. This estimate has been
pronounced in a certain quarter as a monstrous exaggeration. As stated in my report
the estimate did not pretend to be exact, and included the band of Chief Moses, who
were parties to this treaty and should have been compelled to reside on the reservation.
Between the time the estimate was made and the census of last winter many of the
more lawless of our Indians have left this reservation and gone to reside with Chief
Moses. It is impossible to give the number of these, but it is believed to be consider-
able. These, of course, were included in that estimate. The census taken last winter
gives the following as the number of our Indians, who may be roughly classed as fol-
lows:
Class 1. Indians residing permanently on the reservation who cultivate farms, own
cattle teams, agricultural implements, &c., and in general require no assistance, 647.
Class 2. Indians residing on the reservation, except during the fishing season, who
cultivate more or less laud, own horses and some cattle, but depend partially on fish
for their subsistence, 1,057.
Class 3. Piute Indians located on this reservation who are destitute of cattle and have
but few horses, to whom lauds and assistance will be given this season, 472.
Class 4. Indians living habitually off the reservation, only coming here during the
winter, subsisting on fish, game, the sale of ponies, &c., 598.
Class 5. Disaffected Indians, living entirely off the reservation, subsisting like class
4 on fish, game, &c., 276.
Class 6. Estimated number of the Palotise Indians, parties to this treaty, but who
reserved the privilege of residing at their old homes till the United States should pur-
chase their improvements — they have never been on the reservation— 350.
This makes the total number, ascertained by actual count except as to class 6, as
3,400. This falls considerably short of my estimate of last year, but I believe may be
fully covered by those who are not included in the census but are parties to the treaty.
Referring to the several classes noted above, it may be said that the first are, with
few exceptions, well qualified to care for themselves and need no further assistance,
except in the way of schools, physicians, &c. The second class still require assistance
in the way of issues of cattle, agricultural implements, &c., but are rapidly acquiring
property, and each year numbers of them join the first class. The condition of the
third class, or Piutes, will be separately noted. As a general thing it may be said that
the fourth and fifth classes reject all proffers of assistance. They do not desire to cast
off their old customs and learn the ways of the whites, and only ask to be left alone to
follow the traditions of their fathers.
Want of funds prevented my including the Palouse Indians in the Census, and I have
little definite information about them. They still occupy their original country ; in
common with white settlers, cultivate small patches of land, and depend principally
on fish for subsistence. They are said to be quiet, industrious, and worthy. The tri-
fling sum required to purchase their improvements should be paid according to the
treaty, and they should be brought to this reservation.
CONDITION OF THE PIUTES.
In February, J879, some five hundred Piutes and Bannack prisoners, fresh from the
war-path and reeking with the blood of murdered wives and children of white settlers.
were brought here and turned over to me by the military authorities. No decided
steps were taken to determine their permanent location for nearly two years, and they
remained here receiving weekly rations from our agency supplies, uncertain whether
they were to remain here or be returned to their old reservation— the Malheur. During
the winter of 1879 and 1 880, Sarah Winnemucca, with her father, visited Washington, and
gained from the honorable Secretary of the Interior permission for the Piutes and Ban-
nacks at this agency to return, at their own expense, to Malheur.
Knowing the temper of the people through whom they must pass, still smarting
from the barbarities of the war two years previous, and that the Piutes, utterly des-
titute of everything, must subsist themselves on their route by pillage, I refused per-
mission for them to depart without military escort, and some provision for their sub-
sistence on the way. Thiscreated intense excitement among the Piutes, which, Iregret
to say, was intensified by the imprudent recommendation of certain white men at Yaki-
ma City, whose position would lead one to expect better sense, who told them to " Pay no
attention to what Wilbur says ; you have the Secretary's permission, and no one has
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 175
the right to prevent your returning." Happily this advice was not acted on, and soon
after, on being more correctly informed of the state of affairs, the Hon. Secretary re-
voked his permission though no determination as to their permanent location was ar-
rived at. This was a great disappointment to the Piutes and the greatest caution and
care was necessary in dealing with them. Their uncertain status prevented any per-
manent plans for their benefit. Fields were fenced, broken, planted, and turned over
to them, but as long as they expected an early return to their old reservation, it could
not be expected they would take more than a temporary interest in matters here.
On my return from Washington, I called a council of them, and informed them of
the final decision of the department, that this must be their future home. Some feel-
ing was manifested at first, but they now seem to have cheerfully accepted the situ-
ation and are anxious to be at work on lands of their own. I turned over to them about
twenty-five acres of wheat, which they have cut and threshed themselves. As soon
as the pressure of other duties will permit, it is my intention to locate them perma-
nently, fence and break for them a large tract of land, build houses for their lead-
ing men, supply them with teams and cattle, and put them in the way of raising their
own subsistence and so relieve the agency from the burden of their support. During
harvest all who would work were given employment, and without assistance from the
more experienced Yakamas, have bound and shocked all the department grain and ren-
dered service in the hay-fields and in threshing. For these services they have been
paid in supplies. They are industrious and capable, and only need opportunity to de-
velop into practical farmers.
CROPS, ETC.
The great loss of stock last winter left many of our Indians without teams for their
spring plowing. Under these circumstances the agency teams were used as far as pos-
sible to put in crops for such Indians as had lost their own, and in this way about the
usual acreage was sown. In view of the necessity of providing subsistence • for the
Piutes and school, I had put in about two hundred and fifty acres of wheat on the ac-
count of the department. Only one field has yet been threshed, but from the returns
received I think it safe to assume that the yield of department wheat will not be less
than five thousand bushels, thus relieving us of all fears of a scarcity of breadstuff's
like last winter. The Indian grain also promises well, and there is no doubt but the
Yakamas will this year have more than will be required for their subsistence, seed next
spring, &c.
EDUCATIONAL.
Nothing in the results of the past year gives me greater satisfaction than the condi-
tion of the school. Our people have for some time been waking up to the advantages
of education for their children, and in response to our earnest solicitations last winter
brought their children from all parts of the reservation till our boarding-house and
school- rooms were crowded with nearly one hundred children. Our accommodations
being only intended, as an extreme limit, for 60, it became a question how to keep all
that offered. We were unwilling to turn any away, and found means to accommodate
all that came, though not as comfortably as might be wished. Notwithstanding the
crowded condition of the school-rooms and dormitories, no sickness of moment oc-
curred among the children, owing, no doubt, to great care on the part of the physician,
superintendent of teaching, and matron, but they were kept through the long and
severe winter contented and happy. I am now engaged in building a new school-
house and boarding-house, and hope next winter to accommodate from 200 to 250 chil-
dren. So thoroughly are our Indians aroused on the subject of education, that I fear
even this large addition to our school facilities will not accommodate all who desire to
attend school.
Some eighteen or twenty Piute children have been in the school the past winter who
have given evidence of at least equal capacity with the Yakamas. The progress made
in their studies has been highly satisfactory, though representing but a small fraction
of the benefits conferred by the boarding-school in familiarizing the children early in
life with the manners and customs of civilized life.
CIVILIZATION.
No honest observer can visit this agency and deny the wonderful advancement that
has been made. It is no longer a question of the capacity of the Indians for civiliza-
tion. It has been my policy to so use the means entrusted to me, by issues of cattle,
wagons and farming implements, that each year a number of the most industrious and
worthy should be placed in a position where, with occasional advice, they could care
for themselves and .no longer require assistance, rather than by a general distribution
to so scatter my means that while each should receive something, no one would receive
sufficient to be of permanent benefit. The result of this policy may be seen in the
present condition of these Indians, partially noted under the head of population.
There are many, I might say hundreds, of families as well prepared to care for them-
selves as the majority of the white settlers in this and the adjoining counties. Not
176 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN.
less than six or seven different newspapers are taken by our Indians, circulating from
three to twelve or fifteen copies each; six or eight reapers and mowers are owned and
operated by Indians; probably thirty or forty sewing-machines are owned by Indian
women; and if required our Indians could furnish from sixty to seventy four-horse
teams, each teamster as well qualified for his work as the majority of white men. Each
year sees numbers added to this class, and each year sees in these an upward growth.
MILLS, ETC.
Last spring I purchased a new bolting-cloth for the grist-mill, since which time it
has turned out an improved quality of flour, fully equal if not superior to the first-class
flour made at the Yakama and Goldendale mills.
As the statistics accompanying my annual report of last year have been the subject
<^f much criticism in a certain quarter, and my statement of the amount of wheat
raised by the Indians pronounced an absurd fiction, I may mention that the miller re-
ports the amount ground for Indians from September 1, 1880, the date he took charge
of the mill, till December 31, 1880, at 10,400 bushels ; from January 1 to March 31,
1881, 1,662 bushels, and from April 1 to June 30, 1881, 1,373 bushels, making 13,440
bushels. During August the mill was in charge of G. C. Roe, and the amount of wheat
ground for Indians is not definitely known, but as it was the month immediately after
harvest when there would be likely to be a rush of new wheat, it may be assumed to
be at least equal to the average of the succeeding four months. This would make
16,040 bushels ground for Indians at the agency mill ; and adding the amount sold to
the department and to employ6s, that ground for Indians at the mills in Yakima and
Ahtanum, and the amount fed to stock and reserved for seed, and the total could
hardly fall short of my estimate of 35,000 bushels.
Our Indians had made extensive preparations to cut and haul to the steam mill a
much larger amount of saw-logs than in any previous year; but owing to the severity
of the winter many found themselves, without teams in the spring, and those who had
succeeded in saving their work-horses found them so poor as to be of little service, so
that only about 300,000 feet were delivered, and of these I was compelled to purchase
a large proportion for lumber for the new school and boarding-house, as the depart-
ment teams, being required for the trip to Malheur, could not be used for hauling
logs. The mill was started in May, the only white man employed being the manager
and sawyer, Indians being employed in all the other departments.
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY FROM MALHEUR TO YAKAMA.
Early in the spring I \vas notified of the intention of the department to transfer the
supplies at Malheur Agency to Yakama, and directed to proceed to that place with
teams and remove all the property that in my judgment was worth transporting.
Want of funds embarrassed me so that it was not till June 6 that I was able to perfect
my arrangements for the performance of this service. Taking with me 16 Indian and
2 department four-horse teams I crossed the Columbia River at Columbus and pro-
ceeded to Malheur via Canyon City. The people along the route had not forgotten
the Bannack war of 1878, and I found their sentiments bitterly hostile, so much so
that I had sometimes difficulty in preventing a collision between some of the more
reckless and lawless of the whites and our Indian teamsters. Happily all actual vio-
lence was avoided and we reached the agency safely, where I loaded' such articles as
I thought would best bear transportation, and taking the cattle aud horses started on
my return to my agency. At Malheur City, 45 miles from the agency, I was met with
orders to take entire charge at Malheur Agency, and make arrangements for the care
of the buildings and remaining property till its final disposition should be determined
by the department. The circumstances were such that it was practically impossible
to comply with these instructions, as I explained at length in a letter, which I trust
proved satisfactory. Our route homeward lay via Baker City and Umatilla, where we
crossed the Columbia River in safety, and after a journey of two days and nights,
without water and over a burning desert, reached the borders of the reservation, and
two days after, July 18, the agency, after one of the most fatiguing and exhausting
journeys that during my residence of more than thirty-five years on the frontiers of the
Pacific coast it has been my lot to experience.
Very respectfully, vour obedient servant,
JAMES H. WILBUR,
ignited States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
GREEN BAY AGENCY, WISCONSIN.
SIR : I have the honor to submit this my third annual report. The jurisdiction of
this agency extends over the Menomonees, Oneidas, and Stockbridges, numbering, re-
spectively, 1,450, 1,506, and 135, each located on separate reservations. The
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN. 177
MENOMONEE
Reservation is situated between ShawanoandLanglade Counties, in Northern Wisconsin,
consisting often townships of land, the most of which is covered by a dense forest of
timber, principally maple, hemlock, and
Pine,
the last named being estimated at about 250,000,000 feet, and would sell at a fair sale,
at present value, as it stands, for about $750,000. This the Menomonees have repeat-
edly asked the United States to sell, and invest the proceeds in United States bonds,
the interest to be used annually for their benefit and support. In this they should be
immediately heard, and their wishes granted, for their valuable timber is surrounded
on all sides by old choppings and dense undergrowth, that are liable in dry seasons to
carry destructive forest fires into their pine and cause its total destruction. Besides the
heavy winds are continually blowing down great quantities of the most valuable of said
timber, where, under existing laws, it must remain to decay and waste. This is very
discouraging to the Menornouees, who are continually asking permission to cut the dead
and down timber going to waste on their land, thus giving them employment during
the winter season, and means wherewith to improve, seed, and plant their farms in
spring and summer. The Menomonees are making steady advancement in
Agricultural pursuits.
Each year many of the old clearings are enlarged, and new ones are being opened, and
cultivated. Their urgent request at every council, besides the sale of their pine, is the
Allotment
of the land in severalty that they may have a home of their own where they may enjoy
the benefits of their industry, and take pleasure in making their homes more comforta-
ble and valuable, knowing that their homes are their own individual property. A
farmer has lately been secured who will go among them to teach and encourage them
in the enlargement of their farms, repairing and building substantial fences and barns,
and instructing them in the general cultivation of crops. They also have a
Grist and saw mill,
situated at Keshena Falls, one mile from the agency, both of which are driven by an ex-
cellent water-power. During the past year the Indians have manufactured 247, Ob'2 feet of
lumber, and a quantity of shingles, all of which has been used by them in improvements
on the reserve. I will here state that if Congress had the welfare of those people in view,a
law authorizing them to lumber the dead and fallen pine timber, now rotting and going
to total waste on their reserve, would immediately be passed, giving them authority to
sell the same to the whites settled outside of the reserve, thus granting them a source
of revenue, and a strong incentive to industry, thereby occupying their time and at-
tention in one of the strongest civilizing agents. At present they have nothing to do
for a large portion of the year except to engage in their old-custom dances, hold coun-
cil, or go outside to look for work. If there is a general desire among the people of the
United States to
Civilise the Indiana
of Northern Wisconsin, for the sake of humanity, justice, and common sense, let them
all join in one general chorus in urging Congress to rend asunder the bonds that hold
them in their imprisoned and morbid condition. They are not allowed, under exist-
ing laws, to cut a load of wood from the dead timber wasting on their reserve, and
sell it at the nearest market. Nor can they legally cut a few hoop-poles from the
dense undergrowth on their reserve and sell them wherewith to buy the necessaries
of life for their hungry children. Is this not a national disgrace? Place the German,
Norwegian, or Irishman (whois accustomed to hard labor) in our forests, restrict them
to the same rules, and they would be hand-bound to such an extent that it would be
impossible for them to clear their lauds into large and profitable farms. They while
clearing their lands haul their wood, staves, hoop-poles, and timber into market and
sell them to buy the necessary supplies to subsist themselves and families. Why not
give the northern Indian the same privilege? It cannot be possible that Congress ex-
pects the Indian, who has not been accustomed to hard knocks, with ax and maul to
clear and continue clearing up profitable farms without granting them some source of
support. Nevertheless this is the condition the Indian who remains on his reservation
is placed in. It is well known that the Indian requires to be protected against the
acts of unprincipled white men who make it their business to defraud the Indian
whenever opportunity offers ; but why not protect him and not bind him by imprac-
ticable laws that require him to perform impossibilities— laws that are intended to
elevate and civilize him, but practically hold him down tied hand and foot?
Some one may be ready to ask what manner of laws I would recommend for the In-
12 IND
178 REPORTS OF AGENTS IX WISCONSIN.
dians. This I would gladly answer as follows : For the Indians of Northern Wiscon-
sin laws authorizing the locating and building of manufacturing establishments on
their reservation, viz, saw-mills, planiug-inills, sash, door, and blind factories, barrel
and stave factories. Man these establishments with Indians ; manufacture the valu-
able timber on the reservation into more valuable productions; ship them to market
as business men among the whites do; sell them for the best price attainable; pay
the Indians for their labor, and deposit whatever remains to the credit of the tribe
subject to the orders of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. It is not; money that
elt-vates the Indian ; he does not, generally speaking, know the value of it; but it is
employment in some kind of honest industry that will elevate him, as well as all other
classes of mankind. This, together with schools and Christian teachings now so fully
offered to them by the different denominations, would produce a great change in their
condition in a short space of time. It is very true that a wonderful change for the
better has been accomplished in the last ten or twelve years among the Indians of the
United States, particularly among some of the Western tribes ; but to continue in their
advancement they must be employed in some remunerative industry to earn a com-
fortable living, or they will settle into indolent habits, like many of the white popu-
lation in the Southern and Middle States, which ought to be deplored. The Menomo-
nees now have three
. Schools
on their reservation, two of which were opened during the last year, both conducted
andktaught by Indian women ; the other is a hoarding-school held at the agency.
They are all well attended, and promise great benefit to the tribe. All the
Religious
-advantages of the tribe are taught by the Roman Catholic denomination, and three
priests and two lay-brothers of the Franciscan order are located at the agency, doing
missionary work among them. It is estimated that about two-thirds of the Menomo-
nees are members of the above denomination, and one-third remain in their primitive
state, as adherents to the old Indian customs and teachings.
Intoxication
is indulged in to some extent by the young men, who frequent the city of Shawano,
about 8 miles distant, where they procure liquor, sold to them as cider, which is very
intoxicating in its effects. The new
Agency farm,
containing about 90 acres, has produced a very fair crop of small grain, potatoes,
turnips, and corn, as will be seen by my statistical report.
THE ONEIDAS,
numbering 1,506, are situated a few miles southwest from the city of Green Bay, on a
reservation containing about 65,000 acres, over one-half of which is considered excel-
lent farming land. They are well advanced in
Agriculture,
and a large portion of their land is classed with the best land of Brown County. The
main settlement extends nearly the whole length of the reservation, through the center,
north and south, and is one continuous line of large farms, supplied with many good
dwellings and outbuildings. They harvest large crops, which find a ready and profit-
able market at Green Bay, Depere, and Appleton. They are also engaged to some ex-
tent in raising horses, cattle, swine, and sheep. They are steadily advancing in civil-
ized pursuits, and many new farms are being cleared and more land cultivated each
year. But their continuous appeal to the agent and honorable Commissioner of Indian
Affairs is to have their
Lands allotted
to each individual. This would be a great incentive to further industry. among them,
-and should be done without delay. They have four
Schools,
which are well attended, and the results show that the scholars are thoroughly in-
structed in the common branches. The tribe all being Protestants, are taking a strong
interest in
Religious matters.
The Methodist mission is presided over by Rev. S. W. Ford, who is very energetic in
both church and school. The Episcopal church is in charge of Rev. E. A. Goodnongh,
and is considered in a prosperous condition.
One great drawback to this tribe is the
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN,
179
Liquor
Their reservation being so near villages and cities, where they do their trading and
market their produce, it is very easy for them to secure ail the liquor they want, not-
withstanding the many arrests, trials, and convictions for selling and giving intoxi-
cating liquors to Indians. This fact, is deplored by the better and greater portion of
the tribe. During the past year five young men of the Oneida tribe have come to an
untimely death through its influence; two by driving into a flooded stream were
drowned, and three were run over by trains while they were on the track in a state of
intoxication. As I stated in my last year's report, drunkenness will continue among
the Indians of many localities, in spito of the strongest efforts of agents and Indian
police, until Congress amends the law by adding not less than three months' imprison-
ment, and not less than $50 fine; this would accomplish the desired result.
The following table shows the number of persons found guilty of disposing of intoxi-
cating liquor to Indians of this agency during the past fiscal year, together with the
fine and term of imprisonment prescribed to each by the court :
Defendants.
Date of
sentence.
Amount of
fine.
Imprisonment.
John Keyser
1880.
July 14
July 14
Aug. 12
Sept. 13
Nov. 10
Nov. 17
Dec. 20
1881.
Jan. 5
Jan. 5
Jan. 5
Jan. 27
Feb. 1
Feb. 11
$1 00
1 00
1 00
50 00
1 00
1 00
50 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
10 00
And 30 days in Winnebago County jail.
And 60 days in Brown County jail.
And 60 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 1 day in Milwaukee County jail.
And 10 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 60 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 40 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 90 days in house of correction, Milwaukee.
And 40 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 40 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 30 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 60 days in Milwaukee County jail.
And 1 day in Milwaukee County jail.
Isaac Derouche
Daniel McLeod
William P. Brown
David Gorbarn
John Keough
William P. Brown
Aloys Bohmann . ...
Aaron Koukapot
Iievi weaver
Jacob Jacobs ...
Henry Miller
THE STOCKBRIDGES,
numbering 135, are located on a reservation seven miles west from Keshena, containing
eighteen sections of land, which is considered fair for agricultural purposes. Most of
the tribe are engaged in agricultural pursuits, from which they reap fair crops, but
their love of
Whisky,
in a great measure, retards their elevation, and many of them spend their time about
villages where liquor is sold, instead of improving their homes. They seem to be very
expert in adopting the vices of the white man, but slow in adopting his virtues. They
have one
School,
which has been moderately attended during the year, the majority of the tribe seem-
ing to take but little interest in educational matters. They have one
Church,
of the Presbyterian denomination, presided over by Rev. Jeremiah Slingerland, who is
an Indian, a member of the tribe, and teacher of the school. These people should be
made
Citizens of the United States
as soon as possible, and they ought to have been such many years ago. They are
divided into two or three factions, engaged in continual strife against each other, and
the only way to improve them is to citizenize them, and make them amenable to the
laws of the State, both civil and criminal. This, and this only, will ever end their bit-
ter quarrels over tribal funds and property, which have continued probably a hundred
years or more.
I herewith enclose my statistical report. All of which is respectfully submitted.
E. STEPHENS,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
180 REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN.
LA POINTE INDIAN AGENCY,
Bayfield, Wis., August 31, 1881.
SIR : In compliance with instructions contained in department circular of July 1,
have the honor to submit my annual report of the condition of this agency. This re-
port must necessarily be brief and imperfect, owing to the great extent of territory
embraced in this agency, comprising, as it does, seven different reservations, located
hundreds of miles apart, and the short period during which I have had charge of the
affairs of the office making it impossible for me to visit and inspect the condition of
the different bands under my supervision.
In accordance with department instructions, I, on the 14th day of July, ultimo, as-
sumed charge of this agency, embracing the Red Cliff Reservation, situated in Bayfield
County, Wisconsin, and comprising a territory of four sections of land, and with a
population of 726.
Bad River Reservation, situated in Ashland County, Wisconsin, covering 124,333 acres
of land, with a population, as shown by the census recently taken, of 463.
Lac Court Oreille Reservation, situated in Chippewa County, Wisconsin, 69,136 acres
of land, with a population of 1,093.
Lac du Flambeau Reservation, situated in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, 69,824 acres
of land, with a population of 665.
Fond du Lac Reservation, situated in Carlton County, Minnesota, 100,121 acres of land,
with a population of 404.
Grand Portage Reservation, situated in Cook County, Minnesota, 51,840 acres of land,
with a population of 267.
Bois Forte (or Net Lake) Reservation, situated in Saint Louis and Itasca Counties,
Minnesota, containing 107,509 acres, with a population of 664.
The population of the different reservations is taken from the census of 1877, with
the exception of Bad River and Bois Forte bands, who have been enumerated during
the past year.
Of these reservations I have had the opportunity, since they have been under my
charge, of visiting but two, Red Cliff and Bad River, located, the first 3 miles and the
other about 25 miles, from the agency. These bands being easily accessible from the
agency, and being in frequent, almost daily, communication with the agent, have had
a better opportunity of making their wants known, and have naturally received a
larger share of attention and assistance than those located at a distance, witn the re-
sult that their progress toward civilization is more marked, and the area of land under
cultivation larger, and their mode of cultivation better, than at the less favored
points.
The Red Cliff bands have a farmer (white) and a blacksmith (Indian) employed by
the government to assist and instruct them. In company with the farmer I visited the
homes of several of the Indians who were living upon their allotments ; I found them
living in comfortable houses, mostly constructed of hewn logs, with board or shingle
roofs, many with capacious and well constructed barns and stables, and without ex-
ception their homes were marked by a cleanliness which was far from being a distin-
guishing feature of these people a few years since ; their improvement in this respect
is remarkable. It being the haying season when my visit was paid, the men were all
at work in the fields, where the work of mowing and curing of the hay was done in a
workmanlike and economical manner, which would have done credit to any farming
community among the whites. Their fields having been cleared from the heavy tim-
ber, and the refuse largely handled by hand, the clearings are of course small, varying
in size from three to twenty acres, but each pointed with pride to the amount cleared
during the year, and discussed his plans for the future in a business-like way, which
more resembled a white than an Indian community. Those to whom patents for land
have not been issued seemed very anxious to receive them, and be put upon an equal
footing with their more favored neighbors. They seemed very much pleased with the
progress of their children in the school conducted by Miss Van Aarle, and desired that
some compensation should be allowed her for her services. It being vacation season
with the school I am unable to speak from personal observation of the proficiency of
the pupils : the school-house which I inspected was in good condition/neat and well
furnished. The blacksmith (an Indian) showed, with justifiable pride, specimens of
his handiwork in wood, iron, and tin, also specimens of the work done by his appren-
tices, which was decidedly creditable. He complained that it was impossible for him
to retain his apprentices until he could make workmen of them, from the fact that the
pay of $5 per month was so small, and that during the summer season these boys could
earn from $1 to $1.50 per day working for the whites engaged in lumbering and fishing.
The saw-mill built by the government upon this reservation is now in a state of dilapi-
dation and unrepair, and cannot be profitably put in condition for further usefulness.
The agricultural implements, and other property belonging to the government under
charge of the farmer, Mr. Milligan, I found in good condition and well cared for. These
Indians, as a band, rank higher in civilization, sobriety, and patriotism, than many of
the immigrants to this country, to whom our naturalization laws open the gates of
REPORTS OF AGENTS IN WISCONSIN. 181
citizenship; some of them served faithfully in the Northern ranks during the late war,
and, being "native to the manor born," should, at the earliest possible day, have the
rights of citizenship conferred upon them.
On the 2(5th day of July I visited the Bad River Reservation and in company with Mr.
Walker, government farmer, inspected a few of the farms in the immediate vicinity
of the mission. This reservation, located upon the Bad River, from which it takes its
name, may be called the garden of Northern Wisconsin. The soil when once cleared of
timber is easily worked and very productive. At Odanah, situated on Bad River, about
six miles from its mouth, at the junction of White River, are located the boarding and
day school under the charge of Rev. I. Baird and assistants, the residences of thegov-
erment farmer, interpreter, and blacksmith, and a number of log houses occupied by
Indians. Most of the Indians working upon their allotments upon this reservation
move their families into the village during the winter season, as the deep snows and
lack of roads make communication with, and transportation to their farms impossible.
The younger men of the tribe find employment for themselves and teams either in the
lumber camps upon the headwaters of the Bad River and its tributaries, or in cutting
and hauling wood to the neighboring village of Ashland. They are active and intelli-
gent and their services are always in demand at good wages.
The one important drawback to their rapid advancement seems to be an entire lack,
save in a very few instances, of any care to accumulate property. No matter what wages
are received they are spent immediately and at the end of a season's work they are in.
no better pecuniary circumstances than at its commencement. This fact also renders
them less desirable as employe's, as they are somewhat uncertain, lacking the " staying
qualities." Having satisfied their present wants they are prone to leave their employ-
ment until necessity again compels them to labor. This disposition I do not attribute
to laziness but to the natural " take no thought for the morrow " disposition which
leaves no incentive to labor, present wants being supplied. Those whom I mentioned
as exceptions to this rule are making for themselves comfortable houses and pointing
a moral for the others which is already having its effect, and I am hopeful that in a few
years this band may also be numbered among the useful citizens of the United States,
with all the privileges of the same to which they have far better title than many who
now enjoy them.
The schools not being open at present I have not had an opportunity to inspect them,
but learn from Mr. Baird that the attendance upon the boarding scrool has fallen off to
such an extent that unless pupils can be procured from other reservations it will be
discontinued for the present. The attendance upon the day school averages about fif-
teen scholars. In this connection I would say, that in my judgment a boarding school
for Indian children to afford the best results should not be located upon a reservation,
but at some point away from home influences and interferences which is unpleasant
for the teachers and injurious to the pupils. The issuing of daily rations to pupils of
the day school has had a tendency to make it more popular than the boarding school,
as the rations taken home assist in furnishing the family table and give the parents
an increased interest in seeing that their children are punctual and regular in their at-
tendance.
Bad River, the stream which gives its name to the reservation is navigable for small
vessels to the village of Odanah. Its banks, and those of its tributaries are covered with
large and valuable tracts of pine, mostly without the limits of the reservation, though
many millions of feet are contained within its boundaries. The lumbering interests
upon the upper waters of these streams have of late years assumed considerable pro-
portions and among the men employed in this industry are many of the Indians from
this reservation who make excellent workmen. The mouth of the stream being in-
cluded within the reservation the sorting, rafting, &c., of all the logs has to be done
there, which also furnishes many of them employment during the summer. The com-
pany chartered by the State to carry on this work have in contemplation some impor-
tant improvements to which I have had the honor to call the attention of the depart-
ment in a special report at a previous time.
The question of the disposition of the pine upon this reservation is an important one
and should receive the early attention of the Department. With the limited informa-
tion in my possession, I should estimate its value at upwards of $50,000, and with the
clearing and other work going on, the numerous camp fires, &c., the risk is great that
a large portion of it may be rendered valueless. Already portions of it have been burned
over, and the risk of such losses is increasing yearly. The value of the product of the
reservation should in some way, and at as early a day as possible, be secured for the
benefit of the Indians.
On the Lac Court Oreille Reservation there are employed by the government a farmer
and assistant farmer (located at different points ou the reserve) and a blacksmith.
The farmer and blacksmith are both mixed bloods. The assistant farmer is a white
man. Of the condition of this band I can only npeak from reports of the employes, who
state that they are making substantial progress, though greatly dissatisfied wich the
182 REPORT OF AGENT IN WYOMING.
failure to issue patents which they assert have been promised the ruyear after year by
the officers of the government, and that the promises have as frequently been broken.
This dissatisfaction among them is producing some unpleasant consequences, many
professing to believe that the allotment scheme, as the farmer expresses it, is a failure,
and that the government does not intend to issue the patents. Acting upon this assump-
tion some of them are encroaching upon the allotments of others, arid putting up build-
ings, cutting hay, &c., causing much trouble to the employes and ill-blood among them-
selves. I am endeavoring to regulate the matter, and think if their assertions regard-
ing the promises made them are true, that immediate steps should be taken for their
fulfillment.
The day school upon this reservation is under the charge of a full-blood Indian who
is doing good work, though owing to the small number of families in the vicinity of
the school, the attendance is limited. The school is supported by the Piesbyterian
Board of Foreign Missions, and is under the supervision of Rev. I. Baird, of the Bad
River Mission (Odanah). I have received instructions from the department to ex-
amine and report upon the feasibility of repairing a government building upon the
reservation with the purpose of establishing a boarding school here, but nave not yet
had an opportunity to do so.
Upon Lac du Flambeau Reservation there are no employe's, and not having been able
to visit it, I cannot at this time report upon the condition of affairs there.
In regard to the Fond du Lac bauds, I would say, upon information, that no allot-
ments have been made and but very few of the Indians have made any progress in
agriculture. The younger men find employment in the mills and lumber camps, and
the older ones maintain themselves principally by hunting and fishing. The Northern
Pacific Railroad passes through this reservation, <ind during its construction was in-
fested by a class of men whose influence upon this band was of a most debasing char-
acter. The standard of morality and sobriety with them is much lower than that of
any other band in this agency. Steps were taken some years since toward moving them
to the Bad River reservation, but no progress has been made. I am satisfied that such
removal would be greatly to their benefit, and would earnestly recommend that the
necessary arrangements be consummated, and the reservation put on the market for
their benefit, and they be given allotments at Bad River.
' The Grand Portage Reservation is located on the shore of Lake Superior, near the
Canadian boundary line. The support of these Idianus is mainly derived from hunt-
ing and fishing. No allotments have been made and agriculture has received but little
attention. The neighboring country is unsettled, and but little employment is to be
had. They are, perhaps, the poorest band in the agency, but are well disposed and a
good class of Indians. Jf they also would consent to removal to Bad River, I am convinced
it would tend greatly to their advancement. The only government employe upon this
reservation is Mr. L. E. Moutferrand, who is employed as teacher, and also takes charge
of the government property. The ieservation is a difficult one to reach, being only
accessible by lake. It is said to contain some valuable timber, and might in time pro-
duce some source of income from sale, though at present I believe the land to be ol
very little value.
The annuity payments to all these bands have, according to their terms, expired some
years since, but they still receive from the government what is termed a " payment,"
being a distribution of articles of necessity, consisting of provisions, wearing apparel,
household and farming utensils, &c., distributed as a reward for labor performed in
improving their farms, and also to assist the aged and the sick.
The Bois Forte band, whose reservation is located in the northern part of Minnesota,
is the only band in the agency still receiving annuities under their treaty with the
government. There are employed upon this reservation a farmer and blacksmith. I
have not yet visited them since they have been under my charge, but from what infor-
mation I can gather they seem to be making very satisfactory progress toward civil-
ization. They are more isolated from communication with the whites than either
of the other bands of which I have spok«n. Physically and intellectually they are
fine specimens of their race, and with proper help from the government, I should ex-
pect a rapid development of civilization among them.
Trusting that the explanation with which my report commenced may be sufficient
apology for the lack of information conveyed herein,
I am, very respectfully,
W. R. DURFEE,
, United States Indian Agent*
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
SHOSHONE AND BANNACK AGENCY,
» Wyoming, August 22, 1881.
SIR: In compliance with instructions received, I have the honor to submit this my
second annual report of the condition of this agency and the Indians under my charge.
REPORT OF AGENT IN WYOMING 183
NUMBER OF INDIANS.
Last fall, previous to issuing the annuity goods, Mr. Luke A. White, the agency clerk,
arid myself visited each and every wicki-up in both tribes, for the purpose of taking
an accurate census of all the Indians present, which we found to be as follows, viz :
Shoshones, 1,125; Northern Arapaht.es, 913. After an acquaintance with these people
for the past eighteen months, it is a source of gratification to be able to testify to their
quiet, peaceable, and friendly disposition to all mankind, notwithstanding the contrary
reports that have been made at different times relative to their manifesting a spirit of
uneasiness, and making preparations to join the hostile Utes in rebellion against the
government. In view of these rumors, which is what a large number of our frontiers-
men would like to see, I am pleased to be able to state that we have passed through
another year without any acts of violence or bloodshed, and were it not for the accursed
whisky traffic with Indians by white men, which has been my greatest source of an-
noyance the past year, I believe that a goodly number of these Indians would in the
near future assume the duties and become better citizens than some white men whom
they frequently come in contact with, both in habits and occupation.
The Shoshones, under the leadership of Chief Washakie, are steadily improving in
farming. He and his kinsmen have fenced in a strip of land on the south side of the
Little Wind River. It can be easily irrigated. Said laud is about fifteen rods in depth
and one mile long. They have broken up small patches and have sown wheat and
other vegetables thereon, and their crops are looking very fine. Washakie has on his
place about three acres of wheat, as good as I ever saw. From his meadow of twenty-
three acres, which he fenced in last summer, he has cut one crop of hay, a little more
than ten tons, and yesterday he informed me that the second crop was about ripe
enough to cut.
The Northern Arapahoes labor under many disadvantages, the principal one of which
is they live so far from the agency, rendering it impossible for us to give them the neces-
sary instructions, with but one farmer for the two tribes, and for him to work the
agency farm in connection with all other duties incumbent upon him, is more than any
one man can do, and do it well. On the 10th day of May last I informed the depart-
ment that I had visited both tribes for the purpose of witnessing their mode of farm-
ing. The Arapahoes I found were doing very well, considering the means they had to
do with. I found quite a number of them located at the lower end of the valley, about
thirty miles distant from the agency, rendering it inconvenient for an agent to give
them proper attention in instructing them how to farm, a knowledge of which they
are very desirous to obtain. I find them very willing to work, as best they know how.
What they need at the present time to further their interest is a farmer, and in due
time I shall repeat a former request made to the department for the benefit of these
people, namely, that a former be allowed them in time for next season's work. The
expenditure will be a profitable investment, and good returns can reasonably be ex-
pected in the near future.
The death of Friday, the Arapaho interpreter, who departed this life May 13, 1881,
was a severe blow to the tribe and to the agency, depriving them of the means of com-
municating their desires and the agency of understanding them. The only method
we now have is by the sign language, and our knowledge in that direction is very
limited.
Drunkenness is still very common among a certain class of these Indians who man-
age to procure whisky whenever they want it, and in spite of my continued efforts to
prevent it. This traffic is carried on by second parties, who purchase from the salqon
keepers and storekeepers in the adjoining valley and just off the reservation, and deal
it out to the Indians in defiance of the law. In fact what need have they to fear the pen-
alty of the law when the courts are so lenient in such cases ? For instance, the case
reported by me to the department in July last, where William McCabe, the Shoshone train-
master, when at Rawlins with his Indian freighters, caught one of these scoundrels in
the very act of delivering a bottle of whisky to one of his freighters. He took the
whisky from the Indian and arrested the man. An examination was held before a
justice of the peace. The evidence being point blank against him there was but one
plea for him to make. Therefore he confessed his guilt and was bound over for his
appearance in the United States court at Laramie, Wyoming, which convened on the
16th of the present month. When this case came up the culprit again confessed guilt,
and the sentence of the court for such a heinous offense was five months in jail and
$10 fine. What a punishment for so great a crime and what an incentive for others
to continue in such a lucrative business when the courts treat them so kindly ?
Competition, which is the life of business, is equally as beneficial on an Indian res-
ervation as in other places, and I am very much in favor of giving them the benefits of
competing traders, whereby they can obtain true value for their products. The injunc-
tion found in the Good Book, which says, " Do unto others as we would that they should
do unto us," is equally applicable to the Indians, and whenever we can it is our duty
as Christians to obey'the command. The experience of the past winter has taught us
184 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE.
the benefits derived by baving two licensed traders on an Indian reservation, viz, it
advanced the price of buffalo-robes from $5 to $8 each, antelope, elk, and buck skin from
75 cents to $> 1.30 per pound ; beaverskin from $1.50 to $2.25 per pound, and other peltry
in proportion. At the same time the Indians could purchase all kinds or goods at
greatly reduced prices. In view of these advantages derived by competition, I do not
believe we are doing justice to the Indians when depriving them of snch benefits, in
order to support exclusive traderships. Therefore I would respectfu ly recommend
that this agency be allowed and the department appoint a second trader for the benefit
of both Indians and employe's.
In regard to the sanitary condition of this reservation, I consider its location to be
in one of the most healthy regions in the West. Its Indians are not exposed to malarial
diseases. The existence of the hot spring within a short distance from the agency, in
which tbe Indians bathe in all seasons of the year, thus obeying the first law of health,
cleanliness, is an advantage they have over other Indians not possessed of such purify-
ing elements. The water contains in abundance sulphates and carbonates of lime ai<d
soda, also chlorate of soda, but no free sulphur. Used as a bath the waters have proved
beneficial for rheumatic, neuralgic, and syphilitic diseases. Taken internally no per-
ceptible effects are produced. The cause of diseases most prevalent among these In-
dians is due to their exposed life and manner of living.
1 am happy to be able to state that nearly the whole of Arapaho tribe have aban-
doned their medicine-men, except for the treatment of bronchitis and rheumatism,
while more than half of the Shoshones still adhere to the native medicine-men's pow-
wows and incantations.
It is also a source of gratification to know that we have raised and harvested on the
agency 'arm a sufficient amount of oats and cut hay, enough in different parts of the
valley, wherever it could be found, and hauled it to the agency to feed the government
animals through the winter, which will relieve us from the necessity for open market
purchase for feed for government stock. From reliable authority 1 am informed the
above mentioned condition of affairs is something never before witnessed in the history
of this agency.
The Indian freighters, stimulated by gift of twenty-four horses by the government to
repine* those lost last winter when freighting supplies from Rawlins, Wyo., have
worked with renewed energy, and are entitled to great credit for the large amount of
supplies they have hauled from the railroad to the agency this summer. There are now
en route from Bryan to the agency seventy Indian freighters laden with 162,000 pounds
of flour.
In conclusion I have every reason to be pleased with the progress made the past
year. All of which is respectfully submitted by your most obedient servant,
CHARLES HATTON,
United States Indian Agent.
The COMMISSIONER or INDIAN AFFAIRS.
UNITED STATES INDIAN SERVICE,
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR INDIAN YOUTH,
Carlisle Barriers, Carlisle, Pa., October 15, 1881.
SIR: I have the honor to present my second annual report.
At the date of my last report the number of students was 196,; this number has since
been increased as follows : On the 20th October, by one Apache boy from the Fifth
Cavalry, sent by request of the Wat Department ; on the 6th November, 18SO, under
your orders, I brought to the school fifteen Meuomontes and Sisseton Sioux; on the
22d January, 1&81, twenty-live Creeks arrived ; on the 3d February, sixteen Cheymnes
and Arapahoes arrived; on the 4th February, ten Pueblos; on the 26th February, six-
teen Osages; on the 15th March, fifteen Shoshones and Northern Arapahoes; and on
the 2d April, one Gros Ventres boy from the Sixth Infantry, making a total of 295 dur-
ing the year.
Of the ninety-nine new pupils only thirty-four were girls. Of the boys sixteen were
young men who came at their own expense for transportation from the Cheyenne and
Arapaho Agency, to learn trades.
We have lost during the year : Returned to their agencies on account of sickness,
14; for other reasons, 4 (two of whom were former Florida prisoners); by
death, 10— making a total of 28 and leaving us at this date, 267 children — 130 boys
and 87 girls. Of those returned to their agencies 4 have died.
During the late winter and early spring both measles and scarlet fever were epi-
demic in this vicinity and came into the school in spite of a strict quarantine. A
number of the deaths reported occurred from these diseases. Our present condition
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE. 185
of health is excellent. We have but one pupil whose health is a matter of concern
and none who are unable to attend their meals.
SCHOOL-ROOM WORK.
This has been conducted ia accordance with the principles and following the
methods first adopted. The instruction is objective, the methods natural, the chief
point is the mastery of the English language, reading and writing accompanying and
waiting upon this language study. We have not aimed to urge "the more advanced
pupils beyond a practical knowledge of the primary English branches. Our effort is
to awaken a desire for knowledge and to satisfy that desire. As a means to this end,
occupation in the industrial departments is of prime importance. We have found
that a stated amount of daily employment in the shop, on the farm, or elsewhere does
not retard but rather advances school-room work, besides giving to the pupil manual
dexterity, habits of industry, and aiding in an early discovery of any natural bent
toward a particular business avocation.
The text books used are " Picture Teaching," Webb's Model Readers, Franklin's Ar-
ithmetic, Swiuton's Geography, Hooker's Child's Book of Nature, and Knox and Whit-
ney's Elementary Language Lessons. NQ books are used with beginners. The mater-
ials employed are objects, pictures, the blackboard, slate and pencil,
The knowledge of English gained by those who first came to the school the year
before has aided their advancement during the past year wonderfully and it greatly
surprises those engaged in teaching Indians in the Indian country, who have visited
us, that they make such rapid progress in their studies andin English speaking. They
particularly excel in spelling, in writing, and in arithmetic. Here vacation is a
period of continued building up and not of retrograding.
During the year the students have received class instructions in vocal music. They
are learning to sing by note and are drilled regularly in chorus-singing. The singing
exercises are a great profit, and our hymns and choruses seem now to afford more pleas-
ure than did formerly the meaningless monotone and minor walls of their savage life.
Our first annual examination was held on the 15th June last. Between seven and
eight bundled persons, many of whom are prominently engaged in educational work
throughout the country, were witnesses. In the absence of both the Secretary and
yourself, whom I had hoped would be present and make your own deductions, I in-
vited several gentlemen to form a committee to make a thorough examination of the
school. The following is their report:
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE MAKING THE FIRST ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF THE
CARLISLE SCHOOL, HELD JUNE 16, 1881.
The undersigned, having had the privilege of witnessing the closing examination of the pupils of the
Indian training school, at Carlisle Barracks, under the management of Captain Pratt, and of inspecting
the operations of the industrial department of the same, desire to give expression of gratification caused
and the impressions made upon them by all that they have seen.
And first of all we have to say that it has been with admiration, bordering on amazement, that we
have observed the facility and the accuracy with Avhich the children passed through the various exer-
cises of the schoolroom. The manifestations of advancement in the rudiments of an English educa-
tion are to xis simply surprising. In reading, geography, arithmetic, and especially in writing, the accu-
rate training apparent in all the classes, and the amount of knowledge displayed, are in fullest proof, not
only of skillful and successful teaching, but no less of aptitude and diligence on the part of the Indian
children. Considering the brief period during which the school has been in operation, and the fact that
the greater portion of these childrpn entered it in a wholly untutored condition, the advancement made
by them, as evinced in the examinations we have witnessed, are conclusive at least of their capability
of culture. We are fully persuaded that improvement equal to that which we have witnessed, in the
case of these children of the plains, made in equal time by American children, would be regarded as
quite unusual. And when the difficulties of communication consequent upon diversities of language
are taken into account, we can but feel that the results of which we have been the witnesses to-day jus-
tify our judgment of them as amazing.
What we have seen in the mechanical departments of the school has been matter of equal admiration.
It was a happy conception of Captain Pratt to combine industrial education with the instructions of the
school -room . In this way the Jargerboysof the school are, while obtaining the elements of a good
education, enabled to learn a useful trade. It is obvious to the least reflective that this must prove of
incalculable advantage to them when the time shall have come for them to return to their respective
tribes B« sides the ability it, will give them in the matter of self-support, it can hardly fail to secure
them enviable position and influence among their people. In the several branches of mechanical ac-
tivity now being carried on in connection with the school, we have been no less impressed with the
aptness to learn, and with their skill in work, than we were with their mental capabilities. In har-
ness-making, tailoring, wagon-making, carpentry, and in tinner's trade, as also in printing, the products
of their labors evince skill which we think will not suffer in comparison with that of our own people
under like conditions.
It but feebly expresses the judgment foimed from what we have observed, to say that we regard the
experiment made in this school to educate and every way improve Indian children, a very remarkable
success. In a little more than a year these children have been brought from a very low point of na-
tuial ignorance and of barbarism to the possession of many of the benefits of civilization, while their
capacity, and their earnest desire, as well as that of many of their parents, for its fullest benefits, have
been unmistakably shown. We cannot forbearthe decided expression of our judgment that this method
of dealing with this unhappy people, is, by the results attained In this and kindred schools commended
as eminently wise, and deserving of much wider adoption. In fact, we cannot hesitate to express our
conviction that it ought to be made a fundamental feature of national policy in our future dealing with
the Indian tribes.
1&6 REPORT OF SCHOO AT CARLISLE.
In conclusion we desire to give distinct and emphatic expression to our 'oelief that the general man-
agement of this enterprise is of the most excellent character. Captain Pratt brings to his work rare
intelligence in all that pertains to Indian character and to the requisites tor its successful management.
In him energy and enthusiasm are joined with a solicitude almost parental for the children under his
care. In him, as indeed in all the teachers of the school, there seems a prevailing desire for the well-
being of every child; and both he and they are to be congratulated on the success of their arduous and
faithful labors.
J. A. McCATJLEY,
President Dickinson College.
JOS. VANCE,
Pastor First Presbyterian Church, Carlisle. Pa.
WM. C. LEVERETT,
Sector St. John's Church, Carlisle, Pa,
C. H. AGNEW, M. D.,
Neiv York City.
F. E. BELTZHOOVER, M. C.
E. P. PITCHER,, New York City.
We purpose the ensuing winter to give to a few of our more advanced pupils nor-
mal instruction in teaching and to me them in primary instruction looking towards
fitting them, for teachers when they return to their tribes.
INDUSTRIAL.
I can repeat all that I said in my last year's report in regard to the capacity and
progress of our hoys in the several industrial branches.' There is no insuperable ob-
stacle in the way of making skillful and practical mechanics, capable farmers, &c.,
&c., of Indian boys. The difficulty of language overcome — and this may be within
the second year of training — Indian boys are, in my judgment, as apt pupils at agri-
cultural, mechanical, or any of the ordinary labor pursuits, as white boys. I have
brought the best tests to bear and find this" judgment uniformly sustained. In part
confirmation of this reports of committees at the recent county fair are hereto appended,
marked A. We have found it better to. work half days and to give the other half to
school-room exercises instead of two days' work and four of school, as last year. Under
this system we have 15 carpenters, 10 blacksmiths and wagon-makers. 11 saddlers, 10
shoemakers, 8 tinners, 6 tailors, 2 bakers, 3 printers — a total of 65 apprentices, the
results of whose labor appear in the following statistics of the workshops, viz:
» SHOE SHOP.
(From January 5, 1880, to September 30, 1881.)
To leather and material $786 15
Pay instructor 680 00
Pay apprentices 186 59
1,652 74
By 2,983 pairs boots and shoes
repaired $1,491 50
150 pairs shoes made 262 50
1,754 00
Showing a balance in favor of the shoe shop of $101.26.
TIN SHOP.
(From April 1, 1880, to September 30, 1881.)
Material $709 62
Pay instructor 900 00
Pay apprentices 23805
1,847 31
Tinware shipped to agencies.. $844 34
Tinware on hand 254 24
Job work connected with school 830 00
1,928 58
Balance in favor of the tin shop of $81.27.
HARNESS SHOP.
(From April 1, 1880, to September 30, 1881.)
Supplies, materials, &c $2, 503 16
Pay instructor 900 00
Pay apprentices 267 10
3,670 26
191 sets double harness $3, 905 45
13 dozen bridles 104 45
Work on carriage and spring
wagon trimmings 60 00
4,069 90
Balance in favor of harness shop of $399.64.
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE. 187
WAGON AND BLACKSMITH SHOP.
(From February 2, 1880, to September 30, 1881.)
Materials $1, 118 81
Pay instructor 995 00
Pay apprentices 381 74
Wagons shipped to agencies,
&c $2,270 00
Plows, harrows, &c., for farm, 60 00
Hose-carriage for school 60 00
Repairs 300 00
2, 495 55
Balance in favor of wagon and blacksmith shop, $194.45.
2,690 00
The carpenter shop and the tailor shop have each more than paid all their expenses
in the improvements made and supplies required by the school. Our farm results have
been as satisfactory as the season would admit. The expenses — rent, labor, and seeds —
have amounted to $2,347, while the income has amounted to $2,477.75, leaving a credit
balance in favor of the farm of $130.75. I had fully expected to meet the rent of the
farm in my potato. crop alone, but the drouth prevented.
Under your orders we have shipped to forty-two different Indian agencies articles
of our manufacture as follows, viz : 410 pint cups, 1,373 quart cups, 50 1-quart fun-
nels, 73 2- quart funnels, 395 2-quart coffee boilers, 427 4-quart coffee boilers, 152 6- quart
coffee boilers, 183 sets double harness, 161 riding bridles, 2 spring wagons, 1,188 10-quart
pails, 310 14-quart pails, 250 2-quart pudding pans, 117 1-quart pans, 313 2-quart pans,
54 10-quart pans, 117 14-quart pans, 10 halters, 2 carriages, representing a total value
of $6,333.46, governed by your Indian Department contract prices.
By authority of the department 109 of our students were placed in white families,
mostly farmers, during the vacation. Previous experience indicated that very great
benefits attended the individualizing process of taking the student away from associa-
tion with those who spoke his own language, and placing him where he could hear
and speak nothing but English ; of removing him from those who were on the same
level of having to learn civilized habits, to a position where he would be the only ex-
ception, and where all his surroundings would lift him up. The results have fully justi-
fied our most hopeful expectations. At the close of the vacation the students thus
placed out have returned wonderfully improved in English speaking, more self-reli-
ant, and stimulated to greater industry.
We copy from letters received the following as giving a fair average of the esteem
gained from those who furnished them homes during vacation :
The two Indian boys, Davis and Darlington, left under my charge by you, from the 18th of June to
the 25th of September, 1881, have given perfect satisfaction in every particular, and their conduct de-
serves the kindest regards and the highest praise.
HENIiY KRATZ.
In returning William Snake to your care and to school, I wish to say to you respecting his conduct
while •with me, that I have found him in all respects equal to white lads of his age, and in some points
quite above them. He is quiet, orderly, respectful, quick to learn, not meddlesome, attentive to what
is assigned him to do and can be trusted. He has become a member of our family, We are attached to
him and are sorry to part with him, but for his sake gladly return him to school and wish him good
F. DYE.
John Shields has given entire satisfaction. 1 would rather have him than one-half the white men
about here to work for me," and am sorry to part with him.
ARTHUR B. SMITH.
This is Samuel's day for departure from us for school. We regret his going very much, as we have
become very much attached to him. He has been very faithful, obedient, industrious, and a very good
boy. I would be pleased to have him come back next vacation.
SIMON H. ENGLE.
The Indian boy John D. Miles you sent me from Carlisle Indian Training School, on the 27th of las
May, I have found to be honest, and willing to do more work than any boy of his size and age I have
ever had in an experience of twenty-five years' farming. He has never given us trouble in any way.
STEPHEN Bill 1 A. Jll.
In returning the Indian girl Leah Roadtraveler to your care, it affords me considerable pleasure tha
I can say she has been obedient, cheerful, and apt in the learning of household duties.
Cora's visit has been Very satisfactory and pleasant to us. She has been a good worker, and always
did her work well. She bad two or three spells of being cross and disobedient, but they soon passed
over, and the last few weeks we have passed very pleasantly together. We got to understand each
°therbetter' M. E. LONGSHORE.
188 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE.
I will now send Cyrus home, but hate to part with him as he is the best boy I had among thirteen
boys, and I thought as much of him and more than any boy I had. I paid him the same wages I paid
the rest.
G. W. MILLER.
Hayes has always been a good boy to work. He soon learns and he does his work well. Very seldom
any cause to find fault about that. I think but very few white boys of his age and experience would
do as well. I have often had to admire with what precision he accomplished the different jobs, some
of which I suppose he had no knowledge of before.
ABRAM R. VAIL.
Sara. Scott's conduct and character during his stay with us was unexceptionable, and in appre-
ciation of his services will say that if he wishes to spend another vacation with us we would b^ pleased
to have him do so.
J. E. WILEY.
Six girls and 23 boys have been allowed to remain in families through the winter.
They will assist in the duties of the farm and the household for their board and will
attend the public schools, thus having advantages for learning civilized habits, and
gaining knowledge far better than we can give at this school. This individualizing
seems incomparably the most hopeful, because the most rapid and complete plan. I
gratefully report the hearty co-operation and interest of the many friends who have
thus taken our children and treated them as their own.
In this connection it is worthy of special notice that the school directors in one lo-
cality raised the objection of aliens against free admission to the public schools for our
Indian children, and submitted the question to the State superintendent, by whom it
was decided that they were entitled to the privileges of Pennsylvania public schools.
The final question as to the future of the Indian is, how shall he be fitted to take his
place as a citizen in this country, a man among men, when he shall no longer be treated
like a spoiled child, alternately petted and punished, but when he shall have alike the
privileges, freedom, an^ responsibilities of other citizens. Common sense would seem
to say that he should first be made to understand what will be expected of him, what
manner of being he will come in competition with, and be educated up to the strength
he will need in the changed struggle fur existence. This is knowledge he cannot gain
so long as he is sedulously kept from opportunity for actual comparison.
ECONOMY.
In his native state the Indian seems almost wholly devoid of prudence or fore-
thought. If the wants of the present are supplied he gives not a thought to the fu-
ture. Lessons in economy and thrift are therefore of the utmost importance to our
Indian students. As a step in this direction I have instituted a system of savings.
The apprentice boys and girls have been paid, as allowed by department regulations,
at tbe rate of 16f cents per day when actually employed. Besides the stimulus in their
work, this has given opportunity for lessons in the proper use of money.
Three mouths ago, after having many times previously explained to the students the
use and benefit of saving at least a portion of their earnings, an account to their credit
was opened with a savings bank in town. Each student who makes a deposit has a
small bank-book, which he keeps himself, and brings once a month if he wishes to make
an additional deposit. Some of the students receive money from their parents and
friends; others have earned something from families during vacation. They, too,
make deposits. There is commendable pride in these savings. The total sum thus
placed at interest, amounts to $668.28, and this system, if continued with its present
success, will insure to the students when they return to their homes, sums sufficient to
be of value in helping them to establish themselves in civilized pursuits.
DISCIPLINE.
The plan of trying boys guilty of any serious offense by a court-martial, using the
older and most intelligent as a court, has been continued successfully. The members
of the court-martial are detailed from the cadet officers, care being taken to secure an
impartial selection from the various tribes. Charges are preferred against the pris-
oner, the court examines witnesses, hears the defense, fixes the degree of guilt, and
recommends a punishment. The record of proceedings made by the junior member of
the court is transmitted to the superintendent for approval or disapproval of its find-
ings. The punishments recommended have been wisely determined, and usually ac-
complished the good sought. Devoted and untiring motherly care over our girls .by
the matron and teachers has promoted the affectionate obedience and good manners of
the best family life.
GIRLS.
It is impossible to overestimate the importance of careful training for Indian girls,
for with the Indians, as with all other peoples, the home influence is the prevailing one.
The labor and expense of educating Indian boys while the girls aieleft untaught isal-
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE. 189
most entirely thrown away. Of what avail is it that the man be hard-working and in-
dustrious, providing by his labor food and clothing for his household, if the wife, un-
skilled in cookery, unused to the needle, with no habits of order or neatness, makes
what might be a cheerful, happy home only a wretched abode of filth and squalor ? Is
it to be wondered at that he succumbs under the burden and is dragged down to the
common level ? It is the women who cling most tenaciously to heathen rites and su-
perstitions, and perpetuate them by their instructions to the children. John Ross,
under whose government the Cherokees were for so many years a progressive, nrosper-
ous people, attributed the comparative failure of the early educational efforts for that
people to the fact that nothing was done for the girls. No real progress was made un-
til girls as well as boys received civilized training. Perhaps one reason why the ten-
dency to neglect the girls has been so great in time past, is that the training of girls
involves care and responsibility so much greater. A boy, in addition to the lessons in
the school-room, is taught some one trade ; the girl who is to be a good housekeeper
must acquire what is equal to several trades. She must learn to sew and to cook, to
wash and iron, she musfc learn lessons of neatness, order, and economy, for without a
practical knowledge of all these she cannot make a home.
The results of the training given our 87 girls are thus far equally satisfactory with
the progress of the boys. By a regular system of details each girl takes her turn in.
the different departments of household training. They take care of their own and the
teachers' rooms, and have hours for practical lessons in the kitchen, dining-room, and
laundry. In the sewing-room a number of the large girls cut and fit garments, forty-
five are expert in running the sewing-machine, and all are taught plain sewing, and
especially mending. The task of repairing garments for so large a school is a very
heavy one. The stockings are darned eack week by the smaller girls, whose skill and
neatness are unexcelled.
BUILDINGS, &C.
Our hospital accommodations since the organization of the school have been very
objectionable. This will soon be remedied by the completion of our new hospital al-
lowed by the department. Necessarily there were many changes to be made in build-
ings erected for military purposes to make them suitable for the school. These changes
have now mostly been completed.
During the year I have placed in the two large buildings used for boys' quarters a
system of steam heating, at an expense of $800 to the department and $1,500 more from
charitable sources.
The girls' quarters were found inadequate to their needs, and a room for lecture and
study purposes in the same building, large enough to accommodate them all, was a
great want. The department having informed me that no money could be allowed for
this purpose, and that I might seek to accomplish it through charity, I laid the mat-
ter before our friends and secured $3,000 for the purpose. I then called for bids
for an addition of one story to the building with the necessary changes to give the
large room and other conveniences desired, and let the contract to the lowest bidder at
$3,750. That improvement is now completed, giving us the large room on the second
floor and a third story, 154 by 34 feet, divided into 16 comfortable rooms ample to ac-
commodate 48 girls.
We have fitted up two additional school-rooms and now have ten rooms for school
purposes with the necessary desks, black-boards, and school apparatus sufficient for
the accommodation of 300 pupils, which is as large a number as can be profitably
managed here. At least half this number should be girls.
One of the old cavalry stables near to the boys' quarters has been floored with the
best quality of heavy pitch-pine lumber. Its dimensions are 162 by 39 feet. A divis-
ion covering 50 feet at one end has been made and this has been fitted up as a reading-
room and place of evening resort for the boys. The remaining 112 feet has been pro-
vided with gymnastic apparatus, so that the boys may in bad weather and out of work-
ing and study hours have an agreeable, instructive, and health-promoting place of
amusement. Regular physical instruction is given, and from all that can now be seen
we may eventually rival Cornell, Amherst, or Columbia in athletic prowess.
The expense of these improvements, amounting to $656.37, having been denied by the
department, the means therefor was secured through friends of the school. The total
amount of cash donations for all purposes has been $5,781.21. The greater part of this
has been given by friends of the school after a personal examination of its work. This
large and benevolent interest is most encouraging, and calls for special notice by the
department.
Thirty-two of our boys are under twelve years of age. These have been placed un-
der the supervision of a matron who occupies quarters with them and gives them
motherly care. Their improvement in health, deportment, &c., has been quite marked.
Finding much difficulty in obtaining a suitable person to act as disciplinarian for
the larger boys, I determined to place Etahdleuh Doanmoe, a Kiowa, and the only
remaining of the former Florida prisoners, in charge of them. In this responsible posi.
190 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE.
tion he has shown himself capable, efficient, aud trustworthy. One of the older Sioux
girls gives excellent satisfaction as assistant to the matron.
The practice of encouraging the pupils in attendance at the different churches in
town, as reported last year, has been continued and the boys have kept up their attend-
ance at the different Sunday schools. Twenty-two of our boys, and ten of our girls
are DOW members of the different churches and the general religious tone of the school
is most excellent.
I d<> not feel that the results of training pupils after the short period of instruction
that they have thus far been under in the East is any material test of results, because
of the very limited number who have been returned and the very brief time they have
been under instruction, but as we are frequently asked in regard to this matter I have
asked an impartial statement from Agents Miles and Hunt, who have charge of the
only agencies to which we have sect any number. Their replies speak for themselves,
and are hereto appended and marked B and C.
The band which I reported in my last has continued to improve, and the musical
ability developed is a matter of astonishment.
The system of monthly reports to parents has been continued during the year, and
in addition as soon as the students were able they have been required to write a
monthly letter home to accompany these reports. The letters received by the children
from their parents, as well as those from the parents to me direct, are full of growing
interest and good sense on this matter of education. The following expressions from
parents show the drift of these sentiments-:
The father of two of our little girls, who is a prominent man among his people, writes
expressing earnest appreciation aud gratitude for the advantages they are receiving,
and tfcen he continues as follows: "I send thanks, with the kindest wishes and good
feeling, for the care and attention given all Indian students you have in your school,
let them be of whatever nation or tribe they may, for I am satisfied that all any nation
or tribe of Indians in North America needs, to be equal to any other race of people, is
education and opportunity, or in other words, enlightenment, and from what I have
learned there is no better place where the same may be attained than the Carlisle
Training School."
Another father, whose son is an apprentice in the harness-shop, writes asking me to
"advise the boys when they come home from the States to bring a fine calf with them
in place of bringing a six-shooter aud belt full of cartridges. It will show them that
they intend to try to make something."
Another father writes to his boy, "Never do anything wrong ; in school study hard ;
•when you go to work do all you can to please your teachers; there is nothing like a
good name; be kind, be quick, be smart; gee your lesson well; be bold in action and
bold to speak. Down your head to no one. If I live to see you come home I wish you
to be improved in manners and ways."
During the year our school has continued to attract wide-spread interest, and has
received numerous visits from prominent persons, educational and other bodies.
Among the more noteworthy was that of the Pennsylvania legislature, who by resolu-
tion of both houses adjourned over one day for the purpose, and the visit of the Duke
of Snuderland and his party.
IN CONCLUSION.
Carlisle school has in its keeping children from twenty-four different tribes. If the
treaties of the United States Government with most of these tribes are in any degree
binding their educational claims and neglects are matters of no little moment. The
treaty clauses in favor of education, framed by the large and important commission of
•which General W. T. Sherman was chairman, and which are a part of each of the
treaties ratified in 1868 with the Sioux, Navajoes, Apaches, Utes, Kiowas, Comanches,
Cheyenues, Arapahoes, Crows, Shoshones, Bannack8,and Pawnees, now our most trou-
blesome tribes, are in words almost identical in each case, as follows: "In order to in-
sure the civilization of the tribes entering into this treaty the necessity of education is
admitted, especially by such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural
reservation, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and
female, between the ages of six and sixteen years to attend school; and it is hereby
made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly com-
plied with; and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said
ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and
a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be
furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully discharge his or her du-
ties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for not less than twenty
years."
These tribes aggregate a population of about 70,000, of which 15,000 are children of
school age. The complete fulfillment of these treaties would render necessary 500
school-houses, whica at an average cost of say $300 each — probably half the real cost at
those remote points— would aggregate $400,000 ; 500 teachers at $600 per annum each
I
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE. 191
for thirteen years would make $3,900,000. Books and school material for 15,009 chil-
dren at $10 per year each for thirteen years would make $1,950,000. Of course these
childivn could not attend school without being clothed and fed; $100 per year each
would be a small sum for this purpose. This amount for 15,000 children for thirteen
years would reach the sum of ,$19,500.000. The grand total would be $25,750,000. This
is a small estimate of the sum actually dne these Indians on account of failure to carry
out the educational treaty agreements, which are the one thing the commission, the
1 Congress, and the President declared would "insure their civilization." From this
amount might be deducted the moiety that has been expended in this direction. Ten
per cent, wonld be a large estimate of this, leaving an actual balance due the Indians for
educational purposes of $23,175,000. The tribes named have had, as shown by the report
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 18^0, an average attendance in school of 1,400
children, or 9^ per cent, of the whole. The 1,300 children of the Utes,Shoshone8,Banuacks,
and Northern Arapahoes have had no school whatever, while the Navajoes, with 3,000
children, have had an average attendance in school often children. The injury done by
the United States Government to this large number of Indian boys and girls who have
grown up during this period, by withholding this promised and valuable intelligence,
and the actual injury and loss to the country from their having been an ignorant,
pauper, peace-disturbing, life-destroying, impoverishing, instead of an intelligent, pro-
ducing element, could not be stated in figures.
Whether it is good public policy to place upon them the grave duties of citizenship
before the civilization, intelligence, and ability of citizenship is educated and trained
into them is very questionable.
No educational work for the Indians will be successful in any considerable degree
until the numbers educated shall form a majority of the whole. A small minority will
always occupy a forlorn position. Public opinion controls, and the majority controls,
that. A veneering of training and education which may be accomplished in a three
years' course equally breeds failure. Theory must be ground in with practice. It is
not the fear that we may educate the children away from sympathy with their former
savagery that should prevail, but rather the fear that we may fall short of getting
enough of education and training into the particular subject to enable him to stand
and to compete in civilized life. If the one city of Philadelphia supports schools and
gives education to 103,000 children, as it does, to maintain its civilization, it seems a
•criminality for the United States to promise and then neglect to give to its 50,000 In-
dian children the education which the government itself says will " insure their civi-
lization." The great need is education for the whole. Whenever that shall be deter-
mined upon, the best where and how will be easily developed. If freedom and citizen-
ship are to be their lot, then the surroundings of freedom and good citizenship during
education would seem the best to equip them for that lot.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. H. PRATT,
first Lieutenant Tenth Cavalry, in charge.
p. s. — ^8 I close my report for the mail I am in receipt of the following letter with
inclosure as stated which is so forcible an indication of the growing sentiment in
favor of Indian education that I make this addition.
OCT. 14,1881.
SIR: I have a sum, $1,000, 1 wish used exclusively for the education of Indian females. May I ask
you to so apply it ? Perhaps this is rather out of business Jiabita to presume on a favorable answer, but
hearing of vour warm interest in the welfare of the Indians, I natter myself you will kindly grant my
request. Hoping your benevolent labors may be crowned with success and you may reap the reward
of seeing those so long wronged rise to a happier condition, respectfully,
p. S.— Can you give me any information of Lieutenant Wilkinson and his institution for Indians at
Forest Grove, Oregon ?
A.
To the Board of Managers of the Cumberland County Agricultural Society :
The committee on Class 45 make the following report concerning the exhibit by the
Indian training school at Carlisle Barracks, under charge of Capt. R. H. Pratt :
The school had on exhibition a large and most creditable display of articles manu-
factured exclusively by the girls and boys of that institution. They consisted of cloth-
ing, tinware, boots, shoes, harness, blacksmith work, doors, sash, spokes, light wagon,
both wood and iron work having -been done by the Indians. There were also exhibi-
tions of penmanship, free-hand drawing, and pottery decoration.
The articles manufactured gave evidence of taste and skill, as well as thorough work-
manship. The boys have worked at their trades only from six to fourteen mouths, so
that their proficiency is quite remarkable. Some of them, we understand, earned
192 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE.
money and paid their way to this school in order to secure the benefits of its training.
It was conceded that this display formed one of the chief features of our exhibition,
and that it was universally admired and commended by visitors as well exciting their
wonder. The committee, in making this report, believe that they will express the
sentiment of our entire community in stating that the facility with "which the Indians
acquire a knowledge of the several trades and the rudiments of an English education,
the zeal, patience, and industry exhibited by them, have been a matter of astonish-
ment, and demonstrate the possibility of transforming them into intelligent, indus-
trious, and capable citizens.
It is also a matter of note that this large collection of boys and girls, numbering 300,
are as orderly and well behaved as that of any school we have known, and that not a
single vicious or even indecorous act on their part has ever beer observed during their
visits to our borough or in their intercourse with our citizens. The work of Capt. R.
H. Pratt and his assistants deserves the attention of the thoughtful and patriotic as
well as humane citizens of our country.
We award a diploma to each department represented in the exhibit and $10 to be di-
vided by the superintendent of the school among the most worthy children.
W. F. SADLER,
J. ZEAMER,
WM. SENSEMAN.
The committee on Class 32 (wagons, &c.) make the following report:
We desire especially to call attention to the exhibit of the ludiau training school as
deserving of special notice, a number of the articles exhibited coming under Class 32.
They show not only skill and proficiency in workmanship but a progress remarkable
in this race. From a careful examination of their work, the committee are of the
opinion that it compared favorably with any work of its kind exhibited.
J. P. BRINDLE,
A. H. PARKER,
ALFRED HEUSTON,
Committee.
B.
KlOWA, COMANCHE, AND WlCHITA AGENCY,
Anadarko, I. T., September 30, 1881.
Capt. R, H. PRATT,
Carlisle, Penna :
SIR: Your esteemed favor of 21st instant, making inquiry about our returned boys,
is to band, and from the general purport of your letter I suppose you refer to the four
boys, Tone-ke-ah, Ohettonit, Zotom, and Taawayite, and not to the original lot of re-
turned Florida boys. .1 shall write plainly.
Tone-ke-ah is a perfect failure. I have tried him at everything, but he breaks down
and goes off of his own accord, unable to forego the cherished allurements of indolent
camp life. I rarely ever see him now wearing coat or pants, but usually wrapped in a
sheet, much soiled, and seems to have no ambition beyond it.
Ohettonit has done better than any of the four, though at times he is ready to take
a step backwards, and needs a paternal, watchful, and sustaining hand to urge him for-
ward and up to his best capabilities. Last year I gave him a room in the school as
teacher, and he did well. I use him now going out and working among his people,
collecting children for schoel, and though too early to judge fairly of what he can
accomplish, I am looking forward with great hope of 'his success. He has a well-bal-
anced mind, and I am quite sure he wants to do right, as I have always found him
truthful, and can trust him without fear of having my confidence misplaced.
Zotom, probably the brightest of the lot, returned to his people in May last, at a very
unfortunate time, just upon the eve of their departure to the annual medicine-dance,
when all was excitement and more than ordinary interest was felt in the ceremony
this year, because it was to be supplemented by a great influx or return of buffalo,
promised them by one of their young medicine-men. The discussion of this subject
among them was all-absorbing, and nearly all sincerely believed the great event would
take place at the time appointed. The temptation to be present was too great, and
Zotom fell into the current, and was soon beyond the reach of any restraining influ-
ence, going out from the agency about 100 miles, and, if not taking part in the observ-
ance of the rites and ceremonies of the dance, it was plainly evident that he still en-
tertained a great reverence for the savage superstitions of his people, and I am much
inclined to believe that during the summer, and especially during the six weeks out
at the dance, he retrograded perceptibly. He is now, however, doing well, and we
hope the disappointment and chagrin of his people over the failure of the promised
results of the dance, and his own humiliation in taking part, will have a good effect,
OF SCHOOL AT CARLISLE. 193
and he will profit; by this experience, and be prepared to resist even greater tempta-
tions in the future.
Taawayite (Comauche), who returned here with Zotom, showed much courage and
strength at first, and strong hopas were felt that he would continue as a good example
and become a leading man, whom his people would respect and follow ; but there seems
to be a falling off from this standard, and lately even the kind words and warm per-
sonal efforts of Mr. Wicks almost fail to make an impression, and I very much fear that
our fond hopes will not be realized.
I have stated each case as I see it, and though more or less disappointed by setting
too high the possibilities of this or that particular one, I am not by any means dis-
couraged, but feel the greater necessity for persistent and well-directed effort. We all
know the many obstacles in the way of a young man returning to his people in a dress
that their prejudices condemn as unfit to wear, and with a change of habits which
only adds to the force of the ridicule excited by the white man's apparel. To success-
fully resist the force of ridicule so general as this requires great strength of character,
and even among our own paople, who proudly boast of a high civilization, there are
few indeed who would not yield if exposed to the same influences.
We all, no doubt, expect to reap too rich or too sudden a harvest, overlooking
meantime, in the constant care and absorbing nature of the work of bringing a savage
people to the ways of civilized life, and perhaps too often measuring our hopes by the
amount of earnest effort employed, that so grand and great a scheme is not accom-
plished in one generation, and that under the most favorable circumstances the most
effective processes, however intelligently directed, are so slow in their operation or in
yielding visible results that a little impatience is sometimes excusable. My faith,
however, in the policy now pursued is undiminished, and evidences of the great
amount of good already accomplished Nhas created a public sentiment in its favor that
must largely influence'future administration of the government in giving increased
facilities for this purpose, and I feel sanguine that the new administration just begun
will do all that is possible in this direction with whatever means are now or may
hereafter be provided by Congress.
Very respectfully,
P. B. HUNT,
United Slates Indian Agent.
C.
CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY, INDIAN TERRITORY,
September 28, 1881.
Capt. R. H. PRATT, Carlisle, Pa. :
Replying to your favor of the 21st instant requesting " facts" in regard to the good
or bad conduct of your returned pupils, and what has become of them since their re-
turn, I will go a little beyond and outside the limits of your inquiry. And I embrace
others than pupils, because you were connected with these people and are in a meas-
ure responsible for the results.
1st. Of the returned Florida prisoners who reached the agency April, 1878, Mah-
niinic died last winter, after living faithfully on the "road" given him in Florida.
His son, Howling Wolf, after promising well for a short time after his return, relapsed
into his former ways, and is to-day as uncivilized, but not as hostile, as he ever was.
Little Medicine still holds position as captain of Indian police, and is faithful to duty
and earnest in the desire to do right as when he returned. Antelope and Left Hand
are on the police force, and also engaged in freighting, furnishing teams to younger
members of their families. Medicine Water and Rising Bull are freighters. Comsup-
senoh is doing nothing. Meat, Nocomista, Chief Killer, White Man, and Star are and
have been for the past three years working for the government at such work as can
be found at an agency like this for them to do. This includes well-digging, brick-
making, wood-cutting, teaming, herding, plowing, cultivating corn, and all kinds of
manual labor. No complaints^re heard, They are foremost in taking new regula-
tions as their guide, and no greater amount of work could be obtained from the same
number of white men. Star is the leader in everything, and as an evidence of the
amount of work he can do I send you the inclosed article taken from the Transporter.
2d. Of the school children and grown pupils who have returned, Little Chief is in
the agency physician's office as interpreter and assistant, and is rendering good serv-
ice ; lives like a white man, dresses like one, and in all ways shows he holds fast to
what he has learned, and is still learning, for he keeps up his study and correspond-
ence. Matches is also employed at the agency, and holds fast to his faith ; he is ren-
dering great service as interpreter for the missionary here, and his example and influ-
ence are good. Roman Nose is just the same ; no signs of a relapse. Cohoe is hard
at work, exemplifying his faith in civilization as the best way by acting and working as
13 IND
194 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT HAMPTOX.
white men do. Bear's Heart is at present on the sick-list, having overheated himself in
helping unload a train. His whole heart is for progress among his people, and both
by preaching and practice he endeavors to help his people forward. Soaring Eagle
and White Bear are the only ones who seem to have lost ground, and they more .for
lack of opportunity than perhaps from lack of spirit. Tich-ke-inat-se is in employ of
the Smithsonian Institute, and is now with Mr. Gushing, in Arizona or New Mexico,
making collections for that institution. Henderson is with the Rev. Mr. Haury, as assist-
ant and interpreter in his mission-school just opened here. Grant, still unwell, is occupy-
ing a similar place in the Arapaho school, while " Bob " is employed at the Cheyenne
school ; Galpiii is still sick. The others who have returned have died, being sent home
generally by reason of consumption.
On the whole the results have been good. The influence of these boys and men has
been for good, for progress, and for peace, and when the whole mass shall have been
thoroughly leavened by contact with these educated and civilized Indians, graduates of
Carlisle, Hampton, and kindred schools, the progress of the whole tribe will be rapid,
for they will aid us in removing the stumbling blocks of superstition and fear which
now blockade the way. A few may in the future, as in the past, fall by the way, but I
believe and trust the great majority will go forward and as the ranks of those now
here are swelled by accessions from your school and from other sources, the ridicule
now bestowed on these conscientious pioneers will cease and their labors will be
lightened.
I have given you every instance of failure, but I may have passed over the names of
a few who have never faltered. The results are a perfect vindication in my judgment
of the wisdom of establishing the school, and I congratulate you upon the plain evi-
dences of your success.
Yours, truly,
JNO. D. MILES,
United States Indian Agent.
HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE,
October 31, 1881.
ISiR : I have the honor to make the following report upon the educational work for
Indians at this institution during the past year:
This work originated in the request for education by a number of Indian prisoners
of war, who, after being held for three years at Fort Marion, near Saint Augustine,
Fla., were released and offered a safe return to their Western homes. Seventeen of
them were admitted to this institution, and, after about a year's teaching, all but four
(who had died) returned to their homes in the Indian Territory. Two have relapsed
to barbarism ; the rest have done well, having been transformed by the influence of
Christian education from red-handed raiding savages to industrious and decent living.
Captain Pratt is entitled to the chief credit of this transformation. There are no worse
Indians than these. Their success is due to the practical common sense shown in their
training, and gives good ground for hope that the very wildest of our frontier Indians
may be redeemed from barbarism by instruction in agriculture, mechanic arts, and in
Christian morals. This is the Hampton and Carlisle idea.
•[Extract from my official report to trustees of this institution of June last, the close of the academic
year.J
On the 16th of February there arrived 16 Indians, 14 male, 2 female, representing
the Apache, Papago, Pima, and Maricopa tribes from Arizona. Two of the Apaches
have been employed as scouts, and, although young, have had a remarkable experience.
They are the first their tribe has given up to civilization. One of the Pimas is a ma-
ture man, the son of a head chief, and on his return is to succeed to the command of
his tribe of four thousand men. He has a family, owns property, and has with him a
son and two nephews.
For the present school year, which opened October 1, 1881, Indians are in classes as
follows : 3 in the senior class of the normal school ; 2 i» the middle class of the normal
school j 10 in the junior class of the normal school. These came to the school from one
to two years ago with a fair knowledge of English; 74, including the 45 recently
arrived, are in the Indian classes, divided as follows : 17 in the first division, studying
English, geography, history, natural philosophy, reading (simple stories), arithmetic
(working part in fractions, part in the multiplication table) ; 22 in the second division,
studying English, geography, reading simple phrases, arithmetic, working in first rules ;
35 in the third division, just beginning to read and write, and speak English words
and make the easiest combinations in numbers. There is one work student in regular
working class ; 68 of the whole number of Indians (90) are provided for by govern-
ment, the rest by private charity.
" The Indian course is three years. Besides a knowledge of simple English, which
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT HAMPTON. 195
has been the chief drill of the school-room, they have mastered the first four rules of
arithmetic, with the multiplication table, and are able to work out simple problems in
analysis. A part of them are now working in fractions. They have also had instruc-
tions during the last year in geography, natural history, and natural philosophy. Their
minds are keen and clear, and they show in the study hour a capacity for independent
and continuous mental work, but their progress in English has been hindered by an
almost insurmountable reticence and reserve, and a strong disinclination to respond
to oral teaching. The last party from Arizona, of Pimas and Apaches, 14 boys and
girls, are noticeably more docile and responsive, and seem likely to make more rapid
progress in the school-room.
•' Their health has proved the most serious question in the problem, 15 students, 30
per cent, of the 49 brought by Captain Pratt, have broken down in health during the
three years ; 10 of these (20 per cent, of the whole number brought), have died, either
at school or after their return to their homes. It is fair to say that this does not seem
to be due so much to the change to civilized life as to inherited weakness and diseased
constitutions, and to an utter disregard to all laws of health. There has been, how-
ever, no death among our Indians s"ince June of last year. This exemption we believe
is largely owing to the care of a skilled nurse from the New Haven Training School,
whose whole time and constant watchfulness has been demanded.
" They have, as a rule on their arrival, absolutely no idea of obedience. They yield
to a command which they feel is just and reasonable, but simple obedience to author-
ity seems an idea quite foreign to their minds, and is one of very slow growth. The
girls prove often more intractable and unmanageable than the boys ; perhaps more be-
cause with the same inherited spirit of independence they have formerly yielded only
to slavish fear. An exceptionally strong sense of justice and of necessity of penalties
for wrong conduct, is the saving force in their discipline. An Indian who is made to
see clearly he has done wrong would rather be punished than not, and often accepts
the penalty gratefully as a part of his education in the good road.
tl They come with the traditional ideas of the inferiority and insignificance of women,
but they grow to a spirit of courtesy and chivalry towards their teachers, and, to some
extent, towards the girls of their own race, which is pleasant to see.
" The religious teaching of the Indians is full of interest and reward. We meet no
old superstitions. They are earnest and reve-rent, and accept simply and heartily the
idea of a sincere consecration of themselves to God's service, to be shown in their
lives rather than by their words.
" The younger a child is sent to us the greater the hope, of course, of influencing his
character, but there is danger of tearing those who are very young from their own
people and making their return to their homes a bitter experience. Should three years
prove long enough to effect a sufficient change in thought and be a lasting inspiration
to those who come to us already somewhat mature, it would seem desirable that such
be selected for education at the East. They will go back to their homes with the old
ties still strong, and the age to be traditionally the ruling spirits of Indian life.
"The general rule is, mornings from half past eight until twelve for study; after-
noons for work ; evenings for study. Saturday is a play-day, but there is encourage-
ment to work for wages on that day. Each girl has a share of dining-room work and
washes and irons under the supervision of one of the Indian girls. Their work is ex-
amined and they are marked according to merit. Afternoons they sew one hour and
a half j make and mend their own clothes ; are inclined to neatness in their persons,
and have made excellent progress in all industurial ways. A characteristic of Indian
work is nicety ; they are cheerful about it and seem anxious to learn. They cannot
endure continuous hard labor.
" There have been 15 boys in the Indian workshop ; 8 are carpenters, 4 are shoe-
makers, 2 are tinners. They keep up general repairs on the place ; they have made all
needed tables and desks^ 70 well-finished benches for the new academic hall, and 40
window-frames for various buildings. They repair shoes for 400 students and teachers
and the families on the place, and make many pairs to order, also repair harness for
the farm. All tinware needed for the school and families together with repairs of
stoves and all stovepipe, glazing, and whatever painting is required for their work, is
supplied or done by Indian workmen under the direction of a skilled mechanic. They
work willingly, have natural aptitude for mechanical work, and compare well with
white boys of the same age and advantages.
" Seventeen Indian boys are employed on the school farm. They have planted corn,
potatoes, peas, beans, cabbage, tomatoes, lettuce, strawberries, &o. They have prac-
ticed plowing, have care of feeding and cleaning stock, harness, and care of carts and
carriages. Four are in the wheelwright and 4 in the blacksmith shop, in the farm de-
partment. They make as good carts as anybody need wish.
" The government sends Indian youth to us, a private corporation, paying their fares
to and from the institute and $150 per year for all expenses, renewing the contract
every three 'months. They are on our hands the entire year. Their board, washing,
lights, fuel, and medical attendance is charged at $10 per month, and at that rate
196 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT HAMPTON.
costs $120 per year. Clothing costs about $60 apiece per annum. Their tuition or cost
of education of $70 yearly is met by annual scholarship donations of that amount from
private charity. Allowing $30 a year as the value of their work, the total annual cost
is $220 apiece, of which government pays only $150. Individuals have supplied most
of the extra amount, and have also provided funds for building. Since November,
1878, they have given over $40,000 for construction alone.
" Total last year's charges for board and clothes to Indians $9, 043 41
" Paid by government 8, 048 46
"Deficit $994 95
" For this deficit and the tuition at $70 apiece for an average of 65 Indian students,
amounting to $4,550, we look to the public. Two hundred and twenty dollars apiece
per annum is not a high price for the work we are doing. We have so far expended
for Indians more than two dollars from charity for every one dollar from government.
" There is excellent accommodations for at least 50 Indian boys. Next February we
hope to be ready for over 50 girls, for whom we are erecting a dormitory that will cost
$27,000 from charitable contributions. Our maximum should not exceed 100 Indian,
youths.
" The Hampton Institute is primarily devoted to the negro race, there being about
three colored to one Indian student. Colored and Indian youths mingle pleasantly in
school as they have whenever they have been brought in contact, and the effect is stimu-
lating to both. The negro in advance, the Indian in primary classes mixing in the in-
termediate, the former by influence and example pushing the latter along. There has
not been in three years a serious fracas between them ; the feeling between them is
cordial. Both the negro and the Indian are low, but not degraded. They are not a
moral ruin, like reprobates from a high civilization, whose fall is as into a bottomless
pit. The reprobate who lives on their plane is far lower than they. He is demoral-
ized ; they are not. They are not conscious of being debauched ; he is. The surprise
of our work for both races is the growth of character under favorable conditions. I
have increasing faith in the power of good surrounding influences to overcome the force
of hereditary traits. This is really the point of the Indian question."
On the 27th of September last, I took back to their Dakota homes 30 out of the 49 of
the Indian youths who arrived here November 5, 1S78. The party is accounted for as
follows :
Number in party 49
Boys 40
Girls 9
Number died at school, all boys 5
Number returned for sickness (8 boys and 2 girls), of whom 2 girls and 6 boys have
died 10
Returned for bad conduct ' , 1
Returned at his own request .' 1
Kept at school longer by request of guardians 2
Returned September 27tb, comparatively sound » 29
Returned sick 1
49
The 30 students returned as above mentioned were placed in regular employment at
their agencies as follows :
At Cheyenne River Agency. — Louis Aggenoughea and Lerry Shutashnay, ages 17 and
16, as farm hands on the government agency farm, at $15 a month. They will assist
in general work. Harry Brown, age 17, assistant teacher in government school ; Henry
Fisherman, age 20, carpenter and tinsmith, at $25 a month ; Joseph Wahn, age 17, as
helper in office work, at $20 a month.
At Crow Creek Agency. — Zie-wie, a girl, age 18, assistant in care of girls and laundry
work in the government school; Edwin Ashley, age 21, assistant teacher; Andrew
Fox, age 19, helper in office work, $20 a month ; Paraani, age 22, carpenter, $20 a month,
At Lower Brule Agency. — George Bushotter, age 18, as'painter and to teach in the gov-
ernment school; Henry Rencontre, age 21, blacksmith ; James Weehakasaka, age 20,
Joseph Winuebago, age 19, and Lezedo Rencontre, age 19, as carpenters ; all these at
$15 a month.
At Tankton Agency. — Carrie Anderson, age 15, at housework in family of Dr. Smith,
agency physician ; Lizzie Spider, age 17, at housework in family of Rev. J. P. William-
son, missionary ; Frank Yellowbird, age 21, as drill-master, &c., at Saint Paul school
of the Episcopal mission ; David Simmons, age 16, expects to teach and is engaged on
trial in Mr. Williamson's school of the Congregational mission. Edward Bishop, age
17, as school shoemaker in Saint Paul school. Oscar Brown, age 16, helping in general
work in Saint Paul school. This boy is in delicate health.
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT HAMPTON. 197
At Standing Rock Agency. — John Pleets, age 21, in charge of agency stables, at $1 per
day; Rosa Pleets, bis sister, age 18, is offered employment at housework iii family of
agent or of Captain Van Home, at $8 a month at first, or as assistant teacher in agency
school at remuneration to be fixed by Commissioner ; Uhakeumpa, (Carries Flying,)
age 19, as assistant agency carpenter, at $1 per day.
At Fort Berthold Agency.— Josephine Malnourie, age 21, in charge of the little chil-
dren of Rev. Mr. Hall, missionary, and to assist in teaching; Karunach, age 19, shoe-
maker and harness mender for the agency, at $1 per day ; Ahuka, (White Wolf,) an
Arickaree, age 23, assistant agency carpenter, $1 per day ; Laughing Face, age 21, as-
sistant herder and farmer at agency , $1 per day; Tom Smith, age 17, assistant herder
and fanner, and assistant engineer, $1 per day; Ara-hotch-kish, age 10, and Ka-what,
age 17, at light farmwork, on boy's wages for the present, 50 cents per day.
I was authorized by you to bring back 28 Indians to replace those returned home.
The opportunity of making a selection of good material, offered by my personal pres-
ence in the tribes, and that of First Lieut. George Le Roy Brown, instructor in tac-
tics at the Hampton Institute, who visited them at Fort Berthold and Standing Rock
Agencies, was so good that we brought back, with your permit, 45 ; 18 more Indians
than you guaranteed government provision for. For the expense of their transportation
and education I assume personally the responsibility, feeling assured that this next Con-
gress would not fail to make necessary provision. I trust that this fact may be brought
to the knowledge of our legislators, and that they will consider whether it is not
proper for the government to assume the cost of education of all the Indian youths
named below not otherwise provided for, who have just arrived from Dakota, and
are the most promising lot of youths we have received, and represent an influential
and powerful class at their homes.
The following are their names and agencies :
From Lower Brule. — 7.
Ohitika, (Brave). Tyowicakte (Kill in a House).
Samuel Medicine Bull. Catka-tanka (Big Left-Hand).
Waunapin (Arrow Necklace). Tan yan-wakuwa (Good Hunter).
Mato (Bear).
Cheyenne River Agency. — 7.
Shunka-ska (White Dog). Maggie Larribee.
Ta-shunka-waxte (Good Horse). Joe Marsh.
Ikinicapi (Fight For). Baptist Gabe.
William Larribee.
Crow Creek Agency. — 7.
Pasheca (Skeleton Head). Susan Carpenter.
Waumdi-cistina (Little Eagle). Skeduta (Red Bird).
Cetan (Hawk). Rebecca.
John Archambeau.
Yank-ton Agency. — 8. .
Saul (Heyokatokca) (Different Horn). • William Beans.
Joseph Estis. Mercy Isabel Conger.
Thomas Tuttle. Zallie Rulo.
David Strieker (Towa-wakan-kediwakan- Elizabeth Keeler.
na) To His Holy Lightening).
Fort Berthold Agency. — 6.
Mary Walker. Deluskah (Small White Polecat).
Susie Nagle. Lashirte (White Back).
Cetaghe (or Cracking Wing). Cekaga (Many Birds).
Standing Eock Agency. — 10.
Cetansapa (Black Hawk) Louis Agard. Josephine McCarty.
Takise (White Cow). Wakan-mane.
Hehaka-Arilya (Yellow Elk) Fidelia Walking Medicine.
Tiaokashi (Looks Into the Ledge). Joseph Archambeault.
Topala (Tne Fourth Resa). Noge-Wanichi (Jennie No Ears).
I beg leave to call attention to the statement above of the proportion of support re-
ceived from government ($150 a year, or two-thirds of the annual cost) to state that
the recent rise in cost of material of all kinds makes it reasonable, and hardly alters
the present proportions of aid from government and that from*private sources, and
to ask that the annual allowance from government be raised to $180 per annum.
Permit me to conclude my report with a speech of " Don't-Know-How," a prominent
198 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT FOREST GROVE.
Crow Creek Indian, whose daughter, Zie-\vie, had just returned from a three years'
course of study at Hampton. This was one of several of like spirit made to me in
councils at this and other agencies.
Speech of "Don't-know-How"
You know me well. I once carried the most deadly weapons. I now lead a different
life. Your chiefs are all wise.
In our wild state we wish our children to have education, and advise them well. My
father gave me advice; it was dear advice. "Goon war-path and try take a scalp,
and if you come home with a scalp you will be honored ; if you get killed your name
will be honored." You know that was hard, but we tried always to obey our fathers.
This good friend of ours here gives us advice. This advice, if carried out, will bring
everlasting good.
Look at my daughter. I am ashamed to appear beside her. Come out with your
children. What do you fear ? I sent my child because I knew good would come from
it. Yes, I see the good as soon as my daughter come back, for the Indians now get her
to interpret for them. Look at the three boys who have come back. You, chiefs and
warriors, most every one of you asked them to interpret, and they did it. (A test.)
Respectfully submitted,
S. C. ARMSTRONG, Principal.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR INDIAN YOUTH,
Forest Grove, Oregon, October 4, 1881. <
SIR: I have the honor to transmit the annual report of this school in accordance
with circular letter, dated "Office Indian Affairs, July 1, 1881," and herewith return
answers to all applicable questions contained therein.
My last, which was also my first report (which was for four months only), left me
substantially as follows : With 18 scholars, 4 girls and 14 boys, Puyallup Indians; my
buildings incomplete; the work but just inaugurated; the battle just commenced of
locating an Indian school in a community where the hope was expressed that the
buildings might burn down before scholars could be gathered to put in them.
STATEMENT OF FACTS WITH REFERENCE TO WORK ACCOMPLISHED.
School filled to one more than the maximum allowed, viz, 76; of this number, 48
are boys and 28 are girls, divided as follows : Puyallups, 20 ; Warm Springs, 2; Wascos,
13; Piutes, 1; Pitt Rivers, 2 ; Spokanes, 19; Chehalis, 4; Nesquallys, 1 ; Alaskans, 12;
Oyster Bays, 2.
With my boys alone, save only some general instructions with regard to farming
given by my former industrial teacher, we have put up a second building 32 by 60 feet
two and a half stories high, with wood-shed and wash-room attached, 24 by 15 feet,
have clapboarded all the buildings outside, and ceiled the principal rooms inside,
using over 33,000 feet of rustic ; have put in eight dormer windows, four in each prin-
cipal building, giving all two coats of paint ;. manufactured all needed bedsteads, din-
ing and study tables, school desks aud seats, besides fitting up my office in good
shape, with drawers for blanks and papers, and desks. Have just completed the erec-
tion of a large board roofed building 80 by 24 feet, for wood-shed, drill-room, and gym-
nasium ; have also laid 887 feet of sidewalk, dug out a large number of fir stumps,
and have otherwise beautified the grounds ; have planted four acres of potatoes and
one of beans, besides making garden.
BLACKSMITHING.
The blacksmith shop is located in town, thus securing to the apprentices, eight in
number, the advantages of agricultural implements to mend, horses to shoe ; in short
general blacksmithing. I took with me on my last trip after Spokane children, a
wagon wrench made by a Spokane boy, and sent to his father who, holding it
up in council said : " In what other school has ever a Spokane boy been taught so
that he could do like that." I here give a short report made by my blacksmith.
I would respectfully report, that after eight months' experience with the Indian boys y on ha\ve placed
Tinder my instruction, in the blacksmith department of the industrial school, that I have found them
to possess the same traits of white boys, some learning more readily than others, but I am glad to say
that they all seem to show a desire to Jearn, and that they have all made commendable progress, as
can be seen by any one, by calling at our place of work. 'I regret that we lack some kinds' of work,
such as a good wagon shop could furnish, and I believe that a wagon shop upon the same plan of this
blacksmith shop, would more than be self-sustaining, outside of the instructor, and furnish more of a
better variety of work for tjie blacksmith department. I wish to specially mention the good behavior
of all the boys under my care, I have never known them to use unbecoming language, or to be dis-
courteous to any one. *
W. S. HUDSON-
REPORT OF SCHOOL AT FOREST GROVE. 199
SHOEMAKING.
The apprentices, six in number*show even greater proficiency ; they have done for
some time all the repairing for the school, and have now commenced the manufacture
of shoes. I give a short abstract from my shoemaker's report :
They have gone far beyond my expectations ; they learn very fast and take a great interest in their
•work.
There are six hoys working under my instruction, who began their first work January 1, 1881 ; to-day
they are capable of doing as nice a job of repairing as is usually done in any country shoe-shop. I be-
lieve they will make a success at shoemaking.
SAM'L A. WAXKER.
CARPENTERING.
Need I any more than invite attention to what I have already said with reference to
work accomplished in building, etc., the most of the work having been done by eight
boys. •
WAGON-MAKING.
I only await authority to commence this much-needed craft. From careful esti-
mates, I do not hesitate to say that I can save the government a large per cent, by
manufacturing wagons here for Indian agencies on this coast, besides giving this very
essential instruction.
GIRLS' INDUSTRIES.
They are started at the wash-tub, given thorough instruction in cooking and general
housekeeping, in mending, cutting and fitting garments for themselves, and shirts and
underwear for the boys. The children in the departments mentioned are now prepar-
ing specimens of their handiwork for exhibition at the mechanics' fair, to be held this
month in the city of Portland. This will greatly assist the cause, in showing to the
public what has already been accomplished in the matter of preparing these Indians
to be self-supporting. Of the result of this exposition I will inform the department
ADVANCEMENT IN STUDIES.
I give you a word from the Hon. M. C. George, member of Congress from this State^
as indicating his opinion of their advancement in the school-room. On the occasion
of his visiting the school, after he had concluded some remarks, without previous noti-
fication, I told the children that they each might prepare a written statement from
memory of what he had said to them, and I would select the best two and forward
them to him at Washington. In acknowledging the receipt of them, Mr. George
said :
I must express to you my gratification on receiving from you the result of your request made the day
I visited the school. * *
The two statements made by the Indian pupils of my remarks are very good indeed ; better in some
respects than the original. I very much doubt if any of our race could have done better than the
two whose work you send me.
Very truly yours,
M. C. GEORGE.
This testimony, coming from such a source, cannot be too highly considered. Mr.
George is a man of high culture, a native of Oregon, has lived all his days in a country
where, to say the least, there is no poetry in the Indian question, and any success in
the matter of Indian civilization, in order to meet his approbation, must be genuine.
Pushing general Indian education rapidly and to successful issue, cannot be done at
the end of a pair of tongs, nor by any one wb^ ha? »D idea that the Creator must have
made a mistake in creating this race. Men ana women with faith in God and the gos-
pel of hard sense and work, and who go about their teaching and work unperplexed
with the doctrine of " evolution" or the "survival of the fittest," who expect results,
these always have them.
Portland, Oreg., is noted for a high standard in public schools. The county super-
intendent a'nd one of the board of directors, who is also the superintendent of the
Presbyterian Sunday-school, and other gentlemen who are educators, who have visited
this school, say that when recitation is in unison, the English words are spoken as dis-
tinctly as in the day and Sunday-school of Portland.
The first rule here after cleanliness and obedience is " No Indian Talk." The dele-
gations from different tribes are divided and subdivided until all tribal association is
broken up and lost. Over and over again and all the time are the children impressed'
with the fact that if they only learn to speak English well their coming is a grand
success for them and their people. This and their entire removal from family and
reservation influences are the points of highest hope, so far as this and kind red schools
are concerned. How truly speaks an Indian agent, who is as successful as any in the
service, and who writes me as follows, depicting the influences surrounding reservation
200 REPORT OF SCHOOL AT FOREST
schools. I bad written him with reference to two children from his reservation whom
I had thought of returning. He says :
I have no objection to your taking all the children you can get ; the more the better. You have a
much more civilizing mill than I have, for the reason that your school is surrounded by a people who
talk in the English language only, while my school is surrounded by a people who speak a barbaric
Indian language, and are on the lowest round of civilization. When your school children step out of their
school they mingle with a higher type of civilization, which helps them up : on the other hand, when
the school children at step out of their school they mingle with a low type of civilization, which
pulls them down.
For these reasons, if the T children are not to be abandoned as hopeless and relegated to barbar-
sm and the devil, I would earnestly advise that you keep them.
Children, notably the Spokanes, who are among my latest arrivals, in less than three
months are talking English at least understandingly, and are repeating whole verses,
memorized by ear, even before they fully comprehend the meaning.
The record of the year for this school closes with many who have been doubters as
to its practical results changed to its firmest friends and warmest advocates. This, too,
in this new Northwest where, as I have said before, there is no poetry in the Indian
question. The conduct of the scholars on the street and in public assemblies is char-
acterized as being ladylike and gentlemanly, and public opinion gives the outspoken
expression that the school ceased months ago, in any sense, to be an experiment, but
is in fact in successful operation.
METHODS.
I have not reported methods in detail. Our text books are the best, and those in use
in the common schools. Outside of Wilson's charts and some large cards for object
teaching, used in instructing the beginners who do not understand English, I have not
found it necessary nor advisable to provide more than -would be provided for a com-
mon school. Continually prompted by the older pupils, who, at work, at play, and iu
the dormitories, act as mentors, all new comers soon find that to talk Indian will bring
them into disfavor with their companions and draw upon them the reproof of their
parents, who have uniformly earnestly requested me to see that their children should
not talk their Indian language.
HEALTH.
The health of the school has been excellent, not one case of serious illness has oc-
curred; while, without exception, the health of the children has greatly improved.
This has been no small item in favor of the school among the Indians, and certainly is
cause for great thankfulness.
SYSTEM OF REWARD.
From the start I have felt that when the government takes up the children from the
reservation, transports them to the school, feeds, clothes, and educates them, and
while it is the solemn obligation of the government to do so, the best interests of the
Indians demand that at this point help should cease ; and so the apprentices at the
different trades, and the boys who have done so much building, have been made to
feel that duty to themselves, to their race, and to their government, demanded cheer-
ful obedience, faithful service, and their best energies. I should greatly deprecate any
feeling among them that they ought to be paid for learning a trade, tilling the ground,
or in building the monument they have in the way of buildings, &c. They enter heartily
into this view, and spring eagerly to their work, in the knowledge that this community
and State have maiked their diligence and now accord them the credit due to their
enterprise and success. And this inspiration is worth far more to them, in character
building, than any money that could be put into their hands. I count this culture,
next to English speaking, and cleanliness, the strongest element in this school.
FARMING.
\
One hundred and fifty acres of land for this school, with a reasonable outlay for farm-
ing implements and stock, would produce quite sufficient to provide subsistence for 300
pupils, besides giving the absolutely required instruction in agriculture, tne founda-
tion industry. The 4 acres upon which the school buildings stand, now the property of
Pacific University, should be purchased at once for the school. It can now be bought
for $375.
There should be 300 pupils in this school.
Since writing the foregoing I have been authorized by the deparment to take 10
Umatilla children; these, with 5 others, exceptional cases, which I have promised to
take, will make a total of 90 in this school, 36 girls and 54 boys.
Respectfully submitted.
M. C. WILKINSON,
First Lieutenant Third Infantry, in charge of School.
The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION. 201
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION/
WASHINGTON, D. C., January 20, 1881.
SIR: The undersigned, commissioners appointed by the President, in pursuance of
the act of Congress approved June 15, 1880, entitled "An act to accept and ratify the
agreement submitted by the confederated bauds of the Ute Indians in Colorado, for
the sale of their reservation in said State, and for other purposes, and to make the
necessary appropriations for carrying out the same," respectfully report the progress
made in the duties confided to them under said act of Congress and in pursuance of
your instructions of the date of June 21, 1880.
Immediately after the close of the meeting held for consultation between yourself
and all the members of the cone mission (except Mr. Mears), in your office on the 19th
and 21st of June, it was agreed that the board meet at Denver, Colo., on the 28th day
of June. On that day Messrs. Manypeuny, Bowman, and Mears met at the Grand
Central Hotel in Denver. Mr. W. S. Stickney, the gentleman appointed disbursing
clerk of the Commission was also present. Mr. Manypenny, having been designated as
chairman, called the meeting to order and declared a quorum present.
The law and your instructions were read, followed by a desultory conversation in
relation to the duties confided to. the Commission, when it was determined that, while
awaiting the arrival of Messrs. Meacham and Russell, who were unavoidably detained,
the disbursing clerk be authorized to proceed at once to purchase an outfit of provis-
ions and the necessary furniture for camp life, for the use of the Commission and clerk,
and forward the same without delay to Alamosa. Mr. Mears was requested to assist
Mr. Stickney in his work.
On the 29th of June a telegram was sent to Agent Berry, at the Los Pinos Agency,
advising him that it was the desire of the board to meet the Uncornpahgre Utes in
council on or about the 12th of July. At the same time the members present agreed
that the Commission assemble at the Los Pinos Agency on or about the 8th of July.
On that day a majority of the members being present at the agency, an informal
council was held with several of the leading men of the Uucompahgre bauds, who
were then present, with reference to the business with which we were entrusted. la
this conference it was made apparent that there was not at the agency any one suffic-
iently acquainted with the Ute language to act as interpreter, and it was deemed nec-
essary to have such an one. On making inquiry as to where a competent and reliable
man could be found who could render the English into the Ute language, the name of
Capt. U. M. Curtis was suggested. The Indians all concurred in the wish that he be
employed. 'On further consideration of the subject, and when all the members were
present, it was decide! that, if the services of Captain Curtis could be had, be be em-
ployed. On inquiry it was found that he was then engaged in the Ruby mining district,
and that it would require several days to reach and bring him to the agency. It was
the 15th day of July when Captain Curtis arrived. A Spanish interpreter was also
deemed necessary, and I. Sabina Espinosa was employed as such.
On the 16th of July, Chief Ouray, by request, met'the members of the Commission
.to consult as to the proper time when a preliminary council should be held. We were
informed that there was a deficiency in the supply of flour at the agency, and that all
then on hand would be issued on the following day, and the agent was unable to indi-
cate with any degree of certainty when he should receive additional flour. This fact
was communicated to Ouray, who, being ill, asked that we advise with Sapavanari
and Chavanaux and learn their views as to the propriety of convening the Indians in
council in the absence of flour ration. The chief at the same time expressed a desire
that the rirst council should be deferred until the White River Utes arrived, and stated
that he had dispatched a runner for them the day that the Commission sent a messen-
ger for Captain Curtis. He thought these should join the Uncompahgre Indians in the
first council.
On consideration of the suggestions of Ouray to await the arrival of the White
River Indians, and in order.that the agent might have time to procure flour, the first
formal open council was set for 21st day of July.
On the 17th of July, Mr. Stickney, our secretary and disbursing clerk, was unable
from illness to attend a business meeting of the Commission. At that time his illness
was not regarded as serious. He died suddenly at 12.30 p. m. on the 20th July. His
death was calm and quiet, and he was surrounded by his friends and physician. Mr.
* The Report of the TJte Commission, the ratification of the Ute agreement, and the correspondence
between the Commission are also published in Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 31, 46th Cong., 3d Sess.
202 REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION.
Stickney had in the brief period of his official connection with the Commission en-
deared himself to every member of it, and all felt and deeply deplored his loss.
According to agreement, a number of the Uncompahgres and some of the White
River Utes met the Commission in open council on the 21st of July. All the Com-
mission and the interpreter were present, and among the Indians there was a fair
representation of the leading men of the respective bands. The Washington agree-
ment of the 6th of March, with the amendments thereto embodied in the act of
Congress June 15, 1880, as well as the several provisions of said act, were each and
all read and interpreted into both the Spanish and the Ute languages, section by
section, and the Indians requested to take the agreement and the law into their
own council and give them deliberate consideration. Without any response to the
remarks of the members of the Commission, Chief Ouray made an exhaustive talk
to the Utes. explaining the action of himself and his co-delegates who were at Wash-
ington and joined in the agreement of March 6. Following him the chiefs and head-
men occupied considerable time in conversational talk among themselves in reference
to the action of the Utes who were at Washington, as well as the mission of the Com-
mission then present. The conversation was orderly and free from excitement, al-
though it was known that a number of the Indians did not approve of what had been
done. At the close the council adjourned.
On the 22d and 23d of July the Indians and Commissioners met in open council.
On each day there was considerable discussion, but no conclusion was reached. On the
evening of the 23d the council adjourned until Monday the 26th, Saturday the 24th,
being the regular day for issuing rations. At the close of the discussion in council on
the 26th, a pressing invitation was given to the Indians present to come forward and
execute the instrument ratifying the agreement which had been submitted to them.
Ouray, in response, said that he did not know an Uncompahgre Ute who was prepared
to do so; that it was necessary that they have further time to consider and discuss the
subject in their own councils. On consultation it was deemed proper to adjourn the
council over to the 28th, on which day the Indians thought they would be prepared to
meet us again. This they did do, but in diminished numbers, many being detained at
home to repair their habitations, which were seriously injured by storm the previous
night. At half-past two o'clock in the afternoon the council opened. Two and a half
hours were consumed in discussion and explanation of portions of the agreement, when
all present attached their marks to the instrument, ratifying the Washington agree-
ment of March 6th, with the amendments thereto. The number was thirty-six Un-
compahgre and ten White River Utes. Stevens, a White River Ute, and brother of
Douglas, was the first man to come forward and touch the pen. He was followed by
Sapavanari, of the Uncompahgre Utes, and the trusted friend of Chief Ouray. On the
29th, 30tb, and 31st of July additional names were added, until the aggregate number
was one hundred and forty-five, of whom one hundred and eleven were Uncompahgre
and thirty- four White River adult male Ute Indians, who had executed the instrument
ratifying the agreement.
As many of the young men of the respective bands were at this time ajbsent, and
could not immediately be reached, it was deemed advisable to leave one of the com-
missioners at the Los Pinos Agency to obtain additional signatures to the instrument
of ratification and make an effort to take a census of the Uncompabgre Utes, while his
colleagues moved for the Southern Agency, to begin the work there. Mr. Meacham
was detailed for this duty, and on the 4th of August Messrs. Man ypenny, Bowman,
Russell, and Mears, accompanied by a small military escort under command of Captain
Pollock and Lieutenant Claggett, of the Twenty-third United States Infantry, left for
that agency. Before departing, Chief Ouray and a few of his subchiefs were invited to
visit the Southern Agency, with a view to have their aid in the work to be done there.
The distance between the agencies by way of the Indian trail across the mountain
range does not exceed 130 miles, and yet to make the journey by wagon roads con-
sumed twelve days. On the way we were joined by John R. French, the successor of
Mr. Stickney, deceased.
On the afternoon of the 15th of August, we arrived at the Southern Agency. Many
of the Indians were expecting us, since such of the Uncompahgre chiefs as accepted
the invitation had gone over the trail and heralded the news that the commission
were on their way many days in advance of our arrival ; and on both banks of the
river, above and below the agency, groups of Indian tepees were to be seen.
Early on the morning of the Kith, several representative men of the Southern Ute
branch called at our camp. About 10 o'clock Ignatio, the head chief of the Weemi-
nnche band, called. It had been given out that the commissioners desired a prelimi-
nary council with the principal men of the several bands who were then present, at
2 o'clock p. m., of that day. After paying his respects to the members, Ignatio ex-
pressed the wish that the proposed preliminary council be deferred. He said that
several chiefs, whom he thought it important should be present, had not yet arrived,
but were known to be on their way in, and hence his request for delay. Moreover, he
was quite anxious that Chief Ouray, whom he learned was on his way, should be at
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION. 203
the opening council. The meeting was postponed, and Ignatio informed that we would
wait a reasonable time for the arrival of those whom he expected and desired to par-
ticipate in the first council.
Ouray arrived on the 18th of August, and on the 19th we caused a message to be
sent to Ignatio, lagalor, and Toopauche, the head chiefs of the Weeminuche, Muache,
and Capote bands, that we desired to have the first council with them and their peo-
ple on the 20th, at 2 o'clock p. m. At this hour on the day indicated, these chiefs, with
their followers, to the number of 123,among whom were the principal men of each tribe,
met Messrs. Manypenny, Bowman, Russell, and Mears, and Mr. John R. French, the
disbursing clerk, and Interpreters Curtis and Burns, the latter speaking the Spanish
language, in the grove near the camp of the commissioners. The Indians were com-
plimented by the commissioners for their promptness in assembling, and the Wash-
ington agreement, as amended by the act of- Congress of June 15, together with the
5)rovisions of said act, were read and rendered into the Spanish language by Mr.
3urns, and into the lite language by Captain Curtis, and the Indians requested to con-
sider and act upon the subject-matter submitted to them without any unnecessary delay.
Apparently upon his own motion, and without any consultation with his fellows,
Alahandra, a subchief of the Weeminuche band, who was one of the Indian police at
the agency, arose at once and made a very vigorous speech against the ratification of
the agreement. No Indian followed either to approve or disavow the utterances of
Alahandra, but Ignatio suggested that it would be well to allow the Indians a few
days in which to consider tne grave matters submitted to them, and then they would r
he thought, be able to come to a conclusion. To this end the next council was fixed
for the 23d of August. On that day, at 2 o'clock p. m., the Indians and commissioners
again met in open council. The only result reached after a protracted discussion was
the announcement from the Weeminuche Utes that they were not inclined to ratify
the agreement. The Muaches and Capotes were silent. The council adjourned over
until the 24th. Before the hour for meeting on that day Chief Ouray, who was ill
when he arrived at the agency, expired. His death occurred about il o'clock a. m.
From the time of the arrival of the chief until his death every eifort possible was
made to arrest the disease and save his life, but all efforts and the skill of physicians
were of no avail. As rapidly as the sad news reached the groups of Indian tepees dis-
persed along the banks of the Rio los Pinos these were struck, and the inhabitants fled
as from a pestilence.
None of the Indians appeared again in council until the 26th of August, when about
eight of the chiefs and headmen met in open council in the grove near our camp.
Several hours were consumed in discussing the agreement, followed by an invitation
to the Indians present to come forward and execute the instrument ratifying the
same. In response, Ignatio and others replied that they thought the Utes had done
all that could be asked of them ; that they had already given up the mountains in
which the minerals were, and wished to retain the remainder of their country. Where-
upon the council adjourned without day.
On the morning of the 27th of August, the commission met to dispose of some rou-
tine business preparatory to breaking up camp and removing beyond the line of the
reservation, there to await events for a few days, and the clerk was directed to notify
Captain Pollock that the members desired to move early the following morning.
About noon, and scarcely an hour after the commission bad adjourned its business
meeting, Ignatio, lagalar, Toupoache, Buckskin Charley, Sararo, and about 70 more
of the male adults of the Southern Utes, rode to our camp in a body and requested that
another council be at once convened. Immediately the request was complied with,
and the commissioners, joined by the clerk and the interpreter, met the Indians in
open council in the grove. Without ceremony Ignatio announced that there had been
sufficient talk, and he desired no more ; that the Indians present had now come to ex-
ecute the instrument of ratification, and it was the desire and hope of all of them that
the commissioners would be careful to see that the government faithfully fulfilled and
carried out its part of the agreement. Seventy of the Weeminuche, Muache, and Ca-
pote adult male Indians joined their head chiefs, Ignatio, lagalar, and Toupauche, and
all came forward and as rapidly as their names could be written touched the pen, and
then each of them assented to and ratified the agreement. On the morning of the
28th of August additional male adult Utes, chiefly from the Muache and Capote bands,
came to our camp, and before noon these, to the number of 59, affixed their marks to
the instrument of ratification.
The intention of the commissioners to leave the reservation on this day was modi-
fied by this unexpected action of the Indians, and in the evening a meeting was held
,at which it was determined to request the agent to aid the clerk in taking the census
of the Southern Utes, ard that a committee of three members be detailed to visit the
La Plata Valley and the country in the vicinity, with a view to the selection of lands
on which to locate the Southern Utes, and that the other members remain at the
agency to supervise the 'taking of the census. Messrs. Bowman, Russell, and Mears
were detailed to visit the La Plata, and the chairman and clerk remained at the-
204: REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION.
agency. The gentlemen named set oat on their journey to the La Plata on the 29bh
of August and returned to the agency on the 5th of September. The same members
left on the 6th of September for Alamosa, and, if deemed necessary on their arrival
there, to proceed to the Los Pinos Agency to further the work at that place, they were
instructed to do so, while the chairman and clerk were left at the Southern Agency, to
procure additional signatures to the instrument of ratification, and if possible to com-
plete the census.
On the first issue-day after the members of the commission left to visit the La Plata,
it was found that nearly all the adult male Indians of all the bands of the Southern
Agency had left on their fall hunt, since scarcely any but females came in for rations.
Alahandra was among the few men who were present. In conversation with him it
was ascertained that the young men of the Weeminuche bands had all gone away, and
he supposed they were then on the Floridal and the La Plata, destined to the Dolores
Mountains to hunt. But very few of the Weeminuches were with Ignatio at the grove
on the day he executed the instrument ratifying the agreement. It was deemed not
only important but necessary to obtain the names of such of these Indians as were
willing to ratify the agreement, and Alahandra was asked if he would go out after and
bring them in. He had himself executed the instrument when Ignatio did. He
agreed to make the effort and started at once. On the afternoon of the 6th of Septem-
ber, he returned, bringing with him 24 adult males of the Weeminuche bands, of whom
93 executed the instrument ratifying the agreement. He followed to the Dulores be-
fore he overtook them. He stated that there were many more on the Dolores who
were perfectly willing to ratify the agreement, and would move in and do so when the
money promised them arrived and was ready for distribution. Ignatio accompanied
Alahaudra from the Floridal to the agency and was present when the 23 of his band
executed the instrument of ratification, and seemed to be much pleased with what was
accomplished. On consultation with Ignatio itwas found that he was willing to go
out to the Dolores in company with Agent Page and Interpreter Burns to obtain addi-
tional signatures to the instrument of ratification, aud by arrangement the agent, in-
terpreter, and the chief started the next morning on this errand. The result was that
at a council held on the Dolores River at the Big Bind on the llth of Septembar, 47
additional names were secured.
It was arranged that on the return of the agent and interpreter, the chairman and
clerk should meet them at Animas City, and on the llth the latter left the reservation
for that place. The agent and interpreter arrived there on the 13th, and on the 14th
the chairman and clerk left for Alalnosa, and reached that place on the 18th of Sap-
ternber. On the arrival of their colleagues at Alamosa, a weelj before. Mr. Mears left
immediately for the Los Pinos Agency to ascertain the condition of the work there
which had been confided to Colonel Meacham. On the 23d of September the roll of
names of the Uncompahgre and White River Utes obtained to the instrument of ratifi-
cation at the Los Pinos Agency, borne by Mr. Mears to Saquache and from thence by
special messenger, was received at Alamosa. It was found that the names obtained
at both agencies aggregated 581 adult male Ute Indians of the confederated bauds in
Colorado. This number the commissioners were satisfied was in excess of three-fourths
of all the adult male Indians of said confederated bands.
This was the first duty confided to the commission by your instructions. Completed
under the most favorable circumstances, it was a very difficult thing to accomplish.
Generally our Indian treaties have been made with the chiefs and headmen. Could the
negotiations with the Utes have been confined to this class, they could have been as-
sembled at a single point and the business concluded in a brief time, but by the treaty
of 1868, as well as by the law of June 15, 1880, the assent of three-fourths of the adult
male population of the confederated bands of the Ute Indians in Colorado was required
to give effect to the cession of any portion of the reservation of these Indians. A large
proportion of this number was only to be obtained among such of the Indians as roam
and hunt, and these were dispersed in different directions and at points distant from
the agencies, and it required time to bring them within reach. Added to these diffi-
culties, the death of Mr. Stickney, our clerk, aud of Chief Ouray and Kenache (the latter
was killed by lightning a few days after the death of Ouray) contributed to delay our
work, and hence it was the 25th of September before it was known that the necessary
number of names had been obtained to ratify the agreement.
All the names attached to the instrument of ratification were placed there in the
presence of one or more of the commissioners, except the 47 obtained at the Big Bend
of the Dolores. We believe that all understood the contents of the agreement and the
obligations assumed when they executed the instrument of ratification. They acted
without restraint and of their own accord. It was, however, painfully evident that it
was a fearful struggle for them to give up their country where they from infancy and
their fathers before them had roamed at will over the mountains and through the val-
leys of Western Colorado. Moreover they mistrusted their ability to meet the respon-
sibilities of the new mode of life outlined for them in the agreement, and they had
fears as to the fidelity with which the government would fulfill its part of the agree-
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION. 205
ment. With a sad expression of countenance and with a voice which impressed every
one present, Sapavanari, when about to touch the pen, said "it was the best they,
could do, though not just what they wanted." And Ignatio, when in the act of sign-
ing the instrument of ratification, remarked to us in a very impressive manner that
" it was the desire and hope of all the Indians that the commissioners would be care-
ful to see that the government faithfully fulfilled and carried out its part of the agree-
ment."
The Indians were assured that so soon as the agreement was ratified the commission
would advise the department of the fact, and request that the funds appropriated
should be distributed per capita without delay. Our arrangements were made with
General Pope for two military escorts and transportation to leave Alamosa at the same
time, one going to the Los Piuos and the other to the Southern Agency with the quota
of money to make the payment at each. With but slight delay the journey was made
to the Southern Agency and the quota of money due the Indians there was distributed
among them. It was deemed prudent at that time to delay the visit to the Los Pinos
Agency, because of the excitement which followed the killing of Chief Chavanaux'a
son by a freighter and the subsequent killing of the latter by the Indians. Hence the
money did not reach the Uncompahgre until the 7th day of December, when the In-
dians were collected and it was without delay distributed among them. The portion
of money due the White River Utes remains unpaid. These Indians are now, as we
are informed, on the Uiutah Reservation. Had we been able to carry out the original
plan for the distribution of the money, the work could have been completed in time
to have given at least one month to the exploration of the valleys of the La Plata and
Grand Rivers in Colorado and New Mexico and Utah, and the country in the vicinity
of each.
Being unable to do this, we are therefore not in possession of such information as
to warrant us in giving you an approximate estimate of the quantity of land in these
valleys and the country adjacent thereto that can be brought into a state of cultiva-
tion. We feel, however, quite sure that it will be necessary to go beyond them and into
the valleys of other streams in order to lind sufficient agricultural and grazing land
on which to locate the Southern and Uncompahgre Utes. The White River Utes can,
we think, be furnished with the necessary quantity of such lands within the Uintah
Reservation. We are not aware that the Uintah Indians will make any objection to the
location of the White River Indians on their reservation, and yet in the future trouble
may arise, since in the annual payments to the White River Indians of the one-sixth
of the money that will come to them from the agreement, the Uintah Indians will
not participate. The Uintah Indians were parties to the treaty of 1868, as well as to
the agreement of 1873, known as the Brtiuot agreement, and as late as October, 1878,
~they were regarded as having an interest in the Ute Reservation in Colorado, and by
their chiefs and headmen gave their assent to such arrangements as were then in con-
templation for the surrender of so much of the same to the government as was situate
south and west of the San Juan mining district. If it be assumed that their present
reservation is an equivalent for their interest in the reservation in Colorado, and now
the larger portion of the Uintah Reservation is to be occupied by the White River In-
dians, and the land assigned to them in severalty, it is respectfully suggested that the
Uintah Indians should have such compensation as would place them on an equal foot-
ing with the Southern Uncompahgre and White River Utes.
In the act of June 15, 1880, it is provided that after the completion of the allotment and
patenting of the lands to the Utes they shall be subject to the civil and criminal laws
of the State or Territory in which they may reside, with the right to sue and be sued
in the courts thereof. We fear that serious evil may result from this provision of the
law. During the paternal relation that will exist between the government and the
Indians for a number of years, we think they had better remain subject to the laws of
the United States, as provided by the treaty of 1868. With exterior boundary lines
distinctly marked around the territory in which these Indians will be located on their
allotted lands, and the laws of the United States extended over such territory, they
would be free from much of the annoyance and injury that evil minded persons might
subject them to through the process of the State or Territorial tribunals. We deem
this especially important in view of the radical change proposed, whereby the Indians
are to occupy their lands in severalty, and we think they should be molested as little
as possible until they have had time to adapt themselves to the new mode of life.
It was by your instructions made our duty to use any possible effort to secure the sur-
render of such of the White River Indians as were guilty, or who were implicated in
the murder of Agent Meeker, and the murder of, and outrages upon, the employe's at
the White River Agency on the 29fch of September, 1879. This we did, but without
success. The White River Indians who were in council with us at the Los Piuos Agency
affirmed that they did not know who were the guilty parties. They said that the In-
dians supposed to be guilty had gone away — left the country and never returned.
Some of them, they said, were dead, and others gone they knew not where. They had
hunted for but could not find them. They thought some had gone to and joined Sitting
206 REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION.
Bull. We exhausted the subject without haviug obtained any definite information.
After his colleagues left the Los Pinos Agency, Colonel Meacham, who remained there,
endeavored, through Jack, a White River chief, and others, to reach some conclusion
as to where the Indians presumed to be guilty and still living were. He failed to
obtain any definite information on the subject, except that they had fled the country
and severed their connection with the tribe.
In relation to Douglas, all the Indians affirmed that he was not present, and did not
participate in the murders and outrages referred to, and, from all the information we
could obtain, we believe that Douglas is not guilty. Captain Curtis, one of our inter-
preters, had in his possession a letter from Governor Pitkiu, of the date of October 10,
1879, in which the governor said Douglas was not in the massacre. We presume he had
satisfactory information on which to base this statement. The Indians appealed to
the commission to use their influence to have Douglas released from confinement and
sent home, and believing as we do that he is not guilty, we respectfully recommend
that he be released and sent to his people. His presence among them will, we think,
have a good effect.
The reports of the agents among the lite Indians made from year to year since our
first treaty relations with them bear evidence of their orderly disposition and desire
to avoid complications and conflicts with the white people. Some of them, it is true,
committed deeds of violence deeply to be deplored. In such cases, and they are but
few, a careful investigation of surrounding circumstances will show that the Indians
were inspired by events that aroused their savage passions and led them to commit
the crimes referred to. In our intercourse with them for several mouths during the
past summer and fall we can without hesitation confirm all that their agents have
said in relation to their disposition and general good conduct.
We cannot close this report without acknowledgment of the important and courteous
aid given us by gentlemen of the Army. On the several occasions when we needed
military escorts and guard Major-General Pope, commanding the Department of the
Missouri, promptly furnished us with the desired detail. To Colonels Dodge and
Fletcher, commanding officers at the Cantonment Uncompahgre, to Colonel Crofton,
commanding on the La Plata, to Captain Torrey, commanding at Fort Lewis, and to
Captain Brady and Lieutenant Cowles, of the Twenty-third Infantry, are we under
obligation for polite attentions and efficient help. To Captain Pollock and Lieutenant
Clagett, of the Twenty-third, and Captain Ellis, of the Thirteenth, and Lieutenant
Townsend, of the Sixth, and to the men of these several commands, who went with us
through the weary and hot months of the summer and the intense cold and heavy
snows of the Rocky Mountain wiuter, are we indebted for services whose patience and
fidelity could only be made more grateful in our memories by the remembrance of the
genial and unfaltering courtesy with which they were rendered.
Respectfully submitted,
GEO. W. MANYPENNY.
A. B. MEACHAM.
J B. BOWMAN.
J. J. RUSSELL.
OTTO MEARS.
Hon. C. SCHURZ,
Secretary of the Interior.
Instructions to Ute commission.
DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR,
Washington, June 20, 1830,
GENTLEMEN : Having been appointed by the President commissioners to secure the
ratification of the agreement with the Ute Indians of Colorado and to execute the
provisions of the same, you are directed to proceed immediately to the Los Pinos
Agency in said State, and confer with Ouray and other leading men of the Ute Nation,
as to the best methods to be pursued in securing the assent of the Ute people to said
agreement, as set forth in the act of Congress entitled "An act to accept and ratify the
agreement submitted by the confederated bands of Ute Indians in Colorado for the
sale of their reservation in said State, and for other purposes, and to make the neces-
sary appropriations to carry out the same," which said act is inclosed herewith and
made a part of these instructions.
Your first duty in connection with your present appointment will be to secure the
ratification by the Indians of the provisions of the act as herein presented, for which
purpose you will convene the Indians in open council at one or more places, as you may
determine best, and carefully read and explain to them, in detail, the subject-matter
of said agreement as submitted by the leading men of their nation, and embraced and
ratified by the Government of the United States by the provisions of the inclosed act ;
-secure and have properly attested the signatures of three-fourths of the adult male
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION. 207
members of said confederated bands to said act and agreement, and transmit the eame
to this office for the necessary action.
After securing the ratification of said agreement, you will use every possible effort
to effect the surrender of the parties presumably guilty, or who were implicated in the
murder of United States Indian Agent N. C. Meeker, and the murder of and outrages
upon the employes at the White River Agency on the 29th day of September, 1879.
You will not await the surrender of these parties, which may be made at any time
pending the completion of your duties. You will then make a careful and accurate
enumeration, by families, of all the members of said bands, upon the completion of
which, payment of the -^75,000 will be made to said Indians, as provided in the act,
and in accordance with special instructions to be given, when the necessary funds are
placed to the credit of the disbursing officer of your commission.
When the above-named general services shall have been performed, your commis-
sion will divide into three parties, to the first of which will be assigned the duty of
ascertaining the location of the necessary agricultural and grazing lands for the set-
tlement of the Uucompahgre Utes in the vicinity named in the act. To the second
party will be assigned the duty of locating in like manner the necessary lands for the
settlement of the Southern Utes, and the third party will supervise the removal and
settlement of the White River Utes to the Uintah Reservation, as provided in the act.
This removal should be effected as soon as the agreement is signed.
In settling the Southern and Uncompahgre Utes, you will, in accordance with the
spirit and intention of the act, if sufficient agricultural lands can be found, locate
them within the Ute Reservation in the State of Colorado ; but if you are unable to
secure the necessary agricultural lands in the Ute Reservation in Colorado for the set-
tlement of all these Indians, you will locate the residue as compactly as possible upon
the La Plata, in New Mexico, and the Grand River in the Territory of Utah, as speci-
fied in the act of June.
As soon as your commission shall have determined upon the general location of any
portion of either of the above-named Indians, you will direct the surveying parties,
who will be ordered to report to you for general instructions, but to whom specific
directions will be given as to the manner of making surveys, to proceed to survey such
tracts or parcels of land as may be designated by you. Such surveys should embrace
only the lands principally valuable for agricultural and grazing purposes, and not
mineral lauds.
When the surveys shall have sufficiently progressed you will select not to exceed
one-half section of laud for agency purposes for each of said bauds. You will then
select the necessary and most available locations for school-houses, grist, and saw-mills
for the several agencies, as defined in the act, and report them for reservation from sale
for the purposes indicated. You will then proceed to secure the removal and settle-
ment in severally of the Indians upon the lands, which you will allot to them in accord-
ance with the provisions of the act and the specific instructions which will hereafter,
with the necessary blanks for that purpose, be transmitted to you.
In making the allotments in severally, if consistent with the wishes of the Indians,
care should be taken to locate the lands for the members of each family contiguously.
You will advise them of the character of the land best adapted to their use, the loca-
tions for the erection of buildings, and in all other matters tending to advance their
interests. In making the removal you will visit and appraise at a liberal valuation
the improvements of any and all Indians upon the lands to be abandoned, under the
provisions of this agreement, and submit a list of the same to this department for ap-
propriate action and the necessary instructions as to payment.
In connection with the foregoing and other duties devolving upon you, your atten-
tion is directed to the provisions of the act to which your action should conform, and
I have to request that you make a full report in detail as to the requirements neces-
sary to carry out the provisions of section 2, upon receipt of which further instructions
in the matter named therein will be given.
I desire to impress upon you the importance of the duties to which you have been
assigned. In their execution you will please consult, and, so far as possible, act in
harmony with the wishes of the Indians. The fullest latitude is given for the exer-
cise of the judgment and direction of the commission, and I will be gratified if you
will frequently consult and advise with the department in reference to the same, and
also furnish me with a weekly report of your proceedings. I have also to recommend
that you consult with the military commanders in reference to the more important
movements in connection with the performance of your duties.
Further instructions will be given you from time to time as may be necessary. The
compensation of each member of the commission will be at the rate of $10 per diem,
while actually engaged, in addition to their actual traveling and other necessary
expenses.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
C. SCHURZ, Secretary.
Hon. GEORGE W. MANYPENNY, ALFRED B. MEACHAM, JOHN B. BOWMAN, JOHN J-
KUSSELL, and OTTO MEARS.
208
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
RATIFICATION OF UTE AGREEMENT.
Ratification by the confederated bands of Ute Indians in Colorado of the agreement submitted
by certain chiefs and headmen of said bands then in Washington City to the Secretary of
the Interior on the 6th day of March, 1880, as amended by the act of Congress of June 15,
1880.
Whereas, on the 6th day of March, A. D. 1880, certain chiefs and headmen of the
confederated bauds of the Ute tribe of Indians in Colorado, then in Washington City,,
did submit to the Secretary of the Interior an agreement for the sale of the present
reservation of the confederated bands of said tribe of Indians, situate, lying, and being
in the State of Colorado, their settlement upon lands in severalty, and for other pur-
poses, which said agreement was approved by the President of the United States and
transmitted to Congress for acceptance and ratification, and the necessary legislation
to carry the same into effect ; and,
Whereas, by an act approved June 15, 1880, entitled "An act to accept and ratify the
agreement submitted by the confederated bands of Ute Indians in Colorado for the sale
of their reservation in said State, and for other purposes, and to make the necessary
appropriations for carrying out the same," Congress did accept, ratify, and conHrm
said agreement, with certain amendments thereto, as in said act set forth, which said
agreements and amendments are embodied in said act of Congress ; and,
Whereas the said agreement and the amendments thereto, with the several sections
of said act of Congress relating to the same, to all of which reference is here had and
made for certainty, have each and all been submitted to said confederated bands of
Ute Indians in Colorado, by George W. Manypenny, Alfred B. Meacham, John B. Bow-
man, John J. Russell, and Otto Mears, commissioners appointed by the President of
the United States in pursuance of said act of Congress, for their consideration and
ratification ; and,
Whereas said agreement and the amendments thereto, together with the provisions
of each and every section of said act of Congress, have been carefully and fully ex-
plained and interpreted in open council to the confederated bands of said Ute tribe of
Indians, and considered by said Indians in their own councils :
Now, therefore, be it known, that in consideration of the beneficial provisions in
behalf of the confederated bands of said Ute tribe of Indians contained in said agree-
ment and said act of Congress, and relying upon the good faith of the Government of
the United States for the faithful fulfillment of each and every stipulation in behalf of
said Indians contained in said agreement and in said act of Congress, the chiefs, head-
men, and other adult male members of the confederated bands of the Ute tribe of In-
dians in Colorado do accept, ratify, and confirm said agreement as amended by said
act of Congress, and do hereby cede, sell, and convey to the United States all right,
title, interest, and claim of said confederated bands of Indians in and to said Ute reser-
vation, excepting and reserving such lands on the La Plata River and in its vicinity
and on the Grand River near the mouth of the Gunnison River, as may, on exploration,,
in pursuance of the provisions of said act of Congress, be selected and set apart for
the whole or a part of the Southern and Uncompahgre Utes to remove to and settle
on as contemplated by said agreement, and also such tract or tracts of land as any
individual Indian or Indians, male or female, of said tribe claim and now occupy in
severalty.
And the confederated bands of said Ute tribe of Indians do stipulate and agree, and
hereby .bind themselves individually and collectively, tJ remove t3 and settle upon
such lands as may, after exploration, be designated by said commission for their
respective homes, in pursuance of the provisions of said agreement and said act of
Congress, and in each and every particular to accept aid c.irry oat the saaie, accord-
ing to the true intent and meaning thereof.
Dated and signed in duplicate at LJS Piuos A^dacy, ColDradj, July 23, 3), anil 31,
1880.
UNCOMPAHGRE UTE INDIANS.
1. Sapovonare, his x mark.
2. Guero, his x mark.
3. Colorado, his x mark.
4. Billy.
5. Wass.
6. Peah, his x mark.
7. Curecante, his x mark.
8. McCook, his x mark.
9. Coho Chiquito, his x mark.
10. Oruvitch, his x mark.
11. Colorao Chiquito, his x mark.
12. Washington, his x mark.
13. Garrapata, his x mark.
14. Chavauaux. his x mark.
15. Red Moon, his x mark.
16. Augustine, his x mark.
17. Sam.
18. Jocknick.
19. Cavare, his x mark.
20. U-vu-pitz, his x mark.
21. Johnson, his x mark.
22. Patchu-vu-utz, his x mark.
23. Cohoe.
24. Quasip, his x mark.
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
209
25. Tu-pu-nu-na. 68.
26. Waia-zitz, his x mark. 69.
27. Ka-tab-a-witch, his x mark. 70.
28. No-art, his x mark. 71.
29. Pawa-chatz, his x mark. 72.
30. Harris, his x mark. 73.
31. Ver-atz, his x mark. 74.
32. Colored Flower, his x mark. 75.
33. Charley, his x mark. 76.
34. Chiza, his x mark. 77.
35. Crino, his x mark. 78.
36. Chac-a-witch, his x mark. 79.
37. So-au-ga, his x mark. 80.
38. Shaw-as-ump, his x mark. 81.
39. Gne-ro-machuch, his x mark. 82.
40. Cup-pu-nap, his x mark. 83.
41. Oso, his x mark. 84.
42. Mears, his x mark. 85.
43. Seiblo, his x mark. 86.
44. Un-ga-witch, his x mark. 87.
45. Chotopa Joe, his x mark. 88.
46. Querash, his x mark. 89.
47. Saw-a-non-wicken, his x mark. 90.
48. Mo-wi-chip, his x mark. 91.
49. Ka-an-irip, his x mark. 92.
50. Juan, his x mark. 93.
51. Ah-co-tum, his x mark. 94.
52. Pah-ki, his x mark. 95.
53. Charlis, his x mark. 96.
54. Ar-rope, his x mark. 97.
55. Uu-ga-qua sich, his x mark. 98.
56. Sou-ub-ve-ant, his x mark. 99.
57. Sou-wa-nant, his x mark. 100.
58. Choup, his x mark. 101.
59. Che-wack, his x mark. 102.
60. Sow-er-ra-mos-quit, his x mark. 103.
61. Po-wis-se-ah, his x mark. 104.
62. Qua-rui-ure, his x mark. 105.
63. Quisb-ue, his x mark. 106.
64 Saw-wab-se-ont, his x mark. 107.
65. Joe, his x mark. 108.
66. Na-vie-ob, his x mark. 109.
67. Tom-a-sar-ca, his x mark. 110.
Yo-un-gatch, his x mark.
Man-nab, his x mark.
Ap-pa-saub, his x mark.
Su-ag-gare, his x mark.
Alejandro, his x mark.
Sha-va-vi, his x mark.
Acap-cru-quich, his x mark.
Hump-back, his x mark.
Unqua-sam, his x mark,
Antelope, his x mark.
Car-e-now, bis x mark.
San-a-vitch, his x mark.
Ya-pu-witch, his x mark.
Pe-tu-wish, his x mark.
Sen-nar, his x mark.
Pi-chau, his x mark.
To natz, his x mark. >
Po-want, his x mark.
Nar-zatz, his x mark.
Ah-vitz, his x mark.
Ki-utz, his x mark.
Wur-chitz, his x mark.
Scha-wa-ratch, his x mark.
Woo-cha, his x mark.
Ca-sa-dor, his x mark.
Aleck, his x mark.
John, his x mark.
Chuc-er-a-chub, his x mark.
Arn-mi-quas, his x mark.
Little Bill, his x mark.
Little Guero, his x mark.
Wa-ah-vish, his x mark.
Charley, his x mark.
Little Un-qua, his x mark.
George Many penny, his x mark,
Johnson No. 2, his x mark.
Jim Bowman, his x mark.
Tom Meacham, his x mark.
U. Curtis, his x mark.
Jim Russell, his x mark.
Aleck Mears, his x mark.
Carl Schurz, his x mark.
Esta, his x mark.
We, the undersigned, sworn interpreters, do hereby certify that the agreement sub-
mitted on the 6th day of March, 1880, by certain Ute Indians, then in Washington
City, to the Secretary of the Interior, and the amendments made to the same by Con-
gress in the act approved June 15, 1880, together, with the several provisions of said
act of Congress, were each and all submitted by the Ute Commission, and fully inter-
preted and explained in open council on the 21st day of July, 1880, to the bands of
the confederated tribe of Ute Indians in Colorado who receive their rations and an-
nuities at Los Pinos Agency, and known as the Uncompahgre Utes, as well as to cer-
tain bauds of White River Ute Indians then on the Uncompahgre River, and who
participated in said council; that the council was continued on the 22d and 23d of
July, 1880, and the provisions of said agreement and said law were fully discussed.
The council then adjourned until the 26th of July, when it again convened and the
commission had read and interpreted to said Indians an instrument ratifying said
agreement, whereupon the Indians took said instrument to a council of their own,
with tte understanding that they would meet the commissioners again in open council
on the 28th of July.
We further certify that, on said 28th of July, said Indians did assemble with the
commissioners in open council, and, after some discussion, said instrument of ratifica-
tion was signed by the chiefs, headmen, and other adult Indians of the Uncompahgre
bands, on the 29tb, 30th, and 31st of July, 1880, whose names appear above, with a full
understanding of the object and intent of the same.
We further certify that we witnessed the execution of said instrument of ratification
by the Uncompahgre Ute Indians, whose names appear as above.
URIAH M. CURTIS, Ute Interpreter.
J. SABINO ESPINOSA, Spanish Interpreter.
Los PINOS INDIAN AGENCY, Colorado, August 2, 1880.
14 IND •
210
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
UNCOMPAHGRE UTE INDIANS.
111. August 6, Tom.
112. August 14, Ah-kos se-wa-witz, his x
mark.
113. August 14, Mariab, his x mark.
114. August 17, Pap Rice, his x mark.
115. August 17, Pitkin, his x mark.
September 2.
116. Pal-ma-tit, his x mark.
117. Yam-man, his x mark.
118. Spears, his x mark.
119. Eggleston, his x mark.
September 3.
120. Ar-roup, his x mark.
121. Saw-a-na-to-chuchue-wicket, his x
mark.
122. Elk, his x mark.
123. Saw-wan-ne-nas-sit, his x mark.
124. Ah-cot-to-weetsoov, his x mark.
125. Wap-suck, his x mark.
126. No-vase-non-a-va-re, his x mark.
September 7.
127. Alhandra, his x mark.
128. Unca Sam, his x mark.
129. Sa-man-e-que-cut, his x mark.
130. Ah-cut-ta-ga-vie, his x mark.
131. George, his x mark.
132. Wy-asket, his x mark.
133. Ca-rah-pot-ta, his x mark.
134. Tar-rep-pab,hi8 x mark.
135. Cho-wit-o-nov, his x mark.
136. Waap, his x mark.
137. Buckskin Jim, his x mark.
138. Quan-ne-ta, his x mark.
139. Sow-wa-na-nup, his x mark.
140. Occup-a-ghar, bis x mark.
141. Sou-wah-ro-ve-a-gut (Blue Gum), his
x mark.
142. Soo-qui-tah, his x mark.
143. Stov, his x mark.
144.
145. Tah-oo, his x mark.
146. Too-wup-i-no-na, his x mark.
147. Ko-roo-po-etz, his x mark.
148. Kar-ra-tee, his x mark.
149. Oho-blanko, his x mark.
150. Qua-soop, his x mark.
151. Ta-poo-itz, his x mark.
152. Ap-poo-peah, bis x mark.
153. Ahi-can-cus-sut, his x mark.
154. Wor-tetz, his x mark.
155. Go-ruse, his x mark.
156. Now-wap, his x mark.
157. Charley Galota, his x mark.
158. Che-ke-to-co, his x mark.
159. Joe Ute, his x mark.
160.
161. George, his x mark.
162. La-me-see, his x mark.
163. Nick-kop, his x mark.
164. Jones, his x mark.
165. Henry Wilson, his x mark.
166. Wah-seah, bis x mark.
167. Arrow-witz, his x mark.
168. Na-poo-az, his x mark.
169. Now-up-we, his x mark.
170. Tab vis, his x mark.
1880.
171. Ta-goo, his x mark.
172. Ar-ri-natz, his x mark.
173. Sah-a-uet, bis x mark.
174. Yarrow-up, his x mark.
175. Nan-now, his x mark.
176. Tah-a-mutz, his x mark.
177. Sah-to-wock-tit, his x mark.
178. Pe-oh, his x mark.
179. Che-gar-rat, his x mark.
180. Se-ru-ah, bis x mark.
181. Le-a-chitz, his x mark.
182. Ta-pootz, his x mark.
183. Moo-witz, his x mark.
184. Roo-vi-yet, his x mark.
185. Cus-sa-mutz, his x mark.
186. Pa-voo, his x mark.
187. Avitz, bis x mark.
188. Steve, his x mark.
189. Johnson, his x mark.
190. Tuck, his x mark.
191. Ranken.
192. Cboomp, his x mark.
193. Sav-va-vi-wat, bis x mark.
194. Qua-na-hay, his x mark.
195. Ap-pa-noo-ah, his x mark.
196. Que-se-o, his x mark.
197. Sam Patch, bis x mark.
198. Sa-qua-ma, his x mark.
199. O-che-got, his x mark.
200. Masisco, his x mark.
201. You-woo-we-gotz, his x mark.
202. Cho, bis x mark.
203. Ta-put-che-ah, bis x mark.
204. Pat-do-wip, his x mark.
205. Mat-chav-an-up, his x mark.
206. Yaw-witz, his x mark.
207. Chi-op-wa, his x mark.
208. Ah-goo-tak, his x mark.
209. Kos-too-watz, his x mark.
210. San-tel-lic-co, his x mark.
211. Tabbo-gooch, his x mark.
212. Sher-mut-chu-etts, his x mark.
213. We-cup-se-ah, his x mark.
214. O-take, his x mark.
215. Tu-put-cbe-ah, his x mark.
216. Ac-cop poo-oz, his x mark.
217. Koo-ratz, his x mark.
218. Cha-coon, his x mark.
219. (Jhow-wa-ku, his x mark.
220. Ky-use-sa, his x mark.
221. Ac-cop- pow-gitz, his x mark.
222. Wit-chah, his x mark.
223. Ala-man, his x mark.
224. Ka-rupp, his x mark.
225. Te-oo-o-see, his x mark.
226. At-choop, his x mark.
227. Tah-poo-ish, his x mark.
228. Saw-qua-no-gwap, his x mark
229. Sa-wa-wa-race, his x mark.
230. Kop-pa-roo, his x mark.
231. Com-ma-chee, bis x mark.
232. Sherman, his x mark.
233. John, his x mark.
234. Tah-go-pitz, bis x mark.
235. Cho-cop-o-see, his x mark.
236. Pat-tow- wah, his x mark.
\
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES. 211
237. Ac-cup-ah, his x mark.
238. No-poo-itz, his x mark.
239. Ah-goo-take, his x mark.
240. Kas-ta-watz, his x mark.
241. O-tos, his x mark.
242. Yar-par-ka, his x mark.
243. Wa-wo-nee-ah ip, his x mark.
244. Sieblo, his x mark.
245. Hadey, his x mark.
246. To-much-cat, his x mark.
247. San Juan, his x mark.
248. Panta-lone, his x mark.
249. See-an-a-to-witz, his x mark.
250. Tah-vah, his x mark.
251. Sup-sto-i-wick, his x mark.
252. Pah-pn-ti, his x mark.
253. Su-a-gre, his x mark.
254. Nee-cow-ree, his x mark.
255. Koot-see-ah-me, his x mark.
256. Tim Shane, his x mark.
257. Kan-ye-you, his x mark.
258. Saw-wa-wy-ash, his x mark.
259. Ac-com-arrow-gut-shot, his x mark.
260. Co-chat-cha-witz, his x mark.
September 15.
261. Spook, his x mark.
262. Sut-ti-oke, his x mark.
263. I-i-ka, his x mark.
264. Tu-pu-nu-ket, his x mark.
265. Hairy man, his x mark.
266. Too-nuts, his x mark.
267. Pao-woos-kiss, his x mark.
268. George Washington, his x mark.
269. Wu-ka-pis-set, his x mark.
270. Up-steele-i-cute, his x mark.
271. At-low-witz, his x mark.
272. Saw-wough -she-ant, his x mark.
273. Munch-co-ratz, his x mark.
274. Tow-oke-the-arrowitz, his x mark.
275. Too-nupp, his x mark.
276. Arrow-goo, his x mark.
277. Ni-o-witz, his x mark.
278. Mo-go-opp, his x mark.
279. Ac-cup-pe-uke, bis x mark.
280. Wu-up-i-nootz, his x mark.
281. Si-ga-che, his x mark.
282. Chit-che-atz, his x mark.
283. Pow-watz, his x mark.
284. Johnny Reede, his x mark.
285. Sut-to-pe-qui-ket, his x mark.
286. El-le-pis, his x mark.
287. Pow-e-chatz, his x mark.
288. Kap-poo-kantz, his x mark.
289. Pis-cho, his x mark.
290. Sak-ki-moop, his x mark.
291. Sow-wa-ve, his x mark.
292. Ar-reep, his x mark.
293. We-ah-wi, his x mark.
September 17.
294. Tah-ah, his x mark.
295. Sah-ze-wap, his x mark.
296. Saw -cut-chup, his x mark.
297. Ta-no-wiutz, his x mark.
298. Ac-cow-vootz, his x mark.
299. Am-mo-nee, his x mark.
300. Ac-cow-win-na, his x mark.
301. Poo-room, his x mark.
302. Nic-coo-etz, his x mark.
303. Yoo-wootz, his x mark.
304. Too-mies, his x mark.
305. Oc-i-rah, his x mark.
306. Too-gwa-no-gootz, his x mark.
307. Ac-cow-na-wut-cut, his x mark.
308. Ah-kun-a-wat-cut, his x mark.
309. Tow-va-boots, bis x mark.
310. Wa-wa-nee, his x mark.
311. Pee-tootz, his x mark.
312. Saw-was-too-pi-mo-chi-cut, his x mark.
313. Mow-tah-we-tup, his x mark.
314. Sow-wa-ra-qu-wa-raut, his x mark.
315. Pow-etz-chutz, his x mark.
316. Ac-cut-ti-pe-uootz, his x mark.
317. Wah-botz, his x mark.
318. See-quee-ta, his x mark.
319. Waap, his x mark.
I hereby certify on honor that the above signatures of male adult Uncompahgre Ute
Indians to the foregoing instrument of ratification of the agreement submitted to said
Uncompaghre Ute Indians, by the Ute Commission, were obtained under and in con-
formity to the act of Congress approved June 15, 1880 ; that they are genuine, and
that every name was written and signed under my personal supervision and in my
presence, beginning at No. Ill, on the 6th day of August, 1880, to No. 319, inclusive,
ending on the 18th day of September, 1880, and that each Indian voluntarily signed
and executed the same, with a full knowledge of the intent and meaning of the act.
Dated and signed at the Los Pinos Indian Agency, Colorado, September 18, A. D.
1880.
A. B. MEACHAM,
Commissioner.
We hereby certify that the Uncompaghre Ute Indians, whose names are attached to
the foregoing instrument of ratification from No. Ill to No. 319, inclusive, voluntarily
signed and executed the same in our presence.
Dated and signed at the Los Pinos Agency, Colorado, this 18th day of September,
A. D. 1880.
W. H. BERRY,
United States Indian Agent.
AARON BRADSHAW, Clerk.
Dated and signed in duplicate at Los Pinos Agency, Colorado, July 29, 30, and 31,
1880.
212
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
WHITE RIVER UTE INDIANS.
1. Capt. Jack, his x mark.
2. Stephens, his x uiark.
3. Pant, his x mark.
4. Saw-a- wick, his x mark.
5. Ta-san-tasan-sikiu, his x mark.
6. Pa-pa-tee, his x mark.
7. Pu-vis-ky, his x mark.
8. Un-ga-ma, his x mark.
9. Tas-que-och, his x mark.
10. Yar-ina-uent, his x mark.
11. Jam-cuzka, his x mark.
12. Cu-rup-ab, his x mark.
13. Qui-oach,his x mark.
14. Henry James.
15. Timothy.
16. Sow-wa-wach, his x mark.
17. Boram, his x mark.
18. Nan-natch, his x mark.
19. Ka-sa-mip, his x mark.
20. Ranken.
21. Spear.
22. Chief Johnson, his x mark.
23. Wach-eup, his x mark.
24. Wap-sack, his x mark.
25. Un-ga-muacb, his x mark.
26. Ya-go, his x mark.
27. Tow-wau-tatch,his x mark.
28. Antonio, his x mark.
29. Ah-ka-ri, his x mark.
30. Jim, his x mark.
31. Uncle Sam, his x mark.
32. To-pa-chitz, his x mark.
33. Qu-cha-chitz, bis x mark.
34. Shou-way-rump, his x mark.
We, the undersigned, sworn interpreters, do hereby certify that the White River Ute
Indians, whose names appear above, were in the councils with the Uncompaghre Ute
Indians referred to in our certificate, in relation to said last-named Indians, and their
ratification of the agreement contained in the act of Congress of June 18, 1880; that
said White River Indians heard the interpretation and explanations made by the
commission, in relation to said agreement and said instrument of ratification, and fully
understood the same.
We further certify that we witnessed the execution of said instrument by said White
River Indians, whose names appear as above.
URIAH M. CURTIS,
U1e Interpreter.
J. SABINO ESPINOSA,
Spanish Interpreter.
Los PINOS INDIAN AGENCY,
Colorado, August 2, 1880.
WHITE RIVER UTE INDIANS.
August 14, 1880.
35. Tah-vis-see-atz, his x mark.
36. Choo-toomph, his x mark.
37. At-chee, his x mark.
38. Commission, his x mark.
39. Ty-quan, his x mark.
40. Satch-nip-we-gut, his x mark.
41. Tsoo-chitz, his x mark.
42. T-soe-choor, his x mark.
43. So-a-not-che-cut, his x mark.
44. Wee- torn, his x mark.
August 31.
45. Te-ag-wa, his x mark.
46. At-cha-qua, his x mark.
47. Sow-wa-se-now-acut, his x mark.
48. Ta-ro-roas his x mark.
49. Nan-nah-po-ah, his x mark.
50. Sow-wah-nach-acut, his x mark.
51. Washington, his x mark.
52. Tir-me-moo-goo, his x mark.
53. Com-maash, his x mark.
54. Sah-re-oov, his x mark.
55. Pah-git, his x mark.
56. Pis-too-goo-nare, his x mark.
57. Kaw-pitz, his x mark.
September 7.
58. Koo-up-wa-pwa, his x ma^k.
59. Pow-way, his x mark.
60. Sit-choomp, his x mark.
September 18.
61. Tut-pi-ae, his x mark.
I hereby certify on honor that the above signatures of male adult White River Ute
Indians to the foregoing instrument of ratification of the agreement submitted to said
Indians by the Ute Commission were obtained under and in conformity to the act of
Congress approved June 15, 1880; that they are genuine, and that every name was
written and signed under my personal supervision and in my presence, beginning at
No. 35, on the 14th day ot August, 1880, to No. 61, inclusive, ending on the 18th day of
September, 1880, and that each ludian voluntarily signed and executed the same with
a lull knowledge of the intent and meaning of the act.
Dated and signed at the Los Pinos Indian Agency, Colorado, September 18, A. D.
1880.
A. B. MEACHAM,
Comm iss ion er.
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
213
We hereby certify that the White River Ute Indians, whose names are attached to
the foregoing instrument of ratification, from No. 35 to No. 61, inclusive, voluntarily
signed and executed the same in our presence.
Dated and signed at the Los Pinos Indian Agency, Colorado, this 18tb day of Sep-
tember. A. D. 1880.
W. H. BERRY,
United States Indian Agent.
AARON BRADSHAW, Clerk.
%We, the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and other adult male Indians of the bands of
tne confederated tribe of Ute Indians in Colorado who receive their rations and an-
nuities at the Southern Ute Agency, having had the foregoing instruments of ratifica-
tion of the agreement submitted to the Secretary of the Interior by certain chiefs and
headmen of said Ute tribe on the 6th day of March, 1880, together with said agree-
ment and the amendments thereto contained in the act of Congress approved June 15,
1880, as well as the provisions of said act of Congress, fully interpreted and explained
to us in open council, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations contained in said
instrument of ratification and in said agreement as amended, and bind ourselves, in-
dividually and collectively, to accept of and carry out the several provisions of the
same according to the true intent and meaning thereof.
Dated and signed at the Southern Ute Agency in Colorado, in duplicates, August 27
and 28, A. D. 1880.
1. Iguacio, his x mark. 49.
2. Cogwhat, his x mark. 50.
3. Toopache, his x mark. 51.
4. Buckskin Charley, his x mark. 52.
5. Nancese, his x mark. 53.
6. Seraro, his x mark. 54.
7. Chanis, his x mark. 55.
8. Padra, his x mark. 56.
9. Chiuina, his x mark. 57.
10. Soosoone, his x mark. 58.
11. Truchee, his x mark. 59.
12. Quartro, his x mark. 60.
13. Dick, his x mark. 61.
14. Wanneka, his x mark. 62.
15. Taliane, his x mark. 63.
16. Chimecho, his x mark. 64.
17. Toraco, his x mark. 65.
18. Washington, his x mark. 66.
19. Cherits Iguacio, his x mark. 67.
20. Quinche, his x mark. 68.
21. Pawinche, his x mark. 69.
22. Carisnepo, his x mark. 70.
23. Camerowich, his x mark. 71.
24. Comecu, his x mark. 72.
25. Pedrogaleas, his x mark. 73.
26. Tonachaquin, his x mark. 74.
27. Cimaron, his x mark. 75.
28. Ojo Blanco, his x mark. 76.
29. Porats, his x mark. 77.
30. Manole, his x mark. 78.
31. Carnagarito, his x mark. 79.
32. Cochabimoch, his x mark. 80.
33. Doctor, his x mark. 81.
34. Samoso, his x mark. 82.
35. Tishawat, his x mark. 83.
36. Cocsachunt, his x mark. 84.
37. Juan Costra, his x mark. 85.
38. Padra Mancho, his x mark. 86.
39. Jim, his x mark. 87.
40. Repis, his x mark. 88.
41. Cow Jim, his x mark. 89.
42. Paverone, his x mark. 90.
43. Arroch, his x mark. 91.
44. Anacigano, his x mark. 92.
45. Sapariche, his x mark. 93.
46. Pachegutse, his x mark. 94.
47 Chowah, his x mark. 95.
48. Towabacient, his x mark. . 96.
Tarahuach, his x mark.
Cunapaw, his x mark.
Martin, his x mark.
Little Colorow, his x mark.
Manuel, his x mark.
Spuviuts, his x mark.
Quinanch, his x mark.
Monochinoch, his x mark.
Abiqui, his x mark.
Showababut (Blue), his x mark,
Punche, his x mark.
Powcach, his x mark.
Eroads, his x mark.
Pere, his x mark.
Wancheap, his x mark.
Alhandra, his x mark.
Munche, his x mark.
Quasiche, his x mark.
Tasnchacome, his x mark.
Fillepe, his x mark.
Juan Martin, his x mark.
Couchatow, his x mark.
Peah, his x mark.
Antelope, his x mark.
Jnan Dios, his x mark.
Aconca, his x mark.
Casodor, his x mark.
Captain Juan, his x mark.
Gangino Blanco, his x mark.
Burnt Boot, his x mark.
To-match, his x mark.
Buffalo John, his x mark.
Magil, his x mark.
Corvasier, his x mark.
Cordeva, his x mark.
Pavaschi, his x mark.
App, his x mark.
Ungowent, his x mark.
Apanu, his x mark.
Kbmorats, his x mark.
Oaroswats, his x mark.
Tawosh, his x mark.
Blackwater, his x mark.
Awnee, his x mark.
George Bent, his x mark.
Attore, his x mark,
lagula Colo, his x mark.
Ungipogerrocent, his x mark.
214
RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
97. Mavino, his x mark.
98. Carats, his x mark.
99. Ungamo, his x mark.
100. Peadro, his x mark.
101. Nurope, his x mark.
102. Yawtannee, his x mark.
103. Cooruway, his x mark.
104. Greeno, his x mark.
105. Nannab, his x mark.
106. Totower, his x mark.
107. Bill, his x mark.
108. llDgapoor, his x mark.
109. Canenup, his x mark.
110. Macisko Aropuletto, his x mark.
111. Ungayough, his x mark.
112. Quinanchee, his x mark.
113. Missouri, his x mark.
114. Sowwochent, his x mark.
115. Oorawis, his x mark.
116. Moquits, his x mark.
117. Nan n ouch, his x mark.
118. Shannockoo, his x mark.
119. Tow-we-ah, his x mark.
120. Pennereach, his x mark.
121. Quarroah, his x mark.
122. Wauch, his x mark.
123. Francisco, his x mark.
124. Orociano, his x mark.
125. Lieutenant, his x mark.
126. Arney, his x mark.
127. Tupary, his x mark.
128. Suyupp, his x mark.
129. Puhnecavat, his x mark.
130. Pekittigun, his x mark.
131. Maoup, his x mark.
132. Tapooche, his x mark.
133. Navis, his x mark.
We, the undersigned, sworn interpreters, do hereby certify that the agreement sub-
mitted by certain chiefs and headmen of the confederated bands of Ute Indians in
Colorado, then in Washington, to the Secretary of the Interior, on the 6th day of-
March, A. D. 1880, with the amendments made thereto by the act of CougresV ap-
proved June 15, A. D. 1880, together with the provisions of said act of Congress and
the foregoing instrument of ratification of the same, which was signed by the Uncom-
pahgre bands and certain White River Indians on the 29th, 30th, and 31st days of
July, A. D. 1H80, were each and all submitted in open council to the several bauds of
Ute Indians in Colorado who receive their rations and annuities at the Southern Ute
Agency on the 20th day of August, 1880, by George W. Manypeuny, John B. Bowman,
John J. Russell, and Otto Mears, members of the Ute Commission, and were fully in-
terpreted and explained by us to said bands of Indians ; that the several provisions of
said agreement and said act of Congress were discussed by said commissioners and said
Indians in open council on the 23d and 26th days of August, A. D. 1880, the subject-
matter of the discussion being interpreted by us.
We further certify that the said Indians fully understood the provisions of said
agreement and act of Congress, as well as the provisions of said instrument of ratifi-
cation, before they signed the same.
Dated at the Southern Ute Agency, in Colorado, this 28th, day of August, A. D.
1880.
W. F. BURNS,
Spanish Interpreter.
U. M. CURTIS,
Ute Interpreter.
We, the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and other adult male Indians of the bands of
the confederated Ute tribe of Indians in Colorado who receive their rations and an-
nuities at the Southern Ute Agency, having had the foregoing instrument of ratifiua-
tion of the agreement submitted to the Secretary of the Interior by certain chiefs and
headmen of said Ute tribe on the 6th day of March, 1880, together with said agree-
ment and the amendments thereto contained in the act of Congress approved June 15,
1880, as well as the provisions of said act of Congress, fully interpreted and explained
to us in open council, do hereby consent and agree to all the stipulations contained in
said instrument of ratification and in said agreement as amended, and bind ourselves,
individually and collectively, to accept of and carry out the same according to the
true intent and meaning thereof.
Signed and dated at the Southern Ute Agency, &c., in duplicate, September 6, 1880.
134. Mari-an-o, his x mark. 146. Cie-go, his x mark.
135. Ce-wer-itch, his x mark. 147. Antonio Jose", his x mark.
136. Cal-a-bas-a, his x mark. 148. Witch-a-poke-te-quer-up, his x mark.
149. Nat-ta-pe-ta-re, his x mark.
150. Medicine Man, his x mark.
151. Sin-nap, his x mark.
152. Phil-lip-pe, his x mark.
153. Ta-we-ah, his x mark.
154. A-pah-witch, his x mark.
155. Yon-ca-cho, his x mark.
156. Che-va-to, his x mark.
137. Pa-at-um, his x mark.
138. Ah- ca- witch, his x mark.
139. To-mas, his x mark.
140. Red Jacket, his x mark.
141. Die-go-nar-an-go, his x mark.
142. Onie-ca-ritch, his x mark.
143. Wapp, his x mark.
144. Pe ka-ots, his x mark.
145. Wa-ra, his x mark.
Dated and signed in duplicate, at the Big Bend of the Deloris River, Colorado, Sep-
tember 11, 1880.
KATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
215
157. Ah-carvitch, his x mark.
158. Co-chop-pa-wan, his x mark.
159. Pah-rai-chach, his x mark.
160. Pah-na-qui-tu, his x mark.
161. Pah-wash, his x mark.
162. Coo-yu-ba, his x mark.
163. Narraguinnip, his x mark.
164. Co-mo-witch, his x mark.
165. Sa-kitch, his x mark.
166. O-pa-ciss, his x mark.
167. Te-ca-re, his x mark.
168. Ah-ca-pintch, his x mark.
169. Qni-chu-ni, his x mark.
170. Ah-ca-quit, his x mark.
171. Quioh, his x mark.
172. Me-ru-pis, his x mark.
173. Swope, his x mark.
174. Dor-mi-low, his x mark.
175. Quir, his x mark.
176. Ah-van-bing, his x mark.
177. Gamoose, his x mark.
178. Tierra Amarilla, his x mark.
179. Te-mnp, his x mark.
180. Ta-gin-upe, his x mark.
181. Ce-a-gat, his x mark.
182. Qua-ach, his x mark.
183. Pah-na-ker-e-pu-nese, his x mark.
184. Tu-pah, his x mark.
185. Tah-wi-cha, his x mark.
186. Pu-yohe, his x mark.
187. Ah-chu-che-a, his x mark.
188. Pah-ba-can-it, his x mark.
189. U-caten, his x mark.
190. Pa-ha-sa, his x mark.
191. Qua-chitis, his x mark.
192. Mu-che-gu-ta, his x mark.
193. Na-te-an-va, his x mark.
194. Ta-van-ch, his x mark.
195. Qua-ja, his x mark.
196. To-ca, his x mark.
197. Pin-nee, his x mark.
198. Me-he-ah, his x mark.
199. Ma-tur-atch, his x mark.
200. Cha-po, his x mark.
201. Pe-ta-go, his x mark.
202. Ne-ca-ro, his x mark.
203. Man-uel, his x mark.
We, the undersigned, Henry Page, United States Indian Agent at the Southern Ute
Agency, in Colorado, and William F. Burns, interpreter, do hereby certify that we
were present at the Southern Ute Agency on the 6th, and at the Big Bend of the De-
loris River, in Colorado, on the llth day of September, 1880, and witnessed the sign-
ing of the foregoing instrument by the Weeininucb.ee Ute Indians, whose names appear
above; that Ignacio, the head chief of said Indians, was present on both occasions,
and the Indians who signed the instrument fully understood the intent and meaning
of the same. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands officially, this 13th
day of September, 1880.
HENRY PAGE,
United States Indian Agent.
W. F. BURNS,
Interpreter.
We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that the Indians of the confederated bands
of the Ute tribe, in Colorado, known as the Southern Ute Indians, whose names are
attached to the foregoing instrument of ratification from No. 1 to No. 164, inclusive,
and who signed and executed the same at the Southern Ute Indian Agency, in Colo-
rado, on the 27th and 28th days of August and the 6th day of September, A. D. 1880,
did so voluntarily in our presence, each one of them understanding at the time the
provisions of the agreement embodied in the act of Congress appro* ed June 15, A. D.
1880, as well as the substance of said act of Congress and the said instrument of rati-
fication, before signing the same.
Dated and signed at Alamosa this 25th day of September, A. D. 1880.
GEO. W. MANYPENNY,
Chairman Ute Commission.
JOHN R. FRENCH,
Clerk Ute Commission.
We, the undersigned, members of the commission appointed in pursuance of the pro-
provisions of an act of Congress approved June 15, A. D. 1880, and entitled "An act
to accept and ratify the agreement submitted by the confederated bauds of Ute In-
dians in Colorado for the sale of their reservation in said State, and for other pur-
poses, and to make the necessary appropriations for carrying out the same," do hereby
certify that said act of Congress and the agreement therein referred to, and the foregoing
instrument of ratification were read, submitted, and fully explained to the Uncom-
pahgre Ute Indians and the White River Ute Indians, of the State of Colorado, at
Los Pinos Indian Agency, in said State, in full and open council, on the 21st, 22d, 23d,
and 28th days of July, 1880, by all of the members of said commission. And that
said act of Congress, and agreement, and instrument of ratification were read, sub-
mitted, and fully explained to the Southern Ute Indians of the State of Colorado, in
full and open council, on the 20th, 23d, and 26th days of August, A. D. 1880, by George
W. Manypenny, J. B. Bowman, J. J. Russell, and Otto Hears, members of said Com-
mission, at the Southern Ute Agency in said State. That the several persons whose
names are attached to the foregoing instrument of ratification are adult males of the
216 RATIFICATION OF AGREEMENT WITH UTES.
confederated bands of the Ute tribe of Indians in the State of Colorado, and that they
respectively signed the same, as shown by the several certificates thereto attached,
after said acts of Congress, agreement, and instrument of ratification had been fully
read and explained to them as aforesaid, and after having been fully interpreted to
them by the persons whose names are attached to and who signed the foregoing cer-
tificates as interpreters. And that said instrument of ratification is signed and ex-
ecuted by three-fourths, and more, of the adult males of the confederated bands of the
Ute tribe of Indians, in the State of Colorado.
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 25th day of September, A.
D. 1880, at Alamosa, State of Colorado.
GEO. W. MANYPENNY,
JOHN J. RUSSELL,
OTTO MEARS,
Commissioners.
REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION. 217
REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMISSION TO THE PONCAS.*
WASHINGTON, D. C., January 25, 1881.
SIR: Incompliance witht.be request contained in the following letter of appoint-
ment and instructions, the undersigned have the honor to report:
EXECUTIVE MANSION,
Washington, D. C.. December 18, 1880.
I request the following gentlemen to proceed to the Indian Territory as soon as may
be, and, after conference with the Ponca tribe of Indians, to ascertain the facts in re-
gard to their recent removal and present condition, so far as is necessary to determine
the question what justice and humanity require should be done by the Government of
the United States, and report their conclusions and recommendations in the premises :
Brig. Gen. George Crook, U. S. A. ; Brig. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A. ; William Stick -
ney, Washington, D. C.; Walter Allen, Newton, Mass.
It is the purpose of the foregoing request to authorize the commission to take what-
ever steps may, in their judgment, be necessary to enable them to accomplish the pur-
pose set forth.
General Crook is authorized to take with him two aides-de-camp to do clerical work.
R. B. HAYES.
They have made a careful investigation of the subject referred' to them, and respect-
fully submit the following conclusions and recommendations :
1st. That the removal of the Ponca Indians from their reservation in Dakota and
Nebraska, where they were living by virtue of treaties with the United States of 1858
and 1867, was not only most unfortunate for the Indians, resulting in great hardships
and serious loss of life and property, but was injudicious and without sufficient cause.
It was also without lawful authority, inasmuch as the law requiring the consent of the
Indians as a condition precedent to their removal was overlooked or wholly disre-
garded.
2d. That the lands from which the Poncas were removed had been " ceded and relin-
quished " to them by the United States for ample consideration specified in the treaties.
That the government solemnly covenanted not only to warrant and defend their title
to these lands, but also to protect their persons and property thereon. That the In-
dians had violated no condition of the treaty by which their title to the lands or claim
to protection had been forfeited, and that this rightful claim still exists in full force
and effect, notwithstanding all acfcs done by the Government of the United States.
3d. That up to within a few months of the present time they have manifested the
strongest desire to return to their reservation in Dakota, and a portion of the tribe suc-
ceeded in getting back to their native country. The remainder of the tribe were great-
ly discouraged in their efforts to return, and they finally despaired of regaining their
rights. Under the belief that the government would not regard their title to the land in
Dakota as valid, and that they could obtain a stronger title to the land in the Indian
Territory, as well as other promised considerations, they decided to accept the best
terms they could obtain. Their chiefs and headmen agreed to remain in that Terri-
tory. Having once committed themselves in writing to that course, they, with com-
mendable integrity, regarded their action as sacred so far as they were concerned, and
the majority of their people acquiesced and indorsed the action of their headmen.
4th. That the Indians who have returned to their reservation in Dakota have the
strongest possible attachment to their lands and a resolute purpose to retain them.
They have received no assistance from the government, and, except the limited aid
furnished by benevolent people, they have been entirely self-sustaining. With few
agricultural implements they have cultivated a considerable tract of land for their sup-
port. They are on friendly terms with all other Indian tribes, including the Sioux, as
well as with the white settlers in their vicinity. They pray that they may not again
be disturbed, and ask for a teacher to aid and instruct them in the arts of industry, and
for a missionary to teach them the principles of morality and religion.
In the settlement of the problem presented by this state of affairs, the commission
believe that the government should be controlled by the principles that would be ap-
plicable to any peaceable and law-abiding people in the same circumstances, and that
* Proceedings of councils held with the Poncas by this commission are published in Senate Ex. Doc.
INo. 30, 46th Cong., 3rd Sess.
218 REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION.
not only the welfare of the Ponca Indians, but the future influence and authority oj
the government over other Indian tribes (who are better informed than is generally
supposed concerning the circumstances of the Poncas), demand that there should be
an ample and speedy redress of wrongs, thus exhibiting a conspicuous example of the
government's purpose to do justice to all. It is therefore recommended —
That an allotment of 160 acres of land be made to each man, woman, and child of the
Ponca tribe of Indians, said lands to be selected by them on their old reservation in
Dakota, or on the land now occupied by the Ponca Indians in the Indian Territory,
within one year from the passage of an act of Congress granting such tracts of laud..
That until the expiration of this period free communication be permitted between the
two branches of the tribe. Said land to be secured to them by patent ; that the title
to the same shall not be subject to lien, alienation, or incumbrance either by voluntary
conveyance, or by judgment, order, or decree of any court, or subject to taxation of any
character for a period of thirty years from the date of the patent, and until such time
thereafter as the President may remove the restriction. That any conveyance made
by any of these Indians before the expiration of the time above mentioned shall be
void, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney-General, at the request of the Secretary
of the Interior, to institute suit to set aside such deed or conveyance, that their title to
the lauds may be intact, and that they shall be subject to the laws, both civil and
criminal, including the laws of alienation and descent in force in the State or Territory
where such lands are selected.
That the United States take immediate action to extinguish all claims that would
be an incumbrance upon the title to any lands which it is proposed shall be allotted to
all members of the Ponca tribe of Indians.
That the government continue its appropriations the same as at present, not less than
$53,000 per year during the period of five years from the passage of the act making the
allotments as aforesaid, the same to be for the benefit of the members of the tribe pro
rata.
That the additional sum of $25,000 be immediately appropriated and expended in
agricultural implements, stock, and seed, $5,000 of which shall be for the exclusive
benefit of the Poncas in Nebraska and Dakota, the remaining $20,000 to ba divided
among the families of the whole tribe according to the number in each family, to be in
full satisfaction for all Sioux depredations and losses of property sustained by these
Indians in consequence of their removal. That the further sum of not less that $5,000*
be appropriated for the construction of comfortable dwellings, and not more than
$5,000 for the erection of a school-house for the Poncas in Nebraska and Dakota, and
that suitable persons be employed by the government for their instruction in religious,,
educational, and industrial development, and to superintend, care for, and protect all
their interests. We respectfully suggest that the welfare of these Indians requires us
to emphasize the necessity of prompt action in settling their affairs, to the end that
this long pending controversy may be determined according to the dictates of human-
ity and just'ce.
In conclusion we desire to give expression to the conviction forced upon us by our
investigation of this case, that it is of the utmost importance to white and red men
alike that all Indians should have the opportunity of appealing to the courts for th&
protection and vindication of their rights of person and property. Indians cannot be
expected to understand the duties of men living under the forms of civilization until
they know by being subject to it the authority of stable law as administered by courts,
and are relieved from the uncertainties and oppression frequently attending subjections-
to arbitrary personal authority.
The evidence taken by the commission, together with documents pertaining to the
inquiry, accompany this report.
All of which is respectfully submitted. GEORGE CROOK,
Brigadier- General, U. S. A,
NELSON A. MILES,
Brigadier- General, U. S. A.
WILLIAM STICKNEY.
The PKFSIDKNT.
MINORITY REPORT.
The undersigned agrees with and subscribes to the conclusions and recommendations
of his colleagues in the inquiry as far as they go ; bat, differing with them in his view
of the duty of the commission to report the facts and reasons upon which the conclu-
sions and recommendations are based, instead of unsupported conclusions and recom-
mendations which may appear to be uncalled for, he, with their consent, submits what
follows as forming a proper connection with what the rest have substituted to his
complete report.
With regard to the removal of the Ponca tiibj of Indians from th'ir reservation ia
REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION. 219
Nebraska and Dakota to the Indian Territory, the commission have acquired but little
new information and no new important particulars. The thorough investigation of
this matter by a select committee of the United States Senate during the last session
of Congress made it unnecessary for us to institute an original inquiry. That commit-
tee had more powers and more time for prosecuting such an investigation than in the
nature of the case this commission could use. The witnesses who came before it were
examined under oath, and it may be presumed that all the facts necessary for forming
a full and just opinion concerning the circumstances of the removal and the lawful-
ness or unlawfulness of it are contained in the volume of five hundred pi in ted pages
of testimony taken by the Senate committee upon which is based the elaborate re-
port made to the Senate on the 3lst May, 1880. Whatever new evidence has been re-
ceived by this commission is confirmatory and not contradictory of the facts that ap-
pear to be clearly established by that inquiry, and these facts it is necessary to consider
in determining what justice and humanity require the United States to do in respect
of the Ponca tribe of Indians.
In 1858 the Ponca tribe of Indians, by a formal treaty with the United States, did
"cede and relinquish " to the United States a portion of the lands owned and claimed
by them, reserving another portion for their future homes. By the same treaty the
United States, " in consideration of the foregoing cession and relinquishment," agreed
and stipulated " to protect the Poncas in the possession of the tract of land reserved for
their future homes and their persons and property thereon during good behavior on
their part."
In 1867, by another treaty, the Ponca tribe of Indians did "cede and relinquish" to
the United States 30,000 acres of the land reserved for themselves by the treaty of
1858, and in the possession and enjoyment of which the government had pledged itself
to protect them. By the same treaty of 1867 the Government of the United States, " in
consideration of the cession or release of" such portion of their reservation, and " by
way of rewarding them for their constant fidelity to the government and citizens
thereof, and with a view of returning to said tribe of Pouca Indians their own bury-
ing-grouud, and cornfields," did " cede and relinquish" to the tribe of Ponca Indians
certain lands definitely described in the treaty itself. The lands which the Poncas
held under tbese two absolute grants and quitclaims from the United States consti-
tuted the reservation of 96,000 acres occupied by the Ponca Indians after 1867.
In 1868 a commission, acting in behalf of the Government of the United States, ne-
gotiated a treaty with some Sioux Indians, by the terms of which the lands which had
been " ceded and relinquished" to the Ponca Indians in 1858 and 1867, and in the pos-
session and occupation of which the government had solemnly pledged itself to protect
them, were included in a grant for a reservation for these Sioux. Ten years afterwards
a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, under the present administration, in his annual re-
port characterized this feature of the Sioux treaty as "a blunder," and declared that
" the negotiators had no right whatever to make the cession " ; an opinion not likely to
be contradicted.
For several years after the Sioux took possession of their new reservation their ma-
rauding parties troubled the Poncas, who still occupied their own land, by stealing
their ponies, and occassionally murdering a member of the tribe.
The United States Government made no adequate effort to protect the Poncaa
against these incursions of roaming parties of Sioux, although frequently and strongly
appealed to on the subject. Neither did the government, so far as appears, ever notify
the Sioux that it had included in their resesrvation land which belonged to the Pon-
cas, or make any proposition to the Sioux to give them money or land, or other con-
sideration, in lieu of the Ponca lands which had been wrongfully included in their
reservation. Nor did the government, before the removal of the Poncas to the Indian
Territory, make any proposition to them to purchase their lands for the Sioux, < r offer
them any indemnity for the wrong done them in presuming to cede away their lands.
But the right of the Poncas to their lands, and the obligation of the government to-
protect them thereon, was recognized by appropriation of money to indemnify the tribe
for losses by thefts and murders committed by the Sioux. This unfortunate and sorry
condition of affairs continued eight years without correction, the government seeming
to consent to the sacrifice of the rights and the peace of a tribe which had never made
war upon it, and never broken faith with it, rather than seek a just settlement with a
more powerful tribe that had defied it.
The depredations referred to created among the Poncas a feeling of insecurity,
which was increased by the negligence of the government, and at one time they
seriously considered a plan to remove to the lands of the Omahas, a kindred and friendly
tribe, who were then willing to receive them and share with them their ample reser-
vation in Nebraska. But the plan, although approved by the Indian Bureau as an easy
and practicable solution of an embarrassing difficulty, was never consummated. Con-
gress, instead of adopting the recommendation, inserted in the Indian appropriation
bill of 1876 the following provision :
"That the Secretary of the Interior may use of the foregoing amounts the sum of
220 REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION.
twenty-five thousand dollars for the removal of thePoncas to the Indian Territory, and
providing them a home therein, ivilh the consent of said band."
This was done without previous consultation with the Poncas, and without their
knowledge, nor were they informed of what was in contemplation until an agent of the
Indian Bureau appeared among them, in January, 1877. The details of this man's ne-
gotiations with, and intimidation of, these Indians, in the effort to obtain their consent
to remove to the Indian Territory, make a voluminous and scandalous record. This
record need not be rehearsed here, for his conduct is no longer defended by any-
body.
At the date when this administration cauie into power the consent sought had not-
been obtained. It appears that the new Secretary of the Interior and the Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs were fully and repeatedly informed, by dispatches, by letters,
and by personal interviews, on the authority of many persons of established, honor-
able reputation, and clearly entitled to have their earnest representations heeded, that
the Poncas did not consent to the removal, but were opposed to it ; and they were in-
formed in good time to enable them to prevent the removal and its lamentable conse-
quences. Humane and creditable as these efforts to prevent the doing of an unlawful in-
jury were, the surprising thing is that they were ever necessary. How any responsible
official, not bound to force the Indians to go whether they desired to or not, could avoid
being convinced that the removal would be a violation of the spirit and authority of
the law, it is not easy to comprehend, in view of the character of the reports made to
the Commissoner of Indian Affairs by the agent sent out to do the work. But an order,
" Press the removal," was given April 12, 1877.
The necessity of employing a sheriff to eject a tenant is not commonly considered a
proof of the tenant's desire to quit the premises. But iu this case the Army was called
in to turn a community out of the homes they owned, and push them off the land ceded
and relinquished to them by the government fora consideration, and with warranty of
protection in the occupation of it. And this was done when the law under which the
action was taken was not imperative but permissive, the permission being expressly
conditioned upon their willingness to go.
The removal was effected, the first party starting on the 15th of April, but it was the
16th of May before, in the words of the agent, "the last Pouca turned his face south-
ward." They arrived in the Indian Territory the latter part of June and early part of
July, having endured much hardship, lost much property on the way, besides what
they were compelled to abandon when they started, and suffered severely from sickness,
resulting in many cases in death. "* Adequate provision had not been made for them in
the Quapaw country, to which th?y were taken and where they lived for several
months. They were afterwards removed to a location at the junction of the Arkansas
and Salt Fork Rivers, where those who are now in the Territory live. For more than
two years they suffered terribly on account of the climate, the want of proper shelter
and food, and the homesickness and despair caused by their cruel exile. The number
of those removed was a few more than seven hundred, as reported. More than two
hundred have died there. More than a hundred have escaped as fugitives and made
their way back to their old home in Dakota, or to the vicinity of it.
The Secretary of the Interior has recognized that " a grievous wrong'7 was committed
in the removal of the Poncas from their home in Dakota to the Indian Territory with-
out compensation for their losses of land and other property, and he has proposed thit
the government give them a large sum of money as redress of the injustice and indem-
nity for the spoliation. It teas a grievous wrong, and it would have been a grievous
wrong if done, in obedience to law, although the responsibility would then have rested
elsewhere. But the removal of the Poncas " with their consent," as provided for by
Congress, would have been no wrong, unless the consent was unfairly obtained. Un-
der the conditions set forth, the act was something more than, and different from, a
hurt to the Poncas to be healed with the salve of an appropriation. It was a grievous
error of administration, compromising the good faith of the nation in its relations with
all the Indian tribes, and, unless rebuked, disowned, and atoned for, standing as a per-
nicious example.
The Secretary of the Interior has absolutely said that if he had been aware of the
circumstances of the case as they became known to him afterwards he should have op-
posed the removal. It is in evidence, as already stated, that all the essential and rele-
vant facts were brought to his attention in good time. Unfortunately for all concerned,
he gave credence to false reports and misleading advice.
Justice required that the Government of the United States should promptly restore
the Poncas to their old homes if they had any wish to return, and restore to them in
generous measure all they had lost by the unjust removal. Humanity required that
the Government of the United States should do this with such consideration aud kind-
ness as would somewhat atone for the cruelty of its former course. The officials in
charge of Indians affairs have proposed no such action, for reasons the sufficiency of
which it is pertinent to consider, since they affect the decision of the question of what
REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION. 221
ought to be done now, and because this natural remedy has been urged often and
strongly by the Indians themselves and by those interested in them.
One reason is that Congress had appropriated no money to do it. To this there are
two obvious replies. The first is-thit the department has never asked for such an ap-
propriation, and, therefore, as appropriations are based upon department estimates, it
is not justified in pleading the want of wbat possibly it might have had for the ask-
ing. The second is, that it need not cost much to inove Indians where they are eager
to go. A tithe of the money sp*nt to foree tlie Poncas to the Indian Territory with-
out their consent would have sufficed to return them. Indeed, they would have gone
without other assistance than their regular rations and supplies at any time withim
three years of their removal, when traveling was practicable, if they had not been re-
strained.
Another reason alleged is, that if they were returned to Dakota they would again
suffer from the Sioux, and a war between the whites and the Sioux would be imminent.
The Poncas themselves might have been considered capable of judging what they had
to fear from the Sionx. Before they were removed they had established relations and
made a treaty with the most troublesome band, which promised security from future
molestation. There was no war between the tribes — no ineradicable feud. As they
became better acquainted, and the Sioux better understood the circumstances and dis-
position of the Poncas, they were less disposed to fret them. The government could
have done nothing more likely to give all Indians living on reservations confidence in
its disposition to be just, and therefore nothing more apt to prevent discontent and
strife, than the restoration of the Poncas. as no recent act has more alarmed and dis-
couraged them with regard to the security of their tenure of their homes than the re-
moval of this tribe. The original pretext for the removal — that the Sioux were to be
brought to live in the immediate neighborhood of the Poncas — long ago ceased to be a
pretext for keeping the Poncas away, for the Sioux did not stay there.
Another reason given is, that the removal of one tribe of northern Indians from the-
Indian Territory would have aroused among all the rest located there a desire to be re-
stored to their old homes. If this is true, it indicates that no northern Indians, not
even those who have been there longest and know the country best, are really con-
tented. But if there are any other Indians who have been forced bhere by such viola-
tion of their rights, and of this nation's obligations to them, as was committed in the
Ponca case, justice and humanity would require the government to give them their old
or a new and satisfactory reservation, if they still desire it. If there are no cases of
similar wrong, there can be no similar claims and no similar duty.
Still another reason put forth is, that the retention of this tribe in the Indian Terri-
tory was necessary, because if they were removed the government would be weakened
in its power to hold the Territory as an Indian reservation against the eager desire of
white men to enter into and possess it. Thab enterprising frontiersmen and calculat-
ing capitalists are covetous of the fertile land of the Territory which is in the path and
neighborhood of civilization is indisputable ; but as yet these forces seek only rights
of way to regions beyond, or rights of settlement on lands of which the government
has recovered possession, and which are not in that part of the Territory occupied by
the Poncas. When their demand shall become morn powerful and more impatient,
the precedent of the unlawful removal of the Poncas from their reservation in Dakota
will weaken the government in maintaining the rights of any Indians in the Indian Ter-
ritory to reservations there, or in holding the unoccupied lands of the Territory as a
reservation for the settlement of Indians who may hereafter wish to go there. But
such assertion and vindication ot the government's intention to maintain the rights
of Indians as the restoration of the Poncas to their own home would be, would
strengthen the government. The nation cannot enhance the public appreciation of
and respect for its purpose to be just by refusing to correct an arbitrary act of injus-
tice. If the government at any time during three years after the removal of the Pon-
cas, instead of persecuting them to submission, had restored their rights, all men who
want it to do another wrong to Indians would have less confidence of success than now
they reasonably have. If the government had violated no obligations to the Indians,
none would challenge its good faith as to the Indian Territory.
All the facts thus far considered, and all the conditions and circumstances of the re-
moval of the Poncas from their reservation in Dakota to the Indian Territory, show
that they were removed in violation of the nation's treaty covenants with them, by an
exercise of force not warranted by any law, and that the redress which justice and hu-
manity dictated was Ions refused for reasons which would not have stood in the way
of a resolute purpose to repair the wrong in the most complete and satisfactory manner.
The present condition of these Indians could not be properly considered, with regard
to doing justice, without a thorough understanding of the way they came to be in it.
Their present condition, so far as their rights and the present duty of the government
are involved, differs from their past condition only in the circumstance that those who
are yet in the Indian Territory have recently indicated a willingness to dispose of
222 REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION.
their title to their old lands and remain permanently where the government has placed
them.
It is proper to inquire, first, how far this decision is to be regarded as a free determi-
nation. Had they a fair chance to make a choice ? Did they have an uncompelled
option in the matter ? Had the government ever informed them that they could re-
turn to their old homes if they wished to do so ? It had done no such thing. Con-
stantly, persistently, directly and indirectly, without qualification and without inde-
cision, the government had told them that they had no option in the matter; that
it was impossible for them to return. The only choice the government had ever
allowed them to imagine they could make was that between continuing to cherish a
vain hope of regaining their rights on the one hand, and on the other submitting
to an irresistible and implacable power that had fixed their lot and would not change
it. For three years and a half this wronged tribe appealed to God, to the government,
and to the people, wherever they could get a hearing, to be released from their cruel
exile, and allowed to repossess the lands which belonged to them and were never for-
feited, and to which they were strongly attached. God seemed not to hear them except
as He endowed them with heroic patience. The American people, too much engrossed
in trade and politics to investigate the merits of an Indian's appeal, were content to
accept the verdict of department officials on their own conduct,"and trust them to do
" about right" in the matter. The few who listened to and heeded their cry seemed un-
able to make their interest effective against the indifference of the majority and the
taunts of men in high places. The question of their rights had been submitted to the
courts ; but judgment was slow, nor is it presumable that they understood how a re-
linquishment of their claims to their old reservation might affect suits already brought
in which the rights under the law of other Indians as well as their own were involved.
They heard that some of their numbers escaping from the Indian Territory had been
arrested and imprisoned, and that all who got back to the old reservation found the
homes they had abandoned destroyed, and were treated by the government as outcasts,
who had forfeited their share of the common annuities of the tribe and their right to
any consideration or help. One of their chiefs had been killed under circumstances
•which made them fearful of their fate if they put themselves in position to be charged
with insubordination. The chiefs who came to see the Great Fathers in Washington,
to whom they reported fully the wrongs they had endured, their dissatisfaction and
their earnest desire to go back, returned without encouragement. Time wore on with-
out relief, and finally, last summer, they saw one, who on account of his appreciation
of their sufferings and their hopes and his vigilant service, they considered their best
friend, arrested when he came to visit and confer with them, and forced to leave the
Territory under guard of the agent's police. Then their resolution gave way ; they
said to themselves, " We are a weak people and the government is strong. Whatever
our rights and whatever our hopes, it is useless to attempt to realize them, for it is im-
possible to do it. In this land we must live. It is wise to make our situation as com-
fortable as possible, and get what we can for the land on which we are not allowed to
live. Let us cease to contend against the purpose we cannot change ; the power which
ignores our rights, despises our wishes, is angered by our complaints, and will be ap-
peased only by our submission."
There could hardly be a more perverse mockery of right sentiment than to hail such
a consent, given, as it were, under duress and extorted by despair, as confirmation of
the lawfulness and indication of the wisdom of the government's course toward these
Poncas, or as a conclusive demonstration that all those who for two years past have
olesired and urged the restoration of the Poncas to their old homes, as being the duty of
a just and humane government, have been all the time ignorantly misrepresenting the
Indians and needlessly vexing the responsible powers.
There are circumstances in which the courts in the administration of justice will
not allow a party to jeopardize his rights and his interests, or even to create a presump-
tion against them, by declarations made under conditions when he might not be fair
to himself. All such declarations are rightly gauged, as to the weight that ought to be
given to them, by consideration of what the party would have been likely to say under
more favorable conditions.
Suppose that before the Poncas in the Indian Territory had sent the letter of October
last, in which they expressed their desire to remain where they are and to sell the old
reservation, the government had restored them to their rights, re-established them in
their native country with houses and furniture and ponies and cattle and tools, with a
school and a mission, all in as good condition and as great abundance as when they
were removed ; suppose that they had all the knowledge of the Indian Territory that
they had when they wrote the letter, would they have chosen to go to the Indian Ter-
ritory instead of remaining in Dakota? Probably there is not a person anywhere who
believes they would. Those who are on the old re ervation, poorly sheltered, scantily
clothed, meagerly fed, and hard working, as they are, prefer to want the government's
feounty there than to share it in the Indian Territory. None of them iniiuaated a de-
sire to go to the latter place on any |terms, and it is not believed that any of them
REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION. 223
would consent to go unless possibly for the sake of being with their families, who
could not come to them. In view of these considerations, the reason why no great
significance should attach to that letter as a solution of the Ponca question, and an
indication of what justice and humanity require the United States to do in their case,
will be apparent.
The next fact of the present situation that requires consideration is the " agreement "
made in pursuance of the letter and signed at Washington by representative chiefs and
headmen of the Poncas on the 28th (?) December, 1880.
It was after the letter referred to above was sent to the Secretary of the Interior and
given to the public that a commission of inquiry was determined upon, and it was
after the commission was appointed that a delegation of Poncas from the Indian Ter-
ritory came to Washington to conclude the negotiation which their letter said they
desired to make. It was a question whether, pending the investigation, to be made, it
was just to these Indians whose rights and welfare were at stake that they should be
induced or permitted to commit themselves by any new declaration of their wishes,
especially one so formal as the execution of a written agreement with the government
to sell their lands in Nebraska and Dakota for a stipulated price ; and this question
was the more serious because a portion of the tribe, unrepresented in the negotiation
but equally interested in the land to be sold, had not been consulted. In fact, those
unrepresented were more deeply interested than the others, because they were living
on the land and presumably desired to remain there, while those in the Indian Terri-
tory had given up hope of occupying the land. To one portion of the tribe it was a
question of obtaining a large sum of money and other valuable considerations for an
otherwise useless property. To the other portion it was a question of being again
driven without their consent from the homes and fields that were dear to them, and
forced to go to the land that to them was accursed, or become wanderers among tribes
that might fear to receive them, however strong their sympathy.
The commission had your assurance that whatever agreement might be negotiated
between this delegation of Indians and the Interior Ddpartment, it should not be con-
summated before our report was made, and that there should be no final settlement of
their location and rights until the results of our inquiry were known to you. Of this
we everywhere informed the Indians interested.
The conclusions and recommendations now unanimously submitted by the commis-
sion are wholly incompatible with the terms of that agreement, the ratification of
which in the form proposed would work great injustice and be far from making that
humane reparation for the grievous wrong done that the government, in satisfaction
of its own honor as well as of the righteous claims of the Poncas, ought to make. The
land is worth much more money than the Indians, who are not in a position to insist
upon terms, have consented to accept for it. The tract consists of 96,000 acres at the
confluence of the Missouri and Niobrara Rivers. Much of it is rich bottom land ; the
bluffs on the confines of the bottoms are excellent grazing country; there is a large
proportion of good prairie, and for that section of country a good supply of timber.
The land approaches within four miles of the rapidly growing town of Niobrara, in
Nebraska, on the Missouri River, and within six miles of the terminus at Running
Water, in Dakota, of a railroad which when continued, either up the Missouri or across
it and up the Niobrara, will run a long distance near this reservation. Land so situated
is worth much more than a dollar and a quarter an acre. But this objection to the
conditions of the agreement is not so grave as another. A large number of the tribe
which owns it do not consent to sell out their rights, but wish to stay on the land and
take farms upon it to be owned in severalty by a sure title, and there to make progress
in the ways of civilization under Christian teachers.
With regard to the condition of the Ponca Indians who are in the Indian Territory,
it is to be said that the tract of land on which they are now living appears to be a
good one. Their cabins are perhaps as good as Indian cabins on most reservations.
The agency buildings are commodious and numerous. To carry on the business of this
agency there are employed and paid by the government about twenty-five persons, not
counting the Indian police and other Indians who are employed in various capacities
for regular or job wages. The building of a large school-house, for which a special
appropriation of $10,000 was made and for which the brick and the lime are made on
the land, accounts for two or three of the force of white men. Much of the unskilled
labor is done by the Indians. The annual appropriation for this agency is $53,000,
which would not be too large if all the tribe shared its benefits. The present school-
building is comfortable and well furnished, but the attendance is small and irregular.
According to the reports upon which rations are issued, the number of Indians is about
520. Although the request was made that all the Indians should come to the council,
not 250 appeared, and the number of men was less than 60 : but it was a cold day. As
an illustration of the difficulty of finding out precisely the number of Indians at an
agency where families get rations in proportion to their size, the report of births and
deaths among the Poncas in the Territory, which is among the documents accompany-
ing this report, represents that the period of greatest mortality was also the period of
224 REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION.
most births ; so that there was apparently no decrease, but rather an increase of the
tribe.
The past season has been an unusually dry and healthy one in all that region, and
the Indians, who are now in the fourth year there, are better acclimated than formerly.
The health of the tribe is now good. They can hardly be said to have made much
progress in agriculture since their removal, whatever they may have learned about
freighting with teams, wheeling earth, and making brick. Before 1870, according to
the reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, they cultivated in more than one
season, and cultivated well, between 500 and 600 acres of corn and vegetables, and,
except when drought or grasshoppers destroyed the crops, they were nearly self-sup-
porting. Last 5 ear, in the Indian Territory, they cultivated about 50 acres, and are
almost entirely supported by the government. Those who are in Dakota did much
better than tbese. With a few cattle and implements given them by private charity,
they cultivated about four times as much land as four times their number did in the
Indian Territory, and they have now corn in their cribs.
The council was held on the second day after the arrival home of the chiefs and'
headmen who had been to Washington. The object, of the commission was explained
to the Indians, and they were informed that what the chiefs had agreed to was not
necessarily final. The terms of the agreement were interpreted to them, and it ap-
peared to be approved by all. The council was a long one, and was resumed the
following day. To all inquiries about their desire to remain in the Territory, they
made but one response. The final words of White Eagle, the head chief, on the sub-
ject were, "We have put our hands to the pen, and when the Indian puts his hand to-
the pen, he considers that he has done a precious thing'' — a plain intimation that, so
far as they were concerned, the question of their staying or going back was no longer
an open one.
Careful questioning discovered that they understood that the agreement they had
made would give to them in the Indian Territory all the proceeds of the sale of the
old reservation, and that the Poncas in Dakota would not share the proceeds unless
they came to live in the Indian Territory. In many forms they reiterated their under-
standing that it would not be in accordance with the agreement if Standing Bear's
party were allowed to keep and occupy a part of the old reservation as satisfaction of
their interest in it, those in the Indian Territory receiving only a proportionate part
of the price they had agreed to sell it for. Notwithstanding the declaration of some,,
that, having become "used to the laud" where they were, they preferred it to the old
land, it was evident that the amount of money expected was a strong motive in their
preference: and it is by no means certain, if they do not receive that amount for them-
selves, that they will be long content to stay on the southern land. Because of this
doubt it would seem to be wise to afford them reasonable time for developing their
final judgment, and to give them freedom to first visit the Dakota land if they shall
desire to do so.
Recognizing that it was a thing to be wished for, if it could be brought about with
out forcing, that the whole tribe should be reunited in one place or the other, and
believing that it would be advantageous to that end for representatives of those in the
Indian Territory to meet those on the old reservation in council and state to them in
their own way the considerations that had influenced their change of mind, the com-
mission asked and received from the Secretary of the Interior permission to take with
them to Dakota a delegation of Indians. There was an evident disinclination among
some of the leading chiefs to go, they excusing themselves on one pretext or another.
No doubt some of them were too tired to go with any comfort. Hairy Bear, Cheyenne,
a Sioux who has a Pouca wife and lives with the Poncas, and Pete Primaux, a half-
breed, who is chief of police, were selected by the Indians.
The speech which Hairy Bear made to Standing Bear's band when they came to-
gether revealed something of the cause of the unwillingness of the others to go. He
said that in the first council at which the question of consenting to stay in the south
and sell the old reservation was considered, he had told them that they ought not to
proceed without consulting with those living in Dakota; but White Eagle and the
rest would not heed him, and they were now rather afraid to meet Standing Bear. It
is not supposed that he meant they were afraid of violence, but were unwilling to en-
counter the reproaches they were, perhaps, conscious of deserving for proceeding in
such a matter, not only without hearing him, but without notifying him of their in-
tention.
These Indians who accompanied the commission had the fullest opportunity to take
counsel with their brethren of the tribe. Two of them made speeches in the presence
of the commission, to which Sinokemaker replied in terms of superb soorn. and Standing
Bear more contemptuously refused to reply at all. They were allosved to spend the
night in the Indian camp, where another Jong council was had, no white uiaa being
present ; but it was of no avail. The Indians on the old lands, so far as could be as-
certained, were not affected by their arguments or their persuasions. It is very doubt-
ful, if the agseement signed by the other portion of the tribe should be consummated,
REPORT OF PONCA COMMISSION. 225
whether these Indians could be induced to go again to the Indian Territory without
the compulsion of military force. The probability is that they would scatter and at-
tach themselves to other tribes dwelling in that part of the country, as many did before
the last removal. An attempt was made to ascertain the number of persons properly
belonging to the Ponca tribe who were now living with other tribes and might be ex-
pected to return if they could occupy their old lands in security. Between 70 and 80
were definitely counted and- it was though* there were more. It is clear that there are
about 200 Poncas not now in the Indian Territory.
At the councils held at Niobrara an important and significant fact, not heretofore
sufficiently emphasized, was prominent. Not only have the Sioux entirely ceased
troubling the Poncas, but those living on the old reservation have been on quite
friendly terms with the bands of Spotted Tail and Red Cloud, who now understand
better than ever before the grounds of the Poncas' claim, and acknowledge its right-
fulness. The Ponca and Sioux chiefs have had many conferences, and the Poncas
were one of the twelve tribes represented at a great council held at Spotted Tail's
camp at the time of the sun-dance last summer. The question of the occupation by
the Poncas of their old reservation was considered at this council. The Indians re-
port, and doubtless truly, that all desire that the Poncas shall continue to keep what
Spotted Tail calls " the end of the land," meaning the extremity of the reservation
granted to the Sioux by the treaty of 1868. He is reported as saying that it was the
Poncas' own land, which had always been theirs, and they ought to live on it.
Whether he said so or not, the report does no discredit to the most knowing politician
of the plains.
Having thus submitted, with the fullness and candor which the nature and long
standing of this grievous error of administration and grievous wrong to a weak and
guiltless people seemed to make necessary, " the facts regarding the recent removal
and present condition of the Ponca tribe of Indians," with careful consideration of
their significance in a determination of " what justice and humanity require the Gov-
ernment of the United States to do," it only remains to be said, in justice to the other
members of the commission, that the portion of this report not signed by them does
not presume to represent either their understanding of the facts in the case or the rea-
soning by which they have arrived at the conclusions and recommendations subscribed
to by them, which conclusions and recommendations the undersigned adopts and in-
cludes as a part of the report to which he here subscribes.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
WALTER ALLEN.
To the PRESIDENT.
15 IND
226 INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE THIRD SESSION OF THE FORTY-SIXTH
CONGRESS.
CHAP. 23.— An act for the relief of the Winnebago Indians in Wisconsin, and to aid them to obtain
subsistence by agricultural pursuits, and to promote their civilization. [January 18, 1881.]
Whereas a large number of the Winnebago Indians of Wisconsin have selected and set-
tled in good faith upon homestead claims, under section fifteen of the act entitled "An
act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for the fiscal
year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, and prior years, and for
other purposes," approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, and all
said Indians having signified their desire and purpose to abandon their tribal relations
and adopt the habits and customs of civilized people, and avail themselves of the bene-
fits of the aforesaid act, but in many instances are unable to do so on account of their
extreme poverty ; and
Whereas a portion of the funds belonging to said Winnabago Indians of Wiscon-
sin, and accruing under the act of June twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-four,
tl providing for deficiencies in subsistence and expenses of removal and support of the
Sioux and Winnebago Indians of Minnesota," amounting to the sum of ninety thou-
sand six hundred and eighty-nine dollars and ninety -three cents, is now in the Treasury
of the United States to their credit ; and
Whereas the major portion of the fund belonging to said Indians under said act of June
twenty -fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, together with the sum of one hundred
thousand dollars of the principal fund of the tribe, has since said date been expended
for the benefit of that portion of the Wiimebago Indians residing in Nebraska ; and
Whereas the location of said Winnebago Indians of Wisconsin has, under the said act
of March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, become permanent: Therefore
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, author-
ized and directed to cause a census of the tribe of Winnebago Indians, now residing
in Nebraska and Wisconsin to be taken ; said enrollment to be made upon separate
lists ; the first to include all of said tribe now residing upon or who draw their annui-
ties at the tribal reservation in Nebraska, and the second to embrace all of said tribe
now residing in the State of Wisconsin.
SEC. 2. That upon the completion of the census of the Winnebago Indians in Wis-
consin, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized and directed to expend for their
benefit the proportion of the tribal annuities due to and set apart for said Indians un-
der the act of June twenty fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, of the appropria-
tions for the tribe of Winuebago Indians for the fiscal years eighteen hundred and
seventy-four, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, eighteen hundred and seventy-six,
eighteen hundred and seventy- seven, eighteen hundred and seventy -eight, eighteen
hundred and seventy -nine, and eighteen hundred and eighty, amounting to ninety
thousand six hundred and eighty-nine dollars and ninety-three cents; and the Secre-
tary of the Interior shall also expend for the benefit of said Indians, out of the sum
of forty-one thousand and twelve dollars and seventy- four cents now in the Treasury
to the credit of the Winnebago tribe of Indians, and accruing under treaty appropria-
tions for the fiscal year eighteen hundred and seventy-three and prior years, such sum
as may upon the completion of said census, be found necessary to equalize the pay-
ments between the two bands on account of the payment of the sum of one hundred
thousand dollars in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-two from the principal
funds of the tribe to the Winnebagoes in Nebraska. And all of the said sums shall
be paid pro rata to those persons whose names appear upon the census-roll of the Wiu-
nebagoes of Wisconsin, heads of families being permitted to receive the full amount to
which all the members of the family are entitled : Provided, That before any person
shall be entitled to the benefits accruing under this act, it shall be made to appear that
the person claiming its benefits, or the head of the family to which such person belongs,
has taken up a homestead in accordance with the said act of March third, eighteen
hundred and seventy five, or that, being unable to fully comply with the said act by
reason of poverty, he or she has made a selection of land as a homestead, with a bona
fide intention to 'comply with said act, and that the money applied for will be used to
enter the land so selected, and for the improvement of the same.
SEC. 3. That in the future distribution of the annuities of the said tribe of Winne-
bago Indians, a pro rata division, according to the number of each band as shown by
said census, shall be made between that portion of said tribe in Nebraska and that por-
INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. 227
tion in Wisconsin ; and the moneys belonging to each shall be annually distributed to
the members of said bands respectively, in the manner provided by the fifth section of
the act of February twenty-first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled " An act
for the removal of the Winnebago Indians, and for the sale of their reservation in Min-
nesota for their benefit."
SEC. 4. That for the purpose of equitably adjusting the amount due to the Winne-
bago Indians in Wisconsin, under the act of June twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and
sixty-four, from that portion of the tribe residing in Nebraska, and arising from the
failure of the Department of the Interior to set as de from year to year the proportion
of the tribal fund belonging to said Wisconsin Winuebagoes, as provided in said act,
from the date of the passage of the same to the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,
and the payment of the full amount of the same to the Wiunebagoes of Nebraska for
such period, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to have an account be-
tween said portions of the Winnebago tribe of Indians stated, basing the same upon
the census herein provided for, charging the Winnebagoes in Nebraska with the full
amount found to be due to the Wisconsin Winuebagoes under said act for the period
nailed, and crediting them with the amount actually expended in the removal and
subsistence of the Wisconsin Winnebagoes at the date of their removal to Nebraska in
the year eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and the balance found in favor of the
Winnebagoes of Wisconsin, whatever the amount may be, shall hereafter be held and
considered as a debt due to them from that portion of the tribe residing in Nebraska;
and until said debt shall have been extinguished the Secretary of the Interior shall
cause to be deducted annually from tbe proportion of annuity moneys due to the Win-
nebagoes in Nebraska, and to be paid to the Wiumbago Indians in Wisconsin, such
proportion of the share of annuities belonging to the said Winnebagoes of Nebraska as
he may deem right and proper : Provided, hoicever, That such sum shall not be less than
seven thousand dollars per annum.
SEC. 5. That the titles acquired by said Winnebagoes of Wisconsin in and to the
lands heretofore or hereaffer entered by them under the provisions of said act of March
third, eighteen hundred and seventy -five, shall not be subject to alienation or iucuin-
brance, either by voluntary conveyance or by the judgment, decree, or order of any
court, or subject to taxation of any character, but shall be and remain inalienable and
not subject to taxation for the period- of twenty years from the date of the patent issued
therefor. And this section shall be inserted in each and every patent issued under the
provisions of said act or of this act.
CHAP. 97. — An act for the relief of settlers upon the Absentee Shawnee lands in Kansas, and for other
purposes. [March 1, 1881.1
Be, it enacted ly the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That the provisions of the joint resolution approved April seventh,
eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, for the relief of the settlers upon the Absentee Shaw-
nee lands in Kansas, be, and they hereby are, extended so as to allow any bona fide
settler now occupying said lands, and having made improvements thereon, or the
heirs at law of such, who is a citizen of the United States, or who has declared his in-
tention to become su^h according to the naturalization la *rs, to purchase for cash the
land so occupied and improved by him, not to exceed one hundred and sixiy acres in
each case, at not less than two dollars and fifty cents per acre, at any time within one
year after the passage of this act, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of
the Interior may prescribe, and that any lands not claimed by such settlers at the ex-
piration of that period shall be offered at public sale at the minimum rate of two dol-
lars and fifr.y cents per acre, notice of such sale to be given by public advertisement of
not less than thirty days; and, further, that any tracts not then sold shall be thereafter
subject to private entry at the same minimum: Provided, however, That the proceeds
of such sales shall be applied in accordance with the provisions of the treaty between
the United States aud the said Shawnee Indians, proclaimed November second, eight-
een hundred and fifty- four.
CHAP. 128.— An act to provide for tbe sale of the remainder of the reservation of the Confederated
Otoe and Missouria tribes of Indians, in the States of Nebraska and Kansas, and for other purposes.
[March 3, 1881.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Stales of America
in Congress assembled, That with the consent of the Otoe and Missouria tribes of In-
dians, expressed in open council, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to cause
to be surveyed and sold theTemainder of the reservation of said Indians lying in the
States of Kansas and Nebraska.
SEC. 2. That the lands so surveyed shall be appraised by three commissioners, one of
228 INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
whom shall be designated by said Indians in open council, and the other two by the
Secretary of the Interior.
SEC. 3. That after the survey and appraisement of said lands, the Secretary of the
Interior shall be, and hereby is, authorized to offer the same for sale through the
United States public land office at Beatrice, Nebraska, in tracts not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres, for cash, to actual settlers, or persons who shall make oath
before the register or the receiver of the land office at Beatrice, Nebraska, that they
intend to occupy the land for authority to purchase which they make application, and
who shall within three months from the date of such application make a permanent
settlement upon the same, in tracts not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to each
purchaser: Provided, That, if in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, it shall
be more advantageous to sell said lands upon deferred payments, he may, with the
consent of the Indians expressed in open council, dispose of the same upon the follow-
ing terms as to payments, that is to say : One-quarter in cash, to become due and pay-
able at the expiration of three months from the date of the tiling of an application as
hereinbefore required , one-quarter in one year, one-quarter in two years, and one-quarter
in three years from the date of sale, with interest at the rate of five per centum per
annum ; but in case of default in the cash payment as hereinbefore required, the person
thus defaulting shall forfeit absolutely his right to the tract for the purchase of which
he has applied : And provided further, That whenever any person shall apply under the
provisions of this act to purchase a tract containing a fractional excess over one hun-
dred and sixty acres, if the excess is less than forty acres, is contiguous, and results
from inability in the survey to make township and section lines conform to the bound-
ary lines of the reservation, his application shall not be rejected on account of such
excess ; but if no other objection exists the purchase shall be allowed as in other cases :
And provided further, That no portion of said land shall be sold at less than the ap-
praised value thereof, and in no case less than two dollars and fifty cents per acre.
SEC. 4. That the proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be placed to the credit of
said Indians in the Treasury of the United States, and shall bear interest at the rate of
five per centum per annum, which income shall be annually expended for the benefit; of
said Indians under direction of the Secretary of the Interior.
SEC. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior "may, with the consent of the Indians, ex-
pressed in open council, secure other reservation lands upon which to locate said In-
dians, cause their removal thereto, and expend such sum as may be necessary for their
comfort and advancement in civilization, not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars,
including cost of surveys and expense of removal, the same to be drawn from the fund
arising from the sale of their reservation lauds under the act approved August fifteenth,
eighteen hundred and seventy-six.
CHAP. 132.— An act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for the fiscal
year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, and for prior years, and for those certi-
fied as due by the accounting officers of the Treasury in accordance with section four of the act of
June fourteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy -eight, heretofore paid from permanent appropriations,
and for other purposes. [March 3, 1881. J
INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
, INDIAN OFFICE.
For this amount, for the care and support of the destitute Hualapai Apache Indians
in Arizona, for the current fiscal year, to be expended under the direction of the Sec-
retary of the Interior, fifteen thousand dollars.
That the sum of twenty-eight thousand one hundred and nine dollars and fifty-one
cents be paid to the members of the Wyandotte tribe of Indians, per capita, to be in
full payment of their claim under treaty of February twenty-third, eighteen hundred
and sixty-seven.
That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to
cause to be sold an amount of the stocks or securities now held by the government in
trust for the Shawnee Indians, which, together with the accumulated interest thereon,
will aggregate a sum not exceeding four thousand two hundred and sixty dollars, suf-
ficient to reimburse Daniel S. McDougal, or his legal heirs, and Charles S. Wilder, for
the money by them paid for certain tracts of land belonging to said Shawnee Indians
erroneously conveyed to them, and to which tracts of land the government has given
and can give no valid title.
To enable the Secretary of the Interior to pay balance due Daniel G. Major, out of
an unexpended balance now on the books of the Treasury to the credit of the Sioux
Indians for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty, the
sum of one hundred and ten dollars and ninety-six cents is hereby reappropriated.
INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. 229
Support of Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Apaches, Kiowas, Comanches, and Wichitas,
eighteen hundred and eighty-one : This amount, or so much thereof as may be neces-
sary, for the support and civilization of the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Apaches, Kiowas,
Comanches, and Wichitas for the balance of the fiscal year, 'being a deficiency for the
fiscal year eighteen hundred and eighty-one, thirty thousand dollars.
Support of Tabequache, Muache, Capote, Weeminuche, Yampa, Grand River, and
Uintah bands of Utes, eighteen hundred and eighty-one : This amount, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, for the support of Ute Indians of Colorado for the bal-
ance of the fiscal year, being a deficiency for the fiscal year eighteen hundred and
eighty-one, fifteen thousand dollars.
For the purpose of enabling the Secretary of the Interior to indemnify the Ponca
tribe of Indians for losses sustained by them in consequence of their removal to the
Indian Territory, to secure to ^hem lands in severalty on either the old or new reser-
vation, in accordance with their wishes, and to settle all matters of difference with
these Indians, one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars, to be immediately availa-
ble and to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, as follows:
For the purchase of one hundred and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four
acres of land in the Indian Territory, where most of these Indians are now located,
fifty thousand dollars.
To be distributed per capita among the, Ponca Indians in the Indian Territory, ten
thousand dollars.
For the purchase of stock cattle and draught animals for Poncas in the Indian Ter-
ritory, ten thousand dollars.
For the erection of dwelling-houses for Poncas now in Dakota, five thousand dollars;
for agricultural implements, stock, and seed, five thousand dollars • for school pur-
poses, five thousand dollars ; for general distribution among them per capita, ten
thousand dollars.
To be held as a permanent fund in the Treasury of the United States, at five per
centum interest, the interest to be distributed annually among all the Ponca Indians,
in cash, seventy thousand dollars.
For the purpose of reimbursing the United States Treasury for a certain sum of
money appropriated by this Congress for depredations committed by the Kiowa and
Comanche and Sioux tribes of Indians, the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby author-
ized to withhold from the annuities payable to said Indians an amount equal to said
sum so appropriated ; and he may withhold all of said sum out of the annuities due
on or to become due to said Indians in any one year, or otherwise, as between him and
the Secretary of the Interior may be agreed upon, due reference being had to the care
and welfare of said Indians.
To pay Arthur J. Carrier, late Indian agent at the Ponca Agency, Dakota, the sum
of two thousand three hundred and thirteen dollars and sixty cents, being the amount
advanced by him for the use of said agency during the first quarter of the year eight-
een hundred and seventy-six in excess of the official funds sent him, for the use of said
agency ; and the further sums of three hundred and seventy-five dollars, for salary as
such agent for the first quarter of the year eighteen hundred and seventy- six, and one
hundred and sixteen dollars and fifty -five cents, for expenses incurred from January
twenty-fourth to March twenty-eighth in traveling upon official business ; in all, two
thousand eight hundred and five dollars and fifteen cents ; the same to be in full set-
tlement and satisfaction of said claimant's account as Indian agent.
That the proper accounting officers of the Treasury, in the settlement of the accounts
of Isaac L. Mahan, Indian agent, are hereby authorized to adjust and settle the same
upon the principles of equity and justice, and to award him credit for disbursements
as appear to have been honestly made in good faith, and have inured to the benefit of
the Indians or United States.
* # * * * * *
For fulfilling treaty with Apaches, Kiowas, and Comanches, eighteen hundred and
seventy-three and prior years : To pay claim numbered twelve hundred and sixty-nine,
Donald Carmichael, detention of teams transporting Indian supplies, one thousand three
hundred and sixty dollars.
* * * * * * *
For payment to William Mathewson, of Kansas, of the balance of amount due him
for flour delivered to the Indian Service at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, in the year
eighteen hundred and seventy-four, as passed and allowed by the Indian Bureau, two
thousand nine hundred and fifty-four dollars.
SEC. 3. That the sum of two hundred and twenty-one thousand two hundred and fifty-
seven dollars and eighty-six cents be, and the same is hereby, appropriated, out of any
money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, to pay the
Miami Indians of Indiana the principal sum that became due them on the first day of
July, eighteen hundred and eighty, in accordance with the amended fourth article of
the treaty concluded with said Indians on the fifth day of June, eighteen hundred and
fifty-four, and ratified on the fourth day of August, eighteen hundred and fifty-four.
230 INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
SEC. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior shall appoint a competent and proper per-
son to take a census and make a list of the Miami Indians residing in Indiana, or else-
where, who are entitled to participate in the distribution of said principal sum, as
provided by article four of the treaty that was made between the United States and
the Miami Indians on the fifth day of June, eighteen hundred and fifty- four, as amended
in the Senate. Before taking such census, publication shall be made requiring all per-
sons claiming under said treaty to make known their claim to such person so appointed,
within a time specified in the notice, and failing so to do, they shall be forever barred.
When said census shall be so made, it sball be the duty of the person so appointed to
make such enumeration and list to report the same to the Secretary of the Interiorr
distinguishing in his report between males and females, and between those over twen-
ty-one years of age and those under twenty-one years, which list so made, when ap-
proved by the Secretary of the Interior, shall stand as the true list of the persons
entitled to share in the payments provided for in tfiis act ; and each person named
in said list shall be entitled to receive tho same amount, irrespective of age or sex, pay-
ments for minors to be paid to the guardians legally appointed, as hereiufter provided,
under the laws of the State or Territory in which said minors reside : Provided, how-
ever, That any minor who may be a resident of the Indian Territory and a beneficiary
of said fund may receive his or her share thereof, as the case may be, through a guard-
ian appointed by any court having probate jurisdiction in the State of Kansas. The
person appointed to make such enumeration and list shall, before entering on such
duty, take and subscribe an oath that he will make a true and correct enumeration
and report of said Indians according to the best information he can obtain, said oath
to be administered and certified to by a United States commissioner or a clerk of a
court of record ; and he shall receive as his compensation therefor the sum of five dol-
lars per day and his actual and necessary traveling and other expenses while engaged
in said duty, not to exceed four hundred dollars : Provided, That no persons other than
those embraced in the corrected list agreed upon by the Miami Indians of Indiana, in
the presence of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in June, eighteen hundred and
fifty-four, comprising three hundred and two names as Miami Indians of Indiana, and
the increase of families of persons indicated in said corrected list, shall be recipients of
the money hereby appropriated.
SEC. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall appoint some suitable person as an
agent of the United States to make payment to each of said Miami Indians who shall
he more than twenty-one years of age whose name shall be borne on the list prepared
as aforesaid the amount that he or she, as the case may be, shall be entitled to receive;
and he, in like manner, shall pay to the guardian of each minor whose name shall ap-
pear on said list the amount that said minor shall be entitled to receive : Provided, how-
ever, That no payment sball be made to any guardian as such until he produce and
deliver to the agent from whom he shall receive such payment the certificate of the
judge of the court, attested by the seal of the same, certifying that such guardian has
been duly appointed and qualified as such, and given bond, secured by unincumbered
freehold surety, in tr e penalty of not less than three times the amount he shall receive
from the United States on account of the payment so to be made for the benefit of said
ward, which certificate shall be filed by said agent at the time of making of his report
and final settlement. A copy of said list so prepared as aforesaid shall be furnished
to said agent, for his guidance in the performance of the duties aforesaid, by the Sec-
retary of the Interior. Said agent shall take the receipt of the persons so paid, at-
tested in such manner as the Secretary of the Interior shall prescribe, which receipt
shall be a voucher for said agent in the final settlement of hie accounts. Said agent
shall receive, in full compensation for the services required by the provisions of this
act, a sum equal to three-fourths of one per centum on the amount th*»t he shall receive.
. The agent so appointed to make said payments shall, before entering on such duty,
take and subscribe an oath, before some United States commissioners or clerk of some
court of record, for the faithful performance of the duties imposed by the provisions
of this act, and make and execute a bond, payable to the United States, in such pen-
alty and with such security as the Secretary of the Interior shall require and approve.
And the receipt of the sum due under this act shall be a final discharge by each party
so receiving of all claims whatsoever under said treaty against the United States Gov-
ernment.
SEC. 6. That there sball be, and hereby is, appropriated, out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars,
or so much thereof as shall be necessary, to pay the agents whom the Secretary of the
Interior shall appoint for the services and expenses required by the provisions of this
act.
SEC. 7. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to examine the claim
of Isaac Vandeventer and *James F. McDowell, attorneys at law, partners under the
name of Vandeventer and McDowell, for services rendered in the defense of certain
suits in the courts of the State of Indiana, in relation to the taxation and parti-
tion of the lands of the band of Meshingomesia in said State, and f»r alleged ser-
INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. 231
vices rendered said band in and about legislation by Congress affecting their said
lands and the partition of their lands pursuant thereto, and allow and pay to said
attorneys such reasonable compensation as he may find legally or equitably due them
for said services, out of the moneys due to said band, or out of the money due to any
of said band, as he may deem just. And to enable the Secretary to properly examine
said accounts, he may cause or permit testimony to be taken by said claimants and by
said band, or by any individual or individuals of said band, under such rules as be
may prescribe: Provided, That in making any such payment no part of the same shall
be deducted from the share of any member of said band who received no part of the
land so partitioned, nor shall any part of any such payment be deducted from the
share of any member of said band whose membership was contested, and who was
required by proof to establish such membership to entitle him or her to share in the
partition of said land.
CHAP. 133.— An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the government for the fiscal
year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, and for other purposes. [March 3,
18
1881.]
INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Expenses of the Ute Commission : To meet necessary expenses of the Ute Commis-
sioners appointed by the President under section two of the act approved June fif-
teenth, eighteen hundred and eighty, fifteen thousand dollars.
For the payment of the expenses 6*f the Miami Indian delegation from the Indian
Territory now or recently in Washington, to be immediately available, to be deducted
from the funds of said Miami Indians held in trust by the United States, one thousand
five hundred dollars.
That from the funds on hand and belonging to the Peoria, Wea, Kaskaskia, and
Piankeshaw Indians there is hereby appropriated the sum of one thousand five hundred
dollars, the same to be immediately available ; and the Secretary of the Interior is
hereby authorized and directed to pay the same over to the delegation of Indians now
or recently in Washington, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of said delega-
tion.
CHAP. 137. — An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian De-
partment, and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, for the yer ending June thir-
tieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, and for other purposes. [March 3, 1881.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the following sums be, and they are hereby, appropriated,
out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of paying
the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department, and fulfilling treaty
stipulations with the various Indian tribes, namely :
SACS AND FOXES OF THE MISSOURI.
For interest on one hundred and fifty-seven thousand four hundred dollars, at five
per centum, under the direction of the President, per second article of treaty of Octo-
ber twenty-first, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, seven thousand eight hundred and
seventy dollars ;
' For support of a school, per fifth article of treaty of March sixth, eighteen hundred
and sixty-one, two hundred dollars ; in all, eight thousand and seventy dollars. And
the money hereby appropriated, and all money heretofore appropriated to said Indians,
being the Sacs and Foxes at the Iowa Agency, and which has not been drawn by them,
shall be paid to them when they shall sign a pay -roll by the head of each family, the
correctness of which pay-roll shall be certified by the agent in charge of said Indians.
MISCELLANEOUS.
For support of industrial schools and for other educational purposes for the Indian
tribes, eighty-five thousand dollars. And out of this sum the Secretary of the Interior
may make and pay such allowance, not exceeding the rate of one thousand dollars a
year, as he shall think just, to Captain R. H. Pratt, in charge of the school at Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, from and atter the passage of this act.
For this amount, to assist the Creek Nation of Indians in rebuilding the " Tallahas-
see Mission School building," destroyed by fire December nineteenth, eighteen hun-
dred and eighty, five thousand dollars.
232 INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.
CHAP. 139.— An act for the ascertainment of the amount due the Choctaw Nation. [March 3, 1881. J
Whereas, the Choctaw Nation, for itself and in behalf of the individual members
thereof, makes claim against the United States on account of various treaty provis-
ions which it is alleged have not been complied with : Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That the Court of Claims is hereby authorized to take jurisdiction
of and try all questions of difference arising out of treaty stipulations with the Choc-
taw Nation, and to render judgment thereon ; power is hereby granted the said court
to review the entire question of differences de novo, and it shall not be estopped by
any action had or award made by the Senate of the United States in pursuance of the
treaty of eighteen hundred and fifty-five ; and the Attorney-General is hereby directed
to appear in behalf of the government ; and if said court shall decide against the
United States the Attorney-General shall, within thirty days from the rendition of
judgment, appeal the cause to the Supreme Court of the United States ; and from
any judgment that may be rendered, the said Choctaw Nation may also appeal to said
Supreme Court : Provided, The appeal of said Choctaw Nation shall be taken within
sixty days after the rendition of said judgment, and the said courts shall give such
cause precedence.
SEC. 2. Said action shall be commenced by a petition statirg the facts on which
said nation claims to recover and the amount of its claim ; and said petition may be
verified by either of the authorized delegates of said nation as to the existence of such
facts, and no other statements need be contained in said petition or verification.
CHAP. 149. — An act to graduate the price and dispose of the residue of the Osage Indian trust and
diminished-reserve lands, lying east of the sixth principal meridian, in Kansas. [March 3, 1881.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That all of the lands known as the Osage Indian trust and dimin-
ished reserve lands, lying east of the sixth principal meridian, in the State of Kansas,
remaining unsold on the thirtieth day of June, anno Domini eighteen hundred and
eighty-one, shall be offered for sale at public auction to the highest bidder for cash at
not less than seventy-five cents per acre ; and all of said lands remaining unsold on the
thirtieth day of June, anno Domini eighteen hundred and eighty-two, shall be offered
for sale to the highest bidder for cash, at not less than fifty cents per acre ; and all of
said lands remaining unsold on the thirtieth day of June, anno Domini eighteen hun-
dred and eighty-three, shall be offered for sale to the highest bidder for /cash, at not less
than twenty-five cents per acre ; and all of said lands remaining unsold after the last
said public offering shall be subject to be disposed of by cash entry at twenty-five cents
per acre, and the Secretary of the Interior may offer the same as aforesaid, in such quan-
tities as may seem to him best; and may make all needful regulations, including the
publication of notice of sale, as he may deem proper to carry out the provisions of this
act : Provided, however, That no proceeding shall be taken under this act until at least
two-thirds of the adult males of said Osage Indian tribes shall assent to the foregoing
provisions.
CHAP. 155.— An act to confirm the title to certain lands in the State of Ohio. [March 3, 1881.]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the United States relinquish, to whom it may concern, all
title, interest, and control in and to that certain parcel of land in the State of Ohio
ceded to the children of Captain Logan, a chief of the Shawuee tribe of Indians, by
the eighth article of the treaty of September twenty-ninth, eighteen hundred and
seventeen, and more fully described in the patent issued therefor by the President and
bearing date the eighteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and twenty-one; and the
United States waive and relinquish, for the benefit of whom it may concern, the pro-
vision of article three of the treaty of September seventeenth, anno Domini eighteen
hundred and eighteen, between the United States and the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawnee,
and Ottawa tribes of Indians, so far only as it concerns the lands granted in the eighth
article of the treaty referred to in said article three, to the children of Captain Logan .
PRIVATE ACTS.
CHAP. 161.— An act for the relief of Dodd, Brown and Company of Saint Louis, Missouii. [March
3, 1881.]
Be it enacted ly the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the sum of fifty-eight thousand six hundred and fifty-nine
INDIAN LEGISLATION BY THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. 233
dollars and forty-six cents be, and is hereby, appropriated, out of any moneys in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the payment of Dodd, Brown and Company,
of Saint Louis, Missouri, as assignees of E. H. Durfee and Company, Durfee and Peck,
John Shirley, Durfee and Peck, William Shirley, and Lemuel Spooner, respectively,
said claims having been severally approved by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
and by him reported to the Secretary of the Interior and transmitted to Congress for
allowance.
To reimburse said sums there shall be withheld from the moneys due or to become
due to the Comanche Indians, seven thousand five hundred and forty-one dollars and
seventy-five cents, under the treaty with that tribe ; and from the moneys due or to
become due to the Sioux Indians, three thousand and eighty-five dollars and twenty-
four thousand six hundred and ninety-four dollars and sixty-two cents, respectively ;
and from the moneys due or to become due to the Kiowa Indians, five thousand five
hundred and twenty dollars ; and from the moneys due or to become due to the Kiowa
and Comanche Indians, three thousand nine hundred dollars and thirteen thousand
nine hundred and eighteen dollars and nine cents, respectively, the proportion of the
two last-named suras to be charged against the said Kiowa and Comanche tribes as
may be ascertained by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to be justly cbargeable
against them respectively.
CHAP. 196.— An act for the relief of William Redus. [March 3, 1881.]
Be it enacted J)y the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and hereby is, authorized
and directed to pay to William Redus the sum of three thousand and six hundred dol-
lars, out of any money belonging to the nation of Osage Indians not otherwise appro-
priated, in payment in full for one hundred and forty-four beeves taken from him by
said Indians on the twenty -eighth day of Jane, eighteen hundred and seventy-two :
Provided, That said sum shall be taken in full satisfaction of all claims on said Indians
on account of the beeves so taken.
234
PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.
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PRESENT LIABILITIES TO INDIAN TRIBES.
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239
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TRUST FUNDS AND TRUST LANDS.
241
TRUST FUNDS AND TRUST LANDS.
The following statements show the transactions in the Indian trust funds and trust
lands during the year ending October 31, 1881 :
United States 5s, funded loan (18^1), amounting to $2,186,050, have been sold for
various Indian tribes, and United States 6s (1861), amounting to $500, and Tennessee
(Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad Company's) 6s., amounting to $391,000, belong-
ing to the Chickasaw national fund, have been redeemed, the proceeds of which
have been deposited in the Treasury, in lieu of investment, to draw interest at 5 per
centum per annum, under act of Congress approved April 1, 1880, as shown in state-
ment No. 1 and statement D.
Statements A, B, C, D, E, F, and G show, in detail the various changes in the
stocks, funds in the Treasury to the credit of various tribes, and collections of interest.
Following these statements is a consolidation of all interest collected, and a state-
ment of interest appropriated by Congress on non-paying State stocks for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1881.
A statement also will be found showing the transactions arising on account of
moneys derived from the sales of Indian lands, all being sufficiently in detail to enable
a proper understanding of the subject.
BONDS SOLD AND REDEEMED.
No. 1. — Statement showing the sale and redemption of bonds since November 1, 1880, and
amounts deposited in the Treasury, in lien of investment, under act approved April 1, 1880,
at 5 per centum per annum.
Kind of bonds.
Fund or tribe.
Date of sale
and redemp-
tion.
Amount sold
ind redeemed.
TT. S. 5s, funded loan, 1881, ?
Cherokee national fund
...soldj
July 15, 1881
$241,052 47
continued at 3^ per cent. >
Do
Cherokee school fund
...do \
: Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
\ 283, 262 25
Do
\
...do.£
| Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
162,032 02
Do
i
..do j
Aug. 11, 1881
' July 15, 1881
64, 147 17
Do
...do \
1 Aug. 11, 1881
| July 15, 1881
347, 147 98
Do
Chippewa and Christian Indians --
{
....do. \
Au£. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
15, 997 98
Do
\
do
July 15, 1881
3, 689 00
Do
Choctaw school fund
....do.
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
48, 045 50
Do
do
July 15, 1881
2, 693 66
Do
Delaware general fund
....do.
Aug. 11, 1881 j
July 15, 1881
267, 217 72
Do
Delaware school fund
....do.
i Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
11, 000 00
Do
....do.
Aug. 11. 1881
July 15, 1881
42, 780 07
Do
....do.
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
12,744*25
Do
Kaskaskias &c
....do.
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
2, 739 01
Do
Kaskaskias <fec school fund
....do
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
20, 711 97
Do
....do.
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
128, 569 91
Do
...do.£
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
}' 134, 039 38
Do
\
....do. £
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
>
j 39,911 53
Do
....do. \
Aug. 11, 1881
July 15, 1881
£ 14, 745 00
Do
Pottawatomie educational fund
....do.{
Aug. 11, 1881 i
July 15, 1881
72,947 12
Do
I
....do.
July 15, 1881
89, 618 57
Do
....do.
July 15, 1881
\ 17, 066 44
Do
Sac and Fox of the Mississippi . . -
....do.
July 15, 1881 |
858 21
Do ..
Sao and Fox of the Missouri
...do.
July 15, 1881
i A no- 11 1881
\ 14, 659 12
16 IND
242
TRIBES FOR WHICH STOCKS ARE HELD IN TRUST.
No. 1. — Statement showing the sale and redemption of bonds, $-c. — Continued.
Kind of bonds.
Fund or tribe.
Date of sale
and redemp-
tion.
Amount sold
and redeemed.
U. S. 5s, funded loan, 1881, ?
continued at 3^ per cent. J
Do
Senecas . .
soldj
July 15, 1881
Aug. 11, 1881
I July 15, 1881
1 Aug. 11, 1881
! July 15, 1881
! Aug. 11, 1881
i July 15, 1881
Aug. 11, 1881
Mar. 21, 1881
July 15, 1881
i Aug. 11, 1881
July 9, 1881
July 2,1881
j $40, 979 60
j 7, 379 30
| 86, 950 00
I 1, 985 65
*2, 850 00
| 11, 079 12
500 00
391, 000 00
Senecas and
Senecas (To
Shawnees
Shawnees
do
Do
nawanda band)
do
Do
do
Do
do
. ... do
Do
Eastern Sha
Chickasaw r
do
wnees
do.|
U. S. registered 6s, 1861
Tenn (N & C R R ) 6s
tational fund
. .redeemed . .
do
Total
2, 580, 400 00
* Sold to meet claims, per act March 3, 1881.
Recapitulation showing the aggregate of bonds held intrust for various Indian tribes, Novem-
ber 1, 1881.
Whole amount of bonds on hand, Novemberl, 1880 .$4,580,216 83f
Amount of bonds sold and redeemed (as per statement No. 1) 2, 580, 4UO 00
Total on hand November 1, 1881 1,999,816 83§-
A. — List of names of Indian tribes for whom stock is held in trust by the Treasurer of the
United States, showing the amount standing to the credit of each tribe, the annual interest,
the date of treaty or law under which the investment was made, and the amount of abstracted
bonds for which Congress has made no appropriation, and the annual interest on the same.
Tribe.
Treaty or act.
Statutes
at Large.
Amount of
stock.
Annual in-
terest.
Amount of
abstracted
bonds.
Anuual
interest.
Vol.
7
7
7
7
17
7
S
7
10
10
12
10
15
15
7
7
7
Page.
Cherokee national fund
Cherokee school fund £
Cherokee orphan fund £
Chickasaw national fund . <
Chickasaw incompetents . . .
Choctaw general fund ,
Dec. 29, 1835
Feb. 27, 1819
Dec. 29, 1835
Dec. 29, 1835
Feb. 14, 1873
Oct. 20,1872
May 24, 1834
June 20, 1878
May 24, 1834
Jan. 17,1837
May 24, 1832
May 6,1854
May 17, 1854
Mar. 6,1861
May 30, 1854
Feb. 23, 1867
Feb. 23, 1867
Sept, 3,1836
Mar. 28, 1836
Sept. 26, 1833
478
195
478
478
462
381
450
450
605
366
1048
1069
1171
1082
519
519
506
491
431
$541, 638 56
| 75,854 28
} 22,223 26
j 468, 016 83f
2, 000 00
450, 000 00
70, 800 00
189, 283 90
| 55, 000 00
| 77, 300 00
20, 700 00
19,000 00
4, 000 00
4, 000 00
$31, 378 31
4, 621 26
1, 333 40
27, 581 01
100 00
27, 000 00
4, 048 00
11, 887 03
3, 520 00
4, 801 00
1, 449 00
950 00
230 00
200 00
$68, 000 00
15, 000 00
$4, 080 00
900 00
Delaware general fund
Kaskaskias, Peorias, &c . . £
Kaskaskias, &c., school fund
Ottawas and Chippewas
Pottawatomies, education . .
Total
*1, 000 00
1,999,816 83| 119,099 01 1 84,000 00
i 1
4, 980 00
:No interest appropriated on a $1,000 abstracted bond.
SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.
243
B. — Statement of stock account, exhibiting in detail the securities in which the funds of each
tribe are invested and now on hand, the annual interest on the same, and the amount of
abstracted bonds not provided for by Congress.
Stocks.
Per cent.
Original amount.
Amount of abstracted
bonds not provided
for by Congress.
Amount on hand.
Annual interest.
CHEROKEE NATIONAL FUND.
State of Florida
7
$13 000 00
$13 000 00
$910 00
6
11 000 00
11 000 00
660 00
State of Missouri . ..... . .
fi
50 000 00
$50 000 00
State of North Carolina
6
41 000 00
13 000 00
28 000 00
1 680 00
State of South Carolina
6
118 000 00
118 000 00
7 080 00
State of Tennessee
(j
5 000 00
5 000 00
5
125 000 00
125 000 00
6 950 00
State of Virginia ...
6
90 000 00
90 000 00
5 400 00
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad,
eastern division
6
156 638 56
156 638 56
9 398 31
Total
609 638 56
68 000 00
541 638 56
31 378 31
CHEROKEE SCHOOL FUND.
State of Florida
7
7 000 00
7 000 00
490 00
State of Louisiana .
fi
2 000 00
2 000 00
120 00
State of North Carolina
6
21, 000 00
8,000 00
13,000 00
780 00
State of South Carolina
o
1 000 00
1 000 00
60 00
6
7 000 00
7 000 00
State of Virginia (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Company)
6
1 000 00
1, 000 00
60 00
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad,
eastern division
fi
51 854 28
51, 854 28
3, 111 26
Total
90 854 28
15 000 00
75, 854 28
4,621 26
CHEROKEE ORPHANS' FUND.
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad,
eastern division
6
22, 223 26
1, 333 40
CHICKASAW NATIONAL FUND.
State of Arkansas
fi
168, 000 00
10, 080 00
State of Marvland
6
8,350 17
501 01
State of Tennessee
6
225, 000 00
13, 500 00-
State of Tennessee
4
66, 666 66|
3, 500 00
Total
468, 016 83f
27.581 01
CHICKASAW INCOMPETENTS.
State of Indiana
5
2,000 00
100 00
CHOCTAW GENERAL FUND.
State of Virginia, registered
6
450 000 00
27, 000 00
CREEK ORPHANS.
State of Tennessee
5
20, 000 00
1, 000 00
State of Virginia (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
g
9, 000 00
540 00
State of Virginia registered certificates
(j
41, 800" 00
2, 508 00
Total
70, 800 00
4, 048 00
DELAWARE GENERAL FUND.
State of Florida
7
53, 000 00
3, 710 00
State of North Carolina
3
87, 000 00
5, 220 00
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad,
eastern division
6
49, 283 90
2,957 03
Total
189, 283 90
11, 887 03
:;: :
244
SECURITIES HELD FOR INVESTED TRIBAL FUNDS.
B. — Statement of stock account, ij-c. — Continued.
Stocks.
1
Original amount.
Amount of abstracted
bonds not provided
for by Congress.
Amount on hand.
Annual interest.
IOWAS.
State of Florida
7
$22, 000 00
9, 000 00
21, 000 00
3, 000 00
$1, 540 00
540 00
1, 260 00
180 00
State of Louisiana
6
State of North Carolina
6
State of South Carolina
fi
Total
55, 000 00
3, 520 00
KASKASKIAS, PEORIAS, ETC.
State of Florida
7
16, 300 00
15, 000 00
43, 000 00
3, 000 00
1, 141 00
900 00
2, 580 00
180 00
State of Louisiana
6
...
State of North Carolina
fi
State of South Carolina
fi
Total
.
77, 300 00
4, 801 00
KASKASKIAS, PEORIAS, ETC., SCHOOL FUND.
State of Florida
7
1
20, 700 00
1, 449 00
MENOMONEES.
State of Tennessefe
,
19, 000 00 I 950 00
OTTAWAS AND CHIPPEWAS.
State of Tennessee
5
1, 000 00
3, 000 00
50 00
180 00
State of Virginia (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Company)
6
Total
4, 000 00 230 00
POTTAW ATOMIES— EDUCATION.
State of Indiana
4, 000 00 200 00
C. — Statement of stocks held by the Treasurer of the United States in trust for the various
Indian tribes, showing the amount now on hand; also abstracted bonds, for which Congress
has made no appropriation.
Stocks.
Per
cent.
Amount on
hand.
Amount of
abstracted
bonds.
State of Arkansas
6
$168 000 00
State of Florida... .
7
132 000 00
State of Indiana
5
6 000 00
$1 000 00
State of Louisiana <
6
37 000 00
State of Maryland
6
8 350 17
State of "Missouri
3
50 000 00
State of North Carolina
6
192 000 00
21 000 00
State of South Carolina
6
125 000 00
State of Tennessee
6
225 000 00
12 000 00
State of Tennessee
5
165 000 00
State of Tennessee
5i
66* 666 66f
State of Virginia
fi4
594 800 00
United States issue to Union Pacific Railroad eastern division
6
280 000 00
Total
1 999 816 83|
84 000 00
FUNDS HELD IN TRUST IN LIEU OF INVESTMENT. 245
D. — Statement of funds held in trust by the government in lieu of investment.
Tribes and fund.
Date of acts,
resolutions, or
treaties.
Statutes at Large.
Amount in the
United States
Treasury.
Annual in-
terest at
4 and 5
per cent.
Vol.
Page.
Sec.
Jan. 20, 1825
June 22, 1855
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Aug. 7, 1856
June 14, 1866
Apr. 1, 1880
July 15, 1870
June 5, 1872
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
May 7, 1854
Apr. 1, 1880
June 14, 1846
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
May 18, 1854
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
June 5, 1854
June 2, 1825
Sept. 29, 1865
July 15, 1870
May 9, 1872
June 16, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Aug. 15, 1876
Mch. 3, 1881
June 5, 1846
June 17, 1840
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Oct. 2, 1837
Oct. 11, 1842
Apr. 1, 1880
Oct. 21, 1837
Apr. 1, 1880
Aug. 7, 1856
May 21, 1866
June 27, 1848
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
May 10, 1854
Apr. 1, 1880
Apr. 1, 1880
Feb. 6, 1871
Apr. 29, 1874
June 15, 1880
1 Nov. 1, 1837
July 15, 1870
7
11
21
21
11
14
21
16
17
21
21
21
21
21
21
23
21
.10
21
9
21
21
21
10
21
21
21
10
7
• 14
16
17
21
21
21
19
21
i
5
21
21
21
7
7
21
21
11
14
9
21
21
21
10
21
21
16
38
21
7
16
236
614
70
70
701
786
70
362
228
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1071
70
842
70
70
70
1079
70
70
70
1094
242
687
362
91
291
70
70
208
422
854
70
70
70
541
596
70
543
70
702
757
35
70
70
70
1056
70
70
405
41
204
546
355
9
3
""e"
3
"~2~
......
......
6
1
12
2
7
> $390, 257 92
49, 472 70
3, 689 00
200, 000 00
675, 168 00
6, 193 66
> 724, 137 41
64, 147 17
427, 242 20
228, 835 43
457, 304 07
838,678 82
42, 560 36
267, 323 36
11, 000 00
57, 500 00
49, 808 37
200, 000 00
27, 174 41
2, 839 64
20, 711 97
93,581 09
128, 571 78
20, 000 00
134, 039 38
21,884 81
69, 120 00
300, 000 00
I 2, 933, 488 90
39, 911 53
16, 956 25
87, 095 64
70, 000 00
230, 064 20
89,618 57
72, 993 93
17,482 07
200, 000 00
800, 000 00
55, 058 21
157,400 00
21, 659 12
500, 000 00
70, 000 00
118, 050 00
40, 979 60
15, 140 42
86, 950 00
40,000 00
1, 985 65
11, 079 12
75, 886 04
500, 000 00
1, 250, 000 00
804,909 17
78, 340 41
$19, 512 89
2, 473 63
184 45
10, 000 00
33, 758 40
309 68
36, 206 87
3, 207 36
21, 362 10
11, 441 77
22, 865 20
41, 933 94
2, 128 01
13, 366 16
550 00
2, 875 00
2, 490 41
10, 000 00
1, 358 72
141 98
1, 035 59
4, 679 05
6, 428 58
1, 000 00
6, 701 97
1, 094 24
3, 456 00
15, 000 00
146, 674 44
1, 995 57
847 81
4, 354 78
3, 500 00
11, 503 21
4, 480 93
3, 649 70
874 10
10, 000 00
40, 000 00
2, 752 91
7, 870 00
1, 082 96
25, 000 00
3, 500 00
5, 902 50
2, 048 98
757 02
4, 347 50
2, 000 00
99 28
553 95
3, 794 30
25, 000 00
50, 000 00
40, 245 45
3, 917 02
Creeks 5
Chippewa and Christian Indians fund. .
Delaware school fund
Kaskaskias, Peorias, Weas, and Pianke-
Kaskaskias, Peorias, Weas, audPianke-
L'Anse and Vieux de Sert Chippewa
Osa^es - \
Ottawa and Chippewa fund
Pottawatomies educational fund
'"2
2
Sac and Fox of the Mississippi fund. ..
Sac and Fox of the Missouri
2
8
3
2-3
Senecas of New York
'"2
5
4
Senecas (Tonawanda baud) fund
Shawnee fund
Stockbridge consolidated fund
Ute four per cent, fund
"Wiimeba^oes <
Amount of 4 and 5 per cent, funds, as
above stated, held by the govern-
13, 896, 290 38
j
|
1 682, 314 41
246 FUNDS HELD IX TRUST IN LIEU OF INVESTMENT.
D No. 2. — Funds lield by the government In lien of abstracted bonds.
Tribes.
Statutes at Large.
Date of acts, i : Amount in the
resolutions, or — • United States
treaties. TT-^ i -!>.,„„ i cj_ i Treasury.
Vol. tPage.! Sec. \
Annual in-
terest.
Amounts brought down from statement
D ! $13,896,290 38 i $682,314 41
Kaskaskias, Peorias, Weas, &c July 12, 1862 12 539 1 14,86128 74306
Delawares July 12, 1862 12 539 i 406,57128 20,32856
lowas July 12,1862 12 539 66,73500 3,33675
Total amount in lieu of investment 14,384,457 94
Total annual interest on same 1 706,722 78
i |
The changes in the statement of funds held in lieu of investment are accounted for
as follows, viz :
This fund has been increased by —
The proceeds of sale of $2,186,050 U. S. fives, continued at 3^ per cent.,
funded loan (1881) $2,186,050 00
The redemption of $391,000 Tenn. (N. & C. R. R. Co.'s) sixes, and $500
U. S. sixes (186-1) belonging to the Chickasaw national fund 391, 500 00
The sum of $48,389.46, paid by the Ponca Indians to the Cherokee Nation
for land - 48,389 46
The sum of $70,000 set aside for the Ponca Indians, to draw interest at
5 per cent., per act approved, March 3, 1881 70, 000 00
The proceeds of sale of Osage lands 940, 516 12
The proceeds of sale of Otoe and Missouria lands 57, 399 74
The proceeds of sale of Delaware lands 105 64
The proceeds of sale of Stockbridge lands 81 58
The proceeds of sale of Iowa lands 28 30
The proceeds of sale of Cherokee school lands in Alabama 623 71
The proceeds of sale of Kaskaskia, &c., lauds 96 78
The proceeds of sale of Kickapoo lands 1 08
Total increase 3, 694 , 792 41
This fund has been decreased by —
The appropriation of the principal due the Miamies of In-
diana $221,257 86
And the sum of $100,000 from the land fund belonging to
the Otoes and Missourias for their removal to the Indian
Territory, per act approved March 3, 1881 100, 000 00
321,25786
Net increase 3,373,534 55
Add amount reported in statements D and D No. 2, November 1, 1880. . 11, 010, 923 39
Total, as before stated 14,384,457 94
E. — Interest collected on United States bonds.
Fund or tribe. ^onds^ Period for which interest was collected. I Interest,
^_j i
Cherokee national fund ... ... !$241, 052 47 I August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880 $3, 013 16
156, 638 56 July 1, 1880, to January 1, 1881 4, 699 16
241, 052 47 November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881 3, 013 16
241, 052 47 February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881 3, 013 16
156, 638 56 January 1, 1881, to July 1, 1881 4, 699 16
241,05247 May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 3,37637
Premium realized on sale of $241, 052.47 United 4,958 88
States fives, 1881, continued at 3fc per cent.
26, 773 05
INTEREST COLLECTED ON UNITED STATES BONDS.
E.— Interest collected on United States bonds — Continued.
247
Fund or tribe.
Face of
bonds.
Period for which interest was collected.
Interest.
Cherokee school fund
$283 262 25
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
$3 540 78
51, 854 28
July 1, 1880, to' January 1, 1881 '
1 555 63
283, 262 25
283, 262 25
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881 .
3, 540 78
3 540 78
51, 854 28
January' 1, 1881, to July 1, 1881
1, 555 63
283, 262 25
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 .
3 967 60
Cherokee asylum fund
64,147 17
Premium realized on sale of $283, 262.25 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3| per cent.
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
5, 827 22
23, 528 42
801 84
64, 147 17
November 1, 1880, to February 1 1881
801 84
64, 147 17
February 1,1881, to May 1,1881
801 84
64, 147 17
May 1, 1881, to August 12 1881
898 49
Premium realized on sale of $64,147.17 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3| per cent.
1, 319 62
4, 623 63
Cherokee orphan fund
162 032 02
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
2 025 40
22, 223 26
July 1, 1880, to' January 1, 1881*.
666 70
162, 032 02
November 1, 1880 to February 1, 1881
2 025 40
162, 032 02
February 1 1881 to May 1 1881
2 025 40
22, 223 26
January 1, 1881, to July 1 1881
666 70
162, 032 02
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
2, 269 55
Premium realized on sale of $162, 032. 02 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3| per cent.
3, 333 29
13, 012 44
Chickasaw national fund
347 147 98
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
4 339 35
500 00
July 1 1880 to January 1, 1881
15 00
347, 147 98
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
4, 339 35
347, 147 98
February 1 1881 to May 1 1881 . .
4 339 35
500 00
January 1, 1881, to July 1, 1881
15 00
347, 147 98
May 1 1881 to August 12 1881
4 862 43
Premium realized on sale of $347, 147.98 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3 J per cent.
7, 141 46
Chippewa and Christian In-
15,997 98
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880 i
25, 051 94
199 98
dians.
15, 997 98
15 997 98
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1 1881 to May 1 1881
199 98
199 98
15, 997 98
May 1,1881, to August 32, 1881
224 08
Premium realized on sale of $15, 997. 98 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3J per cent.
329 11
1, 153 13
3 689 00
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
46 11
3 689 00
November 1 1880 to February 1 1881
46 11
3 689 00
February 1 1 881 to May/ 1 1881
46 11
3 689 00
May 1 1881 ' to August 12 1881
51 67
Premium realized on sale of $3,689 United
States fives, 1881, continued at 3J per cent.
75 89
265 89
Choctaw school fund
48 045 50
August 1 1880 to November 1 1880
600 57
48 045 50
November 1 1880 to February 1 1881
600 57
48 045 50
February 1 1 881 to May 1 1881
600 57
48 045 50
May 1 1881 to August I9 1881
672 96
Premium realized on sale of $48,045.50 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3^ per cent.
988 39
3, 463 06
Creek orphans
2 693 66
August 1 1880 to November 1, 1880
33 67
2 693 66
November 1 1880 to February 1 1881
33 67
2 693 66
February 1 1881 to May 1 1881
33 67
2 693 66
May 1 1881* to August 12 1881
37 73
Premium realized 7>n sale of $2,693.66 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3| per cent.
55 41
194 15
248 INTEREST COLLECTED ON UNITED STATES BONDS.
E. — Interest collected on United States ~bonds — Continued.
Fund or tribe.
Face of
bonds.
Period for which interest was collected.
Interest.
Delaware general fund.
Delaware school fund .
lowas.
Kansas schools
Kickapoos .
Kaskaskias, Peoria8,~Weas,and
Piankeshaws. '
Kaskaskias, Peorias,"Weas,and
Piankeshaws, school fund
Menomonees .
$267, 217 72
49,283 90
267, 217 72
267, 217 72
, 283 90
267, 217 72
11, 000 00
11, 000 00
11, 000 00
11, 000 00
42, 780 07
42, 780 07
42, 780 07
42,780 07
12, 744 25
12, 744 25
12, 744 25
12, 744 25
128, 569 91
128, 569 91
128, 569 91
128, 569 91
2, 739 01
2, 739 01
2, 739 01
2, 739 01
20,711 97
20, 711 97
20, 711 97
20, 711 97
134, 039 38
134, 039 38
134, 039 38
134, 039 38
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
July 1, 1880, to January 1, 1881
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
January 1, 1881, to July 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 ,
Premium realized on sale of $267, 217.72 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3^ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $11,000 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3J per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $42, 780.07 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881. .v
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on saleof $12, 744.25 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3| per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $128, 569.91
United States registered fives, 1881, con-
tinued at 3£ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880 ,
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $2,739.01 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $20,711.97 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3i per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $134,039.38
United States registered fives, 1881, con-
tinued at 3J per cent.
INTEREST COLLECTED ON UNITED STATES BONDS.
E. — Interest collected on United States bonds — Continued.
249
Fund or tribe.
Face of
bonds.
Period for which interest was collected.
Interest.
Osage schools.
Ottawas and Chippewas
Pottawatomies, education
Pottawatomies, mills
Pottawatomies, general fund . .
Sac and Fox of the Missouri. . .
S.ic and Fox of the Missis-
sippi.
Senecas .
$39, 911 53
39, 911 53
39, 911 53
39, 911 53
14, 745 00
14,745 00
14, 745 00
14,745 00
72, 947 12
72, 947 12
72, 947 12
72, 947 12
17, 066 44
17, 066 44
17, 066 44
17, 066 44
89, 618 57
89, 618 57
89, 618 57
89, 618 57
14, 659 12
14,659 12
14, 659 12
14, 659 12
40, 979 60
40, 979 60
40, 979 60
40, 979 60
August, 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880. to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 ,
Premium realized ou sale of $39,911.53 United
States registered lives, 1881, continued at
3i per cent.
498 89
498 89
559 02
821 06
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized ou sale of $14, 745 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1 880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 :
Premium realized on sale of $72,947.12 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3J per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1,1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $17,066.44 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881. to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $89,618.57 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3J per cent.
2, 876 75
184 31
184 31
184 31
206 52
303 33
1, 062 78
911 84
911 84
911 84
1,021 75
1, 500 66
5, 257 93
213 33
213 33
213 33
239 04
351 09
1, 230 12
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1 880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881 !
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881 ]
Premium realized on sale of $14, 659. 12 United ;
States registered fives, 1881, continued at !
3| per cent.
858 21 I August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
858 21 I November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
858 21 t February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
858 21 I May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $8.18. 21 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3J per cent.
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
May 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
Premium realized on sale of $10, 979.60 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3 1 per cent.
1, 120 23
1, 120 23
1,120 23
1,255 25
1, 843 61
6, 453 56
183 24
183 24
183 24
205 34
301 51
1, 056 57
10 73
10 73
10 73
12 02
17 66
61 87
512 25
512 25
512 25
573 99.
843 01
2, 953 75
250 INTEREST COLLECTED ON STATE AND OTHER BONDS.
E. — Interest collected on United States bonds — Continued.
Fund or tribe.
Pace of
bonds.
Period for which interest was collected.
Interest.
Senecas, Tonawanda band
$86,^950 00
August 1, 1880, to November 1, 1880
$1, 086 88
86,950 00
November 1 1880 to February 1 1881
1 086 88
86, 950 00
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
1, 086 88
86,950 00
May 1 1881 to August 12 1881
1 217 98
Premium realized on sale of $86.950 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3| per cent.
1, 788 73
6, 267 35
Senecas and Shawnees
7, 379 30
August 1, 1880 to November 1 1880
92 24
7, 379 30
November 1. 1880, to February 1, 1881
92 24
7,379 30
February 1 1881 to Mav 1 1881
92 24
7 379 30
May 1 1881 to August 12 1881
103 36
Premium realized on sale'of $7,379.30 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per dent.
151 81
531 89
Shawnees
4 835 65
Au°'ust 1 1880 to November 1 1880
60 44
4 835 65
November 1 1880 to February 1 1881
60 44
1,985 65
February 1, 1881, to May 1, 1881
24 81
1 985 65
May 1 1881 to August 12 1881
27 80
Premium realized on sale of $1.985.65 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
40 84
214 33
Eastern Shawnees
11 079 12
Au°Tist 1 1880 to November 1 1880
138 49
11, 079 12
November 1, 1880, to February 1, 1881
138 49
11 079 12
February 1 1881 to May 1 1881
138 49
11,079 12
Mav 1, 1881, to August 12, 1881
155 18
Premium realized on sale of $11, 079. 12 United
States registered fives, 1881, continued at
3£ per cent.
227 92
798 57
F. — Interest collected on certain State bonds, the interest on which is regularly paid.
Fund or tribe.
Face of
bonds.
Period for which interest is regularly
paid.
Amount
collected.
Maryland 6 per cent, bonds.
Chickasaw national fund
$8 350 17
July 1 1880 to July 1 1881
*$485 34
*Less State tax, $15.66.
G. — Collections of interest made since November 1, 1880, falling due since July 1, 1880.
Fund or tribe.
Amount collected.
Period.
On what amount
of bonds.
Kind of bonds.
Amount carried
to the credit of
Indian tribes.
From—
To—
Ohickasaw national fund.
Chickasaw incompetents .
Pottawatomies, education
Total
$30, 720 00
100 00
200 00
31, 020 00
July 1,1880
July 1,1880
July 1,1880
July 1,1881
July 1,1881
July 1,1881
$512, 000
2,000
4,000
Nashville and
Chattanooga
Kailroad.
Indiana
$30, 720 00
100 00
200 00
Indiana . .
518, 000
31, 020 00
APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS ON NON-PAYING STOCKS. 251
Eecapitulation of interest collected, as per tables hereinbefore given.
Interest and premium on United States bonds (Table E) $174,468 63
Interest on paying State stocks (Table F) 485 34
Interest collected on paying bonds due since July 1, 1880 (Table G) 31, 020 00
Total interest collected during the time specified and carried to the
credit of trust-fund interest due various Indian tribes 205, 974 02
Statement o/ appropriations made by Congress for the year ending June 30, 1881, on non-paying
stocks held in trust by the Secretary of the Interior for various Indian tribes.
Bonds.
Per cent.
Principal. •
Annual in-
terest ap-
propriated.
Arkansas ... ....
6
$168 000 00
$10 080 00
Florida
7
132 000 00
9 240 00
• 6
192 000 00
11 520 00
South Carolina
6
125 000 00
7 500 00
6
104 000 00
6 240 00
5i
66 666 66|
3 500 00
Tennessee
5*
165,000 00
8 250 00
6
594 800 00
35 688 00
Louisiana
6
37 000 00
2 220 00
Total amount appropriated . . ......
94 238 00
252
RECEIPTS FROM SALES OF INDIAN LANDS.
The receipts and disbursements since November 1, 1880, as shown by the books o
this office, on account of sales of Indian lauds, including receipts from sales made under
the direction of the General Land Office, are exhibited in the following statement :
Appropriations.
Acts and treaties.
L
t2!*
^r-T
5 K
.3J
g
Amount received
during year.
Disbursed during
the year.
f» T
is
'll
3
Proceeds of Sioux Eeservations
in Minnesota and Dakota.
Proceeds of Winnebago Reser-
vations in Minnesota.
Fulfilling treaty with Chero-
kees, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Chero-
kees, proceeds of school lands.
Fulfilling treaty with lowas,
proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Kansas,
proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Kaskas-
kias, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Miamies
of Kansas, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Omahas,
proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Osages,
proceeds of trust lands.
Proceeds of New York Indian
lauds in Kansas.
Fulfilling treaty with Potta-
watomies, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Stock-
bridges, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Winne-
bagoes, proceeds of lands.
On account of claims of settlers
on Round Valley Indian Res-
ervation in California, re-
stored to public lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Chero-
kees, proceeds of Osage di-
minished reserve lands in
Kansas.
Fulfilling treaty with Dela-
wares, proceeds of lands.
(Refnndment by Agent
Pratt.)
Fulfilling treaty with Kicka-
poos, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Sac and
Fox of Missouri, proceeds
of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Shaw-
neen, proceeds of lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Ottawas
of Blanchard's Fork ami
Roche de Bceuf, proceeds of
lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Chippe-
was of Saginaw, proceeds of
lands.
Fulfilling treaty with Ottoes
and Missourias, proceeds of
lands.
Total
12 Stat., 819, act
March 3, 1863.
Sees. 2 and 3, act
of Feb. 21, 1863.
Cherokee strip
$117, 417 94
1, 779 25
$100, 525 80
$11, 307 58
1, 779 25
32, 548 34
623 71
28 30
70, 742 78
96 78
101 50
$206, 636 16
32, 548 34
300 72
Treaties of Feb. 27,
1819, and Dec. 29,
1835.
Royalty on coal...
Art. 4, treaty of
Oct. 5, 1859, 12
Stat., 1112.
Treaty of Feb.
23, 1867 (10 sec-
tions).
Act of March 3,
1872.
Act of July 31,
1872.
2d art. treaty Sept.
29, 1865, 2 sec.,
act July 15, 1870.
Acts of Feb. 19,
1873, and June
23, 1874.
Treaty Feb. 27,
1867, 15 Stat,,
532.
Treaty Feb. 11,
1856, 11 Stat,,
679; act of Feb.
6, 1871, 16 Stat.,
404.
2d art. treaty 1859,
act Feb. 2, 1863.
Act of March 3,
1873, 17 Stat.,
633.
Transfer for sale of
lands to Osages.
(See Osages.)
2d art. treatv July
4, 1866, 14 Stat.,
794.
Treaty of June 28,
1862, 13 Stat., 623.
Treaty Mar. 6, 1861,
12 Stat.. 1171. act
August 15, 1876.
Acts of April 7,
1869. and Jan. 11,
1875.
Ref undment
do
623 71
28 30
55, 851 27
96 78
9, 215 98
712 26
2, 299, 943 23
4, 058 06
32, 767 63
81 58
20, 621 61
594 37
724, 137 41
105 64
1 08
17, 008 37
41 26
43 49
400 00
126, 860 42
300 72
107, 314 32
92, 422 81
302 70
9, 417 18
712 26
2, 933, 488 90
4, 058 06
32, 767 63
633, 545 67
81 58
20, 621 61
594 37
724, 137 41
105 64
1 08
3, 016 97
5, 487 15
729 30
19, 478 55
770 56
43 49
400 00
100, 000 00
Act Aug. 15, 1876..
60, 235 22
87, 095 64
3, 412, 389 64
940, 989 22
220, 833 51
4, 132, 545 35
SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES. 253
•S9^o^doi9 jo £vd fBjojk
CO
00
§
CO
3 1
§8
o
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i-l
Ift
CO
— *
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§ i
1C"
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Pay of employes.
—
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5
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t^lCO
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so •<*
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Incidental expenses.
— «™
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g^q'B'j.s puts 9§'BJOij
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Appropriations from which salaries of employes
and incidental expenses of agencies have been
paid.
5
o
-4_
f
<
j
1
j
F
(
3
!
expenses Indian service in Arizona, 1881 .
Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico,
I
ef
H """!, H
I
;
expenses Indian service in Arizoi
\
I
rt
H
Apaches in Arizona and New ^
expenses Indian service in Arizoi
expenses Indian service in Cali
1 Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 . . .
do
Buildings at agencies and repairs, 1881 . . .
Incidental expenses Indian service in Cali
1881.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 ...
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 . . .
Support of Utahs, Tabequache bands, 1881
||| | 3o
1
* 3 3
IsJ Jsr
•A"OU9§12 qOB9
jre eueipui jo jgqom^i;
i
a
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5
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9
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00
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1
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<5
ARIZONA.
Colorado River
Pima and Maricopa and
Papago.
Moquis Pueblo
I
c
c
f
0
rj
3
1
1
>
J
!
J
CALIFORNIA.
Hoopa Yalley
Round Yalley
Mission
\
'£
4
e
COLORADO.
Los Pinos
254 SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES.
«— ~
S .jS
O • GO
5 p
o
g
M
o
o
I
t>- CO ' ^ ' Tf
lO O 00 • 1C
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Pay of employ6s.
•^jBJodoiax
9
I
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:
0 j
S :S5 : : : : :
£
r
1
1
•JB^nSag;
0 I?
t>- <c
3 8
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1 I i 1
<0 0
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to 1 1-^" cs • t^~
•xa iBjuapiout jo re;o£
§ . :§
209 05
o
§
O>
t-
. cq . o • 05 • m
cq • «o in ' c-i
Incidental expenses.
•easuadxa
-ffttl ;;;;;;;; c;-; ;;
•£i9uori
-B^S pUB '^qSl|
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:§§
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: $ i i
oo
•g^uaSB jo sasuad
-X9 Sui^9ABJX
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00
g
^
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9
Appropriations from which salaries of employes
and incidental expenses of agencies have been
paid.
1
Jtrf
« * *>
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Support of Sioux of different tribes, including
Santee Sioux of Nebraska, 1881.
...do . .
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Incidental expenses Indian service in Dakota, 1881 .
Fulfilling .treaty with Sisseton and Wahpeton
Sioux and Santee Sioux of Lake Traverse and
Devil's Lake.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
AM
Support of Arickarees, Grros Ventres, and Man-
dans, 1881.
Incidental expenses Indian service in Dakota, 1881.
Support of Sioux of different tribes, including
Santee Sioux of Nebraska, 1881.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
...do ..
Support of Sioux of different tribes, including
Santee Sioux of Nebraska, 1881.
Incidental expenses Indian service in Dakota, 1881.
Support of Sioux of different tribes, including
Santee Sioux of Nebraska, 1881.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
do
f^B suBtpuj jo xaqumji
r-
i
i
rH
1
I 1
1
Los Pinos— Continued.
Southern Ute...
DAKOTA.
Cheyenne River
Crow Creek
Devil'sLake*
-z
I
Lower Brule
Pine Ridee . .
Rosebud
Sisseton .*
SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES. 255
: :S :S§ : : :£ : :i : : 2
">• «*> : i :S : :? : £s
256 SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES.
000 S »
§ :
cS
2Q§ & S
S :
c^
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Appropriations from which salaries of en
and incidental expenses of agencies ha1
paid.
® S j H I "Ir^H^^yj
rl ! !i i! € 1 1 1 ! !
r° 02 fl as § fl tf t/2 s S -2 <5 n g a
R ® <D o o^® -^Vn® .2-^i^Sp-;®
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SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES. 257
1-4 i • <D • ^< ico-co i m i o» i oo
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Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Support of Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans, 1881 .
SiiTkimrt. nf flrnwa 1881
Incidental expenses Indian service in Montana .
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
3 : : a :::«:::: §8 : §8 : 5 : §
S i ^ i !J1 i ! i ; 5! 5 :* :|
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Support of Flatheads and other couf<
tribes, 1881.
Suppoi t of Gros Ventres in Montana, 188
Support of Assinaboines in Montana, 188]
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 . .
Support of Indians at Fort Peck, 1881 . . .
Incidental expenses Indian service in &
1881.
Fulfilling treaty with lowas
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 . .
Fulfilling treaty with Otoes and Missour
Support of Sioux of different tribes, ii
Santee Sioux of Nebraska, 1881.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 .
Fulfilling treaty with Omahas
Fulfilling treaty with Winnebagoes
Incidental expenseslndian service in Nev
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881.
Fulfilling treaty with Shoshones
Incidental expenses Indian service in Nev
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 . .
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 .
Incidental expenses Indian service in N
ico, 1881.
do
Support of Apaches of Arizona and New
1881.
...do
Support of Navajoes, 1881 ;
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881 .
Incidental expenses Indian service in N
ico, 1881.
§ § §
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258 SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES.
. O • • O . •** CO"
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; w • .-2 ; ; • w • .Q ; g
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Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Support of Quinaieits and Quiliehutes, 1881 .
go ;|gg :| ;| g 1
Contingencies Indian Department,
Incidental expenses Indian service
do
Fulfilling treaty with Snakes, Wai
Support of Klainaths and Modocs, ]
Contingencies Indian Department,
do -.••
Incidental expenses Indian service i
Support Walla Walla, Cayuse, and I
1881.
Contingencies Indian Department,
do
Support of confederated tribes and
die Oregon, 1881.
Incidental expenses Indian service
Incidental expenses Indian service
Contingencies Indian Department,
Contingencies Indian Department,
Incidental expenses Indian servic<
ton, 1881.
Contingencies Indian Department,
Incidental expenses Indian servic
ton, 1881.
... do ...
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SALARIES AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES AT INDIAN AGENCIES. 259
§
1
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Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Incidental expenses Indian service in Washing-
ton, 1881.
do ...
Support of D'Wamish and other allied tribes, 1881.
Contingencies Indian Department, 1881
Incidental expenses Indian service in Washing-
ton, 1881.
Support of Yakamas, 1881
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WYOMING.
Shoahonp,
260 EXECUTIVE ORDERS RELATING TO INDIAN RESERVES.
EXECUTIVE ORDERS AFFECTING INDIAN RESERVATIONS FROM JULY 23,
1880, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1881.
ARIZONA.
N
Suppai Reserve.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, November 23, 1880.
It is hereby ordered that the following described country, lying within the bounda-
ries of the Territory of Arizona, viz :
Beginning at a point in the middle of Cataract Creek, two miles below the lowest
fall, north of the settlement of the Suppai Indians ; thence due east two and one-half
miles; thence in a southerly direction twelve miles to a point two and one-half miles
due east of the middle of said creek; thence due west five miles; thence in a north-
erly direction twelve miles to a point two and one-half miles due west of the middle
of said creek ; thence due east two and one-half miles to the place of beginning, to
embrace the settlements and improvements of the Suppai Indians, be, and the same is
hereby, withdrawn from sale and settlement, and set apart for the use and occupancy
of said Suppai Indians, and the executive order dated June 8, 1880, withdrawing from
sale and setting apart a reservation for said Indians, is hereby revoked.
R. B. HAYES.
CALIFORNIA.
Mission Indians' Reserve.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, March 9, 18»1.
It is hereby ordered that all the unsurveyed portions of township 2 south, range 1
east, San Bernardino meridian, California, excepting any tract or tracts the title to
which has passed out of the United States Government, be, and the same are hereby,
withdrawn from sale aud settlement, and set apart as a reservation for Indian pur-
poses.
JAMES A. GARFIELD.
NEW MEXICO.
Jicarilla Apache Reserve.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, September 21, 1880.
It is hereby ordered that the tract of country in the Territory of New Mexico, lying
within the following described boundaries, viz, beginning at the southwest corner of
the Mexican grant known as the "Tierra Am arilla grant," as surveyed by Sawyer and
McBroom in July, 1876 ; and extending thence north with the western* boundary of
said survey of the Tierra Amarilla grant to the boundary line between New Mexico
and Colorado ; thence west along said boundary line sixteen miles ; thence south to a
point due west from the aforesaid southwest corner of the Tierra Amarilla grant ; and
thence east to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, withheld from entry
and settlement as public lands, and that the same be set apart as a reservation for the
Jicarilla Apache Indians.
R. B. HAYES.
WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Colville Reserve.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, January 18, 1881.
It is hereby ordered that the following tract of laud, situated in Washington Terri-
tory, be, and the same is hereby, set aside and reserved for the use and occupancy of
the Spokane Indians, namely :
Commencing at a point where Chemekane Creek crosses the forty-eighth parallel of
latitude ; thence down the east bank of said creek to where it enters the Spokane
River ; thence across said Spokane River w-estwardly along the southern bank thereof
to a point where it enters the Columbia River ; thence across the Columbia River
northwardly along its western bank to a point where said river crosses the said forty-
eighth parallel of latitude ; thence east along said parallel to the place of beginning.
R. B. HAYES.
•
I
'ft
K6,
Indian comm
ers.
$8, 300 00 $11, 235 46
2, 386 00
332 00
337 50
648 33
INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED. 261
co'co"
°0 C* £3
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262 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED.
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INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED 263
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264 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED.
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266 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED.
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INDIAN RESERVATIONS AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED. 267
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268 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED.
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Name of tribe occupying reservation.
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Eastern band of North Carolina Cher-
kees.
Kalapuya, Klakama, Molele, Rogue
River, Tumwater, and Umqua.
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Grand Ronde <
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NEW MEXICO TERRI-
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NORTH CAROLINA.
Qualla boundary and
other lauds.
Total
OREGON.
Grand Ronde
I
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INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED. 269
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3f the Secretary of the Inter:
ive orders April 9, 1872, July
ary 18, 1881.
of Neah Bay, January 31, 185J
Executive orders, October 26,
and October 21, 1873.
of Medicine Creek, Decemb
.0, p. 1132; Executive order, «j
of Medicine Creek, Decemb
.0, p. 1 132 ; Executive orders, «
and September 6, 1873.
ive order, September 22, 1866.
of Medicine Creek, Decembi
0, p. 1132.
of Point Elliott, January 22, 1
1 ; Executive order, November
ive orders, January 20, 1857, a
(c) Partly in Arizona.
| Surveyed.
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a
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Pr> P ^ O O J3 (25
(S 02001 °5
a
270 INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED
ority
w, or
ing
sf-s
=
5! 5i5|3s 1 if
-£_§ oSSOefft fc^sfS
H H H H H
Tji O lO
8 5 S
£ if £
- II
* N
§ f
eo »i
3 § jS 's
i •£• 9 •
® <D t-J C
S ft "^ 2
^ 2 2 o
o o g u.
's «M ! ; o
& if
3 £M
j- -:
« p=
g i
il
1 151 1 is!
B=§
1 I I I
fills]
3 S I 1
INDIAN RESERVATIONS, AREAS AND HOW ESTABLISHED. 271
I
ill
g
II
H- 00
SL5
1i
^ 5 3
8 tl
3
1 1
H O
272 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
a
g
1
1
0
1
3
53
ft
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
1
&
ARIZONA.
Colorado River Agency.
802
210
2,100
4,500
500
6,000
596
795
275
8
196
47
450
2,000
c300
200
61
«450
2, 500
100
206
Moguls Pueblo Agency.
75
6,500
2,002
223
2
5
1
Pima, Maricopa, and Papago Agency,
Pima
£ 4,500
1
10
J
2
4
Papaeo
San Carlos Agency.
"White Mountain Apache
819
586
119
171
246
d930
d700
d75
479
381
731
778
1,120
143
158
37
183
28
20
163
c540
Ton to Apache
Mixed Apache ...... .......
Chiricahua Apache
Apache Mohave
Indians in Arizona not under an agent.
Hualapai
Mohave
CALIFORNIA.
Hoopa Valley Agency.
Hoopa
472
I 3,010
• 569
160
7
25
275
104
38
249
901
150
61
3
52
2
Mission Agency.
Serranos
Diegenes
Coahuila
San Luis Rey ...
10
2
85
40
18
Round Valley Agency.
Concow . .. *
LittleLake
Redwood
Ukie
"Wvlackie
Potter Valley
Pit River '
Tale River Agency.
Tule and Tejon
"Wichumni. Kaweah. and Kind's River .
a From report of 1878.
b Clothing and presents for children.
c From report of 1879.
d From report of 1880.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 273
by tribes and their respective agencies.
i
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number of children of school
age.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of mouths school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
4
I
Number of deaths.
Boarding.
I
Boarding.
t^i
P
Boarding.
6
p
If
&
By religious
societies.
Number of I
229
56
1 40
1
33
25
5
$1, 208
A
4
8
4
450
•
1
3
7
i
I
2, 200 16
60 1
16 59
48 8i 2. 260
45
20
1 (M
800
80
20
1
85
38
9
1 829
20
20
q
•>6
•
1 j
! i
120
60
li . .
50 1 42
12
913
11
9
1
19
12
759
75
9
64 5f)
9
1 353
361 23
.
46
1?
'
1
1
55
55
....
1
48} 43
9i
3, 081,
76
7....
<?$697
16
]6
I ,
26
26
1
23
3
20
10J
1,110; /$9
7
6
e Of this $297 was contributed by agency employes and Indians. /By agent for papers.
18 IND
274 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
1
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians \\ho
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
>>
1
E
!
5
CALIFORNIA— Continued
Indians in California not under an agent.
Indians in—
Sierra County
12
193
1,240
1,037
47
157
21
330
353
224
162
339
522
508
91
64
12
272
98
774
64
19
22
4
15
18
32
39
1,500
1,100
259
346
537
759
1,061
El Dorado County
Mendocino County .....
1
Shasta County
Yolo County
Tehama County
Solano County*
Lassen County ...... . ....
Colusa County
Humboldt County ...
j
Marin County
Sonoma County
Butte County
Plumas County
Placer County
Napa County
Sutter County
Amador County
Nevada County
Lake County
Klamaths —
Regua' ranche
"Wirks wah ranche
TToppa ranr.hp
"Wakel ranche
•••«"
Too rup ranche
I
Sah sil ranche
Ai yolch ranche . . . /.
!
Surper ranche .
COLORADO.
Los Pinos Agency, a
Ute
350
500
200
20
20
Southern Ute Agency.
Southern Ute
DAKOTA.
Cheyenne River Agency.
Blackfeet Sioux
'
•
} 68°
560
500
106
295
95
550
270
5
6
300
200
20
48
Sans Arc Sioux
Minneconjou Sioux
Two Kettle Sioux
Grow Creek Agency.
Lower Yanktonnais Sioux
Devil's Lake Agency.
Sisseton Sioux
\Vrahpeton Sioux .
Cut Head Sioux ..
a Removed to Utah in September. To be known hereafter as Ouray Agency, c Besides 19 rebuilt.
422
403 S 1,016 50 253 281: 7 182
241 /
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS.
tribes and their respective agencies — CoutiuiLed.
275
1 Number of children of school
age.
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
§
i
n3
I
I
<4
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
I Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
i Number of births.
75
ft
1
«W
0
1
CJ
fc
Boarding.
>i
C3
P
Boarding.
1
Boarding.
!
By govern-
ment.
By religious
societies.
1
1
— •
290
10
91
7
87
45
54
63
12
44
38
77
335
172
189
50
48
100
180
80
2
1
j
3
60.
34
9fi
110
2
89
22
10
10
11
$1, 220
. 2, 350
8,000
$4, 620
750
400
162
1:27
80
50
31
6
3
1
2
1
2
$8, 250
(&)
904
i 1
b Not reported.
276
STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
i
o
1
9
|
fe
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
,_, to during the year.
W QC 0 0 H 0
>,
'o
a
f
1
3
250
500
2,800
DAKOTA — Continued.
Fort Berthold Agency.
678
445
223
1,509
7,202
3,566
1,564
1,164
384
500
-520
1,377
895
493
728
521
753
170
524
703
556
107
1,998
1,328
502
717
1. 236
V 170
'
110
i
550
1
[• 516
j
1,377
!» 238
J
305
98
625
450
300
553
604
320
910
650
240
612
160
170
350
500
256
243
3
10
Lower Brute Agency.
Lower Brul6 Sioux
Pine Ridge Agency.
Ogallala Sioux ..
Rosebud Agency.
Loafer Sioux
Two Kettle Sioux
Northern Sioux
235
16
16
Sisseton Agency.
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux
Standing Rock Agency.
Lower Yanktonnais Sioux .....
Tipper Yanktonnais Sioux
Blackfeet Sioux
Uncapapa Sioux
" Hostile'1 Indians added July 28, 1881.
"Minneconjou Sioux.
Brul6 Sioux . .
...
TJncapapa Sioux
Ogallala Sioux
|
Blackfeet Sioux
j
Yankton Agency.
Yankton Sioux
988
406
98
43
950
150
::::::
»
286
550
120
20
21
271
592
408
90
65
271
7
} •
233
10
i::
5
IDAHO.
Fort Hall Agency.
Bannack
Lemhi Agency.
Shoshone Bannack and Sheepeater
Nez Perce Agency.
Nez Perce...
a
186
12
a Partially reported. 6 Also one church building by Mrs. WilliamB. Astor, of New York. eNotreported,
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 277
•€., l)\j tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number of children of school
age.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No._of
schools.
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
Number of births.
Number of deaths.
Boarding.
!
M
t
Boarding.
JL
114
•.
125
54
[i
§
|
||
£•1
£*
150
350
1, 200
1,200
242
460
90
2
31
30
27
10
7
6
$1, 593
$384
410
80
50
200
60
200
30
10
10
1
1
1
1
5
1
v ]
2
2
1
2
13
a$384
538
&80
(c)
el, 103
1,650
26
34
85
82
15
20
150
3
90
3
1,612
75
95
20
2
3
1
64
92
17
48
90
12
12
3,442
6,310
1,550
1,650
423
95
JSO
35
38
108
34
111
.
423
( 332
Jl53
175
375
40
•
I 35
170
1
1
5
45
44
197
120
24
10
$
1,212
1,671
5,440
390
48
6
6
6,817
87
62
1
20
35
15
20
d!7
34
2
3
31
41
70
9
7,485
1,015
115
9
2
1
2,800
d With new school building, almost completed, 150 boarding pupils can be accommodated.
e Of this $365 is from native churches.
278
STATISTICS* SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civili/ed
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
Wholly.
!
5
IDAHO— Continued.
Indians in Idaho not under an agent.
Pend d'Oreille and Kootenais
600
4,197
2,258
1, 145
1,396
337
206
49
151
77
79
165
552
1,896
303
200
1,241
515
328
243
277
79
59
150
98
51
109
440
675
300
380
60
60
32
46
235
6
90
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency.
Cheyenne
I ™
• 430
297
63
4,000
300
55
25
608
790
423
54
520
559
620
100
4
6
4
1
2
148
236
19
Arapaho
9
64
5
Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita Agency.
Kiowa .
Comanche
Apache
Wichita
Waco
Towaconie ....
Keechie
Delaware
Penetheka Comanche
Caddo
Osage Agency.
Kaw
Quapaw
Pawnee Agency.
Pawnee ....
87
11
62
243
277
79
59
150
98
51
109
i
208
300
3
250
42
e400
82
107
48
63
10
11
19
27
11
20
110
203
50
33
c35
99
51
86
46
8
11
45
34
10
26
80
155
60
8
8
4
4
1
3
CZ42
79
18
153
164
33
46
66
50
26
Ponca Agency.
Ponca
NezPerce
14
12
6
2
4
12
Quapaw Agency.
Seneca
i;
_
.
•
4
""i
Wyandotte
Eastern Shawnee
Miami (Western)
Peoria, Pea, and Piankeshaw .
3
Quapaw
Ottawa
57
30
37
60
6
4
2
5
10
1
Sac and Fox Agency.
Sac and Fox of the Mississippi
Absentee Shawnee
Pottawatomie (Citizen) .. ..
Mexican Kickapoo
Kansas, Pottawatomie and Kickapoo
Black Bob band of Absentee Shawnee
Sac and Fox of the Missouri
Iowa
1
Otoe
Ottawa .
I
Mokohoko band of Sac and Fox wandering in
Kansas
a Box Christmas presents for school.
& From tribal funds.
d From report of 1879.
c From report of 1880.
e Contributed by Indians to build house for missionary.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 279
by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.
Educational.
Religious.
Number of births. <j
Number of deaths. r-1
Number of children of school
age-
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number of
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
Boarding.
1
Boarding.-
P
Boarding.
i
1
By govern-
ment.
By religious
societies.
1,300
800
570
68
250
320
150
70
2
2
1
....
250
222
141
222
153
88
53
io
10
12
12
$16, 362
17, 143
612,672
7,632
335
173
225
75
56
30
1
4
1
1
1
$50
(a)
(a)
(a)
136
102
l!
68
384
122
113
.
65
21
21
22
21
13
28
75
160
40
50
100
100
1
1
105
70
86
c65
20
55
43
46
15
13
27
21
12
18
26
50
23
12
7
Q
1 10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5,000
500
880
C 3,753
< 4,015
( 1,309
gi, 342
ffl, 784
546
1,219
1,779
0')
(i)
350
31
40
78
168
28
37
54
26
16
47
150
150
200
3
34
7
8
3
1
3
3
5
18
40
20
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
;••»
25
6
16
6
2
7
17
13
.
4
8
4
4
1
4
9
5
541 ---
1
1*.
1
47
56
35
1
21
""23
39
25
2
':':•:
1
1
2
75 ...
1
30
1
r;
50
1
1
1
15
28
30
56
1
1
1
</)
4
20
18
1
......
30
3
31
...
•"63
--.-,;;--
i
*
! i i
/Books and papers for sunday-school.
tjrBy tribal funds.
h $1.167 from tribal funds,
i Not reported.
280
STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
portraits.
i
.2
1
M
1
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
1
i
1
INDIAN TERRITORY — Continued.
Union Agency.
6,000
15, 890
19, 720
15, 000
j
Creek ....
2,667
355
430
240
662
295
2 500
IOWA.
Sac and Fox Agency.
Sac and Fox . . .....
4
230
175
225
200
65
60
106
65
60
166
65
KANSAS.
Pottawatomie Agency.
1
1
108
73
20
'2
Kickapoo
MICHIGAN.
Mackinac Agency.
Pottawatomie
295
2 500
40
450
1,100
X125
435
48
"
96
200
305
900
75
300
1,000
200
760
385
60
266
205
500
52
275
700
266
350
82
18
99
36
34
16
31'
9.
20
50
7
2
12
15
Chippewasof Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black
River
::::::
Ottawa and Chippewa
6,000
1,000
^ 6,126
7,500
3,500
125
772
395
1,100
900
1,413
4,814
6,000
1,000
3,238
80
32
V 206
MINNESOTA.
White Earth Agency.
Mississippi Chippewa .. .
110
2,025
1,131
10
20
20
Pillager Cfhippew*
Pembina Chippewa .. ...
Red Lake Chippewa
MONTANA.
Blackfeet Agency.
Blackfeet, Blood and Piegan . . .
Crow Agency.
Mountain and River Crow
2
12
I
Flathead Agency.
Flathead
Pend d'Oreille
Kootenais
Fort Belknap Agency.
Gros "Venire
A sftinaboine *....
Fort Peck Agency.
Yanktonnais Sioux
By tribal funds. b From report of 1880. e Globe, books, and seeds. d Attended public schools .
CHURCHES, AND GEXERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 281
., by tribes and their rcapectire ayencies — Continued.
!~
^
a
i1
0
1
1
p
fc
900
2, 600
3, 715
1,700
400
111
52
45
No. of
schools.
Educational.
Number of
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or ®
more during a
the year. r|
j Number of months school
Kto o <o«o<ooo was maintained.
Amount ex-'
pended for
education
during the
year.
1
0
•s
2
ll
M ^
?
1
-I
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Niunbei" of church buildings.
— — - • ' ' JL
Number of missionaries.
! »-•
)U8.
Vital.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
i
&.
ll
^< «
11
4->.S°
S3
P
1
•x
J3
!5
^5
"g
1
1
1
"©
1
i
be
a
|
1
f
P
600
1,800
3, 500
1,300
250
10
iir
O
«
?
fi
ib
i
1
g
>
4
270
1,260
1,792
?74
5
20
20
a
Kj
^
§
11
£g
300
200
300
300
50
4
2
2
2
1
1
69
57
300
26
6
1
385
tf
240
,7£
30
30
6265
1,460
62, 808
9
196
20
a$33)550
a31, 700
a52, 300
a26, 900
a7, 500
h3, 500
300
2,900
2,940
fo3. 600
12! g
34 22
62 33
40| 8
8! 3
..,10,000
12 000
i 4,800
! 500 .
125
175
120
10
10
10
(c)
5
' 28
12
10
25
10
40
40
1....
29
2....
58
e450
1,500
203
1,125
1,500
715
320
275
451
1 763
d27
'
115
2 1
4! 2
6; 2
4: 2
81 11
$200
3
/ISO
3
/150
/116
/112
35
221
20
54
60
63
50
65
60
106
51
27
56
5
30
20
10
9
9
12
9
12
11
ll
1,300
900
1,750
8,500
1,500
1,050
4,000
720
800
850
270
500
291
580
27
12
80
30
4
25
30
15
32
13
6
18
12
/50
/150
175
100
25
50
1-,
....
q
2
4
1
(9)
400
700
12, 963
120
113
15
72
63
49
47
28
15
100
3 2
79
66
i 97
V
| :
40
36
100;.. 2...
$550 2... 3 3.550
eOn reservation. /'Many others attend State public schools.
vation. /Many others attend btate public scnoois. ffJNot
h For support of schools among Choctaw and Chickasaw freedinen.
Not reported.
282 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education.
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
i
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male Indians who un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the yt'ar.
tA
'I
i
3
NEBRASKA.
Great Nemaha Agency.
Sac and Fox
63
130
238
767
175
306
1,422
1,121
600
3,411
3,800
705
900
16, 000
9,060
845
110
7
1,495
48
156
8
4
92
186
333
6
76
50
130
40
767
40
306
590
190
I 4,011
2,900
2
6
313
1,000
> 962
> 1,711
46
186
)
V 415
10
14
33
2
150
30
85
230
205
76
130
14
29
18
225
40
90
345
310
801
140
......
10
32
8
1
2
Otoe Agency.
Otoe and Missouria
100
Santee Agency.
13
140
8
Ponca
135
130
60
Santee Sioux at Flandreau Dakota
6
f)
7f
110
116
6
5
5
Winnebago Agency.
"VTinnebago
Omaha
NEVADA.
Nevada Agency.
Pah-Ute or Pavi 6 teo
Pi-Ute
900
Western Shoshone Agency.
Western Shoshone
NEW MEXICO.
Jicarilla Siibagency.
Mescalero Agency.
147
'
Navajo Agency.
Navajo !
3,000
500
4,004
el, 900
170
232
3.
30
81
5,004
2,000
250
450
25
45
115
12
1,900
195
277
19
45
89
6
6
5
1
1
2
Pueblo Agency.
Pueblo j
NEW YORK.
Neio York Agency.
C Seneca
7
15
2
AJJegany reserve < Onondaga 1
( Tonawanda
46
f Seneca
Onondaga ...... <
Cattaraugus reserve 1 Cayuga
1 Tonawanda
[ Tuscarora
Corn-planter reserve . Seneca !
Oneida reserve Oneida !
( Onondaga
Onondaga reserve < Tonawanda
4 Oneida ..
a From tribal funds.
bSchoo building just completed and school opened.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS:
fc.j ~by tribes and their respective ayencles — Continued.
283
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number of children of school
age.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
of Indians who can
readl
who have learned
d during the year.
of church buildings.
of missionaries.
contributed by re-
;ious societies.
of births.
Number of deaths,
bio
a
I
Boarding.
I
Boarding.
!
If
£
II
"S.2
frH 0
£§
Number
Numbei
torea
Numbei
!
to
Amouni
H|
Numbei
17
34
42
250
25
76
249
220
800
120
200
200
4,000
2,500
269
530
34
37
146
16
50
60
163
1
14
9
20
24
124
8
10
9
11
C $200
I 1,205
1,916
2,100
4,500
20
100
42
300
3
5
25
...
3
8
12
32
30
39
33
200
6
3
11
34
4
14
41
40
180
187
1
1
4
3
33
40
147
i
58
$11463
5
3
$11575
2,000
40
1
35
15
56
m
13
8
ill
11
9
1,100
5,982
6,600
600
200
265
150
10
10
25
20
3
2
100
140
-«
30
1
2
1
107
140
29
&50
-
25
I
15
21
187
155
408
34
25
108
10
16
120
143
345
20
14
40
5
4
{ J
8
8
8i
8
9
300
1,200
j 5,187
d2, 010
dll, 242
e325
d496
<Z527
•
40
1
5
69
40
100
250
269
530
34
I
1
1
3
7
9
i
44
40
100
'
1,925
5,160
225
348
789
50
54
99
30
15
20
6
2
10
22
1
3
1
4
1, 925
5,160
17
47
4
8
25
43
62
3
8
21
37
146
:
1
2
lj
ll
cFrom report of 1880.
State of New York. eBy State of Pennsylvania.
284
STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gagfrl in agricultiuv.
Number ot male Indians wno un-
dertake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
Population.
1
***
i
=
NEW YORK— Continued.
New York Agency— Continued.
St. Regis reserve St. Regis
Tonawanda reserve Tonawanda band
785
610
423
51
62, 200
80
25
45
50
97
47'
51
46
36
28
17
52
57i
17
34
34
23
25
22
707
151
165
98
55!
69
73
114
40
37
44
46
40
37
33
53
18
85
53
i
392
610
} 474
&2.200
1
• 786
1
> 1,023
• 998
393
129
81
80
*
80
121
200
160
120
171
&204
382
2
2
2
2
6
126
129
95
&305
314
91
218
2
3
1
13
20
1
18
'
of Seneca
Tuscarora reserve \ n^*,?™
NORTH CAROLINA.
Eastern Cherokee in North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee
OREGON*.
Grand Konde Agency.
Calapooia
Oregon City
TJmpo.ua .. . . ......
Molel
Ijuckiamute .... ...... ....
Salmon River .
Tillamook
Cascade
Shasta
Cow Creek ....
Mary's River
Clackaraa
Yam Hill
Alsea
Coquille
Klamath Agency.
Klamath
Snake
Siletz Agency.
Alsea
Chasta Costa
Chetco
Coos
Coquell
Euchre - - .. .... ..
G-alise Creek
Joshua
Klamath
Macnootna
Neztucca
Nultonatna ~~ ...
Rogue River
Salmon River
Siuslaw
Sixes
Tootootna ......
TJmnqua. . .
a By State of New York.
b From report of 1880.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 285
., ly tribes and their respective agencies— Continued.
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
lildren of school
ge.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
j
months school
intained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
idians who can
ad.
have learned
ing the year.
urch buildings.
1
ributed by re-
societies.
1
1
mber of c)
a
fci
d
|
£
|
>i
f
1
>5
e
W)
"-— a
II
govern-
ment.
o a
||
mber of I
Tt
mber who
o read dur
mber of cl
mber of DC
li
ft
mber of b
13
•3
I
a
0
oi
eg
0
CB
P
p*>
p
B
0
p
ft
M
ft
n
ft
W
ft
<j
*
W
M *
*
b
ft
£
<1
£
&
182
182
185
....
3
74
128
8 o$560
in «87ft
120
204
6
g
2
9
1
1
45
is
23
27
148
148
9
70
1 '"
48 9 «,R9,7
190
101 2 1 - 94
20
I
-
1
9
°,G ">T
27 «19.
&700 •
173
70
35
i
34 6: 36 3 2,645
184 10
I ,
2
2 $412
51 16
|
ofil
50
10
i
49
3 48
10 5 4no
67
19
9fi
94
1
175
56
75
i
1 56
19 52 12 2 707
65
11 ! (d\
4i 2r>
1
j
'
j
c Boarding pupils in private boarding schools twelve months. Day schools were kept open but five
months,
ti Bibles and Sunday School papers.
286 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Xumber of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agricnlt lire.
JS umber oi maie maians wuo
dcrtake manual labor in civilized
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
f
!
A
OREGON— Continued.
Umatilla Agency.
"WallaTValla
245
348
158
216
77
18
•27
223
800
474
134
256
670
333
330
400
315
685
425
400
691
310
165
539
91
105
7t
56
12
15
26
8
146
84
64
122
113
V 504
}'
123
90
252
126
162
203
4
6
6
92
TJmatilla .....
I
Warm Springs Agency.
Tenino
Pi-Ute
"Wasco
Indians in Oregon not under an agent.
Indians roaming on Columbia River
UTAH.
Vintah Valley Agency.
Uintah Ute
2?
24
65
81
10
Indians in Utah not under an agent.
Pah- Vant a
Ooship TTte a
WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Colville Agency.
€olville
3,485
j 1,001
165
539
91
105
71
56
12
1J
2«
£
1
40C
113
604
18
1,506
322
26
35
102
12
29
119
9
2i
19
1
3
Lake
O'Kanagan .
San Poei
Methow ...
4
9
10
Spokane
Cceur d'Alene
€alispel
Neah Say Agency.
Makah :.........
<^uillehute .-.
Puyallup Agency.
32
122
11
33
4S
125
20
25
Puyallup
Nisqually
Lower Cowlitz
South Bay
Mud Bay
Gig Harbor
..
Quinault Agency.
Quinault
12J
80
177
«a
5
Queet
Hoh
Chehalis and Gray's Harbor
Shoalwater Bay . .
a Taken from report of Messrs. Powell and Ingalls, 1873.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS.
<f- c. , by tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.
287
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number of children of school
age.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amoun^ ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
tss M Number of births.
0 01
w • M 1 Number of deaths.
• w oo
Boarding.
1
Boarding.
i
bi
ja
M
£
p
is
&
|f
$
130
126
40
1
20
75
17
36
10
9
$1,150
1,585
12
45
5
5
20
60
i
j
...
....
80
40
10
1
22
16
5
350
$850
13
8
$850
10
12
700
:251
45
109
5
10
110
75
30
60
40
2
1
86
69
72
55
23
57
10
12
12
11
7,000
6,260
6,067
11,928
195
66
29
67
51
29
14
28
8
6
16
11
13
1
6
7
4
12
2
2
ij
I
....
36
74
""2
1
1
"2,~i66
bQ
4
2
2
1
200
104
40
25
1
37
34
11
3, 096
34
4
22
8
8
b Attend boarding school at Puyallup.
288 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Name of agency and tribe.
Population.
Number of
Indians who
wear citizens'
dress.
Number of Indian families en-
gaged in agriculture.
Number of male "Indians" who un-
dertake manual labor in civili/ed
pursuits.
Number of Indian apprentices.
Number of houses occupied by
Indians.
Number of Indian houses built
during the year.
i
1
%
*£
u
s
WASHINGTON TERRITORY— Continued.
S'Kokomish Agency.
S'Klallam
481
243
2,817
3,420
150
1,506
135
1,450
726
463
1 093
481
243
2,817
1,320
30
96
240
407
125
61
658
1,380
60
40
245
&200
9
3
30
Tulalip Agency.
D' Wamisb and allied tribes .
8
1
Yakama Agency.
Yakaina Bannack and Pi-TIte
1,000
Indians in Washington Territory not under an
agent.
WISCONSIN.
Green Bay Agency.
Oneida
1,506
135
725
726
443
400
35
350
100
71
43
13
17
90
500
59
400
174
200
87
166
96
•
300
30
10
Stockbridge
Menomonee
4
2
2
250
40
85
36
10
1«
;
i
9
La Pointe Agency.
Chippewa at Red Cliff
Cbippewa at Bad River
Chippewa at Lac Court d'Oreilles .
294
Chippewa at Fond du Lac
404
267
664
c542
930
280
1,150
913
1,000
404
267
36
Chippewa at Bois Forte
360
18
Indians in Wisconsin not under an agent.
"Winnebago
Pottawatomie (Prairie band)
WYOMING.
Shoshone Agency.
Shoshone
\ '
300
410
310
14
Northern Arapaho
INDIANS IN INDIANA, FLORIDA, AND TEXAS.
Miama Seminole Lipan Tonkawa
HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.
VIRGINIA.
Sioux, 37 ; Mandan, 1 ; Arickaree, 4 ; Gros Ven-
tre, 4; Pima, 6; Papago, 3; Mohave, 3; "Win-
nebago, 3; Meuomonee, 4; Omaha, 2; Paw-
nee, 1; Cherokee, 1; Absentee Shawnee, 4;
Apache, 3; Yum a, 1...
81
60
51
a Less than last year, because a number of houses originally built for dwelling-houses are now used by
b$620 contributed by Indians and employes on reservation.
CHURCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 289
-c., &</ tribes and their respective agencies — Continued.
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
Number of children of school
age.
Number
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No of
schools
Number
pupils at-
tending
school one
month or
more during
the year.
Average attendance.
Number of months school
was maintained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education,
during the
year.
Number of Indians who can
read.
Number who have learned
to read during the year.
Number of church buildings.
Number of missionaries.
Amount contributed by re-
ligious societies.
Number of births.
•§
I
Boarding.
Day.
Boarding.
i
Boarding.
JL
27
3
57
6
e
k
«§•
By religious
societies.
• 77
35
536
650
""36
70
150
40
10
96
100
"i
2
1
i
4
"30
85
104
24
27
92
75
8i
10
11
10
$450
2,500
5,305
2,952
38
47
227
360
5
4
29
40
2
6
4
1
2
$653
4
34
7
36
b820
320
15
300
73
112
97
83
63
185
250
25
60
100
80
80
"i
""i
....
4
1
2
1
1
1
""iii
214
27
104
60
51
34
89
17
68
44
27
29
10
8
2
9
11
1,600
450
3,933
-----
360
75
.
40
230
45
43
70
5
50
10
""34
2
1
2
1
2
42
8
45
21
9
25
27
5
47
10
37
19
60
3
25
i,i90
$1, 865
250
....
2,865
250
1
1
40
1
34
15
12
480
105
10
5
37
400
1
40
40
1
1,045
26
80
81
78
10
9,705
10, OOC
64
IE
1
Indians as stables and granaries.
c From Report 1879.
19 IND
290 STATISTICS SHOWING POPULATION, SCHOOLS,
Table of statistics relating to population, education,
Number of
q
II
*
§
Indians who
03
X
^
1
wear citizens'
pfl '>
5
c
dress. '~ ji
.." rt "2
I
rj^J
s-s £ § i § 3
' al
"H £ it- IB?
Name of agency and tribe.
! ^ a
:i 1
II |M
^^ si ^ .""" ,_T;
£
"^ S p | jj
•-_ o o£
1
i
&
fill
o
1 1
1
^
i
ji
jz;
& £
i
CARLISLE SCHOOL, PENNSYLVANIA.
Sionx. 72 ; Menomonee, 9; NezPorce, 6; Ponca,
8; Lipan, 2; Cheyenne, 49; Arapaho. 27;
Kiowa, 12 ; Comanches, 13; Wichita, 5; Semi-
295
204
70
4; Sac' and Fox, 1; Iowa, 5;' Pueblo, 21;
Apache, 1 ; Creek, 25 ; Northern Arapaho, 13 ;
Shoshone 2 • Gros Ventre, 1
FOREST GROVE SCHOOL, OREGON.
Chehalie, 4; Nisqually. 2; Oyster Bay, 2; Pitt
River, 2; Pi-Ute, 1: Puyallup, 19; Spokan,
19; Warm Springs, 2; Wasco, 13; Alaska, 12..
76
48J 22
1
Number of Indians in the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska
Five civilized tribes in Indian Territory :
Number of houses occupied by Indians .
Number of children of school age
Number who can be accommodated in schools : boarding 1, 150, day 7,450
Number of schools : boarding, 11 ; day, 198
KECAP1TU
261, 851
Number of scholars attending school one month or more during the year ....................
Amount expended for education during the year from tribal funds, $148,450: from govern-
ment, $3,500 ............. . .................................................... ...... ........
Number who can read .......................................................................
Number of church buildings ........................................................ .........
Number of missionaries, not including under-teachers .......................................
Other Indian tribes :
Number who wear citizens' dress : wholly, 70,001 ; in part, 30,849 ............................
Number of houses occupied by Indians ................................... . ..................
Number of Indian houses built during the year ..............................................
Number of children of school age
Number who can be accomodated in schools : boarding, 4, 337 ; day, 5, 579
«16, 250
9,315
8,600
209
6,183
$151,950
30,900
156
74
100, 850
12, 893
d 1,409
638, 923
9,916
a From report of 1879.
6 An underestimate, many tribes not being reported.
CH.ITRCHES, AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INDIANS. 291
<fc., t>y tribes, and their respective agencies — Continued.
Educational.
Religious.
Vital.
1
0
1 •
Nnmber
who can be
accommo-
dated in
schools.
No. of
schools.
Number of
pupils at-
tending
1 school one
month or
;more during
the year. '
o
j
months school
intained.
Amount ex-
pended for
education
during the
year.-
o
I*
have learned
ing the year.
lurch buildings
s
f4
£
II
II
00
,CJ
1
3
•g *
i
^
•gl
,
s
C! *
A 3
•3
5
§§
,Q
«M
ts
O y.
M
bo
B .
»S
o
o
O
o
o
c
i g
a
tJC
<5 te
> a
tiCr^
|
®1
i
•^ ^fcJD
O)
fe
|
1
1
I
<s
fi
1
P
1
1
S9
!!
J>
,0 £
Is
,0
g
,0
Amou
1
1
1
300
1
295
242
10
$68, 682
$5, 831
287
32
$5, 831
10
•
/
I N
1
150
1
76
«
11
15, 200
60
250
1
LATION.
Number of schools : boarding, 6^ ; day, 106
Number of teachers : male, 143, female, 225
Number of scholars attending school one month or more during the year: boarding schools,
3, 888 ; day schools, 4, 221 '.'
Average attendance
Number of Indians who can read
Number who have learned to read during the year i •.
Amount expended for education during the year: by government, 326,515; by the State
of Pennsylvania, $325; by State of New York, $16,232 ; by religious societies, $53,802 c
Number of church biiildings
Number of missionaries, not included under teachers
Amount contributed by religious societies for educational and missionary work during the
year
Number of Indian families engaged in cultivating farms or small patches of ground
Number of male Indians who undertake manual labor in civilized pursuits
Number of Indian apprentices who have been learning trades during the year
Number of births
Number of deaths ..
174
36R
8, 109
4,976
13, 578
1,508
$396, 874-
141
110
o$79, 044
26, 240
35, 180
456
c2, 339
cl, 989,
cOnly partially reported.
d Many built to take the place of old houses which have been converted into barns, stables, &c.
292 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions,
Name of agency and
tribe.
^
Lands.
Produce raised
Number of acres in re-
serve.
a?
1 '
1
1
Number of whites unlaw-
fully on reserve.
Number of acres occu-
pied by white intruders.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by government.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by school children.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by Indians.
Number of acres broken
(luring the year by In-
dians.
Number of allotments i
severally.
Bushels of wheat.
Bushels of corn.
ARIZONA.
Colorado River
Agency.
Mohave
| 300, 800
70, 080
155, 440
2, 528, 000
80, 000
8,000
11, 000
1,600
10,000
900
2,000
i
7,990
1, 000
10, 000
32i
450
200
1,621
690
1,000
10
50
800
50,000
300
( 1,000
$ 240
150
13, 300
5,400
50
600
200
300
Chemehuevis
Pima and Maricopa
and Papago Agency.
»
*5
10
•••>
2
Pima and Maricopa. .
San Carlos Agency.
Pinal, Aribaipa, Ton-
to, Coyotero, Chir-
icahua. Southern
and White Mount-
ain Apaches, and
Apache Mohave,
and Apache Tuma.
Moquis Pueblo
Agency.
'
385
CALIFORNIA.
Hoopa Valley
Agency.
Hoopa
89, 572
102, 118
48, 551
150, 000
•12,467,200
1T3L 408. 551
27
Round Valley
Agency.
Potter Vallev, TJkie,
Pitt River, Red-
wood, Wylackie,
Concow, Little
Lake
10
8,000
1 200
25
692
475
200
Tide River Agency.
Tule Tejon
2
Mission Agency.
Coahuilla, Seranos,
O w a n g o s , San
Louis Rey, Digenes .
COLORADO.
Los Pinos Agency.
Ute
j 500,000
I 8, 000
25, 000
Southern Ute Agency.
Ute
+
DAKOTA.
Cheyenne River
Agency.
Two Kettle, Sans
Arc, Mineconjou,
and Blackfeet
Sioux . .
330
10, 000
150
50
444
18
6
1.800
*Taken from last year's report. f375asses. J Preparing for removal. §2, 000 goats, 3, 000 pounds wool sold.
CROPS, AND OTHER RE>SULTS OF INDIAN LABOR.
293
and sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr. ct. of sub-
sistence ob-
tained by —
1
£j
,0
1
1
Bushels of oats and bar-
ley.
Bushels of vegetables.
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
Kods of fencing made.
Value of robes and furs
sold.
1
J__
60
25
3,500
1,400
286
75
110
67
1,624
6, 100
2,000
1,075
ebud, S
i
I
o
*
QQ
1
i
^ Indian labor in civilized
^ \ pursuits.
i Fishing, hunting, root-
! gathering, &c.
i
I
P
3
<O
1
800
150
20
100
11
60
200
'
40
60
5,000
6,000
200
100
400
200
150
50
15
1 000
15
200
13
10
7
4
2
35
50
tandi
2,000
1,500
41
30
1
10
756
160
100
3.45C
ng Rocl
100
-
87
2
22
40
115
60
91
1,300
10, 600
12i
90
33i
75
50
80
25
10
Tile
33£
25
20
25
Agei
87i
10
33i
25
25
50
100
89
iciea
11
5
452
41
2
9
.
47, 324
177, 000
250
875
640
730
300
$175
473
50
500
1, 610
90
320
90
30
25
• 3
•
350
50
995
§9, 000
||500
5
4,OOC
ge, Roa
in
600
,000g(
2, 50C
>ats.
2,500
ng Pin
2,500
eRid
150
k, and 1
fllncludi
jower B:
294 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Lauds.
Produce raised
: 1 1 . 11 il 1L
5» If
|
Name of agency and 7
tribe. " S .
*> S
= :-
•' -
^l
acres <
t« intru*
z~~ ~z
i, :/. o
-.= s
I-l
«.5?
It ;1|
8^« i?
h- i -
~2 f
•SS <S
•^ -«f ,=3||^|c^||- [il C Z
1
1
** *t 5^^ S^f S-rS
^ = - J2 ^ -. it ^ 1 (T. XJ i rH
= '- = •= as^JaawSa.^
= = ~ z>^?>~~>^>
|f« §5 J i
111! 1 1 j
J?
to
K~s *
B
A
^ W
35
DAKOTA— Continued.
(Trow (7r««Jt Agency.
Lower Yanctonnai.s
^
Sioux 690 312
400 000
106
243i i
173 6 000
Devil's Lake Agency, i
Sisseton, Wahpeton,
and Cuthead Sioux 230400 150000
20 20: 1 183 402
7,500 8,000
Fort Jierthold Agency.'
i
Arickaree, Gros Ven-
tre, and Mandan. . .
2, 912, 000 50, 000 30
J
100 270
580! 258
3,500
Lower Sride Agency.
j
Lower Brul6 Sioux
ft)
84, 000
70
43-' 114
500
Pine Ridge (Red
w
I
Cloud) Agency.
r
Sioux
(t)
100
500
2,000 200.... 200
1,500
Rosebud (Spotted
.
Tail) Agency.
Northern Brule,
Loafer, Wahzah-
zah, and Minne-
\
coniou Sioux
(t)
225
Sisseton Agency.
\
Sisseton and AYahpe-
ton Sioux
918, 780
14,000
50
3, 512
\
850 267
28, 697
11, 759
Standing Rock
Agency.
Lower YanctonnaLs,
s.
%
"Upper Y a n t o n -
nais. Uncapapa,
and Blackfeet
Sioux
/i\
18 5irin lUo: fi
1,340
220
8,000
Yankton Agency.
Yanktou Sioux . .
430 405 250. 000
sisl.^sH
1 580
150
2, 000 20. 120
IDAHO.
Fort Hall Agency.
Bannack and Sho-
(•
shone
1, 202, 330
10, 000
200 (§)
22 2
496
100
3,816
Lenihi Agency.
Shoshone, Bannack,
and Sheepeater ....
64,000
500
90
95
20
Nez Perce Agency.
i
Nez Perc6
746, 651
10,000
45 8
5,000
380
50, 000 ' 8. 000
. INDIAN TBRRITOBY.
Cheyenne and Arap-
aho Agency.
Oheyenae and Arap-
aho . . .
4, 297, 771
30, 000 . . .
100
45
1,200
\
* 282 ponies.
t Enumerated under Cheyenne River Agency.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 295
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr. ct. of sub
sistence ob-
tained by —
i Cattle owned by government.
0 CO !- 00 0
Bushels of oats and bar-
ley-
Bushels of vegetables.
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
Kods of fencing made.
«
31 ,
o
9
Horses.
1
J
1
o
1
i
03
1
Indian labor in civilized
pursuits.
-0
"sjf
^-1
ft
- 1 Issue of government ra-
g g S g g tions.
150 2,050
2, 000 28, 800
1,000 4,056
300, 160
500 5,250
2,000
1,925
530
500
2, 700
1,000
8,600
3,000
3,800
600
400
60
58, 250
30, 000
17, 582
34, 000
202, 487
68, 000
2,000
1,000
125
5,000
9,000
2,000
284
800
363
5,000
2,000
250
{543
800
' 3, 228
1,500
5,800
ind nin
2
8
8
250
75
14
6
100
3 -mile
409
360
78
187
4, 500
900
586
1,206
700
821
12
3,037
2,700
settlen
78
90
800
1,190
8,000
500
$1, 500
2,800
959
4,500
70
20
10
5
10
10
300
100
40
200
6, 970
850
3,380
2,250
26, 210
29, 414
5,200
255
3,120
600
18, 050
4
60
6*
100
50
60
50
5
41
1,000
14
6
44
52
720
800
1,680
640
960
240
3,500
600
arsh '
560
2,100
8,250
45
15
90
50
10
4,000
450
500
Galley £
500
500
100
es.
loleM
675
200
lent."
20, 000
tPom
§"W)
296 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Name of agency and
tribe. "
Lands.
Number of allotments in
severally.
Produce raised
Number of acres in re-
serve.
Number of acres tillable.
Number of whites unlaw-
fully on reserve.
Number of acres occu-
pied by white intruders.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by government.
"Number of acres eulti
vated during the year
by school children.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by Indians.
Number of acres broken
during the year by In-
dians.
Bushels of wheat.
Bushels of corn.
INDIAN T.— Cont'd.
Eioioa, Comanche,
and Wichita Agen-
cy.
Kiowa, Comanche,
Apache, and Wich-
ita and affiliated
bands
3, 712, 503
} 1,570,196
283, 026
101, 894
90, 735
| 50, 301
56,685
4,040
21, 406
14, 860
51, 958
13, 048
I 479, 667
575, 877
5, 031, 351
3, 215, 495
6, 688, 000
4, 650, 935
200, 000
2, 279, 618
105, 456
3, 765, 488
346,000
88,000
50,000
80
{'iso
80
40
65
9
3,400
350
2,468
500
178
150
< 1, 198
i 1, 700
66
340
1,498
855
1,164
886
1,900
1,900
600
1,500
100, 000
80 000
150
40
100
25
3
Osage Agency.
Kaw
2,800
Osage
Pawnee Agency.
Pawnee. .
750
3,200
780
200
6,000
5,000
1,000
800
2,000
3,000
1,800
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,060
3,000
350, 000
56, 000
90, 000
100, 000
20, 000
Ponca Agency.
Ponca .
101
30
Nez Perc6
:
Quapaw Agency.
Miami
40,000
42, 000
2,500
14, 000
10, 860
29, 958
6,088
120, 000
86
162
....
1,000
345
200
100
1,200
600
220
830
Peoria
Quapaw
300
130
Modoc
\—'
"Wyandotte
90
116
41
35
45
10
50
94
200
....
Ottawa
Seneca
4
Eastern Shawnee
Sac and Fox Agency.
Sac and .Fox of the
Mississippi
38
f 10
!
2«i Cu
6t! 80
1-M)
Absentee Shawnee . .
Mexican Kickapoo. . .
Pottawatomie
<
... ...
....
600
30, 000
25, 000
50, 000
Union Agency.
Cherokee
2, 500, 000
1, 600, 000
3, 000, 000
2, 300, 000
70,000
500
300
300
100
Creek
Choctaw
100, 000
50 000
....
Chickasaw
Seminole
f
18,000
1 -<:
UnoccnpiedCherokee
lands between the
Cimarron River and
100th meridian
UnoecupiedCherokee
lands embraced
within Arapaho and
Cheyenne treaty
reservation, east of
Pawnee Reserva-
tion
x
UnoccnpiedCherokee
lands embraced
within Arapaho and
Cheyenne treaty
reservation, west of
Pawnee Reserva-
tion
* 27,000 shingles made,
t Moccasins and gloves.
Of this, 50 tons are millet,
j 3 5, 240 rails made.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 297
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr. ct. of sub-
sistence ob-
tained by—
Cattle owned by government.
Bushels of oats and bar-
; ley.
Bushels of vegetables.
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
Rods of fencing made.
tS Yalue of robes and furs
o sold.
to
Horses.
Mules.
a>
Q
0!
i
j Indian labor in civilized
$% g ! pursuits.
Fishing, hunting, root-
gathering, &c.
Issue of government ra-
tions.
*157, 835
6,500
5,600
160
3,240
250
18
147
6,600
620
3,725
3,000
310
4,640
25
5
70
5
5
53
75
65
74
38
22
8
500
1,500
400
415
124
850
1,091
68
393
• +309
498
283
**325
200
300
100
150
85, 000
30, 000
25, 000
20, 000
1,500
20, 000
300, 000
50, 000
97, 455
119, 746
"306
50Q
100
25
121
«
2
3,890
920
13
276
73
54
108
36
51
126
64
174
3
8
5
2
8
411
100
566
826
2
79
289
123
219
128
2,000
2,500
300
2,000
80, 000
100, 000
100, 000
80, 000
10, 000
235
2
545
793
102
140
967
282
1,157
633
3,000
3, 000
500
2,500
120, 000
80, 000
150, 000
100, 000
5,000
t!50
35
100
10
498
75
650
1,448
142
50
350
298
663
220
570
300
78
1,240
80, 000
50, 000
100000
45, 000
30, 000
431
198
223
100
100
70
40
....
30
60
1
300
^ 1,320
||339
1T943
294
12
180
200
320
75
904
148
l,0t>7
138
800
500
21
aoi::;:
80
20 35
20
4
— 5
80
66f
50
75
25
100
::::
25
20
33^
500
42
2,100
1, 400
1,000
600
14, 000
19, 000
18, 000
11, 000
2,600
1
2?
20
15
1,500
1,300
1,800
1,500
, 50
2,500
2,000
500
500
"so
25
500
2,800
20, 000
30, 000
20, 000
1,500
300
1
15, 000
7,000
10, 000
1,000
400
100
100
100
100
100
....
....
.
-
|| 7,400 rails made. ** 40 tons of millet.
If 40, 680 rails made. .
298 STATISTICS or STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Lands.
(Produce raised
£
1
a flj
li il 111.
•A ^
|= •=
a
J£
?|
u
S ^^ a
S -^ o b
S
Name of agency and «
h
§
•si
*§
s-i ~*^ a
§ tl®
ft If-
i
If "I
w
*0 i
*g
ȣ>
"o2
'osgj'oB'o "S^S
""o^
*1
"-3
IM
1
%
&a
c ^,
CH ^ >• | P ^ ,a g'73'3
•feSfj!
g«
-2
•
M
&**
— ^
p^^ §Cr^ © ^'r*-^M '»^»^ S
^Q
*5
'CD
'
1
1
'I*
ll
Sts>s]§"cl>s £"§>sjSp.*
a >,a'P! fJfOi.c >,a Itfrs^
S
1?
1
"S
i
INDIAN T.— Cont'd.
Union Agency.
Unoccupied C r e e k :
lands embraced
within Arapaho and
Cheyenne treaty
reservation, north
of Chnarron River,
exclusive of Paw- j
•
<«
nee Reservation ... 683, 139
Unoccupied Creek;
and Seminole ceded i
VI '' .
I
lands east of 98th
meridian 1 645 890
Unoccupied Chicka- 1
saw and Choctaw ;
leased lands west of j
North Fork of the j
Red River ' 1 511 576
IOWA.
Sac and Fox Agency.
Sac and Fox 1 69y
200
160
KANSAS.
•
*/
Pottawatomie Agency.
Kickapoo
20, 273
77, 358
10, 136
29, 119
40
63
1,472
2,335
100
150
42
7,000
7,500
250
Chippewa and Mun-
866
4,395
4, 000
*842
*7, 500
MICHIGAN.
j
Mackinac Agency. |
Chippewa of Saginaw, •
Swan Creek, and '
Black River j
Chippewa of Lake
.
1,550
t200
....
5,600
f 11, 450
Superior residing j
on L'Anse and On- 1
tonagon Reserva- |
tions, and at Muni- j
sing, Iroquoi s Point,
and various other
places •------. I fin aQ9 ^ nftn
840: 12..
730
48
Ottawa and Chippewa i
residing in Chippe- ;
wvrf w«i
"
'
wa, Mackinac, Che- j
boygan, Delta, Em-
met, Charlevoi x,
Leelenaw, Antrim,
Manistee, Grand
Traverse, Oceana,
Mason, Kent, Otta- !
wa, and Muskegon
Counties
7, 200 450
i isfi in
16, 400
1 54ft
40,100
9, 5ft«*
Pottawatomie
* Taken from last year's report. t Cleared.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 299
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr. ct. of sub
sisteuce ob-
tained by—
1
& \
i
T)
I
eS
3
's
,§ Jj
I
§ _J
E
Bushels of oats and
ley.
Bushels of vogetub'
__
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber saw
Cords of wood cut.
Rods of fencing ma
Value of robes and
sold.
1
1
Mules.
i
.1
00
1
39
Indian labor in civi
pursuits.
Fishing, hunting, i
gathering, &c.
issue of goverumen
tions.
Cattle owned by go
I
I
i
1
I
i
i
i
1
i
•
inn
100 $1 000
700
1
40
60
1
400 150 1,000
125
1, 000
380
125
250
90
10
43
500J 150 3.000
.1 150
1, ]00
1,200 15
650
1 000
65
00
70
*40o! *fifiO
*9"ft
i
*51
*132
*100
1
i
10,300 9,500 375
300, 000 900
2,500 175:
165
365
10 100
.
740| 9.202 790
201, 000 6. 500 ' 2. 100' 90:
275
85
30
75
25
1
i
20, 045
550
89, 730: 3, 400
2, 040! 205
500, 000
20, 450
650
3, 900 450 ..
i 300. 35
501
25
750 15 95 5....
85 100 1001.... |....
300 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Name of agency and
Number of whites un-
lawfully on reserve.
Lands. Produce raised
Number of acres in re-
serve.
Number of acres tillable.
Number of acres occu-
pied by white intruders.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by government.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by school cliildivu.
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by Indians.
Number of acres broken
during the year by In-
dians.
| Number of allotments in
g ' sever;«](\.
Bushels of wheat.
Bushels of corn.
MINNESOTA.
White Earth Agency.
Chippewa at Leech
414, 440
3, 200, 000
1, 091, 523
-21, 651, 200
6, 272, 000
( 1,433,600
1,000
1, 000, 000
552, 960
2, 000, 000
1, 000, 000
400, 000
100, 000
)
20
90
101
20
65
10
1
3,388
85
63
1,500
145
400
71
1, 058
850
3,239
2,377
100
2,768
691
320
450
30
22
250
21, 500
8,500
Chippewa at Red Lake
Chippewa at White
Earth
f
j
MONTANA.
Blaclcfeet Agency.
Blackfeet, Blood, and
Pieman
Crow Agency.
Mountain and River
Crow
300
(t)
i
Flathead Agency.
Pend d'Oreille
80
i
310
<Vtt)
2,480
15, 170
2,350
27
159
24
1,500
4,500
200
3,500
4, 500J
40, 000
40, 150
1,000
24, 000
2,985
Flathead
Kootenai
§50
$50
Fort Peck Agency.
Yanktonnais Sioux
^
55
Fort Belknap Agency.
Gros Ventre and As-
36
58
33
100
150
200
425
690
1,536
2,320
8,500
2,445
80
2,000
1,789
100
NEBRASKA.
Great Nemaha
Agency.
Iowa ...
||16, 000
118, 014
143, 225
109,844
44, 093
115, 076
14, 500
7,500
140,000
100, 000
40, 000
25, 000
14, 400
10
70
Sac and Fox of the
Missouri .
Omaha and Winne-
bago Agency.
Omaha ......... ......
20
120
177
70
I
12
15
W^nnebago
Otoe Agency.
Otoe and Missouria . .
Santee and Flan-
dreau Agency.
Santee Sioux
203
559
20
**96
Flandreau
NEVADA.
Nevada Agency.
Pi-TJte, Moapa River.
Pah-Ute, Walker
River
1,000
318, 815
322. 000
1,000
1,000
5.000
)<
30
10
j
Pah-Ute, Pyramid
Lake...
* Includes Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Agencies.
110,000 robee and 50,000 peltries and other skins
1 Many thousand acres, chiefly mountainous.
§ Wood-choppers. || Partly in Kansas.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 301
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
i
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr.ct. of sub-
sistence ob-
tained by-
Cattle owned by government.
Bushels of oats and bar-
ley.
r.
i_S
bfi
9
0
to
1
w
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
Rods of fencing made.
Value of robes and furs
sold.
Horses.
Mules.
,
Cattle.
Swine.
A
1
Indian labor in civilized
pursuits.
• j
*f!i
&
Jssue ot government ra-
tions.
18, 170
16, 166
2,500
300
1,542
8,475
1,323
1,600
1, 800
6,515
250
100
5,000
2,425
' 25
5,535
2,375
100
3,858
50
70
200
30
50
70
20
500
700
3,000
2,000
100
1,300
300
200
50, 000
8,000
15, 000
1 120, 000
60,000
500
125
300
1,000
1,000
2,000
75
220
50
1,500
1,000
106
5,000
800
688
2,000
300
1,280
600
6,211
1,800
150
200
$5, 000
12, 500
[67,500
55 00
8,300
34, 000
7,500
484
4,000
13, 500
\ 267
720
2,792
10
400
4
1,175
80
850
2,257
288
74
2
3
650
20
50
25
50
50
35
30
50
1160
"5
5
5
25
65
10
50
io
25
600
790
12
C 10
I 16
16
26
2,008
12, 046
1,916
125
60
f
L
6
6
?
100
800
1,000
135
126
550
650
300
428
92
300
16
8
48
O
193
545
300
200
227
80
150
250
1
90
40
100
95
15
70
100
56, 828
500
80
2.
21
5
247
18
100
1,050
•348
1,200
35, 000
1,200
100
200
500
200
50
|
2
3
548
87
156
9
200
100
75
20
I
81
Tf And caeh annuity.
Homesteads.
302 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Name of agency and
tribe. "
Lands. Produce raised
Number of acres in re-
serve.
Number of acres tillable.
Number of whites unl;i w
fully on reserve.
il =£.. ?£.,:
I Z ~r.±^ '. = =
§1 111 III
•si 'sjf'sli
Number of acres culti-
vated during the year
by Indians.
Number of acres broken
during the year by In-
dians.
Number of allotments in
severaltv.
"Bushels of wheat.
c
-I
e
z
S
I
NEVADA— Continued.
Western Shoshone
Agency,
Shosbone and Gosh
Utet
243 200
5
300
500
50
....
6, 0(10
NEW MEXICO.
Jicarilla Agency.
,1 icarilla Apache
Mescalero Agency.
Mescalero and Warm
Spring Apache
Navajo Agency.
Xavaio
307, 200
570, 240
5, 468, 160
883. 131
30, 469
640
7.549
5,000;
6, 100
288
14,640
65, 211
61. 440
i
350
4
1,000
40
50
. 1, 000| 7
G
66
12, 000
28,000
5,225
8,725
450
2.360
4,270
4,270
260
4,260
+5 000
15, OOC
132, 025
30, 352 <
5,000
10. 000
100
1 2,000
45, 000
.
1, 000
3,842
100
3,000
4, 000
i
4, 700
320
2,300
Pueblo Agency.
Pueblo, Muache Ute
and Jicarilla
Apache
NEW YOKK.
New Tork Agency.
Senecas and Ononda-
gas on AUegany
Reservation
Senecas, Cavugas,
and Onondagas on
Cattaraugus Res-
N
5
60, OOOJ
14, 000
22, 000
800J
8,000:
12, 000
10, 000
sool
2, lOOi
:25, 000
j
in
4001...
2,630
4, 135
....
410
50
Senecas on Corn-
planter Reserva-
Senecas of Tonawan-
da band and Onei-
das on Tonawanda
j
i
990
2,125
2,125
140
1,250
....
Tuscaroras and On-
ondagas on Tusca-
rora Reservation.
Onondagas And Onei-
das on Onondaga
1
Oneidas on Oneida
Reservation
Saint Regis on Saint
Regis Reservation.
{NORTH CAROLINA.
Eastern Cherokee
Special Agency.
Eastern Cherokee
OREGON.
Grand Bonde Agency.
Molel, Clack am a,
Rogue River, VVa- i
pato, TJmpqua, and ;
others ..
.
•
:
7
a ftoo'
Sftft
fii*;i
19 nin
* 1,000,000 pounds of wool raised ; 200,000 pounds made into blankets. tAlso 200,000 goats.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 303
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr. ct. of sub-
sistence ob-
tained by —
a
9
I
i
13 a>
i
1
1
t
1
Bushels of oats and 1
ley.
2
•
f
«M
b
03
*3
XI
0;
a
m
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawe
Cords of wood cut.
Hods of fencing mad
Value of robes and f
sold.
Horses.
Mules.
j
V
a
1
|
CD
i
Indian labor in civili
pursuits.
&
la
£'%
ft
1
Issue of government
tions.
Cattle owned by gov(
4 000
6 500
500
300
900
001
331
9Q1
320
1,200
100
110
38
10
9
50
50
1,700
35
40 000
lOOl 20
(*)
40, 000
500
800
tsoo ooo
90
5
7
1 500
100
3 850
1,000
9,500
450
150, 000
TOO
12 000
10 750
900
1 500
500
158
387
352
100
42 000
21 050
1 500
1 790
fiRO
332
2
576
919
100
[
.
750
895
7R
100 i 5ft
18
50
KR
100
1
|
1
|
7 000
4 ft9M Sftft
400
300'
144
185
306
100
I
I
5 000 f> 7RA
1 500
| sftft
300
56
70
110
100
8,000
6,350
800
300
160
162
260
100
3 100
2 020
125
25
25
1 20
50
45
100
9,000
8,680
2,800
1,500
400
198
300
200
100
11 400
^20
+100
+20
+1 000
+1 800
*ft5
+(>
14, 435
1,827
1,236
99,000
i; 438
3,100
$1, 209
846
16
701
596
287
99
1
25
I From last year's report.
304 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACREAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Name of agency and
tribe,
Lands.
Produce'raised
Number of acres in re-
serve.
Number of acres tillable.
Number of whitesunlaw-
fully on reserve.
0 00
II
°f
7: o rl £. • a '^M
3 ^ 1°®'®!°? *-°
0 >• ,0 1 0 * ,0 5>^''CrS'5i
* ^ \to to
s
a
9
&
Bushels of wheat.
Bushels of corn.
O REGON — C on tinned.
Klamath Agency.
Klamatb, Modoc, and
Walpahpe and Ta-
hooskin Snake
Malheur Agency.
Piute and Snake
Siletz Agency.
Rogue River, Tootoo-
tenay and others . . .
Umatilla Agency.
Walla Walla, Cayuse,
and Umatilla
•
1, 056, 000
1, 778, 560
225,000
268,800
464, 000
2, 039, 040
2, 953, 600
23, 040
18, 062
4,717
1,494
4,225
224, 000
335
? 4, 987
>
52. 648
20,000
12,060
2,000
150,000
3,600
320, 000
10, 000
150
1,200
300
150
350
10, 000
12
800
1.000
10
100
20
50
(*)
70
f
1,116
4,000
-
2,500
250
7,886
30
898
138
31S
41
C 178
\ 125
. 71?
83
2,500
500
50
3,486
*
40
150
4C
3(
71
3,150
10, 000
34
160
5
12
2,000
4001
150
600
Warm Spring Agency.
Warm Spring, Wasco,
and Tenino
UTAH.
Uintah Valley Agency.
Uintah Ute
11,000
2, 000
53, 590
1
A
WASHINGTON TERRI-
TORY.
Colville Agency.
Cosur d'Alene, Spo-
kane,Colville,Lake,
Calispel, O'Kina-
kane, San Poel, and
Methow
-
Neah Bay Agency.
Makah and Quille-
hute
-
63
7
20
Puyallup Agency.
2,529
750
a
800
40
50
""6
Chehalis .. ..
'31
1
20
21
10
Quinaielt Agency.
Quinault, Queet, Hoh.
Shoal Water Bay
S'Kokomish Agency.
S'Klallam
J
7
60
3
S'Kokomiah orTwana
Tulalip Agency.
D'Wamish, Snohom-
ish, Lummi, Etak-
mnr, Swinomish,
and Miirkleshoot . .
25
10
870
<t)
Agency abolished. 1 20 goats. J 900 pounds butter, 178 canoes, and 330 rods dike made.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 305
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued.
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indians.
Pr.ct.ofsub
sistenceob
tained by—
^ Cattle owned by government.
Bushels of oats and bar-
ley.
Bushels of vegetables.
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
Rods of fencing made.
Value of robes and furs
sold.
Horses.
00
1
1
Swine.
f
I
I Indian labor in civilized
§ pursuits.
II
ft
2
45
1 Issue of government ra-
ia, tions.
t
250
415
1,200
750, 000
3,000
1,600
$1, 800
2,500
10
600
12
12, 780
6,000
1,675
420
47, 860
2,185
2,300
23, 700
6,600
3,395
552
9,350
3, 350
13, 132
5,180
722
570
8,500
800
500
25, 797
20
425
900
200
20
1,176
8
722
60
13
202
20
50
120
866
IND
202, 950
75, 000
150, 000
19, 000
450
1,000
100
3,000
325
400
1,818
10000
2,000
1,200
2,000
100
3,099
875
30
450
171
10,000
4,200
1,550
5,891
28
257
109
22
99
•151
80
80
280
7
50
10
10
8
1
2
1
1
2
240
400
575
1,350
4,394
37
416
101
45
25
76
93
88
787
168
50
25
1
7,886
11
616
7
19
3,000
125
(t)
65
75
60
50
90
95
90
90
100
12
25
30
25
10
10
10
23
10
25
20
6
13
400
6,000
400
1,500
100
50
214
131
5
72
16
260
200
2
12
33
100
75
75
75
75
10
2
40
20
500
3,900
25
25
25
...
50
150
4,690
150
620
200
260
2,100
12*
47
7
110, 000
360
199
306 STATISTICS OF STOCK OWNED, ACEEAGE CULTIVATED,
Table showing agricultural improvements, stock, productions, and
Lands. '.
Produce raised
2
,2
£
1
g£ ;
i| i
H ® ;
|8
M •
*. ^
a
x>
a
,2s
9 ®
®^
» ^
id
5 ^
Name of agency and
S
'43
» E
*J
»-^*3
S5'S *5
li
^
4
tribe.
S .
CJ
•"* ^
?-< ^
^ fl
g§ •
*"* ^
®
a
§ £
1
? ^
I|
* a g
^.a^ ^.g5^
3 ^ -
so r
^1
r
i
QM £)
^
c a
^;g
S S £ ^
HS'7^CSM^'V<'^ ^
, 4*
O CD
0
11.
0 ^
T3 ®
°'O 0: r§^ °"^
s|
0
0
1
I
%%
§£?
ll §0
g'g'o!®^ a
r
1
"l
1
a
|«c
a^
S a w fl « >>
a^>»
S.l;,0
pfl
I
&
pi
^ - !pt*r^lt3t>r^
ft
•^
Ktt
*
z*
(
*
z<
PQ
WASHINGTON TERRI-
TORY— Continued.
f
Yakama Agency.
Takama, P a 1 o u s e ,
Pisquose, Wenats-
pham, Klikatat,
Klinquit, Kowas-
say ee, Siaywa, Skin-
pah, Wisham, Shy-
ick, Ochechole, Ka-
miltpah, Seapcat,
Bannack, and Pi-
Ute
800, 000
130, OOi
1,200
i/
8,150
150
39 42. 00
50
WISCONSIN. .
Green Say Agency.
Stockbridge
11, 520
65,540
231, 680
33
5,00
2,00
220
3,500
1,600
• 100
5,000
200
375
20, 000
1,500
Menomonee
130
50
La Pointe Agency.
Chippewa at Red
Cliff
10
5(
2(
4
Chippewa at Bad
River
65
g
300
Chippewa at Lac
Courte d'Oreilles
12
26
460
Chippewa at Lac
S *536, 756
2,07J
'
Chippewa at Fond
1
Chippewa at Grand
30
Chippewa at Bois
Forte
16
21
i 4(
WYOMING.
Shoshone Agency.
Northern Arapaho.
\ 2,342,40
30,00
1 5
801
•2
30
7,
20(
"Reservations partly in Minnesota.
CROPS, AND OTHER RESULTS OF INDIAN LABOR. 307
sources of subsistence of the different Indian tribes — Continued
during the year by
Indians.
Other results of Indian
labor.
Stock owned by Indiana.
Pr. ct. of sub
sistence ob
tained by —
1
!
be
Jf
1
£
0
<D
1
Bushels of oats and bar-
ley.
Bushels of vegetables.
Tons of hay cut.
Feet of lumber sawed.
Cords of wood cut.
<»
nd
•
I
be
«s
«M
o
03
Value of robes and furs
sold.
Horses.
Mules.
H
Q
|
72
|
B
1
Indian labor in civilized
pursuits.
JM
I!
A
L
20
; I Issue of government ra-
tions.
8,500
250
21, 000
2,000
.
400
175
6,700
1,135
8,100
5,550
1,000
8,580
5,150
2,000
20
500
150
150
300
150
300, 000
300
960
$1,200
8,500
33
275
300
6
35
12
60
2,000
30
325
250
50
102
63
150
40
500
600
6
24
38
100
80
100
1,334
1,666
130
600
560
1,000
500
2,400
300
100
247, 182
500
2,000
600
500
2
90
65
60
10
10
35
40
90
•
....
5
1
350
205
1,230
275
60
15
60
10
600
5,000
12, 000
20, 000
3
15
13
10
2,300
60
50
50
25
40
50
50
25
236
350
1
50
3
2
10
6,500
6
12, 000
100
308 RECAPITULATION OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.
RECAPITULATION.
Number of acres in Indian reservations* 151, 647, 337
Number of acres tillable 18, 248, 815
Number of wbites unlawfully on reserves 3, 821
Number of acres occupied by white intruders .. 21,955
Number of acres cultivated by the government during the year 6,328
Number of acres cultivated by school children during the year 1, 054
Number of acres cultivated by Indians during the year 1205,367
Number of acres broken by government during the year 1, 423
Number of acres broken by Indians during the year 29, 558
Number of allotments made in severalty to Indians 4, 629
Number of rods of fencing made during the year 95, 484
Produce raised during the year.
Bushels of wheat, by government, 14,346; by Indians, 451,479; by school children, 2,135 ... 467,960
Bushels of corn, by government, 13,490 ; by Indians, 517,642 ; by school children, 2,520 533, 652
Bushels of oats and barley, by government, 3:<,468; by Indians, 343,444; by school children,
2,849 379,761
Bushels of vegetables, by government, 11,865 ; by Indians, 488,792 ; by school children, 9,033 509, 690
Cabbage, heads of, by government, 450 ; by Indians, 1,280; by school children, 1,350 3, 080
Tons of hay cut, by government, 5,982 ; by Indians, 76.763 ; by school children, 551 83, 296
Number of melons raised, by government, 550; by Indians, 408,504; by school children,
3,550 ••-- 412,604
Number of pumpkins raised, by government, 13,150 ; by Indians, 917,748 ; by school children,
2,010 -* 932,908
Stock otvned.
Horses, by government, 697 ; by Indians, 188,402 ; by school children, 8 189, 107
Mules, by government, 285 ; by Indians, 3.560 ; by school children, 2 3, 847
Cattle, by government, 6,037 ; by Indians, 80,684 ; by school children. 116 86, 837
Swine by government, 420 ; by Indians, 43,913 ; by school children, 84 144, 417
Sheep, by Indians, 977,017; by school children, 13 977,030
Goats, by Indians 203,020
Asses, by Indians. 375
Other results of Indian labor.
Cords of wood cut 84,315
Feet of lumber sawed 4, 766, 679
Value of robes, furs, blankets, moccasins, &c., sold $237,670
Pounds of wool raised 1,000,608
Number of rails made 70,620
Number of hoops made 58,000
Number of pounds of maple-sugar made 128, 500
Number of barrels of fish sold 25, 000 '
Bushels of wild rice gathered 6,500
Number of pounds of butter made 900
Number of pairs of stockings made 142
Five civilized tribes in the Indian Territory.
Number of acres under cultivation 348, 000
Number of bushels of wheat raised 105,000
Number of bushels of corn raised 616, 000
Number of bushels of oats and barley raised 74, 300
Number of bushels of vegetables raised 305, 000
Number of tons of hay cut 161, 500
Number of horses owned 64,600
Number of mules owned 6, 150
Number of cattle owned 370, «00
Number of swine owned „ 455, 000
Number of sheep owned 33,400
Number of whites unlawfully on reserves 1, 200
* Indian lands withont agency, viz :
Ponca Reserve, in Dakota — 96,000
Coeur d' Alene Reserve, in Idaho 736, 000
Black Bob and Miami Reserves, in Kansas 35, 721
Mille Lac Reserve, in Minnesota1 61,014
Columbia Reserve, in Washington Territory 2, 992, 240
Suppai Reservation, in Arizona 38,400
Klainath River Reservation, in California 25, 600
Total 3,984,975
1 The Mille Lac Chippewas are under the White Earth Agency.
tBy typographical error in Annual Report for 1880, the total number of acres cultivated by Indians
was reported as 70,540 instead of 170,540.
SANITARY CONDITION OF INDIANS.
309
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rH it^OrHCOOOOt— (rHrHlC^
l • t- N 00 lO CCI CO <M •* r-l (M i-l
co m
M<°
•II ™V*0 '
BaoqajouoS pue
•I J9P-IO
'I 8SBIQ :B98B9Slp
•SS
!
33i||3s-|3^s1a
1*3 « >H .,-3
i^Jrf|B|s
" ?lfi*^
— : :
^rt« *0
s^lls-'
ft-3l'
«HrffiUlfl
|J.SI|8|I|1
An
310
SANITARY CONDITION OF INDIANS.
0000^00^^ CO CO CO »«»0>0
l (M -^»CO
Irt rH CO t-
lOOlOOr-trHGOCOOlrtOlt-OOOr-tCXI
5O 1C WHO
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COOOO-^t^CO'^'-l-^
r-l T*t t- CO 05 0 (MrH
co os co
Tt CO
88
•XI -WP-IO 'AI wwi
: ra 9 ^ 8 A s
•IHA -W^O
*AI 8SB10 :
tCCD |fc^)C<J»-K
'A
puB
COOCO^rH
o o in i« n
COCO t^Or— ft*
-^t «O i^lOOiCO
'AI8SBIO :
*m
•ii
(M CO (M CO CO lO
O CO ^ CO CO T-i
T J^PJO 'AI
in os co coi-H in
: S98B9Sip OBimro j
'ii
Irt 1C TH CO rH C
W—lt-COr-l
CO OS CO CO Cfl »O
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pJQ
3
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iPii
• i : i • IS \ : •*
\s i i !J|| i i ;•"
Ililslll llisllli.;!!
;i;§H
SANITARY CONDITION OF INDIANS.
311
t- CO CO -CO • -*
CO t- CJ
Ct» t~ CO •* CO OO • Ci
os m CD co -* o 10 • 1-1 1
rH OO 1C C^ O 00 ••*< • rH
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t>00i
t~ 1-1 1
312 ASSIGNMENT OF AGENCIES TO RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF INDIAN COMMISSIONERS, WITH THEIR
POST-OFFICE ADDRESS.
Clinton B. Fisk, chairman, 3 Broad street, New York City.
William Stickney, secretary, New York avenue, corner Fifteenth street, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Orange Judd, 751 Broadway, New York City.
W. H. Lyou, 483 Broadway, New York City.
Albert K. Smiley, New Paltz, New York.
George Stoneman, San Gabriel, Cal.
William McMiehael, 138 South Third street, Philadelphia, Pa.
John K. Boies, Hudson, Mich.
William T. Johnson, Chicago, 111.
LIST OF INDIAN AGENCIES ASSIGNED TO THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS
DENOMINATIONS.
FEIENDS. — Great Nemaha, Otoe, and Santee, in Nebraska ; and Pawnee, in the In-
dian Territory. Barclay White, ML Holly, N. J.
FRIENDS. — Cheyenne and Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche and Wichita, Osage and Sac
and Fox, in the Indian Territory. Jas. E. Rhoades, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
METHODIST. — Hoopa Valley, Round Valley, and Tule River, in California ; Yakama,
Neah Bay, and Quinaielt, in Washington Territory ; Klamath and Siletz, in Oregon ;
Blackfeet, Crow, and Fort Peck, in Montana ; Fort Hall and Lemhi, in Idado ; and
Mackinac, in Michigan. Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, secretary Missionary Society Methodist
Episcopal Church, 805 Broadway, New York City.
CATHOLIC. — Tulalip and Colville, in Washington Territory; Grande Ronde and
Umatilla, in Oregon ; Flathead, in Montana ; and Standing Rock and Devil's Lake,
in Dakota. Charles Ewing, Catholic Commissioner, Washington, D. C.
BAPTIST. — Union (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles), in the
Indian Territory ; and Nevada, in Nevada. Rev. Dr. H. L. Morehouse, secretary Amer-
ican Baptist Home Missionary Society, No. 28 Astor House offices, New York City.
PRESBYTERIAN. — Navajo, Mescalero Apache, and Pueblo, in New Mexico ; Nez Per-
ec's, in Idaho; and Uintah Valley, in Utah. Rev. Dr. J. C. Lowrie, secretary Board of
Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, 23 Center street, New York City.
CONGREGATIONAL. — Green Bay and La Pointe, in Wisconsin ; Sisseton and Fort Ber-
thold, in Dakota ; and S'Kokomish, in Washington Territory. Rev. Dr. M. E. Strieby,
secretary Amei'ican Missionary Association, 56 Reade street, New York City.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. — White Earth, in Minnesota ; Crow Creek, Lower Brule",
Cheyenne River, Yankton, Rosebud, and Pine Ridge, in Dakota ; Ponca, in Indian
Territory ; and Shoshone, in Wyoming. Rev. A. T. Twing, secretary Board of Missions
of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 22 Bible House, Neiv York City.
UNITARIAN. — Los Pinos, in Colorado." Rev. G. Reynolds, secretary American Unitarian
Association, 7 Tremont Place, Boston.
UNITED PRESBYTERIAN. — Warm Springs, in Oregon. Rev. John G. Broivn, D. D.,
secretary Home Mission Board United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pa.
EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. — Southern Ute, in Colorado. Rev. J. G. Butler, Washing-
ton, D. C.
INDIAN INSPECTORS.
John McNeil, Saint Louis, Mo.
William J. Pollock, Aurora, 111.
James M. Haworth, Olathe, Kans.
Robert S. Gardner, Clarksburg, W. Va.
Charles H. Howard, Glencoe, 111.
SPECIAL INDIAN AGENTS AT LARGE.
Eddy B. Townsend, Washington, D. C.
Arden R. Smith, 1606 Olive street, Saint Louis, Mo.
* Removed to Utah and now known as Ouray Agency.
POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS. 313
<H I
••S ® «d
11
A
Tu
Mo
ifjfat
111
1
ul
I1|
"Mirt
11 IP
o 0^2 cs
"OkS-S^ I
oSf^ <Z
LOR
Ute
ll
r-r
OW
314 POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS.
Telegraphic address.
Arkansas City, Kans.
Do.
Seneca, Mo.
Muskogee, Ind. T.
Do.
Tama City, Iowa.
Saint Marv's. Kans.
•••* I
i -f
t ~
ift 0
H fi
Blackfoet Agency, Mont., via Fort Shaw.
Still water, Mont.
Fort Missoula, Mont.
Fort Assinaboino, Mont.
Fort Buford, Dak.
White Cloud, Kans.
Sioux City, Iowa.
Springfield, Dak.
Wadsworth, Nev.
Elko, Nev.
1
1 lii i 1
M
f
|
i
: :o : : :
a
1
» 4 1
:-! 3
I'ii
|
Post-office adc
Bed Kock, Ind. T
Pawnee Agency, Ind. T
Ponca Agency, Ind. T., via Aika
Seneca, Newton County, Mo
Sac and Fox agency, Ind. T
Muskogee, Ind. T
Tama City, Tama County, Iowa.
Sa.int, "VTnrv's Pnt.tfl.watfvrmft Cmi
Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County, JA
White Earth Agency, Becker Co
Blackfeet Agency, Piegan P. 0.,
Crow Agency, Mont
Flathead Agency, via Missoula, I
Fort Belknap, Mont
Fort Peck Agency, Fort Buford,
Nohart, Richardson County, Neb
Winnebago Agency, Dakota Cou
Santee Agency, Knox County, N
Wadsworth, Washoe County, Ne
Mountain City, Elko County, No
::!:::
\
: :
's
.9 '. '< '. '• '.
George L. Davenport
TT n T.inn
J 1
• * s
1 1
O o
John Young
Henry J. Armstrong.
Peter Ronan
W. L. Lincoln
N. S. Porter
Augustus Brosius
Geo. W. Wilkinson . . .
Isaiah Lightner
Joseph M. McMastor.
John How
§ j I 111]
o
CO
: : : : :
fj
i
Agency.
II i i| i
H ' K.
IOWA.
Sac and Fox
KANSAS.
Pnif.fi.wftt,r»m i A
i 1 1
I v 1 . j
a 1 s H4
i 3 Si
MONTANA.
Blackfeet
Crow
Flathead
Fort Belknap
Fort Peck
NEBRASKA.
Great Nemaha
Omaha and Winnc
Santee and Flandr
NEVADA.
Western Shoshonc
POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS OF AGENTS. 315
l£
0 ^ *
68 4>"3
V- ^§*
a .s||
•g PJS
1 £»*
1 £|£
S r3 £ cS
2 "Sis
H c«^«2
Sheridan, Oreg.
Ashland, Oreg.
Corvallis, Oreg.
Pendleton, Oreg.
The Dalles, Oreg.
5I
&
I
1 3
gtf
5^
. (C
,£3 05
%&
til. 13
•+3 ^3 d
j 1
: : ; : : o ::::::: :
5 i^
«s ' 05
'S I •
: : : : : >va : : : : :
: : : : : ^j : :^ :
: : •' : i ^ :^§ ;
&
Jicarilla Agency, Tierra Amarilla, Rio A
Mex.
South Fork, Lincoln County, N. Mex . .
Navajo Agency, Manuelito Station, A. an
Pueblo Asreucv. Santa F6. "NT. Mex . .
:«, : : : S,S il^. :
^ :£ : :g> S § • -S :^& 3
i ^i?s i: ^iiti|s .
f SljSt i| |
S |8«fl| a^ if f If B t
S l^&ls II ?lila.|^ |
f |5||i ^Bx g°:S^| °
; 1 it « Jiiii 1
! Mi |i iift 1!
P3 OMHPnF P-P ^f^OPHwHfq Mp:
Shoshone Agency, Sweetwater County, "
Parlislft Pa
>
=
1
1
1
a
r C
1
0
*
=8
OH!
s-3^
<e ® o o
S^'Ell
i m*
316
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements made with the several tribes of Indians in the
United States tvhich have been ratified (alphabetically arranged), with the date of each treaty,
and whei'e the same appears in the Statutes at Large.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
17
159
*May 23,1872
Absentee Shawnee.
10
979
July 1, 1852
Apache.
10
1013
July 27, 1853
Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche.
14
713
Oct. 17,1865
Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.
15
589
Oct. 21,1867
Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche.
7
377
Oct. 11,1832
Appalachicola.
7
427
June 18, 1833
Do.
12
3163
Feb. 18,1861
Arapaho and Cheyenne.
14
703
Oct. 14,1865
Do.
14
15
713
593
Oct. 17,1865
Oct. 28,1867
Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Apache.
Arapaho and Cheyenne.
15
19
655
254
May 10,1868
Sept. 23 to
Arapaho and Cheyenne (Northern).
Arapaho, Cheyenne (Northern), and Sioux.
Oct. 27, 1876
15
673
July 3,1868
Bannack and Shoshone.
11
657
Oct. 17,1855
Blackfoot (Piegan, Blood, and Gros Ventre)
»
14
727
Oct. 19,1865
Blackfoot band of Sioux.
11
657 Oct. 17,1855
Blood (Blackfoot, Piegan, and Gros Ventre).
14
765 Apr. 7,1866
Bois Forte bands of Chippewa.
7
470 July 1, 1835
Caddo.
7
472
July 1. 1835
Do.
7
181
Sept. 25,1818
Cahokia and other tribes.
10
1125
Nov. 29,1854
Calapooia and Umpqua.
10
1143
Jan. 22,1855
Calapooia.
12
945"
June 9, 1855
Cayuse, TJmatiUa, and Walla Walla.
10
1122
Nov. 18,1854
Chasta.
7
18
Nov. 28,1785
Cherokee.
7
39
July 2,1791
Do.
7
42
Feb. 17,1792
Do.
7
43
June 26, 1794
Do.
7
62
Oct. 2, 1798
Do.
7
228
Oct 24,1804
Do.
7
93
Oct. 25,1805
Do.
7
95
Oct. 27,1805
Do.
7
101
Jan. 7, 1806
Do.
7
103
Sept. 11, 1807
Do.
7
138
Mar. 22,1816
Do.
7
139
Mar. 22,1816
Do.
7
148
Sept. 14,1816
Do.
7
156
July 8, 1817
Do.
7
195
Feb. 27,1819
Do.
7
311
May 6, 1828
Do.
7
414
Feb. 14,1833
Do.
7
478
Dec. 29,1835
Do.
7
488
Mar. 1,1836
Do.
9
871
Aug. 6,1846
Do.
14
799
July 19,1866
Do.
16
727
Apr. 27,1868
Do.
7
255
July 6, 1825
Cheyenne.
12
1163
Feb. 18,1861
Cheyenne and Arapaho.
14
703
Oct. 14,1865
Do.
14
15
15
19
713
593
655
254
Oct. 17,1865
Oct. 28,1867
May 10,1868
Sept. 23 to
Oct. 27, 1876
Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Apache.
Cheyenne and Arapaho.
Cheyenne and Arapaho (Northern) .
Cheyenne, Arapaho (Northern), and Sioux.
7
24
Jan. 10,1786
Chickasaw.
7
65
Oct. 24,1801
Do.
7
89
July 23,1805
Do.
7
150
Sept. 20, 1816
Do.
7
192
Oct. 19, 1818
Do.
7
381
Oct. 20,1832
Do.
7
388
Oct. 22,1832
Do.
7
450
May 24,1834
Do.
10
974
June 22, 1852
Do.
11
573
Jan. 17,1837
Chickasaw and Choctaw.
10
1116
Nov. 4,1854
Do.
11
611
June 22, 1855
Do.
14
769
Apr. 28,1868
Do.
7
28
Jan. 9, 1789
Chippewa and other tribes.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
:Do.
7
87
July 4. 1805
Do.
7
105 Nov. 17,1807
Do.
7
112 1 Nov. 25, 1808
Do.
*Act of Congress.
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, $-c. — Continued.
317
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815
Chippewa and other tribes.
7
146
Aug. 24, 1816
Do.
7
160
Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178
Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
203
Sept. 24, 1819
Chippewa.
7
206
June 16, 1820
Do.
7
7
207
218
July 6, 1820
Aug. 29, 1821
Chippewa and Ottawa.
Chippewa and other tribes.
7
272
Aug.. 19, 1825
Do.
7
290
Aug. 5,1826
Chippewa.
7
303
Aug. 11, 1827
Chippewa and other tribes.
7
315
Aug. 25, 1828
1)0.
7
7
320
431
July 29,1829
Sept. 26, 1833
Chippewa, Ottowa, and Pottawatomie.
7
442
Sept. 27, 1833
Do!
7
7
7
491
503
528
Mar. 28,1836
May 9, 1836
Jan. 14,1837
Chippewa and Ottowa.
Chippewa (Swan Creek and Black River bands).
Chippewa (Saganaw band).
7
536
July 29,1837
Chippewa.
7
7
547
565
Dec. 20,1837
Jan. 23,1838
Chippewa (Saganaw band).
Do.
7
578
Feb. 7, 1839
Do.
7
579
Feb. 7, 1839
Do.
7
591
Oct. 4, 1842
Chippewa.
9
853
June 5 and
Chippewa and other tribes.
17, 1846.
11
621
July 31,1855
Chippewa and Ottawa.
11
11
14
631
633
657
Aug. 2,1855
Aug. 2,1855
Oct. 18,1864
Chippewa of Sault Ste. Marie.
Chippewa of Saginaw and Swan Creek.
9
9
10
904
908
1109
Aug. 2,1847
Aug. 21, 1847
Sept. 30, 1854
CMppewa of Mississippi and Lake Superior.
Chippewa (Pillager band).
Chippewa of Lake Superior (L* Anse and Vieux de Sert, La Pointe, Lac de
Flambeau, Fond du Lac, Ontonagon, and Grand Portage or Pigeon Elver
bands).
10
12
1165
1105
Feb. 22,1855
July 16,1859
Chippewa of Mississippi (Pillager, Lake Winnibigoshish, Mille Lac, Gull
Lake, Rabbit Lake, and Sandy Lake bands).
Chippewa and Munsee.
12
1249
Mar. 11,1863
Chippewa of Mississippi (Pillager, Lake Winnibigoahish, Mille Lac, &c.,
13
667
Oct. 2, 1863
Chippewa (Red Lake and Pembina bands).
13
689
Apr. 12,1864
Do.
13
14
14
693
657
765
May 7,1864
Oct. 18,1864
Apr. 7, 1866
Chippewa of Mississippi (Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish bands).
Chippewa of Saganaw, Swan Creek, and Black River.
Chippewa of Bois Forte.
16
719
Mar. 19,1867
Chippewa of Mississippi.
7
21
Jan. 3, 1786
Choctaw.
7
66
Dec. 17,1801
Do.
7
73
Oct. 17,1802
Do.
7
80
Aug. 31, 1803
Do.
7
98
Nov. 16,1805
Do.
7
152
Oct. 24,1816
Do.
7
210
Oct. 18,1820
Do.
7
234
Jan. 20,1825
Do.
7
333
Sept. 27, 1830
Do.
7
340
Sept. 28, 1830
Do.
11
573
Jan. 17,1837
Choctaw and Chickasaw.
10
1116
Nov. 4, 1854
Do.
11
611
June 22, 1855
Do.
14
769
Apr. 28,1866
Do.
10
1048
May 6, 1854
Christian.
7
474
Aug. 24, 1835
Comanche and "Witchetaw.
9
844
May 15,1846
Comanche and other tribes.
10
1013
July 27,1853
Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache.
14
717
Oct. 18,1865
Comanche and Kiowa.
15
581
Oct. 21,1867
Do.
15
589
Oct. 21,1867
Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache.
12
963
June 25, 1855
Confederated bands of Middle Oregon.
14
751
Nov. 15,1865
Do.
10
1027
Sept. 19,1853
Cow Creek or Umpnua.
7
35
Aug. 7, 1790
Creek.
7
56
June 29, 1796
Do.
7
68
June 16, 1802
Do.
7
96
Nov. 14,1805
Do.
7
120
Aug. 9, 1814
Do.
7
171
Jan. 22,1818
Do.
7
215
Jan. 8, 1821
Do.
7
217
Jan. 8, 1821
Do.
318 TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, $c. — Continued.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
7
237
Feb. 12,1825
Creek.
7
286
Jan. 24,1826
Do.
7
289
Mar. 31,1826
Do.
7
307
Nov. 15, 1827
Do.
7
366
Mar. 24,1832
Do.
7
417
Feb. 14,1833
Do.
7
574
Nov. 23,1838
Do.
9
821
Jan. 4, 1845
Creek and Seminole.
11
599
June 13, 1854
Creek.
11
699
Aug. 7, 1856
Creek and Seminole.
14
785
June 14,1866
Creek.
7
266
Aug. 4,1825
Crow.
15
649
May 7, 1868
Do.
7
13
Sept. 17, 1778
Delaware.
7
7
16
28
Jan. 21,1785
Jan. 9, 1789
Delaware, Wyandott, Chippewa, and Ottawa.
Delaware and other tribes.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Do.
7
74
June 7,1803
Do.
7
81
Aug. 18,1804
Delaware.
7
87
July 4, 1805
Delaware and other tribes.
7
91
Aug. 21, 1805
Do.
7
113
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
115
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
118
July 22,1814
Do.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815
Do.
7
160
Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178
Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
188
Oct. 3, 1818
Delaware.
7
326
Aug. 3, 1829
Do.
7
327
Sept. 24, 1829
Do.
7
397
Oct. 26,1832
Delaware and Shawnee.
9
10
337
1048
Dec. 14,1843
May 6, 1854
Delaware and Wyandott.
Delaware.
12
1129
May 30,1860
Do.
12
1177
July. 2,1861
Do.
14
793
July 4, 1866
Do.
12
927
Jan. 22,1855
Dwamish, Suquamish, and other tribes.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Eel River.
7
74
June 7,1803
Do.
7
77
Aug. 7,1803
Do.
7
91
Aug. 21, 1805
Do.
7
113
Sept. 30. 1809
Do.
7
115
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
118
July 22,1814
Do.
7
309
Feb. 11,1828
Do.
12
11
7
975
657
224
July 16,1855
Oct. 17,1855
Sept. 18, 1823
Flathead, Kootenay, and Upper Pend d'Oreille.
Flathead, Kootenay, Upper Pend d'Oreille, and Nez Perc6.
Florida, tribes in.
7
226
Sept. 18, 1823
Do.
7
135
Sept. 14, 1815
Fox.
15
15
467
495
Oct. 1, 1859
Feb. 18,1867
Fox and Sac of Mississippi.
Do.
10
1074
May 18,1854
Fox and Sac of Missouri.
12
1171
Mar. 6, 1861
Fox and Sac of Missouri, and lowas.
11
7
657
136
Oct. 17,1855
Sept. 6,1815
Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blackfoot, and Blood.
Iowa.
7
231
Aug. -4, 1824
Do.
7
272
Aug. 19, 1825
Iowa and other tribes.
7
328
July 15,1830
Do.
7
511
Sept. 17, 1836
Iowa and Sac and Fox.
7
547
Nov. 23,1837
Iowa.
7
568
Oct. 19,1838
Do.
10
1069
May 17,1854
Do.
12
1171
Mar. 6,1861
Iowa and Sac and Fox of Missouri.
7
137
Oct. 28,1815
Kansas.
7
244
June 3,1825
Do.
7
270
Aug. 16,1825
Do.
9
842
Jan. 14, 1846
Do.
12
1111
Oct. 5, 1859
Do.
12
1221
Mar. 13,1862
Do.
7
49
Aug. 3, 1795
Kaskaskia and other tribes.
7
74
June 7,1803
Do.
7
'77
Aug. 7,1803
Do.
7
78
Aug. 13,1803
Kaskaskia.
7
181
Sept. 25, 1818
Kaskaskia and other tribes.
7
403
Oct. 27,1832
Kaskaskia and Peoria.
10
1082
May 30,1854
Do.
15
513
Feb. 23,1867
Kaskaskia and Peoria, "omnibus treaty. "
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, <f c. — Continued.
319
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
7
533
May 26,1837
Ka-ta-ka, Kiowa, and Tawakaro.
7
49
Aug. 3, 1795
Kickapoo and other tribes.
7
74
June 7, 1803
Do.
7
77
Aug. 7,1803
Do,
7
117
Dec. 9, 1809
Kickapoo.
7
130
Sept. 2,1815
Do.
7
145
June 4, 1816
Kickapoo and "Wea.
7
7
200
202
July 30,1819
Aug. 30,1819
Kickapoo.
Do.
7
208
July 19,1820
Do.
7
210
Sept. 5,1820
Do.
7
391
Oct. 24,1832
Do.
7
393
Nov. 26,1832
Do.
10
1078
May 18,1854
Do.
13
623
June 28, 1862
Do.
7
533
May 26,1837
Kiowa and other tribes.
10
14
1013
717
July 27,1853
Oct. 18,1865
Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache.
Kiowa and Comanche.
15
581
Oct. 21,1867
Do.
15
16
589
707
Oct. 21,1867
Oct. 14,1864
Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache.
Klamath and Modoc.
12
11
14
975
657
699
July 16,1855
Oct. 17,1855
Oct. 14,1865
Kootenay, Flathead, and Upper Pend d'Oreitte.
Kootenay, Flathead, Upper Pend d'Oreille, and Nez Perc6.
Lower Brul6 Sioux.
7
129
July 20,1815
Makah.
7
282
Oct. 6, 1825
Do.
12
939
Jan. 31, 1855
Do.
7
264
July 30, 1825
Mandan.
7
328
July 15,1830
Medawah-Kanton band of Sioux.
7
153
Mar. 30,1817
Menomonee.
7
272
Aug. 19, 1825
Menomonee and other tribes.
7
7
303
342
Aug. 11, 1827
Feb. 8, 1831
Menomonee, Chippewa, and Winnebago.
Menomonee.
7
346
Feb. 17.1831
Do.
7
405
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
409
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
506
Sept. 3,1836
Do.
9
952
Oct. 18,1848
Do.
10
1064
May 12,1854
Do.
11
679
Feb. 11,1856
Do.
7
49
Aug. 3, 1795
Miami and other tribes.
7
74
June 7, 1803
Do.
7
91
Aug. 21, 1805
Do.
7
113
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
115
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
118
July 22,1814
Do.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815
Do.
7
189
Oct. 6, 1818
Miami.
7
300
Oct. 23,1826
Do.
7
309
Feb. 11,1828
Miami, Eel River band.
7
458
Oct. 23,1834
Miami.
463
Oct. 23,1834
Do.
7
462
July 31,1837
Do.
7
569
Nov. 6, 1838
Do.
7
582
Nov. 28,1840
Do.
15
513
Feb. 23,1867
Do.
10
1093
June 5,1854
Do.
12
963
June 25, 1855
Middle Oregon, Confederated bands of.
<
14
751
Nov. 15, 1865
Do.
14
7
695
261
Oct. 10,1865
July 30,1825
Minneconjon band of Sioux.
Minnetaree.
7
328
July 15,1830
Missouria and other tribes.
7
429
Sept. 21, 1833
Missouria and Otoe.
7
524
Oct. 15,1836
Missouria and other tribes.
10
1038
Mar. 15, 1854
Missouria and Otoe.
10
1130*
Dec. 9, 1854
Do.
11
605*
Dec. 9, 1854
Do.
7
16
181
717
Sept. 25, 1818
Oct. 14,1864
Mitchigamia and other tribes.
Modoc and Klamath.
7
61
Mar. 29, 1797
Mohawk.
10
1143
Jan. 22,1855
Molel.
12
981
Dec. 21,1855
Do.
7
87
July 4,1805
Munsee and other tribes.
7
409
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
550
Jan. 15,1838
Do.
7
11
580
577
Sept. 3,1839
Sept. 3,1839
Munsee and Stockbridge.
The same treaty published in different volumes.
320 TREATIES AND ARRANGEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, $-c. — Continued.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
11
12
663
1105
Feb. 5. 1856
July 16,1859
Munsee and Stockbridge.
Munsee and Chippewa. *
9
974
Sept. 9,1849
Navajo.
15
667
June 1,1868
Do.
7
550
Jan. 15,1838
New York.
7
561
Feb. 13,1838
Do.
12
957
June 11, 1855
Nez Perce.
11
657
Oct. 17,1855
Nez Perc6 and other tribes.
14
647
June 9,1863
Nez Perc6.
15
693
Aug. 13, 1868
Do.
10
7
1132
252
Dec. 26,1854
July 5, 1825
Nisqually, Puyallup, and S'homanrish.
Ogallala and Sioune.
14
7
747
328
Oct. 28,1865
July 15,1830
Ogallala Sioux.
Omaha and other tribes.
7
524
Oct. 15,1836
Do.
10
1043
Mar. 16,1854
Omaha.
14
667
Mar. 16,1865
Do.
7
7
47
566
Dec. 2, 1794
Feb. 3, 1838
Oneida, Tuscarora, and Stockbridge.
Oneida.
14
12
739
963
Oct. 20,1865
June 25, 1855
Onkpahpah band of Sioux.
Oregon (Middle).
14
751
Nov. 15, 1865 1 Oregon (Middle), Confederated bands of.
7
107
Nov. 10,1808
Osage, Great and Little.
7
133
Sept. 12, 1815
Do.
7
183
Sept. 25, 1818
Do.
7
222
Aug. 31, 1822
Do.
7
240
June 2,1825
Do.
7
268
Aug. 10, 1825
Do.
7
576
Jan. 11,1839
Do.
14
687
Sept. 29, 1865
Do.
17
228
*June 5, 1872
Do.
7
154
June 24, 1817
Otoe.
7
328
July 15,1830
Otoe and other tribes.
7
429
Sept. 21, 1833
Otoe and Missouria.
7
524
Oct. 15,1836
Otoe and other tribes.
10
1038
Mar. 15,1854
Otoe and Missouria.
10
1130t
Dec. 9, 1854
Do.
11
605t
Dec. 9, 1854
Do.
7
16
Jan. 21,1785
Ottawa and other tribes.
7
28
Jan. 9, 17^9
Do.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Do.
7
87
July 4,1805
Do.
7
105
Nov. 17, 1807
Do.
7
112
Nov. 25, 1808
Do.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815
Do.
7
146
Aug. 24, 1816
Do.
7
160
Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178
Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
7
207
218
July 6, 1820
Aug. 29, 1821
Ottawa and Chippewa.
Ottawa and other tribes.
7
272
Aug. 19, 1825
Do.
7
315
Aug. 25, 1828
Do.
7
320
July 29,1829
Do.
7
359
Aug. 30, 1831
Ottawa.
7
420
Feb. 18,1833
Do.
7
431
Sept. 26, 1833
Ottawa, Chippewa, and Pottawatomie.
7
442
Sept. 27, 1833
Do.
7
491
Mar. 28,1836
Ottawa and Chippewa.
9
853
June 5 and
Ottawa and other tribes.
17, 1846.
11
15
621
513
July 3, 1855
Feb. 23,1867
Ottawa and Chippewa.
Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf.
12
1237
June 24, 1862
Do.
7
172
June 18, 1818
Pawnee, Grand.
7
7
173
174
June 19,1818
June 20, 1818
Pawnee, Pitavirate Noisy.
Pawnee, Republic.
7
175
June 22, 1818
Pawnee, Marhar.
7
279
Sept. 30, 1825
Pawnee.
7
448
Oct. 9, 1833
Do.
9
949
Aug. 6,1848
Do.
11
729
Sept. 24, 1857
Do.
7
7
181
403
Sept. 25, 1818
Oct. 27,1832
Peoria and other tribes.
Do.
10
1082
May 30.1854
Peoria and Kaskaskia.
15
7
513
49
Feb. 23,1867
Aug. 3,1795
Peoria and Kaskaskia, "omnibus treaty. '
Piankeshaw and other tribes.
7
74
June?, 1803 Do.
* Act of Congress. t The same treaty published in different volumes.
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, tf-c. — Continued.
321
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
I Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
7
77
Aug. 7,1803
Piankeshaw and other tribes.
7
83 Aug. 27, 1804
Piankeshaw.
7
100 Dec: 30,180-o
Do.
7
124 July 18, 1815
Do.
7
410 ! Oct. 29, 18152
Piankeshaw and "Wea.
10
1082
May 30,1854
Do.
15
11
513
657
Feb. 23,1867
Oct. 17,1855
Piankeshaw and "Wea, "omnibus treaty."
Piegan, Blackfoot, Blood, and Gros Ven'tre.
7
155
June 25, 1817
Ponca.
7
247
June 9, 1825
Do.
12
997
Mar. 12,1858
Do.
14
675
Mar. 10,1865
Do.
7
28
Jan. 9, 1789
Pottawatomie and other tribes.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Do.
7
74
June 7, 1803
Do.
7
87 ! July 4, 1804
Do.
7
91 ! Aug. 21,1805
Do.
7
105
Nov. 17, 1807
Do.
7
112
Nov. 25, 1808
Do.
7
113
Sept. 30, 1809
Do.
7
123 July 18,1815
Pottawatomie.
7
131 Sept. 8,1815
Pottawatomie and other tribes.
7
146 Aug. 24, 1816
Do.
7
160 Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178 j Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
185
Oct. 2, 1818
Pottawatomie.
7
218
Aug. 29, 1821
Pottawatomie and other tribes.
7
272
Aug. 19,1825
Do.
7
295
Oct. 16,1826
Pottawatomie.
7
305
Sept. 19, 1827
Do.
7
315
Aug. 25, 1828
Pott? vatomie and other tribes.
7
317
Sept. 20, 1828
Pottawatomie.
7
7
320
378
July 29,1829
Oct. 20,1832
Pottawatomie, Chippewa, and Ottawa.
Pottawatomie.
7
394
Oct. 26, 1832
Do.
7
399
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
431
Sept. 26, 1833
Pottavfitomie and other tribes.
7
442
Sept. 27, 1833
Do.
7
467
Dec. 4, 1834
Pottawatomie.
7
467
Dec. 10,1834
Do.
7
468
Dec. 16,1834
Do.
7
469
Dec. 17,1834
Do.
7
490
Mar. 26, 1836
Do.
7
498 Mar. 29,1836
Do.
7
499
Apr. 11,1836
Do.
7
500
Apr. 22,1836
Do.
7
501
Apr. 22,1836
Do.
7
505
Aug. 5, 1836
Do.
7
513
Sept. 20, 1836
Do.
7
514
Sept. 22, 1836
Do.
7
515
Sept. 23, 1836
Do.
7
532
Feb. 11,1837
Do.
9
853
June 5 and 17,
Do.
1846.
12
1191
Nov. 15,1861
Do.
14
763
Mar. 29,1866
Do.
15
531
Feb. 27,1867
Do.
17
159
*May 23,1872
Pottawatomie and Absentee Shawnee.
10
7
1132
176
Dec. 26.1854
Aug. 24, 1818
Puyallup, Nisqually, and S'homamish.
Quapaw.
7
232
Nov. 15,1824
Do.
7
424
May 13,1833
Do. .
15
12
513
971
Feb. 23,1867
July 1, 1855
Quapaw, " omnibns treaty."
Quinaielt and Quillehute.
Jan. 25,1856
7
259
July 18,1825
Ricara.
10
1018
Sept. 10, 1853
Rogue River.
10
1119
Nov. 15, 1854
Do.
7
28
Jan. 9, 1789
Sac and other tribes.
7
84
Nov. 3, 1804
Sac and Fox.
7
134
Sept. 13,1815
Sac.
7
135
Sept. 14, 1815
Sac and Fox.
7
141
Mav 13,1816
Sac.
7
223 ! Sept. 3,1822
Sac and Fox.
7
229
Aug. 4,1824
Do.
7
272
Aug. 19, 1825
Sac and other tribes.
7
328
July 15,1830
Do.
7
374
Sept. 21, 1832
Sac and Fox.
21 IND
Act of Congress.
322 TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, #c. — Continued.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
?age.
7
511
Sept, 17, 1836
Sac and Fox, and Iowa.
7
516
Sept. 27, 1836
Sac and Fox.
7
517
Sept. 28, 1836
Do.
7
540
Oct. 21,1837
Do.
7
543
Oct. 21,1837
Do.
7
596
Oct. 11, 1842
Do.
15
467
Oct. 1, 18i9
Sac and Fox of the Mississippi.
15
495
Feb. 18,1867
Do.
10
1074
May 18,1854
Sac and Fox of Missouri.
12
1171
Mar. 6,1861
Sac and Fox of Missouri, and lowas.
14
731
Oct. 20,1*65
Sans Arc band of Sioux.
7
368
May 9, 1832
Seminole.
7
493
Mar. 28.1833
Do.
9
821 Jan. 4,1845
Seminole and Creek.
11
699
Aug. 7, 1856
Do.
14
755
Mar. 21,1866
Seminole.
7
15
Oct. 22, 1784
Seneca and other tribes.
7
33
Jan. 9, 1789
Do.
7
44
Nov. 11,1794
Do.
601
Sept. 15, 1797
Do.
7
70
June 30, 1802
Seneca.
7
72
June 30, 18u2
Do.
7
118
July 22, 1814 Seneca and other tribes.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815 ; Do.
7
160
Sept. 29, 1817 Do.
7
178
Sept. 17, 1818 Do.
7
348
Feb. 28,1831 Seneca.
7
351
July 20, 1831 Seneca and Shawnee.
7
411
Dec. 29,1832 Do.
7
550
Jan. 15, 1838 Seneca and other tribes.
7
586
May 20, 1842 Seneca.
11
735
Nov. 5, 1857 Seneca, Tonawanda tribe.
11
738
Nov. 5, 1857
Do.
12
991
Nov. 5, 1857
Do.
15
513 Feb. 23,1867
Seneca, "omnibus treaty."
7
55 May 31,1796
Seven Nations in Canada.
7
26 Jan. 31, 1786
Shawnee.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Shawnee and other tribes.
7
74 June 7, 1803
Do.
7
87 i July 4, 1805
Do.
7
112
Nov. 25,1808
Do.
7
118
July 22,1814
Do.
7
131
Sept. 8, 1815
Do.
7
160
Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178
Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
284
Nov. 7, 1825
Shawnee.
7
351
July 20,1831
Shawnee and Seneca.
7
355
Aug. 8,1831
Shawnee.
7
397
Oct. 26,1832
Shawnee and Delaware.
7
411
Dec. 29,1832
Shawnee and Seneca.
10
1053 ! May 10, 1854
Shawnee.
15
513 i Feb. 23, 1867
Shawnee, "omnibus treaty. '
10
18
1132
685
Dec. 26,1854
July 2, 1863
S'homamish, Nisqually, and Puvallup.
Shoshoue, Eastern band.
18
291
Sept. 26, 1872
Do.
13
663
July 30,1863
Shoshone, Northwestern band.
18
689
Oct. 1, 1863
Sboshone, Western band.
13
15
681
673
Oct. 12,1863
July 3,1868
Shoshone, Goship band.
Sboshone and Bannack, Eastern baud.
7
7
252
126
July 5, 1825
July 19,1815
Sioux, Sioune and Ogallala.
Sioux of the Lakes.
7
127
July 19,1815
Sioux of the River Saint Peter.
7
143
June 1,1816
Sioux.
7
250
June 22,1825
Sioux of several bands.
7
257
July 16,1825
Sioux, Hunkpapa's band.
7
272
Aug. 19, 1825
Sioux and other tribes.
7
328
July 15,1830
Do.
7
510
Sept. 10, 1836
Sioux of Wa-ha-shaw's tribe.
7
524
Oct. 15,1836
Sioux and other tribes.
7
527
Nov. 30,1836
rtioux of several tribes.
7
538
Sept. 29, 1837
Sioux.
7
542
Oct. 21,1837
Sioux of the Tankton tribe.
10
949
July 23,1851
Sioux.
10
954
Aug 5,1851
Do.
11
11
749
743
*Sept. 17, 1851
Apr. 19,1858
Sioux, "treaty at Fort.Laramie' (see page 1047, Revised Treaties .
Sioux of the Yankton tribe.
12
1031
June 19 1858
Sioux.
12
1037
June 19, 1858
Sioux, Sisseton, and Wahpeton.
12
1042
June 27, 1860
Sioux.
*TJnratified, but appropriations are made under it.
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES. 323
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, #c. — Continued.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty;.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
14
695
Oct. 10,1865
Sioux, Minneconjou band.
14
699
Oct. 14,1865
Sioux, Lower Brul6 band.
14
727
Oct. 19,1865 ! Sioux, Blackfeet band.
14
731
Oct. 20, 1865 Sioux, Sans Arc Band.
14
735
Oct. 20, 1865 Sioux, Yanktonnais band.
14
739
Oct. 20,1865
Sioux, Onkpahpah bands.
14
743
Oct. 28, 1865
Sioux, Upper Yanktonnais band.
14
747
Oct. 28,1865
Sioux, Ogallala band.
14
723
Oct. 19, 1865
Sioux, Two Kettle band.
15
505
Feb. 19, 1867 , Sioux, Sisseton and Wahpeton bands.
15
635
Apr. 29, 1868 Sioux, the different tribes.
18
19
167
254
*May 2, 1873
Sept. 23 to
Sioux, Sisseton, and "Wahpeton (page 1051, Revised Treaties).
Sioux, the different tribes, andNorthern Cheyenne andNorthern Arapaho
Oct. 27, 1876
7
527
Nov. 30, 1836
Sisseton and other tribes of Sioux.
12
1037
June 19, 1858
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux.
15
505
Feb. 19,1867
Do.
18
7
167
15
*May 2, 1873
Oct. 22.1784
Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux (page 1051, Revised Treaties).
Six Nations.
7
33
Jan. 9, 1789
Do.
7
44
Nov. 11, 1794
Do.
7
409
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
550
Jan. 15,1838
Do.
7
561
Feb. 13,1838
Do.
12
16
933
707
Jan. 26, 1855
Oct. 14,1864
S'Klallam (Skokomish).
Snake (Klamath, Modoc, and Yahooskin bands).
14
683
Aug. 12, 1865
Snake, Wall-pah-pe tribe.
7
47
Dec. 2, 1794
Stockbridge, Oneida, and Tuscarora.
7
342
Feb. 8, 1831
Stockbridge and other tribes.
7
405
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
409
Oct. 27,1832
Do.
7
580
Sept. 3,1839
Stockbridge and Munsee.
11
577
Sept. 3,1839
Do.
9
955
Nov. 24, 1848
Stockbridge.
9
964
Nov. 24, 1848
Do.
11
663
Feb. 5, 1856
Stockbridge and Munsee.
12
927
Jan. 22,1855
Suquatnish, Dwamish, and other tribes.
13
673
Oct. 7, 1863
Tabequache band of Ute.
7
181
Sept. 25, 1818
Tainarois and other tribes.
7
533
May 26,1837
Tawakaro, Kiowa, and Kataka.
7
125
July 19,1815
Teeton.
7
250
June 22, 1825
Teeton, Yankton, and Yanktonnais Sioux.
7
14
47
723
Dec. 2, 1794
Oct. 19,1865
Tuscarora, Oiieida, and Stockbridge.
Two Kettle band of Sioux.
12
10
10
945
1027
1122
June 9, 1855
Sept. 19, 1853
Nov. 18, 1854
Umatilla, Walla-Walla, and Cayuse.
Umpqua or Cow Creek.
TJmpqua, Chasta, and other tribes.
10
12
1125
975
Nov. 29, 1854
July 16,1855
Umpqua and Calapooia.
Upper Pend d'Oreille, Flathead, and Kootenav.
11
657
Oct. 17,1855
Do.
14
743
Oct. 28,1865
Upper Yanktonnais Sioux.
9
984
Dec. 30,1849
Utah.
13
15
673
619
Oct. 7, 1863
Mar. 2, 1868
Ute, Tabequache band.
Ute, Confederated bands.
18
36
Sept. 13, 1873
Ute.
21
199
Mar. 6, 1880
Do.
7
328
July 15,1830
Wahpacoota and other tribes.
7
527
Nov. 30, 1836
Do.
7
328
July 15,1830
Wahpeton and Sisseton bands of Sioux.
12
1037
June 19, 1858
Do.
15
505
Feb. 19,1867
Do.
18
12
167
945
*May 2, 1873
June 9, 1855
Wahpeton and Sisseton bands of Sioux (page 1051, Revised Treaties).
Walla- Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla.
12
7
963
49
June 25, 1855
Aug. 3,1795
Walla-Walla and other Middle Oregon tribes.
Wea and other tribes.
7
74
June 7,1803
Do.
7
91
Aug. 21, 1805
Do.
7
116
Oct. 26,1809
Do.
7
145
June 4,1816
Wea and Kickapoo.
7
186
Oct. 2, 1818
Wea.
7
209
Aug. 11, 1820
Do.
7
410
Oct. 29,1832
Wea and Pianke^haw.
10
1082
May 30, 1854
Do.
15
513
Feb. 23, 1867
Wea and Piankeshaw, " omnibus treatv."
10
1143
Jan. 22,1855
Willamette.
7
144
June 3,1816
Winnebago.
* Act of Congress.
324 TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES.
List of all Indian treaties and agreements, $-c. — Continued.
Statutes at
Large.
Date
of treaty.
Name of Indian tribe.
Vol.
Page.
7
7
7
7
272
303
315
323
Aug. 19, 1825
Aug. 11, 1827
Aug. 25, 1828
Aug. 1,1829
Winnebago and other tribes.
Winnebago, Chippewa, and Menomonee.
Winnebago and other tribes.
Winnebago.
7
370
Sept. 15, 1832
Do.
7
544
Nov. 1,1837
Do.
9
878 i Oct. 13, 1846
Do.
10
1172 Feb. 27,1855
Do.
12
14
1101
671
Apr. 15,1859
Mar. 8, 1865
Do.
Do.
7
474
Aug. 24, 1835
Witchetaw and Comanche.
7
7
16
28
Jan. 21,1785
Jan. 9, 1789
Wyandotte and other tribes.
7
49
Aug. 3,1795
Do.'
7
77
Aug. 7,1803
Do.
7
87
July 4,1805
Do.
7
105
Nov. 17, 1807
Do.
7
112
Nov. 25, 1808
Do.
7
118
July 22, 1814
Do.
7
131
Sept. 8,1815
Do.
7
160 Sept. 29, 1817
Do.
7
178 Sept. 17, 1818
Do.
7
180 Sept. 20, 1818
Wyandotte.
7
364
Jan. 19,1832
Do.
7
11
502
581
Apr. 23,1836
Mar. 17, 1842
Do.
Do.
9
337
Dec. 14,1843
Do.
9
987
Apr. 1,1850
Do.
10
1159
Jan. 31,1855
Do.
15
12
513
951
Feb. 23,1867
June 9,1855
Wyandotte, "omnibus treaty."
Yakama.
7
128
July 19,1815
Yankton.
7
250
June 22, 1825
Yankton and other tribes.
7
524
Oct. 15,1836
Do.
7
542
Oct. 21,1837
Yankton tribe of Sioux.
11
743
Apr. 19,1858
Yankton Sioux. f
14
735
Oct. 20,1865
Yanktonnais Sioux.
REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 325
REPORT OF UTE COMMISSION.
WASHINGTON, D. C., November 21st, 1881.
Hon. SAMUEL J. KIRKWOOD,
Secretary of the Interior :
SIR: In order to expedite the work of the Ute Commission, and with your approval?
the members of the Commission at the beginning of the season were divided into three
divisions and assigned, to special duty as follows, each as subcornmission : The work
in regard to the White River Utes was intrusted to Mr. Meacham; the work in connec-
tion with the Uncompahgre Utes, to Messrs. Russell, Mears, and McMorris; and the
work especially connected with the Southern Utes to Mr. Manypenny.
The reports of these several branches, made to the full Commission, are herewith sub-
mitted for your information. The following recommendations and suggestions of the
several branches of the Commission are adopted as the recommendations of the whole
commission, and to them we beg leave to call your especial attention.
1st. The uniting the White River and Uintah bands of Utes into one band, as rec-
ommended by Mr. Meacham.
2d. The immediate establishment of the boundary and limits of the Uncompahgre
Utes where now located, as recommended in the report of Messrs. Russell, Mears, and
McMorris.
3d. The recommendation in the same report as to the payment for improvements
made by the few settlers within the territory proposed to be set apart for the Uncom-
pahgre Utes.
4th. The recommendation in the same report as to the immediate preparation for the
cutting and floating logs to the site of the new agency.
5th. The suggestions in the same report as to the occupancy by the military of a
large portion of the grass lands in the neighborhood of the agency and the removal of
the military post to a greater distance from the same.
6th. The suggestion in the same report as to the gradual withdrawal of supplies to
the Indians as soon as they may be placed in a better position as to self-support.
7th. The Commission also adopt the suggestions contained in the report of Mr. Many-
penny as to the necessity of maintaining the exterior lines of that part of the reserva-
tion occupied by the Southern Utes.
8th. The suggestions contained in the subreports, in reference to the erection of
agency buildings, dwellings for Indians, school-houses, mills, machinery, &c. ; also in
reference to irrigating-ditches,' stock and agricultural implements, and the estimates
therefor, and also the estimates of the value of the improvements of the Uncompah-
gres are adopted as the suggestions of the Commission.
9th. The Commission respectfully call the attention of the Secretary to the doubts
expressed by Mr. Manypenny as to the sufficiency of the arable lauds in the territory
designated ibr the occupancy of the Southern Utes.
The Commission is of the opinion that it would be advisable to reduce, by one-half,
the amount of agricultural land assigned to each Ute Indian by the terms of the agree-
ment, and act of Congress of June 15, 1880, and to increase the quantity of grazing
land or to render them some other equitable equivalent therefor. Under the existing
agreement each Ute Indian, not the head of a family, is entitled to eighty acres of agri-
cultural land, and each head of a family to one hundred and sixty acres of agricult-
ural land. The lands selected cannot be made useful for cultivation without irrigation,
and we are of the opinion that an Indian will not be found who will ever utilize more
than one-fourth the laud to be awarded him of this character. The modification of
the agreement in this respect should only be made with the consent of the Indians
freely given and a satisfactory equivalent therefor.
Until the Indians can be made somewhat familiar with their new relations it is
thought by the Commission of vital importance to maintain the exterior boundary
limits of the lands upon which they dwell, as a reservation, and within which white
men may not be allowed to locate. This protection may be secured by legislation or
possibly by executive order. For years to come these Indians should certainly have
the aid of the government in protecting them from collision with white men.
The agreement with the Utes having been ratified and their removal accomplished,
we are of the opinion that it is not necessary to have five commissioners to perform
the remaining duties. We therefore respectfully recommend that the number be re-
duced to three.
Respectfully submitted.
GEO. W. MANYPENNY,
A. B. MEACHAM,
J. J. RUSSELL,
OTTO MEARS,
THOS. A. MCMORRIS,
Ute Commission.
326 REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
&UBREPORT OF COMMISSIONERS RUSSELL, MEARS, AND M'MQRRIS, ON THE SETTLE-
MENT OF THE UNCOMPAHGRES.
To Hon. GEO. W. MANYPENNY,
Chairman of Vte Commission :
SIR: In pursuance of the resolution of the Ute Commission adopted March 29, 1881,
dividing the work of the Commission and assigning three of its members to the duty
of selecting lands for, and the removal of, the Uncompahgre baud of Indians, the
undersigned commissioners met at Los Pinos Agency, Colorado, on the 29th of May.
Here we were delayed some days for want of the necessary military forces to accom-
pany us to Grand River — the troops apparently designed for that purpose not arriving
at the agency until the 3d of June. Upon their arrival application was at once made
to Major Beaumont, then in command at that point, for the necessary transportation
and escort, but he informed us that he had no orders or authority which would permit
him to comply with our request. General Makenzie arrived on the 6th, and with a
promptness characteristic of that officer at once issued orders for the necessary escort
and transportation.
Preparatory to our movement we had a consultation with Sapavanaro, the head chief
of the Uncompahgres, and many of their headmen, in which it was arranged that Sap-
avanaro and four of their chiefs or headmen should accompany us. In this council
the Indians made many attempts to have the agreement by which they disposed of their
reservation reconsidered and so modified as to enable them to remain and occupy the
Uncompahgre Valley. They were especially vehement in their demands to be per-
mitted to remain about the ranch of their late Chief Ouray, and to have the agency
moved to that point — a distance of about ten miles from its location at that time.
They were informed that they had accepted and signed the agreement; that the com-
mission had no aathority to modify or change it ; that we could not consider any ques-
tions of that character, and that when their lands were selected they must go as con-
templated in the agreement.
On the 10th day of June we left Los Pinos Agency, accompanied by a military
escort, in command of Captain Smith, of the Fourth Cavalry. Mr. Berry, agent of the
Uucompahgres, Chiefs Sapavanaro and Guero, with three of their headmen, were to go
with us ; but the first night out three of the Indians lost their horses and the two chiefs
above named were the only Indians who remained with us. We found the Gunuison
and Grand Rivers too high for fording, and another delay of several days occurred be-
fore ferry boats could be made ready for our crossing. We examined the land on the
Grand River near the mouth of the Gunnison, and found it to be, in our opinion, unsuit-
able for the Indians for agricultural or grazing purposes. Nothing could be accom-
plished here in agriculture without irrigation, and the water for that purpose would
have to be taken from the Grand River. The banks on the south side of this stream
are from 75 to 100 feet in height, and while an irrigating ditch could be made it would
be very expensive and of such a character as to require the most experienced labor to
use it with any degree of success. The land on the north side of the river could be
more easily irrigated and cultivated, but there is not a sufficient quantity which could
be made useful by these Indians to give them the amount required by law. Much of
the soil between the Grand River and the Roan Plateau is very sandy and could never
be made useful for grazing or cultivation. There is no other land suitable for agricult-
ural purposes within a reasonable distance which could be used in connection with
that near the mouth of the Gunnison, and give the Indians the quantity contemplated.
The land in this locality which could be made useful for grazing, and especially for
winter grazing, is altogether too limited in quantity to comply with the provisions of
the law or supply the wants of this band of Indians. The two chiefs who were with
us and many others Of their tribe who had been in this locality, were very decided in
their opposition to the selection of the lands in this valley.
Our examination here having satisfied us that there was not enough land in this
vicinity which could be made available for grazing and agricultural purposes to enable
us to locate the Indians as by the agreement contemplated, we decided to explore the
country further north and west. From this point we were unable to use wagons, and
our supplies were carried by pack animals. With Mr. Taylor as our guide, we fol-
lowed up the east branch of Salt Creek to the top of Roan Mountain and down Doug-
las Creek to its junction with White River. We then examined the country west in
the valleys of the White and Green Rivers.
It now became apparent that our absence from the agency would have to be pro-
longed beyond the time we had anticipated, and that our supplies were insufficient for
the proposed journey. We therefore dispatched a messenger to Mr. Critchlow, agent
at Uintah, informing him of our condition and requesting him to send provisions for
us to Green River, with a team which we could use in going over a portion of the
Uintah Reservation. He at once complied with our request ; and leaving the escort at
Green River, we went to the Uintah Agency and thence as far west as the lake fork
of the Duchesne.
REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 327
Our explorations at this time were such as to satisfy us that there are sufficient graz-
ing and agricultural lands in the reservation for the wants of the Uiutahs, White
Rivers, and such portion of the Uncorapahgres as it may be necessary to locate there.
In returning to Los Pinos we crossed the mountains via Evacuation Creek, reaching
the agency on the 5th of July. Agent Berry and the two chiefs, Sapavanaro and
Guero, were with us during the entire trip.
We selected for the Uncompahgres the lands in the valley of the Green River, for a
distance often miles down and fifteen miles up from its junction with the White, and
the lauds in the valley of the White River from its junction with the Green as far east
as the boundary line 'bet ween Utah and Colorado, and also the lands along the Du-
chesne River from its junction with the Green up to a point eight miles above the
mouth of the Uintah River.
After our return to the agency we had a consultation with the chiefs and headmen
in reference to their removal. It was difficult to obtain from them an expression of
their wishes, except that they were opposed to going to Grand River, and that they
were very anxious to be allowed to remain at Ouray's place, near the agency. They
were again assured that this was impossible. We informed them that we had decided,
subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, to locate them in the valleys
of the White, Green, and Duchesne Rivers, and requested them to make preparations
to move as soon as we could make the necessary arrangements.
Mr. Russell was ordered to go to Washington and submit the action of the Commis-
sion to the Secretary of the Interior for his approval, and to make arrangements for
our future work. He at once left Los Pinos and reached Washington on the 18th of
July. The Secretary promptly gave his approval of the selections made, and Messrs.
Mears and Russell, in pursuance of arrangements made before leaving Los Pinos,
started at once for the location of the new agency to put up the buildings and make
the necessary arrangements for the arrival of the Indians. Mr. McMorris remained at
Los Pinos to superintend such arrangements as might be deemed necessary, prepara-
tory to the departure of the Indians.
We established the agency on the south side of Green River, about two miles above
its junction with the White, the latter stream running about one mile south of the
agency buildings. It is our design to locate the Indians as near this point as practi-
cable. Messrs. Mears and Russell, accompanied by seven soldiers, arrived at Green
River on the 18th of August, and at once commenced the erection of such buildings as
were deemed essential for the temporary use of the agency. All of the materials, aside
from the lumber, were obtained in Salt Lake and freighted over the mountains, a dis-
tance of nearly two hundred miles.
The buildings are constructed chiefly of cotton wood logs, and consist of a warehouse
25 by 100 feet, three houses, each 16 by 33 feet, one 15 by 32, with an L 12 by 14 feet ;
also one building for a council house and office, one for employe's, one for blacksmith
shop, and one for carpenter's shop. In fitting up these buildings we found it difficult
to employ and keep the workmen necessary to their prompt completion. Nearly all
of the men and teams employed were obtained at points forty niih-s from the agency,
and they were frequently impelled to return to their homes by reports which were kept
constantly in circulation by evil-disposed persons, to the effect that the Indians were
opposed to the completion of the buildings, and were intending to massacre all who
were engaged in their construction.
Mr. McMorris, having been assured that the buildings would be ready for the sup-
Css early in September, made the necessary arrangements to have the Indians leave
Pinos on the 25th of August, but they hesitated and declined to go. They were
assured that if they refused to go peaceably the work of their removal would be in-
trusted entirely to the military authorities, and finally, on the 28th, they all started,
and by slow and easy marches some of them reached Green River on the 25th of Sep-
tember; others lingered along, hunting in the mountains, and did not arrive until late
in October.
The valleys which we have selected vary from one-half to six miles in width. The
altitude is about forty-eight feet. Along the Green River there is an abundance of
cotton wood timber for the wants of the Indians for fencing and fire-wood. The bot-
tom lands are rich, and can be easily irrigated and made available by inexperienced
labor. Situated as they are, between the old agency of the White River and the
agency of the Uintah, they have hitherto been practically unoccupird because of the
supposed danger in living between \ihese two bands of Indians and along their trail
from one agency to the other. Mr. Saddler now has an improved jauch in the valley
of the White River, five or six miles from the agency, upon which he has this year
raised a splendid crop of wrheat, corn, potatoes, and other vegetables. With these
lands the Indians can, if they will make the effort, eventually support themselves. It
will, however, require considerable time and encouragement before they will make the
best use of the opportunities now open to them.
Practically speaking, they have never engaged in the cultivation of the soil. With
the exception of a very few, perhaps a half a dozen, they have never cultivated even
328 EEPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
a garden patch, but have relied for their living upon the chase and the supplies fur-
nished them by the government. They will not readily adapt themselves to their new
condition and at once make successful tillers of the soil. Undoubtedly a small num-
ber of the more intelligent among them already realize, to a limited extent, the neces-
sity for a change in their mode of life, and with some encouragement will make an
effort to improve and cultivate the lands which may be designated for them. They
will at best make slow progress, and their success will depend much upon their neces-
sities. If the care of the government is such as to enable them to live comfortably
without work, they will probably find it convenient in the future, as in the past, to live
a life of ease and indolence. If, after their lands are surveyed and set apart to them,
and they have been taught how to improve and cultivate them, and have been sup-
plied with the necessary teams and implements, the -government would very cautiously
and gradually withhold a portion of their annual supply of provisions, first giving
them notice of their intention so to do, it would have a wonderfully stimulating effect
in inducing them to make the necessary mental and physical effort to improve their
lands and provide for their own future necessities. At present they will have to be
guided in every step, from the harnessing of their horses until the crops are gathered
and cared for. Their advancement will depend much upon the energy, patience, ancL
perseverance of their agents, whose worth and value as agents should be measured
largely by the progress which the Indians make in agricultural pursuits while under
their care.
The lands immediately adjoining those designed for cultivation are not so desirable
for pasturage, and especially for summer grazing, as we could desire. It is practically
impossible to find within the limits of the territory from whick we were authorized
to make selections, any considerable quantity of good arable land immediately adjoin-
ing lands desirable for summer grazing without irrigation. The mesas or table-lands
immediately back from the valleys afford excellent winter grazing, and further back
in the foot-hills and mountains is an abundance of rich summer pasturage. The In-
dians can, of course, in common with the whites, run their stock over a larger extent
of territory, and it will be necessary for them to do this until such time as they can
be taught to irrigate and cultivate their lands, and made to feel that a limited num-
ber of horses will supply their necessary wants quite as well as the large herds which
they now keep and think essential to their existence. Probably they have at present
ten times as many ponies as they can make useful or profitable, and they require a
large scope of country for pasturage.
We venture to suggest that, in our opinion, there ought to be, in addition to the laud
which they are to have in fee, a considerable tract along the White River reserved for
their use until such time as they acquire sufficient knowledge and experience to sup-
port themselves upon their own lands. Such a reservation could be subject to all the
exceptions and conditions which might be deemed necessary. It need not interfere
with the use of the land for highway, railway, or mining purposes. The object would
simply be to designate certain boundary lines within which the Indians should have
the exclusive right of herding and grazing stock for a limited number of years, or so
long as in the discretion of Congress it might be deemed desirable. By 'this means
they would be relieved from any embarrassing troubles in relation to the possession
and ownership of stock, which would be sure to follow if they were to use the lauds
in that locality for herding, in common with other people. Such a reservation is also
important because of the additional facilities it would give the agent in his efforts to
protect the Indians from the losses and wrongs which they would surely suffer if per-
mitted to traffic and gamble with that class of white people who would, if unre-
strained, hover about them, ready at all times to take advantage of their simplicity
and ignorance. WTe hope such a reservation may be deemed essential, and we respect-
fully suggest that in our view it would be desirable to have it include the lands along
White River for a distance of about fifteen miles north and forty miles south of that
stream, its eastern boundary to be the boundary line between Colorado and Utah, and
its western the Green River.
The buildings having been substantially completed, Mr. Russell left the agency on
the 25th of September, and Mr. Mears on the 12th of October, leaving Messrs. McMor-
ris and French to await the arrival of those Indians who stopped to hunt, and to pay
those who were entitled to compensation for improvements in the valley of the Un-
compahgre.
The following are the names of those having 'improvements, with their respective
values as appraised and paid: Chipeta ( widow of Ouray), $5,000; Shavanaux, $1,000;
San Juan, $500 : Colorow, $300 ; Wass, $500 ; Galota, $200 ; Billy, $200 ; Tupa Noona,
$200 ; total, $7,700. Final payment for the above claims was made on the 22d day of
October.
In the valleys of the Green and White Rivers, and within the limits of the territory
selected, there had been prior to our arrival some lands taken and improvements made
upon them, Lut the parties claiming them have expressed a willingness to relinquish
all their claims upon the payment of the amounts respectively paid by them, and also
EEPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 329
the value of their improvements. Attached hereto, as Exhibit A, is a statement show-
ing the names of those having made improvements and now occupying them, with a
brief statement of their character and our appraisement of their value. There are also
two or three partially completed log-houses which seem to have been abandoned. We
were unable to find or learn anything of the persons claiming them. Parties having
any of these claims will undoubtedly be glad to surrender them upon the return of
the money paid by them, rather than live surrounded by the Indians. Wherever im-
provements have" been made they can be occupied by the Indians or made useful for
the agency.
We recommend that those having these ranches be paid reasonable compensation for
their improvements, that the amounts paid by them on their claims be returned, and
that the lands be taken and allotted as in the agreement contemplated. We regard it
as especially desirable that the claim of Mr. Evans and that of Mr. Popper be had for
the use of the agency and the Indians. The claim of the former covers a large part
of the desirable hay laud in the Green River Valley, and that of the latter includes all
of the land on the point between White and Green Rivers, southwest of the agency build-
ings, a part of which we intended for agency purposes.
A large quantity of lumber will be necessary for the permanent agency buildings,
school-houses, and dwellings for the Indians. With a view of ascertaining where
lumber could be obtained, we examined the country along the Uintah range of moun-
tains, and found on both the east and west branches of the Lake Fork of the Duchesne
an abundance of large pine timber which could be cut and floated down the Duchesue
to a point within three miles of the agency. We are also informed that there is a large
quantity of good pine timber on the White River, above the old agency, which could
easily be floated down to within a mile of the agency buildings. The timber should be
cut in the winter and floated down during the high-water season in the spring. We
recommend that a contract be made whereby logs for 1,000,000 feet of lumber will be
cut and delivered at the mouth of the Duchesne or White River not later than the 1st
of next July.
The machinery for a saw-mill should be supplied as early in the spring as practica-
ble. The power for that will be sufficient for a grist-mill ; the latter, however, will not
be needed next season.
A statement showing an estimate of the number of buildings which will be required,
with their probable cost, the necessary machinery, with its probable cost, the number
of cattle, with their probable cost, as well as the probable cost of the necessary irriga-
ting ditches and agricultural implements is hereto attached as Exhibit B. Heretofore
these Indians have lived in tents and refused to accept houses; but the indications
now are that quite a number of them will want houses next season. We do not, how-
ever, think it wise to build them until they will take and occupy them, and then only
from time to time, as they express a desire for them. In our estimates for agricultural
implements we have provided for fully as many as we think will be taken and used
during the first year. Others will have to be supplied from time to time as the Indians
manifest a desire to have them and begin work. They have very few cattle, and we
recommend that they be supplied another spring with three hundred cows and ten
bulls. We have not deemed it necessary to open irrigating ditches through all of
these lands, believing that it will be some considerable time before all of the Indians
'will attempt to use or take care of them. The extent of the ditches to be opened an-
other season should depend somewhat upon the disposition of the Indians to use and
protect them.
After the selection of these lands, and after the agency buildings were nearly com-
pleted, a military force arrived, under the command of Capt. Hawkins, and camped on
the north side of Green River, near the agency. We are now informed that an order
has been issued by the military authorities taking for a military reservation the follow-
ing territory, to wit : Beginning at the junction of the Duchesne and Green Rivers,
thence up the Green to include what is known as Mormon Bend, thence westward to
a junction with the Uintah road to a point about five miles from its mouth, thence
across the Duchesne to embrace the bottom lands to a .point opposite the mouth of
White River, and thence up the Green River, including all the islands in the stream,
to the place of beginning. This takes in a considerable portion of the best bottom
and hay land in these valleys and in close proximity to the agency. It is, we think,
desirable that the Indians should, so far as practicable, occupy all of the available
lands in the vicinity of the agency, and we regard the land included in this reserva-
tion as very important for their use and their future peace and prosperity. It is un-
fortunate that the military authorities should have considered it necessary to take so
much of the bottom and hay land in the immediate vicinity of the agency. We beg
to suggest that it would, in our opinion, be of great advantage to these Indians if the
action of the military in designating their reservation could be reconsidered and their
reservation established at a greater distance from the agency. The improvements
made by the military at this point are only of a temporary character, and while we
have no special knowledge of their necessities, it seems to us that they could be sta-
330 REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
tioned at some other point ten or fifteen miles from their present location and make
it quite as pleasant and desirable for them, and equally safe for all concerned.
Mr. Mears7 who was disbursing officer of this division of the Commission, will sub-
mit a report 'of the cost of the buildings which have been put up at the new agency.
The survey should include the bottom lands in the valleys of the streams indicated
and within the limits above described.
Much of the credit for the peaceful removal of these Indians belongs to Agent Berry.
They have unlimited confidence in his judgment and in his desire to serve and protect
them. This gives him great influence with them, and he has used it with commenda-
ble discretion in the work of getting them peaceably settled upon the lands selected for
them. General Mackenzie has also at all times manifested a strong desire to do any-
thing in his power to assist us in getting the Indians to comply with the terms of the
agreement. We are also under obligations to General Crook, Colonels Beaumont and
Fletcher, Captains Smith and Young, Lieutenants Locket and Hughes, and Agent
Critchlow for their kindly teatment while with them during the summer.
Upon their arrival at Green River the Indians expressed themselves as well pleased
with the lands selected for them.
J. J. RUSSELL,
OTTO MEARS,
THOS. A. McMORRIS,
Of the Ute Commission.
WASHINGTON, D. C.,
November 21, 1881.
EXHIBIT A.
\
F. J. Sadler and Isaac Edwards claim one quarter-section of land, each, by home-
stead occupation, in the valley of the White River, about five miles from the agency,
and have jointly opened irrigating ditches thereon, the main ditch being nearly two
miles in length. Mr. Sadler has built two dwelling-houses upon his claim, and
Edwards has built one house upon his claim. They offer to relinquish all their rights
to said claims for the sum of five thousand dollars. We have appraised Mr. Sadler's
claim at $2,500, and Mr. Edwards' claim at $1,000.
Edward Ayres claims one quarter-section in the vicinity of the above; has a small
house thereon, and a small amount of fencing. We have appraised his claim at $400.
John Clyde has a homestead claim on Green River, about six miles above the
agency ; has built a house and fence thereon. He asks for his claim the sum of $250.
We have appraised the same at $200.
Charles Popper is the owner of, and attorney in fact for, claims under the Desert
act of 1,673 acres of land between the White and Green Rivers, immediately above
the junction of the two streams, and has paid the first installment of 25 cents per
acre therefor; has the same inclosed with substantial fence; has built thereon a
dwelling-house, large barn, out-houses, and cattle-yards. These buildings are within
a few rods of, and could be made useful by, the new agency. He has had a ditch sur-
veyed with a view of irrigating this land, and has cleared off the willows and brush
from a portion of the same, with a view of cultivation. For his improvements he asks
the sum of $5,500. We have appraised same at $1,500.
M. R. Evans claims 1,280 acres of land just above the agency, on the west side of
Green River; has a small house and cattle-yard thereon. His claim includes a large
tract of the best hay-land in the valley. His claim is laid upon entries under the
Desert laud act. Mr. Evans has expressed a willingness to accept for his improve-
ments $1,000. In addition thereto he wants the amount advanced under the Desert
land act refunded. We think his improvements worth the amount asked by him.
SCHEDULE B.
Estimate of the number of houses required as permanent buildings at the new agency for th e
Uneompahgre Ute Indians, under the provisions of the act ratifying the Ute agreement ap-
proved June 15, 1880.
One house for boarding school children $2,000
One house for school (boys and girls) 1,000
One house for agent (dwelling) 2, 000
One house for council and agency office 1, 500
One house for clerk and family 1, 200
One house for physician and family 1, 200
One house for hospital 1. 000
One house for blacksmith and family 1, 000
REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 331
One house for carpenter and family $1, 000
One house for miller and family 1, 000
One house for farmer and family 1, 000
One house for sundry employe's 1, 000
One house for goods and supplies 3, 000
One house for tools, wagons, and agricultural implements 500
One blacksmith and carpenter shop combined 1, 000
One agency mess-house 800
One barn 1,500
Total 21,700
Estimate of mill machinery.
One saw-mill,
One engine (35 horse-power),
One shingle-machine,
One planer,
One lathing-machine,
One grist-mill.
All the machinery to be under one roof and rnn by the same engine. Cost
of the above $12, 000
Estimate of stock for Uncompahgre Indians at Ouray Agency.
300 milch cows $9, 000
10 bulls 500
Estimate of wagons, harness, and farming implements.
20 wagons, Bain 3^, made for western use $1, 500
20 sets double harness 400
4 mowing-machines 400
4 horse-rakes 120
10 12-inch plows 150
1 thrashing-machine 600
2 reapers 250
10 harrows 100
Total 3,520
Estimate for ditches required for the year 1882 10, 000
Estimate for saw-logs, 1,000,000 feet „ 15,000
SUBREPORT OF COMMISSIONER MEACHAM ON THE SETTLEMENT OF THE WHITE RIVER
UTES.
WASHINGTON, D. C., November 21, 1881.
To the Ute Commission :
I herewith submit my report upon the work assigned me by the commission at its
meeting on the 29th of March last in connection with the White River Utes of Colo-
rado, which duties were "to remove said Indians from White River, Colorado, to
Uintah Agency, Utah Territory, and to enroll them and superintend the payment to
them of the sum of $12,500. Also, the further duty of reporting upon the probability
of finding suitable lands for them, in compliance with the provisions of the agreement
approved June 15, 1880.
I have to report that the removal has been accomplished after much difficulty and
the employment of two assistants, acting as messengers, Eugene Taylor and John H.
Collum, both of whom rendered valuable services to the commission, and without
which it is doubtful if the White River Utes could have been removed without resort
to military force. Upon meeting the Utes on White River, in May and June, I assured
them that the government would provide subsistence for them immediately upon their
arrival at Uintah Agency, and all necessary supplies of clothing and other goods would
be ready for them. They were very much opposed to the removal, and it was only by
persistent and continuous, efforts extending over a period of seventy days, that they
were brought to Uintah and enrolled in accordance with the requirements of the
332 REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
agreement, which duty was performed as nearly as possible, under the peculiar cir-
cuit stances, according to law. Following the enrollment the payment was made of
the money provided for in the agreement to the 665 White River Utes, whose names
were entered on the census list, being a per capita of $19. There was no outbreak or
breach of the peace during the summer's work. Much credit is due to the efficiency of
Capt. R. H. Young, U. S. A., who commanded the small guard sent to Uintah by order
of General Crook, commander of department* as an escort, and to the Indian police
organized by Agent Critchlow.
Unfortunately, the subsistence promised was not at hand, nor had it arrived at the
time of my departure, September 19, except beef and flour. I was informed that coffee
would be added to the subsistence issue at an early day. This failure on the part of
the government to provide subsistence almost defeated the commission in their efforts
to consummate the agreement.
The Uintah Utes were aggrieved at not being consulted and compensated for the
White River Utes being brought to Uintah.
It has required great care in the management of this matter to prevent serious
trouble. Agent Critchlow has rendered assistance in everything required by the
commission. All things considered, I am satisfied with the results. True, a majority
of the White River Utes returned to Colorado, with their families, because of the gov-
ernment's failure to supply them with annuity goods and partly on account of their
attachment to their oli homes. If they are not molested and driven to war by misun-
derstandings with white men, I feel safe in saying that all, or nearly all, of them will
within the next year locate permanently at Uintah, the exceptions being Colorow and
one or two others.
After the payment was made I proceeded to examine the Uintah Reservation, with
the view of ascertaining as to the probability of finding suitable lands for the fulfill-
ment of the agreement regarding theallot-neut of lauds in severalty. This clause in
the agreement was fully explained to the White River Utes and also to the Uiutahs.
About twenty of the former declared their readiness to accept land in severalty at
once, and expressed the opinion that a majority of their people would fall in line at
an early day. Of these, four men came forward and asked for written notices to be
furnished to them, which they desired to post upon their claims. Fourteen of these
men made especial request to be furnished with wagons, harness, and agricultural
implements at the earliest time possible, proposing to go to the railroad for them. I
made their desires known to the Hon. Secretary of Interior, who has for warded twenty
wagons, with harness, and a supply of farming tools. Not having a surveyor at my
command, I was not able to ascertain the amount of lands suitable for allotment
within the borders of Uintah, but I sure there is sufficient for the fulfillment of the
agreement. There is an abundant supply of water which can be made available for
irrigation at small cost, say $15,000, sufficient for all the lands that will ever be
used for agricultural purposes.
I have made no estimates for school-houses or other buildings, for the reason that
there are already at Uintah a sufficiency of mills to meet all requirements of both tribes.
I most earnestly recommend that these two tribes of Utes, Uintahs, and White Rivers,
be consolidated into one people, with one fund and one common interest. I have dis-
cussed this matter with them, and I find that there is not one dissenting voice among
them on this proposition. I consider this step essential for the peace, progress, and
harmony of the Indians at Uintah. When this is done the way is open for good re-
sults in their civilization; otherwise, we cannot reasonably anticipate any material
advance to be made or peace to be long continued. I respectfully suggest that the com-
mission recommend some immediate action on the part of Congress for the consumma-
tion of the proposed consolidation. I have also discussed the propriety of the consoli-
dation of all the Utes into one tribe, or people, with the Uintah and White River Utes,
and I am satisfied that such a step would meet with universal approbation.
A. B. MEACHAM,
Of the Ute Commission, While Rivei* Division.
SUBREPORT OF COMMISSIONER MANYPENNY ON THE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN
UTES.
WASHINGTON CITY, November 19, 1881.
To the Ute Commission:
In pursuance of the suggestion of the honorable Secretary of the Interior, in his
letter of instructions to the Ute Commission of the date of March 31, 1881, in reference
to the work to be performed during the season, and the division of the labor among
the members thereof, and in accordance with the action of the commission, it fell to
my lot to go to the Southern Ute Indians, to supervise the selection and survey of the
lands for them, and superintend their removal to the same.
REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 333
By the terms of the agreement embodied in the act of Congress of June 15, 1880, the
Southern Utes were to remove to and settle upon the unoccupied agricultural lands on
the La Plata River, in Colorado, and if there should not be a sufficiency of such lands
in Colorado, then upon such other unoccupied agricultural lands as may be found on
the La Plata River or in its vicinity in New Mexico. In order to facilitate this work,
I did, on the 22d of April, instruct the contractors for surveying the lands on which
these Indians were to be located in severalty, who were then in Washington, to pro-
ceed without delay to the work of surveying the unoccupied agricultural lands ou the
La Plata and its vicinity within the Ute Reservation in Colorado, as well as similar
lands on said river and in its vicinity in New Mexico.
I reached Denver on my way to my field of labor on the first day of May ; Commis-
sioner Meacham reached there before me. Commissioner Mears soon joined us. The
United States court was then in session, and it was understood that the grand jury of
this court had before it the case of the murder of a man named Jackson, who was
killed on the Ute Reservation in September, 1^80. On consultation we reached the
conclusion that Mr. Mears and myself should remain until the grand jury made a de-
liverance. This came in the form of an indictment against Chief Chavauaux and
four other Indians for murder, with a count in the same charging Mr. Meacham, Agent
Berry, and Mr. Cline with being accessories before the fact. On the llth of May, Mr.
Meacham was admitted to bail, and the case was continued.
Colonel Page, the agent for the Southern Utes, and Mr. T. B. Medary, of the firm of
Tyler & Medary, the contractors for surveying the Southern Ute lands, were in Wash-
ington when I left there, and I expected them to reach Denver sopn after I did. They
were delayed, and 1 felt it was proper to await their coming. They left Denver for
the agency on May 20, and I followed in a few days.
Immediately on my arrival at the agency I began arrangements for the exploration
of the country, and started out on that duty without delay. My first work in that
line was the exploration of the La Plata Valley, and the lands adjacent, from the
northern line of the Ute Reservation to the junction of that river with the San Juan,
in New Mexico. On arriving at the mouth of the La Plata the Lower Animas was
visited in the region of Farmington. The purpose was to learn something reliable in
relation to the disorder that was said to prevail in that region among contending
elements of white people, so that steps could be taken to prevent the Indians from
being involved. In this expedition I was accompanied by Agent Page. We camped
on the Animas about the middle of the afternoon, and remained until ten o'clock the
next day, and then retraced our steps to the mouth of the La Plata, and ascended
that stream to Fort Lewis, a few miles north of the north line of the Indian reserva-
tion. About six miles above the mouth of and in the valley of the La Plata River
we reached the cabin of a settler named Rambo. He had been there but a few months.
The first ranch on the La Plata below the southern line of the Ute Reservation is
owned by Mr. Pond. He had been there for several years, and had 25 or 30 acres of
land under cultivation. His claim is bounded on the north by the reservation line.
He informed me that in the La Plata Valley, in New Mexico, there were twenty-three
settlers. I observed but nineteen habitations, including those of Pond and Rambo;
and there was an absence of cultivation, or land broken for that purpose, at many of
these. I am not informed, and hence cannot state, what rights these settlers have
acquired.
On the way up the valley and within the Ute Reservation we observed several
herds of cattle grazing, and learned that the stockmen were about to have their an-
nual "round up" at or near the month of Cherry Creek, which is on the reservation.
We returned to the agency on the evening of June 8, and remained a few days,
when the work of inspecting the land was resumed. I visited, in the order named, the
valleys of the Animas, Florida, Los Pinos, and Piedra, and inspected the lands in each,
as well as the adjacent grazing lands, and from time to time issued instructions to the
contractors to proceed to survey these lands in and adjacent to each valley within the
limits of the Indian reservation. It was my intention when I visited the valley of the
Piedra to explore the San Juan Valley also, but the heat was so excessive that I was
compelled to forego this. I, however, included the survey of the land in the San Juan
Valley, within the Ute Reservation, in my instructions. The valley of the Mancos,
which lies west of the La Plata, contained*, as I was informed, but a meager quantity
of arable land, and it seemed to me that it would be well to omit it, and I so advised
the department. By direction of the Secretary of the Interior, instructions were
afterward issued to the surveyors to include the land in the Mancos Valley in their work.
The Rio Nutria does not appear on the map that was furnished me; hence, I did not
refer to it. I learn from correspondence with Mr. Medary, who is conducting the sur-
veying, that he has included in his survey the lands on the Nutria.
Agent Page accompanied me during the whole time that I was engaged in the work
of inspecting the land. His services were very valuable, and he rendered them cheer-
fully. Our outfit was a four- mule ambulance and driver, tent and fly, obtained from
the military commander at Fort Lewis. I desired to have from him two saddle horses,
334 REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
but he was unable to supply them. We had also an agency two-horse team and
driver. The latter hauled our cooking utensils, mess chest, tent and fly, a couple of
saddles, «fcc., and in the boot of the former our bedding was carried. Each vehicle
also carried some grain for the animals. We took no military escort with us.
The work of exploration was completed on the 16th of July, and on the 17th, having
BO further use for the ambulance and team furnished by the military, I directed the
driver to return with them to Fort Lewis. The tent and fly were retained for the time
being at the agency, the accommodations there being so limited that I deemed this
necessary.
In traveling over the valleys of the rivers named I endeavored to make an approxi-
mate estimate of the quantity of arable land in each that could at a reasonable cost
be irrigated, and thus prepared for cultivation. I concluded that in all these valleys
the acreage of arable laud would hardly be sufficient to give to each Ute Indian the
quantity specified in the agreement. On the highlands adjacent to the valleys, though
not in a compact body, the requisite quantity of grazing land may, I think, be ob-
tained, notwithstanding considerable portions of these lands are absolutely barren.
When I first reached the agency the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad had entered the
reservation in the construction of its road-bed or grade within the same. Permission
had been granted by the government to this railroad to locate its line through the Ute
lands, but no arrangement had been made with the Indians for compensation for the
right of way or for material used in the construction of the road. The Utes called
my attention to the matter and said they wanted compensation. They were advised
not to interfere with the progress of the work, to keep away as far as possible from
all construction parties engaged at work 011 the grade, and rely upon the government
to see that justice was done them. They did not at any time that I am aware of in-
terfere with any parties at work on the road, or place any obstacles in the way of its
rapid construction.
Early in June, and when the agent and myself were on the La Plata, the work of
laying the track was completed from Amargo, in New Mexico, to a point on the San
Juan within the reservation; and arrangements were in progress for carrying the
freight destined to Duraugo, Animas City, and other points, by rail to the San Juan.
Here a town was at once established called Arboles. Intruders immediately commenced
to stake off lots and erect temporary houses. On our return to the agency the Indians
informed us that the white men were on the land of the Utes, over on the San Juan, and
expressed great dissatisfaction. The agent and myself visited the new town-site and
found several " Chicago houses " erected, and material on hand for others. They were
informed that they were intruders on the reservation, and that they must retire and
take their effects with them. This they were not disposed to do. The agent tele-
graphed the facts to the department, and we returned to the agency to await a reply
and instructions. The agent, before leaving, repeated his admonition, and again bid
the intruders to retire. It was several days before he received a reply to his dispatch,
when he returned to Arboles. In his absence several saloons were put into full blast,
and two dance-houses were erected. Agent Page persevered in his work until all
the intruders, with their effects, were reuioved. His success was very gratifying to
the Indians. Among the buildings erected were houses for the storage of freight
brought by rail, to be transferred to wagous, and thence carried to Dnrango and
other points. These were not disturbed.
In a few daysallthe teams that had been engaged in taking up the freight at Amargo,
and hauling the same through to Durango, &c., by a road that passed north of the
reservation, were transferred to and took up the freight at Arboles. The travel from
this place to Durango passed necessarily some thirty or more miles through the
reservation. The number of teams employed in this work was marvelous. Sometimes
more than one hundred per day passed by the agency. Each team in making a trip
camped several nights on the reservation, consuming the grass the Indians desired for
their stock, and using the wood for fuel. This immense travel, so suddenly thrown
into the reservation, was very distasteful to the Indians, and a source of uneasiness
and anxiety to the agent and myself. This travel lasted for fifty days, and until the
track was laid and trains commenced running through to Durango. We urged the
Indians to remain quiet, to keep away from, and thus avoid conflicts with, the wagon
trains traveling through the reservation. It is but simple justice to these wild men to
state that they followed our advice and behaved themselves in a commendable manner.
They, however, expect, and in my judgment are entitled to, a fair compensation for the
damages sustained.
When I went to the Southern Agency, I found the prevailing opinion was that all the
Southern Utes by the terms of the agreement were to be removed to and located on the
La Plata River in Colorado and New Mexico. It was confidently expected that in a
brief time the valleys of the Animas, Florida, Los Pinos, &c., would be open to occu-
pation and settlement by white people. The settlers in these valleys north of the
reservation were impatient to enter and possess the land; and when it 'became known
that I had instructed the contractors for surveying, on the completion of their work on
REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION. 335
the La Plata, to pass over to and commence work on the Animas and Florida, there was
not only disappointment, but great dissatisfaction manifested. It was asserted that
I had deliberately perverted the language of the treaty and committed a great wrong.
Under the the terms of the agreement there was no other land in Colorado that I
could have selected upon which to locate these Southern Utes. This I regard as a
great misfortune, since their close proximity to the white settlements in the valleys of
the streams on which they are to be located will subject the Utes after their lands
are assigned to them and patents issued, and the residue of the lands are opened to
occupation and settlement, to constant annoyance by evil-disposed persons.
The strip of land through which tho streams flow on which the Indians are to be
located is only fifteen miles wide. On these streams there are settlements in Colorado,
north of the reservation, and in New Mexico, south of it. The population is increasing
and will continue to increase, and the prevailing and only sentiment among the peo-
ple is that the Utes should not be permanently settled on the lands selected for them.
There will be on the highlands between these streams large bodies of land, much of it
barren, that in due time will be open to such of our people as may desire to go in,
whether their errand be to dwell, prospect, or annoy the Indians. In such a condition
of things, to assume that the Utes will not be disturbed, but permitted to dwell in
peace, would be to nurture a delusion of the gravest kind.
The arable land in these valleys when properly irrigated and tilled, and the seasons
favorable, is capable of producing good crops. I observed ranches on the Animas and
Los Piiios where the yield was abundant. I noticed others on the same streams where
the cultivation was a partial or total failure. Improvidence, no doubt, was the cause
in some cases, the quality of the land in others ; but a lack of knowledge of the proper
time to irrigate, and how to do it, I think wrought much of the mischief. None of
the land in question will produce a crop without irrigation.
The volume of water flowing in the Animas and the Los Pinos Rivers, when at its
minimum, is, I think, ample to irrigate all the arable land in these valleys. When
on the La Plata I was informed that since settlers went in there to dwell there have
been seasons when there was a sad deficiency of water. I think the volume of water
flowing in the San Juan, when at its minimum, is sufficient to irrigate the land. I
could get no information in relation to the volume of water flowing in the Florida and
the Piedra when at its minimum. When the melting snows cease to replenish these
streams the shrinkage in them is very rapid, and I am fearful that seasons may occur
in which the volume of water flowing in them may not be sufficient to supply irriga-
tion until the crops mature. Not having been on the Nutria or the Manges, I can ex-
press no opinion as to the sufficiency of the water supply.
The Southern Utes are essentially wild Indians. Not one of them dwells in a house ;
not one of them cultivates any land. They dwell in tents and move from place to
place at will. They have herds of Indian ponies and goats, and some of them have a
few sheep. None have stock cattle, and do not appear to desire any. When one of a
family dies the tepee or tent and its contents are burned, some of the ponies killed, and
the family flee away to a new and distant location. During my stay on the reserva-
tion I took occasion, whenever opportunity offered, to talk to the leading men, some-
times to a single individual, at other times to groups of them, on the subject of their
location in severalty. In these conversations I called their attention to the fact that
the work the surveyors were doing was the preliminary step to such location, and the
placing of each family on its own land. On many occasions all that I said was listened
to without a single word in response, and I did not find one who desired a house, or
would agree to dwell in one if built for him on his own land. It will take time and
careful management to induce these Indians to abandon their present and adopt the
new mode of life contemplated by the agreement.
In the mean time, and while the change is going on, they must be protected from
annoyance. Intruders must be prevented from going in among them. If this be not
done disorder will inevitably reign, and all eiforts to domesticate them will fail. To
prevent intrusion and guarantee proper order and protection, I can see no other way
than to so modify the agreement, so far as these Indians are concerned, as to maintain
the exterior lines of the strip of land one hundred miles long and fifteen wide, and
preserve all the land within these lines for an indefinite period as an Indian reserva-
tion, and let the United States laws in relation to Indian reservations have full force
therein. Then the laud selected, and upon which the Indians are to be located, can
be kept free from intruders.
A more eligible* site upon which to locate the agency cannot be found than that
occupied by the present agency buildings. These are of a temporary character and
wholly insufficient. The whole group is not calculated to impress the visitor or even
the Indians favorably. They should all be removed, and in their stead appropriate
buildings, with ample capacity, erected. With reference to the cost of construction of
such buildings, as well as school-houses, mills, agricultural implements, &c., and
irrigating ditches, I am not in possession of such information as will enable me to
make estimates satisfactory to myself. High prices rule for everything in Southern
336 REPORT OF THE UTE COMMISSION.
Colorado. There should be at the agency a dwelling-house for the agent, a physician's
house and office, and houses for the farmer, carpenter, and blacksmith, a carpenter
and blacksmith shop, a store-house and barn. All these should be permanent, well-
constructed buildings. Near the agency there should be a building erected for a board-
ing school. Also a grist and saw mill, with a shingle-machine attached, and an engine
of sufficient power to propel the same. I assume that all these buildings and the
machinery of the grist and saw mill, and the engine, will cost not less than $13,000.
In the way of agricultural implements, wagons, &c., I would suggest that three
mowing-machines, three hay-rakes, one reaper, seven plows, and seven harrows, one
thrashing-machine, and power to propel the same, and ten Bain (mountain) wagons
be purchased. I do not apprehend there will be any need for the thrashing-machine
next season, yet I think it well that it be on hand. The gross cost of the articlesmeu-
tioued in this group I estimate at about $1,800.
To bring the land into cultivation a main irrigating ditch will be required in the
valley of every stream on which land is to be assigned to the Indians in severalty.
To construct this main ditch at once through each entire valley would not, I think, be
prudent, since, under the most favorable circumstances, it will be some time before the
larger portion of these Utes reach the point where they will require water to irrigate
the land. This I regard as a matter of detail to be confided to those who will be in-
trusted with the work of domesticating the Indians. I would suggest that a sum not
exceeding $10,000 be set apart to commence the construction of the main ditches.
I would suggest that 100 gentle milk-cows and seven bulls be purchased for distribu-
tion among such of the Indians as are ready to receive and take care of them. These
would probably cost about $3,000.
In order to be prepared to supply material for their construction, should any of the
Indians desire houses before the saw-mill is ready to cut lumber, I would suggest that
25,000 feet of lumber be purchased for that purpose. This may cost $1,000.
I have not confidence in the estimates which I have made, since I have not that
knowledge of the value of material and labor in Southern Colorado, that is necessary
to arrive at certainty.
Respectfully submitted.
GEO. W. MANYPENNY,
Ute Commissioner.
CONTRACT TABLES.
33T
22 IND
338
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the
BACON" ("short, clear sides " winter cured, sound,
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Cities.
Pounds.
Pounds.
2 000
2,000
92, 000
92,000
id 87
200 000
225 000
200, 000
O'Neill City
380 000
o$1044
Sioux Citv -
607, 000
515,000
Saint Lonia
200 000
246,830
BEEF.
Agencies.
300, 000
3, 500, 000
320, 000
400, 000
1, 500, 000
572, 000
50, 000
350, 000
1, 200, 000
6, 500, 000
6, 500, 000
75, 000
2, 000, 000
1, 000, 000
6$4 50
San Carlos Ariz
300,000
3,500,000
320,000
400,000
l,5OO,t>00
572, «00
50,OOO
350,000
1,200,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
75,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
373
3 80
&3 75
Southern Ute, Colo
$4 01
3 97
3 83
3 96
c4 10
348
3 63
$4 66
c335
Devil's Lake Dak
Fort Berthold Dak
63 88
3 43
c335
294
$325
Lower Brule Dak . ....
3 86
3 90
391
3 83
447
387
3 92
Pine Ridge Dak
Jlosebud Dak
Standin^ Hock Dak
4 03
3 97
c4 10
63" 34
4 00
c3 45
Yankton, Dak
Fort Hall, Idaho
450, 000
5, 000, 000
75, 000
3, 500, 000
600, 000
235, 880
585, 000
300, 000
50 000
450,000
f 6,095,880
J
2 83
•Cheyenne and Arapaho
Kaw, Ind. T
•:i!
3 58
3 62
3 58
3 62
IKiowa lud T
'Osage, Ind. T
Pawnee Ind T
3 62
Ponca, Ind. T
Ponca (Oakland), Ind. T
: Sac and Fox, Ind. T . .
3 62
3 62
3 62
Quapaw.Ind. T
77,600
43, 560
78, 025
16, 425
55, 000
77,600
43,560
3 82
3 62
aln
gunnies. Inspected at Sioux City. If delivered at western terminus of railroad after November
1, 24 cents per pound additional.
6 One delivery,
cln two deliveries.
FOR BACON AND BEEF FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
339
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies for the Indian service.
rates at which contracts have been awarded.]
sweet, and merchantable, and put up in gunnies.)
to
.9
G. Goldberg.
d
q
W
f
H
H. B. Denman.
I
O
d
jj
1
d
I-S
M. C. Murdock.
W. Spiegelberg.
H. 0. Armour.
James E. Boogo.
M
ti
L. Mayer.
d
NS
a
O
A. E Why land.
1
1845
$10 60
10 70
10 80
10 37}
10 60
10 70
10 80
10 19
9 85
BEEF.
&$4 64
/$3 50
3 99
3 82
/3 75
3 95
3 74
3 84
&3 85
3 50
$415
~~—
2 68;$2 99}
$2 75
$2 89
3 39
3 39
3 39
3 39
3 39
3 39
3 39
3 39
332
332
332
332
332
332
3 32
332
|
d3 22}
&2 60
e59n
e$6 50
3 50
3 39
3 32
d Weekly delivery.
e Net. '
f For Arizona or New Mexico cattle averaging 650 pounda
340
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
BEEF— Continued.
.
J
1
r3
cj
jt
*
1
.
|
1
1
a
Points of delivery.
fc
£
1
1
y
t
1
0
^
§
0)
1
3
I
H
p
M
|
Pi
1
p
1
oc
i
Hs
0
Pi
<^
F
<i
A
M
N
Agencies.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Blackfeet Mont
250, 000
1 000 000
250,000
1 OOO 000
*2 47
Crow, Jslon
500 000
* | —
Fort Belknap, Mont. .
Fort Peck Mont
300, 000
750 000
300,000
750,000
«2 r»9 ...
o$3 38
Santee Nebr
328, 500
400 000
328,500!
40O,OOO
0$345
3 27
Abiquiu N Mex
200, 000
Shoshone Wyo
890, 000
890,000
BARLEY.
J.flrenci€«.
Colorado Kiver, Ariz.
Pima and Maricopa,
Ariz.
San Carloa, Ariz
20, 000! 20,OOO
40, 000 40,000
65, 8751 65,875
$4 00
2 75
4 00
$323
2 91
3 71
$4 25
$398
BE ANS. (Good merchantable quali ty
Agencies.
San Carlos, Ariz... .
Los Pinos, Colo ... .
Abiquiu, N. Mex. . .
Mescalero, N. Mex .
Navajo.N.Mex... .
Cities.
Arkansas City ....
35, 000
2,000
6,000
5,000
500
20, 500
6,600
150
500
30, 500
35,000
$520
$547
$645
6,OOO
5,OOO
$800
900
9 00
$6 00
Brainerd
150
500
Brown's Valley
Caldweil
6 00
C hamberlain
15, 000
1,000
188, 316
400
1.00C
500
85, 000
188, 316
100, 000
15, 000
6 00
Chicago
1,OOO
Detroit .
$487
40O
1,000
Ojate
6 00
Ortonville
Sioux City
7O,56O
Saint Louis
Tankton
7O,200
525
a One delivery,
FOR BARLEY, AND BEANS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, $c. — Continued.
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.]
BEEF— Continued.
341
L. Mayer.
0. B. Taylor.
LJ
d
H
t
P
L. H. Maxfleld.
H. B. Denman.
E. D. Hunter.
A. Sands.
T. C. Power.
Alfred Myers.
John Pugh.
J. P. Woolman.
U
I
P
H
S. Van Wyck.
E. Amoretti.
J. K. Moore.
$2 35
$240
$233
2 80
$2 65
$3 34
$2 48
2 73
2 38
2 73
«.« 64
3 00
2 92
i
o$395
oA 05
a$3 90
4 00
$354
$2 80
$2 68}'f 2 70
BAELEY.
sound and clean, and put up in double bags.)
$12 95
$5 95
•
$4 5O
449
5 95
4 16
5 00
4 56
4 49
4 95
4 16
1450
4 75
392$
a One delivery.
342 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
COFFEE. (Sound and clean, and
Points of delivery.
Quantity offered.
Quantity delivered.
llowland, Humph-
reys & Co.
John Arbuckle.
D. J. Ely & Co.
i
02
ri
Chas. E. Sheldon.
H. W. Banks, jr.
1
H
EH
A. E. "Whyland.
£
si
£
Baltimore
Pounds.
260 000
Pounds.
$12 00
ISO* 000
12 50
803 400
11 62
600 000
$15 00
520 872
15 50
16 00
$11 99
TV lr
62 000
750 000
650,000
$11 16
145 000
10 58
$11 97
260 000
$11 92
91 000
11 34
344 890
$11 95
359 580
455 000
154 050
125 000
Brown's Valley
6 000
255 500
Chicago
500 000
New York
391 000
12 00
260 000
12 12£
803, 400
11 62
132 000
11 98
85 536
12 59
12 47
11 48
750 000
$11 79
a5, 167
$12 16
al, 278
130, 000
120 000
312, 000
314 000
Ojate
4,000
Philadelphia
125 000
Tankton
273, 000
COKN". (Full, whole grain, weighing not less than
Arkansas City...
200, 000
200,000
Bavfield
4,100
4,100
Bismarck . . ,
30 000
Caldwell
200, 000
Detroit
25, 000
25,000
Duluth
600
600
Fort Pierre
200, 000
O'Neill City . . .
1, 750, 000
Rosebud Landing
1, 750, 000
500,000
500, 000
500,000
Sioux City
500 000
2, 175, 000
•
a Bags.
FOR COFFEE AND CORN FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
343
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, <fc.— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.J
delivered in strong double sacks.)
James H. Taylor.
d
cS
H
PH
Ezra Wheeler.
James Graham.
1
W. M. Stout.
PH
M
Hs
1
•4
!
d
H
C. D. Woolworth.
R. C. Haywood.
L. H. Maxfield.
E. G. Moore.
P. B. Weare.
!
d
H>
$13 48
$12 00
$12 25
11 97
$11 25
11 50
14 74
13 39
$i2 25
$11 40
$11 13
11 15
11 21
11 35
11 45
11 74
11 95
$11 25
11 50
12 00
$11 48
11 95
14 14
11 50
13 24
56 pounds to the bushel, delivered in "gunnies.")
$O 73
$1 15
$1 47
87
1 39
1 15
$1 23
1 24
6$0 83
$1 35
$135
1 35
81
95
83
85
87
6 At terminus of railroad after November 1, 2\ cents per pound additional.
344 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
CORN— Continued.
1
1
1
"S
1
1
!
Points of delivery.
I
i
I
p
1
M'
g
1
a
,0
§
i
i
PH
p
P
I
1
I
I
s
9
0>
EH
0
£
i-5
0
1
N
IS3
M
Pounds.
Pounds.
Southern Ute, Colo
50, 000
200 000
50,000
200,000
$6 35
$290
$3 94
$6 25
$1 50
$1 65
!*i 46
Dak.
Crow Creek, Dak.
Lower Brul6 Dak
60, 000
50 000
60,000
50,OOO
1 60
1 35
1 46
1 30
100 000
1 48
1 35
Rosebud Dak
400 000
1 25
al 29£
Pine Ridge Dak
400 000
1 25
al 29|
Fort Peck, Mont..
30, 000
5 000
30,OOO 2 03
5,OOO * «"
Santee Nebr
35, 000
70 000
35,000
70.00O
i 26
iJt OL±
$4 45
<fta 70
Mescalero N. Mex
25 000
25,OOO
9 00 4 25
3 93
50 000
4 73 3 98
Pueblo N. Mex
2 50'
1
COEN MTCAT.
Quapaw Agency . .
Arkansas City
Seneca
20, 070
19, 520
20, 000
19, 520
20,070
20,000
Saint Louis
40, 070
FEED. (Clear corn and oats, fresh
Los Pinos Agency.
Lower Brule
Bayfleld
20, 000
2,000
20, 500
60, 000
62, 000
82, 000
2O,OOO
$748
$1 80
20,500
Rosebud Landing.
Sioux City
1 70
1 25
62,000
FLOUR. (" Straight, full stock" of good sound, wheat, 60
Agencies.
Colorado River.
Ariz.
San Carlos, Ariz . .
Los Pinos, Colo...
Southern Ute, Colo
Fort Hall, Idaho..
Quapaw, Ind. T...
SacandFoxJnd.T.
Blackfeet, Mont. . .
Crow, Mont
Gros Ventre, Mont.
Abiquiu,KMex..
Mescalero, IT. Mex
Navajo
100, 000
1, 000, 000
120, 000
120, 000
125, 000
57, 138
72, 000
160, 000
250, 000
175, 000
125, 000
140, 000
75, 000
100,000
1,000,000
12O,OOO
]2O,OOO
125,000
57,138
72,000
160,000
250,000
175,000
$8 85
$5 60
$865
8 65
7 95
8 85
7 95
$470
$6 44
5 85
7 45
5 75
4 47
3 62
4 57
5 94
5 35
$640
6 73
6 85
5 15
6 65
125,000
140,000
75,000
625
6 63
a For any additional amount over 400,000 pounds.
CORN MEAL, FEED, AND FLOUR FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 345
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, <$-c. — Continued.
awards were made on comparison oi samples which accompanied bids.]
CORN"— Continued.
i
0
h3
M. C. Murdock.
A. A. Newman.
TV. H. Smith.
1
6
H<
L. H. Maxfleld.
L. Zeckendorf.
A. E. TVhyland.
K. Dannheim.
Charles Goldman.
A. B. Havens.
G. Goldberg.
bb
_rt
Id
02
fe
N
^
^
P. TV. Me Adow.
B. C. Haywood.
CORN MEAL.
$100
$1 20
$1 10
$1 19
$1 75
$1 80
ground, and of good sound grain.)
$145
sn
pounds of wheat to be ground down to 43 pounds of flour.)
$543
4 98
5 43
4 98
$5 50
490
$5 33
$5 00
$9 84
9 49
$308
$3 35
$3 20
$260
$2 65
$325
$4 67
$3 80
4 72
346 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
JFLOUH- Continued.
Points of delivery.
Quantity offered.
1
5
i
O"
00
M
w
L. H. Maxfield.
1
0
d
>>
<5
Pounds.
159 900
Pounds.
1 409* 900
1,409,900
Bay field
58, 500
$2 89
58,500
2 59
T>' 1
260 000
$2 39
1 040 000
1,040,000
2 40
2 56
2 59
2 49
26 000
26,000
$3 98
2 49
100 000
3 98
2 79
2 95
100,000
2 72£
Caldwell
1 250 000
450 000
400 000
405 000
2 52
500 000
2 54
2 405 000
2 56
2 59
2 63
2 55
Detroit
46 000
3 99
2 89
33,000
65,000
2 59
Duluth
22 500
2 79
22,500
2 49
58 500
2 28
Jamestown .
100, 000
$2 30
Ojate
100 000
3 98
2 69
2 62
100,000
2 49
2 98
Ortonville
100 000
2 95
162 000
162,000
2 72J
Salt Lake City
10 000
1O,000
Sioux City ... . ......
1, 800, 000
3 92
200 000
100 000
2 18
.
800 000
2 23
500, 000
2 55
Seneca . . .
57 138
2 35
2 53
2 33
2 51
2 31
2 49
2 29
Saint Mary's
18 000
18,000
Saint Paul
1 398 000
3 58
Tankton
50 000
2 36
405, 000
2 34
500, 000
2 55
2 39
2 35
2 53
2 44
2 33
2 51
2 47
500,000
2 31
2 49
2 49
855,000
2 29
2, 405, 000
2 41
200, 000
200,000
200,000
160,000
FOE FLOUE FOE INDIAN SEEV1CE.
347
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, $-c. — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.]
FLOUR— Continued.
1
1
l-s
fr
*
£
ri
J. K. Moore.
E. AmorettL
1
& '
M
S
C. D. Woolworth.
"5
1
6
01
A. A. Newman.
1
1
w
d
A. B. Havens.
$2 43
$2 84
2 37
2 47
$2 47
2 89
2 79
2 74
$3 90
$3 70
$3 50
$3 85
3 50
3 15
$2 19
2 25
2 39
2 56
$2 70
$2 73
2 98
f.
2 22
2 28
2 42
2 59
I
348 PROPOSALS DECEIVE:, AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
HAED BREAD. (Best quality used by Army,
Points of delivery.
Arkansas City
Caldwell
Kansas City. . .
Omaha
Sioux City ....
Saint Louis . . .
Pounds.
11, 000
15, 000
Pounds.
29, 500
330, 700
326, 700
300, 000
358, 200
29,500
3-i'rVroo
00
$4721
472*.
3 S7£
3 87|
4 07*
$4 00
HOMLN"Y. (Good, merchantable quality,
Los Pinos Agency.
Saint Louis
1,000
34, 330
36,300
40
L AED. ( ' ' Prime steam " ) in tin
Detroit 100 1OO
Ojate 500 5OO
SiouxCity : 2,000 2,OOO
SaintLouis 21,450
18,650
OAT
.
San Carlos Agency 500
Los Pinos Agency 200 $0 14
SaintLouis 3,000 3,050
OATS. (Bright and clean, well sacked,
Cheyenne 75,000 ..
O'Neill City 115,000
Eosebud Landing 115,000 115,000
SiouxCity 262,520 ,..
190,000
Cheyenne Eiver Agency, Dak 75, 000 75,000
Pine Ridge Agency, Dak 40,000
Eosebud Agency, Dak 75, 000
Blackfeet Agency, Mont 10,000 10,000
Flathead Agency, Mont 20,000 20,000
Fort Peck Agency, Mont 10,000 10,000
Gros Ventres Agency, Mont 15, 000 15,OOO
Santee Agency, Nebr 17,500 17,500
POEK. ("Well preserved,
Barrels. Barrels.
Sisseton Agency Station 400 4OO
Bayfield 116 116
Bismarck 90 90
Brown's Valley 400
Brainerd 22 22
Chicago 150
130
1,500
450
400
70 70
HARD BREAD, HOMINY, LARD, OAT MEAL, OATS, AND PORK. 349
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, #c. — Continued.
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.]
furnished in strong boxes ready for shipment.)
3
1
w
M
1
•+3
,3
bf>
>
P
|
d
H
L. H. Maxfield.
Willis J. Powell.
«d
'Pj
£
ri
-4
P. B. Weare.
I
d
^
1
1
ft
d
T. C. Power.
W. J. Kountze.
H. O. Armour.
SP
^
sound and clean, put up in double bags.)
$2 15
$350
$220
cans of five and ten pounds each.
*4|
is!
%$
*
MEAL.
$0 20
$O03|
weighing not less than 32 pounds to the bushel.)
$2 10
$1 35
$1 80
170
1 21
1 35
$182
$1 90
1 74
1 74
287
2 2O
248
392
1 65
sound and sweet, in good barrels.)
$1899
18 29
$1974
18 99
18 99
1970
19 13
19 63
17 99
$17 75
17 37*
1750
»
350 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neio York City, under
Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
POKK -Continued.
-i
g
1
1
j
§0
*
L
i
1
o
1
^
' §
Points of delivery.
1
I
1
1
ri
o'l
1
1
i
W
S
1
cc
"S0^
H
P)
9
d
-4
1-8
S
?
fi
d
Barrels.
Barrels.
77 1 30'
^ 1 O ^Q
47 47 $19 70
Duluth
116
18 74
70
70
1829
Ojate
160
492
160
492
19 40
19 74
Sioux City
$1815
400
18 78
300
18 68
Saint Louis
400
17 37J
RICE. (Good quality,
Pounds.
4 500
Pounds.
$0 13
Uavajo Agency
200
16
Arkansas 'City. . ..
9,700
$0 07T97tBA
Bismarck
40 000
Q7J>*
Brown's Valley . .
Caldwell
5 200
071
07*5
Charleston, S. C .
248, 155
Chamberlain
145, 000
$0 07$k
Chicago
200, 000
New York ....
233, 000
10 05r3A
248, 155
248,155
Ojate
1,000
07J
Sioux City
195, 000
074
Saint Louis
248, 155
$0 05 9S
Tankton
145, 000
07i2s
06^0
SALT. (Good quality,
Arkansas City
13, 210
55, 060
55,060
11, 250
$1 «5
Bismarck
124, 300
16,300
Bayfield
4,060
4,060
SO 75
Brainerd
300
300
1 50
Brown's Valley
840
840
1 50
Caldwell ....
41, 850
1 45
Detroit
300
900
2 00
Duluth
840
840
75
Muscogee
9,500
9,500
Ojate
2,800
2,800
1 75
Ortonville
840
1 50
Eosebud Landing. .
100, 000
ibo/OOO
Seneca
2,923
Sioux City
150, 000
1 10
1, 313, 000
3,680
Saint Louis
287, 257
Agencies.
San Carlos, Ariz . . .
26, 750
26,750
Los Pinos, Colo
7,000
7,000
Southern Ute, Colo.
5,000
5,OOO
Chcvenne River,
67, 000
Dak.
Crow Creek, Dak . .
3,000
Lower Brule, Dak
2, 600
Yankton, Dak
8,000
8,000
Fort Hall, Idaho ..
2,000
2,000
Lem hi, Idaho
1,200
1,200
RICE, AND SALT FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
351
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, fyc. — Continued.
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied hids.J
POEK— Continued.
William M. Stout.
A. E. Why land.
1
H
E. M. Masterton.
Daniel Talmage.
Gustave A. Jahn.
E. C. Hay wood.
4
1
w'
C. D. Woolworth.
1
w
L. Zeckendorf.
1
bJD
.3
1
G. Goldberg.
delivered in double bags.)
$0
$0
$0
06i
05&
$0 05
05^
05flfe
06
06}
packed in strong barrels.)
$1 38
136
$O80
1 43
150
$120
1 50
70
$0 75
$5 55
$425
$740
7 40
1 45
1 30
1 25
1 10
$3 95
$3 50
65O
352 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New Yorlc City,
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
SALT— Continued.
1
1
|
1
f
1
|
Points of delivery.
0
a
1
1
£
o
On
1
I
I
|
f
1
O
0
b
02
P
pi
G>
$
y
JH
«
^
0
-i
Agencies.
Pounds.
Pounds.
2,967
9 000
$1 00
9,000
$5 74
1 500
1,500
6 '20
Fort Peck Mont
5 000
5,000
1 5O
3 000
3,000
3 24
Otoe Nebr
8,000
8,000
$i so
Sant'ee Nebr
3 300
3,30O
$1 05
Abiquiu N Mex
3,000
1 000
3,000
$900
9 00
Navajo N Mex
SUGAE. (Medium quality, granulated, delivered in ordinary-
171 000
18 000
510 000
510 000
lOi
1,100,000
New Tork
500 000
$9 95
300 000
400 000
Qjate
10, 000
•
Tankton
545 000
TOBACCO, PLUG. (Navy plug, light color, uniform
Baltimore
72 900
79 440
Bismarck
8,700
Brown's Valley
1 000
Chamberlain
32 500
Chicago
72 900
Duluth
530
Kansas City
72 900
New York.
72 900
79,440
79,440
Ojate
1,500
Omaha
72 900
Philadelphia
79, 440
72, 900
Sioux City .
72 900
SaintLouis
72, 900
79 440
Saint Paul
72 900
11 730
Yankton .
72 900
32 500
FOR SUGAR AND TOBACCO FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
353
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies, #c. — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.")
SALT — Continued.
1
M
W
&
C. M. Waterbury.
>>
«i
A. Jackson & Co.
S. W. Venable.
tj
0>
o
I
£
0
P. Lorillard.
Forest G. Hawes.
d
rfl
S
y
d
M
.9
*B<
1
d
CO
B
*3
J. A. McDowell.
Drummond Tobac-
co Company.
John E. Liggett.
i
p
j
sized barrels, tight, extra hooped, and full head lined.)
$ib
$0
s*
leaf, sweetened only enough for preservation.)
$0 49J-
$0 39
43
41
42
43
50
42
50
491
$0 39
41
$0 38|
$0 43
$0 39
$6 41^
$0 42
$036
42
39
41
47
39
40g
41
40
38|
3ft
37i
37t
36!
«1
42
38
50
39
491
41
50
50
$0 40
$0 38
$0 40
50
36
33J
j
491
50
42
23 TND
354
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
TOBACCO, SMOKING.
Points of delivery.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
P. Lorillard.
"Wm. Buchanan.
L. Zeckendorf.
Jas. M. Gardiner.
Jas. E. McAlpin.
J. A. McDowell.
W. M. Stout.
New York
Pounds.
5,400
5,000
Pounds.
5,100
$027
28
34
36
38
40
43
53
63
$0 40
45
48-
50
55
$o 371
$0 32
35
40
50
$0 28
29
31
35
$0 27
47
TEA. (Oolong, superior to
2,050
1,200
742
12,985
11, 200
12, 320
4,300
9,600
4,687
11,600
1,600
Brown's Valley . ...
Duluth
New York
$0I1!
24
25
Oiate...
19,935
WHEAT. (No. 1, spring or winter, sound, sweet, and clean,
Agencies.
Puna, Ariz
26, 000
100 000
20,000
Osage, Ind.T
Santee, Nebr
123, 000
75, 000
100, 000
Navajo, N. Mex
100,000
100,000
.Arkansas City
FOR TOBACCO, TEA, AND WHEAT FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing supplies for the Indian service.
awards were made on comparison of samples which accompanied bids.]
TOBACCO, SMOKING.
355
A. E. Whyland.
Thomas Reid.
W
fc
Stephen Burkhal-
ter.
1
M
John M. White.
Melvin A . Bronson.
<D
I
ri
1
a
John M. Jlorer.
R. C. Haywood.
1
d
H
W. Spiegelberg.
Z. Staab.
fine trade classification.)
$0 24
23
22
$0 23
28
30
d»A QQ 69
SpU ««TOT
24 7A
$0 19J
$0 22
$0 24
25
26
23
25^
$0 20
25
30
35
$0 30
28£
21
24
weighing not less than 60 ponnds to the bushel.)
$2 75
$250
$2 02
$1 93
$1 73
$5 43
$513
.
178
356
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under adver-
. — Figures in large type denote the
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
To—
L. Zeckendorf.
C. B. Stone.
*
£
ti
3"
i
H
$
g
i
d
H
g
1
d
^
R. C. Haywood. (e)
A. E. Whyland.
P. B. Wenre. (j)
a$8OO
10 00
a900
10 00
700
5 50
San. Carlos ATI/
<t7 51)
TVilcox Ariz
Hoopa Valley Cal
$950
675
47*
687*
Reddin0" Cai
$6 86
6 00
7 25
San Francisco Cal
5 75
8 00
Tulare Cal
Los Finos Colo
$895
895
Southern CTte Colo
Brown's Valley Dak
$300
165
1 70
190
Cheyenne River Dak
$1 67
165
1 92
Crow Creek Dak
Fort Berthold Dak
Fort Pierre Dak
Jamestown Dak
300
1 68
265
165
Lower Brule, Dak
165
"165
Ojate Dak
Eunnin°r Water Dak
SissetoiT Dak
235
165
Standin^ Rock Dak
1 67
Tankton Dak
Yankton Agency Dak
1 65
160
Red Rock Station Idaho
625
600
Ross Fork Idaho
Muscogee Ind. T
2 55
$2O2
Sioux City lo^a
105
2 50
0$0 80
/I 15
Arkansas City Kans
2 75
2 75
2 45
2 45
2 25
2 50
214
2 14
189
1 64
Caldwell Kans
Coffeyville Kans
Netawaka, Kans
Saint Mary's, Kans
169
164
White Cloud, Kans
Brainerd, Minn
1 85;
Detroit, Minn
1 95'
Duluth, Minn
1 O5
Seneca, Mo
2 85
1 98
Blackfeet, Mont .
7i5 62
&640
A750
7i325
220
?550
5 67
Crow, Mont
Flathead, Mont
7 55
5 28
2 22
i5 55
Fort Belknap Mont
Fort Peck, Mont
Huntley, Mont
Omaha, Nebr*
3 00
fi 30
095
O'Neill Citv, Nebr
Otoe, Nebr
2 85
198
Santee, Nebr
1 65
1 HA
a Via San Francisco ard Southern Paciiic Railroad, b All rail; freight to be delivered contractor
before September 15. cAll rail to Missouri. dGood up and down Missouri River. eBy car-load lots
10 cents per hundred less. /Freight without classification, g Sugar, flour, rice, corn, oats, feed, and
YOr "Western terminus Fremont, Elkhorn, and Missouri Valley Railroad.
salt in car-load lots.
FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
357
tisement of March 23, 1881. for furnishing transportation for the Indian service.
rates at which contracts have been awarded.]
Chicago or Saint Louis.
San Francisco.
A. E. Whyland.
L. Zeckendorf.
C. B. Stone.
1
M
ti
E. Fenlon. (6)
9
_«_
i
0
H
£
1
d
Ha
B. C. Hay wood, (e)
•^i
<s
a
1
M
PH
A. E. Whyland. (e)
i
w
d
N. W. Wells.
L. Zeckendorf.
a$800
9 50
a900
9 50
680
525
I
$600
550
4OO
$7 25
$6 00
$925
6 50
450
6 62i
$475
j" "
" 5~50
7 75
$606
5 00
640
$i 76
251
....
6$870
870
$2 35
100
1 05
125
w90
75
235
1 05
199
100
n$103
1 02
100
1 27
|
i oo
100
1 7O
1 10
1 12
95
90
555
530
nl 95
2,5
»$i 18
143
2 25
w45
40
gr$0 35
/40
w2 45
»il64
w!74
w!64
174
nl 42
156
wl 22
148
wl 18
156
wl 22
1 48
2 50
2 45
2 50
2 20
2 20
wl 85
2 00
n2 00
235
v
1 15
120
wl 00
75
w2 25
2 50
w!33
1 58
fcw495
£500
£585
£685
w455
£460
148
mnl4: 90
mZ495
w5 00
5 05
6 90
4 C2
w4 58
1 50
?i Z4 93
Z5 05
1 75
050
/55
w2 25
2 50
w!43
1 58
95
90
h Via Bismarck; freight shipped before June 15, 50 cents per 100 less. £No freight taken later than
June 15. j All rail; storage at terminus free. A; Freight shipped before June 20, 50 cents per 100 less.
ZNo freight taken later than June 20. m Freight shipped in May$L per 100 less. wFrom Saint Louis.
358
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under1
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
Omaha.
To-
s
I
d
EH
d
o
£
£
tej
A. E. Why land.
W. Spiegelberg.
C. B. Stone.
1
t
f
ft
!
b
H
^
1
ri
Pi
Sidney Nebr
$395
7 70
7 63
$4 00
500
500
8 00
8 00
8 00
8 00
2 00
12 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
500
12 00
12 OH
12 00
12 00
12 00
•i%
Elko Nev
Wadsworth, Nev -
$684
695
747
637
Navajo N Mex
Pueblo N Mex
Carlisle Pa
$1050
675
825
787^
The Dalles Or'eg
Toledo. Oreg
"Umatilia Landin0" Oreg
Salt Lake City, Utah
5 75
Fort Simcoe Wash
1075
587^
575
575
575
New Tacoma Wash
Olympia Wash
Port Townsend Wash
Seattle Wash
Bayfield, Wis
$300
300
Cli'ntonville, Wis
Rawlins Wyo . ...
5 05
450
San Carlos Ariz
Bismarck, Dak
Cheyenne River Dak
Crow Creek, Dak
Tort Bert-hold, Dak
Tort Pierre, Dak
Lower Brul6 Dak
Rosebud, Dak
Standing Rock, Dak
Yankton Agency Dak
Red Rock Station, Idaho
**?«
Ross Fork, Idaho
Sioux City, Iowa
$030
d$0 25
e30
Fort Peck, Mont
O'Neill City, Nebr
c?25
e3Q
Sidney, If ebr
1 95
647
640
430
358
Elko, Nev
Wadsworth, Nev
Salt Lake City, Utah
5 00
Rawlins, Wyo ....
aAll rail to Missouri.
& Good up and down Missouri. c Storage at terminus free.
FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
359
Advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing transportation, #c. — Continued,
rates at -which contracts have been awarded.]
Chicago or Saint Louis.
San Francisco.
Wil-
cox.
Running
Water.
Chey-
enne.
A
d
H
*
"d
a
p
1
f
C. B. Stone.
'v
jj
pa
d
M. W. Stewart.
W. J. Kountze.
d
"W". J. Kountze.
6 63
$3 75
475
475
7 25
7 75
7 75
7 75
3 00
12 00
9 75
9 75
9 75
480
12 00
12 00
12 00
32 00
12 00
$362
253
$684
665
725
637
$1025
650
800
762J
$575
20O
350
5 20
10 25
575
575
575
600
1 12J
1 00
1 OO
1 00
$235
235
4 45
435
$144
$060
60
60
80
50
38
35
75
25
$0 60
$130
i
480
A Sugar, rice, flour, corn, oats, feed, and salt in car-load lots.
e Freight without classification.
360
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City tinder
[NOTE — Figures in large type denote the
Kansas City.
Yankton.
To—
A. E. Whyland.
W. Spiegelbcrg.
L. Zeckendorf.
1
I*
fc
E. Fenlon.
R. C. Haywood. (g)
!
d
EH
S
t*
w
P^
T. C. Power, (c)
W. J. Kountze.
1
0
t-j
«SSOO
Colorado River, Ariz
10 00
a9 00
10 00
6 25
$700
5 00
Reddin«" Cal
$606
500
640
5 40
Tula* e Cal
&$830
&830
Southern Ute Colo
$060
Brown's Valley Dak
$0 73
65
85
60
60
80
40
$6 70
60
87
Crow Creek Dak
Fort Berthold Dak
Fort Pierre Dak
Jamestown Dak
60
5J 10
40
55
Ojate Dak
50
35
20
50
Running Water 1)ak
Standing Rock Dak
75
40
75
25
77
35j
Yanktun Agency, Dak . . .
Tankton Dak
Red Rock Station. Idaho .
Ross Fork Idaho
5 55
5 30
Muskogee, Ind. T
1 95
$1 18
Sioux City Iowa
$030
d$~0~35
e40
Arkansas City Kans
1 95
1 95
1 55
1 55
1 05
1 50
1 19
1 19
94
73
73
73
Cald well, Kans
Coffeyville Kans
N etawaka, Kans .........
Sainf. MITT'S K^TIS
White Cloud, Kans
"Rrninwd Minn
Dulut h, Minn ....
Detroit , Minn
Seneca, Mo
2 25
1 58
Blackfec t, Mont
465
560
685
4 67
6 93!
4 37
1 02
4 55
Crow, Mont
Flathead, Mont
Fort Belknap, Mont
425
Fort Peck, Mont
1 00
450
1 30
Huntley, Mont
O'Neill City, Nebr i
e55
d5Q
Otoe.Nebr
2 25
1 04
San tee, Nebr
40
35
Elko.Nev
665
663
Wads worth, Nev
Abiquiu, IN". Mex
$640
640
Mescalero, N. Mex
Navaio, N. Mex
725
6OO
Pueblo, N. Mex
Salt Lake City, Utah . . .
445
Bayfield, Wis
Clintonville, Wis
Rawlins, Wvo
445
a Via San Francisco and Southern Pacific Railroad.
6 All rail. Freight to be delivered contractor bef re September 15.
c All rail to Missouri. G- od up or down Missouri.
d Sugar, flour, corn, rice, oats, feed and nalf, in car-load lots
e Freight without classification.
FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
361
advertisement of March 23, 1881 , for furnishing transportation, $ r.— Continued,
rates at which contracts have been awarded.]
Bismarck.
Saint Paul.
Sioux Ci'y.
1
£
u
£
Igj
\
1
0
H
"W". J. Kountze.
P. B. Weare. (f)
^
®
1
u
H
i
s
0
1-5
P. B. Weare. (f)
W. J. Kountze.
I
&
d
H
!
d
1-3
$0 70
2 00
I 00
1 05
1 00
85
2 00
1 05
1 75
$0 70
A$0 80
225
77
75
1 00
$0 50
40
38
$0 47
55
35
$0 40
40
20
40
$1 02
1 00
1 03
70
70
95
60
$0 75
70
1 05
2 25
50
55
4O
1 00
50
73
2 00
60
70
50
50
60
60
1 00
1 00
45
25
60
1 50
95
95
1 75
80
55
38
55
75
35
60
70
30
60
60
97
90
80
30
15
83
50
80
80
60
tf$0 25
e30
30
80
50
80
1 15
1 12
1 20
432
M 25
7i5 50
6 50
3 90
72
3 90
n\ 80
A5 75
Mi 60
4 30
1 40
4 70
4 83
A4 80
hS 70
A6 80
4 25
1 25
4 70
4 83
6 62
3 95
74
3 93
-6 62
4 33
6 87
4 30
1 30
4 78
75
1 45
4 78
1 35
<?50
d45
, jd$0 20
<?25
55
60
95
90
55
50
2 00
2 00
2 25
2 25
/Storage at terminus free of cos'..
grBy car-load lots, 10 cents per 100 less.
h Via Bismarck.
i Or western terminus, Fremont, Elk Horn, and Missouri Valley Railroad.
j Bacon only.
&A11 rail.
CONTRACT AWARDED FOR BLANKETS AND WOOLEN GOODS, 363
Absiract of proposals received and contracts awarded at Neiv York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded.]
Class 1.
BLANKETS, ALL-WOOL MACKESTAC.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
John Dob son.
E. Naumberg.
Leon Mandel.
Points of delivery.
Phila.
N. Y.
N. Y.
3£-point scarlet, 66 x 78 inches, 10 pounds pairs.
3-point scarlet, CO x 72 inches, 8 pounds do . .
2i_ -point scarlet 54 x 66 inches 6 pounds do..
858
1,975
999
406
2,528
4,660
1,786
810
540
1,425
425
50
925
1, 425
675
926
2,235
1,119
410
2,604
S,449
2,wl I
9*0
343
1,515
500
50
979
1,475
675
$8 20
6 56
4 92
4 SO
6 90
5 32
4 14
3 62
8 00
6 40
4 80
4 20
8 00
6 40
4 80
2-point scarlet 42 x 56 inches 5^ pounds do
3|-poiiit indigo-bine, 66 x 78 inches, 10 pounds. ..do..
8-point indigo-blue, 60 x 72 inches, 8 pounds do . .
2^-point indigo-blue, 54 x 66 inches, 6 pounds do. .
2-point indig -blue, 42 x 56 inches, 5J pounds do. .
3^-point green 66 x 78 inches 10 pounds . ... do .
3-point green, 60 x 72 inches, 8 pounds do. .
2*_-point green 54 x 66 inches 6 pounds do
2-point green, 42 x 56 inches, 5£ pounds do . .
3 J-point gentian, 66 x 78 inches, 10 pounds do . .
3-point gentian, 60 x 72 inches, 8 pounds do. .
2*,-point gentian, 54 x 66 inches, 6 pounds do . .
Class 2.
WOOLEN GOODS.
Cloth list, blue yards
7, 235
7,935
$1 27*
Cloth list scarlet . do
4 300
4,300
1 27*
Cloth, all wool do
2,000
$1 14*
1,000
1 21
1 23
1 38*
68
1 58
1 15*
600
1 53
1 34
1,766
$0 624,
364
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 2.
WOOLEN GOODS — Con-
tinued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
M
BH
|
S. M. Milliken.
4
§
ri
|*
1
H
M
Thomas G-. Hood.
!
«2
S
£
1
5
pq
N
d
1
1
W
^
Points of delivery.
N. Y.
N.Y.
2ST. Y.
N. Y.
X. T.
N. Y. X. Y. N. Y.
Flannel, blue yards.
Flannel, red yards
Hose, women's, woolen,
34,445
19, 360
1,847
35
1,348
63, 685
984
535
270
210
550
500
1,860
1,000
36,145
$0 27tf&
30£
Bl^Jb
S
It
W*
**&
$026i
24
28
33
311
25
24
281
33
311
$0 29$R,
31vCn
29/5%
31*&
32tf&
33i
36i
$0 34rf&
»££
If
8&
32T1fCT
32Tn0"0
33^
33JJ&
36T^
$0 26£&
33t85£
M«b
|gft
33/1
B»JK
34TU
$0 28J
$0 371
34TVs
38&
30J
33
38J
21,440
2,092
35
1,418
78,170
2 66
2 90
2 65
3 40
3 50
3 60
Hose, women's, cotton,
dozen
Hose, children's, wool-
en dozen . .
Linsey yards
1 72
Mi
2 50
3 60
1 82
1 98
1 90
2 45
2 50
141
2 15
2 25
2 95
2 75
300
3 20
15
Mittens dozen
141
Socks, men's, wool .doz.
984
-
744
471
825
1 69
1 80
2 05
2 10
2 15
3 00
3 10
1 95
2 10
2 30
2 40
245
2 50
FOR WOOLEN GOODS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
365
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing goods for the Indian service.
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
6
;
1
§
i
i
^;
^
i
-2
jg
|
J
1
1
A
i
'fl
E
S
D
i
r4
o
5
CO
0
I
a
cc
1 '
1
4
1
1
rt
d
1-5
02
ft
ft
PH
•^
0
H
1-5
0
^
^
1
H
N
«i
1
w
H
«
ft
W
^
^
Points of delivery.
N. Y.
H". Y.
N.Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N.Y.
Phila.
N.Y.
N. Y.
N.Y.
IST.Y.
N.Y.
K.T.
$0 90^
$270
1 20
2 05
$0 75
1 20
2 00
Vet
$0 Uflft
$0 19 go
$0 14d&
$0 16i
$0 14TU
$012J
20
$0 H^J
2 65
2 30
2 10
1 65
1 75
1 50
1 50
$1 75
2 10
$2 50
2 15
1 80
2 20
2 37J
1 90
1 98
$1 50
$2~ 54
2 35
/
366 PEOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 2.
WOOLEN GOODS— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
6
H
$
!
n
H
M
J. M. Merrow.
j3
O
HS
•d
H
J. M. Holmes.
1
Points of delivery.
N.Y.
UT.T.
N.Y.
X. Y. X. Y.
Socks, men's cotton dozen . .
Socks, boy's woolen dozen
100
1,251
550
100
626
1,500
9,878
807|
4,713
1,214
216
51
$0 75
85
1 05
1 20
1 JO
1 44
1 69
1 98
$0 80
874
185
\
100
1,358
$1 49
1 90
1 95
2 05
2 12
$1 40
$172
Shawls ^
i 26
1 74
1 57£
1 95
1 90
2 27
2 49
2 97
3 25
3 59
3 75
4 54
4 75
5 48
5 70
6 45
6 62
9 45
39
44
54
68
l" 33i
1 38"
1 41
1 56
11,803
428
4884
2 9O
3 00
Skirts
61
63
%
5,195
1,871
453
51
SI
SI
8P
92J
98
85
Yarn, gray and white pounds. .
Blankets horse
FOR WOOLEN GOODS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
367
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for furnishing goods, $-c. — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each hid was accompanied.]
•
I
'I
1
|
1
*
1
1
1
at
4
cS
3
0
I
|
£•=<
1
1
s
3
rf
H
H
02
f
50
PQ
.2
W
PN
15
H
W
^
^
5
M
W
^
02
Points of delivery.
N.Y.
Phila.
IT.Y.
]ST.Y.
K.Y.
K.Y.
N.Y.
W.Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
$0 65
$1 34^
$1 25
1 35
159i
$2 25
|2 75
3 00
2 50
3 75
3 00
4 75
2 90
3 10
4 00
331
421
f 0 67T40°s
$0 48
1?!
54
S]
60
53
58
63
73
68
72
$0 95
$0 85T9A
85
82r
80
75
73 7^
674
55
$3 75
$1 50
3 00
368
PEOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at •which contracts have been awarded;
Class 3.
COTTON GOODS.
Quantity oflEered.
Quantity awarded.
I
H
D. Trainer & Sons.
!
i
H
1
n
6
EH
E. S. Jaffray.
a
ti
Points of delivery.
H.X
N.T.
X. Y.
Phila.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
Bed-ticking yds..
Bed-quilts
35, 796
6,603
268, 795
156, 000
82, 000
230, 000
21, 000
210, 000
100, 000
90, 000
1,830
6,290
745
38,981
4,OOO
3,717
$0 lOft's
it
•"3
$0 12ft
11 P
99
1 00
1 02
1 10
1 09
$0 10ft
$0 12ft%
$0 121 8
$0 Hi
1 10
1 21
1 19
1 22
1 24
1 29
Calico yds..
Cheviot yds..
Crash ..... do
it
102,000
113,665
42,935
........
it
it
m
37,500
Sft^
11
12
81
10}
11
10
11
12
10 9B
71
3,980
6,825
9*45
7
il
Cotton-bats Ibs . .
Drilling, blue yds . .
Drilling, slate ... do
Duck, unsized.. do
Denims, blue ... do
Gingham do
Handkerchiefs . .doz. .
24,700
965
172, 390
16, 940
47,750
1,073
895
lit
88
f
12J
9;
r
2-1,700
965
175,430
12 4^c
13 10
11 ~
Bft
ilt
*
13
7|
20,790
59,790
1
1,355
a Cotton.
6 Shoddy.
FOR COTTON GOODS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
369
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
6
0
O
•
0
£
fl
M. Millikin
Steinam &
. E. Turner.
. L. Strong
1
€
o
02
H
A. Eobbins
B. Hobart.
g
ft
1
H
tkin & Tho
Culbert.
'a
02
C. Warner
I
02
<1
5
P
H
^
W
PH
^
O
PH
^
W
M
W
Points of delivery.
3ST.T.
K. Y.
N. Y.
N". Y.
N.Y.
K". Y.
N". Y.
1NTY
TTY
Bait.
N.Y.
V.X
N.Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
$117
120
a$l 30
61 22
687J
61 20
al 35
61 23
$1 04
1 24
1 27
1 28
1 29
1 39
145
$0 05
$0 05^
-ft
*
$012|
$0 10
$0 12
$0 09TV5
$1P
$0 06*&
7^
$0 09
$0 06J
88
77£
674
c At Philadelphia.
d At Baltimore.
24 1ND
370 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 3.
COTTON GOODS— Cont'd.
,
cS
§
3
H
J. H. Prentiss. '
E. Naumberg.
|
W
§0
Leon Mandel.
f
hi
Points of delivery.
New York.
Chicago.
Is
©
New York.
Chicago or
Saint Louis.
1
fc
New York.
Kentucky jeans yds . .
Mosquito bar do..
Packing, yarn (cotton waste),
Ibs
27,455
25, 000
627
230
225
4,425
210, 778
8,470
11, 720
4,600
2,615
90
100
25
$0 15
16
18
$024|
27i
16J
$0 24$j,
$03H
36§
31£
$0 17i
19
20
$0 27
25
31,095
4,875
$0 39
31
1,047
260
Satinet yds..
Sheeting, brown do. .
Sheeting, bleached do . .
Shirting, hickory do..
Shirting, calico do..
TVinseya do..
"Wicking, candle Ibs. .
Warp, white do..
"Warp, bine do..
270
42
47
pfc
!?
25i
.
234,088
9,375
13,020
4,930
2,615
100
100
25
FOR COTTON GOODS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
371
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with, which each bid was accompanied.]
0
O
®
0
1
1
d
ij
B
1
4
V
1
i
1
o
1
1
1
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I
a
s
,fi!
i
2
1
H
ri
af
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1
1
1
1
6
fc
H
2
o
5
4
w
n
0
1
£
M
H'
d
H
1
Points of delivery.
d
d
New York.
Philadelph
New York.
New York.
Now York.
New York.
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
1
Philadelph
New York.
$0 16T%
$0 14*
^0 17
$0 17-jj^y
$0 16g
$0 13*
$0 13*
a
16
24|
14
15*
14|
15
16
171
5
$014
18
$0 10
16
34 1B
27
30
8
$0 25
3t
32
35
$0 07|
$0 06T%55
*1
8
8j8y1j
ajL
QjfjL
$0 or
^
8*C
9!
5ft
12
$0 12
24
?0
105
21
18
25
27
372
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City,
.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 4.
CLOTHING.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
1
J
£
* % *
1 3 |
M * 0
1 | i
N <3 H
Pitkin & Thomas.
Points of delivery.
I
1
1
1
1
£
£
M
g
s
1
4
fi
A
•3
1
g
Blouses Kentucky jeans - ...
3,114
700
50
5,691
3,000
2,340
50
73
655
4,751
3,600
3,000
$2 74
2 94
3 02
3 04
3 25
$3 35
3 20
$3 46
3 47
3 21
3 25
3 45
3 47
$2 04
2 53
2 58
2 67
2 71
2 48
2 57
2 98
3 19
2 67
1 98
$2 30
douses duck lined
2,615
Blouses duck, unlined
1,457
Coats sack Kentucky jeans
5,484
2 71
3 30
3 45
3 54
3 72
a340
<Z346
3 48
3 75
3 60
3 79
4 65
3 38
3 39
3 57
3 59
3 34
2 53
3 16
3 20
3 32
3 17
3 87
3 41
3 89
3 94
Coats, sack, duck, lined
3,670
1 52
1 48
2 12
2 65
2 44
Coats, sack, duck, unlinod
Coats, police, officers'
90
7 74
6 67
4 57
5 89
3 69
5 47
3 86
Coats, police, privates'
4 59
4 81
Overalls
921
6,371
47
48
49
51
52
a Black.
6 Plaid lining.
c "With or without velvet collars.
cZBlue.
FOR CLOTHING FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
373
under advertisement of Narcli 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service.
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
5
Henry Wallach.
E. A. Eobbins.
J. H. Prentiss.
W
A. E. Bamberger.
1
CG
Max Kayser.
V. H. Eothschild.
H. Bernheim.
1
1
H
E. August.
Auerbach, Finch,
& Van Slyck.
W
d
H
H. B. Claflin.
Points of delivery.
i
ri4
£
i
&
a
1
1
.00 .
1
1
1
1
4
£
III
1
1
fc
|
fc
.0
|
^
J"*3^
k
£
k
£
i
~§ Q^
*
£
to
2
o
to
0
to
to
£
to
|338
jj
0)
$1 77
$2 75
1 95
2 20
2 45
2 35
$2 37
2 12
2 48
1 79
1 60
2 15
1 95
1 24
55
1 18
65
1 12
75
1 05
2 72
3 05
$3 15
6$2 99
C$3 58
2 874
2 50
2 85
62 85
eS 094
3 10
3 72
1 80
62624
62 50
/3 14
02 8C
«2 72
02 37
02 50
$3 27
3 49
3 15
$1 34
$1 31
$2 60
3 05
1 97
2 00
2 70
2 98
2 56
2 42
2 75
2 19
2 62J
2624
2 50
1 624
80
150
95
1 40
1 05
1 30
2 05
474
514
57
65
414
43
42
46
$
$037|
38
$0 37
40
$0 44*
45
$0 40
57
624
72
1?
50
$
55|
53
492
72|
54
61
71
$0 36
31
e Dark Oxford, without velvet collars.
/As per sample.
g Black lining.
374
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New Yorlc City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rate at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 4.
CLOTHiNG-^Conthraed .
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
Auerbach, Finch &
Van Slyck.
K. A. Bobbins.
L. M. Hornthal.
Points or delivery.
3£§c
<?."-> «
fcOj
" s-3
Jig
New York.
New York.
4,558
/
3,000
150
50
1,025
50
50
7,091
31
Overcoats duck lined . . .... ». .......
4,818
$4 41
4 73
4 95
180
Ovfircnata dnr.lr nnlinftd
3 17
3 36
Overcoats boys' duck lined
1,126
.
Overcoats boys' duck unlined
6
$1 20
1 40
Pants, duck, lined
843
177
180
3,255
500
6,986
2 37
2 48
Pants, men's, dncVk nnlinncl - -
4,894
70
500
i
I
a Full lined.
6 "With velvet, blue cord.
cLike sample.
FOR CLOTHING FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
375
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
4
1
fcb
a
M
|
L
i
1
1
§
'-{3
!
§
4
-2
1
1
a
1
i
I
1
H?
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&
1
1
1
1
i
t
M
H
PH
W
i-s
cc
1
i
ri
I
1
M
a
1
PR
H
«
w
^
h>
1
1
^
^
5
w
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Saint Louis
or Chicago.
New York.
New York.
$3 91
$4 85
$4 58
$3 97
4 67
4 79
4 91
4 93
5 19
5 21
5 35
5 65
5 75
4 92
4 91
3 90
5 41
5 42
4 65
5 17
5 35
5 13
5 31
4 96
4 77
$8 50
<$3 g<>
3 75
4 00
4 20
2 00
3 53
3 81
1 75
3 62*
3 81
4 05
4 15
4 31
3 48
3 11
3 19
3 47
2 89
3 68
2 20
2 98
2 00
2 67
1 90
1 33
2 42
1 56
1 32
1 804
1 65
1 44
1 80
$2 00
$2 00
a$l 83
&$1 94
1 49
1 54
1 78
1 85
1 95
2 45
2 51
1 95
1 97
2 21
2 19
2 02
1 82
2 30
1 79
2 06
2 15
2 21
1 88
1 70
1 90
2 15
1 30
2 17
1 05
1 65
2 33
2 15
2 08
al 73
al 55
al 46
dl 71*.
dl 61*
dl 43J
dl 34
cl 49*,
\ cl 53|
2 09
1 82
$1 30
1 30
1 30
1 36
2 05
1 04
1 18
$1 08
$1 64
1 65
1 95
1 92i
1 42
1 75
1 92
1 21
1 55
1 85
1 45
1 81
1 77
1 42*
1 30
1 134
1 10
90
85
dTJnlined.
376 PROPOSALS RECEIVED ?$LND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 4.
CLOTHIKG — Continued.
!•' .. '
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
E. Naumberg.
fci
i
"§
3
3
Points of delivery.
£
I
i
H
1
75
669
i
•
2,629
175
52
3,451
486
188
12,878
6,675
13, 213
M
$489
6 18
4 94
3 89
2 39
2 62
367
4 84
2 16
2 28
3 45
2 38
$3 05
a'3 15
«3 37i
«3 50
a3 574
62 90
63 05
63 15
63 21
Suits (jacket and pants), Kentucky jeans. ..........
919
2,700
/
Suits (jacket and pants), duck, lined
Suits (jacket and pants) duck unlined
279
Suits (coat, pants, and vest), Kentucky jeans
52
3 56
4 36
5 39
3 94
4 48
4 63
a4 73
a5 25
a5 45
a5 65
427
c4 35
c4 61
c4 65
c4 83
Suits (coat, pants, and vest) duck lined
3,692
Suits (coat, pants, and vest), duck nnlined
634
Shirts, hickory
188
Shirts, calico
14,079
Shirts, gray flannel
7,001
14,685
a Satinet.
& Kentucky jeans, 1,500 of blue,
FOR CLOTHING FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
377
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
y
.
g
M
'o
3
0)
|
i
I
iS
I
^
1
o
d
3
3
o
to
1
>>
cS
M
1
1
SJD
|
3
G
«
1
H
0
M
cS
W
-<
M
O
W
^
5
^
w
5
^
H
W
H
W
^
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
$3 25
$2 36i
$2 50
3 17
2 244.
2 00
2 22
1 95
1 47
1 36^
5 75
3 69
3 624
577
5 64
3 53
x 3 26
3 11
2 90
4 75
4 45
3 63
3 50
4 25
4 074
2 95
2 80
2 35
2 05
471
$0 32^
$0 331
$0 34*
$0 344
$0 34
$0 354
49
414
344
36
38
40
36*
35
38
37
47
50
df '
46
44
35
384
39
21
37*
40
23a
40
40!
40
384
28
27
24
24
32
d°6i
67
67
64
66
25
27
27!
57
25
27
28
56
62
34
36
721
<Z27f
to
85
to
69
70
to
71
to
73
to
754
to
84
to
90
to
76
81
d One-third each ; sizos 32, 34, and 36.
378
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 4.
CLOTHING — Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
Max Kayser.
Zadoc Staab.
2
1
B
t>'
E. August.
Points of delivery.
Now York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Shirts red flannel ...
8,904
6,058
1 205
§1 09
1 13
1 19
1 22
1 28
1 16
1 21
1 29
$1 22
1 26
1 27
1 31
34
36
41
$1 10
1 02
1 00
i 074
1 12*
1 20
$0 88
00
10
15
15^
23
49
Vests men's Kentucky jeans .... ....
9,662
20
Vests duck lined
4,926
27
33
38
73
94
1 16
78
81
1 03
1 18
71
96
1 08
1 17
Vests, duck, unlined
50
469
105
319
105
314
100
314
112
2,675
Coats, blue, Mackinac
469
105
355
105
314
120
314
132
Coats scarlet Mackinac
Pants, blue, Mackinac ...... ....................
Pants, scarlet, Mackinac
Shirts, blue, Mackinac . . ...
Shirts scarlet Mackinac
Drawers, blue, Mackinac ...
FOR CLOTHING FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
379
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
(4
a3
g
2
|
n
Claflin.
. Buckley.
Prentiss.
I
ph King.
bb
I
I
J|
}
PH^P?
|1
-g>
PQ
^
d5
pq
&
H
^
3
£j
ri
"fl
02
w
W
H
rf
(I
fc
j
ri
«j
a
^
H
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
00 .
J-rH §0
s
.92.2
«w
$0 86
$1 174
$1 00
$1 27
a$l 02S
1 05
1 12
1 17
1 19
1 25
149
1 15
1 30
1 12
1 11
1 04
96
1 06
1 08
1 14
1 16
1 20
1 20
1 15
al 12
al 254
al 20
90
$1 15
$1 04
$1 22
$0 97
$0 99
$0 97
&$1 08£
1 124
1 03
1 05
1 06
1 09
97
1 15
1 11
1 34
90
i 054
1 12
1 13
1 28
87
1 13
1 18
1 15
1 09
1 28
1 19
1 21
1 35
97
1 25
1 20
1 10
90
75
4 50
4 81
$3 87
4 00
5 22
2 87
4 50
5 22
2 60
3 87
------
4 00
4 81
2 87
2 50
3 09
2 60
2 62
2 50
3 09
1 85
1 65
2 50
1 85
1 65
2 62
2 50
1 85
1 65
2 62
2 00
1 85
1 65
1 95
2 00
1 45
1 25
1 95
1 45
1 25
a One-third each, sizes 32, 34, and 36.
&Blue.
380
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
d
c
1
II
02
||
Class 5.
b
|3
BOOTS AND SHOES.
-
i
1
Points of delivery.
i
1
X
^
i
.fe
5
1
9
a
0
c
9
C?
*
IZj
Boots, men's (Nos.6to9) pairs..
2,951
3,275
$2 33J
$1 83i
2 29
1 95|
2 00
2 16f
2 25
2 50
Boots, men's, rubber (Nos. 6to9) ......... pairs . .
209
314
2 62
2 55
Shoes, men's (Nos.6to 9) pairs..
8,125
9,134
1 16f
1 05
1 05
1 25
1 15
1 25
1 10
1 10
Shoes, boys' (Nos. Ito6) pairs..
4,069
6,394
974
90
824
1 00
95
Shoes, women's (Nos. 3 to 5) pairs. .
9,038
10,428
924
85
774
90
»
86
80
774
81
Shoes, misses' (Nos. 13 to 2) pairs. .
3,945
4,rir
824
72
70
67
784
75
70
75
67
Shoes, children's (Nos. 11 to 13) pairs . .
2,489
2,854
724
67
624
62
674
70
624
64
Shoe-packs, men's
1,600
190
221
3
37
135
1,650
^9'°
188
Shoe-packs, boys'
Shoe-laces, leather gross . .
Shoe-lasts, assorted dozen. .
Shoe-pegs, assorted gallons..
Shoe-nails, assorted . pounds
FOR BOOTS AND SHOES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
381
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which, each bid was accompanied.]
£
g
03
g
i
«5
Q
1
A
Pk
a
^
3
1
W
V. Chipman
a"
1
N
^
M
a
i
A. Pvobbins.
1
1-3
1
i
C3
PQ
N
|
g
Hi
<1
1-3
1
P4
5
i-s
<i
o
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Saint Paul.
New York.
$2 37J
$2 39
$2 17J
$2 33i
2 33^
2 66
2 63
2 70
2 40
2 65
2 37£
2 33
2 17J
2 IGf
1 83£
2 60
2 60
1 19
1 16
$1 45
1 10
2 60
<•! 2M*
1 05
1 20
1 17i
1 20
1 46
1 20
1 47
1 15
1 15
90
1 05
1 13
1 02J
92*
91
95
92
98
95
1 12
90
90
90
82J
92£
8O
87*
72i
79
82*
82
77*
70
77^
69
724
674
69
62i
62
67£
55
72
65
55
.
$0 85
67
SO 73
a60
35
$0 06
$0 05|
09
a Each.
382
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received, and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
d
fe
•
Q
1
V
a
1
a
ns
•P
Class 6.
1
1
HATS AND CAPS.
1
i
Points of delivery.
1
1
jd
J
>>
£j
S
S
•M
i
H
H
- V-,
G"
1
1
1
Hats men's wool black ..............................
10, 235
$0 48
48
48
11,396
48
4,256
$0 24
23
4,853
Hats, men's, police, black...... ........................
855
• 58
58
990
60
60
60
60
Caps boys' cassimere black
3 628
3,805
Caps, men's, black
2,773
4,154
FOR HATS AND CAPS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
383
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
1
d
£
OJ
a
o
&
|
1
w
]
fi
<E
1
§
H
w
*
1
Q
•*§
3
1
ri
d
jfl
i
6
I
N
§
1
£
$
o
d
1
W
hs '
I
1
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
1
1
$0 4GJ
$0 30
$0 30
$0 44
$0 44
$0 40
48|
55
36
40
45
36
1
46
42
42
38
42
45
574
39
41
46
27
48
60
26i
47
442
484
48
51
55
40
38
35
35
524
50
51
51
30
40*
61
274
33
35
39
43
27*
35
37
39
674
40
33
32
29
28
26
374
35
41
71
71
67
68
70
•
65
68
$o 124
$0 18
70
224
20
25
21
22
23
23
274
32
35
374
25
21
39
274
20"*
22
29i
25
25
25
27
28
314
34
36
40
41
424
384
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 7.
NOTIONS.
J?
<P
O>
Quantity awarded.
E. J. Chaffee.
{
H
M
R. A. Bobbins.
I
H»
i
J. H. Woodhouse.
Points of delivery.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
Buttons, coat, horn gross . .
131
103
467
787
373
1,612
1,050
400
858
400
458
1,085
2,255
1,833
100
50
100
50
50
100
226
215
155
116
477
876
438
1,912
1,217
Buttons shirt agate --- do
Combs, coarse, E. H., dressing dozen. .
Combs fine R. H . .do
965
1,085
"2,255"
1,982
$6 27
Gilling twine/3 cord, No's. 30, 35, and 40 do. . .
Gloves, buck, men's, No. 1 pairs . .
Hooks and eyes, white gross . .
Mirrors dozen
F
77
82
96
j
$1 24
258
Needles, sharps, Nos. 3 to 9, 5 to 10 » M. .
239
Needles, knitting, medium sizes gross . .
Needles glovers M
15
68
135
119
305
2,833
6,212
200
250
107
288
30
78i
137
147
305
3,657
"6,820
Needles, sack dozen
Needles, saddlers' do
Pins, bras3, Nos. 2, 3, and 4 packs
f
)
Spool-cotton, 6 cord, Nos. 20 to 50, white, black, and
brown . . dozen
i
Suspenders, medium pairs. .
Thread, shoe pounds
$0 17
161
17J
$013£
18^
10
13
16
22
$6 isi
16
107
18J
57
FOR NOTIONS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
385
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
1
W
6
|
M. S. Taylor.
.
H. B. Claflin.
Jos. Foster.
Wm. Mills & Son.
S
J. G. McMaster.
Enrico De La Balz.
1
H. F. Palmer.
Jas. E. Michael.
1
I
ti
1
Points of delivery.
N. Y.
isr. T.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y
N. Y.
IT. Y.
BT. Y.
2JT. Y.
N. Y.
1ST. Y
N. Y.
N. Y.
$032
$0 30
-
41
42
24
21
%
28
29
7
05
104
s»
02/j
7!
07r{
06
05J
so mi
05^%
06T%%
07^
09|
34|
$0 42
30
69
28J
48
55
70J
001
27
26}
$0 26
90
$0 79J
$0 73
$0 80
1 05
9l|
84
QOl
1 20
1 05|
98
1 0^
$ i 09
71
1 25
1 17
\
1 08
92
75
65
or
27
s?
3 75
29
29|
21*
85
$0 87J
1 40
3 50
1 10
1 00
8O
-
18
3 75
2 20
2 4O
Jl
05
34A
45
$0 36
44i
40
41
39*
35
43TBA
47
491
$0 42I7n25
14i
177
191
$0 18
17*
15
19
20
17
14
30
28
16
18i
51
15
14
17
18
16
19
15
121
17
25
60
(57.68
51
50
25 IND
386 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New YorkCity, under
[ NOTE. Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
?
1
CO
d
1
g
1
!
0
I
1
£
5
1
p
1
d
1
i
1
O
3
&
hi
H
<i
H
.2
f3
g
b£
tt
£r
ri
j£
rf
<i
3
H
H
S
J
Class 7
NOTIONS— C ontinued.
|
1
Points of delivery.
i
1
M
id
tM
^
d
2
^
^ r^
1?
£
£>
i
8
g
o
A
S
g fe
s
•
£
£
H
>H
N
>H
r2
|H
N
N
§
-.
I
<§
1
fc
<e
fc
1
^
O
^
1
1
1
^5
1
Thread, linen, Nos. 30, )
35, and 40,f dark blue, S
2,115
2,115
$0 91
71
80
$0 88
99
1 10
ISO 87i
971
1 10
129
24
134
22
109
27
161
29
Thimbles, open doz.
Thimbles closed do
156
358
189
417
09
09
1 474
$0 01
nsi
$0 01J
Oil
Olji
02
oil
01§
1,474
Olf
Oil
02
02i
021
03
1
034
04
Tape-measures doz .
13J
17
041
is
Class 8.— GROCERIES.
Apples dried Ibs
25 890
33,77O
Allspice ground Ibs ]
196
196
$0201
Baking powder* do. . i
70,080
74,59O
33
$0 28J
Candles! do. .
10,675
9,955
35
' 28
>Corn starch do . .
1,475
1,625
O4i9oB5
nfii
Cassia, ground do..
71
81
2P
$0 18
'Cloves, ground . do .
64
64
i
34
42
41
33
Cream tartar do . .
117
117
35
331
32
^Ginger, ground. . do. .
319
319
09
08
06
Hops, fresh pressed .do .
457
457
181
Indigo do . .
153
46O
64*
93
Matches gross.
281
3O5
Mustard, ground Ibs.
231
266
13
16
25
Pepper, black do . .
460
515
18
171
15i
15}
Starch do..
1,632
1,832
* Also offered, at New York, by Smith & Hanway for 20 and 21 cents ; by Smith & Yanderbeok for
t Also offered by Willis J. Powell, at Saint Louis, for 12 and 13 cents.
FOR GROCERIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
387
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service, fyc. — Continued.
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
j
h
i
^
.3
S3
^
. o
McMaster.
C. Carrick.
1
H
L Baking Po
Company.
3
o
s E. Micha
1
. Anthony.
1
i
i
B
1
Smith.
Maxfield.
££
|
d
a
M
«J
d
1
I
^
M
^
<3
W
H
S
0
^
N
W
w
^
1-5
H
<4
^
_rf
^
Points of delivery.
New York.
1
It
o
ft
1
1
New York.
New York.
,y
§
N
^
C
^
1
O
New York.
I
1
$0 75
80
85
New York.
Chicago.
§
§
i
New York.
Saint Louis.
Saint Louis
and Chicago.
$081
91
al 03
$0 68
74
82
$0 18
19
29
Class 8.— GROCERIES.
*0 04a
sftn oi
$0 06
&07§
£0 26g
$0 36
$0 23T7A
$0 27
o m
0 ?4^
c$l 12*
26f
lOilj
24
S4"
9«
d2 12^
00 7
2t5
121
11 S77V
05
13^
$1 98
04
27 and 23 cents.
a 2J cents per pound less if in papers. c Quarters, per dozen.
& At Sioux City. d Halves, per dozen.
388
PROPOSALS RECEIVED. AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
*
1
|
i
p*
B
ci
P
02
§
I
B
^
^3
M
S
&
1
1
l-i
§
8
^5
.
s
02
P«
K
5
Class 8.
GROCERIES— Continued.
1
j
<s
h>
!*
^
1
1
w
hi
PC
S
o
•
i
'-J3
i
Points of delivery.
i
N. Y.
N. Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.
X.Y.
ok
Cts.
Ote.
ote,
Cts.
Ofe
Cf*.
Sirup galls . .
4 329
4,329
Soap Ibs..
198, 760
3.75
3.25
209,440
Soap toilet doz..
50
36
40
50
48
60
Class 9.— CROCKERY.
Bowls, pint, ironstone
Dozen.
84
119
115
289
P
If
7*
43*
28i
|
19
137
164
1
26
11
60
83
255
96
m
330
105
34
27
13t
26|
84*
13|
Dozen.
104
125
"lls"
307
7%
f
If
«2
284
4«
ie|
«9
137
164
$0 85
1 20
90
$063
75
81
70
84
1 00
$0 87
1 38
1 00
1 20
1 40
1 20
3 00
1 15
3 00
4 50
«33
1500
1 25
300
750
4200
270
32
34
4S
35
Crocks^ 2 gallon
4 75
6 38
Casters dinner
9 95
15 50
1 10
Lamp-shades, paper
Lamps glass
3 15
Lamps, glass, with bracket . . .
Lamps, students', No. 1
Lamps tin safety
2 80
10 50
11 75
43 80
2 75
*$42 00
Lamp-chimneys, burner, No. 0
Lamp-chimneys, burner, No. 1 .
Lamp-chimneys, burner, No. 2
Lamp-chimneys, hinge, No. 0. .
Lamp-chimneys, hinge, No. 1. .
Lamp-chimneys, hinge, No. 2. .
Lamp-chimneys, student
Lamp- wicks, No. 0 ...
3 25
34
35
50
38
26
11
63
83
. 2fi \
10*
m
365
105
34
26
14|
37*
16?5
5ft
38
50
35
S|
IP
500
7 00
98
72
42
45
60
4 95
1 50
1 60
300
1 37
40
56
$6"(J2~
02J
6
35
2
?
7 80
6 25
1 03
$0 01|
2
5
*°1
6
Lamp-wicks No 1
Lamp-wicks, student
Lanterns tin globe
Plates, dinner, ironstone
Plates, tea, ironstone .
"73
52
28
44
385
1 25
1 50
9 00
76
Plates, sauce, ironstone
48
Plates, pie, ironstone
62
Pitchers, water, ironstone
Pitchers, .pint, ironstone
Pitchers, quart, ironstone
Reflector lamp 7-inch
5 15
1 50
1 65
3 50
1 50
Salt-sprinklers
Tumblers
84|
181
60
30
55
35
9 75
35
Washbowls and pitchers
34
9 88
11 50
820
cPer gross.
FOR CROCKERY FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
389
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
6
O
6
9
a ^
>d
S r-j
o
B. Hobart.
1
1
Burkhalter
. B. Hobart
H
J. Conway.
has. McK
Soap M'f'g
1
eorge Leis.
6
I
i
hi
[.Werk&C
1
i-^
(a
a
s
. Barclay.
h
•4
^
02
5
^
>-s
0
^
0
J»
CC
3
^
w
5
Points of delivery.
N". Y.
N.Y.
N.Y.N.Y.
KY.
N.Y.
Phila.
Phila.
N. Y.
K.
City.
Saint
Louis
N.Y.
Chi-
cago.
Saint
Louis
N.Y.
Chi-
cago.
Cts.
Cts.^
34J
Cts.
34J
Ote.
37
35
Cte.
30i
33|
29
31J
Cte.
Cts.
Cts.
Cto.
Cte.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
$0 34i
a33
36
4 65
3.42
3.65
04
04|
3.90
H
($1200
3.70
3.90
4.20
4.70
3.77i
3.35
3.35
2.98
3.48
4.33
4.58
28
05
04
3.25
4.00
4.25
4.75
4. 20
45
3.60
4.22
4.73
30
45
5O
c$9 60
c$7 20
c$6 40
58
65
75
75
Class 9.— CROCKERY.
$0 18|
224
'Patent reflector.
390 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 10.
FURNITURE AND WOODEX WARE.
Quantity offered.
>d
9
|
£i
1
G>
James "Woolworth.
I
5
w
ri
Points of delivery.
Chicago.
N. Y.
82
990
500
490
179
36
96
447
3of
21T72
200
120
80
3|
7|
86J
10
252
152
100
10
1,203
206
30J
ff
82
*
1,090
189
36
96
468
60f
3U
Sfc
Baskets' measuring J busliel . - do
Chairs wood bow-back" do
Chairs reed seat do
31
*A
8Si
10
24
Chairs wood office bow-back and arm do
Clothes-pins . . gross
Desks office °
Desks, school, double ........ .. ..
Desks, school single
132
1,313
287
31i
321
18
Handles, ax, 36-inch hickory No 1 dozen
$1 49
Handles, hoe planters' do
Handles) plow^ right-hand .... do
$1 65
1 65
Handles, plow left-hand do
Handles spade do
e Per foot.
FURNITURE AND WOODEN WARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 391
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
1
i
d
|
W
W
u
0)
A
1
I
1
1
§
0
g.
1
j
I
g
Q
W
Pi
•^
M
2
H
ri
9
6
ti
«'
ri
02
M
2
1-5
Points of delivery.
Chicago.
Chicago.
Chicago.
Chicago.
N. T.
Chicago.
Chicago.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y. or
Chicago.
$2 10
$3 00
$2 50
$2 55
2 50
2 40
2 30
2 10
2 90
2 50
2 40
2 75
2 55
2 50
2 30
2 40
3 25
2 95
2 75
2 50
3 50
3 25
2 75
7 50
$5 50
a$6 65
7 00
5 50
a6 10
6 75
8 00
7 50
6 25
al 65
7 75
6 50
a6 85
7 75
6 25
9 00
3 29
5 50
7 00
• 3 35
$3 35
6 75
7 00
$2 25
8 00
7 00
2 10
2 65
2 00
1 75
2 40
2 88
2 35
2 65
2 75
3 00
2 75
2 65
3 25
5 49
4 50
6 20
7 OO
6 95
2 10
1 50
4 75
4 74
5 00
7 50
6 30
6 00
549
6 58
5 40
16 50
4 65
6 50
5 50
T*n
6 00
7 50
7 75
7 50
7 00
14 OO
18 00
9 50
14 98
13 50
14 25
16 50
30
30
9 50
32 00
13 00
13 5O
28 00
15 00
19 00
14 00
18 00
18 00
16 00
19 50
15 00
3 75
7 00
6 50
6 00
6 50
5 00
2 75
4 75
1 55
1 48
61 50
$1 44
c$0 01|
1 60
95
1 45
95
1 75
1 75
1 30
2 25
2 2O
a ~Not racked.
b Or Chicago.
392 PKOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received ar.d contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
1
|
&
w
O"
I
6
PN
N
K.
Class 10.
O
^
EH
FURNITURE AND WOODEN WARE — Continued.
i
1
1
Points of delivery.
1
1
d
--.»•• p. /
|
i
i
d
a
1
.2
|
1
•G>
S
o
3
o
Handles pick 36-inch No 1 dozen . .
82|
18
9i
7«
184
5JJ
1383
»i
76S
Handles' hay fork 54-feet do
Rolling-pins, 2J by 13-inch, exclusive of handles .do
Wash-tubs cedar No 2 3 hoops do
Wash-boards do
123IJ
130-H
Wash-stands do
71
$1 60
$3 50
3 00
3 25
5 00
Wringers clothes . . .... do
47,
47,
$3600
42 60
37 8(
4
4
Class 11.— SADDLES, LEATHER, HARNESS, &c.
Bags nose ...... dozen.
6
07
Bridles harness do
9j
i«2J
Bridles riding do
13Ts
Bridle-bits, tinned, curb, and jointed . . ..... do
30i
39i
Brushes, horse (leather backs) .. . ...do
21*
22i
.Buckles, roller, harness, J-inch tinned iron gross
2
2
Buckles, roller harness i-inch loop do
74
ya
Buckles, roller, harness, J-inch, tinned iron . do
24
24
Buckles, roller, harness 1-inch' tinned iron do
12 \s
151
Buckles, roller, harness, l£-inch, tinned iron do
14H
18
Buckles, trace, 1^-inch . . pairs
298
398
Buckles, trace, 2-inch do
117
172
Chains, halter, with snap 4^-feet, No. 0 dozen
4
5
Collars, horse, medium do
47i
4SJ
Collars, horse, large do
8?
si
Collars, mule... . do
21a
21f
1
a " Novelty." ftDoty's family size, with ball.
SADDLES, HARNESS, &C., FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 393
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Dibbell.
Kobbins.
\
o5
I
J. Walton.
Woodhouse.
Hanks.
umbert.
•S
2
1
P4
bO
B
Woodhouse.
Hansell.
1
1
PM
H
W -
§"
W
pq
pq
M
0
H
y
PH
W
W
p^
oi
hi
i-5
^4
fe
O
W
*
o5
w
Points of delivery.
I
•Sn
3
0
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
New York
or Chicago.
New York
or Chicago.
Sioux City.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
$1 50
1 10
2 25
1 50
935
270
235
1 10
$1 40
$145
cOti
2 20
1 45
c$0 01|
1 30
1 40
$2 18
11 60
1 35
96
10 50
48 00
54 00
11 50
11 50
9 00
1 40
10 50
a 42 00
b9 00
$11 50
10 00
$50 00
Class 11. — SADDLES, HARNESS, LEATHER, &c.
$775
$10 49
11 50
14 50
$2280
$20 50
13 50
19 20
11 00
11 50
19 50
18 44
11 50
$0 50
9 00
12 00
16 50
2 00
90
75
12 40
10 95
15 00
74
2 87
70
1 30
1 35
4 00
75
11 00
1 00
1 25
1 50
4 50
$3 50
1 25
1 34
3 00
$5 00
3 12
4 98
3 60
3 35
4 50
5 00
6 50
10 00
60
87*
95
90
77
95
1 06
] 25
1 46
1 62
6i
15
11
19
3 00
20 00
12 50
13 50
13 00
15 00
14 40
20 00
13 50
19 00
13 50
14 00
16 20
15 00
15 25
18 50
30 00
19 00
13 50
12 00
15 00
15 00
14 20
19 00
c Per foot.
394 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New Yorlc City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 11.
SADDLES, HARNESS, LEATHER, &c.— Cont'd.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
L. Humbert.
F. K Condict.
George Peters.
J. H. Woodliouse.
1
w
PH
02
11. A. Bobbins.
Points of delivery.
Sioux City.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Harness, double, with breeching, Concord
hames sets..
358
150
210
100
334
$24 75
$20 45
17 00
18 85
16 00
14 50
11 74
80
85
11 00
12 35
$21 95
20 45
16 50
16 80
79
77
7 80
8 80
JO 50
35
27
37
aSS
1 00
2 10
9 00
425
7 45
3 35
3 50
3 00
10
45
Harness, double, without breeching, Con-
cord hames sets . .
$2446
210
21 56
15 40
15 45
958
81
Harness, plow, double, with back-band
167
384
17
167
'386
75
Hames, Concord pairs . .
$0 70
75
$0 37
28
3 50
10 00
15 00
Leather sole oak ... pounds
1,955
800
8,995
94
22g
97
19
1,975
800
10,655
ipi e
3*
Leather, sole, hemlock pounds . .
Leathei', harness, 15 to 18 pounds per side,
33
35
37J
.
a58
Leather, lace sides.,
llings, harness, assorted gross .
a56
32
34
40
41
46
50
60
1 05
1 20
1 27
1 32
Rings, halter gross . .
Saddles
""40
4O
10 00
7 00
9 00
4 00
350
300
9 50
11 00
3 30
4 20
Surcingles dozen..
Surcingles, hah dozen. .
"Wax, shoemakers' pounds . .
"Wax, saddlers' pounds .
14*
5
118
108
28
1232
110
a Per pound.
SADDLES, HARNESS, LEATHER, MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. 395
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE'.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 12.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
John A. Walker.
R. A. Kobbins.
tb
.9
S
1
o
*!
w
«j
H. B. Claflin.
W
P4
£
S. F. Hansell.
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
Now York.
Chicago.
New York.
New York.
M^ New York.
s§§ !
Axle-grease, of 2 dozen boxes each
480
1,420
15, 500
23, 200
20, 200
19, 000
20, 000
4,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
500
$1 20
2 00
o$l 20
2 25
96
72
04
1 15
1 20
1 45
1 55
1 75
1 85
Blacking, shoe boxes.
•
Ba^s paper 1 pound ... .per 1,000.
505
1 ,420
15,500
23,200
$0 02
02|
03|
04
04i
05
1 50
1 20
1 40
2 00
1 52
1 90
2 50
2 00
2 20
2 90
2 25
2 60
3 4TT
2 60
3 10
4 00
3 20
3 70
4 40
3 50
4 00
4 80
3 80
4 40
5 20
4 20
5 00
6 30
8 30
9 00
10 00
11 00
$0 04
$0 02i
03*
m
670
688
Bags, paper, 2 pounds. per 1, 000 .
Ba^s paper 4 pounds ...per 1,000.
20,200
61 10
2 20
2 40
Bags, paper, 5 pounds per 1,000 .
Bags, paper, 6 pounds per 1,000.
19,000
20,000
4,000
2,000
5,000
500
500
51 25
61 50
61 75
61 90
62 08
62 30
62 78
63 75
64 00
64 20
64 70
2 85
2 40
2 65
2 80
3 00
3 15
3 30
3 28
3 48
3 55
3 70
4 00
4 20
4 50
4 60
5 25
5 50
6 75
6 85
7 25
7 50
2 90
Bags paper 8 pounds per 1,000.
Bags, paper, 10 pounds per 1,000.
Bags, paper, 12 pounds per 1,000.
Bags, paper, 14 pounds per 1,000.
Bags, paper, 16 pounds per 1, 000 .
Bags, paper, 20 pounds per 1,000
Bags, paper, 25 pounds per 1,000.
Bags, grain, seamless, 2J-bushel. -doz.
1,000
500
75
1,OOO
500
105
$3 00
3 37
a Also delivered in Chicago or Saint Louis.
6 No. 2 Manilla paper 12£ per cent less.
396 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New YorJc City, under
[NOTE —Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
1
cc
1
*o
0
s
s
s
s
0
*
H
p^
Class 12.
MISCELLANEOUS — Continued.
1
Points of delivery.
|
£
^
.
|
§
O
!
g
s
9
3
^
fe
a
9
M
fi
60
62
80 33
35
Bath, brick dozen..
17
17
62
44
84
45
1 90
2 65
Clocks 8-day
2 48
10
13
26 00
c29 98
7
17
29 00
c31 00
Class 13.— "WIRE, BKASS, &C.
25
25
Brass' sheet' No 22 gauge ^ ° * (Jo „ m _
25
25
366
366
32
719
719
35
Kettles brass 6- Ballon .....do
280
310
35
Kettles brass 8- gallon do
200
200
35
Kettles brass lO^allon do
491
491
35
Kettles brass lO^quart do
80
SO
35
Kettles brass 12-quart . do . .
85
85
35
6 520
0.970
$0 03
210
21 0
"Wire, bright iron No. 6 gau^e .. . do
200
20O
5->6
665
Wire, bright iron No. 10 gauge . do .
375
375
"Wire bright iron No 11 gauge do
280
280
"Wire, bright iron No. 12 gauge . . do
275
275
"Wire bright iron No 14 gauge do
85
85
Wire, bright iron No. 18 gauge do
10
1O
Wire, brass, No. 6 gauge do
25
25
....:
Wire, brass, No. 9 gauge do
22
22
"Wire brass No 12 gau^e do
32
32
Wire, brass, No. 14 gau°"e do
31
31
; '
"Wire, brass, No. 15 gauge do
17
17
Wire, copper, No. 20 gau^e do
27
27
..
"Wire, copper, No. 18 gauge do
7
7
.
W^ire, copper, No. 12 gauge do
7
7
"Wire, copper, No. 5 gauge do
7
7
"Wire, copper, No. 4 gauge do
7
7
"Wire copper ^-inch do
62
62
Wire, copper, y^-inch do
7
7
"Wire, annealed, No. 12 gau^e do . .
14
14
Wire, annealed, No. 14 <* au^e do
34
34
Wire, annealed, No. 16 gauge do
234
234
Wire, annealed, No. 18 gau^e do »
59
59
•
Wire, annealed, No. 20 gauge do .
29
29
Wire, annealed, No. 24 gauge do
21
21
Wire, annealed, No. 35 gauge do
14
14
Wire-fence, barbed, 4 point galvanized samples in
34 500
$0 08
one rod lengths required, pounds.
36,500
Wire-fence staples, steel, galvanized pounds
795
835
07
a With cover and attachments.
6 Remington, with two drawers.
c With cover.
FOR WIRE, BRASS, ETC, FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 397
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied. 1
bb
a
Cowles.
OJ
PI
o
Newhall.
"bb
co
s
o
d
-2
3
>d
<s
E
o
W
Woodhouse.
a
DibbeU.
M
<1
w
ri
8
M
w
H
M.
la
rH
W
4
co
w
9
«!
PS
W
h5
HJ
W
Points of delivery.
£ &*»
r^
"rH
P*j
r^H
_M
M
1
N
eS
ii
1
1
S
iS
H
'S
6
I
0
1
.1
M
O
J §
o
<s
1
1
1
S
1
$0 29
$0 5O
88
$1 25
$2 30
$2 50
$2 25
2 90
3 35
a$28 00
6$25 00
d28 00
e32 00
/34 00
Class 13.— "WIRE, BRASS, &C.
24
28
24
28
28
3O
30
30
30
j
28
28
$0 03*
O3
03ft
04
O4
O^i
O5~
05
051
051
08
25
28
25
28
25
28
25
28
25
28
30
35
30
35
: o
35
30
35
30
35
3O
35
30
35
(55!
05J
061
08
O9
1O
20
09J
09
$0 07J
$08 ,S2
10^
083
O7i
063
d Remington, with four drawers,
extra attachments.
e With cover and accessories. / With cover and accessories •
398
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Xew York City, under
. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 14.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.
I
Quantity awarded.
J. F. Richards.
I
pi
t-s
1
U
C. R. Keyser.
E. W. Herendeen.
Points of delivery.
Kansas City.
1
1
O
New York.
Kansas City.
!New York or
Chicago.
3
3
22
4
1
89
78
22
3
3
22
4
1
102
68
12
o$38 00
$7 25
25 00
Cradles, grain, 5-finger, with scythes, iron socket
in heel doz
< 4 00
> 64 50
e44 00
c48 00
0*46 75
h78 00
c88 00
d83 00
a-90 oo
$8 00
Machines, mowing, single trees, double trees,
and neck-yoke, complete.
Machines, reaping, single trees, double trees,
and neck-yoke complete
/$63 00
/115 00
22
5
1
3
2
2
65
101
2
68
8
Machines, mowing and reaping combined, single
trees, double trees, and neck-yoke, complete.
Machines, thrashing, 6 horse-power
4
3
1
2
51
99
10
48
8
268
/130 00
Machines thrashing 8 horse-power
a460 00
a460 00
Machines, thrashing, 10 horse-power
Ox-bows 2-inch <=" . * doz
3 00
Plows, breaking, 12-inch, with extra points
Z13 00
10 00
610 50
Z13 50
11 00
611 55
IU 00
11 50
612 10
2 00
62 10
2 25
62 37
4 00
$18 50
19 50
21 00
Plows, breaking, 13-inch with extra points
Plows, breaking, 14-inch, with extra points
Plows, shovel, single
Plows, shovel, double
Plows, 7-inch, 1-horse
37
67
40
271
37
67
Plows, 8-inch, 1-horse
64 20
4 25
Plows, 9-ineh
64 47
5 25
65 47
6 50
66 87
6 75
67 10
7 00
67 35
8 50
68 93
Plows, 10-inch
10-1
40
Plows, 11-inch . .
20
189
10
125
53
169
Plows, 12-inch
Plows, 14-inch
Pumps, wood
26
30
7
13l|
23
26
32
7
43|
131J
23*
3 00
08
Pump, wood, tubing for, 1 5 to 18 feet sections . . .
Pumps, iron, open top, pitcher-spout, 3-inch cylin-
der
Rakes, malleable iron, 12 teeth, handled doz. .
Rakes, hay, wood, 12 teeth, 2 bows do. . .
Rakes, garden, cast-steel, 12 teeth, handled- .do. . .
1 40
5 00
a Or at Sioux City. 6 At Sioux City or Kansas City. c At Sioux City. d At Kansas City,
rolling coulter and gauge wheel, delivered at Chicago; at Sioux City or Kansas City, 60 cents extra.
r .Little Giant. s Advance. t Buckeye or McCormick.
FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 399
advertisement of Marcli 23, 1881, for goods for ihe Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
d
d
§
|
I
d
I
£
g
|
1
05
I
6
<g
|
r^H
o
•§
O
Q
5
^5
C
z
PH
02
3
w
H
1
w
S
£
bj
ri
s
PH
3
s
M
«
P4
d
w
6
W
^
PH
W
p4
CO
Points of delivery.
New York.
I
O
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
Kansas City,
Sioux City,
Chicago.
1
O
jjj
Sioux City.
Chicago.
New York.
Chicago.
$36 00
$6 00
$10 00
26 00
$28 60
26 00
14 40
30 00
18 00
r20 00
15 00
20 00
22 00
26 00
28 00
/20 00
5 75
$6 50
/$50 00
#$50 00
$48 00
$49 00
p$53 00
55 00
*87 00
#90 00
650 00
80 00
76 50
£99 50
fr$2 5O
/125 00
2112 50
£124 £0
107 50
105 00
$290 00
*3600O
325 00
*409 00
375 00
45OOO
$2 99
285
12 5O
3 87
3 90
12 50
13 25
2 15
3 75
$2 25
2 25
2 25
2 50
2 35
2 45
3 50
3 90
3 92
4 25
5 25
m4 75
n5 40
6 50
wi5 35
nii 40
6 25
o7 00
6 90
08 00
7 70
o9 00
3 60
68
t2 75
3 33
2 75
1 75
«
4 65
4 69
e Seymour. / Buckeye. g Kawson. li Triumph, i New Yorker, k Or at Kansas City. I With
m One-horse, n Two-horse, o "With handle and stand brace. p Williams. q Senior with E /.C cut.
* Pitts. t At New York only.
400 PROPOSALS EECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
^n
«
So
i
i!
® 0
o
w
PH
11
6
pj
02
1?
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS— Continued.
'S
1
Points of delivery.
E
a
;§
F
>s
Q
c3
0
fe
b
Q
S
•-5
|
•
^
Cj
CS
•Si
5
5
,3
0
M
77
86
f
j ::::::
57i
62i
40
45
Seed drills - do
6
7
Sickles No 3 do
26
«!
26
2
$135 00
^
157
177
<
1 50
65
1 75
e275
115
Class 15.— WAGONS AND WAGON FIXTURES.
Axletrees hickory wagon 2Jx3J narrow tract
5
$0 68
5
68
Axletrees hickory wagon 2fx3J narrow track
5
86
Axletrees, hickory, wagon, 2Jx3f , wide track
5
86
Axletrees hickory wa^on 3x4 narrow track ...
78
SO
86
Axletrees, hickory, wagon, 3x4 wide track
94
114
86
Axletrees hickory wagon 3^x4 J narrow track
71
71
1 00
Axletrees, hickory, wagon, 3ix4J, wide track
18
IS
00
$0 75
Axletrees hickory wagon 3^x4J narrow track
199
211
00
75
Axletrees, hickory, wa""on, 3ix4j, wide track
204
205
00
75
Axletrees, hickory wagon 4x5 narrow track
42
42
37
85
Axletrees, hickory, wagon, 4x5 wide track
95
115
37
95
Axletrees hickory wa^on 4^x5^ narrow track
26
26
59
Axletrees, hickory, wagon, 4^x5£ wide track
14
14
59
95
Bolsters, oak wagon front 2-|x3J narrow track
4
14
33
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 2Jx3J, wide track
5
35
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 2|x4J, narrow track
5
80
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 2§x4J wide track
5
82
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 3x4|, narrow track
65
87
80
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 3x4f wide track
156
166
85
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 3 Jx5, narrow track
5
85
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, front, 3^x5 wide track
21
21
88
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 2Jx3, narrow track
4
14
36
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 2^x3, wide track
5
47
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 2Jx3£, narrow track
60
72
49
30
Bolsters, oak, wa^on, rear, 2Jx3|, wide track
161
181
54
30
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 3x4, narrow track
5
56
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 3x4, wide track
21
21
60
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 3Jx4J, narrow track
5
65
40
Bolsters, oak, wagon, rear, 3£x4£, wide track
5
68
40
Borers, hub . . .
3
3
25 00
Eveners, oak, wagon, plain, narrow track sets
174
174
30
Eveners, oak, wagon, plain, wide tra,ck do
20
26
•
30
Eveners, oak, wagon, ironed, narrow track do
19
43
JEveners, oak, wagon, ironed wide track do >
104
112
* At Sioux City.
tAt Kansas City.
a Eclipse.
b Lion.
c At Sioux City or Kansas City.
d Delivered at New York.
e Complete.
/Hoosier or Buckeye.
FOR WAGON FIXTURES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
401
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for tlie Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each hid was accompanied.]
j
1
.
1
1
|l
1
I
|
3
|
g
bb
,0
2
B
§
I
E
0
5
PM
N
0°
s
o
^
•"i
PH
W
W
W
W
i
s
PM
4
s
s
1-3
02
^
d
0
W
«
W
Points of delivery.
Jt
§jj
Chicago.
Chicago.
1
o
Chicago.
New York.
New York.
New York.
1
New York.
Chicago.
$17 00
*$24 00
$16 00
a$18 00
$20 00
1SOO
17 00
W7 00
t!8 50
20 00
$8 00
7 18
</sr oo
7 65
6 00
7 25
7 35
5 75
&6 70
550
c54 00
/47 00
50 00
c47 00
/48 00
t$600
41 00
3 50
3 25
d3 30
*30 00
144 00
40 00
3 20
39 00
400
3 50
3 98
*i 50
$0 30
$0 75
$0 41
1 50
30
75
41
1 60
35
75
55
1 60
35
75
55
1 70
90
75
55
:"iS
1 80
1 00
1 00
7O
1 80
1 00
1 00
70
1 90
1 25
1 05
7O
2 00
1 25
1 05
70
2 25
1 60
1 10
83
2 95
1 60
1 10
83
2 80
1 70
1 15
1 00
2 80
1 70
1 15
1 00
96
40
4r»
20
96
45
45
20
86
60
45
23
86
75
45
25
96
1 00
45
26
96
1 25
45
3O
1 10
1 20
45
32
1 15
1 35
45
35
75
35
40
17
75
40
40
18
}
85
60
45
20
85
75
45
!44
90
65
50
23
90
75
50
25
1 00
90
55
29
95
55
31
25 00
m24 00
25
35
Z18
Z14
1 25
35
118
215
1 25
45
Z27
Z40
1 25
45
Z27
Z45
grin hoxes.
ft In straw.
iHand.
t Horse.
I Each,
m Dole's patent.
«Or at Chicago.
26 IND
402 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, untTer advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued.
(NOTE.— Figures in large type denote rates at which con trac s have been awarded; awards were made
on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 15.
WAGONS AND FIXTURES FOE WAGONS— Con-
tinued.
Quantity offered.
'
Quantity awarded.
\
Studebaker Manu-
facturing Comp'y.
J. F. Eichards.
A. Caldwell.
M. Kosenficld.
E. A. Webster.
Tuthill & Co.
6
J
w
ad
Points of delivery.
3
0
£
5
%%
%
§3*
3 a +e
o£3
1
O
2
o
1
O
I
§
Felloes oak sawed, 1J x 2 inch sets..
4
26
103
1
4
20
100
26
3
$1 75
2 10
2 15
2 75
$1 25 $1 75
1 25 1 95
1 35 2 95
3 50 4 ?0
1 15
1 15
$0 75 $1 25
1 OOi 1 50
1 30 1 75
2 151185
1 00 1 00
1 OOi 1 10
1 15 1 20
1 20 1 30
1 50 1 45
1 75 1 75
$1 00
1 20
1 30
2 00
75
85
95
1 10
1 25
1 40
1 35
1 75
2 00
30
22
18
1 10
1 10
1 20
1 25
1 cO
1 50
1 50
1 50
2 25
2 25
2 25
2 25
2 75
3 00
3 75
3 75
09
1 35
1 77
2 16
2 70
2 88
85
90
05
Felloes, oak, sawed, 2 x 2§ inch do. .
Felloes, oak, sawed, 2 x 2f inch do. .
Felloes, oak, sawed, 2i- x 3 inch do. .
Felloes, hickory, bent, 1J x 1J inch do. .
Felloes, hickory, bent, 1$ x 1§ inch. .. do..
Felloes, hickory, bent, l| x 1£ inch do..
Felloes, hickory, bent, 1§ x 1§ inch do. .
35 36
15 15
26 26
Si 7
;;;::
1 25
1 75
2 00
3 00'-
Felloes hickory bent 1J x l| inch do
Felloes, hickory, bent, 2x2 inch do. .
Felloes oak bent 2x2 inch do
2 40
3 40
3 50
50
50
35
1 25
1 25
1 25
1 50
1 50
2 25
2 25
2 50
9. 50
2 50
2 90
2 90
2 90
4 00
4 50
5 00
1Q
2 40
2 60
3 00
3 00
1 9*5
III
1 25
""eo
45
35
2 00
2 20
2 30
2 40
3 CO
2 00
2 25
2 50
2 75
3 00
3 25
3 75
4 25
4 75
4 85
4 85
14
3 00
3 25
S3
500
1 50
1 60
1 75
1 75
2 20
2 40
«75
645
«60
630
30
00
00
20
20
20
2 00
• 2 00
2 00
2 00
2 26
2 50
2 25
3 25
3 00
3 75
3 75
06
1 40
1 80
2 25
2 65
2 95
1 00
1 25
1 35
2 00
2 25
2 50
30
30
17
1 30
1 35
1 50
1 50
1 60
2 00
2 00
2 05
2 25
2 50
2 75
3 00
4 00
4 25
4 75
5 00
2 00
2 25
2 75
3 50
3 85
75
75
75
Felloes, oak, bent, 2£ x 2J inch do
a
177
176
196
1
3
54
4
1
23
22
15
13
44
85
2
7
2
27
3
32
7
20
14
41
69
95
213
436
3
183
182
218
4
5
54
25
Jt2
15
18
47
85
2
7
27
3
32
7
20
46
66
69
121
223
465
"~63
50
38
1 40
1 55
1 60
1 70
1 85
2 15
2 25
2 30
2 45
2 65
2 85
2 85
3 25
3 95
4 15
4 65
07
1 75
1 85
2 20
2 65
2 95
1 20
1 50
Felloes, oak, bent, 2| x 2£ inch do. .
Hounds, oak, front, sawed, 3 p'c's ... . do
Hounds, oak, rear, sawed, 2 p'c's ... . do
Hounds, oak, pole, sawed, 2 p'c's do. .
Hubs oak 8 x 10 do
Hubs, oak, 83^ x 10 do
Hubs oak 8J by 11 do
Hubs, oak, 9 x 11 do
Hubs, oak, 9£ x 12 \ do
Spokes, hickory, buggy, 1 J-inch do. .
Spokes, oak, -wagon, 1^-inch do
Spokes, oak, wagon, IJ-inch do..
Spokes, oak, wagon, 2-inch do . .
Spokes, oak, wagon, 2J-incli do..
Spokes, oak, wagon, 2^-inch. do..
Spokes, oak, wagon, 2g-inch do
Spokes, oak, wagon, 2J-inch do..
Spokefi, oak, wagon, 3-inch do
•Spokes, oak, wagon, 3£-rach do..
Spokes, oak, wagon, 3^-inch .do
•Springs, wagon, elliptic, per pound do..
$ 07
06
06i
cl!5
cl05
c72
c64
c60
c56
Skeins, wagon, 2£ x 6£ inch do
Skeins, wagon, 2|x 8 inch do..
Skeins, wagon, 3x9 inch do..
Skeins, wagon, «HJ x 10 inch do..
Skeins, wagon, 3| by 11 inch do. .
Tongues, ash, 3-inch, sawed and rough fin-
ished
Tongues, ash, 3J-inch sawed
Tongues, ash, 3i-inch, sawed
a Finished.
6 Plain. c Seat springs, per pair. d Per dozen.
WAGONS AND WAGON FIXTURES FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 403
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New Torlc City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service— Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were made
on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Bidder.
Delivered at—
Number
awarded.
Size of wagon.
Log.
Platform-
spring.
2J-inch.
2|-inch.
3-inch.
3±-inch. Sfinch.
M Rosenfieldt
Chicago
2
$3800
40 00
40 00
42 35
45 00
47 75
48 00
43 50
41 50
43 50
38 00
41 75
41 75
40 00
43 00
44 00
$41 80
43 CO
43 00
43 45
45 50
48 25
48 50
44 50
42 $0
44 50
39 00
42 75
42 75
4000
43 00
44 00
$44 00
40 00
46 00
45 65
e46 50
/47 50
e49 25
/50 25
e49 50
/50 50
46 00
44 00
46 00
40 00
43 75
43 75
4000
43 00
44 00
$46 00
47 00
47 00
47 85
49 50
$48 00
49 00,
50 00
50 60
e51 50
/52 50
e54 25
/55 25
<?54 50
/55 50
52 00
50 00
52 00
43 00
46 75
46 75
4300
4600
4700
$98 00
100 00
100 00
76 00
72 00
70 00
72 75
73 00
77 00
75 00
77 00
66 00
69 75
69 75
9000
93 00
94 00
$70 00
675 00
72 00
677 00
72 00
677 00
c68 50
d71 00
69 70
72 45
72 70
102 00
100 00
102 00
75 00
78 75
78 75
F. D. Suydamll
Studebaker Manu-
facturing Co.
A. Caldwell
J. F. Peavey If
Kansas City
Sioux City ....
Chicago or St.
Louis.
Chicago*
Kansas City or
Omaha.
Sioux City
52 25
"*52 50
48 00
46 00
48 00
41 00
44 75
44 75
4050
4350
4450
Chicago
Kansas City . .
Sioux City . . .
Chicago
"52
E. A. Webster J
Kansas City
Sioux City
Chicago
71
70
310
Kansas City . .
Sioux City
Top boxes.
Spring seats.
4
1
Covers.
M Rosenfield
$200
1 50
2 00
2 00
2 00
'2 00
$225
2 25
2 50
3 00
2 50
2 50
£0 50
75
olO
75
60
65
e$2 60
/a 75
#3 40
hS 75
U 00
e4 75
/4 00
3 25
&3 85
14 00
m4 00
n4 25
5 00
F D Suydam
Studebaker Manufacturing Company
A Caldwell
j". F. Peavey ...... ...
E A Webster
* Wagons at St. Louis $1.50 and St. Paul $2.50
more than at Chicago.
t Standard Molino wagon. "Wagons suited es-
pecially for Arizona, Utah, Montana and
California, $15 extra.
|| Standard Milburn wagon.
1J La Belle wagon, complete except brake ; brake,
$2.50 extra.
| Jackson wagon fully warranted. "Truss rod
and guide attachments" $3 extra.
a Each.
6 Half platform.
cl^ inch; brake. $6, and top $15 extra.
d 1 J inch ; brake, $6, and top $15 extra.
e Narrow.
/Wide.
<72|-inch wagons, 10 by 12.
A2f and 3-iuch wagons, 30 by 13.
i3£ and 3J-inch wagons, 10 b'y 14.
k N arrow, at Chicago.
I Narrow, at Kansas City and Sioux City
m Wide, at Chicago.
n Wide, at Kansas City and Sioux City.
404 PROPOSxiLS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
4
1
rf
s
3
q
A
,a
5
3
1
W
P
PM
0
H-i
W
Class 15.
1-5
H
^
^
WAGONS AND WAOOX FIXTURES— Continued.
jj
1
Points of delivery.
i
1
>>
.
t
a
0
1
1
b
•
^
^
9
9
§
c
©
®
0"
V
M
W
W
"WTiifflctrees hickory plain . . • - . -
431
674
a$l 25
TVTiiffletrees hickory ironed . ..
301
210
156
341
201
a5 00
250
850
} 556
r
1"
Covers narrow track
100
436
100
436
184
50
Class 16.— PAINTS AND OILS.
Chrome yellow in oil pounds. -
127
132
$014
Coal tar . gallons..
95
.
95
25
$0 14T9A
Lampblack in papers . - pounds
140
150
12
10 425
12,475
07 4-9n
Lead red dry . . do ....
1 645
1,755
oe,<y£
167
167
Oil, kerosene, fire-test not less than 120°, in 5 and 10
6 290
22-S7
Oil, linseed raw in cans cased . . . ** do
360
'370
74 7 31
Oil, linseed, boiled, in cans, cased do.
1,156
1,266
7M
Oil, lard, medium quality, in cans, cased do
1,365
1,530
70
89x%%
Oil harness in cans cased do
17g,
193
1 30
Oil, lubricating, mineral, crude, in cans, cased . . do
709
754
25r9«r
Ocher, Rochelle, in oil pounds . .
87
92
O9
Paint roof gallons
105
105
Qfi 98
Paper building . . .. pounds
14 500
14,500
$0 02i
$0 03
03 48
Paper, tarred do
7,000
7,500
024
03g
0*
02T74r
O'?i
02i
Pitch do
275
485
04
03"
09 9P-
Turpentine, in cans, cased gallons. .
398
460
»$?
Umber burnt in oil ground ~ ' pounds
328
40S
6*8
Varnish copal gallons
123
130
1 13 98*
Whiting ...... pounds
1 745
1,845
1 00
98
1 00
a Per dozen.
& Full weight.
c Delivered in Sioux City or Kansas City.
FOR PAINTS AND OILS FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
405
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
|
|
3
5
"3
o
hJ
. Barclay.
Robbins.
i
i
o
. Powell.
Woodhouse.
ta
1
1
.. Crolius.
11
1
1
Webster.
1
I
S
1
1
i
g
<1
W
H|
y
1
PH
<5
'g
<j
fcj
P
W
* &
«!
«
05
£
>»
s
N
£
cc
«1
P4
HS
PR
P4
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
Sioux City.
New York.
2
o
Saint Louis.
New York.
Philadelphia.
Chicago.
New York.
Chicago.
Chi., Kan. C.,
Sioux City.
Chicago.
Chicago.
02
II
New York.
$0 09
$008
85
12
1 00
/10
/10
&260
&2 75
d75
37£
$6 "2!
7 15
$0 25
70
85
10
10
4 75
4 00
90
$1 00
3 50
18
1 25
10
10
3 50
4 00
1 00
$0 18
29
20
33
16
16
5 00
5 00
35
$3 85
c4 00
4 00
c4 25
$0 20
55
25
1 00
15
15
4 00
4 00
$045
40
10
60
13
$0 19
13
19
25
$0 15
$015|
$0 17
19
.....
06
073
06tf&
00ft
065
$0 07^
06|
$0 07|
074£
J5A
66
69
63
66
68"
71
el 02
$6 i\l
$0 71|
81
93*
85
75
95
19*
31i
23
07
22£
27J
05
84
89
03i
03f
04
07£
90
$02|
2|
1 00
48
10
115
1 00
55
114
134
ioi
85
1 00
1 00
d Finished to shape. e Subject to fluctuation of the market. /Or Kansas City. fir Per gallon
40G
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in largo type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
.
Class 17.
o
TIN AND STAMPED WAUE.
I
1
c
B
•H
B
G
§
|
Buckets, water, galvanized iron, 2-gallons
..dozen..
38i
431
Boilers, wash, IX-tin, flat copper bottom, iron drop handles, riveted, No. 8. do ...
7A
Si
Cups tin pint stamped retinned riveted handle .
....do....
902
670
do
464$
400
do
404
do
4
e
do
3171
Coffee-mills side No. 1
.. do...
1Q7
Coffee-boilers, 2-quarts, plain tin, riveted spout and handle
....do..-.
my
320
Coffee-boilers 4-qnarts plain tin riveted spout and handle
... do....
337
Coffee-boilers 6-quarts plain tin riveted spout and handle . ...
... do....
do ..
128|
Dippers, water, 2-quarts retinned, long handles riveted .....
....do....
84}
904
Funnels 1-quart plain tin
do
51
Funnels 2-quarts plain tin
do
41
Graters nutmeg . .
do
61
Kettles, camp (nest of three, 7, 11, and 14 quarts), galvanized,
strapped bottom ... . . .
redipped,
. .nests. .
934
1,134
Kettles, camp (nest of three, 7, 11, and 14 quarts), plain iron,
strapped
395
325
Kettles, galvanized iron, 7, 11, aoid 14 quarts
...dozen..
71*
a At Chicago, Saint Louis, Sioux City, Omaha, and Kansas City.
FOR TIN AND STAMPED WARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 407
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
i*
1
ti
J. E. Ingersoll.
R. A. Bobbins.
I
a
P
0
1
1
W
!
i
w
02
1
Points of delivery.
Kansas
City.
N. Y.
N. Y.
N. Y.
y.T.
ar.Y.
anx
Chicago.
N.Y.
$4 25
$3 90
$4 75
$4 75
$16 50
3 25
3 50
$16 40
a5 00
16 50
17 OO
81
42
$0 36
$0 55
a!8 00
45
15 00
50
50
a48
27
40
1 08
54
60
63
55
63
a59
40
5O
65
1 40
54
55
2 95
al 44
60
75
60
jj 60
aG4
2 77
2 98
&2 98
$2 74
4 48
a3 30
3 92
440
4 25
1 90
2 10
2 80
1 75
2 20
3 20
a2 93
4 00
3 00
1 50
3 50
3 75
2 30
4 00
4 50
a420
5 25
4 30
2 00
2 25
4 00
4 25
4 20
75
1 00
83
a549
74
5 90
2 50
2 75
4 50
4 75
2 50
90
89
1 10
1 00
a74
86
57
69
99
1 26
1 12
70
63
a86
50
69
81
70
1 00
85
«53
80
85
24
a83
20
25
3 00
1 50
a22
1 48
2 75
2 50
1 20
1 15
x
8 00
3 90
3 57
4 50
5 75
4 69
5 50
4 60
413
6 50
6 Sample is No. 2; No. 3 will be furnished.
408
PKOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 17.
TIN AND STAMPED WAKE— Continued.
Kettles, plain iron, 7, 11, and 14 quarts dozen.
Match-safes, japanned iron, self-closing do . . .
Scoops, hand, No. 20, grocer's do.
Scoops, hand, No. 40, grocer's do.
Teapots, planished tin, 3 pints, round do.
Teapots, planished tin, 4 pints, round do.
"Wash-basins, tin, flat bottom, 11 inches, stamped, returned do.
105
Pails, water, tin, 10 quarts, stamped, retinned ..do.
Pails, water, tin, 14 q uarts, stamped, retinned do 1251
Punches, thin n-'s, hollow, g-inch do.
Punches, hollow, £-inch do.
Pans, 1 quart, deep, pudding, stamped, retinned do — 62 §
Pans, 2 quarts, deep, pudding, stamped, retinned do 45
Pans, tin, 2 quarts, stamped, retinned do 170J
Pans, tin, 4 quarts, stamped, retinned do 276£
Pans, tin, 6 quarts, stamped, retinned do 181
Pans, dust, japanned do 18
Pans, fry, No. 4, wrought-iron, polished do 473J
Pans, dish, 10 quarts, stamped, retinned do .
Pans, dish, 14 quarts, stamped , retinned do 49f
Pans, dish, 17 quarts, stamped, retinned do 28J
Plates, tin, 9-inch dinner, stamped do 614
Plates, tin, 9-inch, pie, stamped do.... 215
Plates, tin, baking, deep, jelly, stamped do.
Shears, tinner's, hand, No. 9 do 5
Shears, tinner's, hand, No. 7 do.
Shears, tinner's, bench, No. 4, "Wilcox's do 7
Solder pounds.. 600
Spoons, tea, tinnediron dozen.. 849
Spoons, table, tinnediron „ do 872
272
a At Now York only.
6 At Chicago, Sioux City, Saint Louis, Omaha, and Kansas City.
FOR TIN AND STAMPED WARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 409
advertisement of Marcli 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
J. F. Richards.
J. E. Ingersoll.
R A* Bobbin*
E. W. Martin.
fcC
0
™ 't
M
W
H. King.
S. H. Crane.
L. B. Hanks.
1
s
ri
w
«
1
Points of delivery.
£
5
1
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
1U£f«r£
m
Chicago.
Chicago,
New York.
New York.
New York.
$2 35
$3 50
.. .t
3 25
4 50
375
a$l 75
5 50
1 25
$4 50
5 25
al 25
c5 75
5 50
6OO
6 75
4 00
400
$0 85
67
$0 70
79
79
75
1 12
88
85
1 12
99
1 06
57
99
75
63
95
66
60
70
75
48
1 12
90
72
1 10
89
1 05
66
99
1 38
1 13
1 15
99
1 24
78
90
90
90
1 40
95
a90
1 17
1 00
$1 40
1 20
1 53
695
al 53
1 55
3 37
3 29
3 90
3 24
&1 59
d4 22
4 00
<-
4 00
4 18
5 00
3 92
d5 40
3 00
3 60
4 75
4 88
5 80
46
d6 30
5 07
4 20
27
25
241
22
26
5 85
24
27
26
24
22
25
45
24
30
32
37
45
35
37
30
41
28
39
el 35
e225
e45O
15
*1')3
14
11
10
gi
10i
11
$0 10J
$0 10
$0 10
18
11
22
20
16
17
23
21
20
13
25
19
31
23
1 60'
4 00
1 75
165
19
21
20
2 39
2 10
4 50
2 62
1 60
240
2 20
3 15
a4 80
2 50
2 25
a 170
2 sg
61 82
64 92
a 5 40
2 50
1 05
92
95
84
aJ90
65 52
62 02
1 25
97
1 10
72
93
1 17
1 53
2 04
c!2 quarts.
dDish-pans made of XX tin, at $4.05, $4.90, and $5.57.
eEach.
410 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been.awarded ;
Class 18.
STOVES, HOLLOW-WAKE, TIN, &C.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
Caldrons iron 21 gallons plain kettle
2
6
2
2
Caldrons iron 90 gallons plain kettlo
1
3
3
Caldrons iron 45 gallons portable with furnace .
5
5
Caldrons, iron, 90 gallons portable, with furnace
3
3
Elbows stove-pipe size 5-inch 4 pieces No 26 iron
50
50
937
1,035
36
48
Ovens Dutch 10-inch .
430
430
Ovens Dutch 12-inch
Pipe stove 5-inch No 26 iron cut punched and formed to shape, not riv-
50
'
eted, nested in bundles, with rivets and joints.
Pipe, stove, 6-inch, No. 26 iron, cut, punched, and formed to shape, not riv-
eted, nested in bundles, with rivets and joints.
Pipe, stove, 7-inch, No. 26 iron, cut, punched, and formed to shape, not riv-
eted, nested in bundles, with rivets and joints.
Polish stove gross
6,435
260
171
7,471
310
18*
216
Stoves cookinf wood 7-inch with furniture
20
216
Stoves, cookin<r, wood, 8-inch with furniture ....... ...
553
13
Stoves, cooking, wood, 9-inch, with furniture - . .. .... .
IS
618
Stoves, cooking, coal 8-inch with furniture
37
24
Stoves, cooking, coal, 9-inch, with furniture -
5
37
Stoves, box, heating, wood, 24 inches long
246
256
Stoves, box, heating, wood, 27 inches long
109
119
Stoves, box, heatin"' wood 32 inches long
56
Stoves, box, heatin"" wood 37 inches long
64
85
Stoves, heating, coal, 14-inch cylinder
15
65
15
a Or at Kansas City, Sioux City, Omaha, St. Paul, and St. Louis.
6 At Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City, or Saint Louis.
c Per dozen. d Per pound.
STOVES AND HOLLOW- WARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 411
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian service — Continued,
awards wore made on, comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
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15 00
10 00
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11 65
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6 38
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24 00
47 25
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cl 30
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$4 25
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14 00
20 00
28 00
13
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10 00
12 50
13 00
12 00
15 25
16 00
15 00
18 25
18 75
18 00
20 00
21 25
14 25
18 00
22 00
17 00
21 00
24 50
4 25
5 00
5 25
6 00
525
6 50
7 50
8 50
8 00
12 00
$20 00
$0 11
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15 90
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4 22
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$2 50
$16 50
12 25
17 25
14 00
19 70
18 25
16 65
22 50
19 25
19 70
13 65
22 90
16 05
3 75
/5 10
gl 30
jll 75
9 OO
$14 75
12 00
10 25
16 50
15 00
13 00
19 25
18 00
16 25
22 75
21 00
19 75
18 50
16 75
23 50
21 50
$15 25
12 50
10 75
17 00
15 50
13 50
20 00
18 50
16 75
23 50
21 50
20 50
19 00
17 25
24 00
22 00
$16 00
13 50
11 50
18 25
16 50
14 35
21 00
20 00
18 00
25 00
23 00
21 50
20 50
18 50
25 50
23 50
$11 75
12 50
13 50
15 50
15 40
34 25
16 50
18 50
14 75
18 75
21 00
16 00
18 00
15 50
17 00
18 50
16 00 :
19 00
18 50
19 50
21 00
21 50
/5 25
eQ 50
gi 50
10 50
15 20
16 25
17 15
20 30
20 75
18 92
21 17
23 87
15 80
23 45
18 35
18 25
19 40
21 75
3 75
5 60
6 90
10 40
5 65
21 17
26 57
eQ 80
eQ 80
gl 65
ilO 20
9 45
-
5 75
7 75
9 50
12 50
6 00
8 00
10 00
13 00
6 50
8 60
10 75
14 00
e 28-inch. f 25-inch . g 31-inch.
j 38-inch. i 36-inch.
412 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 18.
STOVES, HOLLOW-WARE, TIX, &c.— Continued.
1
|
j
, ft
ft
s
a
&
2
;}
16
23
7
10
Tin sheet 10 x 14 inches IX boxes
15
15
Tin sheet 14 x 20 inches IX do
17
18
Tin sheet 10 x 14 inches 1C do
18
19
Tin sheet 14x20 inches 1C .... .. do
18
19
Tin, sheet IX, 14 x 60 inches, No. 9, boiler do ...
1
I
Zinc, sheet, No. 9, 36 x 84 inches pounds..
2,775
2,975
a Or at Kansas City, Sioux City, St. Louis, Omaha, and St. Paul.
STOVES AND HOLLOW- WARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 413
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for tlie Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which- each bid was-accompanied.]
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s •
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$12 53
$12 60
$13 00
$L160
17 00
4 95
c!8 00
12 00
14 00
15 75
4 95
17 25
16 SO
9 75
fJ^G *t *\
4o 25
9 75
~"^\ i5-
8 25
8 00
d6 75
6 75
8 00
eG 75
6 75
17 50
f 15
09
171
ATA
c Cast-iron.
el!2 sheets in box.
d 225 sheets in box.
/"Per pound.
414
PROPOSALS EECEIVED AKD CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of 2^'oposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
f NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 19.
HARDWARE.
Adzes, cast-steel, house carpenters', square head dozen.
Anvils, wrought-iron, steel-faced, size wanted, 100-pound per pound.
Anvils, wrought-iron, steel-faced, size wanted, 140-pound do . . .
Anvils, wrought-iron, steel-faced, size wanted, 200-pound do - . .
Augers, £-inch, cast-steel, cut with nut dozen .
Augers, 1-inch, cast-steel, cut with nut do. . .
Augers, l£-inch, cast-steel, cut with nut do...
Augers, IJ-inch, cast-steel, cut with nut do...
Augers, 2-inch, cast-steel, cut with nut do . . .
Augers, post, 9-inch do...
Augers, hollow, J-inch do...
Augers, hollow, f -inch do . . .
Augers, hollow, f -inch do. . .
Augers, hollow, 1-inch do...
Awls, shoemakers', cast-steel, peg, assorted, regular do...
Awls, cast-steel, shoemakers', sewing, assorted, regular do. . .
Awls, cast-steel, saddlers', assorted, regular . do . . .
Axes, 3J to 4£ pounds, Yankee pattern a do...
Axes, cast-steel, broad, 12-inch, beveled one side do.
Axes, cast-steel, hand, 6-inch, broad hatchets, handled do .
Axes, hunters', handled do.
Babbit metal, medium quality pounds..
12f
124
M
11*
2|
if
If
If
85
189
346J
754
100
H
612
224
570
Bits, auger, cast-steel, J-inch dozen.. 10
Bits, auger, cast-steel, g-inch do 11
Bits, auger, cast-steel, £-inch do 11
Bits, auger, cast-steel, 1-inch do.
Bits, auger, cast-steel, f -inch do
Bits, auger, cast-steel, 1-inch do.
Bits, auger, cast-steel, IJ-inch do.
Bits, auger, cast-steel, IJ-inch do.
Bits, gimlet, double-cut, assorted, J to finch do 1
Bits, extension, J to l£and$to 3 inch do 3T75
Bits, pod, assorted, £ to f inch do 7
Bits, gouge. & to § inch do.
Brashes, whitewash, 8-inch, handled do 20
Brushes, paint, No. 2 , do.
Brushes, paint, No. J do 7/2
Brushes, paint, No. g do 5|
Brushes, paint, No. g do.
Brushes, varnish do.
Brushes, scrub, 5 and 6 row, 10-inch do 40J
Brushes, stove, 5-row, 10-inch do 26TB,j
Brushes, marking, assorted do.
a Trenton ; Peter "Wright's pattern.
& At Chicago.
FOR HARDWARE FOR THE INDIAN SERVICE.
415
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service.
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.)
1
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New York.
New York.
SS.lt
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New York.
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
Kansas City.
New York.
New York.
Now York.
1
6$16 00
$12 75
$13 80
$17 00
$12 85
&10^
all1
&0 101
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all1
101
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6101
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3 00
2 65
2 75
$2 70
5 00
4 60
4 75
4 70
6 00
5 66
5 75
5 70
7 50
6 80
7 00
7 00
10 50
9 65
10 00
10 00
&17 50
1G 90
17 50
9 50
9 12
9 00
11 00
10 64
10 50
12 50
12 15
12 OO
12 50
12 15
12 00
13
09
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09
08
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15
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$7 30
c8 00
$7 50
7 50
7 30
$7 20
7 04
c9 00
8 50
$6 75
7 25
20 00
18 00
15 75
9 25
7 80
8 25
7 95
5 70
5 37
4 35
4 10
4 36
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7 75
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1 60
I 45"
1 50
1 49
1 75
J 58
1 63
1 61
1 90
"**""*
1 70
1 75
1 75
2 40
2 18
2 25
2 25
2 93
......
ii 60
2 75
2 75
4 25
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3 88
4 00
4 00
5 87
......
5 94
....
6 00
6 00
7 45
7 55
8 00
8 00
60
32
33
36
13 25
13 50
1*2 60
80
12 70
19 50
80
19 50
18 15
7O
18 00
80
70
$4 20
5 00
6 50
6 48
6 90
5 90
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3 60
2 70
3 50
2 00
2 16
2 98
3 15
4 50
2 50,
3 25
2 88
3 90
4 70
6 00
2 DO
4 50
3 60
4 98
5 25
8 00
3 90
6 75
5 04
6 00
2 45
4 75
5 25
2 00
3 554
3 60
2 95
84
1 70
3 00
90
2 70
2 16
90
3 00
2 50
1 00
1 20
1 35
1 1O
1 80
1 50
1 25
1 25
1 2^
90
1 40
1 65
50
38
50
50
60
80
55
60
c At Sioux City only.
41G
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HAEDWAEE — Continued.
Belting, leather, 12-inch *...feet.. 20
Belting, leather, 8-inch do...
Belting, leather, 7-inch do.... 20
Belting, leather, 6-inch ~ do 20
Belting, leather, 5-inch do.... 100
Beltinc, leather, 4-inch : do 200
Belting, leather, 3 J-inch do.
Belting, leather, 3-inch do 50
Belting, leather, 2-inch do.... 210
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 14-inch do 20
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 12-inch do 230
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 10-inch '. do..., 50
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 8-inch do 105
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 6-inch do..,
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 4-inch do 275
Belting, rubber, 4-ply, 3-inch do 20
Belting, rubber, 3-ply, 8-inch do.
Belting, rubber, 3-ply, 6-inch do.... 20
Belting, rubber, 3-ply, 4-inch do 20
Belting, rubber, 3-ply, 3-inch do.... 205
Braces, iron, 10-inch doze
Braces, ratchet, 10-inch .do.
Bells, school size, 200 pounds, mounted 4
Bells, school size, 300 pounds, mounted 1
Bells, school size, 400 pounds, mounted 3
Bells, hand, No. 6 dozen.. 2J
Bells, cow and ox, large, assorted sizes do...
Bells, cow and ox, small, assorted sizes do...
Borax pounds.. 495"
Bolts, square head and nut, Jxl per 100.. 900
Bolts, square head and nut, i xlj do 1, 100
Bolts, square head and nut, |x2 do — 1, '
Bolts, square head and nut, Jx2£ do 1, 056
Bolts, squ-ro head and nut, Jx3 do 766
Bolts, square head and nut, Jx3i do 506
Bolts, square head and nut, |x4 .'.' do 430
Bolts, square head and nut, J x 4 J .do 300
Bolts, squarehead and nut, issxl do 367
Bolts, squarehead and nut, TSS x H do 840
Bolts, square head and nut, T8gx2 do... 1,462
Bolts, square head and nut, TS5 x 2J do 1,361
Bolts, square head and nut, TK3 x 3 do 1,583
Bolts, square head and nut, TBsx3J do 1,711
Bolts, square head and nut, TBH x 4 do ... 1, 246
Bolts, square head and nut, TBS x 4J do 911
Bolts, square head and nut, iBg x 5 do 621
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
417
advertisement of March 23, 1831, for hardware for the Indian service.
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
«
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Points of delivery.
New York.
** b^b
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Tl*Jl
•Sill
%&6&
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
1
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Kansas City.
New York.
New York.
$0 85
$0 85
$0 80
$0 84
60
55
50
55
50
48
45
48
42
42
36
41
35
35
31
34
28
27
25
27
25
23
22
23
20
20
18
20
13
12|
11
12
77
60
$0 59
$0 574
$0 60
60
61
$0 61
*0 65
65
50
49
481
54
50
54
52
52
60
53
40
40
40
46
42
45
40
42
50
42
35
31
31|
38
33
35
33
34
38
31
25
24
24fc
30
24
24
25
25
28
21
17
17
17
22
17
18
16
17
19
15i
13
12
13J
15
11
13
12
13
14
12
35
30
27
27J
26
29
28
28
32
26
20
20
20J
28
19
22
20
21
24
17
15
13
14
21
13
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13
14
15
13
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9
11
14
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11
10
10
12
10
a2 00
$5 95
5 25
alO 25
13 50
5 75
in *?n
16 00
18 00
20 00
<z90 00
25 00
30 00
a!28 00
32 00
40 00
a!70 00
3 35
3 75
3 75
5 70
3 50
2 05
2 00
16
15
18
a85
85
*»4-
1 12
05
a85
85
56
1 12
05
a90
88
58
1 16
09
90
91
59
1 20
13
95
95
62
1 24
17
95
98
64
1 38
20
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1 02
66
1 32
24
05
1 05
68
1 36
1 28
95
95
62
1 28
1 20
95
95
64
1 35
1 20
00
1 01
67
1 35
1 26
05
1 06
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1 40
/
1 33
10
1 11
73
1 46
1 38
15
1 16
76
1 52
1 43
20
1 21
79
1 58
1 49
25
1 26
82
1 64
1 55
30
1 30
85
1 70
1 60
27 IND
a Delivered at Chicago.
418
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each hid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE — Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
f
1
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1
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Points of delivery.
t
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5
I
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Bolts, square head and nut, T5g x 5% per 100 . .
Bolts, square head and nut, TB3 x 6 do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x | do —
Bolts, square head and nut, f x 1 do
Bolts square head and nut § x 2 .......... do
261
521
350
720 '
1, 520
1,000
1,920
1,100
2,125
775
1,160
550
1,060
450
685
450
285
650
350
175
625
400
425
250
500
575
922
420
432
210
997
600
810
1,125
325
400
550
1,525
2,450
1,950
2,045
1,400
1,405
525
895
710
410
960
700
885
775
250
635
597
987
1,522
1,872
1,222
1,137
637
261
521
350
720
1,520
1,000
1,970
1,100
2,175
775
1,2*0
550
1,110
450
735
450
285
650
300
175
6*5
350
425
250
500
525
922
420
432
210
997
600
810
1,125
325
400
550
1,625
2,550
2,050
2,145
1,400
1,445
525
895
710
410
960
710
885
775
350
635
597
987
1,722
1,973
1 ,323
1,137
637
$1 35
1 35 i
1 10 !
1 10
1 15
1 20
1 25
1 30
1 40
1 45
1 50
1 55
1 60
1 70
1 75
1 80
1 85
1 90
1 75
1 75
1 85
1 90
2 00
2 20
2 35
1 85
1 95
2 05
2 15
220
2 30
2 50
2 65
2 85
3 80
4 10
645
645
650
650
655
660
660
660
665
660
61 95
62 15
,62 25
62 50
62 90
63 10
63 30
685
690
695
61 00
61 10
|61 20
61 35
$1 35 |
1 40
1 11
1 11
1 17
1 23
1 29
1 35
1 41
1 47
1 55
1 61
1 67
1 74
1 80
1 86
1 92
1 99
1 51
1 59
1 67
1 75
1 83
1 99
2 15
1 89
1 98
2 07
2 17
2 26
2 35
2 55
2 74
2 93
3 63
3 91
44
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
58
a62
1 95
2 11
2 31
2 42
2 90
3 09
3 27
75
81
87
98
1 10
1 21
1 32
$088
91
75
75
76
80
84
88
92
1 09
1 O4
1 08
1 12
1 16
1 20
1 24
1 28
1 10
1 16
1 22
9 28
1 34
1 46
1 58
1 24
1 30
1 36
1 43
1 48
1 54
1 6i>
1 78
3 00
3 54
2 74
40
45
£7
49
51
, 53
54
56
1 67
t 85
2 03
2 20
2 40
2 75
2 93
3 11
72
78
83
94
1 03
1 16
I 24
$1 76
1 82
1 44
1 44
1 52
1 60
1 68
1 76
1 84
1 92
2 00
2 10
2 16
2 24
2 32
2 40
2 48
2 64
1 65
1 74
2 44
2 56
2 68
2 92
3 16
2 48
2 60
2 72
2 84
2 96
3 08
3 32
3 56
3 80
5 05
5 48
50
50
50
52
54
£6
58
60
62
1 85
2 05
2 25
2 45
2 65
3 05
3 25
3 45
80
86
92
1 04
1 16
1 28
1 40
$1 66
1 70
1 19
1 29
1 43
1 51
1 58
1 66
1 74
1 82
1 89
1 96
2 04
2 12
2 19
2 27
2 35
2 49
2 06
2 06
2 29
240
2 50
2 75
29.-.
2 33
2 46
2 56
2 69
2 79
2 89
3 13
3 36
3 56
4 76
5 20
48
50
50
54
59
61
63
66
68
2 00
2 25
2 46
2 68
2 90
3 35
3 56
3 79
85
94
1 00
1 ]4
1 27
1 40
1 54
Boltsj square head and nut, § x 2£ do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 3 do
Bolts, square head and nut, g x 3£ do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 4 do ...
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 4i .do
Bolts, square head and nut, §x5 do
Bolts, square head and nut, § x 5 J do
Bolts, square head and nut, % x6 do
Bolts square head and nut § x 6i do . .
Bolts, squarehead and nut, | x 1~. do
Bolts, square head and nut, I x 7£ do
Bolts, square head and nut, f x 8 do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 8 J do
Bolts, square head and nut, T7g x 3 do
Bolts, square head and nut, T7g x 3£ do
Bolts, square head and nut, T75 x 4 do
Bolts, square head and nut, T75 4J do
Bolts, square head and nut, T7g x 5 do
Bolts, square head and nut, /6 x 6 do
Bolts, square head and nut, fg x 7 do
Bolts, square head and nut, £ x 3£ da ...
Bolts, square head and nut, J x 4 do
Bolts, square head and nut, i x 4§ do
Bolts, square head and nut, J x 5 do
Bolts, square head and nut, £ x 5J do
Bolts, square head and nut, £ x 6 do
Bolts, square head and nut, £ x 7 do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 8 do
Bolts, square head and nut, |x9 do
Bolts, square head and nut, f x 7 do
Bolts, square head and nut, | x 8 do
Bolts carriage i x 1 do
Bolts, carriage, JxlJ do
Bolts carriage £x2 do
Bolts, carriage, £ x 2 J do
Bolts, carriage Jx3 do
Bolts, carriage, £ x 3J do
Bolts carriage Jx4...... do
Bolts, carriage, £ x 4J do
Bolts carriage £x5...... do
Bolts carriage \ x 5 . do
Bolts, carriage, i x 6 do
Bolts, carriage \ x 7 do
Bolts, carriage, £ x 8 do
Bolts, carriage \ x 10 do
Bolts, carriage, J x 11 do
Bolts, carriage \ x 12 . do
Bolts, carriage, § x 2 do
Bolts, carriage § x 2J . . do
Bolts, carriage, § x 3 do
Bolts, carriage, % x 4 do
Bolts, carriage, $ x 5 do
Bolts, carriage, g x 6 do
Bolts, carriage § x 7 do
ajx6.
6 Delivered at Sioux City five per cent. less.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
419
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figuies in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
I
Class 19.
HARD WAKE— C ontinued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
E. A. Eobbins.
PH
1
A. Flagler.
J. H. Woodhouse.
OJ
5
w
OQ
J. F. Eichards.
fcb
1
ri
Points of delivery.
New York.
-fi£
jjg
New York.
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
Kansas City.
Now York.
Bolts, carriage, f x 8.. .per 100.
Bolts, carriage, | x 9 do. . .
Bolts, tire, & x 1$ do. . .
Bolts, tire, T3(1 x 1£- do ...
Bolt s tire T3r x 2 do
737
637
50
825
375
2,025
1,055
300
50
350
375
50
Mi
8
35
63
55
21
7
15
131
1 000
737
637
a$145
a!55
$1 44
1 55
42
39
40
38
40
44
48
SJ 37
1 66
35
35
36
36
38
40
43
56
60
10
85
4 00
70
58
54
63
23
51
36
6
2 50
1 80
3 75
5
5i
$1 52
1 64
40
40
40
40
42
44
68
62
65
10
$1 67
1 80
40
40
40
42
44
46
50
65
65
825
375
2,025
1,«05
300
«37i
a40
a40
a40
a45
a45
'".".'.
Bolts, tiro, i x 2 do. . .
Bolts, tire, i x 2J do. . .
Bolts, tire, J x 3 do. . .
Bolts tire J x 4 do
Bolts tire 5 x 9V do
350
375
50
8
40
69
61
32
7
15
a(M
62
Bolts! tire, 2J x 3 do . .
Bolts, window, spring, Jxf.doz.
Bolts, door, wrought iron, bar-
&08
09
cZlOO
171
79
$0 71
18
64
c!7
c85
&45
2 75
1 35
/80
Bolts, door, wrought iron, bar-
rel 10-inch . doz
78
040
564
60
70
Butts, door, 3 x 3|, acorn. ..do
Butts, door, 2x3, acorn do
Butts, door, 2| x 3, acorn., .do
Butts, 3x3 inch, narrow . . .do
Butts, brass, IJ-inch, narrow-do
Butts, brass, 2A-inch, narrow, do
Butts, brass, 2-inch, narrow, do
Caps, percussion, waterproof,
per 100
»a
/60
/TO
/30
/TO
/50
65
3 25
2 20
57
64
27
68
43
42
52
58
Compasses, pocket, 2J-inch.doz
Compasses, carpenters', 6-inch,
2 \i
31
28B
13
128
91
20
90
2
2|
if
75*
177
90
City, five
fSi
$2 25
1 40
2 70
04|
06
05|
07
50
200
360
Compasses, carpenters', 10-
20S
12
70
91
10
90
2
1«
1
68
170
83
it Sioux
Crowbars, steel-pointed per Ib
Chains, cable, J-inch, short
04J
05J
06
06i
07
50
Chains, log, J-inch, short links,
with swivel hook and ring,
5i
6
48
4 50
9 75
3 35
2 00
2 85
6
3
12
cW
6
61
7
45
Chains, log, g-iuch, short links,
with swivel hook and ring,
j
Chains, log, Tss-inch, short links,
with swivel hook and ring,
Chains, trace, 6^-feet, 10 links
Chains, surveyors', 66-feet ..do
Cleavers, 8-inch, butchers'. doz
Calipers, outside, 9-inch . .doz
Calipers, outside, 6-inch. ..do
Calipers, outside, 8-inch . . .do
Chalk, carpenters', red . .Ibs
Chalk, carpenters', white ..do
Chalk, carpenters', blue ..do
a Delivered at Chicago; .
1 ....
------
12 50
4 75
2 15
3 00
90
3'30~
1 90
2 75
10 34
295
180
275
12 00
70
per ce
oux Ci
1 65
nt. les
ty onl
3.
7-
6 Cast.
02x2.
rought.
420 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
rN"OTE. Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered..
Quantity awarded.
1
&
<i
s
&
1
PH
^
F. B. Hobart.
tj
o
lc
s
<i
6
a
2
0
W
c/5
bi
.a
H
W
Points of delivery.
1
1
ft
r4fl
S3
la
If
sg^
ill
W
1
1
^4
|
1
1
1
o
i
s
1
Chalk-lines No 3*
Dozen.
21*
if
if
I
ii
1*1
§
U
1|
ii
li
IH
li
1
li
2T7s
U
1
3
23
4
5i
Dozen.
36|
293
if
1&
2-3
11
li
11
li
2ii
li
3-4
H
»A
11
3-4
3
$012
11
$0 15
10
2 35
2 40
2 55
2 95
3 25
3 55
3 80
4 10
4 45
4 75
3 55
3 55
3 55
3 85
4 ]0
$015£
$0 12J
$0 15
12
2 25
2 25
2 50
2 75
3 00
3 35
3 65
3 95
4 30
4 50
3 30
3 30
3 30
3 60
3 85
4 35
5 00
5 40
6 00
6 60
6 00
Chalk crayons gross
Chisels, socket, firmer, i-inch, handled.
Chisels, socket, firmer, §-inch, handled
Chisels, socket, firmer, ^-inch, handled.
Chisels, socket, firmer, 1-inch, handled.
Chisels, socket, tinner, f-inch, handled.
Chisels, socket, firmer, 1-inch, handled .
Chisels, socket, firmer, 1^-inch, handled
Chisels, socket, firmer, 1^-inch, handled
Chisels, socket, firmer, If-inch, handled
Chisels, socket, firmer, 2-inch, handled.
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, J-inch
."."."
215
216
240
270
300
324
350
375
400
430
324
324
324
350
373
428
485
558
600
640
$2 40
245
2 75
3 05
3 35
3 65
3 95
4 25
4 55
4 85
3 60
3 60
3 60
3 90
4 20
4 80
5 40
6 00
6 60
7 20
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, §-inch,
handled
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, J-inch,
handled
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, |-inch,
handled
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, f-inch,
handled . .
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, 1-inch,
handled
4 75
5 35
5 90
6 50
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, 11-inch,
handled
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, 1^-inch,
handled .
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, l|-inch,
handled
Chisels, c. s. socket, framing, 2-inch,
handled
8 70
10 80
9 95
2 25
65
65
6 00
Chisels, c. s. socket, tongue, mortisee,
handled .
Chisels, c. s. socket, corner, 1-inch,
handled ...
------
900
2 25
1 40
8 75
1 50
1 40
60
5 60
9 60
Y™"
Chisels, cold, f-inch, octagon, 6 inches
long handled
$0 90
98
65
1 20
Cards ox
23
§i
Clamps, iron, to open 6 inches .....
504
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
421
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[XoTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
R. A. Robbins.
1
fc
fc
t-i
1
1
Hj
^
i
i
4
d
O
W
od
tb
a
S
W
J. F. Richards.
Points of delivery.
H
N
1
ef-g
1
|S!P!
M
|
I
1
i
N
1
M
O
i
i
>>
5
i
1
Catches, door, iron, cupboard . . .
Clofhes-line, galvanized wire,
in lengths of 100 feet feet. .
Dividers, 8 inches long, c. s.
wing .
Dozen.
32
6,700
2J
a™
i»
43
514
87£
52}
814
SP
47
16
124
f
w
'?j
25
H
J
13|
9J
14i
1CTB2
23i
29
2i
g
3
H
2i
Dozen.
32
6,700
1-2
2
1-4
5-12
7-12
11
30|
59
5«4
92*
53i
31i
7J4
43
«*
1Z?
121
111
8£
25
W
I?
1?!
13*?
16*
. 23J-
32
%
I
3i§
a*
$0 35
«3 25
3 35
4 50
4 00
^060
&25
3 48
4 95
12 00
24 00
36 00
«2
1 30
1 83
2 63
3 65
48
47
54
60
68
83
95
1 55
3 13
2 88
93
1 30
1 83
2 63
3 65
1 30
5 25
2 62
3 65
3 05
4 38
2 75
03i
03i
03>
03£
5 00
50
$2 50
$0 25
325
360
$6~27"
«44
84
$345
3 70
Drills, hand, light, for metal..
Drills, breast -. .
c2 00
c2 70
dl 15
dl 55
d2 20
d3 15
d4 40
d55
d55
d65
d70
d75
dl CO
Drills blacksmiths'
"~87
1 31
1 86
2 68
3 74
49
50
56
62
69
81
94
1 31
1 87
2 68
87
1 31
1 86
2 68
3 74
1 31
5 38
2 68
3 74
2 68
3 74
2 84
"s'75"
7 50
$24 00
1 00
1 50
1 90
3 00
4 00
55
55
60
70
80
1 00
1 10
1 80
2 50
3 30
1 00
1 50
1 90
3 25
4 25
1 50
6 30
3 25
4 00
3 90
5 40
3 00
C3£
03£
03|
03J
• --
85
1 30
1 85
2 64
3 70
49
49
_ 56
62
67
80
95
1 32
188
270
89
1 32
1 90
2 69
3 75
1 30
5 30
2 75
3 72
267
372
Files, mill-saw, 8-inch
Files, mill-saw, 10-inch
Files mill-saw 12-inch
Files, mill-saw, 14-inch
Files saw-taper 3-inch
Files, saw-taper, 3 J
Files saw-taper 4-inch
Files, saw-taper, 4^-inchv,
Files saw-taper 5-inch
Files, saw-taper, 5^-inch
Files saw-taper 6-inch
dl 15
dl 85
d'2 55
d3 45
dl 10
dl 55
d2 20
d3 15
d4 35
1 55
6 30
3 15
4 35
3 15
4 35
. ..
Files, ground, bastard, 8-inch.
Files, ground, bastard, 10-inch.
Files, A-round, bastard, 12-inch.
Files, round, bastard, 6-inch.
Files, round, bastard, 8-inch.
Files,' round, bastard, 10-inch.
Files, round, bastard, 12-inch .
Files, round, bastard, 14-inch.
Files, flat, bastard, 8-inch
Files flat bastard 10-inch
Files, square, 12-inch
Files bastard 14-inch
Files, flat, wood 12-inch
Files, flat, wood, 14-inch
•
Files, gunsmith's, assorted
Flat-irons, 5 pounds- -per pound. .
Flat-irons, 6 pounds
.......
a03J
a03J
a03J
«03i
5 00
40
Flat-irons 7 pounds
Flat-irons, 8 pounds
iz
"5." 7S"
32
Faucets, brass, J-inch, racking,
Faucets, wood, cork-lined, ~Na. 2,
a Chicago only. 6 Per 100.
c Each.
d Dieston's. Royal, 7 per cent. less.
422
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE — Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
H. P. Dibble.
I
PH
Ha
1
1
•4
2
Q
w
00
J. F. Richards.
£
3
H
i
•^
d
Points of delivery.
o
Kansas City, Omaha,
Sioux City, Saint
Paul, Saint Louis.
New York.
i
e>
g
Kansas City.
Now York.
New York.
Fish-hooks, ringed, assorted,
Nos. 1,3,5,7 M..
Fish-lines, cotton, assorted
15|
152
14?&
42&
4f
3&
li
1
m
172
149^
42&
4§
3&
U
1-2
V*
$1 30
2 25
2 75
4 50
25
o4 50
a6 90
a6 90
a!2 50
2 00
4 50
$085
135
1 65
$0 85
1 50
2 00
2 75
250
8
10
12
14
16
3 80
4 39
6 00
6 50
4 75
5 40
11 25
200
400
50
2 50
550
24 OO
4 45
Forks, hav, c. s., 3 oval tines,
5£ feet handles dozen . .
Forks, hay, c. s , 4 oval tines,
5J feet handles dozen . .
Forks, manure, c. s., 4 oval
tines, long handles ..dozen..
Forks, manure, c. s., 6 oval
tines, long handles, strapped
ferrule dozen. .
Gates, molasses, No. 2, iron,
$4 20
$350
4 00
4 35
4 95
4 40
4 90
8 75
2 40
$4 00
5 65
5 65
6c4 00
&6 12
&6 25
67 00
612 00
5 60
Gauges, splitting, with handle,
Gauges, thumb dozen. .
Gauges, marking ....... do
50
40
4 00
45
45
Gauges, mortise, screw-slide,
H
i
1
i
2
10J
7*
75
17
7
8
xCity
34
3'4
11-12
1
3-4
1
9
16£
13i
82
17
7
8
only.
Gauges, saddlers' dozen..
Gouges, g-inch socket, firmer,
handled dozen..
Gouges, £-inch socket, firmer,
handled dozen .
1 25
4 OO
3 60
4 05
1 50
1 60
1 75
2 40
20
30
4 66
5 33
5 67
6 33
15
38
5 18
5 88
6 25
7 00
14
37
2 50
2 50
2 50
2 50
Dozen.
Gouges, f-inch socket, firmer,
handled . dozen
4 50
Gouges, f-inch socket, firmer,
handled dozen
4 95
Gouges, 1-inch socket, firmer,
handled dozen . .
Gimlets, metal-head, nail,
dozen .
540
Gimlets, metal-head, spike,
dozen .
Glass, window, 8 x 10, Ameri-
can, B quality boxes. .
Glass, window.' 9 x 12, Ameri-
can, B quality boxes . .
Glass, window, 9 x 13, Ameri-
can, B quality boxes. .
Glass, window, 9 x 14, Ameri-
can, B quality boxes . .
a Sion
2 25
2 25
2 25
2 25
$285
285
285
285
& At Chicago. <
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
423
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New Torlc City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been aw.arded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARD WARE— C ontinued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
I
PH
ti
^
A. Flagler.
i
2 •
o
W
02
J. F. Kichards.
M
fl
0
W
}
<i
ri
Points of delivery.
~ ts .
5 ^.2
c8 « 0
9^3
y
•So 3
5 do
5 H r
Igl
I|f!
M
1
t*
*
o>
£
}
Q
£
O
#
§
1
4
$
1
Glass, window, 9x15 boxes
5
56
5
5
62
$2 50
2 50
2 50
2 50
2 82
2 82
2 82
2 82
2 82
2 82
3 25
2 82
1 37
18
39
*
T%
1 *
80
18
800
800
35
35
30
2400
5 60
548
320
425
525
400
$2 25
2 25
2 25
2 25
2 50
2 50
2 50
2 50
2 50
2 50
3 00
2 50
$285
285
2 85
285
335
335
335
335
335
335
335
335
60 00
Glass, window, 10 x 13 do
Glass, window, 10 x 32 do ..
Glass, window, 10 x 14 do...:
Glass, window 10 x 16 ... do
32
12
7
7
20
16
8
7
7
21
249
41
35
105
445
16
6
2
2
2
2
3
1
31
1
1
§
14J
1£
lit
32
13
8
20
16
8
25
""2i"
249
41
35
105
445
25
11
Glass, window, 10 x 18 do
Glass window 12 x 14 do
Glass, window, 12 x 16 do
Glass, window, 12 x 18 do
Glass, window, 12x22 do
Glass, window, 12 x 28 do
Glass, window, 14 x 20 do
Glaziers' glass cutters dozen. .
Glue, carpenter's pounds. .
Glue-pots, No. 1
$1 65
$30 00
4300
18
"a5 40
63-4
63-4
63-4
&3-4
63-4
6|
63-4
&|
6|
Grindstones, 30 pounds. . .per pound. .
Grindstones, 40 pounds do
Grindstones, 50 pounds do
Grindstones, 75 pounds do
Grindstones. 100 pounds do
Grindstones, 125 pounds do
Grindstones, 150 pounds do
Grindstones, 250 pounds do
Grindstones, 50o pounds do
Gun-hammers, forged, unfinished
dozen
H
1;
1;
li
li
1;
1;
1;
u
3
3
4
£1
31
1
2-3
14i
li
11-
Gun-triggers, malleable, unfinished
dozen
Gun-locks, right-hand dozen. .
Gun-locks, left-hand do
Gun-tubes, assorted, c. s do
Gun-sights, front, German silver, un-
finished dozen
Gun-si'.hts, back, iron, clover-leaf
pattern ' dozen
Hammers, cat-head, 3-lbs . do
Hammers, claw, solid, adze-eye, forged,
No. 1J r.. dozen..
Hammers, riveting, 1-inch do
Hammers, riveting, 1 J -inch do
Hammers, riveting, IJ-inch ... do....
Hammers, shoeing, farriers' do
5 90
c5 00
d4 00
<Z2 50
dl 50
5 10
$6 00
5 70
560
""s'oo
2 50
7 00
a Dozen.
6 Best quality Ohio stone, delivered in Chicago.
c Solid steel.
d Steel face and back.
424
PKOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARD£i>
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE — Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
H. P. Dibble.
t
ri
ti
J
•
^
<o
O
H
02
L. B. Hanks.
J. F. Kichards.
§
1
f
6
H
Points of delivery.
1
Kansas City, Omaha,
Sioux City, Saint
Paul, Saint Louis.
Now York.
New York.
New York.
•£?
O
M
New York.
New York.
Hammers, shoemakers', c.
s No 1 . doz .
H
«A
7
4
1
2,000
78
102
78$
244
131
153}
82i
714
56
17
78
5
224
111
20
21
4
16|
11-12
4_s
$2 00
1 25
75
35
22
12
22
12
22
12
(203$
5 60
7 50
«3 90
7 40
14
14
5 00
$268
$1 50
3 00
67
100
150
230
03
3 39
5 19
4 49
3 J£
:f
15
15
4 98
65
97
1 35
26O
228
8 67
40
85
165
270
385
Hammers, tack, with claw
60
11
5
2
2,000
86
153
78|
244
1301
153|
$0 80
1 30
2 05
's'eo
4 50
Hammers, stone, 12 Ibs
* Harrow teeth, §-inch, square
heads Ibs..
Hoes, planters', 8-inch . doz . .
Hoes, planters', 10-inch, with
eye doz..
Hoes, garden, solid shank,
8-inch doz..
Hoes, grub, c. s., oval-eye,
No. 2 doz
c$0 054
e550
$003^
'$3~ 30
4 95
450
375
6 90
691
d750
Handles, awl, ordinary peg,
dozen
Handles, awl, ordinary sew-
ing doz..
tHatchets, c. s., shingling,
No.2 doz..
Hinges, strap, 6-inch, light,
dozen pairs
3 65
420
4 21
4 38
844
rif
56
18
78
5
77
1 13
a65
a90
al 20
a 605
a2 50
044
a40
a55
6a5i
&a5
6a4|
Hinges, strap, 8-inch, light,
Hinges, strap, 10-inch, light,
1 58
Hinges, strap, 10-inch, heavy,
3 00
Hinges, strap, 12-inch, light,
dozen pairs
2 70
Hinges, strap, 12-inch, heavy,
dozen pairs
4 00
Hinges, strap and T, 4-inch,
light dozen pairs..
314
20
22
4
16i
50
Hinges, strap and T, 6-inch,
light dozen pairs . .
Hinges, strap and T, 8-inch,
extra heavy., dozen pairs. .
Hinges, strap and T, 10-inch,
extra heavy, .dozen pairs. .
Hinges, strap and T, 12-inch,
extra heavy .. dozen pairs .
65
2 10
3 25
4 00
*Also offered by George V. Smith, New York, at 6 cents.
tAlso offered by J. H. Woodhouse, New York, at $4.10; and by J. C. McCarthy, New York, at $4.07.
a Sioux City. & Per pound. c Steel. d Chicago. e Handled.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
425
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have "been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
I
i
o*
S. H. Crane.
J. F. Kichards.
Points of delivery.
1
3
0
Kansas City.
1,105
2,850
6,665
3,150
7,170
2,475
6,925
3,950
2,200
2,850
1,600
350
550
1,050
1,575
1,775
1,900
1,025
200
800
275
500
825
975
775
350
375
50
250
300
1,050
940
980
975
1,525
1,225
4,105
2,535
2,045
1,375
4,200
3,070
1,500
1,075
4,400
2,800
3,100
1,200
1,450
800
2,150
650
1,1.50
450
350
200
325
725
325
875
675
875
950
875
850
525
400
100
100
700
100
25
250
150
350
375
475
475
4OO
500
400
250
100
275
150
50
250
300
800
350
600
490
$3 40
Iron round ^g-inch . .................. .........
do....
$3 55
3 20
"3 io"
do ...
3 35
Iron round y^-inch . ........ ............
do....
3 15
2 80
do ..
2 95
2 80
.... do
2 95
2 70
do
2 75
2 60
do
2 75
2 50
do
2 65
2 50
do
2 65
2 40
do
2 55
2 40
"2~40"
3 50
do
2 55
2 55
Iron square ^-inch
do
Iron square §-inch
do
3 55
3 30
do
3 15
2 80
do
2 75
2 60
do
2 75
2 50
do
2 65
2 40
Iron, square, 1 J-inch .......
do....
2 55
240
do
2 55
2 40
"5 "io"
Iron, half-round, J-inch ....................
do
2 55
Iron, half-round §-inch ...... .... .... ...
do
6 55
5 40
Iron, half-round, ^-inch .... .. ..... .... ...
do
5 55
4 00
Iron, half-round, §-inch ...... ..... .... ... .
do .
4 05
~ 3~ 75
3 70
do
3 70
do
3 75
3 20
Iron, half-round, 1-inch
do ..
3 25
3 10
Iron, half-round, 1^-inch
do .
3 25
3 25
3 25
6 00
3 10
3 10
3 75
4 60
"5~60
Iron, half-round 1^-inch
do
Iron, boiler i-inch
do
Iron, Norway, square, 1-inch
do
Iron, Norway, square, 1 x §-inch .....
do
5 50
5 50
426
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each hid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HABDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
6
a
o
H
02
J. F. Richards.
Points of delivery.
1
6
0
i
M
Iron band 4 x § inch
pounds.
625
1,140
780
1,755
755
1,790
975
375
510
1,000
375
200
200
1,300
700
575
400
900
2,375
1,275
1,390
505
1,280
800
175
425
100
100
100
1,800
1,950
1,350
350
275
350
450
690
450
380
1,000
605
470
305
1,450
390
500
235
25
100
285
225
700
300
200
125
50
150
50
150
525
525
200
200
123
150
50
4OO
250
450
1,150
925
590
425
750
690
255
250
1,005
225
500
100
175
325
150
$3 40
" $3 "SO
do
3 10
do
3 20
3 10
do
3 20
""a'ib
3 00
Iron band 5 x 1 J inch
do....
3 00
"s'bb
"2" TO"
do..-.
3 10
Iron band 4x3 inch ....
do .
3 10
Iron band 4 x 3 \ inch .. .. ....
do
3 10
2 70
Iron band 3g x 1 inch . .
do
3 10
3 10
Iron band \ x 2 inch
do
3 20
3 OO
do
3 10
""s'ib
2 70
do....
2 70
Iron ban 1, -jjg x 3J inch
do....
3 10
2 70
"3 25
~"~3~'75
"4" do
Iron oval J to 1 inch assorted
do....
3 10
Iron \ oval J inch .... .............
do .
3 50
Iron \ oval \ inch .
do
3 75
do
4 05
3 40
Iron flat-bar \ x J inch
do
3 55
2 90
Iron flat-bar 1 x J inch
do
3 05
» SO
~"~2~7b
do
2 85
do
2 85
2 60
Iron flat-bar 1J x i inch
do
2 75
2 60
"2 60
" 2 60
2 60
Iron flat-bar, 2" x £ inch
do ...
2 75
Iron flat-bar 2 \ x J inch
-. .do
2 75
Iron flat-bar 4 x J inch ....
do
3 75
2 75
2 75
2 75
2 75
""a 65
do
do
2 60
2 60
2 60
2 60
Iron flat -bar 2f x ^ inch - ......... ......
do
Iron flat -bar 3J x 5S inch
do
10O
850
950
900
1,050
1,050
300
150
200
Iron flat-bar 1J x § inch .
. ... do
Iron flat-bar 1^ x § inch .... ..........
do
2 40
Iron, flat-bar, 2 x § inch
do
2 40
Iron, flat-bar, 2J x § inch
do
2 55
2 40
2 55
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
427
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
I
<3
&
39
j
2
o
W'
02
J. F. Eichards.
r
1
fH
^
Points of delivery.
f
o
3
0
00
«3 .
S£
M°
Chicago.
Iron flat-bar 3 x § inch pounds
125
100
1,300
600
175
150
550
400
525
225
230
1,800
1,700
1,355
610
360
2,830
900
750
400
2,325
200
100
50
300
150
50
50
50
1,000
200
275
300
750
275
950
1,100
950
350
100
1,400
50
300
1,500
125
100
900
500
350
300
100
75
150
150
100
250
300
1OO
325
100
100
125
180
50
1,100
400
650
600
1,005
775
360
360
1,930
300
400
500
150
600
400
2,175
150
$2 40
2 40
2 40
$lii
Iron, flat-bar, 3i x § inch do
.....
Iron, flat-bar, 2"x £ inch do
Iron, flat-bar, 2^ x £ inch do
2 55
2 40
2 55
240
Iron, flat-bar, 2 x § inch . do
2 55
240
Iron, flat-bar 2§ x H inch do
2 55
240
Iron, flat-bar ^ x § inch do
, 2 55
3 50
"3*50
Iron, flat-bar, £ x f inch do
3 50
Iron, flat-bar, | x § inch do .
3 50
3 50
Iron, flat-bar f x £- inch do
3 50
3 50
Iron, flat-bar, 1 x § inch do
3 10
2 70
Iron, flat-bar, 1 x i inch do
2 95
2 70
Iron, flat-bar, 1| x £ inch do
2 95
2 5O
Iron, sheet, stovepipe No. 24 do
2 55
4 10
4 20
4 20
4 20
$3 80
4 00
4 00
3 20
3 20
3 10
3 40
3 60
3 80
3 80
"e'eo
7 70
3 70
3 90
3 90
"*3 70"
Iron, sheet, stoveuipe No. 25 do
Iron, sheet, stovepipe No. 26 do
Iron, sheet, TVinch do
3 80
"~4~oo
3 80
3 70
Iron sheet, -j3r-inch .... do
3 70
3 60
Iron, sheet, No. 16 . do
Iron, sheet, No. 20 do
3 80
4 00
4 10
4 10
6 00
6 00
6 00
6 00
6 00
7 50
8 50
3 60
3 70
3 70
4 00
4 00
4 00
4 00
4 00
7 75
8 40
5 50
5 50
5 50
5 50
5 50
4 50
4 50
4 5O
2 90
280
Iron sheet No. 22 do
Iron, sheet, No. 24 do
Iron Juniata 1 x 1J inch do
50
300
150
50
Iron, Jmrata, i x -f- inch . do
Iron Juirata 2 x \j inch do
Iron, Juuiata, 2 x ^ inch . . do
Iron Juiiiata 2 x J inch do
50
1,000
Iron Juniana, sheet, 28-inch No. 25 do
Iron, Juniata, galvanized, No. 25 . do .
Iron Swede J x J inch . do
275
300
750
275
950
1,100
950
350
Iron, Swede, J x i inch do
Iron Swede ^ x 1 inch do
Iron Swede, § x 1 inch do
5 50
5 50
5.50
5 50
3 10
------
Iron Swede § x 1£ inch do
Iron, Swede, 4^2 inch do
Iron Swede § x 2£ inch do
Iron, tire, ^ x 2 inch do
Iron tire ^5S x 1J inch do
400
100
50
Iron tire -/g x 1§ inch, do
2 85
2 55
2 55
2 40
2 40
2 40
Iron, tire, -/B x 1J inch .. k do
Iron tire ^ x 1^ inch do
1,100
500
2 55
428
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE —Figures in large type denote the rates *& vliich contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
d
«i
J. Wiss & Sons.
Points of de-
livery.
New York.
Now York.
Iron tire 1 x 1§ pounds
600
550
1,050
600
1,565
571£
349
128J
1911
2i
H
|
4?
161
9,820
655
15
a
43"
171
171
9
10
1
13
Hi7*
67
m
?
600
550
1,050
600
1,640
58S|
Iron tire 1 x 2J do
Iron tire f x 1| . . do
Iron, tire § x 2...... do
Iron nailrod 11 x £ do
Knives, butcher, 6-inch, cocoa-handle, without bolster dozen..
Knives, hunting, 6-inch, ebony handle, without bolster .. ..do
Knives, skinning, 6-inch, cocoa handle, without bolster do
Knives drawing 10-inch carpenters' do
$0 90
85
1 15
1 50
$1 09i
3 84f
4191
1381
19H
2i
P
55
1 54
1 40
3 37J
2 13|
Knives drawing 12-inch carpenters' do
Knives horseshoeing . do
Knives shoemakers' square point No 3 do
Knives and forks, carving, cocoa handles per pair. .
Knives chopping dozen
30
40
55
82
61|
'K'rnvps flnd foT'ks per pair
16i
10,260
705
81
10
84
13
1
Locks cupboard 31-inch dead iron bolt 2 keys dozen
Locks, drawer, 2 x 21 inch, iron 2 keys .. . do
15
13|
3x52
431*
Locks drawer 21 x 3 inch iron 2 kevs do
Locks, mineral knob,' rim, 41- inch, iron bolt, 2 keys do
Locks mineral knob rim 5-inch do
18
'23
111
10
13
Hi7*
67
13£
f
Locks, mineral knob, rim 6-inch . . do
Locks mineral knob mortise 31-inch do
Locks, pad, Scandinavian, 2-inch, 2 keys do. . . .
Locks, pad Scandinavian 2J-inch 2 kevs do
Locks, pad, Scandinavian, 2i-inch, 2 keys do
Latches, thumb, Roggcn pattern . . . do
Ladles, meltin0" 31-inch bowl do
Mattocks, ax do
Mallets, hickorv for carpenters do
Main springs, gunlocks ..... ...
a Per dozen pair.
6 At Sioux Crjty only.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
429
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied. ]
1
6
£
fl
m
rf
0
,c3
1
1
d
|
1
3
|
1
6
0
M
1
i
o
3
0
d
E
w
fcfi
q
1
<4
•1
ri
hj
PH
W
«
PH
£
N
t>
0$
6
1-3
hi
4
02
Hi
IT.
£
W
CS
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
^!|£
•fell
Jf*l
^£oW
02
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
0
New York.
8
1
1
$2 40
$2 55
2 4O
2 55
2 4O
2 55
2 40
2 55
5 75
$0 95
$1 25
$1 15
83
$0 79
$0 90
1 09
1 90
2 75
95
1 40
1 47
1 60
1 70
1 95
2 20
1 80
2 00
1 35
4 90
$5 35
1 70
6 00
6 10
5 40
6 00
7 00
G 30
6 60
8 75
9 75
6 90
3 50
3 25
3 00
2 5O
$4 00
15 00
80
85
75
50
70
90
75
75
1 50
1 35
1 60
1 2O
2 00
gl
71
g
7
«9f>
al 09
17
61
8i
r-
10
11
06
06*
'
1 00
1 25
3 00
2 50
1 40
3 00
3 75
1 10
1 75
2 75
3 00
2 50
5 60
4 00
3 4O
4 50
8 35
5 60
7 00
10 50
7 50
2 00
2 90
3 20
$1 70
1 75
1 73
1 60
1 80
2 OO
2 10
2 00
6 60
<j 35
2 48
3 00
C29
30
2 50
2 20
I 64
1 58
9 25
8 77
8 75
$800
c2 75
1 75
2 00
1 25
c At Chicago only.
430
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Nails, lath, 3d pounds.. 1,740
Nails, shingle, 4d do... 7,935
Nails, wrought, 6d do 2,325
Nails, wrought, 8d do.... 3,850
Nails, finishing, 6d do 985
Nails, finishing, 8d do.... 1,585
Nails, casing, 6d do.... 1,010
Nans, casing, 8d do.... 1.560
Nails, fence, 8d do.... 5,975
Nails, fence, lOd do.... 5,285
Nails, fence, 12d do.... 4,410
Nails, 6d do.... 5,275
Nails, 8d do.... 18,900
Nails, lOd do.... 19,985
Nails, 12d do.... 7,200
Nails, 20d do.... 14,230
Nails, 30d do 3,960
Nails, 40d do.... 3,610
Nails, 60d do.... 1,500
Nails, horseshoe, No. 6 do.... 1,150
Nails, horseshoe, No. 7 do.... 1,500
Nails, horseshoe, No. 8 do.... 1,408
Nails, ox-shoe, No.5 do.... 375
3OO
100
1,340
3,300
1,400
4,335
1,150
650
5*5
2,650
950
350
345
600
50
610
1,100
200
510
400
100
485
1,000
100
5,275
700
300
3,2-85
2,500
600
2, 5 GO
2.500
3,375
1,300
800
6,300
7,900
3,500
7,285
10,800
3,750
2,300
4,300
200
3,830
7,200
1,750
1,660
3,300
400
1,960
1,700
400
810
900
1,175
1,585
1,408
375
FOE HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE. 431
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian sendee— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied. 1
GO
1
• ^
1
t>-
i
5
rO
I1
|
1
1
>:
1
q
cS
g
O
p^
§0
S
W
W
W
W
PN
PR
d
W
4
«j
02
J»
^
a
^
Jjj
Points of delivery.
Sioux City,
Yankton or
Rurfhing Water
Saint Paul.
Chicago.
Kansas
City.
Sioux City.
New York.
New York.
' New
York.
$5 04
$4 60
$4 85
$4 89
$4 75
4 29
3 85
4 10
4 14
4 00
5 29
4 85
5 10
5 50
5 14
5 29
4 85
5 10
5 50
5 14
4 85
5 00
5 10
5 29
5 14
4 60
4 75
4 85
5 04
4 89
4 35
4 50
4 60
4 79
4 64
4 10
4 25
4 35
4 54
4 39
3 35
3 50
3 60
3 64
3 79
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 39
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 60
3 75
3 85
4 04
3 89
3 35
3 50
3 60
3 79
3 64
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 39
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 39
° 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 39
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
3 39
3 10
32*
3 35
3 54
3 39
3 10
3 25
3 35
3 54
$0 54
16
21
a22£
$0 18
14
$0 15
15
19
a21
16
15
18
16J
14
14
18
a20
13
14
13
15J
13
18
23
a25
12
22
12J
20
a At Chicago only.
432
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neic York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded;
Class 19.
HARDWARE— C ontinued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
185
115
Nuts iron square -g^-inch.
... . do .
110
120
do
356
35 1
Nuts iron square ^-inch
do
491
531
do
4GO
470
do
535
535
. do ...
155
160
do
195
205
OQll
on it
Oakum ........
pounds
795
845
Oil-stones "Washita
51
«i
Ox-bow keys 2-inch . . ...
do
aer
25l
Pencils, carpenters' ,.
do .
61
70
Picks, mill, furrowing, cast steel, 2 pounds ......
. do
1*
Picks mill cast steef
do
if
Picks, earth, steel-pointed assorted 5 and 6 pounds ....
do
11H
1311
Punches, spring, harness, assorted, 6, 7, and 8 tubes
do ..
3
3
Punches rotary sprinnr 4 tubes
do
IS
It
Punches, ticket, conductors'
do
ll
«
Punches, cast-steel, belt, to drive, assorted, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
.. do
7
7
Pliers round 7-inch
do
1 *w
Pliers flat 7-inch,
do
11
ITS*
do
11
ft
Putty, in bladders
pounds
2 060
2,315
Planes, jack, single irons, cast steel .....
dozen
2§
3
Planes, match f-inch
5
5
Planes, match, 1-inch ..............
do
5
5
Planes smooth double-iron cast steel
24
29
Planes, fore, double-iron cast steel .. .... . ........
..... do
38
42
Planes iointer double- iron cast steel
do
15
15
Planes, plow, beech-wood, screw-arm, full set bits, cast steel
Planes, skew-rabbet, f-inch
do....
do ...
8
3
8
3
Planes, skew-rabbet, 1-inch
do
6
6
Planes skew-rabbet IJ-inch
do
10
10
Planes, hollow 1-inch ...
pairs
4
4
Planes, hollow, 1^-inch
do ...
5
5
Planes, round, 1-inch
do
6
g
Planes, round, H-inch
. do ...
4
4
Paper, sand, assorted ...
sheets
3 262
3,462
Paper, emerv assorted
do
1 468
1,508
Packing, rubber, J-inch
. pounds
173
178
Packing, rubber T3g-inch .
do
155
185
Packing, rubber, J-inch
'do .
75
75
Pinking-irons, 1-inch
dozen
1
1
Pipe, lead, i-inch (per pound)
..feet..
15
15
Pipe, lead, |-inch
do
10
a Chicago only.
c Per gross.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
433
1
£
o
1
<c
|
d
J
05
d
.g>
s
'o
^
2
0
A
1
«
1
0
o
fcfi
1
1
1
i
<1
€
w
W
ri
M
^
N
fQ
^
« .
*9
<i
*
02
^
W
^
i^
^1
^
Points of delivery.
New York.
ll°ll
0202 ^jg
New York.
New York.
6
1
Kansas City.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
«$o 124
$0 12
$0 15
$0 13
09
13
& 071
08
10
07^
a 0"^
064
084
05
a 04$
054
074
05
a 04
05
07
044
a03£
04
04
O4
Qg£
04
60
$0 80
$0 54
75
$0 Of Ji-
68
63
87
12
12
104
ll
094
225
08
50
63
60
25
ac2 75
25
30
33
15
15
7 50
7 15
$6 75
$7 SO
3 50
358
4 50
$3 55
12 25
16 00
10 50
10 oo
dlQ 50
1 10
90
1 10
75
d9 00
2 55
2 90
4 50
2 55
2 90
4 50
6 00
6 50
021
02i
5 50
4O5
68
68
1 00
41
67
75
325
40
33
40
35
50
4O
60
53
60
52
60
52
60
52
e3 80
_7
01
5-8
e5 20
Oil
Oli
02
01
Oil
22
194
33
20
29
20
$0 15
20
26
22
194
33
20
27
20
20
22
15
26
22
194
33
20
25
20
20
22
15
20
26
80
77
20
22
a 054
06
074
a 054
06
074
28 IND
d$1.00 per dozen less if not plated.
434 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity .offered.
Quantity awarded.
i
>
1
Points of
delivery.
New York.
..feet
25
350
10
125
145
350
650
100
50
63
64
110
80
41
39
64
68
79
134
148
65
15
10
28
10
14
19
344
354
21
3
8
252
13
13
6
16
13
2
2
1
25
350
do
do
...do....
125
145
375
650
100
50
65
64
110
80
41
49
74
78
- 79
134
148
65
15
do
...do ...
do
...do ...
do
pounds.,
do
Rivets' iron 1-inch No 8 flat-head
- do
do
do
do
Rivets iron i x 1% inch No 8 flat-head
do
do
Rivets' iron' -1 x 24 inch No 8 flat-head
do
do
Rivets' iron a x 4 inch No 8 flat-head
do
Rivets iron 4 x 6 inch No. 8 flat-head .
-- do
Rivets iron 3B x T55 inch No 8 flat-head
do
Rivets iron f "to J?inch No 8 flat-head
do
do
30
13
13
22
364
39i
23
3
8
275
13
13
6
16
13
|*
5J
|
9
27i§
194
458
1,922
2,167
1,385
1,495
1,864
Ix7,
Rivets tin 16-ounce
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Rivets and burs, iron, J-inch, No. 8, flat-head
...do....
do
Rivets and burs, iron, 4-inch, No. 8, flat-head
...do....
do
Rivets and burs, iron, |-incn, No. 8, flat-head
Rivet sets Xo 2
...do....
Rivet sets No. 3
do
Rasps wood flat 12-inch
do
Rasps wood flat 14-inch
do
Rasps, wood, half-round, 12-inch
Rasps wood half-round 14-inch
....do....
do
25i
194
426
1,922
1,967
1,265
1,495
1,764
?
1
do
$4 50
Rasps horse, 16-inch
• do
Resin common
Rope, manila, §-inch
do
Rope manila i-inch
do
Rope, manila, \ -inch
do
Rope, manila f-inch
do
Rope, manila, 1-inch
do
Spirit-levels, 30-inch with plumb
Saw, circular, 8 inch, cross-cut
number,
do
Saw, circular, 8-inch, rip ...
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
435
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for "hardware for the Indian semce— Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
6
6
1
|
S
,
1
1
P4
0
1
a
1
o
1
ti
I
1
t§
ri
w
ri
«}
<1
HI
M
3
cq
1-3
02
1-3
tf
<j
hi
ri
• «}
^H
Points of delivery.
Saint Paul, Saint
Louis, Sioux
City, Omaha,
Kansas City.
1
o
Kansas City.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
•
$0 054
$0 06
$0 07$
05 &
06
074
05$
06
07$
&054
«074
all
a\ 9
13
13
13
083
OKI
08J!
081
07 80
07$
07
074
07
07-8°
07$
07
07A
W74
07
07T80
O7$
07
074
07*8-
074
08^°
07$
07$
07$
16°
18
17
35
30
33
$0 36
$0 34
$0 35
35
30
33
36
34
35
35
30
33
36
34
35
35
30
33
36
34
35
35
30
33
36
34
35
35
30
33
34
35
35
30
33
34
35
35
30
33
36
34
35
15
20
15
20
15
20
15
20
15
20
3 90
4 OO
$4 60
3 10
4 00
3 75
3 75
3 25
3 75
2 68
2 96
5 20
4 50
4 25
3 74
4 13
3 75
3 25
3 75
2 68
3 20
5 20
4 50
4 25
3 74
4 50
4 00
3 90
4 50
3 74
4 20
5 25
6 00
5 50
5 50
6 50
5 37
5 95
7 00
8 50
04
c!4
14
13$
13s
$0 12|
13$
13$
123
c!3$
13$
13$
12!
1M
c!34
13$
134
12*
12§
13$
12l
6 30
6 30
I
a
1 10
85
$0 95
85
1 10
85
95
85
a Per foot or 5 cents per pound.
c Chicago.
436
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
»d
•
|
§
£
i
PR
1-3
J. J. "Walton.
g
|
s
*4
6
0
H
05
si
I
0
Points of delivery.
in
88 V>
t»O
..Mi?
113
3M§=«
1
N
1
|
B
1
i
1
0
1
1
Saw circular 12-inch cross-cut
1
$1 95
195
4 85
4 85
6 80
680
7 80
7 80
10 40
10 40
13 65
13 65
104 00
104 00
18 00
13 00
425
10 00
6 50
13 00
4 25
10 00
6 50
18 00
18 00
13 00
425
10 00
6 50
18 00
13 00
4 25
10 00
6 50
ei 95
1 95
3 75
3 75
5 60
5 60
6 75
6 75
9 00
9 00
11 00
11 00
$1 62
1 62
3 75
3 75
5 25
5 25
6 25
6 25
8 00
8 00
10 50
10 50
80 00
80 00
550
6 50
550
650
550
6 50
550
6 50
550
6 50
$1 50
1 50
3 75
3 75
5 25
5 25
6 25
6 25
8 75
8 75
11 25
11 25
86 00
86 00
5 00
5 50
6 50
7 50
9 50
10 50
5 00
5 50
6 50
7 50
9 50
10 50
5 00
5 50
6 50
7 50
9 50
10 50
5 00
5 50
6 50
7 50
9 50
10 50
5 00
5 50
6 50
7 50
9 50
10 50
1O 50
1
1
1
1
1
Saw, circular, 20-inch, cross-cut
Saw circular 20-inch, rip
1
Saw, circular, 24-inch, cross-cut
Saw circular, 24-inch, rip
1
Saw circular 26-inch cross-cut
1
1
Saw circular 26-inch, rip .
Saw' circular' 30-inch cross-cut
Saw circular 30-inch, rip . .
Saw, circular, 34-inch, cross-cut
1
Saw circular 34-inch, rip . ....
Saw, circular, 60-inch, cross-cut
Saws, circular, 60-inch, rip
Saws, hand, 6 points to the inch doz.
Saws, hand, 7 points to the inch doz .
Saws, hand, 8 points to the inch doz.
Saws, hand, 9 points to the inch doz.
Saws, hand, 26-inch ...... . doz
2
9i
144
2J
21
54
A
3
9*
14*
24
»t
54
54
1-12
a80
a45
$6 80
15 00
6 80
1500
680
15 00
6 80
15 00
6 80
15 00
8 80
18 00
aSO
15 00
13 00
10 00
8 00
24 00
a95
7 50
a Each.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
437
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Neiv York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
d
1
P
PH
W
E. A. Bobbins.
|
ft
**
t
ft
«i
<D
a
M
02
J". "Walton.
w
Points of delivery.
Chicago.
New York.
Sioux City, St. Paul,
St. Louis, Omaha,
Kansas City.
New York.
Chicago.
Kansas City.
1
1
fc
$10 80
2250
Saws rip 30-inch doz
11
2?
59T*
3ti
29
84J
2U
38J
51f
34!
4&
3
4
II
2H
8-12
59
3H
30
84£"~
$26 00
17 00
16 00
13 00
10 00
12 00
$7 50
8 00
10 75
$1200
11 80
10 50
1 98
2 95
3 8S
4 90
7 50
1 00
1 10
6675
67 25
66 75
67 25
66 50
67 00
66 75
67 25
7 65
9 00
37
Saws bracket do
e$040
1 95
Saws, cross-cut, 6 feet tangs, riveted on.
Saws, key-hole, 12-inch compass. . .doz.
d26
3 25
8 00
7 00
5 00
3 90
2 50
1 62
1 74
225
2 75
3-90
1 75
2 05
4 00
1 08
2 00
1 13
Sieves, iron wire, in nests, 18-mesh,
tin frames dozen. -
Spades, long handle, Nos. 2 and 3, steel-
edge, medium quality, "sacked", doz.
Spades, short handle, Nos. 2 and 3, steel-
edge, medium quality, "sacked' '.doz.
Shovels, long handle, No. 2, steel-edge,
medium qualit y , ' ' sacked " doz . .
Shovels, shorthandle, No. 2, steel-edge,
medium quality, ' ' sacked " doz . .
Shovels, scoop, No. 4 do
$2 20
69 50
al 00
al 50
a5 75
a6 25
aA 50
o5 50
al 00
al 50
a5 75
a6 25
a4 50
ao 50
al 00
al 50
6 40
6 63
6 40
6 63
6 15
2ii
ssT"
51!
34f
4T52
3i
4
69 50
68 75
68 85
611 75
05 75
a6 25
a4 50
a5 50
al 00
al 50
a5 75
a6 25
a4 50
a5 50
9 00
9 50
8 25
8 75
6 75
7 25
9 50
c25
6 40
10 80
7 50
8 50
Swamp 01? bush hook, handled do. .
Soldering-irons, No. 3, 1J pounds
each .. ...naira.-
a " D" handles 25 cents extra. 6 Solid steel. c Per pound. d Per foot. eEach.
438 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
£N"OTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at -which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HARDWARE — Continued.
Saw-sets, lever for hand Saws dozen.. 3f
Saw-blades, butchers', 20-inch .'..do
Springs, door, spiral do
Swage-block, blacksmiths' 1
Sledge-hammers, weight 2 pounds, cast steel 3
Sledge-hammers, weight 5 pounds, cast steel 1
Sledge-hammers, weight 6 pounds, cast steel 2
Sledge-hammers, weight 7 pounds, cast steel 2
Sledge-hammers, weight 8 pounds, cast steel 2
Sledge-hammers, weight 9 pounds, cast steel 1
Sledge-hammers, weight 10 pounds, cast steel 4
Sledge-hammers, weight 13 pounds, cast steel 1
Shears, sheep dozen. .
Shears, 8-inch, cast steel, trimmers, straight do 117
Scissors, 6-inch , do 237T52
Scales, spring-balance, 24 pounds heavy, with hook
Scales, counter, 62 pounds 4
Scales, platform, 240 pounds 4
Scales, platform, 1,000 pounds '. 7
Scales, platform, 1,500 pounds 4
Scales, platform, 2,000 pounds
Scale, hay and cattle, 5 tons I
Scale, hay and cattle, 6 tons 1
Scale, letter, 34 ounce 1
Scales, butchers', dial, round disk, 30 pounds, by ounces 7
Scythe-stones.. dozen.. 163J
Screw-drivers, 6-inch blade do 2
Screw-drivers, 8-inch blade .do 1_
Screw- drivers, 10-inch blade do 3" |
Screws, iron, |-inch, assorted Nos. 4 and 5 gross.. 54
Screws, iron, f -inch, ETos. 5 and 6 do 67
Screws, iron, |-inch, Nos. 7 and 8 do.
Screws, iron, £-inch, Nos. 8 and 9 do 87
Screws, iron, 1-inch, Nos. 9 and 10 do.... 133J
Screws, iron, IJ-inch, Nos. 10 and 11 do 147J
Screws, iron, IJ-inch, Eos. 11 and 12 do.... 163J
Screws, iron, If-inch, Nos. 12 and 13 do 55J
Screws, iron, 2-inch, Nos. 13 and 14 do..., 51J
Screws, iron, 2i-inch, Nos. 14 and 15 do.... 23
Screws, iron, 2J-inch, Nos. 14 and 15 do.... 16
Screws, iron, 3-inch, Nos. 16 and 18 '. do.
Screws, bench, iron, IJ-inch do 24
Screws, bench, wood, 2J-inch do.
a Howes, at Chicago.
& Fairbanks.
c Dozen.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
439
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for goods for the Indian sen-ice — Continued,
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
.
d
.
IB
§
.
1
g
>>
.
"g
<s
|Q
c3
&
bJO
4^
s
>
o3
H
^
B
.r
o
PH
j
jE
"§)
1
a
1
w
ti
.9
d
»4
d
g
«i
£
s
w
w
^
M
•4
M
^
Hi
P3
1-3
^
02
\2
d
W
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
1
New York.
1
3
o
New York.
Kansa,s City.
New York.
New York.
$1 35
$1 35
$1 35
4 50
4 25
5 50
4 OO
85
85
1
f
400
30
$0 35
75
80
... .
90
95
cZ16J
1 05
1 15
010J
I 20
1 30
"
I 35
1 50
1 50
1 60
1 95
2 25
7 50
9 00
$4 05
$3 15
3 20
3 56
3 98
$2 80
2 97
4 95
1 20
2 20
2 85
2 62
3 58
2 20
4 50
4 25
2 65
$0 15
$0 15
2 00
2 20
95
2 75
7 15
5 50
afi 50
6$8 00
8 30
7 50
«7 50
69 25
25 75
20 00
^24 00
-&34 00
29 30
2<S> 00
a31 75
^
645 00
38 75
32 50
«37 00
653 00
89 00
75 00
o94 00
6140 00
109 00
90 00
al05 00
6160 00
3 55
2 75
aA 25
4 00
2 60
2 37
«3 75
4 00
$0 30
38
25
35
33
23
42
1 25
1 60
1 50
1 70
2 20
2 20
2 '25
3 40
2 7O
10
09.V
12
$0 07i
11
12
11 A
12
08|
09J
13
15
141
17
w
16
18
16
19
14
19
19
18
20
18
19
20
24
27
20
25
28
27
32
27*
30
35
34
41
29|
34
38
43
47
50
38
43
48
53
51
62
47*
52§
58
59
56
68
571
65
85
84
98
64
84
1 05
• C4 00
40
50
1 04
c3 00
28
d Per pound, solid steel.
cPer pound, steel face.
440 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardivare for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each hid was accompanied.]
s.
Class 19.
HARDWARE— Continued.
A
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
I
ri
^
5
w
02
J. F. Eichards.
Points of delivery.
Chicago.
0*
I
O
Kansas City.
Shot No. 4...... -• pounds.
225
235
225
150
450
700
100
200
100
100
780
25
25
100
50
125
50
150
100
45
70
100
265
190
50
50
50
50
125
235
225
200
450
650
d$0 07£
d07*
<Z07£
$0 07i
07£
07*
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
06£
06*
06£
11
11
11
11
11
11
12i
I?
11
11
A2'
11
11
11
11
if
11.
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
$0 08
%
Sd
05£
06i
05J
06£
05i
06i
Shot' No 5 . do
Shot' No 6 do
Steel, plow, £ x 3 inches do..
Steel plow J x 5 inches do
Steel, plow, Jx6inches do..
Steel plow 5-iuch . . do
Steel, plow, £x If inches do..
200
100
Steel, plow 4-inch do
05i
06i
Steel plow 5£ inches do
780
25
Steel, German, fxfinch do..
Steel, German, ix|inch do..
Steel, German, |x|inch do..
Steel, German, f xf inch do..
100
125
Steel, German, j x 5 inches do. .
Steel, cast, square, i-inch do. .
Ste*1!, cast, square, f-inch do..
Steel, cast, square, i-inch do
150
100
55
80
110
365
190
50
13
13
12
12
ill
HI
Steel, cast, square, f-inch do..
Steel, cast, square, f-inch do..
Steel, cast, square. 1-inch do..
Steel, cast, square, 1^-inch ...do..
Steel, cast, bar, Jxjinch do..
Steel, cast, bar, Jxf inch do..
Steel cast bar § x 4 inches do
Steel, cast, bar, $ x 3 inches do
Steel, cast, bar, f x 1 inch do
- 50
111
12
12
12
12
111
HI
15
15
13
12
HI
HI
HI
Hi
12
21
Steel, cast, octagon, J-inch do . .
Steel, cast, octagon, g-inch do
25
45
110
180
235
115
170
145
75
300
220
220
110
110
60
20
45
165
215
270
140
170
145
75
300
220
220
110
110
100
20
Steel, cast, octagon, finch. do..
Steel, cast, octagon, |-inch do
Steel, cast, octagon, f-inch do . .
Steel, cast, octagon, 1-inch do
Steel, tool, square, i-inch do . .
Steel, tool, square, f-inch do..
Steel, tool, square, £-inch do. .
Steel, tool, square f-inch do
Steel, tool, square, f-inch do
Steel, tool, square, 1-inch do..
Steel, tool, square, l^-inch do
Steel, tool, square, IJ-inch do . .
Steel, tool, square, 2-inch do
Steel, tool, square, 2^-inch do . .
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
441
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded 'in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.)
Class 19.
HARDWARE — Continued.
1
Quantity awarded.
J. F. Kichards.
1
PH
J. C. McCarthy.
4
5
w
co
William K. Kerr.
-4
Points of delivery.
Kansas City.
Sioux City, St. Paul,
St. Louis, Omaha,
Kansas City.
New York.
Chicago.
Chicago, Kansas C'y,
Omaha, Sioux City.
New York.
Steel, tool, octagon, 4-inch . do .
Steel, tool, octagon, g-inch .do.
Steel, tool, octagon, |-inch . do
Steel, tool, octagon, f -inch do .
Steel, tool, octagon, |-inch .do.
Steel, tool, octagon, 1-inch . do .
Steel, tool, octagon, 1^-inch .do.
Steel, tool, octagon, 2-inch . .do.
Steel, tool, octagon, 2 J- inch do.
Steel, spring, J x £ inch do .
Steel, spring, \ x 1 inch do.
Steel, spring, J x 1£ inches. .do.
Steel, spring, J x 1J inches. .do.
Steel, spring, J x 2 inches. . .do.
Steel, spring, T55 x 2 inches.. do.
Steels, butchers', 12-inch ..doz.
Shoes, horse, No. 1 Ibs
10
25
70
70
80
25
25
25
25
60
300
635
290
125
550
7,600
6,700
5,575
2,200
1,025
500
1,136
2,150
1,845
1,325
1,185
if
4
•A
112
10
25
70
70
80
25
$15
15
12
12
llf
llf
llf
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
05
05
05
05
05
05
970
8 00
4 25
4 25
4 25
4 25
4 25
425
4 25
5 25
5 25
5 25
5 25
167
2 20
2 85
2 85
11 13
8 00
08
12
12
60
275
660
290
125
550 g
8,550
7,550
5,925
2,325
1,025
500
1,136
2,550
J,903
1,333
1,193
J-3
2
1-2
24
21
7-12
112
12
07
07
07
07
07
o$4 00
aA 40
a4 40
aA 40
aA 40
a4 40
aA 40
«4 40
a5 40
a5 40
a5 40
a5 40
1 75
2 35
3 35
3 00
c!8 00
dQ 00
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 75
5 75
5 75
5 75
5 75
$425
4 25
425
4 25
4 25
4 25
4 25
5 25
5 25
5 25
5 25
$10 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
-
Shoes horse No. 2 do
Shoes, horse, No. 3 do
Shoes, horse, No. 4 do.
Shoes, horse, No. 5..... .. do
Shoes, horse, No. 6 do.
Shoes, horse, No. 7 . . . do
Shoes mule No 2 do
Shoes, mule, No. 3 do
Shoes mule No 4 do
Shoes, mule, No. 6 do
Sq uares, try, 4£-inch doz .
Squares, try, 6-inch do
$1 80
2 45
63 15
3 15
Squares try 10-inch do
Squares, bevel, 10-inch do.
Squares, framing, 2-inch wide,
Squares, panel, 15-inch do .
Staples, plain, wrought-iron, 3
a At Chicago.
& 9-inch.
c Steel.
dlron.
442 PEOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denotes the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
Class 19.
HARDWARE— C ontinued
Toe-calks, No. 1, steel pounds.. 495
Toe-calks, No. 2, steel do.... 1,062
Toe-calks, No. 3, steel do ... 427
Tacks, 4-ounce, full weight papers.. 379
Tacks, 6-ounce. full weight do 682
Tacks, 8-ounce, full weight do
Tacks, 10-ounce, full weight do 617
Tacks, 12-ounce, full weight do 442
Tacks, brass-headed. 8-ounce, 1,000 each perM.. 28
Traps, beaver, No. 4, with chain 161
Traps, mink, No. 1, with chain 200
Tape-lines, 75 feet, leather case dozen.. 1J
Tongs, fire, 20-inch pairs.. 36
Tongs, blacksmiths', 20-inch do 8
Tire-setters, Olmstead & Dinsmore's patent 2
Tire-shrinkers
Trowels, brick, 9 J-in ch dozen
Trowels, brick, 10^-inch do..
Trowels, plastering, 10 J-inch do..
Taps, taper, ^tof inch 84
\
Tuyere (tweer) irons, 40 pounds, duck's nest 14
Vises, carpenter's, parallel, 4-inch jaw 7
Vises, blacksmiths', 6-inch jaw, solid box per pound . . 4
Vises, blacksmiths', 40 pounds, solid box 5
Vises, gunsmiths', parallel, filers, 4-inch jaw 5
Valve, |-inch globe .- 1
Valve, 1-inch globe..
Valve, 1^-inch globe 12
Valve, 2-inch globe .'
Washers, J inch hole _ pounds . .
Washers, T56-inch hole , do 79
Washers, |-inch hole do 127
Washers, |-inch hole do 158
Washers, f-inch hole ....do 181
Washers, 1-inch hole do 96
Wedges, blunted, iron, 5 pounds, steel-pointed per pound. . 10f
Wedges, blunted, iron, 6 pounds, steel-pointed dozen. . 21
Wedges, blunted, iron, 7 pounds, steel-pointed do 34J
Wrenches, monkey, black, 8-inch do 5T73
a Half weight.
6 Dozen.
c Per pound.
d £|-inch hole.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
443
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued.
awarls were made on comparison of samples with which each "bid was accompanied.]
03
£
1
T'
1
I
1
PH
!
i
cS
4
1
§
0
o
1
M
1
Hanks.
t>
^
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d
PH
W
W
^
M
h
W
&
ri
t-i
hi
^
Na
ri
0
W
h5
^
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
Sioux City, Saint
Paul, Saint Louis,
Omaha, Kansas
City.
New York.
New York.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
New York.
Kansas City.
New York.
$0 08
$ 08
$0 07^
$0 061
07
08
08
07-1
06s
08
08
07i
06-
d$0 02
40
$0 40
02
$003^
$0 04
a 0^§
50
51
62
021
03 fl\
05
a 02|
60
48
56
23
06
a 03
65
68
64
031
05^1
07
70
83
72
03a
05 e-%
08
93
1 OO
610 75
_, _
$0 85
84
67
&2 10
...... ..
18
25
Hi?
20
7 25
171
6 5O
25
16s
50
50
18 00
$15 00
18 00
5 50
5 53
5 98
$6 30
6 00
5 75
5 92
6 00
6 40
7 50
6 50
5 25
6 65
28
7 50
27
32
30
30
36
34
33
45
60
::::::::
42
55
36
65
44
55
¥5
6 00
5 65
12
6 75
c12
c!24
a
18 00
75
52
1 25
93
2 25
1 98
3 75
3 OO
18
12
24
12
10
20
10
08
12
08
06
06
051
05
05i
05
e05
04i
f04^
04i
f'O4-^
2 50
2 65
2 50
2 49
04 00
2 68
2 80
/Flutod.
g "Wrought bar.
444
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in JVeu? York City, under
[XOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ;
\
Class 19.
HABDWAEE— Continued.
Quantity oflEered.
Quantity awarded.
Wrenches monkey black 10-inch dozen
19J
19i
Wrenches monkey black 12-inch . . do
12
12i
11
I10
Wrenches crooked 10-inch malleable iron do
2f
<ji3
Wrenches, crooked, 12-inch, malleable iron do
I
h
a Wrought bar.
FOR HARDWARE FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
445
advertisement of March 23, 1881, for hardware for the Indian service — Continued-
awards were made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
1
Bobbins.
I
McCarthy.
ij
0) '
1
o
I
0
1
fcb
1
Bichards.
Hanks.
t>
<l
h
0
fr
w
W
^
M
P=J
«
&
«
Hi
h5
<l
hi
02
a
H
^
H^
Points of delivery.
+3 _r <tt
1
ll
1
-f?~9
Sols"
i
1
1
,
1
1
3
1
M^'g^
1
1
.2
|
9
^
&
ft
02
|Z5
£
fc
o
g
^5
N
s
$3 00
$3 20
$3 25
$2 99
a$4 80
4 42
4 00
3 50
3 75
3 75
3 49
ao 60
5 15
3 85
4 62
6 00
6 45
6 40
5 99
a9 60
8 85
ftoel
607*
u2
MW
& Per pound.
446
PKOPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for medical supplies for the Indian service.
[NOTE. — Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
MEDICAL SUPPLIES.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
W. K. Schieffelin.
John McKesson.
Louis TT. Bean.
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
MEDICINES.
Acid, carbolic, for disinfection, in 1-pound bottles, 95
per cent . pounds
3991
412
1,008
249
531
261
854
188
1,281
1,103
588
622
8,000
10
508
99
737
893
2,283
847
305
264
564
417
275
2,256
2,886
915
1,156
249
10
390
483
78
178
804
1,208
955
3,882
666
521
2,126
4,443
1,171
57
440
450
1,100
270
580
280
920
210
1,400
1,210
640
680
8,800
11
560
110
800
980
2,500
920
340
290
620
460
300
2,475
3,170
1,010
1,170
270
11
430
530
85
195
885
1,328
1,050
4,270
720
570
2,330
4,890
1,190
60
$0201
041
05
02|
121
021
031
17
60
Ot|
02*
oil
081
iff
02
32|
06
32
30
?}*
06
05|
70
16
06
25
30
20
031
09
04
05
06*
821
8t
18J
$0 17
041
04|
02|
02l
031
16
63
Oil
Oil
071
Oil
15
15
02|
32
05
30
371
oil
18
06
8*
17
05
20
02
371
18
031
08
04
05|
03
05
031
02i
021
18
Acid, carbolic, pure, crystallized, in 4-oz. g. s. bottles,
~$6"<J7~"
a32
a49
Acid' nitric in 4-oz g s bottles do .
Acid salicylic in 4-oz bottles do
Acid| sulphuric, in 4-oz. g. s. bottles do
Acid, sulphuric, aromatic, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles do ...
Acid tannic in 1-oz bottles do
Alcohol in 32-oz bottles bottles
a64
a!9
a29
a26
a23
a23
22
Alumina and potassa, sulphate of (alum), in 4-oz. bot-
tles ounces..
Ammonia, carbonate of, in 8-oz. bottles do
Ammonia, muriate of, in 8-oz. bottles ... do
Ammonia, solution of, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles do
Antimony and potassa, tartrate of (tarttir emetic), in 1-
oz bottles . ounces
Arsenite of potassa, solution of (Fowler's solution), in.
4-oz bottles ounces
Belladonna, alcoholic extract of, in 1-oz. w. m. bottles,
ounces
Bismuth, subnitrate of in 2-oz. bottles ounces . .
Borax powdered in 8-oz bottles do
a23|
a38
a32
a68
a35
Camphor, in 8-oz. bottles . do ...
Castor oil, in 32-oz. bottles bottles..
Cerate, blistering in 8-oz. tins ounces
Cerate, simple, in 1-pound tins pounds. .
Cerate, cosmoline . ... . ........ . do
Chalk, prepared, in 8-oz. bottles ounces . .
Chloral, hydrate of, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles . do
Chloroform, purified, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles do
a96
Cinchona, fluid extract of (with aromatics), in 8-oz. bot-
Cinchonidia, sulphate of . ...... . do
Cod-liver oil in 1-pint bottles bottles
12f
Colchicum seed, fluid extract of, in 4-oz. bottles . ounces . .
Colocynth, compound extract of, powdered, in 8-oz. bot-
tles . ounces
Copper, sulphate of, in 2-oz. bottles do
a33
Croton oil, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles ounces . .
Digitalis, tincture of, in 2-oz. bottles . ... do
19
04
a!40
aG3
aS4
a57
04|
a42
a64
a42
Ergot, fluid extract of, in 4-oz. g. s. bottles do
Ether, compound spirits of (Hoffman's anodyne), in 8-
oz. g. s. bottles ounces. .
Ether, stronger, for anaesthesia, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles,
ounces
Ether, spirits of nitrous (sweet spirits of nitre), in 8-oz.
g. s. bottles ounces..
Flaxseed meal, in tins pounds
Gelseminum, tincture, in 4-oz. bottles ounces. .
Ginger, fluid extract of, in 8-oz. bottles .do
Glycerine, pure, in 8-oz. bottles do
Gum Arabic, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles do
Hyoscyamus, alcoholic extract of, in 1-oz. w. m. bottles,
ounces
a Per pound. & Per ounce.
FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
447
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for medical supplies for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
MEDICAL SUPPLIES— Continued.
Quantity offered.
id
cS
W. K. Schieflfelin.
John McKesson.
Louis U. Bean.
Points of delivery.
New York.
Now York.
New York.
MEDICINES— Continued.
Iodine, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles ounces . .
Iodine, tincture in 8-oz. bottles do
229
767
173
118
251
1,835
84
731
407
562
635
98
487
958
232
157
55%
347
1, 080a
6,188
700
390
3,055
1,285
480
209
165, 250
35
33
420
1,204
1,799
113
982
1,540
1,706
1. 054
'294
1,754
89
1,979
10
9982
641
1,247
25O
840
190
130
275
2,020
92
815
450
618
698
280
107
535
1,O53
255
172
6O
381
35
1,180
6,806
77O
430
3,360
1,413
528
230
181,775
38
36
462
1,324
1,978
124
1,080
1,694
1,876
1,112
323
1 ,929
97
2,176
11
66
1,097
705
1,371
$028
05|
04^
03
03*
02
01*.
09
42
06
O3|
031
370*
14
263
08i
49
06|
os!
03
20
&14
32
in
81*
092
01 1
240
05
02|
60
15
82
82
07
04i
Oli
$0 28
04
03*
03
03
01|
Ol|
09
03*
41
05f
05
03|
03J
07i
3 70
14
25
19
02
08
52
06
031
03J
22
&13
30
10
02|
02|
03
10
oil
itj
2 37
02J
58
15
80
80
Oli
a$064
Ipecacuanha, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles do
Iron, solution of the sulphate of, in 1-oz. bottles. . do ...
Iron, sulphate of, commercial, in 10-pound wood boxes,
pounds
02
a42
Iron, tincture of the chloride of, in 8-oz. g. s. bottles,
ounces . ....
Jalap, powdered, in 4-oz. bottles ounces . .
Lead, acetate of, in 8-oz. bottles do
Licorice root, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles do
24
Magnesia, heavy calcined, in 4-oz. bottles do
Magnesia, sulphate of, in 10-pound tins pounds
051
a 83
a 56
a 61
07i
Mercurial ointment, in 1-pound pots do
Mercury, corrosive chloride of (corrosive sublimate), in
1-oz. bottles ounces
Mercury, mild chloride of (calomel), in 2-oz. bottles .do
Mercury, ointment of nitrate of (citrine ointment), in
4-oz. pots _ ounces
Mercury, pill of (blue mass), in 8-oz. pots do . .
Mercury, red oxide of, in 1-oz. bottles do .
Morphia, sulphate of, in *,-oz. bottles do. , . .
Mustard seed, black, ground, in 5-pound tins . . .pounds..
Nux vomica, alcoholic extract of, powdered, in 1-oz.
20
31
12*
a 28
Olive oil, in 1-pint bottles bottles . .
Opium, camphorated tincture of, in 8-oz. bottles, .ounces. .
Opium, compound powder of (Dover's powder), in 8-oz.
bottles ounces
Opium, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles do
Opium, tincture of (laudanum), in 8-oz. bottles do
Origanum, oil of, in 4-oz. bottles do
a 71
a 44
Pepper, cayenne, ground, in 8-oz. bottles do
Peppermint, oil of, in 1-oz. bottles do ...
a3 20
Pills, compound cathartic, in bottles number
Podophyllum, resin of, in 1-oz. bottles ounces .
Potassa, caustic, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles do
Potassa, acetate of, in 8-oz. bottles do ...
Potassa, bitartrate of, powdered (cream of tartar), in
8-oz. bottles . ounces
a 45
Potassa, chlorate of, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles do
Potassa, cvanuret in 1-oz g s bottles do
Potassa, nitrate of, powdered, in 8 oz. bottles do
Potassium, bromide of, in 4-oz. bottles — ..do
a 19
054
a2 75
Potassium, iodide of, in 8-oz. bottles do
Quinia, sulphate of, in 1-oz. bottles, or compressed in
Rhubarb, powdered, in 4-oz. bottles do
59
41
Eochelle salt, powdered, in 8-oz. bottles . ... do . .
Santonin, in 1-oz. bottles do
Sarsaparilla, fluid extract of, in 4-oz. bottles bottles. .
Silver, nitrate of, in crystals, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles, .ounces. .
Silver, nitrate of, fused, in 1-oz. g. s. bottles do
Soap, Castile, in paper pounds..
Soap, common in bars do
70
Soda, bicarbonate of, in 8-oz. bottles ounces . .
«13J
a Per pound.
6 Per 100.
448
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for medical supplies for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded ; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied.]
MEDICAL SUPPLIES— Continued.
<§>
§
p
1
tj
J. McKesson.
G. W. McGowen.
i
Seabury <fc Johnson.
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
MEDICINES— Continued.
Squill, sirup of, in 1-pound bottles pounds. .
Strychnia, in |-oz. bottles ounces. .
Sulphur washed in 8-oz. bottles . . do
1,561
13f
1,420
843
589
153
382
436
8
10
517
980
2, 485
264
1,185
10
194
194
453
221
12
5
26
24
69
10
1,265
33
1,717
15
1,562
927
647
168
479
9
11
568
1,078
2,733
290
1,303
11
213
213
498
243
13
5
28
26
75
11
1,391
36
$020
125
014
044
21
044
03J
06
034
35
O9
O8
22
064
02
034
10°
03
074
08
25
118
25
6|
65
06
11
40
65
1700
032
154
30
03
600
325
$0 22
1 25
01$
044
05
03
05
04
35
084
on
102
09
23
27
074
02
034
05|
08
03
074
06
25
80
30
06|
06
044
$0 13
Turpentine, oil of, in 32-oz. bottles bottles. .
Zinc, acetate of, in 2-oz. bottles ounces. .
Zinc, sulphate of, in 1-oz. bottles do
HOSPITAL STORES.
Barley, in tins pounds..
Cinnamon, ground, in 4-oz. bottles ounces . .
Cocoa or chocolate, in tins or cakes pounds. .
Corn starch, in tins do
19
03|
064
Q9A
V
Ginger, ground, in 8-oz. bottles % ounces. .
Sugar, white, in boxes pounds..
Tapioca, in tins do
2QTiT
a 073-
Tea, black, in tins or original chests. . .pounds. .
Bandages, suspensory ..... .. . .number
*
1 75
Binder's boards, 24 by 12 inches pieces. .
Binder's boards, 4 by 17 inches do ....
Catheters G E assorted number
to
3 00
Cotton bats do
Cotton wadding sheets..
Cupping-glasses assorted sizes number
Cupping- tins, assorted sizes .... ... do
Lancet "thumb do
Lint, patent .................... ...... pounds
$6 80
Lint picked r do
Muslin, unbleached, unsized, 1 yard wide. .yds. .
Needles, assorted papers papers . .
Needles, cotton thimble in case number
Needles, upholsterer's do
59
82
10
101
26
2, 801
159
216
149
142
7
9
65
90
11
111
28
3,081
165
237
164
156
8
10
06
35
60
18 00
OH
03
16
30
03
7 50
3 25
Oakum, fine picked . pounds
12
40
60
Oiled muslin, in 2-yard pieces yards . .
Oiled silk, in 2-yard pieces do....
Operating cases (minor) number
$030
36
50
56
70
Pencils, hair (assorted sizes), in vials do
75
Plaster, adhesive, 5 yards in a can yards. .
Plaster, isinglass, 1 yard in a case do
Plaster of Paris, in 5-pound tins pounds. .
Pocket cases number
1
Scarificators do
3 13
a Per pound.
FOR MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
449
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for medical supplies for the Indian service — Continued.
[NOTE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which e«tch bid was accompanied. ]
MEDICAL SUPPLIES— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
W. H. Schiefflin.
J. McKesson.
G. W. McGowen.
J
Seabury & Johnson.
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
HOSPITAL STORES— Continued.
Scissors, 6-inch pairs. .
Silk, ligature ounces. .
Speculum for the rectum number. .
33
29
5
14
814
8
1
3
7
908
436
19
103
264
5
4
5
4
10
68
10
580
60
45
22
6,341
60
8
32
12
19
17
40
10
1,055
39J
85
582
1,761
9
36
32
5
15
895
9
1
3
8
998
479
20
113
290
5
4
5
4
11
62
75
11
638
66
49
24
6,975
66
9
35
13
21
18
44
11
1,160
43
93
640
1,937
10
$028
90
30
25A
23
800
99
85
181
42
100
05
55
800
45
1 15
20
135
33
66
12
45
8
J*
525
5
15
23
18
09
63
05
22
03
12
03
60
$0 27
1 10
33
27
22
8 50
1 10
90
18
44
1 20
08
602
9 00
50
1 20
18
1 50
to
1 40
38
75
03
10
50
13
02
07
5 25
05
14
23
17
08
75
I?
03
13
03
90
Speculum for the vagina, glass do
Sponge, assorted ounces. .
Stethoscopes . . . number
$0 44
88
165
Stomach pump and tube, in case do
Syringes, hard-rubber, 8-ounce do
Syringes, hypodermic do
Syringes penis rubber do
Syringes vagina, rubber do.
Thermometer clinical do
Thread, linen, unbleached ounces
Thread cotton spools assorted number
Tongue depressors, hinged do ..
Tooth-extractin0" case ^ do
Tourniquets, field . number
Tourniquets, screw, with pad do
Tow .. pounds
Towels dozen
Twine, half coarse ounces..
MISCELLANEOUS.
Blank-books, cap, half bound, 4 quires. ..do
Funnels tin pint .. ....number .
Hones ' do
Measures, graduated, glass, 4-ounce do
Measures, graduated, glass, minim do. . . .
Mortars and 'pestles, wedgewood, 31 to 8 in-
Mosquito netting yards. .
Paper, filtering, round, gray, 10-inch... packs.
Paper, litmus, blue and red, of each., .sheets.
Paper, wrapping, white and blue quires.
Pill-boxes, f paper, ^ turned wood dozen.
Pill-tiles 5 to 10 inches number
j
26
......
1
29 IND
450
PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in New York City, under advertisement
of March 23, 1881, for medical supplies for the Indian service — Continued.
fNoxE.— Figures in large type denote the rates at which contracts have been awarded; awards were
made on comparison of samples with which each bid was accompanied. |
MEDICAL SUPPLIES— Continued.
Quantity offered.
Quantity awarded.
W. H. Schieffelin.
J. McKesson.
Louia U. Bean.
Seabury & John- j
son.
Points of delivery.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
MISCELLANEOUS — Continued.
Scales and weights, prescription, one set of apothecary's
and one set of gram weights number. .
7
52
4
1
10
957
1,578
1,665
1,535
1,002
257
4,585
611
1, 7824
129
552
148
1,380
71
856
1,576
651
1,232
265
704
1,482
8,594
8
57
4
11
1,052
1,735
1,831
1,688
1,102
5,043
672
2O
1,960
141
607
162
1,518
78
941
1,733
716
1,365
291
774
1,630
9,453
$060
20
30
6 00
31
27
22
141
12
06;
04
03
on
8 00
04
031
08!
05
10!
osl
12
55
1O
04
•i*
02
02
20
75
04
65
$1 20
3 50
27
30
8 50
30
25
21
14
HI
03!
Oli
8 00
04
03
04
08
05
10
14
031
14
12
67
09!
04
oil
Spatulas 6-inch do
$0 25
31
Spirit-lamps . do . . .
Tools small chest of . do
Vials 8-ounce . .. dozen
33
30
25
18
15
a79
o33
a21
Vials' 4-ounce do
Vials' 1-ounce . ...... do
ADDITIONAL ARTICLES.
Aconite, tincture, in 1-ounce bottles ounces. .
Ammonium, bromide of, in 4-ounce bottles do ...
Arnica, tincture of, in 8-ounce bottles do
Assafcetida, gum do
Atropia, sulphate, in | -ounce bottles do ...
Bnchu, fluid extract of, in 8-ounce bottles do
Cocculus indicus in 1-ounce bottles do
«57
Colchicum, rad., wine of, in 8-ounce bottles do
Collodion in 1-ounce bottles do
a31
Copaiba, balsam of, in 4-ounce bottles * do
Creosote, in 1-ounce bottles, ground stoppers do
Ipecac, fluid extract of, in 4-ounce bottles do
a79
a48
14
Iron, sirup iodide of, in 4-ounce bottles do
Linseed oil, in pint-bottles bottles. .
Ointment-boxes, tin, assorted sizes dozen . .
Plasters, porous . . do
$0 59
Soap, carbolic pounds .
Taraxacum, fluid extract of ounces . .
Wild cherry, sirup of, in 8-ounce bottles do
Acid, benzoic . . . do
491
Acid, muriatic .. do
48
32
8
3
16
14
52
35
9
3
17
15
02
2?
75
a21
Acid, phos., dilute do
Anise, oil of .. .do
o2 40
76
Iron, ammoniated citrate of pounds..
Lavender, compound spirits of ounces. .
.Licorice, fluid extract pounds
53
a Per pound.
452 PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AWARDED
Abstract of proposals received and contracts awarded in Washington, under
[NOTB.— Figures in large type denote the
Points of delivery.
I
*
Oj
-
1
I
i
G-
Agencies.
Pounds.
Pounds.
PineRidge Dak
4, 500, 000
4,500,000
2, 000, 000
Rosebud Dak
4 500 000
4,500,000
Standing Rock, Dak '...
1, 000, 000
500, 000
500,000
2,000,000
2 500 000
2 500 OOO
Kiowa Coraanche and Wichita, Ind. T
1 750 000
1 ,750,000 '
FOR BEEF FOR INDIAN SERVICE.
advertisement of June 15, 1881, for furnishing BEEF for the Indian service.
rates at which contracts have been awarded.]
453
<»
,0
1
I
1
1 i |
i
i
i
<D
1
&
i
1
73
!
1
1
02
p. ! d
d
|
M
1
M
0
M
5
1
d
^
w
M
AH
H
0 M
^
H
^
s
H
w
<1
$3 72
$4 12 $3 72
$3 97
$3 93
a3 74
$4 32
4 11
3 97
3 93
$3 99
a3 74
4 27
4 23 3 84
$3 78
$3 69
$3 77
3 87
q QO
&3 69
359
3 69
$3 73
359
3 69
3 73
i
a Four month's supply deliverable on or about December 1, 1881.
6 At one delivery.
INDEX.
A.
Page.
Absentee Shawnee lands in Kansas, act for relief of settlers upon 227
Shawnees of Sac and Fox Agency, self-supporting, industrious, and well disposed. . . 101
Addresses of Indian Agents 313
Indian Inspectors, and special Indian Agents 312
Secretaries of religious societies nominating agents 312
Members of Board of Indian Commissioners 312
Aged and infirm Indians should be especially provided for 3
Agents, special Indian, addresses of 312
post-office and telegraphic addresses of 313
should be experienced men of business, and not sentimental enthusiasts 4
Indian, their responsibilities and duties, inadequate reward 44
Agency buildings at Otoe Agency, Nebraska, sufficient for all needs, and in excellent condition, 125
in fair condition at Colorado River Agency, Arizona 1
commodious and in good condition on Hoopa Valley Reservation, California, 11
corral, slaughter, and issue house needed at Colorado River Agency, Arizona. 1
none on Colville Reservation, and necessity for 159
at Quapaw Agency, ample and commodious, but badly located 97. 98
(See Buildings.)
Agreements and treaties with Indians, list of, showing dates, &c 316
Agreement concluded June, 1880, with Crows of Montana for cession of part of their reser-
vation, not ratified , LXII, 114
Agriculture, table showing number of Indians engaged in 272
active interest in, by Chippewas of White Earth A gency 110
Crow Indians of Montana beginning to manifest interest in XXIII, 114
obstacles attending, on Round Valley Reservation, California 16
quite an advance in reported by Sisseton Agent 55
has backward tendency on Tule River Reservation, California 18
uncertain rain-fall obstacle to, on Pawnee Reservation 87
steady progress of Menomonees of Green Bay Agency in 177
(See Farming and Crops.)
Agricultural implements, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 398
lands on Southern Ute Reservation not sufficient to comply with agreement 23
Agriculturists and stock-growers, Sac and Fox of Indian Territory would soon become, were it
not for large cash annuities 100
and stock-raisers most successful at Pottawatomie Agency 109
Alaska, pupils from tribes in, educated at Forest Grove, Oregon XXXVII
Albuquerque boarding-school for Pueblos of New Mexico a success 141
Allen, Walter, minority report of, as member of Ponca Commission 218
Allotment of agency farm in 10-acre lots at Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota 25
of lands to about 200 Indians on Fort Belknap Reservation this year 119
of land and citizenship urged for Peorias and Miamies of Quapaw Agency 96
scheme denounced by Indians of La Pointe Agency because they fail to get their
patents 181, 182
system tends to break up tribal relations XXIII
Allotments in severalty, advance in civilization resulting from, at various agencies XXIV
being made to Fort Berthold Indians 36
desired by Crow Indians XXIH
failure of government to provide, impediment to Indian civilization IV, V
made to Indians of Crow Creek agency, Dakota, table showing 30, 31
made to Santees and patents besought 126
number of, that have been made XXV
occupied by Indians of Devil's Lake Agency
table showing number of at each agency
to Indians, legislation providing for, urged XXII
urgent request for, of Menomonee Indians of "Wisconsin 177
and citizenship of Indians recommended by Nevada agent 132
of lands to S'Kokomish tribe, Washington Territory, gratified and stimulated them 171
of lands, Indians of Quapaw Agency clamoring for
of lands urged for Los Pinos Utes
to Indians, without privilege of alienation, recommended by Mackinac agent . . .
present system of, crude and imperfect XXII
lived on by eighty-one Indians of Pottawatomie Agency, Kansas 106
(See Patents.)
Alseas, of Oregon, sixty-seven in number, removed to Siletz Agency, Oregon 147
statistics in regard to 284,302,304
American Board of Foreign Missions conduct three boarding-schools on Santee Reserve 127
Andrus, W. D. E., Tankton Agency, Dakota, annual report of 60
455
456 INDEX.
Page.
Annuities, cash payments of. to Wyandottes, Winnelfagoes, &c XL
due Indian tribes, descriptive table of 234-246
in goods or money, relative advantages of, in opinion of Pawnee agent 92
of Sac and Fox or Iowa, their persistent refusal to sign the pay-roll for XLI, 105
of lowas of Indian Territory not paid since 1878. and their destitute condition. . 102
of Sac and Fox of Missouri at Great Neinaha Agency incentive to idleness. ..
large cash detrimental to best interests of Sac and Fox "of Indian Territory
Annuity goods and supplies, purchase, inspection, and shipment of, at New York.
124
100
XL
last issue to Navajoes under their ten years treaty stipulation,
provided for by treaty, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians com
plain of not receiving 70
table showing quantity furnished Kiowas and Comanches, and
Cheyennes and Arapahoes 70
issue of, to Pawnees of doubtful utility LXIH, 89
Apaches at Kiowa Agency, report of agent concerning -. 77
at San Carlos Agency, report of Agent Tiffany concerning 6
act making deficiency appropriations for support of 229
Chiricahua, are frightened from San Carlos Reserve X
deficiency in appropriation for XV
Jicaiilla,' disadvantages of location of 135, 141
Mescalero, removal of urged VI
of San Carlos Agency take no part in raid in New Mexico "VTLT
on San Carlos Reserve, five-sixths of, remain loyal during outbreak X
statistics in regard to 272,278,282,292, 296,302
White Mountain, outbreak of VLH. IX
Apprentices in shops on Santee Reserve turning out harness, carpenter, and blacksmith work. . 127
Indian, table showing number of. at each agency 272
at Warm Springs Agency, commendable progress of 153
Indian, now employes at S'Kokomish Agency 171
at Klamath Agency making good progress in trades, and will become good workmen 145
at Carlisle training school, work of 185
ten, at Standing Rock Agency rapidly becoming good mechanics 58, 59
at Devil's Lake Agency show great aptitude 34
at trades at Forest Grove training school, aptitude and proficiency of 199, 200
Indian, number of XEEI
at Round Valley Agency, California, commendable progress of
Appropriation needed to pay entry fees and commissions on Indian homesteads . •. XXV
for support of Navajoes inadequate 138
special, needed for agency buildings and new houses at Yankton Agency 62
Appropriations from which salaries and incidental expenses at Indian agencies are paid, table
showing 253
need of, to make necessary surveys of Indian reservations XXVIII
table showing expenditure of, for 1880 and 1881 XI, 260, 261
increased, needed for Indian police service XVIlIf
for support of schools, insufliciency of XIV, XXXVII, 2
special, made for Indian service by act March 3, 1881 228
for loyal less generous than for recently hostile Indians IV, 6, 138, 157
deficiencies in ". XV
insufliciency of, causes violation by government of treaty stipulations V, XHL, XIV
insufliciency of, for needed improvements at Colorado River Agency, Arizona . 1, 2
generous, needed for Nez Perces in Indian Territory 94
Arapahoes, deficiency in appropriation for XV
statistics in regard to 278,288,294,306
report of agent concerning 66
Northern, at Shoshone Agency. Wyoming, farmer needed for 183
and Cheyennes, improvement made by LX
act making deficiency appropriation for support of 229
Arboles, new railway station on Southern Ute Reservation, saloons, dance houses, and filled
with outlaws 24, 334
Areas of Indian reservations, table showing 261
Arickarees on Fort Berth old Reserve, report of agent concerning 36
statistics in regard to 276,294
Arms and ammunition, sale of, to Navajo Indians, and lucrative trade in 139
no longer carried by the Crow Creek Indians of Dakota 29
Armstrong, S. C., principal of Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, annual report of. . 194
Assinnaboines ol Fort Peck Agency are farming on small allotments 121
statistics in regard to 280, 300
of Fort Belknap Agency interested in agriculture 119
Authority by which Indian reservations have been established, table showing 261
B.
Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin, Indians on, industrious and progressing 180
Bannacks, statistics in regard to 276, 288, 294, 306
on Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho, turbulent, rebellious, idle, and improvident 63
on Lemhi Reservation, report of a°;ent concerning 64
and Pi Utes at Yakama Agency, will settle down if let alone 174
Baptist Home Mission Board conduct freedmen schools in Indian Territory 104
Basket-making one of principal industries of Mescalero Apaches 136
making among Hoopa Valley Indians 12
Beef for Indian service, increase of price of XIH
Beef cattle, method of receiving, weighing, branding, and issuing at San Carlos Agency 8, 9
25 per cent, additional, if heifers, would soon save 50 per cent, of money expended
for Yanktons 62
Bell, G. W., teacher of Chehalis industrial boarding-school, Washington Territory, report of. . 168
Belknap, C. G., Tule River Agency, California, annual report of 18
INDEX. 457
Page.
Berry, W. H., Los Pinos Agency, Colorado, annual report of 19
Biggs, Jonathan, Colorado River Agency, Arizona, annual report of
Births exceeded deaths among Yankton Sioux by 20 per cent, past year
in excess of deaths among Lower Brul6 Sioux
among Indians on Warm Spring Reservation exceed deaths past vear 152
exceeded deaths over 40 per cent, among Indians of Siletz Reservation past year 147
table showing number of, among Indians 272, 309
(See Sanitary.)
Blackfeet Agency, Montana, annual report of John Young
Bloods and Piegans at Blackfeet Agency, Montana, consolidated and known as Piegans 111
statistics in regard to 280, 300
suffer from hunger, increased appropriation for, needed XIV, XV
Board of Indian Commissioners, address of members of 312
Bois Forte Reservation, Minnesota, Chippewas on, making fair progress . . .
Bonds sold and redeemed
United States, interest collected on 246
Bordeau, John, chief herder of Rosebud Agency, murdered by white desperadoes in Nebraska.
Bowman, E. H., Pawnee Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of - 87
Breaking. (See Land broken.)
Brick-making on Santee Reservation, Nebraska, with Indian labor 127
British half-breeds should be relegated to their own country
Brosius, Augustus, Great Nemaha Agency, Nebraska, annual report of :
Buffalo, heretofore one-third of subsistence of Fort Peck Indians, no longer their resource 120
Buildings, corrals &c., erected past year at San Carlos Agency, Arizona 8, 9
at Yankton Agency, old, nearly worthless
at Crow Creek Agency reconstructed and almost finished
mills, &c., in good condition on Devil's Lake Reservation, Dakota
and property at Rosebud Agency in satisfactory condition. . .
at Leuihi Agency about as dilapidated as can be
at Navajo Agency in wretched condition
for all departments of work at Carlisle training school 189
for agency use at Umatilla Agency dilapidated and uninhabitable
for police and guard-house needed at Nevada Agency 131
at Ponca Agency ample for all purposes and in good condition «. 93
school, number of, erected and needed XXXIE
new, required at Mescalero Agency if Mescalero Apaches are not removed VH
(See Agency Buildings and Houses. )
Burial of Pawnee child attempted before life was extinct. . .
C.
Caddoes,.statisties in regard to 278, 294
Calispels, statistics in regard to - 286, 30^
Calapooias, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Calmes, W. T., superintendent of school on Kiowa, &c., Reservation, annual report of
Carrier, Arthur J., act providing for payment of amount due
Carlisle training school, report of Lieutenant R. H. Pratt, United States Army, in charge 184
prejudice of Rosebud Indians against, owing to deaths of children . . .
graduates from, standing of, on return to their people . . 192, 193, 1&
reportof committee making first annual examination, held June 16, '81. .
statistics in regard to 288
(See Training Schools.)
Carmichael, Donald, act providing for payment of his claims against Kiowas and Comanches ... 229
Cascade Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Casler, Benjamin G., New York Agency, New York, annual report of 141
Catholic Church has charge of missionary work on Devil's Lake Reservation, Dakota
Catholic fathers only missionaries among Mission Indians of California
Cattle and wagons issued Rosebud Sioux in lieu of beef
78 yoke of, issued to Cheyenne River Indians
(See Stock Cattle.)
Cavuses own large herds and are self-supporting
statistics in regard to - 286,304
Cayugas, statistics in regard to - v : 282, 302
Census of Winnebagoes, Sac and Fox, &c., taken preliminary to payment of annuities XL
of Tule River Reservation, 162 Indians living in permanent homes
• of Round Valley Reservation, 7,025 Indians
of Mission Indians of California, difficulties of taking
of Colville Reserve, Washington Territory, suspended for want of funds. . -•
shows a population of 2,038 Indians at Shoshone Agency, Wyoming 183
of Pueblos of New Mexico, shows 19 villages and 9,060 Indians -
of Indians of Siletz Reserve. Oregon, difficulty attending; approximate population 998.
of Mackinac Agency, difficulty of obtaining 109
of Flathead Indians, census of Indians generally gives erroneous impressions 116, 117
of Indians of Puyallup Agency, difference in that of 1878 and 1880 explained by table. . 164, 165
of Indians of Quiuaielt Agency, discrepancy between this and last year, and why 170
of Standing Rock Indians shows total of 5,356 57, 58
Central superintendency, deficiency in appropriation for Indians in XV
Chasta Costas, statistics in regard to. . . ".• 284, 304
Chehalis Indians, statistics in regard to. 286, 304
progress made by 166
Chemehuevis and Mohaves at Colorado River Agency, condition of
statistics in regard to 272,292
Cherokees, statistics in regard to '. - 280,284,296,302
have civilized government on plan of States 103
Eastern, encroachments on lands of T^rW
removal of portion of, to Indian Territory LXV
458 INDEX.
Page.
Cherry, Lieutenant Samuel, U. S. A. , murdered while in pursuit of murderers of an Indian 54
Chetcoes, statistics in regard to 284, 304
Cheyenne Jiiver Agency, Dakota, annual report of Leonard Love 24
Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, Indian Territory, uncertainty of permanence of, &e 70
agency, Indian Territory, tenth annual report of John D. Miles 66
Cheyennes and Arapahoes, Indian Territory, industrious and energetic and anxious to support
themselves LX, 67
act making deficiency appropriations for support of 229
statistics in regard to 278, 294
Northern, remainder of, in Indian Territory should be removed to Dakota LI, 44
Little Chiefs band of, removed from Indian Territory to Dakota L, 67
Chickasaws belonging to Union Agency, Indian Territorv, civilized, and have government on
plan of States ." 103
statistics in regard to 280, 296
Chieftainship obstacle to civilization of Indians of Standing Rock Agency 59, 60
detrimental, and efforts to break it up by Mission agent, California
system rapidly disappearing on Pine Ridge Reserve
no longer the blind following and subjection to, among Kiowas, &c
trouble regarding, on Western Shoshone Reservation, Nevada 133
and medicine men. drawbacks to civilization of Pawnees of Indian Territory. . . 91
(See Tribal relations.)
Chippewas of Michigan peaceful, industrious, and scattered over wide extent of territory 109, 110
of Minnesota, report of agent concerning 110
and Munsees hold their reservation by certificate title
of La Pointe Agency, report of agent "concerning 180
Turtle Mountain band of, title of,, to lands in Dakota should be determined L
statistics in regard to 280, 288, 298, 300, 306
Chiricahua Apaches are frightened away from reserve X
Choct&ws, statistics in regard to 280, 296
belonging to Union Agency, Indian Territory, civilized and have government on plan
of States- 103
claim of, against United States to be tried in Court of Claims 232
Christian Indians. (See Chippewas and Munsees.)
Christmas dinner at boarding-school, Siletz Agency, to parents and relatives of pupils 149
Church buildings, table showing number of, at Indian agencies 272
Churches, five on Sisseton Reserve, with membership of 407 Indians
Cimarron and Jicarilla Apaches of New Mexico, great jealousy and dislike between 135
Apaches returned to their old home in vicinity of Cimarron •. 141
Citizenship, Peprias and Miamis ready for
claimed by Ottawas of Quapaw Agency
should have been enjoyed by Indians of Green Bay Agencv years ago 179
urged for Indians of La Pointe Agency. . .1 180, 182
Prairie band of Pottawatomies have enjoyed, for some years
Citizen's dress, all wear, on "Warm Springs Reserve, Oregon 153
adopted quite generally among Indians of Colorado River Agency, Arizona
worn by few Sac & Fox of Indian Territory ; breech-cloth and blankets preferred . 100
universally worn by Santee and Mandreau Sioux, and dances and paints aban-
doned 126
worn entirely by Hoopa Valley Indians. California
worn by three-fourths Crow Creek Indians
adopted entirely by men and women on Tule River Reservation, California
few among Flathead Indians do not wear 117
adopted by Sisseton Sioux
worn by Mission Indians of California
not generally worn by Osages of Indian Territory
' ' Civilized tribes'' in Indian Territory, report of agent concerning 103
Indians of Quapaw can be considered, and not retrograding
Civilization of Peorias and Miamies indicated by good houses and farms 95, 96
Clackamas, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Claims against certain tribes, act providing for payment of 229, 233
Cliff dwellers, their dwellings lining walls of Canon de Chelle, New Mexico 137
Climate of Dakota, remarkable range of temperature reported by Agent Parkhurst 39, 40
Climatic conditions of Dakota
Coal deposits, valuable, discovered on San Carlos Reservation, and location of by whites 10
Coahuillas, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Indians, Mission Reservation, California, condition of
Cffiur" d'Alene Reserve, report of farming operations on 159. 161
Cceur d' Alenes, statistics in regard to 286, 304
unaided by government, far in advance of other tribes of Colville Reserve 159
Colorado River Agency, Arizona, annual report of Jonathan Biggs 1
Colvilles, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Colville Reserve, Washington Territory, executive order enlarging
reports of farming operations on 159, 160
Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of John A. Simnis
Reserve, survey of, very desirable 159, 160
Comanches, act making deficiency appropriations for support of, and to pay claims against 229, 233
report of agent concerning
statistics in regard to 278, 294
deficiency in appropriation for XV
advancement in civilization of - - - LX
Commissioners, Indian, Board of. addresses of 312
Commission to arrange with Crow Indians for right of way of Northern Pacific Railway 114
Contracts awarded for furnishing goods and supplies, &c., for Indian service, table 338
Cook, John, Rosebud Ageucy, Dakota, annual report of 50
Coos, statistics in regard to 284, 304
Coquilles, statistics in regard to 284, 302, 304
Corn, on Pawnee Reserve, Indian Territory, most assured crop, quick maturing variety ST
INDEX. 459
Page.
Cornoyer, N. A., relieved as farmer in charge of TJmatilla Agency, August 1, 1880 149
Court, with criminal jurisdiction only, should be established in Indian Territory LIX, LX, 99, 104
United States, for western district of Arkansas, its jurisdiction over crimes in Indian
Territory, &c 103
Court-martial trials for offenses and infractions of discipline by Carlisle training-school pupils. 188
Concows, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Covington, J. A., farmer and chief of police at Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, report of 76, 77
Cow Creek Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Cowlitz Indians, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Creeks, appropriation to assist them in rebuilding Tallahassee Mission 231
statistics in regard to 280, 296
Congress should appropriate funds to purchase lands of, occupied by Seminoles LIV
civilized, and have government on plan of States 103
Crimes about ceased on Sac and Fox Reservations, Indian Territory, since breaking up of
whisky, traffic 103
and offenses, none of a serious nature on Quapaw Reservation past year 99
on Flathead Reservation, Montana, of rare occurrence 116
and disturbances, none past year on Pine Ridge Reservation 45
and offenses punishable at law, none past year on Crow Creek Reservation, Dakota ... 32
and offenses rare among Los Pinos Utes 22
and offenses few among Cheyenne River Indians 25
none of a serious character among Indians of Tulalip Agency past year 172
none of any magnitude past year iby White Earth Agency Indians 110
and offenses, but two cases of latter on Lower Brule Reservation, Dakota 41
certain, among Indians should be punished by confinement upon a penal reservation. . . XXI
Crissey, Charles, Sisseton Agency, Dakota, annual report of 55
Critchlow, J. J., Uintah Valley Agency, Utah, annual report of 155
Crops in Indian Territory, liability of, to be destroyed by drought LVII, LVLH
best adapted to Fort Belknap Reserve 119
all destroyed by drought and hot winds on Ponca Reservation, Indian Territory 92
on Fort Peck Reservation, abundant 121
greatly injured by intense heat on Fort Berthold Reservation 36
in excess of previous years on Devil's Lake Reservation, Dakota
most likely to pay for cultivating on Pawnee Reserve 87
no failure in, for past three years on Fort Belknap Reservation 119
fair average yield of, on Blackfeet Reserve, Montana 112
almost total failure of, on Rosebud Reserve .' 52
large, raised by Umatillas by cultivation of 4,000 acres 150
at Yakama Agency, on account of great loss of stock last winter, poor 174
on Siletz Reserve, Oregon, large increase in 146
good and abundant on Pima Reservation, Arizona 5
raised by Moquis Pueblos 4
of Navajoes washed away by floods ; peach crop bountiful
of Otoes, severe winter told heavily on 125
surest on Omaha and Winnebago Reservations, corn, oats, and other grain, but not wheat. 129
raised by Indians of Fort Hall Agency 66
almost entire failure of, on Osage Reservation, Indian Territory, from drought 86
unusually heavy on ~Nez Perce Reserve, Idaho, large quantity of, sold by Indians 65, 66
entire failure of, on Kiowa, &c . Reserve, Indian Territory, from long continued drought 79
of Sac and Fox of Indian Territory, almost total failure, owing to drought and heat 101
raised by Indians, table showing - XII, 292
(See Farming and Agriculture.)
Crows, statistics in regard to 280, 300
cede lands needed by Northern Pacific Railroad XXVII
new interest of, in farming and house building XXI1JL
agreement of, for cession of portion of reserve should be ratified by Congress LXLE
Crow Agency, Montana, annual report of, A. R. Keller 113
Crow Creek Agency, Dakota, annual report of Wm. E. Dougherty, Captain, U. S. Army, act-
ingagent '.
Cut-Head band of Sioux at Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota
Cyclone at Quapaw Agency, and destructive effects of 98
D.
Dances disappearing among the Lower Brule Sioux
savage observances, feasts, &c., constitute the only religion of the Pawnees 90, 91
and other superstitious practices abandoned by San tee and Flandreau Sioux of Nebraska. 126
to regulate weather, and drive away sickness, still kept up by some Indians of Quapaw
Agency
grass lodge, still practiced among Crow Creek Indians 29, 30
and games among Osages of Indian Territory 85
Davenport, George L., Sac & Fox Agency, Tama County, Iowa, third annual report of 105
Deaths exceeded by births at Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota
exceeding births among Standing Rock Indians
• table showing number of, among Indians 272, 309
(See Sanitary and Births.)
Deficiency in appropriations for telegraphing and transportation XV, XVI
in appropriation for schools XIV
in appropriation for Sioux and Blackfeet and other Indian tribes XIV, XV
Delawares, statistics in regard to 278, 294
Delegations, visits of, to Washington, bad effects of, on their people
Denominations. (See Religious.)
Denver and Rio Grande Railway located on Southern Ute Reservation without "amicable ar-
rangement" with Indians 23, 334
Depredation claims, act providing for pay of certain - - 229
460 INDEX.
Page.
Depredations by white settlers on property of Indiana of Great Nemaha Agency 123
on stock of Kiowas bv white horse-thieves 81
by renegade Pah TJtes 20
of Gros v entres on stock herds of settlers in Judith County, Montana 118
by Mescalero Apaches, but one instance of, past year
committed by Mescalero Apaches, white outlaws participate in
136
VI
committed by "remnant of Victoria's band" Vll
by Chiricahua Apaches in their flight from San Carlos X
Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota, annual report of James McLaughlin 33
Diegenes, statistics 'in regard to 272, 292
Indians, Mission Reservation, California, condition of 13
Discipline, how enforced by superintendent of Carlisle training school 188
Diseases prevalent among Yankton Sioux past year, scarlet fever, measles, consumption, and
scrofulous 61
afflicting Standing Rock Indians , 60
scrofulous, prevalent among Hoopa Valley Indians, California 12
scrofulo'us, the principal among Flatheads 116
principally affecting Indians 01 Blackfeet Reservation, past year, species of diphtheria 112
venereal and syphilitic, rare among Los Pinos Utes 22
venereal, chief curse of Pima Indians 6
(See Sanitary.)
Dodd, Brown & Co., act providing for payment of claims of 233
Donations in cash in aid of Carlisle training school past year,$5.781.21 189
' ' Don't-Know-How, " speech of, on return of his daughter from Hampton 198
Dougherty, Wm. E., captain, IT. S. A., Crow Creek Agency, Dakota, acting agent, annual re-
port of 26
Dress, semi-civilized, among Navajoes and fairly adapted to their resources and climate 137
(See Citizen's dress.)
Drought, destruction of crops in Indian Territory caused by LV11
destroyed all crops on Cheyenne and Arapaho and Kiowa and Ponca Reservations . .67, 79, 92
seriously affected crops of five civilized tribes of Union Agency 105
(See Farming.)
Drunkenness. (See Intemperance, Liquor, and Whisky.)
Duel, fatal, between two San Carlos chiefs 10, 11
Durfee, W. R., La Pointe Agency, Wisconsin, annual report of 180
D'Wamish Indians, statistics in regard to 288, 304
Dyer, D. B., Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of 94, 95
Eastman, Galen, Navajo Agency. New Mexico, annual report of 137
Education, efficient progress in, on Yankton Reserve, only through boarding schools 61
prejudices against, to be overcome among Tule River Indians, Colorado 18
of Indian children, the great lever of progress for the Indian race
incredible progress in, by children at Colorado River Agency
Pima Indians thoroughly interested in, and recommendations 5, 6
through medium of Indian tongue on Lower Brule Reserve 41, 42
no permament good except through removing children from influence of parents. . - 63
Indian, table of statistics in regard to 272
compulsory, recommended by Osage agent 87
facilities on Pawnee Reserve inadequate, but one boarding school, and treaty pro-
vides for two 89
rapid strides in, by Hoopa Valley Indians. California, past year 12
Sac and Fox, Infeian Territory, very indifferent to 100, 101
of one girl of more value than a dozen Indian boys 90
of Indian girls at Carlisle training school in everything useful carefully attended to. ... 188, 189
Indian, work accomplished in, during the year XXXH
Indian, appropriations for, inadequate XIV, XXXVLT
Indian treaty, provisions for, unfulfilled XXXVII, 190
interest of five civilized tribes in LIX
(See Schools.)
Educational progress at Yakama Agency source of pride to agent 174
facilities inadequate at San Carlos Agency
facilities abundant on Omaha and Wihnebago Reservation, Nebraska ; compulsory
system urged 129, 130
facilities on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservations not adequate for 25 per cent, of
children of school age 69
expenses of two young Indians as missionaries borne by a lady of Syracuse, N". Y.
Edwards, Arthur, Omaha, and Winnebago Agency, Nebrasba, second annual report of. 129
Eells, Edwin, S'Kokoinish Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of 171
Ejectments of Mission Indians from lands claimed under' Spanish grants 13, 14
Employes in Indian service, table showing amount paid for salaries to 253
of S'Kokomish Agency all Indians, former apprentices 171
at Navajo Agency should all be married men. and why 139
skilled, larger force of, to oversee and teach Indians at Ponca Agency, required
at Indian Agencies, the kind of men they should be
Indian, substituted for white at Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, when practicable . . 71
English language generally understood by Omahas and Winnebagoes, tut aversion to talk-
ingit • 138
marked progress in, among children on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reserve 68
spoken understandingly in, less than 3 months by Spokane pupils, at Forest
Grove School . . ... .... 200
must be learned bv Indians V, 84
Etakmurs, statistics in regard to. ..': 288,304
Euchres, statistics in regard to ; 284, 304
Executive orders affecting Indian Reservations 260
cutting off buffalo range of Fort Peck Reservation, effects of 120
Expenditures at Indian agencies for salaries and incidental expenses, table showing 253
of appropriations for 1880 and 1881, how made XT, 260-261
INDEX. 461
F.
Page.
Factions one drawback to progress of Green Bay Indians ; citizenship would do away with 179
Factional troubles among Mexican Kickapoos greatly retard their advancement 108
Farm, agency, on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana, 115 acres, and productions from 121
on Pawnee Reservation, Indian Territory, chiefly valuable as an agricultural
manual-labor school 88
at Cheyenne River Agency, recommendations regarding 25
Farms, more than 200, on Siletz Reservation, Oregon, with houses, barns, granaries, &c., owned
by Indians 146
allotted to and cultivated by Yanktonnais and Assinnaboines of Fort Peck Agency 121
Farming by Indians, table showing results of 292
on Fort Belknap Reservation, owing to good season, shows promising results 119
and productions from, on Western Shoshone Reservation, encouraging showing 132
by Grand Ronde Indians of Oregon, on individual allotments 143
operations on Colville and Couur d'Alene Reservations, reports of .159, 160, 161
and stock-raising, Oneidas of Green Bay largely and profitably engaged in 178
on Warm Springs Reserve, Oregon, fine showing from 154
main support of Puyallup Indians, crops abundant 165
at Pyramid Lake Reserve, results of 130, 131
by bands, or in common, a mistake 88
at Round Valley necessarily carried on on communal system 16
21 Indian families engaged in, on Lemhi Reservation, Idaho 64
and productions by Isfez Perces of Idaho, 20 per cent, increase over last year 65, 66
operations on Standing Rock Reservations retarded by storms and hot winds 58
operations on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservations paralyzed by drought 67, 68
in severalty on Pawnee Reserve, Indian Territory, methods of agent to get Indians to . 88
lands cultivated on Devil's Lake Reservation, Dakota, 1,000 acres 33
waste of time and money on Pine Ridge Reservation, on account of unfavorable cli-
matic conditions 46
on Lower Brule Reserve, discouragments attending 39
land, acreage increased on Fort Berthold Reservation 36
among Mission Indians of California earned on only by thrift and economy , 13
operations very successful on Cheyenne Reservation, Dakota 24
purposes, small portion of Tule River Reserve fit for
on Yankton Reservation backward, on account of flooding Missouri bottoms 61
operations on San Carlos Reservation, greatly increased acreage and crops 7, 8
in severalty among Indians of Hoopa Valley, California 12
among tribes of Pottawatomie Agency, encouraging exhibit of 108
(See Agriculture and Crops.)
Fay, R. H., Umatilla Agency, Oregon, annual report of 149
Females largely exceed male Nez Perces in Indian Territory, widows of those who fell in the
war 94
Fisheries of Neah Bay Indians, source of wealth 161, 162
most important industry of Indians of Nevada Agency, but protection needed 132
yield one-third subsistence to Hoopa Valley Indians of California 12
Five civilized tribes, statistics of crops raised and stock owned by XIV
3rt of agent concerning 103
ndian Territory, interest of, in education LIX
Flandreau Sioux are citizens of the United States, and have homesteads of 160 acres each
Flathead Agency, Montana, annual report of Peter Ronan 115
Reservation, valleys of, cut into farms, with snug houses, schools, and churches
Flatheads, statistics in regard to ' 280, 300
Floods, disastrous eifects of, on San Carlos Reserve, Arizona
destroy property and carry away timber and logs on Yankton Reserve
destruction caused by, on Santee Reserve - 127
of Iowa River destroyed all crops of Sac and Fox of Iowa, causing great suffering. . . .
on Fort Peck Reserve, destruction of game caused by 122
on Lower Brul6 Reserve, Dakota
washed away great portions of crops of Navajoes this year 137
"Florida prisoners" returned to Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, their excellent conduct
and example
Flour made from oak and acorn nuts •
Flour mill and elevator, new one urgently needed at Yankton Agency
Forage raised successfully on Pawnee Reserve, from millet and Hungarian grass seed
Forest Grove training scliool, Oregon, statistics concerning
annual report of Lieutenant M. C. Wilkinson, United
States Army 198
permanent improvements made by pupils at. 198
Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, Indians on, have no allotments and make (little pro-
gress .- ^®
Fort Belknap Agency, Montana, annual report of W. L. Lincoln 117
Fort Berthold Agency, Dakota, annual report of Jacob Kauffman
Fort Gibson Military Reservation a suitable location for a penal reservation for Indians XXI
Fort Hall Reserve, agreement of Shoshones and Bannacks for cession of portion of, should be
ratified by Congress - - - - S>
Fort Hall Agency, Idaho, annual report of Agent E. A. Stone -
Fort Peck Reserve Executive order diminishing, cuts off buffalo range — serious depriva-
^ion
Agency, Montana, annual report of N. S. Porter vv|??
Fort Yates destruction of timber belonging to Indians by military post at XXIX
increase of Standing Rock police would do away with necessity for garrison at 59
Freedmen in Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, status of, should be adj usted LII
.'wiir •(- schools for, in Indian Territory, successful, but too few 104
Freighters, Indian, of Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, having 211 wagons and teams
Freighting exclusively and satisfactorily done past year by Pawnees of Indian Territory . . . r . . 91
demonstration of capacity of Indians of Blackfeet Agency to do 112
report (
oflndiE
462 INDEX.
Page.
Freighting by Siletz Indians over mountain roads without loss or damage , 147
of all their goods and supplies done by Osages and Kaws 87
and Indian labor by Indians of Kiowa, &c., Agency, saving to government, and
great benefit to them 81
by Devil's Lake Indians, and money earned 33, 34
Indians of Rosebud Agency manifest great interest in, difficulties attending 53
by Indians XXXIX
Indians of Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency derive considerable revenue from 67
(See Transportation . )
Funds, trust, tables showing transactions in 241-251
G.
Galise Creek Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 304
Gambling almost stopped among Fort Peck Indians, horse racing entirely 123
universal among Indians of Colorado River Agency, Arizona 2
and horse-racing principal vices among Southern TJtes 23
Game abundant on San Carlos Reservation, Arizona 7
plentiful on Southern TJte Reservation, Colorado 23
tremendous slaughter of, owing to floods on Fort Peck Reservation 122
Girl-selling for ponies among Pawnees of Indian Territory 92
Girls' industries at Forest Grove training school, Oregon, methods and system 199
Girls, sale of, for wives among Kaws 86
Goods, annuity, for the Indian service, tables of proposals received and contracts awarded for. 363
and supplies furnished San Carlos Agency satisfactory in quantity and quality 9
and supplies good in quality and ample at Pine Ridge Agency 49
Goship TJtes, statistics in regard to 282, 286, 304
Graduates from Carlisle training school, reports of agents concerning their record 192, 193, 194, 196
Grand Ronde Ajpncy, Oregon, tenth annual report of P. B. Sinnott 142
Grand Portage Reservation, Minnesota, principal support of Indians on, hunting and fishing. 180
Grass lodges no longer seen among affiliated bands on Kiowa, &c., Reservation 78
seed best adapted on Pawnee Reservation, for forage, millet and Hungarian 88
Grasshoppers, destructive effects of, on crops on Standing Rock Reservation 58
Gray's Harbor Indians, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Great Nemaha Agencv, Nebraska, annual report of Augustus Brosius 123
Green Bay Agency, Wisconsin, annual report of E. Stephens 176
Groceries for Indian service, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 386
Gros Ventres on Fort Berthold Reservation, report of agent concerning
charged with killing cattle of stockmen 118
statistics in regard to 276. 294
H.
Hadley, TV. J. , superintendent boarding school for Cheyennes, report of 73
Hail eight inches deep, July 19, on Standing Rock Reservation 58
Half-breeds, not one among Southern TJtes 23
Hampton Institute, statistics in regard to Indian pupils at . 288
Normal and Agricultural Institute, annual report of S. C. Armstrong, principal 194
(See Training schools.)
Hardware for Indian service, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 414
Harries, John, Lemhi Agency, Idaho, annual report of 64
Hatton, Charles. Shoshone Agency, "Wyoming, annual report of 183
Hauling. (See Freighting.)
Haury, S. S., report of his missionary work on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation
Hay abundant, cut and gathered by Standing Rock Indians 58
large quantity cut and stored away by Nez Perces of Idaho for winter use and sale 65, 66
large quantities for winter use put up by Cheyenne River Indians 24
2,000 tons cut by Devil's Lake Indians 33
Health, exhibit of, Tule River Indians, California, improved over last year 19
of Indians of Rosebud Agency good past year 55
of Indians of Kiowa, &c., Reservation, Indian Territory, generally good 82
of Indians of Colorado River Agency good, mortality below the average
and sanitary condition of Lower Brule Sioux remarkable
of tribes on Sac and Fox Reservation. Indian Territory, remarkably good 102
(See Sanitary.)
Herds, promising and respectable gathering of, by Indians of Pottawatomie Agency 108
Hoh Indians, Quiniault Agency, inaccessible most of the year 169
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Homestead act as applied to Mission Indians of California 13, 14
act of 1875, Indians cannot avail themselves of, owing to inability to pay entry fees XXV
rights under acts of March 3, 1875, and May 14, 1880, urged for Navajoes 138
Homesteads, Indian, appropriation to pay entry fees and commissions on, urged XXV
Indian, remission of entry fees and commissions on recommended XXV
inalienable for 25 years, and citizenship urged for Indians of Quapaw Agency ... 95
must be entered by Wisconsin Winnebagoes before payment is made them 226
"Vested right " in, highest inducement for Indians to move onward and upward. . 43
Hoopas, statistics in regard to , 272, 292
Jloopa Valley Agency, California, annual report of Lieut. Gordon Winslow, TJ. S. A., acting
agent 11
Hop-yield on Round Valley Reservation, California 16
Horce-racing and cards still indulged in by Los Pinos TJtes 22
Horses, raising of. on Klamath Reservation, Oregon, and plan for improving the breed of 144
Horse thieves depredating on Indians' stock on Kiowa, <fcc., Reservation, Indian Territory 81
Hospital facilities needed at Mission Agency, California 15
facilities needed at Sisseton Agency 56
facilities on Tankton Reserve would have reduced death rate 15 per cent 61
buildings for Indians, need of XL V
INDEX. 463
Page.
Hostiles from British Possessions checked progress of Fort Peck Indians considerably 120, 122
Ogalalla surrendered at Standing Rock, their transfer to Pine Ridge 44
Sioux surrendered, and now at Standing Rock Agency, tractable and exemplary 57, 58
Hostilities by Apaches belonging to San Carlos Agency X
in New Mexico, San Carlos Apaches take no part in VLLI
(See Outbreak.)
Houses, almost universal demand for, of Crow Indians of Montana XXHE, 114
among Pine Ridge Indians rapidly superseding the canvas lodge
Indian, at Yankton. require shingles for roofs and flooring
rloopa Valley Agency, California, old and dilapidated
of Warm Springs Agency, nearly all frame, built by themselves 154
milt past vear for Indians at Round Yalley Agency, California
Indian, of Hooj
of Indians of
Indian, 45 erected and 25 re-erected on land allotments by Crow Creek Indians 27
Indian, tables showing number of XITT, 272
over 40 built by Indians of Blackfeet Agency past year 112
orchards, barns, and farms of Indians of Pottawatomie Agency 108
of Poncas, good and substantial, have improved their health and sanitary condition. . .
promised some years ago to Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches, but not furnished
recommended for every family at Standing Rock Agency 60
Utes refuse to live in 23
60 built for Osages past year almost entirely by their own labor 86
(See Buildings.)
How. John, Western Shoshone Agency, Nevada, annual report of
Hualapais, act appropriating $15, 000 for 228
destitution of, and need of reserve for XLV
statistics in regard to 272
Hunt. George W., superintendent of Kiowa and Comanche school, annual report of
Hunt, P. B., Kiowa, Comanche, and "Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of
Hunt, buffalo, of Blackfeet Agency Indians not successful, and good effect of failure Ill
successful this year on Fort Belkuap Reservation, large quantity of dried meat 119
Hunting and fishing profitably engaged in by Indians of Umatilla Reservation, Oregon 150
and seal-fishing, principal occupations of Indians of Quinault Agency, Washington . . 169
followed to considerable extent by Hoopa Valley Indians, California 12
Implements, agricultural, bought by Indian farmers of Sisseton Agency with their own earnings . 56
wagons, &c., bought by Nez Perc6 Indians of Idaho from private funds 65, 66
excellent use of, by Klamath Indians of Oregon 145
mowing-machines, &c., purchased by Sisseton Sioux with their own earnings 56
Improvidence great drawback to permanent prosperity of Indians of La Pointe Agency 181
Incidental expenses at Indian agencies, table showing 253
' ' Indian problem," practical solution of, recommended by Pottawatomie agent 107
Indian Territory, unauthorized attempt of M. K. & T. R. R. to run through XXVUE
Industries and trades bypupils of Forest Grove training school past year 198, 199
Industry of Indians of Western Shoshone Agency commended by agent 133
Inspectors have not visited Quinault Agency for four years, visit of, recommended 170
Indian, addresses of 312
Intemperance extremely rare among Omahas and Winnebagoes 130
has scarcely any hold on Indians of Lemhi Reservation, Idaho 65
none among Flatheads of Montana 116
of rare occurrence among Pimas
to some extent among Green Bay Indians owing to contiguity to settlements 178
(See Whisky and Liquor.)
Interest collected on United States bonds 246
Intruders, most of trouble in Indian Territory caused by LIX
on Indian reservations 10
6,000 within limits of Union Agency, United States laws inoperative 104
(See Trespassers.)
Intrusion on Indian reservations, penalty for, should be fine and imprisonment LXVII
Invasion of Indian Territory by "Captain " Payne stopped by his arrest and conviction
lowas in Indian Territory very destitute and really objects of charity
of Great Nemaha Agency have comfortable homes and farms, and wear citizens dress. . . 123, 124
relinquish land needed by Atchison and Nebraska Railroad XXVUI
statistics in regard to 278, 282, 300
Irrigation essential to cultivation of the soil on Colorado River Reservation, Arizona
not feasible on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservations, Indian Territory, and why 67, 68
not feasible on Pine Ridge Reservation, and wliy 46
of bottom lands necessary for raising crops on Southern Ute Reservation, Colorado. 230
results from, on San Carlos Reservation, Arizona
required on Pah Ute Reserves, system of, started
Issues of clothing, &c., discontinuance of, incentive to Grand Ronde Indians to work. 143
of goods and supplies without exacting pay in labor encourage waste and improv-
idence 91
of valuable agricultural implements to Pawnees of doubtful utility,
request of Osages that with close of official year they shall cease. . .
J.
Jackson, A. D., freighter, kiUed by Utes 19
freight wagon recommended for Indian service
Jicarilla Apache Agency, New Mexico, annual report of W. B. Jones, farmer in charge 134
Apache Reservation, New Mexico, executive order establishing 260
Apaches to be removed to new reservation 141
Reservation, removal of Mescalero Apaches to, urged VII
464 INDEX.
Page.
" John Day " Indians living on Warm Springs Reservation, Oregon, report of agent concerning, 152
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Jones, W. B., Jicarilla Apache Agency, New Mexico, annual report of, as farmer in charge 134
Jordan, Thomas J., Ponca Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of 94
Joseph's band of N ez Perees long for their old home 92
Joshuas, statistics in regard to 284, 304
K.
Kauftman, Jacob, Fort Berthold Agency, Dakota, annual report of. 35
Kaweahs, statistics in regard to .. 272
Kaws decreasing in numbers and deteriorating LXI, 86
statistics in regard to 278, 296
Keechies, statistics in regard to 278, 294
Keller, A. R., Crow Agency, Montana, annual report of •. 113
Kickapoo allottees, legislation needed to settle estates of deceased, and to patent lands to
females L VI
saw and grist mill, tract reserved for. should be sold LVI
Xdckapoos of Pottawatomie Agency, occupying reservation in Kansas, condition of 106
statistics in regard to 278, 280, 296, 298
King's River Indians, statistics in regard to 272
Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of P. B. Hunt
Ho was, act making deficiency appropriations for support of, and to pay claims against 229, 233
deficiency in appropriation for XV
progress made by LX, 77
statistics in regard to 278,294
Klamath Agency, Oregon, annual report of Linus M. Nickerson 143
Reservation, dangers of delay in survey of boundary lines of XXVII
Klamaths, on Klamath Reservation, Oregon, industrious and loyal 145
statistics in regard to 274, 284, 292, 304
Kootenais, census of, not accurate 117
statistics in regard to 278, 280, 294, 300
L.
Labor at Crow Creek Agency varied and extensive, and large force of Indians employed 32
by Fort Berthold Indians constantly increasing 36
by Indians of« Nevada Agency in ditching, logging, harvesting, freighting, &c 131, 132
by Osages of Indian Territory willingly performed 86
earnestly sought for and performed by Indians of Klamath Reservation, Oregon 145
essential element in Indian civilization JLLL, V
formerly a disgrace, becoming fashionable among Lower Brule Sioux 40, 41
furnished to all Cheyennes and Arapahoes desiring it, would soon relieve government of
burden 69
traditions of disgrace attaching to, disappearing among Crow Indians of Montana 114
Indian, demand for among whites of Lower California 13
Indian, table showing results of XH, 292
Indian, flattering exhibit reported by San Carlos agent 78
in road-grading, ditching, getting out forage and fuel, performed by Pine Ridge Sioux. . 47
methods employed by Yakama agent to induce his Indians to 175
old-time dislike of, rapidly disappearing on Kiowa, &c., Reserve 78
performed for agency by Nez Perce Indians without pay 66
should be required from Indians for goods and supplies issued 50, 91
the Southern Utes think beneath their dignity, make squaws work 23
and industry the rule among Flatheads of Montana 115
and freighting done by Indians of Kiowa, &c., Agency 81
Labrie, Joseph E., his report of farming operations of Colville Reserve, Washington Territory. 160
Lac Court Oreille Reservation, Wisconsin, Indians on, prosperous . . : 180
Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Wisconsin, 665 Indians, agent did not visit 180
Lake Indians, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Lawson, S. S., Mission Agency, California, third annual report of 13
Land broken on Fort Berthold Reservation, 300 additional acres asked by agent 36
on Devil's Lake Reservation, Dakota, past year, 405 acres 33
on allotments at Crow Creek and Lower Brule, tables showing 31, 38
on Indian reservations during the year, table showing 292
Lands of Pueblos of New Mexico, Spanish grants confirmed by United States 140
trust, receipts from sales of 252
Language, the Flatheads of Montana have a written 115
La Pointe Agency, Wisconsin, annual report of W. R. Durfee 180
Law and government, system of, recommended for Pawnees of Indian Territory 91
and order respected by Siletz Indians of Oregon and little use for Indian police 147
for Indian reserves, urgent necessity for V, LXVlii
Mission Indians of California hold themselves answerable to 14
prohibitory of polygamy and immoral dances applied at every agency recommended 29
code of, about to be enacted by Pottawatomies, Indian Territory, for their own benefit. . . 102
some simple code of, for their own government, Osages, Indian Territory, clamorous for 86
Lawyer, Rev. Archie, full blood Nez Perce, missionary to his people in Indian Territory 94
Lee, Geo. W., Mackinac Agency, Michigan, annual report of 109
Leech Lake sub-agency, Minnesota, government barn burned, should be rebuilt Ill
Legislation, Federal, for five civilized tribes in Indian Territory, seems unfortunate, and why. 104
Indian, by the Third session of the Forty-sixth Congress 226
needed for removal of remainder of Northern Cheyennes to Dakota LI
for establishment of penal reserves XXI
for sale of portion of Umatilla Reserve occupied by town of Pendleton LXVI
for relief of Turtle Mountain band of Chippewas L
INDEX. 465
Page.
Legislation needed for allotment of lands in severally and issue of patents XXII
for surveys on Indian reserves XXVI
for removal of Mescalero Apaches to Jicarilla Reservation VI
tor remission of fees and commissions on homestead entries by Indians XXV
for increase in number and pay of Indian police XVIII
for relief of If ualapais Indians XLV
to provide for deficiencies incurred in prior and fiscal years XVI
to regulate Indian marriages '. LXIX
to dispose of Malbeur Reservation, Oregon LXVI
to adjust status of freedmen in Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations LII
to ratify cessions of portions of Fort Hall and Crow Reserves XXVIII, LXII
to prohibit AVar Department from introducing liquor on Indian reserves, and
to increase penalty for sale of liquor to Indians XXXI
to settle estates of Kickapoo allottees, &c LVI
to provide law for Indian reserves LXVLV
to punish intruders on Indian land by fine and imprisonment LXVII
to prevent depredations on Indian timber LXVIII
to prevent remnant of timber on Lower Brul£ Reserve from destruction . . 39
Lenihi Agency, Idaho, annual report of John Harries 64
Liabilities to Indian tribes, table showing 234
Lightner, Isaiah, Santee Agency, Nebraska, annual report of 126
Lincoln, W. L., Fort Belknap Agency, Montana, annual report of 117
Linn, H. C., Pottawatamie Agency, Kansas, annual report of 106
Liquor, law allowing introduction of, on Indian reserves by War Department should be repealed XXXI
law prohibiting sale of, within twenty miles of Indian reserves recommended XXXII
law prohibiting sale of, in Territories recommended XXXI
sale of to Indians, leniency of courts in imposing penalty for XXXI, 15
selling to Indians of Green Bay Agency, table showing convictions for
to Indians, penalty for should be increased XXXI, 179
traffic almost suppressed among Mission Indians of California
among Indians of Warm Spring Agency; more thorough enforcement of law needed 153, 154
and attendant evils great drawback to Indian progress
almost unrestricted ; great demoralizing agent on Jicarilla Apache Reservation . 135
Indian police do much to break up : XX
obstacle to prosperity of Tulalip Agency. 172
on Shoshone Reservation, Wyoming, and inadequate punishment on conviction. 183
on Kansas border reported by Quapaw agent 99
outside Fort Belknap Reserve, detection needed to break up
the great curse Mackinac agent has to contend with 110
(See Whisky and Intemperance.)
Little Chiefs band of Cheyeunes remove from Indian Territory to Dakota L, 67
Little Lake Indians, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Llewellyn, William H. H., Mescalero Agency, New Mexico, annual report of 135
Lodges and tepees giving way to permanent habitations among Flatheads of Montana 115
Logan, Captain, act confirming title to land ceded to children of i 232
Los Pinos agency, Utah, annual report of W. H. Berry
removal of, to new location
Love, Leonard, Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota, annual report of
Lower Brule Agency, Dakota, annual report of W. H. Parkhurst
Loyal Indians get less benefits from the Government than those who fight it IV, 61, 157
to whites. Moquis Pueblos of Arizona are
to whites, Yanktoii Sioux claim to have always been 60, 61
Luckiamutes, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Lumber sawed by Indians of Warm Spring Agency, 150,000 feet 154
Lumbering by Indians of Black feet Agency if allowed would be profitable employment
Lummi Indians of Tulalip Agency, Washington Territory, advanced in civilization 172
statistics in regard to 288, 304
M.
Machinery. (See Implements.)
Mackinac Agency, Michigan, annual report of Geo. W. Lee
Macknootuas. statistics in regard to 284, 304
Mahaii, Isaac L., act authorizing settlement of his accounts on principles of equity •- . 229
Major, D. G., act appropriating amount due him
Makahs, report of agent concerning 161
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Malheur Agency, property transferred by Agent Wilbur to Takama Agency 176
Reserve, Oregon, should be appraised and sold LXV
Mallory, H. R.. relieved as agent at Colorado River Agency, Arizona, by Jonathan Biggs
Mandans, on Fort Berthold Reserve, report of agent concerning 36
statistics in regard to 276, 294
Manufactures from Carlisle school ; report of committee of Cumberland County, fair 191, 192
turned out of shops by apprentices at Carlisle training school, valued at $6,333.46. 186, 187
Manypenny, Hon. Geo. W., Ute commissioner 23, 33:
Maricopas, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Marriage laws needed for Kaws, girls eight years old sold for wives
relations lax among Indians of Colorado River Agency, Arizona
relation now respected as sacred by Indians of Klamath Agency, Oregon 146
among Indians, law regulating, needed LXIX
(See Polygamy.)
Married, all squaw men on Standing Rock Reserve are legally , 59
Mary's River Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Matthewson, Wm., act providing for payment of balance due on flour
McDougal, D. S.. act to reimburse him for payment on land purchased of Shawnees 228
McGilly cuddy, V. T., Pine Ridge Agency, Dakota, annual report of
McLau'ghlin, 'James, Devil's Lake A gency, Dakota, annual report of
30 IND
466 INDEX.
Page.
McMaster, Joseph M., Xevada Agency, Nevada, animal report of 130
McMillen mining district on San Carlos Reservation, Arizona, recommendation of agent 9, 10
Medical supplies for Indian service, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 446
inadequate, and delay in delivery of, at Standing Rock Agency 60
Medicine dance held this year on Kiowa, &c.. Reservation Indian Territory . 78
man at San Carlos attempts a " resurrection " of dead warriors. . .' VIII
man entirely discarded by mission Indians of California 14
man caused' outbreak among White Mountain Apaches VIII, IX
man on San Carlos Reserve arrested and killed by soldiers IX
men apply to Los Piuos agency physician for treatment v 22
men losing confidence of Pine Ridge Sioux 49
men on Pawnee Reservation. Indian Territory, incidents of their practices 90, 91
men steadily losing their control among Indians of Klauiath Agency, Oregon • 145
men still hold sway on San Carlos Reservation 9
men still hold sway among Utes of Colorado 24
men seldom called' on by Lower Brule Sioux 42
white man's, increase in call for. on San Carlos Reservation 9
Menomonees of Green Bay Agency occupy valuable timbered land 177
statistics in regard to 288, 306
Mesa homes of Moquis of Arizona 4
Mescal ero Apaches, depredations by. participated in by white outlaws and others VI
removal of, urged V
Agency, Xew Mexico, annual report of "Wm. H. H. Llewellyn 135
Meshingomesia, b'aud of. act providing for payment of attorneys for services rendered 230
Meteorological report of Xeah Bay Agency, Washington Territory 163
Methows, statistics in regard to. .'. 286, 304
Mexican Kickapoos of Sac and Fox Agency. Indian Territory, blanket and ration Indians 101
only need aid and encouragement to become self-supporting soon 101
Mexicans, arrest of. on'San Carlos Reservation 10-11
Miamis, delegation of, act providing for payment of expenses of 231
of Indiana, act providing for payment to them of principal of treaty fund 229
census taken of, preliminary to payment of principal to , . * XLIII
and Peorias, confederated, condition of 95
statistics in regard to 278-296
Miles, John D., Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of 66
Miles, L. J., Osage Agency. Indian Territory, annual report of 85
Military aid Sac and Fox agent in expelling intruders t 103
cnase remnant of Victoria's band toward Sonora VII
consume inordinate quantities of tini her on Indian reservations XXIX
in attempting to arrest George and Bonito, frighten away Chiricahuas from San Carlos. X
oppose removal of Mescalero A paches VLI
prevent outbreak at Kiowa and Comauche Agency 80
remove intruders from Indian Territory 104
removal of, and substitution of Indian Police, good effect among Pine Ridge Sioux ... 45
near Quapaw Agency, thanked for courtesy and aid 99
White Mountain Apaches surrender to IX
(See War Department and Soldiers.)
Mills, grist and saw. at Yakama Agency, large amount of work done by 176
grist and saw. grain ground and lumber sawed by, at Round Valley Agency, California. . 17
grist and mill-race, much in need of repairs, at tlmatilla Agency 152
and shops, in flourishing condition on Yaukton Reserve, run by Indians 62
Milroy, R. H., Puyallup Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of 16
Mines and mining" on San Carlos Reservation 9
coal, discovered on San Carlos Reservation XXVI. 10
of gold, silver, and copper, said to exist in Mescalero Reservation, Xew Mexico 13
of silver ore. discovered in Wichita Mountains. Kiowa Reservation. Indian Territory ..
Mission Agency, California, third annual report of S. S. Lawson 13
Episcopal, recently established on Sisseton Reservation 56
Indians, of California, need of suitable reservation for 13, 14
Indian Reserve. California, executive order establishing 260
Indians, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Missionaries, none among Pawnees, Indian Territory 90, 91
table showing number of, at Indian Agencies 272
Missionary labor, none among Indians of Blackfert Agency, Montana 112
labors among Indians of Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, interesting exhibit of. . .71, 75, 76
labors needed at Sac and Fox Agency 103
work at Round Valley, by Rev. J. S. Fisher 17
among Mission Indians done only by Catholic Fathers 15
among Kiowas. by Rev. J. B. Wicks 82
at Lower Brule Agency, by Rev. Luke C. Walker 42
at Fort Berthold Agency, by Rev. C. L. Hall 37
by Rev. A. Lawyer, among Nez Perces in Indian Territory 94
none among Indians of Crow Agency. Montana, except by Jesuit priest 114
none on Tule River Reservation. California 18, 19
none on Crow Creek Reservation. Dakota, until last July 32
none performed by Methodists at Quinault Agency; agency should be as-
signed Episcopalians , ,
none on Mescalero Reservation ; Indians recognize Supreme Being 136
of H. Swift and T. L. Riggs, 011 Cheyenne River Reservation 25
of Rev. W. J. Cleveland, at Rosebud Agency 53
on Colville and Creur d'Alene Reserves, by Jesuit Fathers 159
on Devil's Lake Reserve, done by Catholic Brothers 34
on Pima Reservation 6
on San Carlos Reservation, by J. J. Wingar 8
on Sisseton Reserve, performed by Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Morris 56
suspended on Pine Ridge Reservation 49
on Santee Reserve, by American Board Foreign Missions 127
(See Religious.)
INDEX. 467
Page.
Mixed bloods, few of, among Lower Brule Sioux 42
Moapa River Reservation, cattle trespass upon, and executive order urged 131
Modocs at Quapaw Agency, prosperous and advancing 97
deficiency in appropriation for XV
on Klamath Reservation, Oregon, industrious and loyal 145
statistics in regard to 278, 284, 296, 304
Mohaves and Ckim-e-hue-vas, on Colorado River Reservation, Arizona, report relative to 2
statistics in regard to 272, 292
Mo-ko-ho-ko's baud of Sac and Fox, trespassers in Kansas 106
Molallas. belonging to Klamath Agency, industrious and loyal 145
Molels, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Moquis Pueblo Indians, of Arizona, industrious and temperate 4
Agencv, Arizona, annual report of John H. Sullivan 3
statistics in regard to 272, 292
Morality of Indians lowered by first contact of civilization 118
social, will improve among Moquis Indians of Arizona, by leaving their mesa homes
and settling iu the valleys 4
the rule on part of Pima Indians of Ai-izona
Morals, high standard of integrity among Indians of Colorado River Agency, Arizona 2
of Devil's Lake Indians steadily improving 35
of Fort Belknap Indians, no appreciable improvement since last report 118
singularly good among Indians of Standing Rock Agency 59
Mormon Ditch, on Gila River, threatening water supply on San Carlos Reservation, abandoned 9, 10
Mormons have quite a following among Fort Hall Indians 63
Mortality. (See Sanitary.)
Mourning for the dead, curious custom among Indians of Rosebud Agency 50
Muckleshoots. statistics in regard to 288, 304
Munsees and Chippewas hold their reservation by certificate title 106
statistics in regard to 280-298
Murder of a Cayuse by a Nez Perce Indian on Umatilla Reserve 150
Indian trial and conviction for, and result 150
of Chief "Spotted Tail" by "Crow Dog," XL VII, 54, 55
of John Bordeau and Lieutenant S. Cherry by white desperadoes in Nebraska 54
of four Mescalero Apaches in drunken ftglit by Jose Manzita and his sons 136
of white man summer of 1879 by a Missouri Sac and Fox Indian 103
of Ute "Johnson," by freighter A. D. Jackson, 19
instances of, on San Carlos Reservation, Arizona 10, 11
Musical ability, remarkably developed by band composed of Carlisle pupils 190
K.
Nana, as chief of remnant of Victoria's band, commits depredations VH
Navajo Agency, New Mexico, annual report of Agent Galen Eastman 137
need of Indian police at, to prevent liquor traffic XX
Navajoes. deficiency in appropriation for XV
.quiet and peaceable, notwithstanding intrigues and military interference 137
statistics in regard to 282, 302
Neah Bay Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of Charles Willoughby
Nesqually Indian's make slow progress iii civilization, and why 166
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Nevada Agency, Nevada, annual report of Joseph M. McMaster 130
New York Agency, Indians of, prosperous and self-supporting
New York, annual report of Benjamin G. Casler 141
State, provision made by, for Indian schools XXXH
Newspapers, extensive circulation of, among Indians of Yakama Agency 176
Neztuccas. statistics in regard to 284, 302, 304
Nez Perce Agency, Idaho, annual report of Charles D. Warner 65
Nez Perces, deficiency in appropriation for XV
located at Oakland, Indian Territory, a brave, intelligent, and religious people
of Indian Territory, unless something is done for, will soon become extinct 94
statistics in regard to 276,278,294,296
Nickerson, Linus M., Klamath Agency, Oregon, annual report of
Nock-a-de-Klenny, medicine man, killed by soldiers
Northern Arapahoes at Shoshone Agency, Wyoming, labor under disadvantages, and why 183
Northern Pacific Railway through Crow Reservation, Montana, special United States commis-
sioners to arrange for right of way XXVIII, 114
Nultonatnas, statistics in regard to 284, 304
Oakland Subagency. condition of Nez Perces at 94
Ogalalla Sionx, 7,200 inhabit Pine Ridge Reserve, Dakota 44
O'Kanagans. statistics in regard to 286, 304
O'Keane, John, Tulalip Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of 171
Omaha and Wiuuebago Agency, Nebraska, annual report of Arthur Edwards 129
Omahas, statistics in regard to 282, 300
Oneidas, of Green Bay Agency, occupy 65, 000 acres good farming land 178
statistics m regard to 282, 288, 302, 306
O'Neill, James, report of farming operations on Cceur d'Alene Reservation, Washington Ter. . 161
Onondagas, statistics in regard to 282. 284, 302
Orchard on Yaukton Reserve, set out last year, looks promising 62
with varieties of fruits, numerous on Pottowatamie Reserve, and well cared for 107, 108
yield of, fair on Hoopa Valley Reservation, California 12
Oregon City Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of L. J. Miles 85
lands in Kansas, act to graduate price and to dispose of 232
468 INDEX.
Page.
Osages, act providing for payment of claim of William Redus against 233
interest of. iii house-building LXI, 86
still wear blankets 85
statistics in regard to 278. 296
Otoe Agency. Nebraska, annual report of Lewellyn E. Woodin 124
Otoes at Sac and Fox Agency. Indian Territory, about 200 ; their unsettled condition 102
and Missourias. act piWidiug for removal of, and sale of reserve < 227
and Missourias. removal of. to Indian Territory LXIII, 125
of Xebraska. their besetting sins love of whisky and dislike of work 125
statistics in regard to ". 278, 282, 296, 300
Ottawas of Quapaw Ageucv. condition and progress of 96
statistics in regard" to 278, 296
Ouray Agency. Utah. (See Los Pinos Agency.)
Ouray, deceased chief of Utes. report of his death by L'te commission 203
Outbreak apprehended of Kiowas, but overawed by presence of military 80, 81
of White Mountain Apaches . * ! VIII, IX
(See Hostilities.)
Outlaws raided from Sac and Fox Reservation, Indian Territory 103
P.
Page. Henry, Southern Ute Agency. Colorado, annual report ot 23
Pah Utes, of Colorado, renegades, depredations by 20
statistics in regard to 282, 300
Pah Vants statistics in regard to 286
Paints and ornaments but little used by Indians of Quapaw Agency 95
Palouse Indians of Yakama Agency, but little definite information of 174
Papagoes. statistics in regard to 272, 292
Parkhurst. W. H.. Lower Brule Agency. Dakota, annual report of 37
Passes, hardly any given Indians at Standing Rock Agency past year 59
Pastoral pursuits, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians should b"e encouraged in 67, 68
Klaniath Reservation. Oregon, well adapted to 144
the most practical, for Pine Ridge Sioux 46
the Pawnee Reserve. Indian Territory, finely adapted to 87
Ute Indians best adapted to 21, 23
Patents for their farms about only thing now to be done for S'Kokomish Indians 171
for land should be given every Indian family Ill, V
number of, that have been issued to Indians XXY
to lands needed by Indians of Quapaw Agency LXII
(See Allotments and Titles.)
Pawnee Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of E. H. Bowman
Pawnees, slow progress of. in civilization LXII
statistics in regard to 278, 296
Payne, "Captain," his proposed invasion of Indian Territory baulked, his arrest, and conviction- 104
judgment against, for invasion of Indian Territory, probably cannot be
collected LXVII
4 : Peace line ' ' established on San Carlos Reservation IX
Peach crop in Canon de Chelle. Xavajo Reservation, more bountiful than usual this year 137
PembinaChippewas. from utter barbarism five years ago. now orderly, thrifty, and prosperous, 110. Ill
Penal reservations for Indians, setting apart of. recommended . XXI
Pendleton, Oregon, on edge of Umatilla Reservation, encroachment of settlers 151
town of, Indians willing to cede portion of Umatilla Reserve to LXYI
Pend d'Oreilles, census of, not accurate 117
statistics in regard to 278, 280, 294, 300
Pensions amounting to $200,000 paid to Creek and Cherokee claimants past year 105
Peorias, delegation of. act providing for payment of expenses of 231
and Miamies. confederated, condition of 95
statistics in regard to 278, 296
Permit-tax to United States citizens, to reside and labor within limits of L'nion Agency 104
Physician much needed for Lemhi Agency 65
Piegans. statistics in regard to 280, 300
Pima Agency, Arizona, annual report of Roswell G. Wheeler
Pinias, of Arizona, loyal to the whites 6
statistics in regard to 272. 292
Pine Ridge Agencv, Dakota, annual report of V. T. McGillvcuddy 44
reliability of Indian police at XIX
Pine timber on Menomonee Reservation. Wisconsin, should be sold for benefit of Indians there . 177
Pitt River Indians, belonging to Klamath Agency, industrious and loyal 145
statistics in regard to 272-292
Piutes and Bannacks, now at Yakama Agency, their condition. <fcc 174
and Pah-Utes. two tribes of Nevada Agency, similar in name, but distinct in nationality. 130
living on Warm Springs Reserve, Oregon, report of agent concerning 152
statistics in regard to 282. 286, 300, 304
Police at Fort Peck deserve much credit for faithfulness, considering small pay ; $15 per month
recommented instead of $5 123
at Mescalero Agency diligent in maintaining order and preventing depredations 136
at Pima Agencv. Arizona, proven a power for good 5
at Pine Ridge Agency, essential to peace and welfare 50
at Ponca Agency, as efficient as can be expected of men so poorly paid 93
at Standing Rock, terror to evil-doers, both white and Indian . . .* 59
at Western Shoshone Agency, active and good men, but more pay urged 133
at White Earth Agency of' much service, but should be better paid, and armed and
equipped 11>
benefits from, on Fort Berthold Reservation :S7
effective in enforcing law and order on Rosebud Reservation ~.\
force at Crow Creek Agency. Dakota, reliable and efficient 32
force at Lower Brule Agency too small, and pay not enough to secure best men 43
force at Quapaw Agency more efficient than could be expected for $5 per mouth 99
INDEX. 469
Page.
Police growing in popularity and influence at Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota 25
Indian, good effect of' substitution of. for military at Pine Ridge Agency 45
Indian, number and remarkable efficiency of, at various agencies .' XVII-XX
Indian, number of, should be increased XVIII
Indian, pay of, should be increased XVIII, 34
not as efficient as desired at Southern Ute Agency, but improving 24
none can be enlisted on Sac and Fox Reservation, Indian Territory, for pay allowed. . . 193
not as effective as Fort Belknap agent could wish 1 119
on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, Indian Territory, w^ell maintained, and pre-
ventive of timible 111 a hundred forms 68
on Kiowa, &c., Reservation, Indian Territory, efficiency of 81
on Sissetou Reserve efficient; but reduction of number and increase of pay recom-
mended 56
of Klamath Agency, very efficient; head chief as captain, and second chief lieutenant. 145
ot Puyallup Agency, Washington Territory, doing much to accelerate Indian civilization 167
of San Carlos Agency, Arizona, too much praise cannot be given them 9
of Uinatilla Reservation, trustworthy and vigilant, and credit to any community 150
principal support of an Indian agent 34
skepticism relative to practicability of. dispelled 3
Policy, Indian, thorough change in needed IU
Polygamy, baneful effects of. among Pawnees of Indian Territory 90
cause of social degradation among Indian women, and remedy for 29
discountenanced by more enlightened Lower Brnle Sioux . . . .' 44
not practiced by Colorado River Agency Indians, Arizona , 2
special order forbidding, recommended by Osage agent 87
unknown now among Neah Bay Indians 162
(See Marriage.)
Ponca Agency. Indian Territory, annual report of Thomas J. Jordan 92
Poncas. act to indemnify and settle permanently in Dakota and Indian Territory XL VII, 229
agreement of Sioux to give, lands in Dakota XL VIII
census of. and payments to - . . . XLII
of Dakota, on Niobrsra River, habits and condition, and what has been done for them. 128
report of commission to ascertain facts in regard to their removal, condition, &c 217
statistics in regard to 278, 282, 296
Population, Indian, table showing (see Census) XI, 272
Porter, N. S., Fort Peck Agency, Montana, annual report of 120
Pottawatomie Agency, Kansas, annual report of H. C. Linn 106
Pottawatomies of Sac and Fox Agency. Indian Territory, industrious and progressive 102
Prairie baud, progress made by 106
statistics in regard to '. 278, 280, 288, 296, 298
Potter Valley Indians, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Pratt, R. H., first lieutenant United States Army, act providing for increase of pay of 231
in charge of Carlisle training school, report of 184
Proposals received and contracts awarded for goods and supplies for Indian service ,- tables .. 338
Property rights, Nevada Indians do not recognize, in eatables raised 131
Pueblo and Jicarilla Apache Agency, New Mexico, ninth annual report of B. M. Thomas 140
Pueblos, of New Mexico, habits and customs same as for centuries past 140
statistics in regard to 272, 282, 292, 302
Puyallup Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of R. H. Milroy 163
Puyallups, Washington Territory, industry, education, and progress of 165, 166
Q.
Quapaw Agency, Indians of industrious, need titles to lands cultivated LXII,95
Indian Territory, annual report of I). B. Dyer 94
Indian Territory, Indian police of, the "right arm " of the agent XIX
should be attached to Kansas for judicial ptirposes
Quapaw Reservation, reduction and annexation of, to Kansas recommended 95
Qttapaws among Osages somewhat industrious LXI,86
only 49 on Quapaw Reservation, rest with Osages
Queets and Hob Indians, Quinaielt Agency, almost inaccessible greater part of year 169
statistics in regard to. 286-304
Quillehutes inhabit the Neah Bay Reservation. Washington Territory, their isolated condition 162
statistics in regard to 286-304
Quinault Agency, Washington Territory, fourth annual report of Agent Oliver Wood 169
Quiuaults, statistics in regard to ' ". 286-304
R.
Railroad, Atlantic and Pacific, proximity of, to their reserve an ordeal test for Navajoes 137
Missouri, Kansas and Texas, makes unauthorized attempt to run throitgh Indian Ter-
ritory xxvin
Oregon, and Navigation Company, right of way through Umatilla Reservation, Oregon 151
right of way for, through Cheyenne River Reservation cause of excitement
through Crow Reservation, cession of right of way for
through Indian reservations, cessions of land for, made by various tribes XXVIII
Ration, insufficiency of, issued to Indians of Kiowa, &c., Agency, absolute suffering at times. .
to be issued* Sioux as fixed by agreement of 1877 XIII
issued by War Department to Hualapais to prevent starvation XLV
issued to Cheyennes and Arapahoes, Kiowas and Comanches by War Department XVI
reduction of, recommended at Standing Rock 60
Red Cloud, chief, his downfall among his people attributed to whisky-drinking 45
Red Cliff Reservation, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, Indians on, generally industrious
Red Lake Subagency. Minnesota, should have new mill and dam • 111
Redus, William, act for relief of 233
Redwood Indians, statistics in regard to 272, 292
470 INDEX.
Page.
Religion. Indians of Lemhi Reservation have scarcely an idea of. in any form 65
Religious denominations, success of work of. among ChippewM of White Earth Agency Ill
denominations, table showing agencies assigned to * 261, 312
societies, tahle showing money expended by, for educational and missionary work
among Indians * 272
tone of Carlisle training school most excellent 190
work on Kiowa, <fcc., Reservations. Indian Territory, hy returned Florida prisoners. 82
work important factor in civilization of Warm Spring Indians 155
work conducted by all sects within limits of Union A gency 104
(See Missionary.)
Removal of Jicarilla Apaches at an early day 141
of Mescalero A paches to Jicarilla Reserve urged YII
of Mescalero Apaches opposed by military and others VII
of Otoes and Missourias from Xebraska to Indian Territory LXUI, 125
of Otoes, act providing for 227
of portion of Eastern Cherokees to Indian Territory LX Y
of Ute Indians 20, 21, 325
of White River and Uncompahgre rtes to Utah XL VI, 24, 326, 331
to Dakota of Northern Cheyeimes in Indian Territory LI, 44, G7
Renegade Mission Indians living along Colorado Desert 14
Renters, about 60, at Quapaw Agency : a mutual advantage, and regulated by the department 97
Reservations, executive orders affecting 260
Indian, table showing areas of. and authority for. and tribes occupying 261
Riggs, Rev. T. L., missionary work of . cannot be too fully appreciated 25, 26
Road districts, with Indian overseers of highways. Pawnee audit recommends establishing. . . 91
Rogue River Indians, statistics in regard to '. 284, 302, 304
Ronan, Peter. Flathead Agency. Montana, annual report of 115
Roots indigenous to Klamath Reservation, Oregon, nourishing and palatable, and would do to
cultivate 144
Rosebud Agency, Dakota, annual report of John Cook 50
Round Valley Agency. California, annual report of H. B. Sheldon 15
Ruffee, C. A.', White Earth Agency. Minnesota, annual report of 110
Ruger, Colonel Thomas H., letter of, relative to necessities of Blackfeet XIV
Sac and Fox Agency. Indian Territory, annual report of John S. Shorb 100
Indian Territory, full bloods, and adhere to aboriginal customs and habits 100
of Iowa, act providing for payment of annuities to, on signing of pay-roll 231
unwillingness of. to sign pay-roll XLI, 105
of the Mississippi, statistics in regard to 278, 280, 296, 298
of Missouri, at Great Xemaha Agency, still hold to savage costume and habits. . 124
statistics in regard to 278, 282, 296, 300
Mokohoko's band, trespassers in Kansas 106
Agency, Tama County, Iowa, annual report of George L. Davenport 105
Salaries of Indian agents not corresponding to their duties and responsibilities 35, 44
paid at Indian Agencies, table showing 253
Salmon River Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 302, 304
S«n Carlos Agency, Arizona, annual report of J. C. Tiffany 6
fears that it may be attacked by hostiles VII
Apaches not implicated in raids in New Mexico VIII
Reservation, survey of boundary lines of, needed to prevent conflict with whites. . .XXVII
San Luis Rey Indians, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Sanitary condition of Cheyenne Indians good
of Hoopa Valley Indians not good, although births exceed deaths 12
of Indians, nee'd of hospitals, <fcc XLIV
of Indians, table showing 300
of Moquis Indians of Arizona improving 5
of Nez Perces in Indian Territory alarming ; deaths exceed births 33£ per cent.
of Xez Perces of Idaho good . . . .
of Poucas excellent ; acclimating process completed ; births exceed deaths.. 93
of Round Valley Indians, marked improvement in
of Umatilla Agency Indians good 152
of White Earth Agency satisfactory : little sickness and few deaths 110
(See Health. Diseases, Births. Deaths.)
San Louis Rey Indians, Mission Reservation, California ; condition of 13
San Poels, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Santee Agency, Xebraska. annual report of Isaiah Lightuer 126
Santiams, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Savage, E. B.. Capt., United States Army, relieved as acting agent Hoopa Valley Agency, Cali-
fornia, by Lieut. Gordon Winslow, U. S. A
Saw-mill at Ponca Agency produced 97. 455 feet of lumber past year
Schools among Pawnees the hope of the tribe ". LXII, 89
boarding and day, new, opened during the year ; need of more XXXII, XXXIII
and manual labor on Santee Resei'vation, Xebraska, doiLg good work 127
considered more effectual in educating Indian youth
full to overflowing at Sisseton Agency, Dakota. 55
on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, reports 01 71, 75
and day for Pueblos, success of 140, 141
off Indian Reservation afford best results 181
on Pu? allup and Chehalis Reserves, encouraging progress of pupils in 167, 168
at Potta-yattoiuie Agency, admirable system and results of
on Tula lip Reserve meet with marked success 172
boys' boarding, Cheyenne River Agency agent justly proud of
«ommendabh' progress in. of children at Devils Lake Agency, Dakota 34, 35
common and high, five civilized nations. Indian Territory, well supplied with 104
day and boarding, desired on Moquis Pueblo Reservation, Arizona 4
INDEX. 471
Page.
Schools, (lay, on Blackfeet Reservation well attended, and progress fair 112
regarded as a failure by Rosebud Agent 53
of Tulalip Agency not "a success on account of poor pay of teachers 172
total failure on Crow Creek Reserve, Dakota \ 30
gratifying results from, to Mission Indians of California ; more needed 14
greater interest felt in, by Fort Bert hold Indians , 36
industrial and boarding on Flathead Reservation. Montana, pronounced best in the field. 115
industrial and manual labor, on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation important factors
in Indian civilization 68
Indian. 28, supported b.y State of New York XXXII
insufficiency of appropriations for XIV, XV
none among Southern ITtes 23
none on Lemlii Reserve, and establishment much desired by Indians of 65
none on Rosebud Reserve 53
on Kiowa Reservation. Indian Territory; annual report of George W. Hunt and "W. T.
Calmes, superintendents ". 83, 84
011 Meuomonee Reservation, Wisconsin, conducted by Indian women, and promise
great benefit 178
( )sag<' and Kaw Reservation, Indian Territory ; best results from small children 86, 87
of Peorias and Miami es of Quapaw Agency • full attendance, and supported by their
own funds 96
of Quapaw Agency, enrollment of. and progress in 98
public, of Michigan admit Indian youth of Mackiuac Agency 109
of White Earth Agency maintained to full extent of small fund available 110
School, attendance large and on the increase on Pine Ridge Reserve; four schools in operation. 49
attendance at Pouca Agency irregular ; compulsory attendance recommended 93
boarding, with capacity for one hundred pupils, opened at Round Valley Agency • 17
on Fort Hall Reservation since February, 1880, but not one Indian can read 63
much needed at Fort Belknap Agency
at Siletz A gency transforms pupils from wretched condition when received 148
building at San Carlos Agency, Arizona 9
buildings, number, new erected, and number needed XXXIII
facilities for Pottawatomies. should have better 102
industrial boarding, on Pawnee Reservation, prospects of, encouraging 89
industrial farm at Standing Rock Agency, conducted by Benedictines. '. 59
industrial, at Neah Bay Agency, seventy pupils ; all speak English language 162,163
manual labor, of Absentee Shawnees, Indian Territory ; filled past year
room work at Carlisle training-school, admirable methods and system 185
(See Education and Training schools.)
Scouts, Indian. (See Police.)
Seger, John H., superintendent Arapaho boarding school, report of
Self-support, progress of Osages toward ; request stoppage of rations 86
little progress in. by Rosebud Sioux 50
Self-supporting, Absentee Shawiiees of Indian Territory are, and depend mainly on stock-raising. 101
Grand Ronde Indians of Oregou are. !
Indians of New York Agency are
Indians of Warm Springs Agency, Oregou, nearly 1 54
majority of Crow Creek Indians will be, in five years
Mission Indians of California are, by civilized pursuits 14
nearly all Indians of Umatilla Agency are, and own large herds 150
Peorias and Miamies of Quapaw Agency are 96
Pima Indians of Arizona entirely so
Pine Ridge Sioux would ultimately become, as stock raisers
Puyallups are, by farming. 166
Tu'le River Indians of California would be. if on suitable lands 19
seventy-five per cent, of the Indians of Tulalip Agency, Washington Terri-
tory are 172
Seminoles and Jreek boundary, Congress should appropriate funds to settle dispute as to LIV
belonging to Union Agencv, Indian Territory, civilized, and have government on plan
of States ....I 103
statistics in regard to •• 280,296
Senecas of Cattaraugus Reservation, New York, claim to have been defrauded of certain
lands 142
of Quapaw Agency, condition and progress of 96
statistics in regard to ... 278,282,296,302
Serrauos Indians, Mission Reservation, California, condition of
statistics in regard to 272,292
Settlers in Judith country, adjacent to Fort Belknap Reservation, Montana, ranchmen and
good citizens . . . . 118
prior rights on Mescalero Reservation to farms and mill property, bad effects of 135,136
Sewing-machines used by thirty to forty Indian .families of Yakama Agency 176
Shastas, statistics in regard to! 284,302
Shawnees, act providing for sale of stock of, sufficient to reimburse D. S. McDougal and C. S.
Wilder.. . 228
of Quapaw Agency, condition and progress of
statistics in regard to 278,296
Sheepeaters of Lemhi Agencv. report of agent concerning 64
statistics in regard to 276,294
Sheep-raising, an industry that should be encouraged at Flathead Agency, Montana 115
attempted 'by a Round Valley Indian ; cause of failure
Warm Springs Reservation, well adapted to ; agent urges Indians to invest in. . 154
Sheep-shearing, for whites, an industry among Round Valley Indians, California
Sheldon, H. B.. Round Valley Agency, California, annual report of
Sherman, Daniel, relieved as agent of New York Agency by Benjamin Garfer, June 15, 1881. . .
Shoalwater Bay Indians, Quiiiaielt Agency, advanced in civilization, and well oft* 169
statistics in regard to 286,304
472 INDEX.
Page.
Shops, agency, Osages request that they be closed, and Indians required to pay for what they
receive -'. 86
carpenter and blacksmith, worked entirely by Indian labor on Sautee Reservation 127
at Ponca Agency, articles manufactured and repairs made 93
Shorb, John S., Sac and Fox Agency, Indian Territory, annual report of 100
Shoshone Agency, AVyoming, annual report of Charles Hatton 183
Shoshones and Bannacks. cede portion of Fort Hall Reserve to Utah and Northern Rail-
road XXVIII
on Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho, quiet, peaceful, and industrous 63
of Lemhi Agency, report of agent concerning 64
of Wyoming, under leadership of Chief Washakie, steadily improve in farming 183
statistics in regard to 276, 282, 288, 294, 302, 306
Siletz Agency. Oregon, annual report of E. A. Swan 146
Sinnott, P. B., Grand Ronde Agency, Oregon, tenth annual report of 142
Siuslaws, statistics in regard to : 284, 304
Sioux, act providing for payment of claims against 229, 233
agree to give Poncas lands in Dakota." XLVIII
appropriation for. insufficient XIV
Assinaboine, at Fort Belknap, report of agent concerning 117
Assinaboine, at Fort Peck Agency, report of agent concerning 120
at Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota, report concerning 25
at Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota, report concerning 33
fear of, by Fort Berthold Indians 36
Xation of Indians, possibilities of their future
at Pine Ridge Agency, rapidly adopting white man's ways ." 45
give railroad companies right of way across their reserve XXVIII, 24
• at Lower Brule Agency, report of agent concerning 37
of Rosebud Agency, quiet and well disposed toward government and whites 50
at Standing Rock Agency, report of agent concerning 57
Santee and Flandreau. report of agent concerning 126
statistics in regard to 274, 276, 280, 282, 292, 294, 300
Sisseton Agency, Dakota, annual report of Charles Crissey 55
Sioux at Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota
Sitting Bull hostiles, about 60 ragged and starved, absorbed among Pine Ridge Indians 44
their arrival and surrender at Fort Peck to military authorities 122
2,858 now at Standing Rock Agency, tractable and exemplary XL VII, 57, 58
Sixes, statistics in regard to 284, 304
S'Klallams, of S'Kokomish Agency, hunt, tish, and farm, and are industrious 171
statistics in regard to 288, 304
S'Kokomish Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of Agent Edwin Eells 171
Indians, statistics in regard to 288, 304
Smith, John, Warm Springs Agency, Oregon, annual report of 152
Snake Indians on Klamath Reserve. Oregon, industrious and loyal 145
statistics in regard to 284, 304
Snohomish Indians, statistics in regard to 288, 304
Soldiers attacked by White Mountain Apaches IX
at Fort Yates, garrison of, would not be needed if Indian police at Standing Rock were
increased 59
arrest and kill medicine man on San Carlos Reserve IX
four companies of, at Fort Stantou will not be needed if Mescaleros remove to Jiearilla
Reserve '. VII
(See Military and War Department.)
Southern Ute Agency Colorado, annual report of Agent Henry Page 23
Spanish language understood by Ute Indians '.
Special Indian agents, addresses of 312
Spokane colony at Deep Creek, trespassing upon lands of, by whites 66
Indian colony of Deep Creek, Idaho, their progress, &c 66
Spokanes, executive order setting apart reservation for 260
Washington Territory, Reservation for, urged by Inspectors Watkins and Pollock . . 158
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Spotted Tail, Chief, his influence and power, and its effect 51
murder of XLVII,54
Squaw men and half breeds, bad influence of
none among Southern Utes 23
none on Lower Brul6 Reservation
Squaxin reserve, heavily timbered, no progress among Indians on 166
Squaxins, statistics in regard to. 286, 304
Saint Regis Indians, .statistics in regard to 284, 302
Standing Rock Agency, destruction of timber in vicinity of, by military post XXIX
Dakota, annual report of J. A. Stephan 57
Stephan, J. A., Standing Rock Agency, Dakota, annual report of
Stephens, E., Green Bay Agency, Wisconsin, annual report of 176
Stickney, W. S., disbursing agent of Ute Commission, report of his death 201
Stock animals at Round Valley Agency, California 17
encouraging increase of, on San Carlos Reservation, Arizona
furnished Pine Ridge Sioux, well cared for, and promising increase
owned by Cheyenne River Indians 25
owned by Los Pinos Utes
belonging to Lower Brule Sioux, loss of, during severe winter 40
Stockbridges, farmers, and reap fair crops 179
statistics in regard to .« 288, 306
Stock cattle, a few of, for Lemhi Indians would greatly encourage them 64
eaten by Indians of Kiowa, &c., Agency because of short rations 79, 80
for Indians of Klamath Agency, Oregon," would contribute largely to their support. . 144
for Indians of Westei-n Sboshone Agency would soon do away with beef bill 133
issued to Pawnees, killed by them LXII, 89
INDEX. 473
Page.
Stock cattle, more of, needed by Tankton Sioux 62
number of, furnished Indians since 1878 XXXVIII
well cared for by Kaws of Osage Agency, Indian Territory , . 86
1,500, issued to Rosebud Indians since 1879, but one-third now alive 52
considerable increase in, on Sisseton Reserve 56
of all kinds owned by Indians of Umatilla Reserve, Oregon 150
of ISTavajoes, sheep, goats, and horses, their chief wealth and source of subsistence . . 137
of Otoes suffered on account of severity of winter 125
owned by Poncas in Indian Territory, and appreciation of value of 93
owned by Warm Springs Indians 154
wholesale destruction of, through starvation last winter on Takama Reserve 173
one-third of, perished on Standing Rock Reserve owing to severity of winter 58
none lost by stockmen or settlers through Pine Ridge Indians 45,
owned by government at agencies, table showing. . ." 292
owned by Indians, table showing XH, 292
Stock-raising among Indians, increased rations needed to insure success of LVIII, LXI
by Crow Creek Indians, Dakota, 1,227 head all told 29
interest of Kaws and Osages in 87
most profitable and sure industry for Omahas and Winnebagoes of Nebraska 129
principal industry of Absentee Shawnees, Sac and Fox Agency, Indian Territory. 101
recommended for Moguls Indians of Arizona 4
to extent of ] , 500 head carried on by Uintali Utes of Utah 156
Ute Indians incline to 23, 328
Stocks held in trust for Indian tribes, statement of 242-244
Stone, E. A., Fort Hall Agency, Idaho, annual report of 63
Stoves, cooking, as civilizing agents and a saving in preparation of food 49
three hundred in use among Indians of Pine Ridge Agency, and more wanted. 46
Subsistence of Indians, table showing sources of 292
Suicides, two on Umatilla Reservation, one boy fifteen and one girl eleven years old 152
Sullivan, John H., Moquis Pueblo Agency, Arizona, annual report of ' 3
Superstitions of Indians of Blackfeet Agency not to occupy dwelling where death has occurred. . Ill
and barbarous habits, Santee and Flandreau Sioux no longer addicted to 126
enchantment and sacrifice of property at burials among Western Shoshones 133
gross and revolting among Pawnees, Indian Territory 90, 91
dying out among Rosebud Sioux 50
practiced to appease the dead 223, 131
Superstitious practices, things of the past among Mission Indians of California 14
still clung to by Shawnees and Senecas at Quapaw Agency 96, 97
Stippai Reserve, Arizona, executive order modifying 260
Suppais, statistics in regard to 272
Supplies abundant at Crow Creek Agency, and largely supplemented by productions 32
annuity, goods, and agricultural implements furnished Standing Rock past year enor-
mous. : 60
for the Indian service, proposals received and contracts awarded for, tables 338
good quality and promptly delivered for Southern Utes 24
saved by gains in issues at Pine Ridge Agency past year, $50,322.28 48, 49
(See Goods and supplies.)
Survey of boundary lines of Nevada Reservation urged to protect fishery right of the Indians. 132
of boundary lines of Indian reserves needed to prevent conflicts between whites and
Indians XXVI
of boundary lines of Umatilla Reservation. Oregon, again urged by the agent 151
of Colville Reserve, very desirable 159
of Cosur d' Alene Reservation should be made 159
of lauds for Southern Utes on Rio La Plata XL VI, 23, 333
of tillable lands in Indian reserves necessary in order to make allotments XXVTI
of boundary lines of new Los Pinos Reserve earnestly asked 22, 325, 328
of Devil's Lake Reservation urged
needed on Fort Berthold Reserve
of boundary lines of San Carlos Reservation earnestly urged XXVI, 9, 10
Swan, E. A., Siletz Agency. Oregon, annual report of 146
Swinomish Indians, statistics in regard to 288, 304
belonging to Tulalip Agency, Washington Territory, about at standstill-.
T.
Tallahasse Mission, appropriation of Congress to assist in rebuilding
building burned, new one begun LIX
Tejons. statistics in regard to 272, 292
Telegraph line, from Rosebud Agency to landing on Missouri River, 132 miles 53
128 miles constructed by Indian labor on Pine Ridge Reservation
Telegraphic facilities recommended by 'Sac and Fox agent, Indian Territory 100
Telegraphing, deficiency in appropriation for XV
Temperance pledge exacted of Siseton Sioux, or no rations
Teninoes belonging to Warm Springs Agency, Oregon, report of agent concerning 152
statistics in regard to. 286,304
Tepee cloth or canvass duck, for lodges, discontinuance of issue of, recommended 60
Thomas, Ben. M., Pueblo and Jicarilla Apache Agency, New Mexico, annual report of 140
Tiffany, J. C., San Carlos Agency, Arizona, annual report of
Tillamooks, statistics in regard to - 284, 302
Timber depredations in Indian Territory, law in relation to, should be speedily amended 99, 104
on Indian lands, present law ineffectual to prevent LXVLU
on Indian reserves, destruction of, by military XXIX
plunder of, on ' ' Missouri bottom "
scarcity of, on Lower Brule Reserve
trespassers on Umatilla Reservation, Oregon, suppressed by Indian police
Tis-win, an intoxicating liquor made by San Carlos Indians
474 INDEX.
Page.
Title, hereditary, to their homes will give permanence to Indian industry and self-dependence. 32, 33
to Crow Creek Reservation demanded by Indians of 32
to their homes, the great boon prayed for by Santees of Nebraska 126
to Indian lauds of restrictive character recommended by Saute e agent 128
Indian, to land should be made permanent XXH, 142
to homesteads on Quapaw Reservation, questionable and insecure, and remedy urged 99, 100
(See Allotments and Patents.)
Tonawanda Senecas, statistics in regard to 282, 284, 302
Tootootnas. statistics in regard to 284, 304
Towaconies. statistics in regard to 278, 294
Towusend, E. B., special agent, relieved from charge of Pima Agency, Arizona, by Roswell G-.
Wheeler r,
Traders, should be more than one, at Shoshone Agency 183, 184
Indians, at Crow Creek Agency. Dakota, entering lists with white trader
Trades, mechanical, started by Santee agent 127
Training school. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, annual report of R. H. Pratt, in charge 184
Training schools at Carlisle, Hampton, and Forest Grove, success of XXXIV— XXXVII
graduates from, to be educators of their people 6, 82
like Hampton and Carlisle, more needed for education of Indian youth 61
only real practicable educational measure for Indian children 30
the' Indians refuse to send children to 23
statistics in regard to 288, 306
Transportation by Indian freighters, a success at Shoshone Agency. Wyoming 184
for Indian service, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 356
of goods and supplies for Moquis Pueblos, difficult, owing to lack of water 3
of goods and supplies, Mescalero Apaches wish to engage in, if furnished with
wagons and teams 136
of Indian supplies, deficiency in appropriation for XV, XVI
of Pine Ridge, supplies by hired Indian teams without loss or damage 47, 48
of supplies over mountains successfully performed by Uintah Agency Indians. 156
of supplies delayed and rates increased, owing to insufficiency of appropriation . XVI
(See Freighting.)
Treaties and agreements with Indians, list of, showing dates, &c 31G
tribes in Washington Territory and Oregon, expiration of LXV
Treaty stipulations often violated, owing to insufficient appropriations V
stipulation regarding hostility between Indians tribes suggested
Trees, forest and fruit, planted on Yankton Reserve 62
over 700 set out past, year on Crow Creek Reservation. Dakota
Trespassers on lands of Eastern Cherokees, suits should be instituted against LXIV
on Reservation set apart for Spokane Indian Colony at Dee]) Creek. Idaho 66
on Fort Belknap Reservation, creates discontent among Indians 118
on Ute Reservation in Colorado 20, 334
on TTmatilla Reservation on account of uncertainty of boundary -line 151
(See Intruders. )
Tribal government, dissolution of. established fact on Crow Creek Reservation, Dakota
relations weakening on Western Shoshone Reservation, owing to organization of police. 133
relations kept up by Mission Indians of California
system surely disappearing on Kiowa, &c., Reservations, Indian Territory 78
(See Chieftainship.)
Trust funds and trust lands, tables showing transactions in 241, 251
Tufts, John Q., Union Agency. Muskogee. Indian Territory, annual report of
Tulalip Agency. Colorado, annual report of John O'Keane Ill
Tule River Agency. California, annual report of C. G. Belknap
Tules, statistics in regard to 272, 292
Turtle Mount band ot Chippewas. right of. to land in Dakota should be determined • L
Tuscaroras, statistics in regard to 282, 284, 302
U.
Uintah Valley Agency, Utah, annual report of J. J. Critchlow 155
Ukies, statistics in regard to. 272, 292
Umatilla Agency, Oregon, ajinual report of R. H. Fay . ... 149
Indians of, give right of way to Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company . . XXVII
Umatillas Indians willing to cede portion of, to town of Pendleton XLVII
own large herds, and are self-supporting 150
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Umpquas, statistics in regard to 284, 302
Uncompahgre Utes, their removal to Utah 20, 330
Union Agency, agents at, should have authority of foreign consul in adjudication of cases LX
Muskogee, Indian Territory, annual report of John Q. Tufts 103
inconvenient location of, to be changed LX
Ute agreement, ratification o for sale of Ute Reservation in Colorado, settlement on lands in
severalty, &c 208-216
Ute Commission, act providing for payment of expenses of 231
indefatigable in their labors
instructions for their guidance by the Secretary of the Interior 206
labors of. c< nnected with settlement of White River Utes on install Valley. . 157, 331
reports of 201, 325
Indians of Colorado in state of uncertainty and excitement on account of removal to Utah.
Indian, purest type on A nerican Continent
Utes, act making deficiency appropriation for support of 229
feeding White River Band of, and compelling Uintah Band to work, may cause dissatis-
faction . .... ...... IV, 157
of Colorado, removal of, to new location in Utah successfully accomplished XL VI, 19, 330, 331
Southern survey of lands for. on Rio La Plata XL VI, 23, 333
Uintah. numbering 474 Indians, live on Uintah Valley Reservation, Utah 155
White River, should be consolidated with Uintahs. . ." 157, 332
Statistics in regard to 274, 286, 292, 304
INDEX. 475
V.
Page.
Victoria's Baud, remnant of, chased by military toward Sonora "VII, 11
depredations by "remnant "of VII
remnant of, are prevented from coming into Mescalero Agency by soldiers and
Indian scouts VH
Visiting Indians, Standing Rock Agency, 223 at one time 59
of Indians to relatives and friends, far and near, and results of 51
V enereal diseases chief curse of Pima Indians of Arizona 6
W.
Wagons and harness. Pawnees willing to freight supplies to pay for. 91
for Indians' service, table of proposals received and contracts awarded for 400
number of, issued to Indians , XXXIX
Walker River Reservation, under Nevada agent, efforts of Indians to commence farming 131
Walla Wallas own large herds and are self-supporting ' 150
statistics in regard to 296, 304
Wappato Lake Indians, statistics in regard to 284, 202
Wapeton Sioux at Devil's Lake Agency, Dakota 33
War Department, issue of rations to Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas, and Comanches by, neces-
sitated by insufficient appropriations XVI
issues rations to, and sets off unsuitable reserve for Hualapais XLV
law allowing, to introduce liquor on Indian reserves should be repealed XXXI
(See Military.)
Warm Spring Agency, Oregon, annual report of John Smith , 152
Indians, statistics in regard to 286, 304
Warner, Charles D. , Nez Perce Agency, Idaho, annual report of 65
Wascoes, belonging to Warm Springs Agency, Oregon, progress made by 152
statistics in regard to 286, 304
Water spout on San Carlos Reservation 8
Water supply for Lower Brule Reserve, need for some artificial system for 39
wqrks, system of, at Pine Ridge Agency, water distributed through buildings 50
Weavers' looms', &c. , asked for by Flat head agent to start new industry 115, 116
Western Shoshone Agency, Nevada, annual report of John How 132
Wheat crop failure on Vankton Reservation : rye or barley should be substituted therefor 61
Wheat growing on Fort Belknap Reservation, and conclusions of agent • 119
successfully raised on Fort Hall Reservation 63
winter, growing on Omaha and Winnebago Reservations, Nebraska, uncertain and risky 129
Wheeler, Roswell G., Pima A gency , Arizona, annual report of
Whiskey ranches, two miles from Pine Ridge Agency, broken up by Indian police
selling along line of Railway through Navajo Reservation, "great evil to Indians 138
traffic^ and efforts to suppress on San Carlos Reservation 10
by wood-choppers on Upper Missouri River, reported by Fort Belknap agent. . 118
but few instances of, at White Earth Agency, and parties offending summarily
dealt with Ill
greatest evil to be overcome on New Tork Indian Reservations 142
on Sac and Fox Reservations, Indian Territory, broken up, after relentless war
and many convictions 103
with Indians of Great Nemaha Agency by neighboring white settlers 123
(See Liquor.)
White Earth Agency, Minnesota, annual report of C. A . Ruffee -.
White Mountain Apaches surrender to military IX
White River Utes, their settlement at Uintah Agentfy, future prospects, &c 157, 331
White settlers holding nearly all lands of Round Valley Reservation, California
Whites in Indian camps arrested by Standing Rock police. ..
Wichitas, act making deficiency appropriations for support of 229
advancement of, in civilization LX.77
deficiency in appropriation for
statistics' in regard to *• 278, 294
Wichumnis, statistics in regard to 272
Wicks, J. B., report of his missionary labors on Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation 76, 82
Wilbur. James H., Takama Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of 173
Wilder. C. S., act to reimburse him' for payment made on land purchased of Shawnees
Wilkinson, M. C., Lieut. United States Army, Forest Grove Training School, Oregon, annual
report of
Willoughby, Charles, Neah Bay Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of
Wilson, T.'R., teacher of Puya'llup Industrial Boarding School, Washington Territory, report of
Winnebago and Omaha Agency, anntial report of Agent Arthur Edwards - . 129
Winneba°'oes act to adiust the funds of, pro rata between those in Nebraska and those in
Wisconsin XI, 226
census of, taken preliminary to payment of annuities XL, 226
statistics in regard to 282,288,300
Winslow, Gordon, Lieut. United States Army, acting agent Hoopa Valley Agency, California,
annual report of - '
Witchcraft, death penalty for
Wacoes, statistics in regard to 278, 29
" Wocos," seed from a species of pond lily, nutricious food
Wolf Point Subagency, Fort Peck Reservation, buildings. &c., at
Wood choppers on Upper Missouri engaged in wniskv traffic
Wood, Oliver, Quinault Agency, Washington Territory, fourth annual report of .
Woodin, Lewellyn E., Otoe Agency, Nebraska, annual report of
Women, Indian, social condition or, and remedy -- ^"
Wyaudottes, act providing for payment of claim and taking of census of XLII, 228
Quapaw Agency, condition and progress of
statistics in regard to - — - 278,296
476 INDEX.
Page.
Wylackies, statistics in regard to 272,292
Yakama Agency, Washington Territory, annual report of James H. Wilbur 173
efficiency of Indian police at XX
Takamas, statistics in regard to 288-306
Tarn Hill Indians, statistics in regard to 284-302
Yankton Agency, Dakota, annual report of W. D. E. Andrus " 60
Indian police of, powerful restraint on both whites and Indians XX
Sioux claim that blood of no white person stains their hands 60
Yanktonnais Sioux are farming small allotments on Fort Peck Reservation 121
Young, John, Blackfeet Agency, Montana, annual roport of 1 LI
Yumas, statistics in regard to. 272
126*
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