Five Thousand Facts
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A
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ENLARGED
5.OOO FACTS ABOUT
REVEALING IN TABLOID FORM -A FACT IN A SENTENCE-
THE WEALTH AND RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION
A GATEWAY IN OLD QUEB
SELF-INDEXING CHAPTERS ON
Area PAGE 4
First Things n
Manufacturies
o Temperance 52
Agriculture i
Fores', ry 15
Population
8 Timber 52
Banking 5
Immigration 1 5
Post Offices
o Trade and Tariff =5
Big Things 7
Insurance 17
Provinces
i Telegraphs ?r
Canals 8
Labor 19
Railways
4 Western Canada 59
Education 9
Militia 23
Religions
9 Wher. t 6 1
Financial 10
Marine 21
Ranching
3 Wonders of Can.
Fisheries -.3
Mining ^4
Saskatchewan
3 National Park 63
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Five Thousand Facts About
Arranged Alphabetically Under Subjects
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Most of the statistics are for the fiscal year of nine
months from June i, 1906, to March 3ist, 1907.
Besides the facts given under such general heads as
"Agriculture," "Trade and Commerce," "Wheat,"
"Western Canada," etc., additional figures are given
under the heads of the different provinces.
The provinces are alphabetically grouped under the
general head of " Provinces."
AGRICULTURAL.
(See also "Wheat.")
Canada's total grain production, 1906 (per Trade and
Commerce Report) exclusive of Quebec, 415,038,654
bushels.
Of this, wheat, 125,515,491 bushels ; oats, 20-3,161,861
bushels.
Ontario produced 194,000,000 bushels of grain— nearly
one-half of total for Dominion ; Manitoba, 130,-
000,000 bushels ; Saskatchewan, 63,000,000 ; Al-
berta, 19,300,000 ; New Brunswick, 7,381,000 ; Brit-
ish Columbia, 2,688,000 ; Nova Scotia, 2,464,000.
45 per rent, of Canadians are engaged in husbandry.
63 million acrea occupied in 1901.
87 per cent, of Canada's farmers owned their holdings
in 1901.
Canada had $ 1,787, 000, 000 invested in agriculture in
1901. Of this, 1 billion was in land, 275 millions
in live stock.
Canada has 4 times as much invested in agricjlture
as in manufacture.
Total value of farm property, lands and implements,
li billions. (1901.)
Capital invested in natural product industries (1901)
§1,909,116,580, viz., agriculture, $1,787,102,630;
dairying, $6,315,410; minerals, §104,489,976; and
fisheries, $11,208,564.
Value of natural products (1901), $511,666,306, viz.,
agriculture, $363,126,384 ; dairying-,. $29,731,922 ;
forests, $51,052,689 ; minerals, $47,956,862 ; fisher-
ies, $19,768,449.
Canada's Agricultural Department had nearly 48,000
farmers join in seed tests in 1906.
Canada's agricultural products, June, 1906-March,
1907, $35,856,616; animal products, $55,422,499—
total of 91 millions.
Exported to Great Britain : Agricultural products,
$29,940,454; animal products, $48,313,070— total of
78 millions.
Exported to United States : Agricultural products,
$2,147,081; animal products, $6,035,029— total of
8 millions.
Great Britain buys nine-tenths of Canada's .atural
product exports.
Canada's sales to Great Britain, June, 1906-March,
1907: 24,432,786 bushels wheat, worth $19,566,017;
633,493 bbls. of ffour, worth $2,352,444; 64,591
tons of hay, worth $655,259; $300,350 worth of
agricultural implements; 149^348 cattle, worth $10,-
200,137: 35,233 sheep, worth $227,186; 17,243,390
Ibs. of butter, worth, $3,805,925; 177,442,106 Ibs.
of cheese, worth $21,909,879; 2,434,508 dozen eggs,
worth $521,656; provisions, (meats, etc.) worth
$36,053,964; 933,769 bbls. of apples, worth $2,511,-
195.
Canada's surplus of farm products for exports (agri-
cultural and animal) has increased from 10 mil-
lions in 1879 to 91 millions in 9 mos. period, June,
1906-March, 1907.
Canada's value per head of agricultural products,
1901, $77; U.S., $62.
Average value in farm crops and fruits in Canada,
1901, $10.33 per acre; U.S. (excluding sub-tropical
products), $9.41.
CHEESE AND BUTTER.
Aggregate value of Canadian cheese and butter ex-
ports for 1907, $20,186,398.
Returns to the dairy farmer from season's exports to
close of navigation were $5,812,636 less than in
1906.
According to the Montreal Gazette's Annual, the Can-
adian farmer, allowing for the cheese still to be
exported, received $23,000,000 for the 1907 dairy-
ing operations, as against §29,000,000 in 1906.
In the London market the ruling average price of
cheese during the seven months of production of
1907, was 61s., as against 50s. 6d. for 1906.
While imports of Canadian cheese into Great Britain
show a slight falling off, and imports from New
Zealand are increasing, Canada is still far in the
lead, supplying within 34,911 tons of all of Grant
Britain's needs.
Canada's exports to the United Kingdom were 90,679
tons, or 5,205 tons less than last year. At the
same time New Zealand's cheese exports to the
mother country increased 2,727 tons. But New
Zealand's total shipments were only 8,597 tons.
3
The imports of cheese into Great Britain are dimin-
ishing, and the most marked falling off is shown
iu the imports from the United States.
Out of total imports of 125,590 tons of cheese iuta
Great Britain for year ending June 30, 1907, Can-
ada sent 90,679 tons.
MILLING (FLOUR, ETC.)
Canada had, 1901, over 400 flour mills, employing not
less than 5 hands each.
Capital invested, $14,686,558; 4,251 employed; wages,
$1,985,991.
Ontario had 275 mills; Manitoba, 37; Quebec, 35;
Maritime Provinces, 31; Saskatchewan and Al-
berta, 17; B.C., 2.
Flour exports, 1906-7, 1,092,123 bbls., value 34,095,-
207; $2,352,444 to British Isles, $724,154 to New-
foundland.
Value of grain and grain products exported, 1906-7,
$33/584,491 .
AREA.
Canada contains 1-3 of area of British Empire — 3,-
744,695 square miles.
50 per cent, of area is not yet included in provinces.
Canada's 3 northern districts of Mackenzie, Ungava
and Franklin are larger than China.
Canada has nearly a million square miles of practi-
cally unexplored area in the far north.
Canada extends over 40 degrees of latitude— equal
from Rome to the North Pole.
63 million acres of Canada's area occupied, 30 mil-
lion acres thereof improved. (1901 census.)
Canada's proportion of population is 1.72 to square
mile. Australia 1 ; United States, 21 ; England
and Wales, 558 ; British Empire (outside of India),
4.
Eighty per cent, of Canada's area lies north of Lake
Superior ; 20 per cent. east.
4
Only 3i per cent, of Canada's area is water.
Canada is bounded by three oceans, its 13,000 miles
coast line equals half circumference of earth.
Canada is 3,500 miles across by 1,400 miles from
north to south.
Canada-U. S. boundary line is 3,000 miles long; 1,600
by land, 1,400 through water.
Canada has enough land to give each person 400
acres.
Canada is larger in area than the United States, in-
cluding Alaska, by 128,211 square miles (with pop-
ulation of one-thirteenth).
Canada is as large as 30 United Kingdoms and 18
Germanys ; twice size of British India ; almost as
large as Europe.
Canada is 18 times size of France, 20 of Spain, 33 of
Italy.
Britain'sover-seas empire is 100 times the size of the
motherland.
Canada has 33 per cent, of Empire area, but only
1 1-3 per cent, of Empire population of 400 mil-
lions.
BANKS AND BANKING.
(See also "Financial.")
(From Government statement ending Dec. 31st, 1907.)
Canada has 35 chartered banks, with 2,000 branches.
128 branches, 1868.
Canadian banks have $95,995,482 of paid-up capital ;
$77,504,398 of bank notes in circulation ; 50 mil-
lion Dominion notes ; reserve funds, $70,901,232.
Sixty years ago the 17 banks had six millions in cir-
culation.
Bank assets, 921 millions ; liabilities, 743 millions.
Assets have increased over 800 millions since 1868 ;
trebled in ten years.
Canada's Bank Act limits circulation to extent of
paid-up capital.
Capital of Canada's banks has increased 50 per cent.
5
in 10 years ; note circulation, over 100 per cent,
in same period.
Bank clearings, 1907, (13 clearing houses), $4,324,-
402,794 ; increase of nearly one million over 1905.
Montreal is Canada's greatest banking centre ; To-
ronto second; Winnipeg third.
Canada has 472 branch banks in the Northwest; only
one at Confederation; 131 in 1901.
Home Bank of Canada, paid-up capital, $863,115; M.
sets, $6,421,489.
Bank of Montreal, capital originally $350,000, UK>W
$14,400,000 ; assets, 163 millions.
Only six banks in America or Europe have a la.fy«f
capital.
Bank of Commerce, capital, 10 millions; 5 milT.friu
more to be added; assets, 111 millions. Rest ac-
count, 50 per cent, of capital; deposits, 80 '.mil-
lions; 35 branches, 1887; 177 in 1907.
Current loans in Canada, 556 millions ; other lumn,
72 millions, or 628 millions in all.
Bank deposits in Canada, 559 millions ; trebled in l«:i
years ; doubled in four years.
Canada has over 1,000 post office and government
savings banks ; 209,563 depositors have neurly
62 millions on deposit.
28£ millions more in special savings banks, 40 mil-
lions in private banks, loan companies, etc.
Grand total savings of 690 millions— over $100 par
head, the highest record of any country in th«
world.
BONDS. ill
Canada sold $82,635,740 worth of bonds in 1907. (hi-
crease of 28 millions over 1900.)
England bought $63,095,057 ; Canada, $14,761,683 ;
U, S., $4,799,000.
These bonds represented : $58,931,200 corporation ;
$14,430,540 municipal ; $9,274,000 Provincial.
Municipalities have $25,000,000 worth for sale.
6
Canadian Government bonds issued in 1907, $9,274,-
000. England took §8,900,000.
The lowest money rate of 1907 (six per cent.) was
equal to the highest rate of 1906.
Great Britain took during 1907 nearly two and- one-
half times as many Canadian bonds as in 1906,
and came well up towards the $85,621,395 taken
in 1905, the year of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and
other largo issues. This is especially gratifying as
an indiction of the continued increasing interest
of British investors in Canadian securities. — E. R.
Wood.
Great Britain has over 15 billion dollars invested
abroad, South Africa gets 13.2 per cent, Aus-
tralasia 0.4, Canada 4.1.
British investments in Canada have market value .of
$1.275.264.000, and in U. S. $2.240.000.000.
British investments in Canada have more than
doubled in 10 years.
Canada's interest bill due Britain is about 60 mill-
BIG THINGS IN CANADA.
Canada has the largest consecutive wheat field in
the world,900 by 300 miles.
Canada has the most prolific and extensive sea fish-
eries in the world, as well as some of the great-
est salmon rivers. *• X «,O
The largest grain mills in the British Empire, those
of the Lake of ther Woods Milling Co. at Kee-
watin, have a capacity of 10,500 barrels of flour
in 24 hours.
Canada has the largest elevator in the world at Port
Arthur — capacity seven million bushels.
G. T. P,, will build a 12 million bushel one at Fort
William.
Canada has the largest lift lock in the world- at
Peterboro.
Canada will have the longest bridge span in the
world at Quebec.
Canada has one of the largest single canal locks in
the world, at Sault Ste. Marie.
Canada has the largest nickel mines in the world,
and the largest single nickel producing mine in
the Creighton.
Canada has the richest silver-nickel-cobalt deposits
in the world at Cobalt.
Canada has the largest zinc smelter in the world, at
Frank, Alberta.
The thickest known coal seam in the world — 47 feet
—has been found at Stellarton, Nova Scotia.
Canada's largest freight vessel, The Midland Prince,
is 486 feet long.
Canada has one of the highest tides in the world—
59^ feet in Noel Bay, Minas Basin, Bay of
Fundy.
The C.P.R. 120-mile yard in Winnipeg is the largest
" in the Empire.
Canada has more than one-half of the fresh water
area of the globe.
One of the largest collieries in the world is at Glace
Bay, N. S.
Canada has the largest herd of pure bred buffalo left
in the world, viz., nearly 600.
CAN4 LS.
Canada has spent 116 millions on construction and
enlargement and repairs of 72 miles of canals —
over a million and a quarter a mile.
Canada has spent 446 millions on railways and
canals.
Canada's canals are now free of tolls.
A much greater tonnage passes through the Sault
canals than through tho Suez.
Canada's Sault canal passes a tonnage greater than
all Canada furnished a generation ago.
8
Georgian Bay ship canal will reduce distance from
Georgian Bay to Montreal to 430 miles (thus sav-
ing two days)— 300 miles less than present route
via Lake Erie and St. Lawrence.
1550,000 has been spent on survey of Georgian Bay
Canal. Estimated total cost of a 21-foot canal,
8105,000,000.
The expansion of business on the canals of Canada in
last 20 years is relatively larger than that shown
by the railways during same period.
Of the great water highway from tidewater to the
upper lakes, Canada holds the door. It is a great
asset.— Hon. B. F. Sutherland.
Total canal tonnage, 1906, 10,532,185— largest in Can-
ada's history. Doubled since 1900. Increase of 287
per cent, in 20 years.
Large increase in tonnage between Canadian ports ;
also between U.S. ports via Canadian canals.
Tonnage of 1906 represented 25,498 Canadian vessels
(or passages); 7,319, U.S. Carrying capacity of
each country about equal, however.
The recent expansion of freight business on Cana-
dian canals has been relatively larger than that
of Canadian railways.
Iron ore comes first in canal traffic; agricultural pro-
ducts 40 per cent, of total trade.
Traffic through Canadian Sault Ste. Marie canals,
1906, vessels, 5,680; freight tonnage, 6,359,124 ;
passengers, 32,284.
Through U.S. canal, vessels, 16,475; freight tonnage,
33,789,793; passengers, 30,925.
Average number of vessels passing through two Soo
canals, 1906, 88 per day.
EDUCATION.
First school opened in Canada at Quebec in 1632.
Education Act passed in Upper Canada in 1799.
Grammar schools founded in Upper Canada in 1807 ;
common schools in 1S16.
Canada had 16,144 public schools (1901), now 20,000.
Cannda'fl public schools attended by 1,105,714 pupils
(1901) ; with 29,847 public school teachers.
Canada spent $11,871,436 in 1901 on education.
Canada has 17 universities and 53 colleges.
These 70 educational institutions are attended by 15,-
000 pupils.
Eighty per cent, of all adults in Canada can write ;
70 per cent, of all the people can read, or 85 per
cent, of all over 5 ; 74 per cent, can both read
and write.
Illiterates in Canada, 1891, 1.750 per 1,000; 1901,
1.266.
161 Rhodes scholars, Jan. 1, 1907; 24 from Canada ;
79 from United States ; 18 from Australia ; 11
from Germany.
"In the capture of high honors, the Rhodes scholars
from our Canadian colleges are well to the front."
—Dr. Parkin.
71 Canadian libraries helped by Mr. Carnegie to the
extent of $1,711,915.
Toronto University has an enrollment of 3,300, Mc-
Gill University, 1,481; Queen's 1215; 567 in 1897-8.
McGill and King's College, Toronto, founded in 1827;
Upper Canada College in 1829.
First resolution for Empire Day observance passed by
the Internal Management Committee of the Ham-
ilton School Board, Out., in December 2, 1897, on
sugge8tion of Mrs. Clementina Fessenden.
FINANCIAL (See also "Banks").
Canada's credit has never stood so high.
Canada's revenue (consolidated fund), 1869, 11 mil-
lions, June, 1906-March, 1907, §67,969,328.
Expenditure, 1870, 14 millions; June, 1906— March,
1907, consolidated fund and capital account, $65,-
778,138.
While population has not quite doubled since 1867,
the revenue has been multiplied by six.
10
Canada's public debt, March 30, 1907, $263,671,859, a
reduction of $3,371,117 since June 1, 1906; $40 per
head; 1868, $22.
Net rate of interest on public debt, 1906, 2.21.
Custom revenue, June, 1906— March, 1907, $39,760,17J;
inland revenue, $11,805,413.
It cost $1,222,948 to collect customs revenue.
Canada's assets, $116,294,966; liabilities, $379,966,-
826.
154 millions of imports, 1906-7, were dutiable, 97 mil-
lions free.
Canada's revenue, $12.50 per capita, U.S., $9.
Canada's total expenditures, 1868-1907, $1,739,583,-
162; receipts, $1,490,471,009.
Britain's debt charge about $3.14 per head; Canada's
$2.06.
Dominion notes outstanding, Oct. 31, 1907, $61,241,-
544.
Finance Minister's main estimates for 1908, $! J-J.237,-
000.
Dominion subsidies to provinces, 1907-8, wi 1 b« $9,-
035,472; increase of $2,304,424 over provio^ jcars.
Nearly 50 per cent, of Canada's duties collected lYrro
imports from U.S.; 30 per cent, from Great
Britain.
Railway subsidies, 1906-7. $1,324,889; steamship, $1,-
287,560; bounties, $1,581,944.
Railway subsidies, 1884 to dato, 35 millions.
Cost of federal legislation, 1906-7, $1,322,074, includ-
ing House of Commons, $769,195 and Senate,
$265,075.
Cost of civil government (Dominion), $1,487,495.
FIRST THINGS IN CANADA.
Word "Canada" first recorded by Cartier, 1536-1537.
First census taken in Canada in 1665.
First colonization enterprise, 1605, when de Poutrin-
court settled Port Royal with Europeans,
ii
Manitoba first settled in 1811 by 125 Scotch settlers
under Lord Selkirk.
The beaver first appeared as Canada's emblem on
coat-ol-arms granted by Charles I. to Sir William
Alexander.
First newspaper published in British North America
was the Halifax Gazette, March 23, 1752.
First French paper— Le Canadien— Nov. 22, 1806.
First daily paper — Montreal Advertiser — in 1840.
First Roman Catholic Bishop of Canada, M. de La-
val, 1659.
First Canadian cardinal, Arch. Taschereau, 1856.
First Canadian Catholic church built at Port Royal,
1608.
First Canadian bank (of Montreal) started in 1817.
First steam railway built in Canada, 1836— from La-
prairie to St. John.
First steamer on the St. Lawrence river, 1809.
First steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Royal
William, from Quebec, in 1S33.
First C.P.R. steamer to reach Vancouver from Yoko-
hama, June 14, 1887.
First canals begun in Canada in 1779 along the St.
Lawrence ; first vessels passed through Lachine
canal, 1825 ; present system on St. Lawrence
opened in 1848.
First railway bridge across the St. Lawrence, the Vic-
toria, 1859.
First C.P.R. train crossed continent, July 12, 1886.
First cable message sent by Queen Victoria, August
5, 1858, Ireland to Newfoundland.
Atlantic cable first laid to Canada, August 5, 1868.
Canada's first telegraph line built in 1846 between
Toronto and Niagara.
First cable message, Canada to Australia, Oct. 31,
1902.
First railway motor car, C.P.R. at Montreal, May 8,
1906.
12
First wireless commercial message sent from Canada
to Europe, Oct. 17, 1907.
First copy of Toronto Globe issued, March 5, 1344.
Northern Eailway opened in Ontario, May 16, 1S53.
tlir.- first line in Ontario.
Northwest Territory acquired by purchase, 1870.
First iron forge built in Quebec at St. Maurice in
1739 by French government.
First sod of Grand Trunk Pacific Railway turned at
Fort William, September 11, 1905, by Sir Wilfrid
Laurier.
Cartier's first landing on Canadian soil, July 1, 1534.
First permanent settlement in Canada at Quebec,
1608, under Champlain.
First courts of law in Canada at Quebec in 1663.
First French governor of Canada, Frontenac, 1672.
First English Governor-General of Canada — Lord Dor-
chester—1768.
First Governor-General after Confederation, 1867,
Lord Monck.
First government founded by the British in Canada,
in Nova Scotia, 1719.
First mail stages • in Canada, between Montreal and
Quebec, 1721.
First Indian treaty, 1817 ; now 10 treaties.
First use of postage stamps in Canada, 1851 ; post
cards, 1871.
FISHERIES.
Canada has the most extensive fisheries in the world,
including 12,780 miles of sea coast line and innum-
erable lakes and streams.
Canada's fishery industry produced, in 1906, $26,279,-
485.
Salmon, $5,856,760; cod, §3,471,186; lobsters, $3,-
422,927 ; herring, $2,704,596 ; mackerel, §1,369,728.
Canada exported, in 1906, $12,585,808 worth of fisl.-i y
products.
'3
Canada has 88,421 men employed in the fishing in-
dustry.
Canada's fishery equipment is worth $14,555,565, with
7 million fathoms of nets.
Nova Scotia comes first in fishing industry, British
Columbia second, New Brunswick third.
Canada has 34 fish-breeding establishments and breed-
' ing ponds ; 800 million fry distributed, 1906 ;
76,104 fishermen used 41,073 boats in 1906.
Total value of fisheries in Canada, 1869-March 31,
1907, 651 millions. Cod, first, 139; salmon, 96;
lobsters, 83 ; herring, 75 ; and mackerel, 47.
Nova Scotia leads wi^h ^54 millions, New Brunswick
123 millions, British Columbia 105 millions.
Fishing bounties paid, 1882-1906, $3,949,701.
Government fishery expenses, June, 1906-March, 1907,
$693,685, including fish culture, $118,681 ; protec-
tion service, $204,837 ; bounties, to deep sea fish-
ermen in Maritime Provinces, $159,015.
Product of sardines, 1906, $514,916 1 eels, $128,217 ;
oysters, $194,855 ; clams, $398,634.
Value of bait used, 1906, $544,453.
Canada's lobster plant valued at $1,426,300, with 700
lobster canneries. Product, 1906, 10 million cans.
Canada maintains three biological stations in New
Brunswick, Georgian Bay and Vancouver Island.
U. S. fishing fleet paid Canada, 1906-7, $4,134 as mo-
dus vivendi fees.
Fur seal skins caught, (B.C.) 1906, 10,368, value,
$316,224 ; hair seal skins, 39,262, value, $45,228 ;
Beluga skins, 193, value, $772 ; total value, $362,-
224.
Sealing fleet of sixteen vessels, valued at $393,000.
77 salmon canneries on Pacific coast (1906), valued at
81,757,000 -. employed, 14,665. Production, 51 mil-
lion pounds, valued at over 5 millions.
Canada's fisheries' outside staff numbers nearly 1,000.
J4
FORESTRY.
Dr. Robt. Bell estimates Canada's forest area at 2,-
600,000 square miles, or 1,657,600,000 acres, of
which over half may be in pulpwood.
Dr. Fernow, Faculty of Forestry, University of To-
ronto, estimates Canada's forest area, if looked at
from manufacturers' or commercial point of view,
at 300 million acres, or one-half of that of U. S.
Forest area of various countries compared with Can-
ada : Canada, 1,657,600,000 acres ; United States,
500,000,000 acres ; Russia, 812,600,000 acres ; Aus-
tria-Hungary, 93,000,000 acres; Sweden, 49,000,-
000 acres ; Norway, 17,000,000 acres ; France, 23,-
000,000 acres.
Canada has the largest forest*area of any country in
the world, and has also a far greater aggregate of
water power than any other country. Considering
the relation of forests to water powers the con-
servation of the former becomes the gravest prob-
lem in the whole range of our material life. — Pulp
and Paper Magazine of Canada.
Canada has 12(1 species of native- trees.
Canada has over 20 million acres set apart as forest
reserves, among which are : Ontario, 11^ million
acres; Quebec, 1,620,000 acres; Manitoba, 2,289,-
787 acres.
Two Rocky Mountain parks and Dominion Govern-
ment areas, 3,450,720 acres.
Canada's forestry department has distributed 8,471,-
092 trees to 3,328 settlers.
IMMIGRATION.
1907 was Canada's record year in immigration, viz.,
277,376 for calendar year — increase of 61,464 over
calendar year 1906. Net increase 28 per cent.
Of the 277,376, 220,825 came from Britain and Eu-
rope; 56,551 from U.S. Increase of 15 per cent,
from ocean ports; decrease of 11 per cent, from
U. S.
15
75 per cent, of 1907 arrivals settled in the Canadian
West.
Canada has received 1,119,982 immigrants in ten
years (to Dec. 31, 1907), viz., 790,822 from British
Isles and Europe; 329,160 from U.S.
These 329,160 U.S. settlers brought in 115 millions in
cash and settlers' effects, estimated at 8350 per
head.
75 per cent, of 1907 arrivals and 70 per cent, of arri-
vals for 10 years were English-speaking.
More than half the emigrants who left England, 1906,
went to the colonies.
It costs Canada about $5 per head to bring in and
locate immigrants.
Canada will, it is estimated, receive 300,000 immi-
grants in 1907.
Each immigrant is said to be worth $1,000 to Can-
ada.
58 different nationalities and countries are now an-
nually represented in Canada's immigration com-
ing from five continents.
Canada has 70,000 Galicians. The first ten families
arrived in 1894.
Canada has between 9,000 and 10,000 Doukhobors,
living in 61 villages.
They have 49,429 acres under cultivation and own 6,-
314 cattle, 1,393 horses and 2,866 sheep.
Canada has 7,000 Mormons, 20,000 Mennonites, 20,-
OOTTtlungarians.
Salvation Army brought in 16,000 immigrants in
1907*.
3,258 child immigrants came from Great Britain in
1906. There were 11,374 applications for children
for adoption.
British Isles immigration for last ten years lias ex-
ceeded that from UfS.
The immigrant arrivals of 1907 averaged 5,334 per
week, or 760 per day.
16
Sir Wilfrid Laurier : "2,300,000 peopU will have ti-
tled in Canada from 1901 to 1911."
Lord Strathcona : "At end of 20th century Canada
will have a population twice as large as that of
the British Isles."
If this prophecy is fulfilled, Canada will be the dom-
inating state in the Empire.
In 1903, 42 per cent, of inhabitants of Western Can-
ada were either foreign or children of foreign-born
parents. This percentage is now being lowered.
In 1906, for first, time in history of Great Britain,
the number of British immigrants for Canada ex-
ceeded number who enterdd United States.
70,690 foreigners have taken out naturalization pa-
pers in Canada, including 9,243 in 1906, and 6,665,
Jan.-June, 1907.
Asiatic arrivals, Jan. 15, to Dec. 15, 1907: Chinese,
1,325, of whom 1,152 remained in B.C.; Japanese,
7,358, 7,357 remaining; Hindoos, 2,046.
Total Asiatic population in Canada estimated at 30,-
000, including 10,000 Japanese, 2,000 Hindoos, 18,-
000 Chinese.
Receipts from Chinese poll tax, June, 1906-March,
1907, $43,094.
Immigration cost, 1906-7, (9 mos.), $611,200; immi-
gration estimates, 1907-8, (12 mos.), $920,000.
INSURANCE.
(To end of 1906.)
Life insurance in force in Canada, 656 millions; 76S,-
048 policies; premiums, $22,378,730. (Canadian Cos.
14 millions, British 1J, U.S. 6 2-3.)
Of the 656 millions, 421 millions are held by Cana-
dian companies; 187, U.S.; 45, British.
There are 93,705 Canadian policy holders in U.S. life
companies. Decrease of 7,528 over 1905.
203,560 new policies issued, 1906. (Canadian Cos.,
103,972; U.S. Cos., 97,484; British Cos., 2,104.)
17
Amount of life insurance, 1906, 101 million!. (Cana-
dian Cos.. 67 millions, U.S. 29 millions, British
4 2-3- millions.)
Since 1875, Canadians have paid nearly 100 millions
as premiums to United States companies.
54 life companies do business in Canada. (24 Cana-
dian, 16 U.S., 14 British.)
Total assets of Canadian life companies, 114 millions;
liabilities, 103 millions.
Assets of British companies in Canada, 23 millions,
liabilities, 15 millions.
Assets of American companies in Canada, 42 mil-
lions; liabilities, 39 millions.
FIRE INSURANCE.
Fire insurance in force in Canada in 42 companies, 1
billion, 444 millions. Net cash premiums, 1906, 14
millions.
Total paid to policy holders by all companies, 1906,
13 millions; premiums, 27 millions.
Total of life insurance in Canada, 1875-1906, $1,433,-
311,149; premiums, $293,543,184.
17 British companies have 855 millions in fire insur-
ance in Canada; 15 Canadian, 354 millions; 11 U.
S., 234 millions. Fire insurance business in Can-
ada has increased tenfold in 37 years.
Fire insurance premiums in 37 years, 230 millions.
Net losses paid same period, 152 millions.
Of the 230 millions, 179 millions left Canada in pay-
ment of premiums to British and foreign com-
panies.
Net fire losses paid, 1906, $6,558,054; premiums, $14,-
711,058.
Assets of 15 Canadian fire companies, $9,757,319; lia-
bilities, $7,561,418.
Assets of 17 British companies, $22,256,845; liabili-
ties, $7,748,474.
Assets of 11 U.S. companies, $2,888,262; liabilities,
$2,011,298.
18
OTHER INSURANCE.
10 guarantee companies have a business of 51 mil-
lions.
13 Canadian accident, sickness, guarantee, plate glaw,
etc., companies have assets of $3,203,634' liabili-
ties, $1,022,990; premiums, 1906, $1,436,551; losses
paid, $633,714.
Imperial Guarantee and Accident Insurance Co. of
Canada issued 7,423 policies in 1907 for $20,241,-
334; premiums, $149,568. One million capital sub-
scribed; $200,000 paid up.
17 accident companies have policies of 171 millions.
13 employers' liability companies have net insurance
of 34^ millions.
116 insurance companies are licensed to do business in
Canada.
81 building societies, loan and trust companies have
53 millions of paid-up capital; reserve fund, 16
millions. Deposits, 23 millions; loans, 175 mil-
lioos; assets, 232 millions; liabilities, 232 millions.
Dividends, 1906, $3,022,924.
LABOR
"The general tendency of wages in 1906 was in a
marked degree upward." — Report of Deputy Minis-
ter of Labor.
During calendar year 1906, 17,446 skilled workpeople
in Canada received wage increases aggregating
$12,741 per week, with weekly decrease in hours of
employment aggregating 7,958.
Number of employees involved in trade disputes, 1907,
34,694 ; 1906, 26,014 ; 1905, 16,329.
17 strikes and lockouts, and 138 disputes, 1906.
50 of the disputes ended in favor of the employers ;
41, employees ; 23, compromised.
Reported fatalities to work people, 1906, 1,107 ; 1905,
931. Injured (so as to impair industrial efficiency)
1906, 2,745 ; 1905, 2,414.
'9
Of 692 disputes, 1900-1906, employers w«r« successful
in 244, and employees in 214, 166 compromised.
Aggregate loss of time through strickes, etc., 1906,
working days, 490,400 ; 284,140 in 1905.
In Canada, a railway system of 20,000 miles repre-
sents 252 deaths to employees ; in Great Britain a
system 23,300 miles represents 399 deaths to em-
ployees ; in the United States a system of 212,-
349 miles represents 3,361 deaths to employees.
51,779 workmen in Canada belong to international
unions. Of these 32,997 are affiliated with Domin-
ion Trades and Labor Congress.
New unions formed, 1,906,154 ; dissolved, 85.
41 interventions, under Conciliation Act, 1900, be-
tween 1900-1 and 1906-7.
Wage earners in 1900, 339,173 ; 1905, 392,530.
Salaries and wages paid in 1900, $113,249,350 ; 1905,
$165,100,011.
Increase in average wage for employee of $90.74, from
$329 to $419, or 27 per cent.
Value of products per employee, 1900, $1,398; 1905,
$1,832; increase of 31 per cent.
In 1890 the average wage per employee was less than
in 1905 by $128, and average product less by $47,7.
While number of employees has increased by 13 per
cent, in five years, the total amount produced has
increased by 46 per cent.
Assuming a wage earner as a representing a family
of 4 on an average, 1,565,948 or £ of population
are dependent upon manufacturing.
MANUFACTURERS.
(See also "Labor.")
Canada had, 1905, 292 different kinds of industries;
1900, 264.
Census of 1905 had 15,796 reported industrial estab-
lishments.
One-fourth of Canada's population are dependent up-
on manufactures for a livelihood,
20
Capital employed in manufacturing industries, 1900,
$446,916,487, 1905, 846,585,023— increase of 90 per
cent, average per establishment of $53,594.
Value of Production, 1900, $481, 053,375, 1905, $718,-
352,603— increase of 50 per cent.
Canada exported, June, 1906-March, 1907, $21,495,001
in manufactures:-37,924,107 to U.S., $5,036,956
to Great Britain, $6,126,925 to other countries.
It is estimated that 100 millions of U.S. capital is
invested in Canada.
Canadian banks had on loan, Dec. 31, 1907, 628 mil-
lions— mostly to manufacturers.
Value of manufacturing products per head, 1905, $115.
20 branches of manufacturing industries had capital
investments, 1905, of 10 millions and over.
Timber, lumber and their manufactures represent
capital of 148 millions, metals and products
(other than steel) 104 millions, food products, 88
millions, textiles, 73 millions, iron and steel pro-
ducts, 60 millions.
Ontario increase in manufacturing, 1900—1905, 51 per
cent., Quebec, 26.7, British Columbia, 94.7, Nova
Scotia, 38, New Brunswick, 5.5, Manitoba, 113.8,
and Alberta and Saskatchewan, 287.7.
Montreal comes first among cities in capital and pro-
ducts, Toronto second, Hamilton third, Winnipeg
fourth.
81 manufacturing establishments had annual produc-
tion in 1905 of over a million dollars each, as
compared with 39 in 1901.
Canada imported, 1906-7, in machinery and other
manufactures of steel and iron and steel rails,
$41,893,000.
MARINE (including Navigation).
(See also "Canals".)
Canada ranks 10th in list of ship-owning countries.
Canada had, Dec. 31, 1906, 7,512 vessels registered ;
increase of 187 over 1905.
21
Tonnage of above, 654,179 ; ditto of steamboats,
1,029,442.
Averaging value at $30 per ton, total value of regis-
tered tonnage, $19,625,370.
Canada built, 1906, 397 vessels ; tonnage, 21,741.
Estimated value at $45 per ton, $978,345.
Canada's shipping, 1906, totalled 81 million tons, 16
millions sea-going ; 64 millions coasting and in-
land tonnage.
Canada has 901 light stations and ships, and 4,250
buoys.
Canada has 32 life-saving stations.
Canada has 2,810 steamboats registered.
Canada has a government fleet of 59 craft.
Canada has a government fleet of 59 craft, steamers,
cruisers, dredges, etc.
Canada conducted (1906) 8 marine schools, attended
by 2,251.
Canada has 423 meterological and magnetic service
stations.
Canada paid, June 1, 1906-May 31, 1907, $1,128,870
for steamship subsidies.
Canada's Marine Department took over Halifax dock-
yard (valued at 3 millions) Jan." 1, 1907.
By taking advantage of tides, there is now a 30-foot
depth of channel from Montreal to Father Point
(340 miles) at lowest stages of St. Lawrence
levels.
Canada has spent 10 millions all told on the above
ship canal.
Canada spent, June, 1906-March, 1907, $3,637,569 on
its departmental marine service.
38 vessels were lost on the Great Lakes, 190$, (Can-
ada and U.S.), Loss, $1,692,000.
Canada's Mackenzie River is, with its tributaries
2500 miles long — equal to distance from Live. •
pool to Halifax, and drains a region three time*
as large as France.
22
Canada has a continuous waterway of 2,381 miles —
from mouth of St. Lawrence to head of Lake
Superior.
The St. Lawrence System is 740 miles long and has
4000 miles of connected navigable waters and
canals.
Canada has 6,000 miles of waterways from the St.
Lawrence to the Mackenzie, with only 150 miles
of a land break.
The distance from Halifax to Vancouver is greater
than from London to Halifax.
The Saskatchewan is 1600 miles long, the Columbia
1400, the Churchill 1000, the Fraser and the Red
river each 650 miles.
The Saskatchewan basin is as large as that of the
St. Lawrence.
MILITIA AND DEFENSE.
Canada has a militia force of 46,000.
Permanent force, 4,831, including 281 officers and 4,-
553 non-commissioned officers and men.
Europe has 3,800,000 soldiers and spends 1£ billions
a year on war equipment.
Britain has standing army of 220,000 soldiers, and
127,000 sailors.
Canada's force can be expanded to a war strength of
100,000 as a first line of defence.
Canada has 300 rifle associations, 22,000 members.
Canada has 639 Mounted Policemen.
They are subdivided into 12 divisions, with 154 de-
tachments, from Hudson's Bay to Rocky Moun-
tains. From United States boundary to Arctic
Ocean.
Canada sent 8,372 men to South Africa during the
Boer war. Of this number 224 died and 252 were
wounded .
Canada has provided a memorial for every Cana-
dian's grave in South Africa.
23
Strathcona's Hors* numb«r«d 597. A permanent
Strathcon* Horse has been established in the
West.
Canada expended $2,830,000 in sending the 8,372 men
to South Africa.
Canada will hereafter maintain the defences at Hali-
fax and Esquimault, at a cost of 2 millions a
year.
Car-ada's total military and defence expenditure, esti-
mate for 1907-8, $7,252,600, viz., Militia Dept., $5,-
202,600; Mounted Police, $750,000; capital account,
$1,300,000.
Canada will spend, 1907-8, $1.10 per head for mili-
tary purposes, as against $7.10 in England, $7.80
in France, $6.65 in Germany, $2.35 in U.S.
The Royal Canadian Dragoons have a strength of
389, the Mounted Rifles 774, the Horse Artillery
410, the Garrison Artillery 1,021, the Engineers
393, the Royal Canadian Regiment 1,258, the Per-
manent Army Service Corps 152, the Permanent
Army Medical Corps 154, the Ordnance Stores
Corps 214, the Canadian Army Jfay Corps 34 and
the Corps of the Military Staff Clerks 35.
MINING.
All the valuable minerals are found in Canada.
Canada's mineral production in 1908 reached 80 mil-
lions ; metallic, a little more than one-half ; non-
metallic, a little less than one-half.
Canada's mineral exports reached $26,191,955, June,
1906-March, 1907.
Canada has produced in the last 23 years, 700 mil-
lions' worth of minerals.
Canada ranks high among the world's gold produc-
ing countries. Total production to date, 250 mil-
lions.
Canada produced, in 1906, 12 millions in gold ; Yukon
$5,600,000; rest of country, $6,423,932.
24
Canada sent 24 millions' worth of raw minerals 10
U. 8. in 1906-7.
British Columbia has produced over 100 millions in
gold ; G millions in 1907.
Canada's Yukon gold-field is 125-000 square miles in
area. Total production since 1896, 117 millions,
84 millions estimated still to be taken from the
gravels.
Canada's mineral production has increased over 600
per cent, since 1886.
Over 100 millions invested in Canadian mining. (1901)
Nickel accidentally discovered in Sudbury in 1882,
Canada has produced nearly 50 millions' worth of
nickel.
Canada has the greatest nickel deposits in the world.
Canada produced 83,839,419 jn nickel in 1906, or $9,-
107,500 valur. of refined products at foreign re-
fineries.
Sudbury's nicker mines have reached depth of 1,200 ft.
57 per cent, of the world's output of nickel comes
from Sudbury ; 43 per cent, from New Caledonia.
Canada has the richest asbestos and corundum de-
posits in the world, and supplies 85 per cent, of
world use of corundum.
Canada produced over 19 millions' worth of coal in
1906 ; annual coal production 10 million tons.
Canada has 100,000 square miles coal-bearing lands.
The Crow's Nest coal beds are estimated to hold
enough coal to last for 5,000 years if mined at the
the rate of 4 million tons a year.
Mineral bounties paid, June, 1906-March, 1907, $1,-
581,944, including pig iron, $385,231 ; steel, $575,-
259 ; manufactures of steel, $338,999.
10 millions have been paid all told in iron, steel and
lead bounties. They will be continued until 1911.
Canada has 14 blast furnaces and 18 rolling mills.
Nine-tenths of Canada's mineral regions not yet ex-
plored.
25
Canada's pig iron production, 1906, 541,957 tons ;
Jan. -July, 1907, 270,100 tons. Increase in 1.1
years, 100 per cent, per year.
Silver Islet mine produced 3£ millions ; 1868-1^84.
Canada's copper production, 1906, 10 millions ; silver,
$5, 700, 000.
Britain's coal production, 1906, 251 million tons ;
U. S., 370 million ; Germany, 135 millions. Brit-
ain's production per capita, 4f tons ; U. S., 4 1-3
tons.
1887, per capita consumption of coal in Canada, J of
a ton annually ; 1890 over a ton ; 1906, nearly 2
tons, or 14,685,800 tons.
Canada exported, 1906-7, §3,336,402 worth of coal,
and imported $8,073,126 worth.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Canada is 41 years old, dating from Confederation.
Canada is 149 years old, dating from British conquest
of 1759.
Canada is 373 years old, dating from Cartier's first
visit of 1535.
Quebec is 300 years old, Montreal 266, Halifax 160,
Toronto 115, Victoria 63, Vancouver 27, Winnipeg
38.
Hudson's Bay Company is 241 years old (1667). It
is Canada's oldest joint stock company.
Of the 33 Fathers of Confederation, only 2 survive ;
Sir Charles Tupper, Hon. A. A. Macdonald. U. S.
had 35 "Fathers."
Of the 48 colonies of the Empire, Canada leads.
Canada was the first colony to ask for and receive
self-governing powers.
Canada was the first colony to form a Confederation.
The British North America Act is Canada's Magna
Charta.
Colonial conferences have been held in Ottawa, 1S94,
and in London, 1897, 1902 and 1907.
Canada has 735 legislators, federal and provincial.
26
Forty-two extradition treaties of (Jreat Britain apply
to Canada.
Canada has had 111 Covernors-CJeneral. 1.VJ1 I'.Mls.
The British flay was raised on TCllesmere Land, 1904,
1/200 miles north of the U.S. boundary.
Over 1 million ballots won- i-ast in last Dominion
election.
Ten general elections since Confederation. Six Pre-
miers of Canada and eight Cabinets since then.
Canada had, 1901, 16,695 of unsound mind, 6,174 deaf
and dumb, 3,279 blind-total. 2fi.l4v
Canada has 152 hospitals, 129 homes. 3(10 convents,
45 houses of industry, and 22 industrial schools.
Canada had (1901) 1,249 newspapers and periodicals:
Ontario, 677 ; Quebec. 195 . Manitoba, 99 ; Nova
Scotia, S7.
The Canadian Press Association has 350 members.
Canada has 7 peers, 4 baronets, 2 G.C.M.G.'s, 22 K.
C.M.G.'s, 17 K.B.'s, 46 Companions and Members
of the Orders of Knighthood.
There is only one distinctively Canadian peer— Baron
de Longueuil.
40,000 United Empire Loyalists entered Canada from
1734 on.
Compensation to Japanese in Vancouver for losses,
1907, $10,775.
Canada has 17,000 commercial travellers.
150 members of the Canadian House of Commons
have been unseated since Confederation.
The present House of Commons has 65 lawyers, 50
are in commercial life; 19 are doctors; 14 journal-
ists; 25 farmers.
41 Canadian cities spent $58,140,294 in new buildings
in 1906.
Foreign countries are represented by 400 consuls in
Canada.
Capital of companies incorporated by Dominion, 1906,
575 millions.
27
POPULATION.
(Based on Census of 1901.)
Canada's population, 1901, 5,371,315.
Canada's population by first census of 1665 was 3,-
251 ; 1698, 13,385 ; 1739, 42,701.
Canada's population in 1763 was. 70,000; 1784, 113,-
012; 1814, Upper Canada, 95,000, Lower Canada,
335,000.
Canada's population, 1867, 3£ millions.
Canada's population estimated by Census Bureau on
April 1, 1907, at 6,504,900, increase of 1,133,503 in
6 years.
If the present growth is kept up the population of
Canada will be over seven and a half millions
when the next census is recorded in 1911.
Canada began 20th century with same population us
the United States began the 19th.
Canada has over 40 countries and nationalities repre-
sented in her population.
Canada is adding to its population every year by im-
migration a number equal to Toronto's popula-
tion.
Canada has more than one-half of the white popula-
tion of all Britain's colonies.
Canada has enfranchised 25 per cent, of her popula-
tion.
Canada has 87 per cent, of Canadian-born people ;
4,671,815; 8 per cent, of British-born people,
405,815; or 95 per cent, of British-born subjects,
5,077,698 (1901).
Canada has only 5 per cent, of foreign-born people ;
293,617.
55 per cent, of Canada's foreign-born population are
naturalized.
Canada's population, 1901, 73 per cent, rural; 26 per
cent, urban.
Canada had, 1901, 61 centres of 5,000 population and
over, 31 of population of 10,000 and over.
Canada's centre of population is near Ottawa, and is
moving west.
Canada's western population 50 years ago, 8,000. TV
day ov«r 1 million.
Canada's western population is 75 per cent. British
and Canadian born ; 25 per cent, foreign born.
Population of three prairie provinces, 1906, 805,000 ;
5 years ago, 419,000 — increase, 92 per cent.
One out of every 3^ in Canada is of French descent,
or 1,649,371 out of 5,371,345 (1901).
Quebec Province has 1,322,115 of French descent and
200,000 British (1901).
Ontario has 150,000 of French descent ; the West,
10,000.
French-Canadians have been doubling every 27 years
since 1763.
U. S. census of 1900 shows 1,181,255 from Canada, or
2,600,000, including those with one Canadian par-
ent.
U. S. population in 1800, 25 times as large as that
of Canada ; in 1904, only 13 times as large.
11.4 per cent, of U. S. foreign population (1900) is
Canadian.
In 50 years 3,250,000 Canadians have gone to U. S.
300,000 Canadians are engaged in business or pro-
fessional pursuits in U. S.
Canadian emigration to the U.S. increased from G.6
per cent, in 1850 to 11.4 per cent, in 1900.
Density of population to square mile ; Prince Edward
Island, 51.6; Nova Scotia, 22.3; New Brunswick,
11.8; Ontario, 9.9; Quebec, 4.8; Manitoba, 3.9 ;
British Columbia, 0.4.
If Canada were as thickly populated as the British
Isles, it would have over a billion people.
England and Wales have 19,000 Canadians; Australia,
3,000; New Zealand, 1,500; Alaska, 2,000.
Lord Strathcona predicts that Canada will have 80
millions by the year 2,000.
29
From 1890-1900, rural increase of Canada's popula-
tion was li per cent.; in cities and towns, 31 J per
cent.
J. J. Hill predicts that Canada will have 50 millions
50 years hence.
Canada had in 1901 1,070,747 families, living in 1,-
068,951 houses.
Nearly 50 per cent, of the inpouring population and
80 per cent, of the inpouring capital into Canada
conies from the United States.
POST OFFICES.
Canada has 11,377 post offices, as against 3,038 at
Confederation.
Ontario has 2,532, Quebec 2,121, Nova Scotia 1,897,
New Brunswick 1,310, Canadian West 2,072. In-
crease of 2,186 post offices in 10 years.
Letters mailed, 1868, 18 millions; 1907, 288 millions.
Increase of letters and post cards, 1907 over 1906,
12^ per cent.
Post cards mailed, 1907, 28± millions.
Money orders issued, 1907, value $47,929,299.
Newspapers, hooks ami parcels mailed, 1906-7, 60
million pieces.
Canada's postal surplus, 1907, $.1,082,301.
Postage stamp issue. June, 1906-March, 1907, $5,964,-
347.
236 new post offices were opened, June, 1906-Mnrch,
1907.
Canada was the first colony of the Empire to have a
penny post. •
Post Office Department estimates for 1907-8, over 6
millions.
Estimated additional number of British periodicals
sent into Canada under reduced rates of J907. be-
tween 5 and 6 millions.
3°
PROVINCES.
ALBEKTA
Population of Alberta, 1906, 185,000; 1871, 10,000.
Alberta has area of 253,540 square miles, less than 7
per cent, of Canada's area.
Alberta is double the size of Great Britain, larger
than Germany, and as large as France.
Alberta is 700 miles from north to south, with an-
average width of 280 miles.
Calgary's building permits, 1906, $2,245,000.
Calgary's bank clearings, 1907, $69,745,006; Edmon-
ton, $45,716,792.
Alberta has 850 public schools (70 graded).
Albertan government will establish fruit experimental
stations.
Value of furs received at Edmonton, 1906, over 1£
millions.
Edmonton building permits, 1906, $1,866,969— more
than double 1905.
Alberta will now have seven members of the Domin-
ion Parliament.
Alberta has 30,211 farms, 22j5,531 horses, 950,000 cat-
tle, 154,266 sheep, 114,623 swine. (Census 1906.)
Alberta's wheat sown area, 1907, 255,025 acres ; oats
and barley, 430,777 acres.
Alberta received first prize at Portland Fair for win-
ter wheat.
Alberta produced 3,966,020 bushels of wheat in 1906.
Average yield, 1906, spring wheat, 22.75; winter, 23.34
bushels per acre.
Alberta's total grain yield, 1906, 19,333,266 bushels.
Alberta government has 500 miles of telephone lino.
Alberta's cattle expert shipments, 1901-7, 336,389
head.
Banff Park hus 143 animals, including 79 buffalo, 15
moose, 11 elk.
3'
28,735 visitors were recorded at Bunff, 1906-7.
Ernest Thompson Seton estimate* that 60 million
buffalo once roamed over the western plains.
Only 1,697 buffalo now living, including 1,297 in cap-
tivity.
Canada recently bought 500 pure blood buffalo from
Montana owners. Some are corralled at Lament,
near Edmonton.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
British Columbia is Canada's largest province, 400
by 700 miles in area, or 10 per cent, of Canada's
total area.
British Columbia is equal to 24 Switzerlands. It has
200,000 sqxiare miles of mountains, (Switzerland
16,000).
British Columbia has 7,000 miles of coast-line—equal
to distance across Canada and return.
British Columbia is larger than British Isles, Den-
mark, Switzerland and Italy combined.
British Columbia equals in size Manitoba, Ontario
and Maritime Provinces combined.
"British Columbia is not a sea of mountains, but a
world of valleys." — Byron E. 'Walker.
British Columbia has produced over 100 millions in
gold since first found in 1858 ; gold yield, 1907, 6
millions.
British Columbia's fishery yield, 1906, $7,003,347 ;
total fishery yield, 1870,1906, 105 millions.
There are 77 salmon canneries.
Capital invested in fisheries and sealing, $4,591,560.
15,535 were employed, 1906, in fisheries and seal hunt-
ing.
Seal catch, 190«, 10,368 ; value, $319,374.
British Columbia's sea fisheries among most prolific
in world, with sheltered spawning and feeding
grounds of 10,000 square miles.
All the great salmon rivers on Pacific slope have
their rise in British Columbia.
32
British Columbia has 628 mining companies.
British Columbia's mining products, 1906, 24$ mil-
lions.
Mining population of British Columbia in thre«-
fourths of miners of all Canada.
British Columbia's total products of mines, forests,
farms and fisheries, year ending June, 1906, 50
millions.
British Columbia's total products since 1864, 500 mil-
lions (250 minerals, 150 lumber, 100 fish).
British Columbia's trade is largest in world per head
of population.
Total trade, 1904, 28 millions ; 1905, 29 millions ;
1906, 30 millions.
Of 1,275 failures in Canada in 1106, only 76 in B. C.
3,000 vessels entered port of Vancouver, 1906.
First shipment of Alberta wheat from a B. C. port
1906.
British Columbia has the greatest area of merchant-
able timber in the world. It has 150 lumber and
shingle mills.
459 manufacturing establishments. Capital, 53 mil-
lions p products, 38 millions ; employees, 23,748 ;
wages, 11 millions. (1905.)
Vancouver's bank clearings, 1907, 191 millians ; Vic-
toria, 55 millions.
MANITOBA (including Winnipeg).
Dominion Government school lands sale, 1907, of 125,-
086 acres, brought 112.20 per acre. A similar sal*
of 11,801 acres in Saskatchewan brought 114.67
per acre.
Manitoba has 2,289,757 acres in six forest reserven.
Manitoba has 3,500 miles of railway. First railway
operated in 1878.
Manitoba has 1,872 public schools, 9 high schools,
and 3 collegiate institutes. School population,
1906, 73,512.
45.260 people occupied 15,889,832 acres, 1905.
33
Manitoba has 5 million acres under cultivation and
20 millions uncultivated; one million of which is
open to homesteaders.
Population in 1871, 25,228; in 1906, 360,000; birth
rate, 1891, per 1,000, 23.53; 1906, 72.514.
Average production, 1906, wheat, 20.16; oats, 40.09;
barley, 32.06; flax, 11.06 bushels.
Manitoba's percentage of cultivated to arable land,
20.39 per cent.
Manitoba's total grain crops, 1907, 99,010,285 bush-
els: Wheat, 2,789,553 acres, 39,688,266 bushels ;
average 14.22 per acre; oats, 1,213,596 acres, 42,-
140,744 bushels, average 25.7; barley, 649,570 acres,
16,752,724 bushels, average 25.7; flax, rye and
peas, 33,628 acres, 428,549 bushels.
Area prepared for crop of 1907, 2,323,949 acres; for
1908, 1,843,016 acres.
Expended on new farm buildings, 1907, $1,735,825;
1906, $4,515,085.
Dairy products, 1907, $1 ,217,582.
Insurance and loan companies have 46 millions in-
vested in Manitoba — increase of 106 per cent, over
1902.
Fire insurance premiums, 1906, §1,823,790; life, $1,696,-
271.
Manitoba's customs receipts, 1906-7, $3,626,632.
WINNIPEG
The first white man who looked upon the site of Win-
nipeg was a native-born Canadian, Pierre Gaultier
de Varennes, afterwards Sieur de la Verandrye,
who, with five of his men, paddled for two days
in their canoes from the mouth of the Red River
and on September 24, 1738, made their camp at
the point where the Assiniboine river enters the
Red, and which for years became known in the
geographical descriptions of the west in the earl-
iest days as The Forks.
Population, 1870, 215; 1902, 48,411; 1907, 111,729.
34
Winnipeg is near the centre of the Dominion geogra-
phically.
Assessment, 1901, $26,105,770; 1907, 393,825,960.
Building permits, 1901, 81,708,557; 1907, 86,455,350.
No. of buildings, 1901, 796; 1907, 2,830.
Hank clearings, 1901, 3106,956,720; 1907, $599,667,516.
Customs return, 1901, 8975,888; 1906-7 (9 mos.), $3,-
144,554.
Inland revenue, 1901, $537,958; 1906-7 (9 mos.), *!,-
027,632.
Miles of graded streets, 409; sewers,_ 140; water mains,
148.
Winnipeg has 18 banks, with 40 brandies.
Winnipeg has 11 parks, of 321 aci-es.
Winnipeg has 102 churches, 28 schools, 18,940 pupils,
and 45 newspapers.
Winnipeg has 180 firemen and 90 policemen.
Winnipeg has the largest railway yard (C.P.R. ) in
the world controlled by a single corporation.
C.P.R. has 3,600 on its pay roll in Winnipeg.
Winnipeg. 35 years ago a Hudson Bay trading post,
now ranks fourth in Canada's industrial centres:
Capital, 1905, 20 millions; output, 19 millions; in-
crease of 125 per cent, in 5 years; 144 factories
and shops, employing 12,000.
Winnipeg Manufacturers' Association third largest in
Canada.
Winnipeg's wholesale turnover exceeds 9(1 millions a.'i-
nually.
Winnipeg is the <rreutcst era in market in the British
Empire,
MARITIME PROVINCES.
Maritime Provinces are nearly as lanre as England
and Wales. Population. >lW.9o3.
Sea coast line from Hay of Kundy to Straits of Belle
Isle, 5.<iO<> miles, double that of Britain.
Deep sea lisherie< received Mln',011 as bounty ill l'.i<M*.
or $3,949,701 since 1SS2.
35
Value of fishery yield, 1870-1906, totals over 400 mil-
lions.
NEW BRUNSWICK
1,087,626 acres in crop, 1907— increase of 182,831 over
1901.
24.69 acres in crop, 1907, for every 100 acres occupied,
compared with 10.31 in 1901.
Increase fn 1907 over 1901 of 22,714 cows, 69,920 sheep
and 46,848 swine.
Value of fishery products, 1906, 814,905,228 ; 14,477 en-
gaged in fisheries, and 5,025 in 197 lobster can-
neries.
628 manufacturing establishments. Capital, 826,792,-
698 ; products, $22,133,951 ; employees, 19,426.
(1905.)
Customs revenue, 1906-7, 81,269,929.
St. John's bank clearings, 1907, 866,150,414.
NOVA SCOTIA
883,472 acres in crop, 1907, increase of 163,308 over
1901.
17.40 acres in crop, 1907, for every 100 occupied, com-
pared with 14.18 in 1901.
Increase in 1907 over 1901 of 15,417 cows, 106,391
sheep, and 32,791 swine.
Coal output, 1907, 14 millions' worth. Steel and iron
products, 14 millions. Other manufactures, 10
millions. Farm products, 23^ millions. Forest
products, 3f millions.
Total output from all industries, 107 millions, or
$1,000 per family.
Lumber industry employs 5,000 men, and has 4 mil-
lions invested.
Thickest known coal seam in world (37 feet) is at
Stellarton, N.S.
Princess or Sydney pit, is nearly a mile under the
sea ; workings cover 1,620 acres.
Cape Breton has six colleries.
Customs revenue, 1906-7, 81,609,069.
36
Value of fishery products, 1906, $7,799,160, (ranking
first among the provinces).
Fishery bounties, 1906, $99,518. 24,206 engaged in
fisheries, and 3,658 in 228 lobster canneries.
1907 fishery catch estimated at 25 per cent, more
than 1906.
909 manufacturing establishments ; capital, 75 mil-
lions ; products, 32$ millions ; employees, 24,237.
(1905.)
1907 apple crop, 800,000 barrels, valued at 2 millions.
Halifax bank clearings, 1907, $93,587,138.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
504,228 acres in crop, 1907— increase of 57,144 over
1901.
42.26 acres in crop, 1907, compared with 37.46 in
1901.
Value of fishery products, 1906, $1,168,939 ; 3,577 en-
gaged in fisheries, and 2,211 in 188 lobster can-
neries.
285 manufacturing establishments. Capital, $1,680,-
541 ; products, $1,851,615 ; employees, 2,919.
(1905.)
Customs revenue, 1906-7, $74,022.
ONTARIO (including Toronto).
Send 10 cents to Canadian Facts Publishing Co., 667
Spadina ave., Toronto, for booklet, "1000 Facts
about Ontario."
Ontario is 750 x 1000 miles in size ; area, 200,000
sq. miles, only 20 per cent thickly settled.
Ontario is as large as four Englands, and but little
less than France and Germany.
Southern Ontario is in the same latitude as Southern
France and Northern Italy.
Ontario first settled 120 years ago by 10.000 United
Empire Loyalists and others. Population 1812,
80,000 : 1837, 397,500 ; 1905, estimate of On-
tario Bureau of Industries, 2,101,260.
37
Ontario comprises 7 pjer cent, of Canada's area and
40 per cent, of Canada'* population.
Agriculture is Ontario's chief industry, representing
(1901) one billion of invested capital and yearly
production of 200 millions.
70 per cent, of population is engaged in agriculture.
Ontario has a 16 million acre clay belt on the north.
Ontario has 126 million acres of land, 40 millions
surveyed, per Exploratory Report of 1900.
Of the 126 million acres, 23 millions have been dis-
posed of, leaving 103 millions in the crown. V)
millions still unsurveyed.
Ontario has 7,637 miles of railway; 1,447 in 1867.
Ontario has 11, "'28,000 acres in forest reserves and
parks.
Ontario has water powers capable of generating
3,500,000 h.p. (per Hydro-Electric Commission).
Ontario forest area estimated at 102,000 square
miles. 17,000 square miles of timber area are un-
der license.
Ontario total grain crops, 1907, 157 million bushels,
nearly one-half of whole of Canada's production.
Ontario grew, 1907, 15,545,491 bushels fall wheat (23
per acre), and 2,473,651 bushels spring wheat
(17.1 per acre), 21,718,332 bushels barley, 83,524,-
301 bushels oats, 7,365,036 bushels peas, 790,260
bushels beans, 1,081,706 bushels rye, 2,546,468
bushels buckwheat ; corn, 22,247,931 bushels (in
the ear); potatoes, 20 million bushels ; turnips, 48
million bushels; hay, 3,891,863 tons.
Ontario had, 1907, 6,807,651 live stock, viz.: horses
725,666 ; milch cows, 1,152,071 ; other cattle,
1,774,165 ; sheep, 1,106,083 ; swine, 2,049,666.
Ontario Experimental Union (connected with Ontario
Agricultural College) has 3,420 members 22,000
members of Farmers' Institutes, and 10,000 mem-
bers of Women's Institutes.
Ontario's total assessment, 1905, 31,036,910,130.
38
Value of fishery products, 1900, $1,734,856.
7.996 manufacturing establishments. Capital. 397 mil-
lions: products. 367 millions; employes, 1^9,370;
wages, M> millions (1905).
Ontario apple crop, 1907, valued at 10 millions.
Ontario railway tax produced §390,000 in 1907.
Ontario has paid $375,000 bounties on sugar beet
output, and municipalities have given $100,000 in
bonuses .
Ontario Agricultural College students have won 3
years in succession, stock judging trophy at In-
ternational Live Stock Exposition.
Ontario's estimated timber cut, 1907-8, 675 million
feet, 5 million ties and 216,000 cords of pulpwood.
58 per cent, of Ontario's school population attend its
country schools. Only 5 per cent, reach a high
school.
Ontario voted, 1907, $900,000 for public and separate
schools.
Total mineral production, 1906, $22,388,383 (largest
on record), increasing 25 per cent, over 1905. Me-
tallic, $13,353,080; non-metallic-, $9,035,303.
Values : Nickel, $3,839,419; pig iron, $1,554,247 ; sil-
ver, $3,689,286; copper, $960,813.
Over 200 Cobalt mining companies, capitalized at 300
millions; 19 are shipping; 9 have paid dividends.
Ontario has 332 producing natural gas wells; produc-
tion, 1906, $533,446.
Ontario's mining industry employs 12,551; wages,
$6,048,32S;
Ontario's total mineral production, 1902-6, 78 mil-
lions.
First Cobalt discovery (of silver), Aug. 14, 1903, by'
McKinley and Darragh.
Production of Cobalt mines (nickel, cobalt, silver and
arsenic), 1904, 8136,217; 1905, $1,473,196; 1906,
83,7(54,113; 1907, (estimated), $5,650,000; total,
11 millions.
39
263 mining companies organized in Ontario in 1905.
Average value of Cobalt silver ore, shipped, 1904-6,
$704 per ton.
Over 250 silver mines of "probably payability" have
been located in Cobalt district.
TORONTO
Toronto incorporated as a city, 1834, population,
4,000.
Population, per assessment, 1907, 272,600, an increase
of 18,880, or 7 per cent., in one year.
Streets first lighted with gas in 1840. First electric
cars in 1892.
Toronto's bank clearings, 1907, $1,228,905,517.
Toronto ranks second among Canadian cities in bank
clearings, with 22 banks.
Toronto has 55,276 buildings — 1 to every 5 of popula-
tion; 5,051 new buildings in 1907.
Toronto's assessment for 1908, 206 millions, increase
of 22 millions in one year.
Toronto exemptions, $29,073,372.
Assessment of Toronto Railway Company, 1907, $2,-
050,225; Consumers' Gas Co., $2,546,139; Toronto
Electric Light Co., $1,199,276; Bell Telephone Co.,
$599,599: G.T.R., $2,228,327; C.P.R., $1,108,004.
Toronto's custom duties, 1907, $8,202,718— increase of
$524,680 over 1906.
Toronto's building permits, 1907, $14,225,808.
Number of wards, 6; area of city, 18$ miles.
Tax rate, 18$ mills; 325 policemen, 208 firemen.
254 churches, 147 hotels, 6 theatres, 9 hospitals.
276 miles of streets— equal from Toronto to Cornwall.
475 miles of sidewalks; 25 parks, of 1,640 acres.
Public schools, 1907, 57; pupils, 40,097; teachers, 762;
Separate schools, 16; pupils, 5,297; teachers, 105.
One technical school, 1,899 pupils, 33 teachers.
Three high schools, 47 teachers, 1,994 pupils.
40
Toronto has 700 manufactures, with capital of 75
millions, 70,000 operatives, annual wage bill, 29
millions.
Toronto's stock receipts, 1907, 467,000 animals.
Toronto has 159 periodicals.
QUEBEC PROVINCE AND CITY AND MONTREAL.
Quebec is nearly 3 times as large as British Isles.
Quebec forms less than 10 per cent, of Canada's area
and is the second largest province in the Do-
minion.
Gulf of St. Lawrence is 5 times area of Switzerland.
Quebec had a population (1901) of 1,648,898; now es-
timated at two millions.
Quebec had (1901) 1,322,115 of French descent; 290,-
000 of English descent.
Dairy products increased, 1891-1901, 341 per cent.
Now yield 20 millions annually.
Quebec's annual value of field and live stock products
in 1901 was 85 millions.
Quebec farmers own 248 millions' worth of land, 10'2
of buildings.
Quebec has over 2,000 cheese factories.
Quebec's timber supply is estimated at : soft wood
logs, 155 billion feet ; hard, 21 billion ; pulpwood,
745 million cords ; ties, 730 million.
An estimate of value of Quebec's timber is 451 mil-
lion dollars — more than one-half representing pulp-
wood.
Quebec employs between 40,000 and 50,000 lumbermen.
Quebec's woods and forest revenue is over a million a
year.
Quebec's timber lands cover 225,000 square miles.
Quebec has 7 million acres of crown lands open for
settlement.
Quebec's crop yield of 1907 compared favorably with
that of 1906, or 71 p«r cent, rm agaitist 65 per
rent.
4'
5,413 claims were filed in 15 years for grants of 100
acres to parents of 12 or more living children.
Value of fishery products, 1906, $2,175,035. 11,893
fishermen, and 1,423 lobster canners.
Fishery yield, 1870-1906, 72 millions.
4,965 manufacturing establishments. Capital, 255
millions ; products, 219 millions ; employees, 119,-
008; wages, 47 millions. (1905.)
Quebec showed a decrease of 29 per cent, of illiter-
ates in 1901 over 1891.
34,185 Quebec fishermen have received $763,287 in
bounties since 1882.
Quebec's birth rate (1901 census) 36.83 per 1,000 ; for
all Canada, 28.80.
Quebec has 3 million apple trees.
Quebec has 71 agricultural societies, with 17,842 mem-
bers, and 568 farmers' clubs, with 49,415 members.
Quebec's tobacco crop, 1906, 3,750,000 Ibs.
Output of sawn lumber, 1905. 309 million feet.
The shrine of Ste. Anne tie Beaupre is visited yearly
by 100,000— a million in ten years.
Quebec City has the oldest continuously occupied
house in Canada, at Sillery, 272 years old.
Quebec City is Canada's oldest city, founded in 160S.
Its 300th anniversary will be celebrated in 1908.
Quebec City's great fire, 1866, 2,129 houses burned.
Quebec's birth rate (1901) 37.53— highest of all Cana-
dian provinces.
MONTREAL.
Montreal is Canada's largest city. Population, 400,-
000.
Founded by Maisonneuve in 1642.
Montreal ranks third in size among cities of the Em-
pire, exceeded only by Melbourne and Sydney.
Shipments, 1907, 32,783,018 bushels of. grain, 1,973,417
boxes of cheese, 108,736 live stock, 626,113 bbls.
apples.
42
One-third of Canada's trade passes through port of
Montreal.
740 ocean vessels entered the port in 1907 ; tonnage,
1,924,475.
Montreal is the centre of export trade of diary pro-
ducts on the continent.
Dairy shipments of 1907 totalled 20 millions.
Total number exployed on wharves, 1907, 142,303 ;
daily average, 786.
Montreal has a 30-foot channel at low water.
Manufacturing products, Montreal and suburbs, 1J05,
118 millions. Increase of 40 per cent, in 5 ye»rs.
Capital invested, 112 millions.
Montreal's customs revenue, June, 1906-March, 1^(7,
*1 1,436, 645.
Montreal's bank clearings, 1907, $1,555,712,000— h'j i-
est in Canada, ranking eighth among Amer'.t.n
clearing houses.
Montreal's exemptions, 1907, 54 millions — increaii if
12 millions in 3 years.
Street railway net earnings, 1906-7, $1,332,464. i"« i-
sengers carried, 3,336,110; mileage, 67; cars c ^ r-
ated, 500.
SASKATCHEWAN.
Saskatchewan's area is 250,650 square miles— as i r ,e
as France; twice size of British Isles.
Saskatchewan's population, 1906, 260,000.
Area of wheat-growing increased from 276,253 acr»4".n
1898 to nearly 2 millions in 1907.
Wheat yield increased from 4,780,440 bushels in >8?)8
to 30,000,000 in 1907.
Saskatchewan has produced over 150 million bushels
of wheat in 10 years, 1889-1907.
Saskatchewan's total grain yield, 1906, 56 million
bushels; 1907, estimate, 63 millions.
Rey'ina, population, 1905. <>,lf>9. Building permits.
1906, 2 millions, ranking 4th among Canadian
cities.
43
Saskatchewan will now hav« 10 members in the Do-
minion Parliament.
Saskatchewan has 48,000 more, males than females.
Saskatchewan has 54,787 farms, 240,566 horses, 472,-
000 cattle, 121,290 sheep, 113,916 swine. (Census,
1906.)
Saskatchewan's customs receipts, 1906-7, $263,511.
Saskatchewan had, 1905, 80 industrial establishments;
capital, $2,011,930; value of products, $2,520,172;
1,440 employees.
Saskatchewan's percentage of cultivated to arable
land, 0.02 per cent.
Saskatchewan's spring wheat average, 1891-1901,
19.88 bushels per acre; oats, 34.98; barley, 24.45.
RAILWAYS.
Canada stands first among the nations in transport-
ing facilities in proportion to her population.
Canada's railway mileage per head of population is
greater than that of any other country.
Canada has one mile of railway to 289 people; U.S.
381, France 1,590, United Kingdom 1,821.
Tn actual railway mileage, Canada ranks eighth in
the world.
Canada's railway mileage, 22,452 (besides 5,159 miles
of sidings); mileage in 1836, 16; at Confederation,
1867, 2,278.
Mileage built, 1907, 1,099. Miles under construction or
contract, 3,000.
Ontario leads in railway mileage with 7,637; Quebec,
3,515; Manitoba, 3,074; Saskatchewan, 2,024 ;
British Columbia, 1,685; New Brunswick, 1,502:
Nova Scotia, 1,329; Alberta, 1,323; Prince Edward
Island, 270; Yuuon, 90.
One-third of Canada's railway mileage is in the West.
Canada has 198 railway companies, under 98 control-
ling companies.
Canada has nearly as much railway mileage as Great
Britain.
Canada has a greater railway mileage than Australia
and New Zealand, or Italy and Spain combined.
Canada has more railways than all the South Ameri-
can countries.
Canada's railway mileage doubled in last twenty
years and is expected to double in next ten years.
COST OF RAILWAYS
Government railways and canals, estimates, 1907-8,
(ordinary and capital), 47 millions.
Canada's railways have been given 341 millions in
bonuses and lands, or equal to subsidy of $15,500
for each mile of railway.
Of this sum, cash subsidies have been $181,298,412,
viz., $128,827,648 from Dominion, $35,123,130 from
provinces, and $17,346,633 from municipalities.
Land grants: Dominion and provinces (except Que-
bec) 40 million acres; at average of $4 per acre,
160 millions.
Besides above, Dominion and Provincial Governments
have guaranteed railway bonds for many millions.
Capital invested in Canadian railways, $1,171,937,-
808.
Capitalization of railways in Canada, $56,995 per
mile, as against $67,936 in U.S., and $273,437 in
Great Britain.
TRAFFIC, EARNINGS AND EQUIPMENT.
1907 : passengers carried, 32,137,319 (doubled in 10
years); tons of freight, 63,866,135 (trebled in 12
years); coal, 11 million tons; lumber, 7^ millions;
grain, 5 2-3 millions.
1907 : total earnings, .$146,738,214, increase of 17
per cent, over 1906; 95 millions from freight; 45
millions from passengers.
1907 : operating expenses, $103,748,672, increase of
19.07 per cent, over 1906. Proportion of operation
expenses to earnings, 70.70 per cent.
C.P.R. (For year ending June 30, 1907).
45
1907 : 3,504 locomotives, 117,156 passenger and freight
cars. Total train mileage, 75,115,765.
1907 : 124,012 employed. Salaries and wages, $58,719,-
493, or 56 per cent, of operating expenses.
Total mileage, 13,112 (C.P.R., 10,239; other linns
worked, 2,873).
Gross earnings, $72,217, 527; working expenses, $46,-
914,218; net earnings, $25,303,308.
Dividends paid, $9,037,028.
Land sales, 994,480 acres, for $5,887,377.
Average price, $5.92 per acre, including sales based on
previous contracts. Price on lands actually sold
within the year, $8.09 per acre.
C. P. R. still owns 9,847,975 acres of agricultural
lands; 3,625,375 B.C. lands, and 2,500,000 Colum-
bia and Western R. R. lands, 15,973,350 acres in
all, valued at 180 millions.
Total value of C. P. R. lands sold, $58,570,709.
The recently constructed 361 miles of irrigation can-
als and ditches have added an additional 210,000
acres.
Total value of railway, equipment, securities, etc.,
$389,339,281.
Capital stock, $121,680,000; preference, $43,936,665;
debenture stock, $106,045,411; mortgage bonds,
$40,238,086, $311,900,163 in all.
C. P. R. has 60 steamships, 1,296 locomotives, 1,466
passenger and sleeping cars, and 40,405 freight
cars.
Passengers carried, 8,779,620; freight, 15,733,306 tons.
Number of employees, 74,000; monthly pay roll,
about $3,700,000.
Canada gave the C.P.R. 62 millions in cash and con-
struction and 25 million acres of land.
The C.P.R. was built in 5 years instead of 10, as per
contract, and cost over 300 millions.
Lord Strathcona drove last spike on C.P.R., Nov. 7,
1885.
London Financier, Dtc. 5, 1906 : "Th« C.P.R. it on*
of th« wonders of th« world."
CANADIAN NORTHERN SYSTEM.
Canadian Northern System, 125 miles 12 years ago,
now operating 4,059 miles, with pay roll of five
millions.
150 new towns have sprung up along C.N.R.
C.N.R. has grown at rate of nearly a mile a day for
last 10 years.
Gross earnings, 1907, 10 millions.
GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS.
Canadian Government operates 1,483 miles. Total
track length, 1,791 miles. Revenue, 1906, $7,950,-
000; June, 1906-March, 1907, $6,509,186; surplus,
$180,440, deficit, 1905, $1,725,000.
Canada has spent a total of $162,387,329 on con-
struction of government railways; working ex-
penses, $130,194,269; revenue, $118,819,364.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
1907 : mileage of 49 railways, 814. Increase of 46 pel-
cent, since 1902; gross earnings, $12,630,430; net,
$4,971,624.
1907 : Passengers carried, 273,999,404; gain of 36,344,-
330 over 1906.
Total capital invested in construction and equipment,
$65,000,000; paid-up capital, $75,195,475.
1907 : 9,031 employed; pay list, $5,291,585.
GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Grand Trunk Railway 3,949 miles
Grand Trunk Western Railway 336 "
Detroit, Grand Haven & .Milwaukee R.R. .. 191 "
Toledo, Saginaw & Muskegon Railway .... 116 "
Cincinnati, Saginaw & Mackinaw R.R 53 "
Total 4,645 miles
47
Gross earnings, year ending June 30, 1907, 33 mil-
lions; net, 10 millions.
Passengers carried, 10,982,086; freight, 16,828,649
tons.
Locomotives, 803; cars, 31,428.
The Grand Trunk reaches Canada's great tourist re-
sorts of Lake of Bays, Algonquin Park and Tema-
gami.
The Grand Trunk Railway system is the longest con-
tinuous double-track railway in the world under
one management.
The only double-track railway between Montreal, To-
ronto, and other principal cities in Cgnada.
G.T.P. and G.T.R. will ultimately have a combined
mileage of 13,000.
The Grand Trunk Pacific has charters to build l>3
branch lines.
135 new towns will be built on G.T.P. between Win-
nipeg and Edmonton; 82 will be on the market in
1908.
G.T.P. main line will be 3,555 miles long, to cost 12o
millions.
G.T.P. .will help to move the grain crop of 1908.
Authorized mileage of Grand Trunk Pacific main liu»;
and branches, 7,900.
998 miles under construction from Winnipeg to a
point 123 miles west of Edmonton, and Lake Su-
perior branch 200 miles— total, 1,198 miles.
852 miles also under contract of Transcontinental R.
R. Commission.
National transcontinental estimates, 1907J8, 30 mil-
lions; expended up to March 31, 1907, $8,147,497.
Maximum grade of G.T.P. is 21 feet to the mile — only
one-fifth of next best railway on the continent.
RANCHING AND IRRIGATION.
Canada has 100 million acres of western grazing land.
Twenty-five years ago the cattle trade of the west
totalled 25 head.
48
One and a half million animala now in the West.
Canada exported 810,933,669 millions worth of cattle
and $1,345,397 of sheep in 1906-7, chiefly to Great
Britain.
Alberta's cattle exports, 1901-7, 336,389 head.
20,000 different ranching brands are registered in the
Canadian West.
First carload of cattle was shipped from west in 1885.
Canada has 500 miles of irrigation canals in Alberta.
C.P.R. arc building irrigation canals between Cal-
gary and Medicine Hat.
This will cost 5 million dollars and is the largest un-
dertaking of its kind by a single company under
way on the continent.
It will reclaim 1^ million acres of land and make
available another 1£ million acres for ranching.
This area, when reclaimed, will support a population
of 500,000.
361 miles of this new system has been constructed.
In addition, a million acres are being reclaimed
around Lethbridge.
RELIGIOUS.
Canada has 30 religious denominations and 23,886
churches, (1901 census). Protestants 59 per cent.;
Catholics, 41 per cent.
Proportion of Methodists, 17.07 ; Presbyterians,
15.68 ; Church of England, 12.67 ; Baptist, 6.50.
Union of Presbyterian churches in Canada in 1875.
Union of Methodist churches in 1883.
Number of communicants in Presbyterian churches
and missions in Canada, 1906, 253,392; number of
families, 138,567; 3,676 preaching places.
Ministers, 1,561; elders, 8,447; sums raised for all
purposes, 1906, $3,351,281, nn average of $13 per
head.
The Presbyterian church has raised a total of 60
millions since the union in 1875.
49
916 Presbyterian missionaries : 198 in foreign field,
655 home field, 63 French field.
2,987 Presbyterian Sabbath schools, with 187,375
scholars, and 22,499 teachers and officers.
Church of England clergy in Canada number 1300.
24 dioceses, 22 bishops, 34 foreign missionaries.
Contributions for all church purposes, nearly 2
millions.
Eoman Catholic clergy in Canada nearly 3000, in-
cluding 2000 in Quebec, 500 in Ontario, 300 in
Maritime Provinces.
Congregational clergy, 100 ; Baptist clergy, 700 ;
Lutheran clergy, 126.
Canada has 35,000 Jews.
Canada has 25,000 members of Salvation Army.
The Canadian Bible Society circulated 90,000 copies in
1906.
The Bible issued 100 years ago in 50 languages, now
in nearly 500.
38 different versions of the Bible have been dis-
tributed inCanada.
Lord's Day alliance of Canada has 40,000 members,
in 673 branches.
100 years ago, a handful of missionaries ; to-day
nearly 100,000 (12,919 missionaries 80,000 native
workers).
The Canada Methodist Church has 1 General Confer-
ence, 13 Annual Conferences, 135 districts, 1,848
circuits and stations, with 5,141 preaching places.
The Canadian Methodist Church has 2,304 ministers
and probationers, 2,541 local preachers, 1,187 ex-
horters, 323,343 members, 3,574 Sunday Schools,
34,479 S. S. officers and teachers, 290,835 S. S.
scholars, 1,891 Epworth Leagues and Young Peo-
ple's Societies, with 75,227 members.
Contributions of Methodist Sunday Schools for Mis-
sions, $34,159; Epworth Leagues, $47,562; total
contributions for Missions, $450,976.
5°
Total contributions of all missionary societies in the
world, 100 years ago, 875,000 ; 1906, $21,280,000,
with 1,500,000 communicants in mission churches
and 5,000,000 nominally friends or adherents.
Number of Methodist mission stations, 697; mission-
aries and assistants, 628; members on mission
stations, 41,941.
TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.
Canada has 31,536 miles of telegraph lines and 117,-
338 miles of telegraph wires if placed in line.
Of this, 6,829 miles are government lines, including
Yukon line of 2,252 miles.
Canada has 3,111 telegraph stations.
Canada has 334^ miles of government cable lines.
Canada contributed five-seventeenths of the all-Brit-
ish Pacific cable, thus making possible the great
en*-^rprise.
Capital- invested in Canadian telegraphs, 7 millions.
Canada has 15 wireless telegraph stations.
Canadian Government will build 5 wireless stations
on Pacific coast.
Over thirty years ago Graham Bell invented the tele-
phone at Brantford.
Bell Telephone instruments in use in Canada, 100,000,
or one to every 60 of population.
Manitoba has purchased the Bell Telephone system of
that province for $3,300,000 and has appointed the
first Minister of Telegraphs and Telephones in its
Cabinet.
Alberta Government has 500 miles of telephone lines.
Saskatchewan Government will expend two millions
on telephone lines.
There are 200 independent telephone companies in Can-
ada, with 20,000 phonos ns against 12,000 in 1906
and 6,000 in 19(15.
Beil Telephone in rural districts in Canada, 1 to ev-
ery 1,250.
Si
Number of Bell Telephones in U.S., 1895, 300,000; in
1907, 3,000,000.
Number of Independent telephones in U.S. in 1907,
3,500,000.
1 telephone to each 250 of U.S. population in 1895;
1 to each 13 in 1907.
TEMPERANCE.
Dominion excise revenue, 1906-7, (9 mos.), $11,805,413.
Of this, spirits yielded 85,730,274; malt, $1,025,677 ;
tobacco, $3,994,154; cigars, $912,757.
Quantity of spirits produced and in distilleries, 1906-7,
6,295,748 proof gallons.
Canada exports an increasing quantity of distillery
products, 1906-7, 303,594 proof gallons— nearly
double in 5 years.
Annual consumption per head, 1907, spirits, .947 gal-
lons ; beer, 5,585; wine, .092; tobacco, 2,953 Ibs.
Consumption of beer largest on record.
Canadians pay $10 per head per year for strong drink
—60 millions.
Britain's drink bill is 800 million dollars a year —
—$18.53 per head.
The Canadian Temperance Act is in force in 24 coun-
ties in Canada — 12 in Nova Scotia, 10 in New
Brunswick, 2 in Manitoba.
Local option in 45 per cent, of Ontario, viz., in 250
townships out of 600.
Cigarets made for year ending June 30, 1907, 331,-
972,137; a third more than previous year; 10
years ago, 93,798,000.
Consumption of cigars for year ending June 30, 1907,
194,816,575.
Consumption of tobacco, 1906-7, largest on record.
TIMBER AND PULP INDUSTRY.
(See also "Forestry.")
Dominion Government sold, 1906-7, 49 timber berths
— area of 410.6 square miles; bonuses, $226,360 :
average of $511 per square mile.
52
Canada has the largest white pine areas left on th«
continent.
Wage earners, log and lumber products, and their
rcmanufacturers, 1905, 77,968 in 2/234 establish-
ments. Capital, 148 millions; value of products,
109 millions.
Census value of timber, logs, wood, etc., 1901, 200
millions.
Canada exported in 1907, $33,587,474 of forest pro-
ducts; $11,783,564 to G. B., $18,397,753 to U.S.
Total exports of forest products in 26 years, 660 mil-
lions' worth.
PULP AND PAPER.
(Data supplied by Pulp and Paper Mag. z:ne.)
Canada has the largest pulpwood areas in the world.
The first paper mill in Canada was started at
Jacques Cartier, Que., by a Mr. Jackson in Au-
gust, 1800.
The second mill was started at St. Andrew's, Que., in
1803, the same year in which the Fourdrinier ma-
chine, which was to revolutionize paper making,
was introduced in England.
A. H. Holland started the third mill at Bedford Ba-
sin, N.S., about 1819.
The first mill in Ontario started in 1820 at Ancaster.
According to the census of 1S51, Upper Canada had
five mills and Lower Canada had also five. The
census of 1871 gave 12 mills to Ontario, 7 to Que-
bec, 1 to Nova Scotia and 1 to New Brunswick.
The census of 1881 recorded 36 paper and 5 pulp
mills.
The subsequent progress of the pulp and paper in-
dustry is as follows :
Year. No. Pulp Mills. Capacity in tons per 24 hrs,
1888 34 154
1S92 37 312
1899 39 1,145
1907 58 2,361
53
The total capacity of the mills producing chemical
pulp by the sulphite and soda processes in 1899
was about 500 tons per day, and in 1907 about
550 tons per day, so that increase in the last 8
years has been almost wholly in mechanical, or
ground wood pulp, viz.:
Year. No. Paper, Mills. Capacity in tons per 24 hrs.
1888 40 173
1892 38 209
1899 33 328
1907 46 966
PULP MILLS, 1907.
Province. No. Pulp Mills. Capacity in tons per 24 hrs.
N.B. 6 170
N.S. 6 179
Ont. 14 631
Que. 32 1,381
PAPER MILLS, 1907.
Province. No. of Mills. Capacity in tons per 24 hrs.
N.B. 1 5
N.S. 2 11
Ont. 22 346
Que. 21 604
The era of manufacturing pulp from wood in Canada
began in the decade of 1880-90.
Yearly capacity of its pulp mills at present time is
about 480,000 tons of pulp and 211.000 tons of
paper.
Pulp first figures in the trade and navigation returns
of Canada in 1890, when the total export was
valued at $168,180, of which $460 went to Great
Britain, $147,098 to the United States and $20,-
622 to other countries.
In nine months of the fiscal year ending March, 1907,
the export of pulp was $2,984,945.
Besides this Canada exported to the United States
pulpwood for American mills to the extent of
54
452,846 cords in the 9 months ending March 1907,
or at the rate of nearly 604,000 cords for the
year.
Exports of Canadian made paper in 9 months of 1907
were valued at $1,657,740, besides $20,412 of wall
papers.
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Canada sells goods to 66 colonies and countries.
Canada's total trade, short period year of 9 months,
June, 1906-March, 1907, $465,063,204 (including
coin and bullion), viz., imports, $259,786,007; ex-
ports, $205,277,197.
Total trade for 12 months to June, 1907, $612,652,-
107; for calendar year 1907, $635,850,681, or about
$100 per head. (U.S., $40 per head.)
Total trade with Great Britain, June, 1906-March,
1907, $169,955,773, viz., imports, $64,819,972; ex-
ports, $105,135,801.
Total trade with United States, June, 1906-March,
1907, $237,624,730, viz., imports, $158,603,250; ex-
ports, $79,021,480.
United States supplied 60 per cent, of Canada's im-
ports; Great Britain, 29 per cent.
Percentage of exports to Great Britain, 54.73; to U.
S., 34.27.
Canada's total trade has doubled in 9 years; trebled
in 20 years.
Increase in total trade, 20 years, 1873-1893, 30 mil-
lions, or 14 per cent. In 14 years, 1893-1907, 365
millions, or 150 per cent. U.S. only 80 per cent.
Canada has as great a commerce with outside world,
per head of population, as United States.
Canada stands third among the nations of the world
in the per capita of her total trade.
When British preference of 33 1-3 per cent, was given
in 1897 imports from Britain were 29 millions ;
1907, 89 millions, increase of over 200 per oc»t.
Great Britain is Canada's best customer.
55
Imports under preference tariff with Britain, 1906-7,
$48,352,439.
Canada has 238 Boards of Trade and Chambers of
Commerce.
Canada's exports, June, 1906-March, 1907 : Mines,
$26,356,282 ; fisheries, $10,396,918; forest, $33,587,-
474; animal produce, §56,053,618; agricultural pro-
ducts, $43,131,408; manufactures, $21,495,001.
Average duties on all goods, 14^ per cent, in Canada,
12J per cent, in Australia, 22 per cent, in U.S.
One-half of Canada's total trade is with the U.S. and
one-third with Great Britain.
Over one-half of Canada's trade is within the Empire.
Two-thirds of Britain's trade is within the Em-
pire.
Great Britain bought goods from Canada to value of
$3 per head of population of British Isles ; U. S.
bought from Canada to value of $1.30 per head
of population of U.S.
Since 1868, exports during 31 of 39 years have been
greater to Great Britain than to U.S.
In 1868, when population of U. S. was 37,000,000,
total exports and imports amounted to $639,389,-
339. In 1907, when population of Canada stood
at 6,500,000, her total exports and imports were
$635,000,000.
In 1868, 60 per cent, of Canada's export trade was to
U. S.; 30 per cent, to Great Britain. In 1906,
50 per cent, to Great Britain, 40 per cent, to U.S.
Though the volume of British trade had largely in-
creased, the proportion of it as between the col-
onies and foreign countries had remained prac-
tically constant. In 1855-1859, in the case of im-
ports, the proportions were 23.7 per cent, and
76.3 per cent., respectively. In 1906 the propor-
tions were 23.4 and 76.6 per cent., respectively. In
the case of exports to the United Kingdom the
proportions for the same periods were 31.6 and
56
68.4 per cent., respectively, and 32.8 and 67.2 per
cent., respectively.
25 per cent, of Canada's purchases from Great Brit-
ain enter free of duty ; 50 per cent, from U. S.
Of the total trade of 3465,063,204, (June 1906-March,
1907) §152,065,529 was dutiable, $97,672,345 free,
coin and bullion §7,517,008.
Ddty collected, June, 1906-March, 1907, §39,760,172.
United States has 189 consular and trade agents in
Canada.
TRADE WITHIN THE EMPIRE.
Canada's trade with Newfoundland, year ending June
30, 1907, totalled 85,231,579, viz. : exports, §3,-
669,098 ; imports, §1,611,480— increase of §147,159
over 1906. In same period Newfoundland's trade
with U. S. declined §161,833.
Canada's trade with Australia, June, 1906-March,
1907, §2,193,436, viz. : exports §1,998,968; imports,
§194,468. Australia's total trade, 1906, 565 mil-
lion dollars.
Canada's trade with New Zealand, June, 1906-March,
1907, §832,875, viz. : exports, §656,789 ; imports,
§176,086. New Zealand's total trade, 1906, 165
million dollars.
Canada's trade with British East Indies, §2,881,623 ;
British West Indies, §4,217,382 ; British Guiana,
§3,423,616 ; British Africa, §1,125,320.
TRADE WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Canada's trade with France in 1906 was §9,818,138,
vi/.. : imports, §7,698,047 ; exports, §2,120,091.
From June, 1906-March, 1907, the trade was §8,088,-
921."
The principal items in the exports of 1906 were living
animals, §164,330 : broadstuffs, §241,000 ; fish,
§952.468 ; nu-tals, §372,061 ; lumber, wood pulp,
etc., §97,670.
57
Mexico's foreign trade is $300,000,000. 70 per cent, of
it is with U.S.
Canada's trade with Mexico, June, 1906-March, 1907,
$809,414, viz.: exports, $317,115; imports, $492,-
299.
In these cases Canada will receive the benefit of the
French minimum tariff, which includes many of the
products of the forest, the farm, and the fisheries,
and a considerable list of manufactured products.
Canada's trade with Argentina, June, 1906-March,
1907, $3,469,496 ; Austria-Hungary, $876,104 ; Bel-
gium, $3,560,627 ; Brazil, $1,066,326 ; Chile, $371,-
159 ; Cuba, $1,485,132 ; Denmark, $122,525 ; Ger-
many, $6,549,812 ; Holland, $1,799,388 ; Italy,
$757,431 ; Norway and Sweden, $387,494 ; Russia,
$488,221 ; Spain, $943,869 ; Switzerland, $1,598,-
603 ; Turkey, $363,297.
Canada's total trade with China, June, 1906-March,
1907, $804,257 ; Japan, $2,197,343.
TRADE FACTS, CALENDAR YEAR 1907.
The imports for consumption amounted to $362,515,-
267, an increase of $42,048,067, and the total ex-
ports to $273,325,414, an increase of $3,847,810.
Our total imports of $95,094,480 from Great Britain
represented an increase of $17,448,914, whilst sales
of Canadian goods in the British market totalled
$126,347,931, a falling off of $8,713,849, as com-
pared with the previous year.
Imports from the United States in 1907 amounted to
$217,245,100, as compared with $196,123,117 in
1906; and exports to the United States, $117,536,-
998, as compared with $107,389,451.
Imports from France in 1907 amounted to $9,502,052,
as compared with $1,916,344.
Imports from Germany in 1907 amounted to $8,049,-
884, as compared with $7,064,998, and exports to
Germany, $1,872,659, as compared with $1,497,103.
One of the most conspicuous features of the foregoing
returns is the very large increase in the imports
of British goods into Canada. British trade with
Canada is to-day increasing at a relatively faster
rate than our imports from the United States or
any other foreign country. The total of $95,094,-
488 is more than three times the trade Britain did
with this country when the preference was intro-
duced ten years ago.
WESTERN CANADA.
Western Canada comprises two-thirds of total area.
Western Canada is 50 per cent, larger than 10 of the
Western States.
Population of three prairie provinces, 805,000; doul led
in 5 years; 43,228 in 1871.
Population of west, including B.C., over 1 million—
about equal to Maritime Provinces.
Acreage under cultivation, 1907, 8,482,606— only 5 per
cent, of 171 million acreage. (Wheat, 5,630,800 ;
oats, 2,322,646; barley, 529,160.)
In 1870 only one-thirty-fourth under cultivation (near
Hudson Bay posts).
There is land enough in Western Canada if tilled to
feed every mouth in Europe.— J. J. Hill.
Western Canada's total grain crop of 1907 worth 100
millions to 60,000 farmers.
Western Canada elevator capacity, 55,222,200 bushels.
(C.P.E., 40 millions; C.N.R., 15 millions.)
Western Canada flour milling capacity, 38,065 barrels
per day.
Western Canada wheat crop, 1907, estimated 62 mil-
lion bushels; oats, 85 millions; barley, 15 millions
—162 millions.
Western Canada railway mileage: Canadian Pacific
mileage, 5,896; Canadian Northern Railway mile-
age, 3,186; Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, projects.!
mileage, 3,000; already completed, 415; Great Nor-
thern Railway milage, 311.
59
D. B. Hanna: "There is 1 mile of railway for every
134 people in the Canadian West, as against 1 for
every 1,911 in England."
Immigration into Western Canada, 1901-7, 962,588.
First concerted U. S. emigration to Western Canada
was 44 people in 1896.
Homestead entries from Oct. 31, 1874, to March 31,
1907, 263,339.
Homestead entries, June 30, 1906-March 31, 1907, 21,-
647, representing 52,524 souls, and 3,463,520 acres.
Homesteaders of 1906-7 represented 30 nations and 50
states and territories, and included 5,853 Cana-
dians, 6,552 U.S., 4,091 British.
90 per cent, of Western Canada farmers are clear of
debt.
Taxes on Western Canada farm lands only about $25
per square mile.
Dominion lands sales, 9 mos., 1906-7, yielded $1,443,-
632.
Dominion lands sales, 1872-1907, $25,230,547.
30 million acres have been granted to legitimate set-
tlers in Western Canada.
20 million acres have also been sold by railway com-
panies.
Western Canada increase of land values, 1900-1906, 85
per cent.
Western Canada has 3,000 commercial travellers.
Western Canada land sales by railway companies,
June, 1906-March, 1907, 1,277,759 acres for $7,-
697,930.
124,304,155 acres have been surveyed in Western Can-
ada, making 776,896 farms of 160 acres each.
Canada has given 57 million acres of lands to West-
ern Canada railways.
Average per acre, $6.02; average in 1893, $2.93.
Total sales of Western lands by railway companies,
1893-1907, 14,422,797 acres for $59,608,225— average
per acre of $4.13.
60
Western Canada's fishery products, 1906, 81,492,923.
3,000 miles of railway are building in the West, put-
ting 50 millions in circulation.
Canada has 10,000 miles of rivers west of Lake Su-
perior navigable by steamers.
Western Canada will now have 34 members at Ot-
tawa out of 220; after next census they will have
between 60 and 70— J of House.
45 loan companies have 68 millions and life insurance
companies 46 millions invested in Western Canada
— 114 millions in all.
Western Canada has 472 bank branches— 131 in 1907.
Western Canada supplies more than half of Canada's
total cattle exports. Shipments, 1907, 119,369 ;
value 4 millions.
Western Canada cities' assessment, 1*900, 36 millions;
1906, 139 millions; increase of 286 per cent.
Western Canada had 698,409 cattle in 1900, 1,560,592
in 1906; increase of 123 per cent.; 340,329 horses
in 1900; 682,919 in 1906; increase of 200 per cent.
Western Canada's foreign trade, 1906, 20 millions ;
1906, 55 millions; increase, 166 per cent.
WHEAT.
Western Canada has 171 million acres of wheat lands.
(Prof. Saunders' estimate.)
Wheat acreage, Western Canada, 1907, 5,630,800; esti-
mated crop, 62 million bushels, worth 48 mil-
lions.
"Canada": "The time is not far distant when Canada
will produce 200,000,000 bushels of wheat.
Average yield of wheat per acre for ten years : West-
ern Canada 18.95 bushels, Minnesota 11, Kansas
12, Missouri 11, North Dakota 12.4, South Da-
kota 10.9.
U. S. yield of wheat per acre, 1904, 12.5; Russia 11.5.
Canada ranked first in wheat display at St. Louis
Fair, 1904; 150 varieties of wheat and other grains
were there shown from Canada.
61
Wheat was there shown grown 2,000 miles north of
St. Louis.
United States exports of wheat, and flour to Gr«at
Britain arc fast declining.
Canadian No. 1. hard wheat is the highest-priced
wheat in the world.
Wheat production in U.S. has not kept pace with
growth of population; in Canada surplus for ex-
port is increasing.
In 1880 U.S. exported 180 million bushels of wheat
and flour; Canada, 7£ million bushels; 1906 U.S.
exported only 97 million bushels, Canada 47 mil-
lion bushels.
18 years ago U.S. produced 18 bushels to Canada's
one; U.S. now produces but six to one.
Highest price recorded for cash wheat, in Winnipeg,
Oct. 12, 1907, $1.154 per bushel.
Canada formerly exported one bushel against U.S. 24;
now exports nearly one-half as much as entire
U.S.
Canada's home market costumes 40 million bushels of
wheat; balance available for export.
World. s wheat crop of 1907 fell short of that of 1906
by 50 million quarters.
Wheat of first-class quality, No. 1 hard, grown in Yu-
kon, latitude 63, was laid before Canadian Parlia-
ment, session of 1907.
United Kingdom's average of wheat yield, 1907, 33.97
bushels to acre, as against average of 31.15 for
last ten years.
In United Kingdom 27 loaves are made of foreign
wheat for every six of native wheat.
500 miles north of Edmonton, Allie Brick grew, 1907,
4,000 bushels of wheat. It is claimed there has
never been a crop failure in Peace River country.
Prof. John Macoun claims wheat can be successfully
grown as far north as latitude 66, in direction of
Hudson's Bay.
62
WONDERS OF CANADA'S NATIONAL PARK,
ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
1. Canada has the largest and best National Park in
the world, 5,732 square miles in extent.
2. It has been aptly termed "Sixty Switzerlands in
One."
. 3. It exceeds in natural grandeur all other parks in
the world.
4. It is nearly twice as large as the famous Yellow-
stone Park.
3. The Canadian Government is annually expending
large sums of money opening up new roads, build-
ing trails and making the attractions of the park
easy of access.
6. All game and birds are protected in the park.
7. Law and order are enforced in the park by the
famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police.
5. Banff the beautiful, one of the most attractive
spots in America, is the gateway to the Canadian
National Park.
9. Banff has hot sulphur springs, caves, water falls,
avairy, museum, animal paddock (with eighty
buffalo), magnificent drives, boating, fishing and
many other attractions.
10. Banff is annually visited by many thousands of
tourists.
11. Lake Louise, one of the most beautiful lakes in
the world, is thirty-four miles west of Banff.
12. Good trails from Lake Louise, Chalet, to Lakes
in the Clouds, Valley of the Ten Peaks, Victoria
Hanging Glacier, Paradise Valley and Saddleback
Lookout.
13. Field— fifty miles west of Banff— is where the world
famous loop tunnels are now being constructed. It
is also the centre of remarkable alpine scenery.
14. Yoho Valley is reached from Field by the Emer-
ald Lake Road, which is near the wonderful na-
tural bridge of the Bow River.
63
15. From one place near Field over seventy glaciers
can be counted.
16. Glacier, a station on the Canadian Pacific liail-
\vay, with an excellent hotel, is a few moments'
walk from the Great Glacier, with its nearly forty
miles of ice.
17. Nakinu Caves are near Glacier. These immense
caverns, formed by water erosion, are claimed by
scientists to be 38,400 years old.
18. The Alpine Club of Canada, with a membership
of over 400, meet in July, 1908, in Roger's Pass,
near Glacier.
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