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CANADIAN CLU
WINNIPEG
ANNUAL REPORT
NINETEEN -THIRTEEN
NINTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE CANADIAN CLUB
OF WINNIPEG
W I N N I P EG
SEASON OF 1912-1913
OFFICERS
CANADIAN CLUB, WINNIPEG
1912-1913
President C. N. BELL, F.R.G.S.
First Vice-President . . DANIEL MC!NTYRE, LL.D.
Second Vice-President . . JOHN LESLIE
Literary Correspondent . . F. W. CLARK
Honorary Secretary . . R. H. SMITH
Honorary Treasurer . . C. W. ROWLEY
Executive Committee
JAMES MANSON D. R. FINKELSTEIN W. J. BOYD
D. W. McKERCHAR W. J. BULMAN
A. H. S. MURRAY GEORGE MUNRO
W. SANFOKD EVANS
MR. C. W. ROWLEY,
President 1913-1914
PRESIDENTS
of
THE CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
Since Organization
1904-5
1905-6
1906-7
1907-8
1908-9
1909-10 .
1910-11 .
1911-12 .
1912-13
Organized 1904
J. S. EWART, K,C.
J. A. M. AIKINS, K.C.
G. R. CROWE
SIR WILLIAM WHYTE
LT.-COL. J. B. MITCHELL
REV. C. W. GORDON, D.D.
ISAAC PITBLADO, K.C.
W. SANFORD EVANS
C. N. BELL, F.R.G.S.
Honorary Life Members of the Canadian Club
of Winnipeg
FIELD MARSHAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND*
STRATHERN, K.G.
His EXCELLENCY EARL GREY, G.C.M.G.
FIELD MARSHAL EARL ROBERTS, V.C.
LORD MILNER, G.C.B.
LORD STRATHCONA, G.C.M.G.
SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON, K.C.V.O.
LIEUT. GENERAL SIR ROBERT BADEN POWELL, K.C.B., F.R.G.S.
RT. HON. SIR CHARLES TUPPER, G.C.M.G.
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING
Minutes of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Club
of Winnipeg, held on November 20th, 1913, C. N. Bell,
President, in the Chair.
The minutes of last annual meeting were read and con-
firmed.
The annual report of the Executive Committee was sub-
mitted as follows:
To the Members
Winnipeg Canadian Club.
Gentlemen :
Your Executive Committee have pleasure in submitting
their Ninth Annual Report on the work of the Club during
the past year. The year just closed may be considered as
liaving been very satisfactory, the work being directly in
line with the object sought in the organization of the Club.
Your Executive believe that the addresses delivered to the
€lub during the year have been most interesting and in-
structive, and fully up to the high level attained in previous
years. The luncheons have been very well attended indeed,
the capacity of the large quarters at the disposal of the
€lub having been taxed to the utmost on more than one
occasion.
Fourteen luncheons were held during the past year,
the members present enjoying the privilege of hearing
words of wisdom and encouragement from men prominent
in the affairs of not only the Dominion of Canada and the
Motherland, but in other countries of the world.
For the first time in the history of Winnipeg and West-
ern Canada, a British Cabinet Minister visited the Western
country in the person of Rt. Hon. Herbert Samuel, Post-
master-General of Great Britain, who delivered a most de-
lightful and interesting address, which included an earnest
appeal to the members of the Club, that they, while recog-
CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
nizing the rapid progress in material things, should ever
keep in mind the cultivation of the arts, sciences and high
ethical ideals necessary to make a high citizenship.
General Bramwell Booth might also be mentioned
. amongst others as having delivered an earnest and instruc-
tive address on the necessity for high ideals of life being en-
couraged and maintained by our people.
A complete list of the addresses delivered is as follows r
Nov. 25th, 1912 Mr. Maurice Willows (New York). " Effi-
ciency in caring for the poor, the sick
and the delinquent as an important fac-
tor in the development of a city."
Feb. 12th, 1913 C. N. Bell, Esq. (Winnipeg). "La Veren-
drye."
Feb. 26th, 1913 Rev. Samuel McChord Crothers, DJX
(Cambridge, Mass.) "International Re-
lations."
April 2nd., 1913 Hon. John Scadden (West Australia).
"Recent developments which have
taken place in West Australia."
April 24th, 1913 J. D. McGregor, Esq. (Brandon). "The
Live Stock Industry as an important
factor in the development of the Prairie
Provinces. ' '
May 9th, '1913 Col. The Hon. James Allen (New Zea-
land). "The New Zealand Navy."
June 3rd, 1913 Dr. David Starr Jordan (Stanford Univer-
sity, California). "The Fight Against
War."
June 7th, 1913 Dr. C. S. Wright (Toronto). "1911-1912
British South Pole Expedition."
July 7th, 1913 R. H. Campbell, Esq. (Ottawa). "James
White, Esq. (Ottawa). "The General
Resources of New Northern Manitoba. ' '
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING
Aug. 20th, 1913 J. Obed Smith, Esq. (London, Eng.).
11 Advertising a Nation."
Sept. 1st, 1913 Hon. D. M. Stevenson (Glasgow, Scot-
land). "Municipal Government."
Sept. 8th, 1913 Rt. Hon. Herbert Samuel, M.P. (London
Eng. ) . " Problems of the Empire. ' '
Sept. 19th, 1913 Sir Gilbert Parker, M.P. (London, Eng.).
* i Compulsion in the State. ' '
Nov. 10th, 1913 General Bramwell Booth (London, Eng.).
"Salvation Army Activity in the vari-
ous fields of Social Reform."
A general meeting of the Club approved of a sugges-
tion of the Executive, following an address by the President
on the subject of "The Discovery of Western Canada made
by La Yerendrye," that some suitable public memorial
should be erected in one of the public parks of the City to
commemorate his heroic life and work.
Your Executive have given consideration to this matter
and secured some preliminary sketches of a suitable
monument, but, owing to various causes, have not been in
a position to take active and final steps to complete the
work. Your Executive recommend that the incoming
Executive keep the instructions of the Club in view.
Your Executive have been requested by many members
of the Club to endeavor to arrange for a series of addresses
bearing on the general discovery and history of Canada,
and especially that part of Canada including and to the
West of Hudson Bay and Lake Superior, and it is believed
that members of the Club, thoroughly competent to deal
with these subjects, may be induced to give addresses
during the coming winter.
Your Executive during the year endeavored to secure
the presence, as guests of the Club, of the premiers of the
different provinces of Canada, with the object of
giving the members an opportunity of getting first-hand
CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
views regarding the progress of Canada along material,
philanthropic, artistic, scientific and moral lines, or, in
other words, to enable the members to keep fully
informed of the development of the different parts of the
Dominion. Unfortunately, circumstances prevented the
acceptance of the invitations sent by your Executive during
this autumn, but, in each case, the provincial premier
addressed, expressed what a gratification it would be to
him to avail himself of the opportunity afforded. It is
believed if the incoming Executive follow up this matter
that a very successful issue will follow.
The Club was represented at the Fifth Annual Confer-
ence of the Association of Canadian Clubs held in Hamilton
in August last, when matters dealing with the Canadian
Club movement were discussed. One matter of great
importance was the decision that it was most advisable
that a permanent Secretary for central organization should
be appointed, with the object of keeping all the clubs of
the Dominion in constant contact and for the purpose of
securing suitable speakers for the smaller clubs who
experience much difficulty in this direction.
It is interesting to report that the Canadian Club idea
of holding midday luncheons for the purpose of securing
addresses on topics of interest has been carried to the
Motherland, and that, through the efforts of Earl Grey,
several luncheons have been held in London under the
auspices of the Royal Colonial Institute and have proved
entirely successful. Nearly every speaker, not a resident
of the Dominion, who has addressed this Club, has
expressed admiration for the Canadian Club movement
and ideals.
An important incident of the year and one which was
most gratifying to the members, was the acceptance by the
Et. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper of an honorary life member-
ship in the Club. The Club feels honored indeed that the
name of one, who was so largely responsible for bringing
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING Q
about the Confederation of the Dominion, and who has
rendered such long and distinguished service to his country,
should be associated with this Club.
During the year the membership of the Club has
increased to 1320 and about 40 applications for member-
ship are now awaiting approval.
During the year the Club has lost through death
some of its prominent members, including Andrew Strang,
D. G. McKay, R. D. MacDonnell, G. W. Cochrane, D. W.
MacLean, D. R. Dingwall and G. H. Eaton.
Respectfully submitted,
C. N. BELL, President.
R. H. SMITH, Honorary Secretary.
This report was adopted on motion of Lt.-Col. Mitchell
and D. W. McKerchar.
The Honorary Treasurer, C. W. Rowley, submitted the
following statement of the finances, of the Club for year
ended November 15th, 1913.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT,
for Year Ending 15th November, 1913
Receipts
Balance 31st October, 1912 $1,820.14
Proceeds of Luncheons 1,120.50
1320 Memberships 2,640.00
Interest on deposit in Savings Bank 56.08
$5,636.72
10 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
Disbursements
Association of Canadian Clubs — Fee $ 14.00
Auto, and Cab hire 63.50
Expenses of delegates to Convention of Can.
Clubs 204.50
Expenses of speakers at Royal Alexandra. . . 16.00
Flowers 35.00
Grant to Wolfe Memorial Fund 500.00
Grant to Dr. David Starr Jordan — Expenses, 100.00
Luncheons 1,237.00
Music 13.00
Postage 349.00
Printing and Stationery 607.69
Sundry 45.00
Stenographer 125.00
Telegrams 46.49
Verbatim Reports 122.00
Cash . 2,158.54
Savings Bank $1,761.98
Current Account . 396.56
$5,636.72
C. W. ROWLEY, Hon. Treasurer.
We have examined the books and vouchers of the Cana-
dian Club of Winnipeg for the year ending 15th November,
1913, and hereby certify the above to be a true and correct
statement of the Receipts and Disbursements for that period.
WM. T. RUTHERFORD, \
L. C. HAYES, ) Audltor»-
The report of the Honorary-Treasurer was adopted
on motion of Messrs. R. H. Smith and A. L. Crossin.
Mr. J. A. Ovas, Chairman of Committee appointed to
nominate the officers of the Club for the year 1913-1914,
submitted the following report of the Committee:
President C. W. Rowley
First Vice-President Judge R. Hill Myers
Second Vice-President. ..A. L. Crossin
Literary Correspondent. .Prof. Chester Martin
Honorary Secretary R. H. Smith
Honorary Treasurer Crawford Gordon
MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING
Executive Committee
R. M. Dennistoun, K.C. D. M. Duncan C. S. Riley
Jasper Halpenny, M.D. X. Bawlf Royal Burritt
R. Macfarlane C. X. Bell
On motion of Messrs. J. A. Ovas and A. L. Crossin, the
report was unanimously adopted.
The meeting then adjourned.
Addresses of the Year 1912-1913
In accordance with the established custom, brief out-
lines appear herein of the addresses given before the Club
during the year. Verbatim reports of all the addresses
may be perused upon application to the Honorary
Secretary.
Extension of Club Privileges to Visiting Members
Transfer of Membership in Case of Change of Residence
The attention of the members of the Club is directed to
the following resolutions, which have been adopted by prac-
tically every Canadian Club :
"A member of any Club in affiliation with the Associa-
tion of Canadian Clubs, while visiting any other place in
which there exists a Canadian Club, also affiliated with the
Association, shall, during such visit, be privileged to attend
any meetings or luncheons of such Club, upon presentation
of the membership certificate of his home Club, and payment
of the same admission fee as is charged for such meeting or
luncheon to resident members. This privilege shall not entitle
the visiting member to participate in any matter of Club bus-
iness which may be brought before any such meeting at which
he is present.
"Any member of a Canadian Club, in the event of
change of residence, on presentation of his membership certi-
ficate to the Honorary Secretary, shall be admitted as a
member of the Canadian Club of the place to which he has
removed, upon payment of the regular membership fee
required by such Club. In the event of the Club to which
he applies for membership under this regulation, having a
waiting list, his name shall be placed on such list in the usual
manner, and he shall, in due course, be accepted as a mem-
ber of such Club."
12 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
EFFICIENCY IN CARING FOR THE POOR, THE SICK
AND THE DELINQUENT, AS A FACTOR IN
THE HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT
OF A CITY
November 25, 1912
MR. MAURICE WILLOWS, New York
"It would be presumption on my part to talk efficiency
standards in a community as progressive as this, wi,th
your already high standards pointing the way, in some
respects, to other parts of the country.
"In passing, however, I noted in a Saturday paper,
a resolution introduced and passed at a children's agency
conference held in your city, to the effect that 'hereafter
the society would not approve the policy of placing of
feeble-minded children in family homes.' This suggests
that, even in your highly favored Province, you have the
feeble-minded child. I noticed in one of your papers,
also on Saturday, that there were in Winnipeg 4000 poor
children. This suggests that, even in this highly prosper-
ous city which is the centre of a land as rich as the Valley
of the Nile, with a bumper crop this year, it has the poor
with it now, if not always."
Proceeding, Mr. Willows noted that Winnipeg had
over three hundred manufacturing establishments in oper-
ation and over one hundred and fifty wholesale commer-
cial houses employing some 20000 hands; a death rate last
year of 12.8 per 1000; an infant mortality rate of 16.51
per 1000; 3000 cases of preventable diseases, with 366
deaths, including tuberculosis cases; and 398 juvenile
offenders.
"These notations are made without attaching to
them any particular significance— other than to show that
Winnipeg has essentially the same problems of social disorder
and mal-adjustment in common with other large Canadian
MR. MAURICE WILLOWS
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAR 13
and American cities. Even a cursory study of the records
and reports of the Associated Charities of Winnipeg con-
vinces one that your Society is doing splendid work.
"The poverty problem is the shame of civilization, made
necessary largely by our system of running around in circles.
Many contend that the poor are, in the main, to blame for
their condition. This surely is fallacious and unfair. Equally
unfair would it be to contend that the victims, of preventable
diseases are responsible for their own deaths. An impar-
tial study of 150,000 cases of dependency, in which twenty
causes of poverty were considered, revealed the fact that 22
per cent, might be attributed to misconduct, while 74 per cent
was due to misfortune, the remaining 4 per cent, being un-
classified. Thus, taking facts gleaned from the study of
150,000 cases in other cities and placing them alongside the
analysis sheet of the same kind of work in your own city, we
find that out of 1,026 cases dealt with by your local Society
last year, 60 per cent, were cases in which misfortune
figured, twenty-eight per cent, were the results of miscon-
duct, and 12 per cent, unclassified."
The speaker then described three changes in the work of
caring for the poor. Thirty-five years ago, the problem was
dealt with through the contributions of the wealthy; ten
years later the organizations became repressive in character,
seeking to disclose fraud and prevent duplication. In the
third and present stage adequate relief was still insisted on
but emphasis was laid on the searching out of underlying
causes.
"The old order of things charitable has passed away.
While it holds true that the present can never repay our debt
to the past, we will be true to the present by carrying on the
struggle of the ages against injustice and wrong, against
disease and squalor, low standards of living and degeneracy.
Methods are becoming scientific and certain. Our plea now
is for greater efficiency. The social worker, no matter how
personally well equipped, cannot accomplish much unless
reinforced by well-organized co-operative forces, backed by
a socialized public opinion.
CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"Efficiency cannot be attained without intelligent co-
operation from without. A central society does not exist to
monoplize the charity of the city, nor does it wish to do so.
It does not supplant neighborliness and general kindness. On
the other hand, it encourages charity on the part of the indi-
vidual to every other individual, but it also aims to eliminate
waste material, prevent lost motion and corelate the efforts
of all."
Continuing, Mr. Willows stated that the family no long-
er epitomized the community. The evolutions of a highly-
specialized industrial system had taken away many home
industries and the breadwinners must work elsewhere.
Schooling was an altogether public function, medical atten-
tion was fast becoming so, and other public institutions sug-
gested that the family home was 110 longer so inviolate.
There was some danger in the common splurge of Christmas
giving through which undeveloped charities appealed for
popular support.
"I might here put in a plea for a common Registration
Bureau, a confidential exchange of information. This will,
I am sure, insure no unnecessary suffering, and by this
means, the interested ones will get more quickly and with
greater facility at the root of the trouble.
"Ultimate victory over intemperance, illness, tubercu-
losis, and the rest of the big contributing reasons for depen-
dency can be accomplished only when all members of the com-
munity unite in grappling simultaneously and energetically
with the common foes.
"We cannot labor under the delusion that the poor are
a separate entity from the rest of the community. The homes
of the poor may have a nucleus in one or two parts of your
city, but on the whole, rich, middle class and poor, are found
in very close proximity. The people of the three classes con-
stantly touch elbows in factory, in market-place, in public
conveyances, in kitchens and in innumerable uriconsidered
places. A recent scarlet fever epidemic in a city of 30,000
started in the homes of the factory workers. Rapidly it
spread, claiming its victims from all classes of societv and
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 15
from all parts of the city. This is but an illustration of the
truth that neglect of a part of the community means invari-
ably retrogression of the whole.
"I want to bring home to you the idea that we who work
and think along these social lines are keeping our ideals of
efficiency miles ahead of us. In this way only can we keep
advancing. For the present moment, we ask for co-oper-
ation from without. This is, if you pleas,e, a joint stock pro-
position, in which all of us must take stock, whether we want
to or not. It is a charitable proposition but it is more — it is
a business proposition.
11 Efficient charity work means not only a fair chance to
the poor and inefficient and a conservation of the charitable
resources of a city. It is a constant application of efficiency
tests to the social field, which will make for prosperity as
much as a new industry or commercial enterprise."
16 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
LA VERENDRYE
February 12, 1913.
C. N. BELL, ESQ., Winnipeg
"The first and real discoverer of the Canadian prairie
provinces was Pierre Gaulthier de Varenne de la Verendrye
(son of Gaulthier de Verenne), who was born at Three
Rivers, Quebec, in the year 1686.
"When but still a youth, La Verendrye took part in two
of the French campaigns against the New England colonies,
and shortly after entered into the regular military service ot:
France, going to Europe for that purpose. He served with
much distinction in the French army, and in the battle of
Malplaquet, in 1709, his valor is attested by the fact that he
received nine wounds. La Verendrye returned to Canada
and was sent into the Indian country of the Upper Great
Lakes, being in command at Nipigon Lake about 1728.
"In the year 1730 he went down to Montreal and sub-
mitted to the French Governor, Beauharnois, a plan for con-
ducting an exploration of the "West. He was successful in
securing the consent and authority of Beauharnois and
during that winter arranged with merchants for the advance
of supplies of goods suitable for the Indian trade. To give
some idea of the utter lack of any definite information re-
garding the country that La Verendrye had decided to pene-
trate, it would be interesting to quote from a document now
ir. the Dominion archives at Ottawa, being a communication
from Governor Beauharnois to the French Colonial Minister
in Paris, concerning La Verendrye 's venture — 'He must also
have very accurate maps of New Mexico and California, so
that he may not go out and throw himself into the Gulf of
Mexico, whereinto the Bed River, of which he speaks, has all
the appearances of disemboguing. '
MR. C. N. BELL, LL.D., F.R.G.S.
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 17
"La Verendrye left Montreal in the spring of 1731," Mr.
Bell then recounted, "with his, three sons, his nephew Hem-
rae, and fifty men, being joined at Michilimackinac by Father
Messaiger. Grand Portage, near Fort William, was reached
in seventy-eight days. Here the men mutinied and many
months were spent at Fort St. Pierre and Fort St. Charles,
under discouraging circumstances. In 1733, on the return
of his nephew, who had been sent to Montreal to report pro-
gress, Fort Maurepas was established near the present Fort
Alexander, at the request of the Cree and Assiniboine
Indians. In 1734, La Verendrye, surrounded by financial
difficulties, returned to Montreal to arrange terms with his
creditors, and then came back to Fort St. Charles, where he
wintered in 1735 and 1736. His nephew died at Fort Maure-
pas the following spring.
"In June, 1736, Verendrye sent his eldest son and some
score of voyageurs to Michilimackinac for supplies, Father
Aulneau, a priest, accompanying the party, but the whole
number were killed by the Sioux Indians on an island — ever
since known as Massacre Island — in the Lake of the Woods,
some twenty miles to the south-east of Fort St. Charles.
Verendrye went down to Montreal again in 1737, where he
found his creditors very antagonistic but after extreme diffi-
culty he once more managed to obtain a sufficient supply of
goods, and he returned to Fort St. Charles early in Sep-
tember, 1738. Almost immediately, he proceeded via Lake
Winnipeg, and entering the Red River, he reached the Forks,
where the Assiniboine enters the Red, on the 24th day of
September, 1738. Without question he was the first white
man to set foot on the land now included within the limits
of the City of Winnipeg.
"Subsequently," Mr. Bell continued, "he visited Por-
tage la Prairie, and a fort was erected also on the site of the
present Fort Rouge. He then explored the Mandan country
on the Missouri River, making treaties with the Indians. In
the middle of December he set out for Fort a la Reine, suffer-
ing greatly from illness. During the winter at the Fort, the
inhabitants, numbering 42, nearly starved to death. In
1739, with Fort a la Reine as his base, he pushed his explor-
ations in all directions, reaching the River Paskoyac (Sas-
18 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
katchewan). A shortage of supplies hampered their work
and La Verendrye returned to Montreal the following year,
leaving his sons in the west. At Montreal he again en-
countered the bitterness of his enemies, but rejoined his sons
in 1741. On the 1st of January, 1743, his two sons and two
men, reached the Rocky Mountains. It was not until nearly
sixty years later that the Americans, Lewis and Clarke went
over the same ground. His eldest son was recalled to
Montreal and in 1746, La Verendrye himself was obliged to
return and never again had the privilege of returning to the
scene of his great exploits.
"The eldest son, however, went west once more in 1749
and rebuilt some of the forts and succeeded in reaching the
Forks of the Saskatchewan River below the present city of
Prince Albert. La Yerendrye was unable to return to the
west, though in 1749 he was granted a commission as Captain
and the Cross of St. Louis. In that year he wrote to the
Minister of Marine at Paris, enclosing a map of the western
country, and then he was living in full expectation of an-
other western journey, but he died suddenly at Montreal
on December 6, 1749, at the age of 63.
' ' After Verendrye 's death, his sons were soon got rid of
by the corrupt authorities at Quebec. All the western
posts were abandoned after the year 1756 and the next
important movement in the west was the arrival, after
the conquest of Canada by Wolfe, of English and Scotch
traders who established a traffic which afterwards led to the
formation of the Northwest Company, and the discovery by
Alexander Mackenzie of a route to the Pacific and of the
great river which now bears his name.
"One of the projects of the existence of the Winnipeg
Canadian Club, as announced in its constitution, is 'to foster
patriotism by encouraging the study of the institutions, his-
tory, arts, literature, and resources of Canada' and the Club
has already by a suitable tablet marked the site of Fort
Garry, the old centre in the Canadian Northwest of the
Hudson's Bay Company.
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 19
"The character of Verendrye and the great personal
sacrifices he made, as well as his really wonderful achieve-
ments in the direction of the original discovery and explora-
tion of not only the present Canadian Northwest, but of the
country generally speaking, between the Red River and the
Rocky Mountains in United States Territory, are well worthy
of recognition by the Club; and it would seem only fitting
that they should erect in, say, Assiniboine Park, some strik-
ing, if simple, memorial to serve as a tangible reminder to
our citizens of La Verendrye 's services to Canada." .
20 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.
February 26, 1913.
REV. SAMUEL McCnoRD CROTHERS, D.D., Cambridge, Mass.
"I would like to talk about our international relations
in a simple and humble way (much as we talk about our
wife's relations), I appear simply as one of your interna-
tional relations ; and it occurs to me that between these
two nations, side by side, the nations of Canada and
the United States, it is worth our while to have, as
far as lies in us, a real liking for one another. I do
not mean, to keep the peace — because it is absolutely
impossible to repeat on this continent the condition
of affairs that we have in Europe, to have two great
nations, side by side with even the suspicion of a time coming
when they should be really hostile — but what I mean is this:
a perfect understanding and good-fellowship between the
individuals of these two nations and the nations themselves.
"I have this thought: That somebody ought to write a
treatise on international psychology or, if you will, a
'Psychology of International Loyalty.' We ought to have
such an understanding between these two nations of ours
as the nations of the old world have never had, a more com-
plete loyalty than mere national loyalty. I say we must
plan it, both of us. The trouble with those who have that
merely natiorial loyalty is that one people is apt to misunder-
stand the intentions of their neighbor people. If we act in
that way, we shall repeat the old, old mistake that has made
the continent of Europe an armed camp.
' ' Now I believe that it is possible and it is true that here
upon this North American continent — I am not speaking
about Mexico — we have really gone a long way toward that
dream of the poet 'The Parliament of Man, the Federation
of the World,' and that we are coming to think of the other
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 21
fellow in another way than as an object upon which to wrhet
our swords. One of the most successful American adver-
tisers and business men is Mr. Heinz, who makes pickles. Mr.
Heinz is a sensible man. He might have made one kind of
pickles and then have advertised them as Heinz 's pickles,
the best pickles in the world; but, being a better advertis-
ing man, he simply sent forth the statement that Heinz had
fifty-seven different varieties of pickles. That is known
all over the world. So, if you get one kind of the pickles,
and do not like it, you do not blame Heinz at all; you only
blame your luck; you have got the wrong kind of pickle;
there are still fifty-six kinds you have not tried. That is
how we want you to feel about the people south of the line.
There are some ninety millions ; and if you have found even
a thousand you do not like, that is not a circumstance to the
number you have not yet met, among whom you are sure to
find someone that you do like.
* ' I think that the great thing that brings the two nations
together is going west and growing up with the country.
They find that under the same conditions they do very much
the same thing. The western man talks large, but he is
perfectly sincere because he feels large. When one sees a
big country, sees big possibilities, sees big work being done,
it is an inspiration to every normal, healthy man, and it is
a delight to live in a time when he has a chance to do big
things ; and I take it that on both sides of the line we are all
reaching out for some great unifying ideas that shall be as
big, as forceful, as the material facts of which the makers
of these lands, of this new continent, are telling.
''And we have two big conceptions, which appeal
to the ambition and the reason and the enthusiasm of virile
men. I think that the two greatest political ideals, the two
countries which have come nearest to being political ideals,
are the British Empire and the American Republic; but I
think that we want to realize and do realize that there is
something to be added before these ideals will be complete.
The way for Canadians and Americans to develop neighbor-
22 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
liness is not by minimising in any sense their patriotic feel-
ing, but by giving it most exuberant and continual expres-
sion. The minute they understand this, they begin to appre-
ciate each other.
"I think that on both sides of the line we feel that one
should look not simply at the present but the manifest
destiny of the future. Charles Dickens, on his visit to
America, saw only the crudeness of American life; but in
Martin Chuzzlewit there is one passage that shows he must
have caught a passing glimpse of the future of our country.
That is when Mark Tapley replies to the despondent utter-
ance of Martin with a cheerful 'Eden ain't all built yet.' I
believe that here in North America, including even our sister
republic (or whatever it is !) of Mexico, 'North America ain't
all built yet.'"
THE HON. JOHN SCADDEN
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAE 23
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WHICH HAVE TAKEN
PLACE IN WEST AUSTRALIA.
April 2nd, 1913
HON. JOHN SCADDEN, Premier, West Australia
"The welcome that Canadians have extended to me
makes me want to lengthen my stay, and I should like to
remain with you in Winnipeg a fortnight or three weeks, in
order that I might learn as much as I can. My Secretary
complains that he is overworked; but there are plenty of
secretaries, and when you wear one out you generally get
another. However, I left Ottawa a little earlier in order
that I might make a more extended stay in Winnipeg. I did
it because we know so little of the fine province you are
building up here and I desired to learn more and possibly
take back with me some lessons to my own land; for you
must not imagine that we have reached that stage in Aus-
tralia when we know everything.
"Western Australia embraces about one-third of the
Australian, continent. Formerly, it was looked upon as a
barren waste, and all the attention was given to Eastern
Australia. I believe you had something of a similar exper-
ience in Canada, in the west, so that you can sympathize
with us. We had formerly a very small population. To-day
we have 300,000."
Continuing, the Premier stated, that they regarded
agriculture as one of the mainstays of the country and it was
a settled policy that the government should own the rail-
ways. They had established agricultural banks which lent
money to the farmer at very low interest. The system of
government was a kind of confederation, the government,
elected by the people of the Commonwealth, being given
authority in certain matters. He thought it would be better
when they had provinces and not states, and had one central
parliament. There were only two political parties, the
Liberal and the Labor.
24 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
' ' Tn the matter of defence, we keep close to the old land.
We will need her one of these days. We in Australia are,
as they say 'three weeks from anywhere' but we have, right
on our northern boundary, a great drove of Asiatics, who
may perhaps wake up some day. When they do, we will
have to look out for ourselves.
"We have adult suffrage in Australia. There, every in-
dividual over the age of 21, has equal rights of citizenship.
In view of that fact, we claim that the majority, the true
majority, rules ; and where the majority rules, we are
always safe. If the Australian navy and compulsory mili-
tary training for its youth — if these, or anything else, is, not
good — the majority of the people in Australia are strong
enough to stop it at once.
The Premier then proceeded to give comparative figures
showing the great progress made by Australia in a little
over a decade. The population was made up largely of
young citizens from the eastern part of the Commonwealth
and from the British Isles. The indebtedness of Western
Australia was about £24,000,000 for a population of 308,000.
Of this, £14,000,000 had been expended on national railroads
which were earning the interest of the debt and paying a
net profit of £160,000.
"It is a belief of ours, that we cannot make the best
progress in our industries until we attend to education. Last
year we spent on education £278,000. Wherever there are
six children, we provide a teacher; and wherever there are
fifteen or over, we provide a school and a teacher. It is
compulsory for children to attend school when they reach
the age of six and remain until they are fourteen. Then,
they must attend continuation classes until the pupil reaches
the age of 17. All political parties in Australia are at one
on this point of education.
"We are glad to see the progress that Canada is mak-
ing. As a sister colony, we rejoice in your prosperity and
I cannot say too much in commendation of your club and its
objects. May Canada and Australia ever remain sister
dominions under the one old flag! I am Australian born,
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 25
never before off the shores of Australia and I tell you, it
gave me considerable pride to place my feet on the old sod
and to travel over the old land under whose protection we
have been able to attain the prosperity we enjoy today. I
desire to thank Canadians for the courtesy extended to me ;
and to assure you and all the people of Canada that I look
for a chance to repay this hospitality when any representa-
tive of the Dominion of Canada shall come to Australia."
26 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY AS AN IMPORTANT
FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PRAIRIE PROVINCES
April 24th, 1913.
J. D. MCGREGOR, ESQ., Brandon, Man.
«
"I have been in pretty close touch, with the livestock
business of this country since I was a boy; in fact, my
father Avas one of the early people who held any livestock
in Winnipeg before the railway came. He brought a lot of
cattle from Minnesota, which we drove through the country
and sold to the farmers. As far back as 1878 there was a
good class, of cattle in the country and several herds of good
shorthorns. The common cattle of that time were mostly
driven in overland from Minnesota ; and later, when the rail-
road came, a great many cows were shipped in from Ontario,
and as a whole the cattle were of good beef type. In those
early days we did not connect the raising of live stock with
good farming, as it was a common thing to hear intelligent
men state that we would never need any fertilizer for our
good Manitoba lands.
"Most of the early settlers devoted themselves largely
to grain farming. Others, however, who took to stock rais-
ing, settled in the northern part of Manitoba and Saskatche-
wan, where there were large natural hay meadows arid
plenty of open runs for the cattle, and they prospered. In
the meantime, large herds of cattle were being driven into
Alberta from Montana and Oregon. For a great many
years a very low price for cattle prevailed in Manitoba.
Market conditions were crude and operated largely against
the producer. A large percentage of the cattle was inferior.
In addition, some three years ago we had a short crop, while
Ontario had an abnormally large crop of foodstuff; conse-
quently, Ontario buyers came into the west and offered such
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 27
attractive prices that the western farmer parted with his
cattle, and when they finished buying, the West was left
very bare of cattle. It is a significant fact that many of
these cattle were returned, when fat, to "Winnipeg and sold
for consumption there the next spring. This would seem a
very short-sighted policy on the part of our farmers, but
what could they do? They were being pressed for money
to meet their obligations and they sacrificed their cattle. "We
now find, as a result, that we have not sufficient cattle,
sheep or hogs, to take care of local consumption. "
Mr. McGregor then showed that exclusive wheat farm-
ing paid the least profit of any class of farming and was the
most wasteful. Every farmer should feed livestock and in
this connection the growing of legumes was most necessary.
He strongly recommended alfalfa to the earnest considera-
tion of all grain growers and stock farmers in the three
western provinces. Corn was not essential to the econom-
ical feeding of livestock. They had proved beyond dispute
that they could breed and finish wholly on feeds grown on
Manitoba lands. The highest type of butcher's beast, that
was pronounced by experts the most economical carcass
of beef of any Grand Champion during the existence of
the International Exhibition, which when dressed broke all
records in the per cent, of dressed meat to live weight,
namely, 70.7, was a beast fed by a sixteen-year-old boy,
just an ordinary calf, bred and finished wholly on feed
grown on Manitoba lands. At the same show, Aberdeen
Angus cattle from Northwest Canada, when pitted against
the herds of the United States, had astounded the breeders
and carried off two grand championships, as well as many
other firsts and championships.
"In Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, everything
depends on agriculture. Every business in this city is af-
fected by a good or bad crop; therefore it is up to you to
do your part to improve the basis, of your whole prosperity.
Over a large part of the older settled districts of this prov-
ince, the farms are not paying the farmer anything like a
fair return on the money invested and the labor expended.
This condition can only be improved by a proper system of
education that will demonstrate the value of clean, pure
28 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
seed, of high germinating power, and the value of a proper
rotation of crops. The sowing of a part of every farm, when
the conditions are suitable, to alfalfa, will stimulate the pro-
duction of meat and dairying, and at the same time will
solve the question of soil fertility. An examination of sta-
tistics will show a shortage of cattle the world over and the
growing of livestock at the present time certainly looks at-
tractive to the thinking farmer, but the re-stocking of the
West should be done gradually by the keeping of all fe-
males on the farm, and the maturing of all calves."
The system of banking, Mr. McGregor thought, was ac-
countable for many of the difficulties the farmer had to
face. The farmer ought to have as much consideration from
the bankers as the manufacturers. The fact that the farmer
could not get sufficient advances often compelled him to
sell at a low market price, when by waiting, he could have
realized considerably more.
"I think that the interior elevator will have a very
great effect upon the feeding of livestock in the western
provinces. Every time a car of feed of any kind goes by
Winnipeg, it is lost, as far as fodder is concerned; and there
is enough feed going out of the country every year to take
care of all the beef cattle that we have here. It is hard to
get accurate figures but in 1909-10, the average screenings
per car of wheat, oats, barley or flax that left this country,
was 27i bushels. Now, you cannot buy that stuff at Fort
William and ship it back. They ship it out from there. It
goes to Michigan. The screenings from Duluth and Fort
William have made the State of Michigan a very fertile
State.
"As things are now, you cannot screen all this stuff be-
fore it goes away, but when we have the interior elevators
everything that is stored in these interior elevators will be
cleaned; and the screenings will be available to the dealers
in this country for feed, and will go a long way towards re-
ducing the price of meat.
"Just one thing more. Why the railroad is fighting
the farmer and the interior elevator is fighting the farmer,
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAE 29
I cannot understand. The time has come when you want to
get back — to get a little enthusiasm into this country, and
let us get back to where we were before. If you have large
means at your command, buy a farm and go into the breed-
ing of livestock. I won't promise you very much profit out
of it, but I will promise you lots of fun and some good,
healthy exercise. And, you will have the pleasure of know-
ing that if you are breeding a good breed of cattle, sheep
and hogs, you are working for the good of the country."
30 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
THE NEW ZEALAND NAVY
May 9th, 1913
COL. THE HON. JAMES ALLEN, New Zealand
''Since I landed in Halifax, my time had been made to
pass most pleasantly, chiefly through the efforts of the Cana-
dian Club. Through their hospitality, it has been brought
home to me with renewed force what it means to be a citi-
zen of the Empire.
' ' New Zealand, where I come from, is only a little coun-
try, populated by a little over a million people. "We are not,
it is true, developing at quite such a rate as you here in the
Canadian West ; but we are doing, in a smaller measure, the
very work that you are doing. We are opening up a new
country, to be peopled by a race speaking to a large extent
the British tongue, enjoying the privileges which have been
those of our forefathers, inheritors of the great traditions
of the race from which we are sprung — and I do not hesitate
to say that we intend to uphold these traditions and to add
to them.
"We, living in the other end of the Pacific, realize the
policy of preserving the purity of our race, preserving to
our workmen a field in which they may labor without com-
petition too severe and too unfair for them. We realize
that, placed as we are, with the eastern nations not so very
far away, some day or other we may have to justify our
policies and protect ourselves with our own strong hands
and arms. We realize that if we are to do it alone, the
battle is an almost impossible one.
"Every man here — every citizen of the Empire — should
assist in building up a nationality. We in New Zealand
have done something toward that end. We have created a
national sentiment, and some kind of local patriotism which
makes our country very dear to every New Zealander. But
COLONEL, THE HON. JAMES ALLEN
\
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 31
such a national sentiment as that must not be wholly local.
The national sentiment, which is the true one, is that which
can be, and shall be, used in the creation of that great or-
ganization, that empire organization, which shall combine
all these little nationalities into one complete empire, which
shall be strong enough to say to the world 'There shall be
no war' and under which those rights, and privileges so dear
to our hearts today shall remain ours for all time."
In New Zealand, the honorable speaker said, they had
adopted a system of national service — not conscription and
the conditions in their training camps, were such that clergy-
men and mothers who had at first opposed the idea, now ad-
mitted that the young men were better men after a period in
the camps.
"And now as to the fleet. We are only a million people,
yet we put our hands into our pockets and gave to the
mother country another Dreadnought cruiser. If there had
been any real necessity to have given another, we would
have given it ; and if there were any real necessity now for
the giving of further contributions to the Imperial navy, we
would not hesitate. But the giving of Dreadnoughts is only
a spasmodic effort after all and we in New Zealand are quite
determined as to what our duties are in the Pacific seas.
"The duty we have to perform in the Pacific is that of
setting the mother country free from the cost, both in men
and money, of the defence of the Pacific. That surely is our
duty and the duty of everyone of the colonies and offspring
of the Mother of the Empire. "When I go back to New Zea-
land, it will be my duty to lay before my Government some
proposals with regard to a permanent policy. Our policy
now is to give a certain sum of money every year to the Brit-
ish Admiralty. But, gentlemen, I believe the right thing to
do is to use that national, that deep national sentiment and
local patriotism, not so much to build up a local navy, a tin-
pot navy, as to build up a local unit to protect the Pacific
seas, just as the local unit of the Imperial navy is used to
protect the North Sea and the Mediterranean.
32 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
With regard to Canada, the speaker thought the possi-
bilities were greater than those of any other of the British
Dominions. He thought the Atlantic shore was, safe as long
as the North Sea and Mediterranean fleets were powerful
enough to win a decisive victory. With regard to the west-
ern shore, it was for Canadians to say whether it was ab-
solutely safe or not. Those on the other side of the Pacific
might some day want help from the Dominion and that help
might not arrive unless, the road was kept open.
"I do not conceive it probable that you may ever want
help from our little New Zealand ; but I am going back pre-
pared to recommend an expeditionary force of something
like 8,000 men out of a million population. If the day
should come when you want that help, or when any other
part of the Empire wants that help, it will be ready to go
out, that force of 8,000 men, wherever the Empire calls."
The speaker then emphasized the necessity for the
young men of the Empire taking a deep interest in Imperial
affairs, and referred to the manner in which the British-
speaking and native races of New Zealand were working
hand in hand.
"I am sure all this appeals to the elder men and I want
it to appeal as strongly to the younger. It should appeal to
them in this way : That the future rests, with them, with the
young man more than anybody else. Although they are
busy making their West, developing this country according
to their various natures and abilities, their solemn duty is
to try and think out, plan out, what the whole Empire is
eventually going to be. The conception is a great one — a
great Empire in which we have our individual rights and
privileges; a great Empire joined for the purpose of defend-
ing our rights and keeping ourselves at peace. Surely that
is an appeal that ought to be strong to the mind of every
young man.
"My visit here has opened my eyes,. I am quite sure
that the visit of a Canadian statesman to New Zealand, and
the report he would bring back from our country would
also open some eyes here; and I extend you a hearty wel-
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 33
come to NYw Zealand; and if you will let me know when
you are coming, you will find my people prepared to return
to you what measure they can of the great kindness you
have extended to me.':
34 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
THE FIGHT AGAINST WAR
June 3rd, 1913
DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Stanford University, California
"It has been my fortune before to speak to several of
the Canadian Clubs of Eastern Canada. It has also been
my lot to be, for a time, in the service of two masters. For
three years I was the American representative with Pro-
fessor Prince, on the subject of Canadian fisheries. The
course of those investigations brought me three times, to
"Winnipeg and through this western country. It always
gives me a great feeling of satisfaction to address one of
your Canadian Clubs. They represent the strong and
vigorous young men of a young and growing country.
"Now, the differences between nations are usually of
very small importance. Just as soon as a nation acts the
part of a gentleman, then you find the difficulty settled.
The Balkan war was engineered by the bankers of Paris.
Everything portable in the Balkan States now belongs to
Paris. Our civil war in the United States was inevitable.
It was in a sense righteous, because both sides thought they
were in the right. It was a calamity besides which all other
calamities that have ever stricken the United States pale
into insignificance, and yet it was, in a way, I say, a right-
eous war. Well, they will never do anything like that
again. The recent rebellion in California will be settled
very shortly and it will not be settled by secession. I will
repeat, it always pays a nation to be a gentleman, and this
is the spirit that prompts and inspires the recent move-
ment toward bringing about conditions favorable to arbi-
tration between the different nations.
"Canada has a unique place among nations, with its
government, blood and hereditary relation to Great Britain
— ties that will never be severed. Two men that have stood
DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 35
in the very highest esteem in the history of the United
States and Canada — two men whom I am proud to mention
— Sir Charles Bagot, governor-general of the Canadas, and
Richard Bush, Secretary of the Treasury of the United
States — met, one hundred years ago, after the war of 1812.
On a small sheet of paper, they made an agreement that
there would be no warships then, or ever, on the Great Lakes
that join the United States and Canada. Gentlemen, that
agreement has been kept. The Great Lakes have been lakes
of peace.
"The time is coming when the world will say that it
cannot pay for war, and cannot possibly pay for the main-
tenance of armaments. The present worth of the world is
about eleven billions, in gold and silver; and it has spent
a large portion each year in the maintenance of armaments ;
and now the nations have gone as far as they can. British
consuls have depreciated fifteen per cent, on account of this
great debt to frustrate war."
Dr. Jordan then pointed out that the present needs of
Germany for the war chest amounted to $130,000,000,
which would only last two weeks in an actual war. No
country could afford to engage in a war with the United
States, as the damage it would cause by the blockade of its
own commerce would more than balance the damage it^
could do to the United States. For the preceding reason, a
war with Japan was out of the question.
"There are perhaps one hundred of us, who are giving
our time to this matter of the peace of the world. I am sure
that there are thirty millions of people that wish us success ;
and we do think that if we can get people earnestly think-
ing about these matters., and talking them over, the result
will be that war will become the last resort instead of the
first. Democracy and militarism cannot live together; for
democracy is that which emphasizes individual rights, and
militarism subordinates the individual to the State.
"Those who fell in war are the young men of the na-
tions, men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five ;
they are the men of courage, alertness, dash and reckless-
36 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
ness, who value their lives, as naught in the service of the
nation. The men who are left are, for better or worse, the
reverse of this ; and it is they who determine what the fu-
ture of the nation shall be. They hold its history in their
grasp. These nations who have lost their young men in war
have in so far checked their own development."
With regard to Germany, the speaker maintained that
though she was military, she was not warlike. There was
virtually not a man in the German army who ever saw a
battle.
"In Canada's parliament and out of it, the careless
word is spoken. In time of peace, prepare for war. Scot-
land's answer (Scotland is the nation of the man who thinks
twice) is: 'In peace, prepare for more peace.' Canada seems
almost fiery to enter the jaws of death and go through the
mouth of hell without excuse. Scotland sent her regiments
into South Africa, but demanded whose blunder or greed
made that terrible slaughter of British and Boer inevitable.
Through all time, war has told the same story. The same
motive, the same lesson, last through all ages, and finds ex-
pression in the words of our wisest man of our early national
history, the word of Benjamin Franklin: 'Wars are not
paid for in war time. The bill comes later!' :
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 37
1911-1912 BRITISH SOUTH POLE EXPEDITION
June 7th, 1913
DR. C. S. WRIGHT, Toronto, Ontario
* ' This is only the second time I have spoken in public ;
the first occasion being in London, England; so I must ask
you to bear with me as I try to speak to you.
"One of the most remarkable things about this expe-
dition of ours is the way it seems to have appealed to every-
one. It is difficult to know why such is the case. It is cer-
tainly not because people like a deal of adventure and dash ;
for nobody can say that a Polar expedition even approaches
dash.
"There are two reasons, probably, for this interest. The
first was, that Captain Scott's expedition was the first which
in any way could be called an Imperial expedition. We had
members from England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, as
well as from Canada, New Zealand and Australia.
"But there is something more to add to this. It has
struck people suddenly as a surprise, that men can go into
the wild places of the earth merely to seek knowledge. It
has, I say, struck people as a surprise that there are men
willing to give up their lives in the search for knowledge.
"You remember in your copybooks the maxim
'Knowledge is Power' and you will agree that it is very true.
Knowledge gained by the few is power for the many. Our
knowledge is bought and paid for by a very heavy sacrifice,
and it only remains for those who are alive to make the very
best use of it.
"For a proper understanding of conditions in a Polar
expedition, it is necessary that you understand not only the
north, but also conditions in the Southern Polar regions.
38 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"In the north, you have a large floating sea, covered
with pack ice. You merely have to get on to the pack, and
it will carry you in some direction. It may not be in the
right direction, or it may.
"In the south, on the contrary, there is a huge con-
tinent, rising to a height in the interior of 10,000 to 11,000
feet at least. Bound about in many parts are huge moun-
tains, and between these flow down great glaciers which, so
far as we were able to judge, might be up to sixty miles
wide. These glaciers are very often prevented from drift-
ing into the sea by floating shoals, which up to now have
been called barriers, such as the great Ross Barrier, which
is considerably larger than Manitoba, and was discovered
by Ross about fifty years ago.
"Further differences between the north and the south
are found in the flora and fauna. In the north are seals,
polar bears, musk-ox and dogs, all sorts of dogs. In the
south, there are only the Emperor penguins in the winter,
while in the summer there are seals and Adele penguine.
In the north, there are at least a few stunted trees, small
plants and lots of flowers. In the south, you have obso-
lutely nothing except an occasional patch of moss in very
low latitudes; the moss being an inch or half an inch high.
"You will see that conditions for travelling in the south
must be very different from those in the north. You have
to carry to the south every particle of oil and food you need.
The length of your journey is limited by the amount of food
you can carry. If a unit of four men could travel for 400
miles and carry food and oil, it is necessary if you want to
go 600 miles, for 2 units to go the distance. As the distance
increases, the trouble of transportation increases very quick-
ly. The whole thing is a problem — what you would have
called at school, the unknown quantity In it there were
variable elements, such as bad weather and blizzards, to be
considered. In addition, you have the 'constants,' such as
the least amount of food you can get along with, and the
distance you have to travel.
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAR 39
"The problem cannot be worked out to an absolutely
sure conclusion. In our case, we all knew that certain com-
binations of variables would wreck the party.
"As Captain Scott said himself, in his last message:
'We took our chances. We knew we took them. We have
done what we could, and things have turned out against us.'
"The marvel about it is not that we met trouble, but
that other travellers in the Antarctic have got off so well.
"I am now going to give you a rough account of the
course of the expedition. It was at the beginning of De-
cember, 1910, that the expedition finally left Dunedin, New
Zealand. We left with a total number of about fifty. Of
these, twenty -five were to form a shore party. On deck was
an enormous quantity of gear and cargo which we were un-
able to put into the hold. On deck we had thirty or forty
dogs, ten Manchurian ponies, three motor sledges, and some
tons of petrol, and coal oil.
"With all this deck cargo, we took a chance, and
things very nearly came out against us. A storm came up
very shortly after leaving New Zealand, and the pumps got
choked, with the result that they had to bail the ship out
with buckets. Fortunately the s,ea went down, and the
bucket brigade were able to keep the water at safety point.
"On December 20th, we reached pack ice. The pack
was unusually heavy and there was an unusual amount of it.
We spent three weeks on it.
"On January 1st we got our first sight of the Antarc-
tic. We were awakened at midnight on New Year's, Day by
the blowing of the whistle. There was Mount Sabine, show-
ing up on the starboard bow. We made our base fourteen
miles north of Captain Scott's previous base, and also seven
miles south of Shackleton's base.
"We landed ponies and sledges, and by February 1st
the hut was up and all was ready for the depot, and for the
geological journey to the western mountains. On February
1st approximately, both parties started out. The depot
40 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
party soon reached 79.30, and established a depot there
called One Ton Depot, because approximately one ton of
pony food was left there.
"On the way back, they had trouble with the ponies.
The rations were not enough, and some ponies did not pull
through. The depot party also met with further trouble
on the barrier. A storm came up on March 1st, and the
ice on which they were encamped floated out to sea, but
happily it floated back, and they were able to save them-
selves.
"After the depot journey, the parties returned to Hut
Point, where they were held up until the middle of April.
The life in the hut I am not intending to go into. There
was lots of scientific work to be done, and every one was
kept busy.
"During that winter was sent out the very finest sledge
journey that I think has ever been performed. The party
consisted of Dr. Wilson, Lieut. Bowers and Mr. Cherry Gar-
riard. They went with the purpose of collecting Emperor
penguins' eggs,. The average temperature was minus 60,
but the journey was carried through safely.
"In the spring of next year, there was much to be done
in the way of exercising ponies, etc. On November 1st
Capt. Scott decided to start out on his journey. The party
consisted of sixteen men, with two motor sledges, with dogs
and ponies to the number of fifteen and ten respectively. A
few days later, the motor sledges broke down, this being
the first big disappointment of the trip. Later on, travelling
south, they passed and picked up their one ton depot, add-
ing the load there to what they were already carrying.
"On December 3rd they reached the foot of the Beard-
more Glacier; and here they encountered a very bad bliz-
zard, which delayed them five days, and left the surface in
such bad condition from soft snow that the sledges sank in
and did not act properly. In ten days, they travelled only
fifty miles, a distance which should have been done in two
days.
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAE 41
"It took until December 22nd to reach the head of the
Beardmore Glacier, where four men turned back, leaving
eight going on toward the Pole.
"About December 28th the last three to return started
back at 87 degrees south, leaving five men for the dash to
the Pole.
"On January 17th they reached the Pole, finding there
Amundsen's tent and records. They stayed but one day,
and on the 18th started to return. They made good time
as far as the top of the Beardmore Glacier, but there they
met with bad weather, and lost several days, ^etty Officer
Evans was failing, and died on February 17th at the foot
of the glacier.
"The temperatures up to this time had been quite rea-
sonable, about 25 below. But they met a great disappoint-
ment on reaching the barrier. It became much colder, vary-
ing from minus 13 in the daytime to 45 below and worse, in
the evening. This made the surface bad, and cut down the
travel of fifteen miles a day to a very small portion of that.
This, in their enfeebled condition, was serious. They had
travelled 1,400 miles, and a thousand miles of that journey
they had been manhauling their sledges.
"They struggled on at about an average of five miles
a day, until Captain Oates, who had been frostbitten in one
leg, became unable to travel. On March 19th or 20th, Cap-
tain Oates walked into a blizzard, in the hope of saving the
lives of the rest of the party by removing himself from
among them.
"The party was now reduced to three, with 150 miles
to go to headquarters, and only 11 miles from One Ton
Depot. On March 22nd they were overtaken by a blizzard
and had only food enough for two meals. This blizzard,
from what is known, lasted about nine days, the last entry
in Captain Scott's diary being on March 29th.
42 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"The relief party, the next year, went out with Indian
mules and also with dogs, expecting to have to travel a
great distance before reaching the spot where Captain Scott
and party had died. But to our surprise, we had only
travelled 150 miles when we saw the tent.
"We raised a mound over the tent, and put a cross on
top, bearing the names of the heroes, with the following in-
scription: 'To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.'
"They are there in the barrier, with the cross over
them, and facing east. The cross is on a mound of snow;
the snow rests on the tent; and underneath are Captain
Scott and his party.
"Five men are there amid the snow-clad wastes; five
men who have done their duty. And who shall say they
have failed?" •
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAE 43
THE GENERAL RESOURCES OF NEW NORTHERN
MANITOBA
July 7th, 1913
R. H. CAMPBELL, ESQ., Ottawa— JAMES WHITE, ESQ., Ottawa
R. H. Campbell: "The people of Canada took a con-
siderable time to find out how important the Province of
Manitoba was. 1 remember hearing a man say down in the
vicinity of Ottawa that this was a condemned country and
that nobody would ever live in it. That opinion has been
revised; so much so that practically the only difficulty we
have down there, in connection with this country, is to keep
people from flocking out here.
"Since the proposal for the Hudson's Bay Railway
was made, the Department arranged to have an exploration
of the timber along the line of the railway, and also to take
up the question of protection, in view of the large influx
of people that would result therefrom. This territory is
covered, for the most part, with forest growth; but wood
of sufficient size to make lumber is not of very frequent
occurrence. There are a number of things that affect forest
conditions in that northern country. In the first place, is
the want of drainage. It is found that the best stands of
timber of large diameter are along the river margins and
welldrained areas ; and when you go back beyond the edges
of the rivers, you get back to muskegs, ill-drained and
covered with black spruce. In some ridges of light land,
white spruce, black spruce and jack pine appear. White
spruce produces lumber; black spruce, pulpwood, and jack-
pine is used for ties."
Mr. Campbell then pointed out that strict precaution-
ary measures were desirable to prevent fire and that already
there had been very general conflagrations. They had es-
tablished a fire ranger district, with headquarters at Nor-
way House, with patrols down to the construction line of
the Hudson's Bay Railway, and the services of the Indians
had been enlisted.
44 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"Some of you may question whether the forest is the
great resource of this Province, and whether it may be the
great resource in the future. I merely wish to cite the
example of Sweden. Sweden is a country less in area than
the Province of Manitoba, situated in a more northerly lati-
tude, although the climate is probably very similar.
"In many ways Sweden very closely resembles the
Province of Manitoba. The area of Sweden is about 110
million acres ; Manitoba about 161 million acres,. The forest
area of Sweden is about 50 million acres. The part still
under Government influence is about 31 million acres. Now,
from that area, the Government receives a gross revenue of
$3,100,000; and the expenditure for protection is about
$1,100,000, so that they have a net revenue of about
$2,000,000.
"When you consider the industries that are depending
upon forest conservation, you will understand something
further of their importance, even besides being a source of
good revenue to the Government. Sawmills, pulp-mills-,
large factories, and even iron-smelting works, are using
charcoal very largely and depending upon forest resources.
"I think, therefore, I. am not saying anything beyond
what I should say when I state to you that in my belief, the
forest is one of the most important resources of the Province
of Manitoba; and that, if the forests of this Province are
handled as they ought to be, you will have in the future a
territory as much a forest province as it is now an agricul-
tural province."
James White: "I have had a rough map prepared to
illustrate my remarks and I propose to take up in order the
several divisions of Dominion resources. On this map you
will notice a number of areas colored brown. The rock
formation of these areas is, as far as we know, exactly the
same as the rock formation in Northern Ontario which con-
tained the gold mines of the Porcupine. The question is
often asked, if there is any chance of a Klondyke in North-
ern Manitoba.
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 45
"We are unable to say that there are mineral deposits
in that country. We do not know; but there are extended
quartz deposits, and the chances of valuable mineral de-
posits are just as good as anywhere else in Northern Ontario
or elsewhere.
"I shall next speak of agriculture. There are yet
enormous areas of prairie in Canada which simply require
a plow to' bring in a crop. Wheat has been grown at Nor-
way House and Russell House, and other Hudson's Bay
posts in those latitudes. All the principal vegetables, too,
have been grown in that area. Beyond the Nelson River,
and along this stream, there is a large territory that is, suit-
able for agriculture, although it will require an extension
branch of the railway to develop this region properly. Near
the rivers it will be quite easy work, as the very thing that
makes the soil fertile is that which determines, the presence
of the rivers. Dr. Saunders has stated that altitude is more
important than latitude.
"This reminds me that the question has often been
asked: What is the limit (latitude) for wheat growing? In
response to that question, I would say that it is impossible
to fix any definite line. It is highly probable that fifty-five
degrees is about right, under average conditions; but the
change in systems of farming has altered and will alter
circumstances considerably. From time to time, new
brands of wheat are introduced. Excellent work is being
done by the experimental farms in that respect. The end,
nor the limit, is not yet.
"I would like now to speak of water power. I would
say that the Winnipeg River is one of the most valuable
assets you have in the matter of water power. Next to that
comes the Saskatchewan. The water power of the Churchill
is not yet known. It may seem a far cry to talk about water
powers three hundred to four hundred miles from Lake
Winnipeg. I believe it will be possible, not many years
hence, to carry electrical power just as cheaply long as short
distances. A system has recently been evolved whereby it
46 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
is possible to transmit, by direct current, three hundred
milels, with the same force as current is ordinarily trans-
mitted one hundred and fifty miles. Most of those within
sound of my voice have seen the day when ten miles, and
eighty thousand volts were the limit.
"I hope that the time is not far distant when we shall
see a hydro-electric commission in Manitoba similar to the
one in the Province of Ontario. It will always, be possible
for these powers to be utilized for the benefit of the people
of the Province. It is not possible for the water powers of
this great Province ever to pass into the hands of monopo-
lies and trusts."
Mr. White then referred to the resources of the
Province in the whitefish, trout and pickerel in the lake
systems. The questions of exportation and limiting the
season's catch should receive consideration. The fisheries
of Hudson's Bay were one of the greatest resources of the
Bay country. It was important also to see that the efforts
of the sportsmen were regulated, that the game might for-
ever be preserved to the country. In concluding, the speak-
er suggested the name "Connaught" for the new territory
added to Manitoba,
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 47
ADVERTISING A NATION
August 20th, 1913
J. OBED SMITH, London, England
"In advertising Canada, the Department of the Interior
offers no apology, particularly in the old land, where there
are fewer opportunities for farm laborers. Because there
is very little red tape in this department, a great deal of re-
sponsibility rests upon the officials. While Ottawa controls
the policy, the details, including expenditures, are worked
out in London. Outside the British Isles, we have agencies
at work in Paris, Belgium and in the Scandinavian coun-
tries. There is a good deal of work required in advising
and planning discipline for 4,000 booking agents who can
be made into good advertising agents for Canada.
"Correspondence also plays a big part in the propa-
ganda, for while it indicates publicity work, it is becoming
most productive. So much information has been diffused
about Canada that those writing are not content with one
or two questions, but set out voluminous inquiries. This in-
dicates that the inquirers have been reached by advertising,
and they in their turn have led others to also seek informa-
tion. Our department, while primarily concerned with ad-
vertising Canada alone, is also obliged to set out the ad-
vantages of each province. In the past, some provinces
have considered it beneath their dignity to advertise, but
that is now an exploded theory. The policy of the depart-
ment is set along such lines as to make advertising pay a
government as well as a business firm.
"We have also endeavored to supply news, items to the
reading public and by advertising in probably one thou-
sand newspapers, to discuss Canada every morning with the
Britisher over his coffee, believing that every opportunity
should be taken to remove any erroneous impression in re-
48 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
gard to the country. It is not generally known that all this
work of advertising in the press is very expensive. Some
of the weekly papers have a circulation of a million and
three-quarters and a page costs about one thousand dollars.
" Apart from the above, our work is largely carried on
by bringing before the public the advantages of farming in
Canada. Our agents attend every show or fair, distribute
literature and also give advice to those requiring it. These
results are most satisfactory but perhaps our most effective
work consists of carrying information to every town and
village by means of motor and horse wagons. These are in
charge of experienced Canadian officials, who stop outside
schools, and having obtained permission from the teachers,
address the children on Canada, although nothing is said
about emigration. Later on, we get good results from this
campaign. Hon. Dr. Roche says that where we cannot emi-
grate, we must educate.
"Another important phase in advertising is that of giv-
ing illustrated lectures. Hundreds are given each season,
principally in the winter, and afford us the means of getting
in closer touch with the intending emigrant. The most
valuable adjunct is the after meeting, when the people
gather round and ask questions.
"Last year over 3,000,000 pieces of literature were given
away, while school children were mailed a map of Canada
gratis. We have also placed six-foot maps of the Dominion
on the walls of 34,000 schools.
"There are good and bad advertisements. The latter
consist of derogatory letters and complaints from those who
have not succeeded. However, Canada does not want the
immigrant to fail; but, on the other hand, likes to point
to the successful settler as illustration of what can be done
out here."
Continuing, Mr. Smith deprecated the fact that such
departments as the Trade and Commerce were doing little
in the way of advertising as a definite policy. Dealing with
some of the problems which confronted the Department,
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAR 49
Mr. Smith alluded to the complaint that some of the prov-
inces were not getting their fair share of the emigrants.
He contended that no blame could be attached to the De-
partment, which worked in the interests of the country
as a whole. He gave it as his opinion that one reason for
the difference in the number of settlers in the various
provinces was the fact that the rates of wages were dif-
ferent. If a man were offered more money in one province,
the chances were that he would make for it sooner or later.
50 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.
September 1st, 1913.
HON. D. M. STEVENSON, Lord Provost of Glasgow, Scotland
"The things I have seen in this country have impress-
ed me more than ever with this point — that the immigra-
tion of my fellow-countrymen has got to be encouraged
more than ever. How wonderful is the capacity of Canada
for receiving and caring for these immigrants! And that
capacity has merely got the corner filled in, so far. There
is yet room for millions of those struggling people, who
can come out here and find conditions that make life worth
living.
"But I would like to tell you what has interested me
most in this country, and I would like to divide the things,
that have interested me under three heads: First, sight-
seeing; second, immigration; and third, I was very much
interested in how the municipalities here are run — how the
districts which are a village today and a city tomorrow, how
the councils of these cities and these towns manage to keep
their work up to date."
With regard to sight-seeing, the Lord Provost spoke
in glowing terms of the beauties, of the Muskoka Lakes,
the wheat plains of the West, and the grandeurs of the
Rockies. Concerning immigration, 'he had studied both
sides of the question, and had come to the definite conclu-
sion that the man who came to Canada with an able body,
a fairly intelligent mind, and a willingness to work, need
never want for opportunities, for industry.
"The third point I mentioned I was interested in was
that of municipal problems and how they are dealt with
in this country. To a man from the east and from the
old land, the growth of a city like Winnipeg, from a hamlet
of 214 forty years ago, seems almost incredible. How any
municipal corporation can keep pace with a growth like
THE HON. D. M. STEVENSON
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 51
that is a marvel to me. I have heard criticisms about Win-
nipeg, but they have, after all, reflected entirely to her
credit. That is not quite the same as it was with some
of the cities I visited in the United States.
"I have always felt inclined to say in connection with
the critics,, what Herbert Spencer said, a good deal better
than I can put it. He said, in effect, that the man who sits
outside of government and criticizes, forgets all the time
that if it were not for these people he could not carry on
his business. I am told that Canada is beginning to think
of adopting the commission form of government. I might
say that you will never have a good municipal government
if you do not trust the people. The good man who devotes
his time to municipal work is worth more than you ever
pay him, because giving his time to municipal work means,
in the proper spirit, giving his best brains to it.
"The man who s,ets his heart upon, and devotes his
time to, some great movement that has to do with making
the city a clean and sweet habitation for his poorer neigh-
bors, wll be remembered when all the millionaires are dead
and buried. I have always heard and believed that the true
aim of municipal work is to make life more livable for the
great mass of the people. I suppose that here, as in the
old country, where there are perhaps twenty per cent, of
the people who are well off or comparatively well off, there
are seventy to eighty per cent, that have a hard struggle
to find the necessaries of life. I know that in the old coun-
try this latter class amounts to about eighty to eighty-five
per cent, of the population.
" Surely we are entitled to do something for these
people. We owe our fortunes to them. I say that it is
the duty of the man who has got around the corner, and
is on the highroad to ease and plenty, to give at least a
fair share of his energy and brains to the welfare of the
poor people in the city where he made that money.
52 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"I might say a little about our Glasgow tramway ser-
vice. That, at least, is a thing which you in this city have
not got to the length that we have. In Glasgow we have
them run by ourselves. Many of the other municipalities
copy us. Glasgow began by leasing lines built by the
city. They retained control by having the lines their own,
and merely loaning them to the Company. Finally, when
the Company began to get careless, the citizens began to
agitate for a better car service. The corporation put this
to the Company. They said the conditions were monstrous,
and that they could not agree to renew the lease. They
drew up a scheme of reform, which the directors of the
Company rejected. To make matters short: It was on the
1st of July, 1894, when the corporation of Glasgow started
to operate its own tram service."
The speaker then stated that, despite discouraging cri-
ticism, the work had been entirely successful and the rate
had gradually been reduced to a halfpenny a mile. He
was amazed when he paid five cents to go two or three
blocks in Winnipeg. For the poor working people, he
thought it was a prohibitory charge. The Glasgow experi-
ment would be tested to the extent of giving even more miles
for a halfpenny.
RIGHT HON. HERBERT SAMUEL, M.P.
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 53
PROBLEMS OF THE EMPIRE.
September 8th, 1913.
RT. HON. HERBERT SAMUEL, M.P., London, England
"I count myself fortunate in being privileged to be the
first member of the Imperial Cabinet, as you, Mr. Chair-
man, have said, who has ever visited the west of Canada
or been the guest of your Canadian Club; and I am glad
that on the first occasion on which, during my visit to
Canada, I am able to address an audience on public affairs,
that audience should be composed of my fellow-citizens.
"Those of you who have made a study of European
history probably know well that for several centuries the
lines of trade between Europe and Asia passed through a
single town, Venice. Almost all the flow in imports and
exports from the west and the east passed in a great tide
through that one city of Venice; and, through her favor-
able situation, she prospered greatly and became one of
the chief towns of the world.
' ' Not unlike the position of Venice is your position here
in Winnipeg. Here, at the commercial gateway between
the east and the west of the great Dominion of Canada,
the imports and exports pass through and along this great
trade route, as rays of light passing through a lens are
focussed upon a particular point. One has only to look
at the railway map of Canada to see how the lines are
focussed upon this centre. I am glad, then, to be in Winni-
peg, the Venice of the West, the focus of Canada. ' '
Proceeding, the speaker referred to the fact that in
the past the public men of the home country had not visited
Canada as frequently as was desirable; but the day of
Cobden, who advocated the separation of the colonies, had
gone absolutely.
54 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"You may be convinced that now in the Motherland,
from the King on his throne, whose close personal interest
in the welfare of the Dominions is well known, to the most
remote peasant in the highlands of Scotland, the name of
Canada in these days is very often on men's lips and the
people of Canada often in men's thoughts; and we in the old
country feel the most profound satisfaction at the rapid
growth and firmly established prosperity of this great Do-
minion, of which this city of Winnipeg is so good an illus-
tration. In fact, as far as mutual knowledge goes, I am
inclined to think that in these days matters are turned a
little the other way about, and that in England we have
some little reason to complain that you here in Canada do
not fully appreciate the vigor, the progress and power which
are still retained and evident in the Motherland."
Tn repudiating the idea that England was in any way
declining, the speaker referred to the test of population.
In Canada, the census of 1891 gave 4,800,000 people, and in
1911, 7,200,000, a wonderful increase of about fifty per cent. ;
but during the same time in the old country, the population
had increased by 8,000,000, or twenty-two per cent., in
twenty years, which was an excellent showing for an estab-
lished country.
"Then take our trade. Ten years ago, in 1902, exports
of British products from the United Kingdom amounted
to £283,000,000. Last year, after ten years' interval, that
figure had increased to £487,000,000— a growth of
£204,000,000, or over a thousand million dollars, ill a single
decade — a growth of seventy-two per cent. So there again,
I think you may feel some satisfaction that the Motherland,
from an industrial, commercial and economic point of view,
still shows sound and vigorous growth.
"From time to time, much is heard about the unemploy-
ment problem in Great Britain; but, for the time being, at
all events, unemployment has been reduced to a minimum,
and, in fact, the demand for labor is so great that, in many
ADDRESSES OF THE YEAR 55
trades, orders have to be refused on account of the dearth
of labor. Our agriculture has recovered from its long de-
pression, and is in a state of prosperity.
"There is still, indeed, much poverty; great masses of
people suffering from bad social conditions; but they are
not the majority. You must not judge the conditions of
the people in England by those that come out here. Those
men in England who are earning good wages in regular
employment usually stay there. They do not come here;
and therefore I say again, you should not judge the con-
dition of those in England by the condition of those who
come out here because they have not had adequate oppor-
tunities at home. But, against all these undesirable social
conditions, a vigorous war is being waged by our parlia-
ment, by our local authorities and by a multitude of agencies
which are engaged in the work of social reform.
"And this is showing results. For instance, we have
been concentrating attention to a great extent upon the
death rate among infants. In eight years the infant mortal-
ity rate in the United Kingdom has been reduced by thirty
per cent., and we have saved alive 56,000 babies every year — •
about a thousand a week — who would otherwise have died
if these efforts had not been made. A thousand babies a
week ! And I hope a good many of them will live to grow
up and be sturdy settlers out in Canada.
"As you know, there has been a great deal of destitu-
tion in the mother country among the old people. Eight
years ago, there were 168,000 old people above the age of
seventy, who were receiving outdoor relief from the poor
law authorities. Then we established that great system of
old age pensions, giving honorable pensions (and I am glad
to say that the post office is the agency of their distribu-
tion) to nearly a million old people, at a cost to the State
of some £12,000,000; and the result has been seen in the
fact that, instead of 168,000 old people receiving outdoor
relief, we had last year only 8,000, a reduction of ninety-
five per cent, in that short period.
56 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
"Then under the Insurance Act, we have brought
14,000,000 people under insurance against sickness. And,
before long, we shall engage in a campaign of land and
housing reform, in order still to further reduce the cause
of poverty and cut at the roots of poverty.
"In England, and I expect it is the same here, when
we are discussing problems of Empire, there are some who
give but little thought to the fact that a very large pro-
portion indeed of the Empire lies in the tropics and in sub-
tropical latitudes. We give but little consideration to the
achievements, responsibilities and problems of the Empire
in those parts of the world. We are accustomed to regard
the British Empire as a confederation of self-governing
peoples of the white race.
"The British Empire covers one-quarter of the whole
land surface of the earth. It includes in its population
one-fifth of the whole human race. The great majority of
that population are situated in the tropics and in the sub-
tropics. India alone has a population of 300,000,000 — seven
times the population of the United Kingdom, forty times
that of Canada. England has under her rule not less than
one-third of the whole continent of Africa.
"These questions are continually in the minds of those
who are charged with the duty of government, and I would
ask you here also, you who are patriotic Canadians, to look
with the eye of imagination at the work that is being done
in these parts of the world, to see the thousands of men
that England has scattered in small groups over these vast
territories; and I would ask you to think at what a cost
of life, of health, of loneliness, this work is being carried
forward. These men, each one of them, backed by the whole
power of the British Empire, have accomplished, and will
accomplish, a marvellous work.
"The British Empire, vaster than the Roman Empire at
its greatest, is also more beneficent than the Roman Empire
at its best. On you, as well as on us, lies the duty of main-
taining this work. You Canadians share in the glory of
these achievements so long as you remain members of the
British Empire — and that will be always."
SIR GILBERT PARKER, M.P.
ADDKESSES OF THE YEAR 57
COMPULSION IN THE STATE.
September 19th, 1913.
SIR GILBERT PARKER, London, England
Sir Gilbert prefaced his remarks by references to the
kindness with which he had been received, and after men-
tioning the many races represented in Winnipeg, gave it
as his opinion that they would blend into one much more
quickly than would happen in the United States. It pleased
him to know that western newspapers no longer had to
depend upon the information sifted through the sieve of the
American and Republican field of observation. They could
now present Imperial matters to the people of Canada un-
touched by an alien point of view, by alien suggestion, or
alien modification.
' ' ' Compulsion in the State. ' It sounds portentous. But
I am not a very portentous person. Compulsion in the
State? What do I mean? I have used the word simply as
a text for saying a few things that I think ought to be said
in regard to a certain situation in England, which situation
you ought to understand from what I believe is the true
point of view.
"Gentlemen, I have noticed in the press reference to
what is called conscription. Now, why do I speak to a
Canadian audience about that ? For this reason I speak about
it : That, if England were to adopt that policy which should
be adopted, she would enlist the support of every citizen
in her overseas dominions. The situation is this: England
needs a home defence army, as you need it, as Australia
needs it, as South Africa needs it. Not alone because it is
needed to give a national sense of security, but because
you never can tell what will happen. Even little Switzer-
land, protected by the powers, must have her home defence
army.
"There are those among us who feel that this question
of home defence is not a party concern; who feel that the
movement should go forward absolutely irrespective of
58 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
party. I say this because I have seen in some Canadian
papers the statement that conscription was proposed by the
party to which I belong. God forbid! But it is not true —
God need not forbid it.
' ' The truth is this : that we think that, as every man
is forced into education by the school law of the country,
is forced to do something for his own good, so he should
in the course of things be forced to do something for his
own and his country's good in the way of military service
and the getting of military training.
"The laws of the State are made chiefly to prevent
people doing what they ought not to do. Now and again
the State finds it necessary to step in and ask men to do
what they ought to do for their own good and for the
State's good. That is why compulsion appeals to men of
reasonable spirit and national understanding.
"I have seen in the press that you are coming to a
recognition that naval defence is necessary. If you decide
to take a share in the naval defence of the Empire — and I
believe this country will decide to take it, and that when
that great decision is made, it will finally be made with
the consent of both parties in the State, for such will be
the common-sense solution — if you decide upon that, gentle-
men, then you have a right to say that you have acted as
sons of the Empire.
* ' ' It is not a case of whether England is at war, ' should
be the thought of every citizen of the British Empire. 'It
is a case of whether the smallest island or dependency
within the British Empire is at war.' If it is at war, then
the whole British Empire is in a state of war, and you, as
a part of the British Empire, are at war, whether you
like it or not. You are in a state of hostility toward any
outside power that is at war with any portion or part, how-
ever distant, of the British Empire.
"A larger understanding is coming to us, and I believe
this, that the principle of compulsion will never be neces-
sary. Proud as I am of my Canadian confreres, and of their
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAE 59
splendid place in history, I am still reminded that our
success has only been made possible because of the spirit
of constitutional freedom under which, the overseas domin-
ions have been able to grow and develop.
"You are in a position today where you are making
treaties with foreign countries. It is absolutely necessary
that you should have a foreign policy. A foreign policy
is as necessary to you as any other adjunct of your growth.
The United States did not need a foreign policy until she
began' to export ; then she needed a navy to develop that
foreign policy. Germany never had a navy until she began
to export. Then she needed that navy for the protection
of her trade on the high seas.
1 1 Gentlemen, your foreign policy, so long as you remain
connected with the British Empire, will naturally be iden-
tical with that of the Mother Country. If there is war
in England, there is stringency in Winnipeg; if the Bourse
trembles, it is felt here. You cannot separate your inter-
ests from the interests of the whole Empire. In what I
trust will be the great work of the future, that of organizing
the forces of this great Empire, you must not fail to realize
that your action must be in keeping with the proud and
important position you occupy in the Empire.
"You began your development when you secured Con-
federation in 1867. That was the first step. It was through
preference that you developed your country; and can I
doubt that you will lend your aid in the solution of how
we shall best reap the rest of the benefits of the Empire?
Each city, little or great — each community, however small —
can do its intellectual, its political and its personal part.
"You have pushed your city to a place of wealth and
power among the great cities of civilization. As you march
onward, may you leave permanent encampments of civic
spirit, national patriotism and imperial duty, till in the
far-off future, the historian shall look back upon this great
metropolis of the west and shall be able to say of it, 'This
was a city set upon an hill, that could not be hid.' '
60 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG
SALVATION ARMY ACTIVITY IN THE VARIOUS
FIELDS OF SOCIAL REFORM.
November 10th, 1913.
GENERAL BRAMWELL BOOTH, London, England
"I cannot but be interested, under the circumstances,
when your president has just mentioned that my dear father
was an honorary member of your Canadian Club. I feel
about my father that one of the chief features that made
him interesting was his personality. It was that which made
so many classes desire to be associated with him.
"Sometimes I have been asked in Winnipeg in regard
to the Salvation Army attitude towards the Sacrament. I
always quote the answer one of our young people gave
when asked if the Salvation Army had the Sacrament. He
said, ' The Sacrament ? Yes, oh, yes ; we have the sacrament-
farthing breakfasts for starving children.' We are a prac-
tical concern; and our attitude towards those who are
starving and in need is that of friends and helpers.
"I feel that the Salvation Army will extend its opera-
tions, will open new avenues of approach to the people,
and that there is nothing in the whole range of human life
which will keep us from an opportunity to do something
for those who are in need. I think that you, as business
men, must feel that, in the proof that our arrangements
have turned out well, there is evidence of that kind of busi-
ness acumen and thought and principle at the centre of
our activities, that you see in the successful man of business.
"I may say that this wonderful city in which I find
myself has taken me by surprise. I see a mighty community
growing up, and then I learn from others of the influence
which you exert upon the still further mass of people be-
yond; and I cannot but feel the deepest interest in looking
at you, gentlemen, who have influence and power, and
GENERAL BRAMWELL BOOTH
ADDEESSES OF THE YEAR
whose lives and work must create an impression for good
or ill, beyond the power of the human mind to estimate,
upon this new world, this new land, at the gates of which
we stand here today."
Continuing, the speaker pointed out the necessity of
caring for the child, giving attention to the intellectual, the
physical and the moral training necessary to produce the
whole man. In this connection it was quite easy to call
attention to the necessity of caring for the mother, lifting
her up in the eyes of youth as something sacred.
"It is a great asset for any community, that its people
should be able to think in large figures and regard the
world as a big place and as giving a mighty opportunity.
I think a little more stress might be placed, in your teaching
in the schools, in your family talks, upon the greatness of
the developments which have been attained by industry and
enterprise. I think that the future of the race should be
held up before the youth of your day, that they may see
the highest ideals, and raise themselves from the smallness
and pettiness and lack of self-control, which are their
enemies.
' ' I may add, in closing, that I think, in the truest sense
of the word, religion is your friend, because it is the anti-
dote for selfishness. Looking at it .in a wholly detached
way, I feel that it is your friend, because it antagonizes the
spirit of selfishness which is the real enemy of true progress,
whether of the individual or of the community. You are
thoughtful men. You are godly men. Let your voices and
influence be raised without question in favor of those un-
selfish qualities which help to make a happy, prosperous
and powerful people."
62 CANADIAN CLUB OF WINNIPEG.
Since the close of the year death has broken our ranks
and removed two of our most honored members, Lord Strath-
cona and Mount Royal, an honorary life member of the Club,
and Sir William Whyte, a charter member, and President of
the Club for year 1907-8.
LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL.
In the death of Lord Strathcona, Canada lost her most dis-
tinguished citizen. A long career in the service of the Hud-
son's Bay Company, in which a loyal discharge of duty in
every form lifted him from the humblest to the highest sta-
tion, knit his life with that of Western Canada and finally
brought to him the opportunity of rendering signal service to
the cause of federation. Leadership in an enterprise that gave
to Canada her first transcontinental highway linking the At-
lantic and Pacific, elevated him to an enviable position in the
wider life of the Dominion. It was only logical that to one
who did so much to make possible a federation of the Cana-
dian provinces should come the honorable office of High Com-
missioner of Canada in London, an office affording rare op-
portunities for broader service to the Empire. Not Canada
only but the Empire will long remember the generosity that
gave sinew to private charities and imperial causes.
SIR WILLIAM WHYTE.
Occupying as he did for more than a quarter of a century,
a most important position in the management of the railroad
that was so prominent a factor in the development of the
west, Sir William Whyte came into close personal touch with
men of all classes, and in every relation of life impressed
himself upon those with whom he came in contact, as a man
of the highest integrity, great strength of purpose, clearness
of mind, and kindness of heart. He possessed in a rare de-
gree the power of commanding confidence and winning af-
fection. A man of wide interests, his influence for good was
felt in educational bodies, charitable associations, and public
service organizations of all kinds. He was especially inter-
ested and active in the work of the Canadian Club, and his
single-minded patriotism will long stand as an example and
inspiration to those with whom he was associated.
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