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Write  for   illustrated   Catalogues  and   names  of  local  users,  or  call 
at  our  show  rooms,  58-60  Stewart  St.  Toronto. 


CANADIAN  FARM 
YEAR  BOOK 

1916 


A  Complete  Reference  Library  and  Handy  Book 
tor  the  Farmer  and  Stoeknaan 


Compiicd     Uadei     Directiaa    oi 
Eaitoiial    Stafi     ai 

CANADIAN    FARM 


THE  FARM  PRESS,  LIMITED 

181  Simcoe  St.  Toronto.  Ont..  Canada 


<  (iityriKbt,  CanMla.,  lulb.  Ui 

Tlie  t'arui  Press.  Liiuiifd 

T<irunlo.  Ont. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Page 

Chapter  I — Dominion  of  Canada 3-16 

Chapter  II — Soils  and  Crops 16-44 

Chapter  III — (a)    Orchard   and  Garden 45-73 

(  b )    Weeds  and  Insects 74-82 

Chapter  IV— Livestock      , 83-170 

Chapter  V— Dairying 171-184 

Chapter  VI— Poultry ,      ....    185-198 

Chapter  VII— Household 199-218 

Chapter  VIII — Farm   Buildings  and  Equipment     ....  219-240 

Chapter  IX — Farm    Power   and    Machinery     ....         240-256 

Chapter  X — Statistics  and  Miscellaneous 257-276 

Chapter  XI— (a)  Who's  Who  in  Agriculture  .....   277-284 
(b)  Livestock  Directory 285-320 

Complete  Double  Index  of  Advertisers,     Complete  Double  Index 
of  Contents  will  be  found  at  back  of  book. 


,  "  ^,  -  Printed   by 

^TH^  ONTARIO   PKESS,  LIMIIKI) 
.■«7    McCaul  St..  Toronto 


INTRODUCTORY 


THIS  is  the  third  edition  of  Canadian  Farm  Year  Book.    The  first 
one  was  issued  in  1913,  and  the  second  in  1914.     Conditions 
arising  out  of  the  war  in  its  earlier  stages  made  it  imprac- 
ticable to  publish  an  edition  in  1915.    This  is  the  1916  edition, 
id  is  presented  with  the  hope  that  it  will  fill  as  important  a  place  in 
.e  agricultural  field  as  have  the  previous  editions.    The  demand  for  a 
ork  of  this  kind  grows,  and  our  endeavor  has  been  to  make  it  meet 
the  real  ne*^  of  the  farmer. 

While  reta,ining  many  of  the  old  features  of  former  editions,  the 

1916  Year  Book  contains  sufficient  new  matter  to  make  it  a  distinctly 

new  book.    Many  changes  have  taken  place  in  agriculture  since  the 

1914  edition  was  published.    These  have  all  been  tabulated  and  noted. 

One  of  the  new  features  is  '/Who's  Who  in  Agriculture,"  a  chapter 

:at  cannot  but  be  of  very  great  value  to  the  countrj'.     The  list  of 

Who's  Who"  is  not  as  large  as  we  hope  to  make  it  in  future  editions. 

It  is,  however,  a  good  beginning,  and  its  appearance  will  be  of  great 

f^lp  in  securing  information  about  other  prominent   agriculturists 

ho  should  occupy  a  place  in  * '  Who 's  Who, ' '  but  who  were  backward 

about  sending  in  the  information  necessary  to  compile  sueh  a  list. 

This  third  edition  will,  we  believe,  fill  a  place  in  the  agricultural 
field  not  filled  by  the  other  editions,  valuable  as  they  were.  It  retains 
all  the  good  features  of  the  old,  -svith  much  added  information  of 
great  value  to  agriculture.  Much  of  the  old  is  recast  in  more  up-to- 
date  form,  and  the  new,  gathered  from  many  sources,  is  in  keeping 
with  the  needs  of  the  times.  It  is  not  practicable  to  give  in  detail 
the  sources  of  information.  SuflSce  it  to  say  that  the  information  is 
authoritative  and  has  only  found  a  place  in  the  1916  edition  because  it 
was  felt  to  be  of  value. 

The  new  edition  is  presented  herewith,  and  we  trust  it  will  serve 
e  purpose  intended  of  providing  a  handy  reference  book  and 
cyclopaedia  of  information  specially  useful  to  farmers. 

THE  EDITORS. 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Right    Up-to-Date 


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tories, public  institutions,  wholesales,  etc. 


DOMINION   OF   CANADA. 


Canadian  Farm  Year  Book 

1916 

THE    DOMEVION. 

The  Parliament  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  consists  of  the  Senate,  with 
87  members,  and  of  the  House  of  Commons,  with  221  members,  senators 
being  appointed  for  life  by  the  Governor-General,  and  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  being  elected  by  the  people.  The  limit  of  duration  for  each 
Parliament  is  five  years.  A  Redistribution  Act  passed  after  each  census 
readjusts  the  number  of  representatives  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  accord- 
ance with  rules  laid  down  in  Section  51  of  the  British  North  America  Act, 
1867,  of  the  Imperial  Parliament  (30-31  Vict.,  c.  3).  These  rules  provide 
that  the  Province  of  Quebec  shall  always  have  the  fixed  number  of  65  mem- 
bers and  that  there  shall  be  assigned  to  each  of  the  other  provinces  such  a 
number  of  members  as  will  bear  the  same  proportion  to  the  number  of  its 
population  (ascertained  by  the  census)  as  the  number  65  bears  to  the  popu- 
lation of  Quebec.  , 

The  four  original  provinces  of  the  Dominion  were  Ontario,  Quebec, 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  which  were  given  parliamentary  represen- 
tation according  to  Section  37  of  the  British  North  America  Act,  1867.  By 
Imperial  Orders  in  Council  the  provinces  of  British  Columbia  and  Prince 
Edward  Island  were  admitted  into  the  Dominion — the  former  on  July  1, 
1873,  by  Order  dated  May  16,  1871,  and  the  latter  on  July  1,  1873,  by  Order 
dated  June  26,  1873.  An  Act  of  the  Dominion  Parliament  of  May  12,  1870 
(33  Vict.,  c.  3),  provided  for  the  formation  of  the  province  of  Manitoba  out 
of  Rupert's  Land  and  the  Northwest  Territory,  so  soon  as  these  should  be 
admitted  into  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  which  admission  was  effected  by 
Imperial  Order  in  Council,  dated  June  23,  1870,  and  taking  effect  on  July 
15,  1870.  In  consequence  of  doubts  as  to  the  legal  validity  of  the  Dominion 
Act  of  1870  (33  Vict.,  c.  3)  the  Imperial  Parliament  passed  an  Act  in  1871 
(34-35  Vict.,  c.  28)  making  the  Canadian  Act  valid  and  effectual. 

Area  and  Population. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada,  extending  westward  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  northward  from  the  United  States  boundary  into 
the  Arctic  Circle,  embraces  a  total  area  computed  at  3,729,665  square  miles. 
This  area  is  divided  into  nine  provinces  and  the  Yukon  and  Northwest  Terri- 
tories. By  the  Boundary  Extension  Acts,  passed  by  the  Dominion  Parliament 
in  1912  (2  Geo.  V.  cc.  32,  40  and  45)  the  provinces  of  Manitoba,  Ontario  and 
Quebec  were  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  areas  that  were  previously  part  of 
the  Northwest  Territories.  The  boundaries  of  Manitoba  were  thus  extended 
northwards  to  the  60th  parallel  of  ^orth  latitude  between  the  eastern  boun- 
dary of  Saskatchewan  and  the  western  shore  of  Hudson  Bay;  and  from  the 
point  where  the  northern  boundaries  of  Manitoba  and  Ontario  formerly  coin- 
cided the  boundary  of  Manitoba  was  extende'd  due  north  to  a  point  defined 
and  thence  north-easterly  to  the  point  where  the  89th  meridian  of  west 
longitude  intersects  the  southern  shore  of  Hudson  Bay.  The  northern  boun- 
daries of  Ontario  were  extended  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  Bay,  the 
new  western  boundary  of  Ontario  coinciding  with  the  new  eastern  boundary 
of  Manitoba.  To  the  province  of  Quebec  were  added  the  whole  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Ungava  and  that  part  of  Labrador  which  is  within  the  Dominion  of 
Canada. 

Additional  Territory. 

By  the  re"^ision  of  the  boundaries  Manitoba  received  about  178,100, 
Ontario  146,400  and  Quebec  354,961  square  miles  of  additional  territory. 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Quebec,  instead  of  British  Columbia,  is  now  the  largest  province  of  the 
Dominion,  Ontario  being  second,  and  British  Columbia  third  in  point  of 
size.  The  map  of  Canada  which  forms  part  of  this  volume  shows  clearly  the 
present  boundaries  of  the  provinces. 

New  District. 

The  new  district  of  Ontario  has  been  named  Patricia.  It  Is  bounded  on 
the  west  and  northwest  by  Manitoba,  on  the  south  and  southeast  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  Albany  rivers  and  on  the  east  and  north  by  James  and  Hudson  Bays. 
Pursuant  to  an  Order-in-Council,  dated  February  20,  1912,  and  subject  to 
the  future  enactment  by  the  Dominion  Parliament  of  the  necessary  legis- 
lation, Ontario  will  also  possess  a  strip  of  territory  five  miles  wide  lying 
between  the  district  of  Patricia  and  the  Nelson  River  and  to  be  located 
within  50  miles  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Coast,  as  well  as  an  area  half  a  mile 
wide  and  five  miles  in  length  to  be  located  along  the  south  shore  of  the 
Nelson  River.  The  latter  area  is  to  be  contiguous  to  the  five  mile  strip,  and 
together  these  areas  will  afford  ten  miles  of  water  front  for  harbour 
facilities  and  railway  terminals.  The  land  is  to  be  selected  and  designated 
by  the  Ontario  Government  within  five  years  from  the  date  of  the  Order-in- 
Council. 

Population  of  Canada. 

According  to  the  corrected  returns  of  the  fifth  census,  the  total  popula- 
tion on  June  1,  1911,  was  7,206,643,  representing  an  increase  of  1,835,328 
since  the  previous  census  of  April  1,  1901.  For  the  period  covered,  the  rate 
of  increase,  viz.,  34.17  p*er  cent.,  is  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  is  due  to  the 
heavy  tide  of  immigration  which  set  in  with  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century.  The  countries  next  in  order,  in  respect  to  the  percentage  rates  of 
increase  during  the  same  decade  are:  New  Zealand,  30.5;  the  United  States, 
21;  Germany,  15.2;  Holland,  14.8;  Switzerland,  13.2;  Denmark,  12.6;  Bel- 
gium, 10.9;  Austria,  9.3;  United  Kingdom,  9.1;  Hungary,  8.5;  Sweden,  7.5; 
Italy  and  Norway,  6.8;  and  France,  1.6.  Ontario  and  Quebec  continue  to  be 
the  most  largely  populated  of  ithe  nine  provinces,  the  former  having  2,523,274 
and  the  latter  2,003,232  inhabitants.  None  of  the  other  provinces  has  yet 
reached  half  a  million;  but  Saskatchewan  has  the  third  largest  population 
with  492,432.  All  the  provinces  show  an  increase  since  1901,  excepting 
Prince  Edward  Island,  where  the  population  has  decreased  by  9,531,  or  9.23 
per  cent.  The  Yukon  and  Northwest  Territories,  with  relatively  sparse  popu- 
lations, show  decreases  as  compared  with  1901.  The  greatest  relative  in- 
crease is  in  the  western  provinces,  especially  in  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta. 
The  population  of  Saskatchewan,  492,432,  as  compared  with  91,279  in  1901, 
shows  an  increase  of  401,153,  or  over  439  per  cent.  Alberta  has  grown  from 
73,022  in  1901  to  374,663  in  1911,  an  increase  of  301,641,  or  413  per  cent. 
Manitoba,  455,614,  shows  an  increase  of  200,403  from  255,211,  or  78.5  per 
cent.,  and  British  Columbia,  one  of  213,823,  or  over  119  per  cent,  the  popu- 
lation having  grown  from  178,657  in  1901  to  392,480  in  1911. 

The  average  density  of  the  population  works  out  to  1.93  per  square  mile, 
calculated  upon  the  total  of  3,729,665  square  miles,  the  area  of  Canada. 
This  figure  may  be  compared  with  the  density  per  square  mile  of  other  new 
countries,  as,  for  instance,  the  United  States,  30.69;  the  Argentine  Republic, 
5.99;  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  1.53;  the  Dominion  of  New  Zealand, 
9.63;  and  Newfoundland,  1.47.  Prince  Edward  Island  has  a  density  of  42.91, 
Nova  Scotia  of  22.98,  New  Brunswick  of  2.61,  Ontario  of  9.67,  Manitoba  of 
6.18,  and  Quebec  of  5.69.  The  other  three  provinces,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta 
and  British  Columbia  are  each  below  2  per  square  mile. 

Extension  of  Boundaries. 

The  boundaries  of  the  provinces  of  Manitoba,  Ontario  and  Quebec  were 
extended  by  chapters  32  (Manitoba),  40  (Ontario),  and  45  (Quebec).  Par- 
ticulars of  the  extensions  thus  effected  are  given  in  the  Canadian  Year  Book 
of  1913.  The  Manitoba  Act  (chapter  32)  contains  new  financial  provisions 
(sections  4  and  5),  governing  the  annual  payments  to  be  made  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Canada  to  the  Government  of  Manitoba  in  respect  of  interest. 


DOMINION   OF   CANADA. 


public  lands,  swamp  lands,  public  buildings,  etc.  The  Quebec  Act  (chapter 
45)  provides  by  section  2  (a)  and  (b)  that  the  population  of  the  territory 
added  by  the  Act  shall  be  excluded  in  ascertaining  the  population  of  the 
province  for  the  purposes  of  any  readjustment  of  representation  of  the  other 
provinces  consequent  upon  any  census,  that  in  any  future  census  the  popu- 
lation of  the  new  territory  shall  be  distinguished  from  the  province  as  hereto- 
fore "constituted  and  that  the  representation  of  the  new  territory  in  the 
House  of  Commons  shall  be  determined  according  to  the  rules  enacted  by 
section  51  of  the  British  North  America  Act,  1867,  regulating  the  represen- 
tation of  provinces  other  than  Quebec.  All  three  Acts  came  into  force  on 
May  15,  1912,' by  proclamations  of  the  Governor-in-Council,  dated  May  10, 
1912. 

Aid  to  Agriculture. 

Chapter  3  provides  for  the  granting  of  subsidies  to  the  provincial  gov- 
ernments for  the  encouragement  of  agriculture,  and  empowers  the  Minister 
of  Agriculture,  with  the  authority  of  the  Govemor-in-Council,  to  enter  into 
agreements  with  the  provincial  governments  setting  forth  the  terms  upon 
which  the  subsidies  are  granted  and  prescribing  the  conditions  under  which 
and  the  purposes  for  which  they  shall  be  expended.  For  the  financial  year 
ended  March  31,  1913,  a  total  sum  of  $500,000  was  appropriated  for  the 
purposes  of  this  Act  (see  also  page  453). 

The  Agricultural  Instruction  Act,  assented  to  on  June  6,  1913,  repeals 
chapter  3  of  the  Statutes  of  1912  and  provides  for  the  appropriation  of  a 
simi  of  $10,000,000  during  the  next  ten  years  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  and 
advancing  the  farming  industry  by  instruction  in  agriculture,  including  the 
work  carried  on  by  the  Veterinary  Colleges.  The  sum  available  under  this 
Act  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1914,  is  $700,000;  for  1915,  $800,- 
000;  for  1916,  $900,000;  for  1917,' $1,000,000,  and  for  1918  to  1923,  $1,100,- 
000  annually. 

DOnXIOX  CABINET. 

Seat  of  Government — Ottawa. 

Governor-General — Field  Marshal  His  Royal  Highness  The  Duke  of 
Connaught  and  Strathearn,  K.G.,  K.T.,  K.P.,  G.M.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  G.G.M.G., 
G.C.V.O.,  P.C. 

The  Cabinet. 

Ministry  formed  10th  October,  1911. 

Prime  Minister  and  President  of  Privy  Council — Rt.  Hon.  Robert  Laird 
Borden,  LL.D.,  K.C. 

Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce — Sir  Geo.  E.  Foster,  B.A.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D. 

Minister  of  the  Interior — Hon.  Dr.  Wm.  Jas.  Roche,  M.D. 

Minister  of  Public  Works — Hon.  Robert  Rogers. 

Minister  of  Railways  and  Canals — Hon.  Frank  Cochrane. 

Minister  of  Finance — Sir  Wm.  Thomas  "V^Tiite. 

Postmaster-General — Hon.  T.  C.  Casgrain. 

Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries  and  Minister  of  the  Naval  Service — 
Hon.  John  D.  Hazen,  B.A.,  B.C.L. 

Minister  of  Justice — Hon.  Chas.  J.  Doherty,  K.C,  D.C.L.,  LL.D. 

Minister  of  Militia  and  Defense — Sir  Sam  Hughes. 

Secretary  of  State — Hon.  P.  E.  Blondin. 

Minister  of  Labor — Hon.  Thomas  W.  Crothers,  B.A.,  K.C. 

Minister  of  Inland  Revenue — Hon.  G.  L.   Patenaud. 

Minister  of  Customs — Hon.  Dr.  John  D.  Reed,  M.D. 

Minister  of  Agriculture — Hon.  Martin  Burrell. 

Solicitor  General — Hon.  A.  Meighen. 

AGRICTLTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Doniinion. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  post-office  address  of  the  officials  mentioned 
is  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Minister  of  Agriculture — ^Hon.  Martin  Burrell. 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture — Geo.  F.  O'Halloran,  B.A.,  B.C.L. 

Assistant  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture — Lt.-Col.  A.  L.  Jarvis,  I.S.O. 

Chief  Officer  Census  and  Statistics  Branch— R.  H.  Goats. 

Director-General  Public  Health — F.  Montizambert,  I.S.O.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.C. 

Veterinary  Director-General — Dr.  Fred.  Torrance. 

Agricultural  Commissioner — C.  C.  James,  C.  M.  G. 

Live  Stock  Commissioner — John  Bright. 

Dairy  Commissioner — J.  A.  Ruddick. 

Seed  Commissioner — George  H.  Clark. 

Chief  Veterinary  Inspector — G.  Hilton,  V.S. 

Pathologist — C.  H.  Higgins,  D.V.S.,  B.Sc. 

Hon'y.  Veterinary  Adviser — Prof.  D.  McEachran,  F.R.C.V.S.,  Montreal.   . 

Veterinary    Inspector-in-charge    Manitoba — D.    C.    McGilvray,    M.D.C., 
Winnipeg. 

Veterinary  Inspector-in-charge  Saskatchewan — D.  Tamblyn,  V.S. 
^Veterinary  Inspector-in-charge  Alberta — J.  C.  Hargrave,  V.S.,  Medicine 
Hat. 

Veterinary  Inspector-in-charge  and  'Representative  Live  Stock  Branch 
British  Columbia — S.  F.  Tolmie,  V.S.,  Victoria. 

Chief  Meat  Inspector — R.  Barnes,  V.S. 

The  Canadian  area  of  the  five  Great  Lakes  of  100,000  miles,  forms  only 
one-fifth  of  the  total  area  of  the  larger  fresh  water  lakes  of  Canada. 

Distance  from  Halifax  to  Vancouver  is  greater  than  from   London  to 
Halifax. 

Provincial  Governments. 

Each  province  has  a  Lieutenant-Governor  appointed  for  five  years  by  the 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  and  is  aided  by  an  executive  council  whose 
members  have  seats  in  the  legislature  and  are  responsible  to  the  popular 
house  for  their  actions  in  council.  The  provinces  of  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia 
have  a  legislative  council  composed  of  21  and  24  members  respectively, 
-appointed  by  the  lieutenant-governor  in  council  of  each  province.  In  the 
other  provinces  there  is  only  one  house,  an  elected  assembly.  The  duration 
of  parliament  is  four  years  in  all  provinces  excepting  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec, 
where  it  is  five  years,  although  it  may  be  dissolved  at  any  time  within  that 
period.  Sessions  are  held  annually,  the  speaker  is  elected  by  the  House, 
members  are  paid  for  their  services  and  require  no  property  qualifications. 
The  powers  of  the  legislatures  are  so  defined  in  the  British  North  America 
Act  of  1867. 

Province  of  Ontario. 

Population,  2,523,297. 

Entered  Confederation  1st  July,  1867.  , 

Seat  of  Government,  Toronto. 

Lieutenant-Governor,  His  Honor  Sir  John  Hendrie. 

Executive  Council. 

President  of  Council  and  Premier — Hon.  W,  H.  Hearst. 
Attorney-General — Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas. 
N     Treasurer  of  the  Province — Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry. 

Secretary  and  Registrar  of  Province — Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna. 
Minister  of  Education — Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne. 
Minister  of  Agriculture — Hon.  J.  S.  Duff. 
Minister  of  Public  Works — Hon.  F.  G.  McDiarmid. 
Minister  of  Lands  and  Mines — Hon.  G.  H.  Ferguson. 
Without  Portfolio — Hon.  J.  J.  Foy,  Dr.  Preston. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 
Minister — Hon.  J.  S.  Duff. 
Deputy  Minister — W.  B.  Roadhouse. 
Assistant  Deputy — C.  F.  Bailey. 
Chief  Clerk  and  Statistician — W.  O.  Galloway. 
Supt.  of  Farmers'  Institutes  and  Dairying- — G.  A.  Putnam. 
Supt.  of  Agricultural  Societies — J.  Lockie  Wilson. 
,  Director  of  Live  Stock  Branch — R.  Wade.^.S.A. 


DOMINION  OF   CANADA. 


Director  of  Fruit  Branch  and  Secretary  Fruit  Growers'  Association — 
P.  W.  Hodgetts. 

Ontario  Veterinary  College — Principal  E.  A.  Grange,  V.S.,  M.S. 
Eastern  Dairymen's  Association — G.  G.  Publow,  Kingston,  Instr. 
Western  Dairymen's  Association — F.  Hems,  London,  Instr. 

Province  of  Quebec. 

Population,  2,002,726. 

Entered  Confederation  1st  July,  1867. 

Seat  of  Government,  Quebec. 

Lieutenant-Governor — His  Hon.  Sir  Francis  LangeliQr,  Knt. 

Executive  Council. 
Hon.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin — Premier  and  Attorney-General. 
Hon.  Jules  AUard — Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests. 
Hon.  John  C.  Kaine — Minister  without  Portfolio. 
Hon.  Charles  Devlin — Minister  of  Colonization,  Mines  and  Fisheries. 
Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau — Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Labor. 
Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie — Provincial  Secretary. 
Hon.  J.  E.  Caron — Minister  of  Agriculture. 
Hon.  P.  S.  G.  MacKenzie — Provincial  Treasurer. 
Hon.  J.  E.  Tessier — Minister  of  Roads. 
Hon.  N.  Perodeau — Minister  without  Portfolio. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 
Minister — Hon.  Jos.  Ed.  Caron. 
Deputy  Minister — J.  A.  GrenJer. 

Secretary  of  Council  of  Agriculture — Oscar  Lessard. 
Provincial  Secretary  of  Rural  Roads — J.  A.  Camirand. 

Province  of  New  Brunswick 
Population,  351,899. 
Entered  Confederation  July  1st,  1867. 
Seat  of  Government,  Fredericton. 
Lieutenant-Governor — J.  Wood,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.I>. 

Executive  Council. 
Premier  and  Surveyor-General — Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming. 
Provincial  Secretary  and  Receiver-General — Hon.  D.  V.  Landry. 
Chief  Commissioner  of  Public  Works — Hon.  John  Morrissy. 
Attorney-General — Hon.  W.  C.  Hazen  Grimmer,  K.C. 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture — Hon.  J.  A.  Murray. 
Solicitor-General — Hon.  Harry  F.  McLeod. 
President  of  the  Council,  without  Portfolio — Hon,  Robert  Maxwell. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 
Commissioner — Hon.  J.  A.  Landry. 
Deputy  Commissioner — J.  E.  Daggett. 
Provincial  Horticulturist — A.  G.  Turney. 
Dairy  Superintendent — C.  W.  McDougall. 
Dairy  Superintendent — L.  C.  Daigle. 
Clerk  and  Supt.  of  Women's  Institutes — Mrs.  A.  E.  Dunbrack. 

Province  of  Manitoba. 

Population,  455,869. 

Entered  Confederation  July  15th,  1870. 

Seat  of  Government — Winnipeg. 

Lieutenant-Governor — Sir  Douglas  Colin  Cameron. 

Provincial  Executive. 
Premier  and  Prov.  Secretary — Hon.  T.  C.  Norris. 

Minister   of   Agriculture,    Immigration    Comm.,    and   Comm.    of    Public 
Land — Hon.  Valentine  Winkler. 

Provincial  Treasurer — Hon.  E.  Brown. 

Minister  of  Public  Works — Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson. 

Chief  Game  Guardian — C.  Barber. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture— Archibald  J.  McMillan. 

Livestock  Commissioner — F.  W,  Jacobs. 

Editor  of  Publications— George  Batho. 


canXjdian  farm  year  book. 


Province  of  British  Columbia. 

Population,  390,229. 

Entered  Confederation  July  20th,  1871.  • 

Seat  of  Government,  Victoria,  V.I. 

Lieutenat-Govemor,  His  Hon.  Frank  Barnard,  Esq. 

Executive  Council. 
Premier  and  Minister  of  Mines — Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser. 
Provincial  Secretary  and  Minister  of  Education — Hon.  H.   E.  Young, 
M.D.,  LL.D. 

Minister  of  Finance  and  Agriculture — Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser  (acting). 

Chief  Comm.  of  Lands — Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 

Minister  of  Works — Hon.  Thomas  Taylor. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture — W.  E.  Scott. 

Live  Stock  Comm. — W.  T.  McDonald. 

Provincial  Horticulturist — R.  W.  Winslow. 

Province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Population,  492,338. 

Entered  Confederation  July  1st,  1867. 

Seat  of  Government,  Halifax. 

Lieutenant-Governor,  His  Hon.  David  MacKeen. 
Executive  Council. 

Premier  and  Provincial  Secretary — Hon.  G.  H.  Murray. 

Commissioner  of  Works  and  Mines— E.  H.  Armstrong. 

Secretary  for  Agriculture — M.  Gumming,  Truro. 

Supt.  of  Agriculture  Societies — F.  L.  Fuller. 

Province  of  Prince  Edward  Island. 

Population,  93,722. 

Entered  Confederation  July  1st,  1873. 

Seat  of  Government,  Charlottetown. 

Lieutenant-Governor,  His  Hon.  Augustine  Colin  Macdonald. 
Executive  Council. 

President,  Premier  and  Attorney-General — Hon.  J.  A.  Matheson. 

Prov.  Secretary-Treasurer  and  Comm.  of  Agriculture — M.  McKinnon. 

Comm.  of  Public  Works — Jas.  A.  McNeill. 

Secretary  for  Agriculture — Theo.  Ross. 

Director  of  Agricultural  Instruction — W.  R.  Reek,  B.S.A. 
Province  of  Saskatchewan. 

Population,  492,344. 

Was  established  on  Sept.  1st,  1905. 

Seat  of  Government,  Regina. 

Lieutenant-Governor — His  Hon.  Geo.  Wm.  Brown. 
Executive  Council. 

Premier,  Pres.  of  Council  and  Minister  of  Public  Works — Hon.  Walter 
Scott. 

Provincial  Secretary  and  Minister  of  Agriculture — Hon.  W.  R.  Mother- 
well. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture — A.  F.  Mantle. 

Live  Stock  Comm. — L.  C.  Smith.    P.  Bredt,  Jr.  (acting). 

Dairy  Supt. — W.  C.  Wilson. 

Province  of  Alberta. 

Population,  375,434. 

Was  established  on  Sept.  1st,  1905. 

Seat  of  Government,  Edmonton. 

Lieutenant-Governor,  His  Hon.  Robt.  Geo;  Brett,  M.D. 
Executive  Council. 

Premier,  Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Prov.  Treasurer — Hon.  A.  L. 
Sifton. 

Attorney-General  and  Minister  of  Education — Hon.  C.  W.  Ross. 

Minister  of  Agriculture — Hon.  Duncan  Marshall. 

Provincial  Secretary — Hon.  A.  J.  MacLean. 

Director  of  Demonstration  Farms — Sidney  Carlyle. 


DOMINION   OF  CANADA. 


Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture — H.  A.  Craig. 
Live  Stock  Comm. — W.  F.  Stevens. 
Dairy  Comm. — C.  Marker. 

Yukon  Territory. 

Population,  8,512. 
Organized  June  13th,  1898. 
Seat  of  Government,  Dawson  City. 
Commissioner — George  Black. 

Territorial  Officials. 
Treasurer — A.  F.  Englehart. 
Assayer  Mines  Department — W.  Sime. 
Supt.  Education  Department — T.  G.  Bragg. 
Superintendent  Public  Works — Isaac  Lusk. 

Northwest  Territories. 

Population,  15,762. 

Organized  Sept.  1st,  1905. 

Seat  of  Government,  Ottawa. 

Comprising  all  British  territories  and  possessions  in  North  America  and 
all  islands  adjacent  thereto,  not  included  within  any  Province,  or  the  Yukon 
Territory  and  the  colony  of  Newfoundland  and  its  dependencies. 

Commissioner — Lt.-Col.  F.  White,  C.M.G..  Ottawa. 

PUBLIC  STATUTORY  HOLIDAYS  OF  CANADA. 

Dominioii  of  Canada. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  The  Epiphany,  Good  Friday,  The  Ascension, 
All  Saints'  Day,  Conception  Day,  Easter  Monday,  Ash  Wednesday,  Christmas 
Day,  the  birthday  (June  3rd,  or  day  fixed  by  proclamation  for  celebration  of 
birthday)  of  reigning  Sovereign,  Victoria  Day,  Dominion  Day,  the  first  Mon- 
day of  September  (to  be  designated  "Labor  Day"),  and  any  day  appointed  by 
proclamation  for  a  general  fast,  or  Thanksgiving  Day. 

Ontario. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  Good  Friday,  Easter  Monday,  Christmas  Day, 
Dominion  Day,  birthday  of  her  late  Majesty  and  her  Royal  successors.  Labor 
Day,  and  any  day  appointed  by  proclamation  of  Governor-General  or 
Lieutenant-Governor  as  a  public  holiday  or  for  a  general  fast  or  thanksgiving, 
and  any  Dominion  holiday  not  included  in  this  list. 

Quebec. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  the  festival  of  the  Epiphany,  Ash  Wednesday, 
Good  Friday,  Easter  Monday,  The  Ascension,  All  Saints'  Day,  Conception, 
Christmas  Day,  the  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of  the  Sovereign  (or  the  day 
fixed  by  proclamation  for  its  celebration),  1st  July  (the  anniversary  of  the 
day  on  which  the  Union  Act  came  into  force)  or  2nd  July  (if  1st  is  a  Sun- 
day), any  other  day  fixed  by  Royal  proclamation  or  by  proclamation  of 
Governor-General  or  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor  as  a  public  holiday,  or  as 
a  day  of  general  fast  or  thanksgiving,  or  as  Labor  Day. 

Nova  Scotia. 

Sundays,  Good  Friday,  Dominion  Day,  Christmas  Day,  day  appointed 
for  celebration  of  the  birthday  of  her  late  Majesty  or  any  of  her  Royal  suc- 
cessors. Labor  Day,  and  any  day  appointed  by  proclamation  of  the  Governor- 
General  or  Lieutenant-Governor  as  a  general  holiday,  or  for  general  fast  or 
thanksgiving,  and  any  Dominion  holiday  not  included  in  this  list. 

New  Brunswick. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  Good  Friday,  Christmas  Day,  Dominion  Day, 
Victoria  Day,  the  day  appointed  fgr  the  celebration  of  the  birthday  of  His 
Majesty,  Labor  Day,  and  any  day  appointed  by  proclamation  of  the  Governor- 
General  or  Lieutenant-Governor  as  a  public  holiday,  or  for  a  general  fast  or 
thanksgiving  within  the  Province,  or  which  by  any  Act  of  the  New  Bruns- 


10 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


wick  Legislature,  or  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada  is,  or  shall  be,  declared  to 
be  a  public  holiday  within  the  Province. 

Manitoba. 

-Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  Good  Friday,  Christmas  Day,  Dominion  Day, 
Labor  Day,  Victoria  Day,  the  birthday  of  the  reigning  Sovereign,  or  the  day 
set  apart  by  proclamation  of  the  Governor-General  for  the  celebration  thereof, 
and  the  day  following  such  birthday,  or  following  New  Year's  Day  or  Christ- 
mas Day  when  such  day  is  Sunday,  and  any  day  appointed  by  proclamation 
for  a  general  thanksgiving  or  general  holiday,  or  as  Arbor  ©ay,  and  any 
Dominion  holiday  not  included  in  this  list. 

British  Columbia. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  Good  Friday,  Easter  Monday,  Dominion  Day, 
Christmas  Day,  the  day  appointed  for  the  celebration  of  the  birthday  of  her 
late  Majesty  and  of  her  Royal  successors,  and  any  day  appointed  by  pro- 
clamation for  a  general  fast  or  thanksgiving,  and  any  day  appointed  by 
proclamation  or  order  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council  as  a  holiday, 
and  any  Dominion  holiday  not  included  in  this  list. 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

Sundays,  Christmas  Day,  Good  Friday,  and  any  day  appointed  by  pro- 
clamation for  a  general  thanksgiving  or  fast,  and  any  Dominion  holiday  not 
included  in  this  list. 

Alberta. 

Sundays,  New  Year's  Day,  Ash  Wednesday,  Good  Friday,  Easter  Monday, 
2nd  Friday  in  May  (known  as  Arbor  Day),  Christmas  Day,  birthday  of  the 
reigning  Sovereign,  Dominion  Day,  Labor  Day,  and  such  day  as  may  in  each 
year  be  proclaimed  a  public  holiday  for  the  planting  of  forest  and  other 
trees,  and  any  other  day  appointed  by  proclamation  for  a  general  fast  or 
thanksgiving,  and  any  Dominion  holiday  not  included  in  this  list. 


Saskatchewan. 


Same  as  Alberta. 


Yukon  Territory. 

Same  as  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan. 


Land  and  Water  Area  of  Canada  by  Provinces  and  Territories. 


Provinces 

P.  E.  Island 

Nova  Scotia    .  .  .  , 
New  Brunswick    . 

Quebec    

Ontario    

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan   .  .  . 

Alberta    

British  Columbia 

Yukon   

N.  W.  Territories 


Total  Land 

Land 

Water 

and  Water 

Sq.  Miles 

Sdw  Miles 

Sq.  Miles 

2,184 

2.184 

21,068 

360 

21,428 

27,911 

74 

27,985 

690,865 

15,969 

706,834 

365,880 

41,382 

407,262 

231,926 

19,906 

251,832 

243,382 

8,318 

251,700 

252,925 

2,360 

255,285 

353,416 

2,439 

355,855 

206,427 

649 

207,076 

1,207,926 

34,298 

1,242,224 

3.603,910 

125,755 

3,729,665 

DOMINION   OF   CANADA. 


11 


ONTARIO  GAME  LAWS 


LICENSES 
^  46.  Regulations. — The  Lieutenant-Governor  in 
Council  may  make  regulations, — 

(a)  Terms  of  license.— Governing  the  issue  of 
licenses  and  permits,  prescribing  the  terms  and 
conditions  thereof,  the  pieriod  for  which  the  same 
shall  be  in  force,  and  the  fees  payable  in  resf>ect 
thereof. 

(b)  Special  license  to  guest  of  resident. — 
For  granting  without  fee  a  special  license  to  enable 
a  guest  of  a  resident  of  Ontario  to  hunt  and  shoot 
therein  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  week. 

(c)  Reduced  fee  to  residents  of  other  prov- 
inces.— For  reducing  the  fee  for  non-resident 
hunting  license  to  a  resident  of  any  other  Province 
of  Canada  by  providing  that .  such  license  may 
be  issued  upon  the  same  terms  and  conditions 
upon  which  a  similar  license  is  issued  under  the 
law  of  such  other  Province  to  a  resident  of  On- 
tario.    3-4  Geo.  V.  c  69,  s.  46. 

47. — (i)  Not  to  be  issued  to  convicted 
persons  or  their  employers. — No  license  shall 
be  issued  or  permit  granted  to.  any  person  con- 
victed of  any  offence  against  this  Act  within  two 
years  next  preceding  the  date  of  application  for 
such  license  or  to  any  person  employing  a  person 
so  convicted. 

(2)  Illegal  transfer. — A  license  shall  not  be 
transferable,  and  every  person  who  buys,  sells, 
exchanges  or  in  any  way  becomes  a  party  to  the 
transfer  of  any  license  or  shipping  coupon,  or  in 
any  way  uses  or  attempts  to  use  a  license  or  cou- 
pon issued  to  any  other  person  shall  be  guilty  of 
an  offence  against  this  Act. 

(3)  Cancellation. — A  licea^e  may  be  cancelled 
by  the  Superintendent,  subject  to  appeal  to  the 
Minister,  tor  a  contravention  by  the  license,  or 
by  any  person  with  his  connivance,  of  this  Act 
or  of  the  Regulations,  or  of  any  of  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  the  license,  notwithstanding  that  no 
prosecution  has  been  instituted  or  conviction  had 
in  respect  of  such  contravention. 

(4)  EBect  of  conviction  as  cancellation. — 
A  conviction  for  an  offence  against  this  .Act  shall 
operate  as  a  cancellation  of  every  license  held  by 
the  person  convicted. 

(5)  License  discretionary. — The  issue  of  a 
license  shall  be  in  the  discretion  of  the  Superin- 
tendent subject  to  appeal  to  the  Minister.  3-4 
Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  47. 

48. — (1)  Hunting  Licenses. — A  license  may 
be  issued  to — 

(a)  To  non-residents. — ^A  person  not  resident 
in  Ontario  to  carry  guns,  rifles  and  firearms  and 
to  hunt  and  shoot,  and  the  fee  for  such  license 
shall  not  exceed  $50; 

(b)  To  residents,  deer. — A  resident  of  Ontario 
to  hunt  deer,  and  the  fee  for  such  license  shall 
be  $2: 

(c)  To  residents  [for  moose,  reindeer  or 
caribou. — A  resident  of  Ontario  to  hunt  moose, 
reindeer  or  caribou,  and  the  fee  for  such  license 
shall  be  $5; 

(d)  To  non-residents,  for  fur-bearing  ani- 
mals.— A  person  not  resident  in  Ontario  to  hunt 
and  trap  fur-bearing  animals,  and  the  fee  for  each 
license   shall  be  $50. 

(2)  Production  of  licenses  on  demand. — 
Every  person  who  has  obtained  a  license  under 
this  section  shall  at  all  times  when  hunting  carry 
such  license  on  his  person,  and  shall  at  all  reason- 
able times  and  as  often  as  reasonably  requested 
produce  and  show  the  same  to  the  Superintendent 
or  any  inspector,  warden  or  overseer  or  person 
acting  under  the  authority  of  any  of  them  who 
requests  him  so  to  do,  and  on  failure  or  refusal 
shall  forfeit  such  license,  and  if  found  hunting  or 
taking  any  deer  or  other  animals  for  hunting 
which  a  license  is  required  shall,  on  proof  of  failure 
or  refusal  to  comply  with  such  request,  be  deemed 
to  have  been  guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  Act. 

(3)  Ccufcns.  to   te  attached  to  license. — 


There  shall  be  attached  to  every  license  or  one 
more  shipping  coupons  plainly  marked  with  the 
description  of  the  game  for  hunting  which  the 
license  is  issued,  and  there  shall  be  printed  or 
stamped  upon  the  coupon  the  date  when  it  will 
expire  which  shall  not  be  later  than  ten  days 
after  the  last  day  of  the  open  season  for  which  the 
license  is  issued. 

(4)  Detachment  and  cancellation  of. — 
Where  any  deer,  moose,  reindeer  or  caribou,  or 
any  part  thereof,  or  any  game  for  export  under 
section  45  is  presented  for  shipment  at  a  railway 
station,  steamboat  landing  or  other  point  of  ship- 
ment a  coupon  shall  be  detached  from  the  license 
and  signed  by  the  person  to  whom  the  license  is 
issued,  in  the  presence  of  the  shipping  agent  or 
clerk  in  charge  of  the  office  at  such  point  of  ship>- 
ment,  and  attached  to  each  deer  or  other  animal, 
or  part  thereof,  or  to  the  receptacle  in  which  it  or 
any  ducks  are  contained,  and  thereupon  such 
shipping  agent  or  clerk  shall  write  across  the  face 
of  the  coupon  the  word  "cancelled." 

(5)  Contravention. — Any  person,  shipping 
agent  or  clerk  who  contravenes  any  provision  3 
this  section,  or  uses  a  coupon  after  the  expiry 
thereof,  or  ships  or  assists  in  the  shipment  of  any- 
thing to  which  a  coupon  is  required  to  be  attached 
without  complying  with  the  provisions  of  this 
section  shall  be  guilty  of  an  offence  against  this 
Act.     3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  48. 

49.  What  licenses  may  be  issued. — ^A  license 
may  be  issued  upon  such  terms  and  conditions  as 
may  be  imposed  by  the  Regulations  authorizing. 

(a)  Cold  storage. — Any  person  engaged  in  the 
business  of  cold  storage  of  perishable  articles  to 
keep  any  game  during  the  open  season,  and  during 
the  period  in  the  close  season  from  the  end  of  the 
open  season  in  any  year  to  the  16th  day  of  Janu- 
ary of  the  following  year,  and  the  fee  for  such 
license  shall  be  $25; 

(b)  Game  dealers.  Sale  in  open  season. — 
Any  person  during  the  open  season  and  during  the 
period  in  the  close  season  from  the  end  of  the  open 
season  in  any  year  to  the  1st  day  of  January  of 
the  following  year  to  buy  and  sell,  and,  within 
the  limits  of  the  municipality  for  which  such  license 
is  issued,  to  expose  for  sale  game,  other  than  fur- 
bearing  animals  or  the  skins  or  fjelts  of  protected 
animals  lawfully  killed  and  procured,  and  during 
such  period  and  up)on  the  conditions  prescribed  by 
the  Regulations  game  other  than  fur-bearing 
animals  or  the  skins  or  pelts  of  protected  animals 
imported  into  Ontario,  specified  and  described  in 
the  Regulations,  and  lawfully  hunted,  killed  or 
procured  according  to  the  law  of  the  province, 
state  or  country  in  which  the  same  were  killed  or 
procured,  and  the  fee  for  such  license  shall  be  in 
cities  having  a  population  of  not  less  than  100.000. 
$25;  in  other  cities  having  a. population  of  not  less 
than  50.000,  $10;  in  cities  having  a  population 
of  less  thao  50.000  and  not  less  than  25,000,  $5; 
in  cities  having  a  population  under  25,000  and  in 
towns,  $2;    and  in  villages  and  townships,  $1: 

(c)  Supply  of  game  by  hotels,  etc. — A  htoel. 
restaurant  or  club  to  ?upply  for  or  as  part  of  a 
Real  served  upon  its  premises  any  game  lawfully 
obtained  during  the  period  in  which  the  same 
may  be  lawfully  kept  in  cold  storage;  and  the 
fee  for  such  license  shall  be  in  cities  having  a 
population  of  not  less  than  100,000.  $10:  in  other 
cities  having  a  population  of  not  less  than  50,000, 
$5;  and  in  all  other  municipalities,  $1.  2-4  Geo. 
V.  c.  69,  s.  49. 

(d)  Fur-dealer's  license. — Any  person  to  buy 
and  sell  protected  fur-bearing  animals  or  the 
skins  or  pelts  of  protected  animals,  and  the  fee  for 
such  license  shall  be  $2.     4.  Geo.  V.  c.  46. 

30.  Conditions  of  licenses  for  the  Nepigon 
waters. — Licenses  may  be  issued  authorising 
fishing  in  the  Nepigon  River,  Nepigon  Lake  and 
adjacent  waters  subject  to  the  following  in  addition 


12 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


of  all  sports^ 


Trap-shooting  I  The  **  sport 
alluring**  !  The  one  great  out 
door  game  that  "  appeals  to 
everyone — men  and  women — 
young  and  old. 

It's  full  of  interest  and  excitement  and  with  a 
little  practice  transforms  the  **couidn*t-hit-a- 
balloon"  amateur  into  a  "crack  shot." 

For  the  farmer,  trapshootirug  is  the  ideal  form  of  amuse- 
ment And  the  old-time  drawback  of  a  stationary  trap 
is  done  away  with,  for  you  can  now  do  your  trap  shoot- 
ing anywhere,  and  at  any  time  if  you  have 

A  DOMINION  HAND  TRAP 


It  is  light,  portable  and  thoroughly  reliable.  It  can  be 
carried  and  used  as  easily  as  a  gun.  We  will  supply 
you  direct  if  you  send  us  the  name  of  your  dealer  and 
.50,  which  is  the  delivered  price.  As  for  targets,  you 
can  procure  them  cheaply  and  conveniently.  When 
we  receive  your  name  and  address,  we'll  tell  you 
where  to  get  them.    Write  for  full  particulars. 

Dominion  Cartridge  Co.,  Limited 


DOMINION  OP  CANADA. 


13 


to  any  other  conditions  imposed  by  the  Regula- 
tions.—       » 

(a;  Not  transferable  and  to  be  produced 
upon  request. — The  license  shaii  not  be  trans- 
f^able  and  the  holder  shall  produce  and  exhibit 
it  whenever  called  upon  so  to  do  by  the  Sufjcr- 
intendent  or  an  inspector,  warden  or  overseer; 

(b)  Subject  to  supervision. — All  fishing  camps 
and  fishing  parties  \'isiting  such  waters  shall  be 
subject  to  the  sufjervision  oi  the  Superintendent 
or  an  inspector,  warden  or  overseer  who  may 
direct  uhat  arrangement  shall  be  made  with  regard 
to  sanitary  matters  the  disposal  of  refuse  and  the 
extinction  of  fires. 

(c;  Cutting  ot  live  timber  prohibited. — 
A  licensee,  his  servant  or  agent  shall  not  cut  live 
limber  except  where  necessary  for  the  purpose  of 
camping  and  shelter,  such  as  for  tent  poles,  tent 
pins,  and  the  like.     3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69.  s.  50. 

51.  Fishing  Ucenses.^-Licenses  may  be  issued 
authorizing  fishing  in  any  waters  subject  to  any 
terms,  conditions  or  limitations,  and  for  any 
district  or  fishery,  and  within  any  boundaries 
therein  or  ti  the  Regulations  set  forth.  3-4  Geo. 
V.  c.  69.  s.  51. 

52.  Guides. — Liceitses  or  permits  may  be  issued 
on  such  terms  and  conditions  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  Regulations  giving  authority  to  act  as 
guides  for  hunting,  shooting  or  fishing  in  any  part 
of  Ontario  -specified  in  any  license  or  permit  to 
such  persons  applying  therefor  as  are  certified 
by  any  inspector  or  warden  to  be  fit  and  proper 
persons  and  qualified  so  to  act;  and  the  fee  for 
any  such  license  or  permit  shall  not  exceed  $2. 
3-4  Geo    V.  c.  69.  s.  52. 

53.  Refunding  fee. — The  Minister  may  direct 
the  refund  of  the  fee  p>aid  for  any  commercial 
fishing  license,  or  any  part  of  such  fee.  where, 
owing  to  the  license  not  having  been  used,  or 
having  been  used  for  port  only  of  the  period  for 
which  it  was  issued  he  deems  it  just  so  to  do. 
and  the  Treasurer  of  Ontario,  upon  the  written 
request  of  the  Miruster.  shall  cause  a  cheqtie 
to  be  issued  for  the  amount  of  such  refund.  3-4 
Geo.  V.  e.  69.  s.  53.     4  Geo.  V.  c.  46. 

OPEN  SEASONS 

10. —  I)  Open  Season. — No  person  shall  hunt. 
take,  kill  or  destroy. 

(.a)  Deer. — ^.Any  deer,  except  frtxn  the  1st 
day  of  November  to  the  15th  day  of  November. 
both  days  inclusive. 

(b)  Moose,  reindeer,  and  caribou  south  of 
C.P.R. — .Any  moose,  remdeer.  or  caribou  in  that 
part  of  Ontario  lying  south  of  the  main  line  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  the  Town  of  Mattawa 
in  the  Qty  of  Port  Arthur,  except  from  the  1st 
day  of  November  to  the  15th  day  of  November, 
both  days  iiKlusive.' 

(c)  Moose,  reindeer,  and  caribou  north  of 
C.P.R. — Any  moose,  reindeer,  or  caribou  through- 
out that  part  of  Ontario  lying  north  of  the  main 
line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  from  Mattawa 
to  the  N/lanltoba  boundary  and  that  i>art  of  On- 
tario lying  south  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
from  the  Citj-  of  Port  Arthur  to  the  Manitoba 
boundary  except  from  the  16th  day  of  October 
to  the  15th  day  of  November  both  days  iiKlusive. 

(d)  Grouse,  etc — ^Any  grouse  pheasants 
prairie  fowl  or  partridge  except  from  the  15th 
day  of  October  to  the  15th  day  of  November 
bcih  days  inclusive;  but  no  persons  shall  take  or 
kill  more  than  ten  piartridges  in  any  one  day. 

(e)  Woodcock. — Any  woodcock.  exce[>t  from 
the  1st  day  of  October  to  the  ISth  day  of  November, 
both  days  inclusive. 

(.f)  Quail  and  Wild  Turkeys,  black  and 
grey  squirrels. — Any  quail  or  wild  turkey,  black 
or  grey  squirrel,  except  from  the  15th  day  of 
November  to  the  1st  day  of  December  in  any  year, 
both  days  inclusive. 

(g)  Swans  and  geese. — Any  swan  or  goose, 
except  from  the  15th  day  of  Septamixr  to  the  15th 
day  of  April  in  the  following  year,  both  days 
inchaive. 


(h;  Ducks  and  other  water-fowl.  Northern 
District. — Duck  of  any  kind  or  any  other  water- 
fowl. snip>e.  rail,  plover  cw  any  otho-  bird  known 
as  a  shore  bird  or  wader  in  the  Northern  District, 
except  from  the  1st  day  of  September  to  the  15th 
day  of  December  in  any. year,  both  days  inclusive. 

(i)  Ducks  and  other  waterfowL  Southern 
District. — CXick  of  any  kind  or  any  other  water- 
fowl, snipe,  rati,  plover  or  any  other  bird  kno^Tj 
as  a. shore  bird  or  wader  in  the  Southern  District, 
excefjt  from  the  15th  day  of  Septemijcr  to  the  15th 
day  of  December  in  aiw  year,  both  days  inclusive. 

U)  Csmwxailzie. — Capercailzie  before  the  ISth 
day  of  September,  1915,  nor  thereafter  except 
from  the  15th  day  of  September  to  the  i5th  day 
of  December,  both  days  inclusive. 

(k)  Hares. — Hares,  except  from  the  1st  day  of 
October  to  the  15th  day  of  JDecember,  both  days 
inclusive,  and  except  that  between  the  15th  day 
of  December  and  the  31st  day  of  December  in 
any  year,  both  days  inclusive,  the  wood-hare  or 
cotton-tail  rabbit  may  be  taken,  killed  or  destroyed 
by  means  of  snares,  ferrets  or  any  other  means  than 
shooting. 

(2)  Cotton-tail  rabints.  —  Notwithstanding 
anything  in  this  .Act  a  wood-hafe  or  cotton  tail 
rabbit  may  be  taken.  kiQed  or  destroyed  in  any 
manner  by  the  owner,  occupant  or  lessee  of  any 
land  upon  which  it  causes  actual  damage  to  trees 
or  shrubs,  or  by  any  member  of  the  family  of  siu^ 
owner,  occupant  or  lessee,  or  by  any  person  holding 
a  written  license  or  permit  from  such  owner, 
occupant  or  lessee;  and  any  of  these  animals 
killed  under  this  subsection  shall  be  handed  over  to 
the  nearest  officer  of  the  Game  artd  Fisheries 
Branch  for  distribution  to  charitable  institutions. 

(3)  Special  provision  as  to  shooting  deer 
put  or  bred  by  any  person  on  his  lands. — 
Notwithstartding  anything  in  this  Act  a  person 
who  puts  or  breeds  or  imports  deer  upon  his  own 
land  for  the  purpose  of  breeding  and  preserving 
the  same  and  his  licensee,  may  hunt,  take  or  kill 
any  such  deer  from  the  1st  day  of  October  to  the 
15th  day  of  November,  both  days  inclusive;  ^xjt 
the  onus  of  proof  that  the  deer  were  so  put  or  bced 
shall  rest  on  the  person  hunting  or  killing  the 
same.     3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  10. 

BEAVER,  OTTER,  MUSKRATS,  ETC. 

11. — (1)  Beaver  and  otter. — No  beaver  or 
otter  shall  be  hunted,  taken  or  killed  or  had  in 
possession  by  any  person  before  the  1st  day  of 
November.  1916,  arid  after  such  date  the  hunting 
taking  or  killing  of  beaver  and  otter  shall  only  be 
permitted  during  such  periods  arkd  on  such  terms 
and  conditions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor in  CoufKil.  5  Geo.  V.  chap.  20. 

(2)  Muskrat. — ^SFo  Muskrat  shall  be  hunted, 
taken  or  killed  or  had  in  possession  of  any  person 
between  the  1st  day  of  .May  aixl  the  1st  day  of 
December,  except  as  provided  by  the  next  stKxeed- 
ing  subsection,  nor  shall  any  trap,  snare,  gin  or 
other  contrivarKe  be  set  for  it  dunng  such  period; 
and  any  such  trap,  snare,  gin  or  other  contrivance 
so  set  may  be  destroyed  by  any  person  without 
his  thereby  irKxirring  any  liability  therefor;  and 
this  subsection  shall  apply  to  Indians  in  respect  of 
private  or  leased  land. 

(3)  Close  season  for  muskrat  in  certain 
districts. — The  close  season  with  respect  to  musk- 
rat  in  the  electoral  districts  of  Port  Arthur.  Fort 
William,  Rainy  River  and  Kenora  shall  be  from 
the  1st  day  of  May  to  the  1st  day  of  March  in  the 
year   following. 

(4)  Muskrat  bouses,  etc — No  Muskrat  shall 
be  shot  during  the  month  of  April,  or  Cleared  at 
any  time;  rx>r  shall  any  muskrat  house  be  cut, 
^^earexl,  broken  or  destroyed  at  any  time. 

(5)  When  destruction  of  muskrats  lawful. 
— Nothing  in  this  section  shall  apply  to  any  person 
destroying  any  of  the  animals  in  defence  or  F>rescr- 
vation  of  his  property,  or  prevent  the  destruction 
of  muskrats  by  any  means;  at  any  time,  in  the 
vicinit'.  of  dams  or  drainage  embankments  where 


14 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


there  is  a  probability  of  injury  being  caused  by 
them  to  such  dams  or  drainage  embankments. 

(6)  Onus  of  proof. — ^The  onus  of  proving  the 
justification  under  the  next  preceding  subsection 
shall  be  on  the  person  destroying  any  such  animals. 

(7)  Mink. — No  mink  shall  be  hunted,  taken 
or  killed  or  had  in  possession  of  any  person  between 
the  1st  day  of  May  and  the  1st  day  of  November 
following. 

(8)  Beaver  doing  damage. — The  Superintend- 
ent may  at  any  time  by  order  in  writing  direct  the 
taking  or  killing  of  beaver  by  an  overseer  or  other 
officer  named  in  the  order  in  any  designated 
locality  in  Ontario  in  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
Superintendent,  beaver  are  causing  damage  to  a 
highway  or  to  private  property,  but  all  beaver  so 
taken  or  killed  shall  be  duly  accounted  for  and 
handed  over  to  the  Superintendent.  3-4  Geo.  V. 
c.  69.  s.  11. 

SUNDAY 

•  12.  Hunting  on  Lord's  Day. — No  person  shall 
on  the  Lord's  Day  hunt,  take,  kill  or  destroy 
any  game,  or  use  any  gun  or  other  engine  for  that 
purpose.  3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  12. 

DEER 

13. — (1)  License  necessary  for  hunting  deer. 

— No  p>erson  shall  hunt,  take,  kill,  wound  or  des- 
troy any  deer,  moose,  reindeer  or  caribou  except 
under  the  authority  of  a  license. 

(2)  Cow  moose,  fawns,  etc.,  not  to  be  killed. 
No  person  shall  at  any  time  hunt,  kill  or  take 
any  cow  moose,  or  any  other  moose,  reindeer  or 
caribou  under  the  age  of  one  year. 

(3)  Number  of  deer,  etc.,  which  may  be 
killed. — No  person  shall  during  any  one  year  or 
season  kill  or  take  more  than  one  deer,  one  bull 
moose,  or  one  ±)ull  reindeer  or  caibou;  but  this 
shall  not  apply  to  deer  which  are  the  private  prop>- 
erty  of  any  person  and  which  have  been  killed  or 
taken  by  him  or  by  his  direction  or  with  his  consent 
in  or  upon  his  own  land. 

(4)  Aggregate  kill. — Two  or  more  persons 
hunting  together  and  holding  licenses  may  kill  an 
aggregate  of  not  more  than  one  deer  for  each 
member  of  the  party. 

(5)  Restraint  of  dogs. — ^No  owner  of  any  dog. 
known  by  the  owner  to  be  accustomed  to  pursue 
deer,  shall  permit  such  dog  to  run  at  large  during 
the  close  season  for  deer  in  any  locality  where 
deer  are  usually  found. 

(6)  Idem. — Any  person  harbouring  or  claiming 
to  be  the  owner  of  such  hound  or  dog  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  the  owner  thereof;  and  any  dog 
found  running  deer  during  the  close  season  shall 
be  deemed  to  be  at  large  with  the  permission  of 
the  owner  and  may  be  killed  on  sight  by  any 
person,  and  he  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  penalty 
or  damage  therefor.     3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  13. 

WATER  FOWL 

14. — (1)  Hunting  ducks,  etc.,  from  sail- 
boats.— ISJo  wild  duck,  goose  or  other  waterfowl 
shall  be  hunted,  taken  or  killed  from  a  sail  boat, 
yacht  or  launch  propelled  by  steam  or  other  power. 

(2)  Illegal  contrivances. — No  swivel  gun,  or 
gun  of  any  kind  of  a  larger  bore  or  gauge  than  8, 
and  no  contrivance  for  taking  or  killing  wild 
swans,  geese  or  ducks,  known  as  sunken  punts  or 
batteries,  shall  be  used  at  any  time. 


(3)  Blinds  or  decoys. — ^No  blinds  or  decoys 
for  use  in  hunting  duck  or  other  water  (bvI  shall  be 
placed  at  a  greater  distance  than  two  hundred 
yards  from  the  shore  or  a  natural  rush  bed  thick 
enough  to  conceal  a  boat,  or  from  a  water  line 
bounding  private  property,  and  all  decoys  shall 
be  removed  from  the  water  during  the  hours  in 
which  shooting  is  prohibited.  3-4  Geo.  V.  c. 
69.  s.  14. 

(4)  Limit  of  number  of  duck. — No  person 
shall  take  or  kill  more  than  two  hundred  wild 
ducks  in  any  one  year.     4  Geo.  V.  c.  46. 

POISONS,  TRAPS  AND  CONTRIVANCES 

15. — (1)  Poisons,     use    of    prohibited. — No 

person  shall  kill  or  take  anyc  game  by  the  use  of 
poison,  or  a  poisonous  substance,  or  expose  poison, 
poisoned  bait  or  other  poisoned  substance  in  any 
place  or  locality  to  which  any  game  or  any  dog 
or  cattle  usually  has  access, 

(2)  Trapping,  snaring;  etc. — ^None  of  the 
game  animals  and  game  birds,  except  those  men- 
tioned in  section  11,  shall  be  trapped  or  taken  by 
means  of  traps,  nets,  snares,  gins,  baited  lines  or 
other  similar  contrivaijces,  nor  shall  such  traps, 
nets,  snares,  gins,  baited  lines  or  contrivances  be 
set  for  them  or  any  of  them  at  any  time;  and  if 
so  set  they  may  be  destroyed  by  any  person 
without  incurring  any  liability  for  so  doing.  3-4 
Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  15. 

16.  Shooting  at  night. — No  person  shall 
discharge  any  gun  or  other  fire-arm  at  any  game 
between  sunset  and  sunrise.  3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69, 
s.  16. 

17.  Hired  hunters. — ^No  person  shall  for  hire, 
gain  or  reward  or  hope  thereof  hunt,  kill  or  shoot 
any  game,  or  employ,  hire  or  for  valuable  consider- 
ation induce  any  other  person  so  to  do;  but 
this  shall  not  apply  to  the  bona  fide  employment 
of  any  person  as  guide  to  accompany  a  person 
lawfully  hunting  or  shooting.  3-4  Geo.  V.  c. 
69,  s.    17. 

EGGS 

18.  Eggs  not  to  be  taken. — No  eggs  of  any 
game  bird  shall  be  taken,  destroyed  or  had  in 
possession  by  any  person  at  any  time.  3-4  Geo.  V. 
c.  69,  s.   18. 

MASKS  AND  DISGUISES 

19.  Masked  or  armed  persons  in  neighbor- 
hood of  preserves. — Any  person  being  masked 
or  disguised  arid  carrying  or  having  in  his  possession 
any  gun  or  other  fire-arm  near  any  preserve  or 
shooting  ground  or.  in  close  season,  near  any 
place  where  game  is  usually  found  shall  be  guilty 
of  an  offence  against  this  Act.  3-4  Geo.  V.  c. 
69,  s.    19. 

20.  Automatic  Guns  prohibited. — Subject  to 
the  Regulations,  no  gun  of  the  description  known 
as  ■■  automatic"  in  which  the  recoil  is  utilized  to 
reload  the  gun  shall  be  used  in  the  killing  of  game. 
3-4  Geo.  V.  c.  69,  s.  20. 

21. — (1)  Certain  employees  not  to  carry 
fire  arms. — No  person  employed  in  connection 
with  the  construction  of  any  railway  or  public 
work  shall  carry  or  have  in  possession  in  the 
vicinity  of  such  railway  or  public  work,  any  gun 
or  other  fire-arm  except  as  may  be  authorized  by 
special  license. 

MUNICIPAL  BONDS  FOR  FARMERS 

Frequently  farmers  who  have  money  to  invest  are  at  a  loss  to  know  how  best  to 
invest  it.  A  common  plan  is  to  invest  it  in  mortgages  on  farm  property.  But  the  large 
majority  allow  their  surplus  cash  to  remain  in  the  savings  bank  at  three  per  cent, 
interest,  which  is  a  poor  investment. 

One  of  the  best  investments  for  the  farmer  is  municipal  bonds.    They  are  as  safe 

as  the  bank  and  when  bought  at  satisfactory  prices  bring  in  nearly  double  bank  interest. 

here  is  no  safer  investment  than  Ontario  municipal  bonds.     Municipal  bonds  in  the 


DOMINION  OF   CANADA. 


15 


West  pay  higher  rates.  They  are  considered  perfectly  safe  too  when  vouched  for  by 
the  officers  of  the  provincial  governments.  In  the  Maritime  Provinces,  more  particu- 
larly _  in  Saskatchewan,  there  is  a  special  department  of  government  that  supervises 
municipal  bond  issue.  While  no  government  guarantee  goes  with  this,  the  government 
undertakes  to  protect  the  investor  to  the  extent  of  preventing  municipahties  from  issu- 
ing bonds  for  a  greater  amount  than  they  are  able  to  take  care  of.  For  this  reason 
western  mimicipal  bonds  are  considered  safe  investments  when  they  have  government 
endorsation  as  to  the  abiUty  of  the  mvmidpality  to  pay.  In  Alberta  somewhat  similar 
control  of  municipal  bond  issue  is  in  force. 

Established  that  a  municipal  bond  is  a  safe  investment,  what  are  their  advantages 
to  the  investor?  They  provide  a  safe  and  profitable  investment;  extending  over  long 
terms  there  is  no  bother  about  renewal  as  in  the  case  of  mortgages;  municipal  bonds 
are  accepted  by  banks  as  security  for  temporary  loans;  they  are  always  saleable  and  if 
need  be  can  be  realized  on  at  any  time;  interest  is  usually  payable  twice  a  year  and 
can  be  easily  collected  through  any  bank  for  a  normal  charge.  A  bank  may  break,  a 
manufacturing  concern  may  become  insolvent,  but  there  has  rarely  been  a  case  in 
Canada  where  a  municipahty  has  failed  to  pay  bonds  when  due.  A  municipality  is 
always  good  for  its  bond  issue. 


INVESTMENTS   FOR   FARMERS. 

Many  merchants  whose  skill  in.  buy- 
ing and  selling  has  enabled  them  to 
make  large  profits,  lose  their  surplus 
profits,  steadily  and  consistently,  ^by 
rash  ventures  in  real  estate.  iMany 
skilled  farmers,  careful  husbandmen, 
shrewd  judges  of  the  immediate 
things  affecting  the  production  of 
crops,  lose  their  savings  by  buying 
stock  in  Ill-founded  enterprises,  ikler- 
chant,  housewife,  farmer, — practically 
every  class  in  the  community,  may 
master  the  ordinary  problems  of  their 
particular  business;  but  of  money,  the 
most  obedient  and  the  most  powerful 
of  servants,  many  are  but  poor  mas- 
ters. The  hundred  dollars,  or  ten 
thousand  dollars  which  might  well  be 
"hired  out,"  that  is  to  say  invested  at 
a  good  "wage,"  or  rate  of  interest,  is 
either  risked  foolishly,  or  because  Its 
owner  has  had  losses  or  has  seen 
other  men's  fortimes  wiped  out,  is 
buried  "in  an  old  iron  kettle  in  a  hole 
in  the  ground,  underneath  the  wood- 
pile." iStorekeeping,  housekeeping, 
farming  or  any  other  thing  of  skill,  Is 
considered   easier  than  investing. 

The  great  centres  of  investment  are 
the  cities,  and  because  the  farmer  is  in- 
convenient to  the  city,  or  not  well 
acquainted  with  its  methods,  he  is  at 
"a  disadvantage  which  only  thought, 
study,  and  general  quickness  of  ob- 
servation can  overcome.  Very  often, 
because  of  this  the  farmer-investor 
makes  his  investments  locally.  He 
lends  money  to  his  neighbors  on  their 
notes.  He  takes  a  mortgage  on  a 
farm.  He  goes  to  the  nearby  county 
town  and  there  entrusts  his  funds  to 
a  private  banker,  to  be  let  out  in  such 
InTestments  as  the  banker  thinks  are 


sound.  It  may  be  that  all  his  savings 
are  placed  in  the  savings  bank.  Such 
are  the  chief  local  places  of  "Invest- 
ment." The  farmer  may,  it  is  true,  be 
able  to  estimate  the  honesTty  and 
earning  capacity  of  the  neighbor  h© 
lends  to;  or  sufficiently  skilled  in 
judging  the  worth  of  farm  land  to  know 
just  how  much  is  wise  to  invest  ia 
any  one  mortgage.  He  may  hav€> 
means  of  assuring  himself  that  the 
banker's  methods  of  operating  are 
safe.  He  may  be  content,  for  the  sake 
of  safety,  to  leave  his  funds  earning 
three  per  cent,  in  the  local  branch 
savings  bank — at  about  three-fifths  of 
the  fair  rate  of  interest  on  a  soun<i 
investment. 

But  It  is  the  great  outer  world  ot 
investment  that  must  ultimately  be 
faced  and  understood  by  the  great  ma- 
jority of  men  with  savings  for  which 
to  find  employment,  and  to  this  realm 
of  'business,  men  continue  to  turn  for 
opportunities  to  invest  their  funds.  It 
is  essential  then,  that  the  farmer  se- 
cures an  absolutely  safe  investment, 
yielding  a  fair  rate  of  interest — 5  i>er 
cent. — without  trouble  and  inconveni- 
ence. Tbe  mortgage  corporations  of 
Ontario  provide  such  an  investment  in 
the  form  of  Mortgage  Corporation  De- 
bentures, which  are  secured  by  mort- 
gages on  improved  properties,  and  al- 
so, the  total  assets  of  the  Corporation. 
According  to  Government  statistics, 
not  a  dollar  has  ever  been  lost  in 
Canadian  Mortgage  Corporation  De- 
bentures. The  interest  is  paid  every 
six  months  through  your  own  bank,  so 
there  cannot  possibly  be  any  trouble 
in  collecting.  Thousands  of  farmers 
have  thousands  of  dollars  invested  In 
debentures. 


16 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


For  BIG  Crops 

Sow  with  a 

COCKSHUTT   DRILL 


The  COCKSHUTT   DRILL  makes 
every  seed  count  in  the  harvest. 
It  sows  7  rows  with  the  same  seed 
others  need  for  6, 
It  yields  2  to  5  more  bushels  per 
acre. 

It  seeds  acre  after  acre  with  ab- 
solute uniformity. 
It     encourages      early,     vigorous 
crop-growth      that      means      good 
grain. 
Trash  won't  clog   it. 


Rough  ground  won't  alter  depth 
nor  feed. 

Frame  will  never  sag. 
It  is  light  in  draft. 
It  is  low — for  easy  filling. 
It   is   economical   of  grain.     (The 
feed  is  shut  off  at  turns.) 
It  is  staunchly  built  for  SERVICE. 
Finely    adjusted    for    BEST     RE- 
SULTS. 

In  every  detail  you  will  find  it  just 
the  DRILL  to  insure  YOU  bumper 
crops. 


See  it  at  our  nearest  Agency.  Or  write  for  interesting  pamph- 
let— "More  Bushels  Per  Acre."  It  may  throw  new  light  on 
your   particular   planting   problem. 

COCKSHUTT  PLOW  COIVIPANY,  Limited 

BRANTFORD,  ONTARIO 
Sold  in  Eastern  Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime  Provinces  by 

THE  FROST  &  WOOD  COMPANY.  Limited 


SMITHS  FALLS 


MONTREAL 


ST.  JOHN 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


17 


SOILS,  CROPS  AND  FERTILIZERS 


Importance  of  Soil  Condition  or  Fitness 

Thef  most  importaat  soil  fact — ^first, 
last  and  always — is  oondition,  or  fit- 
ness. 

The  best  wheat  soil  in  the  world 
seeded  with  the  finest  wheat  obtain- 
able, will  grow  but  an  .indifferent  crop 
if  the  soil  is  not  "fit" 

The  wise  farmer  recognizes  this 
"condition"  or  "fitness"  when,  the  soil 
has  an  elastic  feel  to  the  foot,  is  swo^ 
len  Like  well  raised  dough,  and  is  of  a 
darker  color  than  the  natural  soil. 

These  outward  and  easily  recognized 
signs  mean  that  the  soil  is  mellow, 
penetrated  to  its  innermost  recesses 
with  air;  that  the  natural  manures 
have  been  intimately  mixed  with  the 
earthy  particles  and  the  weeds  des- 
troyed. 

To  secure  "fit"  in  soil,  deep  working 
with  harrow  and  roller,  etc.,  at  the 
time  when  the  soil  is  neither  dry  nor 
wet  is  essential;  rotating  crops  to  se- 
cure a  change,  and  to  get  intensive 
workiag  of  the  soil;  dressings  of  long 
fresh  straw  manure  on  heavy  soils  and 
of  well  rotted  manure  on  light  soils; 
dressings  of  lime  to  correct  both  heavy 
and  light  soils. 

Objects  of  Tillage. 

To  destroy  and  prevent  growth  of 
weeds. 

To  place  under  surface,  manure 
stubble  and  other  organic  matter  to  be 
converted  into  food  for  plants. 

To  develop  various  degrees  of 
openness  of  texture  and  uniformity  of 
soil  conditions  suitable  to  planting. 

To  modify  movement  of  soil  mois- 
ture and  soil  air. 

To  regulate  the  temperature  of  the 
soil. 

Tips  on   Tillage. 

If  you  will  open  a  book,  place  the 
fingers  upon  the  fly  leaf  in  front  and 
the  thumbs  under  the  fly  leaf  in  the 
back,  and  abruptly  bend  up  the  cor- 
ner, it  will  be  seen  that  every  leaf  is 
slipped  over  its  neighbor.  What  takes 
place  is  represented  in  the  accompany- 
ing illustration.  Had  pins  been  put 
through  the  book  before  attempting  to 
bend  the  leaves,  the  bending  would 
have  tended  to  cut  the  pins  into  as 
many  pieces  as  there  were  leav^  as 
in  figure. 

The  plow  has  exactly    this    effect 


upon  the  furrow  slice;  it  tends  to 
divide  it  into  thin  layers  which  slide 
over  one  another  just  as  the  leaves 


Showing    the    principle    of    pulverizing 
action   of  plow. 

of  the  book  did,  and  it  is  because  of 
this  kind  of  action  that  a  plow  pul- 
verizes a  soil  as  no  other  tool  can. 

How  Plows  Correct  Tilth. 
If  a  soil  is  out  of  tilth,  has  become 
cloddy,  or  partly  puddled,  there  is  a 
shape  of  mould-board,  a  stage  of  soil 
moisture  and  a  depth  of  furrow  slice 
which  will  help  to  restore  tilth  the 
best  and  quickest. 

Work  of  Plow. 

The  deep  furrow  pulverizes  better 
and  puddles  worse  than  the  thin  slice 
or  shallow  furrow.  A  low  mould- 
board  plow  disturbs  tilth  the  least  and 
leaves  the  texture  the  coarsest.  The 
steep  mould-board  gives  the  greatest 
danger  of  puddling  if  the  soil  is  too 
wet,  and  the  greatest  opportunity  to 
pulverize  the  soil  and  improve  the 
tilth  if  the  moisture  is  right. 

Forms  of  Plows,  Etc 
To  cut  a  clean  farrow,  slice  and 
turn  it  over  so  as  to  completely  cover 
whatever  is  on  the  surface,  a  long, 
low  mould-board  plow  is  used.  (See 
fig.  A.) 

Type  of  Sod   Plow  Which    Pulverizes 
Little. 

If  the  primary  objects  are  to  thor- 
oughly pulverize  the  soil,  making  it 
deep  and  mellow,  a  plow  like  Fig.  B 
must  be  used.  Shapes  of  plow  inter- 
mediate between  these  two  can  be 
used  according  to  the  need. 

Type  of  Plow  With  Steep  Mould-board. 
A  heavy  and  soggy  soil  calls  for  a 


18 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


good  slope  of  mould-board.  A  soil 
which  is  rather  dry  needs  a  fairly  steep 
mould-board.  A  soil  too  open  and  por- 
ous like  the  sandy  soils,  should  be 
plowed  with  a  steep  mould-board.  If 
plowing  must  be  done  when  soil  is  a 
little  too  wet,  use  the  less  steep  mould- 
board  and  plow  as  shallow  as  other 
conditions  will  allow. 

If  soil  has  become  too  dry,  use  the 
steeper  mould-board  and  plow  deep,  as 
this  will  split  it  into  thinner  layers, 
make  the  soil  finer  and  the  tilth  better. 

The   Line  of  Draft. 

It  is  important  that  the  line  of  draft 
be  right  and  that  such  a  line  connect- 
ing the  centre  of  draft  A  (see  illustra- 
tion, page  28)  in  the  mouldboard 
with  the  place  of  attachment  to  the 
plow  bridle  shall  also  be  in  the  plane 
of  the  traces  as  shown  by  A,  B,  D.  If 
the  line  of  draft  becomes  broken,  as 
A,  C,  D,  or  1,  3,  5,  instead  of  1,  2,  5. 
the  draft  of  the  plow  is  made  heavier. 
Time  of  Plowing. 

Early  fall  plowing  in  a  dry  season 
where  the  soil  is  light  and  the  amount 
of  levelling  small  is  advisable.  Plow 
as  soon  as  crop  is  removed  from 
ground,  to  save  soil  moisture  and  to 


enable  the  nitrates  and  other  soluble 
salts  to  develop  for  next  season. 
Plowing  Sod. 
Skim  plow  in  fall  and  cross  plow  in 
spring,  or  plow  and  dis<;  to  give  de- 


Fig.  A.     Low  Mouldboard  Plow 

sired  seed  bed  in  spring.    In  this  case 

roll  with  heavy  roller  before  discing. 

Plowing    Under    Manure. 

Coarse  manure  on  light  soil,  plow 
deep  furrow,  as  it  needs  more  mois- 
ture to  rot  it,  and  in  heavy  soils  will 
let  air  penetrate  to  greater  depth. 
Plow  in  fall  or  very  early  spriiig. 

If  ground  be  dry  and  seeding  time 
is  at  hand,  thoroughly  harrow  and 
firm,  using  heavy  roller  to  establish 
capillary  action  with  deeper  soil.  When 
manure  is  well  rotted  it  may  be  left 
nearer  the  surface  except  in  sandy 
soils. 


FAMOUS    FLEURY    PLOWS 


of  various  patterns  for  all  soils 

No    other    Plow 
RUNS       SO 

s  M  o  OTH  lt;, 

has  such  BASE 
for  HORSES 
and  COMFORT 
for  the  PLOW- 
MAN, as  Fa- 
mous Flesry  Plows.  Nearly  100,000  of  these  Plows — from  first  to  last — ^have 
turned  the  BEST  FURROWS  Ontario  has  known. 

We  are  the  makers  of  the  "Origrinal  No.  21,"  the  LIGHT  DRAUGHT  NO.  13 
and  the  best  One-horse  Plow  in  Canada — No.  15A.  These  Plows  are  IMI- 
TATED— and  often  given  the  same  number — ^by  nearly  all  larger  Canadian 
Plow  Manufacturers!  For  one  rea-son  only — because  these  Famous  Fleury 
Plows  surpass  all  others  in  QUALITY  of  work  In  the  field— dn  COMFORT 
for  MAN  and  ease  for  horses!     Buy  only  the  ORIGINAL  and  BEST. 

J.  FLEURY'S  SONS,  Aurora,  Ont.,     '^-''•'^  "gJS^LTn" pS'""'  ^''"• 


FLEURY 
PLOWS 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


19 


Farm  Climate. 

The  first  practical  item  of  the  home 
ing  of  the  seasons.  On  the  days  avail- 
able for  work  in  spring  and  fall  de- 
pend the  crops  and  their  yields. 

The  following  useful  suggestions  in 
table  form  show  the  days  available  for 
farm  work  in  the  mild  climate  and  the 
raw  climate: 

Mild  Climate. 

Spring    53-65  working  days. 

Summer   73-85 

Fall    76-88 

Raw  Climate. 

Spring    19-21  working  days. 

Summer 99-114 

Fall     32-42 

A  delay  of  7  days  in  seeding  wheat 
reduces  the  yield  30%;  14  days  reduces 
40%;  21  days  reduces  50%.  A  week 
late  in  seeding  cuts  the  oat  yield  15%, 
the  barley  yield  23%,  the  pea  yield  4%. 

Growing  crops  require  rainfall,  heat 
and  sunlight  in  definite  quantities. 


Balanced  Supply. 

A  plant  must  have  each  and  every 
one  of  the  different  plant  foods.  Each 
is  essential  to  aid  in  some  particular 
function,  and  no  one  can  be  substi- 
tuted for  another.  Nature  has  sup- 
plied an  abundance  oi  most  of  the 
essential  foods,  but  sometimes  some 
of  them  are  lacking  or  are  in  an  un- 
available condition.  Of  all  the  ele- 
ments of  plant  foods  which  are  essen- 
tial, only  a  few  are  often  in  this 
condition.  These  are  nitrogen,  phos- 
phoric acid,  potash  and  lime.  The 
term,  plant  food,  as  ordinarily  used 
by  farmers,  includes  nitrogen,  phos- 
phoric acid  and  potash  only,  not  that 
these  are  any  more  essential  to  plant 
growth  than  are  the  other  substances, 
but  because  of  the  deficiency  of  them 
in  many  soils,  and  their  correspond- 
ing commercial  importance. 


"  BEST  BY  TEST  " 

FERTILIZERS 
SEED     CORN 

The  Standard  of  Perfection 

Goods  up  to  the  Highest  Standard  NOT  Down  to  the  Lowest  Prices. 
•  Get   Our  Quotations. 

Patronize  Canadian  and  Home  Industrv.  We  make  Special  Mixed  Fertili- 
zers for  CORN,  SUGAK,  BEETS,  TOBACCO,  BEANS  and  other  crops.  We 
specialize  in  Raw  Fertilizer  Chemicals,  as  ACID  PHOSPH.\TE,  NITRITE 
OP  SODA,  AGRICUiyrURAL  LEME,  BASIC  SL.AG,  HIIMUS.  TANKAGE, 
etc.  We  are  direct  importers  of  SPRAT  MATBRIAL.S,  as  Sulphur,  Arsenate 
of  Lead,  etc.,  also  Best  By  Test  Seed  Corn. 

You  will   eventually  use   BEST    BY  TEST   Brands.     Why  not  NOW? 
Agents  Wanted. 

Canadian  Fertilizers  Co.,  Limited 

S.  J.  SMITH,  Manager. 

Offices:      Market    Chambers, CHATHAM,    ONT. 

Write    for     Descriptive     Booklet     "FACTS     ABOUT     FERTILIZERS. 


20 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Tons  of  Plant  Food   in  Soils. 

Phosphoric  Sulphuric 

Potash.  Lime.  Acid.  Acid. 

Tons.  Tons.  Tons.  Tons. 

Sandy    Soil    2.42  1.70  1.74  1.10 

Clay   Soil    6.38  12.3  2.82  1.50 

Loam  8.70  16.0  4.0  1.8 

Humus 6.39  37.8  1.5  1.4 

Moisture  Requirement  of  Common  Crops. 

Water  used  Depth  of    Dry  matter    Acre  inches 

per  ton'dry  water  used,  per  acre.      ot  water  in 

matter.  ton  of  dry 

Tons.  Inches.  Tons.  matter. 

Barley                       464.1  20.69  5.05  4.096 

Oats       503.9  39.53  8.89  4.447 

Com .  ^ 270.9  15.76  6.59  2.391 

Clover"                 576.6  22.34  4.39  5.089 

Peas       "    '        477.2  16.89  4.009  4.212 

Potatoes   ! 385.1  23.78  6.995  3.399 

Average    446.3  23.165  5,987  3.939 

Approximate  Amounts  of  Water  Retained  in  Plowed  and  Unplowed  Lands. 

1st  foot  2nd  foot  3rd  foot  4th  foot 

lbs.  water.  lbs.  water,  lbs.  water,    lbs.  water. 

Land    plowed    13.87  20.66  18.32  16.05 

Land  not  plowed  10^  17-98  17^  13^ 

■     T-oss  on  unplowed  ....       3.29  2.f.S  10^  2.11 

Mulches  of  Soil. 

The  following  table  shows  the  relative  effectiveness  of  soil  mulches  at 

different  depths  and  different  numbers  of  cultivation: — 

Not  cul-  Once  in  2  Once  per  Twice  per 

tivated  weeks  week  "    week 

per  acre.  per  acre.  per  acre,  per    acre. 
Cultivated  1  inch  deep. 

Loss  in  tons  per  100  days .. ,     724.1  551.2  545.0  627.8 

Loss  in  inches  per  100  days . .         6.394  4.867  4.812  4.662 

The  %  water  saved ■           23.88  24.73  27J.0 

Cultivated  2  inches  deep. 

Loss  in  tons  per  100  days  . .     724.1  609.2  552.1  515.4 

Loss  in  inches  per  100  days..         6.394  5.380  4.875  4.662 

%   wajter  saved   15.88  23.76  28^1 

Cultivated  3  inches  deep. 

Loss  in  tons  per  100  days  . .     724.1  612.0  531.5  495.0 

Loss  in  inches  per  100  days..         6.394  5.402  4.694  4.371 

%  water  saved   15.49  26.60  31.64 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


21 


Tixe  twelve  primary  constituents 
found  in  plants  and  thus  needed  in 
the  soil  are: — 


Nitrogen, 
Potash, 

Phosphoric  Acid, 
Lime,  _.., 

Water   (Hydrogen  ^",    ' 
and  Oxygen), 


Iron  Oxides, 
Magnesia, 
Sulphuric  Acid, 


Carbon, 


Soda, 
Chlorine. 


Nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  potash 
and  lime  are  the  constituents  gener- 
ally lacking  in  soils  when  they  fail  to 
respond  to  the  needs  of  crops.  Either 
one  of  these  four  Is  likely  to  be  de- 
ficient. 

Classification    of    Soils. 

Sandy,  under  10%  of  clay. 

Sandy  Loam,  10%  to  20%  of  clay. 

Loam,  20%  to  30%  of  clay. 

Clay  Loam,  30%   to  50%  of  clay. 

Strong  clay,  over  50%. 

Marly,  5%   to  50%   calic  carbonate. 

Humus,  over  5%   vegetable  matter. 

The  permanent  fertility  of  a  soil  is 
closely  connected  with  its  power  of 
retaining  plant  food.  In  'clay  soils 
only  traces  of  phosphoric  acid  are 
found  in  the  drainage  water. 

Sandy  soils  being  more  open  and 
thus  freer  drained  are  of  less  natural 
fertility  and  more  dependent  on  imme- 
diate supplies  of  manure. 

Humus  or  decayed  vegetable  mat- 
ter, i.e.,  ploughed  in  clover,  etc., 
greatly  increases  a  soil's  capacity  for 
holding  water. 

Water  Capacity. 

Crops  will  not  grow  in  soils  perman- 
ently saturated  with  water  and  from 
which  air  is  excluded.  Best  growth 
obtained  in  soils  one-half  to  two-thirds 
saturated.  The  quantity  of  water  a 
'*il  will  ^old  when  fully  drained  de- 


termines its  capacity  for  supplying  a 
crop  with   water. 

The  finer  the  particles  of  the  soil, 
or  the  more  porous,  the  greater  the 
amount  of  water  held.  When  drained, 
coarse  sand  and  coarse  gravel  soils 
hold  the  least  water. 

Loss  of  nitrogen  is  far  less  when  a 
soil  is  under  crop  than  in  the  case  dt 
a  bare  fallow. 

Depth   of  Plowing. 

Deep  plowing  of  heavy  land  allows 
rain  to  penetrate  it,  establishes  drain- 
agejn  the  surface  soil  and  increases 
its  temperature.  Shallow  surface  cul- 
tivation preserves  the  soil  water  in 
time  of  drought.  Rolling  increases  the 
moisture  at  the  surface  and  the  depth 
to  which  the  soil  is  warmed  by  the 
sun. 

A  crop  can  only  use  up  a  certain 
amoimt  of  ready  available  plant  food. 
Therefore,  the  yaste  as  the  soils  be- 
come richer  is  greater,  and  this  point 
should  be  borne  in  -mind.  To  farm 
highly  with  profits  demands  more  sci- 
entific knowledge  and  more  practical 
skill  than  when  a  lower  standard  is 
aimed  at.  The  last  ton  of  roots  in  a 
big  crop  and  the  last  few  pounds  of 
weight  on  a  very  fat  animal  cost  the 
most  to  produce. 

Nature   of  Soils. 

Soils  are  made  up  of  either  very 
fine  or  very  coarse  particles  and  are 
classified  accordingly. 

Soils  may  differ  in  degree  of  firm- 
ness with  which  particles  are  held  to- 
gether. 

Sand  is  composed  of  simple  separate 
grains   of   large   size. 

Clay  is  composed  of  extremely  fine 
granules. 

A  soil  is  in  good  tilth  when  its  gran- 
ules are  neither  too  fine  nor  too  coarse 
and  when  not  too  firmly  cemented  to- 
gether. 


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22 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


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SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


23 


CROPS  RECOMMENDED  FOR  ONTARIO. 


Experiments. 


Varieties. 


Oats  (87  tests). 


f  O.A.  C.  No.  72.. 
i  Siberian.  ........ 


Yield  per  Acre 

Straw    Grain     Grain 
(tons)  (bus.)     (lbs,) 


Regenerated  Abundance.... 
Lincoln '     74 


Six-rowed  Barley  {33  tests).. 

HuUess  Barley  (9  tests) 

Spring  Wheat  (14  tests) 

Emmer  and  Spelt  (3  tests).. 


Buckwheat  (2  tests) i  ^.^^ 


Emmer 

O.A.  C.  No.  21. 


luu 


Guy  Mayle lOO 

Black  Hulless 8  "^ 


Wild  Goose. 
Hungarian. . 


100 
79 


Common  Emmer ico 

Alstroum  Spelt 53 


Winter  Wheat  (24  tests). 


Winter  Rye  (2  tests) 


100 

Silver  Hull 95 

American  Banner 96 

Imperial  Amber 100 

Tasmania  Red 91 

No.  5  Red '  65 

.  Crimean  Red ;  57 

Mammoth  White 100 

Common  White 67 


Spring  Rye  (7  tests) J  O.  A.  C.  No.  61 lOO 

Common 67 

Field  Peas  (27  tests) i  ^^ew  Canadian  Beauty. ...  100 

Early  Britain 82 

T-  ij  T,          /. ^          X              f  Marrowfat OS 

I-  leld  Beans  (19  tests) i  New  Prize  Winner I  92 

I  White  Wonder loo 

f-        t     n     ■     M^.    .s        [  Early  California  Flint '  loO 

Corn  for  Gram  (16  tests) . . .  j  Genesee  Valley '  53 

I  Wisconsin  Little  Dent ;  82 

„      ,         r      /-     .     „  .  f  Early     Miimesota     Sugar 

Sorghum  for  Gram  (3  tests)  ^      Cane ..  100 

[  Early  Amber  Sugar  Cane  90 


1.25 
1.33 
1.13 

1.13 

1.08 
1,06 

1.88 
1.53 

1.19 
1.07 

.62 
.48 

1.36 
\J\ 

1.21 
1.20 
1.20 
1.20 
.96 

2.91 
3.00 

1.04 
1.06 

1.35 
1.05 

1.22 
1.07 
1.10 
Whole 
Crop 
5.98 
6.18 
4.91 


39.81 
38.73 

38.20  '  1,299 
34.82      1,134 


1,354 
1,317 


27.67 

23.37 
21.21 

19.60 
16.73 

34.34 
21.00 

15.30 
10.98 

23.80 
23.34 
23.00 
20.73 
,19.18 

24.83 
21.43 

17.91 
16.33 

17.89 
17.84 

18.59 
18.25 
17.91 


47.63 
42  90 
41.94 


10.04    36.12 
5.93  :  34.45 


1,331 
1,329 

1,402 
1,273 

1,176 
1,004 

1,374 
840 

734 
527 

1,428 
1,400 
1,380 
1,244 
1,151 

1,390 
1,200 

1,003 
914 

1,074 
1.076 

1,115 
1,095 
1,074 


2,667 
2,402 
2,349 


1,734 
1.654 


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24 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


iixperiments 


Root  Crops,  Etc.,  for  General  Conditions. 

Varieties 


Comp. 
value 


Mangels  (6  tests). 


Sugar  Beets  (4  tests) 


Swede  Turnips  (2  tests). 


f  Ideal  (Ontario  Seed  Co.) 83 

\  Yellow  Leviathan 100 

[  Sutton's  Mammoth  Long  Red 75 

Rennie's  Tankard  Cream 100 

Bruce's  Giant  White  Feeding 91 

Carter's  Invicta 100 

Bruce's  New  Century 92 

Rennie's  Empress 88 


Carrots  {9  tests). 


Steele-Briggs  Improved  Short  White .  . 
Simmer's  Giant  Short  White 


Fodder  Corn  (4  tests). 


Grass,  Peas  and  Vetches. 
(4  tests) 


100 

j   .■MTTiTner  s  \jTii±iii,  oiiui  t   vv  iiitc 90 

f  Sterling  White  Dent 100 

I  Hoopengardner's  Very  Early  Yellow  Dent  94 

[  White  Cap  Yellow  Dent 91 

f  Hairy  Vetches 100 

'  I  Common  Vetches 79 

[  Grass  Peas 100 


Millet  (4  tests). 


f  Japanese  Barnyard 

{  "Hungarian  Grass 

1  Golden  Wonder 100 


7S 
100 


Tons 
per  acre 


25.34 
24.24 
23.83 

24.38 
23.01 

17.26 
16.50 
15.96 

13.79 
13.50 

11.09 
10.90 
10.28 

7.18 
5.80 
5.56 

6.00 
5.47 
5.00 


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SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


25 


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Pounds  of 
CROP                                 Fertilizer 
Per  Acre 

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26 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Facts  on  Crop  Peculiarities. 

Alfalfa:  Alfalfa  grows  after  all 
crops  so  long  as  the  soil  is  stirred 
deeply,  is  well  manured  and  is  free 
from  weeds.  The  best  fore-crop  is 
a  manured  hoed  crop. 

Alfalfa  continues  on  a  field  usually 
four  to  ten  years,  but  sometimes 
fifteen  to  twenty-five  years. 

It  is  a  great  error  to  say  that  al- 
falfa must  be  off  a  field  as  long  as 
it  has  been  on  the  field.  The  longer 
a  good  stand  of  alfalfa  has  been 
down,  the  shorter  the  time  before  it 
can  be  put  down  again  in  alfalfa. 

A  good  stand  of  alfalfa  leaves  the 
soil  in  splendid  shape  for  following 
crops,  while  a  poor  stand  with  its 
spots  of  crusted  soil  and  weeds 
makes  a  very  poor  fore-crop. 

A  soil  in  which  the  water  level  is 
near  the  surface  is  not  in  good  con- 
dition for  alfalfa  growing. 

Barley:  Barley  is  the  child  of  the 
best  agriculture.  It  delights  in  soil 
prepared  to  the  point  of  a  flower- 
garden.  Barley  is  grown  on  all  soils, 
from  sand  to  clay — to  be  injured  by 
drought  on  sand  and  by  lodging  on 
the  clay.  Brewing  barley  must  have 
a  deep  sandy  loam,  carrying  lime,  or 
the  fairly  dense  marl,  and  both  sup- 
plied with  humus. 

Through  some  perversion  of 
thought,  barley  now  is  chosen  to  be 
put  in  only  when  everything  else  has 
had  attention,  and  usually  on  fields 
overrun  with  weeds. 

Barley  must  not  come  on  new " 
breaking.  Barley  does  not  do  well 
following  itself.  It  does  best  after 
manured  hoed  crops — sugar  beets, 
corn  (maize),  potatoes — especially 
sugar  beets.  After  potatoes  the  qual- 
ity is  good  but  the  yield  is  not  high. 
Barley  does  not  do  well  after  turnips. 
As  sugar  beet  soil  is  the  "barley 
soil,"  these  crops  alone  furnish  a 
very  profitable  rotation. 

Clover:  The  real  clover  soil  is  the 
deep,  medium  moist  loam  and  clay 
containing  humus  and  lime  and  un- 
derlaid with  a  porous  loamy  subsoil. 
Heavy  sticky  clay  soil  is  made  to 
carry  clover  by  heavy  liming.  Loamy 
sand,  poor  dry  lime  or  marl  soils  and 
soils  in  which  the  water  level  comes 
close  to  the  surface  are  not  good 
clover  soils. 

Clover    grows    after    all    crops    so 


long  as  the  soil  is  stirred  deeply,  is 
well  manured  and  is  free  from  weeds. 
The  poor  growth  of  clover  when 
grown  with  grasses  and  afterwards 
pastured,  is  due  to  shallow  cultiva- 
tion and  to  the  weeds  co.aing  from 
the  years  of  cereal  growing. 

The  best  fore-crop  is  a  manured 
hoed  crop.  Always  clover  should 
have  a  good  place  in  the  rotation,  for 
its  failure  seriously  affects  the  live 
stock. 

In  Europe  it  is  a  well  known  fact 
that  clover  should  not  follow  clover. 
On  good  clover  soil  clover  may  fol- 
low once  in  six  years,  and  on  poorer 
soils  not  oftener  than  from  nine  to 
twelve  years.  Clover  grass  mixtures 
may  come  on  the  same  piece  of 
ground  oftener  without  danger. 
While  clover  sickness  is  not  common 
in  Canada,  it  does  exist  and  poor  suc- 
cess in  growing  the  crop  is  possibly 
due  to  this  sickness. 

Like  alfalfa,  a  good  stand  of  clover 
leaves  the  soil  in  splendid  shape  for 
following  crops,  while  a  poor  stand, 
with  its  spots  of  cruste^  soil  and 
weeds,  makes  a  very  poor  fore-crop. 

Com:  Corn  cannot  stand  wet  land. 
Excepting  loose  dry  sand  and  sticky 
wet  clay,  corn  grows  on  all  soils. 
Corn  does  best  on  loam  richly  sup- 
plied with  humus. 

Corn  and  oats  are  the  lusty  bro- 
thers among  farm  crops,  due  to  the 
vigorous  root  systems  they  possess. 
The  deep-going,  wide-spreading  roots 
of  corn,  coupled  with  a  disregard  for 
physical  soil  conditions,  are  the  rea- 
sons why  corn  will  grow  anywhere 
in  a  rotation. 

Corn  is  not  averse  to  following  it- 
self and  does  well  when  coming  on 
heavily  manured  grass  and  clover 
sod.  It  can  be  used  for  the  first  two 
or  three  crops  on  cleared  woodland. 
It  follows  the  winter  grains  (wheat 
or  rye)  to  be  followed  in  turn  by 
summer  grains.  Where  the  crop- 
changing  system  is  practised,  com  is 
to  be  treated  as  a  manured  hoed  crop. 
Corn  is  like  a  baby,  it  must  be  nursed 
while  young. 

Oats:  The  oat  turns  up  its  nose  at 
no  soil,  if  we  except  dry  sand  and 
soil  rich  in  lime.  The  oat  particular- 
ly likes  a  loam  rich  in  humus,  and  is 
well  adapted  for  reclaimed  swamp 
lands. 

The  oat  is  given  the  place  In  the 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


27 


rotation  farthest  removed  from  the 
manures.  When  a  meadow  is  brok- 
en up,  a  wood  lot  cleared  off,  a  low 
lying  field  brought  into  cultivation, 
the  oat  stands  ready  to  come  on  the 
land.  Yet,  in  spite  of  it  being  given 
the  poor  place,  no  crop  responds  to 
genial  soil  conditions  better  than 
oats,  no  crop  rewards  with  greater 
yields. 

The  best  place  for  oats  is  following 
manured  hoed  crops.  Oats  do  splen- 
didly after  clorer,  though  on  rich 
land  there  is  danger  of  lodging.  Flax 
may  be  shoved  in  between  the  clover 
and  oats. 

When  the  price  of  oats  Is  not  re- 
duced proportionately  with  the  price 
of  wheat,  they  should  be  given  a  bet- 
ter place  in  the  rotation. 

Potatoes:  The  best  soils  for  pota- 
toes are  mild  loam  and  sandy  loam 
and  loamy  sand  soils.  Potatoes  do 
well  on  sandy  soils  when  the  soil  is 
well  supplied  with  moisture,  but  they 
are  not  a  sure  crop  on  the  very  light 
sand  soils.  They  love  well  aired  soil, 
which  means  that  all  moist,  fine  tex- 
tured and  poorly  ventilated  soils  are 
vinsuitable. 


While  the  potato  can  be  grown  for 
cattle  feed  on  sandy  soil,  this  does 
not  mean  that  potatoes  can  be  grown 
often  on  these  soils. 

'^'ae  potato  stands  in  the  rotation 
bet-«^een  two  cereal  crops.  The  po- 
tato, like  corn,  can  follow  itself, 
hence  can  be  grown  repeatedly  on 
♦^he  same  soil,  though  this  is  only 
possible  by  handling  the  field  like  a 
garden.  The  potato  also  does  well 
on  new  breaking. 

Rye:  The  rye  soil  is  the  dry,  sandy 
loam  and  the  loamy  sand.  Rye  can 
be  grown  to  advantage  on  pure  sand. 
Reclaimed  swamp  lands  and  sanded 
alluvial  soil  lands  grow  fine  crops  of 
rye. 

Rye  cannot  stand  backwater. 
Heavy  sticky  clay  soil  heavily  ma- 
nured with  stable  manure  and  lime 
and  well  worked,  can  be  made  suit- 
able for  rye. 

Rye,  on  light  land  dressed  well 
with  manure,  can  follow  itself  year  in 
and  year  out.  It  does  well  after 
black  fallow.  Next  to  fallow  the  best 
fore-crop  is  a  good  stand  of  legumes, 
cut  early  to  give  the  necessary  time 
to  prepare  the  soil.     Rye  and  wheat 


THE  COMPLETE  LINE 


FERTILIZERS 


Grow    Bigger    Crops 

Made  in  Canada  by 

The     Ontario     Fertilizers,    Limited 

WEST  TORONTO,  CANADA 


28 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


like  the  firm  seedbed  and  the  hoed 
crops  leave  the  soil  too  late  for  its 
preparation  and  settling. 

An  all-clover  stand  is  a  good  fore- 
crop;  a  clover-grass  stand  is  not  as 
good  on  account  of  weeds.  Flax  is  a 
poor  fore-crop.  Manured  peas  and 
beans  are  good  fore-crops. 

Wheat  (Winter) :  The  heavy  loam 
and  clay  soils,  rich  in  humus,  are 
wheat  soils.  In  cold  and  wet  locali- 
ties the  dense  soil,  well  supplied  with 
lime;  in  warm  localities,  the  deep 
soil  well  supplied  with  water.  Tery 
dry  or  very  wet  soils  are  not  adapted 
to  wheat. 

Wheat  should  not  follow  wheat. 
Wheat  should  not  come  on  new  land 
until  the  second  or  third  year. 
-  The  legumes,  by  mellowing  the  soil 
and  keeping  the  weeds  down,  are 
good  fore-crops.  Winter-swede — 
like  rape,  heavily  manured,  shades 
and  mellows  the  soil,  keeps  down  the 
weeds,  and  by  being  harvested  early, 
permits  of  a  partial  black  fallow. 

On  heavy  clay  soils  the  horse  bean 
(Faba  vulgaris)  has  proved  a  splen- 
did fore-crop.  Red  clover  and  al- 
falfa are  highly  prized  fore-crops. 

Winter  wheat  can  follow  manured 
hoed  crops  (potatoes,  beets)  to  ad- 
vantage, provided  these  crops  are  off 
the  field  in  sufficient  time  for  its  pre- 
fore-crop. 

Wheat  loves  the  settled  soil,  hence 
after  hoed  crops  is  not  the  ideal  place 
paration  and  settling.  Wheat,  sugar 
beets,  to  be  followed  with  alfalfa  la 
a  profitable  succession  under  certain 
conditions.  On  strong  land,  heavily 
manured,  flax  may  be  used  as  a  good 
for  wheat  unless  the  soil  is  prepared 
for  it  in  time  to  settle  closely. 


Selection  of  Seed  Potatoes. 


Of  all  the  factors  in  potato  growing 
se'leotion  of  seed  is  by  far  the  most 
important.  Had  we  bred  our  Short- 
horn cattle  as  many  of  us  have  'been 
in  ithe  hahit  of  selecting  and  breeding 
our  seed  potatoes,  we  would  now  have 
no  breed  of  Shorthorns.  If  we  used 
only  the  culls  and  scrubs  to  Ibreed 
from,  our  'breeds  of  stock  would  soon 
run  out.  It  has  been  careful  selection 
and  the  application  of  scientiflc  prin- 
ciples of  breeding  that  has  'brought 
our  pure-bred  live  stock  up  to  the 
present  high  standard.  One  reason 
why  potatoes  on  many  farms  in  this 
country  have  degenerated  is  that  culls, 
screenings  and  small  ipotatoes  have 
been  .pilanted. 

If  no  method  of  selection  has  hither- 
to heen  followed,  the  seed  for  this 
year's  crop  will  have  to  be  taken  from 
the  bin.  (Potatoes  which  are  of  med- 
ium siize,  smooth,  free  from  disease  and 
true  to  the  type  of  the  variety  being 
shown,  should  be  selected.  During  the 
late  summer  or  early  autumn,  when 
the  vines  are  beginning  to  die  down, 
the  'best  and  most  vigorous  hills  should 
be  marked  iby  putting  down  a  small 
stake  or  twigg.  When  the  crop  is  har- 
vested, any  poor  hills  among  those 
marked  should  be  discarded  and  the 
rest  saved  for  next  year's  planting. 
One  farmer  doing  illustration  work  for 
the  iCommission  of  Conservation  plant- 
ed potatoes  thus  selected  and  ordin- 
ary potatoes  side  iby  side.  When  har- 
vested, four  rows  from  the  selected 
seed  yielded  ten  ibushels  per  row, 
while  the  four  rows  on  either  side  of 
the  ordinary  seed  yielded  seven  and 
one-ihalf  ^bushels  per  row. 


Direction  of  the  line  of  draft  for  plows. 


SOILS  AND  CROPS.  29 


CROPS 

Quantity  of  Seed  to  Sow  Per  Acre. 

Alfalfa  (broadcast)    20  to  25  IbF. 

Alfalfa  (drilled)    15  to  20  lbs. 

Bariey    : 8-10  pecks. 

Beans,  field  (small)   2-3  pecks. 

Beans,  field  (large)    5-6    pecks. 

Beets    4-6  lbs. 

Blue  grass    25  lbs. 

Brome  grass    15-20  lbs. 

Brome  grass  (in  mixture) 2-5  lbs. 

Buckwheat 3-5  pecks. 

Carrots  (field) 4-6  lbs. 

Clover,  alsike 8-15  lbs. 

Alsike  (on  wheat)    4-6  lbs. 

Clover,  mammoth  12-15  lbs. 

Clover,  red  8-14  lbs. 

Clover,  sweet 2  pecks. 

Com 6  quarts  to  1  bushel. 

Corn  (silage)  9-11  quarts. 

Cow  pea 1-1%  bushels. 

Crimson  clover  12-15  lbs. 

Field  peas '^Vz-'iVz  bushels. 

Flax  (for  seed)   2-3  pecks. 

Flax  (for  fibre)   l%-2  bushels. 

Hungarian  grass  2  pecks. 

Kaffir  com  (fodder)    10-12  lbs. 

Mangolds    5-8  lbs. 

Millet,  barnyard   (drills)    1-2  pecks. 

Millet,  foxtails  (drills)   2-3  pecks. 

Millet,  German  (seed)    1  peck. 

Oat  Grass,  tall   30  lbs. 

Oats    2-3  bushels. 

Oats  and  peas  Oats  2  bushels. 

Peas  11^   bushels. 

Orchard  grass  12-15  lbs. 

Parsnips 4-8  lbs. 

Popcorn   3  lbs. 

Potatoes 10-14  bushels. 

Potatoes  (cut  to  1  or  2  eyes)   6-9  bushels. 

Potatoes,  for  best  yield  14-20  bushels. 

Rape   (in  drills)    2-4  lbs. 

Rape  (broadcast)   4-8  lbs. 

Red  Top   12-15  lbs. 

Rye  3-4  pecks. 

Rye  (forage)    3-4  bushels. 

Sorghum  (for  syrup)   ." 2-5  lbs. 

Sorghum  (for  silage)    6  lbs — %  bushel. 

Sorghum  and  peas  3-4  pecks  each. 

Soy  beans  (drills)    2-3  pecks. 

Soy  beans  (broadcast)    1-1%  bushels. 

Sugar  beets   15-20  lbs. 

Sunflower 10-15  lbs. 

Sweet  clover  2-4  pecks. 

Timothy 15-25  lbs. 

Timothy  and  clover Timothy  10  lbs. 

Clover  4  lbs. 

Turnip  (broadcast) 2-4  lbs. 

Turnip  (drills)  1  lb. 

Vetch   (drilled)    1  bushel. 

Vetch   (broadcast)    < 1%  bushels. 

Wheat  6  to  9  pecks. 


30  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 

DYNAMITE  AND  WASTE  LAND 

Dynamite  is  a  solution,  in  part,  of  the  problem  of  getting  our  unworkable  lands 
into  crop-producing  condition.  Dynamite  is  a  dangerous  thing,  but  handled  with 
care,  it  is  no  worse  than  a  cross  bull  or  a  kicking  horse.  All  things,  whether  gentle  or 
•otherwise,  are  apt  to  become  dangerous  if  abused,  but  intelligently  handled  are  a 
power  for  good. 

Science  is  solving  problems  for  the  farmer  every  day.  Twenty  years  ago,  theories 
that  are  now  in  practical  use  upon  the  majority  of  the  farms,  would  have  been  con- 
sidered the  wildest  fancy  of  the  impractical  dreamer.  Men  are  constantly  learning 
facts  of  which  they  little  dreamed  in  earlier  days.  They  are  constantly  finding  the  neces- 
sity of  modifying  their  systems  of  farming  and  reaching  out  for  those  things  that  will 
make  the  soil  more  prolific  and  make  their  efforts  yield  a  larger  profit.  Dynamite,  as  a 
factor  in  farming,  is  one  of  these  things  that  were  undreamed  of  years  ago.  Those 
who  were  considered  the  more  fool-hardy  at  that  time,  used  gun  powder  for  blasting 
rock  or  for  blowing  stumps,  but  in  the  latter  case  they  were  decidedly  the  exception. 
To-day  dynamite  has  proven  its  wonderful  influence  in  putting  before  the  farmer  land 
that  was  then  considered  hopelessly  unsuitable  for  any  kind  of  farm  work.  Brush  land, 
land  covered  with  stumps  and  undergrowth  that  seemed  almost  impassable,  is  now 
made  to  blossom  like  the  rose  and  to  yield  its  quota  of  food  for  man  and  beast.  And  it 
does  all  this  in  an  increditably  short  time.  At  least,  it  seems  that  way  when  one  com- 
pares the  figld  before  and  after  the  application  of  the  explosive.  Dynamite  has  also 
proved  a  blessing  to  the  farmer  who  finds  his  field  littered  with  stones,  especially  in  the 
hard  head  and  boulder  that  is  so  common  in  many  sections  of  the  country.  With  its 
use  these  are  thrown  from  the  earth  and  broken  so  that  they  can  easily  be  handled, 
either  for  building  purposes  or  simply  to  remove  them  from  the  land.  Both  of  these 
services,  which  are  rendered  by  the  explosive,  are  more  or  less  apparent  and  easily 
understood.  But  there  remains  another  way  in  which  dynamite  is  of  great  service  to 
the  farmer.  It  is  a  way  that  is  not  so  perfectly  apparent  nor  yet  so  easily  understood. 
In  certain  sections  of  the  country,  where  fruit  is  grown  extensively,  it  has  been  found 
that  the  tree  planted  in  soil  that  has  been  broken  by  a  blast  of  dynamite  will  be  much 
more  hearty  and  much  more  sure  to  make  a  profitable  growth  and  a  much  safer  invest- 
ment. The  tree  whose  roots  spread  out  more  extensively  because  the  sub-soil  has  been 
broken  by  the  explosive,  is  able  to  reach  out  for  a  greater  supply  of  plant  food,  its  little 
rootlets  are  able  to  permeate  the  soil  at  a  greater  distance  in  every  direction  so  that 
the  tree  gets  a  stronger  foothold  and  is  less  liable  to  be  blown  over  and  is  more  substan- 
tially nourished.  The  other  tree  whose  roots  are  limited  to  the  hole  that  is  dug  with 
the  spade,  is  naturally  more  circumscribed  in  its  growth,  and  while  the  rootlets  will 
ultimately  spread  out  and  pierce  the  hard  soil  that  encases  them,  this  will  be  done  only 
at  a  greater  sacrifice  to  plant  life  and  after  much  time  has  been  wasted  that  might 
have  been  used  for  growth.  The  same  thing  is  true  of  smaller  crops.  Repeated  plowing 
at  approximately  the  same  depth,  forms  a  sort  of  crust  at  the  bottom  of  a  furrow  through 
which  it  is  difficult  for  the  plant  root  to  get  down  to  the  lower  surface.  This  crust 
leaves  practically  the  same  amount  of  soil  to  feed  succeeding  crops.  The  vast  store  house 
that  is  down  two  or  three  feet  lower  is  not  drawn  upon.  In  practical  terms  this  crust 
is  a  sort  of  hard  pan.  It  forms  a  sort  of  division  between  the  sub-soil  and  the  upper 
surface.  It  makes  the  upper  surface  more  susceptible  to  the  influences  of_  nature; 
that  is  blowing  of  the  soil  and  evaporation.  The  plant  life  is  left  to  be  nourished  on 
that  proportion  of  the  soil  that  is  most  invaded  by  succeeding  cropping.  Now  the 
dynamite  comes  in  as  the  solution.  In  some  sections  farmers  have  gone  through  their 
fields  and  broken  up  this  hard  pan  by  blasting  the  soil.  In  Kansas  the  holes  are  made 
about  15  feet  apart  each  way,  and  from  50  to  60  pounds  of  dynamite  are  used  to  the 
acre.  Charges  are  fired  simultaneously  by  means  of  electricity.  In  some  places  the 
charges  are  put  into  the  ground  about  four  feet  apart  each  way.  The  details  are  not  of 
so  much  importance,  the  th^ry  is  what  actually  counts.  Dynamite  as  a  means  of 
breaking  up  the  hard  pan  is  going  to  help  develop  a  soil  that  is  more  thoroughly  drought 
resistant,  it  is  going  to  make  it  possible  to  feed  the  crops  on  plant  life  that  has  long 
been  buried  and  inaccessible.  Finally,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  dynamite  is  not 
necessarily  so  awe  inspiring  as  many  people  think.  It  is  a  dangerous  instrument,  but 
so  are  many  of  the  tilings  that  are  in  every  day  use.  If  abused  it  is  sure  to  produce 
wreckage;  but  why  abuse  it?  The  explosive  that  is  made  for  uses  of  this  kind  can  be 
easily  and  safely  handled. 


LIVE   STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


31 


You  save  time,  labor  and  money 
when  you  dig  with  CXL  Stumping 


tb^:^: 


What  trn   njen   do   in   ten     One   mm  can   do   in   one     And  a  perfect   ditch   is  the 
dari  iriih  sjadf*  —  day  with  CXL  Stumpinc —  retolL 

Whatever  brings  quick  results  with  little  labor  puts 
money  in  the  farmer's  pocket  and  keeps  it  there. 

On  every  farm  there  are  hundreds  of  odd  jobs  that  can 
be  done  quickly  and  with  little  effort  by  using  CXL  ex- 
plosives. 

Let  us  show  you  how  to  save  time  in  digging  post  holes, 
ditches  and  cellars;  sinking  wells;  planting  trees;  grading;  drain- 
ing; breaking  up  hard  pan;  blasting  stumps  and  boulders;  etc.,  etc. 


"Farming  with 
Dynamite'' 
should  be  read  by 
every  progressive 
farmer  for  the 
helpful  informa- 
tion it  contains. 
Sent  Free 


There's  &  CXL  explosive  for  every  blast- 
ing purpose.  The  higrh  quality  of  each 
has  been  proven  by  thorough  testing 
under  every  possible  condition.  The  re- 
sult is  that  each  CXL  explosive  is  re- 
liable, efficient,  and  stable.  All  are 
comparatively  safe  to  handle,  will  pro- 
duce maximum  results  in  blasting,  and 
can  be  kept  for  long  periods  of  time 
■without  deteriorating. 


Big  Money  m  Agricultural  Blasting 

VOU  can  add  considerably  to  your  earnings  by  acting 
as  our  agent  and  blasting  for  your  neighbors. 
Look  about  you  at  the  many  uncultivated  fields  that 
can  be  improved  by  the  removal  of  rocks  and  stumps. 
You  can  do  this  quickly  and  with  little  labor  by  blast- 
ing.    Write  at  once  for  full  particulars. 


Canadian  Explosives,  Limited 


MONTREAL.  P.Q. 


VICTORIA.  B.C. 


32 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Fertilizers — Need  and  Application 


Most  soils  when  analyzed  show 
enough  potential  or  latent  fertility- 
enough  potash,  enough  phosphorus, 
and  oftentimes  enough  nitrogen,  for 
long  years  of  cropping  and  yet  many 
of  them  are  practically  barren.  Why? 
All  crops  require  that  their  food  shall 
be  available,  that  is,  soluble  in  water, 
liquid,  and  if  not  liquid  or  capable  of 
soon  becoming  so,  crops  fail  and  the 
soil  is  said  to  be  barren. 

The  liquid  assets  of  business  are 
those  forms  of  property  which  are 
available — which  can  be  turned  into 
cash  at  once.  The  liquid  assets  of  the 
soil  are  those  elements  of  fertility 
which  can  be  taken  up  and  absorbed 
as  fast  as  needed  by  growing  crops, 

What  Fertilizers  can  be  Mixed 

SUPSfiPHOSPMATE 


UHE 
HARL 


THOMAS  f.iAL 


'CHILI  SALTPETER 


MATERIALS  MUST  NEVER  BE  MIXED 
MIXED  JUST  BEFORE  USING 
MIXEO  ANYTIME 


which  do  their  principal  feeding  in 
sixty  days  in  northern  latitudes. 
Therefore  it  would  seem  wise  for  the 
farmer  to  keep  a  good  balance  of  avail- 
able fertility  to  his  credit  in  the  soil; 
not  alone  to  feed  the  crop  in  order  to 
increase  yield  but  to  improve  quality 
and  to  hasten  maturity. 

That  is  just  what  Europeans  do,  and 
is  one  of  the  reasons  why  they  are  so 
successful  as  farmers.  They  are  the 
best  farmers  in  the  world  because  they 
never  reach  the  limit  of  available  fer- 
tility— the  limit  of  their  liquid  assets 
as  it  were.  They  believe  in  making  a 
fertile  soil  still  more  fertile.  That  is 
why  some  are  able  to  produce  88%  of 
their  food  requirements  in  the  shape 
of  staple  crops,  such  as  potatoes,  rye. 
barley,  oats,  wheat,  etc. 


A  reserve  of  ready  money  in  the 
bank  is  the  very  best  form  of  "liquid 
assets"  in  business.  A  reserve  of  solu- 
ble plant  food  in  the  soil  is  the  best 
form  of  crop  insurance.  Usually  they 
are  present  in  some  degree  and  the 
farmer  has  to  supply  only  a  snaall  bal- 
ance to  produce  maximum  crops. 

Those  who  have  applied  from  season 
to  season  this  little  balance  of  liquid 
or  available  plant  food  which  the  crop 
must  have  during  its  growing  season 
of  sixty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
days  have  insured  the  crop  as  far  as 
fertility  will  insure  it.  The  crop  says : 
"Feed  me  when  I  need  food  and  I  will 
feed  you  when  you  need  food."  Com- 
mercial fertilizers  supplement  the  lat- 
ent fertility  in  the  soil,  in  stable  man- 
ure and  in  ploughed  in  green  crops, 
with  some  quickly  available  plant  food 
when  the  crop  needs  it. 


Fertilizers — What  They  Are — How  to 
Apply  Them. 

Fertilizers  are  carriers  of  plant  food 
In  an  available  and  concentrated  form. 
They  contain  the  three  elements  of 
plant  food  most  needed  in  crop  pro- 
duction— nitrogen,  usually  referred  to 
as  ammonia,  phosphorus,  known  to  the 
buyer  as  available  phosphoric  acid, 
and  potassium,  known  as  potash.  Each 
of  these  elements  performs  definite 
functions  in  plant  growth. 

There  is  no  mystery  about  the  action 
of  fertilizers  in  plant  growth.  Nitro- 
gen, or  ammonia,  causes  quick  and 
vigorous  growth  of  stalk  or  stem. 

Available  phosphoric  acid  helps  fill 
the  grain  or  fruit  and  hastens  ripen- 
ing. Potash  strengthens  the  straw  or 
stalk  and  helps  to  plump  and  fill  the 
grain  and  fruit. 

Hay  is  grown  for  the  stalk  or  stem, 
hence  needs  a  larger  proportion  of 
ammonia  than  grain  crops.  Wheat  is 
grown  for  the  grain,  therefore  needs 
larger  amounts  of  available  phosphoric 
acid  and  potash  than  does  hay.  On 
the  other  hand,  potatoes  and  other 
root  crops  require  a  larger  proportion 
of  potash. 

Speaking  generally,  it  has  been 
proven  that  the  use  of  a  fertilizer  con- 
( Continued  on  page  35.) 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


33 


Swiff  s  Red  Steer  Brand  Fertilizers 


MADE  IN  CANADA 


"It  Pays  To  Use  Them 


'■'N  •■'. 


Red  Steer  Brand 

BONE  AND  BLOOD 

Pare  ADimal  Matter  Ammoniates 
Crop  Producers  Soil  Builders 

Always  Reliable.    Adapted  to  all  Soils  and  ail  Crops 

Crop  rotation  should  be  practiced,  but  that  alone  will  not  main- 
tain fertility  of  the  soil. 

You  cannot  maintain  the  fertility  of  your  soil  without  fertilizers. 

You  cannot  obtain  largest  yields  and  best  quality  crops  without 
fertilizers. 

You  can  greatly  increase  your  profits  without  increasing  the  num- 
ber of  acres  planted  by  using  Swift's  Fertilizers. 

A  good  catch  of  clover  is  almost  assured  when  Swift's  Fertilizers 
are  used. 

Profit  by  experience  of  others.  Use  Swift's  Fertilizers  on  every 
acre  you  plant. 

Do  not  lose  the  extra  profit  from  this  year's  crop  by  waiting  to  ex- 
periment on  only  a  few  acres. 

Place  your  order  for  Swift's  Fertilizers  now. 

Insist  upon  getting  fertilizers  with  the  Red  Steer  on  Bag.  for  it  is 
your  guarantee  of  best  quality. 

If  you  do  not  know  the  agent  for  Swift's  Fertilizers,  write  us  and 
we  will  see  that  your  requirements  are  supplied. 

ADDRESS 

SWIFT  CANADIAN  CO.,  Limited 

UNION  STOCK  YARDS,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO. 


34 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


The  Easiest,   Quickest   and   Cheapest   way  to 
clear  your  land  of  Stumps  and  Boulders  is  with 

DOMINITE 


DOMINITE  can  be  used  by  anyone,  safely  and  successfully  with- 
out iprevious  experience  as  a  blaster,  and  •without  special  training. 
While  having  tbe  same  power  as  ordinary  dynamite,  Dominite  is  far 
safer  to  handle  and  use,  being  practically  insensible  to  shocks,  and 
will  not  explode  if  set  afire  by  sparks  or  flames.  To  explode  it,  it  is 
necessary  to  use  a  blasting  cap  or  electric  exploder  of  not  le«s  than 
No.  7  strength,  while  No.  8  insures  even  better  results. 


-=-^ 


Right  way  to  insert  Caps  and  Exploders, 
to  avoid  miss-fires. 

By  usiin^  Dominite,  stumps  and  boulders  that  render  the  best  of 
land  useless  can  ibe  (blown  out  and  broken  up  for  convenient  handling, 
very  quickly  and  at  triflin<g  cost. 

Dominite  does  not  freeze  in  the  coldest  weather,  hemce  can  be 
used  at  any  time  without  the  danger  and  inconvenience  met  with  in 
using  ordinary  dynamite. 

Caps,  Fuse,  etc.,  of  best  brands,  at  riglit  prices. 

Wrtitte  uis  for  full  information,  references  to  users,  (prices,  etc. 

DOMINION  EXPLOSIVES, 

LIMITED 

General  Offices,  OTTAWA,  ONT. 

Farmers:     Write  for  our  local  agencies  proposition. 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


35 


taining  all  three  of  the  essential  ele- 
ments of  plant  food  gives  best  all- 
around  results  under  average  condi- 
tions. The  proportions  of  the  plant 
food  ingredients  should  be  varied  to 
suit  soils,  previous  treatment  of  the 
soil  and  what  the  previous  crop  indi- 
cated— whether  straw  was  weak  or 
strong,  whether  the  crop  matured  fast 
or  slow. 

How  and  When  to  Apply  Lime. 

Lime  should  usually  be  applied  be- 
fore those  crops  in  rotation  which  are 
most  likely  to  be  benefited  by  it.  In 
rotations  where  the  land  is  seeded  to 
winter  wheat,  clover,  and  timothy,  it 
is  a  good  plan  to  apply  the  lime  just 
before  sowing  the  wheat.  In  rotations 
where  alfalfa  is  grown  it  is  desirable 
to  lime  prior  to  sowing  the  alfalfa 
seed.  The  crops  which  are  less  in 
need  of  lime,  which  follow  in  the  ro- 
tation, will  then  secure  all  that  they 
require,  and  the  soil  will  remain 
sufficiently  sweet  to  be  well  adapted 
to  them. 

Lime  should  be  applied  with  a  broad- 
cast lime  spreader  or  with  a  fertil- 
izer distributor  which  is  so  construct- 
ed as  to  insure  an  even  distribution  of 
the  material.  It  should  be  applied 
after  the  land  has  been  plowed,  and 
preferably,  after  it  has  been  harrowed 
once.  It  is  highly  important,  particu- 
larly if  hydrated  or  burnt  lime  is  used, 
that  it  be  harrowed  into  the  soil  as 
soon  as  possible.  It  should  never  be 
left  on  the  surface  over  night  or  dur- 
ing a  storm. 

Lime  and  fertilizer  should  not  be 
mixed  together  before  their  applica- 
tion. Each  should  be  applied  separ- 
ately and  be  thoroughly  harrowed  into 
the  soil,  except  in  cases  where  the 
fertilizer  is  applied  with  the  fertilizer 
attachment  of  a  grain  drill,  a  com  or 
potato  planter.  If  large  amounts  of 
lime  are  mixed  with  a  fertilizer  con- 
taining soluble  phosphoric  acid,  it 
causes  considerable  of  the  phosphoric 
acid  to  change  back  to  an  insoluble 
state.  It  is  always  well  to  apply  the 
lime,  if  possible,  at  least  a  week  or 
two  previous  to  the  application  of  the 
fertilizer  and  to  the  time  of  planting. 

How  to  Apply  Fertilizer  for  Various 
Crops. 
When  fertilizer  is  applied  with  any 
broadcaster,  do  not  fail  to  make  appli- 
cation just  previous  to  the  last  har- 
rowing. 


When  fertilizer  attachment  of  grain 
drill  is  recommended  (except  where 
small  grains  are  drilled  in  rows)  al- 
ways remove  the  conductor  tube  or 
hose  pipe  from  the  foot  of  the  furrow 
opener.  Hang  a  board  below  the 
open  tubes  or  hose  pipes  allowing  the 
fertilizer  to  drop  on  this  board.  The 
constant  shiaking  of  the  drill  dis- 
tributes the  fertilizer  evenly.  The 
hoes  or  disks  on  the  grain  drill  will 
help  fit  the  seed  bed  and  work  the 
fertilizer  into  the  soil. 

Corn — 200  to  400  Pounds  Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  two-thirds  through  the  fer- 
tilizer attachment  of  the  grain  drill 
er  through  the  fertilizer  attachment  of 
the  com  planter,  distributing  it  in  a 
continuous  stream  along  the  row  since 
the  continuous  stream  along  the  row 
is  preferable  to  checking. 

2.  Two-thirds  through  a  broadcast 
lime  and  fertilizer  distributor  or  sower 
and  the  remainder  through  the  com 
planter  fertilizer  attachment. 

3.  All  through  the  fertilizer  attach- 
ment on  the  grain  drill  or  all  through 
a  broadcast  lime  and  fertilizer  dis- 
tributor. 

4.  If  125  pounds  or  less  per  acre  are 
used,  apply  all  through  the  fertilizer 
attachment  on  the  com  planter. 

Silage  Corn — 300  to  500  pounds  per 
acre.  (Apply  the  same  as  for  field 
com.) 

Sweet  Corn — 600  to  1,000  pounds  per 
acre.  (Applications  same  as  for  field 
corn.) 

Pop    Corn — (Amounts    and    applica- 
tions same  as  for  field  com.) 
Potatoes — 600  to  1,000  pounds  per  acre. 

1.  Apply  all  but  300  pounds  through 
the  fertilizer  attachment  of  the  grain 
drill  and  the  remainder  through  the 
fertilizer  attachment  on  the  potato 
planter. 

2.  Apply  300  to  700  pounds  through  a 
broadcast  fertilizer  distributor  and  300 
pounds  through  the  fertilizer  attach- 
ment on  the  potato  planter. 

3.  All  through  the  grain  drill  fertil- 
izer attachment. 

4.  All  through  the  broadcast  lime 
and  fertilizer  distributor. 

5.  If  under  300  pounds  per  acre,  ap- 
ply all  through  the   fertilizer  attach- 
ment of  the  potato  planter. 
Wheat,  Oats,  Barley  and   Rye— 200  to 

400  pounds  per  acre. 
1.   Apply   all   through   the   fertilizer 
attachment  of  the  grain  drill  at  time 
of  seeding. 


36 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


2.  Apply  all  through  broadcast  lime 
and  fertilizer  distributor  previous  to 
drilling. 

Flax — 150  to  200  pounds  per  acre — 
(Applications  same  as  for  wheat.) 

Spring  Top-dressing  of  Winter 
Wheat  and  Rye — 200  to  300  pounds  per 
acre.  (This  should  be  done  as  early 
in  spring  as  possible.) 

1.  Apply  all  through  a  broadcast 
lime  and  fertilizer  distributor. 

2.  Apply  all  through  the  fertilizer 
attachment  of  the  wheat  drill,  running 
disks  about  one  inch  deep  which  will 
cultivate  the  crop  and  work  the  fer- 
tilizer into  the  soil. 


Tomatoes,  Cabbage  and  Similar  Trans- 
planted Truck  Crops — 500  to  700 

Pounds  Per  Acre. 
If  setting  by  hand  there  is  no  too) 
so  useful  as  the  potato  planter  with 
a  fertilizer  attachment.  It  will  open 
the  furrow,  mark  the  rows  and  scatter 
the  fertilizer  evenly. 

1.  Apply  all  but  200  pounds  per  acre 
through  the  grain  drill  fertilizer  at- 
tachment and  scatter  a  handful  (total- 
ing 200  pounds  per  acre)  around  each 
plant  after  it  is  set,  thoroughly  mixing 
fertilizer  with  the  soil. 

2.  Apply  all  but  200  pounds  with  the 
broadcast     distributor     applying     re- 


Puttlng    on    a    Nice    Crown. 

N.B. — Do  not  fail  to  harrow  with  a 
disk  grass  seeder  (with  which  clover 
or  grass  seed  can  be  sown  at  same 
operation)  weeder  or  adjustable  har- 
row, throwing  teeth  back  at  an  angle 
of  45  degrees.  The  harrowing  mixes 
the  fertilizer  with  the  soil  and  breaks 
the  crust,  thereby  conserving  soil 
moisture.  On  light  soils,  follow  the 
application  with  a  roller. 

Soy  Beans,  Cow  Peas  and  Other  For- 
age  Crops — 300  to   500   Pounds 
Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  through  fertilizer  attach- 
ment of  the  grain  drill  or  whatever 
other  seeding  machine  or  planter  you 
use. 

2.  If  your  seeding  machine  or  planter 
has  no  fertilizer  attachment,  drill  in 
the  fertilizer  through  the  fertilizer  at- 
tachment of  the  grain  drill. 

3.  Apply  with  a  lime  and  fertilizer 

(iistrihiitor. 


mainder  by  hand  as  above. 

3.  Apply  all  with  grain  drill. 

4.  Apply  all  with  lime  and  fertilizer 
distributor. 

5.  If  applying  less  than  600  pounds 
per  acre,  partition  off  the  hopper  of 
the  grain  drill  fertilizer  attachment  80 
that  three  feeds  can  be  used  which 
will  scatter  fertilizer  evenly  on  sides 
and  bottom  of  trench  or  row. 

6.  "VMien  very  light  applications  are 
to  be  made  and  rows  are  of  standard 
width,  the  fertilizer  attachment  on  the 
com  and  similar  planters  can  be  util- 
ized in  marking  out  the  field  and  In 
distributing  the  fertilizer  in  the  rows 
at  the  same  time. 

7.  On  gardens  and  small  areas  or 
where  especially  early  maturity  or  ex 
cellent  quality  are  desired,  hand  ap- 
plications in  rows  or  about  hills  may 
be  made. 

8.  When  grown  in  the  field  and  no 
other  distributor  is  available,  the  fer- 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


87 


tilizer  may  be  scattered  by  hand  and 
worked  very  thoroughly  into  the  soiL 

Onions  (seeded) — 800  to  1,000  Pounds 
Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  two-thirds  through  the  fer- 
tilizer attachment  of  the  grain  drill 
and  the  remainder  through  the  fertil- 
izer attachment  on  the  onion  seeder 
at  the  time  of  drilling. 

2.  Apply  twQ-thirds  through  broad- 
cast fertilizer  distributor  and  the  re- 
mainder through  the  onion  seeder  at- 
tachment. 

3.  Apply  all  through  the  fertilizer 
attachment  of  the  grain  drill, 

4.  Apply  all  through  lime  and  fertil- 
izer distributor. 

5.  If  not  more  than  600  pounds  per 


Top-Dressing  Clover,  Timothy,  Alfalfa, 

Millet  and  Grass  Stands — 200  to 

500  Pounds  Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  through  a  broadcast  lime 
and  fertilizer  distributor. 

2.  Apply  through  the  fertilizer  at- 
tachment of  the  disk  grain  drill.  Set 
disks  shallow. 

N.B. — RoU  and  harrow  lightly  or 
harrow  alone  with  disk  grass  seeder, 
spike  tooth  harrow  or  weeder.  On 
alfalfa,  you  may  use  a  spring  tooth 
or  special  alfalfa  harrow. 

Seeding  Clover,  Timothy,  Alfalfa  and 
Other  Grasses — 200  to  300  Pounds 

Per  Acre. 
1.  Apply  with  broadcast  distributor 

followed  by  a  disk  grass  seeder. 


Cleaning  up  the   Furrow. 


acre,  apply  all  through  onion  seeder 
attachment. 

6.  If  but  a  small  area  and  you  have 
none  of  the  above  machinery,  you  may 
scatter  by  hand,  working  weU  in  the 
soil  before  planting. 

7.  Scatter  between  rows- when  onions 
are  up,  working  in  well  by  cultiva- 
tion. 

Orchards — 800    to    1,000    Pounds    Per 
Acre. 

1.  Apply  through  fertilizer  attach- 
ment of  one-horse  five-hoe  or  five-disk 
grain  drill  or  drill  made  for  orchard 
work. 

2.  Apply  all  through  a  broadcast  dis- 
tributor. 

Special  fertilizer  orchard  drills  are 
made  in  various  sizes  for  this  pur- 
pose. 


2.  Apply  through  fertilizer  attach- 
ment of  grain  drill  at  time  of  seeding 

Rape — 200  to  400  Pounds  Per  Acre. 
— Application  had  best  be  made  same 
as  for  wheat. 

If  the  rape  is  drilled  in  rows  and 
cultivated,  part  of  the  fertilizer  may 
be  applied  to  the  rows  by  using  fer- 
tilizer attachment  on  com  or  any 
small  seed  planter  or  by  stopping  up 
part  of  the  holes  in  fertilizer  attach- 
ment on  the  grain  drill. 

Beans   and    Peas — 300  to   500   Pounds 
Per  Acre. 

1.  Drill  beans  and  apply  the  fertilizer 
at  the  same  time  using  an  11-hoe  grain 
drill,  drilling  the  beans  through  the 
2nd,  6th  and  10th  hoes  only,  but  stop- 
ping up  the  fertilizer  tubes  correspond- 


38 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


ing  to  these  hoes.  Allow  the  fertilizer 
to  be  distributed  through  the  1st,  3rd, 
5th,  7th,  9th  and  11th  hoes  only,  stop- 
ping up  both  grain  and  fertilizer  feeds 
on  the  4th  and  8th  hoes.  This  dis- 
tributes the  fertilizer  only  through  the 
hoes  on  either  side  of  the  ones  carry- 
ing the  beans  and  not  directly  with  the 
beans. 

2.  If  you  do  not  have  a  grain  drill 
with  a  fertilizer  attachment  or  if  you 
plant  with  a  corn  or  other  planter, 
apply  the  fertilizer  broadcast  at  least 
a  week  before  planting  beans. 

Sugar  Beets — 300  to  600  Pounds  Per 
Acre.     (Same  analysis  as  potatoes.) 

1.  Apply  all  the  fertilizer  through 
the  fertilizer  attachment  of  the  beet 
drill  at  time  of  planting. 

2.  Apply  all  the  fertilizer  with  the 
fertilizer  attachment  of  the  grain  drill 
or  a  broadcast  lime  and  fertilizer  dis- 
tributor. 

Tobacco — 400    to     1,000     Pounds     Per 
Acre. 

1.  Best  put  200  pounds  under  plant 
in  row  or  hill  with  the  fertilizer  at- 
tachment of  the  potato  planter  and 
apply  the  remainder  with  the  fertilizer 
attachment  on  the  grain  drill  previous 
to  planting. 

2.  Put  200  pounds  in  rows  or  hills 
and  apply  the  remainder  with  a  broad- 
cast fertilizer  distributcfr. 

3.  Apply  all  through  fertilizer  at- 
tachment of  the  grain  drill. 

4.  Apply  all  with  broadcast  lime  and 
fertilizer  sower. 

5.  Apply  by  hand. 

A  very  light  application  scattered 
within  a  one  foot  radius  of  each  plant 
will  result  in  a  quicker  start. 

Fertilizing  Tobacco  Beds. — Beds 
should  be  fertilized  at  the  rate  of  1,000 
pounds  per  acre  or  6  pounds  per 
square  rod.  Apply  by  hand  scatter- 
ing as  evenly  as  possible  and  make 
certain  to  work  it  thoroughly  into  the 
soil. 

Lettuce,  Table  Beets,  Parsnips,  etc. — 
1,000  to  2,000  Pounds  Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  all  but  250  pounds  per  acre 
through  the  fertilizer  attachment  of 
the  grain  drill,  a  broadcast  distributor 
or  by  any  other  method,  applying  the 
rest  through  the  fertilizer  attachment 
of  the  hand  planter  at  time  of  seed- 
ing. 

2.  Apply  all  through  the  fertilizer 
attachment  of  the  grain  drill,  the 
broadcast  distributor  or  by  any  other 
method. 


3.  If  applying  under  300  pounds  per 
acre,  apply  all  through  the  fertilizer 
attachment  of  the  planter. 

4.  If  a  small  garden  area,  you  may 
scatter  by  hand. 

Strawberries. — 600  to  1,500  Pounds 
Per  Acre. — Before  setting  plants,  if  a 
fair-sized  area. 

1.  Apply  300  pounds  with  fertilizer 
attachment  of  grain  drill,  and  balance 
in  frequent  hand  applications. 

2.  Apply  300  pounds  through  lime 
and  fertilizer  distributor  and  balance 
in  frequent  hand  applications. 

N.B. — Never  top-dress  strawberries 
in  spring. 

Cucumbers,  Melons,  Etc. — 500  to  700 
Pounds  Per  Acre. 

1.  Apply  all  but  300  pounds  through 
the  fertilizer  attachment  of  the  grain 
drill  or  through  broadcast  distributor, 
then  work  150  pounds  thoroughly  into 
the  hill  before  planting  and  apply  re- 
mainder in  one  or  two  applications 
within  one  month  after  planting. 

Grapes — 600  to  1,200  Pounds  Per 
Acre.  Blackberries,  Raspberries,  Cur- 
rants, Gooseberries — 300  to  600  Pounds 
Per  Acre. — Before  setting — 

1.  Apply  with  fertilizer  attachment 
of  grain  drill. 

2.  Apply  with  broadcast  lime  and 
fertilizer  distributor. 

3.  Apply  scattering  by  hand. 


Calculating   Manure  Production. 

Question:  How  much  mantrre  can 
I  produce  on  my  farm?  I  want  to 
know,  because  I  want  to  supplement 
what  I  lack,  either  by  producing  more 
or  else  by  using  commercial  fertiliz- 
ers. 

Answer:  About  half  of  the  fodder 
eaten  by  cattle  is  digested,  and  the 
other  half  is  excreted  in  the  form  of 
manure.  Fresh  dung  is  made  up  of 
one-quarter  dry  matter  and  three- 
quarters  water,  and  this  means  that  to 
calculate  the  manure  a  cattle  will 
make  one-half  the  dry  substance  in  the 
fodder  fed  must  be  multiplied  by  four. 
Therefore,  divide  the  dry  substance  in 
the  fodder  by  2,  add  to  this  the  weight 
of  the  litter  and  multiply  this  by  4. 

Example:  How  much  fresh  manure 
is  produced  by  feeding  10  tons  of 
meadow  hay  and  4  tons  of  oat  straw, 
while  using  4  tons  extra  straw  for 
litter. 

10  tons  meadow  hay 

=4X85% =81/^  tons  dry  substance 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


39 


4  tons  straw 
=4X85%=  3.4  tons  dry  substance 

11.9 

4  tons  litter 
=4X85%  =3.40  tons  dr>'  substance 
11.9  divided  by  2,  then  mxiltiply  rp- 

sult  by  4.       This  equals  37.4  tons  of 

fresh  manure. 


To  Apply  Solubles 

Soluble  manures,  such  as  nitrate, 
guano,  etc.,  should  be  applied  to  the 
land  in  spring;  undissolved  manures, 
such  as  phosphates,  slag,  etc.,  in 
autumn.  Soluble  manures,  again, 
suit  heavy  land;  while  undissolved 
varieties,  whole  bone,  and  the  like, 
give  best  results  on  light  soils.  Dung 
may  be  plowed  in  in  autumn  on 
heavy  land,  but  kept  over  till  Spring 
on  the  lighter  lands;  on  grass  should 
be  applied  as  a  top-dressing  in 
autumn  on  all  varieties  of  land.  The 
soil  has  great  retentive  power  for 
phosphates  and  potash,  but  nitro- 
genous material  easily  decomposes, 
and  the  resultant  nitrates  wash  out. 
Little  at  a  time  and  more  frequent 
dressings  is  therefore  a  good  rule  to 
follow  in  all  manures,  but  especially 
with  the  nitrogenous — nitrate  of 
soda,  for  instance,  giving  better  re- 
sults if  put  twice  on  a  crop. 

Fertilizer  Act. 

The  law  of  the  Fertilizer  Act  is 
stated  as  follows:  All  material  ex- 
cepting farmyard  manure  must  be 
sold  according  to  guarantee.  The 
form  of  guarantee  is  as  follows: 

1.  Name  of  brand. 

2.  Registration  number. 

3.  Name  and  address  of  manufac- 
turer. 

4.  Analysis  as   guaranteed  by  the 
manufacturer  which   shall   show  the 
percentage  protein,  fat  and  fibre, 
persentage      nitrogen,      phosp.      and 
potash. 

Any  purchaser  may  have  an  analy- 
sis made  by  the  Department  of  In- 
land Revenue  at  a  fee  of  |1.00. 
Samples  must  be  taken  in  conformity 
with  the  regulations.  For  informa- 
tion write  the  Deputy  Minister  of  In- 
land Revenue,  Ottawa. 

Determination  of  Fertilizer  Needs. 

A  chemical  analysis  is  of  little 
value  in  determining  just  what  ele- 
ment of  growth  your  soil  may  be  lack- 


ing in.  A  practical  experiment  is  a 
sure  method  to  find  the  need  of  a 
particular  crop  or  a  particular  soil. 

Mark  out  five  %  acre  plots  and  pro- 
ceed as  follows: 

Plot  1.  No  fertilizer. 

Plot  2.  Complete  fertilizer  (phos- 
phoric acid,  potash,  nitrogen). 

Plot  3.  Phosphoric  acid  and  nitro- 
gen. 

Plot  4.  Phosphoric  acid  and  potash. 

Plot  5.   5«'itrogen  and  potash. 

Then  plant  your  crop  under  same 
conditions  in  each  of  these  plots  and 
watch  results. 

Rules  to  be  Observed  in  Purchasing 
Artificial  Fertilizers 

The  purchaser  ought  always  to  de- 
mand a  guarantee  of  the  percentage 
contents  of  the  various  fertilizing 
Ingredients  in  the  fertilizer,  as  well 
as  of  the  materials  used  as  a  source 
of  the  same.  In  nitrate  of  soda  and 
sulphate  of  ammonia,  the  nitrogen 
content  will  have  to  be  guaranteed. 
In  basic  slag,  of  the  total  phosphoric 
acid,  80  per  cent,  ought  to  be  soluble 
in  citrate  solution.  The  potash  salts, 
both  muriate  and  sulphate,  contain 
50  per  cent,  actual  potash,  and  when 
purchased  in  the  original  sacks  (225 
lbs.),  with  lead  seal  attached,  the 
purchaser  may  be  confident  that  the 
goods  are  genuine. 


Type    of    Subsoil    Plow. 

Never  Mix 

Farmyard  manure  and  lime. 
Guano  and  lime. 
Guano  and  basic  slag. 
Nitrate  and  superphosphate. 
Sulphates  and  slag. 
Superphosphate  and  slag. 
Lime  with  sulphate  of  ammonia. 


40 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Artificial  Fertilizer  Losses. 

Where  a  farmer's  system  of  man- 
agement does  not  provide  suflBcient 
stable  manure  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  soil,  or  there  are  fields 
where  barnyard  manure  cannot  be  ap- 
plied, the  use  of  animal  and  chemical 
fertilizers  is  to  be  recommended. 
Such  materials  as  dried  blood,  tank- 
age and  finely  ground  bone  meal  and 
potassium  fertilizers  will  benefit  a 
variety  of  soils  and  make  valuable 
fields  that  would  be  otherwise  useless. 
When  bone  meal  is  of  a  reliable  char- 
acter there  is  no  cheaper  source  of 
nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid. 
Indirect   Fertilizers. 

Indirect  fertilizers  are  those  which 
do  not  in  themselves  supply  plant 
food,  but  whose  chief  value  depends 
upon  the  ability  they  possess  of 
changing  the  insoluble  and  unavail- 
able potash  and  phosphoric  acid  into 
available  forms. 

Gypsum  lime,  common  salt,  are  of 
this  nature-  These  should  be  used  in 
moderatioL.  One  to  one-half  tons  per 
acre  at  intervals  of  five  to  six  years 
would  be  a  safe  application  of  lime. 
Direct  Fertilizers. 

There  are  those  which  contribute 
directly  to  the  growth  of  plants.  They 
may  contain  either  nitrogen,  phos- 
phoric acid  or  potash,  or  all  or  any 
two  of  these. 

Nitrogen  fertilizers,  nitrate  of 
soda,    sulphate    of    ammonia,    dried 


■:»■- 


blood  and  calcium  cyanamlde,  are  the 
most  important  and  pure. 

Potash,  muriate  of  potash  and  sul- 
phate of  "potash.  Former  contains 
50%  and  latter  Z5"/o  potash.  Both 
are  soluble  and  immediately  avail- 
able. 

Phosphatic,  ground  rock  and  super- 
phosphate are  those  most  readily 
available. 

Thomas  phosphate,  bone  meal, 
bone  ash,  bone  black,  meat  scrap, 
tankage,  are  materials  containing 
more  than  one  nutrient  and  their 
value,  whilst  not  Immediate,  will 
spread  over  a  fairly  large  period  of 
time  when"  made  available  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  soil  acids.  Therefore  it 
is  reasonable  to  believe  that  an  appli- 
cation of  fertilizers,  giving  different 
sources  of  the  same  needed  element, 
and  thus  becoming  available  at  a  dif- 
ferent period  of  growth,  will  have  a 
good  and  valuable  effect  on  the  grow- 
ing crop. 

To  obtain  this  result,  the  fertilizers 
made  up  of  the  by-products  of 
slaughter  houses,  etc.,  in  Canada  will 
produce  favorable  results.  Purchased 
from  reliable  firms,  animal  fertilizers 
living  up  to  the  professed  analysis 
have  good  value  for  the  purchaser, 
and  where  their  presence  is  needed 
are  to  be  lecommended. 

Mineral  fertilizers  such  as  potash, 
nitrate  of  soda,  acid  phosphate,  etc., 
are  all  beneficial  and  reliable. 


::y ;\::-}  ■■[:■■■■:]■■  •.■'■i^r^^^^;^^^ 


This    Illustrates   the   value    of   using    diff  erent    sources    of    same    element    needed 
In  fertility,  thus  giving   plant  food  throu  ghout   growing   season. 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


41 


Practice  of  Farm  Drainage. 


Many  of  the  farm  lands  in  Canada 
are  well  drained  naturally,  but  others 
are  low  lying  and  must  be  partly  or 
entirely  artific^ly  underdrained,  or 
else  remain  w^  and  otherwise  incap- 
able of  full  production.  The  practice 
of  underdraining  is  now  receiving  bet- 
ter attention  than  heretofore,  but 
many  farmers  are  not  availing  them- 
selves of  its  benefits  for  two  chief 
reasons:  (1)  Lack  of  sufficient  know- 
ledge of  drainage  operations;  (2)  in- 
sufficient knowledge  of  the  cost. 

Again,  there  are  lands  that  are  so 
constituted  physically  as  not  to  need 
artificial  draining.     The  following  are 
the  chief  costs  for  vnderdrainage: 
Cost  of  Drainage  (Ontario.) 

The  cost  of  drainage  varies  with  the 
conditions.  With  convenient  outlet, 
clean  soil,  in  the  early  summer  while 
the  earth  is  still  soft,  drains  can  be 
put  in  at  from  30  to  40  cents  a  rod, 
tile  included,  but  later  in  the  summer 
or  in  digging  that  is  difficult  from  the 
nature  of  the  soil,  they  may  cost  any- 
where from  50  to  75  cents.  PracticfU 
ditchers  sometimes  charge  even  mor<' 
than  this,  but  these  estimates  are 
based  on  operations  of  which  we  have 
actual  knowledge.  We  know  of  one 
ten-acre  field  being  drained  four  rods 
apart  at  a  total  cost  of  $14.50  an  acre. 
Previous  to  this  it  was  the  wettest 
field  on  the  farm,  was  never  sown 
earlier  than  June,  never  gave  more 
than  a  half  crop,  and  often  not  that, 
and  would  grow  only  timothy  and  oats. 
Since  being  drained  it  is  the  second 
driest  field  on  the  farm,  has  never 
but  once  been  sowed  later  than  April, 
always  gives  a  full  crop,  and  wili 
grow  successfully  anything  that  can 
be  grown  on  the  high  land  of  the  farm. 
It  is  a  pleasure  to  work  the  field  now. 
If  the  reader  will  just  figure  out  the 
difference  in  value  between  a  half 
cfop  of  oats  or  timothy  and  a  full 
crop  of  wheat  or  other  grain,  he  will 
find  that  those  drains  were  not  long  m 
paying  for  themselves.  This  drainage 
was  done  twelve  or  fifteen  years  ago 
when  labor  was  cheaper  than  now,  but 
on  the  other  hand  the  drains  were  put 
closer  together  than  most  soils  de- 
mand. Perhaps  $17  to  $20  per  acre 
would  fairly  represent  the  cost  per 
acre,  in  average  conditions  at  the 
present  time. — Drainage  Department. 
Guelph,  Ont. 


Depth   and   Distance  Apart, 

A  mistake  that  some  often  make  Is 
that  of  putting  their  drains  too  shal- 
low. This  arises  from  not  understand- 
ing fully  the  action  and  function  of 
the  drain.  To  begin  with,  why  is  it 
necessary  to  drain?  Because  the  roots 
of  plants  cannot  live  and  thrive  in  soil 
containing  excessive  water.  This 
being  so,  we  must  next  ask  how  deep 
do  the  roots  naturally  go  in  the  soil 
where  the  conditions  as  to  drainage 
are  perfect?  If  they  go  six  inches 
only,  then  it  is  sufficient  to  drain  our 
soil  on  the  surface  alone.  If  they  go 
three  feet  deep,  then  for  best  results 
we  must  drain  three  feet  deep.  But, 
again,  how  deep  do  they  go?  This 
varies  somewhat  with  the  crop,  but 
the  roots  of  com,  winter  wheat,  oats, 
barley  and  clover,  some  of  our  staple 
crops,  penetrate  at  least  from  three 
to  four  feet  in  average  field  conditions. 
Then  how  deep  should  we  drain?  PYom 
three  to  four  feet  in  order  that  the 
roots  of  these  crops  may  have  full  op- 
portunity to  penetrate  the  soil.  It 
may  be  suggested  that  two  feet  would 
be  sufficient  for  the  early  needs  of  the 
crop,  and  that  as  the  season  advanced 
the  water  would  naturally  recede  far- 
ther below,  thus  giving  the  roots 
plenty  of  space.  This  argument  would 
have  sdbie  weight  but  for  one  fact: 
the  "water-table"  in  drained  land  is 
not  level,  but  curved.  If,  in  a  field 
that  is  underdrained,  one  were  to  dig 
a  series  of  holes  four  feet  deep  every 
ten  feet  between  two  drains,  and  if 
after  a  heavy  rain  he  were  to  ob- 
serve the  water  in  the  holes  for  a 
day  or  two,  he  woiJd  find  that  In  a 
very  short  time  no  water  remained  in 
the  hole  at  either  drain,  but  the  one 
situated  midway  between  the  drains 
would  stand  full  for  a  long  time,  and 
the  others  would  have  less  and  less 
in  them  as  he  approached  the  drains, 
thus  showing  that  the  water-table  is  a 
curved  surface,  beginning  at  either 
di-ain  and  rising  between.  How  fast 
does  it  rise?  That  varies  with  the  soil 
and  with  the  time  since  rain.  In  a 
clay  in  fairly  good  condition,  when 
flow  in  drains  begins  to  lessen,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  water  rises  1  foot  In 
about  25:  in  loam,  1  foot  in  33;  lA 
lighter  soils  the  rise  will  be  slower 
still.  The  closer  the  drains  are  to- 
gether the  less  the  height  of  the  crest 


42 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


of  the  water-fable  above  the  drains; 
the  farther  apart,  the  higher  the  crest ; 
hence  the  closer  the  drains  are  to- 
gether the  shallower  they  may  be;  the 
farther  they  are  apart,  the  deeper  they 
must  be.  The  depth  and  distance 
apart  must  be  so  chosen  that  midway 
between  the  drains  the  soil  will  be 
drained  a  foot  and  a  half  or  two  feet 
within  forty-eight  hours  after  rain,  for 
if  the  roots  are  submerged  longer  than 
this,  they  begin  to  suffer.  zVpnlying 
the  gradients  of  1  foot  in  25  for  clay 
and  1  foot  in  33  for  loam,  we  arrive  at 
the  general  conclusion  that  if  drains 
are  from  3  to  3^^  feet  deep,  they 
should  be  placed  from  50  to  tJ6  feet 
apart  in  clay  ox  clay  loam,  and  from 
75  to  100  feet  apart  in  lighter  soils. 
But  this  is  only  a  genertil  conclusion, 
and  judgment  must  be  used  in  each 
Individual  case. 

Course  of  Proceaure  Under  the  Ditches 
and  Watercourses  Act. 

Before  any  recourse  is  haa  to  legal 
procedure,  the  parties  concerned  in  a 
drain  affecting  two  or  more  owners 
should  get  together  informally  and  en- 
deavor to  agree  on  some  apportion 
ment  of  the  labor  and  expense  of  con- 
struction and  maintenance.  ^Yhen 
such  meeting  and  agreement  are  not 
possible,  then  legal  proceedings  be- 
come necessary.  The  first  legal  step 
in  the  adjustment  of  a  dispute  about 
drainage  matters  is  the  formal  callin*? 
of  a  meeting  of  all  parties  interested. 
This  meeting  is  to  be  called  by  him 
who  requires  the  construction  of  the 
drain.  He  must  serve  notices  in  writ- 
ing upon  all  concerned,  appointing  a 
day,  hour  and  place  convenient  to  the 
site  of  the  ditch,  at  which  all  the 
owners  are  to  meet  and  estimate  the 
cost  of  the  ditch,  and  agree  if  possible 
upon  the  apportionment  of  the  work, 
and  supply  of  material  for  construc- 
tion among  the  several  owners  accord- 
ing to  their  respective  interests 
therein,  and  settle  the  proportions 
in  which  the  ditch  shall  be  main- 
tained; the  notices  shall  be  served 
not  less  than  twelve  clear  days  before 
the  time  named  therein  for  meeting 
(R.S.O.,  1897,  c  285,  s.  8.) 

Blank  forms  for  the  notices  are 
given  in  the  Act,  a  copy  of  which  maj 
be  had  from  the  clerk  of  the  munici- 
pality. Notices  may  be  served  person- 
ally or  by  leaving  them  at  the  place 
of  the  owner  or  occupant,  with  a 
i?rown-up  person  residing  thereat,  and 


in  case  of  non-residents  then  upon  the 
agent  of  the  owner,  or  by  registered 
letter  to  the-  owner  at  the  post  office 
nearest  to  his  last  known  place  of 
residence.  (R.S.O.  1897,  c.  285,  s.  15.) 
In  case  an  agreement  is  arrived  at, 
it  shall  be  reduced  tc^  writing,  signed 
by  all  the  owners,  and  within  six  days 
be  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the  munici- 
pality, when  it  becomes  as  binding  as 
the  award  of  an  engineer,  and  may 
be  enforced  in  like  manner  (R.S.O. . 
c.  285,  s.  13  (1).  But  such  amicable 
settlement  at  this  stage  will  seldom 
need  enforcement,  as  the  parties 
thereto  will,  of  their  own  accord,  ful- 
fil their  parts,  and  no  further  proceed- 
ings will  be  necessary. 

In  case  an  agreement  is  not  arrived 
at,  either  at  the  meeting  or  within  five 
days  thereafter,  then  the  owner  re- 
quiring the  ditdh  may  file  with  the 
clerk  of  the  municipality  a  declara- 
tion of  ownership  of  his  land  and  also 
a  requisition  naming  all  the  parcels 
of  land  to  be  affected  by  the  ditch  and 
the  respective  owners  thereof,  and  re- 
questing that  the  engineer  appointed 
by  the  municipality  be  asked  to  ap- 
point a  time  and  place  in  the  locality 
of  the  proposed  ditch  at  which  he  will 
attend  (R.S.O.  1897,  c.  285,  s.  14),  and 
examine  the  locality;  and  if  he  deems 
it  proper,  or  if  requested  by  any  of  the 
owners,  he  may  examine  the  owners 
and  their  witnesses  present,  and  may 
administer  an  oath  or  affirmation  to 
any  witness  examined  by  him  (R.S.O 
1897,  c  285,  s.  16  (1).  Within  thirty 
days  after  his  attendance  the  engineer 
will  make  his  award  in  writing,  appor- 
tioning the  work  and  the  furnishing  of 
the  material  among  the  lands  affected 
and  the  owners  thereof,  according  to 
his  estimate  of  their  respective  inter- 
ests in  the  ditch,  fixing  the  time  for 
the  performance  by  the  respective 
owners,  and  apportioning  the  main- 
taining of  the  ditch,  so  that  as  far  as 
practicable  each  owner  shall  maintain 
the  portion  on  his  own  land.  (R.S.O. 
1897,  c.  285,  s.  16  (1).  In  case  the 
work  apportioned  to  any  owner- is  not 
completed  in  the  allotted  time,  the  en- 
gineer may  let  the  contract  for  its 
performance  to  the  lowest  bidder,  the 
expense  chargeable  to  the  land  of  the 
defaulting  owner.  (R.S.O.  1897,  c.  285, 
s.  28.) 

Thus  we  see  that  a  man  is  bound 

to  give  outlet  for  the  natural'  drainage 

^  water  from  his  neighbor's  farm,  and, 

-*^not  only  so,  he  is  liable  for  cost  of 


SOILS  AND  CROPS. 


43 


construction  and  maintenance  in  pro- 
portion to  the  benefit  he  may  be  ad- 
judged by  the  engineer  to  derive  from 
the  drain.    The  man  who  requires  the 


outlet  must  not  forget,  however,  that 
he,  too,  is  liable  for  outlet  expense  in 
proportion  to  his  interest  in  said  out- 
let. 


Table   of   Size    of   Tile    Pipe   of    Main    Drain    (McConnell). 


Fall. 


Acres  Drained. 


3-inch 

4-inch 

6-inch 

8-inch 

10-inch 

12-inch 

tile. 

tile. 

tile. 

tile. 

Ule. 

tile. 

1  foot  in 

20    ... 

18.6 

26.8 

74.4 

150.0 

270.0 

426.0 

30    ... 

15.1 

21.8 

60.4 

128.0 

220.8 

346.0 

1 

40    ... 

12.9 

18.6 

51.6 

108.8 

189.6 

298.4 

1 

50    ... 

11.9 

17.0 

47.7 

98.0 

170.4 

269.0 

1 

60    ... 

10.9 

15.6 

43.4 

90.0 

156.0 

246.0 

1 

70    ... 

10.0 

14.5 

39.9 

83.0 

144.4 

228.1 

1 

80   ... 

9.3 

13.4 

37.2 

77.0 

135.0 

213.0 

1        " 

90    ... 

8.1 

12.6 

35.0 

72.5 

127.0 

200.5 

1 

100    ... 

7.3 

11.9 

33.1 

69.2 

120.6 

190.5 

150    .  .  . 

6.7 

9.5 

26.6 

56.0 

97.3 

154.4 

200    ... 

5.7 

8.2 

22.8 

48.0 

83.9 

132.5 

250    . .  . 

5.1 

7.5 

20.4 

42.4 

74.4 

117.0 

300    .  .  . 

4.6 

6.9 

18.4 

38.2 

65.5 

107.0 

1 

400    ... 

4.1 

5.9 

16.5 

32.6 

60.3 

90.7 

1 

500    ... 

3.7  * 

5.2 

14.8 

30.1 

54.0 

81.6 

600    .  .  . 

3.3 

4.7 

13.3 

28.0 

48.6 

74.0 

soo  .  .  . 

2.9 

4.1 

11.4 

24.0 

41.9 

65.0 

1000    .  .  . 

2.6 

3.7 

10.2 

21.2 

37.2 

56.0 

1        " 

1500    ... 

2.1 

3.0 

8.5 

16.8 

30.8 

47.0 

1        " 

2000    ... 

1.9 

2.8 

7.4 

15.0 

25.0 

40.8 

Suppose  a  man  has  12  acres  to  drain  and  the  slope  of  his  main  is  1  foot  in 
600,  then  we  look  down  the  list  of  falls  till  we  find  1  foot  in  600  and  follow 
this  line  to  the  right.  A  3-inch  tile  would  not  do;  it  drains  only  3.3  acres.  A 
4-inch  tile  drains  only  4.7  acres.  A  5-inch  tile,  not  given,  but  probably  drains 
about  7  to  9  acres.  A  6-inch  tile  fills  the  bill,  as  it  is  capable  of  draining  13.3 
acres.  The  size  to  use  for  any  other  slope  is  determined  in  the  same  way. 
This  rule  applies  to  the  submains  and  laterals  as  well  as  to  mains.  Owing  to 
the  great  amount  of  friction  in  small  tile  compared  with  the  volume  of  water 
they  can  carrj^  they  are  much  more  likely  to  clog  with  sediment  than  are  the 
larger  ones,  so  much  so  indeed  that  a  2-inch  tile  should  never  be  used  except 
on  a  steep  grade.    They  are  almost  sure  to  clog  in  time  on  a  slow  grade. 


Machine  Ditching. 


Machine  ditching  in  farm  under- 
drainage  work  has  come  to  stay,  but 
unfortunately  not  enough  attention  has 
been  paid  to  the  possibilities  of  in- 
creased agricultural  profits  in  these 
valuable  assistants  and  labor-savers  in 
reclaiming  and  improving  farm  prop- 
erty. There  are  several  good  reason.^ 
why  more  machines  are  not  in  opera- 
tion, and  to  mention  a  few  of  these 
will  not  be  out  of  place.  First,  a  trac- 
tion ditcher  is  a  very  expensive  ma- 
chine; second,  it  is  a  very  complicated 
piece  of  machinery;  and  third,  to  op- 
erate one  successfully  a  good  mechanic 
is  required;   one  who  is  gifted  with  a 


saving  sense  of  humor,  much  patience, 
and  who  is  constantly  on  the  alert  to 
avoid  trouble.  Experience  is  practi- 
cally the  only  teacher  in  this  business. 
The  modern  gasoline  traction 
ditcher  of  reliable  make  is  a  wonder 
of  efficiency,  power  and  mechanism, 
built  to  stand  almost  anything,  yet  re- 
quiring delicate  handling  to  avoid 
trouble.  Owing  to  the  number  of  op- 
erations performed  at  one  time  a  large 
number  of  bearings,  pulleys  and 
sprocket  wheels  are  necessary,  and 
these  require  constant  attention  to 
keep  bolts  tight  and  bearings  and 
chains  well  oiled.     A  book  would  be 


44 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


required  to  enumerate  the  various 
snags  a  beginner  will  encounter,  so  it 
is  not  possible  to  go  into  details  here. 
The  machine,  though  weighing  several 
tons,  will  travel  over  the  softest 
ground,  and  the  writer  has  ditched  and 
made  a  good  job  in  absolutely  new 
land,  between  stumps  and  over  hills 
and  hummocks  of  varying  size.  Tree 
roots  cause  no  trouble,  neither  do  old 
logs,  no  matter  how  large  or  tough, 
and  even  buried  pine  stumps,  the 
toughest  of  all,  can  be  torn  out  with- 
out the  least  trouble.  However,  lest 
readers  might  imagine  that  nothing 
causes  a  stop,  it  is  well  to  mention  a 
very  bad  enemy  to  these  machines — 
boulders  and  large  stones.  Through- 
out Wellington,  Bruce  and  Grey  coun- 
ties there  are  few  places  where  stones 
are  not  encountered,  and  even  if  they 
cannot  be  seen  quite  often  a  big  fel- 
low is  unearthed  three  feet  be- 
low the  surface.  Stones  increase  the 
cost  of  ditching  by  fully  25  per  cent., 
and  for  this  reason  prices  in  stony  dis- 
tricts are  often  rather  high.  However, 
stones  do  not  prevent  work,  and  good 
work  being  done  at  that,  but  very  ma- 
terially increase  the  difficulties  of  the 
operator.  Wherever  stones  are  likely 
to  be  encountered  only  the  heaviest 
type  6f  machine  can  be  used  with  suc- 
cess; others  will  prove  a  heart-break. 
The  writer  has  operated  a  20  horse- 
power 5V2'  X  8'  machine  for  several 
seasons  in  stones  quite  successfully. 

The  gross  cost  of  operating  one  of 
these  machines  is  very  hard  to  give 
accurat#ly  to  suit  all  conditions.  How- 
ever, the  writer  will  give  his  experi- 
ence in  hard,  dry,  and  sometimes 
stoney  ground  for  the  season  of  1914. 
The  total,  per  rod,  allowing  for  gaso- 
liner  repairs,  oil,  wages,  depreciation 
of  machine,  and  interest  on  money, 
etc.,  was  25c  for  an  average  depth  of 
three  feet.  This,  of  course,  allows  for 
no  profit  for  the  owner.  Experience, 
larger  jobs  and  better  digging,  reduce 
this  cost  very  considerably,  but  the 
owner  must  not  calculate  too  closely 
on  his  estimates,  for  if  there  is  not  one 
thing  there  is  another.  Mother  Earth 
is  full  of  surprises  a  few  feet  below 
the  ground  surface.  Machines  equipped 
with  caterpillar  traction  wheels  are 
very  slow  movers,  and  consequently 
small  jobs  far  apart  are  not  profitable, 
owing  to  the  cost  of  moving.  Until 
farmers  realize  that  the  cost  of  ma- 
chine work  is  very  largely  increased 
by  much  moving,  there   will  not  be 


much  reduction  in  prices,  which  are 
now  35c.  per  rod  for  a  3-foot  ditch. 
With  government  aid  at  their  hand 
there  is  no  excuse  for  farmers  not 
making  their  jobs  a  good  size,  when 
they  have  it  to  do,  and  thereby  saving 
money  for  themselves  and  increasing 
the  profit  to  the  machine  ditcher. 
Hand  labor  does  not  figure  much  in 
underdrainage  work,  except  in  some  lo- 
calities. When  the  excellence  of  ma- 
chine work  becomes  thoroughly  recog- 
nized the  professional  ditcher  will  lose 
his  job.  Particularly  at  this  crisis  in 
national  affairs  is  machine  work  so 
necessary.  Every  available  man  from 
the  country  districts  has  been  called 
to  the  colors,  and  if  it  wasn't  for  the 
machines  very  little  underdraining 
would  be  done  until  the  war  is  over. 
Laying  aside  the  labor  consideration 
the  great  value  of  the  traction  ditcher 
lies  in  the  fact  that  with  it  a  large 
tract  can  be  underdrained  in  a  very 
short  time  which  otherwise  would 
take  months  or  even  years  of  hard 
labor.  The  farmer  is  thus  enabled  to 
reap  the  benefit  of  this  reclaimed  land 
the  next  season  and  thereafter,  where- 
as if  he  depended  on  hand  labor  it 
might  never  be  done  or  would  take 
years  to  realize  the  same  profit  if 
waiting  to  have  it  done  by  hand.  In 
the  writer's  experience  work  done  by 
hand  is  often  poorly  graded  and  much 
too  shallow  to  be  really  efficient. 

In  the  future  practically  all  ditching 
operations  in  Ontario  will  be  done  by 
machinery,  and  as  farmers  become 
more  educated  to  the  value  of  under- 
draining  these  machines  will  fill  a 
very  large  place  in  agricultural  work. 
Therefore,  it  behooves  those  who  have 
a  large  amount  of  such  work  to  do  to 
investigate  for  themselves,  and  if  they 
have  the  necessary  capital  and  can 
handle  the  machine  to  invest  in  one, 
feeling  confident  that  it  will  do  the 
work  and  do  it  right.— A.  Hutchinson. 


Steep   Mouldboard  Plow. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


45 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN 


THAT    REMINDS    ME! 
January. 

Get  the  idea  of  a  better  garden  this 
year.  Don't  plant  more  than  you  can 
care  for. 

Make  a  careful  study  of  fertilizers, 
sprays  and  varieties. 

Seeds  to  sow  in  the  greenhouse  or 
house  are:  Lobelia,  pansy,  verbena, 
marguerite,  carnation,  snap  dragon, 
petunia,  forget-me-nots,  daisy,  salvia, 
canna. 

Harvest  the  ice  crop  this  month. 

Top  dress  the  bare  lawn  with  short 
manure. 

Don't  let  the  indoor  work  be  neg- 
lected. 

Cut  your  scions  for  spring  grafting, 
and  cut  always  from  bearing  wood. 
Pack  in  moist  sand  in  the  cellar. 


Plan  your  garden  on  paper  and  draw 
to  a  scale. 

February. 

Sow  now  in  flat  boxes  in  the  win- 
dow. For  the  autumn,  scarlet  sage  or 
salvia.  To  fill  gaps  in  the  perennial 
border,  single  dahlias.  For  hanging 
baskets,  the  cigar  plant.  For  May 
bloom  indoors.  Ten  weeks  stock.  To 
cover  the  permanent  bulb  beds  after 
the  spring  flowers  have  gone,  ver- 
benas. For  edging  the  walks,  tufted 
pansies. 

For  a  trailing  vine  for  window 
boxes,  variegated  periwinkle. 

For  an  annual  porch  vine  to  fill  in 
early,  coboea  seanders. 

For  big  color  mass  in  September, 
plant  now  cosmos. 

For  summer  bed  on  north  side,  tub- 
erous begonias.  For  fresh  vegetables 
in  May,  sow  in  hot-bed:   Cauliflower, 


RENNIE'S 


GARDEN 
SEED 


BOOK 


Ready 

Toniio«*v7    1  of   ^'•^^^s  ^^^  Bulbs.    You  need  it, 
January    ISl   for  free  copy — to-day. 


For  47  years  the  leading  authority  on 
Vegetable,    Flower   and    Farm   Seeds, 

Send 


For 
1916 


It  describes  more  than  1,500  of  the  best  variety  of  Vegetables,  Flowers, 
Shrubs,  Vines,  Fruits,  and  hardy  plants  suitable  for  all  parts  of  Canada — 
scores  of  varieties  of  Asters,  Pansies,  Petunias,  Phlox,  Sweet  Peas, 
climbing  and  dwarf  Roses,  Dahlias,  Gladiolus,  Paeonies,  and  Phlox  Plants, 
etc.,  for  beautifying  the  home  grounds. 


WM.    RENNIE  CO.,  Limited 


Adelaide  and  Jarvis  St., 


TORONTO 


ALSO  AT 

190  McGIII  St.,  Montreal 

394  Portage  Ave.,  Winnipeg 

1138  Homer  St.,  Vancouver 


46 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


khol  rabi,   lettuce,   radish,   leeks  and 
onions. 

Start  early  celery  about  the  15th  in 
hot-beds. 

March. 

Haul  out  and  spread  manure  in  the 
garden  whilst  the  ground  is  still 
frozen. 

Order  your  seeds,  trees,  tools,  etc., 
now  and  avoid  the  late  rush. 

Dig  out  perennial  weeds  in  the  lawn 
and  sow  fresh  seed  in  the  bare  spots. 

Graft  apple  and  pear  trees,  cut  off 
strawberry  runners,  and  for  the  win- 
ter mulch  of  manure. 

Manure  rhubarb  and  asparagus. 

Trim  out  old  berry  canes,  cut  out  all 
wood  except  last  year's  new  growth. 

Overhaul  your  implements. 

Consult  spray  calendar. 

Plant  late  celery  in  hot-beds  not 
later  than  the  15th. 

April. 

Plant  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 

Plant  hardy  roses  about  the  25th, 
pruning  rather  severely. 

As  soon  as  ground  can  be  worked 
plant  sweet  and  garden  peas.  Use 
sifted  ashes  to  make  the  garden  work- 
able. 

Uncover  and  rake  the  bulb  beds. 

Sow  seeds  of  hardy  vegetables,  all 
except  beans,  corns,  vines  and  the  to- 
mato family. 

Plant  onion  sets  and  early  potatoes. 

Transplant  hardy  vegetables  from 
cold  frame  to  garden,  especially  cab- 
bage and  cauliflower. 

Divide  and  rearrange  perennials  and 
share  with  your  neighbor. 

Take  particular  care  of  the  hot  beds 
and  cold  frames,  on  account  of  sud- 
den showers,  hail,  frost,  heat  and  cold. 
It  takes  careful  watching  to  prevent 
spindly  plants,  drying  and  burning. 

Start  cannas  out  of  doors  by  April 
1st,  and  the  early  crop  of  gladiolas 
and  dahlias. 

Spray  roses  with  whale  oil  soap  the 
last  of  April. 

May. 

Look  out  for  frost!  Don't  plant  ten- 
der vegetables  or  bedding  plants  until 
after  the  latest  frost  date.  The  tender 
vegetables  are:  com,  beans,  eggplant, 
cucumbers,  melons,  peppers,  okra, 
pumpkin,  squash,  sweet  potato  and  to- 
matoes. 

PerhapB  try  a  few  hills  of  corn  the 


beginning  of  the  month  for  the  extra 
early  crop,  and  if  frost  threatens  cover 
up  with  newspapers. 

Trust  to  the  cold  frame  for  early 
vegetables. 

Take  a  look  to  the  spray  calendar  in 
this  chapter.  The  apples  and  pears 
need  attention. 

June. 

Make  an  outdoor  seed  bed  and  sow. 
vegetables  and  flowers  for  fall  use. 
Put  brush  on  the  beds,  to  keep  off 
the  chickens,  etc.  Lay  newspapers 
over  the  top  and  sprinkle  every  day 
until  the  plants  are  up. 

Pot  strawberry  runners  before  July 
1st,  to  get  plants  for  fall  sets. 

Keep  the  hoes  and  cultivators  busy. 

Thin,  weed  and  cultivate  vegetables 
and  flowers. 

Get  after  the  cut  worms  with  pois- 
oned bran  mash.  Keep  out  the  chick- 
ens. Make  a  second  sowing  of  annu- 
als, marigolds,  phlox,  calliopsis,  Cali- 
fornia poppy,  zinneas,  pansies,  nas- 
turtiums, candytuft,  mignonette.  Trim 
the  hedges.  Plant  dahlias  and  gladi- 
oli. Prune  all  shrubs  that  are  done 
flowering  by  thinning  out  old  wood. 
Look  to  the  bad  spots  and  weeds  in 
the  lawn. 

July. 

Get  after  the  weeds  in  the  heat  of 
the  day. 

Pinch  the  ends  of  the  squash  and 
melon  vines,  and  dig  in  some  un- 
leached  wood  ashes.  Potash  is  the 
most  needy  fruit  making  element. 

Destroy  strawberry  plants  after 
they  have  borne  two  crops.  Pot  run- 
ners before  July  1st. 

Don't  pick  the  cherries  when  they 
are  dewy  or  rainy. 

Remove  the  suckers  from  the  fruit 
trees  as  fast  as  they  form. 

To  obtain  a  record  crop  of  roses  cut 
back  the  hybrid  perpetuals  after  the 
June  bloom  is  over.  Cultivate  and 
manure,  cut  back  about  six  inches. 

Pinch  chrysanthemums,  cosmos 
and  dahlias,  make  them  compact,  and 
full  of  flowers. 

Get  busy  looking  up  your  bulbs. 

August. 

Buy  your  potted  strawberry  -plants. 
Your  seedsman  should  be  able  to  sup- 
ply a  midsummer  sales  list. 

Start  perennials  from  seed.  Sow  in 
cold  frame. 

Plant  evergreens  to  avoid  the  spring 
rush.     See  that  they  have  a  perfect 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


47 


PEDLARS'  Famous  "  George  " 
ShiBgles,  size  24x24  inches 


Pedlar's  "PERFECT"  Products  for  Permanent  Farm  Construction 


Farm  Building  materials  can  be  no  better  than  the  brains  with  which 
they  are  built.    In  each  one  of 

PEDLAR'S    "PERFECT"    PRODUCTS  f 

you  use  on  your  farm  buildings  or  home,  you  have  the  benefit  of  fifty- 
five  years  in  making  sheet  metal  building  materials  for  the  farm. 

Pedlar's  "George"  or  "Oshawa"  lock  on  all  four  sides  make  a  Water 
Proof,  Lightning  Proof,  Storm  Proof,  and  Fire  Proof  Roof  for  your  barns 
or  outbuildings. 

"Perfect"  Corrugated  Iron  Siding  makes  a  permanent  covering  for  the 
sides  of  your  buildings. 

Pedlar's  "Superior"  Ventilators  provide  for  ample  ventilation  in  your 
barns  at  a  moderate  price. 

Pedlar's  "Perfect"  Granaries  provide  safe  storage  for  your  grains, 
besides  being  in  portable  fireproof  sections  easily  erected  at  any  part 
of  your  farm. 

Pedlar's  "Perfect"  Silo  Roof,  made  in  two  styles — Single  Pitch  and 
Hip  Roof — are  supplied  complete  with  wood  rafters  and  metal  covering, 
Gothic  Window  and  Blower  Hole,  supplied  with  each  silo  as  part  of 
equipment. 

Ask  us  to  send  the  C.  F.  Pamphlets  on  each  of  these  lines,  which  bring 
you   much   valuable  information   for  farm   building  improvement. 

Turn  to  the  inside  back  cover  for  the  announcement  of  Pedlar's  Steel 
Brace  "Wardle  Patent"  Barn. 

MADE    IN   CANADA. 

The  Pedlar  People,  Limited 

■Established  1861. 

Executive    Offices    and    Factories.    OSHAWA,    ONT. 

Branches:    Montreal,   Ottawa,  Toronto.    London,   Winnipeg. 


48 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


ball  of  roots.  Plant  bulbs  out  of  doors 
for  next  spring  and  in  pots  for  Christ- 
mas biooms. 

'Sow  early  variety  of  beans  twice 
this  month. 

Salsify  now  sown  and  left  untouched 
until  next  spring  will  be  large  and 
delicious. 


Apple    Bud    Ready    for    Main    Spraying. 
September. 

Clean  up,  bum  all  litter  infested 
with  disease  or  insects.  Get  straw, 
etc.,  ready  to  cover  half  tender  plants 
on  approacn  of  frost.  Clean  out  the 
store  rooms  and  cellars. 

Take  cuttings  of  tender  bedding 
plants  that  will  give  stock  for  propa- 
gating in  early  spring. 

Wateh  for  early  frosts. 

Glean  up  vines  from  melon  beds  as 
soon  as  they  are  frosted. 

Watch  the  field  corn  for  harvesting; 
also  root  crops,  except  parsnips  and 
salsify. 

Save  20  days  on  next  season's 
onions  by  sowing  the  seed  now. 

Put  cut  your  peonies  and  plant  your 
daffodils. 

Sow  in  cover  crop  on  all  vacant 
land  as  soon  as  possible.  Plow  heavy 
soil  and  rich  up.  Manure  all  level 
land. 

October. 

Good  time  to  plant  deciduous  plants 
and  shrubs,  except  those  with  thin 
barks  and  fleshy  roots,  such  as  the 
birch,  magnolia. 

Cleau  up  and  bum  all  diseased 
plants.  Keep  on  plowing  and  manur- 
ing. 

Plant  every  kind  of  bulb  root  and 
tuber  now. 

Bum  the  asparagus  tops  and  man- 
ure the  bed.  Set  out  new  asparagus 
bed  and  plant  sets  of  extra  onions 
for  use  in  the  spring. 

Put  some  frozen  rhubarb  roots  In  a 
tub  of  earth  in  your  cellar,  and  pro- 


duce rhubarb  for  pies  In  the  winter 
months. 

Blanch  endive  by  tying  lightly  at 
the  tips. 

Pull  up  cabbage;  leave  roots  on  and 
stand  upside  down  on  cellar  shelf. 

Rake  up  leaves  and  use  as  mulch 
for  flowers  and  shrubs. 

November. 

Clean  up  all  diseased  and  insect  in- 
fested rubbish;  put  away  your  tools; 
get  everything  covered  up  for  winter. 

Start  the  mushroom  bed.  Make 
your  compost  heap.  Procure  sods 
about  three  inches  thick,  pile  in  layers 
of  grass  side  down.  Between  layers 
of  sod  put  a  layer  of  cow  manure,  one 
part  manure  to  three  of  sod.  Turn 
over  twice  during  winter.  Best  soil 
for  potting  plants.  Get  the  leaves 
ready  to  cover  over  the  bulb  beds,  but 
don't  cover  until  there  are  about  two 
inches  of  frost  in  the  ground.  Cover 
strawberries  two  to  three  inches  deep 
with  hay  or  straw. . 

December. 

Protect  your  new  fruit  trees  from 
mice  and  rabbits  by  the  use  of  tar 
paper  around  the  butts. 

Store  onions  in  dry  place — ^not  In 
the  cellar.  Spread  on  bam  floor,  let 
freeze  solid  and  then  cover. 

Winter  pruning  and  cleaning  may  be 
done  now. 

Paint  gypsy  moth  nests  with  creo- 
sote. Cut  and  burn  the  nest  of  brown 
tail  moths  and  the  black  knot  on 
cherry. 


Bordeaux    Injury    on    Apple. 


Cover  cold  frames  for  flowers  with 
straw  mats  and  shutters  at  night  time. 

Hydrangeas  in  the  green-house  for 
Easter  flowering  should  have  a  night 
temperature  gradually  increased  from 
45  to  65  degrees. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


49 


Farmer's  Best  Vegetables. 


Class  of  Veget- 
able. 


Aspaxagut 
Bean    


Beet 


Brussels   Sprouts. 
Cabbage    


Carrot    

Cauliflower 
Celery    .  •  •  • 

Corn,  sweet 


Cucumber  


Eggplant 
Koblrabi 


Leek 


Lettuce 


For  Commercial  Purposes. 


Muskmelon 


Melon,  water 
Onion    


Parsley 
Parsnip 


Peas 


Palmetto,  Colossal. 

Dwarf  Brittle  Wax,  Ward 
well's  Kidney  Wax,  String 
less  Green  Pod,  Valentine, 
Refugee,  Large  White  Mar- 
rowfat. 

Egyptian,     Crosby,     Eclipse, 

Long  Blood. 
Dalkeith. 
Early  Jersey  Wakefield,  Early 

Summer,  Winnlngstadt, 

Late    Flat    Dutch,    Danish 

Ball  Head,  Red  Rock,  Ver- 

tus  Savoy. 
Chanlenay,  Danvers,  Nantes 

Scarlet  Intermediate. 
Snowball,  Erfurt. 
White    Plume,   Paris   Golden 

Yellow,  Pascal. 
Early     White     Cory.      Early 

Giant,       Perry's       Hybrid, 

Countryman         Gentleman. 

Stoweli's  Evergreen. 
Early  White  Spine,  Arlington, 

Evergreen  White  Spine. 

Early  long  Purple,  New  York 
Improved. 

Early  White  Vienna.  Early 
Purple  Vienna. 

Broad-leaved  Flag,  Mussel- 
burgh. 

Grand  Rapids.  Nonpareil.  Big 
Boston,  Trianon  Cos. 

Extra  Early  Citron,  Emerald 
Gem,  Osage,  Palil  Rose, 
Rocky  Ford. 

Cuban  Queen,  Phinney's 
Early. 

Southport  Globe,  Yellow 
Globe  Danvers,  Ailsa  Craig, 
Prizetaker,  Red  Wethers- 
field,  and  for  pickling,  Sil- 
verskln. 

Triple  Moss  Curled. 

Hollow  Crown,  Guernsey,  El- 
combe's  Giant. 

Extra  Early,  Gradus,  Ameri- 
can Wonder,  Telephone, 
Heroine.  Stratas(?m,  various 

Marrowfats. 


For  Home  Gardens. 


Palmetto,  Argenteuil,  Colum- 
bian. 

Early  Golden  Wax,  Ward- 
well's  Kidney  Wax,  Valen- 
tine, bush  kinds;  Caseknife, 
Kentucky  Wonder,  pole 
beans;  Henderson's  Bush 
Lima. 

Egyptian,  Crimson  Globe,  De- 
troit Dark  Red. 

Dalkeith.  Hoi  bom. 

Jersey  Wakefield.  Glory  of 
Enkhuizen,  Winnlngstadt, 
Succession,  Late  Flat 
Dutch,  Chester  Savoy. 

Oxiheart,  Danvers,  Chantenay. 

Snowball,  Dry  Weather. 

Same,     For    a     pink,     Rose 

Ribbed  Paris. 

Black  Mexican.  Golden  Ban- 
tam, Peep-0-Day,  Stoweli's 
Evergreen. 

Early  White  Spine,  Cool  and 
Crisp,  Improved  Long 
Green,  Paris  Pickling. 

New  York  Improved,  Black 
Beauty. 

Same. 

Same. 

Black-seeded  curled  Simpson, 
Iceburg.  Big  Boston,  Tria- 
non Cos. 

Emerald  Gem,  Rocky  Ford. 


Cole's  Early,  Peerless.  For 
citron  use  Colorado. 

Danvers,  Southport,  White 
Globe,  Prizetaker,  Whit*» 
Queen.  Use  Dutch  sets  for 
green  onions. 

Same. 

Early  Round,  Hollow  Crown. 

Extra  EJarly,  Excelsior,  Stra- 
tagem, Gradus,  Heroine. 


50 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK.  , 


Class  of  Veget- 
able. 


Pepper 

Potato    

Pumpkm    . . 
Radish    

Rubaga    

Rhubarb    . . . 

Salsify    

Spinach    . . . 

Squash    

Swiss  Chard 
Tomato    

Turnip    


iFor  Commercial  Purposes, 


Neapolitaa,  Ruby  King,  Chin- 
ese Giant. 

Early  Ohio,  Irish  Cobbler, 
Carmen,  Deleware,  Rural 
New  Yorker. 

Sugar,  Winter  Luxury,  Con- 
necticut Field. 

Rosy  Grem,  Scarlet  Turnip, 
rooted  lor  forcing,  French 
Breakfast,  Chartier. 

Hazard's  Swede,  Canadian 
Gem, 

St.  Martin,  Linneaus. 

'Sanidwlch  Islands. 

Victoria  Bloomsdale,  Flan- 
ders. 

Bos'ton  Marrow,  various  Hub- 
bards,  Vegetable  Marrow. 

Lucullus. 

Earliana,  Chalk's  Jewel,  Igno- 
tum.  Stone,  Matchless,  Tro- 
phy, Plentiful. 

Snowball,  Early  Milan. 


For  Home  Gardens. 


Neapolitan,  Ruiby  King. 

Eureka,     Early    Ohio,    Dela- 
ware. 

Sugar,  Large  Cheese. 
Same  and  also  Icicle. 


Same.  These  are  Swede  tur- 
nips for  table  use. 

Same. 

Same. 

Victoria,  for  Spring  iSowing; 
New  Zealand,  for  midsum- 
mer. 

Bush  Scallop,  Essex  Hybrid, 
Warted  Hubbard. 

Same. 

Earliana,  Dwarf  Stone,  Sun- 
rise, Ponderosa,  Plentiful; 
also  fancy  kinds,  like  Yel- 
low Pear,  etc. 

Snowball,  Orange  Jelly, 


BRUCE'S  DOMINANT  SEEDS 

Just  as  the  British  Fleet  dominates  the  World's  waters,  so  "BUUCE'S 
SEEDS"  are  the  dominant  ones  with  the  planter  whose  living  depends  upon 
"Beal   Seeds." 

It  will  be  even  more  apparent  at  this  time,  when  many  seeds  are  in  short 
supply,  that  there  will  be  more .  stocks  offered  by  unreliable  and  inex- 
perienced growers  than  in  the  past,  and  that  houses  with  long  establis.hed 
reliable  connections  such  as  we  possess  will  have  an  incalculable  advantage. 

Wliy  take  a  chance,  when  you  can  buy  "The  Best  Seeds  that  Grow" — 
BRUCE'S — for  very  little  more  than  so-called   "cheap"   seeds? 

It  costs  as  much  to  plant  and  care  for  poor  seeds  as  good  ones,  and  you 
have  very  meagre,  unsatisfactory  results  to  show  in  return  for  your  labor. 

CHEAP  SEEDS  AEE  DEAB  IF  YOU  GET  THEM  TOB  NOTHING. 

Send  for  our  128  page  Catalogue  of  Seeds.  Plants,  Bulbs,  Poultry 
Supplies  and  Garden  Implements,  full  of  valuable  information,  which  is  now 
ready  and  will  be  mailed  FREE  to  all  applicants. 

JOHN  A.  BRUCE  &  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

HAMILTON  Established  1850  ONTARIO 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


51 


Planting  Table  for  Flowers 


In  planning  the  garden  it  is  very  essential  to  have  some  guide  as  to  the 
proper  time  to  sow  the  seeds,  and  it  is  equally  important  to  know  the  color  and 
the  height  to  which  the  plant  will  grow  under  average  conditions  so  that  a 
proper  color  scheme  and  arrangement  may  be  worked  out.  The  following  con- 
densed table  is  intended  to  serve  this  purpose.  The  selection  of  varieties  in- 
cludes the  most  common  as  well  as*  the  most  satisfactory  flowers  to  grow.  The 
annuals  are  all  hardy  except  one  or  two  half  hardy  kinds.  The  perennials  have 
been  carefully  selected,  and  the  few  that  are  biennials  in  Canada  are  indicated 
by  a  (x).  In  with  the  perennial  list  are  a  few  summer  flowering  bulbs  marked 
"b". 

ANNUALS. 


Variety 


WTien   to   Sow 
Seed 


Indoors 


Outdoors: 


Thin  or 
Trans- 
plant   to 
(inches) 


Height 
(feet) 


Season  of 
Bloom 


Color  of 
Flowers 


Abronia 

Adonis 

Ageratum  (Floss 

Flower) 

Alyssum  (Sweet) . . . 

Alonsoa 

Argemone 

(Mexican  Poppy) 


Aster 

Balsam. 


Bartonia 

Brachycome  (Swan 
River  Daisy) 

Cacalia  (Tassel 
FloweJ) 

Calandrina 

Calendula  (Pot 
Marigold 

Calllopsis  (Core- 
opsis)   

Callirhoe  (Poppy 
Mallow) 


Candytuft 

Celosia  (Cocks- 
comb)   


March 
March 

March 
March 
April 

April 
in  pots 
March, 
April 
April 


April 


April 

March 

March 

April 

April 

March 


Centaurea  (Blue 

Bottle) April 

Chrysanthemum...!  March 

I  April 
Clarkla April 

Collinsla 


Convolvulus . . . 

Cosmos,  Early. 
Cosmos,  Late. . 


Eachscholtzla  (Cali- 
fornia Poppy) 


Gaillardia 

Cilia 

Globe  Amaranthus 
Godetia 


Gypsophila 

HeUanthus (Sun- 
flower)   

Hibiscus 


Ipomoea  (Morning 

Glory) 

Larkspur 


LaTatera  (Tree 
Mallow) .  ■  ■  .. 


April 
April, 
May 


April 
April 
April 
April 


April 

May 

March 

April 


April 


May 
Late  Apl. 

May 
May 
May 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 
May 

Late  Apl 

Late  Apl 

May 

May 

May 


May 

May 

May 

May 

Late  Apl 

May 
May 


May 

May 
May 
May 
May 

May 

May 
July- 
Sept.  1 

Late  Apl 
May  5 


May 


12 
6 

6 
6 

6  to  12 

12 
9 

24 

3 

6 

6 
6 

6 

10 

9 

4  to  12 

6 


12 
24 


6 
3  to  12 
6 
4 

8  to  12 

12-36 
15-24 


1 

H 

1  to  3 

IH  to  2 

1  to  3 

2  to  2)^ 
1  to  3 

H  to  1 

1  to  2 

Jito  1 

1 

IH 
1  to  3 

Mto  IH 

1  to  2 

2  to  3 

1  to  IH 

IM  to2 

1  to  IH 

Htol 

4 
6  to  8 

H 

Mtol 
M  to2}^ 

1 

1 

1  to  2 

3  to  6 
5  to  7 


10  to  15 
1  to  IJi 


July  to  frost 
June-August 

June  to  frost 
June-Oct. 
July  to  frost 

July,  August 

Aug.-Oct. 

July  to  frost 

July-Sept. 

End  of  June 

to  frost 
July  to  frost 
July  to  Sept. 

June-Oct. 

July  to  frost 

July  to  frost 

I  June-Oct. 

June  to  frost 

June  to  frost 
June  to  Oct. 

July-August 

July.  Aug. 

July  to  frost 

August 
Sept.  to  frost 

July-Sept. 

July  to  frost 
July-Sept. 
July  to  frost 
July  to  frost 

July-Sept. 

July  to  frost 
August 


June  to  frost 
June-Sept. 


Yellow,  pink,  rose 
'  Crimson 

Blue,  white 
White 
Scarlet,  White 

Yellow,  white 

Yellow,  white,  red, 

blue 
Yellow,    white, 

pink,  red. 
Yellow 

Blue,  white 

I  Scarlet,  yellow 
Rose,  purple 

\  Orange,  yellow 

I  Yellow 

I  Purple,  lilac,  red, 
1       cherry 
I  White 

Yellow,     orange, 
red,  pink 

;  Blue,  white,  pink 
I  White,  red, 

yellow 
I  White,  rose, 

violet,  crimson 
j  White,  lilac, 

violet 
;  White,  blue, 

violet,  rose 
White,  pink 
White,  pink,  red 


Orange,  yellow, 

white 
Yellow,  red 
Blue,  red,  white 
Red,  blue,  white 
Pink,  white, 

crimson 
Rosy 

Yellow 
White  to  red 


Blue,  red,  white 
j  Blue,  white,  red, 
I       pink 


July  to  frost     i  White,  rose 


52 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


PLANTING  TABLE  FOR  FLOWERS— (Continued.) 


Variety 


Llnarla . 


Llnum 

Lupinus       

Malope  (Mallow). 

Marigold 

Mignonette 


Mlrabilis  (Four 
O'clock) 


Nasturtium .... 

Nemesla 

Nicotlana  (Tobacco) 

Nigella  (Love-ln-a- 

Mist) 

Pansy 


Petunia. 
Phlox. . . 
Poppy.., 


Portulaca 

Salpiglossls  (Point- 
ed Tongue)  . . . 


Salvia  (Flowering 
Sage) 


Scabious. 


Silene  (Catchfiy) . . 
Stocks  (Ten  Weeks) 


Sweet  Pea 

Sweet  Sultan . 
Zinnia 


When   to   Sow 
Seed 


Indoors 


Apnl 
April 
March, 
April 

April 

April 

April 

April 


March 


Feb. 
March 
March 
April 


April 


Feb.. 

March 

April 

March 
March 
April 
March 

April 

March 
April 


Outdoors 


Thin  or 
Trans- 
plant    to 
(inches) 


May 

May 
May 
May 
May 
May  10 


May 

May  1 
May 
May  10 


May 
April, 
July 
August 


May 
April 
May 
May 

May 

April 
May 

April- 
May 
May 


Height 
(feet) 


6 
9 
6-9 
6 
6 

18 

9 

4-6 
9 

3 

9 

6 


2  to  2H 

2 

2 
H  to3 

1 


IH  to2 
1  to  10 
1 
3  to  4 


IH 


1 

1 

1  to  12 

1 

2  to  2J^ 

2  to  3 

IH  to  2H 

J^tol 
1  to  IH 

6 

IK 

1  to3 


Season  of 
Bloom 


July-Sept. 

July-Sept. 
July.  Aug. 
July-Sept. 
July  to  frost 
July  to  frost 


July  to  frost 
June  to  frost 
July-Aug. 
July  to  frost 


July  to  frost 
April  to  frost 


June  to  frost 
July  to  frost 
June-August 
Aug-. -Sept. 
Aug,  to  frost 

Aug.  to  frost 

Aug.  to  frost 

July-Sept. 
July-Sept. 

July-Sept. 

July-Sept. 

July-Oct. 


Color  of 

Flowers 


White,  purple, 

crimson 
Red,  blue 
White,  Pink,blue 
White,  rose,  red 
Yellow 
Greenish  yellow 


White,  red,  yel- 
low 

Yellow,  red, 
orange 

Blue,  white, 
orange 

White,  pink, 
yellow,  red 

White,  blue 
Various 


Red,  white,  pink 

Red.  white. 

yellow,  pink 
Pink,  red,  wiiite 

and  striped 
Red,  white 

Yellow,  white, 
red.  brown 

Scarlet 

White,  purple, 

yellow 
Red,  white,  pink 
Pink,  white. 

scarlet,  yellow 
All  colors 

Purple,  yellow, 

white 
Red,  yellow, 

white,  pink 


PERENNIALS. 


Aconitum  (Monk's 
Hood) 


Adonis  Vemalls. 
Alyssum  (Gold 
Tuft) 


Agrostemtna  (Rose 
of  Heaven) 

Antirrhinum 

(Snap  Dragon)  . . 

Aquilegia 

(Columbine) 


Arabia 

Asperula . 


Aster  (Michaelmas 
Daisy) 


b  Begonia 

b  Bleeding.Heart. 

Coreopsis 

xCampanula 


April 
March 


April 
in  pots 


Aug.- 
Sept. 
June 

July- 
Aug. 

May 

May 


July. 
Sept. 

jily- 
Aug. 

July. 
Sept. 
June 

May 
Nov. 
July 
Aug. 
July. 
Sept.  : 


6 

H 

6 

1  to  iH 

8  to  12 

IK  to  2H 

2H 


3  to  5 
H 
IK 
lKto2K 
lto4 


Aug.-Oct. 

April 

May  to  July 

July  to  frost 
July  to  frost 

June-Sept. 

April 
Aug.-Sept. 

Sept.-Oct. 

July-Aug. 

June 

July-Aug. 

June-Aug. 


Blue  and  white 

YeUow 

Yellow 

Rose,  white  ■ 

Yellow,  white, 
pink,  red 

Yellow,  red.  blue 

white 
White 
Blue 

White,  pink,  blue 

Various 

White,  pink 

Yellow 

Blue,  white,  pink 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


63 


PLANTING    TABLE    FOR    FLOWERS — (Continued.) 


VAwrtT 


When   to   Sow^ 
Seed 


Indoors  Outdoors 


Thin  or 
Trans- 
plant   to 
(inches) 


Height 
(feet) 


Season  of 
Bloom 


Color  of 
Flowers 


Catananchtt 

Chryaantbetnum 
(Shasta  Daisy) 
(Marguerite) .  .  . 

h  Cann» 


Cowslip . 
Daisy... 


April 
in  pots 


b  Dahlia 

Delphinium 

(Larkspur) ., 

Dlanthiia  (Pink) . . 

zDi^talla  (Fox- 
&IoTe) 


Gaillardia . 


July- 
Aug. 

July 
Aug. 
June 

July. 
Aug. 
July 
Aug. 
June 


July 
Aug. 
March  I  July 
April        Aug. 


March 
April 


h  Gladiolus 
Gypsopliiia . 


Helenium 

Heuchera 

Hollyhock 

Ibetis  (Candy  tuft) 
b  Iris  


March 
April 


Latbyrus  (Erer- 

lastinti  Pea) .  . 

b  LUlum 


h  Lily-of-tbe-VaUey 

xLunarla  (Honesty) 

Myosotis  (Forget- 
ine*not) 


March 
April 

April 


i    Poeonia. 

Phlox 

Platycodon 

Poppy  (Oriental) . . , 

Poppy  (Iceland) 

Polyanthus , 

Primrose , 

Pyretbrum 

Rudbeckia 


Scabiosa  (Mourning 
Bride) , 


Stokeala 

Sweet  Rocket 

xSweet  WUllam.... 

Verbena 

Violet  (English)... 


March 


July 

Sept.  1 

July 

Aug. 

May 

July 

Aug. 

July 

Aug. 

July 

Aug. 

July 

Sept.  1 

July 

Aug. 

May 

Nov. 

July 

Aug. 

May 

Nov. 

May 

Nov, 

May 


May 

June 

May 

Nov. 

July 

Aug 

July 

Aug. 

July 

Aug. 

June 

Aug. 

June 

Aug.    ' 

June 

Aug. 

July- 

Aug. 

July 

July 
Aug. 

July 

Aug. 

July- 

Aug. 

July 

Aug.  1 

July 

Aug. 

June 

Aug. 


12 
18 

6 
12 

6 


12 


9 
9 

12 
6 
5 
5 
9 

18 

9-15 
12 
9 
6 
6 
5 


2 

yi 

3 

1  to6 

% 

3  to  4 

2 
2H 

lyi 

4to6 

IH 

5  to  7 

yi 

lHto4 

8  to  10 
lHto3 

H 
IM 

2 

2  to  3 

H 
2 
1 

2 

4  to  6 

2  to  5 
2 

1 

H 


June-Aug. 

July-Sept. 
Aug.-Sept. 

July-Aug.     . 

June-Oct. 

Sept. 

July  to  Sept. 

July  to  frost 

July-Aug. 

July-Sept. 

Aug. 
July-Sept. 

Sept.-Nov. 

July-Sept. 

Aug.-Sept. 

June  to  frost 

June-July 

July-Sept. 
July-Aug. 

June 

June,  July 

June-Aug. 

June 

July-Aug. 

July-Aug. 

June-Aug. ' 
June-August 
June-Aug. 
June-Aug. 
June,  July 
Sept.  to  frost 

July  to  frost 
July-Sept. 
July-Sept. 
June,  July 
July  to  frost 
June-Sept. 


Blue,  white 

White 
Yell  rltt 

Yellow 

White,  pink 

Various 

Blue  and  white 

White,  pink 

Pink,  white  and 

spotted 
Yellow  and  red 

Various 
White 

i  Yellow  and  red 

White  to  red 

White  to  crim- 
son and  yellow 
White 

WhJte,bIue.yell'w 


White  to  red 
White,  yellow 

orange,  spotted 
White 

White  and  pur- 
ple. 

Blue,  pink, 

white 
White  to  crimson 

White,  blue, 

pink 
Blue,  white 

Scarlet,  orange, 
and  maliogany 
Orange,  white 

yellow 
White,  red. 

yellow 
All  colors 

White,  red.  pink 

Yellow  and  pur- 
ple 

White,  lavender 
purple,  yellow 
Lavender 

Purple 

Red,  white, 

piuk,  crimson 
Rosy  purple 

Dark  blue,  white 


54 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


What  the  Crop  Tells. 

The  ratio  of  stxaw  to  grain  tells  its 
story  to  the  critical  eye. 

If  for  several  years  the  straw  pro- 
duction is  abnormally  high  and  the 
grain  production  is  low,  these  facts 
point  to  phosphorus  being  needea. 

If  the  leaves  of  the  grain  are  long, 
loose,  hanging  and  fluttering  and  the 
stems  too  long  for  their  thickness,  the 
soil  probably  requires  calcium. 

A  bright  green  to  yellowish  colored 
foLiage  with  the  tips  of  the  leaves 
brown  or  reddish  in  color,  indicates 
want  of  nitrogen. 

What  Weeds  Tell. 

■Broad-leaf  plants,  like  burdock  and 
nettles,  indicate  moisture,  while  nar- 
row-leaf plants  indicate  dryness. 

Nitrogen  is  abundant  where  chick- 
weed  and  red  pimpernel  grow,  while 
lack  of  nitrogen  is  indicated  by  jagged 
chickweed,  field  chickweed  and  vernal 
whitlow-grass. 

iSoil  that  is  rich  .in  nitrate  of  soda 
(chilisaltpetre)  is  indicated  iby  the 
presence  of  goose  foot,  oraches  anS 
burning  nettle. 

Foxgloves,  spurry  and  corn  mari- 
golds indicate  the  presence  of  calcium. 


Elm  trees  point  to  fertile  soil;  oaks 
are  found  on  clay  soils;  conifers  on 
sand,  and  alders  on  wet  land. 

What  Soil   Moisture  Indicates. 

Soils  which  hold  moisture  do  not 
lack  nitrogen.  The  drier  the  soil  may 
be,  as  a  rule,  the  greater  is  the  lack  of 
nitrogen. 

Moist  summers  produce  an  excess 
of  straw,  while  dry  summers  reduce 
the  quantity  of  straw. 

The  dry  soil  remains  poor  ,in  humus. 
In  moist  spots  the  soil  is  darker  and 
humus  content  increased. 

The  heavy  clay  soils  require  a  heav- 
ier dressing  of  phosphorus  and  a 
lighter  dressing  of  nitrogen;  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  on  the  dry  soil  the  re- 
verse is  true. 

Wet,  cold  soils  are,  for  the  most 
part,  poor  in  potassium. 

There  are  other  and  trustworthy 
ways  for  discovering  the  manurial  re- 
quirements of  farm  crops  on  a  given 
soil.  While  these  methods  are  not 
difficult  to  apply,  there  is  not  space 
here  to  describe  them. 

No  farm  should  be  without  its  ex- 
periment plot,  for  it  has  been  by  ex- 
perimental work  only  that  anything  in 
agriculture  has  become  known. 


GOOD  SEEDS  for  GOOD  CROPS 


(lib'  Steei^^^^co^' 


St 


iBP^A 


Br/CCS   ' 


To  make  sure  of  good  crops  you 
must  sow  good  seeds — this  is 
the  first  essential. 
STEELE,  BRIGGS  SEEDS  are  the 
best  grown.  No  matter  what  you 
need  in  seeds,  ask  for  STEELE, 
BRIGGS  SEEDS— For  Sale  Every- 
where. 

Our  Illustrated  1916  Catalogue 
lists  all  Farm,  Garden  and  Flower 
Seeds.  A  Post  Card  will  bring 
3"our.  copy. 

Steele,  Briggs  Seed  Co.,  Limited 

"  Canada's  Greatest  Seed  Hoose" 

Wianipeg        TORONTO         Hamilton 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


55 


General  Garden  Hints. 


Mulching. — This  signifies  a  dressing 
of  some  kind  usually  manurial,  which 
is  placed  over  the  surface  of  the  soil 
surrounding  tree,  shrub,  or  plant  of 
some  kind.  Its  object  is  to  keep  mois- 
ture within  the  soil,  to  prevent  the 
direct  action  of  the  sun  on  the  roots, 
and  when  waterings  are  given,  par- 
ticularly in  summer,  to  wash  dow^n 
the  good  qualities  of  the  manurial 
covering  for  the  fibres  to  assimilate. 
Mulchings  should  be  given  more  fre- 
quently, especially  in  the  case  of 
plants  transferred  from  one  place  to 
another. 

Restoring  Old  and  Sickly  Trees. — 
Branches  or  snags  that  have  to  be 
removed  should  be  sawn  off  quite 
close  to  the  trunk  or  limb  from  which 
they  spring.  An  application  of  liquid 
tar  to  the  wound  and  renewed  once 
or  twice  protects  against  moisture 
and  fungoid  diseases.  When  the  new 
bark  has  grown  over  the  wound,  the 
tree  may  be  considered  safe.  The  life 
of  a  tree  decayed  in  the  centre  may 
be  prolonged  by  filling  up  the  holes 
with  cement,  and  thus  keeping  out 
moisture,  which  is  the  point  tb  note 
Itt  the  preservation  of  old  or  decay- 
ing trees. 

Boom  Plants. — Parlor  palm  (Aspi- 
distra), true  palms,  india-rubber 
plant,  (ticus  elastica),  Arabia  Sie- 
boldi  and  Ptebis  Tremula,  Pteris  Ar- 
gyrea  and  Hepprolepsis  ferns,  with- 
stand draughts  better  than  most 
plants.  Always  water  room  plants 
with  tepid  water,  that  of  the  same 
temperature  as  the  room  itself  being 
advisable.  Bulbs,  such  as  daffodils, 
hyacinths  and  tulips  should  be  grown 
more  often  in  bowls  and  pots.  With 
the  special  fibre  now  available,  there 
is  little  difficulty  in  doing  so.  Sponge 
the  leaves  occasionally  of  smooth  and 
thick  foliaged  plants  with  tepid  water 
to  remove  dust  which  stops  up  the 
pores — hence  decay. 

Pots  for  Flowers. — These  are  ob- 
tainable from  the  nurseryman  in  var- 
ious sizes,  the  most  frequently  used 
being  the  48,  as  it  is  called,  or  "five- 
Inch"  in  width,  the  next  being  the 
"six-inch,"  and  there  are  also  the 
small  ones,  called   "thumbs,"  which 


are  generally  used  for  the  small  ferns 
so  much  used  for  decorations.  Never 
use  new  pots  until  they  have  been 
soaked  in  water  for  quite  4  8  hours, 
as  unless  they  are  treated  in  this  way 
they  absorb  moisture  from  the  soil. 
Dirty  pots  must  be  well  washed  and 
dried  before  plants  are  put  in  them, 
and  if  covered  with  green  substance, 
scrubbed  in  strong  soda  water  made 
hot.  Dry  well.  Crocks  or  drainage 
to  give  free  egress  for  water  from  the 
soil  should  consist  of  broken  pieces 
of  pot  and  over  the  hole  in  the  bot- 
tom of  each  pot  place  a  large  rather 
concave  bit,  then  smaller  chips  or 
rubble,  not  overdoing  it,  to  allow  free 
egress  of  the  water.  Unless  this  pre- 
caution is  taken  the  soil  soon  gets 
waterlogged  and  sour. 

Transplanting  Trees  and  Shrubs. — 
in  dealing  with  trees  and  shrubs 
transplanting  is  an  important  detail. 
There  are  two  leading  points,  the 
most  suitable  time  and  the  method. 
The  best  season  to  transplant  ever- 
greens is  in  late  spring,  failing  this, 
the  fall.  Transplant  deciduous  treos 
and  shrubs  in  the  spring  when  frost  is 
out  of  the  ground.  In  transplanting 
keep  the  fibrous  roots  as  far  as  pos- 
sible intact,  and  remove  with  them  a 
large  ball  of  soil,  the  larger  the  bet- 
ter. When  moving  a  large  deciduous 
tree  or  shrub  first  dig  a  trench  all 
round  it  with  a  tork  far  enough  away 
to  preserve  the  roots.  Lay  a  damp 
mat  over  them  while  they  are  expos- 
ed. Prepare  the  site  for  the  tree  by 
digging  out  a  hole  large  enough  to  al- 
low the  roots  being  spread  out  evenly 
all  round  and  to  their  full  extent. 
J^reak  up  the  soil  finely,  especially 
that  which  actually  touches  the  fibres. 
In  planting  follow  the  general  rule  of 
not  burying  that  part  of  the  stem 
from  whence  the  uppermost  roots 
spring  more  than  2  inches  or  3  inches. 

Syringing  and  Spraying. — These 
are  two  distinct  operations.  The  ob- 
ject of  syringing  is  to  cleanse  and  re- 
fresh the  foliage,  especially  in  the 
evening  of  a  hot  day,  a  large  squirt 
being  used  which  sends  out  the  water 
either  in  a  i>tream  or  from  a  "rose," 
the  popular  name  for  the  nozzle,  the 


BUSBBk'Jnnua 


56 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


water  from  the  latter  being  in  the 
form  of  a  spray  which  may  be  com- 
pared to  dew  or  fine  rain.  This  is 
most  efficacious  in  the  case  of  mildew 
and  insect  attacks,  and  when  mixed 
with  chemical  preparations.  Water 
should  not  be  directed  with  strong 
force  to  plants,  otherwise  bruises  will 
result. 

Tying  Up. — This  is  a  common  prac- 
tice in  gardens.  It  means  tying  up 
plants  with  string,  raffia  or  bast  or 
other  material,  with  the  help  of  neat 
sticks  and  stakes.  The  lettuce  called 
"CJos"  is  thus  treated  to  solidify  the 
heart  or  centre,  celery,  dahlias,  chry- 
santhemums and  roses,  the  last  three 
familiar  instances  among  plants. 
Never  make  the  tie  so  tight  that  the 
plant's  development  is  impeded.  It 
should  be  made  secure,  but  no  more. 

Watering. — Though  an  apparently 
simple  operation  this  needs  judgment. 
Never  give  water  unless  the  soil  is  in 
real  need  of  it.  An  old  gardener's  ad- 
vice is:  "Plants  in  pots  are  best  when 
occasionally  allowed  to  become  root 
dry,  but  only  for  a  moment,  as  the 
drying  of  the  soil  sweetens  it,  then 
the  soil  should  be  well  saturated."  If 
the  soil  seems  moderately  damp  do 
not  give  more  moisture.  Never  water 
in  driblets,  but  always  give  a  good 
soaking  so  that  every  fibre  receives 
benefit. 

Scarlet  Harmonies. — Here  are  gen- 
eral rules:  Scarlet  and  rose  colors, 
the  tints  respectively  of  the  Oriental 
poppy  and  many  of  the  herbaceous 
poenies  should  never  be  allowed  in 
close  proximity,  but  scarlet  and  crim- 
son merge  agreeably  with  orange  and 
yellow,  and  the  latter  with  straw  col- 
or, ivory  white  and  white.  The  dif- 
ferent shades  of  purple  and  blue  form 
in  themselves  quite  a  color  gradua- 
tion, tlie  lighter  blues  associating 
through  pale  yellow  with  white,  while 
blue  and  mauve  also  harmonize  with 
soft  yellow.  The  latter  color  may 
also  be  used  in  juxtaposition  to  pink 
and  rose  tints.  In  this  manner, 
though  discordant  colors  may  be  re- 
presented in  the  same  flower  border, 
they  may  be  disposed  in  such  a  way 
by  surrounding  them  with  allied  col- 
or tones,  melting  by  infinite  degrees 
into  others  that  by  gentle  graduations 
eventually  harmonize  with  the  oppos- 
ing hue,  as  to  produce  a  delightful  ef- 
fect. 


Budding. — An  operation  which  ap- 
plies to  on«  form  of  tree  and  shrub 
propagation.  It  consists  in  removing 
with  a  proper  knife  known  as  a 
"budding  knife,"  a  dormanfleaf  with 
a  small  piece  of  the  bark  attached 
and  transferring  it  to  the  shoot  or 
stem  of  the  plant  to  which  it  is  to  be 
attached.  The  rose  is  frequently  the 
subject  of  budding,  and  fruit  trees 
may  be  treated  in  the  same  way.  The 
stock,  that  is,  the  shoot  or  stem  on 
which  the  bud  is  to  be  inserted, 
should  be  opened,  and  the  latter  plac- 
ed just  underneath,  with  only  the 
bud  germ  exposed,  then  tied  firmly 
in  position. 

Orchid. — A  genus  or  family  of 
plants,  sometimes  terrestrial  or  living 
in  the  soil  in  the  way  of  most  plants, 
and  epiphytal,  or  living  on  trees, 
nourishment  being  derived  from  mois- 
ture in  the  air;  these  are  tropical. 
Orchids  are  found  in  almost  all  quar- 
ters of  the  globe,  and  are  not,  as  is 
often  surmised,  simply  wild  flowers  of 
tropical  jungles.  A  vast  majority  are 
easily  grown. 

Clirysanth6mums. — The  name  giv- 
en to  a  significant  class  of  flowers, 
some  perennial,  others  annual.  They 
add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
greenhouse  and  conservatory  in  the 
fall  "months,  when  the  more  modern 
varieties  are  in  full  beauty.  The  par- 
ent of  this  modern  race  first  flowered 
in  the  British  Isles  in  1790,  plant% 
having  been  sent  from  China,  the 
home  of  the  chrysanthemum,  and  also 
Japan,  to  a  French  nurseryman  at 
Marseilles,  named  Blanchard. 

Shrubbery. — A  place  in  which  flow- 
ering and  other  shrubs  are  grown  for 
decorative  effect. 

Deciduous. — Signifying  a  tree  or 
shrub  that  loses  its  foliage  in  the  fall 
and  remains  bare  until  spring. 

Evergreen. — A  tree  or  shrub  that 
keeps  its  leaves  throughout  the  year. 
Compost. — A  name  given  to  a  mix; 
ture  of  soils  and  manure.  The  soil 
usually  used  for  plants  to  be  grown 
in  pots  consists  of  fibrous  loam,  well- 
decayed  leaf-mould,  old  hotbed  man- 
ure, such  as  is  obtained  from  a  mush- 
room bed,  and  sharp  silver  sand,  the 
major  portion  consisting  of  the  first 
named. 

Frames. — A  small,  usually  wooden, 
contrivance  for  the  sheltering  and 
propagation   of  plants.     It  is  of  the 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


ereateet  use  In  gardeni,  wh*th«r  l&rs* 
or  Email,  and  i»  T«ry  ln«xp«n8lv«  to 
construct. 

Annaal  Flowers. — Those  that  bloom 
the  same  year  as  the  seed  is  sown  and 
then  die,  and  they  embrace  two 
classes,  hardy  and  half-hardy,  a  good 
example  of  the  former  being  the  sweet 
pea,  and  of  the  last  mentioned  the 
china  aster. 

Biennial  Flowers. — These  some- 
times through  early  sowing  will  pro- 
duce plants  that  flower  the  same  year, 
but  this  Is  simply  a  matter  of  culti- 
vation. A  biennial  means  a  plant 
that  flowers  the  year  after  the  seed 
has  been  sown,  and  the  hollyhock  may 
be  cited  as  an  example.  The  sowing 
takes  place  in  early  summer. 

Everlasting  Flowers. — These  are 
real  flowers,  although  their  appear- 
ance when  dried  suggests  that  they 
are  composed  of  some  paper-like  ma- 
terial. The  Immortelles,  so  called  from 
the  years  they  will  remain  In  much 
the  same  c-^ndition,  are  among  the 
best  known  of  the  everlastings.  Rho- 
danthe  and  Helichrysum  are  types. 

Levelling  a  Lawn. — Levelling  or 
grading  are  regarded  as  difficult  op- 
erations, but  this  is  not  so.  An  abso- 
lutely flat  surface  is  not  always  either 
necessary  or  desirable.  Advice  may 
be  summed  up  as  follows: — Having 
worked  the  main  body  of  soil  as  near- 
ly level  as  the  eye  will  guide,  after  a 
glance  from  more  than  one  direction, 
decide  what  shall  be  the  height.  Set 
a  shallow  brick  here  and  at  somo 
point  several  feet  distant  place  an- 
other. Upon  these  a  piece  of  stiff 
quartering  or  a  narrow  board  that 
will  not  sag  should  be  set.  and  a  com- 
mon spirit  level  used  to  get  this  per- 
fectly horizontal,  raising  or  lowering 
the  bricks  until  this  Is  obtained.  Put 
a  little  soil  to  this,  or  remove,  as  ne- 
cessary. Repeat  this  operation  from 
various  positions,  always  taking  care 
that  the  first  guide  brick  set  is  al- 
ways on  the  level.  Of  course  each 
other  brick,  after  it  Is  adjusted,  will 
be  of  the  same  height,  and  can  be 
taken  as  a  guide  accordingly.  A 
strong  piece  of  string  tightly  stretch- 
ed from  point  to  point.  Is  a  good  guide 
In  the  earlier  stage,  and  by  driving  a 
few  pegs  at  various  parts  of  the 
ground,  the  tops  of  which  are  at  the 
desired  level,  all  risk  of  movement 
will  be  avoided.. 


Turf  for  Lawns. — This  should  b« 
obtained  from  fields  fed  over  frater- 
nally by  sheep,  but  as  a  rule  excellent 
lawns  are  obtainable  from  the  best 
seed  mixtures,  each  nurseryman  usu- 
ally having  his  own  preparation. 
When  turf,  however,  is  used,  it  is  ab- 
solutely necessary  that  it  should  le 
free  from  weeds,  particularly  twitch, 
dandelions,  plantain  and  thistles.  Cut 
each  turf  about  3  inches  deep  and 
roll  them  grass  side  downwards  until 
they  are  used,  which  should  be  as 
soon  as  possible.  When  the  turf  Is 
set  spread  over  It  some  loamy  soil, 
which  work  in  well  with  a  broom  Into 
the  crevices.  Roll  and  sweep  well 
and  give  plenty  of  water  during  the 
first  summer  especially. 

Lawn  Grass. — This  should  never  be 
cut  until  it  has  grown  quite  two 
inches  after  growth  has  begun  in  the 
spring,  and  then  only  at  first  clipped 
off,  In  the  case  of  freshly  made  lawns 
in  particular.  A  close  watch  should 
be  kept  for  weeks.  Roll  the  lawn  oc- 
casionally. 

Dimensions  of  Tennis  Lawn. — A 
full  court  should  be  as  follows:  — 
Length,  78  feet;  width,  36  feet;  and 
for  single  court,  a  width  of  27  feet: 
the  net  to  be  in  the  centre  and  extend 
3  feet  over  each  side  of  the  court. 
Height  at  the  ends  SV2  feet,  centre  3 
feet,  and  service  lines  21  feet  from 
the  net  on  each  side.  Total  area  of 
lawn  to  give  ample  space  on  outside 
of  court  should  be  120  feet  by  66 
feet. 

Hardy  Flowers. — A  class  of  plants 
not  affected  by  frost,  that  Is,  will  live 
the  year  through. 

Garden  Tools. — These  are  of  sev- 
eral kinds,  each  adapted  to  a  certain 
purpose,  the  principal  implements  be- 
ing the  spade,  fork,  hoe,  rake,  saw, 
and  small  cultivator,  which  accom- 
plishes good  work  and  Is  very  useful 
in  saving  time.  Always  take  care  of 
tools,  alloting  them  a  place  apart, 
and  cleanse  well  after  use. 

Labels. — The  use  of  labels  may  be 
overdone,  but  trees,  shrubs,  flowers 
and  vegetables  that  are  not  familiar 
should  be  clearly  named.  These  may 
be  made  of  zinc,  and  obtained  from 
the  nurseryman,  or,  in  the  case  of 
fleeting  things,  such  as  annuals  and 
vegetables,  strips  of  wood,  the  sur- 
face made  smooth  and  painted  over 


58 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


with  white  paint,  will  serve  admir- 
ably. 

Wasps'  Nests. — To  destroy  these 
many  ways  are  adopted,  but  a  very 
simple  one  is  to  get  a  strong  stick 
and  wrap  a  wad  of  rag  at  the  top  of 
it.  Soak  the  rag  in  tar  and  thrust  it 
quickly  into  the  hole  of  the  nest  at 
night,  after  having  lighted  it.  Then 
stop  up  the  entrance  with  a  thick 
piece  of  turf. 

Mowing  Lawns. — This  Is  gardening 
work  that  requires  care.  It  is  cer- 
tainly not  everyone  that  can  use  tha 
lawn  mower  aright.  Before  any  mow- 
ing is  done,  roll  the  lawn  well,  if  the 
grass  is  poor,  lightly,  if  not,  with 
more  vigor;  in  the  former  case  once 
in  ten  days,  in  the  latter,  every  two 
weeks. 

Turfy  Loam. — This  term  Is  used  to 
denote  a  soil  made  up  of  loam  of 
grassy  matter,  such  as  from  a  pasture 
and  roots,  their  fibry  character  ren- 
dering the  material  friable,  that  is, 
neither  too  loose  nor  too  hard  and 
sticky.  When  this  pasture  "turfy 
loam"  has  decayed  well  it  forms  the 
purest  plant  soil  that  it  is  possible  to 
obtain.  A  proportion  of  two-thirds 
clay  to  one-third  sand  is  perfect. 
Stones,  of  course,  should  be  elimin- 
ated. 

Bulb. — ^This  is  frequently  used  in- 
correctly. A  tuber  is  often  called  a 
bulb,  and  vice  versa,  but  the  true  bulb 
is  made  up  of  layers  or  scales  which 
enclose  the  germ.  The  hyacinth  is 
an  excellent  example  of  a  true  bulb. 

Scion. — The  name  of  a  graft  or 
piece  of  stem  to  be  inserted  in  the 
stem  of  a  tree  of  which  it  is  to  be- 
come part. 

Grafting. — This  operation  must 
take  place  when  the  sap  is  on  the 
move,  that  is,  in  spring,  and  both 
small  and  large  stems  may  be  select- 
ed for  the  purpose.  Many  frylt  trees 
are  grafted,  and  this  is  needful  to  ob- 
tain abundant  crops  quickly,  pears 
and  apples  being  particularly  respon- 
sive to  this  process.  The  writer  ha;: 
described  this  gardening  practice  be- 
fore In  the  following  words.  It  co^ 
sists  in  placing  a  piece  of  stem  of  one 
variety  of  fruit,  that  may  be  6  inches 
long  and  the  size  of  a  man's  finger  or 
less,  on  to  the  crown  of  a  small  stem, 
singly,  or  putting  several  on  the  sev- 
eral stems  of  a  large  bunch.  Grafts 
are  called  scions.  The  graft  should 
be  cut  into  a  length  of  a  few  inches. 


On  one  side  of  the  lower  or  base  end 
a  slice  of  bark  3  Inches  long  is  cut 
off,  leaving  the  base  end  with  a  point, 
or  wedge-shaped.  Then  the  graft  is 
ready  for  insertion  on  the  stock.  The 
head  should  be  cut  clean  off,  and  cne 
stem  be  quite  free  from  any  side- 
shoots  below.  With  a  sharp  knife  a 
slit  has  to  be  made  down  the  back  of 
a  large  stem,  and  that  being  lifted  at 
the  edges,  the  slit  point  of  the  graft 
is  forced  firmly  into  the  slit  in  the 
stock,  then  tied  round  tightly,  and 
coated  with  either  wax  or  clay  to  ex- 
clude air.  If  a  small  stock,  then  a 
slice  is  taken  off  the  bark  of  that  3 
inches  long,  and  by  an  upward  cut,  so 
when  the  sliced  end  of  the  graft  *s 
placed  on  it,  an  even  fit  results.  The 
edges  of  the  bark  on  both  stock  and 
scion  must  meet  to  effect  a  proper  un- 
ion. Tie  round  the  two  with  bast  or 
raffia  and  coat  the  edges  with  graft- 
ing wax,  or  the  whole  stem  with  clay, 
the  object  of  this  being  to  exclude  the 
air  from  the  portions  united  together. 
This  describes  the  general  process. 

Blanching. — A  term  used  frequen*^- 
ly  when  describing  some  form  of  veg- 
etable culture.  It  is  necessary  with 
not  a  few  vegetables  to  what  is  called 
blanch  them,  that  is,  exclude  the  light 
to  render  them  edible.  Asparagus, 
celery  and  rhubarb  will  at  once  occur 
to  mind  as  kinds  usually  subjected  to 
this  treatment.  In  these  instances, 
when  the  stems  are  given  full  expos- 
ure to  the  air  and  light  they  are  ren- 
dered bitter  and  hard.  Blanching  is 
effected  by  "placing  the  vegetables  in 
a  dark  place,  such  as  under  a  green- 
house stage  or  in  specially  prepared 
pits,  or  when  in  the  open  ground  cov- 
ering up  closely;  the  object  is  to  ex- 
clude the  light. 

Division. — In  reading  text  books 
upon  gardening  the  term  "division" 
occurs  frequently,  and  all  it  means  is 
simply  the  operation  of  dividing  the 
roots  of  certain  plants,  of  which  the 
perennial  larkspur  or  Delphinium 
may  be  given  a&  an  example.  The 
original  roots  in  due  course  become 
too  large  and  must  then  be  divided 
into  portions  when  growth  is  begin- 
ning in  spring.  Use  a  sharp  knife  or 
spade  for  the  purpose. 

Drainage. — Of  course  the     general 
use  of  this  word  is  well  known,  but 
in  gardening  it  applies  not  only  to  the 
soil,    such   as   in   the   preparation   o 
paths,   lawns,   and   so   forth,   but   to 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


59 


flower  pots.  Thus  we  frequently  read 
in  books  "the  pots  should  be  well 
drained,"  which  means  that  in  the 
bottom  place  pieces  of  pot,  or,  as  they 
are  called,  "crocks,"  to  enable  super- 
fluous moisture  to  pass  away  easily. 

Drilling. — This  word  applies  to  one 
item  in  the  sowing  of  the  seed,  of 
which  there  are  two  general  ways, 
broad-casting  and  drilling.  In  the 
former  the  seed  is  thrown  widely  but 
evenly  over  the  piece  of  ground  upon 
which  a  crop  is  desired.  Drilling 
means  that  shallow  furrows  or  drills 
are  made  with  a  hoe  or  sharp  pointed 
stick,  or  with  a  hand  drill,  which  is 
very  inexpensive,  this  not  only  mak- 
ing the  drill,  but  sows  the  seeds  also. 
Careful  drilling  means  that  the  seels 
are  sown  at  equal  depths,  and  there 
is  no  waste  of  material. 

Feeding. — This  term  is  often  use-' 
in  books.  It  means  giving  food  in 
either  liquid  or  concentrated  form  to 
plants  for  the  promotion  of  a  more 
abundant  crop,  whatever  that  crop 
may  be. 

Forcing. — Many  fruits,  vegetables 
and  plants  are  brought  to  maturity  by 
artificial  warmth,  and  that  is  called 
forcing.  It  is  a  term  much  used  in 
connection  with  horticulture. 

Layers. — A  method  of  propagation 
much  practised  in  the  increasing  of 
certain  trees  and  plants.  A  very  fa- 
miliar instance  is  the  carnation,  which 
is  usually  propagated  in  this  way. 

Leaf  Mould. — A  very  valuable  ma- 
terial, used  chiefly  in  soil  prepared 
for  pot  plants.  It  may  be  summed  up 
in  the  following  description:  "The 
product  of  tree  leaves."  The  way  to 
get  a  good  supply  is  to  collect  the  tree 
leaves  and  stack  them  whilst  damp 
in  a  heap  to  decay.  If  they  are  dry 
when  collected,  soak  them  in  water. 

Moulding  Up. — At  first  this  strange 
term  may  seem  difficult  to  explain, 
but  this  and  blanching  have  about 
the  same  significance.  It  means 
drawing  earth  to  the  stem.  One  ex- 
cellent illustration  is  in  the  case  of 
the  potato,  the  forming  tubers  being 
kept  from  light  and  air  by  moulding 
up  the  soil  to  the  young  shoots.  Bus'- 
or  dwarf  roses  are  also  moulded  up 
to  protect  the  bark — the  most  valu- 
able part — from  injury. 

Peat. — Every  garden  should  pos- 
sess its  bin  of  peat,  that  is,  where 
plants  are  grown  under  glass.  It  is 
made  chiefly  of  vegetable  fibre  and 


some  portion  of  sand,  some  orchids 
and  ferns  in  particular  requiring 
some  portion,  larger  In  some  cases 
than  in  others,  in  the  soil  in  which 
they  are  planted.  ' 

Cuttings. — These  are  slips  or  pieces 
of  young  growth  of  the  plant,  and 
when  properly  made  In  preparation 
for  going  into  the  soil,  they  are  called. 
"cuttings."  About  1-3  of  their 
length  is  inserted,  and  the  soil  that 
promotes  tlie  formation  of  strong 
roots  most  quickly  is  that  in  which 
sand  forms  a  large  part.  In  due 
course  basal  roots  are  emitted,  and 
the  life  of  the  young  plant  has  be- 
gun. The  base  of  the  cutting  should 
always  be  just  beneath  a  leaf  joint, 
and  two,  sometimes  three,  of  the  low- 
er leaves  removed  to  give  a  clear 
space  for  inaertion  in  the  soil. 

Runners. — A  few  plants  are  in- 
creased or  propagated  by  what  is 
known  as  the  "runner,"  and  the 
strawberry  is  chiefly  multiplied  in  this 
way.  The  strawberry  sends  out  trail- 
ing shoots,  and  at  the  end  of  each  of 
these  a  little  plant  is  formed  which 
is  to  give  the  fruit  of  the  future.  Take 
these  off  in  August  or  spring  and 
plant  in  the  places  In  which  they  are 
to  fruit. 

Pruning. — Unless  certain  classes  of 
fruits  are  pruned  more  or  less  there 
Is  no  crop,  or  very  little,  and  that 
little  poor.  Thousands  of  orchards 
are  in  sorry  plight  through  neglect  of 
this  practice.  There  are  two  forms, 
stem  and  also  root  pruning.  It  is 
often  essential  to  prune  the  roots 
when  a  tree  is  making  too  much  leaf 
and  branch  growth,  which  is  at  the 
expense  of  the  fruit.  There  is  an 
absence  of  fruit  spore.  This  opera- 
tion requires  much  care  and  judg- 
ment, and  is  done  by  opening  a 
trench  at  a  fair  distance  from  the 
stem  of  the  tree  of  sufliciant  width 
and  depth  to  get  hold  of  the  roots 
and  sever  them.  In  very  neglected 
orchards  it  is  wise  to  do  one-half  this 
year  and  the  other  the  next  to  pre- 
vent too  great  a  strain  on  the  tree. 
To  get  hold  of  the  downward  roots 
dig  underneath  the  ball  of  soil.  When 
the  root  pruning  has  been  carefully 
carried  out  the  beneficial  effect  is 
soon  seen  on  the  growth  and  fruit 
bearing  of  the  trees. 

Trencliing. — This  term  is  used  to 
denote  double  digging  or  deep  tilling 
of  the  soil,  and  thus  treated  the  crops 


60 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


are  more  abundant  than  by  any  or- 
dinary method  of  cultivation.  The 
way  to  proceed  is  as  follows: — A 
trench  two  feet  wide  and  one  foot 
deep  should  be  thrown  out  half  way 
across  the  piece  of  ground  to  be  work- 
ed. Take  up  the  bottom  soil  a  furth- 
er 12  inches  deep,  and  the  12  inches 
of  the  next  2  feet  trenching  must  '  e 
thrown  on  that,  breaking  up  the  bot- 
tom soil  also.  Treat  the  entire  piece 
In  this  way  and  when  it  has  been  thus 
manipulated  the  bottom  may  be 
brought  to  the  top.  The  whole  plot  is 
then  fertile. 

Thinning. — ^This  term  is  applied  to 
an  act  the  purport  of  which  is  to  re- 
duce the  number  of  flo^wers  or  fruits 
on  a  plant  or  tree  to  throw  greater 
size  into  those  remaining.  The  huge 
chrysanthemums,  for  instance,  that 
are  seen  in  our  gardens,  are  obtained 
by  reducing  the  buds  to.  one  on  each 
stem  or  stalk  With  regard  to  fruit 
trees  it  signifies  the  removal  of  both 
large  and  small  branches  with  a  saw 
to  reduce  crowded  growths  or  those 
which  cross  each  other.  Always  cut 
close  to  the  main  stem,  make  the  sur- 
face of  the  wound  smooth,  thea 
smear  over  with  tar.  Thinning  out  of 
vegetables  invariably  takes  place  to 
give  each  seedling  proper  space  for 
Its  full  development. 

Stocks. — ^The  name  of  a  flower  and 
also  of  a  hard  stem  and  root  which  Is 
the  mea_s  of  Increasing  roses,  fruit 
trees,  and  such  like.  The  stock  has 
an  Influence  on  the  flower  Itself,  or  on 
the  fruit  of  the  tree.  It  Is  simply  a 
means  whereby  the  various  kinds  can 
be  rapidly  Increased. 

Spawning. — This  word  Is  generally 
used  in  connection  with  the  cultiva- 
tion of  mushrooms.  The  spawn  is 
obtainable  In  the  form  of  a  dry  cak*" 
of  soil  and  manure  which  contains 
the  mycelium  or  thread-like  roots, 
which  give  rise  to  the  delicious  pro- 
duct that  Is  so  well  known. 

A  Rock  Garden. — This  is  a  portion 
of  garden  set  apart  for  the  flowers 
that  delight  In  the  surrounding  of 
stone  and  rock,  such  as  those  from 
the  mountains  of  the  world.  Gen- 
tians, edelweiss,  and  a  host  of  other 
plants,  may  be  grown  In  this  section 
of  the  home  surroundings.  At  least 
18  Inches  of  soli  should  be  taken  out 
80  as  to  provide  ample  drainage,  any- 
thing approaching    stagnation  being 


fatal  to  success.  Plants,  such  as  our 
lady  slipper  or  orchid  (Cypripedlum 
spectabile),  require  a  soil  that  may 
be  described  as  "boggy,"  a  word 
which  needs  no  explanation.  A  rock 
garden  should  not  be  made  on  the 
level,  but  where  all  inequalities  have 
to  be  formed  imitate  Nature  as  far  as 
possible. 
Growing  Early  Vegetable  Plants. 

Success  in  market  gardening  de- 
pends largely  upon  reaching  the  mar- 
ket early  when  prices  are  good  and 
produce  finds  ready  sale.  To  accom- 
plish this  It  Is  necessary  to  gro-  - 
strong,  thrifty  plants  which  have  been 
hardened  and  ready  for  the  field  the 
first  day  weather  and  soil  conditions 
are  favorable  for  transplanting. 

Work  usually  begins  in  the  fall. 
Some  growers,  however,  prepare  the 
soil  during  the  spring  and  summer  by 
first  making  au  application  of  manure 
in  the  spring  and  then  plowing  the 
plot  several  times  during  the  course 
of  the  season.  Additional  manure 
may  be  added  at  the  second  plowing  if 
vegetable  matter  is  wanting.  Other 
growers  go  to  the  trouble  of  stacking 
manure  and  thick  sods  in  alternate 
layers  of  eight  or  ten  inches  a  year  in 
advance  of  the  time  when  the  soil 
will  be  needed.  When  quite  well  de- 
cayed the  pile  may  be  turned  several 
times  at  intervals  of  ten  days  or  two 
weeks.  The  first  plan  is  more  eco- 
nomical and  just  as  satisfactory. 
Other  growers  prefer  to  select  any 
good  garden  soil  and  add  rotten  man- 
ure as  may  be  required. 
Preparation  of  Soil. 

In  the  selection  of  soil,  it  is  im- 
portant to  consider  several  factors: 
(1)  It  should  be  free  from  fungus 
diseases,  as  club  root  and  other  mala- 
dies that  might  cause  trouble.  Fields 
which  have  been  producing  any  of 
the  crops  to  be  started  under  glass 
should  be  avoided  in  the  selection  of 
soil.  (2)  Stones,  sticks,  and  other 
rubbish  should  be  screened  out.  (3) 
Soils  containing  a  great  many  weed 
seeds  should  not  be  used.  (4)  A  con- 
siderable quantity  of  sand  is  always 
desirable.  If  the  soil  does  not  co  .- 
tain  this  naturally,  it  can  often  be 
procured  at  small  cost  and  added  as 
may  seem  desirable.  Sand  Is  espe- 
cially valuable  in  starting  tender 
seedlings.  The  addition  of  plenty  tf 
rotten  maniure  to  any  good  farm  soil 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


« 


will  usually  put  it  in  good  condition 
for  growing  vegetable  plants. 

Both  the  soil  and  manure  should 
be  procured  in  the  fall  before  the 
hard  freezing  weather  and  stored  in 
the  dry  where  they  will  not  be  frozen 
hard  when  wanted  for  use,  probably 
in  mid-winter.  The  neglect  of  this 
matter  is  certain  to  cause  annoyance. 
It  is  best  to  store  the  soil  during  Sep- 
tember when  it  is  quite  dry  and  may 
be  screened  if  necessary.  A  conveni- 
ent way  to  do  this  is  to  place  a  screen 
with  a  half-inch  mesh  over  a  low  wag- 
on, slanting  it  so  the  stones  and  coars- 
er parts  will  run  onto  the  ground. 

Sterilization  is  being  practised 
more  and  more  by  plant  growers.  It 
destroys  troublesome  weed  seeds  and 
greatly  reduces  losses  from  fungus 
diseases.  There  are  two  common  me- 
thods, by  steam  and  formaldehyde. 
There  are  various  ways  of  applying 
the  steam.  One  of  the  most  thorough 
is  to  place  the  soil  in  tight  tanks,  ad- 
mitting steam  at  high  pressure.  The 
soil  should  be  subjected  to  very  high 
temperature  for  not  less  than  an  hour, 
and  a  longer  period  is  an  advantage. 

When  formaldehyde  is  used  the  soil 
is  soaked  with  a  solution  made  ty 
adding  one  and  one-half  quarts  of  this 
solution  to  fifty  gallons  of  water.  One 
gallon  of  the  diluted  solution  should 
be  applied  to  each  square  foot  of  the 
soil. 
Sowing  the  Seeds. 

The  grower  should  know  the  vital- 
ity of  his  seeds  before  sowing.  This 
may  readily  be  determined  by  making 
a  simple  test  several  weeks  before  it 
is  time  to  make  the  main  sowings. 
CJount  one  hundred  seeds  of  each  var- 
iety to  be  tested  and  plant  in  separate 
rows.  The  number  of  plants  which 
come  up  may  then  be  counted  and  the 
germinating  power  accurately  deter- 
mined, and  the  thickness  of  sowing 
regulated  accordingly. 

Seeds  may  be  sown  in  rows  or 
broadcast.  The  row  method  takes 
more  time,  but  it  is  preferable.  The 
plants  then  come  up  with  greater  reg- 
ularity. They  are  likely  ,  to  be 
straighter  and  can  be  handled  more 
rapidly.  When  the  seed  is  sown  in 
rows  the  plants  help  each  other  in 
reaching  daylight,  and  this  is  an  im- 
portant point  if  there  is  much  clay  In 
the  soil.  The  plants  from  rows  may 
be  lifted  more  rapidly  and  are  kept 
In  better  order   when  transplanting 


and  these  advantages  more  than  offset 
the  extra  time  required  in  sowing. 
Length  of  Life  of  Various  Seeds 

Vegetables.  Years. 

Cucumber    8 — 10 

Pumpkin 8 — 10 

Melon    8 — 10 

Squash     8 — 10 

Cauliflower    5 —  6 

Artichoke    5 —  6 

Endive    5 —  6 

Pea    5 —  6 

Radish    4 —  5 

Beets    3 —  4 

Cress 3 —  4 

Lettuce   3 —  4 

Mustard     3 —  4 

Akra    3 —  4 

Rhubarb. 3 —  4 

Spinach    3 —  4 

Turnip     3 —   6 

Tulip 2 —  3 

Asparagus 2 —  3 

Bean    2 —  3 

Carrot 2 —  3 

Celery   2 —  3 

Corn    2 —  3 

Leek    2 —  3 

Onion     2 —  3 

Parsley    2 —  3 

Parsnip    2 —  3 

Pepper     2 —  3 

Tomato    2 —  3 

Eggplant 1 —  2 

Herbs    3 —  4 

Anise 1 —  2 

Caraway i —  2 

Savory 1 —  2 

Sage    2 —  3 

Time  Required  to  Germinate 

Vegetables.  Best  temp.  Days. 

Bean    7  5°  5 — 10 

Beet 60"  7-^10 

Cabbage    70°  5 — 10 

Carrot    60°  12 — 18. 

Cauliflower    70°  5 — 10 

Celery    60°  10 — 20 

Corn     75°  5 —  8 

Cucumber    80°  6 — 10 

Endive 60°  5 — 10 

Lettuce    60°  6 —  8 

Onion     60°  7 — 10 

Parsnip     60°  10 — 20 

Pea    65°  6 — 10 

Pepper 80°  9 — 14 

Radish  .  .^ 60°  3 —  6 

Tomato    .  * 80°  6 — 12 

Turnip 70°  4 —  8 

Bearing  Years  of  Fruits 

Years. 

Apple     25 — 40 


62 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Blackberry  ^  6 — 14 

Currant    20 

Gooseberry    20 

Peach    8—12 

Pear 50—76 

Plum   20—25 

Raspberry    6 — 12 

Strawberry    1 —  3 

Distance  in  Planting 

Feet. 

Apple    30  X  40 

Apple  (dwarf)    10  x  15 

Pears 20x30 

Pears  (dwarf)    10  x  15  - 

Plums    16  X  2.0 

Peaches    16  x  20 

Cherries 16  x  25 

Apricots    16x20 

Nectarines    16  x  20 

Quinces    8  x  14 

Number  of  Plants  per  Acre  at  Various 

Distances. 

Distance.  Plants. 

1  in.  X  10  ia 627,279 

1  in.  X  12  in -. 522,720 

2  in.  X  10  in 313,632 

2  in.  X  12  in 261,360 


Arrangement  of  Orcha 

rd. 

1L          ^        i 

^ 

'S. 

'^-        '^, 

t 

^ 

-2.           ■?. 

t 

'i 

^              'SL  1 

2. 

t 

^           ^         1. 

^ 

< 

..J^           ^  1 

% 

■k 

^'      -i-     ; 

%^«-o' 

^ 

1  ^'^          'SL  i 

i  ,.^ 

-i 

^^^"^     ^      : 

,«iL' 

*<. 

HEXAfciONl/\L 


ALTEPMATE. 


Qul^JCu^slX.  '     SOUAPE- 

3  in.  X  12  .in i....  174,240 

4  in.  X  12  in 130,680 

6  in.  X  12  in 87,120 

12  in.  X  12  in. 43,560 

12  in.  X  15  in 34,848 

12  in.  X  18  in 29.040 


12  in. 
12  in. 
12  in. 
12  in. 
112  in. 
15  in. 
15  in. 
IS  in. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 
6  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 


24  in 21,780 

30  dn 17,424 

36  in 14,520 

4  ft 10,890 

6  ft 8,712 

18  in 23,232 


ft. 
ft. 
ft. 
ft. 
ft. 
ft. 
ft. 
8  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 


ft 17,4)24 

in 17,4124 

2,904 

2,722 

2,178 

1,742 

1,452 

1,210 

1,037 

907 


684 


Useful  Orchard  Insects. 

Bees— iPollenizes  and  indispensable 
to  a  continuance  of  reproduction  of  a 
large  percentage  of  plant  life. 

Dragon  Flies — Feed  on  a  great  va- 
riety of  injurious  insects. 

Tree  Crickets — Feed  on  plant  lice. 

Ground  Beetles — In  larvae  and  adult 
stages  feed  on  such  insects  as  go 
underground  to  pupate. 

ILady  Bug  Beetles — Feed  on  plant 
life  and  scale  insects  lioth  in  larvae 
and  adult  stages. 

Wasps — ^Beneficial  because  predat- 
ory upon  other  insects,  some  of  an  in- 
jurious, destructive  nature. 

Frogs  and  Toads — -Feed  almost  en- 
tirely on  insects  and  slugs. 

Cost  of  Cover  Crops  for  Orchard. 

The  following  figures  are  compara- 
tive. The  prices  may  vary  consiaer- 
aibly.  Lower  prices  may  (be  secured 
by  ibuying  througli  associations  or  in 
large  bulk: 
Cow  peas,  1%  Ijus.  per  acre  at 

^3.00  per  bus $4  50 

■Mammoth    Red  iClover,    20    lbs. 

per  acre  at  18c  . : 3  60 

Common  Red  Clover,  20  lbs.  per 

acre  at  17c  3  40 

Crimson    Clover,    25    lbs.    per 

acre  at  14c   3  SO 

Winter  Vetch,  V2  bus.  per  acre.  4  25 
Spring  Vetch,  1  bus.  iper  acre . .  1  80 
Barley,  2  bus.   per  acre  at  75c. 

per  bus ^  °" 

Peas,  11^  bus.  per  acre  at  $1.10 

per  bus. ^  "^ 

Alsike,  20  lbs.  per  acre  at  15c. .     3  00 
Top  Grafting. 

Top  grafting  promotes  hardihood  in 
apples.     Varieties    as   McMahon.   Tol- 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


63 


man  and  Baxter  are  hardy  stock  to 
graft  onto  Kings  and  Canada  Red  and 
such  like  varieties  from  weak  crotches 
which  canker  badly;  scions  of  these 
are  therefore  grafted  onto  hardier  va- 
rieties. Illustrations  show  methods 
of  top  grafting. 

Formulas  for  Grafting  Wax. 

Resin,  4  parts  by  weight;  beeswax, 
2  parts;  tallow,  1  part.  Melt  together 
and  pour  into  a  pail  of  cold  water. 
Grease  the  hands  and  pull  the  wax 
until  nearly  white. 

For  cold  weather:  6  lbs.  resin,  1  lb. 
beeswax,  and  1  pint  linseed  oil.  Ap- 
ply hot  all  over  joints  with  a  brush. 
Put  on  about  1/8  inch  thick. 

For  warm  weather:  4  lbs.  resin,  1 
lb.  beeswax,  ^4  Pint  to  one  pint  lin- 
seed oil.  Melt  together  gradually, 
turn  Into  cold  water,  and  pull.  The 
linseed  oil  should  be  entirely  free 
from  cottonseed  oil. 


Markings  on    Leaves  by  Apple  Scab 

Hints  to  Packers. 

Use  only  clean,  neat  boxes. 
Use  only  one  size — 20  x  11  x  10. 
Use  diagonal   pack   when   conven- 
ient. 

Keep  the  pack,  if  anything,  above 
the  "Fruit  Marks  Act." 

Use  the  proper  size  paper  for  wrap- 
ping. 


Showing   Apple   Scab. 

Avoid  turniing  stem  of  one  apple  to 
cheek  of  another. 

Pack  firmly  and  of  correct  align- 
ment. 

Make  the  pack  attractive. 

Mark  the  number  of  apples  on  the 
box. 

All  fancy  priced  apples  should  te 
shipped  in  boxes. 

Only  the  best  grades  are  preferred. 
The  box  is  the  only  practical  pack 
for  transportation. 

Packing  Apples  in  Boxes 

The  Straight  Pack:  Rows  run 
straight  across  box  and  parallel  to 
sides,  in  boxes  of  three,  four,  and  five 
tiers.  Apples  must  fit  snugly.  Some- 
times necessary  to  turn  end  row  flat. 
Stem  end  up. 

Diagonal  Pack,  mosit  important 
style:  Rows  go  at  an  angle.  It  includes 
the  two-two  pack  (see  illustrations). 
First  place  an  apple  in  the  left-hand 
lower  corner  of  box  and  another  mid- 
way between  the  cheek  of  the  first 
aple  and  the  right-hand  side  of  box. 
Two  spaces  of  equal  size  will  be  left. 
In  these  spaces  two  apples  are  placed. 
The  spaces  left  by  last  two  apples  are 
then  filled,  and  so  on  until  layer  is 
finished.  Second  layer  is  started  in 
right-hand  corner  for  the  half  tier 
packs.  This  throws  the  apples  of  sec- 
ond layer  into  the  pocket  left  by  first 
layer.  The  three-two  pack  is  the 
same,  except  that  it  Is  started  with 
three  apples  instead  of  two.  For  these 
packs  it  Is  necessary  to  have  the 
apples  too  large  to  fit  four  across  the 
box. 


64 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Plants  and   Pest 


Spray  Calendar 

1st  Application 


2nd   Application 


APPLE 

Scab  or  black  spot,  can- 
ker, leaf  spot,  codling 
moth  and  other  biting 
insects,  scale  insects, 
blister  mite  and  aphids. 


Shortly  before  the  buds     Just  before  the  blossoms 


burst.     Use   Al  or   B. 

For    Saa    Jose  Scale 

prune    severely,  spray 
thoroughly. 


open.  Use  A2  or  D, 
with  2  or  3  lbs.  arse- 
nate of  lead  to  each  40 
gallons  of  liquid. 


PEAR 

Scab  or  cracking,  bligat,  Shortly  before  the  buds    Just  before  the  blossoms 
codling     moth,     other  burst.     Use  Al   or  B.        open.     Use  A2   or   D, 
biting     insects,     scale  with  2  or  3  lbs.  arse- 
insects,     blister    mite,  nate  of  lead, 
psylla  and  slug. 


PLUM     AND     CHERRY 

Black-knot,    brown     rot.    Just     before     the     buds 
leaf  blight  or  shot-hole        burst.     Use  Al   or  B. 
fungus,    curculio,    slug 
and  aphids. 


Just  after  fruit  Is  set. 
Use  A2  or  D,  with  3 
lbs.  arsenate  of  lead. 


PEACH 

Leaf-curl,  scab  or  black  Before    the    buds    begin  Just  after  fmlt    is    set. 

spot,     yellows,,    little  to  swell.     (All  must  be  Use  2  lbs.  arsenate  of 

peach,  curculio,'  borer,  done   before   any   sign  lead  alone  with  water 

San   Jose    scale,,  shot-  of   bursting    of   buds.)  for  curculio. 

hole  borer.  Use  Al  or  B. 


GRAPES 

Black  rot,  powdery  mil- 
dew, downy  mildew, 
anthracnose,  flea-beetle 
thrip,  or  leaf  hopper. 


When    8rd    leaf    is    ap-    Just  before  the  blossoms 
pearing.     Use  D.  open.    Use  D. 


This  spray  calendar  and  article  following   compiled    by    L.   Caesar,   O.A.C., 
Guelph,   Ont 


ORCMAflD   A^JI>   v^AAiJikN.  «i 


Spray  Calendar 

trd  Applieatlen  REMARKS. 


Immediately  after  blos-Scab,  if  first  half  June  wet  and  foggy,  give  4th  appU- 
loms  have  all,  or  near-  cation,  same  as  3rd,  10  days  liiter;  If  latter  half  of 
ly  all,  fallen,  and  be-  August  is  wet,  spray  at  once  with  A3  or  D.  Aphlda 
fore  tho  calyces  close,  troublesome,  delay  1st  aplication  till  buds  begin  to 
Use  A3  or  D,  with  2  burst,  add  Black  Leaf  40  to  Al  or  B,  cover  every 
lbs.  arsenate  of  lead.  bud.  For  Cankers  cut  out  diseased  bark,  disinfect 
This  is  the  aplieation  with  white  lead  paint.  Blight  on  young  trees,  keep 
for  codling  moth.  suckers  rubbed  off;   cut  out  diseased  branches  or 

twigs  well  Jaelow  diseased  bark.    Disinfect  cuts  aod 
tools  with  corrosive  sublimate. 


Pears  subject  to  Scab  should  receive  4th  application 
Just      after      blossoms  10  days  later  than  3rd,  same  mixture.     For  Blight 
have   fallen.     Use  A3  cut  out  in  winter  blighted  branches  and  twigs,  cut- 
or  D,  with  2  lbs.  arsen-  ting  foot  or  more  below  diseased  part.    Remove  and 
ate  of  lead.  bum  trees  too  bad   to  save.     Throughout  growing 

season  remove  promptly  blighted  twigs  or  branches. 
Disinfect  at  once  tools  and  cuts  with  corrosive  sub- 
limate (1  to  1,000).  For  Psylla  delay  1st  spraying 
with  Al  or  B  until  leaf  buds  burst  and  add  Black 
Leaf  40  to  Codling  Moth  spray  if  necessary. 


Cherry  Fruit-flies,  3  lbs.  arsenate  of  lead,  1  gal.  mo- 
About  two  weeks  later,  lasses  and  39  gals,  water.    Apply  just  as  Early  Rich- 
Use  A3  or  D,  with  3  monds  getting  reddish  blush,  again  to  only  Monmor- 
Ibs.  arsenate  of  lead.      ency  and  late  varieties  10  or  12  days  later.    For  leaf- 
spot,  4th  application  same  mixture  as  3rd  jus't  after 
cherries  picked.    Cut  out,  bum.  Black  Knots  in  win- 
ter and  whenever  seen  in  summer.     For  Slugs  see 
Pear.     Examine   sweet   cherries   for  Aphids    after 
blossoms  fall,  if  present,  add  Black  Leaf  40  to  2ad 
application. 

If  brown  rot  is  likely  to  be  troublesome  use  C  again 
About  one  month  after  about  one  month  before  fruit  ripens.  Destroy  mum- 
fruit  is  set.  Use  C.  mied  fruit  in  autumn.  Remove  at  once  and  bxirn 
any  three  attacked  by  yellows  or  little  peach  and 
also  all  suspected  trees.  Dig  out  borers  at  base  of 
tree  with  knife  in  May  and  again  in  October.  For 
shot-hole  borer  cut  down  and  burn  before  April  aU 
dead  or  dying  trees  or  branches,  and  leave  no  brush 
heaps  near  orchard. 


Spray  again   whenever  wet  weather  threatens.     It 
Just    after    fruit    set*,  should  always  be  done  before  not  after  rain.     At 
Use  D.  first  sign  of  powdery  mildew  dust  with  sulphur  or 

spray  with  C.  For  flea-beetles  use  poison  when- 
even  they  appear.  For  leaf-hoppers  or  "thrips" 
use  Black  Leaf  40  or  kerosene  emulsion  or  whale- 
oil  soap  in  July  to  destroy  nymphs.  Clean  cul- 
tivation is  very  important,  and  destruction  of  all 
old  mummied  grapes  and  prunings^ 


at 


CANADIAN  iJ^AItM  YEAR  BOOK. 


SPRAY  CALENDAR.— Continued. 
Plants  and  Pest.  1st  Application.  2nd  Application. 


CURRANT  AND 

GOOSEBERRY 

Mildew,  leaf-spot,   currant 

worm    and    aphids.    Red 

spider     and     San    Jose 

Scale. 


Shortly  before  buds 
burst.  Use  Al  or  B. 
Prune  and  spray  heav- 
ily for  scale. 


Just  before  blossorhs 
appear.  Use  A2,  with 
2  lbs.  arsenate  of  lead. 


RASPBERRY  AND 

BLACKBERRY 
Anthracnose,     red     rust, 
crown  gall. 


Before  growth  begins.  When  shoots  are  6  or  8 
Use  D.  Omit  if  riot  inches  high.  Use  D. 
[troubled  by  anthrac-  Omit  is  no  anthrac- 
nose. nose. 


Plants  and  Pest. 
STRAWBERRY 

Leaf-spot    and    white 
grub. 


CABBAGE  AND  TUR- 
NIP 
Flea-beetles,  caterpillars, 
root  maggots,  aphids." 


REMARKS. 

For  leaf-spot  set  out  only  healthy  plants  with  no 
sign  of  disease.  First  season  spray  with  D  before 
blossoms  open  and  keep  plants  covered  with  mix- 
ture throughout  the  season.  Second  year  spray 
before  blossoming  with  D  and  again  soon  after 
picking;  or  mow  and  burn  over  after  picking. 
Don't  take  more  than  twa  crops  off.  Plow  down 
at  once  after  second  crop.  For  white  grubs  dig 
out  as  soon  as  injury  is  noticed.  Do  not  plant 
on  land  broken  up  from  old  meadow  or  pasture 
for  at  least  three  years  after  breaking. 

For  flea-beetle  or  turnip  sow  after  June  21st,  or 
dust  plants  as  soon  as  they  appear  above  ground 
with  Paris  green,  or  spray  with  Bordeaux  and  a 
poison  and  a  sticker.  Repeat  in  two  or  three 
days.  For  caterpillars  dust  with  Paris  green  until 
heads  begin  to  form  on  cabbage  and  cauliflower, 
then  spray  with  pyrethrum,  1  ounce  to  2  gallons 
water.  For  root  maggots  use  medium  thick 
tarred  felt-paper  discs,  putting  on  as  soon  as 
plants  are  set  out,  or  set  out  plants  after  July  1st. 
For  aphids  use  kerosene  emulsion  as  soon  as  they 
appear. 


POTATO 

Tip   burn,   early  blight, 
late  blight,  scab,  Col- 
orado   beetle,    flea- 
beetle. 


Keep  foliage  covered  with  D  from  time  plants  ar* 
about  5  inches  high.  Take  special  precautions  to 
see  this  is  well  done  if  weather  is  at  all  damp  after 
about  15th  July,  as  late  blight  begins  about  this 
time.  Add  a  poison  to  each  application  when 
necessary.  For  scab,  soak  tubers  before  cutting 
2  hours  in  formalin  solution,  1  pint  of  formalin  to 
30  gallons  of  water.  Spread  out  on  grass  to  dry. 
Wash  all  boxes,  bags  or  other  vessels  to  be  used  in 
same  liquid.  Plant  none  but  perfectly  healthy 
tubers. 


ORCHARD   AND  GARDEN. 


67 


3rd    Application. 


SPRAY  CALENDAR.— Continued. 

REMARKS. 


Just  after  fruit  is  form- 
ed. Use  A2,  with  2 
lbs  arsenate  of  lead. 


For  worms  when  fruit  is  ripening,  use  hellebore. 
Look  for  aphids  just  before  buds  burst;  if  present 
spray  with  Black  Leaf  40  or  kerosene  emulsion  or 
whale-oil  soap.  Of  little  use  to  spray  for  these 
after  leaves  curl. 


If  anthracnose  is  very  severe,  set  out  new  planta- 
tion of  healthy  shoots.  If  disease  begins,  cut  out 
old  canes  and  as  soon  as  fruit  is  picked,  also  badly- 
attacked  new  ones,  and  burn.  For  red  rust  re- 
move and  burn  plants  at  once.  No  other  remedy. 
For  crown  gall  set  out  plants  in  fresh  soil,  rejecting 
any  plant  with  a  gall  on  root  or  crown. 


Plants  and  Pest. 

BEAN 
Anthracnose   and    bac- 
teriosis. 


REMARKS. 

Get  seeds  from  pods  showing  no  signs  of  disease. 
Do  not  work  among  the  plants  if  they  are  wet  with 
rain  or  dew.     Spraying  scarcely  pays,  as  a  rvde. 


TOMATO 
Leaf  blight,  black  rot, 
flea-beetle. 


Spray  plants  in  seed-bed  with  D.  Keep  foliage  in 
field  covered  with  D  until  danger  of  staining  fruit. 
Add  poison  if  necessary  for  flea  beetles. 


ASPARAGUS 
Rust,  beetles. 


For  rust,  let  no  plants,  not  even  wild  ones,  mature 
during  cutting  s  ason.  Late  in  fall  when  growth 
is  about  over,  cut  and  burn  old  plants.  For 
b;etle  ,  let  poultry  run  in  the  plantation.  After 
cutting  eason  is  over  spray  with  arsenate  of  lead; 
repeat  in  two  weeks.  May  add  sticker  and  a  little 
lime. 

NOTE — Al — Concentrated  lime-sulphur,  strength  1030  specific  gravity  (1035 
for  San  Jose  scale) — 1030— commercial  lime-sulphur  diluted  1  to 
8  or  9;  1035=1  gallon  commercial  to  7  gallons  water. 

A2 — Concentrated  lime-sulphur,  strength  1009  specific  gravity=com- 
mercial  lime  sulphur  diluted  1  to  30-35. 

A3 — Concentrated  lime-sulphur,  strength  1008  specific  gravity=com- 
mercial  lime-sulphur  diluted  1  to  33  or  40. 

B  — The  old  home-boiled  lime-sulphur.  20.15.40  formula. 

C  — Self-boiled  lime-sulphur. 

D  — Bordeaux  mixture,  4.4.40  formula. 


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68  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Formulae  for  Insecticides. 

I.— POISONS  (for  biting  insects  only). 

1.— ARSENATE  OF  LEAD— 2  or  3  lbs.  to  40  gallons  liquid  spray;  Z^^  lbs. 

for  potato  bettles.    Dry  arsenate  lead  only  half  these  strength. 

2.— PARIS  GREEN— (a)  ^  to  ^  lb.  to  40  gals.;  1  lb.  for  potato  beetles. 
If  used  with  water  alone  add  1  to  2  lbs.  fresh  lime,  (b)  1  lb.  mixed  with 
50  lbs.  land  plaster,  air-slaked  lime  or  some  similar  substance,  for  dust- 
ing'on  plants,  (c)  Poisoned  bran:  mix  1  lb.  Paris  green  with  20  lbs.  bran, 
with  Yz  gallon  molasses,  2  gallons  water  and  2  or  8  lemons;  run  latter 
through  meal  pupler,  add  with  molasses  to  the  water  and  stir  well,  then 
pour  on  poisoned  bran  and  mix  thoroughly.  Apply  in  evening  for  cut 
and  army  worms. 

3. — ARSENATE  OF  LIME. — Boil  1  lb.  white  arsenate  and  1  lb.  sal.  soda 
(crystals)  with  stirring  for  about  15  minutes  in  1  gal.  water  till  the 
arsenic  is  dissolved,  then  add  2  lbs.  stone  lime  and  let  slake  in  boiling 
liquid.  Add  water  to  make  up  for  what  has  evaporated.  One  quart  of 
this  when  well  stirred  is  sufficient  for  40  gals,  spray  liquid.  Arsenate 
of  lime  can  be  made  in  large  quantities  and  stored.  Label  barrel 
"poison,"  and  be  careful  to  keep  white  arsenate  itself  labelled  "poison." 
Keep  barrel  covered  to  prevent  evaporation.     Stir  wll  before  using. 

N.B. — With  Bordeaux  1,  2  or  3  may  be  used;  with  lime-sulphur  1;  the 
others  cause  burning. 

4. — ^WHITE  HELLEBORE. — 1  oz.  to  1  gal.  water,  or  dust  undiluted  over 
the  plants.    For  root  maggot  dust  close  to  plants,  or  pour  around  roots. 

II.— CONTACT  POISONS   (chiefly  for  sucking  insects). 

1.— KEROSENE  EMULSION— 

Kerosene    (coal   oil)  ' 2  gals. 

Rain  water 1  gal- 
Soap   %  lb. 

Dissolve  the  soap  in  water  by  slicing  and  boiling;  take  from  fire,  and 
while  hot  pour  in  kerosene  and  chum  vigorously  for  five  minutes.  For 
use  dilute  with  9  parts  water,  so  that  the  above  3  gals,  of  stock  emul- 
sion will  make  30  gals,  of  spray  mixture. 

2.— WHALE-OIL  SOAP.— For  brown  or  black  aphids,  1  lb.  In  4  gals.  For 
green  aphids,  thrip  and  leaf-hopper,  1  lb.  in  6  gals. 

3.— TOBACCO  WATER.— Steep  1  lb.  refuse  tobacco  In  1  gal  of  water  for 
1  hour,  make  up  for  water  that  evaporates. 

4.— Black  leaf  40,  sold  by  Tobacco  Product  Co.,  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

5. — PYRETHRUM  (or  insect  powder). 

Pyrethrum  Powder 1  oz. 

Water 1  to  3  gals. 

Dry  mixture.  Mix  thoroughly  1  part  by  weight  of  pyrethrum  with  4  of 
cheap  flour,  and  keep  in  air-tight  vessel  for  24  hours  before  dusting  over 
places. 

Note. — Pyrethrum  Is  useless  If  left  exposed  to  the  air. 

•.—LIME-SULPHUR  WASH— 

(See  under  fungicide*.) 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN.  61 


Formulae  for  Insecticides. 

L— BORDEAUX  MIXTURE— 

Copper  Sulphate  (Bluestone) 4  lbs. 

Unslaked  Lime 4  lbs. 

Water 40  gals. 

Dissolve  the  copper  sulphate  in  a  wooden  or  brass  vessel  with  hot  water, 
pour  into  a  barrel  and  add  cold  water  to  make  20  gals.;  slake  the  lime 
preferably  with  hot  water;  add  cold  water  to  make  20  gals.;  stir  both 
barrels  well,  and  pour  lime  into  the  copper  sulohate  barrel.  (Never 
mix  concentrated  milk  of  lime  and  copper  sulphate  solutions.) 

A  stock  solution  of  each  may  be  made  and  kept  indefinitely  if  not  mixed. 
Dissolve  40  lbs.  copper  sulphate  in  40  gals,  of  water  by  suspending 
just  below  the  surface  of  the  water  in  a  coarse  sack.  Each  gallon  of 
the  liquid  will  now  contain  1  lb.  copper  sulphate.  Slake  any  desired 
quantity  of  lime  and  put  into  a  box  or  barrel  in  shaded  place,  or  sunk 
in  the  ground.  Keep  covered  with  small  amount  of  water  to  exclude 
the  air.     Calculate  how  much  is  required  for  4  lbs.  lime  if  well  stirred. 

To  test  Bordeaux  mixture,  let  a  drop  of  ferro-cyanide  of  potassium 
solution  fall  into  a  little  of  the  mixture  in  a  saucer,  when  ready.  If  this 
causes  it  to  turn  reddish  brown,  add  more  lime  until  no  change  takes 
place. 

II.— LIME-SULPHUR  WASH. 

1. — HOME-BOILED  (for  use  on  dormant  wood  only.) 

Fresh  stone  lime 20  lbs. 

Sulphur  (flour  or  flowers) 15  lbs. 

Water 40  gals. 

Slake  20  lbs.  of  lime  in  about  15  gals,  boiling  water  in  a  kettle  or  other 
boiling  outfit.  While  slaking  add  the  15  lbs.  sulphur  made  into  paste 
by  the  addition  of  a  little  water.  Boil  vigorously,  with  stirring,  for  1 
hour.  Dilute  to  40  gals,  with  cold  or  hot  water.  Strain  and  apply 
at  once. 

HOMEMADE  CONCENTRATED  LIME-SULPHUR.— This  may  be 
used  as  a  substitute  for  commercial  lime-sulphur,  but  is  only  about 
two-thirds  as  strong  as  a  rule. 

Sulphur  (a  fine  grade) 100  lbs. 

Fresh  stone  lime,  high  in  percentage  of  calcium. .       50  lbs. 

Water 40  or  50  gals. 

Put  about  10  gals,  of  water  in  the  boiling  outfit,  start  fire,  add  sulphur, 
stir  to  make  paste  and  break  lumps,  then  add  remaining  water,  and 
when  near  boiling  put  in  lime.  Stir  frequently  while  slaking  and  till 
all  the  sulphur  and  lime  are  dissolved.  Add  water  from  time  to  time 
to  keep  up  to  40  or  50  gal.  mark.  Boil  1  hour,  then  strain  through 
a  screen  of  30  meshes  to  inch  to  storage  barrels.  Make  enough  at  once 
for  season's  work.  Cover  well  to  keep  out  air,  or  pour  oil  of  any  kind 
over  surface  to  depth  of  one-eighth  inch  for  same  purpose. 
3. — SELF-BOILED  (chiefly  for  use  on  peach  foliage). 

Freshstone  lime 8  lbs. 

Sulphur  (flour  or  flowers) 8  lbs. 

Water 40  gals. 


70  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 

Best  prepared  in  quantities  of  24  lbs.  at  a  time  to  get  sufficient  heat' 
Place  24  lbs.  lime  in  a  half  barrel,  add  enough  cold  water  to  start  it 
slaking  well  and  to  keep  the  sulphur  off  the  bottom.  Dust  the  24  lbs. 
sulphur  over  the  lime,  having  first  worked  the  sulphur  through  a  screen 
to  break  lumps,  then  add  whatever  further  amount  of  water  is  necessary 
to  complete  the  slaking.  Stir  well  with  a  hoe  to  prevent  the  lime 
caking  on  the  bottom.  As  soon  as  the  slaking  is  over,  add  enough 
cold  water  to  cool  the  whole  mass  and  previsnt  further  combination. 
Strain  into  spray  tank.  Keep  well  agitated  while  spraying. 
III.— DISINFECTANTS  (for  pruning  tools  and  for  wounds  on  trees).— 

1. — One  pint  formalin  diluted  to  2  gals,  with  water. 

2. — Corrosive  sublimate,  1  part  to  1000  by  weight  =  1  tablet  to  1  pint 
of  water.     Apply  with  a  swab  on  end  of  a  stick. 

Caution. — Corrosive  sublimate  is  a  deadly  poison  to  man  or  beast 
if  taken  internally.  It  will  also  corrode  iron  or  metal,  so  use  in  a  glass 
or  wooden  vessel  and  be  sure  to  wash  these  out  very  thoroughly  when 
through  using  them. 

3. — Lime-sulphur  about  twice  spring  strength,  or  bluestone,  1  lb.  dissolved 
in  about  14  gals,  water  may  be  used  to  disinfect  wounds  or  cankers, 
but  is  not  satisfactory  in  case  of  pear  blight. 

STICKER 

Resin 2  lbs. 

Sal  Soda  (crystals) 1  lb. 

Water 1  gal. 

Boil  together  till  a  clear  brown  color,  which  takes  from  1  to  1^  hours. 

Cook  in  an  iron  kettle  in  an  open  place.     Add  the  above  to  40  gallons 

Bordeaux  for  use  on  smooth  foliage  like  onions,  cabbage  or  asparagus. 

If  used  with  arsenate  of  lead,  Paris  green,  or  arsenate  of  lime,  add  1 

to  2  lbs.  of  fresh  lime  to  every  40  gallons  of  spray. 


Information  on  Dilution. 

To  determine  how  much  to  dilute  for  different  applications  use  an  hydro- 
meter with  specific  gravity  readings,  and  apply  the  following  rule: 

Put  the  hydrometer  in  the  clear  liquid  when  it  is  cold,  and  the  sediment  has 
all  bee  settled  for  a  doy  or  two.  Note  the  number  to  which  it  sinks.  Suppose 
this  is  1:240.  The  strength  for  use  before  the  buds  burst  should  be  1:030  or 
stronger.  To  determine  how  much  to  dilute  a  strength  of  1:240  to  get  1:030, 
divide  the  three  figures  to  the  right  in  1:240  by  30,  that  is  240  divided  by  30=8. 
This  means  that  each  gallon  of  such  a  wash  must  be  diluted  to  8  gals,  with 
water  to  give  us  a  strength  of  1:030,  the  proper  spring  strength.  For  the  sec- 
ond application  1:000  is  about  the  right  strength.  To  get  it  divide  the  240  by  9, 
which  gives  2  2-3,  or  roughly  speaking  27.  This  means  that  each  gallon  of  a 
wash  of  the  strength  of  1:240  must  be  diluted  to  26  2-3,  or  27  gals,  to  make 
the  right  strength  for  the  second  application.  For  the  third  application  and  any 
later  ones  1:008  is  about  the  right  strength,  and  to  get  this  we  proceed  in  the 
same  way  and  divide  240  by  8=30,  so  that  each  gallon  must  be  diluted  to  30 
with  water  for  this  application.  If  the  strength  of  the  concentrated  were  1:212 
or  any  other  number,  you  would  in  the  same  way  divide  the  three  figures  to 
the  right  by  30,  9  and  8  respectively  to  get  the  proper  dilutions  for  each  spray- 
ins. 

Note. — Commercial  lime-sulphur  should  be  tested  with  the  hydrometer  and 
diluted  according  to  the  same  rules  as  the  home-made  concentrated  form. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


71 


How  to  Make  Insecticides 


Soap  Washes 

Dissolve  one  pound  of  whale  il  soap 
in  four  gallons  of  warm  water  f  >  black 
or  brown  Aphis,  and  one  pound  i.i  six 
gallons  for  green  Aphis. 

Another  remedy  for  Aphis  is  the  f  I  low- 
ing. Boil  8  pounds  of  quassia  chips  in 
■s  ^aliens  ci  v\ater  lor  an  hour,  dissolve 
7  pounds  of  whale-oil  soap  in  hot  water, 
strain  the  qua-sia  decoction  and  mix  with 
tne  scap  solution  then  dilute  to  make 
100  gallons.  Spray  forcibly  while  hot, 
this  will  kill  the  plant-lice  and  not  injure 
the  plants. 

Formalin 

40%  solution  of  formaldehyde  in  water* 
1  pint  of  commercial  to  45  gals,  of  water. 
Forfungus  diseases. 
Cook's  Carbolic  Soap  Wash 

Hard  soap  1  pound,  or  soft  soap  1  quart; 
crude  carbolic  add  1  pint;  water  (boiling) 

1  gallon. 

Dissolve  the  soap  in  the  boiling  water, 
while  still  hot  add  the  carbolic  acid, 
emulsify  thoroughly.  This  is  the  stock 
solution.  For  use,  dilute  with  30  to  50 
times  its  bulk  of  water.  Very  effective 
against  root-maggots  of  cabbage,  radish 
and  onion. 

Hellebore 

White  hellebore  (fresh)  1  ounce  r  water 

2  gallons. 

Pyrethrum,  or  Insect  Powder 

Pyrethriun  powder  (fresh)  1  ounce; 
water  3  gallons;  of  pyrethrum  1 
ounce;  flour  (cheap)  5  ounces. 

Mix  thoroughly,  allow  to  stand  over 
night  in  a  closed  tin  box,  then  dust  on 
plants  through  cheese  cloth- 
Kerosene  Emulsion 

The  following  is  the  formula  recommen- 
ded by  Dr.  Fletcher,  Central  Experi- 
mental Farm,  Ottawa  (Bulletin  No.  52). 

Kerosene  (coal  oil)  2  gallons;  rain 
water  1  gallon;  soap  J4  pound. 


Boil  the  soap  in  water  till  all  is  dissolved, 
then,  while  boiling  hot,  turn  it  into  the 
kerosene  and  turn  the  mixture  constantly 
and  forcibly  with  a  syringe  or  force  pump 
for  five  minutes,  when  it  will  be  of  a 
smooth,  creamy  nature.  If  the  emulsion 
.  is  perfect,  it  will  adhere  to  the  surface  of 
glass  without  oihness.  As  it  cools  it 
thickens  into  a  jelly  mass.  This  gives 
the  stock  emulsion  which  must  be  diluted 
with  nine  times  its  measure  of  warm 
water  before  using  on  vegetation.  The 
above  quantity  of  three  gallons  of  emulsion 
will  make  30  gallons  of  wash.  Kerosene 
emulsion  may  also  be  made  conveniently 
by  using  an  equal  amount  of  sour  milk 
instead  of  soap  and  water  in  the  above 
formula,  and  churning  for  the  same  time 
to  get  the  stock  emulsion. 

Another  method  is  to  use  lime,  which 
will  hold  the  kerosene  in  suspension,  or 
the  foUo-vving,  where  lime  cannot  be  ob- 
tained.    (From    Bulletin     171,     O.A.C.) 

The  requisite  amount  of  kerosene  is 
placed  in  a  dry  vessel  and  flour  added  in 
the  proportion  of  8  ounces  to  one  quart 
of  kerosene.  It  is  then  thoroughly 
stirred  and  two  gallons  of  water  added  for 
every  quart  of  kerosene;  the  whole  is 
then  vigorously  churned  for  frofn  two  to 
four  minutes,  and  the  emulsion  is  ready 
for  use.  It  has  been  found  that  by  scald- 
ing the  flour  before  adding  the  kerosene, 
an  excellent  emulsion  which  does  not 
separate  in  the  least  after  standing  for  a 
week,  can  be  prepared  with  2  ounces  of 
flour,  by  mixing  the  resulting  paste  with 
one  quart  of  kerosene  and  emulsifying 
with  two  gallons  of  water. 

Tobacco  Wash   (for  destroying  Aphis) — 

Soak  4  pounds  of  tobacco  waste  in  9 
gallons  of  hot  water  for  four  or  five  hours 
(in  cold  water  for  four  or  five  days) 
dissolve  one  pound  of  whale-oil  soap  in 
one  gallon  of  hot  water;  strain  the  decoc- 
tion into  the  dissolved  soap  and  apply 
with  a  spray  pump  as' forcibly  as  possibly. 


71 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Calendar  for  Use  of  Soluble  Sprays. 

Solu'ble  »pra7a  as  put  up  by  commercial  epray  ooonpanles  are  becoming 
more  popular  every  year.  There  Is  a  good  deal  to  be  said  in  their  favor,  on  the 
score  of  labor  saving,  facilities  of  hand  ling,  aad  for  the  inexperienced  sprayer, 
the  safeguarding  against  improper  mixing  and  other  mistakes  of  a  like  uature. 


WHAT  TO  SPRAY  FOR 

WHEN   TO  SPRAY 

WHAT  TO  SPRAY  WITH 

Apple 

1 — Just  before  buds  l>urst 

1 — Use    Lime    Sulphur,    1 

iin  Spring. 

to   9    or    Soluble    Sul- 

Scales,  Cancer,   BllBter 

phur  at   the    rate    of 

Mite,  Aphis,  Scab 

,  Dud- 

12^  lbs.  to  40  gals. 

moth.     Codling 

Moth, 

2— Just    before    blossoms 

2 — Use  Lime    Sulphur    at 

Chowinig  insects. 

open. 

the  rate  of  1  lb.  to  40 
gals,  of  water,  adding 
2  lbs.  of  Arsenate  of 
Lead  to  40  gals. 

3 — Immediately  after  blos- 

3— iSame  material  at  No.  2 

soms  fall.    Don't  wait 

until  they  are  all  off. 

4 — ^Two  weeks  later. 

4 —  Same  material  as  No. 

2. 

5—  These        are        only 

15 — Nine  weeiks  later. 

necessary  in  some 

seasons.    For  these 

later  sprayings  use 
slightly     less     Sol- 

uble. 

Pear 

1 — Just  before  buds  'burst 

1 — Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 

in  Spring. 

9   or  Soluble   Sulphur 

Scales,     Blister 

Mite. 

at   tihe    rate    of    12^ 

Aphis,  Slug,  Scab 

Cod- 

lbs.  to  40  gals. 

ling  Moth,  Chewing  lii-| 

2 — Just     before     blossoms 

2 — Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 

s^cta. 

open. 

40,  or  Soluble  Sulphur 
at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to 
40  gals,  of  water,  add- 
ing 2  lbs.  of  Arsenate 
of  Lead  to  40  gals. 

3 — Just  after  blossoms  fall. 

3—    'Same  at  No.  2. 

4 — ^Two  weeks  later. 

4—    Same  as  No.  2.     For 

Always  cut  out  Blight  well 

later  sprayings  use  %  lb. 

'below  diseased  area. 

Soluble. 

DOES     SPRAYING    PAY 

Ask  the  Farmer  who  sprayed  this 
year  and  got  three  to  four  dollars  for 
his  fruit.  He  knows  better  than  the 
Farmer  who  did  not  spray  and  sold  his 
fruit  to  the  evaporator.  Let  us  solve 
your  spraying  problem.  We  are  the 
oldest  manufacturers  of  sprays  in 
Canada.  Lime-Sulphur.  Soluble  Sul- 
phur, Arsenate  of  Lead,  Hand  Pumps, 
Power  Pumps  and  all  accessories. 
Quality  that  gives  results  and  profits. 
Write  to-day. 

Niagara  Brand  Spray  Co.,  Limited.    •    Burlington,  Ont. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


78 


CALENDAR   FOR  USE  OF  SOLUBLE  SPRAYER.— Continued. 


WHAT  TO  SPRAY  FOR 


WHEN   TO    SPRAY 


Plum  and  Cherry 

Scales,  Aphis,  Browu 
Rot,  Slug,  Curculio, 
Leaf  Blight,  Shot  Hole 
Fungus. 


Peach 

Scales,  Aphis,  Scab  or 
Black  Spot,  Curculio, 
Shot  Hole  Borer,  Curl, 
Yellows  or  Little  Peach. 


Grapes 

Black  Rot,  Mildew,  Bit- 
ing insects. 


-Just  before  buds  'burst 
in  Spring. 


2 — Just  after  fruit  is  set. 


3 — Two   weeks  later. 
AlTvays  cut  out  Black  Knot 

well     below    diseased 

area. 


1 — Before    buds    begin    to 
swell  .in  Spring. 


2 — After  fruit  is  set. 


3 — 'One  month  later. 

Always  remove  and  burn 
all  trees  affected  with 
Yellows,  Little  Peach 
or  Shot  Hole  Borer. 


1 — ^When    3rd    leaf    is    ap- 
pearing. 


2 — Just  before  the  blos- 
soms open. 

3 — Just  after  fruit  sets. 

Spray  whenever  wet 
weather  threatens,  al- 
ways  before  rain. 


WHAT  TO  SPRAY  WITH 


1 — Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 
9  or  Soluble  Sulphur 
at  the  rate  of  li2  1-2 
libs,  to  40  gals. 

2 — Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 
40,  or  Soluble  Sulphur 
at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to 
40  gals,  of  water,  add- 
ing 2  lbs.  of  Arsenate 
of  Lead  to  40  gals. 

3 — Same  as  No.   2. 


1 — Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 
9  or  Soluble  Sulphur 
at  the  rate  of  12%  lbs. 
to  40  gals. 

2 — For  Curculio  use  Ar- 
senate of  Lead,  2  lbs. 
to  40  gals. 

3 — Use  self-'boiled  Lime 
Sulphur.  8,  8,  40. 


1 — 'Use  Lime  Sulphur,  1  to 
35,  or  Soluble  Sulphur 
at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to 
40  gals,  of  water. 

2 — Same  as  No.  1. 

3 — ^Same  as  No.  1. 

"^Tienever  biting  insects 
appear,  add  Arsenate 
of  Lead,  2  I'bs.  to  40 
gals. 


PONT    BE    MISLED    ON    SPRAY    PUMPS 

Buy  one  that  will  give  capacity  with  high  pressure.  One  that  Is  durable  and 
efficient.  One  that  will  last  for  years  and  give  you  service  at  all  times  and  no  trouble. 
Don't  try  to  buy  the  cheapest  that  Is  offered.  That  kind  is  the  most  expensive  In  the 
end. 

The  Bean  Spray  Pump  Co.  were  awarded  three  gold  medals  on  Barrel  Pumpa, 
Hand  Pumps  and  Power  Sprayers  and  the  onlyGrand  Prize  on  Power  Sprayers  by 
the  International  Jury  of  Awards  at  the  Panama  Exposition  at  San  Francisco  In  1915. 
Remember  these  prizes  were  won  in  competition  with  the  whole  world  in  1915,  not 
twentv  vears  aeo  when  spray  pumps  were  in  the  experimental  stage. 

Write  for  catalogues  and  testimonials  of  hundreds  of  Ontario's  best  fruit  growers. 

NIAGARA    BRAND    SPRAY    CO.,    LIMITED 

BURLINGTON         -         -         -         ONTARIO. 


74 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Injurious  Insects. 

Name.  Affected..  Affected.  Recommended. 

Plant  Part  Treatment 

Common  Clover  Wee-  Clover  Unripe  seed  Cut  early,  rotate  frequently* 
vi: high  fermentation  in  stack- 
Bean-Seed  Weevil Bean  and  pea     Seed  in  gran-     Clean    seed,    pickling    seed 

ary  with  blue  vitriol  and  dilute 

carbolic  acid. 

Granary  Weevil Corn  in  gran-     Inside  the  Frequent  turning  of  grain, 

ary  grains  winnow  out  and  destroy  the 

light,  affected  grains. 

Turnip  Weevil Turnip,  swede    Galls  on   the     Clean  cultivation,  liming,  gas 

cabbage  roots  liming. 

Wireworms,  Click-Bee-  Corn  and  all  Roots  just  be-  Short  rotation  of  crops- 
ties  of  various  kinds. .. .   crops  low   the   sur-    plowing  in  August  and  cross, 

face  plowing  in  September. 

Tooth-legged        Flea-     Turnip,  swede    Leaves  Thick    sowing,    keep    down 

Beetle,  Hop  Flea cruciferous  weeds. 

Bean  Weevil Bean,  Leaves  Fumigate  after  harvested, 

clover  1  oz.  carbon  bisulphide  for 

evft'y  100  lbs. 

Corn  Root  Aphis Cori'    .  Roots  Thorough    plowing,    short 

rotation  of  crops,  deep  and 
clean  cultivating. 

Turnip  Flea  Beetle. Young  Sow  late,  dust  with  Paris 

Leaves  green  and  land  plaster  1  to 

20,    goodtilth. 

Com  Saw- Fly Corn  Stalks    at  Destroy  stubble  by  burning 

ground  and  also  deep  plowing. 

Turnip  Plant  Louse Turnip,  roots.      Roots  and  Kerosere  emulsion  and 

etc.  Crowns  strong  soap  suds.    Cut  out 

affected  plants  immediately 

Carrot-Blossom  Moth,     Carrot  Young  seeds       Dusting  hellebore  on  damp 

and  others leaves,  intersperse  a  portion 

of  parsnips,  which  they  pre- 
fer. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN.  75 

INJURIOUS     INSECTS— (Contirnued.) 

Plant  Part  Treatment 

Nam*.  Affected..  Affected,  Recommended. 

Pea  Weevil Pea  Peas  in  pod        Harvest  early;   put  in  bar- 

rels and  fumigate  with 
carbon  bisulphide.  Rake 
up  field  and  bum. 

Otter  Moth Hop  Root  Examine   roots   and   hand 

pick,  keep  down  rubbish  at 
sides  of  field. 

Cabbage  Butterfly Cabbage  .    Leaves  One  lb.  pyrethrum  powder 

with  four  lbs.,  cheap  flour. 
Dust  with  mixture  about 
twenty  four  hours  after 
mixing. 

Cabbage  Fly Cabba6e  Leaf  One  lb.  Paris  green  with  20 

lbs.  lime.  Applp  underside 
cf  leaves. 

Mangold  Fly Mangold  Leaf  Good    cultivation,    liberal 

manuring,    including    salt 
.  -  and  kainit,  spray  well. 

Hessian  Fly Wheat,  Barley     Inside    leaf       Late    sowing    in    autumn, 

sheath  burning  stubble,  destroying 

screenings  from  threshing 
machine,  deep  plowing. 

Wheat     Midge,     Red     Wheat  Ears  Burn  stubble,  deep  plowing, 

Maggot destroy   chaff  and  screen- 

ings. 

Carrot  Fly,     "Rust"       Carrot  Root  Single  as  soon  as  plants  can 

be  handled,  spray  immedi- 
ately after  thinning  out,  fine 
soil. 

Crane  Fly,  "Daddy        Com  and  Root  and  un-     Drainage,  autumn  cultiya- 

Long  Legs" grass  derground  tion,   stimulating   manures 

stem 

Black  Slug All  crops  Leaves  Good  cultivation  and  man- 

uring, successive  dressings 
of  lime,  salt,  etc. 

Red  Spider Fruit  Leaves  Spray  leaves   with   strong 

wash,  dress  leaves  with 
lime  and  soot  in  winter. 


76 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Potato  Flea  Be«tle Potato 


Tomato  Worm Tomato 


Colorado  Potato  Bug. . .  Potato 


Leaves 


Leaves 


Leaves 


Onion  Maggot Onion  Leaves 

Squash  Bug Melon  and  Leaves 

Cucumber 

White  Grubs Fruit  Leaves 

Grasshoppers : . . . .  Vegetables  of  Leaves 

all  kinds 


Spray  with  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture with  or  without  Pari' 
green. 

Dust  with  Paris  Green  and 
land  plaster,  one  pound 
poison  to  twenty  of  plaster 

Paris  green  or  Arseaate  o^ 
lead  with  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture. Spray  early  June. 
Treat  rows  with  whitewash, 
made  of  lime  and  water,  to 
form  a  crust  over  surface. 

Treatment  chiefly  prevent- 
ive; spray  with  Bor- 
deaux mixture. 

Spray  trees  with  Paris 
Green.  Appear  every  three 
years. 

"Criddle  mixture"  sprayed 
on  parts  affected 


Fertilizers  and  Vegetables. 


Commercial  forms  of  nitrogen,  even  though  expensive,  can  often  be  used 
with  profit  by  the  vegetable  grower.  Nitrate  of  soda  appears  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  form  when  used  in  the  right  way.  On  account  of  its  soluble  con- 
dition and  the  fact  that  plants  can  use  it  directly,  it  is  particularly  helpful  in 
forcing  the  growth  of  early  spring  crops.  However,  it  must  be  applied  in 
proper  amounts,  at  proper  times  ,and  by  proper  methods,  or  serious  harm  to 
the  plants  will  almost  certainly  result. 

Since  the  amount  of  phosphorus  contained  in  most  soils  is  small,  and  since 
manure  is  low  in  that  element,  applications  of  some  commercial  form  usually 
prove  profitable.  For  immediate  results,  acid  phosphate  and  steamed  bone 
meal  are  the  best  forms  to  use,  but  if  the  gardener  will  provide  for  his  needs 
two  or  three  years  in  advance,  he  can  employ  the  very  much  cheaper  raw  rock 
phosphate.  The  phosphorus  in  this  form  is  insoluble,  but  the  large  amounts 
of  manure,  crop  refuse,  and  cover  crops  ordinarily  plowed  under  in  vegetable 
growing  will  be  instrumental  in  changing  it  to  soluble  forms.  There  are  even 
some  experiments  on  record  which  indicate  that  certain  vegetable  crops  give 
marked  increases  in  yields  the  season  immediately  following  its  application. 

Potassium  is  abundant  in  most  Canadian  soils,  but  applications  of  it  some- 
times prove  profitable.  Sulphate  of  potash  appears  to  be  the  most  satisfactory 
form  for  general  use,  though  muriate  of  potash  seems  to  give  equally  good  re- 
sults with  some  crops.  Unleached  wood  ashes  are  a  most  satisfactory  form  of 
potassium,  but  unfortunately  the  supply  is  limited. 

Lime  benefits  practically  all  vegetable  crops  and  should  be  used  in  liberal 
amounts  by  gardeners.  Ground  limestone  is  the  cheapest  form  and  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  as  well. 

Finally,  the  land  should  be  well  drained,  either  naturally  or  artificially,  and 
an  adequate  system  of  crop  rotation  should  be  practiced. 

The  factors  mentioned  each  bear  an  important  relation  to  the  welfare  of 
the  plant.  It  is  only  after  all  of  them  have  received  proper  attention  that 
maximum  crops  of  high-quality  vegetables  can  be  produced. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDHN. 


77 


78  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 

Weeds 

Time  of  Time  of 

Name.  Origin.  Flowering.  Seeding. 

Burdock Europe  July  to  September  August  to  October 

B&idweed Europe  June  to  September  August  to  October 

Blue  Weed Europe  July  to  October  August  to  October 

Canada  Thistle Europe  June  to  August  Ju  y  to  September 

Couch-grass    Twitch, 

Qf  ack Europe  June  to  July  July  to  August 

Ch6ss Europe  June  July 

Com  Cockle Europe  June  and  July  August 

Campion,  white  Europe  June  to  August  July  and  August 

Campion,  bladde  r Europe  June  to  August  July  to  September 

Dock Europe  July  to  August  July  and  August 

Dodder Europe  June  and  July  August  and  September 

Falseflax Europe  June  to  August  July  and  August 

Foxtail Europe  July  to  September  August  to  October 

Hawkweed Native  July  and  August  August  and  September 

Paint-brush 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


79 


Identification. 


WEEDS— (Continued.) 


Duration.    Place  of  Growth. 


Method  of  Control 
or  Destruction. 


Erect  branching,  with     Biennial 

large  roots 

Running   or   climbing     Perennial 

vine 

Erect,  hairy  Biennial 


Everywhere 

Grain  field  and 
gardens 

Fields  and  waste 
place,   sand   and 
gravelly  soil 


Erect,  branching 


Perennial      Everywhere 


Creeping,  from  a  joint-     Pereimial 

ed  root  stock 

A  coarse  grass  Annual 


Erect,  branching,  flow-     Annual . 
ers  purple 

Erect,  branching,hairy,    Bieimial 
flowers  white  or  pink 


Erect,  branching,  flow-  Perennial 
ers  white 


Fields  and  gard- 
ens 

Fields  and  waste 
places 


Grain  fields 

Grain  fields  and 
waste  places 


Everywhere 


Leaves,  with  strongly    Perennial      Everywhere 
curled  margins;  flower, 
stem  erect  from  a  spind- 
led shaped  yellow  root 

Parasitic,  climbing  over  Aimual  Mostly  in  fields 

other  plants,  and  feed-  and  gardens 

ing  on  their  sap 


Erect,  branching,  flow-    Annual 

ers  small  yellow 

An  erect  grass  Annual 


Erect,  coarse  herb  Perennial 


Cultivated  fields 
Everywhere 


Fields    and    mea- 
dows 


Cut  off  below  the  crown,  and 
if  in  seed,  bum  the  tops. 
Difficiilt  to  eradicate,  con- 
stant cutting  below  the  sur- 
face. 

Thorough  cultivation  is  al- 
ways sufficient.  In  fence- 
comers,  etc.,  cut  below  the 
crown. 

Frequent  cultivation,  cutting 
just  when  the  blossom  buds 
are  on.  Pasture  sheep  on 
them. 

Constant  cultivation  is  about 
the  only  effective  remedy. 
Hand  pulling  in  grain,  and 
avoid  fall  sown  crops.  Some- 
times taken  for  degenerated 
wheat. 

Sow.  clean  seed.  Hand  pull- 
ing in  grain. 

Sow  clean  seed.  Hand  pul- 
ling in  grain.  Cultivate 
stubble  lands  two  or  three 
times  in  the  fall. 
Likely  to  become  trouble- 
some. Frequent  cultivation 
of  infested  fields  and  hand- 
pulling. 

Cut  off  below  the  crown 
with  hoe  or  cultivator. 


Sow  clean  grains  and  seed. 

Hand-pull  it  before  it  ripens 

seed.     Likely  to  become  very 

injurious. 

Fall   cultivation   of  stubble 

fields.  Hand-pulling  in  grain. 

Frequent     fall     ciUtivation. 

Plant  hoe  crops  on  infested 

land. 

Frequent  fall  cultivation  in 

tillable  lands.    On  meadows, 

broadcast    one    ton    and   a 

quarter  of  salt  to  the  acre, 

A  bad  weed  in  Quebec. 


80  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 

WEEDS— (Continued.) 

Time  of  Time  of 

Name.                   Origin.  Flowering.                        Seeding. 

Hound's  Tongue  Europe  July  and  August       August  and  September 

Mustard  Charlock Europe  June  to  September   June  to  September 

Oxeye  Daisy Europe  June  to  August         June  to  September 

Purselane ^. ..  Europe  May  to  October        June  to  October 

Pennycress Europe  Junf,  to  September    June  to  September 

Pigweed  Red-root Tropical  July  to  September    August  to  October 

America 

Plantain  (Several  spe-    Europe  June  to  September    June  to  September 
des 

Ragweed Native  July  to  September    August  to  November 

Wild  Oat Native  July                          July  and  August 

Sow  Thistle    Europe  June  to  August         July  to  September 

Sorrel Europe  June  to  October        June  to  Octobe 

Wormseed  Mustard Native  June  and  July           June  to  September 

Cow  Cockle Europe  July  and  August       July  to  September 

Wild  Le  tuce Europe  June  to  September   July  to  October 

Russian  Thistle Russia  July  to  September    August  to  November 

Shepherd's  Purse Europe  May  to  November    June  to  November 

Lamb's  Quarters Europe  June  to  October        July  to  November 

and  America 

Tumbling  Mustard Europe  June  to  September    July  to  September 

Ball  Mustard Europe  June  to  August         July  to  September 

Hare's  Ear  Mustard. . .  Europe  June  to  Augurt         July  to  Septembac. 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


81 


Identification. 


WEEDS— (Continued.) 
Duration.    Plac*  of  Growth. 


Method  of  Control 
or  Destruction. 


Erect,     hairy,     coarse    Biennial 
herbs;  flowers  reddish- 
purple;  seed,  a  round 
burr,   flat   on   one  ^de. 
Erect,  branching  flow-    Annual 
ers,  showy,  yellow 


Erect,  branched;  flow-     Perennial 
er  white   with  yellow 
eye,  large  and  showy. 

Prostrate,        creeping    Annual 
leaves  and  stem  fleshy 

Erect,    branched,    to-     Annual 
wards  the  top 


Erected,  branched 


Annual 


Leaves  prostrate;  flow-     Perennial 
er  stem  erect 


Erect,  branching 


Annual 


Erect  aerial;  the  lawn    Annual 

is  covered  with  brown 

hairs 

Erect,  stem  leafy  Annual 


Stem  erect  from  run-    Perennial 
ning  root  stocks 


Erect,  branching,  flow-    Annual 
ers  yellow 


Erect,   bushy,   flowers    Annual 
pale  pink 


Waste  ground    A  bad  pest  where  sheep  are 
and  pastures      kept.  Cut  below  the  crown. 


Everywhere 


Pastures,  hay 
fields  and  waste 
places 

Gardens 
mostly 

Grain  fields 


Rich  fields 
and  gardens 


Everjrwhere 


Everywhere 
Everywhere 


Fields  and 
waste  places 

Everywhere, 
but  chiefly  in 
sour,  poor  soil 

Everywhere 


Grain  fields, 
ttc. 


Hand-pulling  and  burning. 
Frequent  cultivation  of 
stubble  fields  after  harvest. 
Never  let  a  plant  go  to  seed. 
Mowing  infested  fields  early 
in   June   is   recommended. 
Ordinary    cultivation    will 
destroy  it  in  tilled  land. 
Frequent  cultivation  in 
fields  and  eternal  hoeing  in 
gardens. 

A  bad  weed  in  Manitoba 
and  spreading  in  Ontario. 
Mowing  the  patches  and 
burning  the  plants  are  the 
most  effective  remedies. 
Frequent  fall  cultivation, 
ploughing  infested  fields 
after  harvest,  before  seed 
ripens. 

Bum  or  mow  stubbles  im- 
mediately after  harvest. 
Keep  hoe  crops  cultivated 
as  late  as  possible. 
Keep  cultivated  as  late  as 
possible. 
On  infested  fields  grow  hoed 


crops  or  fallow. 

Cultivate  immediately  after 
harvest,  and  follow  with 
hoed  crop. 

Application  of  lime  to  in- 
fested land  and  frequent 
cultivation  will  eradicate 
the  weed. 

Cultivation  after  harvest 
and  follow  with  hoed  crop. 
Hand-pull  before  seeds  form 
in  fence  comers,  etc. 
Very  bad  in  Manitoba  and 
Northwest.  Hoed  crops, 
tummer  fallowing  where 
very  bad. 


82 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Ontario's  Clay  Belt 

The  New  North — A  Fertile  Land 


ONLY  SMADL  CAPITAL  is  required  to  make  a  start  like  this  in  a 
country  where  every  product  that  the  settler  can  produce  finds 
a  ready  market.  Hay  and  grain  are  required  for  the  teams  In 
the  mines  and  lumber  camps.  Butter,  vegetables,  etc.,  are  needed  in 
the  growing  towns.  They  are  commandiing  a  hig<h  price  with  cash 
returns.  After  the  first  year,  practically  every  progressive  settler 
can  produce  a  living  for  himself  and  his  family  off  the  few  acres  that 
he  has  cleared. 

HOMES  IN  THE  NORTHLAND  OF  ONTARIO 

are  only  300  or  400  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Toronto.  If  you  are 
ambitious  for  a  home  of  your  own,  one  of  them  can  be  yours  for  the 
asking  at  50  cts.  an  acre  and  the  work  of  doing  a  settler's  duty. 

For  Settlers'  Rates  and  Further  Information  write  to 

H.  A.  MACDONELL,  Director  of  ColonizatioD, 

Parliament  Bldgs.,  TORONTO,  ONT. 

HON.  J.  HOWARD  FERGUSON,  Minister  of  Lands,  Forest  and  Mines 


LIVE  STOCK. 


S-i 


LIVESTOCK 


Feeds  and   Feeding. 


A  digest  of  the  principles  of  breed- 
ing, feeding  and  caring  for  horses, 
cattle,  sheep  and  swine,  from  the 
foremost  authorities  in  Canada  and 
elsewhere.  Technical  and  scientific 
terms  have  been  avoided  where  pos- 
sible and  explained  when  it  has  been 
necessary  to  make  use  of  them. 

Digestibility. 

The  ability  of  any  animal  to  make 
proper  use  of  the  food  supply  is  nf 
great  importance.  Of  two  animals 
fed  the  same  food,  one  will  consist- 
sntly  digest  more  than  the  other.  In 
?oung  animals  digestive  power  is  as 
'.uU  as  in  the  aged  animal.  Differ- 
ences in  the  quantity  of  the  daily 
ration  of  hay  do  not  affect  the  pro- 
portion digested;  an  animal  will  not 
digest  more  after  being  starvea. 
Labor  does  not  increase  materially 
the  quantity  of  food  digested.  Differ- 
ence in  quality  exercises  9.  great  in- 
fluence, as  also  the  addition  of  some 
other  food. 

The  study  of  foods  and  feeding 
stuffs  has  shown  that  although  they 
differ  so  much  in  texture  and  appear- 
ance they  are  in  reality  made  up  of 
a  small  number  of  chemical  constitu- 
ents, namely,  protein,  fat,  carbohy- 
drates, and  ash,  together  with  a 
larger  or  smaller  amount  of  water. 
The  latter  can  otften  be  seen,  as  in  the 
juice  of  fresh  plants.  In  dry  foods, 
such  as  hay,  no  water  is  visible.  A 
small  amount  is,  however,  always 
present  In  minute  particles  in  all 
plant  tissues. 

Protein  is  a  name  given  to  the  total 
group  of  nitrogenous  materials  pres- 
ent. The  group  is  made  up  mainly 
of  the  true  protelds  and  albumens. 
The  best-known  examples  of  these 
substances  are  such  materials  as  the 
gluten  of  wheat,  lean  meat,  the  white 
of  an  egg,  etc.  This  group  also  in- 
cludes other  nitrogenous  substances 
called  amides,  which  are  believed  to 


have  a  lower  feeding  value  thaa  liave 
true  proteids. 

The  group  "fat"  includes  the  true 
vegetable  fats  and  oil,  like  the  oil  in 
flaxseed  and  corn,  as  well  as  vege- 
table wax  and  a  few  other  materials 
which  are  extracted  by  ether  or  gaso^ 
line  in  the  usual  laboratory  method 
of  estimating  fat.  The  name  "ether 
extract"  is  often,  and  quite  properly, 
applied  to   t  Us  group. 

The  group,  "carbohydrates"  In- 
cludes starches,  sugars,  cellulose,  and 
other  bodies  of  a  similar  chemical 
structure. 

The  group,  "mineral  matter"  In- 
cludes salts  present  in  the  juices  and 
tissues  oif  feeding  stuffs.  These  sub- 
stances are  principally  sodium,  potas- 
sium, lime,  phosphorus  and  sulphur. 
The  term  "ash"  is  often,  and  very 
appropriately,  used  in  speaking  of 
this  group,  as  the  mineral  matter 
represents  the  incombustible  portion 
which  remains  when  the  feeding  stuff 
is  burned. 

The  functions  of  food  are:  (1)  to 
supply  material  to  build  and  repair 
the  body,  and  (2)  to  yield  energy. 
The  chemical  composition  of  a  feed- 
ing stuff  serves  as  a  basis  for  judg- 
ing of  its  value  for  building  and  re- 
pairing body  tissue.  Its  value  as  a 
source  of  energy  must,  however,  be 
learned  in  another  way.  The  most 
in  terms  of  heat,  the  caloric  being 
used  method  of  measuring  method  ia 
taken  as  the  unit.  A  caloric  repre- 
sents the  amount  of  heat  sufficient  to 
•aise  the  temperature  of  one  kilogram 
of  water  one  degree  on  the  centi- 
grade scale,  or  the  temperature  of  one 
pound  of  water  four  degrees  Fahren- 
heit. 

The  fuel  value  of  a  ration  fed  to 
any  animal  may  be  calculated  from 
the  composition  of  the  food  material 
supplied,   on   the   assumption   that   1 


14 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


pound  of  protein  equals  1,860  cal- 
ories, 1  pound  of  fat  4,220  calories, 
and  1  pound  of  carbohydrates  1,860 
calories. 

Nutritive   Ratio. 

The  relation  existing  between  the 
nitrogenous  and  nitrogen-free  nutri- 
ents in  the  ration  is  termed  the  nutri- 
tive, or  nutrient  ratio.  In  calculat- 
ing this  ratio  it  is  necessary  to  arrive 
at  a  factor  which  will  represent  the 
total  value  of  the  fat  and  the  carbo- 
hydrates. As  will  be  seen  by  refer- 
ence to  the  preceding  values  for  the 
production  of  energy,  fat  has  a  value 
which  is  2.25  times  as  great  as  an 
equal  weight  of  carbohydrates.  So 
that  the  nutritive  ratio  is  actually 
the  relationship  existing  between  the 
protein  in  the  ration  and  a  factor 
obtained  by  multiplying  the  fat  by 
2.25  and  adding  to  the  carbohydrates. 
The  nutritive  ratio  may  be  concisely 
stated  as  follows:  Protein  (fat  x  2.25 
plus   carbohydrates.) 

As  has  been  seated,  one  of  the 
chief  functions  of  food  was  to  supply 
material  to  build  and  repair  the 
body.  The  different  constituents  of 
which  feeding  stuffs  are  composed 
differ  in  their  ability  to  serve  this 
purpose.  All  the  organs  and  tissues 
jf  the  body  contain  nitrogen.  Pro- 
tein is  the  only  nutrient  which  sup- 
plies this  element,  and  is  therefore 
essential  in  building  up  and  restoring 
body  tissues.  It  Is  plain,  therefore, 
that  the  demands  of  the  animal  for 
material  with  which  to  renew  the 
tissues  of  the  body  and  to  provide  for 
growth  of  the  different  parts,  must  be 
satisfied  by  the  protein  contained  In 
the  ration. 

Heat  and  Energy. 

The  heat  and  energy  which  is  re- 
quired in  the  animal  body  may  be 
supplied  by  any  one  of  the  three  con- 
stituents— protein,  fat  or  carbo- 
hydrates. If  the  cost  of  raising  or 
procuring  protein  was  about  the  same 
as  It  is  for  carbohydrates,  it  would 
be  of  little  Importance  to  do  more 
then  assure  a  sufficient  supply  of  this 


ingredient.  If  the  ration  contained 
decidedly  more  protein  than  was  ne- 
cessary, the  feeder  would  not  be  In- 
curring any  loss,  for  this  substance 
is  able  to  supply  all  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  body  which  may  be  sup- 
plied by  carbohydrates  or  fats.  But 
at  the  present  time  protein  is  very 
considerably  dearer  than  carbohy- 
drates. Foods  rich  In  protein  always 
command  the  highest  prices.  It  is 
essential,  therefore,  to  be  as  economi- 
cal as  possible  in  the  use  of  this  nu- 
trient, and  to  limit  the  quantity  as 
far  as  practicable.  It  thus  becomes 
necessary  to  find  what  this  limit  is 
for  the  different  species  of  animals, 
and  for  the  different  conditions  under 
which  they  may  be  keptf  Large  num- 
bers of  feeding  experiments  have  been 
made  under  varying  conditions  with 
this  end  in  view.  From  the  results, 
feeding  standards  have  been  worked 
out,  which  show  the  amount  of  di- 
gestible protein,  fat,  and  carbohy- 
drates supposed  to  be  best  adapted 
to  different  animals  when  kept  for 
different  purposes. 

Since  certain  of  the  nutrients  can 
replace  one  another,  it  often  trans- 
pires that  the  physiological  standard 
does  not  correspond  with  the  stand- 
ard for  most  economical  production 
in  a  given  locality.  This  applies  more 
especially  to  the  protein,  which  is  the 
most  expensive  nutrient;  but,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  it  has  often  been 
found  in  practical  experience,  that 
production  has  been  increased  and 
cheapened  by  making  the  rations  con- 
form more  nearly  to  those  suggested 
by  the  physiological  standard. 

To    Balance   a    Ration. 

After  reading  the  paragraph  on 
"Nutritive  Ratio,"  and  with  a  definite 
understanding  of  the  value  of  sucn 
take  an  inventory  of  the  feeds  at  your 
disposal  and  then  read  the  paragraph 
in  this  chapter  on  "Selection  of  Feed- 
ing Stuffs."  Now  say  that  you  wish 
to  balance  a  ration  for  a  steer.  In 
the  table  on  feeding  standards  we 
find  the  total  dry  matter  to  be  about 
30  lbs.,  protein  2.5  lbs.,  carbohydrates 
16.0  lbs.,  fat  .5  lbs.  Now  turn  to  your 
feeding   and    computation    table   and 


LIVE  STOCK. 


ti 


proceed  down  the  first  column  and, 
finding  the  feeds  there  similar  to 
those  possessed  by  you,  figure  out 
your  balanced  ration,  not  forgetting 
that  variety  is  one  of  the  greatest  ap- 
petizers and  aids  to  digestion  in  the 
business. 

Wolff's  Standards. 
The  feeding  standards  prepared  by 
Wolff,  a  German  investigator  in  ani- 
mal nutrition,  have  been  the  most 
widely  used  of  any.  These  were 
based  largely  on  the  weight  of  the 
animal,  although  an  attempt  was 
made  to  make  allowance  for  the  age 
of  tne  animal  and  for  the  kind  of 
work  performed.  Of  late,  however, 
there  has  been  quite  a  general  belief 
that  the  standards  snould  take  more 
account  of  the  amount  or  character 
of  production.  In  the  case  of  milch 
cows,  for  example,  it  Is  thought  that 
the  standard  should  be  adapted  to  the 
amount  of  milk  produced,  making  the 


live  weight  a  matter  of  secondary 
consideration.  The  most  important 
use  of  protein  In  feeding  cows  is  In 
the  formation  of  milk.  Hence  a  cow 
producing  20  quarts  of  milk  per  day 
will  require  considerably  more  pro- 
tein to  elaborate  this  milk  than  one 
giving  only  eight  quarts;  and  as  the 
milk  production  of  cows  bears  no 
particular  relation  to  the  live  weight, 
a  hundred  pounds  in  weight  more  or 
less  need  make  very  little  difference 
in  the  ration.  The  use  of  rations 
varying  in  accordance  with  the  milk 
production  is  comparatively  simple, 
as  it  only  requires  that  the  weight  of 
milk  given  by  the  different  cows  be 
known.  Wolff's  standards  have  re^ 
cently  been  modified  by  Prof.  F.  Leh- 
mann,  as  the  result  of  additional  ex- 
periments and  practical  experience, 
and  also  in  the  attempt  to  adapt 
them  more  closely  to  the  practical 
needs  of  the  animal. 


Wolfe-Lehman  Feeding  Standards 

Showing  amounts  of  nutrients  per  1,000  lbs.  Kve  weight  for  one  day's  feeding 

Digestible  Nutrients 

Total  Fuel 

Animal                                          Dry  Protein     Carbo  Fat  Value 

Matter  Hydrates 

Pounds  Pounds   Pounds    Pounds  Poimds 
Fattening  Cattle — 

First  period 30  2.5         15.0  0.5  34,650 

Second  period • 30  3.           14.5  0.7  35,500 

Third  period 26  2.6        15.0  0.7  35,900 

Milch  Cows — 

Giving  11  pounds  milk  a  day 25  1.6         10.0  0.3  22,850 

Giving  16K  pounds  milk  a  day 27  2.0         11.0  0.4  25,850 

Giving  22  pounds  milk  a  day 29  2.5         13.0  0.8  33,700 

Giving  27 K  pounds  milk  a  day 32  3.3         13.0  0.8  33.700 

Sheep — 

Coarse  wool 20  1.2         10.5  0.2  22,600 

Fine  wool 23  1.5         12.0  0.3  26,400 

Breeding  Ewes  with  Lambs 25  2.9         15.0  0.5  35,400 

Fattening  Sheep — 

First  period 30  3.0        15.0  0.5  35,600 

Second  Period 28  3,5         14.5  0.6  36,000 

Horses — 

Light  work.. 20  1.5          9.5  0.4  22,150 

Medium  work 24  2.0        11.0  0.6  26,700 

Heavy  work 26  2.5         13.3  0.8  32,750 


86 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


WOLFE-LEHMAN   FEEDING  STANDARDS.— (Continued.) 

Digestible  Nutriments 

Total 

Animal  Dry         Protein        Carbo        Fat 

Matter-  Hydrate* 

Pounds       Pounds       Pounds       Pounds 
Brood  sows 22  2.5  15  5        0.4 

Fattening  swine — 

Firstperiod 36  4.5  25.0  0.7 

Second  period 32  4.0  24.0  0.5 

Third  period 25  2.7  18.0  0.4 

Growing  Cattle — 
Dairy  Breeds — 

2  to  3  months  old,  weighing  about 

150  pounds 23  4.0         13.0  2.0 

3  to  6  months'  old,  weighing  about 

300  pounds 24  3.0        12.8  1.0 

6  to   12   months*   old,   weighing 

about  500  pounds 27  2.0        12.5  0.5 

12  to  18  months'  old, "  weighing 

about  700  pounds 26  1.8         12.5  0.4 

18  to  24  months'  old,  weighing 

about  900  pounds 26  1.5         12.0  0.3 

Beef  Breeds — 

2  to  3  months'  old,  weighing  about 

160  pounds 23  4.2         13.0  2.0 

3  to  6  months*  old,  weighing  about 

330  pounds 24  3.5         12.8  1.5 

6   to    12   months'   old,   weighing 

about  550  pounds 25  2.5         13,2  0.7 

12  to  18  months*  old,  weighing 

about  750  pounds 24  2.0        12.5  0.5 

18  to  24  months*  old,  weighing 

about  950  pounds 24  1.8        12.0  0.4 

Growing  Sheep: 
Wool  Breeds — 

4  to  6  months'  old,  weighing  about 

60  pounds 25  3.4        15.4  0.7 

6  to  8  months'  old,  weighing  about 

75  pounds 25  2.8        13.8  0.6 

8    to    11    months'  old,  weighing 

about  80  pounds 23  2.1         11.5  0.5 

11  to  15  months'  old,  weighing 

about  90  pounds 22  1.8        11.2  0.4 

15  to  20  months'  old,  weighing 

about  100  pounds 22  1.5         10.8  0.3 

Mutton  Breeds —  ^  — 

4  to  6  months'  old,  weighing  about 

60  pounds 26  4.4        15.5  0.9 

6  to  8  months'  old,  weighing  about 

80  pounds 26  3.5        15.0  0.7 

8  to  1 1  months'  old,  weighing  about 

100  pounds 24  3.0        14.3  0.5 

11  to  15  months'  old,  weighing  about 

120  pounds 23  2.2        12.6         0.5 

15  to  20  months*  old,  weighing  about 

150  pounds 22  2.0        12.0  0.4 

Growing  swine: 
Breeding  stock — 
2  to  3  months'  old,  weishing  about 


Fuel 
Value 


Pounds 
35,170 


57,800 
54.200 
40,200 


40,050 
33,600 
29,100 
28,300 
26,350 

40,450 
36.650 
32,150 
29,100 
27.350 

37,900 
33,400 
27,400 
25,850 
24.150 

40.800 
37,350 
34.300 
29,650 
27,750 


LIVE  STOCK. 


87 


50  pounds 44  7.6        28.0 

3  to  5  months'  old,  weighing  about 

i'-iO  pounds 35  5.0        23 . 1 

5  to  6  months'  old,  weighing  about 

120  pounds 32  3.7         21.3 

6  to  8  months'  old,  weighing  about 

200  pounds 28  2.8         18.7 

"8   to    12   months'   old,   weighing 

about  250  pounds 25  2.1         15.3 

Growing  Fattening  Swine— 

2  to  3  months'  old,  weighing  about 

50  lbs 44  7.6         28.0 

3  to  5  months'  old,  weighing  about 

100  lbs 35  5.0         23.1 

5  to  6  months*  old,  weighing  about 

150  lbs 33  4.3        22.3 

6  to  8  months'  old,  weighing  about 

200  lbs 30  3.6        20.5 

9   to    12   months'   old,   weighing 

about  275  lbs 26  3.0         18.3 


1.0 
0.8 
0.4 
0.3 
0.2 

1.0 
0.8 
0.6 
0.4 
0.3 


70,450 
55,650 
48,190 
41,250 
33,200 

70.450 
55,650 
52,000 
46,500 
40*900 


QUANTITY   AND   QUALITY. 


In  addition  to  furnishing  the  re- 
quisite amount  of  nutrients,  the 
food  must  have  a  certain  bulk.  The 
required  bulk  is  secured  by  feeding 
a  certain  amouat  of  coarse  fodder, 
which  aids  digestion  and  helps  to 
keep  the  animal  satisfied  and  healthy. 


The  measure  of  the  bulk  or  total 
solid  matter  is  the  weight  of  dry  mat- 
ter in  the  ration.  The  dry  matter  is 
the  solid  or  water-free  portion  of  the 
food.  More  latitude  is  allowable  in 
this  than  in  the  case  of  any  single 
nutrient. 


FEEDING    STANDARD    VALUE. 


It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
feeding  standards  are  simply  a  con- 
cise and  approximate  statement  of 
the  amounts  of  the  different  nutrients 
required  by  animals,  as  indicated  by 
the  results  of  experiments  and  obser- 
vation. They  are  not  to  be  regarded 
as  infallible  or  as  absolute  formulas 
which  can  be  followed  blindly  without 
regard  to  the  conditions.  They  are 
intended  to  apply  to  the  average  con- 
ditions. No  single  standard  can  be 
laid  down  for  all  conditions.  Good 
judgment  and  intelligent  observation 
on  the  part  of  the  feeder  are  neces- 
sary in  the  application  of  feeding 
standards  as  the  calculation  of  eco- 
nomical rations  is  not  merely  a  mat- 
ter of  applied  mathematics.  The  local 
conditions,  as  regards  the  feeding 
stuffs  which  can  be  grown  and  pur- 
chased economically,  and  the  value 
of  the  products,  will  have  much  to 
do  In   determining  how  closely  the 


feeder  can  afford  to  adhere  to  the 
standard.  But  such  standards  or  for- 
mulas, used  In  connection  with  the 
feeder's  observation  of  his  animals 
and  the  markets,  are  very  useful,  and 
have  served  a  good  purpose  In  Im- 
proving the  practica  of  feeding.  It 
is  In  their  abuse  that  the  chief  dan- 
ger lies. 

Ration  and  Yield. 
In  making  allowance  for  the  dif- 
ference In  milk  yield  In  different 
cows,  a  uniform  basal  ration  may  be 
fed  to  all  the  cows,  and  the  amount 
of  the  richer  grain  food  varied  to 
suit  the  demands.  Such  feeds  as 
roughage  and  the  less  concentrated 
grain  foods  may  be  fed  uniformly  to 
all  the  animals.  To  the  allowance 
of  these  feeds  could  be  added  a 
quantity  of  some  such  feed  as  gluten 
meal,  linseed  oilcake  meal  or  cotton- 
seed meal,  the  amount  being  varied 
to  suit  the  milk  yield  of  the  cow. 


8S 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


FEEDING  AND  COMPUTATION  TABLES 

Average  digestible  nutrients  in  common  American  Feeding  StuSt 

Digestible  nutrients  in  100  lbs. 

Dry        ; 

Name  of  Feed  Matter  in         Protein  Carbo  Ether 

\  100  lbs.                                Hydrates      Extract 

Roughage 
Hay—  1 

Timothy 86.8 

Orchard  Grass 90. 1 

Red  Top 91.1 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass 78.8 

Hungarian  Grass 92.3 

Mixed  Grasses  and  Clover 87.1 

Oat  Hay 91.1 

Barley 89.4 

Red  Clover,  medium 84. 7 

Red  Clover,  mammoth 78.8 

Alsike  Clover 90.3 

White  Clover   90.8 

Alfalfa    91.6 

Straw — 

Wheat 90.4 

Rye    92.9 

Oat    90.8 

Barley 85.8 

Wheat  Chaff 85.7 

Oat  Chaff   85.7 

Green  Fodders — 

Pasture  Grasses  (mixed)   ....  -20.0 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass 34.9 

Timothy    38.4 

Orchard  Grass   27.0 

Red  Clover 29.2 

Alsike    25.2 

Alfalfa    28.2 

Fodder  Com — 

Fodder  corn,  green   20  .7 

Fodder  corn,  field  cured   ....  57.S 

Com  stover,  field  cured 59.5 

Corn  silage 20.9 

Roots  and  Tubers — 

Potato 21.1 

Beet,  common 13.0 

Beet,  sugar 13.5 

Beet,  mangel    9.1 

Flat  turnip 9.5 

Rutabaga 11.4 

Carrot 11.4 

Parsnip    11.7 

Artichoke    20.0 

Concentrates 

Com    89.1 

Gluten  Meal 91.8 

Hominy  Chops 88.9 

Wheat 89.5 

Wheat  Bran 88.1 

Wheat  Shorts 88.2 

Whoat  Middlings   .  .    87.9 


2.8 

43.4 

1.4 

4.9 

42.3 

1.4 

4.8 

46.9 

1.0 

4.8 

37.3 

2.0 

4.5 

51.7 

1.3 

6.16 

42.71 

1.46 

4.3 

46.4 

1.5 

5.11 

35.94 

1.55 

6.8 

35.8 

1.7 

5.7 

32.0 

1.9 

8.4 

42.6 

1.5 

11.5 

42.2 

1.6 

11.0 

39.6 

1.2 

0.4 

36.3 

0.4 

0.6 

40.6 

0.4 

1.2 

38.6 

0.8 

0.7 

41.2 

0.6 

0.3 

23.3 

0.5 

1.5 

33.0 

0.7 

2.5 

10.2 

0.5 

3.0 

19.8 

0.8 

1.2 

19.1 

0.6 

1.5 

11.4 

0.6 

2.9 

14.8 

0.7 

2.7 

13.1 

0.6 

8.9 

12.7 

0.5 

1.0 

11.6 

0.4 

2.6 

34.6 

1.2 

1.7 

32.4 

0.7 

0.9 

11.3 

0.7 

0.9 

16.3 

0.1 

1.2 

8.8 

0.1 

1.1 

10.2 

0.1 

1.1 

6.4 

0.1 

1.0 

7.2 

0.2 

1.0 

8.1 

0.2 

0.8 

7.8 

0.2 

1.6 

11.2 

0.2 

2.0 

16.8 

0.2 

7.9 

66.7 

4.3 

25.8 

-43.3 

11.0 

7.5 

55.2 

6.8 

10.2 

69.2 

1.7 

12.3 

39.2 

2.7 

12.2 

60.0 

3.8 

12.8 

63.0 

S.4 

LIVE  STOCK 


Sd 


Beef  Feeding  Rations. 

Mix  a  few  houf%  before  feeding: 
Ensilage,  40  lbs.;  cut  straw,  4-5  lb».; 
roots,  15  lbs.;  long  clover,  4  lbs. 

The  grains  are  fed^as  follows.: 

First  and  second  weeks,  none. 

Third  week,  1  lb.  of  bran. 

4th  week,  2  lbs.  chiefly  bran. 

Fifth  and  sixth  weeks,  3  lbs.  con- 
sisting of  bran  2  parts;  oil  cake  and 
gluten  meal,  1  part  by  weight. 

Seventh,  eighth  and  ninth  weeks, 

4  lbs.  of  mixture  in  equal  parts. 
Tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  weeks, 

5  lbs.  above  mixture;   bran,  1  part; 
oil  cake  or  gluten  meal,  2  parts. 

Another  method  which  is  very  suc- 
cessful: House  cattle  about  middle 
of  November;  begin  feeding  Imme- 
diately a  mixture  of  2  5  lbs.  silage,  6 
to  7  lbs.  cut  straw,  1^,4  lbs.  chop. 
Mix  in  morning  and  add  a  little  salt. 
Increase  the  meal  ration  gradually 
up  to  8  or  9  lbs. 

The  preceding  systems  are  for  cat- 
tle finished  for  the  winter  and  spring 
trade.  Cattle  to  be  finished  on  grass 
are  fed  in  practically  the  same  man 
ner  in  so  far  as  the  rough  food  is 
concerned.  The  grain  ration,  how- 
ever, seldom  goes  above  3  lbs.  per 
day. 

Buying  Feeds. 

As  a  rule  never  pay  more  than 
$6.00  per  ton  for  hay  for  feeding. 
Grains  are  a  good  buy  at  $1.00. 
Gluten  meal  and  oil  cake  are  profit- 
able. 

Roots  Versus  Ensilage. 

Com  Is  a  surer  crop  and  gives 
more  feed  per  acre  than  any  other 
crop  grown.  It  requires  little  la- 
bor.    Some  feeders,  however,  prefer 


feeding  both,  as  cattle  do  not  go 
wrong  80  easily.  Roots  have  a 
peculiar  cleansing  effect  upon  the 
digestive  system. 

Roots  tend  to  correct  any  slight 
derangement  that  has  been  caused  by 
other  foods.  Roots  are  especially 
valuable  for  young  stock,  whereas 
ensilage  should  only  be  fed  in  very 
limited  quantities  to  animals  under 
one  year  of  age. 

Water. 
Where  an  abundance  of  roots  Is 
fed  very  little  water  is  needed.  Six 
pecks  of  turnips  contain  about  80 
lbs.  of  fluid.  Water  should  be  avail- 
able at  all  times. 

Sheep  Breeding. 
Select  ewes  with  good,  firm  bone 
and  short,  strong  pasterns, *f air  size 
of  feet,  legs  straight  and  squarely 
set  under.  Heavy  shearers  most 
profitable;  density  of  fibre  and  length 
of  staple  must  be  considered.  Have 
flock  uniform.  Select  ram  of  me- 
dium size;  must  possess  good  quali- 
ties of  conformation  and  wool  with 
strong  masculinity,  bold  carriage  and 
strong  bone.  He  must  be  pure  bred. 
Fifteen  ewes  is  the  minimum  on 
one  hundred  acres,  and  not  beyond 
twenty-five.  An  increase  through 
Iambs  can  be  expected  of  from  150% 
to  1757c. 

Buy  ewes  in  Autumn  just  after 
lambs  have  been  weaned.  Two  shear 
ewes  are  to  be  preferred,  as  you  will 
know  whether  they  are  breeders  or 
not. 

Strongest  lambs  are  sired  by  rams 
one  year  and  over.  Fifteen  ewes  are 
enough  for  one  ram.  If  more  are 
in  the  fiock,  the  ram  should  not  be 
allowed  to  run  with  them. 


Feeds. 

Ewes  should  have  a  run  on  stubble  fields — not  sown  to  clover,  or  old 
pastures  under  middle  of  September,  and  then  given  access  to  rape  or  clover 
field.  If  this  is  not  available  feed  a  small  quantity  of  grain  to  make  sure 
ewes  are  thriving  well  when  breeding.  This  is  the  secret  of  large  percentage 
of  twin  lambs. 

Wintering  Sheep. 

Have  fiock  In  good  flesh  when  winter  sets  in.  Can  be  kept  doing  well 
on  clover  hay,  a  few  roots — about  3  lbs.  per  head  per  day,  and  a  liberal  feed 
of  pea  straw.  Feed  one  pound  per  head  each  day  of  mixed  oats  and  bran, 
about  four  weeks  before  lambing.  Double  grain  feed  after  lambing,  and  also 
the  mangels  and  turnips  to  all  that  can  eat.  Roots  are  too  bulky  and  cold  to 
feed  heavily  before  lambing  and  affect  the  unborn  lamb.  Turnips  before 
lambing  and  inangels  after.    Never  feed  mangels  to  rams. 


90 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Increase  in  Feed. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Day,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph, 
showed  in  experiments  that  the 
quantity  of  feed  consumed  per  100 
lbs.  increase  in  hogs  increases  rapid- 
ly with  the  weight. 

Increasing  from  54  lbs.  to  82  lbs. 


pigs  required  3.10  lbs.  of  meal  per 
lb.  gain.  Increasing  from  82  to  115 
lbs.  Bhotes  reqffired  3.7  5  lbs.  of 
meal  per  lb.  gain.  Increasing  from 
115  to  148  lbs.  hogs  required  4.38 
lbs.  meal  per  lb.  gain.  Increasing 
from  148  lbs.  to  170  lbs.  hogs  re- 
quired 4.55  lbs.  of  meal  per  lb.  gain. 


DAILY  GAIN  AND  KILLING  PER  CENT  OF  STEERS 


Age 

CLASS  in 
Days 

Short-horn,  I  year  old 642 

2  year  old 963 

3  year  old 1321 

Hereford,  1  year  old 663 

2  year  old 1020 

3  year  old. 1349 

Devon,  1  year  old 634 

2  year  old 1045 

3  year  old 1311 

Aberdeen- Angus,  1  year  old 668 

2  year  old 1008 

3  year  old. 1346 

Sussex,  1  year  old 677 

2  year  old 989 

3  year  old 1285 

Red  Polled,  2  year  old 1002 

3  year  old 1362 

Galloway,  2  year  old 1027 

3  year  old 1344 


Average         Live 
Daily       Weight  at    Dressing 
Gain        Slaughter    Per  Cent. 


2.11 
1.92 
1.7 

1355 
1842 
2251 

66.13 
67.48 
69.38 

1.97 
1.78 
1.64 

13.8 
1817 
2218 

65.08 
67.15 
69.18 

1.75 
1.51 
1.37 

1112 
1583 
1796 

66.01 
67.73 
67.32 

2.04 
1.74 
1.50 

1366 
1765 
2138 

65.37 
66.67 
67.39 

2.15 
1.86 
1.61 

1452 
1837 
2064 

65.42 
68.18 
67.98 

1.64 
1.49 

1631 
2022 

65.73 
65.77 

1.64 
1.47 

1688 
1969 

64.45 
64.84 

TABLE  I.     GRADING-UP  A  SCRUB  HERD 

Disappearance  of  unimproved  blood  by  the  continuous  use  of  pure  bred  sires  on  succed* 

ing  generations. 


Sires 


Dams 


Offspring 


Generations 


Per  cent, 
purity 


Per  cent, 
purity 


Per  cent, 
purity 


Per  cent. 

unimproved 

blood 


1 100              0  50  (>^)  50(1-3) 

2 100  50  75  (^)              25  (X) 

3 100  75  87.5  (7-8)        12.5  (1-8) 

4 100  87.5  93.75(15-16)6.25(1-16) 

5 100  93.75  96.87(31-32)3.12-41-32) 

6 .• 100  96.87  98.44(60-64)    1.5     (1-64) 

a  Principles  ©f  Breeding  by  Davenport,  p.  602. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


91 


A  true  Cattalo  bull,  "Quinto-Porto."    Two  top  crosses  of  Hereford  and  two  of 

bison. 


A  hybrid.     Sir*,  Buffalo  bull;   dam,  Galloway  cow. 


98 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


HERD  REGISTER 


Name  of  Animal 

Date  of  Birth 

Sire 

Dam 

• 

i 

LIVE  STOCK. 


IS 


HERD  REGISTER 


Name  of  Animal      !  Date  of  Birth 


Sire 


Dam 


94 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Lakeview    Stock    Farm 


Dutchland  Colantha  Sir  Mona,  No.  10074. 

^  Above  Is  an  illustration  of  the  senior  herd  sire  at  Lakeview  Farm. 
His  sire's  dam's  yearly  records  for  both  milk  and  butter  have  only 
been  equalled  by  three  cows  in  the  world.  And  she  is  the  only- cow  in 
the  world  that  has  ever  held  all  world  records  in  every  division  from 
one  day  to  one  year.  Sir  Mona  is  a  brother  to  the  World's  Cham- 
pion junior  2-year-old,  22,750  lbs.  milk,  858.5  lbs.  butter;  and  the 
World's  Champion  junior  3-year-old,  21,239  lbs.  milk,  and  946.71  lbs. 
butter;  and  the  holder  of  the  World's  Champion  3-year-old  milk  record 
for  one  year,  22,645  lbs.  His  first  daughters  to  freshen  have  just  com- 
pleted the  following  records  at  2  years  old: 

Lakeview  D.D.  2nd,  21.55;  Lakeview  Mona  R.,  18.16;  Lakeview 
Dutchland  Queen,  17.32;  Lakeview  DutcFiland  Almeda,  13.83;  Lakeview 
Dutchland  Artis,  13.00. 

Colantha  Johanna  Lad 

Over  80  A.R.O.  daughters,  8  with 
first  calf  average  19.11  lbs.  of  but- 
ter in  7  days. 

Mona  Pauline  DeKol,  butter  27.18 
lbs.  Dam  of  Mona  Veeman,  but- 
ter 30.73  lbs.  Baroness  Mona 
Pauline,  butter  27.25  lbs. 

King  Canary  Segis,  No.  16847,  is  our  junior  sire,  his  sire  King  Segis 
Pontiac  Howell,  is  a  grand-son  of  King  of  the  Pontiacs,  and  his  dam. 
Pet  Canary  Countess  2nd,  Canadian  Champion  3-year-old  30-day  butter 
cow,  110.23  lbs.  King  is  being  used  on  the  daughters  of  Dutchland 
Colantha  Sir  Mona.  The  combined  blood  of  these  two  wonderful  sires 
is  bound  to  be  heard  from  in  the  near  future.  Choice  stock  of  both 
sexes  from  the  above  sires  for  sale.    Visitors  always  welcome. 

E.  F.  OSLER,  Prop.,  Bronte,  Ont.  T.  A.  DAWSON,  Mgr. 


Dutchland  Colantha  Sir  Mona 

(10074—67776.) 


LIVE  STOCK. 


a 


Crossing  for 
size  and 
quality 

Crossing  for  size 

and  fattening, 

and   grazing 

quality 

Smoci.nness, 

compactness, 

and  tliick 

fleshing 

For  hardiness 

and  v;ilue  of 

skins 

0  0 

Dual 
purpose 

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96 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Selection  of 

In  selecting  feeding  stuffs  for  his 
Btock,  the  farmer  will  naturally  be 
governed  by  the  condition  of  the 
market.  The  cost  oi  ueedlng  stuff* 
ia  controlled  by  other  factors  than 
the  actual  amounts  of  food  materiars 
which  they  comtain;  indeed,  there 
often  appears  to  be  very  little  con- 
nection between  the  two.  Bearing  in 
mind  that  the  protein  is  the  most 
expensive  ingredient,  and  the  one 
especially  sought  in  concentrated 
feeds,  the  farmer  can  make  his  selec- 
tion with  the  aid  of  the  tables  show- 
ing the  digestive  materials  in  100 
pounds.  This  will  show  him  whether 
feed  wheat  at  70  cents  a  bushel  is  as 
cheap  as  corn  at  60  cents,  and  how 
gluten  feed  at  $25  per  ton  will  com- 
pare with  linseed  meal  at  $30. 

Stock  Foods. 

A  considerable  number  of  proprie- 
tary articles,  sold  under  trade  names, 
are  found  on  the  markets  of  this 
country.  Judging  from  the  extent 
to  which  they  are  advertised  and  sta- 


Feed  Stuffs 

tistics  which  hay*  been  collected 
from  feedars,  the  employment  of  pre- 
pared or  condimental  feeds  must  be 
quite  extensive.  Extravagant  claimi 
are  made  for  them  as  to  their  effect 
upon  the  general  health  of  animals, 
and  their  feeding  value,  or  their 
ability  to  increase  the  feeding  value 
of  other  foods  fed  in  conjunction  with 
them.  They  frequently  contain  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  salt,  some  ifenu- 
greek,  aromatic  seeds,  charcoal,  Ep- 
som salts,  sulphur,  cayenne  pepper, 
gentian,  ginger,  etc. 

Analysis  of  samples  of  these  feed- 
ing stuffs  collected  from  time  to  time 
show  that  none  of  them  can  be  re- 
garded as  concentrated  feeds  in  the 
common  acceptance  of  the  term.  The 
basis  of  the  best  of  them  is  linseed 
or  flaxseed  meal,  or  some  cereal  by- 
product. They  are  usually  sold  at 
exorbitant  prices,  ranging  from  10  to 
20  cents  a  pound.  Neither  the  claims 
made  for  their  valuable  properties, 
nor  the  need  of  supplying  tonics  or 
medicines  with  the  food,  will  justify 
the  feeder  in  buying  such  materials. 


Wheat  Concentrates 


The  wheat  berry  has  three  distinct 
coats,  composed  of  tough,  thiok-wall- 
ed  cells,  which  contain  a  large  propor- 
tion of  fibre  (much  of  which  is  indi- 
gestible) and  but  little  starch.  Direct- 
ly beneath  the  innermost  seed  coat  is 
a  layer  of  cells,  very  rich  in  meat- 
forming  materials,  called  the  aleurone 
layer;  ins.ide  this  is  a  soft,  white  part 
of  the  berry,  largely  filled  with  starch 
grains.  These  also  contain  meat- 
forming  substances,  known  as  gluten. 
Inside  the  inner  starchy  part  of  the 
berry  is  contained  the  germ  which 
holds  the  embryo,  or  the  seed-life  of 
the  wheat  plant. 

Now,  as  flour  is  being  manufactured 
the  wheat  is  run  through  a  series  of 
rollers,  set  at  decreasinig  ddstances 
apart,  so  that  the  kernels  are  gradual- 
ly broken  into  smaller  and  smaller 
pieces.  The  fine,  floury  part  is  separ- 
ated after  each  breaking,  and  the 
tough  outer  oats  are  thus  gradually 
freed  from  the  adhering  flour,  and 
majke  up  the  bran. 


Now,  the  millers'  Idea  is  to  oibtain 
all  the  starch  cells  and  gluten  possible 
from  the  berry  and  to  clean  out  the 
germ  and  the  bran,  including  the  first 
layer,  which  would  give  an  undesir- 
able color  to  the  flour,  besides  lower- 
ing its  keeping  qualities. 

Bran  Is  rich  in  mineral  matter,  con- 
taining 80  per  cent,  of  the  phosphates 
of  the  wheat  berry,  hence  ilt  Is  very 
valualble  to  feed  to  young,  growing 
animals  for  the  production  of  flesh  and 
ibone;  being  somewhat  deficient  in 
lime  it  should  be  siupplemented  with 
hay  or  legumes,  such  as  clover,  alfalfa 
and  peas.  It  also  has  certain  desirable 
laxative  properties. 

The  wheat  bran  on  our  markets  Is  of 
two  kinds.  The  country  mill  kind, 
made  under  conditions  where  machin- 
ery is  not  perfect  for  the  close  separa- 
tion of  the  starch  cells  from  the  seed 
coats.  The  other  Is  the  "fiaky  bran," 
produced  in  large  city  mills,  where  the 
machinery  is  up-tcndate  and  close 
working.      The    country    prodiiot    le, 


LIVE  STOCK. 


97 


Champion  fat  steer,  at  Canadian  National,  1915. 


Cnampion    graae    aairy    cow    at    Ottawa,    1914    and    1915.     Sire,    Lessnessock 

Oyama's  Guarantee. 


98 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


therefore,  higiher  in  starcli  and  lower 
in  protein  and  fibre  than  the  flaky  or 
roller  bran.  The  value  of  each  de- 
pends on  the  animals  to  be  fed  and  the 
combination  of  feeds  to  be  used  in 
conjunction.  Whilst  the  roller-  bran 
supplies  more  protein  than  does  coun,- 

,try  mill  bran,  its  digestibility  is  likely 
to  be  somewhat  lower  on  account  of 

'  its  larger  fibre  content.  The  difference" 
is  slight,  so  let  the  price  ibe  the  deter- 
mining factor.  Wheat  bran  is  often 
high  priced  in  comparison  with  other 
desirable  concentrates,  and  the  fact 
that  it  is  a  common  and  valuable  dairy 
feed  does  not  make  its  use  indispens- 
aJble.  Sometimes  equally  valuable  con- 
centrates can  be  purchased  at  lower 
cost.  It  is  especially  valuable  to 
stock  requiring  much  protein  and 
mineral  matter  and  are  able  to  digest 
bulky  rations.  It  is  well  fed  with  corn 
meal,  buckwheat,  middlings,  etc. 

Wheat  Middlings. 

Middlings  vary  in  quality  from 
standard  middlings  to  "shorts,"  which 
may  contain  little  flour.  To  a  certain 
extent  "middlings"  and  "shiorts"  are 
interchangeable  terms,  sometimes  re- 
cognized as  one  and  the  same  thing. 
Wheat  naiddlings  proper  comprise  the 
finer  bran  particles  with  considerable 
flour  adhering  to  them.  Shorts  often 
(not  rightly)  consist  of  ground-over 
bran  and  the  sweepings  and  dirt  of 
the  mills,  sometimes  with  ground  or 
unground  weed  seeds  which  had  been 
previously  separated  from  the  wheat 
Then  there  is  the  higher  grade  of 
middlings,  sometimes  termed  white 
middlings,  containing  considerable 
low-grade  flour  and  a  little  more  crude 
protein  and  flour.  Middlings  have, 
then,  greatest  value  for  pigs  of  all 
ages,  ibut  should  always  be  mixed  with 
such  feeds  as  com  or  barley.  They 
are  also  helpful  to  dairy  cows.  They 
(middlings  and  shorts)  are  both  low 
in  lime  and  should,  therefore,  be  fed 
in  conjunction  with  alfalfa  or  clover 
hay. 

Returning  again  to  bran  it  may  be 
stated  that  great  care  must  be  exer- 
cised in  feeding  it  to  horses,  as  it 
sometimes  seriously  affects  their 
bones,  especially  in  the  younger 
animals.  This  is  partially  due  to  the 
lack  of  lime  in  bran.  Wood  ashes, 
burned  lime,  rock  phosphate  ground, 
or  legumes  must  always  be  fed  in  con- 


junction. Best  grades  of  bran  are  of 
light  weight,  with  large,  clean  flakes 
and  no  foreign  matter.  Supplied  to 
horses,  twice  weekly,  in  the  form  of  a 
mash  made  with  scalding  water,  it 
proves  an  excellent  slight  and  bene- 
ficial laxative.  As  bran  is  very  bulky, 
hard-working  horses  should  be  fed 
very  limited  quantities,  as  they  have 
no  time  to  digest  bulky  foods. 
Take  caution  in  purchasing,  especially 
shorts,  to  see  '^Ijat  there  is  no  foreign 
matter  in  the  products.  Weeds  are  ex- 
pensive buying,  and  the  dirt  of  the 
mill  floors  is  unhealthy.  Besides, 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  seeding  down 
to  weeds,  brought  about  by  the  pur- 
chase of  unclean  millfeeds.  Owing  to 
the  looser  method  of  grinding,  the 
country  mill  is  sometimes  the  chief  of- 
fender. 


FEEDING   EWES   IN   WINTER. 


In  the  winter  feeding  of  pregnant 
ewes,  an  excellent  ration  is  composed 
of  clover  hay,  two  to  three  pounds,  and 
roots,  two  to  three  pounds  per  day. 
This  is  sufficient  except  when  ewes 
are  thin,  in  which  case  a  meal  mixture 
also  should  be  fed  at  the  rate  of  about 
a  half  "pound  per  day.  A  good  meal 
mixture  consists  of  oats,  two  parts; 
bran,  one  part,  and  linseed  oil  cake 
or  peas,  one  part.  Ewes  lambing  in 
February,  March  or  April  should  be 
well  prepared  with  the  use  of  the  above 
ration. 

The  most  economical  use  of  rough- 
ages is  the  secret  of  successful  sheep 
feeding.  If  good  clover  hay  is  absent, 
tbe  cheaper  roughages  must  be  sup- 
plemented with  grain.  Pea  straw,  un- 
threshed,  is  an  excellent  substitute 
for  clover  hay;  pea  straw,  threshed, 
must  be  supplemented  with  grain.  Fine 
grass  hay  may  require  an  addition  of 
some  grain  in  order  to  take  the  place 
of  clover  hay.  It  would  be  better  to 
feed  coarse  grass -hays  to  some  other 
class  of  stock. 

Ensilage  may  take  the  place  of  roots 
to  within  a  month  of  lambing,  at  which 
time  ensilage  should  be  stopped  and 
roots  gradually  decreased  until  after 
lambing. 

For  feeding  sheep  the  roots  may  'be 
either  mangels,  turnips,  or  sugar  beets, 
except  in  the  cas«  of  rams,  where  tur- 
nips only  should  compose  the  root  ra- 
tion. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


99 


PROVINCE 
OF 

Free  Fertile  Lands 


ALBERTA 


Healthfnl  Climate 


Abandant  Crops 


Sheep   in    Alberta. 


Thousands  of  acres  of 
magnificent  land  are  yet 
available  as  free  homesteads, 
with  easy  access  to  railway 
transportation. 

Alberta's  Mixed  Farming 
and  Dairying  industry  is 
rapidly  developing,  and  ulti- 
mately this  province  ■wrill  be 
the  Denmark  of  Canada, 

Alberta's  remarkable  Rail- 
way Development  has  opened 
up  tremendous  new  areas  of 
arable  solL 


Alberta's  Grain  Crops  Second  to  None  in  Quality  and  Yield 


Alberta  has 
demonstration 
every    district. 


provincial 
farms  in 
providing 


unique    opportunities 

farmers. 


for 


Alberta  has  set  the  ex- 
ample in  free  Agricultural 
Sciiools,  which  are  oper- 
ated in  conjunction  with 
the  demonstration   farms. 


Demonstration    Farm    and    School    of    Agriculture. 


Alberta  Possesses  Untold  Mineral  Wealth,  Which  is  Practically  Untapped 


Alberta    Pigs. 


Hitherto  unoccupied  dis- 
tricts of  startling  possibili- 
ties are  now  being  de- 
veloped by  new  railway 
lines,  and  extraordinary  op- 
portunities are  thus  offered 
to  settlers. 

Alberta  was  the  first  pro- 
\Tnce  to  owTi  and  operate  its 
telephone  system,  which  now 
serves  upwards  of  28,000 
subscribers. 

For  full  information  write  to 
ChaHes     S.     Hotchkciss,    De- 
partment    of     Agriculture, 
Edmonton,  Alberta. 

Hon.  Duncan  Marshall,  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture. 


100 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Commercial  Concentrates :  What  They  Are 


Supplementary  concentrates  for  the 
feeding  of  farm  stock  are  becoming  of 
more  common  usage  every  winter 
time.  It  is  a  question  as  to  tiie  aver- 
age value  of  th§  factory  bye-products. 
Are  they  economical  to  feed,  and  what 
are  their  diistinctive  values?  Judi- 
ciously used,  there  is  no  doubt  about 
their  value  for  fattening  and  milk  pro- 
duction, conditioning  and  finishing. 
We  deal  fairly  broadly  with  the  as- 
pects of  the  different  known  mill  pro- 
ducts. 

Molasses  as  a   Feed. 

Molasses  is  the  non-crystallized  re- 
sidue obtained  in  the  evaporation  of 
the  sweet  juice  of  sugar  cane  and 
sugar  beet.  The  sugar  beet  molasses 
contain  20  per  cent,  moisture,  9  per 
cent,  protein,  and  60  per  cent,  almost 
wholly  sugar;  10  per  cent,  ash,  con- 
sisting of  potash  and  soda.  It  forms 
a  thick,  salty-sweetish  liiquid,  very 
laxative,  and  thus  it  must  be  care- 
fully used  and  is  usually  fed  with 
three  or  four  times  its  proportion  of 
warm  water  and  sprinkled  on  hay,  cut 


straw,  and  other  roughage.  In  some 
cases  it  is  also  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  molasses  feeds  with  absorb- 
ents, such  as  dried  brewers'  grains, 
malt  sprouts,  alfalfa  meal,  ground 
grain  screenings,  pea  meal,  wheat 
bran.  Value  of  these  feeds  varies  ac- 
cording to  absorbent  used.  It  may  be 
fed  to  all  classes  of  farm  animals  with 
the  exception  of  pigs. 

Cane  Molasses. 
Our  black-strap  molasses  differs 
from  the  best  variety  mainly  in  its 
flesh-forming  elements.  It  lis  sweeter 
of  taste  and  is  greatly  relished.  In 
the  Southern  States,  horses  are  flesh- 
ed for  market  on  it,  and  in  Canada  it 
is  to  a  small  extent  used  for  the  same 
purpose.  One  gallon  makes  a  good 
carbohydrate  feed  for  a  horse,  and  a 
similar  amount  may  be  fed  to  steers 
as  a  maximum  allowance.  Cane  mo- 
lasses is  especially  valuable  on  ac- 
count of  lits  high  sugar  content  and 
its  palatability;  it  serves  a  useful  pur- 
pose as  an  appetizer  and  for  prepar- 
ing animals  for   show  or   sale,   as   it 


Hobsland's    Masterpiece,   champion    Ayrshire    bull    at    Canadian    National    and 

Ottawa,  1915. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


101 


gives  them  a  thrifty  appearance  and 
a  sleek,  shiny  coat. 

Beet  Pulp. 

This  stuff  Is  obtained  dn  large  quan- 
tities as  a  bye-pro(fact  at  beet  sugar 
factories.  The  carefully-cleaned  beets 
are  cut  into  V-shaped  pieces  and  the 
sugar  extracted.  This  is  purified  with 
lime*  and  sulphur  dioxide  and  erapor- 
ated.  Molasses  is  obtained  as  the  re- 
sidue when  the  sugar  crystals  have 
been  removed.  The  extracted  beet 
pulp  contains  SO  per  cent,  to  90  per 
cent,  of  water,  and  about  1  per  cent, 
to  2  per  cent,  sugar.  It  is,  however, 
fairly  high  in  carbohydrates  and  has 
about  the  same  feeding  value  as  beets 
and  one-half  that  of  com  silage.  It 
cannot  be  shipped  great  distances  on 
account  of  its  high  water  content.  It 
is  an  excellent  feed  for  dairy  cows, 
sheep  and  steers.  One  hundred  pounds 
per  1.000  lbs.  body  weight  is  sufficient 

Old   and    New   Process    Linseed. 

Linseed  or  oil  meal  is  a  most  val 
uable  feed,  properly  used.  It  is  of  im 
portance  to  remember  that  there  are 
two  kinds — "Old  Process"  and  "New 
Process."  By  the  former  method  of 
making,  the  cleaned  and  ground  seeds 
are  placed  in  large  linen  bags  and 
subjected  to  heavy  pressure  until  the 
residue  forms  cakes  about  1  Inch 
thick  and  about  13  by  32  inches.  The 
cakes  are  broken  into  small  pieces  or 
ground  into  meal  and  sold  as  "old  pro- 
cess" linseed  oil  or  as  oil  meal. 

In  the  new  process,  the  flaxseed  is 
ground  and  heated  to  about  160  de- 
grees Fahrenheit  and  then  placed  In 
large  percolaters  holding  about  1.000 
bushels  or  more.  The  seed  is  treated 
repeatedly  with  naptha  till  nearly  all 
the  oil  is  dissolved.  Live  steam  is 
then  introduced  into  the  percolators 
and  the  naptha  gradually  driven  out 
of  the  mass.  The  meal  is  transferred 
to  steamheated  driers,  and  when 
dried  ds  elevated  to  the  meal  bins  and 
sacked.  The  naphtha  Is  evaporated 
from  the  oil  solution  and  commercial 
linseed  oil  remains. 

It  stands  to  reason  that  the  old  pro- 
cess stuff  has  the  greater  value.  It  is 
preferred  by  stockmen  because  it 
forms  a  jelly  when  mixed  with  warm 
water,  and  because  of  its  beneficial  in- 
fluence on  the  health  and  appearance 
of  farm  animals.  Owing  to"  its  rela- 
tively high  oil  content,  it  Is  more  laxa- 


tive than  new  process  meal,  which 
contains  only  about  3  per  cent.  fat. 
"Old  process"  also  produces  a  sleek 
coat  and  a  thrifty  appearance,  en- 
lances  the  appetite  and  makes  a  steer 
of  excellent  handling  qualities.  The 
nutritive  effect  of  the  two  meals  in 
nearly  similar.  The  old  meal  has 
better  value  as  a  feed  for  show  stock, 
and  in  combination  with  dry  feeds. 
But  with  feeds  of  a  laxative  nature, 
such  as  green  feeds,  roots,  and  silage, 
or  where  large  supplies  of  protein  Is 
important,  as  in  the  feeding  of  milch 
cows,  the  new  process  meal  may  be 
preferable. 

To  test  whether  meal  is  old  or  new 
process,  pulverize  a  small  quantity  of 
the  meal  and  place  a  level  teaspoon- 
ful  in  a  tumbler.  Add  ten  teaspoon- 
fuls  of  boiling  water,  stir  and  leave 
to  settle.  If  the  meal  is  new  process, 
it  will  settle  in  about  one  hour  and 
leave  about  one-half  the  water  clear 
on  top.  If  it  Is  old  process,  the  whole 
contents  In  the  glass  wiU  remain 
jelly-like.  Linseed  meal  can  be  fed 
safely  to  all  classes  of  farm  animals, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  stock 
feeds  available.  It  may  be  a  little 
more  expensive  than  certain  bye-pro- 
ducts, but  It  can  be  fed  to  greater  ad- 
vantage in  small  quantities  on  account 
of  its  medicinal  qualities  and  its  gen- 
eral beneflcial  elfect  on  the  appetite 
of  the  farm  animal. 

The  qualities  fed  depend  on  the  pro- 
portional cost  of  oil  meal  in  compari- 
son with  other  concentrates.  If  the 
market  price  of  other  concentrates  is 
high  and  so  permits  of  the  feeding  of 
large  quantities  of  oil  meal  economi- 
cally, the  following  amounts  can  be 
daily  fed  with  safety:  Fattening  steers, 
3  lbs.:  horses,  1  l-b.;  sheep  and  hogs, 
fattening,  1  lb.,  increased  toward  fin- 
ish; calves  and  lambs,  up  to  one-half 
pound.  For  the  production  of  high 
grade  butter,  not  more  than  one  pound 
should  be  fed,  as  the  keeping  and 
table  qualities  cf  the  butter  may  be 
injured,  especially  if  fed  in  conjunc- 
tion with  feeds  ivith  a  softening  ten- 
dency. Calves  are  better  fed  bolleo 
flaxseed,  especially  until  they  are  two 
to  three  months  old,  unless  the  seed 
is  too  dear.  Oil  me<il  has  been  fed 
advantageously  to  swine  as  a  slop,  a 
pailful  being  stirred  into  a  barrel  of 
skim  milk  and  left  over  the  night. 
This     will     form  a  thick,  solid   mass 


102 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


which  will  ibe  greatly  relisihed  by  the 
swine.  Fed  to  poultry  in  small  quan- 
tities, a  tablespoonfui  to  each  hen 
twice  weekly,  it  will  brighten  the  plum- 
age and  ipromcte  laying. 

Cottonseed   Meal. 
This  is  (the  ground  residoie  obtained 
in -the  manufacture  Oif  cotton  seed  oil, 
made  as  an  old  process  linseed  meal. 
It  is  readily  oaten  by  cattle  and  sheep 
coarsely  broken.    There  are  here  -again 
two    kinds — decorticated,    made    from 
seeds  with  the  hulls  removed  ibefore 
the  oilis  extracted;     and    the    unde- 
oorticated,  so  called  cold  pressed  cot- 
tonseed meal.    This  is  obtained  when 
the  whole  uncrushed  seed  is  subjected 
to  the   cold  pressure  process  for  the 
extraction  of  the  oil.     The  difference 
in  composition  is  as  follows:  The  de- 
corticated  is   richer  in  ash,  twice  as 
valuable  in  protein,  ooatains  only  one- 
quarter       undigestible       constituents, 
nearly  as  much  nitrogen  free  extract, 
and  1  per  cent,  more  fat  than  the  un- 
decorticated    or    ooldHpressedl    ootttonj- 
seed   meal.     The  former  Is  therefore 
much  more  valuable  despite  the  fact 
that   the   latter   sells   for  only   a   few 
dollars    per   ton   less.      Buy   only    the 
best  varifeties. 


This  meal  is  valuable  when,  properly 
fed.  In  some  sections  of  the  States  it 
is  their  cheapest  source  of  protein.'  lit 
is  an  excellent  feed  for  milch  cows  and 
can  be  fed  as  high  as  6  lbs.  daily,  al- 
though one  to  two  pounds  per  head 
with  other  concentrates  is  aJbout  the 
right  quantity.  Too  heavy  feeding 
makes  hard  buitter. 

Fattening  steers  may  receive  simil- 
arly heavy  feeds  as  milch  cows,  but 
only  for  a  period  not  exceeding  M 
days.  Fed  longer,  it  may  cause  fatal 
siickness.  It  cannot  'be  safely  fed  to 
calves  or  pigs,  on  account  of  certain 
poisoning  temdencles.  In  iCanada,  too 
.heavy  usage  of  this  meal  is  not  to  be 
recommended. 

Brewers'  Grains. 
'These  are  the  bye-products,  in  the 
manufacture  of  beer.  The  barley  is 
steeped  in  warai  water  until  it  sprouts. 
iStarch  is  thusHjhanged  to  sugar.  When 
the  mailted  barley  contains  a  maxi- 
mum amount  of  sugar,  it  is  quickly 
dried.  The  tiny  sprouts  are  separated 
and  form  the  feed  known  as  malt 
sprouts,  whilst  the  remaining  dried 
grains  make  the  malt.  This  is  treated 
with  large  •  quantities  of  water  to  ex- 
tract sugar,  ash,  etc.     The  residue  is 


Sir  Belle  Fayne,  senior  and  grand  champio 

1915, 


n  Hoistein  bull,  Canadian  National, 


LIVE  STOCK. 


m 


the  wet  brewers'  grains,  and  on  drying 
becomes  dried  brewers'  grains. 

The  wet  brewers'  grains  cannot  be 
shipped  long  distances  on  account  of 
the  large  water  content,  and  are  gen- 
erally fed  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  brewery.  They  are  rich  in  protein 
and  are  as  valuable  for  feeding  as  the 
original  grain.  Their  digestibility  is, 
however,  slightly  lower;  but  fed,  wet 
or  dry,  they  are  a  valuable  feed  for 
farm  animals,  wet  grains  being  especi- 
ally good  for  milch  oows,  brood  sows, 
and  fattening  swine;  and  dried  grains 
for  cattle  and  horses.  If  fed  twenty 
to  thirty  pounds  i>er  day  with  rough- 


age, wet  brewers'  grains  make  an  ex- 
cellent feed  for  dairy  cows.  They  are 
worth  one-fourth  as  much  as  dried 
grains.  The  latter  wiU  keep  indefin- 
itely, are  high  in  protein  and  carbohy- 
drates, and  are  as  digestible  as  wheat 
bran.  They  are  cheaper  than'oats  and 
equally  as  valuable,  especially  for 
hard-worked  horses.  Malt  sprouts  are 
good,  are  generally  dusty,  and  should 
be  fed  wiht  silage  and  moistened 
thoroughly.  Valuable  as  a  dairy  feed, 
3  lbs.  daily  per  cow;  some  cows  do  not 
like  the  bitter  taste.  It  is  a  cheap 
source  of  protein. 


Feeding  the  Horse 


In  Canada,  horses  are  fed  chiefly 
upon  hay,  grass  and  oats,  with  vary- 
ing quantities  of  corn,  fodder,  roots, 
by's  book  on  feeding  animals,  or 
corn,  wheat,  wheat  bran,  rye  and 
barley.  It  is  usual  to  find  in  any 
locality  that  the  foods  which  are 
thought  suitable  for  feeding  to  horses 
are  limited  in  number,  although 
these  foods  would  exhibit  a  good  deal 
of  variety  when  the  list  for  all  locali- 
ties was  taken,  ^ 

The  customary  diet  of  hay  and 
oats,  with  the  addition  of  greater  or 
less  quantities  of  such  feeds  as  wheat 
bran  or  a  small  quantity  of  linseed 
oil  cake  meal  and  a  few  roots,  may 
always  be  counted  upon  to  give  good 
results  if  fsd  with  ordinary  care  and 
judgment.  Frequently,  on  account 
of  the  nature  of  the  feeds  on  hand 
00-  of  the  economy  in  purchasing, 
other  feeds  may  be  used  advantage- 
ously and  safely,  if  discretion  be  ex- 
ercised in  their  selection.  In  choos- 
ing these  foods  we  should  remember 
the  needs  of  the  animal  and  the  de- 
mands made  upon  its  energies,  hence 
nutritious  foods  should  be  fed  dur- 
ing a  period  of  hard  work,  and  foods 
of  a  too  bulky  nature  must  be  avoided 
if  the  horse  is  called  upon  to  endure 
considerable  strain  within  a  short 
period  of  time,  whether  it  be  in  draw- 
ing heavy  loads  or  drawing  a  light 
load  at  a  rapid  pace. 

A  table  giving  the  nutritive  values 
of  several  of  the  commonest  feeding 


stuffs  is  included  In  this  chapter;  for 
a  more  complete  treatise,  the  reader 
would  do  well  to  consult  some  such 
standard  work  of  reference  as  Arms- 
Henry's  "Feeds  and  Feeding." 

Sudden  changes  of  diet  are  always 
dangerous.  When  desirous  of  chang- 
ing the  food,  do  so  very  gradually. 
If  a  horse  is  accustomed  to  oats,  a 
sudden  change  to  a  full  meal  of 
corn  is  apt  to  cause  digestive 
derangement.  If  we  merely  intend 
to  increase  the  quantity  of  the  usual 
feed,  this  also  must  be  done  gradu- 
ally. The  quantity  of  food  given 
must  always  be  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  labor  to  be  performed.  If 
a  horse  is  t'l  do  a  small  amount  of 
\  ork,  or  rest  entirely  from  work  for 
a  few  days,  see  that  he  receives  a 
proportionately  smaller  amount  of 
feed.  If  this  should  be  observed  on 
Saturday  night  and  Sunday,  there 
would  be  fewer  cases  of  "Monday 
morning  sickness,"  such  as  colics  and 
lymphangitis. 

Musty  or  Moldy  Foods. — Above  all 
things,  avoid  feeding  musty  or  moldy 
foods.  These  are  frequent  causes  of 
disease  of  different  kinds.  Lung 
trouble,  such  as  bronchitis  and 
"heaves,"  often  follows  the  use  of 
such  food.  The  digestive  organs  al- 
ways suffer  from  musty  or  moldy 
foods.  Musty  hay  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  produ<re  disorder  of  the 
kidneys;  and  all  know  of  the  danger 
to  pregnant  animals  from  feeding 
upon  ergotlzed  grasses  or  grains. 

Leaving    these    somewliat    general 


104 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Pin  Your  Faith  to  the  Clydesdale 

It  is  the  Draft  Horse  of  Canada 


Baron's  Seal    (17097),  one  of  Scotland's  greatest  Clydesdales. 

The  best  draft  teams  sold  In  Canada  to-day,  and  the  best  draft 
teams  seen  at  exhibitions  are  Clydesdales.  Why?  Because  the  Clydes- 
dale is  the  only  breed  in  Canada  that  has  proved  its  quality  in  pro- 
ducing draft  horses. 

If  you  have  a  Clydesdale  unrecorded  that  is  eligible,  have  it  re- 
corded at  once.    It  will  add  dollars  to  its  value. 

Application  forms,  giving  full  particulars,  will  be  forwarded  by  the 
National  Record  Office,  Ottawa,  on  application. 

The  Clydesdale  Horse  Association  of  Canada 

President,  J.  A.  BOAG,  VIce-Pres.,  WM.  GRAHAM, 

Queensvllle,  Ontario.  •        Claremont,  Ontario. 

Secretary,   J.   W.   Wheaton,   181    Simcoe   Street,  Toronto. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


105 


considerations,  brief  reference  may  be 
made  to  the  different  kinds  of  foods: 

Hay. — The  best  hay  for  horses  is 
timothy.  It  should  be  well  cured, 
crisp,  clean,  fresh,  and  possessing  a 
sweet,  pleasant  aroma.  Even  this 
good  hay.  If  kept  for  too  great  a 
length  of  time,  loses  part  of  its  nour- 
ishment, and  it  becomes  hard,  dry  and 
more  or  less  indigestible.  New  hay 
Is  difficult  to  digest,  and  tends  to  pro- 
duce much  t>allvation  (clobbering), 
and  occasional  purging  and  irritation 
of  the  skin.  If  obliged  to  feed  at  all, 
it  should  be  given  sparingly. 

The  average  horse  on  grain  should 
be  allowed  from  10  to  12  pounds  of 
good  hay  a  day  It  Is  a  mistake  of 
many  to  think  that  horses  at  light 
work  can  be  kept  entirely  on  hay. 
Such  horses  soon  become  pot-bellied, 
fall  off  in  flesh,  and  do  not  thrive. 
The  same  Is  true  of  colts;  unless  the 
latter  are  fed  with  some  grain  they 
grow  up  to  be  long,  lean,  gawky  crea- 
tures, and  never  make  as  good  horses 
as  those  accustomed  to  grain  with, 
or  in  addition  to.  their  hay. 

Straw. — The  stra-ws  are  not  exten- 
sively fed  In  this  country,  and  when 
used  at  all,  it  s-hould  be  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  certain  amount  of  hay, 
and  the  deficiency  made  up  by  a  more 
generons  ration  of  grain.  Wheat,  rye 
and  oat  straw  are  the  ones  most  used, 
and  of  these  oat  S'traw  Is  most  easily 
digested  and  contains  the  most  nour- 
ishment. Pea  and  bean  straw  are 
occasionally  fed  to  horses,  the  pea 
being  preferable,  according  .o  most 
writers. 

Chaff.— Wheat  and  rye  chaff  should 
never  be  used  as  a  food  for  horses. 
The  beards  frequently  become  lodged 
in  the  mouth  or  throat,  and  are  pro- 
ductive of  more  or  less  serious 
trouble.  In  the  stomach  and  intes- 
tines they  often  serve  as  the  nucleus 
of  soft  concretions,  which  serve  as 
obstructions  in  the  digestive  tract. 

Oat  chaff,  if  fed  In  small  quanti- 
ties and  mixed  with  cut  hay  or  com 
fodder,  is  '^ry  much  relished  by 
horses. 

Grains. — Oats  take  precedence  of 
all  grains  as  a  food  for  horses,  as  the 
Ingredients  necessary  for  the  com- 
plete nutrition  of  the  body  exist  in 
them  in  the  best  proportions.  Oats 
are,  besides,  more  easily  digested  and 
a    larger    proportion     absorbed     and 


converted  into  the  various  tissues  of 
the  body.  Care  must  be  taken  in 
selecting  oats.  According  to  Stewart, 
the  best  oats  are  one  year  old,  plump, 
short,  hard,  clean,  bright  and  sweet. 
New  oats  are  thought  to  be  Indigest- 
ible. Kiln-dried  oats  are  to  be  avoided 
as  a  rule,  for  even  though  originally 
good,  the  drying  process  injures  them 
by  rendering  them  less  digestible. 
Oats  that  have  sprouted  or  fermented 
are  Injurious,  and  should  not  be  fed. 
Oats  are  to  be  given  either  whole  or 
crushed — whole  In  the  majority  of  in- 
stances; crushed  to  ol3  horses  and 
those  having  defective  teeth.  Horses 
that  bolt  their  feed  are  also  best  to 
be  fed  upon  crushed  oats  and  out  of 
a  manger  large  enough  to  permit  of 
spreading  the  grain  in  a  thin  layer. 

The  average  horse  requires.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  allowance  of  hay  above 
mentioned,  about  12  quarts  of  good 
oats  daily.  Moldy  oats,  like  hay  and 
straw,  are  likely  to  produce  serious 
digestive    disorders. 

Wheat  and  Rye. — ^Theie  rralne 
may  be  usad  as  food  for  horses  In 
small  quantities,  bruised  or  crushed, 
and  fed  mixed  with  other  grains  and 
hay.  If  fed  alone,  in  any  consider- 
able quantities,  they  are  Tery  likely 
to  produce  digestive  disorders —  1am- 
Inltls  (founder)  and  similar  troubles. 
They  should  never  constitute  more 
than  one-fourth  of  the  grain  allow- 
ance, and  should  always  be  ground 
or  crushed. 

Bran. — The  bran  of  wheat  is  the 

one  most  used,  and  Its  value  as  a 
feeding  stuff  Is  variously  estimated. 
It  Is  not  to  be  depended  upon  if 
given  alone,  but  may  be  fed  with 
other  grains.  It  serves  to  keep  the 
bowels  open.  Sour  bran  should  not 
be  given.  It  disorders  the  stomach 
and  Intestines,  and  may  even  produce 
serious  results. 

Maize  (com). — ^This  grain  is  not 
suitable  as  an  exclusive  food  for 
young  horses,  as  it  Is  deficient  in 
salts.  It  Is  fed  whole  or  ground. 
Corn  on  the  cob  Is  commonly  used 
as  the  food  for  horses  affected  with 
"lampas."  If  the  corn  is  old,  and  Is 
to  be  fed  In  this  manner,  It  should  be 
soaked  In  pur^.  clean  water  for  tea 


106 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Bosa     Bon.eur,    senior    and     grand     champion     Hols.ain     female,     Canadian 

National,  191o. 


campion  B.oo.  o,  P-™ance  .e.s.  .Canada,  S..am  0,  ed,.,e.  1S,.. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


107 


or  twelve  hours.  Corn.  Is  better 
given  ground  and  fed  in  quantities  ol 
from  one  to  two  quarts  at  a  meal,- 
mixed  with,  crushed  oats  or  wheat 
bran.  Be  veiy  particular  in  giving 
corn  to  a  horse  that  is  not  accustomed 
to  its  use".  It  must  be  commenced  in 
small  quantities  and  very  gradually 
increased.  I  know  of  no  grain  more 
likely  to  produce  what  is  called  acute 
indigestion  than  corn,  if  these  direc- 
tions are  not  observed. 

Linseed. — Ground  linseed  is  occa- 
sionally fed  with  other  foods  to  keep 
the  bowels  open  and  to  improve  the 
condition  of  the  skin.  It  is  of  par- 
ticular service  during  convalescence, 
when  the  bo-wels  are  sluggish  in  their 
action-  Linseed  tea  is  very  often 
given  in  irritable  or  inflamed  condi- 
tions of  the  digestive  organs. 

Potatoes. — These  are  fed  as  an  ar- 
ticle of  food  for  the  hurse  in  many 
sections.  They  possess,  in  common 
with  other  roots,  slight  laxative  pro- 
perties. 

Carrots. — These  make  a  most  ex- 
cellent food,  particularly  during  sick- 
ness. They  Improve  the  appetite  and 
slightly  increase  the  action  of  the 
bowels  and  kidneys.  They  possess 
also  certain  alterative  properties.  The 
coat  becomes  smooth  and  glossy  when 
carrots  are  fed.  Some  veterinary 
writers  claim  that  chronic  cough  is 
cured  by  giving  carrots  for  some 
time.  The  roots  may  be  considered, 
then,  as  an  adjunct  to  the  regular 
regimen,  and  if  fed  in  small  quanti- 
ties, are  highly  beneficial. 


Grasses. — Grass  Is  the  natural  food 

for  horses.  It  is  composed  of  a  great 
variety  of  plants,  differing  widely  as 
to  the  amount  of  nourishment  con- 
tained, some  being  almost  entirely 
without  value  as  foods  and  only  eaten 
when  there  Is  nothing  else  obtainable, 
while  others  are  positively  injurious 
or  even  poisonous.  None  of  the 
grasses  are  sufficient  to  keep  the 
horse  in  condition  for  work.  Horses 
thus  fed  are  "soft,"  sweat  easily, 
purge,  and  soon  tire  on  the  road  or 
when  at  hard  work.  To  growing 
stock,  grass  is  indispensable,  and 
there  is  little  or  no  doubt  but  that  it 
acts  as  an  alterative  when  given  to 
horses  accustomed  to  hay  and  grain. 
It  must  be  given  to  such  horses  in 
small  quantities  at  first.  The  stom- 
ach and  intestines  undergo  rest;  and 
recuperate  if  the  horse  is  turned  to 
grass  for  a  time  each  year.  It  is  also 
certain  that  during  febrile  diseases 
grass  acts  almost  as  a  medicine,  less- 
ening fever  and  favoring  recovery. 
Wounds  heal  more  rapidly  than  when 
the  horse  is  on  grain,  and  some 
chronic  disorders  (chronic  cough, 
for  instance)  disappear  entirely  when 
at  grass.  In  my  experience,  grass 
does  more  good  when  the  horse  crops 
it  himself.  This  may  be  due  to  the 
sense  of  freedom  he  enjoys  at  pas- 
ture, to  the  rest  to'his  feet  and  limbs, 
and  for  many  other  similar  reasons. 
When  cut  for  him  it  should  be  fed 
fresh,  or  when  but  slightly  wilted. 


PRACTICAL  FARM  BOOKS 

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ering every  branch  of  your  business.  You  will  find  in  them  ideas  and  sugges- 
tions of  great  value  on  how  to  make  and  save  mT>ney.     Below  are  a  few: 


Farm  Animals.  By  Hunt  &  Bur- 
kett.  It  covers  the  whole  field  of  ani- 
mal   industry    $1.50 

Management  and  Feeding  of  Sheep. 
By  Thos.  Shaw.  The  most  complete 
work  on  sheep  $2.00 


Breeding  of  Farm  Animals.  By  H. 
W.  Harper.  Well  adapted  to  the  needs 
of  the  farmer  or  student   $1.50 

Making  Poultry  Pay.  By  E.  C. 
Powell.  The  practical  side  of  ikjuI- 
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FARM    PRESS,    LIMITED,    181    Simcoe    St., 


TORONTO. 


108  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Hog  Feeding. 

The  following  rations  for  hogs  are  not  given  as  absolute,  but  will  give 
an  Idea  of  a  fairly  well  balanced  ration  of  common  feeds  giving  good  prac- 
tical results: 

Growing  Ration.  Brood  Sow  Ration. 


Skim  Milk.  Mixture. 

Corn  Meal.  Ground  Com. 

Ground  Oats.  Oats  and  Barley. 

Wheat  Middlings.  5  lbs.  Skim  Milk. 
Oil  Meal. 
Salt. 

Regular  Alilking  Hours. 

Result  of  Dominion  Department  of  Agriculture  ezperimentg  resulted  as 
follows: 

Average         Average 
per  cent,      weight  of 
Average         per  cow     fat  per  cow, 
daily  yield,      per  day.  daily. 

Irregular    26.7  8.96  0.9987 

Feed  Ratios. 
Stating  relation  which  should  exist  between  carbohydrate  and  proteins. 
Dry  Matter.  Protein.  Carbohydrates.     Ratio. 

Ox 17.5  .7  8.15  1  to  12 

Horse 22.5  1.8  11.8  1  to     7 

Milch  Cow    ...  24  2.5  12,9  1  to   54 

Pigs     42  7.5  30  1  to     4 

Feeds  For  Pigs. 
Sow  on  milk,  skim  milk  and  wheat,  middlings,  barley,  oats  or  com. 
Proteins  feeds  for  pigs:   Gluten  meal,  buckwheat,  middlings,  brewer's 
grains  and  peas. 

Carbohydrate  feeds:  Oats,  barley,  wheat  and  corn. 
Forage  crops:  Clover,  alfalfa,  rape,  sorghum  and  rye. 

Ck>ntagious   Abortion.  Ck>st. 

The  Vermont  Experiment  Station  The  approximate  cost  is '$15.00  per 

has  tested  the  use  of  Methylene  Blue  pound.    (Each  gram  costs  about  three 

as  a  cure  or  preventive  of  .contagious  cents,   making   the   daily  dosage  cost 

abortion.  about    60c,    and    each    week's    treat- 

"On    June    13,    1913,    about    8%  ment   $4.20   per    cow.      Material    can 

months   from   the   beginning   qt   the  easily   be    purchased    of    wholesale 

experiment  92  cows  in  all  stages  of  druggists. 

pregnancy  had  been  treated.  Only  Note. — Can  either  be  fed  in  cap- 
one  of  these  animals  up  to  the  month  sules  or  on  the  feed.  It  is  a  power- 
of  June  last  has  aborted,  whilst  56  ful  antiseptic. 

have  calved  at  full  time  and  35  are  Thoroughly    disinfect   the    stables 

yet  to  calve. '^  with  mercuric  chloride  or  some  other 

Methylene  Blue  can  be  bought  at  reliable    germicide.      Use    mercuric 

all  drug  stores.  chloride  in  proportions  of  1  to  1,000 

of  water. 

Method.            *  A  1  to   1,000  lysol  solution  kills 

Administer    %    to    %    oz.     (10-15  the  germ  in  from  3  to  5  minutes.     A 

grams)  night  and  morning  for  seven  distinct   blue   will   be   noted   in   the 

days,  beginning   early  in  pregnancy  urine   from   two   to   six  hours  after 

and  after  a  four  weeks  interval  con-  che  dose.    Small  amounts  color  urine 

tinue     the     treatment    for     another  green.     Best  way  to  administer  is  by 

seven  days  and  continue  at  four  week  the  use  of  capsule  in  balling  gum. 

Intervals  during  the  period  of  gesta-  Better  treat  the  whole  herd  or  that 

tion.  part  of  the  herd  which  is  pregnant. 


UVE  STOCK. 


109 


The  Feeding  Margin  of  Stockers 


The  Feeding  Margin. 

In  feeding  cattle,  the  difference  be- 
tween cost  price  per  100  lbs.  and  the 
selling  price  per  100  lbs.  is  known  as 
the  margin.  A  margin  is  therefore 
necessary  to  break  even,  or  to  make 
a  profit  because  av  current  prices  of 
feed,  the  cost"  to  produce  a  pound  of 
meat  on  a  feeder  exceeds  the  price  of 
the  meat  on  the  markets  in  generaL 
So,  as  a  rule,  one  should  feed  only 
when  the  price  of  the  combined  finish- 
ed product  of  the  animal  is  sufficient- 
ly greater  than  the  initial  price,  to 
pay  the  marke;  price  for  food  consmn- 
ed,  cost  of  feeding,  and  Interest  on 
capital  iuvestea. 

An  Example. 

Speaking  of  the  necessity  of  a  mar- 
gin: a  sieer  may  sell  for  6  l-2c  per  lb. 
To  produce  one  himdred  pounds  of 
meat  would  require  about  700  lbs.  of 
com,  forty  poimds  cottonseed  or  lin- 
seed meal,  and  four  hundred  pounds 
of  alfalfa  hay.  With  com  at  50c.  per 
bushel,  cotton  seed  meal  at  $28,  and 
alfalfa  hay  at  $16  per  ton,  this  would 
cost  about  10c.  per  lb.  In  order  to 
break  even  on  the  proposition  the 
operator  will  not  feed  imless  he  can 
get  the  feeders  at  enough  less  than 
6  l-2c.  per  pound  to  put  through  the 
cost  of  fattening  either  upon  the  man 
who  sells  the  feeder  or  back  upon  the 
producer. 

Suppose  this  steer  when  finished 
weighs  1,360  lbs.,  and  at  the  beginning 
of  the  feeding  period  1,110  lbs.  He 
therefore  gained  250  lbs.  at  a  cost  of 
?25.  The  steer  sells  for  1,350  times 
6  1-2  cents,  or  $S7.75.  To  break  even 
on  the  animal  it  must  be  bought 
for  $87.75,  minus  $25  the  cost 
of  fattening,  or  for  $62.76.  As 
the  animal  weighs  1,110  lbs.  the 
the  cost  price  $5.70  or  80c  above  buying 
price,  is  what  is  known  as  the  margin. 
To  make  a  profit  a  larger  margia  is 
necessary. 

The  Influence  on  Margin. 

The  marginal  rate  depends  upon  the 
cost  of  the  feeds  and  their  effective- 
ness in  producing  gains.  If  feeds  are 
equally  productive,  the  higher  the 
cost,  the  greater  the  margin  neces- 
sary; if  equally  costly  the  more  ef- 
fective the  feed  the  narrower  the  mar- 
gin. 

The  primary  cost  znaBt  also  aSect 


the  margin.  The  cost  of  gains  remain- 
ing the  same,  the  higher  the  Initial 
cost  of  the  feeder,  the  narrower  the 
margin.  For  instance,  a  feeder  weigh- 
ing 1,000  lbs.  at  the  beginning,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  fattening  period  1,260 
lbs.  At  10c.  per  lb.  the  gain  costs  %^. 
If  the  feeder  cost  $4.50  per  cwt.  he 
should  bring  $70  at  a  weight  of  1,260 
to  break  even,  or  $6  per  cwt.  The 
margin  necessary  would  be  $1.10  per 
cwt.,  or  the  difference  between  the 
buying  and  seUing  price,  meaning  that 
the  value  of  every  pound  of  your  4  l-2c 
beef  must  be  increased  to  5.6c.  in  or- 
der to  break  even.  Were  the  steer 
bought  at  $5  per  cwt.,  the  operator 
would  break  even  at  a  selling  figure 
of  $6,  or  on  a  margin  of  $1.  If  $6  were 
paid,  the  operator  would  break  even 
at  $6.30  or  on  a  margin  of  80c  This 
wUl  explain  why  buyers  more  than 
break  even  by  paying  high  prices  for 
feeders,  provided  there  is  a  good  mar- 
ket for  finished  beeves. 

Buying  Weights  and   the   Effects. 

The  buying  weight  also  affects  the 
margin.  If  t!he  buying  cost,  the 
amount  gained,  and  the  cost  of  gain 
remain  the  same,  the  heavier  the  feed- 
er, the  narrower  the  necessary  mar- 
gin. This  argues  well  in  favor  of  the 
heavier  feeder,  but  is  counterbalanced, 
because  the  older  and  heavier  an 
animal  becomes,  the  more  feed  it  takes 
to  produce  one  i»oimd  of  gain.  A  wide;- 
margin  is  necessary  in  winter  than  in 
summer,  because  the  cost  of  produc- 
ing gains  Is  the  greater  in  winter. 
Young  cattle  make  more  economical 
use  of  their  ration  than  mature  cattle. 
Hence  ihey  can  feed  on  a  narrower 
margin- 
Good  and   Poor  Feeders. 

If  th^  buying  price  of  good  and  poor 
feeders  .were  the  same,  the  better  qual- 
ity of  cattle  would  offer  the  wider  mar- 
gin. In  recent  years,  however,  good 
feeders  have  advanced  more  rapidly 
in  price  than  choice  steers;  at  times 
a  better  margin  is  offered  for  feeding 
steers  of  less  quality,  because  the 
price  of  poor  feeders  may  be  compara- 
tively lower  than  the  difference  in 
quality  would  warrant.  Again,  the 
necessary  margin  increases  pro^r- 
tionately,  as  the  length  of  the  feeding 
period  increases.  As  cattle  increase 
in  fatness,  the  cost  of  gain  increas«a. 


lit) 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Men  wlio  feed  cattle  for  a  long  period 
i^hould  he  rewarded  toy  a  correspond- 
iuig  increase  in  tlie  price  received  per 
100  libs. 

The  Feeding  Period. 

The  period  between  the  time  the 
steer  is  put  into  the  feed  quarters  and 
the  time  he  is  ready  for  market  con- 
stitutes the  feeding  period.  The  short 
feed  period  lasts  from  sixty  to  ninety 
days.  The  long  feed  period  averages 
one  hundred  and  eight  days  or  six 
months,  sometimes  more  and  some- 
times less.  Cattle  are  on  full  feed 
when  they  are  taking  grain  and  rough- 
age to  their  full  capacity.  The  per- 
iod of  feeding  previous  to  the  full  ra- 
tion is  called  ihe  "warming  up"  period, 
and  lasts  from  two  to  six  weeks  de- 
pending on  whether  the  cattle  have 
been  accustomed  to  grairt  Since  this 
is  a  filling  up  process,  cattle  get  on 
full  feed  somewhat  more  rapidly  when 
fed  on  a  ration  made  up  largely  of 
roughage  and  not  much  grain.  Too 
onuch  grain  is  injurious  at  the  begin- 
ning. 

A  larger  proportion  of  animals  are 
short  fed  ibeoause  the  working  margin 
is  narrower  and  the  markets  do  not 
show  enough  difference  in  pnice  for 
the  degree  of  finish  put  upon  the  cat- 
tle to  warrant  a  longer  period.  Cheap- 
er and  larger  daily  gains  can  be  made 
during  the  short  period  than  during 
the  long  period,  because,  since  the  ra- 
tion can  be  made  heavier  and  the 
steer  forced  more  rapidly  he  will  not 
waste  so  much  of  the  ration. 

In  Favor  of  Good  Feeders. 

The  good  feeder  is  the  only  one  that 
should  be  permitted  in  the  feed  stall 
or  lot,  and  if  the  making  of  prime  beef 
is  the  end  desired  there  is  no  exception 
to  this  rule.  However,  always  work 
for  profit  and  not  for  looks.  In  other 
words  it  is  sometimes  better  and 
more  profitable  to  fatten  thin  stockers 
up  to  the  butcher's  class  than  it  is  to 
endeavor  to  run  select  feeders  up  to 
the  prime  beef  class. 

In  conclusion  let  me  say,  that  every 
farmer  who  feeds  cattle  for  the  mar- 
ket should  take  some  reliable  paper, 
either  daily  or  weekly,  with  a  reliable 
market  report  and  keep  himself  posted 
on  the  market.  He  should  know  what 
type  of  cattle  he  has,  and  in  what  class 
they  ibelong,  and  also  at  what  time  of 
the  year  they  are  in  greatest  demand. 


ALFALFA    HAY   FOR   HOGS. 

A  trial  in  feeding  hogs  on  alfalfa 
hay  was  carried  on  at  the  North  Dakota 
Experimental  Station  by  W.  H.  Peters, 
Animal  Husibandman.  The  alfalfa  hay 
was  cut  into  half-inch  lengths  and  was 
fed  both  dry  and  steamed.  The  hogs 
were  also  fed  a  grain  ration  of  barley 
aborts  and  tankage.  One  lot  was  fed 
only  the  grain  feed,  while  with  other 
lots  the  grain  ration  was  reduced  and 
alfalfa  supplied  in  its  place,  the  aim 
being  to  make  the  alfalfa-fed  hogs  to 
the  alfalfa  was  50c  per  100  pounds 
young  pigs  the  saving  in  cost  due  to 
the  alfalfa  was  50c  per  100  pounds 
gain  on  the  dry  alfalfa,  and  40c  wnen 
the  alfalfa  was  steamed.  With  the 
fattening  hogs,  the  saving  was  |1.70 
per  100  pounds  gain  for  lot  fed  the 
dry  alfalfa,  and  $2.70  When  steamed. 

(Brood  sows  were  also  fed  alfalfa 
hay.  When  the  alfalfa  was  fed  the 
grain  ration  (barley  and  oats)  could 
be  reduced  one-third  to  one-fourth, 
and  the  sows  did  well  on  it.  No  dif- 
ference was  noticeable  between  their 
litters  and  those  from  the  sows  fed  all 
grain. 

The  growing  pigs  were  fed  one-fifth 
to  one^sixth  as  much  alfalfa  as^  grain, 
this  being  the  amount  that  they  would 
readily  eat  and  keep  making  as  good 
gains  as  the  all-grain  lot. 

Of  the  dry  alfalfa  the  fattening  hogs 
eat  one-seventh  as  much  as  of  grain 
ration,  and  of  the  steamed  alfalfa  one- 
sixth  as  much.  The  hogs  did  not  eat 
as  large  a  proportion  of  the  alfalfa  as 
was  expected.  It,  however,  reduced 
the  cost  of  making  the  gains  so  that 
it  was  well  worth  while.  The  price 
put  on  the  feeds  was  one  cent,  per 
pound  for  the  grains,  two  cents  for 
tankage,  and  the  alfalfa  $10  per  ton. 

The  observauions  of  the  trial  indi- 
cate: First,  that  in  order  to  get  hogs 
started  to  eating  alfalfa  hay  in  win- 
ter it  is  necessary  to  limit  the  grain 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  hogs  must 
eat  hay  or  go  hungry.  Second,  that, 
when  handled  in  this  way,  they  will 
very  readily  take  to  the  hay  and  a  limit- 
ed amount  of  hay  can  be  fed  very  satis- 
factorily, securing  just  as  good  results, 
just  as  good  gains,  and  at  less  cost 
than  where  grain  alone  is  fed.  Third, 
that  the  greatest  advantage  to  he  gain- 
ed in  feeding  hay  in  the  winter  is  the 
saving  of  grain  and  lowering  of  the 
cost  of  feeding; 


LIVE  STOCK. 


Ill 


Score  Card  as  Recommnded 
for  Swine  an 

Possible 
Scale  of  Points.  Score. 

A.  General        Appearance:        3  5 

points. 

Size,  well  developed  Tor  age. .      5 

Form,  long,  smooth,  all  parts 
proportionately  developed 
Bo  as  to  give  the  impression 
of  a  well-balanced,  strong- 
ly-built animal.  Top  line, 
strong;  under  line,  straight; 
belly  trim  and  neat 10 

Quality,  hair,  fine;  skin, 
smooth,  showing  on  ten- 
dency to  wrinkle^  bone, 
clean  and  strong  bu  t  not 
coarse;  flesh,  firm  and 
smooth,  with  no  flabbiness 
at  jowl,  fore-flank,  belly  or 
ham 10 

Condition,  well  covered  with 
firm  flesh,  especially  along 

Style,  active  and  sprightly, 
back  and  loin,  but  not  heav- 
ily loaded  with  fat 6 

walking  without  a  swaying 
movement,  and  standing 
well  up  on  toes.  Breeding 
animals  should  show  strong 
character 4 

B.  Head  and  Neck:   8  points. 
Snout,    medium    length    and 

moderately  fine   1 

Face,  broad  between  eyes;  poll 
broad  and  full 1 

Eyes,  good  size,  full  and 
bright   1 

Jowl,  fair  width  and  muscu- 
lar, but  very  neat,  showing 
no  flabbiness 2 

Ears,  moderately  thin,  and 
fringed  with  fine  hair 1 

Neck,  medium  length  and 
muscular,  but  possessing  no 
tendency  to  arch  on  top.  .      2 

C.  Forequarters:  13  points. 
Shoulders,  smooth,  somewhat 

rounded  from  side  to  side 
over  top,  and  very  compact; 
no  wider  than  back,  and  not 
running  back  on  side  so  as 
to  shorten  distance  between 


by  Prof.  G.  E.  Day,  of  O.A.C., 
d  Bacon  Type. 

shoulder  and  ham 6 

Breast,  good  width  and  full .  .  8 
Fore  Legs,  set  well  apart,  me- 
dium length  and  straight; 
pasterns,  upright;  bone, 
clean  and  strong;  feet,  me- 
dium size  and  strongly 
formed 4 

D.  Body:  30  points. 

Back,  medium  width,  rising 
slightly  above  the  straight 
line,  and  forming  a  very 
slight  arch  from  neck  to 
root  of  tail • 

Loin,  wide  as  rest  of  back, 
strong  and  full,  but  not 
unduly  arched   5 

Ribs,  good  length  and  moder- 
ately arched 4 

Side,  fairly  deep;  long,  smooth 
and  straight  between  shoul- 
der and  ham;  a  straight- 
edge laid  over  shoulder 
point  and  ham  should  touch 
the  side  throughout I 

Heart  Girth,  full,  but  not 
flabby  at  fore-flanks,  flH*d 
out  even  with  side  of  shoul- 
der; there  should  be  no 
tucked-up  appearance  back 
of  fore-legs,  nor  droop  back 

of  shoulder  top 5 

.    Flank,  full  and  low S 

E.  Hindquarters:    14   points. 
Rump,   same   width   as  back; 

long  and  slightly  rounded 
from  a  point  above  hips  to 
tail,  and  somewhat  rounded 
from  side  to  side  over  top..     4 

Ham,  full  without  flabbiness; 
thigh,  tapering  towards 
hock  without  wrinkles  or 
folds,  and  carrying  flesh 
well  down  towards  hock ...      S 

Hind  Legs,  medium  length; 
hocks,  set  well  apart,  but 
not  bowed  outward;  bone, 
clean  and  strong;  pasterns, 
upright;  feet,  medium  size 
and  strongly  formed 4 

Total lot 


112 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Score  Card  as  Recommended  by  Prof.  G.  E.  Day,  of  O.A.C., 

for  Beef  Cattle. 


PoiBlble 
Scale  of  Points.  Score 

A.  General        Appearance:        28 

points. 

BBtlmated  weight lb«. 

Weight,  according  to  age. ...      4 

Form,  deep,  broad,  low  set, 
smooth;  top  line  and  under- 
line straight -8 

Flesh,  naturally  thick  fleshed. 
See  further  under  quality..      4 

Quality,  bone  strong,  but  of 
fine  texture  and  clean;  skin 
pliablo  and  elastic;  hair, 
soft   and    thick.     All    parts 

.  evenly  covered  with  firm 
flesh,  which  should  be  mel- 
low to  the  touch,  but  not 
soft  and  flabby  nor  yet  in 
hard  rolls  or  ridges 8 

Style,  active,  and  vigorous,  but 
not  restless;  should  show 
strong  character    4 

B.  Head  and  Neck:  12  points. 
Muzzle,  broad  and  clearly  de- 
fined;   mouth    large;     no«- 
trila  large i 


Eyes,  large,  promiment.  clear 
and  placid    2 

Face,  short,  with  clean  cut  ap- 
pearance        1 

Forehead,  broad    1 

Ears,  medium  size  and  flne 
texture  i 

Neck,  thick  and  short,  with 
full  neck  vein;  junction  of 
neck  with  head  clearly  de- 
fined. In  bull,  crest  well 
developed  '. 5 

Horns  (when  present)  flne  in 
texture,  flattened  at  base, 
not     more     than     medium 

sice 

~C.  Forequarters:  11  points. 

Shoulders,  smooth,  covered 
with  flesh,  well  laid  back 
into  ribs,  compact  and  mod- 
erately brdad  on  top 5 

Brisket,  prominent  and  blunt; 
breast  full  and  wide 3 

Dewlap,   light    1 

Legs,  straight  and  short;  arm 
broad  and  well  muscled; 
bone  flat,  clean  and  strong..     2 


VARIATION   IN  TUBERCUI 
Q'Of}  /Amy-m.  -i./tfi  ^•ir  ♦./M 

-IN  TEMPERATURES. 
4A4. 

/Off 

• 

,/ 

5 

'^ 

/ 

\, 

/ 

\ 

J 

\'    ■■'■ 

/ 

"^^ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

\, 

f 

y 

h' 

r\ 

• 

\^J*^ 

?d/i 

'j4. 

/  y 

■~~*- 

''^""^ 

• 

\ 

r 

K^ 

-A'. 

r'''' 

\ 

/ 

t;** 

^ 

5 

\ 

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. 

.\ 

7 

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r. 

LIVE  STOCK. 


118 


D.  Body:   29  points. 

Chest,  deep  and  wide;  fore 
Flank,  full  and  even  with 
shoulders  well  filled,  leav- 
ing no  depression;  heart 
girth  large   9 

Ribs,  long,  well  arched; 
thickly    fleshed     7 

Back,  broad,  straight,  well 
fleshed  and   smooth    7 

Loin,  deeply  fleshed,  coming 
out  full  to  hocks  and  carry- 
ing width  evenly  from 
Hocks,  wide,  but  smooth  and 
flanks,  full;  space  back  of 
underline    3 

E.  Hindquarters:   20  points. 

Hocks    forward    5 


well  covered,  not  promin- 
ent         4 

Sirloin  and  Rump,  straight  on 
top,  long,  wide,  well  filled 
between  hook  ana  pin-bones, 
smooth    5 

Pin-bones,  wide  apart,  smooth, 
not    patchy     2 

Tail  Head,  smooth;  in  line 
with  back;  tail  fine,  falling 
at  right  angles  to  top   line.    1 

Thighs,  full,  deep  and  wide..     3 

Twist,  full  and  deep,  nearly  as 
low  as  flank   3 

Legs,  straight  and  short;  bone 
flat,    clean    and    strong    ....     2 

Total    100 


Score  Card  as  Recommended  by  Prof.  G.  E.  Day,  of  O.A.C. 

for  Mutton  Sheep. 


Possible 

Score. 

24 


Scale  of  Points. 
General   Appearance: 
points. 

Estimated    weight    lbs.; 

score  according  to  age   .... 

Form,  deep,  broad,  low  set,  of 

proportionate     length,     and 

smooth;   top  line  and  under 


line  straight    8 

Quality,  bone  strong,  but  of 
fine  texture  and  clean;  hair 
soft  and  thick;  skin  fine; 
all  parts  evenly  covered 
with  firm  flesh  which  should 
be  mellow  to  the  touch,  but 
not  soft  and  flabby,  nor  yet 
in     hard     rolls     or    ridges; 


Parts  of  Sheep.     1,   Head;    2,  Neck, 
ket;  6,  Foreleg;  7,  Chest;  8,  Ribs; 
Loin;  12,  Hip;  13,  Rump;  14,  Tail 
Hind  Leg;    17,  Flank;    18,   Belly; 


3,  Shoulder  Vein;  4,  Shoulder;  5,  Bris- 
9,   Top   of   Shoulders;    10,   Back;    11, 

;  15,  G-iggot  or  Leg  of  Mutton;  16, 
19,  Fore  Flank;   20.  Twist 


114 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


light  in  offal    t 

Style,  spirited  and  attractiye, 
indicating  vigor  and  breed- 
ing        4 

B.  Head  and  Neck:  11  points. 
Muzzle,   fine,    lips    thin,    but 

large  mouth  and  nostrils.  .      1 
Eyes,  prominent  and  bright.  .      1 
Face,  short,  clean-cut  appear- 
ance         2 

Forehead  and  Poll,  wide  be- 
tween the  eyes  and  also  be- 
tween the  ears 2 

Ears,  medium  size,  fine  tex- 
ture, erect    1 

Neclc,  thick  and  short,  taper- 
ing nicely  from  shofulders 
to  head,  with  full  neck 
vein,  and  broad  and  full  on 
top  in  front  of  shoulders, 
carrying  head  erect;  throat 
free  from  folds;  in  ram, 
crest  well  developed 

C.  Forequarters:   6  points. 
Shoulders,     fitting     smoothly 

into  ribs,  evenly  covered 
with  flesh,  moderately 
broad,     but     compact     on 

top   4 

Legs,  straight  and  short;  set 
well  apart;  strong  but  with 
clean    smooth   shank;    pas- 


terns strong  and  upright; 
arm  broad  and  well  mus- 
cled        2 

D.  Middle:   26  points. 

Chest,  deep  and  wide;  breast 
full;  brisket  prominent  and 
blunt;  space  back  of  shoul- 
ders well  filled,  leaving  no 
depression;  heart  girth 
large   $ 

Back  and  Ribs,  back  broad 
and  straight,  well  fleshed 
and  smooth;  ribs  deep,  well 
arched,  thickly  fleshed 9 

Loin,  deeply  fleshed,  coming 
out  full  to  hips  and  carry- 
ing width  evenly  from  hips 
forward 6 

Flank,  full  and  even  with  the 
underline 2 

E.  Hindquarters:    17   points. 

Hips,  wide,  level,  smooth.  ...      3 

Rump,  long,  wide,  level,  well 
filled  from  hips  to  tail 
head,  smooth   4 

Thighs,  full,  deep  and  wide, 
both  on  inside  and  outside.     4 

Twist,  full  and  deep,  nearly 
as  low  as  flank 4 

Legs,  straight  and  short,  set 
well  apart,  strong,  but  "with 
clean,  smooth  shank;  pas- 
terns strong  and  upright.  .      f 


"Illustration   of   Beef  Animal,   indicati  ng   tiie   various   cuts   of   beef  as   they 
are  known  to  the  trade." 


LIVE  STOCK. 


115 


P.  Fleece  and  Skin:  16  points. 

(1)   Wool: 

Quantity,     long,     dense, 

even    

Quality,  fine,  pure,  crimp, 

close,  regular,  even  . . 
Condition,  bright,  sound. 


An  acute  angle  left  fore  hoof  shod  with 

a  bar  toe.     Note  width  and  position  of 

bar  and  nails  placed  well  forward. 

English  Milking  Shorthorn. 

The  following  table  will  convey  a 
good  idea  of  the  excellent  milk  yield 
of  the  English  Shorthorn  cow  or  the 
dual  purpose  cow.  All  of  these  cows 
are  of  the  Bates  type  and  worth  a 
good  deal  of  money  both  from  a  beef 
and  a  producing  point  of  view.  As 
explained  in  the  footnote,  these  rec- 
ords do  not  include  the  milk  given 
the  first  two  months  after  freshen- 
ing. These  records  are  certificated 
and  were  made  in  Great  Britain. 

Wild  Cranford  4th 1902      12,126 

Oxford  Alma 1902      10,976 

Sweetbriar     1903      10,873 

Flora  Foggathorpe   ...1903      11,643 

Cranford  Beauty 1903      12,113 

Waterloo  Cranford 

18th 1904        8,783 

Wild  Queen  13th 1904      12,006 

Red  Rose  A 1904      11,968 

Furbelow  Princess  3rd. 1904  11,794 
Wild  Eyebright  9th.  .  .1904  11,693 
Barrington  Anna    ....1904        8,765 


clean,    lustrous,    good 

secretion  of  yolk 4 

(2)   Skin: 

A   healthy,    light    cherry 
color    and    free    from 

dark  spots 2 

Total Too 


Toe  weight  to  increase  length  of  stride. 

The  weight  is  properly  placed,  but  the 

nails    should    go    further   forward. 

Barrington  Darling  2ndl905  8,346 

Darlington  Cran  8th.. 1905  11,905 

Red  Rose  11th 1905  8,832 

Wild  Queen  16th    ....1906  8,260 

Waterloo  Lily 1905  11,875 

Darlington  Cranford 

22nd     1905  12,905 

Wild   Belle    1905  9,926 

Red  Rose  C 1905  8,976 

Barrington  Duchess 

40th 1905  10,485 

Waterloo  Cranford 

14th 1905  7,975 

Barrington  Cranford 

12th 1905  10,567 

Oxford  Annette 1905  9,327 

Red  Rose  13th 1905  10,642 

Oxford  Cranford  7th.. 1905  *5,216 

Red  Rose  14th 1906  8,576 

Darlington  Cranford 

23rd 1906  10,476 

Fair  Foggathrope  3rd.  1906  8,866 

Lady  Carlisle  9th  A.  .  .1906  9,768 

Lady  Carlisle  10th 1906  10,136 

Barrington  Rosebud  .  .1907  7,794 

Cran  Foggathorpe  8th.  1907  7,434 


116 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Registration  of  Pure-Bred  Live  Stock 


All  pure-bred  animals,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  recognizect  as  such,  must 
be  recorded  in  some  recognized  Stud, 
Herd  or  Flock  Book.  In  Canada,  the 
records  are  kept  imder  the  supervis- 
ion of  the  society  or  club  formed  for 
the  advancing  of  the  interests  of  each' 
particular  breed. 

For  purposes  of  economy  and  other 
reasons,  all  these  Breed  Associations 
— with  the  exception  of  the  Holstein- 


Friesian  Association  of  Canada- 
united  to  form  the  Canadian  National 
Liive  Stock  Records,  whose  head- 
quarters are  at  Ottawa.  All  applica- 
tions for  registration  or  transfer  of 
pure-bred  live  stock  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  The  Accountant,  Canadian 
National  Records,  Ottawa,  Ont.,  or, 
in  the  case  of  Holstem-Friesian  cat- 
tle, to  the  Secretary,  W.  A.  Clemons, 
St.  George,  Ont. 


Canadian  Books  of  Record. 

HORSES 


Name  of  Breed 


Book  of  Record 


Clydesdale Clydesdale  Stud  Book  of 

Canada 
Hackney Canadian  Hackney   Stud 

Book 
Shire  Canadian     Shire     Horse 

Stud  Book 
PeralMroa    Canadian  Percheron  Stud 

Book 
ThoroTUhbred   Canadian    Thoroughbred 

Stud  Book 
Belgian   Draft Canadian    Belgian    Draft 

Stud  Book 

Prencii  Canadian    French    Canadian    Horse 

Breeders'  Stud  Book 

.-    i 

Zetland,     Welsh,     New 
iForost,   Polo  and   Rid- 

ing,  Exmoor  and  Hack-    Canadian  Pony  Stud  Book 
ney  Ponies   Canadian   French   Coach 

French  Coach   Stud  Book 

Suffolk  Horse    Canadian    Suffolk   Horse 

Stud  Book 

Standard   Bred    Canadian  Standard  Bred 

Stud  Book 


Name  of  Association. 

Clydesdale  Horse  Associ- 

tion  of  Canada. 
Canadian  Hackney  Horse 

Society. 
Canadian     Shire     Horse 

Association. 
Canad.  Percheron  Horse 

Breeders'  Association. 
Canadian     Thoroughbred 

Horse  Society. 
Canadian    Belgian    Draft 

Horse  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation. 
French    Canadian   Horse 

Breeders'     Association 

of  Canada. 


Canadian    Pony    Society. 

Canadian  French  Coach 
Horse  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation. 

Canadian  Suffolk  Horse 
Society. 

Canadian  Standard  Bred 
Horse  Society. 


CATTLE 


Name  of  Breed 


Book  of  Record 


Name  of  Association. 


Shorthorn    Dominion    Shorthorn  Dominion    Shorthorn 

Herd  Book  Breeders*  Association. 

Ayrshire Canadian  Ayrshire  Herd  Canadian  Ayrshire  Breed- 
Book  ers'  Association. 

Hereford   Canadian  Hereford  Herd  Canadian      Hereford 

Book.  Breeders'   Association. 

Jersey    Canadian    Jersey    Cattle  Canadian    Jersey    Cattle 

Club  Record  Cl»b. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


117 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  RECORD 

CATTLE — Continued. 

Nsune  of  Breed                     Book  of  Record  Name  of  Association 

Galloway North  American  Galloway  North   American    Galloway 

Herd  Book  Association. 

Aberdeen  Angus Canadian  Aberdeen  Angus  Canadian   Aberdeen    Angus 

Association's  Record  Association. 

Guernsey Canadian  Guernsey  Herd  Canadian  Guernsey  Breed- 
Book  ers'  Association. 

French  Canadian French    Canadian    Cattle  French    Canadian       CattU 

Breeders'  Herd  Book  Breeders'    Association    of 

Canada. 

Red  Polled Canadian  Red  Poled  Herd  Canadian  Red  Polled  Asso- 

Book  dation. 

Holstein-Friesian Holstein-Friesian  Herd  Book  Holstein-Friesian      Assoda- 

of  Canada  tion  of  Canada. 

SWINE 

Name  of  Breed                     Book  of  Record  Name  of  Association 

Yorkshire,        Berkshire, 
Tamworth,       Chester 

White,  Poland  China,     Dominion  Swine  Breeders'  Dominion    Swine    Breeders' 

Duroc  Jersey,   HamfK        Record  Association, 

shire,  Essex 


Name  of  Breed 


SHEEP 
Book  of  Record 


Name  of  Association 


Shropshire,  Leicester,  Ox- 
ford Down,  Cotswold, 
Lincoln,  Dorset,  Hamp- 
shire, Southdown,  Suf-    Canadian  National  Records    Dominion   Sheep    Breeders' 
folk  Cheviot,  Blackface  Association. 


Membership    Fee* 


The  annual  membership  fee  to  each 
Association  is  $2.00,  with  the  follow- 
ing exceptions:  Canadian  Hackney 
Horse  Society,  ?3.00;  Dominion 
Sheep  Breeders'  Assiciation,  Cana- 
dian Jersey  Cattle  Club,  North  Ameri- 


can  Galloway  Association,  Canadian 
Guernsey  Breeders'  Association, 
French-Canadian  Cattle  Breeders'  As- 
sociation and  the  French-Canadian 
Horse  Breeders'  Association,  $1.00. 


Transportation  of 

All  animals  recorded  in  the  Cana- 
dian National  Records  are  entitled  to 
reduced  freight  rates  over  the  Grand 
Trunk,  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  Inter- 
colonial, Canadian  Pacific  and  Cana- 
dian Northern  Railways  -when  ship- 
ped   for    breeding    purposes.      These 


PurebBred  Animals 

rates  do  not  apply  when  animals  are 
shipped  to  Exhibitions,  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  contesting  in  races.  Cana- 
dian freight  classifications  as  to 
weights  govern. 

There  is  no  reduction  when  animals 
are  shipped  by  express. 


118 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Rules  and   Regulations    Governing    Elegibility    of    Animals    for 

Registration 

Horses 

Clydesdale 


Imported  Animals. — Stallions  and 
mares,  recorded  and  bearing  registra- 
tion numbers  in  the  Clydesdale  Stud 
Book  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
whose  sires  and  dams,  together  with 
their  sires  and  dams,  are  also  re- 
corded and  bear  registration  numbers 
in  said  Stud  Book,  provided  tha^  the 
breeding  of  such  sires  and  dams,  if 
already  recorded  in  the  Clydesdale 
Stud  Book  of  Canada  as  ancestors, 
comply  with  this  ruic*    (See  Note.) 

When  recording  animals  imported 
in  dam,  certificate  of  service  must  be 
furnished  from  the  breeder,  signed 
by  the  owner  of  the  sire  at  the  time 
of  service. 

An  imported  animal  is  one  which 
has  been  imported  from  Great  Brit- 
ain   and   Ireland.     Applications     for 


registration  of  animals  imported 
from  Great  Britain  after  April  1st, 
1909,  must  be  accompanied  by  a 
tabulated  certificate  in  addition  to  the 
regular  export  certificate  issued  by 
the  Clydesdale  Society  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  showing  ances- 
tors, numbered  as  stated  above. 

Canadian-Bred  Animals.  —  (a) 
Stallions  and  mares  by  sires  and  out 
of  dams  recorded  in  the  Clydesdale 
Stud  Book  of  Canada. 

(b)  Clydesdale  mares  having  four 
top  crosses  by  sires  recorded  in 'the 
Clydesdale  Stud  Book  of  Canada.  Ap- 
plication for  registration  of  four- 
cross  pedigrees  shall  be  certified  and 
sworn. to,  or  affirmed  by  the  breeder 
before  an  officer  authorized  to  admin- 
ister oaths. 


Fees  for 
For  Imported  Animals 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 

Males,  if  recorded  within 
30  days  after  importations  3.00    $  4.00 

Females,  if  recorded  within 
30  days  after  importa- 
tion      2.00        3.00 

Males,  if  not  recorded  with- 
in 30  days  after  importa- 
tion    25.00      50.00 

Females,  if  not  recorded 
within  30  days  after  im- 
portation   25.00      50.00 


Registration 

For  Canadian  Bred  Animals 

Animals  under  12  months 
of  age $1.00      $2.00 

Animals  over    12   months 

of  age 2.00        4.00 

Registration  of  transfers. .       .50 

Duplicate  certificates 50 

New  certificates,  replacing 
old  ones  from  which 
shipping  vouchers  have 
been  used 50 

Extended  Tabulated  Pedi- 
grees  50        2.00 

♦Note. — The     breeding    of     many 

horses  recorded  in  the  Scottish  Book 

does  not  come  up  to  this  standard. 


The  members  of  the  Hackney 
Horse  Society  held  a  general  meeting 
on  the  2jid  of  August  last  at  the  Carls>- 
Rite  Hotel  and  decided  that  the  rule 
of  entry  be  amended  to  read  as  fol- 
lows: 

The  pedigrees  of  the  followinig  ani- 
mals may  be  admitted  to  registry — 


Hackney 

(1) 


(2) 


Bred  in  Great  Britain  or  Ireland, 
(a)    A   stallion   or  mare  recorded 

in    the    English    Hackney    iStud 

Book. 
Bred  in  Canada, 
(a)  A  stallion  or  mare  by  a  sire 

and)  out  of  a  dam  recorded  in  the 

'Canadian  Hackney    Stud    Book, 


LIVE  STOCK. 


119 


with  the  exception  of  the  produce 
of  mares  recorded  in.  the  Cana- 
dian Hackney  Stud  Book,  as 
foundation  stock,  or  the  stallion 
produce  of  mares  recorded  in  the 
Canadian  Hackney  Stud  Book,  as 
half  registered. 

(b)  A  mare  by  a  sire  recorded  in 
the  Canadian  Hackney  Stud 
Book,  provided  her  dam  is  by  a 
sire  recorded  in  the  Canadian 
Hackney  Stud  Book. 

(c)  A  mare  by  a  sire  recorded  in 
the  Canadian  Hackney  Stud 
Book,  provided  her  dam  is  a 
Thoroughbred  mare  recorded  in 
the  Canadian  Thoroughbred  Stud 
Book. 

(d)  The  stallion  produce  of 
mares  recorded   under "  clause   C 


are  not  eligible  to  registration. 
Owners  of  animals  that  can  co(mply 
with  the  above  conditions  will  be  well 
advised  if  they  send  their  application 
for  re^stration  to  be  published  in 
volume  three  of  the  C.HJI.S.B.  to 
either  the  secretary,  H.  M.  Robinson, 
Toronto,  or  the  National  Live  Stock 
Records  Office,  Ottawa. 


Fees   for    Registration. 

To  To  Non- 
Members.  Members. 
12.00  $4.00 
1.00  2.00 
1.00  2.00 
l.Oe  1.00 
1.00        1.00 


Each  animal    

Transfer  of  Ownership 
Duplicate  certificates 

New  certificate  

Recording  ancestors   . 


Shire. 


Animals  recorded  in  the  English 
Shire  Horse  Stud  Book,  or  in  the 
American  Shire  Horse  Stud  Book,  in 
which  case  all  ancestors  back  to  and 
including  those  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  must  be  recorded.  All  ani- 
mals, the  sires  and  dams  of  which  are 
recorded  in  the  Canadian  Shire  Horse 
Stud  Book. 


Fees  for   Registration. 

To    To  Non- 
Members.  Members. 
Animals      under      three 

years $1.00  $2.00 

Animals       over       three 

years    2.00  4.00 

T"  ansfer   of   ownei^hlp.       .50  .50 

Duplicate    certificate    . .       .50  .50 

Nftw   certificate 50  .50 

Tabulated   Pedigree    ...     2.00  2.00 


Percheron. 

Animals  recorded  in  the  Stud  Book  year  following  year  of 

Percheron  de  France,  or  in  the  Am-  foaling   $3.00      $5.00 

erican    Percheron    Stud    Book,   if,    on  pemales    when  recorded 

investigation  their  pedigrees  are  found  ^'^^^l'  g'lpr  I'sto  J  the 

to    be   correct    and    proper,   and    the  followin?  vear  of 

progeny  bom   in    Canada   of   animals  f  ®  L.?         ^  ^                iaa        <>  nn 

already    registered    in  the   Canadian       -  lO^iing   i.w        z.uu 

Percheron   Stud  Book.  Males,  if  recorded  after 

Fees     for     imported     animals     the  Sept.  1st  of  year  fol- 

same,  but  the  rates  are  calculated  on  lowing   year    of    foal- 

whether  they  are  recorded  before  or  ln&  *'®0        *-00 

after  one  year  of  date  of  importation.  Females,       if     recorded 

Fees  for  Registration  of  Canadian  or  tollo^SK^l  It  foaf- 

AmeHcan   Bred   Animals.  ronowing  year  or  loai 

Ing    2.00        4.00 

Membe?s.Membe°r;.      transfers    50  .50 

Males,     when     recorded  Duplicate  certificates   . .       .60          .60 

before  Sept.  1st  of  the  New  Certificates    .60  .60 


Thoroughbred. 

Animals   recorded   in    the    General      Stud  Books,  and  the  progeny  bom  in 

ot„A    -o^^v     /r<,/^«+   ■^^•f«^„^      a™«.^4       Canada   from   sires   and   dams  regis- 
Stud   Book     (Great   Britain).    Ameri-      ^^^^^  j^  ^^^  Canadian  Thoroughbred 

can,    French,    Belgian    or    Australian      Stud  Book. 


120 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


The  two  year  old  mare  "Nancy  Ryecroft."    Sire,  Ryecroft  Model— grand  cham- 
pion Clydesdale  female,  Canadian   National,  1915. 


The  Drummond  Cup  Winners,  Guelph  Winter  Fair,  1915 


UVB  STOCK- 


121 


F««s  for  Registration 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 

Each  registration,  if  animal 
is  Canadian  bred  and  record- 
ed in  America 1.50        2.00 

Trotting,  register  prior  to 

May  1st,  1910 1.00        2.00 

Transfers 50        1.00 

Duplicate  or  New  Certifi- 
cate  50         1.00 


Pees  forjRegistration  of  Canadian  Bred 
Animals 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 

Each  registration  if  animal 
is  recorded  in  the  year 
in  which  it  is  foaled $  1.00    $  2.00 

Each  registration  if  animal 
is  recorded  after  the  31st 
of  December  of  the  year 
of  foaling 5.00       10.00 

Transfer  or  Duplicate  Cer- 
tificate      1.00        2.00 

Animals  foaled  out  of 
Canada — each  registra- 
tion      2.00        4.00 


Belgian 

Animals  recorded  in  the  Stud  Book  Fees  for  Registratiofi. 
des  Cheveaux  de  Traits  Beiges,  or  in 

the  American   Register    of     Belgian  To    To  Non- 
Draft  Horses.    Progeny  born  in  Can-  '^*'^^^^^T^f!n 

ada  of  sires  and  dams  registered  In  ^^es"^ 1  00        2  00 

the    Canadian     Belgian     Draft    Stud  TrSSer  orDupli(iate"Cer- 

Book.  tificate 50          .50 

French-Canadian 

Animals,    the   sires   and   dams    of  To  members Si 

which  are  recorded  in  the  Canadian  -, „„  ^«^k«-  ca 

.,  is       ,    -r.        J      M       -r-,        1-  «  To  non-members 69 

National    Records    for    French-Cana- 
dian   Horses.  Copy  of  Certificate  of  Registration: 

Fees  for   Registration:  To  members 25 

To  members |1.00  mi.                                   r* 

To  non-members 3.00  ^^  non-members 5« 

Transfers:  Annual  Membership  Fee.  .  .  .    1.00 


Standard-Bred 

Animals  recorded  as  Standard  Bred  Duplicate  Certificates. 

in   the  American     Trotting     Register      Members    60 

(Chicago),  or  the  produce  of  sires  and       Non-members  $100 

i3arrB°;rstua''BoSf:     ''°"'""  ^       RULES  OP  ENTRY.- ' '       ' 

The  following  animals  may  be  ad- 
Fees  for  Membership.  mitted  to  Registry: — 

Life  membership  $25.00  Trotting  Standard. 

Annual  membership  2.00  ^-  (1)  ^^  animal  recorded  as  Stand- 

Tj  _i  *            T^  *^^  ^^  ^^^  American  Trotting  Regis- 
Registration  Fees.  ter  under  the  rules     governing     the 
Members,  Including  certificate. .  $1.50  Trotting  Division. 
Non-members,    Including    certifi-  (2)  An  animal  whose  sire  and  dam 

cate    3.00  are  recorded  as  Standard  in  the  Am- 

Transfers  erican  Trotting  Register     under     the 

rules  governing  the  Trotting  Division. 

To   members    60  (3)  An  animal  whose  sire  and  dam 

To    non-members     $1.00  are  recorded  in  the  Trotting  Diviaion 


122* 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


of  the  Canadian  Standard  Bred  Stud 
Book. 

(4)  A  mare  sired  by  a  registered 
Standard  Trotting  Horse  providing 
her  first,  second  and  third  dams  are 
each  sired  by  a  registered  Standard 
Trotting  Horse. 

Pacing  Standard. 

(1)  An  animal  recorded  as  Standard 
in  the  American  Trotting  Register 
under  the  rules  governing  Pacing 
Division. 

(2)  An  animal  whose  sire  and  dam 
are  recorded  as  Standard  in  the  Am- 
erican Trotting  Register  under  the 
rules  governing  the  Pacing  Division. 

(3)  An  animal  whose  sire  and  dam 
are  recorded  in  the  Pacing  Division  of 
the  Canadian  Standard  Bred  Stud 
Book. 

(4)  A  mare  sired  by  a  registered 
Standard  Pacing  Horse  providing  her 
first,  second  and  third  dams  are  each 
sired  by  a  registered  Standard  Pacing 
Horse. 

(5)  The  progeny  of  a  registered 
Standard  Trotting  Horse  out  of  a 
registered  Standard  Pacing  mare  or 
the  progeny  of  a  registered  Standard 
Pacing  Horse  out  of  a  registered 
Standard  Trotting  mare. 

3.  Every  application  for  registration 
must  be  made  on  a  blank  which  will 
be  furnished  free  for  the  purpose,  and 
must  state  sex,  color  and  markings, 
name,  date  of  birth,  name  and  regis- 
tration number  of  the  sire  and  of  the 
dam.  Applications  must  be  signed  by 
the  breeder  if  the  animal  was  foaled 
his  property.  If  the  dam  was  sold 
after  heing  bred,  the  person  owning 
her  when  the  foal  was  born  must 
sign  the  application,  but  transfer  of 
the  dam  is  necessary  before  owner's 
signature  will  be  accepted,  and  in  ad- 
dition, the  owner  of  the  sire  must 
certify  to  service  on  the  transfer  ap- 
plication. 

Application  for  registration  under 
rule  4  of  either  the  Trotting  or  Pac- 
ing Division,  must  state  (a)  name  and 
registration  number  of  the  sire;  (b) 
names  and  registration  numbers  of 
the  sires  of  the  first,  second  and  third 
dams;  (c)  the  breeders  of  the  first, 
second  and  third  dams,  and  must  be 
sworn  to  or  affirmed  before  an  officer 
authorized  to  administer  oaths. 

The  owner  of  the  sire  of  an  animal 
offered  for  entry,  must  certify  to  ser- 
vice. Signature  will  not  be  accepted 
unless  such  ownership  appears  on  the 


books  of  the  Canadian  Standard  Bred 
Horse  Society.  This  signature  is  not 
required  where  the  animal  is  already 
on  record  in  another  book. 

When  applying  for  registration  of 
imported  animals  the  foreign  certifi- 
cate of  registration  must  be  forwarded 
in  addition  to  the  usual  applications. 
For  registration  of  animals  imported 
in  dam  certificates  of  service  must 
be  supplied  certified  by  the  owner  of 
the  service  stallion. 

When  an  animal  is  a  twin  it  shall 
be  so  stated  when  applying  for  regis- 
tration, and  the  sex  given  of  the  ani- 
mal with  which  it  is  a  twin.  Should 
a  twin  be  entered  upon  the  record 
without  such  statement,  no  subse- 
quent application  for  entry  of  animal 
twin  with  the  same  will  be  acceptv>d. 

4.  The  breeder  of  an  animal  is  the 
owner  of  the  dam  at  the  time  she  was 
bred.  The  first  owner  is  the  owner  of 
the  dam  at  the  time  the  colt  was 
foaled. 

6.  In  case  of  change  of  ownership  of 
an  animal  the  seller  must  make  the 
transfer  of  ownership  on  the  books 
of  the  Canadian  Standard  Bred  Horse 
Society.  The  certificate  of  registra- 
tion must  be  forwarded  to  the  Record 
Office  with  an  application  for  trans- 
fer made  on  the  form  supplied. 
Transfer  will  be  endorsed  on  the  back 
of  the  certificate.  If  the  application 
is  for  a  female,  and  she  is  in  foal, 
the  owner  of  the  service  stallion  or 
his  authorized  agent  must  certify  to 
service. 

When  the  pedigree  of  an  animal 
may  have  been  admitted  or  owner- 
ship transferred  through  misrepresen- 
tation or  fraud,  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors shall,  on  the  discovery  of  the 
same,  declare  the  entry  or  transfer 
void,  together  with  any  entries  or 
transfers  of  descendants  of  such  ani- 
mal, and  subsequent  application "  for 
entry  or  transfer  dependent  on  the 
signature  of  any  person  implicated  in 
such  fraud  shall  be  refused. 

In  making  application  for  registra- 
tion of  animals,  it  is  understood  that 
the  pedigree  is  to  be  accepted  only  on 
condition  that  the  given  particulars 
are  correct,  and  that  if  it  should  be 
ascertained  previous  to  the  publica- 
tion of  the  succeeding  volume,  that 
these  particulars  are  in  any  way  in- 
correct, the  Canadian  Standard  Bred 
Horse  Society  may,  at  its  discretion, 
omit  the  pedigree  or  publish  it  in  an 


LIVE  STOCK. 


123 


altered  form.  It  is  further  under- 
stood that  should  the  pedigree  be  pub- 
lished in  the  Canadian  Standard  Bred 
Stud  Book  prior  to  the  discovery  of 
an  error,  the  Society  may  cancel  the 
entry  and  publish  the  correction  in 
such  form  as  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee may  determine.  It  is  further  un- 
derstood that  the  Canadian  Standard 
Bred  Horse  Society  -will  not  be  held 
responsible  for  any  loss  or  damage 
that  may  be  sustained  through  inac- 
curacy, omission,  alteration  or  can- 
cellation of  an  entry. 


9.  Duplicate  names  must  be  avoided. 
To  this  end  the  right  is  reserved  to 
change  any  name  when  necessary, 
preserving,  however,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable some  characteristic  of  the 
name  given  in  the  application.  The 
word  "Young"  shall  not  be  used  in 
connection  with  a  name  unless  the 
pedigree  has  been  previously  so  re- 
corded in  another  book. 

10.  No  duplicate  certificate  will  be 
issued  unless  a  Statutory  Declaration 
is  furnished  setting  forth  reason  why_ 
such  certificate  is  required. 


French 

1.  (.a)  Animals  imported  from 
France  and  recorded  In  the  Stud  Book 
Francals  Reglstre  des  Chevaux  de 
Demi-Sang. 

(b)  Animala  recorded"  In  the 
French  Coach  Horse  Stud  Book  of 
America  or  In  the  French  Coach 
Horse  Register,  if  upon  Investigation 
the  pedigree  Is  found  to  be  correct 
and  proper. 

(c)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  In  the  Canadian 
French  Coach  Horse  Stud  Book. 

(d)  The  ancestry  of  all  animals 
previously  recorded  in  the  French 
Coach  Horse  Stud  Box)k  of  America 
or  In  the  French  Coach  Horse  Reg- 
ister must  be  recorded  back  to  and 
including  ancestors  Imported  from 
France. 

(e)  Applications  for  recording 
pedigrees  of  imported  animals  must 
state  date  of  Importation,  name  of 
vessel  and  port  of  entry. 

Fees  for  Registration 
For  animals  recorded  before 


Coach 

September  1st  of  the  year 
following  the  yeai  of 
foaling: 

Stallions $  3.00 

Mares 1.00 

If  recorded  after  Septem- 
ber of  the  year  following 
year  of  foaling: 

Stallions 4.00 

Mares 2.00 

For  animals  imported  from 
France,  if  recorded  with- 
in a  year  of  the  date  of 
importation: 

Stallions 3.00 

Mares 1.00 

If  recorded  more  than  a 
year  after  date  of  im- 
portation : 

Stallions 4.00 

Mares 7 2.00 

Transfers 50 

Duplicate  Certificates 50 

New  Certificates  replacing 
Certificates  of  which 
shipping  vouchers  have 

been  used 50 

Life  Membership 20.00 

Annual  Membership 2.00 


5.00 
2.00 


6.00 
4.00 


5.00 
2.00 


6.00 

4.00 

.50 

.50 


.50 

20.00 

2.00 


Fistulous        With- 
ers. 


Shoe  Boil. 


Capped    hock    on     Calf   knee  at   left 

right,  bone  spavin     and    a   "buck"    at 

on  left.  right. 


124 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Suffolk 

(a)  StalliODi  or  marts  recorded  in 
the  English  Suffolk  Stud  Book. 

(b)  Stallionfl  or  mare«  recorded  In 
the  American  Suffolk  Horse  Stud 
Book,  in  which  case  all  ancestors 
back  to  and  including  ancestors  im- 
ported (rom  Great  Britain,  must  also 
be  recorded. 

(c)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  In  the  Canadian 
Suffolk  Horse  Stud  Book, 

Fees  for  Registration  for  Canadian  Bred 
Horses 

Animals  if  recorded  before 


December   31st   of   the 

jrear  of  foaling $  1.00    $  2.00 

Animals  If  recorded  after 

December    31st    of    the 

year  of  foaling 2.00        4.00 

Transfers 50  .50 

Duplicate  Certificates 50  .50 

New  certificates  replacing 

old  ones  of  which  ship- 
ping vouchers  have  been 

used 50  .50 

Tabulated  Pedigrees 2.00        2.00 

^ees     for     Registration     for     Imported 
Horses 

To    ToNon- 
MembersfMembers 

Males I  3.00        4.00 

Females 2  00         3.00 


Ponies 


Shetland    Ponies 


(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain  and  recorded  In  the  Shetland 
Stud  Book  of  Scotland,  or  in  the 
Shetland  Islands  Pony  Stud  Book. 

(b)  Animals,  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Shetland  Section 
of  the  Canadian  Pony  Stud  Book. 

(c)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Shetland  Pony  Club  Stud 
Book. 

(d)  Animals  Imported  from  Great 
Britain  prior  to  January  1st,  1909, 
not  recorded  in  the  Shetland  Stud 
Book  of  Scotland,  or  in  the  Shetland 
Islands  Pony  Stud  Book,  will,  on 
passing  Inspection,  be  recorded  as 
foundation  stock. 

(e)  Animals  descended  from 
known  ancestors,  not  recorded  In  the 
Shetland  Stud  Book  of  Scotland  or 
in  the  Shetland  Islands  Pony  Stud 
Book,  imported  prior  to  January  1st, 
1909,  will,  on  passing  Inspection,  be 
recorded  as  foundation  stock. 


Welsh  Ponies 

(a)  Animals  Imported  from  Great 
Britain  and  recorded  in  the  Welsh 
Pony  and  Cob  Society  Stud  Book. 

(b)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Welsh  Sec- 
tion of  the  Canadian  Pony  Stud  Book. 

(e)   Animals  recorded  In  the  Am- 


erican  Welsh   Pony    and    Cob   Stud 
Book. 

(d)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain  prior  to  January  Ist,  1909, 
not  recorded  In  the  Welsh  Pony  and 
Cob  Stud  Book,  will  on  passing  In- 
spection, be  recorded  as  foundation 
stock. 

(e)  Animals  descended  from 
known  ancestors  not  recorded  In  the 
Welsh  Pony  and  Cob  Stud  Book,  im- 
ported from  Great  Britain  prior  to 
January  1st,  1909,  will,  on  passing 
Inspection,  be  recorded  as  foundation 
stock. 

New  Forest  Ponies. 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  bred  by  reputable  breeders — 
a  certificate  to  this  effect  must  be  pro- 
vided by  the  Secretary  of  the  Eng- 
lish "Society  for  the  Improvement  of 
the  Breed  of  New  Forest  Ponies." 

(b)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams 
of  which  are  record3d  In  the  New 
Forest  Section  of  the  Canadian  Pony 
Stud  Book. 

Polo  and   Riding   Ponies 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain  and  recorded  In  the  Polo 
and  Riding  Pony  Society's  Stud  Book. 

(b)  Animals,  the  sires  and  dams 
of  which  are  recorded  In  the  Polo  and 
Riding  Section  of  the  Canadian  Pony 
Stud  Book. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


115 


Exmoor  Ponies 

(a)  Animals  Imported  from  Great 
Britain,  bred  by  reputable  breed  rs. 

A  c»rtlflcat©  of  breeding  signed  by 
the  breeder  must  accompany  the  ap- 
plication for  entry.  Name  of  vessel 
on  which  Imported,  and  port  of  entry, 
must  be  giyen. 

(b)  Animals,  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Exmoor 
Section  of  the  Canadian  Pony  Stud 
Book, 

Hackney   Ponies    (Standard    14.1) 
Bred  In  Canada. 

(a)  Stallions  with  three  top 
crosses  of  sires  recorded  In  either  the 
Canadian  Pony  Stud  Book  or  the 
Canadian  Hackney  Stud  Book. 

(b)  Mares  with  two  top  crosses  of 
sires  recorded  In  either  the  Canadian 
Pony  Stud  Book  or  the  Canadian 
Hackney  Stud  Book. 

(c)  Pony  stallions  or  mares  re- 
corded In  the  Canadian  or  American 
Hackney  Stud  Book. 

(d)  Stallions  or  mares  by  sires  and 
out  of  dams  recorded  In  the  Cana- 
dian Pony  Stud  Book. 


Bred  In  Great  Britain. 

2.  Br«»d  In  Great  Britain  or  Ireland 
and  recorded  In  the  English  Hackney 
Stud  Book. 

(a)  Stallions  with  three  top 
crosses  of  'full  registered  slrei  .ind 
with  two  registered  dams. 

(b)  Mares  with  two  top  crosses  of 
•full  registered  sires  and  with  one 
registered  dam. 

(c)  Mares  with  one  top  cross  of 
•full  registered  sires  with  a  regis- 
tered Inspected  dam. 

•Full  registered  sires  are  those  (a) 
that  are  recorded  as  such  In  any  of 
the  first  sixteen  volumes  of  the  Eng- 
iTsh  Hackney  Stud  Bcok,  or  (b)  those 
recorded  since  volume  16,  providing 
they  were  eligible  to  full  registra- 
tion under  the  rules  In  force  for  en- 
tries in  volume  16  of  the  English 
Hackney  Stud  Book. 

Fees  for  Registration 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 
Pedigrees  of  animals,  under 

two  years  of  age $  1.00    $  2.00 

Pedigrees  of  ammals  over 

two  years  of  age 2.00        4.00 

Transfers    and    Duplicate 
Certificates 50  .50 


Cattle 

Shortliorn  animals  must  be  recorded. 

Animals    that    trace    In    all    their  pees  for  Registration 

crosses    to    Imported    animals    regis-  -                                         t      t    kt 

tered    In    the    Ayrshire    Cattle    Herd  T^^J^,.!?.!;?^ 

Book  Society  of   Great   Britain   and  Animals  under  24  mon'fhT'^"  ^'"^ 

Ireland.      Registrations   In    the   Ayr-  old $1.00    $1.50 

shire    Cattle   Herd    Book    Society    of  Animals   over   24   months 

Great   Britain   and    Ireland   of   stock  old 2.00        3.00 

Imported  previous  to  1899  will  not  be       X'^^?^^"-^,- •  • -.a 25  .25 

required;  those  Imported  in,  or  after  Duphcate Certificates .. .         .25          .25 
1899  must  trace  to  ancestry  distinct-  I'^L^^t'^':^^.       .50          .50 
ly  designated;  but.  owing  to  the  dlffi-  New  certificates  replacing 
culty  in  keeping  proper  records  prior  Certificate  of  which  ship- 
to  that  date.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  PJ^g  vouchers  have  been 

know  that  the  ancestrv  has  been  Im-  "^®*^ 25  .25 

ported.    Before  tht  pedigrees  of  the  Ayrshire 

Canadlan-bred  animals    are    eligible  1.    (a)    Animals  that  trace  In  all 

for  registration  In  the  Canadian  Ayr-  their  crosses  to  ancestors  registered 

shire  Herd  Book,  their  sires  and  dams  or    eligible    for    registration    In     the 

back  to  and  including  the  Imported  40th    or    preceding    volume*   of   the 


126 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


English  Shorthorn  Herd  Book.  Pro- 
vided that  in  the  case  of  animals  im- 
ported since  1865,  registration  in  the 
English  Herd  Book  will  be  required. 
Those  Imported  prior  to  1865  must 
trace  to  ancestry  distinctly  desig- 
nated, (b)  Animals  the  sires  and 
dams  of  which  are  recorded  in  the 
Dominion  Shorthorn  Herd  Book, 
(c)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  American 
Shorthorn  Herd  Book,  providing  such 
sires  and  dams  trace  in  all  their 
crosses  as  indicated  in  clause  (a)  of 
this  section.  All  ancestors  back  to 
and  Including  the  imported  ones  must 
be  recorded  in  the  Dominion  Short- 
horn Herd  Book,  for  which  a  fee  of 
50  cents  each  is  charged. 

Fees  for  Registration 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 

Females  under  two  years 
of  age $  1.00    %  2.00 

Females  over  two  years  of 
age 2.00        4.00 

Males  under  two  years  of 
age 2.00        4.00 

Males  over  two  years  of  . 
age 4.00        8.00 

Transfers,  if  made  within 

90  days  of  date  of  sale. .       .50         1.00 

Transfers,  if  made  after  90 

days  of  date  of  sale 1.00         2.00 

Duplicate  Certificates 25  .50 

Old  form  Certificates  ex- 
changed for  National 
Certificates 25  .25 

Special  extended  Certifi- 
cates  75         1.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
imported  cattle. 1.00        2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
cattle  entered  in  Ameri- 
can Ayrshire  Herd  Book     1,00        2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
ancestors    to    complete 
pedigrees  of  animals  own- 
ed by  applicant 1.00         l.OO 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
ancestors  to  complete 
pedigrees  of  animals  not 
owned  by  applicant 25  .25 

Registration  of  Farm 

Names 1.00         1.00 

This  registration  gives  exclusive  use  of 
name  registered. 

Hereford 

No   pedigree  l8  ellgrlble  for  regis- 


tration In  the  Canadian  Hereford 
Breeders'  Association  Herd  Book  un- 
les  it  traces  on  side  of  both  sire  and 
dam  to  stock  recorded  In  the  Ameri- 
can Hereford  Herd  Bock  or  imiwrted 
stock  from  Great  Britain,  and  If  im- 
ported since  1889,  must  be  recorded 
in  the  English  Herd  Book. 

Fees  for  Registration 

Membership,  $2.00  for  the  Calendar  year. 
To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 

Animals  under  two  years 
of  age $     .75     $  2.00 

Animals  over  two  years  of 
age 2.00        4.00 

Transfers 25  .50 

Duplicate  Certificates 25  .50 

Old  form  Certificates  ex- 
changed for  National 
Certificates 25  .25 

Special  Extended  Certifi- 
cates      1.00        2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
imported  cattle 75        2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
cattle  entered  in  Ameri- 
can Hereford  Record. . .       .75        2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
ancestors  to  complete 
Canadian  Registrations 
to  residents  of  the  United 
States,  back  to  and  in- 
cluding the  imported 
animal 75         2.00 

For  recording  pedigrees  of 
ancestors  to  residents  of 
Canada,  back  to  and  in- 
cluding the  imported 
animal 50  .50 

Jersey 

Animals  imported  from  the  Island 
of  Jersey. 

Animals  -  imported  from  Great 
Britain  or  Ireland  recorded  in  the 
English  Jersey  Herd  Book,  in  which 
case  they  must  trace  in  all  their 
crosses  to  ancestors  recorded  In  the 
Island  of  Jersey  Herd  Book. 

3.  Animals  recorded  in  the  Ameri- 
can Jersey  Cattle  Club  Herd  Resrister. 

4.  Animals,  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  In  the  Canadian 
Jersey  Cattle  Club  Herd  Book. 

5.  Animals  recorded  in  the  New 
Brunswick  or  Nova  Scotia  Herd 
Books,  providing  such  animals  trace 
in    all   their   crosses   to   animals   re- 


LIVE  STOCK. 


127 


corded  In  the  Island  of  Jersey  Herd 
Book  or  the  American  Jersey  Cattle 
Club  Herd  Register, 

6.  Applications  for  registration  of 
animals  recorded  in  the  American 
Jersey  Cattle  Club  Herd  Register 
must  be  accompanied  by  American 
Certificates  showing  applicant's  own- 
ership. 

7.  Application  for  registration  of 
animals  imported  from  the  Island  of 
Jersey  or  from  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  must  be  made  on  application 
forms  for  imported  animals. 

Fees  for  Registration  for  Canadian-Bred 
Animals 

To    To  Non- 
Mem  bars  Member 
Animals  under  2  years  of 

age $  1.00    I  1.50 

Animals  over  2   years  of 

age 1.50        2.00 

Transfers,  if  made  within 

90  days  of  date  of  sale. .         free 
Transfers  if  made  after  90 

days  of  date  of  sale 25  .50 

Duplicate  Certificates 25  .25 

Animals  Imported  from  the   Island  of 
Jersey  or  Great  Britain. 

To      To  Non- 
Members  Members 
$  1.00  $  2.00 

Animals  Entered  in  the  American  Jer- 
sey Cattle  Club   Register 

To      To  Non- 
Members  Members 

.-. %  1.00  $  2.00 

Animals  Recorded  in  the  Nova  Scotia 
or  New  Brunswick  Herd   Books 
No  charge. 

Galloway 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain  and  recorded  in  the  Galloway 
Herd  Book  of  Great  Britain. 

(b)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  American 
Galloway  Herd  Book,  in  which  case 
all  ancestors  back  to  and  including 
the  imported  cross  must  be  recorded. 

(c)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  North 
American  Galloway  Herd  Book. 

Fees  for  Registration. 

To      To  Non- 
Members  Members 
Animals     under     six 
months  of  age  $     .50  $  1.00 


1.00 

1.50 

.25 

.23 

.25 

.25 

Animals      over      six 

months  of  age 

Transfers 

Duplicate  Certificates 


Aberdeen  Angus 

Animals  recorded  in  the  Aberdeen 
Angus  Herd  Book  (Scotland)  or  in 
the  American  Aberdeen  Angus  Breed- 
ers' Association  Herd  Book,  Canadian 
bred  animals  whose  sire  and  dam  are 
registered  in  the  Canadian  Aberdeen 
Angus  Herd  Book.  Males,  red  in 
color,  or  with  a  noticeable  amount  of 
pure  white  above  the  underline  or  on 
the  leg  or  legs  or  with  scurs  shall 
not  be  recorded. 

No  animal  over  two  years  of  age 
will  be  accepted  for  registration  in 
the  Canadian  Aberdeen  Angus  Herd 
Book,  unless  previously  recorded  in 
the  Aberdeen  Angus  Herd  Book 
(Scotland),  or  in  the  American  Aber- 
deen Angus  Association  Herd  Book. 

Fees  for  Registration. 

To      To  Non- 
Members  Members 
Animals     under    one 

year $  1.00  %  2.00 

Animals  over  one  year 

and  under  two 3.00  5.00 

Tran  s  f  e  r   presented 

for    record     within 

90  days  of  date  of 

sale 25  .25 

Transfer  presented  for 

record  after  90  days 

from  date  of  sale . .     1.00  1.00 

Duplicate  Certificates    1.00  1.00 

Guernsey 

All  animals  must  be  imported  or 
must  be  traceable  through  both  sire 
and  dam  to  animals  imported  from 
the  Island  of  Guernsey.  All  imported 
animals  before  being  eligible  for  en- 
try must  be  registered  in  the  Herd 
Book  of  the  Royal  Guernsey  Agricul- 
tural Society,  the  General  Herd  Book 
of  Guernsey,  or  the  Herd  Book  of 
the  English  Guernsey  Cattle  Society 
In  order  to  secure  the  entry  of  im- 
ported animals  one  of  our  regular 
application  blanks  must  be  filled  out 
and  certified  to  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Island  or  English  Herd  Book  in 
which  the  animal  is  registered,  and 
sent  by  him  under  seal  to  the  Regis- 
trar of  the  Canadian  Guernsey  Breed- 
ers' Association.    In  the  case  of  C«uia- 


128 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


dlan  bred  animals  the  sire  and  dam 
of  each  must  be  registered  before  the 
animal  can  be.  Animals  recorded  in 
the  American  Guernsey  Cattle  Club 
Herd  Register  may  be  re-registered 
at  a  nominal  fee  of  fifty  cents  per 
head. 

FeM  for   Registration 

To      To  Non 
Members  Members 
For    animals    owned 

and  entered   $  1.00         $  2.00 

For  re-registration  of 

animals  recorded  in 

the    American 

Guernsey    Cattle 

Register 1.00  1.00 

Transfer    Certificates 

In  all  cases 25  .26 

French-Canadian  ^ 

An  animal,  the  dam  and  alVe  of 
«rhlch  are  recorded. 


Colour  for  Cowg, — The  colour  for 
cows  may  be  black  or  brown,  or  dark 
brown,  with  or  without  a  yellow 
stripe  along  the  back  and  around  the 
muzzle,  or  a  gray  stripe  around  the 
muzzle.  The  colour  may  also  be 
fawn  or  brindle. 

Colour  for  Bulls. — ^The  colour  for 
bulls  may  be  black  or  brown,  or  dark 
brown,  with  or  without  a  yellow 
stripe  along  the  back  and  around  the 
muzzle,  or  a  gray  stripe  around  the 
muzzle. 

Registration  should  not  be  refused 
if  females  have  a  little  white  under 
the  belly,  on  the  forehead  or  in  the 
switch,  nor  to  bulls  iiaving  a  little 
white  under  the  belly,  or  In  the 
switch. 

The  horns  must  be  all  white  or  all 
black,  white  with  black  tips,  or  black 
with  white  tips. 


FEES  FOR   REGISTRATION 

To        To  non- 
members   members 

1.  If  an  animal  is  accepted  before  the  31st  December  of  the  year  of 

birth $0.50        $1.00 

2.  If  an  animal  is  accepted  before  the  31st  December  of  the  year  follow- 

ing the  year  of  birth 1.00  2.00 

3.  If  an  animal  is  accepted  before  the  31st  December  of  the  second  year 

follo^ng  the  year  of  birth: 2.00  4.00 

4.  If  an  animal  is  accepted  before  the  31st  December  of  the  third  year 

following  the  year  of  birth: 3.00  6,00 

5.  If  an  animal  is  accepted  after  the  31st  December  of  the  third  year 

following  the  year  of  birth 4.00  8.00 

TRANSFERS 

0.25  0.50 

DUPLICATE  CERTIFICATES 
0.25  0-50 


Red   Polled 

Animals  Imported  from  Great  Brit- 
ain recorded  In  the  Red  Polled  Herd 
Book. 

Animals  recorded  in  the  American 
Red  Polled  Herd  Book,  in  which  case 
all  ancestors  back  to  and  including 
those  Imported  from  Great  Britain 
must  also  be  recorded  In  the  Cana- 
dian Book. 

Animals  whose  sires  and  dams  are 
recorded  In  the  Canadian  Red  Polled 
H«rd  Book. 


The  color  shall  be  red,  the  switch 
of  the  tail  should  be  mixed  with 
white,  a  portion  of  the  udder  may  be 
white,  and  also  a  little  white  on  the 
belly  along  the  milk  veins.  Any  ani- 
mal with  any  additional  white,  or 
with  horns,  scurs,  or  abortive  horns 
shall  not  be  recorded  for  breeding 
purposes. 

Fees  for  Registration 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 
Each  registration $  1.00    $  2.0 


LIVE  STOCK. 


129 


Transfers  of  ownership ....       .25  .25 

Duplicate  Certificates 25  .25 

Registration  of  ancestors  to 

complete  pedigrees 25  .25 


Holstein-Friesian. 

Sec.  4. — Pure  bred  Holstein-Fries- 
ian may  be  held  to  mean  and  refer 
only  to  those  large  improved  black 
and  white  cattle  already  registered 
in  the  Holstein,  Dutch-Friesian  and 
Holstein-Friesian  Herd  Books,  such  as 
are  descended  from  them  in  direct 
line,  both  as  to  sire  and  dam,  and 
such  imported  animals,  or  their  de- 
scendants as  are  registered  in  the 
Netherlands,  Friesian,  or  North  Hol- 
land Herd  Books,  proved  by  the  affir- 
mation of  breeder  of  the  animal  sat- 
isfafetory  to  the  Inspector.  The  color 
markings  shall  be  black  and  white  in 
any  proportion,  with  the  exception  of 
switch,  part  of  belly,  and  lower  part 
of  two  legs  or  feet  white.  All  im- 
ported animals  shall  be  registered  in 
the  name  of  the  importer.  The  ap- 
plications for  registry  of  animals 
imported  in  dam  must  be  signed  by 
the  importer.  No  imported  animal 
shipped  from  Europe  after  February 
6th,  1894,  shall  be  eligible  for  regis- 
try in  the  Herd  Book  unless  the  ani- 
mal or  its  dam  and  sire  are  registered 
in  the  Netherlands,  Friesian,  or  North 
Holland  Herd  Books.  All  applications 
for  registry  of  animals  imported  from 
the  United  States  must  be  accompan- 
ied by  a   form   of     application     with 


markings  sketched  and  described, 
signed  by  the  breeder  or  owner,  also 
by  the  certificates  of  registry  and 
transfer  in  the  Holstein-Friesian  Herd 
Book,  or  the  Wetsern  Holstein-Frie- 
sian Herd  Book.  All  animals  must  be 
registered  in  the  Canadian  Herd 
Book  before  their  offspring  can  be 
registered. 

Article   Vlll.— Fees. 

Membership   fee    $5.00 

Annual   due,   to  be   paid   1st  of 

February 1.00 

Registration  for  members   1.00 

Registration  for  non-members..     2.00 
Registration   for  members    (ani- 
mals over  one  year  of  age) . .     2.00 
Registration     for     non-members 
(animals    over    one    year  of 

age) 4.00 

Transfers    (members)     25 

Transfers    (non-members) 50 

Transfers  after  ninety  days  af- 
ter  sale    75 

Transferring  Canadian-bred  ani- 
mals from  American  to  Cana- 
dian Herd  Book    25 

Registration  of  animals  import- 
ed since  Feb.  1,  1902,  and  pre- 
vious to  March  1,  1909,  bulls.  10.00 
Registration  of  animals  import- 
ed since  Feb.  1,  1902,  and  j)re- 
vious  to  March  1,  1909,  cows.     5.^0 

Import  Certificate,  bulls    25.00 

Import  Certificate,   cows    10.00 

Registration   Certificate   of  new 

form    10 

Duplicate    Certificate    50 

Registration   of  Farm   Name    . .     1.00 


Swine 


The  Dominion  Swine  Breeders'  As- 
sociation have  established  records  for 
the  following  breeds:  Yorkshire, 
Berkshire,  Tamworth,  Essex,  Poland 
China,  Chester  White,  Duroc  Jersey, 
and  Hamshlre.  Animals  recorded  as 
below  and  their  progeny,  tracing 
through  both  sire  and  dam,  are  eli- 
gible for  registration: 


Berkshire 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams 
of  which  are  recorded  in  the  Do- 
minion Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Brit- 
ish Berkshire  Herd  Book. 


(c)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Berkshire  Record,  in  which 
case  all  ancestors  back  to  and  includ- 
ing ancestors  imported  from  Great 
Britain  must  be  recorded. 


Ycrkshiro 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Dominion 
Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  In  the  Large 
White  Section  of  the  English  National 
Pig  Breeders'  Association  Herd  Book. 

(c)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Yorkshire  Record,  in  which 
case   all   ancestors   back   to   and   In- 


130 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


-  MANOR  FARM  HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 

" CATTLE  — 


>< 


When 

Quality 

Type  ami 

Productien 

are  Equal 

ConsideratJBDS 


X 


>< 

Our  Motto 

Buy 

The 

Best 

and  Breed 

Them 

Better 

X 


HEAD  OF  KING  SEGIS  PONTIAC  POSCH 
1st  Prize  Two  Year  Old  Bull,  London.  1915,  2nd  at  Toronto,  I9I5 

Above  is  a  photograph  of  the  head  of  our  herd  sire.  King  Segis 
Pontiac  Posch,  who  is  a  son  of  King  Segis  Pontiac  Alcartra,  the  fam- 
ous $50,000  bull,  and  F^rmont  Netherland  Posch,  a  32.40  lb.  four  year 
old.  As  a  two  year  old  she  made  29.60  lbs.  of  butter  in  7  days.  She  was 
the  youngest  cow  in  the  world  to  make  29  lbs.,  being  only  seven  hours 
late  in  calving  for  the  junior  two  year  old  class. 

Breeding  such  as  this  is  seldom  equalled  in  any  country,  and,  above 
all,  "King"  is  a  show  individual.  Your  next  herd  sire  should  be  a  son 
of  this  world-famous  sire,  and  out  of  our  young  daughters  of  Prince 
Hengerveld  of  the  Pontiac's.  Write  for  further  particulars.  Visitors 
always  welcome.    Address  all  correspondence  to 

GORDON  S.  GOODERHAM,  Manor  Farm,     CLARKSON,  ONT. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


131 


eluding     ancestors     imported     from 
Great  Britain,  must  be  recorded. 


Tamworth 


(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Dominion 
Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Tam- 
worth Section  of  the  English  National 
Pig  Breeders'  Association' Herd  Book. 

(c)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Tamworth  Swine  Record,  in 
which  case  all  ancestors  back  to  and 
Including  ancestors  Imported  from 
Great  Britain  must  be  recorded. 


Essex 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  danis  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Dominion 
Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain  bred  by  reputable  breeders. 

(c)  Animals  recorded  In  the  Am- 
erican   Essex    Swine   Record. 


Poland-China 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  In  the  Dominion 
Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  In  the  fol- 
lowing United  States  Poland  China 
Records:  America,  National,  South- 
western or  Standard. 


Chester  White 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  in  the  Dominion 
Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  in  the  O.I.C. 
Record  (United  States). 


Durox  Jersey 

(a)  Animals  the  sires  and  dams  of 
which  are  recorded  In  the  Do- 
minion Swine  Breeders'  R;€Cord. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Duroc  Jersey  Record  or  in  the 
National  Duroc  Jersey  Record. 


Hampshire 

(a)  Animals  the  siies  and  dams 
of  which  are  recorded  in  the  Do- 
minion Swine  Breeders'  Record. 

(b)  Animals  recorded  in  the  Am- 
erican Hampshire  Record. 

Fees  for   Registration. 

To    To  Non- 
Members.  Members. 

Each  registration   $1.00      |1.00 

TraHSfer  of  ownership  . .       .25  .25 

Duplicate   Certificates...       .25  .25 


Utilizing  Pork.  Head:  Head-cheese, 
sausage,  bean  pork;  Shoulder  Butt: 
Roast,  steak,  butt-fat;  Shoulder: 
Steak,  picnic  ham,  roast;  Loin:  Fat 
back,  tenderloin,  roast,  chops;  Bacon 
Strip:  Bacon,  salt  pork;  Belly:  Salt 
pork;  Ham:  Cured  ham,  steak;  Feet: 
Pickled  pig's  feet. 


Cuts   of   Pork. 


132 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Sheep 


Records  have  been  established  by 
the  Dominion  Sheep  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation for  the  following  breeds: 
Lincoln,  Shropshire,  Oxford  Down, 
CJotswold,  Dorset,  Southdown,  Hamp- 
shire, Leicester,  Highland  Blackface, 
Cheviot  and  Suffolk. 


Shropshire 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  in  the  English 
Flock  Book  of  Shropshire  Sheep. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dam 
are  recorded  in  the  Shropshire  Di- 
vision of  the  Canadian  National  Re- 
cords or  in  the  American  Shropshire 
Sheep  Record. 


Leicester 

(a)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Flock  Book  of 
Great  Britain. 

(b)  AnimalB  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Leicester  Di- 
vision of  the  Canadian  National  Re- 
cords, or  in  the  American  Leicester 
Breeders'  Association  Record,  or  in 
any  Record  taken  over  by  the  Cana- 
dian National  Records. 


Cotswold 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  In  the  English  Cots- 
wold  Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  In  the  Cotswold  Division 
of  the  Canadian  National  Records,  or 
in  the  American  Cotswold  Registry. 


Oxford  Down 

(a)  Animals  Imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  in  the  English  Ox- 
ford Down  Flock  jBook. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Oxford  Down  Di- 
vision of  the  Canadian  National  Re- 
cords or  in  the  American  Oxford 
Down  Record. 


Lincoln 

(a)    Sheep  Imported    from    Great 


Britain,  recorded  In  the  English  Lin- 
coln Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animale  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Lincoln  Division 
of  the  Canadian  National  Records,  or 
in  the  National  Lincoln  Sheep  Breed- 
ers' Record. 


Dorset  Horn 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  in  the  English  Dor- 
set Horn  Sheep  Breeders'  Association 
Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Dorset  Division 
of  the  Canadian  National  Records,  or 
in  the  Continental  Dorset  Club  Re- 
cord. 


Suffoil< 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  in  the  English  Suf- 
folk Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Suffolk  Division 
of  the  Canadian  National  Records,  or 
in  the  American  Suffolk  Sheep  Re- 
cord. 


Hampshire  Down 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  recorded  In  the  English 
Hampshire  Down  Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Hampshire  Di- 
vision of  the  Canadian  National  Re- 
cords, or  in  the  American  Flock  Re- 
cord of  Hampshire  Down  Sheep. 


Southdown 


(a)  Animals  bred  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  recorded  and  num- 
bered in  the  Southdown  Flock  Book 
of  England,  provided  their  sires  and 
dams  are  also  numbered  and  recorded 
in  said  Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  owned  in,  or  Imported 
from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  not 
entered  in  the  Southdown  Flock  Book 
of  England,  may  be  recorded  as  pro- 
vided in  clause  (c). 

(c)  Animals  bred  In  America  and 


LIVE  STOCK. 


133 


tracing  in  all  their  crosses  to  flocks 
of  reputable  breeders  in  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  or  to  those  already 
recorded,  provided  their  sires  and 
dams  and  grand  sires  and  grand  dams 
are  eligible,  and  are  also  recorded  in 
the  Southdown  Division  of  the  Cana- 
dian National  Records. 

(d)  Animals  that  are  immediate 
descendants  of  those  recorded  in  the 
Southdown  Division  of  the  Canadian 
National  Records,  or  in  the  American 
Southdown  Record. 


Cheviot 

(a)  Animals  imported  from  Oreat 
Britain  and  recorded  in  the  Cheviot 
Sheep  Flock  Book. 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Cheviot  Division 
of  the  Canadian  National  Records,  or 
in  the  American  Cheviot  Flock  Book. 


Blackface 
(a)   Animals  imported  from  Great 


Britain  from  flocks  recognized  as  b«- 
ing  pure  bred.  A  certificate  to  this 
eftect  must  be  furnished  signed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Blackface  Sheep 
Breeders'  Association  (Scotland). 

(b)  Animals  whose  sires  and  dams 
are  recorded  in  the  Blackface  Di- 
vision of  the  Canadian  National  Re- 
cords. 

2.  Application  for  reglBtratlon 
must  be  made  upon  blanks  which 
will  be  furnished  free. 

Fees  for  RegistratioQ 

To    To  Non- 
Members  Members 
If    animals    are    recorded 
before  the  first  of  Decem- 
ber of  the  next  year  fol- 
lowing the  year  of  birth .  |     .50    I  1.00 
If    oiiimals    are    recorded 
after  the  time  limit  fixed     1.00        1.00 

Transfers 25  .25 

Transfers  which  may  be 
necessitated  by  a  change 
in  a  firm  name  where  no] 

consideration  passes Free 

Duplicate  Certificates 10        1.0 


"Gainford  Marquis,"  senior  and  grand  champion,  Canadian  National,  1916. 


Jan. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  foi 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to  give  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Mare 
48  wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sal 

s 

M 
Tu 
W 
Th 

Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 
•Tu 
W 
Th 
Fri 
Sat 

s 

|3 

1  8 

|28 

523 

2 

4 

9 

29 

24 

3 

5 

10 

30 

25 

4 

6 

11 

31 

26 

5 

7 

12 

s  1 

27 

6 

8 

13 

2 

28 

7 

9 

14 

3 

29 

8 

10 

15 

4 

30 

9 

11 

16 

5 

1  1 

10 

12 

17 

6 

2 

11 

13 

18 

7 

3 

12 

14 

19 

8 

4 

13 

15 

20 

9 

5 

14 

16 

21 

10 

6 

15 

17 

22 

11 

7 

16 

18 

23 

12 

8 

17 

19 

24 

13 

9 

18 

20 

25 

14 

10 

19 

21 

26 

15 

11 

20 

22 

27 

16 

12 

21 

23 

28 

17 

13 

22 

24 

29 

18 

14 

23 

, 

25 

30 

19 

15 

24 

26 

31 

20 

16 

25 

27 

1  1 

21 

17 

26 

28 

2 

22 

18 

27 

29 

3 

23 

19 

28 

30 

4 

24 

20 

29 

? 

31 

5 

25 

21 

30 

i  1 

6 

26 

22 

31 

M 

2 

7 

27 

23 

LIVE-STOCK-ADVERTISING- 

-  1  N 

CA  N  A  Dl  A  N 

FA  R  M 

brings  best  results. 

FARM 

PRESS,   LTD.,                      181   SImcoe  St., 

Toronto,   Ontario. 

Feb. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 
Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Anima] 
present 

E  served  on  given  dates  of 
n»onth.  due  to  give  birth 
as  fellows  :       f 

Mare 
*8wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 

21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

W 

Th 
Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 

i  3 

i  8 

128 

■-I 

i24 

2 

4 

9 

!  29 

25 

3 

X 

5 

10 

!  30 

26 

4 

6 

11 

11  1 

27 

5 

7 

12 

i     2 

28 

6 

j 

8 

13 

1     3 

21 

7 

1 

9 

14 

!     4 

30 

8 

i 

10 

15 

i     3 

31 

9 

W 

ill   i  16 

i     6 

!i  1 

10 

Th 

:   12  i  17 

7  i     2 

11 

Fri 

Sat 

13  i  18 

8  !     3 

12 

14  i  19 

9  1    4 

13     S- 

15  !  20 

10  1     5 

14     M 

16 

21 

11   !     6 

15     Tu 

17 

22 

12  t     7 

16 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

8 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 

18 

23  i  13  1     8 

17 

19  1  24  i  14 

9 

18 

20  i  25  i  15 

10 

19  : 

21 

26 

16 

11 

20  I 

:  22 

27 

17 

12 

21 

i  23 

28 

18 

13 

22 

1  24 

29 

19 

14 

23  ! 

i  25 

30 

20 

15 

24  i 

26 

i  1 

21 

16 

25  ! 

27 

2 

22 

17 

26  1 

28 

3 

23 

18 

27  : 

;  29 

4 

24 

19 

28 

i  30 

5 

25 

20 

29 

' 

- 

i 

LIVE    STOCK     BREEDERS 

Each  week  will  be  found  matters  of  vital  importance  to  you  In 

CA  N  A  Dl  A  N 

FA  RM 

FARM    PRESS,    LTD.,                       181    Simcoe  St., 

Toronto,  Ontario. 

Mar. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to   give  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Mare 

48  wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

w 

Th 
Fri 
Sat 

i31 

i  6 

i26 

121 

2 

i  1 

7 

27 

22 

3 

2 

8 

28 

23 

4 

3 

9 

29 

24 

5 

s 

4 

10 

30 

25 

6 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 
W 
Th 

*  5  ' 

11 

31 

26 

7 

6 

12 

4  1 

27 

8 

7 

13 

2 

28 

9 

8 

14 

3 

29 

10 

9 

15 

4 

30 

11 

10 

16 

5 

1  1 

12 

- 

11 

17 

6 

2 

13 

12 

18 

-7 

3 

14 

13 

19 

8 

4 

15 

14 

20 

9 

5 

16 

> 

15 

21 

10 

6 

17 

Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

16 

22 

11 

7 

18 

17 

23 

12 

8 

19 

18 

24 

13 

9 

20 

19 

25 

14 

10 

21 

• 

20 

26 

15 

11 

22 

21 

27 

16 

12 

23 

22 

28 

17 

13 

24 

23 

29 

18 

14 

25 

24 

30 

19 

15 

26 

25 

31 

20 

16 

27 

26 

9   1 

21 

17 

28 

27 

2 

22 

18 

29 

28 

3 

23 

19 

30 

1  1 

4 

24 

20 

31 

Fri 

2 

5 

25 

21 

Timely 
Subjects 

FARM    PRESS,    LTD., 


Of  Interest  to  Live  Stock  Breeders 
and  Farmers  each  week  In 

181   Simcoe  St., 


Canadian 
Farm 

Toronto,   Ontario. 


Apr. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to  pvc  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  sened,  &c 

Mare 
48wks. 

Cow        Ewe 
40  wks. !  2 1  wks. 

1— ; 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 
W     i 
Th 

i  3  [ 

4| 

a  6    »26 

|22 

2 

7     27 

23 

3 

5 

8 

28 

24 

4 

6 

9 

29 

25 

5 

7 

10 

30 

26 

6 

8 

11 

31 

27 

7 

Fri 

9 

12 

1  1 

28 

8 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 

w    ; 

Th 
Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 
W 
Th 

Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

10 

13 

2 

21 

9 

11 

14 

3 

30 

10 

!  12 

15 

4 

31 

11 

i  13 

16 

5 

ii 

12 

i  14 

17 

6 

2 

13 

;  15 

18 

7 

3 

14 

i  16 

19 

8 

4 

15 

1  17 

20 

9 

5 

16 

1  18 

21 

10 

6 

17 

!  19 

22 

11 

7 

18 

!  20 

23 

12 

8 

19 

i  21 

24 

13 

9 

20 

1  22 

25 

14 

10 

21 

i  23 

26 

15 

11 

22 

24 

27 

16 

12 

23 

1  25 

28 

17 

13 

24 

1  26 

29 

18 

14 

25 

i  27 

30 

19 

15 

26 

!  28 

31 

20 

16 

27 

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21 

17 

28 

30 

2 

22 

18 

29 

31 

3 

23  1  19 

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15  1 

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24  i  20 

; 

HELPFUL    BOOKS   ON    VEGETABLE    GARDENING. 
For   purposes  of  ready   reference   and  timely   Information. 

Peas  and  Pea  Culture,   by  Glenn  C.  Sevey   60c. 

The  Potato,  by  S.  Fraser   '  75c 

New  Onion  Culture,  by  T.  Greiner  ...■......^.... ....^.^ ;    60c 

Tomato  Culture,  "W.  "W.  Tracey  -....T.'. BOc 

FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   SImcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


May 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to  give  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Mare 
48  wks., 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 

|2 

i  5 

i25 

421 

2 

3 

6 

26 

22 

3 

' 

4 

7 

27 

23 

4 

5  ' 

8 

28 

24 

5 

6' 

9 

29 

25 

6 

7 

10 

3U 

26 

7 

8  ' 

11 

1  1 

27 

8 

9 

12 

2 

28 

9 

10 

13 

3 

29 

10 

11 

14 

4 

30 

11 

12' 

15 

5 

31 

12 

13 

16 

6 

i  1 

13 

14' 

17 

7 

2 

14 

15  ' 

18 

8 

3 

15 

16  ' 

19 

9 

4 

16 

17, 

20 

10 

5 

17 

18 

21 

11 

6 

18 

19 

22 

12 

7 

19 

• 

20 

23 

13 

8 

20 

21 

24 

14 

9 

21 

i  22 

25 

15 

10 

22 

23 

26 

16 

11 

23 

24 

27 

17 

12 

24 

25 

28 

18 

13 

25 

26 

i  1 

19 

14 

26 

27 

2 

20 

15 

27 

28 

3 

21 

16 

28 

1  29 

4 

22 

17 

29 

30 

5 

23 

18 

30 

1  1 

6 

24 

19 

31 

W 

2 

7 

25 

20 

INCREASE   YOUR   CROP   YIELDS. 

The  following  books  are  a  boon  to  the  practical  man  who  wishes  to  do  better 
f  flirnfiiTiisr  *    ■ 

Fertilizers  and  Crops,  by  Dr.  Lucius  L.  Van  Slyke,  Illustrated $2.50 

Farm  Manures,  by  Charles  E.   Thorne,  Illustrated    1»0 

Soils,  by  Charles  Wra.  Burkett,  Illustrated  1-25 

First  Principles  of  Soil  Fertility,  Illustrated    i-OO 

FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   Slmcoe  St.,  Toronto,   Ontario. 


JuTie 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 
Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Animals  served  on  g:iven  dates  of 
present  month,  due  to   give  birth 
as  follows  :    ~ 

Mare 

48  wks. 

Cow 

40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Th 

1  3 

1     « 

|26 

i^i 

2 

Fri 

4  j     9 

27 

22 

3 

Sat 

5      10  1  28 

23 

4 

S 

6 

11   1  29 

24 

5 

M 

7  1  12 

30 

25 

6 

Tu 

8  i  13 

31 

26 

7 

W 

9  1  14 

i  1 

27 

8 

Th    1 

10  1  15 

2 

28 

9 

Fri 

11      16 

3 

21 

10 

Sat 

12 

17 

4 

30 

11 

R 

13      18 

5 

1  1 

12 

M 

14 

19 

6 

2 

13 

T„ 

15 

20 

7 

3 

14 

W 

'  16     21 

8 

4 

15 

Th 

17 

22 

9 

-  5 

16. 

Fri 

18 

23 

10 

6 

17 

Sat 

19 

24 

11 

7 

18 

a 

20 

25 

12 

8 

19 

M     1 

21 

26 

13 

9 

20 

Tu 

22  i  27  i  14 

10 

21 

W 

23.  1  28  j  15 

11 

22 

Th    ! 

24  1  29  1  16 

12 

23 

Fri 

25 

30  1  17 

13 

24 

Sat 

26 

31   !  18 

14 

25 

s 

27 

5  1   1  19 

15 

26 

M      ! 

28 

2  i  20 

16 

27 

Tu 

29 

3  i  21 

17 

28 

W 

30 

4  1  22 

18 

29 

Th 

31 

5  1  23 

19 

30 

Fri 

Jl 

6 

24 

20 

1 

1 

1 
1 

THE    BEGINNER'S   GARDEN    BOOK.     By  AJIen    French. 

For  its  practical  completeness  in  gardening,  this  book  claims  the  attention 
of  children  and  parents,  pupils  and  teachers. 

Anyone  who  spends  a  garden  year  with  this  book  will  have  a  sound  knowl- 
edge of  garden  processes  and  a  lasting  pleasure  In  gardening  work. 
Illustrated.  -        -  Price,  $1,10. 

FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   SImcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


July 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  oi 

present  month,  due  to   give  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Mare 
48  wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 

2 1  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

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20 

COMMON   DISEASES  OF  FARM  ANIMALS.     By  R.  A.  Craig,   D.V.M. 

Professor  of  Veterinary  Science,  Purdue  University.    Chief  Veterinarian,  Purdue 

University  Experimental  Station. 

The  author  lays  special  emphasis  upon  the  causes,  prevention  and    early 

recognition  of  common  diseases.     Animal  loss  through  disease  will  be  brought 

to  a  minimum  If  every  farmer  uses  this  great  boolc  as  his  guide. 

317  pages.    Illustrated.  -        -        -  Price,  $1.50. 

FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   Simcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


Aug. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 


Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to   give  birth 

as  follows  : 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 


lu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 


Name  of  Animal  serv-ed,  &c. 

1    Mare    1     Cow         Ewe 
1  iS  wks.  1  40  wks.   21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

il  3   1  8 

|26 

|21, 

i      4   1     9  12/ 

22 

1     5  1  10 

28 

23 

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12 

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25 

8 

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11 

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25 

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28 

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15 

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3  !  21 

17 

30 

4  1  22 

18 

31 

5  1  23 

19 

1  1        6  1  24 

20 

I 

2 

7 

i  25 

21 

HOW   FARMERS  CO-OPERATE  AND   DOUBLE    PROFITS.      By  Clarence    Poe. 

"A  book  which  shows  how  farmers  may  co-operate  by  showing  how  they 
have  done  and  are  doing  it." 

It  is  essentially  a  book  of  stories — true  stories  of  actual  experiences  of 
farmers'  co-operative  societies  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  notably  Ire- 
land and  Denmark.  Mistakes  and  failures  are  recorded  as  well  as  successes, 
and  farmers  will  find  throughout  the  book  danger  signs  showing  paths  to  avoid 
as  well  as  friendly  guidance  into  roads  that  are  safe. 
256  pages.  •  Price,  $1.50. 
FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   SImcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


Sept. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to   g-ive  birth 

as  follows  : 

Mare 
48  wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Fri 
Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

■ 

13 

J     8 

i26 

J22 

2 

4 

9 

27 

23 

3 

5 

10 

28 

24 

4 

c 

6 

11 

29 

25 

5 

7 

12 

30 

26 

6 

8 

13 

31 

27 

7 

9 

14 

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28 

8 

10 

15 

2 

29 

9 

11 

16 

3 

30 

10 

12 

17 

4 

31 

11 

13 

18 

5 

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12 

14 

19 

6 

2 

13 

15 

20 

7 

3 

14 

16 

21 

8 

4 

15 

17 

22 

9 

5 

16 

18 

23 

10 

6 

17 

19 

24 

11 

7 

18 

20 

25 

12 

8 

19 

21 

26 

13 

9 

20 

22 

27 

14 

10 

21 

23 

28 

15 

11 

22 

24 

29 

16 

12 

23 

25 

30 

17 

13 

24 

26 

1  1 

18 

14 

25 

27 

2 

19 

15 

26 

28 

3 

20 

16 

27 

29 

4 

21 

17 

28 

30 

5 

22 

18 

29 

31 

6 

23 

19 

30 

i  1 

7 

24 

20 

POULTRY    DISEASES.  -  -  By    E.    J.    Wortley. 

An  entirely  new  work  on  the  subject.  The  subject  of  health  and  disease, 
common  causes  of  disease,  hygienic  requirements,  objects  of  medicinal  treat- 
ment, are  fully  and  clearly  treated,  and  all  specific  diseases  to  which  poultry 
are  heir  are  fully  described  and  explained. 

ILLUSTRATED.      PRICE,   75c. 
FARM   PRESS,   LTD.,  181   SImcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


Oct. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


/ 

- 

Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 

Animals  served  on  g^iven  dates  of 

present  month,  due  to  give  birth 

as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c                                        j 

1 

Mare   | 
48  wks.  1 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 
21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

s 

M 
Tu 
W     i 

t 
1 

12  !|8 

225 

:21 

2 

1     3 

9  1 

26 

22 

3 

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10  !  27 

23 

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11   1  28 

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5 

Th 

6 

12  !|  1 

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6 

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Sat  i 

s 

M 

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W 

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26 

7 

8 

14       3 

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8 

9 

15 

4 

28 

9 

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16 

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29 

10 

11 

17 

6 

30 

11 

12 

18 

7 

31 

12 

13 

19 

8 

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21 

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16 

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19 

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21 

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21 

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s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 
Fri 
Sat 

s 

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24 

30 

19 

12 

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26 

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20 

THE  BREEDING  OF  FARM  ANIMALS.  -  By  M.  W.  Harper. 

This  book  represents  the  useful  information  concerningr  the  breeding  of 
farm  animals,  well  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  farmer,  breeder  and  student. 
It  includes  a  brief  discussion  of  the  fundamental  principles  underlying  animal 
breeding.  Special  emphasis  is  placed  on  the  importance  of  proper  care  and 
management  of  the  parents,  together  with  the  development  of  the  young  stock. 
336  Pages.  •  Illustrated.  -  Price,  $1.50. 

FARM    PRESS,   LTD.,  181   Simcoe  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


Nov. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


Day  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for 
Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Animal 
present 

>  served  on  givert 

month,  due-to  g 

as  follows  : 

dates  of 
ve  Wrth 

Mare 
a  wks. 

Cow 
40  wks. 

Ewe 

21  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

w 

Th 
Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

S 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fri 

Sat 

s 

M 
Tu 
W 
Th 

1  3 

18 

J28 

221 

2 

■ 

4 

9 

29 

22 

3 

5 

10 

30 

23 

4 

6 

11 

31 

24 

5 

7 

12 

i  1 

25 

6 

8 

13 

2 

26 

7 

.9 

14 

3 

27 

8 

10 

15 

4 

28 

9 

11 

16 

5 

i  1 

10 

12 

17 

6 

2 

11 

13 

18 

7 

3 

12 

14 

19 

8 

4 

13 

15 

20 

9 

5 

14 

16 

21 

10 

6 

15 

■* 

17 

22 

11 

7 

16 

18 

23 

12 

8 

17 

19 

24 

13 

9 

18 

20 

25 

14 

10 

19 

21 

26 

1.5 

11 

20 

■ 

22 

27 

16 

12 

21 

23 

28 

17 

13 

22 

■ 

24 

29 

18 

14 

23 

25 

30 

19 

15 

24 

26 

31 

20 

16 

25 

27 

i  1 

21 

17 

26 

!  28 

2 

22 

18 

27 

j  29 

3 

23 

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28 

30 

4 

24 

20 

29 

1  31 

5 

25 

21 

30 

ij  1 

6 

26 

22 

'                                       1 

!                      1 
1                      1 

BOOKS  ON  LIVE  STOCK 

Manual  of  Farm  Animals.     By  H.  W.  Harper.     Illustrated  $2.00 

Dairy  Cattle  and  Milk  Production.     By  C.  H.  Eckles.     Illustrated   1-60 

The  Diseases  of  Animals.     By  N.   S.  Mayo.     Illustrated  1.60 

A  Manual  of  Practical  Farming.     By  John  McLennan.     Cheaper  Edition..        50 

Farm  Management.     By  G.  F.  Warren.     Illustrated  1-75 

Sent  post-paid  for  the  above  prices. 
FARM    PRESS,    LIMITED,    181    SImcoe    St.,  -         -         TORONTO. 


Dec. 


STOCKBREEDERS'  TABLES. 


1916. 


\  Animals  served  on  given  dates  of 
1  present  month,  due  to   give  Krth 
Dav  of  Month  and  Week,  with  space  for                              |                        as  follows  : 

Name  of  Animal  served,  &c. 

Mare        Cow 
48  wks.    40  wks. 

Ewe 
2 1  wks. 

Sow 
16  wks. 

1 

Fri   ^ 

1  2   i? 

527 

|23 

2 

Sat 

3        8 

28 

24 

3 

SI 

4191 

29 

25 

4 

M 

5      10  j  30 

26 

5  1 

Tu 

6 

11   il  1 

27 

6' 

W 

7 

12  1 

2 

28 

7 

Th 

8 

13 

3 

29 

S 

Fri 

9 

14 

4 

30 

9 

Sat 

10 

15. 

5 

31 

10 

s 

11 

16 

6- 

t  1 

11 

M 

12 

17 

/ 

2 

12 

Tu 

13 

18 

8       3 

13 

W 

14 

19 

9  i     4 

14 

Th 

15 

20 

10  i   5 

15 

Fri 

16 

21 

11  ;    6 

16 

Sat 

17 

22 

12 

>7 

17- 

s 

18     23 

13 

8 

18 

M 

19 

24 

14 

9 

19 

Tu 

20 

25 

15 

10 

20 

W 

21 

26 

16 

11 

21 

Th 

22 

27 

17 

12 

22 

Fri 

23      28 

18 

13 

23 

Sat 

24  i  29 

19 

14 

24 

s 

25     30 

20 

15 

25 

M 

26   i  1 

21 

16 

26 

Tu 

27 

2 

22 

17 

27 

W 

28 

3 

23 

18 

28 

Th    ' 

29       4 

24 

19 

29 

Fri 

,  30        5 

25 

20 

30 

Sat 

!i  1        6 

26 

21 

31 

S 

!     2        7 

27 

22 

WAR  BOOKS 

We  have  secured  through  the  English  firm  of  J.  M.  Dent  &  Sons,  a  most 
complete  list  of  books  relating  to  and  bearing  on  the  Great  War.  Among  them 
are   the  following: — 

War  Lords — A.  G.  Gardiner.  30c.  post  paid;  14,000  copies  already  sold  in 
Canada. 

War  Thoughts  of  An  Optimist — Benjamin  A.  Gould.  75c.  post  paid.  An 
American  citizen,  now  a  resident  of  Canada. 

The  Nations  at  War — L.  Cecil  Lane.  85c  post  paid.  A  forecast  of  the  politi- 
cal and  moral  results  of  the  war. 


146 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Common  Unsoundness  in  the  Horse 


Bone  spavin  is  one  of  the  mo&t  ser- 
ious forms  of  unsoundness  from  wliioh 
the  horse  is  liable  to  suffer.  As  a  rule 
it  is  easily  detected  (by  comparing  the 
size  of  the  hocks  for  any  variation  to 
saze  or  shape.  The  ibest  view  can  be 
obtained  by  str-oping  m  front  of  tne 
horse  and  looking  between  the  front 


blind  spavin  In.  which  no  enlargement 
is  present,  due  to  the  fact  that  the  in- 
flammation is  confined  to  the  centre 
or  softer  tissues  of  the  ibone.  Such 
oases  are  difficult  to  diagnose  and  even 
experts  are  at  a  loss  at  times  to  'be 
sure  whether  this  condition  is  present 
or  not. 


FRONT  VIEW  OF  FORE   LEGS. 

A  vertical  line  down  from  point  of  shoulder  shall  fall  upon  centre  of  knee,  can- 

non,  pastern  and  foot.     A  only  shows  the  correct  formation. 


legs  under  the  body  when  any  enlarge- 
ment can  easily  be  noticed.  In  sus- 
pected cases  ithe  diagnosis  can  be  con- 
firmed by  lifting  the  foot  from  the 
ground  and  bending  it  forward  and  up- 
ward bringing  the  hoof  as  near  the 
stifle  joint  as  possible  and  retaining 
it  in  that  position,  for  a  minute  or  two, 
then  letting  it  down  and  causing  the 
animal  to  walk  off  at  once.  When  if 
a  spavin  is  present  the  lameness  is 
likely  to  be  very  noticeable  for  the 
flrst  few  steps.  There  is  a  somewhat 
rare  form  of  spavin  called  occult  or 


Ringbone 

Is  another  disease  of  ibone  some- 
what similar  to  spavin,  but  situateo 
on  the  pastern  between  the  hoof  and 
the  fetlock.  The  enlargement  usually 
grows  completely  around  the  limb  and 
is  easily  detected.  If  the  growth  is 
close  down  to  the  hoof  the  lameness 
will  usually  yield  to  treatment  and  -the 
animal  be  made  to  go  sound,  but  the 
enlargement  will  always  remain.  If, 
however,  the  growth  is  an  inch  or  so 
higher  up  on  the  pastern,  more  or  less 
permanent  lameness  is  likely  to  re- 


REAR  VIEW  OF  HIND  LEGS. 

Vertical  line  drawn  downward  from  point  of  buttock  should  fall  upon  centre  of 

hock,  cannon,  pastern  and  foot.     A  only  indicates  correct  formation. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


147 


suk  because  of  a  joint  becoming  in- 
volved. 

Sidebones 

Are  found  just  above  the  hoof  at  the 
side  near  the  heel  and  almost  invar- 
iably on  the  front  feet,  they  are  not 
so  serious  as  spavin  or  ring-bone.  Often 
no  pronounced  lameness  is  noticed, 
but  only  a  stiffness  of  gait.  A  horse 
may  have  those  blemishes,  and  if  it 
be  a  useful  animal  at  any  ordinary 
work.    They  are  serious  in  a  horse  that 


troublesome  lameness  will  result.  A 
horse  with  a  splint  is  unsound,  even 
though  not  going  lame. 

Bog  Spavin. 
Is  a  soft,  pufty,  enlargement  on  the 
inside  of  the  hock.  It  is  not  so  ser- 
ious as  bone  spavin,  and  as  a  rule  does 
not  interfere  with  the  usefulness  of  an 
animal. 


\ 


A- 


w. 


SIDE  VIEW  OF  FRONT  LEGS. 
Vertical  line  from  point  of  shoulder. 


has  to  go  on  hard  roads  or  paveinents, 
but  for  the  ordinary  work  of  a  farm 
cause  little  or  no  trouble.  Horses  that 
have  naturally  good,  strong  feet  are 
not  very  liable  to  suffer  from  side 
bones,  while  the  weak  footed  horse  is 
very  much  predisposed  to  the  trouble. 

Splints 

Are  boney  enlargements  on  the  can- 
non bone  of  the  front  legs.  They  are 
considered  by  many  as  a  minor  form 
of  unsoundness.  ITsually  they  cause 
little  or  no  trouble,  the  animal  per- 
forming his  work  without  showing  any 
lameness.  At  times,  however,  es- 
pecially when  the  enlargement  is  close 
up  to  the  knee    joint,     more  or  less 


Thorough-pin 
Is  practically  an  aggravated  form  of 
bog  spavin,  the  enlargement  passing 
right  through  the  hock  joint  and  form- 
ing a  puffy*  enlargement  on  the  outside 
of  the  hock  opposite  the  spavin. 

Curb. 

A  curb  consists  of  a  sprain  of  a  liga- 
ment on  the  back  border  of  the  hock 
forming  an  enlargement  which  can  be 
readily  detected  by  looking  at  the  limb 
from  the  side  which  will  present  a 
rounded  or  bowed  formation  on  the 
iwsterior  border  of  the  joint.  WhOe 
the  lameness  caused  by  a  curb  yields 
readily  to  treatment  the  enlargement 
can  seldom  be  removed. 


SIDE  VIEW  OF  HIND  LEGS. 

Vertical  line  down  from  hip  joint  should  fall  upon  centre  of  foot  and  divide  the 

gaskin  in  the  middle.    Vertical  line  from  point, of  foot  should  coincide  with  angle 

of  hock  and  pastern  Joints.     A  only  shows  correct  formation. 


148 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Navicular  Disease 

Is  a  very  senous  form  of  lameness, 
it  con&iats  of  a  diseased  coudition  of 
tlie  joint  which  is  situated  inside  the 
hoof.  The  symptoms  consist  of  a  stiff- 
ness or  stiltiness  of  gait,  a  tendency 
to  trail  the  front  feet  when  moving 
backwards.  Horses  suffeiing  from  this 
form  of  lameness  will  usually,  when 
backed  out  of  the  stall  trail  the  (bed- 
ding back  with  the  front  feet.  As  the 
disease  progresses  the  affected  foot  or 
feet  will  become  somewhat  narrow. 
When  standing  the  horse  will  ease  first 
one  foot  and  then  the  other.  The 
lameness  is  always  more  noticeable 
when  ithe  animal  is  taken  out  for  exer- 
cise after  standing  in  the  stall  over 
night.  Exercise  has  a  tendency  to 
limiber  the  patient  up  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent. 

Chronic  Lamanitis. 

Is  another  serious  disease  of  the 
feet  manifesting  much  the  same  symp- 
toms as  navicular  disease.  It  con- 
sists of  a  chronic  Inflammation  of  the 
soft  tissue  of  the  foot.  Once  thorough- 
ly established  it  is  practically  incur- 
able and  reduces  the  value  of  a  horse 
very  muh,  rendering  him  almost  use- 
less for  hard  or  fast  work  on  hard 
roads  or  pavements.  • 

Corns. 

A  corn  is  simply  a  bruise  of  the  sole 
resulting  In  an  inflammatioii  of  the 


deeper  seated  tissues,  and  usually 
found  on  the  inside  quarter  of  the 
sole.  This  is  a  somewnat  serious  form 
of  unsoxmdness,  for  although  it  can  be 
successfully  treated,  it  Is  quite  likely 
to  recur  unless  the  foot  is  very  care- 
fully looked  after. 

Quarter  Cracks. 

A  quarter  crack  is  a  crack  or  split 
in  the  wall  of  the  hoof,  extending  from 
the  shoe  up  to  the  soft  tissue  at  the 
top  of  the  foot.  It  is  always  an  indi- 
cation of  a  weak  foot,  and  although  it 
can  usually  be  treated  .successfully  it 
is  very  likely  to  occur  again  if  the 
animal  is  put  to  work  on  hard  roads. 

String  Halt. 

Is  a  nervous  disease  causing  th« 
horse  to  lift  one  or  both  hind  feet  very 
high  at  each  step.  It  is  very  easily 
detected  when  in  an  advanced  stage, 
but  sometimes  in  the  early  stages  the 
symptoms  are  very  obscure.  In  8us« 
ipected  cases  it  is  well  to  excite  the 
animal,  then  make  him  move  1[>ack- 
wards  or  move  him  sharply  first  to  one 
side  and  then  quickly  to  the  other, 
when  if  this  trouble  is  present  it  will 
likely  he  detects.  This  disease  does 
not  interfere  with  the  usefulness  of  an 
animal  except  in  ver/  advanced  cases, 
'birt  (because  of  the  fact  that  it  is  a 
progressive  disease  and  likely  to  get 
worse  as  the  animal  grows  older,  it  is 
considered  a  serious  form  of  unsound- 
ness. 


To  extreme  left  is  indicated  a  Quarter  Crack.    In  centre  the  fissure  In  foot  indi- 
cates Sand  Crack.    To  the  right  a  bad  ^ase  of  Acute  Founder. 


Animal 

Horse 

Ox 

Sheep 

Swine 

Dog 


ANIMALS  WHEN  AT  REST 

Pulse,  per  minute      Respiration   per  Temperature  Frah- 
minute 

36  to  40  8  to  10  100» 

40  to  45  12  to  15  101"  to    102.5*' 

70  to  80  12  to  20  103" 

70  to  80  10  to  IS  103" 

90  to  100  15  to  20  102.5"    (very 

changeable) 


LIVE  STOCK 


148 


The  Age  of 

The  age  of  the  horse  is  an  import- 
ant factor  in  determining  his  present 
and  prospective  value.  Familiarity 
with  the  characters  which  most  cer- 
tainly indicate  age  are,  therefore, 
often  extremely  useful.  A  know- 
ledge of  these  characters  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  secure,  but  skill  in  their  ap- 
plication depends  much  on  familiarity 
and  continued  practice. 

General  Considerations 
In  estimating  the  age  of  the  horse, 
the  teeth  furnish  the  best  index.  Yet 
there  are  other  general  conslderationB 
that  play  an  important  part,  especi- 
ally in  the  case  of  young  and  very 
old  animals.  In  very  old  horses, 
white  hairs  make  their  appearance 
around  the  temple,  the  eyes,  the  nos- 
trils and  elsewhere;  the  poll,  or  top 
of  the  head,  becomes  more  pointed, 
the  sides  of  the  face  more  depressed, 
and  the  hollows  above  the  eyes  more 
marked.  Bear  in  mind  these  consid- 
erations are  general,  and  must  be 
considered  as  a  whole;  each,  alone,  is 
of  very  little  or  no  use. 

While  differences  in  the  appear- 
ance of  the  teeth  are  considered  the 
most  important  and  the  nuMt  aoca- 
rate  means  of  estimating  the  age  of 
domestic  animals,  and  are  the  means 
employed  by  all  horsemen,  yet  these 
are  not  absolutely  accurate,  and  much 
depends  on  conditions  as  well  as  on 
the  individuality  of  the  animal.  The 
teeth  of  horses  that  have  bones  of 
somewhat  open  structure  are  likely 
to  indicate  that  the  animals  are  some- 
what older  than  they  are;  while  the 
teeth  of  horses  whose  bones  are  of 
fine,  close  texture,  may  Indicate  them 
to  be  younger  than  they  are.  Again, 
a  horse  which  has  always  been  fed 
on  soft,  succulent  food  is  likely  to 
sfliow  a  young  mouth;  whereas,  one 
fed  on  hard,  dry  food  is  likely  to 
show  an  older  mouth.  Thus  it  Is 
apparent  that  the  texture  of  the 
bones,  the  breeding,  the  kind  of  food 
the  horse  has  eaten,  and  other  condi- 
tions, have  more  or  less  influence  on 
the  teeth. 

The     horse,     when     full-grown,     haa 


the  Horse 

forty  teeth,  twenty  on  either  Jaw,  di- 
vided as  follows:  Six  incisors,  two 
canines  (one  on  either  side),  and 
twelve  molars  (six  on  either  side). 
Since  only  the  incisor,  or  nipp«r, 
teeth  are  inspected  in  estimating  the 
age,  they  alone  will  be  considered.  It 
is  the  order  in  which  they  make 
their  appearance  that  enables  us  to 
estimate  the  age  up  to  five  years,  and 
the  manner  in  which  their  surface  is 
worn  that  aids  us  in  the  estimation 
up  to  eight  years  of  age.  After  the 
horse  has  passed  the  eighth  year.  It 
is  sometimes  difficult  to  determine 
his  true  age  by  the  teeth. 

It  is  not  often  that  one  is  obliged 
to  inspect  the  teeth  of  a  horse  under 
three  years  of  age  in  order  to  make 
an  estimate  of  its  age.  Therefore, 
the  period  of  colthood  will  be  passed 
over  and  we  will  consider  the  condi- 
tion of  the  incisors  when  the  horse 
has  reached  the  age  of  two  and  one- 
half  to  three  years.' 

Two  and  One-half  to  Three  Years  Old. 

At  about  two  years  and  nine 
months  to  two  years  and  eleven 
months  the  central  permanent  inci- 
sors will  appear,  and  at  three  years 
of  age  the  outer  part  of  the  teeth, 
and  sometimes  the  inner  also,  will  be 
up  and  In  wear.  The  permanent  in- 
cisors are  larger  in  every  way  than 
the  temporary  or  milk  teeth;  they  are 
alfio  less  smooth  and  regular,  and  are 
usually  darker  colored,  so  that  no 
difficulty  is  experienced  In  distin- 
guishing the  permanent  from  the 
temporary  incisors. 

Pour  Years  Old. 

At  about  three  years  and  nine 
months,  the  intermediate  incisors  ap- 
pear. At  four  years  of  age,  they  are 
fully  up  and  In  wear  on  the  outside, 
and  sometimes  on  the  inside.  The 
central  incisors  show  one  year's 
wear,  and  the  cups  are  not  so  deep  as 
they  were  when  the  colt  was  three 
years  old.  If  the  colt  be  a  male  the 
tusks  should  be  evident.  They  would 
still  be  sharp  and  flattish  on  the  In- 
sides. 


150 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Five  Years  Oid. 

At  the  age  of  about  four  years  and 
nine  months,  the  permanent  corner 
incisors  make  their  appearance.  When 
the  horse  is  full  five  years  of  age, 
the  outer  exterior  parts  meet,  al- 
though almost  one  year  of  wear  must 
take  place  before  the  lateral  or  cor- 
ner teeth  are  worn  level  over  their 
entire  surface.  The  horse  has  now  a 
full  mouth,  and  the  central  incisors 
show  two  years'  wear.  The  cups 
show  o©  all,  but  are  deepest  and 
freshest  in  the  corner  teeth. 
Six  Years  Old. 

At  six  years  the  cups  in  the  central 
incisors  of  the  lower  jaw  have  disap- 
peared, or  nearly  so;  have  become 
smaller  in  the  intermediates,  and  the 
corner  teeth  are  worn  level  over  their 
entire  surface. 
Seven  Years  Old. 

At  seven  years  of  age  the  cups  in 
the  intermediate  incisors  of  the  lower 
jaw  have  disappeared,  although 
small  dark  spots  may  often  be  seen. 
The  corner  teeth  still  retain  their 
cups,  although  they  are  rather  shal- 


low. It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that 
from  the  time  when  the  teeth  of  the 
lower  jaw  are  well  up  and  in  wear  to 
the  time  that  the  cups  have  disap- 
peared from  the  lower  Jaw  tB  three 
years.  The  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw 
retain  their  cups  for  a  much  longer 
time;  in  fact,  just  twice  as  long,  dis- 
appearing in  six  years  after  they  have 
made  their  appearance. 

Eight  Years  Old. 

At  eight  years  of  age,  the  eups 
have  disappeared  from  the  teeth  of 
the  lower  jaw.  One  must  not  be  mis- 
led by  the  slight,  dark-colored  in- 
ientations  that  are  still  present,  for 
they  are  not  deep  enough  to  be 
called  cups.  By  the  time  the  horse 
has  reached  this  age,  the  shape  of  the 
teeth'  have  undergone  marked 
changes.  (Compare  Pig.  9  with  Fig. 
10.)  In  the  first  place,  the  teeth 
were  thin  from  outside  to  Inside,  and 
comparatively  broad  from  right  to 
left;  while,  in  the  latter  case,  they 
are  much  thicker  from  inside  to  out- 
siide,  and  have  become  more  triangu- 
lar in  shape.  If  viewed  from  the  side, 
they  will    appear    somewhat  longer. 


The  Massey-Harris  Trade  Mark  on  a  Farm 
Implement  is  a  Guarantee  of  Quality 


GRAIN    BINDERS, 
REAPERS,     CORN 
HARVESTERS, 
MOWERS,  RAKES, 
SIDE     DELIVERY 
RAKES,   TED- 
DERS,   HAY 
LOADERS,    CUL- 
TIVATORS, 
SEEDERS,    HOE 
DRILLS,   SHOE 
DRILLS,      DISC 
DRILLS,    FERTI- 
LIZER    DRILLS, 
FERTILIZER 
SOWERS. 


DISC  HARROWS, 
DRAG  HARROWS, 
HARROW  CARTS, 
FEED  CUTTERS, 
PULPERS,  EN- 
SILAGE CUT- 
TERS,    MANURE 

SPREADERS, 
CREAM    SEPARA- 
TORS,   PLOWS, 
SCUFFLERS, 
LAND     ROLLERS, 
PACKERS,     WAG- 
ONS,    SLEIGHS, 
GASOLINE     EN- 
GINES,    SPRAY 
OUTFITS,       ETC. 


MASSEY-HARRIS  CO.,  LIMITED 

Head  Offices— TORONTO,  CANADA. 

Branches    at— Montreal,    Moncton,    Winnipeg,    Regina,    Saskatoon,    Yorkton, 

Calgary,   Edmonton,   Swift  Current.  Agencies   Everywhere. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


151 


and  will  meet  at  a  sharper  angle 
than  they  did  when  the  horse  was 
younger.  As  the  age  advances,  the 
angle  formed  by  the  teeth  of  the 
upper  and  lower  jaw  becomes  more 
acute. 

At  Nine  Years  of  Age,  the  cupe  will 
have  disappeared  from  the  upper  cen- 
tral incisors;  from  the  upper  inter- 
mediates at  ten  years,  and  at  eleven 
years  the  cups  will  have  all  disap- 
peared from  the  upper  Jaw.  The 
cups  are  not  likely  to  disappear  at 
as  regular  Intervals  in  the  upper 
jaw  as  they  did  In  the  lower  jaw. 
Therefore  it  is  not  always  possible  to 
tell  the  age  of  a  horse  within  a  year 
or  two  after  he  has  passed  his  eighth 
year. 

After  the  horse  has  passed  the 
twelfth  year  the  matter  of  two  or 
three  years  amounts  to  little.  Much 
depends  on  the  individuality  of  the 
animal,  as  some  animals  are  worth 
more  at  eighteen  than  others  at  four- 
teen. One  o  judgment  of  the  value 
ot  a  horse  at  these  ages  should  be 
formed  on  general  appearances  and 
activities  rather  than  on  age. 

The  Age  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

The  only  reliable  method  of  Judg- 
ing the  age  of  cattle  is  by  means  of 
the  incisor  or  nipping  teeth.  Cattle 
have  eight  temporary  incisors,  or 
sucking  teeth,  in  the  lower  jaw,  but 
none  in  the  upper.  A  pad  of  tissue 
replaces  the  latter.  The  molar  teeth 
consist  of  six  teeth  in  each  jaw — 
upper  and  lower — three  of  which 
(twelve  In  all)  are  temporary,  or  re- 
placeable, and  for  convenience  are 
spoken  of  as  the  first,  second  and 
third  temporary  molars.  In  contra- 
distinction to  those  which  follow,  and 
termed  the  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth 
permanent  molars. 

At  a  month  old,  most,  or  all,  of 
the  temporary  sucking  teeth  are  In 
the  mouth.  At  six  months  the  fourth 
permanent  molar  will  be  seen.  At 
twelve  months  the  fifth  permanent 
molar  will  appear.  At  two  years  the 
sixth  permanent  molar  will  be  well 
up,  but  shows  itself  in  one  year  and 


nine  months.  At  or  about  two  years 
and  six  months,  the  first  and  second 
temporary  molars  are  shed,  and  re- 
placed by  permanents;  so  that  by  the 
time  an  ox  is  three  years  of  age,  the 
third  molar  has  been  replaced  and  a 
complete  set  of  permanent  molars 
are  now  in  the  jaws. 

Most  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 
changes  In  the  Incisors,  because  these 
are  so  easy  to  note. 

It  is  quite  an  easy  matter  to  tell 
the  difference  between  temporary  and 
permanent  incisor  teeth.  The  perma- 
nents are  much  broader  and  larger 
and  when  seen  side  by  side  with  the 
temporary  ones,  it  is  impossible  to 
mistake  one  for  the  other.  The  same 
remarks  are  equally  applicable  to  the 
sheep. 

If  a  mouth  Is  examined  at  one  year 
and  nine  months,  a  pair — the  central 
pair — of  permanent  incisors  will  be 
seen.  These  are  cut  at  about  one 
/ear  and  six  months,  so  that  at  one 
year  and  three-quarters  they  are  well 
developed.  At  two  years  and  three 
months  to  two  years  and  nine  months 
the  permanent  middle  incisors  are 
well  up.  Cattle  vary  in  dentition,  but 
as  a  rule  it  is  two  years  and  nine 
months  to  three  years  before  the 
lateral  permanent  incisors  are  well 
up.  At  three  to  three  and  one-half 
years,  the  corner  permanent  incisors 
usually  appear,  and  this  completes 
the  dentition.  To  judge  the  age  after 
this  period  is  speculative,  and  only 
approximate  at  best.  The  incisors 
gradually  wear  away,  the  corner  teeth 
showing  the  least  signs  of  wear.  In 
horned  cattle  the  rings  formed  upon 
the  horns  are  used  as  a  rough  means 
of  determining  the  animal's  age.  Add 
two  years  to  the  total  number  of 
rings,  as  the  first  ring  is  not  formed 
until  after  the  second  year. 

Sheep  have  twenty  temporary 
teeth,  eight  being  incisors,  or  nip- 
ping, teeth,  precisely  the  same  as  In 
the  ox,  and  the  reader  must  refer  to 
these  for  the  several  designations  re- 
lating thereto.  The  central  pair  of 
permanent  Incisors  are  cut  when  the 
animal  is  about  one  year  of  age,  and 


152 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


the  perfect  development  of  thes« 
teeth  must  be  taken  as  evidence  that 
the  yearling  stage  has  been  passed  by 
a  month  or  two.  The  middle  perma- 
nent incisors  will  usually  appear 
when  the  animal  is  from  one  year 
and  nine  months  to  two  years  of  age. 
Some  latitude  must  be  allowed,  say  a 
couple  of  months  either  way,  as  the 
rate  of  development,  as  affected  by 
feeding  and  care,  will  affect  the  time 
at  which  the  permanent  teeth  will 
appear.    The  lateral  pair  will  usually 


appear  when  the  animal  is  two  years 
of  age.  The  average  is  two  yeare  and 
three  months,  with  an  extreme  of  two 
years  and  one-half.  The  corner  in- 
cisors are  usually  replaced  by  perma- 
nent8_  by  the  time  the  animal  has 
reached  the  age  of  three  years.  When 
the  sheep  is  four  years  of  age  aU  the 
incisors  are  up  and  in  wear.  The 
animal  has  by  this  time  a  "full 
mouth,"  and  estimations  as  to  its  age 
after  this  period  is  reached  are,  of 
necessity,  speculative. 


Right  hand  shoe  built  to  prevent  inter- 
fering. Inner  branch  has  no  nails,  and 
is  fitted  and  beveled   under  the  hoof. 


Common  form  of  punched  heel  weight 
shoe  to  induce  high  action  in  front 
feet.  The  profile  here  shows  a  roll  at 
toe  and  raised  heels.  As  this  lowers 
action  the  shoe  would  be  better  if  of 
uniform  thickness  and  no  roll. 


Ground  surface  of  shoe  to  left.     Inner 
nailer's   branch    is  same    in    depth   as 
the  outer  and  caulked  branch  to  bal- 
ance foot  squarely  on  the'ground. 


Right  fore  ice  shoe  for  roadster.  Toe 
and  outer  heel  caulks  cut  at  right  an- 
gles, and  the  inner  caulk  is  slender 
and  blunt.  Back  surface  of  toe  shoe 
should   be  perpendicular. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


153 


Veterinary 


Some  Uiefnl 

In  localities  where  there  are  prac- 
tically no  facilities  for  obtaining  pro- 
fessional aid  for  the  stock-breeder, 
the  following  prescriptions  will  prove 
useful.  These  are  contained  in  F.  T. 
Barton's  book  on  "Cattle,  Sheep  and 
Pigs,"  page  189. 


Prescriptloiui. 

Prepared  Lard 6  ounces 

Melt  together  in  a  jar,  surrounded 
by  hot  water,  for  three  hours,  and 
stir  occasionally;  while  hot,  filter 
through  paper,  and  allow  the  clear 
liquid  to  cool.     Uses:    For  blistering. 


Ringworm. 

Wash  parts  thoroughly  with  hot 
water  and  soft  soap.  Apply  mercurial 
or  iodide  ointment.  See  that  the  rings 
are  thoroughly  covered.  Apply  every 
other  day  until  the  disease  disappears. 
Ringworm  is  a  parasitic  disease  and 
should  be  dealt  with  immediately  it  is 
noticed. 


Ointment  for  Sores,  Ulcers,  EJtc. 
Boracic  Acid  Ointment.  .    %  ounce 
Oxide  of  Zinc  Ointment. .    ^  ounce 
Red  Oxide  of  Mercury  Oint- 
ment     3  drachms 

Mix  thoroughly.    Directions:  Apply 

a  little  to  the  sore  place  twice  daily. 

Before    applying    wash    thoroughly 

with  a  weak  solution,  of  some  reliable 

coal  tar  disinfectant. 


Ointment  for  Mange. 

Oil  of  Tar 2  drachms 

Red  Oxide  of  Mercury  Oint- 
ment     ^  ounce 

Green     Iodide     of     Mercury 

Ointment 2  drachms 

Vaseline 1  ounce 

Mix.    Directions:    Rub  In  well  once 

daily. 

Ointment  for  Inflamed  Udder. 
Extract  of  Belladonna.    1      ounce 

Benzoated  Lard 4%  ounces 

Lanoline 4%  ounces 

Mix  thoroughly  In  that  heat.  Di- 
rections: Smear  over  the  inflamed 
udder  twice  or  three  times  daily. 

Turpentine  Ointment  for  Setons. 

Common   Turpentine 1  ounce 

Lard 3  ounces 

Melt  together  over  warm  water, 
and  stir  cold.   Dress  seton. 


Oxide  of  Zinc  Ointment. 
Powdered  Oxide  of  Zinc.      3  ounces 

Glycerine 2  ounces 

Benzoated  Lard 13  ounces 

.VI IX  in  fi  stone  mortar.   Uses:    For 
slight  abrasions  and  ulcers. 


Sulphur  Ointment. 
Flowers  of  Sulphur   ....      2  ounces 

Lard 16  oun(ifes 

Mix.       Uses:      For     mange     and 
EJczema. 


Liniment  of  Turpentine. 

Soft  Soap 2  ounces 

Camphor   1  ounce 

Spirits  of  Hartshorn ...      2  drachms 

Oil  of  Thyme %  drachm 

Oil  of  Turpentine   ....    16  ounces 

Dissolve  the  camphor  in  the  tur- 
pentine; then  add  the  soap  until  this 
is  all  dissolved;  this  latter  can  be 
done  by  rubbing  in  a  mortar,  or  shak- 
ing In  a  bottle.  Now  add  the  other 
ingredients.  Uses:  For  slight  at- 
tacks of  sore  throat,  sprains,  bruises, 
rheumatism  (join  felon)  and  colds 
about  the  chest,  etc. 

Directions:  If  used  for  sprains  or 
rheumatism,  let  the  liniment  be  rub- 
bed in  well,  and  then  apply  a  hot 
flannel  bandage. 


Blistering  Ointment 
Powdered    Cantharldes    . .    1  ounce 


Linlmen^  for  Rheumatism  and  Stiff 

Joint. 
Tincture  of  Opium    ....    2      ouncee 
Tincture  of  Belladonna.    1      ounce 
Spirits  of  Ammonia.  ...    1      ounce 
Liniment  of  Capsicums..  1^  ounces 

Chloroform %  ouace 

Oil  of  Turpentine 2      ounce* 

Opodeldoc 1      ounce 

Mix,  and  shake  before  rubbing  in. 
Directions:  Aply  night  and  morning 
to  the  joints  or  stiff  muscles. 


154 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Blistering  Liniment. 

Croton   Oil    1  ounce 

Oil  of  Turpentine    6  ounces 

Olive  Oil 1  ounce 

Mix,  by  shaking  the  bottle.  Di- 
rections: Rub  the  part  to  be  blis- 
tered for  ten  or  twenty  minutes. 


Strangles. 

Cold,  sore  throat,  yellow  discharge 
from  nostrils,  swelling  or  tumor  xmder 
throat.  Put  poulticfe  to  tumor;  give  in 
grued  4  drams  chlorate  of  potassium. 
Feed  gruel  and  bran  mashes. 


Green  Liniment. 

Verdigris ; i%  ounces 

Powdered  Alum 3      ounces 

Treacle %  pound 

Boil,  and  mix  together  until  the 
mixture  has  a  brown  tinge.  Uses: 
For  foul  affecting  the  feet,  and  foot- 
rot  of  sheep. 


Cooling  Lotion  for  Sprains,  etc. 

Nitrate   of   Potash    ....    2^4  ounces 

Sal  Ammoniac 2%  ounces 

Cold  water 1      pint 

Directions:    Dip    cloths    Into    the 
liquid  and  apply  to  the  inflamed  part. 


Camphor  Liniment. 

Camphor   1  ounce 

Olive  Oil   2  ounces 

Dissolve  the  camphor  on  the  oil 
with  the  aid  of  heat.  Uses:  A  stimu- 
lating liniment;  very  useful  for  ap- 
plying to  the  throat,  chest  or  belly 
after  fomenting. 


Lotion  for  Mange. 

Slaked  Lime 8      ounces 

Flower  of  Sulhpur 8      ounces 

Water 3%  pints 

Mix,  and  boil  together  until  the 
liquid  measures  one  quart.  Now 
filter  it,  and  dress  all  the  diseased 
parts;  or  what  is  better,  dress  the 
animal  from  head  to  foot.  Six  times 
this  quantity  may  be  made  at  once 
for  a  trifling  sum. 

/r 

-    —    .•> 

Lit   y/wsn  V  ..* 

'  -31 


Fig.  40.  Parts  of  the  horse.  1.  Muzzle:  2.  nostrils:  3.  face:  4.  eye:  5.  forehead:  «■«"•'• 
neck:  8.  crest:  9.  withers:  10.  back;  11.  loin:  12,  hip;  13.  croup:  14.  tail;  15.  thigh:  1«. 
Quarter:  17.  gaskin  or  lower  thigh;  18.  hock;  19.  stiae;  20.  fl»nk:  21.  ribs;  22,  tendons; 
23.  fetlocks:  24.  pastern;  25.  foot:  26.  heel  of  foot;  27,  canon:  28.  knee:  29.  forearm:  30. 
chest:  81.  arm:  32,  shoulder:  33.  throatlateh:  A.  thoroughpin:  B.  curb:  C.  bog  ana 
Wood  spavin;  D.  bone  spavin:  E.  splint;  F.  windgall;  G,  cappel  elbow;  H,  poUevU. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


155 


White  Lotion. 
White  Vitriol    (Zinc    Sul- 
phate)       %  ounce 

Sugar  of  Lead    %  ounce 

Water 1  pint 

Mix,  and  filter  through  blotting 
paper;  use  the  clear  liquid,  after  add- 
ing another  pint  of  water. 

Directions  and  Uses:  Is  a  first-class 
lotion  for  al  Ikinds  of  sores,  bruises, 
stings,  etc. 


Eye  Lotion. 

Sulphate  of  Zinc 40  grains 

Solution  of  Sulphate  of  At- 
ropine          2  drachms 

Water 8  ounces 

Mix.      Directions:     Apply    to    eye 

twice  daily  with  a  soft  piece  of  cloth. 

Uses:     For  inflammation  of  the  eye 

and  cloudiness  of  vision. 


Saline   Purgative    (for   Adult   Cattle 
Only) 

Epsom  Salts ^  pound 

Glauber's  Salts %  pound 

Common  Salt   %  pound 

Ginger 1  ounce 

Powdered  Pimento 1  ounce 

Mix.  Directions:  Give  in  a  quart 
of  warm  water.  Treacle  can  be  added 
if  thought  desirable. 


Anodyne     Draught      (Anti-Pain     or 
Colic  Draught.  For  Cattle  Only). 

Tincture  of  Belladonna.  .    3   drachms 
Tincture  of  Hyoscymus.  .    4  drachms 

Chloral  Hydrate 2   drachms 

Laudanum 3   drachms 

Chloric  Ether 1  ounce 

Water 1  pint 

Mix.  Repeat  in  fou  hours'  time,  if 
necessary.  Uses:  For  internal  in- 
flammation, and  straining  after  calv- 
ing. 


Extra  Strong  Purgative   (For  Cattle 
Only). 

Epsom  Salts    1      pound 

Gamboge %  ounce 

Powdered     Carbonate     of 

Ammonia %  ounce 

Powdered  Ginger  and  All- 
spice, of  each 1      ounce 


Mix  the  ingredients  together,  and 
give  the  whole  in  a  quart  of  warm 
water,  to  which  a  quarter  of  a  pound 
of  treacle  has  been  added.  Uses:  For 
fardel-bound,  or  any  form  of  consti- 
pation in  cattle. 


Strong,   Oily    Purgative     (for  Cattle 
Only). 

Croton  Oil 20  drops 

Oil  of  Juniper 30  drops 

Oil  of  Peppermint 20  drops 

Linseed  Oil    1  pint 

Mix  together  whenever  a  powerful 
purgative  is  indicated. 

Aperient    Draught    (Laxative    Medi- 
cine)   (For  Cattle  Only). 

Sodium  Sulphate %  ounce 

Liquid   Extract  of  Sacred 

Bark    5   drachms 

Tincture   of   Rhubarb .  .      3  drachms 
Tincture  of  Belladonna.      3   drachms 

Sal  Volatile 3   drachms 

Chloric  Ether 3   drachms 

Water   aded    1  pint 

Mix,  and  give  just  as  it  is.  Uses: 
In  fevers  of  various  kinds.  It  may  be 
repeated  if  needful. 


Laxative  or  Aperient  Powders    (For 
Cattle  Ouly). 

Epsom  Salts   2  pounds 

Glauber's  Salts 2  pounds 

Powdered  Nux  Vomica...    1  ounce 

Powdered  Ginger    2  ounces 

Aniseed    2   ounces 

Mix  thoroughly  and  divide  Into 
twenty-four  powders. 

Directions:  Give  one  every  even- 
ing in  a  pint  of  cold  gruel.  Treacle 
can  be  added  to  increase  the  activity 
of  these  powders.  Uses:  Whenever 
it  is  believed  that  the  animal  requires 
its  bowels  gently  and  grradually  acted 
upon. 


Tonic  Powders   (for  Cattle  Only). 

P  o  V  d  e  r  e  d    Cinchona 

Bark    6      ounces 

Powdered  Gentian 6      ounces 

Powdered  Nux  Vomica..  1%  ounces 
Powdered     Bicarbonate 

of  Potash 1%  ounces 


156 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Linseed  Meal 6      ounces 

Mix  thoroughly  In  a  mortar,  and 
divide  Into  one  dozen  powders.  Di- 
rections: Give  one  powder  night  and 
morning  in  a  pint  of  warm  ale,  gruel, 
or  water. 


Tonic  Draught  (for  Cattle  Only). 

Quinine    1      drachm 

Dilute  Sulphuric  Acid..    2      drachms 

Tincture  of  Steel %  ounce 

Tincture     of     Calumba 

Root   1      ounce 

Water  added  to  make  one  pint. 

Mix  and  give  thrice  daily,  just  as 
it  is.  This  will  be  found  a  most  ex- 
cellent draught  for  assisting  In  re- 
storing the  health  of  the  animal. 


Gentian,   Ginger,   and   Iron   Powders 

(for  Cattle  Only). 
Powdered  Gentian  Root. . .  4  ounces 
Powdered  Ginger  Root.  .  .  4  ounces 
Powdered  Sulphate  of  Iron  2  ounces 
Mix,  and  divide  into  twelve  pow- 
ders. Directions:  Give  one  night 
and  morning  in  a  pint  of  ale,  gruel, 
or  water. 


Draught  for  Tape-Worm   (for  Cattle 

Only). 
Liquid  Ext.  of  Male  Fern.     %  ounce 

Linseed  Oil    1%  pints 

Oil  of  Juniper 30  drops 

Mix.  Directions:  Before  giving, 
withhold  food  for  twenty-four  hours. 
Repeat  In  a  week's  time. 


Some  Popular  Remedies  for  Sheep  and  Lambs 


There  are  some  diseases  in  sheep 
and  lambs  that  are  beyond  the  reach 
of  medicinal  agents,  whereas,  on  the 
other  hand,  there  are  others  which 
are  benefited  by  the  simplest  of  reme- 
dies. The  recuperative  powera  of  tea 
for  sheep  and  lambs  are  well  known 
among  fiockmasters,  from  half  to  a 
pint  of  strong  tea  being  given  two  or 
three  times  a  day.  The  following 
will  be  found  a  safe  and  efficacious 
saline  purge,  and  can  be  repeated  If 
necessary: 


Saline  Purgative  Drench. 

Epsom  Salts 4  ounces 

Powdered  Ginger 2  drachms 

Aniseed    2  drachms 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda ....  2  drachms 
Mix,  and  dissolve  in  a  half-pint  of 
tepid  water.  The  whole  to  be  given 
to  a  sheep,  or  half  the  quantity  to  a 
lamb,  at  about  6  months. 

Saline  Diuretic  Draught. 

Epsom  Salts 4  ounces 

Powdered  Nitre 1  drachm 

Powdered  Ginger 2  drachms 

Mix,  and  give  as  above. 

Laxative  and  Stimulant  Draught. 

Epsom  Salts   1  ounce 

Powdered  Carraway  Seeds  2  drachms 
Powdered     Carbonate    of 


Ammonia 1  drachm 

Powdered  Gentian 2  drachms 

Mix,   and   give   in   half   a  pint   of 
warm  tea. 


Tonic  Draught. 
Powdered      Cinchona 

Bark 1  drachm 

Powdered     Sulphate      of 

Iron   1  drachm 

Powdered  Gentian 2  drachms 

Aniseed    1  drachm 

Mix,  and  give  as  above. 

Draught  for  Scour. 

Chlorodyne 1  drachm 

Prepared  Chalk   2  drachms 

Sal  Volatile 1  drachm 

Starch  Gr  aei    4  ounces 

Mix,  and  give  the  whole,  and  re- 
peat night  and  morning. 

Draught  for  Hisk  or  Hoose. 

Oil  of  Eucalyptus %  drachm 

Terebene   1  drachm 

Linseed  Oil   4  ounces 

Mix,  and  give  the  whole.  Repeat 
twice  or  thrice  weekly. 

Dressing  for  Wounds. 

Use  some  reliable  ooaljtar  disinfec- 
tant and  same  lecipe  as  for  sores  and 
ulcers  as  prescribed  elsewhere  in  this 
section. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


157 


Cuts  of  a  mutton. 


Apply  to  wounds  two  or  three  times 
a  day. 


Remedy  for  Scab. 

SmaJl  infected  areas  of  the  skin  may 
be  treated  by  applyinjg  sulphur  iodide 
ointment.  Lime  and  sulphur  dips  are 
recommended  by  the  U.S.  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry.  Following  ointment 
recommended,  potassium  sulphide  10 
parts,  potassium  carbonate  two  parts, 
and  lard  three  hundred  parts. 


Draught — Anti-Pain  for  E^we8. 

Laudanum   2  drachms 

Sulphuric  Ether   %  ounce 

Sweet  Spirits  of  Nitre . .     2  drachms 


Cold   Water    4  ounc^ 

This  draught  can  be  repeated  every 
four  or  six  hours  if  necessary. 


Quittor  on  left.         Ringoone  on  right. 

*     Oisirrfectants. 
BV)r    disinfectant   use    any    reliable 
coal  tar  disinfectant,  such  as  advertis- 
ed. 


CROPS    OF   TWO    TYPES. 
Crop  on  the  left  is  too  short  and  steep.       A   straight  ano  a  too  sloping  type  of 
On  the  right  a  good  draft  type.  pasterns. 


158 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Made  in  Canada 


One  Thousand  Per  Cent.  Profit -For  You 

An  investment  that  pays  1,000%  is  some  invest- 
ment! This  one  is  sound,  true  and  tried,  and  has 
been  a  profit  builder  for  hundreds  of  the  biggest 
money  makers  in  the  stock  raising,  sheep  and  hog 
raising  and  poultry  raising  business  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States.  Zenoleum  pays  every  man  who 
uses  it  1,000%  profit.  Ten  dollar's  worth 
of  Zenoleum  will  make  100  dollars  more 
profit  for  any  one  who  uses  it  wisely 
and  well.  It  keeps  stock  healthy, 
and  prevents  losses  which  often 
run  into  hundreds  of 
dollars. 


Zenoleum  Kills  Lice, 
Mites,  Fleas,  Ticks  and  all 
Pestering  Parasites,  and  Cures  and  Prevents  Disease 

Zenoleum  is  harmless.  It  does  not  Injure  the  skin,  is  not 
inflammable,  explosive  or  greasy.  It  is  clean  to  use  and  has 
a  pleasant  odor.  Zenoleum  has  three  times  the  germicidal 
power  of  carbolic  acid.  Zenoleum  is  used  in  large  quanti- 
ties by  50  Agricultural  Colleges,  and  all  testify  to  its  won- 
derful power  to  kill  germs,  lice  and  parasites,  to  purify  and 
disinfect  stables,  pens  and  poultry  houses.  Can  be  used 
anywhere  fearlessly,  indoor  or  outdoor,  wherever  there  is 
disease  infection  or  parasite  pest.  Zenoleum  is  cheap,  but 
wonderfully  effective.  A  $1.50  tin  of  Zenoleum  goes  as  far 
as  $40.00  worth  of  carbolic  acid.  It  means  money  to  every 
farmer,  who  saves  expense  from  disease  and  death  of  live 
stock,  and  keeps  his  barn,  stables  and 
outhouses    sweet,  clean  and  sanitary. 


fOR  POULTRY 

Zenoleum 


The  greatest  Germicide  and  Dis- 

Infectatnt  yet  discovered — A 

genuine  Coal  Tar  Product 

Ask  your  dealer  for  a  trial  tin.  25c. 
50c,  90c  and  $1.50.  For  most  purposes 
use  one  part  Zenoleum  to  100  parts  water. 
If  your  dealer  has  no  Zenoleum,-  don't 
take  a  substitute,  but  send  direct  to  us. 
We  will  send  it  to  you  by  return  mail, 
carriage  prepaid,  on  recedpt  of  price. 

Write   for   FREE    Folder   on   Animal    Dis- 
eases  and    Cures. 


ZENNER  DISINFECTANT  CO, 


308  Sandwich  St.  East 


Windsor,  Ont. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


159 


Animal  Diseases  and  Remedies 


Abscess. — Indicated  by  swelling, 
heat,  redness  and  pain.  Poultice  until 
ready  to  break.  Then  make  incision, 
and  apply  antiseptic  washes.  Do  not 
allow  wound  to  close  too  soon. 

Actinomycosis  or  Big  Jaw. — Exter- 
nal swellings  on  jaw,  or  internally  in 
mouth.  Swelling  may  break  and  fun- 
gous growth  appear.  Disease  is  inleo- 
tious. 

Give  potassium  iodide,  1  to  2  1-2 
drams  in  water,  daily  for  a  week;  omit 
one  week;  then  resume  for  a  week. 

Acid  Stomach. — Soda,  chalk,  or  char- 
coal 

Afterbirth  Retention. — Wind  the  free 
part  on  a  stick  or  wisp  of  straw  and  pull 
gradually  while  gently  loosening  "but- 
tons" from  wall  of  uterus  with  other 
hand. 

Anemia. — .Better  diet;  iron;  gentian, 
or  cod  liver  oil. 

Anthrax. — High  fever.  Rapid  pulse. 
Great  weakness.  Ears  cold.  Later, 
uneasiness,  kicking,  labored  breathing. 
Finally  bloody  discharges  from  mouth 
and  nose,  and  biood  in  urine. 

No  cure.  Destroy  animal.  Disinfect. 
Vaccinate  healthy  animals. 

Appetite,  loss  of. — Change  of  diet, 
gentian  and  other  tonics. 

Azoturia. — Sudden  oppression,  weak- 
ness, perspiration,  and  inability  to 
stabd  soon  after  leaving  stall.  Occurs 
in  horses  fed  too  highly  and  exercised 
too  little. 

Ijight  feeds  when  not  at  work;  Ep- 
som salts;  soda,  aloes. 
Bites  of  Insects. — ^Ammonia. 
Bots  in  Horses. — Cramps.  Rubbing 
of  rump  against  stall.  Appetite  de- 
praved. Craving  for  salt.  Itching  of 
upper  lip.  Presence  of  parasites  in 
manure. 

Cathartics;  carbon  bisulphide  .in 
gelatine  capsules. 

Bog  Spavin. — ^Round,  smooth  tumoo: 
in  front  of  hoof  and  somewhat  Inward. 
Prominent  vein  on  surface. 

Rest;  high-heeled  shoe;  blister;  coild 
water. 

Bone  Spavin. — A  bony  growth  on 
hock  joint  May  be  on  front  of  joint, 
or  may  be  at  other  points  in  region  of 
hock  joint.  Also  may  be  no  visible 
growth  at  all;  the  most  serious  of  all. 
Same  treatment  as  bog  spavin;  act- 
ual cautery  if  necessary. 
Broken  Wind. — See  Heaves. 


Bronchitis. — Head  hangs.  Rattling 
cough.  Mouth  hot  Frothy  discharge 
from  nostrils.  Later  the  ribs  rise  and 
fall  greatly  in  breathing.  Horse 
stands  constantly. 

Warm  blankets;  mustard  poultice; 
nitre;  aconite;  belladonna. 

Capped  Hock. — ^Disturbance  resem- 
bling an  abscess  on  point  of  hock. 
caused  by  kicking  stall,  etc. 

Hot  and  cold  applications;   blister. 

Choking. — 'Manipulate  the  foreign 
body  with  hand,  or  use  probang. 

Cholera. — See  Hog  Cholera. 

Cdlic. — Animal  lies  down.  Kicks  to- 
ward body  with  hind  feet  Looks 
around  toward  flank.  Jerks  taiL 
Groans.  Where  severe,  anlmaLplunges 
about  and  groans  loudly. 

iLaudanum,  chloral  hydrate,  cannabis 
indica,  or  soda;   change  diet 

Conjimctivitis. — Swollen  and  water- 
ing eyes.    Inflammation. 

Boric  acid  \va'='h. 

Censtipation.— 'Linseed  oU,  aloes,  or 
castor  oil. 

Corns. — Open  swelling;  rest  horse; 
use  rubber  bar  pad  in  shoe. 

Convulsions. — Chloral  hydrate  or 
bromide  of  potash. 

Curb. — ^The  rear  line  of  the  hocfc 
bulging  backward.  Soreness  and 
lameness. 

Hot  applications;  blister;  high-heel- 
ed shoe. 

Diarrhoea. — 'Linseed  oil  and  laud- 
anum; boiled  linseed  jeUy.        , 

Distemper. — Good  diet;  quinine; 
strychnine;   belladonna;   dry  quarters. 

Dysentery. — Intestinal  disease  at- 
tended by  fluid,  bloody  passages. 
Fever.  Animal  lies  down.  Much 
thirst. 

Calomel;  opium. 

Eczema. — Inflammation  of  skin  ac- 
companied by  small  blisters  filled  with 
straw-colored  liquid. 

Tar,  ichthyol,  iodine,  or  boric  acid. 

Enteritis. — An  inflammation  of  the 
intestines.  Animal  flinches  under 
pressure  on  the  abdomen. 

Linseed  oil;  laudanum;  chloral  hy- 
drate. 

Farcy. — See  Glanders. 
Fever. — ^Aconite,  acetanHid,  quinine, 
or  nitre. 

'Fistula. — Ulcers,  usually  on  withers 
or  poll. 

Open  affected  part;  wash  wRh  iodine 


160 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


or  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate,  or 
reliable  coal  tar  disinfectaat 

Flatulence, — ^Also  known  as  wind 
colic.  iSymptoms  the  same  as  wit! 
colic. 

Stomach     tube;     charcoal,  soda,  o 
chloroform. 

Foot  iRot — 'Swelling  albove  hoof  an.^ 
between  claws.  (May  be  followed  'by 
deep  abscess. 

Remove  loose  tissue;  apply  tar,  blue 
vitriol,  or  other  antiseptic. 

Foimder. — ^Bodily  disturbance  ao- 
companled  by  lameness  in  one  or  more 
feet.  Animal  avoids  use  of  affected 
feet,  or  places  them  carefully.  Avoids 
weight  on  affected  feet.  Respiration 
active.    Urine  high  colored. 

Cold  applications;  poxiltices,  aconite. 

Frost  ibite. — lohthyol;  oil  of  turj;>e(n- 
tine. 

Gapes. — Do  not  give  young  chicks  ac- 
cess to  garden  soil;  touch  inside  at 
throat  with  feather  dipped  in  turpen- 
tine. 

Oarget. — Conges.tion  of  the  udder 
following  calving.  iShrface  of  the  ud- 
der pits  on  pressure. 

Hot  applications;  'belladonna  or 
gum  camphor  ointment. 

Crastritis. — Inflammation  of  the 
stomach.  Usually  recognized  only  by 
similar  condition  extending  into  the  in- 
testincis. 

Opium;  lime  water;  subnitrate  of 
bismuth. 

Glanders. — Safely  diagnosed  only  by 
veterinarian.  Nodules  on  mucous 
membranes,  Jiard  bimohy  emdarge- 
ments  inside  of  jaws  at  base  of  tongue. 

No  cure;  destroy  all  affected  hors^ 
and  disinfect  premises. 

Heaves. — Air  expelled  with  difficulty 
in  breMhing,  especially  under  exertion. 

Moisten  the  food;  give  Fowler's  so- 
lution of  arsenic. 

Hemorrhage. — Ice,  opium;  ergot  or 
iron  salts. 

Herpes. — A  skin  eruption;  small 
white  blisters  in  clusters. 

Apply  lead  acetate,  iodine,  silver 
nitrate. 

Hog  Cholera. — ^Highly  contagious, 
usually  fatal.  Shivering,  loss  of  ap- 
petite, dulness  and  rough,  poor  ap- 
pearance. Later  difficult  breathing, 
offensive  discharges  and  red  patches 
between  hind  legs  and  ears,  on  ibelly, 
etc.    Emaciation  and  convulsions. 

Incurable.  Destroy  infected  ani- 
mals.    Disinfect  premises;    vaccinate 


healthy  animals  and  establish  quaran- 
tine. 

Hoven. — ^Caused  "by  formation  of  gas 
in  rumen  or  paunch,  and  characterized 
by  swelling  of  left  flank. 

ISodia;  turpentine;  tap  fourtJi  stom- 
ach. 

Hydrophobia. — iSee  Rabies. 

Indigestion. — Dieting;  linsoed  oil, 
gentian,  or  ginger. 

Inflammation. — Ice;  laxatives;  aoon- 
ite. 

Influenza. — Rapid  fever.  Animal 
stands  with  head  down.  Chills.  Grind- 
ing of  teeth.  Eyes  swollen  and  fuU  of 
tears.  White  of  eye  pink  in  color. 
Belladonna;  quinine;  dry,  warm  quar- 
ters. 

Jaundice. — Eyes,  nose  aiod  moath 
yellow. 

Dieting;  E}psom  salts;  aloes;  calo- 
mel; hydrastis. 

Knuckling. — Deformity  of  fetlock 
joint. 

Attention  to  shoeing. 

Lameness. — ^Call  expert  veteriaar- 
ian. 

Lockjaw. — iSee  Tetanus. 

Maladie  du  Colt. — Discharges  of 
viscous  liquid.  Weakness.  Paralysis 
of  hind  limbs.  Stupidity.  (Emaciar 
tion. 

Destroy  affected  horses. 

iMammitis.— (See  Garget. 

Mange. — ^Excessive  itthing.  Hair 
may  be  thin  at  affected  part.  Caused 
by  minute  parasite. 

Dip  sQieep  and  cattle  In  a  lime-sul- 
phur wash  or  spray  them  with  a  cmfle 
oil  emulsion. 

Malaria. — Quinine;  aloes. 

Megrims. — Congestion  of  the  brain. 
Eyes  staring.  Animal  falls  suddenly. 
Breathing  labored.    Nostrils  dilated. 

Rest;  laxatives. 

IMilk  Fever. — ^Occurs  usually  In  cows 
that  have  been  feeding  heavily.  Fol- 
lows calving.  Eyes  red.  Animal  csai- 
not  stand.  Senses  dulled.  Animal  be- 
comes unconscious. 

Pump  udder  full  of  sterilized  air;  or 
inject  the  udder  ■with  a  solution  of 
iodide  of  potassium. 

Osteomalacia. — ^Softening  of  ibone. 
Depraved  appetite.  Stiff  gait.  Swol- 
len joints.  Joints  "crackle."  Skin 
dry. 

Change  diet;  give  phosphate  of  lime. 

Poisoning. — For  plant  poisoning, 
give  potassium  permanganate  and  ac- 
onite or  atropine,  according  to  symip- 


LIVE  STOCK. 


161 


toms.  For  mineral  poisoning,  give  lin- 
seed oil,  lard,  or  milk,  followed  by 
laud>anum  or  a  stimulant,  according 
to  symptoms. 

Pneumonia.  —  Chill,  followed  by 
fever.  Pulse  full.  Nose  bot  and  dry. 
Bowels  constipated.  Followed  by  dif- 
ficult breathing,  frequent  cough,  rat- 
tling in  breathing.  Warm,  dry  quar- 
ters; hot  applications;  aconite;  al- 
teratives. 

Poll  Evil.— See  Fistula. 

Quarter  Crack. — ^Draw  crack  to- 
gether; fasten  with  nails;  apply  tar. 

Quitter. — See  Fistula. 

Rabies. — Nervousness.  Disposition 
to  bite  or  kick  on  slight  provocation. 
Eyes  bloodshot.  Paiuful  swallowing. 
Convulsions.    Hind  limbs  paralyzed. 

Destroy  animals;  cauterize  bite 
wounds;  apply  Pasteur  treatment.  A 
very  rare  disease. 

Rheumatism. — Stiffness.  Pain  in 
certain  muscles.  Increased  thirst. 
Animal  stands  with  back  arched. 
Joints  may  swell. 

Apply  stimulating  lotions;  give  sali- 
cylic acid  and  bicarbonate  of  potash. 

Rickets. — Affe-cts  bones  of  growing 
animals.  LiCgs  become  crooked.  Joints 
large.    Bones  too  thick. 

Better  diet;  cod-liver  oil;  lime 
water. 

Ringbone. — A  bony  growth  on  the 
foot,  often  aroimd  the  upper  border  of 
the  hoof. 

Rest;   blister;  cautery;  neurotomy. 

Roaring. — Chronic  loud  breathing  as 
air  is  drawn  in. 

Surgical  operation,  removing  the 
arytenoid  cartilage. 

Saddle  Galls. — Cleanse;  apply  an- 
tiseptic washes. 

Sand  Crack. — ^Narrow  cracks  in 
homy  covering  of  hoof. 

Bind  hoof;  apply  tar  ointment 

Scab. — See  Mange. 

Sores. — Cleanse,  open;  apply  aa- 
tiseptics. 

Spavin.^See  Bog  and  Bone  Spavin. 

Splint. — Bony  enlargements  on  in- 
side of  leg  below  knee.  Usually  cm. 
foreleg.  Causes  lameness  when  ani- 
mal is  hot. 

Rest;  cold  applications;  blister. 

Stomach  Staggers. — See  Indigestion. 

Scours. — Intestinal  catarrh  in  calves, 
accompanied  by  great  weakness.  An- 
imal stands  with  back  arched.  Dung 
thin  and  offensive. 

Add  formalin  to  the  calves'  milk  at 


the  rate  of  one  part  to  4,000,  or  dilute 
milk  with  one  fourth  lime  water. 

Sore  Mouth. — Wash  with  solution  of 
permanganate  of  potash,  boric  acid  or 
chlorate  of  potash. 

Sunstroke. — Exhaution.  Tongue 

hanging  out.  Animal  staggers  and 
falls. 

Ice  Of  cold  water  on  the  head;  gyre 
whiskey  or  other  stimulants. 

Swollen  Legs. — Laxatives;  saltpeter; 
maderate  exercise. 

Strangles. — Membranes  of  eyes  and 
mouth  bright  red.  Yellowish  discharge 
from  nostrils.  Soft  swelling  under 
jaw. 

Inhalations  of  steam;  open  abscees 
under  throat. 

Tapeworms. — Treat  dogs  frequently 
with  vermifuges  and  prevent  them. 
from  eating  infested  parts  of  oth^- 
animals. 

Tetanus. — Characteristic  spasms  of 
muscles  of  face,  neck,  limbs  and  body. 
Early  symptoms  are  difficulty  in  swal- 
lowing, and  inability  to  open  jaws 
widely.  Tail  elevated.  Finally  all 
muscles  rigid. 

No  cure  with  drugs;  apply  antitoxin 
method. 

Throughpin. — See  Bog  Spavin. 

Thumps. — ^Aggravated  hiccoughs. 
Usually  the  result  of  worms  or  over- 
feeding. 

Physic  and  reduce  food.  Give  exer- 
cise in  pasture  if  possible,  and  char- 
coal; for  worms  give  dried  sulphate  of 
iron  in  food. 

Ticks. — Dip  or  spray  cattle  with 
crude  oil;  starve  ticks  by  rotation,  of 
pastures. 

Allow  no  rats  about  hog  pens;  eat 
no  uncooked  or  underdone  pork. 

Tuberculosis. — Tuberculin  test  the 
only  sure  means  of  detecting  this  dis^ 
ease.    Should  be  applied  to  all  cows. 

Test  cows  with  tuberculin;  separ- 
ate reactors  from  healthy  animals; 
dispose  of  or  destroy  all  infected 
animals;  disinfect  premises  and  vacci- 
nate all  calves. 

Tympanitis. — See  Hovea  and  Colic 

Vomiting. — Hot  water;  lime  water; 
morphine. 

Worms. — For  round-worms  in  horses 
areca  nut,  aloes,  or  creolin;  for  lung- 
worms  in  calves  and  lambs,  sulphur- 
ous inhalations,  turpentine;  for 
stomach  worms  in  calves  and  lambs, 
benzine,  gasoline  or  turpentine  in  milk. 
— G.  &  F.  ALMANAC. 


162 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Principles  and  Practices  in  Breeding. 


Determination  of  Sex. 

More  than  five  ihundred  Itlieories 
exist  on  this  subject.  Under  the 
theory  of  evolution  any  theory  may 
prolbably  oome  true  haJsf  the  time. 
Theory  of  male  and  female  testicles 
dis.proved  by  the  fact  ithat  .stallioms 
with  ibut  one  testicle  sire,  both  male 
and  female.  Same  tlheory  applied  to 
females  disproved  on  similar  grounds. 
Theory  of  strong  personality  disprov- 
ed by  the  fact  that  sires  are  generally 
better  ibred  than  dams,  yet  do  not  give 
a  preponderance  of  male  foals.  That 
service  early  in  heat  produces  male 
(some  say  female)  disproved  because 
in  nature  females  are  served  early  in 
their  season. 

It  is  noticeable  that  nearly  every 
theory  on  the  aetermination  of  sex  con- 
tains some  trace  of  male  superiority. 

It  would  sef-m,  then,  that  there  are 
various  circumstances  that  appear  to 


influence  the  sex  of  offspring.  These 
seem  in  some  cases  to  be  connected 
with  nulution  and  in  others  with  the 
inherent  nature  of  the  germ.  The 
present  knowledge  is  insufficient  to 
solve  the  problem  of  sex  differentia- 
tion, but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  none  of 
the  traditional  facts  are  warranted  iby 
the  known  facts.— "Davenport." 

Grading. 

By  "grading"  is  meant  the  mating 
of  a  common  or  relatively  unimproved 
parent  with  one  that  is  more  highly 
improved,  that  is,  a  "pure  ibred."  The 
mating  might  be  made  either  way,  'but 
in  practice  th^?  male  is  taken  for  the 
pure-bred  parent  for  economic  rea- 
sons. One  pure-bred  bull  with  a  Iherd 
of  twenty  cows  can  give  all  the  calves 
in  the  herd  a  pure^bred  sire  (that  is. 
make  them  half  bloods),  whereas  il 
the  making  of  half    ibloods    were    at- 


Daisy  Dean  by  Dunure  Baron,  Champion  Heavy  Draft  Canadian  National,  1915. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


163 


tempted  in  the  other  way  it  would  re- 
quire twenty  pure-bred  individuals, 
and  the  crop  of  calves  would  have  no 
more  improvement;  besides  which, 
the  improvement  made  would  be  not 
in  one  but  in  twenty  lines,  each  with 
its  shade  of  difference. 

Expressed  in  terms  of  money,  it  is 
possible  to  give  all  the  calves  in  a 
herd  a  pure-bred  sire — that  is,  make 
them  all  half  bloods — at  a  total  cost 
of  approximately  two  dollars  per  calf, 
assuming,  of  course,  a  reasonable 
number  of  cows  in  the  herd  and  a  bull 
at  a  moderate  price,  buf  good  enoug'h 
for  grading.  If  the  making  of  half- 
blood  calves  were  accomplished  in  the 
other  way,  however, — that  is,  by  pro- 
viding the  pure-bred  parent  on  the 
dam's  side, — it  would  cost,  at  the 
same  relative  rate,  close  to  forty  dol- 
lars as  a  minimum.  This  s:hows  the 
necessarily  extreme  cost  of  pure  breds 
as  compared  with  gravies. 

Improvement  by  grading  is  of  course 
limited  to  herd  improvement.  It  adds 
nothing  to  the  breed,  but  it  distributes 
breed  excellence  rapidly  and  with  ex- 
treme certainty.  Such  a  sire  is  al- 
most surely  prepotent  over  the  dams, 
whatever  they  may  be,  an^  the  mathe- 
matics of  mating  shows  that  if  the 
practice  is  continued  for  sdx  genera- 
tions, but  one  and  a  half  per  cent,  of 
the  original  xmimproved  blood  will  re- 
main, as  is  shown  in  the  table  accom- 
panying. 

By  this  we  see  that  the  unimproved 
blood  soon  becomes  insignificant  and 
rapidly  disappears.  This  is  wby  it  Is 
that  in  the  early  days  of  a  breed  the 
sixth  or  seventh  cross  is  declared 
eligible  to  record. 

It  should  be  noted  +iat  if  any  one 
of  these  generations  be  bred  with  itself 
(grades  with  grades)  no  progress  is 
made.  Thus  individuals  of  the  second 
gemeration  are  one  fourth  unimproved, 
and,  bred  to  a  generation  of  their  own 
kind,  they  will  still  remain  one  fourth 
unimproved.  By  the  same  principle, 
half  bloods  bred  to  half  bloods  will 
produce  half  bloods  indefinitely.  The 
effects  of  erading  cease  the  moment 
we  discontinue  the  pure-bred  sire. 

Abuse  of  Grading, 

The  chief  drawback  in  grading  is 
that  it  is  likely  not  to  be  followed  up. 
The  breeder  is  almost  certain  to 
choose  some  promising  half  or  three- 


quarter  blood  for  a  sire  because  he 
"looks  as  good"  as  a  pure  bred,  and 
then  by  the  law  of  ancestral  heredity 
all  improvement  stops  except  the  little 
that  can  be  accomplished  by  the  slow 
process  of  selection. 

Advantages  of  Grading. 

For  economic  purposes  grades  may 
be  equal  to  pure  breds,  but  they  are 
worthless  for  breeding  purposes;  this 
is  the  plain  conclusion  of  what  is  well- 
known  of  the  principles  of  breeding. 
Grading  is  cheap.  By  the  use  of  a  sin- 
gle individual  it  secures  at  once  some- 
thing more  than  half  of  the  total  ex- 
cellence of  the  breed,  and  if  followed 
up  it  will  secure  in  time,  through  sires 
alone,  practically  all  of  it. 

This  is  the  system  of  breeding  to  be 
recommended  to  the  great  mass  of 
stockmen,  and  if  it  could  be  generally 
adopted  and  followed  up  it  would  add 
millions  to  agriculture.  Every  stock- 
man knows  that  the  great  bulk  of  the 
best  cattle  in  the  markets  are  high- 
grade  Sborthoms  and  Herefords.  Fig- 
ures surely  show  that  the  less-known 
Angus  and  its  close  relative  the  Gallo- 
way, are  equally  successful  for  grad- 
ing purposes.  The  failure  to  make  the 
most  of  grading  is  the  largest  single 
mistake  of  our  farmers  and  the  most 
conclusive  evidence  of  shortsighted 
business  policy  on  the  part  both  of  the 
general  farmer  and  of  the  breeder  of 
pure-hred  stock. 

The  Breeder's  Business  is  the  Produc- 
tion of  Sires. 
The  professional  breeder  is  a  pro- 
ducer of  sires,  and  he  should  sell 
males,  not  females.  He  should  take 
the  amateur  kindly  into  his  confidence 
and  explain  that  while  he  himself  is 
in  the  business  for  profit,  and  his  ani- 
mals are  for  sale,  yet  he  fully  realizes 
that  grading  is  the  breeding  for  begin- 
ners. He  can  easily  show  the  novice 
that  If  he  will  keep  his  old  females,  or, 
if  not,  get  plenty  of  such  as  are  easily 
available,  he  can  have  as  many  grades 
within  a  year  as  he  can  provide 
females  now,  and  tl»at  speedily  he  will 
own  a  herd  that  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses except  breeding  will  be  as  good 
as  anybody's,  all  at  a  cost  of  only  two 
or  three  dollars  per  oalf,  and  corre- 
spondingly less  or  more  for  other  ani- 
mals. Such  a  course  will  demonstreite 
at  once  the  excellence  of  the  breed 


164 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


and  make  frieiids,  not  enemies,  of  the 
man  and  his  neighbors. 

The  burden  is  upon  the  breeders 
and  owners  of  pure-bred  flocks  and 
herds  to  lead  in  a  crusade  for  grading. 
They  need  the  market  for  their  excess 
of  males,  and  if  this  market  were  fully 
developed,  and  the  mass  of  stockmen 
fully  alive  to  the  advantages  of  grad- 
ing, this  market  alone  would  aT>sorb 
at  good  prices  all  the  male  output 
from  our  breeding  herds, — a  consum- 
mation they  stand  sorely  in  need  of 
attaining. 

The  female  output  of  our  breeding 
herds   should   be  used,   first,   to  reen- 
force  the  home  herds,  and  after  that 
to  supply  deficiencies  in  other  reputa- 
ble  herds.     Any  further  surplus   ani- 
mals  should   go  to  the  open  market, 
except   iu   some   rare  cases  in   which 
they  are  needed  for  the  real  founding 
of  new  herds. 
Begin  Animal  BreedTng  by  Grading. 
Grading    is    the    safest    beginning, 
even   for  the   prospective   breeder  of 
pure-bred  stock.    Not  only  is  it  cheap 
and   safe,  but  it  will  'bring  out  clear 
and   strong   in   the   grades   the   main 
breed  points,  and  a  few  generations  of 
grades   from  low  to  high  will   spread 
out  before  the  eyes  of  the  breeder  such 
a  panorama  of  breed  oharacters  as  he 
would  not  see  in  years  of  pure  breed- 
ing on  a  small  scale;  indeed,  there  is 
no  quicker,  cheaper,  or  more  thorough 
way  of   becoming   acquainted   with   a 
breed  than  through  its  grades. 
Disadvantage  of  Grading. 
The  only  disadvantage  that  can  be 
mentioned   is   this, — that  the   first  re- 
sults   are    so    eminently  satisfactory 
that  some  promising  grade  is  likely  to 
be  selected  as  a  sire,  regardless  of  the 
law  of  ancestral  iheredity,  whereupon 
all  further  improvememt  stops.     This 
is  so  likely  to  be  the  case  that  it  may 
be  said  in  general  that  the  very  success 
of  grading  is  the  greatest  guaranty  of 
its  failure. 

Advantages  of  C-osslng. 
Notwithstanding  the  operation  of 
Mendel's  law  as  a  general  principle, 
crossing  is  a  fruitful  source  of  new 
strains.  Hybridization  is  better  adapt- 
ed to  plants  than  to  animals  'because 
of  the  need  of  vigorous  selection  after- 
ward and,  therefore,  of  relatively  large 
numlbers.  It  was  a  favorite  method  of 
plant  improvement  twenty  years  ago, 


but  it  ihas  fallen  largely  into  disuse  be- 
cause of  the  inconstancy  of  Mendel's 
middle  term  (the  50  per  cent,  apparent 
hybrids)  and  because  as  good  or  better 
results  can  often  be  secured  by  selec- 
tion alone,  without  destruction  of  the 
pedigree  and  the  influence  of  the  an- 
cestry. 

Disadvantages  of  Crossing  (Hybridiz- 
ing). 
The  difficfulty  of  securing  a  iblend 
out  of  a  violent  cross,  or  Indeed  any- 
thing that  will  breed  pure,  aJid  the 
great  mass  of  long-continued  and  dis- 
appointing reversions  experienced, 
have  turned  attention  largely  away 
from  this  system  of  breeding,  to  <me 
which,  if  less  spectacular,  is  eminent- 
ly safer,  and,  so  far  as  we  now  know, 
fully  as  fruitful  of  results. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  how- 
ever, that  as  we  learn  by  experience 
it  will  be  found  that  certain  races  of 
plants  will  lend  themselves  well  to 
this  means  of  producing  new  varieties, 
and  that  the  old-time  enthusiasm  for 
hybridization  wHl  return  in  these  ex- 
ceptional cases. 

Crossing  is  a  powerful  means  of  in- 
ducing variability, — indeed,  it  is  the 
most  powerful  method  known  to 
breeders.  It  is  altogether  too  fruitful 
of  variants  to  be  manageable  In  ani- 
mal breeding,  and  only  sheer  neces- 
sity, after  all  other  methods  have  fail- 
ed, would  warrant  its  trial  among 
these  slow-ibreeding  races. 

If  animals  are  to  be  hybridized  It 
can  probably  best  be  aocomplished 
by  combining,  not  two  races  simply, 
but  three  or  more,  leaving  the  one 
nearest  that  which  is  wanted  untouch- 
ed until  a  fairly  favorable  cross  be- 
tween two  others  has  been  secured. 
Then  the  pure  form,  if  bred  with  the 
cross,  might  l>e  influenced  thereby,  but 
would  of  course  remain  prepotent. 
Suoh  a  plan  of  action  aims  rather  at 
the  modification  of  a  breed  than  at 
the  creation  of  a  new  one. 

Hybrids  Often  Sterile. 

All  degrees  of  productivity  are 
found  in  hybrids,  from  extreme  fertil- 
ity to  absolute  sterility.  Some  crosses 
are  more  fertile  than  either  parent. 
Such  a  cross  would  be  made  readily 
in  nature.  Others  are  absolutely  or 
nearly  sterile.  It  is  safe  to  assume 
that  about  all  the  possible  fertile  hy- 
brids were  long  ago  produiced  in  na- 


LrV^  STOCK. 


165 


ture,  and  either  went  down  und«r  nar 
tui^  selection,  or  became  good  species 
before  they  came  into  our  hands. 
However,  modified  strains  may  yet  be 
hybridized,  and  sterile  hybrids  may 
often  be  propagated  asexually. 

The  classic  hybrid  is  the  mule  or 
hinny,  the  cross  between  the  horse 
and  the  ass,  aud  is  nearly  always  ster- 
ile. The  lion  and  the  tiger  mate  free- 
ly, in  captivity  at  least,  but  the  mat- 
ing is  in  most  cases  fruitless.  Even 
here,  however,  hybrids  have  been 
bom. 

The  Reciprocal  Cross. 
Strange  as  it  may  at  first  appear, 
the  two  possible  crosses  by  inter- 
change of  the  sexes  often,  though  not 
always,  differ  substantially.  It  is  said 
that  the  common  mule  more  nearly 
resembles  the  ass,  and  the  hinny  the 
horse.  Other  instances  have  been 
noted,  and  the  point  has  been  urged 
that  reciprocal  crosses  are  in  general 
dissimilar.  It  is  the  writer's  opinion 
that  the  rule  applies  only  to  those  par- 
ticular characters  in  which  the  one 
parent  (either  male  or  female)  is  pre- 
potent over  the  other  because  of  sex. 
However,  statistical  evidence  on  re- 
ciprocal crosses  is  almost  totally  lack- 
in;?. 

The  whole  subject  of  hyT)ridization 
seems  at  present  to  promise  little  of 
interest  to  animal  breeders  beyond 
the  production  of  the  common  mule, 
but  if  we  may  place  a  shrewd  guess, 
it  will  yet  be  found  a  fruitful  source  of 
new  varieties  in  certain  races  of 
plants,-,  in  which  propagation  is  so 
easily  effected  by  budding,  grafting, 
or  other  form  of  a  sexual  multiplica- 
tion, thus  avoiding  the  effects  of  Men- 
del's law  in  a  way  quite  impossible 
with  animals. 

Line  Breeding 
By  'line  breeding"  is  meant  the  re- 
striction of  selection  and  mating  to 
the  individuals  of  a  single  line  of  de- 
scent. The  purpose  of  this  system  of 
breeding  is  real  breed  improvement, — 
to  get  the  best  that  can  be  gotten  oust 
of  the  race  and  better  than  ever  be- 
fore if  iMJSsrble. 

"Line  breeding  excludes  everything 
outside  the  approved  and  chosen  line  of 
breeding.  It  n6t  only  combines  ani 
mals  very  similar  in  their  characters, 
but  it  narrows  the  pedigree  to  few 
and  closely  related  Idnes  of  descent. 
This    "purifies"   the  pedigree   rapidly 


and  gives  the  ancestry  the  largest  pos- 
sible opportunity.  T5ie  system  is  emin- 
ently conservative.  It  discourages 
variability,  and  rapidly  reduces  it  to 
a  minimum.  Moreover,  whatever 
variations  do  occur  will  be  in  line 
with  the  prominent  characters  of  the 
chosen  branch  of  the  breed. 

Advantages  of  Line  Breeding. 
The  nature  of  results  secured  by  this 
system  can  almost  certainly  be  pre- 
dicted; and  when  they  do  appear,  and 
improvement  is  at  hand,  it  is  backed 
up  by  the  most  powerfiil  hereditary 
influence  obtainable,  because  of  the 
simplicity  and  strength  of  the  ances- 
try, which,  if  the  selection  has  been 
good,  all  "pulls"  In  the  same  direction. 
The  records  of  all  breeds  will  show 
the  pronounced  results  that  have  fol- 
lowed judicious  line  breeding.  A 
volume  could  be  filled  with  pictures 
of  famous  animals  so  producer 
Those  shown  are  the  swine,  for  the 
reason  that  the  pig  Is  popularly  suxh 
posed  to  be  the  most  sensitive  to  closs 
breeding. 

Disadvantages  of  Line  Breeding. 

The  chief  danger  in  line  breeding 
is  that  the  breeder  will  select  by 
pedigree,  abandoning  real  individual 
selection.  A  line-bred  pedigree  Is 
valuable  or  dangerous  In  exact  pro- 
portion as  the  individuals  have  been 
kept  up  to  grade.  It  will  not  replace 
selection,  but,  on  the  contrary,  calls 
for  the  most  discriminating  care  wltn- 
In  the  line. 

If  the  oreeder  selects  by  paper,  and 
not  In  the  yards,  and  a  few  genera- 
tions of  inferior  animals  creep  In,  then 
line  breeding  will  consign  the  whole 
bunch  to  the  limbos  quicker  and  more 
certainly  than  will  any  other  known 
system  of  breeding, — a  fate  that  has 
overtaken  more  than  one  line  that  un- 
fortunately became  prematurely  fa^i- 
ionable. 

L'ne    Breeding    the    Best    System   for 
Improvement. 

No  other  system  of  breeding  has 
ever  secured  the  results  that  line 
breeding  has  secured,  and  if  the  pre- 
sent state  ot  knowledge  is  reasonably 
sound,  no  other  system  will  ever  be  so 
powerful  in  getting  the  most  possible 
out  of  a  given  breed  or  variety,  es- 
pecially of  animals,  and  this  with  the 
greatest  certainty  as  we  go  along. 
The  only  requirement  Is,  not  to  aban- 


166 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


don  individual  seledtibn  A  pedigree 
is  not  a  crutch  on  w<hich  incompetence 
can  lean;  It  is  a  guaranty  of  Wood 
lines,-^  field  Inside  of  whioh  (breeding 
operations  and  selection  may  with 
confidence  be  confined. 

The  word  "confined"  is  used  zCdvls- 
edly,  for,  after  line  breeding  iias  been 
practiced  for  a  few  generations,  the 
ancestry  becomes  a  kind  of  pure  ibreed 
of  its  own,— a  breed  within  a  Ibreed, 
so  to  speak,— and  any  attempt  to  in- 
troduce blood  from  other  lines  is  like- 
ly to  be  followed  by  the  pains  and 
penalties  of  hybridization;  for  a  de- 
parture from  line  breeding  is  a  kmd 
of  crossing  in  a  small  degree,  and  so 
rapidly  do  blood  lines  become  inten- 
sified that  line■^^^ed  animals  assume 
all  the  attributes  of  distinct  strains, 
as  they  in  truth  are,  and  they  will  be 
likely  to  behave  as  such  ever  after. 

In  saying  that  line-bred  animals 
tend  to  behave  like  pure  strains,  and 
that  their  progeny  from  union  with 
other     strains  behave  like  hyfbnds,  it 


is  not  meant  that  such  unions  should 
never  be  made,  or  that  such  behavior 
is  as  persistent  as  writih  real  crosses. 
In  truth,  many  lines  are  so  stubborn 
as  never  to  'biend  with  others  after- 
ward (behaving  like  the  most  strong- 
ly   established    races),    but,    on    the 
other  hand,  mosit  of  them  will  yield 
to  well-directed  and  persistent  effort; 
that  is  to  say,  a  lineJbred  herd  can  be 
modified,  and  in  time  made  to  assTime 
the  characters  of  another  family,  but 
the  process  is  attended  with  a  struggle 
and  not  a  few  failures.    It  has  been 
fashionable  at  times    to     decry    line 
breeding,  but  the  fadt  remains  that  a 
few  generations  of  good  breeding  soon 
bring   the  herd   and   its  career  to  a 
point   where    line   'breeding   must   be 
practiced  or  a  worse  alternative  must 
be   accepted,     for     with  well-selected 
straiiiiS  all  outbreeding  is  mixed  breea- 

Ing. 

Inbreeding. 

iLine  breeding  carried  to  its  limits 

involves  the  breeding  together  of  in- 


Labenoiniere.  Champion  P  eroheron    Female  Canadia  n  National,  1915. 


LIVE  STOCK. 


167 


dlviduals  closely  related.  When  It  in- 
volves the  breeding  together  of  sire 
and  offspring  or  o£  dam  and  offspring 
or  of  brother  and  sister,  it  becomes 
inbreeding,  or  "breeding  ia  and  in." 
It  is  line  breeding  carried  to  its  limits, 
and  of  course  possesses  all  the  ad- 
vantages and  disadvantages  of  that 
form  of  breeding  carried  to  their  ut- 
most attainable  degree. 

Forms  of  Inbreeding. 
Three  forms  of  inbreeding  are  pos- 
sible among  animals  namely: 

1.  Breeding  the  sire  upon  his 
daughter,  giving  rise  to  offspring  three 
fourths  of  whose  blood  lines  are  those 
of  the  sire. — a  practice  whioh,  if  fol- 
lowed up,  soon  results  in  offspring 
with  but  one  line  of  ancestry,  thus 
practically  eliminating  the  blood  of 
the  dam.  This  form  of  breeding  is 
practiced  when  it  is  desired  to  secure 
all  that  is  possible  of  the  blood  of  the 
sire. 

2.  Breeding  the  dam  to  her  own  son 
or  sons  successively,  thus  increasing 
the  blood  lines  of  the  female  side. 
This  form  is  practiced  when  it  is  the 
dam's  blood  lines  that  are  to  be  pre- 
served and  condensed.  Both  systems 
are  necessarily  limited  to  the  lifetime 
of  the  individuals  involved.  Either 
system  can  of  course  be  approximated 
by  the  use  of  granddaughter  or  grand- 
son, which  would  by  common  consent 
be  called  inbreeding,  but  relationship 
more  remote  would  generally  be  re- 
garded merely  as  line  breeding. 

3.  Breeding  together  of  brother 
and  sister, — a,  form  of  inbreeding 
which  preserves  the  blood  lines  from 
both  sire  and  dam  in  equal  propor- 
tions. It  is  inferior  to  either  of  the 
others  as  a  means  of  strengthening 
previously  existing  blood  lines,  but  it 
is  freely  employed  when  the  combina- 
tion has  proved  exceptionally  success- 
ful, virtually  establishing  a  new  type. 
It  has  all  the  dangers  of  the  other 
two,  and  in  a  larger  degree,  because 
we  have  practically  no  acquaintance 
with  the  new  combination,  whereas  in 
strengthening  the  proportion  of  one 
line  of  ancestry  over  another,  whether 
it  be  that  of  the  sire  or  that  of  the 
dam,  we  are  dealing  with  previously 
existing  blood  lines  known  to  be  har- 
monious. 

Among  plants  there  are  two  forms 
of  inbreeding,  namely: 
1.    That  in  which  the  fertilization 


is  -with  pollen  from  another  flower  on 
the  same  plant. 

2.  That  In  which  fertilization  is  \>j 
pollen  of  the  same  flower.  This,  be- 
ing hermaphroditic,  is  the  clo««6t 
imaginable  inbreeding,  and  exceeda 
anything  that  is  possible  with  ani- 
mals. 

Advantages  of  inbreeding. 

Nobody  claims  advantages  in  In- 
breeding per  se,  but  it  is  the  acme  of 
line  breeding,  and  when  superior  in- 
dividuals are  at  hand  it  is  the  most 
powerful  method  known  of  making  the 
most  of  their  excellence.  It  is  the 
method  by  which  the  highest  poseible 
percentage  of  the  blood  of  an  excep- 
tional individual  or  of  a  particularly 
fortunate  "nick"  can  be  preserved, 
fused  into  and  ultimately  made  to 
characterize  an  entire  line  of  descent 
on  both  sides 

If  persisted  in,  the  outside  blood  dis- 
appears by  the  same  law  that  governs 
grading,  and  the  pedigree  is  speedily 
enriched  to  here  an  almost  unlimit- 
ed extent  by  the  blood  of  a  single  ani- 
mal,— ^in  practice,  generally  that  of  the 
sire.  It  is  a  method  not  so  much  of 
originating  excellence  as  of  making 
the  most  of  it  when  it  does  appear,  and 
it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  a  large 
proportion  of  the  really  great  sires 
have  been  strongly  inbred. 

An  inbred  animal  is  of  course  enor- 
mousfly  prepotent  over  everything  else. 
Its  half  of  the  ancestry,  being  largely 
of  identical  blood,  is  almost  certain  to 
dominate  the  offspring.  Inbreeding  Is, 
therefore,  recognized  as  the  strongest 
of  all  breeding,  giving  rise  to  the 
simplest  of  pedigrees, — ^an  advantage 
quickly  recognized  when  we  recall  ttoe 
law  of  ancestral  heredity.  In  this  re- 
spect it  is  all  that  line  breeding  is  and 
more. 

A  second  advantage  Is  that  soccess- 
ful  associations  of  characters  are  pre- 
served intact  and  not  shattered  by 
the  infusion  of  new  strains.  If  the 
breeder  were  deaUng  with  but  a  sin- 
gle character  he  could  readily  find  its 
equal,  and  there  "would  be  little  need 
for  inbreeding;  but  even  if  breeding 
for  but  a  single  utilitarian  character, 
he  always  has  at  least  two  other*, 
vigor  and  fertility,  which  must  be  in- 
cluded in  selection.  In  practice  he 
has  many  more,  and  a  single  indirid- 
ual  that  contains  all  or  most  of  :them 


168 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


in  a  high  degree  ds  a  verltalble  bon- 
anza; naturally  the  temptation  Is  to 
nmke  the  most  of  an  opportunity 
which  is  none  too  frequent  ia  the 
breeding  business. 

All  things  considered,  no  otiher 
known  method  of  breeding  equals  this 
for  intensifying  blood  lines,  doubling 
uip  existing  combinations,  and  making 
the  most  of  exceptional  individuals  or 
of  xmusually  valuable  strains. 

Disadvantages   of   Inbreeding. 

Clearly,  however,  this  is  not  a  gun 
to  "hit  the  bear  and  miss  the  calf." 
This  "doubliug  up"  process,  this  inten- 
BifyitLg  of  characters,  increasing  their 
prospects  from  possibility  to  proba- 
bility and  afterward  to  certainty, 
works  exactly  the  same  for  one  char- 
acter as  for  another;  it  affects  all 
characters  of  the  individuals  invodved, 
bad  as  well  as  good;  and  so  it  is  that 
this  method,  which  is  applicaible  to 
both  plant  and  animal  'breeding,  and 
which  aims  at  making  tihe  greatest  use 
possible  of  our  most  valuable  imsses- 
sions,  has  been  followed  alike  by  tlhe 
most  strikingly  successful  results  'and 
by  the  most  stupendous  disasters  that 
ever  overtook  the  (breeding  business. 
Plenty  of  examples  of  successes  can 
be  instanced,  and  every  breeder  Is 
familiar  with  them.  The  failures  have 
been  many,  but  they  are  not  to  be 
counted  here,  for  the  blood  lines  in- 
volved are  long  since  extinct. 

Special  Dangers  From  Inbreeding. 

Tradition  eveiywhere  has  it  that  in- 
Tbreeding,  if  long  continued,  is  practi- 
cally certain  to  end  in  loss  of  vigor 
and  of  fertility,  and  plenty  of  in- 
stances are  given  to  "prove"  it. 

Now  a  rational  consideration  of  the 
principles  of  transmission  has  already 
led  us  to  expect  that  bad  characters 
OS  well  as  good  will  be  intensified.  We 
could  not  axpeot  so  powerful  a  method 
to  work  only  to  our  advantage  and  to 
grant  Immunity  from  disadvantage  in 
all  cases. 

What  we  want  to  know  Is  whether. 
In  resipect  to  trouble,  we  are  to  look 
out  for  likelihood  or  for  certainty; 
whether  disaster  is  inevitable,  or  only 
extremely  probable.  This  question 
has  been  much  befogged  by  certain 
catdhy  statements  such  as,  "Nature 
abhors  Incestuous  breeding,"  all  oi 
Which  confuse  an  ethical  and  social 
question  with  the  biological  one  in 
which  only  we  are  inter©s.tetf. 


Inbreeding  Nbt  Necessarily  Disastrous. 

Our  attention  is  constantly  callod  to 
"nature's  provisions  for  preventing  in- 
breediing,"  and  to  "ingenious  devlcee 
for  inducing  cross  pollination  by  in- 
sect aid";  but  we  are  not  reminded 
that  many  species  of  plants  are  self- 
pollinated,  nor  is  our  attention  called 
to  the  many  famous  sires  that  were 
strongly  inibred,  nor  to  the  fact  that 
in  nature  among  gregarious  animals 
the  head  of  the  herd  is  sire  of  practi- 
cally all  the  young  (so  long  as  he  re- 
mains master),  m^any  of  whom  are 
thus  doubly  his.  Nor  do  we  have  it 
called  to  our  attention  that,  while 
corn  seems  peculiarly  sensitive  to  in- 
breeding, wheat  is  self-fertilizing  to 
the  closest  possible  degree,  and  that 
it  is  perhaps  the  most  vigorous,  proli- 
fic, and  all-round  cosmopolitan  success 
among  our  domestic  plants. 

Lack  of  Vigor  and   Low   Fertility  the 
Two  Most  Common  Defects. 

If  what  has  been  said  and  shown 
has  any  meaning,  it  is  that  any  char- 
acter can  be  bred  up  or  down,  streng- 
thened or  weakened  by  this  method  of 
Ibreeding.  Why  then  its  evil  reputa- 
tion with  respect  to  vigor  and  fertil- 
ity? Is  there  some  Inherent  injury 
from  close  breeding,  or  is  it  merely 
that  vigor  and  fertility  are  commonly 
defective  characters  and  frequently 
find  themselves  on  the  losing  side? 
Undoubtedly  it  is  the  latter.  There 
are  cases  enough  of  the  greatest  vigor 
and  fertility  of  inbred  individuals,  and 
of  family  lines  and  even  of  whole 
s.peoies  to  set  aside  all  fear  of  inevit- 
able injury  from  close  breeding,  but  a 
little  study  will  convince  us  that  there 
is  lurking  weakness  and  infertility 
everywhere.  It  is  said  that  one-third 
of  our  children  die  in  infancy.  A  large 
proportion  of  animals  and  an  apparent- 
ly larger  proportion  of  plants  are  rela- 
tively weak  and  easily  succumb  to 
disease  or  to  the  encroachments  of 
their  neighbors. 

Few  individuals  are  fully  fertile,— 
that  is,  free  and  regular  breeders, — 
and  fewer  yet  are  both  fertile  and 
vigorous.  Shortcomings  in  these  two 
respects  may  be  called  the  distinguish- 
ing defects  of  both  plants  and  animals 
under  domestication.  In  nature  they 
constitute  the  chief  points  of  attack 
of  natural  selection,  but  In  domesti- 
cated animals  and  plants  we  common- 


LIVE  STOCK.  169 


Union  Stock  Yards 

of  Toronto,  Limited 

The  Principal  Canadian 
Market  for 

Beef,  Feeder  and  Dairy 
Cattle 


Hogs,  Sheep,  Lambs 
and  Horses 


Stocker  and  Feeder  Cattle 
Dehorned  Free  of  Charge. 


170 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


ly  select  for  other  ipolnts,  even  color, 
trusting  to  luck  for  vigor  and  fertility. 
Is  it  any  wonder  that  these  lurking 
evils  have  crept  upon  us  until  they 
often  constitute  an  iasurmountabtle 
bar  to  injbreeding,  and  have  invaded 
even  our  most  carefully  outbred 
herds? 

As  inibreeding  is  the  supreme  test  of 
a  race,  so  it  is  of  a  character;  if  a 
character  suffers  by  inibreeding  it  Is 
a  sign  of  natural  defectiveness  and 
should  1)6  accepted  as  such,  and  not 
laid  up  as  an  additional  instance  and 
a  weapon  with  which  to  abuse  a  system 
With  a  history  of  laudaJble  achieve- 
ment in  the  past  and  rich  with  ipossd- 
bllities  for  the  future. 

fWlhen  we  select  for  vigor  and  fer- 
tility we  shall  hear  less  of  the  evils 


of  inbreeding.  In  the  meantime  we 
shall  hear  most  about  It  where  vitality 
and  fertility  are  naturally  lowest  Both 
are  cardinal  requisites, — one  for 
life,  the  other  for  reproduction, — ^and 
both  must  be  possessed  in  a  hlgih  de- 
gee  by  any  individual  or  family  line 
that  is  to  figure  mucih  in  descent. 

Noting,  then,  the  remarkaWe  in- 
stances of  successful  inibreeding,  as 
well  as  its  unexamipled  capacity  for 
trouible,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  the  disaster  from  inbreeding  is 
prObaWe,  but  not  inevitable.  With 
that  much  gained,  it  is  worth 
wihlle  to  examine  further  into  this  dis- 
puted territory. 

Note: — We  are  indeibted  to  Daven- 
port's Breeds  a^d  Breeding  for  this 
valuable  data. — Ed. 


Butter  and  Milk  Tests  at  London  Dairy  Show. 


Below  is  given  the  yields  of  the 
first  prize  cows  or  heifers  of  the  var- 
ious breeds  competing  In  their  re- 
spective breed  classes  at  the  I/ondon 
Dairy  iShow,  England.  In  the  milking 
trial  the  Shorthorns  made  the  most 
points,  with  the  Holsteins  second.  The 
Holsteln  had  the  edge  in  milk  and  fat, 
but  the-  Shorthorn     was     higher     in 


solids  not  fat.     Guernseys  topped  the 
list  in  solids  not  fat. 

In  the  Ibutter  tests  tlie  Jersey  scor- 
ed highest,  hav'ng  a  handicap  over 
the  Shorthorn  of  137  more  days  in 
milk  and  was  allowed  12  points  for 
this.  Following  is  the  tabulated  list 
giving  1st  prize  cows  only. 


iShorthom    

Shorthorn  heifer 

Liinooln  cow  

Lincoln  heifer   . , 

Jersey  cow 

Guernsey  cow  . . 
Red  Poll  cow  . . . 
Holstein  cow   . . 


Shorthorn  . . 
Jerseys  .... 
pther  breads 


Milking 

Trials. 

Days 

In 
Milk. 
16 

as 

43 

34 
177 
149 

31 

17 

Test. 

Date 

Birth. 

1910 

1904 

1907 

Average  Per  Cent. 
Daily      Butter 

Yield,  lb.      Fat. 
60.3            3.5^ 
35.9            3.62 

54.2  3.46 
64.6             3.26 
38.9             6.02 
35.9             4.97 
'52.6             2.89 

61.3  3.55 

Days  in    Milk 

Milk.        Lbs. 

40          48.31 

177          40.13 

94          30.81 

Total 
Daily 
Fat. 
2.11 

1.29 

1.87 

2.10 

1.95 

1.78 

1.62 

2.17 

Butter 

Dbs. 

Butter. 

2.96 

2.31 

1.82 

DAIRY. 


171 


THE  FARM  DAIRY 


1.  The  milk  scale  nas  two  indica- 
tors. One  rests  at  zero  when  there 
is  nothing  on  the  scale.  The  other 
is  to  be  set  at  zero  when  the  empty 
pail  is  on  the  scale.  This  one  re- 
cords the  weight  of  the  milk  directly. 

2.  Let  the  pail  hang  on  the  scale 
while  recording  the  weight  of  the 
milk. 

3.  If  there  is  not  time  to  weigh  the 
milk  every  day,  weigh  it  for  three 
successive  days  in  the  month  or  at 
intervals  as  the  5th,  15th  and  25th, 
then  to  find  the  average  production  of 
each  cow,  divide  the  total  amount  of 
milk  recorded  from  each  cow  by  the 
number  of  days  the  milk  is  weighed. 
Multiply  the  result  by  the  number  of 
days  in  the  month  which  will  give 
approximately  the  total  production 
for  the  month. 

Taking  the  Sample. 

i.  The  best  time  to  take  the  sam- 
ple to  test  is  immediately  after  weigh- 
ing the  milk. 

2.  Always  mix  the  milk  well  be- 
fore taking  the  sample  to  thorough- 
ly distribute  the  cream. 

3.  The  best  sample  bottles  are 
closed  air  tight  to  prevent  evapora- 
tion which  increases  the  test.  Label 
each  bottle  with  the  name  or  number 
of  the  cows  so  the  samples  will  not 
get  mixed. 

4.  If  a  sample  from  a  single  milk- 
ing is  to  be  tested  take  half  a  pint. 
Where  a  composite  sample  is  made 
from  several  milkings  retain  about 
two  tablespoonfuls  each  time. 

5.  A  composite  sample  is  made  up 
by  taking  two  tablespoonfuls  from 
several  milkings  and  keeping  until 
ready  to  test. 

6.  If  the  sample  Is  held  for  a 
time,  in  warm  weather,  use  a  pre- 
servative tablet  to  keep  the  milk  from 
souring.  These  tablets  are  poisonous 
and  need  to  be  handled  with  care. 

Making  the  Babcock  Test. 

Any  one  can  readily  learn  to  make 
the  Babcock  test.  A  complete  testing 
outfit,    including    tester,    glassware. 


and  acid,  with  instructions,  can  b« 
secured  from  the  hardware  store  or 
any  of  the  creamery  supply  houMS 
for  about  $5.0.0. 


CHATILLON'S 

IMP/iOVED  ClRCt/LAR 
SPP/NG    BALANCE 


These  scales  will  weigh  30-60  lbs. 
and  have  a  loose  pointer  which  by 
means  of  a  thumb  screw  on  the  cen- 
tre may  be  set  anywhere  on  the  dial, 
thus  taking  the  tare  of  the  milk  paJl. 
The  price  of  these  is  given  in  test  <A 
dairy  equipment. 


172 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


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3     C     d 


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T3  eS  fc-  .-  ♦>    ^ 

U  a  $    60  <S  ^ 

S  12  S  o  ^  t 

«  aj  c   .         DC 

-  O  >     l-    01 
u  c  ■'    '^  --'    .J 
0  0°'^=*^ 
"  u    C    m  ~ 

-  o  ^  .i:  o 


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S  TS  ^   ^  .2 

S  J^  ^  «  -^ 

?   a  o  o  (« 

<4-l  0< 

O         a) 


DAIRY. 


173 


To  Make  the  Babcock  Test 

1.  Mix  the  sample  of  milk  well  by 
pouring  from  one  beaker  or  bottle 
to  another;  then  measure  Into  a  test 
bottle  with  a  pipette  17.5  c.c.  of  the 
milk  as  marked  on  it. 

2.  Add  to  each  bottle  17.5  c.c.  of 
sulphuric  acid  (as  marked  on  the 
measure)  and  mix  well  by  rotary 
motion  until  all  of  the  curd  is  thor- 
oughly digested  and  a  "coffee  brown" 
color  appears. 

3.  Put  the  bottles  into  the  tester 
and  whirl  at  full  speed  two  to  four 
minutes. 

4.  Add  hot  water  to  each  bottle 
until  the  butter-fat  rises  up  to  the 
neck. 

5.  Whirl  again  at  full  speed  two  to 
four  minutes. 

6.  Add  hot  water  until  the  butter- 
fat  rises  half  way  up  the  neck  of 
the  bottle;  then  whirl  one  minute  and 
read  the  test. 

Reading  the  Test:  Read  from  the 
extreme  point  of  the  top  curve  to  the 
bottom  of  the  fat  column. 

The  test  of  the  milk  is  marked  In 
per  cents  on  the  neck  of  the  test  bot- 


tle. If  the  milk  test  33  per  cent.,  it 
means  that  there  are  three  pounds  of 
butter-fat  in  each  one  hundred 
pounds  of  milk. 

How  to  Keep  Daily  Records. 

The  Milk  Sheet. 

1.  The  milk  sheet  is  made  by  rul- 
ing off  space  for  each  cow.  Place 
the  name  or  number  of  the  cow  at 
the  top  and  record  the  weight  of 
the  milk  for  morning  and  evening  in 
the  space  below.  The  same  sheet 
may  be  used  to  cover  a  period  of  three 
days,  a  week  or  a  month. 

2.  Place  the  record  sheet  in  a  con- 
venient rack  close  to  the  milk  scale 
and  protect  with  a  movable  cover  to 
keep  it  clean. 

3.  The  best  plan  Is  to  weigh  the 
milk  from  each  cow  at  every  milking 
and  record  the  weight  on  the  sheet. 

4.  The  daily  milk  record  is  the 
best  as  it  serves  both  as  a  guide  to 
the  feeder  and  a  check  on  the  milk- 
ers. 

5.  A  complete  record  serves  as  a 
basis  of  economy  in  the  feeding  of 


Save  Labor  and  Increase  Your  Profits 

Get  all  that's  coming  to  vou  from  your  cows,  and  at  the 
same  time  make  the  work  easier  for  the  women  folks. 

The  Massey-Harris  Cream  Separator  skims  close  at  all  tem- 
peratures, is  easy  to  fill,  easy  to  turn  and  easy  to  clean,  simple, 
safe  and  durable. 

A  new  catalogue  tells  why.  See  later  page  regarding  engines 


Massey-Harris  Co.,  Limited 

Head     Offices— TORONTO,     CANADA. 

Branches  at  —  Montreal,  Moncton, 
Winnipeg,  Regina,  Saskatoon,  Swift 
Current,  Yorkton,  Calgary,  Edmon- 
ton.    Agencies  Everywhere. 


174 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK, 


individual  cows.  It  requires  com- 
paratively little  time,  and  is  a  com- 
plete index  to  the  herd,  to  the  feeder 
and  to  the  milker. 

Figuring  Returns. 

The  net  profits  from  the  dairy  herd 
is  the  difference  between  the  income 
and  the  cost  of  maintenance. 

The  income  includes  the  value  of 
the  butter-fat,  the  skim-milk,  the  calf 
and  the  manure. 

"The  annual  cost  of  maintaining 
a  cow  comprises  the  following  items: 
Cash  sundries,  cash  feeds,  farm 
feeds,  labor  (man  and  horse),  gener- 
al expenses,  shelter,  depreciation, 
machinery  and  equipment,  herd  bulls 
and  interest  on  investment;  the  clas- 
sification is  somewhat  arbitrary,  as  in 
some  instances  an  item  of  cost  might 
be  charged  to  one  class  or  another 
with  equal  correctness.  Cash  sun- 
dries comprise  those  items  for  which 
cash  was  paid — ropes,  halters,  veter- 
inary services  and  medicine.  Cash 
feeds  are  those  purchased  for  cash. 


farm  feeds  those  produced  on  th« 
farm.  Labor  includes  both  man  and 
horse  labor  at  the  current  rate  of 
wages  for  the  month  and  year,  com- 
prising all  items  of  labor  performed 
for  and  affecting  the  dairy.  General 
expense  comprises  those  items  which 
are  a  charge  to  the  entire  farm,  and 
is  made  up  of  cash  and  labor  expen- 
ditures. The  total  for  the  farm  is 
then  apportioned  to  the  productive 
enterprises  of  which  the  dairy  is  one. 

Shelter  is  a  fixed  charge  for  the 
use  of  the  building  based  on  its  cost, 
depreciation,  repairs  and  the  number 
of  animals  sheltered.  Depreciation  is' 
based  upon  the  productive  life,  death 
rate,  original  value  of  the  cow  for 
consumption. 

Machinery  and  equipment  charges 
are  due  to  the  use,  depreciation,  re- 
pairs and  interest  on  the  cost  of  the 
machinery  and  equipment  of  the 
dairy. 

The  charge  for  herd  bulls  is  the 
cost  of  maintenance. 

Interest  on  investment  is  Interest 
at  the  rate  of  5  or  6  per  cent,  on  the 


The    Premier    Cream    Separator 


Entirely 
British- 
made 


Every 
Machine 

fully 
Guaranteed 


Esisily 
Understood 


Easily 

Operated 


Easily 

Cleaned 


Tens  of  thousands  In  daily  use  throughout  the  British  Empire. 
Catalogiie   containing  valuable  Information  on  request. 

THE  PREMIER  CREAM  SEPARATOR  CO. 


659-661   King  St.  West. 


Toronto,  Ont. 


DAIRY. 


175 


value  of  the  .cow  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year.  All  items  represent  actual 
expenditures  on  the  farms,  excepting 
the  charges  of  shelter  and  deprecia- 
tion which  are  based  on  averages  of 
all  the  farms  for  the  entire  period." 
From  Bui.  No.  124  Minnesota  Ex- 
periment Station. 

The  hand  power  cream  separator  is 
the  most  reliable  and  best  method  of 
skimming  milk  at  the  farm. 

Some  of  the  advantages  over  the 
othler  methods  are:  (1)  less  loss  of 
fat  in  the  skim  milk,  (2)  a  better 
and  more  uniform  quality  of  cream, 
and  (3)  the  skim  milk  is  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  feeding  young 
stock.  All  the  separators  on  the 
market  will  do  efficient  skimming  if 
properly  handled. 

Handling  and  care  of  the  Separa- 
tor.— It  Is  Important  that  the  separa- 
tor run  smoothly.  Any  trembling  or 
shaking  of  the  separator  while  skim- 
ming, will  cause  a  loss  of  butter  fat 
In  the  skim  milk.  Only  special  sep- 
arator oil  should  be  used,  and  It  Is 
well  to  make  a  run  about  once  In 
three  weeks,  using  kerosene  oil  on 
all  the  bearings. 

In  skimming,  three  things  must  be 
observed:  (1)  The  speed  of  the  separ- 
ator must  be  maintained  according 
to  the  directions  sent  with  It.  The 
only  reliable  way  to  do  this.  Is  to 
count  the  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  crank  by  the  watch.  A  low 
speed  means  loss  of  fat  In  the  skim 
milk.  (2)  The  flow  of  the  milk  Into 
the  separator  should  be  uniform.  (3) 
The  temperature  of  the  milk  should 
not  be  under  90  degrees  and  for  that 
reason  the  best  time  to  separate  the  . 
milk  Is  Immediately  after  milking. 
A  low  temperature  Is  also  liable  to 
cause  loss  of  fat  In  the  skim  milk. 
The  faster  the  milk  passes  through 
the  separator,  the  less  complete  is  the 
separation,  and  a  thinner  cream  Is 
given.  Every  separator  has  some  de- 
vice for  changing  the  test  of  the 
cream.  In  most  cases  the  adjust- 
ment Is  at  the  cream  outlet.  If  so, 
by  turning:  the  cream  screw  In,  the 
cream  will  be  richer,  and  by  turning 
it  out,  the  cream  will  be  thinner. 

All  the  parts  of  the  separator 
which  come  in  contact  with  the  milk 
or  cream  should  be  washed  In  luke- 
warm water,  to  which  has  been  added 
a  small  quantity  of  sal  soda  or  other 


cleansing  powder,  and  then  thorough- 
ly scalded  with  boiling  water,  each 
time  the  separator  is  used. 

Location  of  Separator. — In  some 
cases  the  separators  are  placed  In  the 
cow  stables.  This  may  be  a  conveni- 
ent arrangement,  but  it  is  not  by  any 
means  a  proper  place  for  separating 
milk,  unless  a  special  room,  well  ven- 
tilated and  lighted.  Is  partitioned  off, 
to  exclude  the  stable  odours  and  dust. 


j 


f=? 


CjC 


\/ 


From  left  to  right:  Graduated  Bottle, 

Acid   Measure   and   Pipette,   used 

in  Babcock  Test. 

This  room  should  have  a  smooth  ce- 
ment floor,  which  can  be  easily 
cleaned. 

Proper    Temperature    for    Churning 

Depends  on — 

Richness  of  the  cream. 
Length   of   time   cows  have   b«en 
milking. 


176 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


The  breed  of  the  cows. 
The  feed  of  the  cows. 

Ck>nditions  for  Low  Ghoming  Tem- 
peratures (54°  to  62"). 

Very  rich  cream. 

Cream  from  fresh  cows. 

Cream  from  cows  on  succulent 
food. 

Cream  from  Jerseys  and  Guern- 
seys. 

Conditions  for  High  Churning  Tem- 
peratures (64    to  73  ). 

Very  thin  cream. 

Cream  from  cows  a  long  time  in 
milk. 

Cream  from  cows  on  dry  feed. 

For    Best    Results    In    Farm    Dairy 
Work. 

Keep  good  cows. 

Feed  liberally. 

Keep  comfortable  and  clean. 

Skim  a  rich  cream. 

Use  clean  pure  water  for  washing 
butter,  not  more  than  three  degrees 
warmer  or  cooler  than  the  butter 
milk. 

Keep  cream  cool. 

Churn  at  a  temperature  that  pro- 
duces flaky  granules. 

Put  butter  up  in  neat  attractive 
packages. 

Keep  everything  in  and  about  the 
dairy  clean  and  attractive. 

Composition  of  Milk  Fat. 

Fatty  Acids.  '      Per  cent. 

Butyrin 3.85 

Caproin 3.60 

Caprylin 55 

Caprin 1.90 

Laurin 7.40 

Myristin 20.40 

Palmitin 25.70 

Stearin 1.80 

Oleia 35.00 

Plants  That  Affect  Cows  and  Their 

Product,  if  in  the  Pasture 

Common  Monk's  Hood. 
Pasque  Flower. 
Stinking  Hellebore. 
Garlic  Mustard. 
WilJ  Radish:  Runch. 
Fool's  Parsley. 
Hemlock. 


Marsh  Pennywort. 

Pepper  Saxifrage. 

Wormwood. 

Hawkweed. 

Tansy. 

Common  Forget-Me-Not. 

Lousewort. 

Butterwort. 

Corn  Mint. 

Spurge. 

Crow  Garlic. 

Testing  Cream. 

Cream  test-bottles  are  graduated  to 
read  as  high  as  30,  40  or  50  per  cent, 
fat,  and  are  made  with  a  large  neck. 
Use  an  18  c.c.  pipette  for  measuring 
cream.  Rinse  the  pipette.  After  mix- 
ing the  cream  and  acid,  add  the  hot 
water  before  whirling,  and  whirl  for 
five  minutes.  Place  the  bottles  in  hot 
water  before  reading.  Each  division 
of  the  scale  reads  one-half,  or  one  per 
cent.,  according  to  the  marking.  The 
■>roper  amount  of  cream,  or  milk,  etc., 
for  a  test  is  18  grams.  The  pipette 
is  fairly  accurate  in  delivering  this 
weight,  but  in  the  case  of  very  rich 
or  greasy  cream  it  is  impossible  to  be 
sure  that  the  volume  measured  will 
weigh  18  grams.  For  this  reason,  in 
nany  creameries,  the  test  samples  are 
weighed  on  scales  manufactured  for 
this  purpose. 

Testing  Skim-Milk,  Buttermilk,  Whey. 

Owing  to  the  small  percentage  ot 
fat  in  these  products,  to  get  accurate 
tests,  double-nicked  test-bottles 
should  be  used.  The  amount  is  taken 
in  a  17.6  c.c.  pipette  and  tested  in 
the  usual  way.  The  milk  has  to  be 
delivered  slowly  into  the  larger  neck, 
or  it  bubbles  out.  The  scale  on  the 
neck  reads  to  one-hundredth  of  one 
per  cent.  On  large  division  reads 
five-hundredths,  or  .05  per  cent.  fat. 

Babcock  Test  for  Butter. 

1.  Secure  a  representative  sample 
of  butter  and  place  the  vessel  con- 
taining the  butter  in  a  tub  of  water 
at  100°  F.,  and  stir  until  the  butter 
becomes  a  thin  paste. 

2.  Weigh  4.5  grams  or  9  grams 
into  a  cream  bottle. 

3.  Add  enough  water  at  70"  F.  to 
make  18  grams. 


DAIRY. 


177 


4.  Add    17.5    Sulphuric   Acid   and 
mix  thoroughly. 

5.  Continue  the  test  the  same  as  a 
test  for  cream. 

6.  Per  cent,  of  fat  =  Reading  x  18. 

No.  of  grams  used. 

Example.   4.5  grams  butter  taken. 

Reading  =22. 

Per  cent.  fat=22xi8-^ 

4.5  =  88  per  cent.  fat. 

Poor  Fat  Tests. 

Burnt  or  cloudy  readings  may  be 
;aused  by: 

(a)  Having  the  temperature  of  the 
milk  0/  acid  too  high. 

(b)  Using  acid  which  is  too  strong, 
or  using  too  much  acid. 

(c)  Allowing  acid  to  drop  directly 
on  and  through  the  milk. 

(d)  Allowing  the  tailk  and  acid  to 
stand  too  long  before  mixing. 

Light  or  cloudy  readings  or  floating 
particles  of  curd  are  usually  caused 
by: 

(a)  Temperature  of  milk  or  acid 
too  low. 

(b)  Using  too  weak  an  acid  or  not 
enough  acid. 

(c)  Careless  mixing,  or  insufficient 
shaking  to  unite  the  milk  and  acid 
thoroughly. 

Qualities  of  Good  Butter:  How  it  is 
Judged. 

It  is  well  to  know  what  a  judge 
looks  for  in  a  No.  1  butter,  and  work 
up  to  his  requirements.  Judges  now 
almost  universally  use  a  score  card, 
and  the  marks  are  approximately  as 
follows: 

Flavor 50 

Texture  or  Grain  ....      20 

Color 15 

Salt 10 

Package    5 

Total 100 

Theory  of  the  Babcock  Test. 

A  17.6  c.c.  pipette  will  deliver, 
practically,  17.5  c.c.  of  milk. 

17.5  c.c.  at  an  average  specific 
gravity  of  1.032  =  (17.5  x  1.032) 
=  18.06  grams. 

18  grams  is  the  weight  of  the  milk 
required  for  a  test. 

The  volume  of  the  neck  of  the  milk 
test  bottle  between  zero  and  10  is 
2  c.c. 

2  c.c.  of  melted  fat,  at  a  speclfii* 
gravity  of  .9   =    (2X.9)  =1.8  grams. 


The  relation  of  1.8  Is  to  18,  as  1  Is 
to  10,  or  10  per  cent,  of  the  original 
volume  of  the  milk.  This  is  why  that 
weight  or  volume  of  milk  is  taitan 
and  why  the  neck  of  the  bottle  is 
divided  into  10  equal  parts. 

Feeds   That   Injure   Flavor  of  Milk. 

Turnips, 

Rape. 

Rye, 

Turnip  Tops. 

Decayed  Ensilage. 

Leaks. 

Onions. 

Apples  in  large  quantities. 

Causes  of  Tainted  Cream. 

Cows'  udders  and  teats  unclean  at 
milking  time. 

Milking  In  unclean,  ill-lighted 
stables. 

Using  unclean  wooden,  galvanized 
and  rusty  pails. 

Separating  the  milk  in  the  stables. 

Improperly  cleaned  separators. 

Keeping  the  cream  in  cellars  or 
other  places  where  there  are  roots  or 
vegetables. 

Keeping  the  cream  for  several  days 
at  a  temperature  over  55  degrees. 

Cows  drinking  water  from  stag- 
nant ponds,  or  the  leakage  from 
barnyards. 

Xecessary   Sanitary  Conditions,   Etc. 

Abundance  ot  pure  water. 
Free  access  to  salt  at  all  times. 
Cleanliness  in  stables  at  all  times. 
Good  ventilation  and  fresh  air. 
Kindly  treatment. 
Clean  and  pure  food. 
Moderate  temperature  In  stable. 
An  abundance  of  tempered  light. 

Pasteurization. 

Immediately  after  the  cream  Is  re- 
ceived it  should  be  pasteurized.  By 
pasteurlnzing  we  mean  the  heating  of 
the  cream  to  a  temperature  of  180° 
to  185°  F.,  and  then  quickly  cooling 
to  ripening  or  churning  temperature. 
No  phase  of  our  creamery  work  is  so 
beneficial  as  pasteurization,  and  no 
phase  of  the  work  is  so  generally 
neglected.  Why?  Many  creamery 
men  say  "it  Is  too  expensive,"  others 
say,  "It  is  too  much  labor."  Neither 
answer  Is  correct.  Our  creameries 
are  not  pasteurizing  for  the  same 
reason  that  our  creamery  patrons  are 
not  storing  Ice  to  cool  their  cream. 


178 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


They  do  not  know,  or  realize,  th* 
great  benefit  to  be  derived  from  it. 
The  patron  who  neglects  a  supply  of 
ice  or  other  facilities  for  cooling  his 
cream  and  the  creamery  man  who 
neglects  to  pasteurize  are  both  in  the 
same  canoe.  Both  are  floating  down 
instead  of  paddling  up,  the  stream  of 
progress,  as  they  should,  and  as  they 
would,  did  they  once  realize  the  bene- 
fits that  would  accrue  from  cooling 
and  pasteurizing. 

What  Does  Pasteurizing  Do? 

1st.  It  kills  the  greater  number  of 
bacteria  in  the  cream.  Some  of  these 
bacteria  are  disease  producers;  others 
injure  the  flavor  of  the  butter. 

2nd.  It  assists  in  making  a  more 
uniform  product  of  butter. 

3rd.  It  creates  a  clean  seed-bed  for 
the  sowing  of  a  pure  lactic  acid  cul- 
ture. 

4  th.  It  enhances  the  keeping  qual- 
ity of  the  butter. 

Ripening. 

By  the  term  ripening,  we  mean  the 
souring  of  cream.  This  is  done  by 
the  addition  of  a  pure,  lactic  acid 
culture  to  the  cream  immediately 
after  pasteurizing  and  cooling.  In 
most  of  our  creameries  the  cream  is 


ripe  enough  before  it  reaches  tho 
creamery.  The  benefit  of  the  culture 
in  this  kind  of  cream  is  the  produc- 
tion of  a  desirable  and  uniform  flavor 
in  the  butter. 

Cool  the  cream  to  a  temperature 
between  60°  to  70°  F.  Use  about 
10  per  cent,  of  good  culture  (more 
if  the  cream  is  very  bad),  and  allo"» 
the  cream  to  develop  .4  to  .5  per  cent, 
acidity.  When  the  proper  percentage 
of  acidity  has  developed,  cool  the 
cream  to  churning  temperature,  and 
churn  as  soon  as  possible.  Pasteuri- 
zation and  a  good  culture  will  do 
more  to  improve  the  quality  of  On- 
tario butter  than  any  other  treatment 
which  the  cream  can  receive. 

Churning  and  Working. 

By  churning  we  mean  the  gather- 
ing of  the  fat  globules  together  into 
butter,  by  means  of  concussion.  The 
question  is  often  asked,  "What  is 
the  proper  churning  temperature  of 
cream?"  No  definite  temperature 
can  be  given.  The  churning  tempera- 
ture is  infiuenced  by: 

1.  The  character  of  the  butter-fat. 

2.  Acidity  of  the  cream. 

3.  Percentage  of  fat  in  the  cream. 

4.  The  amount  of  cream  in  the 
churn. 

1.  The  fat  is  influenced  by  the  pro- 


tac 


'■lee  Ooot. 


L- 


-ir-o- 


ICC  (OlOfis 


AAWOV3T 


in   detail  the  construction  of  small  ice  house  on  the 
farm.     Note  the  capacity. 

/ 


DAIRY. 


179 


portion  of  soft  and  hard  fats.  Also 
by  the  period  of  lactation,  and  feed 
of  the  cows. 

2.  A  ripened  cream  is  more  easily 
churned   than   an   unripened   cream. 

3.  The  richer  the  cream  (up  to  35 
per  cent.)  the  more  quickly  it  will 
churn,  because,  other  conditions  be- 
ing equal,  the  fat  globules  are  more 
numerous  and  come  in  contact  more 
easily. 

The  churning  temperature  may 
range  from  50°  to  60°  F.,  and  even 
wider.  Aim  to  have  the  cream  churn 
in  not  less  than  30  minutes  and  not 
more  than  45.  If  cream  is  churned 
too  quickly  there  will  be  a  heavy 
loss  of  fat  in  the  buttermilk;  the 
butter  will  be  soft  and  mushy;  it 
will  be  hard  to  wash  free  of  butter- 
milk; and  will  have  poor  keeping 
qualities.  If  the  cream  is  churned 
too  cold  it  will  take  much  longer  to 
churn,  wasting  time  and  power  and 
the  butter  will  tend  to  gather  in  hard, 
small  granules,  which  will  be  difficult 
to  work  and  salt.  Avoid  either  ex- 
tremes; try  to  have  the  cream  chum 
in  proper  time.     The  butter  should 


be  of  a  waxy  texture,  which  will 
"knead"  easily,  when  working  in  the 
«alt. 

Stop  the  churn  when  the  granules 
of  the  butter  are  about  the  size  of 
large  grains  of  wheat.  Draw  off  the 
buttermilk  and  wash  well  with  water 
somewhere  near  the  churning  tem- 
erature  of  the  cream.  Use  about  the 
same  amount  of  wash  water  as  there 
was  cream  to  start  with.  Nothing 
but  pure  water  should  be  used.  If 
the  butter  has  been  churned  at  the 
proper  temperature,  and  the  churn- 
ing "stopped"  at  the  right  time,  one 
washing  should  be  sufficient.  Where 
the  butter  is  soft  and  mushy  two 
washings  are  advisable.  About  10  to 
12  revolutions  of  the  chum  are  suf- 
ficient for  washing. 

Milk  Definitions. 

Standard  Milk  is  milk  which  con- 
forms to  certain  requirements  which 
usually  specify  the  minimum  per 
cent,  of  fat,  and  solids-not-fat,  and 
sometimes  the  maximum  number  of 
bacteria  per  cubic  centimetre  allow- 


Ormsby  Jane  Segis  Aaggie,  World's  ^J  nampion  r^^.'^  ids.  miik  and  '^.426  lbs. 

Butter  in  7  Days. 


180 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


able  in  milk  offered  for  sale.  The 
amounts  required  or  permitted  differ 
in   different  countries. 

Sanitary  Milk,  Guaranteed  Milk, 
are  terms  applied  to  milk  produced 
under  conditions  necessary  to  secure 
a  pure,  wholesome  product. 

Certified  Milk  is  milk  produced  un- 
der ideal  conditions, — healthy  cows, 
especially  adapted  sanitary  stables, 
healthy  clean  milkers.  The  milk  is 
bottled,  sealed,  and  shipped  in  re- 
frigerator cars,  and  certified  to  by  a 
commission. 

Modified  Milk,  or  Humanized  Milk, 
is  milk  containing  definite  propor- 
tions of  fat,  sugar,  casein,  etc.,  put 
up  usually  according  to  the  prescrip- 
tion of  a  physician,  who  indicates 
how  much  of  these  different  constit- 
uents is  required. 

Clarified  Milk  is  milk  which  has 
been  run  through  a  separator  to  re- 
move some  of  the  impurities.  The 
skim-milk  and  cream  are  afterwards 
mixed. 

Pasteurized  Milk  or  Cream  Is  milk 
or  cream  which  has  been  heated  be- 
low the  boiling  point,  but  sufficiently 
to  kill  most  of  the  active  organisms 
present,  and  immediately  cooled  to 
50°  or  below.  Pasteurizing  tempera- 
tures range  from  140"  to  185°. 

Sterilized  Milk  is  milk  that  has 
been  heated  to  the  temperature  of 
boiling  water  (212°)  or  higher  for  a 


length  of  time  sufficient  to  kill  all 
organisms  present. 

Condensed  or  Evaporated  Milk  is 
milk  from  which  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  water  has  been  evaporated. 

Peptonized  MUk  is  milk  to  which 
some  pepsin  has  been  added  in  order 
to  make  the  milk  more  easily  di- 
gested. 

Malted  Milk  is  milk  that  has  been 
pasteurized  to  destroy  the  bacteria, 
then  partly  condensed,  and  a  small 
quantity  of  malt  added. 

MUk  Powder  is  obtained  by  evapor- 
ating the  moisture  from  whole  milk, 
partly  skimmed  milk,  or  skim-milk. 
The  powder  is  used  by  confectioners, 
certain  manufacturers,  surveying  par- 
ties, and  in  such  countries  as  the 
basin  of  the  Yukon. 

Koiuniss  is  the  product  made  by 
the  alcoholic  fermentation  of  milk 
caused  by  adding  yeast  and  sugar  to 
it. 

Food  Value  of  Milk. 

A  man  of  average  weight  (147 
pounds),  when  kept  inactive,  as  when 
kept  in  bed,  can  Uve  and  sometlmea 
put  on  flesh  on  three  quarts  of  milk 
per  day,  this  quantity  containing  15 
ounces  of  dry  solids — fat,  sugar  and 
casein;  but  if  the  quantity  is  in- 
creased to  four  quarts  a  day  the  food 
consumed  is  sufficient  to  enable  him 
to  do  a  good  day's  work,  according 


An  Up-to-date  Barn  in  Province  of  Ontario. 


DAIRY. 


181 


to  Professor  Long  of  England.  We 
at  once  admit  that  so  large  a  quan- 
tity of  fluid  would  not  be  suitable 
as  diet  for  a  healthy  man.  We  simp- 
ly show  that  the  feeding  matter  con- 
sumed by  an  average  man  should  be 
3,500  calories,  and  such  we  find  in 
1  1-2  pounds  of  bread,  one-half 
pound  potatoes  and  3-4  of  a  pound  of 
boneless  beef  and  3  ounces  of  butter; 
but,  excepting  butter,  there  is  in  the 
other  foods  not  only  waste  material 
which  cannot  be  digested,  but  a 
large  quantity  of  moisture.  As  four 
quarts  of  milk  are  equal  in  caloric 
value  to  this  ration,  for  there  is  no 
waste,  it  follows  that  a  man  may  at- 
tain as  much  nutrition  from  four 
quarts  of  milk  as  from  the  more  sub- 
stantial ration.  Again,  it  has  been 
shown  that  in  a  pint  of  milk  with 
bread  (10  ounces)  there  was  more 
nutrition  than  in  a  restaurant  meal 
consisting  of  soup,  beef,  some  cab- 
bage, bread  and  butter,  with  a  cup 
of  coffee  containing  milk  and  sugar, 
which  costs  just  twice  as  much. 

Doable-Cream  Cheese. 

This  cheese  is  exceptionally  rich 
In  fat;  is  of  a  very  smooth  texture; 
and  is  delicious,  spread  on  crackers 
or  eaten  with  bread. 

The  cream  may  be  sweet  or  very 
slightly  sour.  Heat  to  a  tempera- 
ture of  60"  to  65°.  To  20  pounds 
(2  gallons)  of  cream  add  one  dram 
of  rennet  (a  teaspoonful)  diluted  in 
a  little  water.  Stir  well.  In  about 
four  hours  the  cream  will  have  coa- 
gulated. Pour  it  into  dry  cloths 
drain  in  a  cool,  draughty  place.  The 
cloths  should  be  of  close  duck  and 
placed  over  bowls.  Then  hang  up  to 
should  be  dry.  It  is  advisable  not 
to  put  very  much  curd  in  one  cloth, 
as  it  is  liable  to  develop  too  much 
acid  before  draining  is  complete. 

In  two  or  three  hours  open  the 
cloth  and  scrape  down  the  sides. 
Hang  up  again.  Repeat  the  scraping 
at  intervals  of  about  three  hours,  till 
the  cheese  is  firm  enough  to  mould. 
The  draining  may  be  hastened  by 
scraping  down  more  frequently. 

When  the  cheese  is  ready  to  mould 
it  should  be  of  a  stiff,  putty  consist- 
ency, but  not  sticky.  Salt  is  now 
added  at  the  rate  of  one  ounce  of  salt 
to  four  pounds  of  cheese.     Work  the 


salt  in  with  a  knife  or  spatula,  and 

the  cheese  is  ready  to  mould.  The 
tin  or  mould  for  cream  cheese  is 
usually  oblong  in  shape — 3%  x  1^  x 
2  inches.  Line  the  mould  with  waxed 
butter-paper  and  press  the  cheese  in 
with  a  knife  or  spatula.  When  full, 
fold  over  the  ends  of  the  paper  and 
shake  out  the  mould  of  cheese. 

The  cheeses  when  moulded  are 
ready  for  immediate  use.  If  kept 
in  a  cool  place  they  remain  good  for 
a  week  or  two.  Cream  cheese  con- 
tains about  31  per  cent,  water,  63 
per  cent,  fat,  5  per  cent,  proteids, 
1  per  cent.  ash. 

Gervais  Cheese. 

This  cheese  resembles  soft  double- 
cream  cheese  but  not  so  rich — similar 
to  rich,  smooth  cottage  cheese. 

Take  3  pints  of  fresh  morning's 
milk  and  1^4  pints  of  cream  of  about 
20  per  cent.  fat.  Heat  it  to  65°. 
Take  eight  drops  of  rennet,  and  if 
you  have  it,  two  drops  of  cheese 
color.  Dilute  these  in  a  little  cold 
water  and  stir  very  thoroughly  into 
the  milk.  Cover  over  the  dish  and 
keep  at  as  near  65°  as  poasUiie. 

In  about  four  hours,  or  when  a 
nice,  firm  coagulation  has  taken 
place,  wet  a  heavy  linen  huckaback 
towel,  place  it  over  a  dish,  and  care- 
fully ladle  out  the  curd.  Gather  up 
the  four  corners  of  the  towel  and  tie 
rather  loosely.  Hang  to  drain.  Two 
or  three  times  during  the  day  untie 
the  towel  and  scrape  down  the  curd 
to  hasten  the  drainage.  Next  morn- 
ing scrape  down  again  and  mix  tn 
a  little  salt.  After  a  little  while  fill 
into  a  small  mould,  which  has  been 
lined  with  white  blotting  paper  or 
writing  paper.  Use  a  thin-bladed 
knife  to  press  the  cheese  in  the 
mould.  After  it  Is  filled,  slip  out  the 
cheese  and  use  the  mould  again  un- 
til all  the  curd  Is  moulded.  The 
usual-sized  mould  is  2  inches  in  dia- 
meter by  2%  Inches  high.  A  round 
spice  or  baking-powder  tin  answers. 

The  cheeses  are  fit  for  eating  as 
soon  as  finished.  They  will  keep  for 
a  week  or  more  in  a  cool  place. 

Cambridge  Cheese. 

Heat  1  gallon  of  new  milk  in  an 
enamelled  pail  or  dish  to  95°.     Add 


182 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


t6  it  3  drops  of  cheese  color  and  15 
drops  of  rennet  mixed  in  a  little  cold 
water.  Stir  for  five  minutes.  Let 
stand  for  five  minutes.  Then  stir 
the  surface  a  little  to  prevent  the 
cream  from  rising;  cover  the  pail 
with  a  cloth  and  leave  it  undisturbed. 
At  the  end  of  an  hour  or  an  hour 
and  a  quarter.fi  coagulation  should 
and  a  quarter,  coagulation  should 
be  about  as  firm  as  a  baked  custard. 
Try  it  by  inserting  the  finger  and 
notice  how  the  curd  breaks  off  it. 

"Wooden  moulds  are  usually  used 
for    these    cheeses,    but    tin    biscuit 


boxes,  with  the  bottoms  removed,  and 
with  nail  holes  punched  from  the 
inside  out,  on  the  sides,  to  act  as 
drains,  might  be  used.  The  wooden 
moulds  are  7x6x4  inches,  with 
no  bottom  in  them.  Small  holes, 
an  inch  apart,  are  bored  in  the  sides. 
These  moulds  are  scalded,  placed  on 
a  mat  made  of  straws  sewed  together, 
and  put  on  a  small  board.  The  mat 
acts  as  a  .drain. 

When  the  curd  is  sufficiently  firm, 
carefully  ladle  out  enough  to  cover 
the  bottom,  then  add  a  little  more 
at  intervals  of  fifteen  minutes,  till  all 


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cur  STRAl//.  \   1  COAL  SPARHS. 

j/\/5ULAr/0N^A  nrc  chaff  \\  coders. 

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Ice   House  With   Proper  Insulation  at  Base. 


DAIRY. 


183 


is  ladled  Into  the  moulds.  A  gallon 
makes  two  cheeses.  When  they 
shrink  from  the  sides  and  are  com- 
paratively firm  and  dry  remove  the 
moulds.  They  are  now  ready  for 
use.  It  usually  takes  two  days  for 
them  to  drain  in  the  moulds. 

No  salt  is  put  on  these  cheeses,  al- 
though some  people  prefer  to 
sprinkle  a  little  over  them. 

The  manufacture  of  these  cheeses 
is  well  adapted  to  farm  dairying,  and 
they  should  find  ready  sale  on  the 
market. 

Bondon    Cheese. 


cash  from  the  factory. 

Cow  testing  helps  to  discover  the 
great  difference  in  persistency  of 
flow. 

Cow  testing  brings  to  notice  the 
slightest  variation  in  flow  and  urges 
one  to  seek  for  the  cause  of  the 
shrinkage. 

Cow  testing  helps  to  increase  the 
total  of  milk  and  fat  from  the  same 
number  of  cows. 

Cow  testing  brings  in  larger  re- 
turns from  fewer  cows. 

Cow  testing  helps  to  build  up  a 
profitable  herd  quickly  because 
heifers  can  be  selected  from  the  best 


This  cheese  Is  made  from  a  mix- 
ture of  two-thirds  sweet  skim-milk 
and  one-third  good  buttermilk.  Mix 
together  and  keep  at  a  temperature 
of  about  80°  until  it  thickens,  then 
ladle  into  a  huckaback  towel.  When 
well  drained,  open  out  and  scrape 
down  the  curd.  Tie  up  again  and  re- 
peat the  scraping  occasionally  until 
the  curd  is  firm,  then  slightly  salt 
and  press  Into  a  bowl,  or  mould  Into 
small  balls.  A  very  cheap,  highly 
nutritious  food. 


Reasons  for  Testing. 

Cow  testing  enables  one  to  find  out 
the  poorest  cows,  those  not  paying 
for  their  feed,  so  that  they  may  be 
got  rid  of. 

In  many  cases  one-quarter  of  the 
cows  In  the  herd  have  been  discover- 
ed to  be  not  worth  keeping,  in  some 
cases  half  the  herd  and  even  as  high 
as  three-quarters  have  been  turned 
out. 

This  means  certainty  In  dairying, 
no  more  guess  work  as  to  individual 
performance. 

Cow  testing  shows  that  many  cows 
considered  only  average  are  really 
the  best  In  the  herd. 

Cow  testing  points  out  definitely 
which  cows  are  the  best  producers, 
both  in  milk  and  butter  fat. 

Cow  testing  proves  that  many  cows 
considered  the  highest  In  test  are 
really  the  lowest. 

Cow  testing  saves  good  cows  from 
being  beefed,  they  are  found  to  be 
profitable  when  actual  yield  and  cost 
of  feed  are  considered. 

Cow  testing  shows  that  many  fine 
looking  cows  do  not  bring  In  much 


Feed  Influence. 

Cow  testing  allows  more  discrimin- 
ation In  feeding,  apportioning  the 
grain  according  to  the  yield  of  fat. 

Cow  testing  emphasizes  the  bene- 
fit of  liberality  in  feeding  succulent, 
r'igestible  foodstuffs. 

Cow  testing  abundantly  proves 
that  it  pays  handsomely  to  give 
dairy  cows  the  best  of  care  and  kind 
treatment;  this  includes  regularity 
as  to  milking,  early  stabling  In  the 
fall,-  protection  from  cold  rains, 
spraying  to  protect  from  flies;  and 
above  all,  particular  attention  to 
cleanliness,  light  and  ventilation  in 
the  stable. 

Cow  testing  demonstrates  that 
many  good  cows  can  be  kept  at  a 
smaller  cost  of  feed.  This  is  not 
stinginess,  but  economy. 

The   Dairyman  Himself. 

Keeping  records  makes  one  more 
observant  of  all  those  little  details 
that  go  to  make  up  success. 

Because  cow  testing  develops  this 
faculty  of  observation  and  Induces 
sociations  are  becoming  far  better 
dairymen. 

,  There  is  a  great  stimulus  received 
from  comparing  notes  and  results 
with  other  members. 

The  hired  men  take  more  Interest 
in  the  cows,  consequently  they  give 
them  better  attention  and  get  more 
milk. 

Neighboring  farmers  who  original- 
ly scoffed  at  the  Idea  of  cow  testing 
have  become  Impressed  with  the  re- 
sults obtained  by  membeni. 


184  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


A   READY   METHOD  OF  BALANCING  A   RATION   FOR   DAIRY  COWS. 

Low  Protein  Group  Medium  Protein  Group  High  Protein  Group 

Less  than  12  %    total        12  to  25  %   total  protein         More  than  25  %  total 
protein.  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  protein 

Corn   10.3  Mixed  wheat  feed   ..16.3     Malt  sprouts   26.3 

Oats    11.4  Standard  wheat  mids.16. 9     Linseed  oilmeal    33.9 

Wheat    11.9  Flour  Wheat  Mids  ..19.2     Cottonseed  meal 45.3 

Rye  11-3  Cottonseed  feed   ...   20  0     G'uten  feed    25.0 

Barley    12.0  Buckwheat  feed  Brewers'  dried  grains.25.0 

Buckwheat   10.8  .l^^^v^^f               is^  Distillers' dried  grains 

Hominy  chop 10.5         CsnucK  m)    I8.d         ^^^^^^ ^^  2 

Dried  beet  pulp   8.1     Pea   f"eal 20.2     Buckwheat  mids.  (free 

Corn  and  cob  meal..   8.5     Cull   beans   21.6         from  shuck)  26.7 

The  ordinary  coarse  foods  in  use  are  mixed  hay,  corn  silage  and  corn- 
stalks or  fodder.  These  are  all  very  similar  in  composition  as  far  as  the  bal- 
ance between  protein  and  carbohydrates  is  concerned. 

The  ration  then  is  usually  balanced  on  the  grain  food. 

Ordinary  grain  foods  may  be  conveniently~divided  into  three  groups:  Low 
protein  (less  than  12%),  medium  protein  (12  to  25%),  and  high  protein  (over 
25%). 

For  the  sake  of  variety  it  is  desirable  to  use  at  least  three  grain  foods. 

If  one  low  protein  food,  one  medium  protein  food  and  one  high  protein 
food  are  mixed  together,  equal  parts  by  weight,  the  mixture  will  make  a  well 
balanced  ration  to  be  used  with  ordinary  mixed  hay,  silage  or  corn  fodder. 

If  clover  or  alfalfa  hay  is  largely  used  less  high  protein  food  is  necessary. 

In  amount,  in  addition  to  what  hay  and  silage  she  will  readily  eat,  a  cow 
in  full  milk,  giving  4  %  milk  or  better,  should  have  one  pound  of  grain  to  3  or 
ZVz  pounds  of  milk  daily;  a  cow  giving  milk  with  less  than  4%  of  fat  should 
have  one  pound  of  grain  to  3 1?^  or  4  pounds  of  milk.  An  ideal  grain  ration 
should  weigh  about  one  pound  to  the  quart.  To  secure  this,  the  mixture  should 
contain  at  least  one  "light"  food. 

"Heavy"  foods  are  in  dark  faced  type;  "light"  foods  In  ordinary  type. 

FARM  DAIRY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  FROM  FOUR  TO  EIGHT  C50WS. 

1  No.   3  barrel  churn $7.00 

1   Floating  thermometer 26 

1  Lever  butter  worker   4.50 

2  Butter  ladles 30 

1   Butter  printer  for  lb.  print 2.50 

1  Large  strainer  dipper 40 

1  Large  plain  dipper 25 

1  Long  handled  dairy  brush 15 

1   Small  fibre  brush 20 

1   5  gallon  covered  cream  can 75 

1   Shotgun  can 60 

1  Cream  stirrer  or  ladle 20 

2  Large  pails  (14  qts.  each)    60 

2   Shallow  tin  pans 20 

1  Bottle  butter  color 25 

5  Yards  cheese  cloth 26 

100  lbs.  dairy  salt 50 

1000  Printed  parchment  wrappers 2  .  50 

240  lb.  Union  Scales 6  .  00 

500  lb.  Cream  Separator   $55.00  to   75.00 

Four  bottle  tester  complete   5.00 

Tester  for  milk  and  cream 3.50 

Prices  will  vary  according  to  localities  and  differences  in  quality. 


POULTRY. 


185 


FARM  POULTRY 


Selection  of  a  Breed. 

Be  sure  that  the  male  at  the  head 
of  the  flock  is  purebred. 

The  Mediterranean  or  egg  breeds 
are:  Leghorns,  Minorcas,  Spanish, 
Blue  Andalusians,  and  Anconas. 

The  American  or  general-purpose 
breeds  are:  Plymouth  Rocks,  Wyan- 
dottes,  Javas,  Dominiques,  Rhode 
Island  Reds,  and  Buckeyes. 

The  Asiatic  or  meat  breeds  are: 
Brahmas,  Cochins,  and  Langshans. 

The  English  breeds  are:  Dorkings, 
Orpingtons,  and  Redcaps. 

For  farm  use  the  American  breeds 
are  probably  the  best. 

Purebred  poultry  means  uniform- 
ity of  products. 

Uniformity  of  products  means  in- 
creased profits,  if  products  are  pro- 
perly marketed. 

Given  the  same  care  and  feed, 
purebred  fowls  will  make  a  greater 
profit  than  mongrels. 

Artificial  and  Natural  Incubation  and 
Brooding. 

Have  everything  ready  beforehand 


and   start  your  hatching  eperations 
early  in  the  year. 

A  well-ventilated  cellar  is  the  best 
place  to  operate  the  incubator. 

The  machine  should  be  operated 
according  to  the  manufacturer's  di- 
rections. 

See  that  the  incubator  is  running 
steadily  at  the  desired  temperature 
before  filling  it  with  eggs.  Do  not 
add  eggs  to  a  machine  during  incu- 
bation. 

Turn  the  eggs  twice  daily  after  the 
second  and  through  the  eighteenth 
day.  Cool  the  eggs  once  daily,  ac- 
cording to  the  weather,  from  the 
seventh  through  the  eighteenth  day. 

Turn  the  eggs  before  caring  for 
the  lamp. 

Attend  to  the  machine  carefully  at 
regular  hours. 

Keep  the  lamp  and  wick  clean. 

Test  the  eggs  on  the  seventh  and 
fourteenth  days. 

Do  not  open  the  machine  after  the 
eighteenth  day  until  the  chickens 
are  hatched. 

Eggs  saved  for  hatching  purposes 


Fowl  with  well 
developed  breast. 


Fowl  with  very 

poor  breast 

development. 


Fowl   flat   in   front  and 
cut   up   behind. 


186 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


If  several  hens  are  set  in.  one 
room,  it-  is  desirable  to  confine  them 
in.  good  nests. 

Straw  and  hay  make  good  nesting 
material. 

'Broody  hens  should  be  moved  to  the 
permanent  sitting  nest  at  night. 

Whole  corn  is  a  good  feed  for  sit- 
ting hens.  Water,,  grit,  and  dust 
baths  should  also  be  provided. 

All  eggs  siiould  he  tested  by  the 
seventh  day,  which  often  makes  it 
possible  to  reset  some  of  the  hens. 

Toe-mark  the  chicks  as  soon  as 
they  are  hatched.  This  enables  one 
to  tell  their  ages  later. 

Powder  the  chicks  occasionally 
during  the  first  eight  weeks. 

■Start  the  brooder  a  day  or  two  be- 
fore putting  in  the  chicks  to  see  that 
the  heating  apparatus  is  working  pro- 
perly. 


A  \/ery  Good  Feeder. 
Note  the  Short,  Thick   Neck. 

Brooder  lamps  should  be  cleaned 
every  day. 

A  record  should  be  kept  of  each 
hatch,  showing  the  date  set,  number 
and  kind  of  eggs,  number  tested  out, 
and  the  chickens  hatched. 

Ohicks  should  not  receive  feed  un- 
til they  are  36  hours  old. 

In  cool  weather  10  to  13  chicks  are 
sufficient  for  one  hen,  while  in  warm- 
er weather  15  to  20  can  be  cared  for 
successfully. 

Never  mix  chicks  of  different  ages. 

Confine  the  hen  until  the  chicks  are 
weaned. 


The  coop  for  hen  and  chicks  should 
be  well  ventilated,  easy  to  clean,  and 
of  sufficient  proportions  to  insure 
comfort. 

The  early  hatched  pullet  is  the  one 
that  begins  to  lay  early  in  the  fall, 
when  eggs  are  high  in  price. 


A  Poorer  Type  of  Feeder. 
Note   Crow-like  Shape. 

The  cockerel  that  can  ibe  marketed 
as  a  broiler  in  March  or  April  (brings 
more  money  than  the  one  marketed 
in  June. 


A    Prize    Winning    Columbian    Wyan- 
dotte. 


POULTRY. 


187 


Allow  at  least  2  square  feet  of 
floor  space  per  bird. 

Proper  ventilation  and  sunlight 
mean  a  dry  house  and  healthy  birds. 

The  partial  open-front  house  is 
conceded  to  be  the  best  type  for  most 
sections. 

The  colony  plan  of  housing  poul- 
try may  be  adopted  to  good  advan- 
tage on  many  farms.  This  system 
does  away  with  the  danger  of  tainted 
soil. 

The  roosts  should  be  built  on  the 
same  level,  2  feet  6  inches  from  the 
floor,  with  a  dropping  board  about 
8  inches  below  them. 

Good  roosts  may  be  made  of  2  by 
2  inch  material  with  upper  edges 
rounded. 

The  nests  may  be  placed  on  the 
side  walls  or  under  the  dropping 
boards.  It  is  best  to  have  them 
darkened,  as  the  hens  prefer  a  se- 
cluded place  in  which  to  lay. 

Feeding. 

In  order  to  obtain  eggs  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  healthy,  vigorous  stock, 
properly  fed. 


'Cripple, 


or  Bird  "off  feed. 
Eye. 


Note 


A  splendid  mixture  for  laying  hens 
is  equal  parts  of  cracked  com,  wheat, 
and  oats,  which  should  be  scattered 
in  the  litter. 

Bran  or  middlings  and  beef  scraps 
should  be  kept  in  receptacles  to 
which  the  fowls  have  access  at  all 
times. 


Plenty  or  exercise  increases  the 
egg  yield. 

Provide  4  or  5  inches  of  good, 
clean  litter  in  which  to  scatter  the 
grain. 

Cabbages,  mangels,  potatoes, 
sprouted  oats,  etc.,  make  excellent 
green  feed. 

When  wet  mashes  are  fed,  be  sure 
they  are  crumbly  and  not  sticky. 

For  the  first  three  days  chicks  may 
be  fed  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  hard- 
boiled  eggs  and  stale  bread,  or  stale 
bread  soaked  in  milk.  When  bread 
and  milk  are  used,  care  should  be 
exercised  to  squeeze  all  milk  out 
of  the  bread.  From  the  third  or 
fourth  day  until  the  chicks  can  eat 
wheat  and  cracked  corn,  commercial 
chick  feed  is  a  good  ration. 

Plenty  of  pure,  fresh  water,  grit, 
shellj  and  green  feed  should  be  avail- 
able from  the  first  day. 

There  is  very  little  danger  of  over- 
feeding young  stock. 

Feed  the  chickens  about  five  times 
daily  and  only  what  they  will  eat  up 
clean  in   a  few  minutes,  except  at 


Buff  Plymouth  Rock,  English  Type. 

night,  when  they  should  receive  all 
they  want. 

Egg   Production. 

Produce  the  infertile  egg. 
Infertile  eggs  are  produced  by  hens 
having  no  male  birds  with  them. 
Removing  the   male   bird   has   no 


188 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


influence  on  the  number  of  eggs  laid  of  at  the  end  of  her  second  laying 

by  the  hens.  season  and  before  starting  to  molt. 

The  hen's  greatest  profit-producing  Few  eggs  can  be  expected  until  the 

period  is  the  first  and  second  years,  pullets  are  matured, 
and  unless  a  hen  is  an  exceptionally  If  possible,  mark  the  pullets  that 

good  breeder  she  should  be  disposed  lay  iu  the  fall,  and  use  them  in  the 


—  'FROIi-T'ELEVPiTIOff'  — 
Combination    Hatching   and    i^rooding   Coop. 


'SIDE-ELE  \rj\TIorf'  Rajrs-RTT/\CH£D 

Combination   Hatching   and   Brooding   Coop. 


POULTRY. 


189 


"breeding  pen  for  the  following  spring. 
Soft-shelled  eggs  are  often  caused 
by  fowls  being  confined,  becoming 
overfat,  and  from  lack  of  mineral  mat- 
ter. " 
Marketing. 

Uniform  products  command  the  best 
prices.  Purebred  fowls  produce  uni- 
form products. 

B^n  marketing  the  cockerels  as 
soon  as  they  weigh  1  1-2  pounds  or  at- 
tain a  marketable  weight. 

Market  white-shelled  and  brown- 
shelled  eggs  in  separate  packages. 

When  selling  eggs  to  the  country 
merchant  or  cash  buyer,  insist  that 
the  traasaction  be  on  a  quality  basis. 

Ship  or  deliver  eggs  twice  or  three 
times  weekly. 

Small  or  dirty  eggs  should  be  used 
at  home. 

T\Tien  taking  eggs  to  market  they 
should  be  protected  from  the  sun's 
rays. 

Infertile  eggs  will  withstand  mar- 
keting conditions  much  better  than 
fertile  ^gs. 

Lice  and  Mites. 

The  free  use  of  an  effective  lice 
powder  is  always  in  order. 

A  dust  bath  Is  very  essential  in 
ridding  the  fowls  of  lice. 

In  applying  powder  hold  the  fowl 
by  the  feet,  head  down,  and  work  the 
powder  well  down  into  the  feathers. 

Whitewash  is  very  effective  against 
vermin. 

Common    Diseases   and   Treatments. 

All  diseased  birds  should  be  isolat- 
ed. 

Colds  and  roup. — ^Disinfect  the  drink- 
ing water  as  follows:  To  each  gallon 
of  water  add  the  amount  of  postas- 
sium  permaaganate  that  will  remain 
on  the  surface  of  a  dime. 

Canker. — Sprinkle  a  little  flowers  ofi 
sulphur  in  the  mouth  and  throat  of 
the  bird  and  put  some  chlorate  of 
potash  in  the  water.  Also  carefully 
remove  the  exudate  with  the  aid  of 
warm  water. 

Chicken  pox. — ^Apply  a  touch  of 
iodine  and  carbolated  vaseline  to  each 
sore. 

Gapes. — New  ground  and  vigorous 
cultivation  will  often  remedy  this 
rouble. 

Diarrhea  in  hens. — ^Low-grade  wheat 


flour  or  middlings  Is  good  for  this  trou- 
ble. Also  give  teaspoonful  of  oastor 
oil  containing  flve  drops  of  oU  of  tur- 
pentine to  each  fowl. 

Bowel  trouble  in  chicks. — Well-boil- 
ed rice  mixed  with  a  little  charcoal 
will  often  check  this  complaint.  Dis- 
solve 15  grains  of  crude  catechu  in 
each  gallon  of  drinking  water. 

Rules. 

All  farmers  and  poultrymen  should 
adhere  strictly  to  the  following  rules 
in  handling  their  poultry  and  eggs: 

1.  Keep  the  nests  clean;  provide 
one  nest  for  every  four  hens. 

2.  Gather  the  e^gs  twice  daily. 
3.Keep  the  eggs  in  a  cool,  dry  room 

or  cellar. 

4.  Market  the  eggs  at  least  twice  a 
week. 

5.  Sell,  kill,  or  confine,  all  male 
birds  as  soon  as  the  hatching  season 
is  over. 

As  far  as  possible  have  your  eggs 
of  a  uniform  size  and  color.  There  is 
a  premium  due  for  uniformity  and 
good  size  in  eggs. 

Candling  Eggs. 

Eggs  are  candled  very  easily.  A 
new-laid  egg  when  held  between  the 
eye  and  the  light  has  a  clear  appear- 
ance, the  yolk  is  practically  invisible, 
and  the  air  cell  is  about  the  size  of 
a  five-ceut  piece. 

Unless  the  eggs  are  put  in  pickle 
or  held  in  cold  storage,  the  air  cell 
gradually  increases  in  size,  and  the 
yolk  becomes  visible. 

Cold  storage  and  pickled  eggs  may 
have  small  air  cells,  but  the  yolks  are 
conspicious. 

The   Egg  Tester. 

1.  Egg-testing  box. 

2.  Hole  through  which  the  light 
shines  and  before  which  egg  is  held 
to  be  tested. 

3.  Chimney. 

4.  Bottle  of  water  placed  between 
light  and  No.  2. 

5.  Reflector  to  be  placed  behind 
light. 

An  ordinary  lamp  or  electric  light 
is  placed  in  the  box  so  that  the  light 
shines  through  No.  2, 


190 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Eggs 

Feed 

sited 

Poultry 
SOkles 

Home 
Use 

m? 

Chicks 
Hatched 

/7    » 

^1^ 

tyr 

ll'J  4 

^■■'  i^  5 

ii^6 

*H?   7 

'  8 

L  9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

.      19 

* 

20 

21 

22 

* 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

3i 

' 

'l-'^S 

Bsa 

.,, 

sss 

^^_ 

POULTRY. 


191 


Eggs 

Feed 

Sales 

Poultry 
Srnles 

Home    ! 
Use       1 

Set 

Chicks 
Hatched 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

1 

!0 

ii 

12 

13 

i 

141 

1 

15  i 

15 

!7 

IS 

19 

20 

2! 

22 

23 

24 

25  ij 

26 1 

27  J! 

28  ! 

29 1 

30 

3i 

Ton 

192 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Poultry    Houses    and    Fixtures. 

iSelect  a  location  that  lias  natural 
drainage  away  from  the  buildiag. 

A  dry,  porous  soil  such  as  sand  or 
gravelly  loam,  is  preferable  to  a  clay 
soil. 

In  most  localities  the  building  siiould 
face  the  south,  as  this  insures  the 
greates.t  amount  of  sunlight  during 
the  winter. 


RULES  FOR   POULTRY   BUILDINGS. 

Four  to  six  sqiiare  feet  for  every 
hen.  Plymouth  Rocks,  Wyandottes, 
nine  inches  perch  room;  Iveghorns  and 
other  light  birds,  about  eigM  inches; 
roosts  low  and  near  ground. 

Dropping  boards  low  down  of  match- 
ed lumber,  20  inches  wide  for  one 
roost  and  three  feet  for  two  perches. 
Roosts  2  inches  by  2  inches  rounded. 
iNests  12  to  15  inches  square. 
'Cement  floors  are  the  cleanest  and' 
best. 

Ground  floors  are  better  than  (boards. 
Keep   only   25   to   30   birds  in  each 
flock. 
Use  matched  'boards  dressed  on  one 
side,  sheet  back  on  inside,  using  build- 
ing paper  under  the  boards. 
Specific  Suggestions  ir>  Regard  to  the 


Proper  Care  of  Market  Eggs. 

To  the  Farmer. 

Remove  the  male  ibirds  from  the 
flock  immediately  after  the  breeding 
season  and  market  no  fertile  eggs. 

Provide  roomy  nests  and  iplenty  of 
clean  nesting  material,  preferably  dry 
shavings  or  cut  hay. 

Keep  the  nests  clean  and  sanitary. 

Collect  the  eggs  regularly  at  least 
once,  better  twice,  a  day  in  moderate 
•weather,  and  more  frequently  in  very 
warm  and  very  cold  weatiher. 

Remove  at  once  in  clean  utensils  to 
a  cool,  dry  cellar. 

Cover  with  clean  cloth  to  prevent 
dust  from  settling  upon  them  and  also 
to  prevent  evaporation  and   fading. 

Do  not  pack  loose  in  a  box  when 
taking  them  to  market,  but  rather 
secure  a  suitable  egg  case  and  Ums 
avoid  breakage. 

Market  as  frequently  and  as  direct- 
ly as  possible. 
To  the  Merchant 

Buy  on  a  loss-off  basis,  if  possible, 
and  encouragp  other  merchants  to  do 
the  same. 

Insist  that  the  farmers  furnish  first 
quality  eggs  only. 

Keep    in    mind    the    perishable    na- 


•ErfD'EJLEV^ATfQlf- 

'S-  — 


Showing   construction   of  colony  house.     It   is  not  advisable  to   use  this  as  a 

brooder  house. 


POULTRY. 


193 


lure  of  the  product  and  do  not  hold 
eggs  oa  a  rising  market  without  pro- 
per facilities  for  storing  them. 

Realize  that  fresh  eggs  at  any  sea- 
son of  the  year  are  much  more  valu- 
able than  stale  eggs,  when  prices  are 
higher. 

Wihen    shipping,    pack   carefully    in 
strong,  clean  cases  and  fillers. 
To  the  Egg-Buyer. 

If  buying  direct  from  the  farmer, 
make  regular  and  frequent  collections. 

Pay  a  premium  for  quality  and  do 
not  hesitate  to  condemn  bad,  dirty, 
small  and  broken  eggs. 

E5ncourage  the  farmer  to  keep  bet- 
ter poultry  and  more  of  it. 

Be  willing  to  i)ay  a  premium  for 
good  eggs. 

iHaving  purchased  eggs  do  not  over- 
look their  perishable  nature,  and  give 
them  proper  care. 

Crate-  Fattening. 

Practical  experience  has  shown 
that  crate  feeding  is  not  only  a  very 
satisfactory,  but  also  an  economical 
method  of  fattening  poultry.  The  sav- 
ing in  the  amount  of  feed  required  to 
produce  one  pound  of  gain  is  quite 
marked,  and  the  feeder  is  enabled  to 
observe  to  greater  advantage  the  pro- 
gress being  made  by  individual  birds. 
He  can  also,  if  necessary,  curtail  the 


their  maximum  weight  and  are  ready 
to  ibe  placed  in  the  finishing  crate. 


A   long,   narrw  type   poor   feeder. 

duration  of  the  feeding  period  in  the 
case    of   birds    which    have   attained 


A    very   good   fattening    type. 


Crate  fattening  cannot  with  success 
be  carried  on  in  a  haphazard  way. 
The  feeder  requires  to  understand 
the  principles  of  what  he  is  at,  and  to 
give  the  necessary  attention  to  the  de- 
tails of  his  work.  In  order  to  teach 
the  proper  method  of  feeding  poultry 
in  crates  the  Live  Stock  Commissioner 
at  Ottawa  has  had  prepared  a  season- 
able illustrated  pamphlet  on  the  sub- 
ject, which  explains  clearly  the  con- 
struction of  a  fattening  crate,  the  con- 
stituents and  preparation  of  proper 
rations,  the  methods  of  feeding,  kill- 
ing and  dressing  birds,  and  informa- 
tion regarding  packing  'for  market. 
Breed    and    Sitters. 

Egg  breeds  of  fowl  are  as  a  rule 
good  sitters;  meat  breed  as  a  rule, 
non-sitters,  and  general  purpose  make 
good  mothers. 

Hen  Houses. 

In  this  section  will  be  found  the 
plans  of  suitable  Ihenrihouses.  Thje 
one  house  is  twenty-four  feet  long 
and  twelve  feet  wide,  an-d  is  divided 
in  the  centre  by  a  wire  and  board  par- 
tition, making  two  pens,  each  twelve 
feet  square.  The  two  pens  together 
■will  accommodate  the  maximum  num- 
ber of  chickens  (50)  that  should  be 
under  one  roof.  The  dropping  board 
is  constructed  of  matched  lumber,  and 


194 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


is  placed  at  the  back  of  tlie  ibuildiiig, 
about  three  feet  above  the  floor.  The 
roosts  are  made  of  dresesd  scantling, 
3x3  inch,  a.bout  six  inches  above 
dropping  board.  A  curtain  is  arrang 
ed  to  ibe  let  down  on  cold  nights  in 
'front  of  the  roosts.  This  house  is 
practically  open  to  the  weather  at 
the  front,  which  faces  the  south.  The 
end's  of  the  house  are  simply  matched 
lumber.  This  house  may  appear  to 
be  cold,  but  it  has  been  found  that  too 
warm  quarters  for  chickens  are  un- 
healthy and  conducive  to  disease. 
There  aire  canvas  curtains  that  cgin 
be  dropped  as  a  protection  during  the 
cold  nights. 

This  house  is  cheap  of  construction, 
and  has  given  excellent  results  during 
the  laying  Sicason.  Do  not  heep  hogs 
too  near  the  hen-house.  A  cement 
foundation  and  a  cement  floor  for  the 
hen-house  may  seem  like  an  unneces- 
sary expenditure,  but  it  is  found  to  be 
worth  it.  The  above  plans  are  from 
Bulletin  189,  Ontario  Agricultural 
College. 

Turkeys,  except  when  very  young, 
should  not  Ibe  cooped  u  por  hous^Bd^ 
but  allowed  iwide  range  to  forage. 


we  must,  first  of  all,  have  our  hens 
bred  itio  lay.  Nothing  can  make  a  non- 
layer  produce  eggs  if  she  is  not  bred  , 
for  production.  The  keynote  of  effi- 
ciency on  the  poultry  farm  lies  in  cull- 
ing out  the  poor  layers.  Layers  going 
in  in  iSepterh'ber  lay  in  November — ^De- 
cember. Cull  out  at  that  time.  Again 
in  midsummer  after  the  heavy  spring 
egg  production  is  over.  Then  again  in 
July.  Then  select  for  breeders,  for 
next  season.  Dispose  of  the  poor  lay- 
ers all  this  time — they  are  no  good  for 
breeders. 


full     breasted 
ss   bred   chick. 


They  will  seek  and  find  a  great  por- 
tion of  their  food.  Roosting  houses 
are  considered  unnecessary  by  many 
successful  turkey  raisers.  If  used, 
they  must  be  well  ventilated.  Turkeys 
do  not  reach  their  full  maturity  until 
the  third  season.  Birds  should  not  be 
used  for  breeding  purposes  before 
their  second  year. 

EFFICIENCY  IN  PRODUCTION. 


For    efficiency   to   poultry   manage- 
ment, i.e.,  the  production  of  eggs,  etc., 


Identifying   the    Poor    Layers. 

How  to  tell  good  from  poor  layers. 
Really  the  trap  nests  are  the  only  ab- 
solutely sure  w^ay,  yet  there  are  other 
methods  that  are  very  certain  indica- 
tions.   1.  Time  of  moulting.    Color  ot 
ear  lobes,   and   color   of  shank.     The 
first  applies  to  all  kinds  of  hens.     If 
raised  and  hatched  under  equal   con- 
ditions,  the  hen  moulting  last  is  the 
best  producer.     2.  Applies     to    Ibreed 
with     white    ear    lolbes    and     yellow 
shanks.     "The  Leghorns,-  single  comb- 
ed, are  an  example  and  are,  I  'believe, 
the  greatest     egg     machine  in  exist- 
ence."   We  want  eggs  when  they  are 
high  priced.    PuHets  laying  in  October 
lay  well  throughout  fall,  ibut  may  fall 
off  during  earlj^  -winter.    'Layers  can 
'be  picked  out  in  the  white  ear  lobed 
yellow    shanked    'breed.      The    layers 
are  the   birds  v^hose  ear  lobes  have 
turned  snow  white  to  light  yeUow  in 
color.     Those  hens   whose   ear   lobes 
are  bright  yellow  at  that  time  are  the 
poor  'layers.     It   is   well   known   that 
hens  lay  the  pigment  into  their  eggs. 
3.    Color    of   sihanks.      This    does   not 
change   so  rapidly.     'Early  August  is 
what  may  'be  termed  the  second  color 
period.      The    yellow    shanked    hens 
Note  resemblance  show  some  with  bright  yellOw  shanks, 
and  others  with  light  yellow  shanks. 
The  latter  are  the  hens  that  Jtiave  (been 
laying. 

Production  in  Season. 
The  problem  is  one  of  production; 
to  sell  the  produce,  especially  eggs,  is 
a  comparatively  simple  matter.^  After 
■the  production  idea  comes  the  import- 
ant 'business  of  time  of  hatching.  Get 
eggs  in  October-Novem'ber-December- 
January,  when  eggs  are  the  highest 
priced.  For  a  high  average,  pulleits 
are  largely  used.  "We  have  made  a 
net  profit  of  90c  in  December  per  head 


Son  of  fowl  No. 


POULTRY. 


195 


on  pullets  against  4c  on  a  yearling 
hen.  Hatch  the  Rocks  between  1st  of 
April  and  10th  May;  Leghorns,  20th 
April  to  24th  May — not  earlier  and  not 
later  than  these  dates.  Early  matur- 
ity gives  good  records  from  the  trap 
nests,  but  if  too  early  the  birds  ma- 
ture too  rapidly  and  lay  heavy  in 
August,  moulting  in  October-Novem- 
ber, and  egg  production  ceases.  If  too 
late,  pullets  do  not  thrive  well  and  the 
cold  weather  catches  them  and  they 
will  not  start  laying  until  late  Janu- 
ary. (December  eggs  pay  best.) 
Mating  the  Birds. 

Better  results  are  obtaiued  by  mat- 
ing yearling  hens  to  cockerels,  than 
by  mating  pullets  to  cocks.  The  first 
is  irreparably  weakened  through  the 
pullet  year  and  will  never  give  maxi- 
mum results.  Don't  'breed  too  young. 
This  applies  equally  well'in  poultry  as 
in  other  branches  of  live  stock.  For 
setting  purposes  yearling  hens  are  the 
producers. 

Rations  Recommended. 

Dry  mash,  200  lbs.  bran,  100  lbs.  feed 
or  low  grade  flour,  100  lbs.  commeal, 
100  lbs.  beef  scrap,  100  lbs.  St.  Law- 
rence brand  gluten  meal,  and  33  lbs. 
bone  meal.  For  wet  mash  use  the 
same  ration.  Grain  is  fed  in  litter  at 
3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  and  one-half 
in  litter  when,  birds  are  on  th'»  roost. 
Moist  mash  at  noon.  Grain  food  at 
11  o'clock.  The  most  suiitable  house 
in  Mr.  Clark's  experience  for  laying 
hens  is  a  shanty  roof  affair,  7  feet  In 
front,  5  feet  at  back,  and  16  feet  by 
17%  feet  in  area.  This  accommodates 
about  75  Rocks.  The  front  is  glass 
and  canvas.  Twenty-seven  square  feet 
of  canvas  or  opening  to  100  hens.  The 
sides  and  ends  are  tar  papered,  bat- 
tened, and  boarded,  leaving  an  air 
space  between  the  studding. — L.  N. 
CLARK. 

Standard   Varieties   of  Turkeys. 

There  are  six  varieties  of  turkeys 
raised  in  Canada.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows: Bronze  Narragansett.  Buff, 
Slate,  White  and  Black.  A  non- 
standard variety  is  the  Bourbon  Reds. 
Turkeys  originated  in  America,  and 
were  imported  into  Europe  by  the 
Mexicans.  Are  hard  to  raise,  a  pecu- 
liarity being  that  one  copulation  at 
beginning  of  season  renders  fertile  all 
the  eggs  In  the  ovarium.  Hens  weigh 
10  to  12  pounds;  cocks,  15  to  25 
pounds.    This  Is  average;  many  times 


they  are  grown  many  pounds  over 
these  weights. 

Standard  Varieties  of  Ducks. 

There  are  twelve  standard  varieties 
of  ducks  raised  in  Canada,  some  of 
them  on  a  small  scale,  as  follows: 
The  White  Pekin,  White  Aylesbury, 
Colored  Rouen,  Black  Cayuga,  Col- 
ored Muscovy,  White  Muscovy,  In- 
dian Runner,  Gray  Call,  White  Call, 
Black  East  India,  Crested  White,  and 
Blue  Swedish.  Of  these  varieties,  the 
first  seven  are  considered  profitable 
to  raise;  the  two  varieties  of  Calls 
and  the  Black  East  India  are  Ban- 
tams, and  are  bred  more  for  the 
showroom;  the  Crested  White  may  be 
considered  as  almost  purely  orna- 
mental while  at  present  but  little  is 
known  of  the  Blue  Swedish  In  this 
country  and  the  United  States. 

White  Pekin  Ducks. — Very  large, 
and  excellent  layers,  averaging  from 
100  to  150  eggs  in  a  season.  Non- 
sitters,  easily  raised,  and  mature 
early.  The  standard  weight  of  the 
adult  drake  is  9  pounds;  adult  duck, 
8  pounds;  young  drake,  8  pounds,  and 
young  duck,  7  pounds. 

Colored  Rouen  Ducks. — Profitable 
on  the  farm,  hardy,  prolific.  Eggs  not 
BO  large  as  the  Pekin,  diverse  in  color. 

rn       i  r-i 


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plan    of    Colony    House    for 
growing  stock. 


196 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


The  standard  weight  of  the  adult 
duck  is  8  pounds;  adult  drake,  9 
pounds;  young  drake,  8  pounds;  and 
young  duck,  7  pounds. 

Black  Cayuga  Ducks. — Originated 
in  America;  produce  from  80  to  90 
eggs  in  the  spring,  and  sometimes 
lay  again  in  the  autumn.  Standard 
weight  of  adult  drake,  is  8  pounds; 
adult  duck,  7  pounds;  young  drake,  7 
pounds,  and  young  duck,  6  pounds. 


Colored  and  White  Muscovy  Ducks. 
— The  standard  weight  of  this  variety 
of  the  adult  drake  is  10  pounds;  adult 
duck,  7  pounds;  young  drake,  8 
pounds,  and  young  duck,  6  pounds. 

Indian  Runner  Ducks. — Have  been 
credited  with  records  of  more  than 
200  eggs  each  in  flocks  of  ten,  and  of 
192  eggs  each  in  flocks  of  100.  The 
standard  weight  of  the  drake  is  4^^ 
pounds,  and  of  the  duck  4  pounds. 


Menu  for  the  Chickens 


Day 

Morning 

Noon 

Night 

Sunday  . .  • 

2  gal.  wheat  scat- 
tered in  litter 

2    gal.    water    to 
drink 

8  lbs.  mangels 
2     gaL    milk     or 
water 

2  gal.  barley  scat- 
tered in  the  Lit- 
ter 

Moaday  ... 

2  gal.  wheat  aaid 
barley,  half  and 
■      half 
2  gal.  milk 

'6  lbs.  wet  mash, 
fork  full  of  al- 
falfa  or    clover 
hay 

2  gal.  milk,  meat 
if  available   or 
cut  green  'bone 

2  gal.  wheat 

Tuesday   . . 

2    gal.   ibarley    in 

litter 
2  gal.  water 
8  lbs.  cabbage 

2  gal.  water 
Any     meat    food 
available 

2  gal.  wheat  and 
barley,  hall  and 
half,  in  litter 

Wednesday 

2    gal.    wheat   in 

litter 
2  gal.  milk 

6  lbs.  wet  mash 
Alfalfa  or  clover 

hay 
2  gal.  milk 

2  gal.  'barley  in 
litter 

Thursday  . 

2  gal.  wheat  and 
barley,  half  and 
half  in  litter 

2    gal.    water;    8 
lb.  mangels 

2  gal.  wateo" 
Any     meat     food 
available 

2  gal.  wheat  In 
litter 

IFViday 

2    gal.   (barley    in 

litter 
2  gal.  milk 

6  lbs.  wet  mash 
2  gal.  milk 
Alfalfa  or   clover 
hay 

!2  gal.  wheat  and 
barley,  half  and 
half,  in  litter 

Saturday  .. 

2    gal.    wheat    .In 

litter 
2  gal.  water 
8  lbs.  caJbbage 

2  gal  water 

Meat  food  if  avail- 
able, b^utchering 
offal 

2  gal.  Ibarley  in 
litter 

Note. — iCrushed  oats  to  be  in  self  feeding  hopper   all   week,   available   at 
any  time  for  the  hens.    Or  if  preferred,  they  can  be  fed  in  a  trough  at  noon 
at  the  rate  of  about  8  pounds  a  day. 


POULTRY. 


197 


Black  East  India. — ^Very  shy  in 
habit,  given  to  long  flights,  hard  to 
confine.  Good  sitters.  There  is  no 
standard  size,  but  the  smaller  the  size 
the  higher  they  rank  for  exhibition 
purposes. 

Crested  White  Ducks. — Medium- 
sized  bird,  merely  ornamental,  the 
adult  drake  weighing  7  pounds,  and 
the  adult  duck  weighing  6  pounds. 

Blue  Swedish  Ducks. — Very  scarce 
in  Canada.  Standard  weight  of  adult 
drake  is  8  pounds,  and  adult  duck  is 
7  pounds. 

Standard  Varieties  of  Geese. 

Gray  Toulouse  Geese. — Termed  a 
Christmas  goose;  a  good  layer,  aver- 
aging about  400  eggs  in  a  season.  The 
standard  weight  of  adult  gander  is  20 
pounds;  adult  goose,  18  pounds; 
young  gander,  18  pounds,  and  young 
goose,  15  pounds. 

"U'hite  Embden  Geese. — Lay  about 


200  eggs  in  a  season ;  very  large  eyes. 
Standard  weight  of  adult  gander  is 
20  pounds,  and  adult  goose  is  18 
pounds. 

Gray  African  Geese. — Considered 
one  of  the  most  profitable  to  raise. 
Are  ready  for  market  in  ten  weeks, 
weighing  at  that  age  between  8  and 
10  pounds.  Very  suitable  for  market 
and  table;  weight  of  adult  gander,  20 
pounds,  and  adult  goose,  about  18 
pounds. 

Brown  and  White  Chinese  Geese. — 
Very  light;  are  the  most  prolific  of 
geese,  averaging  from  50  to  60  eggs 
a  year.  Standard  weight  of  adult 
gander  is  12  pounds,  and  adult  goose, 
10  pounds. 

Gray  Wild  Geese. — Good  layers; 
highly  prized  for  table  use;  are  hardy 
and  easy  to  rear.  The  standard 
weight  of  adult  gander  is  12  potinds, 
and  aault  goose,  10  pounds. 


A    Handy   Home-made    Egg  Tester. 

1.  Egg  testing  box;  2.  Hole  through  which  light  shines,  and  before  which 
egg  is  held;  3.  Chimney;  4.  Bottle  of  water  placed  between  light  and  egg  hole; 
5.  piece  of  glass  placed  behind  lamp  or  reflector. 


198 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


This  house  is  inexpensive  and  has 
given  excellent  results  as  a  pen  for 
the  average  farm.  The  hens  lay  well, 
thrive   well    and    make    good    weight. 


Avoidance  of  draughts,  high  site  for 
building,  cleanliness,  good  natural 
drainage  and  lots  of  light  are  of 
course  necessary  accompanying  fac- 
tors. 


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To    OLCto-moo/oie  fOo'^ens. 


DETAILS    OF    PLAN. 


The  acconnpanying  plan  is  adapt- 
able on  the  average  farm  for  the 
housing  of  albout  KM)  hens.  It  al- 
lows about  six  square  feet  of  floor 
space  for  every  bird.  As  will  be  no- 
ticed the  front  is  open  and  wired  and 
is  three  feet  in  depth  from  sill  to 
plate.  The  back  is  four  feet  six  in 
depth  from  sill  to  plate;  height  from 
peak  to  plate  is  seven  feet.  The  house 
is  twenty-five  feet  square,  and  has 
two  sets  of  roosts,  albout  two  feet  six 


from  floor.  A  window  is  fixed  in  the 
west  end  and  the  door  in  the  east  end. 
The  house  faces  south  and  is  very 
comfortable  all  the  year  round.  The 
back  should  be  two  thicknesses  of 
boards  with  tar  paper  between.  Cur- 
tains of  cheese  cloth  can  be  attached 
to  be  used  when  the  weather  is  ex- 
ceptionally cold;  these  can  be  stretch- 
ed on  laths  and  hinged  to  the  plate  in 
front  and  fastened  securely  with  a 
thumfb  screw. 


HOUSEHOLD. 


199 


HOUSEHOLD 


The  Kitchen. 


While  the  kitchen  is  the  center  and 
workshop  of  the  home,  its  work  also 
extends  more  or  less  to  other  parts  of 
the  house.  In  planning  or  building 
a  home,  it  is  of  greatest  importance 
that  the  relation  of  the  kitchen  to  the 
other  rooms  be  considered.  The  kit- 
chen work  is  most  closely  associated 
with  the  pantry,  dining  room,  and 
the  store  room,  cellar,  or  woodshed. 
These  should  be  located  as  near  and 
conveniently  as  posihle  to  the  kitchen 
so  that  the  journeys  which  must  be 
made  so  often  between  these  rooms 
will  be  as  short  as  possible,  thus  say- 
ing many  steps  and  a  great  amount  of 
energy. 

Other  parts  of  the  house  which  are 
closely  related  to  the  kitchen,  al- 
though to  a  less  extent,  are  the  entry, 
or  other  place  where  wraps  are  left; 


1. — The  arrangement  of  the  kitchen 
and  equipment  here  is  inconvenient, 
and   means   many   unnecessary   steps. 

the  toilet,  where  hands  are  washed; 
the  laundiy;  the  living  room;  and  the 
bed  rooms,  where  children  must  fre- 
quently be  cared  for.  Wherever  pos- 
sible these  rooms  should  be  located 
within  easy  access  of  the  kitchen. 

The  pantry  should  be  so  located  that 
it  is  convenient  to  both  kitchen  and 
dining  room,  which  means  that  It  must 
be  near  or  adjacent  to  both.  To  meet 
the  latter  condition,  it  Is  often  located 
between  the  dining  room  and  the  kit- 
chen, and  is  then  designed  to  be  used 
both  for  preparation  of  food  and  for 


the  storage  of  food,  food  suppUea, 
china,  table  linen,  etc.  If  it  Is  narrow 
in  proportion  to  its  length  and  located 
lengthwise  between  the  two  rooms,  it 
does  not  very  appreciably  Increase  the 
distance  which  must  be  traveled  from 
the  kitchen  to  the  dining  room.  Two 
pantries  are  sometimes  desirable,  es- 
pecially when  there  is  an  abundance 
of  help  in  the  kitchen.  One  of  these 
is  generally  used  for  the  preparation 
of  food  and  storage  of  food  and  sup- 
plies, while  the  other  is  used  as  a 
serving  pantry  and  contains  counter 
space,  shelves,  and  drawers  for  the 
storage  of  dishes  and  table  linen,  and 
a  sink  for  washing  the  dishes.  In 
this  case,  the  sink  in  the  kitchen 
would  be  used  for  washing  and  clean- 
ing meat,  vegetables,  and  cooking 
utensils. 

Floors,  Walls,  and  Ceilings. 

All  surfaces  in  the  kitchen,  whether 
on  floors,  walls,  or  ceilings,  should  as 
far  as  possible  be  plain  and  free  from 
cracks,  ridges,  moldings,  and  raised 
forms  of  ornamentation,  for  such 
places  not  only  collect  dust  and  dirt 
and  thus  increase  the  difficulty  of 
keeping  a  room  clean,  but  also  may 
harbor  ants,  roaches,  and  other  pests. 
The  materials  used  in  the  kitchen,  on 
either  waUs  or  floor,  should  be  non- 
absorbent  and  easy  to  keep  clean. 
Floors. 

Unfinished  wooden  floors    can    be 


^ 


-i-C-'A 1 — -r.-^  PANTUt 


2. — Kitchen  shown  in  illustration  No.  1 
re-arranged.  Convenience  and  step- 
saving  are  its  obvious  advantages. 


200 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


kept  clean  only  by  frequent  ©crub- 
bmgs.  Even  iiard  wood  floors  are  like- 
ly to  s^ow  spots  and  stains  in  apite 
of  suck  scrubbings,  and  tbe  softer 
woods  Decome  rough  and  splintered. 
The  rougliening  of  soft  woods  can  be 
prevented  to  a  certain  extent  by  the 
application  of  paint,  and  hard  woods 
can  be  made  less  absorbent  by  tiie  ap- 
plication of  oil  and  special  commercial 
preparations.  Hard  woods,  for  in- 
stance Georgia  pine,  are,  therefore,  to 
be  considered  among  the  more  desir- 
able floor  coverings.  Unless  well  sea- 
soned 'before  being  put  down,  any 
kind  of  board  will  shrink,  leaving  large 
cracks.  These  may  fbe  filled  with 
putty  or  with  one  of  the  commercial 
preparations  for  this  ipurpose. 

Floor  coverings,  such  as  carpets 
and  mattings,  which  hold  dust  and 
dirt,  are  unsuited  to  the  kitchen.  Oil- 
cloth is  cheap  and  easily  cleaned,  but 
wears  out  quickly.  [Linoleum,  a  ma- 
terial made  of  cork  or  -wood  ipulp 
pressed  in  linseed  oil,  although  the 
first  cost  is  large,  as  compared  with 
oilcloth  or  paint,  is  relatively  durable, 
comfortable  for  the  feet,  and  easily 
kept  clean.  Another  advantage  is 
that  a  single  piece  may  be  cut  to  flt 
the  floor,  thus  avoiding  crevices.  It 
may  ibe  protected  iby  placing  small 
mats  where!  the  most  wear  comes. 


Walls   and   Ceilings. 

The  commonest  and  most  generally 
satisfactory  material  for  walls  and 
ceiling  of  the  farm  kitchen  is  plaster. 
The  dime  used  should  be  properly 
slaked  to  prevent  the  development  of 
cracks  and  blisters  and  injury  to  the 
surface  finish.  For  the  same  reason, 
freshly  plastered  walls  should  be  al- 
lowed to  dry  thoroughly  before  the 
finishing  surface  is  applied.  Instead 
of  plaster,  some  of  the  various  compo- 
sition boards  may  be  used.  They  may 
be  left  unfinished  or  they  may  'be 
painted  or  papered  and  varnished. 
The  joints  between  the  iboards  should 
be  covered  by  narrow  battens,  mak- 
ing tight  joints.  iSteel  wall  and  ceil- 
ing coverings,  although  durable, 
should  be  kept  well  painted  to  pre- 
vent rusting  by  steam.  The  wood- 
work should  be  shellacked  or  painted. 
A  Ibetter  surface  results  when  a  coat 
is  applied  every  year  or  two  than 
when  several  coats  are  applied  at 
once.  A  final  coat  of  enamel  paint  or 
outside  varnish  is  desirable  for  such 
portions  of  the  woodwork  as  need 
cleaning  most  frequently. 
The  most  desirable  finisli  for  walls 


A  fireplace  i«  the  iiouse  adds  brightness  and  finish  besides  reducing  the  fuel  bill. 


HOUSEHOLD. 


201 


and  ceiling  is  one  that  will  not  peed 
off  or  crack  and  that  can  be  easily 
•washed  or  very  cheaply  and  readily 
renewed.  For  walls  a  good  paint 
gives  general  satisfaction.  For  the 
ceiling  the  most  satisfactory  finish  is 
a  coat  of  whitewash  or  one  of  the 
good  commercial  substitutes  for  It, 
which  should  bo  renewed  annually  or 
biennially.  Such  finish  used  on  walls 
can  ibe  easily  renewed. 

Wall  paper,  unless  varnished,  is 
very  easily  loosened  by  the  steam 
from  kettles.  A  wall  covering  resem« 
bling  oilcloth  is  somewhat  more  ex- 
pensive, but  it  is  more  durable,  and 
has  a  smooth  washable  surface.  A 
damp  cloth  on  a  broom  or  a  large 
sponge  in  a  mop  holder  will  serve, 
with  an  occasional  washing,  to  keep 
this  or  a  painted  surface  clean.  Tiles 
and  vitrified  brick,  well  glazed  and 
matched,  afford  an  excellent  wall 
surface,  but  they  are  costly.  Metal 
tiles  are  cheaper  and  nearly  as  satis- 
factory. 

HOW    TO    MIX    PAINT    FOR' TINTS. 

Red  and  black  makes  brown;  lake 
and  white  makes  rose;  white  and 
brown  makes  chestnut;  white,  blue 
and  lake  makes  purple;  blue  and  lead 
color  makes  pearl;  white  and  carmine 
makes  pink;  indigo  and  laminblack 
makes  silver  gray;  white  and  lamp- 
black makes  lead  color;  black  and 
Vnetian  red  makes  chocolate;  white 
and  green  makes  bright  green;  purine 
and  white  makes  French  white;  light 
green  and  black  makes  dark  green; 
white  and  green  makes  pea  green; 
white  and  emerald  green  makes  bril- 
liant green;  red  and  yellow  make* 
orange;  white  and  yellow  makes  straw 
color;  white,  blue  and  black  makes 
pearl  grey;  white,  lake  and  vermillion 
makes  flesh  color;  umber,  white  and 
Venetian  red  makes  drab;  white,  yel- 
low and  Venetian  red  makes  cream; 
yellow,  white  and  a  little  Venetion 
red  makes  buff;  red,  blue  and  black 
makes  olive. 

LAUNDRY. 

1  qt.  warm  water. 

1  can  of  G-illett's  lye  (10c.  size). 
1-2  cup  household  ammonia. 

4  teaspoonfuls  borax. 

2  tomato  tins  of  grease 

Mix  water,  lye,  ammonia  and  borax 
together.  When  dissolved,  stir  In  the 


grease  (melted  and  warm — not  too 
hot),  and  keep  stirring  until  the 
thickness  of  thick  cream.  Pour  into 
a  large  baking  tin  and  make  into 
squares  before  too  hard  to  cut. 

A   Good   Washing    Fluid. 

1  lb.  of  sal  soda. 

1-2  lb.  unslaked  lime. 

1  gallon  of  water. 

Boil  twenty  minutes;  let  stand  till 
cool;  then  drain  off  and  put  In  a 
small  jug  or  jar.  To  one  boilerful  of 
clothes,  which  have  been  soaked  and 
soaped,  add  a  teacup  of  washing 
fluid.  The  clothes  must  be  well  cov- 
ered with  water  before  adding  the 
fluid,  and  must  boil  about  half  an 
hour.  Wash  in  suds  and  rinse.  This 
receipt  is  an  invaluable  saver  of 
time. 

Soap  Jelly  for  Washing  Flannels. 

Save  the  small  pieces  of  laundry, 
toilet  and  bath  soap  until  you  have  a 
teacup  full.  Put  them  Into  a  quart 
of  hot  water  with  a  tablespoonful  of 
kerosene.  Let  simmer  until  dis- 
solved. Make  warm  suds  with  this 
soap  jelly.  Set  your  flannels  In  the 
usual  way.  They  will  come  out  clean 
and  soft. 

White    Clothes    That    Have    Turned 
Ytllow. 

Can  be  beautifully  bleached  by 
soaking  in  buttermilk.  If  necessary, 
you  can  leave  them  In  buttermilk 
twenty-four  hours. 

Your  Iron  vrill  not  stick  If  you  do 
one  of  two  things:— 

(1)  Add  1  tablespoonful  of  salt  to 
1-2  gallon  of  starch;  or 

(2)  1  tablespoonful  of  keroeene 
oil  put  into  the  cold  starch. 

These  give  a  pretty  gloss. 

Colored   Cottons. 
Put  a  small  quantity  of  Maypole 
Soap  Into  the  rinsing  water,  and  your 
cotton  gowns  will  always  look  fresh 
and  new. 

Black   and    Navy    Blue    Linens. 

Wash  and  peel  two  potatoes.   Grate 

them  Into  soft  tepid  water.     Add  1 

teaspoonful     of     ammonia.        Wash 

goods  in  this  and  rinse  In  cold  bine- 


202 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK, 


wat«r.     Dry,  and  Iron  on  the  wrong 
side. 

An  Infusion  of  hay  will  preserve 
buff  linens. 

An  infusion  of  bran  will  preserve 
brown  linfoas. 

Tussore  and  Raw  Silks. — Should 
not  be  ironed  until  quite  dry. 

Blankets. 

Use  a  little  soap  in  the  last  rins- 
ing water.  After  they  have  been  hung 
on  the  line  and  are  thoroughly  diry, 
beat  with  a  carpet-beater.  They  will 
become  soft  and  light,  and  the  wool 
like  new. 

To  Wash   Muslins  and   Ginghams. 

Dissolve  a  piece  of  alum  the  size  of 
a  nut  to  every  pt.  <ft  starch.  The 
color  will  keep  bright  a  long  time. 
This  hint  is  useful  when  dresses  must 
be  often  washed. 

Types  of  Washers. 

No  housework  is  harder  than  that  of 
keeping  the  family  supplied  with  fresh, 
clean  clothes.  But  ibecause  the  health 
as  well  as  the  <;omfort  of  the  hody  de- 
mands  clean  clothes,   there  must  be 


some  way  of  supplying  this  demand. 
On  the  average  farm  this  task  must 
be  performed  by  the  housewife,  and 
for  the  same  reason  that  her  huhsand 
buys  the  sulky  instead  of  the  walking 
plow,  she  should  insist  on  the  pur- 
chase of  a  power  washer  instead  of  a 
hand  machine. 

There  are  many  types  of  ipower 
washers  on  the  market  and  the  house- 
wife should  make  a  careful  investiga- 
tion of  their  relative  merits  "before 
purchasing.  The  platform  upon  which 
the  washer  stands  should  he  taken 
into  consideration,  also.  Such  investi- 
gation can  he  made  by  examining  the 
makes  carried  in  stock  hy  the  local 
dealer  and  'by  writing  for  printed  mat- 
ter and  iparticulars  covering  other 
types. 

Where  electricity  is  availalble,  elec- 
tric washers  are  the  cheapest,  and  be- 
cause of  their  simplicity  of  operation 
are  the  most  satisfactory.  A  good 
electric  machine  can  be  o(btained  for 
fifty^flve  dollars.  But  on  the  farm  the 
gasoline  engine  must  he  substituted 
for  the  electric  motor  ,and  the  price 
of  engine  and  washer  with  wringer  at- 
tached, will  not  be  less  than  sixty^ve 


"CROWN  BRAND"  CORN  SYRUP 

IN  "PERFECT  SEAL"  JARS 

These  glass  jars — the  finest  Preserving 
Jars  made — make  "Crown  Brand"  Com 
Syrup  more  attractive  than  ever. 
Every  good  housewife  should  save  the 
jars  for  preserving — they  hold  a  full 
quart  of  fruit  or  pickles. 

"Crown  Brand"  Com  Symp  is  not  only 
a  delicious  table  syrup,  to  be  enjoyed  on 
griddle  cakes,  hot  biscuits  and  bread:  it 
is  also  the  best  sweetener  for  cakes,  pies, 
gingerbread  and  cookies,  and  makes 
deliciou  home-made  candies. 

AT  ALL  DEALERS 

In  3  lbs.  glass  jars,  and  in  2,  5,  10  and  20 
pound  tins. 


HOUSEHOLD. 


203 


dollars.  These  prices  may  seeon  a 
little  high  to  the  conservative  woman, 
but  she  should  consider  the  saving  of 
her  time,  labor,  and  strength,  as  wor- 
thy of  the  price. 

With  /the  power  washer  soft  water 
will  give  the  best  results,  and  because 
soft  water  is  just  as  desirable  for 
cleansing  the  body  as  for  cleansing 
the  clothes,  every  house  should  have 
a  cistern  with  the  pump  in  the  kitchen. 
With  soft  water,  plenty  of  good  soap, 
and  a  good  machine,  the  week's  wash- 
ing can  be  done  with  as  little  effort  as 
can  many  of  the  other  household  du- 
ties. 

To  insure  safety  in  drying  the  clothes 
the  line  shouM  be  more  substan- 
tial than  the  one  fastened  to  the  cor- 
ner of  the  house  and  a  nearby  tele- 
phone pole.  A  desirable  clothes  line  ar- 
rangement is  three  posts  set  in  line  a 
reasonalDle  distance  apart,  with  cross- 
pieces  at  the  top  of  the  posts  to  which 
two  wires  may  be  attached,  instead  of 
one.  Then,  to  lessen  the  number  of 
steps  to  be  taken  in  hanging  up  the 


clothes,  the  basket  should  be  placed 
upon  a  little  express  wagon  or  a  plat- 
form  on  wheels.  In  this  way  the 
clothes  may  bo  taken  along  down  the 
line,  obviating  the  necessity  for  the 
one  hanging  the  clothes  going  back 
and  forth  to  the  basket 

For  ironing,  a  good  solid  table  and 
an  electric,  gasoline  or  alcohol  iron 
are  indispensable.  The  home-made 
ironing  board  is  a  good  su'bstitute  for 
the  ta'ble  when  ironing  skirts  and  one- 
piece  dresses.  This  can  ibe  made  of 
red  cedar  and  should  be  five  feet  long 
and  sixteen  inches  wide.  One  end 
should  be  tapered  so  as  to  be  narrow 
enough  to  slip  the  garment  over  it 
without  stretching.  A  hole  can  be 
bored  through  the  other  end  for  the 
purpose  of  hanging  up  the  board  when 
not  in  use.  Table  matting  makes  an 
excellent  padding  for  the  hoard,  but 
old  blankets  or  sheets  can  be  used  in- 
stead. Two  covers  should  be  made  for 
it  and  these  should  be  so  made  that 
they  can  be  easily  removed  lor  laxui- 
dering  whes   they  become  soiled.     A 


THE        PERFECTION        POWER 
WASHING  MACHINE. 

The  most  up-to-date  way  and 
the  most  popular  way  to  do  the 
washing  is  by  "The  Perfection" 
Blectric  or  Gasoline  Power 
Washer. 

One  lever  sets  the  Washing  Ma- 
chine in  operation;  another  lever 
starts,  stops  or  reverses  the 
Wringer.  These  two  levers  are 
all  the  machinery  you  have  to 
look  after,  and  they  are  very  sim- 
ply  and  conveniently  arranged. 

With  the  Perfection  Electric 
or  Power  Washer,  the  washing 
which  usually  took  all  day  K> 
now  a  matter  only  of  a  few 
hours.  Contrast  the  old-fashion- 
ed way  of  washing  with  all  the 
hard  work,  to  washing  with  & 
Perfection  Power  Washer,  where 
the  Gasoline  engine  does  the 
washing  and  wringing — quickly 
and  thoroughly.  It  Just  means 
that  when  the  clothes  are  in  the 
Washer,  you  throw  in  the  lever 
to  start  the  machine,  and  you  are 
free  to  do  anj'thing  else  (clear  up 
the  breakfast  dishes,  for  instance) 
until  the  batch  of  clothes  in  the 
machine  is  ready  to  be  put 
through  the  wringer — ^when  all 
you  have  to  do  then,  is  to  feed 
the  clothes  into  the  rollers. 

This  means  wash-day  comfort, 
that  will  delight  and  satisfy  you. 

Write  to-day  for  Illustrated  cir- 
cular. 

J.  H.  CONNOR  &  SON,  Limited 
OTTAWA.  ONT. 

Established  in  1881. 


204 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


convenient  method  is  to  fasten  tape 
on  both  sides  of  the  cover  for  tying 
it  on  the  board.  A  sleeve  board  can 
be  secured  for  a  reasonable  price  and 
it  is  a  great  help  in  ironing  infants' 
clothes  and  sleeves. 

THE    RURAL   TELEPHONE. 

Rural  Canada  needs  to  be  nearer  to 
its  market,  its  neighbor,  its  church, 
its  newspaper,  and  it  cannot  move  its 
homes  and  farms  to  attain  this.  Rail- 
roads are  being  built,  rural  mail  de- 
liveries extended,  and  good  roads  con- 
structed, but  these  do  not  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  whole  of  any  com- 
munity, let  alone  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. And  all  of  these  things  involve 
the  investment  of  many  thousands  of 
dollars  and  many  months  of  work. 

Rural  Canada  needs  adequate  com- 
munication now,  however,  when  dis- 
tances are  greater  than  they  will  seem 
fifty  years  hence,  when  farms  and 
villages  are  more  isolated  than  they 
will  ibe  even  five  years  hence. 

The  one  thing  that  puts  every  farm 
in  close  touch  with  every  other  farm, 
every  farmer's  family  near  every 
other  farmer's  family,  and  near  the 
doctor  and  the  minister  and  the  vete- 


rinary, the  grain  dealer,  the  implement 
house,  the  railway  station  and  the 
telegraph  office,  is  the  rural  telephone, 
that  efficient  hired  hand  that  is  never 
too  tired,  never  too  sleepy,  never  over- 
worked, never  too  busy,  but  always 
ready  day  or  night.  It  is  easily  in- 
stalled. Any  farmer  who  can  build  a 
fence  can  build  a  telephone  line  and 
install  the  instruments.  That  solves 
the  item  of  principal  cost  because  he 
and  his  neighbors  can  get  together, 
and  do  the  work  when  the  farm  work 
is  not  pressing. 

The  best  telephone  on  the  market, 
together  with  a  good  lightning  arres- 
ter, two  hatteries,  and  the  necessary 
inside  wire  and  ground  rod,  can  be 
bought  for  about  $16j50.  And  the 
wire,  brackets,  insulators,  etc.,  for  a 
ten  mile  line  can  be  bought  for  about 
$235.00.  That  means  that  in  the  parts 
of  the  country  where  native  poles  can 
be  cut  and  supplied  by  the  farmers, 
and  they  do  the  work  themselves,  ten 
of  them  living  one  mile  apart,  can 
build  a  line  and  install  their  tele- 
phones at  a  cash  outlay  of  about 
$40.00  each. 

One  word  of  caution    ahout     rural 


SEAFOAM  POWER  DRIVEN 
WASHER  AND  WRINGER 

A  boon  to  every  farm  house. 
Will     thoroughly    wash     and     wring 
clothes  with  no  other  labor  than  put- 
ting in  and  taking  out. 

Will  wash  or  wring  at  the  same  time 
or  separately. 

Runs  from  a  gas,  gasoline,  steam  en- 
gine or  windmill. 

Cover  lifts  without  removing  belt. 
We  can  furnish  a  small  powerful 
electric  motor,  which  converts  the 
machine  shown  into  an  "electric"  that 
will  run  from  an  ordinary  light 
socket. 

—    MADE    BY    — 

CU  M  M  ER-DO  WS WELU "'^''^^^ 

HAMILTON,  ONTARIO 


HOUSEHOLD. 


205 


telephone  lines,  and  that  is,  dotft  buy 
where  you  can  buy  cheapest.  Buy 
quality!  It  is  cheaper  in  the  long  run. 
You  all  know  it — you  buy  pedigreed 
proven  herd-bulls  or  stallions,  seed- 
wheat  or  corn,  apple  trees  or  potatoes. 
So  don't  buy  fence  wire  from  a  local 
dealer  because  it  is  a  few  cents  cheap- 
er, than  the  regular  double  galvanized 
telephone  wire  specially  made  for  that 
purpose.  Insist  upon  proper  lightning 
arresters  mounted  on  non-combustible 
bases,  and  the  'best  telephone  instru- 
ment you  can  buy.  And  remember 
that  there  are  made  in  Canada  just  as 
good  telephones  as  there  are  made 
anywhere  else  in  the  world. 

HOW  TO  TAKS  care  OF  AN 
ORGAN. 

A  reed  organ  is  susceptible  to  heat, 
cold,  and  especially  dampness.  A  little 
common  sense  will  suggest  that  the  in- 
strument is  made  principally  of  -wood; 
extreme  heat  causes  wood  to  contract 
or  shrink  while  exposure  to  dampness 
will  cause  it  to  swell,  in  which  case 
the  working  parts  or  the  action  will 
be  liable  to  stick.  -An  organ  should 
not  be  made  a  receptacle  for  odds  and 
ends,  something  likely  to  fall  into  it 
and  make  trouble.  It  should  be  kept 
clean,  and  dust  may  be  kept  out  of  the 
interior  by  covering  with  a  cloth  dur- 
ing the  process  of  sweeping.  An  or- 
gan, unlike  a  piano,  does  not  require 
tuning,  but  possibly  the  reeds  may  re- 
quire cleaning.  Do  not  attempt  this 
yourself,  unless  you  know  how; 
neither  is  it  well  to  trust  it  to  the  first 
man  who  comes  along  saying  he  is  a 
"repair  man."  The  better  plan  Is  to 
describe  your  trouble  in  a  letter  to 
the  maker,  and  ask  his  advice ;  o  lot  of 
trouble  is  avoided  in  this  way. 

HOW  TO  TAKE  CARE  OF  A  PIANO. 

A  piano  must  be  kept  under  proper 
conditions,  otherwise  it  will  get  out 
of  order.  Many  times  lack  of  know- 
ledge or  care  causes  trouble  for  which 
the  maker  is  often  unjustly  blamed. 
Dampness  and  excessive  dryness  are 
two  great  enemies,  yet  both  can  be 
avoided,  if  a  little  care  be  exercised. 
The  careful  house-keeper  would  not 
think  of  allowing  a  cold  draft  to  blow 
through  an  open  window  on  tender 
houseplants,  yet  some  never  think,  of 
its  harming  the  piano;  on  a  damp  day 
too,   the  breeze  laden   with  moisture 


NEWCOMBE 
PIANOS 


For  the  Farm  Home 
where  music  is  loved. 
The  leading  Canadian 
Piano.  The  onfy  Piano 
with  Howard's  Patent 
Straining  Rods. 
Nearly  half  a  century's 
experience  in  building 
Pianos. 

Has  received  more 
medals  and  awards 
than  any  other  Cana- 
dian Piano. 

Newcombe  Piano  Play- 
ers have  a  human  ex- 
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Every  detail  is  found 
perfect.  Permanent 
tone  and  life-long  ser- 
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Call  at  our  nearest 
showroom  or  write  us. 
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tention given  mail  or- 
ders. 

Newcombe  Piano 
Co.  Limited 

Head  Office  and  Warerooms 

359  YONGE  STREET 
TORONTO,  ONT. 


206 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


AWilliams 
Piano 

was  ordered  for 
and  used  in 
Windsor    Castle 
by  Her   Majesty 
Queen   Victoria. 

CANADA'S   MOST    HONORED    PIANO 

No  purchase,  no  investment  is  so  closely  entwined  with  human  sen- 
timent, pride  and  affection  as  is  the  selection  and  possession  of  a 
good  piano. 

A  good  piano  in  the  household  means  new  joy  and  life  in  the  home.     The 
children  become  happier  and  the  older  folks  brig-hter.     Nothing  adds  to  the 
refinement  and  culture  of  a  child  as  does  music  from  a  good  piajio. 
Could  you  select  a  better  piajio  than  the 


Endorsed  bv  Great  Musicians 

A  Williams  piano  mellows  with  age.  It  is  constructed  to  last  a  lifetime. 
It  possesses  a  clear,  sweet  singing  tone — is  beautiful  in  finish  and  artistic 
in  design.     It  is  the  perfect   piano  for  the   farm  home  and  you   have  the 

supreme     satisfaction    of    knowing 
that   YOUR   piajio  is 

Canada's    Most  Important 
Instrument 

Write  To  Day! 

Don't  wait  until  another  time. 
Send  for  our  beautiful  album,  "Art 
and  the  Critic."  It  will  tell  you 
how  a  piano  is  made  and  also  the 
autobiography  of  the  world's  great 
musicians.  It  is  absolutely  free. 
Send  for  it  to-day. 

The  Williaixis  Piano  Company,  Ltd* 

OSHAWA.       -       ONTARIO 


HOUSEHOLD. 


207 


bloTving  into  the  room  -nrill  injuriously 
affect  the  instrument — it  will  cause  the 
highly  seasoned  wood  of  ftib  casing 
and  interior  to  swell,  and  the  metal 
parts  to  rust.  The  ivory  on  the  keys 
will  keep  whiter  if  the  lid  is  kept  open 
permitting  exposure  to  the  light;  but 
in  sweeping  or  dusting  the  lid  should 
'be  closed  and  the  piano  covered  with 
a  cloth,  to  exclude  dust.  TZ>on't  load 
the  top  of  a  piano  with  bric-a-fbrac, 
some  of  which  may  rattle  and  give 
the  impression  something  Is  loose  in- 


side. Pins,  coins  and  other  articles 
are  sometimes  unconsciously  allowed 
to  drop  into  it;  these  eoo  are  sources 
of  trouble.  A  piano  is  kept  in  best 
condition  if  a  tuner  is  employed  to 
go  over  it  in  the  fall  after  the  furnace 
fire  is  lighted,  and  again  in  the  spring 
when  it  is  time  to  let  the  fires  out  and 
open  up  the  house.  Entrust  such 
work  only  to  a  man  you  know  to  be 
competent,  but  if  you  cannot  find  such, 
it  would  be  better  to  write  the  maker 
of  the  instrument. 


Hot-air  Heating 


Some  of  the  best  engineering  skill 
of  modern  days  has  been  applied  to 
the  problem  of  the  application  of  the 
second  great  principle  of  heating — 
that  of  supplying  heat  to  a  number  of 
rooms  from  a  centralized  plant.  The 
first  application  of  this  principle  was 
probably  the  hot-air  furnace.  This 
consists  essentially  of  the  furnace  it- 
self, which  is  inclosed  almost  entirely 
in  a  sheet-iron  case,  with  sheet-iron 
ducts  leading  therefrom  to  the  various 
rooms  to  be  heated;  to  fill  the  place 
of  the  air  that  is  forced  through  these 
pipes  !by  convection  currents,  cold  air 
is  brought  into  the  case  through  a 
large  sheet-iron  duct,  called  the  cold- 
air  duct. 

Hot-air  furnaces  are  all  quite 
similar.  diiTering  only  in  the  design 
and  arrangement  of  the  parts;  they 
are  all  the  same  in  consiting  of  a  steel 
or  cast-iron  case,  with  firebox,  grate, 
and  ashpit.  Some  are  fed  through  a 
door  in  the  side,  the  fuel  being  thrown 
directly  Into  the  firebox;  others  have 
special  arrangements  so  that  the  fuel, 
which  is  comparatively  small  in  size, 
is  sunplied  from  below;  those  possess- 
ing this  feature  are  known  as  under- 
feed furnaces.  The  fuel  used  in  hot- 
air  furnaces  is  almost  always  coal, 
either  bituminous  or  anthracite. 

Two  distinct  types  of  pipes  are  used 
for  conducting  the  heated  air  to  the 
rooms:  first,  those  which  are  nearly 
horizontal  and  lead  fr(ftn  the  top  of 
the  furnace  casing — these  are  usually 
round  and  made  of  a  sinsrle  thickness 
of  bright  tin  wrapped  with  two  or 
more  thicknesses  of  asbestos  to  pre- 
vent loss  of  heat,  and  are  called  lead- 
ers; they  should,  if  possible,  be  erect- 
ed with  an  ascending  pitch  of  one 
incfh  to  one  foot;  second,  rectangular 


vertical  pipes  or  raisers,  termed 
stacks,  made  in  such  sizes  as  will  fit 
in  the  partitions  of  buildings  and  to 
which  the  leaders  connect.  At  the 
bottom  of  the  stack  is  an  enlarged 
section  called  the  boot,  which  is  pro- 
vided with  a  collar  for  connection  to 
the  leader.  At  the  top  of  the  stack  is 
a  rectangular  chamber  into  which  the 
register  box  fitted.  To  lessen  fire 
risk,  these  boxes  should  be  made  with 
double  walls.  Each  leader  should  have 
a  damper  near  the  furnace,  so  that 
when  necessary  or  desirable  it  may 
be  closed;  the  nearer  the  damper  is 
to  the  furnace  end  of  the  leader,  the 
less  will  be  the  danger  of  superheat- 
ing. 

Provision  should  be  made  for  eva- 
porating water  in  the  air  chamber,  to 
moisten  the  air  forced  through  the 
house;  most  furnaces  are  equipped 
with  a  pan  for  this  very  purpose, 
which  is  an  important  one,  since 
warm  air  requires  more  moisture 
Ihan  cold  to  maintain  a  comfortable 
degree  of  saturation.  It  is  a  generally 
accepted  but  mistaken  belief  that  heat 
supplied  by  a  hot-air  furnace  is  neces< 
sarily  a  dry  heat;  all  that  is  neces- 
sary is  to  pass  the  heated  air  over 
water. 

The  hot-air  furnace  system  of  heat- 
ing possesses  certain  advantages, 
principal  among  which  is  the  readi- 
ness with  which  the  temperature  can 
be  raised.  In  cost  it  is  much  below 
that  of  steam  or  hot-water  heating, 
two  systems  with  which  it  is  compar- 
able, and  it  requires  no  care  to  pre- 
vent bursting  of  pipes  or  boiler  from 
freezing.  Unless  the  construction  is 
is  good,  and  the  erection  has  been 
carefully  made,  combustion  gases  are 
likely  to  be  delivered  to  the  rooms, 


208 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


HOUSEHOLD. 


209 


which  is,  to  say  the  least,  annoying; 
but  this  objection  can  be  overcome, 
and  cannot  be  justly  considered  a  dis- 
advantage. The  disadvantages  of  the 
hot-air  system  lie  in  the  comparative 
high  cost  of  operation,  in  the  rapidity 
with  which  it  loses  heat  when  the  fire 
becomes  low,  and  in  the  difficulty  of 
even  heating  on  windy  days.  , 

The  question  of  the  ventilation  pro- 
vided by  a  hot-air  furnace  is  an  im- 
portant one.  The  system  presupposes 
a  very  generous  supply  of  air,  which, 
in  properly  erected  systems,  is  fresh 
when  brought  to  the  furnaces,  is  then 
heated  and  distributed  to  the  rooms. 
When  so  constructed  that  the  air 
brought  to  the  furnace  is  taken 
from  the  interior  of  the  house 
itself,  the  furnace  is  a  source  of 
danger,  for  the  air  will  become  so  de- 
vitalized that  it  will  be  absolutely  un- 
fit to  'breathe.  The  air  that  is  brought 
in  to  the  furnace  from  out  of  doors  is 
likely  to  lose  a  great  deal  of  its  supply 
of  oxygen,  unless  care  is  taken  to  pre- 
vent the  furnace  from  becoming  too 
hot. 

Steam    Heating. 

Heating  by  means  of  steam  came 
perhaps  first  as  a  development  of  a 
method  of  heating  to  overcome  the 
disadvantages  of  hot-  air  heating.  The 
essentials  of  the  system  consist  of  the 
boiler  with  the  furnace  beneath,  a 
system  of  disfributing  pipes  for  the 
steam,  and  radiators  through  "which 
the  heat  of  the  steam  is  liberated  into 
the  rooms.  The  theory  concerned  in 
the  operation  is  quite  simple:  the 
water  in  the  boiler  is  heated,  and 
steam  is  generated  which  rises 
through  the  pipes  to  the  radiators, 
some  condensation  will  result,  and 
this  is  either  brought  back  to  the 
boiler  or  dispo.sed  of  in  some  other 
way. 

There  are  two  general  systems  of 
heating,  in  the  first  of  which,  known 
as  the  Gravity  Circulation  System,  the 
water  of  condensation  from  the  radia- 
tors flows  by  its  own  weight  into  the 
boiler  at  a  point  below  the  water  line; 
in  the  second,  ihe  water  of  condensa- 
tion does  aot  flow  directly  back  to  the 
boiler,  but  is  returned  by  special 
machinery  or  in  some  cases  wasted. 
The  latter  system  is  sometimes  called 
the  High  Pres?ure  System,  because 
steam  of  any  pressure  can  be  generat- 
ed in  the  boiler,  part  of  which  can  be 
used  for  power  purposes.     High-pres- 


sure steam,  however,  is  seldom  used 
for  heating,  but  is  reduced  to  not 
more  than  10  pounds  by  throttling 
from  the  boiler  or  by  passing  through 
reducing  valves;  sometimes  the  ex- 
haust steam  from  engines  and  pumps 
is  used. 

The  iboiler  for  house  heating  with 
either  steam  or  hot  water  should  be 
chosen  very  carefully.  It  should  be 
large  enough  to  contain  a  suflScient 
amount  of  water;  the  firebox  should 
■be  deep  and  spacious;  it  should  be 
easily  accessible  for  cleaning;  it 
should  have  no  joints  exposed  to  the 
direct  action  of  the  fire;  a  sectional 
boiler  is  the  better,  since  no  general 
explosion  can  occur,  should  one  sec- 
tion give  out;  the  construction  should 
be  durable  and  good,  the  very  best 
gauges,  safety  valves,  and  other  fix- 
tures should  be  used,  and  it  should  be 
capable  of  working  to  its  full  capa- 
city with  the  highest  economy. 

The  systems  of  piping  ordinarily  em- 
ployed provide  for  either  a  partial  or 
a  complete  circulatiag  system,  each 
consisting  of  main  and  distributing 
pipes  and  returns.  Three  systems  of 
piping  are  in  common  use. 

In  this  system  the  main  pipe  is  led 
to  the  highest  part  of  the  building, 
usually  the  attic,  from  whence  dis- 
tributing pipes  are  run  to  the  various  re- 
turn risers,  which  extend  to  the  base- 
ment and  discharge  into  the  main  re- 
turn. The  supply  for  the  radiators  is 
all  taken  from  the  return  risers,  and 
in  some  cases  the  entire  return  circu- 
lation passes  through  the  radiators. 

In  this  system  a  large  steam  main, 
elevated  close  to  the  ceiling  of  the 
basement,  runs  around  to  a  point 
-where  the  last  radiator  is  taken  off, 
and  is  then  connected  into  a  return 
main  to  the  boiler.  All  the  water  of 
condensation  returns  through  the 
same  pipe.  This  system  requires 
only  one  connection  to  each  radiator. 

Hot-water  Heating. 

Heating  'by  means  of  hot  water  is 
accomplished  by  means  of  circulating 
hot  water  in  the  radiators  instead  of 
steam.  The  entire  system,  radiators, 
circulating  pipes,  and  boilers,  are  filled 
with  water;  this  water  is  heated  in 
the  boiler.  The  hot  water  in  the  boil- 
er is  light,  and  has  a  constant  ten- 
dency to  rise,  while  the  water  which 
has  lost  its  heat  through  the  radiators 
is  heavy,  and  has  a  corresponding  ten- 


210 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


dency  to  fall;  consequently,  a  circula- 
tion occurs  and  is  maintained  as  loag 
as  the  temperature  within  the  boiler 
is  a  few  degrees  higher  than  that  of 
the  house. 

Almost  any  boiler  that  can  be  used 
for  steam  heating  is  suitable  for  hot- 
water  heating,  there  Taeing  but  a 
slight  difference  in  the  interior  design 
to  improve  the  circulation.  In  an 
efficient  heater  the  water  is  separated 
into  small  portions  so  that  it  may  heat 
quickly,  and  as  little  resistance  as 
possible  is  offered  to  free  circulation. 
Efficiency  in  point  of  fuel  consumption 
is  an  importanL  feature,  as  is  facility 
and  convenience  in  cleaning  fire  sur- 
faces; for  a  thin  coating  of  soot  will 
materially  decrease  the  efficiency. 

Piping  systems  for  hot  water  are 
quite  similar  tc  those  for  steam  heat- 
ing, and,  as  in  steam  heating,  there 
are  three  systems  in  vogue.: 

(1)  The  overheaa  system,  exactly 
similar  to  the  Mills  system  with  the 
exception  that  two  connections  are  al- 
'ways  made  to  the  radiator,  one  for  the 
inlet  and  the  other  for  the  outlet  ol 
the  water. 

(2)  The  two-pipe  system,  the  one 
most  commonly  used,  has  separate 
mains  and  returns. 

(3)  The  one-pipe  system  has  a 
single  pipe  running  around  the  base- 
ment as  in  the  corresponding  steam 
system,  except  that  the  main  hot- 
water  pipe  rises  from  the  boiler;  the 
flow  pipes  are  taken  from  the  top  of 
the  main,  and  ^he  water  after  passing 
through  the  radiators  is  returned  by 
a  separate  pipe  which  is  connected 
with  the  bottom  of  the  main. 

Hot-water  apparatus  should  be  kept 
full  of  water  during  the  summer 
months,  and  only  enough  supplied 
during  winter  jto  keep  it  at  a  safe 
level.  This  excludes  the  air  and  pre- 
vents oxidation,  or  corrosion  of  the 
pipes,  besides  reducing  to  a  minimum 
the  incrustation,  which  might  become 
serious  if  allowed  to  accumulate  from 
several  fillings. 

OHot-water  heating  plants  are  highly 
satisfactory  when  properly  designed 
and  installed.  Hot-water  radiators  do 
not  reduce  the  humidity  to  so  great  an 
extent.  The  heat  can  be  kept  quite 
uniform,  the  system  being  easily  con- 
trolled, and  any  radiators  can  be  sihut 
off  without  resulting  in  the  snapping 
or     gurgling     noises     common     with 


steam.  The  first  cost  is  somewhat 
higher  than  of  a  steam  Installation, 
because  of  the  greater  radiating  sur- 
face, larger  piping,  and  more  expen- 
sive fittings.  Unless  care  is  taken 
when  the  house  is  vacant,  the  water 
in  the  system  is  likely  to  freeze  and 
seriously  damage  the  plant.  On  the 
i^Jiole,  however,  it  would  appear  that 
for  average  residences  hot-water  heat- 
ing is  the  most  satisfactory. 

MODERN   BEDDING  FOR  THEFARM 

The  steel  bed  is  to  ibe  preferred 
to  the  wood  bed,  particularly  from  the 
sanitary  standpoint.  The  hard, 
bright  enamel  surface  is  cleaner  and 
can  be  kept  cleaner  than  wood.  It, 
also,  possesses,  greater  convenience, 
being  easier  for  the  housewife  to 
move  about,  or  take  apart  and  set  up 
during  times  of  house-cleaning. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  steel  Ibeds 
according  to  construction: 

(1)  "Cast"  beds — ^These  are  beds 
which  have  in  their  construction  cast 
iron  "chills."  The  "chills"  are  the 
rosettes  or  fancy  floral  parts  of  the 
design  of  the  bed.  Cast  beds  fre- 
quently contain  in  the  make  up  scrolls 
and  bends  of  various  kinds,  and  us- 
ually have  brass  trimmings  of  some 
kind,  such  as  caps,  knobs  or  spindles. 

(2)  "^Chill-less"  beds.  These  are 
ibeds  which  in  their  design  have  no 
cast  iron  chills.  Usually  such  Ibeds 
are  plain  and  straight  in  style,  hav- 
ing no  scrolls  or  fancy  bends.  In 
chilHess  beds  the  rods  and  tubing  are 
inserted  and  fastened  into  one' another 
and  much  of  the  work  on  them  is  done 
by  hand. 

'Chill-lesis  steel  beds  can  now  be  pur- 
chased at  very  reasonable  prices  and 
seem  to  be  particularly  suited  for  the 
farm  home.  Steel  beds  do  not  need 
much  care,  but  sometimes  they  are 
marked,  and  the  enamel  chipped,  by 
what  is  merely  carelessness.  While 
they  will  stand  hard  knocks,  probably 
(better  than  any  other  kind  of  beds, 
still  to  keep  them  looking  in  good  con- 
dition care  should  'he  taken  not  to 
knock  chairs,  the  sweeper,  or  other 
things  against  them.  For  the  guest 
room,  or  the  better  room  a  brass  bed 
may  be  bought,  and  here  a  few  words 
may  be  said  about  the  care  of  ibrass 
beds.  (1)  Never  use  brass  polish, 
soap  and  water,  or  anything  of  that 
kind  on  a  brass  bed.    That  spoils  your 


HOUSEHOLD. 


211 


bed  at  once,  and  it  cannot  be  repaired 
except  by  the  factory,  and  at  mucb  ex- 
pense. All  brass  beds  of  to-day  are 
lacquered,  and  it  is  this  lacquering 
process  wbich  gives  them  the  finish, 
which  is  to  be  seen  in  the  filmy  sheen 
on  the  surface.  The  use  of  polish  or 
soap  and  water  cuts  through  this  sur- 
face or  finish  and  exposes  the  raw 
brass  surface  which  as  everyone 
knows  tarnishes  very  rapidly  in  the 
atmosphere.  (2)  Never  rub  a  brass 
Ibed  "With  any  rough  surface.  It  is  not 
wise  to  lean  against  the  foot  of  a  brass 
bed.  Friction  of  this  kind  if  persisted 
in  will  gradually  wear  through  the 
finish,  giving  the  surface  a  scratched 
appearance.  It  is  unwise  to  throw  the 
bedclothes  over  the  foot  of  a  brass 
bed.  Better  to  lift  them  right  off  the 
bed  and  throw  over  a  chair.  (3)  In 
the  care  of  brass  beds  it  is  best  to  rub 
them  as  little  as  possible.  Dusting  off 
lightly  with  a  piece  of  sott  chamois 
cloth  is  recomnfended. 
Springs. 

For  the  same  reasons  that  the  steel 
bed  is  to  be  preferred  so  the  steel 
frame  spring  is  to  be  recommended. 
The  Tvood  frame  spring,  because  of  its 
unsanitary  characteristics  should  be 
taboo  in  every  farm  home.  This  is  all 
the  more  the  case  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  steel  frame  springs  can  be  bought 
at  prices  very  slightly  in  advance  of 
the  ordinary  cheap  wood  frame  spring. 

In  addition  to  being  "Steel  frame," 
or  "Wood  frame,"  springs  are  of  sev- 
eral different  kinds.  While  certain 
kinds  have  certain  advantages,  it  is 
largely  a  matter  of  choice  what  kind 
of  spring  you  use.  (1)  Woven  wire 
fabric.  These  springs  consist  of  a 
fabric  woven  of  very  fine  wire,  the 
fabric  then  stretched  very  taut  and 
fastened  to  the  frame.  This  style  of 
spring  is  pro'ba'bly  most  widely  known 
at  the  present  time,  but  is  gradually 
giving  place  to  other  styles  because 
of  certain  defects. 

The  woven  wire  spring  cannot  (ex- 
cept, perhaps,  the  very  most  expen- 
sive) be  guaranteed  not  to  sag.  Be- 
cause the  fabric  is  stretched  so  taut 
if  it  does  sag  it  lacks  any  elastic 
powers  to  pull  itself  back  to  the  orig- 
inal state.  Again,  if  the  fabric  gives 
way.  has  a  hole  punched  in  it,  or  is  in 
any  way  damaged,  the  spring  "becomes 
practically  useless,  because  repairs 
can  l>e  made  only  on  the  machines  of 


the  factory.  (2)  Link  fabrics.  These 
springs  have  a  fabric  made  of  heavier 
-wire  usually  about  13  gauge,  which 
as  the  name  implies,  is  formed  into 
links  so  that  the  whole  fabric  pre- 
sents a  chain  work  appearance.  At- 
tachment to  the  frame  is  made  by 
means  of  helical  springs.  Helical 
springs  can  be  described  as  like  the 
spring  of  window  blind,  but  in  the 
case  of  bed  springs  they  are  much 
shorter  and  made  of  heavier  wire.  The 
wire  of  the  fabric  usually  is  tinned  or 
coppered,  while  the  helicals  are  us- 
ually black  japanned. 

The  advantages  claimed  for  link 
fabric  springs  are:  (1)  They  can  'be 
guaranteed  not  to  sag.  The  helical 
springs  have  great  elastic  powers  and 
after  a  strain  on  the  fabric,  draw  it 
back  to  the  original  level  position. 
(2)  The  link  fabric  is  more  resilient 
and  shapes  itself  more  completely  to 
the  contour  of  the  body.  (3)  They  are 
less  liable  to  Injury  because  of  the 
flexibility  of  the  fabric  and,  if  dam- 
aged in  moving  about  can  usually  be 
repaired  by  m?&.ns  of  a  few  new  links 
■which  can  be  attached  very  simply 
and  by  almost  anyone.  (4)  Because  of 
the  open  nature  of  the  fabric,  such 
springs  are  considered  more  sanitary. 
For  that  reason  the  link  fal)ric  is  be- 
ing widely  used  in  hospitals,  and  in- 
stitutions of  various  kinds.  (5)  Coil 
springs  (or  spiral  springs).  These 
springs  consist  of  rows  of  coil  springs 
(such  as  those  used  in  sofas  and 
chairs)  set  on  and  fastened  to  a  steel 
framework.  Generally  speaking,  such 
springs  are  very  flexible  and  frequent- 
ly are  preferred  by  persons  who  like 
a  soft  bed.  In  past  years  some  people 
have  had  unpleasant  experiences  with 
coil  springs  due  to  the  separate 
springs  moving  out  of  place,  but  In 
present  day  springs  of  that  type,  such 
trouble  has  been  overcome.  The 
separate  springs  are  so  securely  fas- 
tened into  position  that  they  cannot 
move  out  of  place.  (6)  Upholstered 
box  springs.  These  are  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  coil  spring  type.  The  rows 
of  coil  springs  are  attached  to  a  wood 
framework,  and  securely  interfastened. 
A  covering  of  felt  is  put  on  and  a  case 
of  ticking  is  put  over  the  whole  spring, 
tacked  down  to  the  wood  frame-work 
at  the  sides  and  upholstered  much  after 
the  same  manner  as  a  couch  or  sofa. 
One  point  should  be  borne  in  mind  in 


212 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


connection      with     upholstered     box 
springs.    They  make  the  bed  high,  In 
fact,  sometimes  objection  is  taken  to 
them  because  they  make  the  bed  too 
high.     You  should  bear  this  in  mind 
when   purchasing  ibecause   the    furni- 
ture dealer  cannot  be  expected  to  ex- 
change   a    spring    like    this    for    you. 
Some  people  object  to  them  also  be- 
cause of  their  bulk  and  weight.  Though 
a  box  spring  may  be  used  without  a 
mattress,    it    is    always    adyisaJble   to 
use  one.     It  may,  however,  ibe  a  thin 
(three  inches  say)  "overlay"  pad.    As 
to  the  care  of  springs  little  need  be 
said  except  that  dampness  should  !be 
avoided.     If  they  are  not  in  use  do 
not  store  them  in  the  cellar.    Better  in 
a  dry  attic,  or  upstairs  room. 
Mattress. 
Felt   mattresses.     The  best  known 
and   most   satisfactory  mattresses   of 
to-day  (belong  to  this  class.    They  are 
filled  entirely  with  cotton  felt  In  lay- 
ers, tufted  and  stitched  down  to  give 
firmness,   along  with     a     springiness. 
Felt  mattresses  vary  consideraJbly  ac- 
cording to  the  various  grades  of  felt 
used.    Felt  is  made  from  cotton  and 


the  longer  the  thread  or  "staple"  of 
the  cotton  the  better  the  felt  resulting 
and  the  greater  the  life  of  the  mat- 
tress. 


DISH-MOP   DUSTER. 

When  dusting  or  cleaning  floors 
there  are  always  some  places  where 
even  the  finest  mop  will  not  clean,  es- 
pecially in  corners  and  under  some 
pieces  of  furniture  and  under  and 
around  radiators,  where  much  dust 
collects.  To  clean  these  places  one 
of  the  dish  mops,  to  be  found  at  any 
ten-cent  store,  works  liks  a  charm. 

BEFORE   VARNISHING. 

Before  varnishing  furniture  rub  the 
wood  with  fine  sand-paper  to  give  it  a 
smooth  surface.  See  that  brushes  used 
are  soft  and  of  good  quality,  or  var- 
nish will  dry  streaky. 

THINGS  WORTH  KNOWING. 

As  much  depends  on  baking  as  on 
making.  Biscuit  and  gingerbread  re- 
quire a  quick  oven.  Flour  bread  a 
slower  one. 

Fruit  cake  requires  more  cooking 


"The  All-Purpose  Sugar" 

A  product  that  has  obtained  the  confidence  of  thousands  of  house- 
wives in  the  short  period  of  a  year,  certainly  must  have  something  to 
commend  it. 

Read  what  some  housewives  have  to  say  about 

LANTIC  SUGAR 

"Your  sugar  is  the  cleanest  and  purest  I  have  ever  used." 
"My  preserves,  with  the  use  of  Lantic  Sugar,  are  the  best  yet." 
"Wouldn't  be  without  it." 

"I  keep  one  sugar  for  every  household  use  and  it's  Lantic." 
"Its  fine  granulation  is  delightful  to  look  at  and  economical  to  use." 
"I  use  less   Lantic   because   it   seems   sweeter   than   other   sugars 
I've  tried." 

ATLANTIC  SUGAR  REFINERIES,  Limited 

MONTREAL 


HOUSEHOLD. 


213 


than  a  plain  sugar  cake,  and  should 

be  baked  slowly. 

Cookies  want  a  quick  oven  and 
close  attention  or  they  will  bum. 

Brown  bread  a  hot  oven  at  first, 
and  a  slow,  steady  fire  after  the 
bread  is  heated  all  through. 

Apple  pies  should  be  baked  slowly, 
so  that  the  apples  may  be  cooked 
through. 

In  frying  doughnuts  the  lard 
should  be  hot  enough  to  cook  them 
quickly  or  they  will  soak  fat. 

To  beat  the  whites  of  eggs  quickly, 
put  in  a  pinch  of  salt.  The  cooler 
the  eggs,  the  quicker  they  will  froth. 

In  boiling  eggs  hard,  put  them  in 
boiling  water  ten  minutes  and  then 
put  them  in  cold  water.  This  will 
prevent  the  yolks  turning  black. 

Old  potatoes  may  be  freshened  by 
plunging  into  cold  water  before 
cooking. 

Rub  your  griddle  with  fine  salt 
before  you  grease  it,  and  your  cakes 
will  not  stick. 

Take  out  the  little  balls  in  the 
head  of  cloves  before  using,  as  that 
is  what  discolors  your  fruit. 

To  cut  hard  butter  into  squares, 
fold  a  piece  of  waxed  paper  in  which 
the  butter  was  wrapped  around  the 
knife.  You  can  than  make  a  perfect- 
ly smooth  cut. 

In  preparing  chicken  or  turkey  for 
roasting,  try  rubbing  the  inside  with 
a  piece  of  lemon.  It  will  whiten  the 
flesh  and  make  it  more  tender. 

TIME   FOR  BAKING. 

Loaf  Bread 40  to  60  minutes 

Rolls  and  Biscuit  ..  .10  to  20        " 

Graham  Gems 30  " 

Gingerbread    20  to  30 

Sponge  Cake 46  to  60 

Plain  Cake    30  to  40 

Fruit  Cake    2  to    3  hours. 

Cookies    10  to  15  minutes 

Bread  Pudding   ....    1  hour. 
Rice  and  Tapioca   .  .    1  hour. 
Indian  Pudding  ....    2  to    3  hours. 
Steamed  Pudding  .  .    1  to    3  hours. 
Steamed     Brown 

Bread    3   hours. 

Custards    15  to  20  minutes 

Pie  Crust about  30       " 

Plum  Pudding 2  to    3  hours. 

This  applies  to  young  and  fresh 
vegetables. 


TIME  FOR  MEATS. 

Beef,     underdone,     per 

pound    9  to  10  min. 

Beef,  fillet  of 20  to  40  min. 

Mutton,  leg,  per  pound.  10  to  12  min. 
Mutton,  stuffed  shoulder 

per  pound 18  min. 

Veal,     loin     of,     plain, 

per  pound 15  to  18  min. 

Veal,  stuffed 20  min. 

Pork,     spare     rib,     per 

pound    15  to  20  min. 

Pork,  loin  or  shoulder, 

per  pound 20  to  30  min. 

Liver,  baked  or  braised.  1  to  1^^  hrs. 
Corned  beef,  per  pound. 25  to  30  min. 
Boiled  (simmered)  Beef, 

per  pound 20  to  30  min. 

Ham,     after    water    or 

cider  begins  to  boil  .  .15  to  20  min. 

Bacon,  per  pound 15  min. 

Chickens,   baked,   three 

to  four  pounds 1  to    2  hrs. 

Turkey,  ten  pounds  ...  3  hrs. 

Goose,  eight  pounds  ...  3  hrs. 

Duck,  tame 40  to  60  min. 

Duck,  wild 30  to  40  min. 

Grouse,      Pigeons     and 

other  large  birds  ...  30  min. 

Small  birds 10  to  15  min. 

Venison,  per  pound  ...  15  min. 

MEASURES  OF  CAPACITY. 

Four  even  teaspoonfuls  liquid,  equal 
one  even  tablespoonful. 

Three  even  teaspoonfuls,  dry  ma- 
terial, equal  one  even  tablespoonful. 

Sixteen  even  tablespoonfuls,  liquid, 
equal  one  cupful. 

Twelve  tablespoonfute,  dry  materi- 
al, equal  one  cupful. 

Two  cupfuls,  equal  one  pint. 

Four  liquid  cupfuls,  equal  one 
quart. 

Four  cupfuls  flour  equal  one  quart 
or  one  pound. 

Two  cupfuls  solid  butter,  equal  on© 
pound. 

Two  cupfuls  granulated  sugar, 
equal  one  pound. 

Two  and  a  half  cupfuls  powdered 
sugar,  equal  one  pound. 

One  pint  of  milk  or  water,  equals 
one  pound. 

One  pint  chopped  meat,  packed, 
makes  a  pound. 

One  cup  rice  equals,  one-half 
pound. 

One  cup  stemmed  raisins,  makes  6 
ounces. 


214 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


TABLE  OF  PROPORTION. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one 
pint  of  butter,  or  butter  and  lard 
mixed  for  pastry. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one 
heaping  tablespoon  of  butter  for  bis- 
cuit. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one  cup 
of  butter  for  cup  cakes. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one- 
half  level  teaspoon  of  salt. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  four 
teaspoons  of  baking  powder. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one 
pint  of  milk  for  muffins,  gems,  etc. 

One  quart  of  flour  requires  one 
scant  quart  of  milk  for  batters  of  all 
kinds. 


FOR    OLD    PAINT    STAINS. 

Paint  stains  that  are  dry  and  oid 
may  be  "removed  from  cotton  or 
woollen  goods  with  chloroform.  It  is 
a  good  plan  to  first  cover  the  spots 
with  olive  oil  or  butter. 


TO   PREVENT  APPENDICITIS. 

Olive  oil  is  excellent  for  the  health. 
A  tableapoonful  of  it  three  times  a 
day  is  recommended  by  many  physi- 
cians as  a  means  of  warding  off  ap- 
pendicitis. 


TO   "SET"   THE   COLOR. 

To  "set"  the  color  in  light  shades  of 
pink  and  iblue,  soak  the  goods  in  salt 
water  with  a  small  lump  of  alum  add- 
ed. Use  the  alum  alone  for  the  dif- 
ferent shades  of  lilac  and  violet.  Af- 
ter the  color  has  been  "set,"  wash  the 
garments  in  warm  borax  suds,  which 
will  help  to  keep  the  color  in  the 
goods. 


A   GOOD   SOUP   STOCK. 

Save  the  water  in  which  fresh  green 
peas  have  been  boiled.  It  makes  an 
excellent  foundation  for  soup  stock  or 
gravies.  iSo  delicate  is  its  flavor  that 
some  people  like  it  served  in  ibouillon 
cups  with  salt,  pepper  and  a  ibit  of 
butter. 


TO  CLEAN  LEATHER  FURNITURE. 

Add  a  little  vinegar  to  some  warm 
water  and  wash  the  leather,  -using  a 
clean  cloth  or  sponge.  Wipe  with  a 
dry  cloth.  Then,  to  restore  the  polish, 
put  two  teaspoonfuls  of  turjmntine 
with  the  whites  of  two  eggs;  beat  a 
little  and  apply  with  a  .clean  flannel 


cloth.  Dry  with  another  cloth.  All 
the  cloths  used  should  'be  soft  and  aJb- 
solutely  clean. 


TO  STOP  BLEEDING. 

A  heaping  teaspoonful  of  powdered 
alum  in  a  cup  of  water  will  stop  the 
flow  of  blood  in  any  ordinary  wound 
where  no  large  artery  has  been  sever- 
ed. Snuffing  a  similar  solution  will 
stop  bleeding  of  the  nose. 


GRINDING    BREAD    CRUMBS. 

If  a  quart  fruit-jar  is  slipped  over 
the  outlet  of  the  grinder  as  far  as 
'possible  and  held  there  while  grinding 
with  the  other  hand,  all  crumbs  will 
ibe  caught,  instead  of  a  lot  of  them 
flying  around  the  room,  causing  un- 
necessary disorder. 


FOR  EARACHE. 

An  onion  poultice  will  often  relieve 
the  worst  earache. 


CAMPHOR   FOR  SILVER. 

A  lump  of  camphor  kept  near  silver 
when  not  in  use  will  prevent  it  tar- 
nishing. 


WHEN    MEAT   IS  TOUGH. 

Add  a  tablespoonful  of  vinegar  to  the 
water  or  gravy  in  which  the  meat  is 
cooking  and  let  simmer  slowly. 


TO    PREVENT   FLIES. 

Two  ounces  of  borax  sprinkled  over 
a  gar'bage  can  or  refuse  pile  will  effect- 
ually prevent  flies  from  breeding. 


POTATO   MUD   REMOVER. 

All  traces  of  mud  can  be  removed 
from  skirts  and  gentlemen's  black 
garments  by  rubbing  the  stains  with 
a  raw  cut  potato. 


TO. FRESHEN  CAKE. 

To  freshen  stale  cake,  dip  it  for  a 
second  or  two  in  cold  milk  and  then 
reibake  it  in  a  rather  cool  oven.  It  will 
taste  almost  like  new  again. 


FOR  TAR  STAINS. 

Tar  stains  may  be  removed  from 
cotton  fabrics  by  covering  the  spots 
with  butter  and  allowing  it  to  remain 
for  a  few  hours  before  washing. 


FOR    BURNS   AND   SCALDS. 

Apply  gylceriue  and  flour,  the  latter 
heaped  on  the  affected  part  to  keep  off 


HOUSEHOLD. 


215 


PURITY— the  guaranteed  Flour 


PURITy 
FLOUR 


SO  confident  are  we  of  the  ability  of  Purity  Flour  to 
please  you  better  than  any  other  flour  you  have  ever 
used,  that  we  have  authorized  your  grocer  to  sell  it  with 
a  straight  money-back  guarantee. 

Go  to  your  grocer  and  buy  a  sack — a  small  sapk  if  you  like — 
of  Purity  Flour.  Test  it  by  actual  baking  results.  When 
you  find,  as  we  say,  that  it  makes  "more  bread  and  better 
bread"  than  any  other  flour;  that  it  makes  lighter,  tastier 
biscuits  and  cakes;  that  the  pastry  is  more  digestible  than 
can  be  made  with  any  other  flour — you  will  know  the  reason 
for  the  guarantee  given.  If  Purity  was  riot  such  a  clean, 
pure  flour,  with  everything  combining  to  make  it  as  nearly  a 
perfect  flour  as  possible,  you  may  be  sure  we  could  not  afford 
to  give  it  such  an  absolute  guaremtee. 


WESTERN  CANADA  FLOUR  MILLS  CO.,  LIMITED 

TORONTO,  MONTREAL.  CALGARY.  WINNIPEG 
GODERICH.  BRANDON.  ST.  JOHN.  N.B. 


216 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


the  air.    Orv  tliis  put  a  good  pad  of 
cotton  wool  and  bandage. 


FOR  A  CINDER  IN  THE  EYE. 

To  remove  a  cinder  or  other  foreign 
suibstance,  lay  over  the  eye  a  cloth  on 
which  has  been  spread  the  beaten 
white  of  an  egg,  with  a  little  sugar 
and  pulverized  alum  added. 


FOR    MACHINE   GREASE   STAINS. 

Cold  rain  water  and  good  soap  will 
usually  remove  these  troublesome 
stains. 


TO    CLEAN    JEWELRY. 

SUver  or  gold  jewelry  may  Ibe  satis- 
factorily cleaned  by  adding  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  ammonia  to  a  cup  of  water 
and  applying  with  a  rag.  ^ 

USEFUL    HINTS. 

A  soft  rag,  moistened  with  lemon 
juice  and  then  dipped  in  silver  whit- 
ing will  be  found  excellent  for  clean- 
ing piano  keys. 

A  mixture  of  olive  oil  and  ink  in 
equal  parts  is  excellent  for  removing 
the  rusty  appearance  from  swede 
shoes  or  slippers. 

Keep  small  squares  of  coarse  sand 
paper  near  the  kitchen  sink.  There 
is  nothing  better  for  removing  scorch 
or  food  stuffs  from  po'ts  or  pans. 

A  plain  cloth  dipped  in  hot  water 
and  then  in  a  saucer  of  bran,  will 
clean  white  paint  and  not  injure  it. 
The  bran  acts  like  a  soap  on  the 
paint. 

Often  a  machine  needle,  which  has 
a  turned  or  blunted  point  may  be 
made  as  good  as  ever  by  rubbing  it 
back  and  forth  a  few  times  on  a 
whetstone. 

In  cleaning  woollen  clothes  in  win- 
ter time,  take  them  out  of  doors, 
throw  dry  snow  over  them  and  then 
brush  it  off.  This  not  only  removes 
dust  but  lint. 

If  a  strong  brine  of  salt  and  water 
is  thrown  over  the  coals,  less  soot 
will  collect  in  the  flues  and  chimneys. 
The  fire,  too,  will  bum  clear  and 
bright. 

To  remove  hot  water  marks  from 
japanned  trays  use  sweet  oil.  Rub 
it  in  well  till  all  marks  disappear. 


Good  Butter  Go^ 

HandinHandwifli 

Good  Salt 

The    Farmer's 
Year 

IQIfi  pi^omises  to  go 
jdown  in  his- 
tory as  one  of  the 
record  years  for  Can- 
adian farmers  and 
dairymen — not  only  for 
the  excellent  prices  ob- 
tainable— but  also  for 
the  high  quality  of  farm 
and  dairy  products. 

WINDSOR 


DAIRY 
SALT 


CHEESE 
SALT 


have  done  their  full 
share  in  making  this 
possible.  Of  course 
YOU  use  Windsor  Salt. 


HOUSEHOLD. 


217 


then  polish  the  tray  with  dry  flour 
and  a  soft  cloth. 

Leather  can  be  cleaned  very  well 
with  milk.  Dust  the  leather  thor- 
oughly with  a  soft  cloth,  then  use 
another  cloth  dipped  in ,  sweet  milk 
and  the  spots  will  be  easily  removed. 

Kerosene  rubbed  on  with  a  soft 
cloth  will  clean  zinc  perfectly.  Kero- 
sene or  gasoline  applied  with  a  cloth 
will  also  remove  all  grease  spots 
from  porcelain  basins  and  bath  tubs. 
Rinse  well  with  very  hot  water. 

If  a  pan  in  which  milk  is  cooked  is 
rinsed  out  in  cold  water,  the  milk 
will  not  be  so  apt  to  stick. 

If  one  burns  the  food  in  a  new 
white  enamel  dish,  put  'nto  the  dish  a 
tablespoonful  of  sal  soda,  fill  with 
water  and  boil. 

If  one  has  not  access  to  a  hot  water 
bag  when  it  is  needed,  a  good  sub- 
stitute is  a  flannel  bag  filled  with  hot 
sand  or  salt.  A  good  idea  is  to  keep 
a  half  dozen  little  ones  filled  and 
ready. 

Get  a  nickel's  worth  of  stick  glue 
at  your  druggist's  and  put  three  or 
four  pieces  at  intervals  in  the  soil 
around  your  fern.  Do  this  three  or 
four  times  a  year  and  you  will  notice 
a  marked  improvement  in  the  plant. 

If  new  enameled  saucepans  are 
placed  in  a  pan  of  warm  water,  al- 
lowed to  come  to  a  boil  and  then 
cooled,  they  will  be  found  to  last 
much  longer  before  either  cracking 
or  burning. 

White  spots  on  furniture  will  dis- 
appear if  a  hot  plate  from  the  stove 
be  held  over  them. 

SUSTENANCE  FOR  THE  SICK. 

Beef  Tea. — Mince  one  pound  of 
good  lean  beef  and  put  into  a  jar 
with  one  teacupful  cold  water;  cork 
closely  and  set  iif  a  boiler  or  steamer 
to  cook.  It  will  require  three  or  four 
hours.     Strain  and  season. 

Beef  Essence. — Put  one  pound  of 
lean  beef,  minced  fine,  into  a  jar, 
without  any  water  whatever,  cover 
the  jar  tightly  and  set  it  in  a  pot  or 
kettle  of  cold  water,  bringing  the 
water  slowly  to  a  boil  and  allowing 
the  jar  containing  the  meat  to  so  re- 
main simmering  until  the  juice  of  the 
meat  is  all  extracted  and  the  fibre 
becomes  colorless.  Season  to  taste 
and  skim  when  cold. 


Barley  Water. — Put  two  ounces  of 
pearl  barley  into  half  a  pint  boiling 
water  and  let  it  simmer  a  few  min- 
utes. Drain  off  and  add  two  quarts 
of  boiling  water  with  a  few  figs  and 
stoned  raisins  cut  fine.  Boil  slowly 
until  reduced  about  one-half  and 
strain.  Sweeten  to  taste,  adding  the 
juice  of  a  lemon  and  nutmeg  if  de- 
sired. 

Toast  Water. — Brown  nicely,  but 
do  not  burn,  the  slices  of  bread,  and 
pour  upon  them  sufficient  boiling 
water  to  cover.  Let  them  steep  until 
cold,  keeping  the  bowl  or  dish  con- 
taining the  toast  closely  covered. 
Strain  off  the  water  and  sweeten  to 
taste,  putting  a  piece  of  ice  into  it 
as  drank. 

Flaxseed  Lemonade. — Pour  on 
four  tablespoonfuls  of  whole  flaxseed 
one  quart  of  boiling  water  and  add 
the  juice  of  two  lemons.  Let  it  steep 
for  three  hours,  keeping  it  closely 
covered.  Sweeten  to  taste.  Excel- 
lent for  colds. 

Slippery-Elm      Bark      Tea. — Pour 

boiling  water  over  the  bark,  first 
breaking  it  into  bits;  cover  the  pitch- 
er containing  it  and  let  it  stand  until 
cold;  add  lemon  juice  if  desired  and 
sweeten  to  taste. 

Mulled  Buttermilk. — The  well- 
beaten  yolk  of  an  egg  added  to  boil- 
ing butter-milk  and  allowed  to  boil 
up;  or  add  to  the  boiling  butter-milk 
a  little  thickening  of  flour  and  cold 
buttermilk. 

Baked  Milk. — Put  the  milk  in  a 
jar,  covering  the  opening  with  white 
paper,  and  bake  in  a  moderate  oven 
until  thick  as  cream.  May  be  taken 
by  the  most  delicate  stomach. 

Onion  Gruel. — Boll  a  few  sliced 
onions  in  a  pint  of  fresh  milk,  stir- 
ring in  a  very  little  oatmeal  and  a 
pinch  of  salt;  boil  iintil  the  onions 
become  tender  and  take  at  once  just 
before  going  to  bed.  Excellent  for  a 
cold. 

Arrowroot. — Use  milk  or  water  as 
preferred.  Put  a  heaping  teaspoon- 
ful  of  ground  arrowroot  into  a  cup 
and  mix  with  a  little  cold  milk.  Stir 
into  a  pan  containing  a  pint  of  either 
cream  or  water  that  has  been  brought 
to  a  boil,  adding  a  little  salt.  Let  it 
simmer  for  a  few  minutes  and  then 
pour  out.  May  be  sweetened  or 
flavored  with  nutmeg  if  desired. 


218 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Shrewd  Buyers. 


These  have  you  at  their 
Mercy 

Sickness,  fire  or  tramps  have  no  pity  on  thie  unpro- 
tected farm  home.  Isolation  is  their  great  ally — 
for  always  and  everywhere  they  work  against  time. 
And  unless  the  farmer's  home  can  get  help  quickly 
its  fight  is  a  losing  one.  Shrewd  buyers  can  out- 
wit you,  dissatisfied  help  leave  you  In  the  lurch. 

Unless  you  have  a  Telephone 

a  sudden  emergency  may  find  you  helpless.  With 
the  telephone  every  neighbor  is  "next  door" — the 
doctor,  the  mill,  the  employment  agency — every 
member  of  your  community  is  practically  at  your 
elbow. 

Write  to-day  for  the  most  interesting  booklet  ever 
issued  on  the  subject  of  farm  protection — 125,000 
Canadian  farmers  helped  to  write  it. 
It  costs  you  nothing — it  may  mean  a  revelation  of 
opportunities  that  you  have  never  seen  before. 
Send  the  coupon  to-day.  Address  the  nearest  of- 
fice    of    the 

Norffier/f  Ehctric  Com  party 


Wife's  Loneliness. 


■    PROTECT 

yourself  against 
these  troubles. 


Toronto 
Halifax 
Montreal 


Edmonton 
Vancouver 
Victoria 


Winnipeg 

Regina 

Calgary 


513    C.F.Y.B. 

THIS 

AViii  give  you       ^^r       pii°;;i'it'""  f-^^xJ^A 

protection.  ^^^       ,  a  ^^  ^"'"P^"^'  *4'"'**'^' 

-^^  (Address   nearest   house). 

Send   me,  without  cost  or 

obligation,  your  booklet,  "How 

the  Telephone   Helps  the   Farmer,"  and 

other  data    regarding    Rural   Telephones. 

iJame    

'  Post    Office 

Province    


FARM  BUILDIN-GS  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


219 


FARM  BUILDINGS  AND  EQUIPMENT 

General  Principles  of  Farm  Building  Location 


To  begin  with,  the  home  site  should 
■be  selected  so  that  any  part  of  the 
farm  can  be  reached  without  any  diffi- 
culty or  great  inconvenience.  Many 
times,  in  order  to  avoid  small  incon- 
veniences, the  ibuildings  are  located 
so  that  part  of  the  -fields  are  more  or 
less  inaccessible,  or  so  far  away  that 
much  time  is  wasted  in  going  to  and 
from  the  fields  at  busy  times  of  the 
year. 

When  an  approximate  location  has 
been  decided  upon,  place  the  house  in 
the  best  place  available.  Try  to  obtain 
the  most  attractive  view  possible,  and 
(build  the  house  so  that  the  view  may 
be  advantageously  used.  The  house 
is  by  far  the  most  important  of  farm 
buildings,  though  to  observe  many 
farms,  one  would  think  the  exact  op- 
posite to  l>e  true.  At  least  half  of  his 
life  the  farmer  spends  in  his  house, 
and  his  wife  spends  much  the  greater 
part  of  her  time  there.  The  farmer's 
wife  is  entitled  to  have  a  well-'built 
and  well-located  workshop,  in  which 
she  manages  and  contrives  to  make 
and  keep  a  happy  home,  so  essential  to 
true  success. 

If  the  drainage  of  the  home  site  is 
not  perfect,  this  must  be  attended  to, 
so  that  good  sanitation  may  be  ob- 
tained. Plenty  of  good  air  and  quick 
drainage  of  soil  are  essential.  This 
can  be  secured  by  a  location  on  a  fair- 
ly dry  soil,  slightly  elevated.  Of 
course,  any  protection  against  cold 
north  winds  should  be  taken  advant- 
age of,  but  it  is  a  question  whether  a 
windbreak  on  the  west  is  desirable; 
cool  and  refreshing  winds  should  not 
be  deflected  during  the  heated  season. 

The  house  should  not  be  located  too 
near  the  highway,  nor  is  it  necessary 
to  have  the  front  of  the  house  toward 
the  highway.  Unless  because  of  some 
special  condition  the  distance  between 
highway  and  house  should  not  be  less 
than  200  feet,  and  if  the  most  desir- 
able location  for  the  house  be  twice 
or  thrice  that  distance,  perhaps  so 
much  the  better.  A  park-like  entrance 
drive,  the  road  end  of  which  should 
be  in  plain  view  from  the  house,  should 
be  laid  out  up  to  the  house-yard  gate 
in  a  graceful  curve;  it  should  be  bor- 
dered   by   trees,   vrhich    should   be  so 


arranged  as  net  to  interfere  with  the 
view.  The  barn  should  be  located  so 
the  prevailing  winds  will  not  carry 
the  stable  odors  toward  the  house,  and 
the  general  slope  of  the  land  should  be 
from  the  house  toward  the  barn, 
rather  than  the  opposite.  The  bam 
and  any  adjacent  pens  should  not  be 
placed  in  near  proximity  to  the  drive, 
but  should  preferably  be  reached  by  a 
branch  of  the  main  drive.  If  it  is 
necessary  and  can  be  so  arranged, 
another  drive  should  be  provided 
which  will  not  pass  near  the  house,  to 
be  used  for  hauling,  etc.  The  exact 
position  and  arrangement  of  other 
buildings  will  be  governed  by  their 
use;  for  economy  and  convenience 
they  should  be  few  and  rather  com- 
pact, though  not  so  close  as  to  in- 
crease fire  risk.  Pens,  sheds,  and 
stacks  should  occupy  inconspicuous 
positions. 

Machine  Shed. 

The  width  of  the  building  governs 
to  a  large  extent  the  method  of  roof 
framing.  Machine  sheds  adapt  them- 
selves readily  to  certain  widths,  18 
feet  and  26  feet  being  perhaps  the 
widths  that  can  be  most  economically 
utilized.  The  floor  plans  following  il- 
lustrate possible  arrangements  of  ma- 
chines within  the  buildings.  If  only  an 
18-foot  width  iz  used  for  the  structure, 
the  rafters  themselves,  with  perhaps 
a  collar  beam  or  cross  tie,  are  suffi- 
cient to  support  the  roof.  If  a  great- 
er width  is  employed,  a  simple  truss, 
like  the  one  in  figure  56,  must  be 
built  up,  and  placed  at  intervals  of 
9  or  10  feet.  Ofttimes  the  collar 
beams  and  cross  ties  are  .used  to  sup- 
port poles,  lumber,  and  odds  and  ends 
that  accumulate,  and  the  weight  of 
these  things  will  give  the  roof  a  ten- 
dency to  rack  or  sag.  If  the  intention 
is  to  use  the  collar  beams  and  ties  for 
this  purpose,  the  framing  should  be 
made  extra  strong  to  resist  the  addi- 
tional strain. 

The  floor  of  the  shed  should  not  be 
very  high,  and  the  approaches  to  the 
door  should  be  quite  gradual,  for  other- 
wise it  will  be  very  difficult  to  run 
some  of  the  heavier  machines  into  the 
shed.    Some  builders  advocate  the  use 


220 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


of  bwo-story  structures,  but  this  is  im- 
practicable for  the  ordinary  farm,  and 
the  added  expense  for  the  necessary 
hoist  and  the  trouble  of  operating  it 
would  make  it  undesirable.  However, 
this  idea  may  be  well  worked  out  if 
the  shed  is  built  on  the  slope  of  a 
steep  hill,  so  that  natural  approaches 
may  be  had  on  two  sides,  and  a  hoist 
will  be  unnecessary. 

In  preparing  the  design  of  a  machine 
shed,  the  iirsit  consideration  is  the 
number  of  machines  to  be  housed,  au'd 
whether  or  not  a  farm  shop  is  to  be 
included  in  the  building.  Then  comes 
the  arranging  of  the  machines  with 
the  view  of  getting  them  into  such  lo- 
cations as  to  enable  the  user  to  get 
them  out  and  dn  with  the  least  amount 
of  trouble.  For  instance,  a  binder,  be- 
ing used  just  once  a  year,  may  well  oc- 
cupy a  farther  comer,  leaving  the 
space  near  the  door  for  the  mower  and 
the  plow,  implements  which  are  used 
oftener  and  for  longer  periods  than 
the  binder.  The  wagons,  buggies,  and 
imanure  spreaders  are  used  so  much 
throughout  the  year  that  they  should 
be  especially  accessible. 


Modern  Stable  Equipment 

Few  jobs  on  the  farm  require  as 
much  constant  attentiion  as  stable 
cleaning.  It  is  a  job  -which  cannot  be 
neglected.  The  barn  must  ibe  cleaned 
not  only  thoroughly,  but  regularly,  and 
this  must  be  done  not  six  day®  of  the 
week  only,  but  seven.  Lifting  wheel- 
barrow loads  of  cow  manure  and 
wheeling  them  through  the  yard  to  the 
pile  is  heavy  work,  for  the  yard  is 
usually  very  muddy  or  loovered  with 
sluslh  or  snow.  It  is  very  necessary 
to  get  the  manure  a  good  distance 
from  the  bam,  so  that  the  ifumes  will 
not  rot  the  wood  work,  injure  the  har- 
ness and  implements,  affect  the  health 
of  the  cows  or  taint  the  milk.  These 
many  needs  made  the  introduction  of 
a  labor  saving  device  for  stalble  clean- 
ing very  welcome  to  Canadian  far- 
mers. The  manure  carrier  has  within 
the  past  eight  years  become  almost  as 
popular  as  the  binder.  In  many  sec- 
tions you  will  not  find  a  farmer  wlho  has 
not  his  manure  carrier  outfit.  As  it 
runs  on  a  level  overhead  track,  there 
is  no  heavy  weight  to  be  lifted.      It 


IMPLEMENT  JHED 


2XI(;RIDGE  PIECE 


SHINGLES 
HEETING 

5CALE 

'"""""      I      I       I      1       1      I       I      I      I 


'Bour 


r FACIA  ^FREIie. 
•BOARblNH 


■  coAfCAsre  piek. 


CR05S   SECTION 


FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT. 


221 


can.  be  run  into  any  part  of  the  stable 
and  by  means  of  a  swing  pole  can  be 
pushed  out  to  be  dumped  in  the  yard. 
It  takes  more  than  four  times  the 
load  a  wheelbarrow  will  carry,  and, 
if  desired  can  be  dumped  directly  into 
the  wagon  or  spreader.  The  water 
tight  bucket  preserves  all  tihe  liquid 
manure  and  'prevents  slopping  over  or 
dripping  on  the  way  to  the  pile. 

Many  farmers  extend  the  manure 
carrier  track  to  run  up  the  feed  pas- 
sage and  use  a  feed  carrier  for  feed- 
ing. This  will  handle  ensilage,  grain, 
roots,  and  in  fact  any  kind  of  feed. 
One  load  can  be  made  to  do  for  the 
whole  herd,  so  steps  backrward  and 
forward  are  saved,  and,  as  well,  can 
be  made  to  save  almost  as  much  work 
as  the  manure  carrier,  because,  for 
every  pound  of  manure,  from  five  to 
ten  pounds  of  feed  have  to  ihe  handled. 

If  tihere  is  a  good  cement  floor  in 
the  barn,  a  floor  feed  truck  is  another 
excellent  device  for  feeding  with. 
Sanitary  Steel  Stalls. 

Galvanized  Steel  Stalls  are  great 
labour  savers,  too,  for  they  are  very 
easy  to  keep  clean.  The  small  round 
surface  scarcely  collects  any  dust  or 


dirt,  and  there  is  no  place  for  vermin 
to  lodge. 

The  stalls  are  very  sanitary.  They 
do  not  soak  up  manure.  Sunlight  can 
floor  through  the  open  construction  of 
the  steel,  and  as  it  is  the  'best  disin- 
fectant in  the  world,  it  destroys  germs 
of  disease  in  the  stable.  These  two 
points  make  the  stalls  a  valuable  ally 
in  fighting  tuberculosis.  They  are 
very  durable,  as  they  will  not  rot.  A 
sta'ble  jo^b  in  which  steel  stalls  and  the 
cement  floors  are  used  is  practically 
everlasting.  Not  even  force  can  de- 
stroy it. 

In  building  this  modem  steel  equii>- 
ment  the  comfort  of  the  cow  has  been 
one  of  the  most  important  considera- 
tions kept  in  view.  As  the  dairy  in- 
dustry has  developed  in  recent  years, 
it  has  beea  found  that  proper  treat- 
ment has  about  as  much  to  do  with 
the  welfare  of  the  dairy  cow  and  with 
the  quantity  of  milk  sihe  gives,  as  the 
method  of  feeding  her. 

Swinging  steel  stanchions  ^ve  her 
as  much  freedom  within  the  limits  of 
her  stall  as  she  would  have  out  in  the 
field,  except  in  one  very  important 
way.     The   best   stanchions   keep  the 


FR.ONT  Ei-EVATIOM 


222 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


cow  lined  up  over  tlie  gutter  so  she 
can't  dung  on  her  stand.  IBUT  tlie 
great  point  is  that  she  is  free  to  turn 
lier  head  as  she  pleases,  card  her 
flanks,  lie  down  on  either  side,  and 
there  is  no  Chafing,  no  weight  on  her 
neck,  no  tug  or  pull  on  her  head. 

The  Steel  Stalls  are  a  great  con- 
venience for  the  owner  in  other  ways. 
For  instance  the  steel  partitions  pre- 
vent the  animals  crowding  when  heing 
miliked,  and  they  .protect  the  milker 
from  the  next  cow.  The  .Steel  Stan- 
chions are  very  simple  to  close  and 
can  "be  opened  even  when  the  animal 
is  lunging  or  pulling  back  with  all  its 
might.  This  has  in  more  than  one 
instance  been  found  an  invaluable 
feature  in  releasing  cows  from  alburn^ 
ing  stable.  Had  chain  ties  ibeen  in 
use,  it  would  have  (been  almost  im- 
possible to  save  the  animals. 

Certainly  they  soon  ipay  iback  cost, 
many  times.  The  most  mjodem  styles 
are  'being  galvanized  to  prevent  rust- 
ing through  contact  with  moist  bed- 
ding and  no  extra  charge  is  made  for 
this  splendid  finish.  The  stable  al- 
ways looks  very  fine  and  the  owner 
will  always  be  extremely  proud  of  it. 

•Steel  pens  for  the  calves,  and  for 
the  'bull,  and  maternity  .pens  for  the 


cows  have  the  advantage  outlined. 

The  fronts  of  calf  pens  oansist  of 
a  whole  row  of  stanchions  which  can 
be  opened  and  closed  altogether  with 
a  lever  or  at  one  time.  Individual 
stanchions  which  can  be  opened  and 
closed  altogether  with  a  levet, 
or  one  at  a  time.  Individual 
stanchions  permit  one  to  feed  each 
calf  separately  so  that  no  ibully  can 
get  the  big  share  at  the  exipense  of 
the  others.  The  latfest  type  of  calf 
pen  equipment  is  illustrated  ihy  the 
small  photo  on  this  page.  There  is 
an  individual  ipen  for  each  calf,  but 
when  desired,  the  panels  ibetween  any 
number  of  pens  can  be  removed  com- 
hining  the  pens  to  form  larger  ones. 


METAL   SHINGLES. 

The  important  ipoint  to  get  at  is  the 
quality  of  the  metal,  the  galvanizing 
and  the  lock  used  on  the  shingle  to 
fasten  it  to  those  on  every  side  of  it. 
It  should  ibe  secure  against  all  water, 
snow  and  wind,  and  if  proof  against 
the  above,  it  will  also  be  lightning 
proof  if  the  roof  is  connected  to  the 
ground  by  wires.  The  lightning  bolt 
striking  a  metal  roof  becomes  scatter- 
ed on  the  iron  and  instead  of  concen- 
trating its  force    at     any    particular 


0    1    2.   3    A\S    6    T    a    9    10 


Implement  ^hed       ^cau  m  ■  i  Tt  i  i  ith 


1 


o 


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%x6  P/£K.  /ZK/Z 


1  = 


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FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT.  223 


M 


Barn  of  E.  L.  Roddy,  P.:  _,    . 

THIS  BARN   HAS 

"EASTLAKE"  SHINGLE  ROOF 

Fire-proof — Storm-proof — Wear-proof, 

"EMPIRE"  CORRUGATED  IRON  SIDES 

Strong — Neat — Weather-tight — Durable. 

"HALITUS"  VENTILATORS 

Efficient — Economical — Easily  Attached. 

"EMPIRE"  SILO  ROOF 

Strong — Serviceable — Big  Opening  for  Filling. 

We  make  a  complete  line  of  "Quality  First"  Metallic  Roofing 
and  Siding,  also  beautiful  patterns  of  Metallic  Ceiling  and 
Wall  Coverings  for  inside  use.  * 


LIMITED 


The  Metallic  Roofing  Co. 

"Quality  First"  Manufacturers.  "Quality  First' 

WINNIPEG  and  TORONTO. 


224 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


point  sufficient  to  penetrate  the  roof 
it  loses  force  and  readies  the  earth 
^  without  damage  by  means  of  cables 
attached  to  the  corners  of  the  metal 
roof  and  extending  into  the  ground. 

Pay  strict  attention  to  where  the 
locks  on  the  shingles  are  folded  as 
here  if  anywhere  the  defects  in  the 
metal  will  shov/  up. 

If  the  material  seems  to  thave  bent 
without  cracking  the  iron  or  the  gal- 
vanizing, then  it  is  pretty  safe  to  buy 
this  shingle  for  this  is  a  greater  test 
than  the  roof  will  ever  likely  be  called 
upon  to  stand. 

It  is  wise  to  note  the  appearance  of 
the  shingle  as  it  oosts  no  more  to  have 
a  neat  looking  roof  than  it  does  for  a 
humped  loose  lock  and  unsightly  pat- 
tern and  parti-cular  attention  should 
(be  given  to  the  provision  for  nailing 
to  the  roof. 


SHEET   METAL    FOR    BUILDINGS. 

Sheet  metal  is  fireproof.  Here  lies 
perhaps  its  greatest  virtue,  and  one 
that  can  hardly  "be  over-valued.  It  is 
also  lightning-proof.  When  a  metal 
roof  is  properly  "grounded,"  lightning 
may  strike  it  with  no  more  effect  than 
if  it  struck  out  in  a  lake. 

Sheet  metal  is  comparatively  light  in 
weight,  imposing  no  strain  on  the 
structure,  and  permitting  the  safe  em- 
ployment of  light  and  inexpensive  sup- 
ports. 

It  is  practically  immune  from  affec- 
tion by  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  It 
will  not  snap  with  frost  and  ice,  nor 
will  it  curl  up,  warp  and  twist  under 
the  summer  sun.  It  does  not  retain,  on 
into  the  night,  the  heat  infused  into  it 
by  day,  but  will  cool  off  quickly,  mak- 
ing sleeping  quarters  much  more  com- 
fortable. This  latter  feature  applies 
more  particularly,  iperhaps,  to  teme 
plates  than  to  any  of  the  other  metals. 

Sheet  anetal  roofing  presents  a 
smooth  surface,  free  from  cracks  and 
crevices.  It  thus  affords  no  grip  for 
snow,  hut  permits  same  to  slide  off 
freely  without  freezing,  and  the  con- 
sequent "back-watering"  and  leaking. 
Its  smooth  hard  surface  also  permits 
of  its  l>eing  walked  on  without  dam- 
age. It  also  admits  of  a  secure  and 
watertight  junction  at  valleys  and 
hips.  The  joints  of  a  sheet  metal  roof 
are  invariably  dose  and  snug  fitting. 
For  this  reason,  it  is  rarely  disturbed 
(by   violent  winds    and    cyclones — the 


wind  can  get  no  purchase  under  it. 

The  ibig  item  of  cost  in  a  sheet  metal 
roof  is  material.  The  small  item  is 
laJbor.  The  purchaser  thus  has  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  the  'bulk 
of  his  money  is  actually  entering  into 
the  life  and  service  of  his  roof — it  is 
not  being  paid  merely  for  laying  it. 
This  rapidity  and  ease  of  laying  is 
also  of  advantage  in  another  way,  tn 
that  it  admits  of  the  buyer  laying  the 
roof  himself,  or  with  unskilled  help 
only,  if  it  is  not  convenient  to  hire  it 
done.  This  last  clause  applies  in  par- 
ticular to  the  more  simple,  ibut  none 
the  less  excellent,  forms  of  galvanized 
shingles,  tiles,  etc. 

Sheet  metal  roofing  is  durable.  ('Bear 
in  mind  that  we  are  speaking  of  relia- 
ble materials  only.)  Plenty  at  metal 
roofs  are  in  evidence  to-day  which 
were  laid  30,  50  and  60  years  ago,  and 
which,  by  all  appearances,  are  still 
good  for  many  years'  service.  iHow 
many  times  they  have  saved  their  re- 
spective buildings  from  destruction  by 
fire  or  lightning  can  only  be  a  matter 
of  conjecture. 

iMuch  harm  has  undou1>tedly  been 
done  to  the  good  name  of  metal  roofing 
by  the  use  in  some  localities  o  f cheap 
material,  which  has  proven  short-lived. 
This  should  in  nowise  ibe  held  against 
the  iproducts  of  which  this  article 
treats,  as  if  good  material  is  used, 
there  is  ample  evidence  to  prove  that 
it  will  give  generations  of  satisfactory 
service. 

For  rural  districts,  sheet  metal  has 
an  added  advantage,  in  that  it  sheds 
dean  rain  water — ^and  more  of  it. 
None  can  soak  in,  so  it  all  flows  off. 
It  further  has  the  property  of  con- 
densing and  shedding  the  dew,  a  fair 
area  of  roof  often  shedding  a  quarter 
or  ihalf-lbarrel  in.  a  single  night  in  an 
otherwise  dry  season. 

In  ipoint  of  appearance  sheet  metal 
roofing  can  satisfy  the  most  exacting 
tastes.  It  is  made  in  a  range  of  styles 
and  patterns  suitable  for  every  con- 
ceiTa'ble  sort  of  building.  The  plain 
severe  lines  of  the  standing  seam  and 
similar  styles  look  neat  and  service- 
able for  industrial  buildings,  while  the 
numerous  patterns  of  embossed  shin- 
gles and  tiles  afford  the  home-owner 
a  "Chance  to  select  something  to  ac- 
cord with  any  style  of  architecture. 

Sheet  metal  can  be  painted  very 
quickly  and  very  cheaply.    The  paint 


FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT^| 


225 


does  not  need  to  be  brushed  in,  and, 
as  there  is  no  absorption,  a  little  goes 
a  long  way. 

From  the  standpoint  of  economy, 
sheet  metal  roofing  should  appeal 
strongly  to  the  thoughtful  buyer.  Its 
first  cost  is  very  moderate,  and  figur- 
ed by  "year-cost,"  it  is  decidedly 
economical.  True  economy  consists 
not  in  buying  the  cheapest  product, 
but  in  buying  that  which  is  best  value 
in  the  end. 


THE   SLED   CORN    HARVESTER. 

The  platform  is  made  by  nailing  to- 
gether three  10-tach  boards  6  feet 
long.  Two  2  by  2  runners  2  feet  long 
are  nailed  to  the  front  of  the  plat- 
form on  each  side  of  it.  The  rear  end 
of  the  platform  can  rest  on  the 
ground;  this  gives  the  harvester  an 
upward  slope. 

-  A  4  by  4  two  feet  and  ten  inches 
long  is  bolted  oa  the  rear  end  of  the 
platform  with  two  six-inch  bolts. 
Next,  a  second  piece  of  4  by  4,  three 
feet  and  four  inches  long,  is  bolted 
on  the  platform  two  feet  from  the 
rear  end  of  the  platform,  with  two 
six-inch  bolts.  This  piece  should  ex- 
tend ten  inches  over  the  right  side  of 
sled  to  which  the  guard  is  fastened. 
The  under  side  of  it  should  be  sloped 
to  almost  a  point  so  that  it  will  pass 
over  the  stubble.  A  2  by  4  guard  five 
feet  long  is  then  fastened  to  the  right 
hand  corner  of  the  4  by  4  on  rear  end 
of  sled  with  a  seven-inch  bolt.     This 


guard  is  then  bolted  to  the  end  of  the 

second  4  by  4  with  a  five-inch  bolt 

A  heavy  blade  from  a  conunon 
brush  or  brier  scythe  can  be  used  for 
the  blade.  The  blade  is  fastened  to 
the  second  4  by  4  and  to  the  guard. 
The  back  of  the  blade  is  fastened  to 
the  4  by  4  with  a  hook  bolt.  This  bolt 
can  be  made  by  taking  a  half -inch 
rod  seven  inches  long  and  make  a 
hook  to  fit  the  back  of  the  blade,  and 
cutting  threads  on  the  other  end.  The 
point  of  the  blade  is  made  fast  to  the 
under  side  of  the  guard  by  bolting  it 
between  the  guard  and  a  short  piece 
of  2  by  4  with  two  foiir-inch  bolts. 
The  blade  should  have  a  slight  ui>- 
ward  slope. 

The  com  is  cut  by  drawing  the  sled 
between  rows  of  corn.  A  man  should 
stand  on  the  sled  and  catch  the  com 
in  his  right  arm  as  it  is  cut;  when  he 
gets  his  arm  full  of  com  he  can  put  it 
in  a  shock  or  lay  it  ia  piles  on  the 
groimd. 

The  following  material  will  be  nec- 
essary to  make  a  sled  harvester: 

3  10-inch  boards,  6  feet  long  for  the 
platform. 

1  piece  2x2  inches  by  4  feet  long  for 
the  runners. 

1  piece  2x4  inches  by  5  feet  long  for 
the  guard. 

1  brier  scythe  blade. 

4  4-inch  bolts. 
1  o-inch  bolt. 

4  6-inch  bolts. 

1  7-lnch  hook  bolt. 


Sled  corn  harvesters.    (See  information  ab^ve.) 


226 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


A  GOOD  BARN  PLAN. 


Sheep  Bams  and  Their  Arrangement,      than  the  hardy  American  Merino. 

It  is  well  known  that  sheep  wiH 
not  bear  close  and  constant  confine- 
ment like  cattle.  They  must  have 
not  only  exercise,  but  plenty  of  air. 
Their  natural  habitat  is>  in  mountain 
regions,  where  the  air  is  bracing.  In 
the  care  of  sheep  this  must  always  be 
kept  in  mind.  Hence,  sheep-barns 
must  have  an  abundance  of  ventila- 
tion, with  large  yards  attached  for 
exercise  when  the  weather  is  favor- 
able. In  fact,  their  fleeces  amply 
protect  them  from  extreme  cold  when 
not  exposed  to  storms.  In  all  mild 
climates  they  thrive  better  under 
open,  protected  sheds.  The  mutton 
breeds,  and  especially  the  long-wool- 
ed  breeds,  and  more  especially  the 
Leicester,    require   better   protection 


The  plan  accompanying  was  design- 
ed iby  the  architect  of  the  Experiment- 
al [Farm,  Ottawa,  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  a  small  farm  where  four  or 
five  horses  and  fifteen  to  twenty  cattle 
are  kept.  No  part  is  ibelow  groimd  as 
light  and  freedom  from  dampness  are 
considered  essential  to  the  health  of 
animals.  The  dimensions  given  and 
the  arrangement  of  timbers  as  shown 
in  cross  section  will  enable  a  builder 
to  carry  out  the  design.  In  the  cattle 
stable  the  hay  chutes  are  indicated  hy 
the  letter  A;  meal  chutes  B;  fresh  air 
inlet  C;  foul  air  outlet  D;  manger  E; 
grain  bins  G;  meal  bins  H. 


RAFTERS   

gloc»»VP6ir  - 


6PUMJU^-Zx^) 


i 


»«•  CONCRETE  pmRS 
UN06ft.llV)N   POST 


A  barn  plan  for  small  farm. 


FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT. 


227 


Round  and  Rectangular  Bams  €k>in- 
pared. 

In  comparing  the  60  foot  round 
bam  wit-h  a  rectangular  bam  of  tbe 
same  area,  the  two  bams  should  af- 
ford the  cows  the  same  amount  of 
space  on  the  platform.  Allowing 
each  cow  in  the  60  foot  round  bam 
3  feet  6  inches  in  width  at  the  rear 
of  the  platforaa,  it  will  accommodate 
40  cows  and  leave  space  for  two  pas- 
sage ways.  But  in  a  rectangular 
barn,  only  3  feet  4  inches  of  platform 
space  need  be  allowed  for  each  cow, 
and  the  78^  foot  bam,  with  two  3- 
foot  passage  ways  across  it  for  con- 
venience in  feeding,  will  accommo- 
date 42  cows.  While  the  rectangular 
barn  has  stall  room  for  two  more 
cows,  the  round  bam  contains  space 
in  the  center  for  a  silo  18  feet  in 
diameter. 

The  floor  space  and  cubical  content 
of  the  round  bam  60  feet  in  diameter, 
and  the  rectangular  bam  compared 
with  it  in  these  tables,  are  practi- 
cally the  same,  and  the  barns  are 
therefore  directly  comparable.  This 
being    true,    the    percentages   which 


were  figured  from  the  complete  bills 
of  material  for  these  bams  show  the 
exact  saving  in  lumber  on  the  60  foot 
round  barn  over  the  plank  and  mor- 
this  frame,  rectangular  bams  36  x 
781^  feet.  The  lumber  bills  of  the 
rectangular  bams  show  an  increase 
in  cost  of  28  per  cent,  for  the  plank 
frame  and  54  per  cent,  for  the  mor- 
tise frame,  rectangular  barns  36  x 
in  diameter,  contains  188%,  and  the 
rectangular  bam  22  5  lineal  feet  of 
wall.  The  rectangular  barn  has, 
therefore,  22  per  cent,  more  lineal 
feet  of  outside  barn  wall,  requiring 
a  proportional  inci:ease  in  both  paint 
and  foundation. 

The  176%  foot  rectangular  bam 
would  hold  10  0  cows,  allowing  each 
cow  3  feet  4  inches  in  width  and  pro- 
viding for  3  passage  ways  of  3  feet 
each  across  the  bam. 

The  90  foot  round  bam  would  hold 
100  cows  in  two  rows  headed  to- 
gether, 6  5  of  which  would  be  in  the 
outer  circle,  and  have  3  feet  6  inches 
each  in  width  at  the  gutter.  This 
leaves  suflBcient  room  for  feed  alleys 
and  walks,  and  two  passage  ways,  one 
3  feet  and  the  other  7  feet  wide  for 


ftOOR  UME-*  . 


End  elevation  of  barn.    (See  page  226.) 


228 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


the  manure  and  feed  carriers.  All 
of  this  is  outside  of  a  central  space 
for  a  silo  20  feet  in  diameter  and  71 
feet  high,  with  a  capacity  for  620 
tons  of  silage,  and  in  the  mow  there 
would  still  be  an  excess,  above  the 
capacity  of  the  rectangular  barn,  of 
33,000  cubic  feet,  which  would  hold 
66  tons  of  hay,  or  as  much  as  the  en- 
tire mow  of  a  barn  32  x  36  feet  with 
20  foot  posts. 

The  square  feet  of  floor  space  in 
the  round  bam  90  feet  in  diameter 
and  rectangular  barn  36  x  176%  feet 
are  the  same,  but  the  cubical  content 
of  the  former  is  more  than  that  of  the 
latter.  The  increase  In  the  lumber 
bill  is  23  per  cent,  in  the  plank  frame 
and  53  per  cent,  in  the  mortise 
frame  barn.  The  round  bam  90  feet 
in  diameter  contains  283  and  the 
rectangular  barn  426  lineal  feet  of 
wall.  The  rectangular  barn  has, 
therefore,  50  per  cent,  more  lineal 
feet  of  outside  barn  wall,  requiring 
a  proportional  increase  in  both  paint 
and  foundation. 

The  smaller  surface  on  the  outside 
wall  of  the  round  barn  requires  less 
paint  and  makes  a  proportional  sav- 
ing in  keeping  the  round  barn  painted 
in  after  years. 

Conclusions. 

The  advantages  of  the  round  barn 
are  convenience,  strength  and  cheap- 
ness. 

The  round  barn  is  more  convenient, 
because  of  the  unobstructed  mow, 
which  reduces  the  labor  required  in 


mowing  hay,  and  because  of  the 
greater  care  and  fewer  steps  with 
which  the  feed  can  be  gotten  to  the 
cows,  owing  to  the  central  location 
of  the  supply. 

The  circular  construction  is  the 
strongest  because  advantage  is  taken 
of  the  lineal  strength  of  the  lumber. 
All.  exposed  surfaces  are  circular,  and 
withstand  greater  wind  pressure,  as 
the  wind  can  get  no  direct  hold,  as  on 
the  sides  or  gable  ends  of  a  rect- 
angular barn. 

In  round  numbers,  rectangular 
barns  require,  according  to  their  con- 
struction, from  34  to  58  per  cent, 
more  in  cost  of  material  than  round 
barns  with  the  same  floor  area  and 
built  of  the  same  grade  of  material. 


Roofing. 

Shingles  as  roof  covering  are  used 
far  more  than  any  other  type  for 
residences,  farm  buildings,  sheds,  etc. 
The  best  shingles  are  made  from  cy- 
press, redwood,  or  cedar,  in  the  order 
given.  Cypress  shingles  are  usually 
18  inches  long  and  are  supi>osed  to  be 
7-16  of  an  inch  thick  at  the  butt,  while 
other  kinds  are  but  16  Inches  long 
and  about  5-16  of  an  inch  thick  at  the 
hutt.  The  width  of  shingles  varies 
fram  2  1-.2  to  14  and  even  16  inches. 
They  are  sold  in  bundles,  usually  four 
to  a  thousand,  a  "thousand"  meaning 
the  equivalent  of  1,000  shingles  4 
inches  wide.  When  shingles  are  to 
be  used  for  special  designs,  they  are 
sawed  to  a  uniform  width,  either  4, 


SIDE    EUEYATION 

Side  elevation  of  barn  described  on  page  226. 


FARM  BUILDINGS  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


229 


6,  or  6  inches,  and  are  known  as  di- 
mension shingles. 

Slate  shingles  are  used  where  fire- 
proofing  and  permanency  are  of  im- 
portance. A  good  slate  should  be 
hard,  tou^h,  and  uniform  In  quality 
and  color.  The  color  of  slates  varies 
from  blue-;black,  dark-blue,  and  purple 
to  gray  and  green,  and  In  some  quar- 
ries, red.  The  size  of  slates  is  also 
subject  to  variation,  from  6x12  inches 
to  14x24  inches.  They  are  sold  by  the 
"square,"  which  means  a  sufficient 
number  of  slates  to  cover  100  square 
feet  of  roof  with  a  3-inch  lap  over  the 
course  below. 

Roofing  tile  is  a  term  applied  to  ex- 
terior roof  covering,  made  from  clay, 
with  overlapping  edges.  Their  com- 
paratively high  cost  has  prevented 
the  wide  iise  of  tile  in  America,  though 
in  better  classes  of  residences  their 
use  is  common  because  of  their  adapt- 
ability in  lending  themselves  to  fancy 
treatment  in  architectural  details.  ' 
They  compare  favorably  with  slates 
in  cost.  Tile  manufactured  from  sheet 
metal  heavily  tinned  or  galvanized,  or 
painted,  are  coming  into  quite  com- 
mon use. 

Tin  roofing  is  made  with  the  use  of 
sheets  of  steel  coated  with  tin  or  a 
mixture  of  lead  and  tin,  called  teme. 
Where  the  roof  pitch  is  less  than  one 
third,  the  plates  are  united  with  flat 
seams,  and  are  fastened  by  means  of 


one-inch  tinned  and  barbed  roofing 
nails  over  which  the  seams  are  well 
hammered  down,  and  then  soldered. 
For  steep  roofs,  standing  seams  should 
be  used  composed  of  two  "upstands" 
with  a  cleat  holding  them  in  place, 
as  shown  in  Figure  14.  Nails 
should  be  driven  into  the  cleats 
only.  A  tin  roof  properly  mad©  and 
kept  well  painted  should  last  thirty 
or  forty  years. 

Gravel  roofing  is  used  on  very  low- 
pitched  roofs.  It  is  formed  ordinarily 
by  covering  the  surface  of  the  roof 
with  dry  felt  paper,  and  over  this  lay- 
ing three,  four,  or  five  layers  of  tarrea 
or  asQihalted  felt,  the  layers  overlapn 
ping  each  other,  so  that  only  from  6 
to  10  inches  of  the  30-inch  width  of 
paper  is  exposed.  This  is  then  cover- 
ed with  a  uniform  coat  of  pitch  into 
which,  while  hot,  gravel  or  slag  is  im- 
bedded. A  responsible  roofer  wiU  usu- 
ally guarantee  his  work  for  five  years, 
although  a  good  roof  of  this  kind 
should  last  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
years. 

"Ready  roofing,"  made  by  cementing 
together  two  or  more  layers  of  satur- 
ated felt  or  felt  and  "burlap,  and  then 
coated  with  either  a  hard  solution  ot 
the  same  cementing  material,  or  with 
hot  pitch  or  asphalt  in  which  is  Im- 
bedded sand  or  fine  gravel,  is  quite 
widely  used.  It  is  usually  sold  in  rolls 
36  inches  wide.    When  mad©  by  a  r©- 


■n-o' 


siA 


Ground  plan  of  barn  .     See   page  226. 


230 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


liable  manufacturer,  it  provides  an 
economical  and  durable  roof,  and  for 
some  buildings  it  is  to  be  preferred  to 
any  other  form  of  roofing. 

Paints  and   Painting. 

For  new  exterior  work,  at  least 
three  coats  are  necessary  for  a  satis- 
factory paint  surface.  The  first,  or 
priming,  coat  is  largely  absora)ed  by 
the  wood.  Residences  are  usually 
painted  with  a  white  lead  base,  which 
Is  sold  as  a  paste  containing  10  per 
cent,  of  oil.  White  zinc  is  also  an  im- 
portant base.  Each  has  Its  defects, 
the  white  lead  having  a  tendency  to 
powder,  and  the  white  zinc  becoming 
hard  and  scaly;  lyy  mixing  the  two  to- 
gether in  the  proportions  of  1-3  white 
zinc  to  2-3  white  lead,  a  product  is 
formed  superior  to  each  of  its  compon- 
ents. 

QPainting  may  be  facilitated  if  the 
trim  is  painted  first,  leaving  the  body 
color  to  be  laid  on  neatly  against  It.. 
The  paint  should  he  brushed  on  with 
the  grain,  and  each  coat  should  be  al- 
lowed a  week  In  which  to  harden  be- 
fore the  succeeding  coats  are  applied. 
The  priming  coat  will  require  about  a 
gallon  of  paint  for  each  300  square 
feet  of  surface,  the  second  and  third 
coats  being  much  thinner,  a  gallon  of 
paint  covering  ahout  SOO  or  600  square 
feet.  The  paint  for  roofs  should  con- 
tain a  large  proportion  of  oil  and  little 
OT  no  drier. 

The  treatment  of  shingles  may  re- 
sult in  especially  heautiful  effects  if 
properly  done.  Special  shingle  stains 
of  almost  every  conceivable  color  and 
tints  an.d  shades  of  color  are  made, 
which  consist  of  a  pigment  suspended 
in  creosote  or  some  similar  liquid,  the 
creosote  having  a  definite  preserving 
effect.  Objection  is  sometimes  made 
to  the  odor  of  the  creosote,  but  this 
soon  passes  away;  should  the  rain 
water  collected  from  the  roofs  he  used 
for  household  purposes,  it  is  better 
that  it  be  diverted  from  the  cistern 
for  a  time,  until  two  or  three  good 
rains  have  washed  the  roof.  Creosote 
is  not  poisonous,  but  it  is  more  or  less 
disagreeable  in  odor. 

Interior  Painting. 
Doors  and  window  frames  are  given 
a  priming  coat  before  they  leave  the 
mill,  the  priming  being  omitted  on 
those  surfaces  which  will  later  be  var- 
nished or  stained.  As  mentioned  be- 
fore, all  resinous  knots  should  be  shel- 


lacked before  any  paint  is  applied.  Fol- 
lowing the  priming  coat  should  come 
the  puttying,  which  is  done  more  sat- 
isfactorily vsnth  a  wooden  spatula  than 
with  a  steel  putty  knife,  which  cannot 
be  used  without  marring  the  surface. 
The  paint  for  the  second  coat  should 
have  a  vehicle  which  is  half  turpentine 
so  that  it  will  dry  with  a  dull,  or  "flat" 
surface,  to  which  the  next  coat  will 
adhere  readily.  The  third  coat  is  usu- 
ally the  final  one,  and  may  be  an  or- 
dinary paint,  drying  with  a  gloss  that 
may  he  removed  by  a  light  nibbing 
with  pumice  stone  and  water. 

Enamel  paint,  a  harder  and  more  ex- 
pensive paint  than  oil  paint,  is  made 
with  varnish  as  a  vehicle.  It  is  com- 
monly applied  over  oil  paint  which 
has  been  slightly  roughened  with  sand- 
paper when  quite  dry.  When  the  first 
enamel  coat  has  hardened,  it  should 
be  sandpapered  or  cut  with  curled  hair, 
and  then  covered  with  the  final  coat, 
which  may  'be  left  iglossy  or  rubbed 
flat  as  desired. 

Varnish. 

Varnishes  are  of  two  kinds,  spirit 
varnishes,  made  by  dissolving  a  resin 
in  a  volatile  oil,  of  which  type  shellac 
is  a  familiar  example,  and  dl  var- 
nishes. In  which  the  resin  is  mixed 
with  linseed  oil  and  this  compound 
dissolved  in  turpentine  or  benzine. 

The  gums  principally  used  in  mak- 
ing oil  varnishes  are  amber,  anime 
and  copal,  the  last  of  -which  Is  used 
the  most  extensively.  It  is  not  as 
duraible  as  amber,  and  not  so  expen- 
sive. Coach  varnish  is  made  from  the 
paler  kinds  of  this  gum.  Of  the  softer 
gums,  mastic,  gammar,  and  resin  are 
dissolved  in  the  best  grade  of  turpen- 
tine, and  make  a  light,  quick-drying 
varnish,  which,  however,  is  not  very 
tough  nor  durable.  The  softest  gums, 
lac,  sandarac,  etc.,  are  dissolved  in 
alcohol  to  make  a  quick-drying  varnish 
harder  and  more  glossy  than  the  tur- 
pentine varnishes,  (but  not  nearly  so 
durable  nor  so  resistant  to  exposure. 
.  Applying  Varnish. 

The  wood  to  he  varnished  first  re- 
ceives a  coat  of  paste  filler,  which  is 
strongly  nibbed  in  along  the  grain 
with  a  stiff  brush,  and  which,  after  a 
half  hour's  drying,  is  rubbed  off  with 
burlap  or  excelsior  across  the  grain. 
Following  this,  any  necessary  putty- 
ing is  done,  and  in  two  days  the  first 
coat  of  varnish  is  applied;   after  five 


FARM  BUILDINGS  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


281 


days  it  is  cut  with  curled  hair  or  sand- 
paper to  remove  tlie  gloss,  so  the  next 
coat  ■win  adhere  well;  then  two  or 
three  coats  of  varnish  five  days  apart, 
each  coat  well  rubbed  except  the  last, 
which  may  be  left  glossy,  or  given  a 
flat  tone  by  rubbing  with  pumice  stone 
and  water. 

Shingling  a  Roof. 

More  persons  fail  in  shingling  a 
roof  than  in  other  rough  building 
work,  yet  it  is  really  very  simple, 
ir  you  begin  at  the  top  of  the  roof 
to  shingle,  you  will  not  be  the  first 
man  who  has  done  so.  BUT  DON'T! 
Always  begin  at  the  bottom.  Break 
the  joints  by  laying  the  center  of 
a  shingle  over  the  cracks  of  two 
others,  or  a  wide  shingle  to  cover  the 
cracks  of  narrow  shingles.  The  raft- 
ers should  be  laid  level;  the  shingles 
laid  with  not  more  than  one-quarter 
of  their  length  exposed  to  the  wea- 
ther, and  nailed  above  the  lap.  Very 
wide  shingles  have  three  nails,  the 
average  two,  and  very  narrow  shin- 
gles one  nail  each. 

Each  line  of  shingles  must  be  laid 
true  to  the  line,  one  with  the  others, 
the  lower  course  being  laid  about  two 
inches  over  the  edge  of  the  lower- 
sheathing  board.  The  details  of 
shingling  are  as  follows:  Stretch  a 
line  at  the  proper  distance  beyond 
the  lower  roof-board,  lay  the  butts 
of  the  first  course  of  shingles  to  this 
line,  narrow  and  wide,  just  as  they 
com«3,  discarding  such  as  are  shaky, 
wormy  or  rotten.  This  course  laid, 
stretch  the  rechalked  line  along  the 
row  of  shingles  the  proper  number 
of  inches  above  the  lower  edge,  draw 
It  tight,  snap  it,  and  you  have  the 
mark  for  the  next  course.  Nail  on 
this  course,  always  having  a  shingle 
cover  a  crack  by  at  least  one  inch. 
So  proceed  course  by  course,  moving 
your  foot-rest  up  the  roof  when  you 
can  no  longer  nail  from  the  scaffold 
on  the  side.  When  you  have  reached 
the  peak,  saw  the  last  shingles  square 
with  the  slope  of  the  other  roof. 
Shingle  the  other  side,  saw  these  off 
fair,  cover  the  peak  with  two  strips, 
nicely  jointed  together,  and  the  roof 
will  be  as  good  as  the  best. 

Care  of   Implements. 

All    farm    implements    should    be 

kept  under  cover  and  cared  for  when 

not  in   use.      The   mowing  machine, 

reaper,   plows  and  all   other  imple- 


ments having  bright  surfaces,  should 
have  these  covered  with  a  mixture 
of  kerosene  and  lampblack,  when  put 
away.  It  is  easily  rubbed  off  when 
they  are  wanted  again,  and  the  sur- 
faces thus  retain  their  polish.  When 
left  in  the  field  over  night  they  should 
be  rubbed  with  an  oiled  cloth.  Only 
pure  oil,  unsalted,  should  be  used. 
A  pint  will  last  long  and  save  many 
dollars. 

You  will  be  surprised,  on  trial,  how 
small  a  space  is  really  required  to 
store  all  tools,  and  small  farm  imple- 
ments from  the  weather.  An  open 
shed  will  do  for  wagons,  sleds,  har- 
rows, and  that  class  of  machinery; 
but  a  closed  room  is  necessary  for 
plows  and  other  implements  having 
bright  surfaces.  If  they  are  exposed 
under  an  unenclosed  roof  the  moii^ 
ture  of  the  atmosphere  is  apt  to  ru«t 
them  in  damp  weather,  to  say  noth- 
ing of  injury  from  dust  and  the  dan- 
ger that  they  will  be  stolen  by  night 
prowlers  while  the  farmer  is  asleep. 

Ventilation. 

For  many  years,  the  ventilation  of 
stock  barns  was  under  careful  experi- 
ment. Many  recommended  and  sug- 
gested systems  were  put  into  opera- 
tion in  horse  stables,  cattle  stables 
and  hog  pens,  and  the  results  were 
carefully  compared.  The  object  was 
to  determine  what  system  would  pro- 
duce the  most  uniform  results  in  se- 
curing purity  and  dryness  of  atmos- 
phere without  draughts  and  with  the 
least  amount  of  attention.  The  re- 
sults of  these  investigations  have 
been  very  profitable,  inasmuch  as  a 
highly  satisfactory  system  has  been 
arrived  at,  and  one  that  is  not  pro- 
tected by  patent  rights.  It  Is  simple 
in  irrinciple  and  inexpensive  to  install. 
It  is  automatic  in  action  and  only 
slightly  infiuenced  by  the  rate  or  di- 
rection of  the  wind. 

The  system  was  Invented  and  put 
into  operation  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Ruther- 
ford, for  a  number  of  years  Dominion 
Veterinary  Director  General  and  Live 
Stock  Commissioner,  and  is  known  as 
the  "Rutherford"  system.  The  prin- 
ciple upon  which  it  works  is  that  of 
an  ordinary  stove — the  stable  corres- 
ponding to  the  stove,  the  animals  to 
the  fire,  the  inlets  to  the  front  damp- 
er and  the  outlets  for  the  foul  air  to 
the  stove  pipe  or  chimney.  So  long 
as  the  walls,  windows  and  doors  are 
fairly   close,   the   animals   raise   the 


282 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


temperature  and  cause  the  ventilators 
to  work,  and  this  in  proportion  to  the 
requirements.  The  greater  the  num- 
ber of  animals  and  the  closer  the 
stable,  the  more  rapidly  will  the  sys- 
tem operate.  And  this  is  what  is 
needed,  not  only  for  puritx  of  air, 
but  for  uniformity  of  temperature  as 
well.  In  a  close  stable,  the  degree  of 
foulness  of  atmosphere  corresponds 
with  the  temperature,  as  both  are 
directly  influenced  by  the  radiation 
and  breath  from  the  stock.  The  air 
warmed  by  the  stock  naturally  rises 
and  seeks  an  outlet.  The  outlet  is 
necessarily  at  the  ceiling  and  consists 
of  a  flue  which  passes  through  the 
roof.  At  the  Experimental  Farm,  the 
flues  pass  through  an  upper  story. 
These  should  extend  well  above  the 
building  for  the  same  reason  that  a 
chimney  must  do  so  in  order  to  draw 
well. 

The  inlets  enter  the  stable  at  the 
floor  level.  The  inlet  pipe  is  U- 
shaped  and  passes  beneath  the  foun- 
dation wall.  If  the  fresh  air  is  taken 
from  a  covered  shed,  the  mouth  out- 
side may  be  near  the  ground  level, 
and  be  protected  by  a  grating.     If 


Dehorning  Stall  For  Cattle. 


however,  the  air  has  to  be  drawn 
from  outside,  more  especially  in  dis- 
tricts subject  to  snow  fall,  the  pipe 
should  extend  4  or  5  feet  above 
ground  and  the  opening  should  be 
roofed  so  as  to  avoid  the  entrance  of 
snow  or  rain,  or  undue  influence  from 
the  wind.  The  roofed  pipe  is  built 
against  the  wall,  and  the  air  enters 
through  slots  in  the  sides  close 
against  the  building.  The  size  ot 
these  openings  corresponds  with  the 
capacity  of  the  pipe  inside. 

The  ventilator  works  by  virtue  of 
the  natural  tendency  of  warm  air  to 
rise.  As  the  air  warms,  it  becomes 
foul,  rises  and  escapes  by  the  otuiets. 
As  nature  abhors  a  vacuum,  the  es- 
cape of  the  warm  air  creates  a  suc- 
tion of  fresh  air  by  way  of  the  inlet 
pipes.  Since  the  animals  are  con- 
stantly giving  off  warmth  and  expell- 
ing carbonic  acid  gas,  the  warm,  foul 
air  is  constantly  escaping  and  cold, 
fresh  air  is  at  the  same  time  entering 
the  stable,  thus  keeping  \xv  a  gentle, 
almost  imperceptible,  system  of  ven- 
tilation. To  regulate  the  ventilation, 
a  damper  is  provided  in  the  outlet 
flue.  The  closing  of  this  also  stops  a 
large  extent  the  inflow  of  fresh  air,  as 
the  draught  ceases,  stopping  the  suc- 
tion. By  the  original  system,  the  in- 
let pipe  enters  at  the  floor  level.  This 
is  to  facilitate  a  steady,  unobstructed, 
almost  imperceptible  flow  of  ait 
through  the  stable  towards  the  out- 
lets. To  guard  against  chaff,  and 
dust  falling  into  the  opening,  Mr. 
"Grisdale,  in  the  main  cattle  barn  at 
the  Farm  raised  the  openings  about 
four  inches  above  the  floor  level. 

The  amount  of  ventilation  neces- 
sary for  a  barn  depends  upon  thd 
number  of  animals  to  be  housed.  Suf- 
ficient is  needed  to  maintain  in  cold 
weather  a  temperature  of  from  40  to 
45  degrees  Fahrenheit.  A  well-built 
stable,  stocked  to  a  reasonable  capa- 
city, should  have  the  air  changed 
every  30  to  45  minutes.  Air  removed 
at  this  rate  will  carry  off  the  foul 
air  as  it  is  expelled  from  the  stock; 
it  will  also  remove  the  vapour  which, 
if  allowed  to  remain,  would  condense 
on  the  walls  and  ceilings. 

The  intake  and  outlet  flues  should 
be  about  the  some  In  capacity  that  is, 
provided  the  stable  is  tightly  con- 
structed. Because  more  or  less  air 
is  sure  to  enter  around  windows  and 
doors,  the  intakes  may  be  slightly 


FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT. 


283 


Post    anchor    for 
hollow  places. 


Leaving   end   to   wrap   and   staple. 


Wrapping  wire  around  own   member. 


Wood      end      post 
ntted      with      an- 
chors. 


Stretcher   in    action. 


The  completed  fence. 


Modern   Fence   Building   Illustrated. 


234 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


smaller  than  the  outlets.  At  the  Ex- 
perimental Farm,  this  system  Is  in 
operation  in  the  main  cattle  bam  in 
which  the  milking  herds  are  housed, 
a  bull  barn,  a  barn  for  fattening  cat- 
tle, a  horse  stable  and  the  piggery. 
The  main  cattle  barn  120  feet  by  50 
feet  accommodates  one  hundred  head. 
It  has  three  outlets  for  foul  air  each 
2  feet  by  4  feet,  and  nine  inlets  for 
fresh  air,  each  3  feet  by  10  inches. 
The  fattening  barn,  100  feet  by  30 
feet,  which  accommodates  50  head  of 
steers,  has  two  outlets,  each  2  feet 
square,  and  three  outlets  each  3  feet 


by  20  inches.  The  bull  bam,  100 
feet  by  30  feet,  has  three  outlets 
about  3  feet  square  and  three  Inlets 
about  3  feet  by  20  inches.  The  bull 
barn  outlets,  although  considered  too 
large,  are  stated  to  work  satisfactor- 
ily under  average  conditions.  The 
horse  bam  which  accommodates  25 
horses,  has  two  outlets,  each  about 
2  feet  square  and  three  inlets  each 
about  3  feet  by  18  inches.  In  all 
these  stables  the  ventilation  is  good 
under  all  conditions  of  weather. 


Dimensions  of  1,  2,  3  and  4-AcTe  Lots 
and  fence  required  to  enclose  them. 


The  Fence  on  the  Farm. 


lAcre 

Requires 
MRods 

of 
Fence 


1  Acre 

Kequlres 
52 
e|  Rods  of 
Fence 


1  Acre 

Requires 

50  Rods 

10  ft.  of 

fence 


lO  rods 


8  rods 


16  rods 


12  rods  10  ft.  9  in. 


22  rods 


2  Acres 

Requires 

72  rods  of 

Fence 


3  Acres 

Requires  S8  Rods 

of  Fence 


No  matter  how  up  to  date  the 
buildings  and  how  well  bred  the  cat- 
tle on  the  farm  acres,  there  can  be  no 
satisfactory  execution  of  the  work 
unless  the  farm  has  good  fences. 
The  old  snake  fence,  the  old  stake 
and  rider  fence,  and  the  picturesque 
stone  fence  have  no  place  in  modern 
farming.  The  wire  fence  is  the  fence 
of  the  modem  age  and  its  classifica- 
tion should  come  under  the  head  of 
Farm  Buildings. 

First  class  posts  and  the  proper 
stretching  of  the  wire  fence  are  two 
prime  factors  in  the  building  of  such. 
The  best  fence  that  can  be  made  will 
give  poor  service  If  not  adequately 
stretched  upon  sound,  rigid  posts. 
It  is  a  good  thing  to  stretch  fence  un- 
til it  appears  to  be  tight  and  then 
stretch  it  again. 

The  illustrations  accompanying 
this  information  will  explain  more 
than  words  can  do  the  method  of 
fence  l>uilding.     (Page  233.) 

Figure  1.  Shows  an  end  wood  post 
properly  anchored,  and  Figure  2,  the 
correct  method  of  anchoring.  Figure 
3  shows  wood  and  wire  braces,  and 
the  other  illustrations  explain  them- 
selves. 

As  the  anchoring  of  the  end  posts 
Is  very  Important  the  following  In- 
formation is  in  order:     The  anchors 
may  be  made  of  any  solid  pieces  of 
wood,  with  a  bearing  equivalent  of 
two  inches  by  six  Inches  by  twenty- 
four  inches  long.     The  posts  should 
be  placed  so  that  the  top  anchor  will 
bear  against  the  ground  in  the  direc- 
tion   the   fence   is   to   be   pulled,    as 
shown  in  Figure  2.     Tamp  every  par- 
Dimensions  Siven  are  exact,  so  that  in  buying  ^^^^^   ^^   ^^^*^   *^    filling   the   holeS,    SO 
fence,    safficient    allowance    should   be  made   to  that    the    pOStS    Wlll    be    aS    SOlid    aS    a 
cover  fence  taken  up  in  wrapping  around  end  and  tree.      The   SeCOnd  Or  braCe  pOSt,   alsO 

corner  posts.  anchored,  should  be  set  about  eleven 


20  rods 


4  Acres 

Requires  104 
Rods  of 
Fence 


25  rods  5  U. 


0  m 


4  Acres 

Requires  lOl  Rods 

3^  feet  of 

Fence 


FARM  BUILDINGS   AND  EQUIPMENT. 


2S5 


feet  from  the  end  post  to  permit  the 
use  of  a  wooden  brace,  four  by  four 
by  twelve,  or  its  equivalent,  twelve 
feet  long,  placed  diagonally  to  make 
sure  the  brace  is  stiff  enough  to  stand 
the  pressure  without  buckling.  This 
brace  should  be  set  flat  against  the 
post,  about  ten  inches  from  the 
ground  at  the  second  post;  and  the 
same  distance  from  the  top  of  the 
end  post.  On  the  second  post  flatten 
the  post  just  enough  to  allow  the 
brace  to  have  a  solid  bearing  surface. 
Do  not  mortise  so  as  to  weaken  the 
post,  spike  both  ends  of  brace  se- 
curely. The  brace  now  having  been 
set  diagonally  between  the  two  posts, 
use  No.  8  (or  larger)  soft  galvanized 
wire  for  a  counter  brace,  winding 
and  stapling  it  around  the  bottom 
of  the  end  post,  close  to  the  ground, 
and  round  the  end  of  second  post, 
about  six  inches  from  the  top,  'ising 
a  wire  stretcher  to  draw  the  wire  s 
tight  as  possible.  The  rest  of  the 
work  of  building  a  fence  is  familiar 
to  most  farmers,  except  perhaps  the 
method  of  posting  in  hollows.  Posts 
in  hollows  should  be  anchored  as 
shown  in  Figure  6,  so  that  the  fence 
shall  not  pull  the  posts  out  of  the 
ground. 


LIGHTNING    RODS. 


From  the  days  of  Franklin  to  th% 
present  time  the  value  of  lightning 
rods  has  been  an  undetermined  quan- 
tity, physicists  of  course  holding  that 
they  must  'be  highly  beneficial,  the 
greater  mass  of  the  people,  however, 
retaining  an  open  mind,  while  some  ac- 
cepting the  teachings  of  science  rodded 
their  buildings;  and  still  others  count- 
ed absurd  the  idea  that  rods  and 
points  could  have  any  worth  in  pre- 
venting damage  to  buildings  by  light- 
ning. From  time  to  time  practical 
data  have  appeared  giving  one  side  of 
a  comparison,  but  lacking  the  other 
— e.g.,  "A  certain  insurance  company 
over  a  period  of  years  has  never  paid 
a  dollar  of  insurance  oa  a  rodded 
building  damaged  by  lightning,"  but 
they  were  unable  to  tell  what  per- 
centage of  their  risks  were  rodded, 
so  no  definite  comparison  could  be 
made. 

Now,  however,  the  Ontario  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  is  pleased  to  pre- 
sent the  data  herein  contained,  giving 
complete  comparisons,  which  prove 
unmistakably  that  lightning  rods  pro- 


STANDARD  Steel  Tube  Fence  Posts 

COST  less  than  wooden  posts. 

LAST  longer  than  wooden  posts. 

SAVE  time  and  labor  in  erecting. 

STRONGER  than  wooden  posts. 

APPEARANCE  is  far  better  than  any  other  post  you 

could  use. 
Get  prices  on  Standard  Fence,  Gates  and  Steel  Tube 

Posts  before  you  place  your  order. 

—     Addreas:    — 

STANDARD  TUBE  &  FENCE  CO.,  Limited 

Woodstock,  Ontario 


236 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


iperly  Installed    are    almost    a'bsolute 
protection  against  lightning. 

Tihese  practical  results  the  farmers 
of  Canada  can  appreciate  better  than 
scientific  statements,  and  with  these 
at  hand  the  Department  can  safely 
recommend  the  rodding  of  farm  build- 
ings in  accordance  with  directions 
above  given. 

The  writer  has  omitted  drawings 
purporting  to  show  how  to  rod  ibuild- 
ings.  The  proper  method  can  only  be 
decided  after  a  close  examination  of 
eacih  building  in  question,  for  then 
alone  can  one  intelligently  apply  the 
principles  already  dealt  with. 

For  convenient  reference  the  direc- 
tions for  proper  rodding  are  repeated 
without  any  of  the  explanations. 

1.  Kind  of  rods.  Material — Copper, 
aluminum  or  galvanized  iron,  prefer- 
ably the  first  because  of  durability. 
Aluminum  may  prove  equally  durable. 
Combinations  are  not  advised,  because 
not  as  durable  as  single-metal  rods. 
Weight — Copper — ^At  least  3  ounces 
per  foot.  Aluminum — ^At  least  2  1-4 
ounces  per  foot.  Steel  (iron) — ^At 
least  4  1-2  ounces  per  foot.  Form — 
Any  form  that  will  give  durability  and 
convenience  of  installation. 

2.  Ground  connections.  Depth — 
Down  to  perpetual  moisture.  At  least 
8  feet  deep.  Number — On  an  oblong 
ibuilding,  at  least  two;  on  an  Ir  or  T- 
shaped  building,  at  least  three;  on  a 
U-shaped  building,  at  least  four.  LiO- 
cation — Preferably  at  opposite  comers, 
though  this  may  'be  modified  to  avoid 
manure*  or  to  go  down  near  conductor- 
pipe  or  other  metallic  portion  of  the 
structure.  If  conductor-tpipe  is  on  the 
side  of  the  building  the  ground  rods 
should  be  at  the  comers  as  above  stat- 
ed, the  eave-troughs  connected  to  it, 
and  then  the  conductor  pipe  also 
grounded.  Ground-rods  sihould  not  be 
(bimched,  but  should  be  distributed  as 
well  as  possible.  Method — In  deep  soil 
drill  a  hole  at  least  eight  feet  deep  and 
run  cable  down.  In  shallow  soil,  at- 
tach cable  to  metallic  ground-plate, 
which  is  put  down  as  deep  in  soil  as 
possible;  or  run  it  into  a  well  or  a 
stream  or  a  crevice  in  the  rock.  If 
none  of  these  are  feasible,  put  cable 
as  deep  as  possible  and  lay  large,  flat 
stone  over  it.     Caution — Be  present. 


and  see  that  ground-connectioag  axe 
properly  made.  The  rest  of  the  sys- 
tem may  be  inspected  at  any  time,  but 
the  groimdings  only  when  they  are  be- 
ing put  down, 

3.  Systems.  Hun  cable  from 
ground  up  comer  to  eave,  thence  to 
ridge,  along  ridge  to  other  end,  thence 
down  to  eave,  thence  to  other  ground, 
making  a  complete  circuit.  Ail  cables 
should  be  connected  in  one  system. 
No  stuhs  or  dead  ends  sihould  be  left 
ungrounded.  Caution — ^Cables  should 
be  protected  from  ground  six  or  eight 
feet  up  by  nailing  (boards  around 
them. 

4.  Attachment.  Fasten  caJble  to 
'bam  with  nails,  staples,  clips  or 
metal  "dispersers."  Caution — ^Do  not 
use  insulators. 

5.  Points.  Number— 20  to  30  feet 
apart  Location — On  ridge,  first  onea 
not  over  five  feet  from  end;  on  or  fb&- 
side  chimneys  or  cupolas;  on  dor- 
mers; also  on  silos.  Height — Four  to 
five  feet,  except  those  on  or  beside 
chimneys,  cupolas  or  similar  promin- 
ences; these  must  extend  at  l-east 
eighteen  inches  above  the  highest 
part.  Form — Strong  tubes,  of  same 
weight  and  material  as  rods. 

6.  Metallic  Portions  of  (Structure. 
RoofTgutters — Top  connected  to  rod, 
and  bottom  grounded.  Eave-troughs 
and  conducto^^pipes — Free  end  of  eave- 
troughs  connected  to  rod,  and  con- 
ductor pipe  grounded.  Hay-fork 
track — (Both  ends  connected  to  rod. 
Tanks — Connected  to  rod  above, 
grounded  below.  Windmill — Connect- 
ed to  rod  above,  shaft  grounded  ibelow. 
Metallic  roof — Groxmded  at  two  or  foixr 
corners,  not  from  peak  under  any  con- 
sideration.   Points  should  be  used  on 

the  ridge  and  other  prominences. 

7.  Wire  fences.  In  field — ^A  ground- 
ing at  least  every  twenty  rods.  In 
yards — At  the  four  comers.  At  iboHd- 
ing — Groimd  at  first  post  from  build- 
ing. Weight  of  groimdings^Equal  to 
three  No.  12  or  one  No.  9  wire.  How- 
made — (Stapled  on  posts  in  contact 
with  all  wires  of  fence,  and  extending 
at  least  three  feet  in  the  ground,  and 
projecting  above  fence. 

8.  Shade  trees — Protect  where 
feasible. 

— OBuIL  220,  Ont  Dopt.  Agrl. 


FARM    BUILDING    AND    EQUIPMENT. 


23* 


HOW    TO    MAKE    AN    OIL    WATER- 
PROOF  CONCRETE. 


In  making  watering  trougiis,  cis- 
terns, silos,  basement  walls  and  floors, 
a  waterproof  cement  is  desiraWe. 
This  has  been  solved  by  mixing  a  little 
mineral  oil  in  the  concrete.  The 
United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture has  found  that  one-tenth  as  much 
oil  as  cement  can  be  used  without  les- 
sening the  strength  of  the  cement  and, 
at  the  same  time,  make  the  concrete 
-waterproof  at  a  small  water  pressure 
such  as  in  a  watering  trough  or  in 
a  basement  wall  or  floor.  Five  per 
cent,  oil  is  usually  foimd  to  be  enough, 
or  abooit  2  1-2  quarts  to  each  sack  of 
cement.  To  make  oil  concrete,  says  a 
bulletin  issued  by  the  North  Dakota 
Experimental  station,  first  lay  down  a 
layer  of  sand  and  on  it  the  cement. 
Mix  thoroughly,  dry,  and  then  add 
water  and  mix  to  a  mushy  mess.  Add 
the  oil  and  mix  till  the  oil  disappears. 
Then  add  the  gravel  which  should  be 
wet,  and  mix  thoroughly. 


CONCRETE  SEPTIC  TANK. 


The  principle  upon  which  the  con- 
crete septic  tank  operates  is  extreme- 
ly interesting.  It  consists  of  a  long, 
water-tight  cistern,  through  which 
sewage  passes  very  slowly  and  even- 
ly. Located  underground,  it  is  warm 
and  dark,  thus  affording  perfect  con- 
ditions for  the  development  of  the  bac- 
teria or  germs  which  clarify  and  ren- 
der harmless  the  sewage.  After  pass- 
ing thro\igh  the  septic  tank,  the  sew- 
age is  practically  free  from  all  sus- 
pended matter  and  has  the  appearance 
of  water.  From  the  septic  tank  this 
clear  efQuent  is  discharged  into  three 
lines  of  ordinary  farm  drain  tile. 
Size  and  Location  of  Tank. 

While  the  odor  from  a  septic  tank  is 
scarcely  noticeable,  it  is  nevertheless 
best  to  locate  it  at  some  distance  from 
the  house.  Choose  a  spot  easy  to  ex- 
cavate so  that  the  top  of  the  tank  can 
be  sunk  6  inches  below  ground  level 
and  where  the  lines  of  drain  tile  will 
have  sufiicient  fall  to  carry  off  the 
discharged  fluid.  The  tank  should  be 
large  enough  to  hold  the  entire  sewage 
for  one  day.  For  a  family  of  eight  to 
ten  people  occupying  a  house  having 
two  bathrooms  fitted  with  the  cus- 
tomary appliances  in  the  way  of  tabs 


and  stationary  washstands  and  down- 
stairs the  kitchen  sink,  d  concrete 
tank  having  two  compartments,  each  4 
feet  long  by  4  feet  wide  by  4  feet  high, 
will  be  required.  Since  the  top  and 
bottom  are  each  4  inches  thick  and 
the  top  of  the  tank  is  6  inches  below 
ground  level,  dig  the  pit  5  feet  2  inches 
in  depth.  The  walls  of  the  tank  are  8 
inches  thick  ana  the  partition  between 
the  two  compartments  6  inches.  There- 
fore, the  length  of  the  pit  should  be  3 
feet  10  inches  and  the  width  6  feet  4 
inches. 

Making   and    Placing   Concrete. 

If  the  earthen  walls  of  the  pit  stand 
firm  only  inside  forms  will  be  needed. 
These  inside  forms  are  merely  boxea 
made  of  1-inch  boards.  Two  boxes  will 
be  required  to  make  two  compart- 
ments. The  outside  dimensions  of  th« 
boxes  should  be  4  feet  square  by  4 
feet  high.  The  boar's  or  forms  will  ibe 
placed  on  the  freshly-laid  concrete 
floor.  Holes  for  taking  6-inch  pipe 
should  be  made  in  the  boxes.  The 
holes  should  be  4  inches  from  the  top 
of  the  box  form,  measuring  from  the 
top  of  the  hole.  The  concrete  should 
be  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  1  part 
Portland  cement,  2  parts  sand  and  4 
parts  crushed  rock  or  gravel.  Place 
a  4-inch  thickness  of  concrete  in  the 
bottom  of  the  pit  to  form  the  floor  of 
the  tank.  On  top  of  this  concrete  set 
the  box  forms,  which  should  be  ready 
for  immediate  use.  Place  the  forms 
so  that  there  is  a  space  of  6  inches 
between  them  and  an  8-inch  space  be- 
tween them  and  the  earthen  walls  of 
the  pit.  Then  commence  dei>ositing 
the  concrete  for  the  walls  and  parti- 
tions. As  soon  as  the  level  of  the  con- 
crete reaches  the  holes  in  the  forms 
place  in  the  holes  6-inch  pipes  as  il- 
lustrated. Then  continue  the  con- 
creting unt'l  even  with  the  top  of  the 
forms. 

Reinforced   "top  and    Manholes. 

Two  ordinary  iron  manhole  frames 
and  covers  may  be  obtained  from  a 
local  dealer  in  building  supplies.  The 
manhole  covers  should  fit  tightly  and 
should  not  be  perforated.  The  man- 
hole frames  shotild  be  10  inches  high 
so  that  when  placed  on  top  of  the 
forms  the  upper  edge  will  be  even  with 
ground  level.  If  the  manhole  frame 
is  of  less  height  than  this,  it  should 
rest  on  a  circular  piece  of  1-inch  board, 
which  is  nailed  to  the  top  of  the  form. 


238 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


n     ^vuAT  THE      n 

CAN  DO  WITH 

(jONCRETE 


B  0  a 


III' 


It  contains 

information  that  has 

saved  them  time  and  money 

in  making  farm  improvements. 

It  has  taught  them  the  economy  of 

building  everything  of  everlasting  concrete. 

There's    no   other    building    material    as    durable,   as 
adaptable, as  easyto  use  or  as  low  in  final  cost  as  concrete. 

Practically  everything  that  can  be  built  of  wood,  stone  or 
steel  can  be  made  better  with  concrete  and  this  book  tells 
you  how  to  do  it.  It  is  fully  illustrated  with  photos  and 
diagrams  and  contains  52  practical  farm  plans. 

If  you  haven 't  a  copy,  send  for  one   today.     Keep  U 
handy.     Refer  to  it  often. 

It  is  free  and  will  be  mailed  to  yon  immediately  apoa 
receipt  of  coupon  below. 


CANADA   CEMENT  COMPANY   LIMITED, 

Herald  Building,        -        MONTREAL. 

CUT  OUT  AND  MAIL 

CANADA  CEMENT  COMPANY  LIMITED,  Herald  Bmlduw.  MONTREAL. 
Gentlemen  :— Please  send  me  a  free  copy  of  c 


78*^ 

Name  ._____.. 
Street  and  Na. 
City 


"What  the  Farmer  can  do  with  Concrete." 


Province- 


I 
I 


FAUM  BUILDING  AM)  EQUIPMENT. 


239 


Since  the  concrete  roof  is  to  Tie  self- 
supporting,  it  will  be  necessary  to  re- 
inforce it  witli  a  few  lengths  of  3-8-inch 
round  steel  rod.  There  will  be  needed 
4  pieces  of  3-8-inch  rods,  9  feet  6  inches 
long,  and  8  pieces  5  feet  long.  The 
roof  is  now  ready  to  be  placed.  Place 
the  manhole  frames  in  proper  position 
on  top  of  the  form,  and  dejMjsit  the_ 
concrete  to  a  depth  of  1  inch  and  on 
the  concrete  lay  the  long  and  short 
'bars.  When  the  bars  are  placed,  de- 
posit the  balance  of  the  concrete  so 
as  to  bring  the  roof  to  a  total  thick- 
ness of  4  inches.  As  it  will  be  cover- 
ed with  earth  it  is  not  necessary  to 
give  this  top  surface  a  smooth  finish, 
merely  level  the  surface  by  striking  off 
with  a  straight  piece  of  board.  The 
tank  should  now  be  allowed  to  rest 
undisturbed  for  at  least  2  weeks.  At 
the  expiration  of  this  time,  saw  away 
wooden  top  of  the  forms  inside  of  the 
manhole  frames.  Then  enter  the  tank 
and  remove  the  wooden  forms,  passing 
the  lumber  out  of  the  manhole  opening. 
While  in  the  tank  make  certain  that 
the  pipes  are  all  unobstructed  and  not 
even  partially  clogged  with  dirt  or 
lumber.  The  inlet  pipe  is  then  con- 
nected to  the  pipe  from  the  house 
and  the  outlet  pipe  joined  to  three 
lines  of  8-inch  concrete  drain  tile.  The 
drain  tile  will  be  laid  about  12  inches 
below  the  surface  of  the  ground  and 
the  joints  left  open,  that  Is  to  say,  no 
mortar  must  be  used  in  the  joints. 
This  permits  the  discharged  fluids  to 
be  absorbed  by  the  surrounding  soil. 
The  drain  tile  lines  should  be  laid  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  "Y"  and  sufl!i- 
ciently  extended  to  cover  a  large  area 
of  ground.  Average  conditions  require 
that  each  arm  be  about  100  feet  long. 
After  this  is  done,  cover  the  tank  with 
earth  to  the  level  of  the  manhole  cov- 
ers.   It  is  now  ready  for  use. 

It  is  sometimes  the  custom  to  plant 
a  few  shrubs  around  the  manhole  open- 
ings, thus  effectually  hiding  all  evid- 
ence of  the  tank. 

Materials   Necessary. 

A  tank  of  the  size  specified  will  re- 
quire aiboTit  4  cubic  yards  of  crushed 
rock,  2  cubic  yards  of  sand  and  7  bar- 
rels of  Portland  cement.  There  will 
also  be  needed  78  feet  of  3-8-inch  round 
steel  rods,  which  can  be  obtained  from 
the  local  blacksmith  or  hardware  dear- 
er. The  tank  can  be  11)ullt  without 
skilled  labor.    It  requires  but  few  tools 


and  construction  methods  are  so  eim- 
ple  that  one  man  can  easily  build  it. 


Capacity  of  Silos. 

The  accompanying  table  gives  the 
capacities  of  silos  required  to  supply 
silage  to  herds  of  different  sizes,  fed 
either  for  180  or  240  days;  the  corre« 
sponding  correct  diameter  is  also  la- 
eluded.  Though  diameters  of  22  feet 
are  given,  20  feet  should  be  the  maxi- 
mum, since  ad^  greater  diameter 
means  an  excess  of  labor  in  removing 
the  silage. 
No.  of 

Dairy      Feed  for        Feed  for   Diam. 
Cows      180  day         240  days    of  Silo 
8  29  tons  40  tons  8  ft. 

10  36  ton?  48  tons        10  ft. 

15  54  tons  72  tons        10  ft 

20  72  tons  96  tons        12  ft 

25  90  tons        120  tons        14  It. 

30  108  tons  144  tons  16  ft 
35  126  ton^  168  tons  16  ft 
40  144  tons  192  tons  18  ft 
45  162  tons  516  tons  ■  18  It 
50  180  tons  240  tons  20  ft 
60  216  tons  288  tons  22  ft 
70  252  tons  336  tons  22  ft 
SO  288  tons  384  tons  22  ft. 
90  324  tons  432  tons  22  ft 
100        360  tons        480  tons        22  ft 


COST     DATA     FOR     FARM     BUILD- 
INGS   AND   OPERATIONS. 


What  will  It  cost  to  equip  and  run 
my  farm? 

Perhaps  no  other  question  depends 
for  its  answei  more  upon  local  and 
temporary  condition  than  this,  yet 
average  figures  upon  which  to  base  es- 
timates may  bo  if  reliable,  prove  in- 
valuable. As  such  the  following  re- 
sults  of    careful,    extended    investiga- 

lO  15  20 

years  from  now  the  Bis- 
•  sell  Silo  will  be  griving 
good  service.  It  Is  built 
of  selected  timber,  treated 
with  wood  preservatives 
that  prevent  decay.  It 
has  strong,  rigid  walls, 
air-tight  doors,  and  hoops 
of  heavy  steel.  Therefore 
it  lasts  simply  because  it 
can't  very  well  do  any- 
thing else.  Our  Folder  ex- 
plains more  fully.  Write 
Dept.  K. 

T.     E.     BIssell    Company, 
Ltd.,  Elora,  Ont. 


240 


CANADIAN  frARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


tion,  mostly  compiled  by  Roger  CJox, 
are  presented  as  the  question  touches 
tlie  average  farm  in  the  Middle  West 
of  the  United  States.  The  figures  are 
based  on  investigation  In  the  United 
States,  but  there  will  be  found  many 
useful  hints  to  the  Canadian  Farmer. 
We  are  indebted  to  Garden  and  Farm 
Almanac  for  this  information. 

Painting.  To  estimate  the  amount 
of  paint  needt^d  for  a  building  (exte- 
rior )and  the  length  of  the  front,  back 
and  two  sides,  multiply  by  the  height 
(average)  and  divide  by  2^0.  The  re- 
sult will  be  the  number  of  gallons 
needed  for  two  coats. 

Farm   Building  Costs. 

Allow  floor  space  per  head  as  fol- 
lows: 

Horses — S8  sq.  ft. 

Cattle— «4  sq.  ft 

Sheep— 12  s<i,  ft. 

iSwine — '20  sq.  ft. 

Poultry— 4-^5  sq.  ft.  * 

The  average  barn,  32  ft.  high  will 
cost  2  1-2  cents  per  cu.  ft. 

Wagon  sheds  will  cost  1-2  cent  per 
ou.  ft. 

'Silos  cost  $1.50  to  $2  per  ton  capa- 
city (approximately  50  cu.  ft.) 

Poultry  house  (earth  floor)  15  to  20 
cents  per  sq.  ft. 

Poultry  house  (cement  floor)  20  to 
215  cents  per  sq.  ft. 

Poultry  house  roofing  2  1.2  to  3  cents 
per  sq.  ft.  laid  complete. 

Incubator  house  (3  room,  ceiled)  fiO 
cents  per  &q.  ft. 

Ice  house  with  fruit  storage  space 
(type  shown  in  Farmer's  Bulletin  475) 
$10  per  ton  capacity  (13  to  16  per  cu. 
ft.)  Without  fruit  storage  space,  $7 
per  ton  capacity. 

Greenhouses  (2  "bench,  9  ft.  4  In. 
wide  or  one  bench,  6  ft.  8  in.  wide)  in- 
cluding heating  outfit  will  cost  $2.70 
to  $3  per  sq.  ft. 

Hotbed  sash,  glas.s  (3x6  ft.),  cost 
10  cents  a  sq.  ft.;  clotfi  covered  (to 
make)  3  cents  a  sq.  ft. 

Water  Supply  Costs. 

"Dug  well,  3  to  4  ft.  Biameter,  25  to 
40  ft.  deep  will  cost  $1  to  $1.25  per  tt. 

Hand  lift  pump  for  same  $5  to  $10 
more. 

Drilled  well,  with  casing  (up  to  150 
ft.)   $1  per  ft. 

Pump,  piping,  etc.,  for  same  $16  to 
$26  additional. 


Cistern,  30  'bbls.  or  less,  50  cents  per 
bbl.  Capacity  150  'bbls.  or  more,  26 
cents  per  bbl. 

Allow  for  daily  use  per  adult  26 
gals.,  per  horse,  11  gails.,  per  cow  6 
gals,  as  a  minimum. 

Tanks  for  feed  lots;  wood  (10  to  60 
bbls.  capacity)  $10  upward;  concrete 
(20  to  80  bbls.)  $16  to  $40. 

Windmills,  25  to  30  ft.  high,  $60  to 
$70. 

Gasoline  Engine,  2  to  3  horsepower, 
$75  to  $150. 

Farm  Operation  Costs. 

Irrigation.  One  acre  covered  with 
4  inches  of  water  in  a  10-hour  day  i^ 
quires  a  flow  of  180  gallons  per  minute 
during  that  time.  This  flow  can  be 
lifted  20  feet  by  a  gasoline  engine  of 
1  1-3  horsepower,  at  a  fuel  cost  of  14 
cents  per  irrigation,  or,  for  six  appli- 
cations per  season,  84  cents  per  acre. 
If  coal  costs  less  per  ton  than  24  times 
the  price  of  gasoline,  a  steam  engine 
will  involve  lower  fuel  cost,  ibut  prob- 
ably a  higher  labor  expense. 

Drainage.  Tile  costs  per  rod  (16 
pieces)  from  14  cents  for  the  2  1-2- 
inch  to  $1  for  the  10-inch  size.  To 
lay  a  rod  foot  of  tile  up  to  6  inches  in 
diameter  will  cost  6  to  10  cents.  For 
larger  tile  the  cost  will  be  from  12  to 
15  cents.  A  "rod  foot"  is  a  rod  of 
trench,  one  foot  deep,  wide  enough  to 
take  the  tile.  The  total  cost  of  tile 
drainage  will  vary  from  $15  to  $30  or 
more  per  acre  depending  upon  condi- 
tions as  regards  hills,  stones,  etc. 
Fencing.. 
For  the  average  wire  fence  posts 
should  stand  one  rod  apart.  The 
wired  pickets  type  will  require  a  poS't 
every  12  feet. 

Allow  10  to  20  per  cent,  annual  de- 
preciation. 

Spraying. 

Spraying.  Apply  per  tree  8  to  26 
gallons  according  to  size  and  foliage. 
Supply  apparatus  capable  of  covering 
the  entire  orchard  within  two  weeks. 

Small  power  outfits  will  cover  90 
trees  per  day  at  8  cents  each. 

Large  power  outfits  will  cover  160 
trees  per  day  at  5  cents  each. 

Hand  pumps  will  cover  25  to  50 
trees  per  day  at  12  to  17  cents  each. 

Farm  machinery.  The  cost  of  using 
machinery  is  too  of  ten  lost  sight  ot  In 
the  following  average  data  the  annual 
cost  includes  depreciation,  repair,  and 


FARM  BUILDING  AND  EQUIPMENT. 


241 


interest  on  the  average  value  of  the 
machine : 

First  Annual 

Machine                        Cost  Cost 

Plow,  walking $  14  $1,93 

Plow,   riding    47  5.51 

Harrow,  spike   13  1.47 

Harrow,  springtooth  ...     17  1.88 

Harrow,  disc  27  2.97 

'Roller 23  1.71 

Manure  spreader   112  16.99 

Cultivator,  1  horse 5  .52 

Cultivator,  2  or  3  horse.     25  2.86 

Com  planter  3«  4.07 

Com  binder  105  14.22 

Corn  shocker 121  18.78 

Com  shredder 474  65.71 

Com  sheller 10  .81 

C-rain  binder   117  13.54 

Grain  drill   60  5.58 

Mowing  machine   42  5.14 

Hay  rake 19  2.12 

Hay  tedder 32  3.33 

Ensilage  cutter Ill  11.87 

Wagon  , 63  6.55 

Cost  of  Labor. 

Note: — Canadian  prices  will  vary 
from  the  preceding,  but  the  same  re- 
lation will  exist  between  first  and  an- 
nual cost.  If  you  are  paying  your  help 
$25  per  month,  the  cost  will  be  25-35ths 
of  the  following: 

Farm  operaticns.  Cost  per  acre 
based  upon  wages  of  $35  a  month 
(board  included) : 

Plowing $1.14 

Dragging    35 

Discing    30 

Planting    .26 

Cultivating   1.34 

Cutting  grain    37 

Cutting  corn   58 

Mowing,  raking  hay 50 

Cocking,  spreading 25 

Wheel  hoeing 1.42 

Hand  hoeing   7.20 

Manuring  (labor)   1.49 

Horse  labor  averages  7  cents  per 
hour  per  head. 

Average  cost  of  crops — ^including 
labor,  machinery  cost,  and  land  rental, 
per  acre: 

Barley  (spring  plowing  $  7.62 

Com  (cut,  shocked,  hauled  In) . .  11.02 

Com  (also  siloed)   18.21 

Mangels    34.08 

Oats    7.71 

Rye 8.09 

Wheat    6.66 

Potatoes  (garden  cultivation)   ..  26.95 


VENTILATION  TABLES. 

In  order  to  ventilate  a  bam  proper- 
ly there  must  be  a  certain  amount  of 
air  space  for  each  head  of  stock  ac- 
commodated, for  no  system  of  ventila- 
tion could  be  devised  which  -  would 
work  successfully  in  a  bam  where 
there  was  only  200  or  300  cubic  foot 
of  air  space  for  a  cow.  It  has  "been 
found  in  actual  practice  that  every 
cow  should  have  at  least  600  cubic 
feet.  Horses  require  more  and  smaller 
stock  less. 

Air  space  for  stock  in  a  stable: 
Horses,  8O0  to  1000  cubic  feet  each; 
cows,  600  to  800  cubic  feet  each;  hogs, 
300  cubic  feet  each;  shee<p,  200  cttblc 
feet  each. 

Now  this  800  cu^bic  feet  of  air  space 
for  each  cow  has  to  be  changed  con- 
stantly; that  is  you  will  understand 
every  hour  this  800  cubic  feet  has  to 
be  changed  four  or  five  times. 

Cows  must  have  4,000  cuhlc  feet  per 
cow  per  day;  horses,  5,000;  pigs,  1,S00; 
sheep,  1,000. 

With  these  requirements  in  mind  It 
has  been  found  that  for  every  cow  In 
the  stahle  there  must  be  at  least  8 
square  inches  of  inlet  area.  Of  course, 
instead  of  making  an  aperture  in  the 
wall  for  each  cow,  it  is  customary  to 
put  in  one  big  ventilator  which  will 
admit  sufficient  air  for  half  a  dozen. 
The  total  inlet  of  the  galvanized  ven- 
tilator mentioned  is  48  square  inches, 
and  it  is  intended  for  6  cows. 
1  galvanized  ventUator  for  6  horses; 
1  galvanized  ventilator  for  6  cows; 
1  galvanized  ventilator  for  12  hogs; 
1   galvanized  ventilator  for  16  sheep. 

The  same  ideas  govern  the  size  of 
the  outlets.  Tlieoretically  the  total 
area  of  the  outlets  should  be  equal  to 
that  of  the  inlets.  In  practice  it  is 
customary  to  provide  almost  twice  as 
much  outlet  area  as  inlet,  for  air  comes 
through  windows  and  doors,  and 
cracks  sometimes,  during  part  of  the 
day.  A  safe  figure  to  go  by  is  15 
square  inches  of  outlet  area  for  every 
cow.  It  is  not  thoueht  advisable  to 
have  an  outlet  less  than  18  inches  in 
diameter.  16x16  is  the  minimum. 
Make  them  18x18  if  you  can.  and  if 
this  is  too  large  control  vnth  a  dam- 
per. You  can  figure  on  having  one 
outlet  18x18  for  every  20  cows  in  the 
staWe. 


242 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Weigh  Scales  Tips. 


iScales  are  of  many  types  and 
makes,  and,  as  we  miffht  expect, 
some  offer  a  greater  opportunity  of 
•being  falsified  by  xmscruipulous  deal- 
ers than  others.  iSince  the  Weights 
and  Measures  Act  was  adopted  the 
use  of  many  of  these  scales  has  been 
made  unlawful.  The  Rofberval  Bal- 
ance is  an  Instance  of  a  good  scale 
which  has  ibeen  eliminated  because 
of  the  ease  with  which  the  dishonest 
dealer  could  make  it  serve  his  own 
ends.  This  scale  could,  in  one  minute, 
with  a  common  screwdriver,  be  so 
altered  that  it  would  weigh  heavy  or 
light  to  the  extent  of  one  ounce  in  the 
ipound  according  as  the  weights  were 
placed  on  one  side  or  the  other  of  the 
pan,  or  if  the  weights  were  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  pan  it  would  weigh 
accurately. 

Platform  Scales. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  per- 
haps no  type  of  scale  that  offers  great- 
er opportunity  to  the  dishonest  dealer 
than  the  platform  scale.  Such  scales 
as  a  general  rule,  are  installed  by  rail- 
roads, produce  dealers,  and  municipal- 
ities, and  are  used  by  stock  buyers 
and  others.  The  fact  that  the  scale 
is  used  by  several  individuals  makes 
it  extremely  difficult  to  discover  the 
party  who  has  "doctored"  the-  scale. 
This  being  the  case,  it  Is  all  important 
that  the  scales  be  constructed  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  make  it  extremely  dif- 
ficult for  unscrupulous  buyers  to 
manipulate  the  same  so  as  to  give  a 
false  weight.  Aside  from  inaccura- 
cies in  such  scales  resulting  through 
failure  on  the  part  of  the  railroads  or 
those  responsible  to  keep  the  scales 
in  iproper  repair  there  are  many  ways 
in  which  stock  buyers  can  juggle  the 
scale  to  their  own  advantage. 

One  of  the  simplest  methods  is  by 
"loading"  the  sliding  poise.  A  poise 
may  be  loaded  by  dropping  a  lead  slug 
into  the  opening  beneath  the  beam  or 
by  inserting  the  same  into  "holes  drill- 
ed In  the  bottom  of  the  poise. 

Scales  with  a  beam  that  tapers  to- 
ward the  trig  loop  are  very  readily 
susceptible  to  this  treatment.  As  the 
poise  Is  moved  toward  the  end  of  the 
'beam  the  opening  gradually  increases 
so  tlhat  a  lead  slug  can  readily  be  In- 
serted, thus  making  the  scale  easily 


weigh  from  25  to  '50  pounds  heavy 
when  loaded  to  1000  pounds.  The  slid- 
ing poise  on  many  stock  scales  has 
one  or  more  holes  in  the  bottom  of 
the  poise-  into  which  an  unscrupulous 
buyer  can  readily  insert  a  lead  .plug. 
The  type  of  'beams  and  poises  men- 
tioned above  should  not  .be  permitted 
on  stock  scales  where  there  has  been 
any  evidence  of  dishonest  work.  Such 
scales  should  be  provided  with  beams 
of  uniform  thickness  and  with  sliding 
poises  that  contain  no  opening  be- 
neath the  beam  or  holes  in  the  bottom 
of  the  poise.  Only  beams  and  poises 
of  modem  design  should  ibe  used  on 
such  scales. 

Farmers  selling  stock  or  produce  In 
localities  where  buyers  have  been  sus- 
pected of  taking  excessive  weight 
should  closely  examine  the  scales  and 
be  present  when  the  stock  is  weighed. 
A  dishonest  buyer  can  readily  read 
a  scale  that  weighs  correctly  to  his 
own  advantage.  Suoh  ibuyers  have 
been  known  to  slip  a  small  coin  be- 
tween two  of  the  counterpoise 
weights.  In  such  a  case  they  would 
*be  defrauding  the  seller.  Again  dis- 
honest dealers  have  been  known  to  ' 
stick  a  piece  of  chewing  gum  on  the 
bottom  of  the  poise  to  their  own  gain. 

At  Maximum  Capacity. 

These  scales  should  be  sensitive, 
that  is,  a  small  load  should  produce 
an  appreciable  movement  of  the  beam. 
When  a  scale  is  acting  properly  the 
beam  should  'Tbreak"  with  a  load  of 
2  pounds.  The  sluggish  action  of  a 
scale  usually  increases  with  the  load. 
Scales  should  therefore  be  tested  for 
sensibility  at  somewhere  near  the 
maximum,  capacity.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  carry  a  sealer's  equipment  in 
order  to  determine  the  sensitiveness 
of  a  scale.  This  test,  as  given  Ijy  F. 
P.  Downing,  of  Wisconsin,  can  be  de- 
termined by  any  one  simply  by  plac- 
ing a  heavy  load  on  the  scale  and  slid- 
ing the  poise  forward  on  the  beam  un- 
til the  scale  balances  near  the  top  of 
the  trig  loop.  The  reading  on  the 
'beam  should  then  'be  taken  and  the 
poise  moved  forward  until  the  scale 
comes  to  a  balance  near  the  bottom 
of  the  trig  loop.  If  the  difference  in 
the  two  readings  is  in  excess  of  10 
pounds  the  scale  is  unfit  for  the 
weighing  of  stock.  In  buying  stock  a 
dealer     can     balance   a  scale  'low," 


FARM    BUILDING    AND    EQUIPMENT. 


243 


drive  on  the  stock  and  then  balance 
the  scale  "high."  11  the  scale  is  slug- 
gish he  can  easily  defraud  the  seller 
out  of  from  10  to  15  pounds  on  weigh- 
ing, -which  is  a  very  appreciable 
amount  when  a  single  calf  or  hog  is 
weighed. 

The  beam  of  these  scales  should  be 
provided  with  a  shoulder  stop  to  pre- 
vent the  sliding  poise  from  moving 
back  of  the  zero  graduation.  Instances 
are  on  record  where  this  shoulder  stop 
has  been  filed  so  that  when  the  scale 
is  .brought  to  a  balance  with  the  poise 
back  of  the  zero  graduation  and  later 
used  in  weighing  the  buyer  will  be 
paying  for  less  than  the  actual  weight. 

Various  devices  have  been  used 
that  will  produce  an  upward  push  on 
the  platform,  working  directly  against 

CONTENTS  OF  SQUARE    TANKS 

5  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,  in  depth 4. 66  barrels 

6  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,  in  depth 6.71  barrels 

7  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,  in  depth 9.13  barrels 

8  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,  in  depth 1 1 .93  barrels 

9  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,  in  depth 15 .  10  barrels 

10  feet  diameter,  capacity  per  foot,   in    depth 18.65  barrels 

To  find  contents  of  square  cistern,  multiply  length  by  breadth  and  multiply 
result  by  1.728  and  divide  by  231.  Result  will  be  the  number  of  gallons  for 
each  foot  deep. 

5  feet  by    5  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of 5.92 

6  feet  by    6  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of ^8.54 

7  feet  by    7  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of 1 1 .  63 

8  feet  by    8  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of 15 .  19 

9  feet  by    9  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of 19.39 


the  downward  pressure  of  the  load. 
According  to  railroad  employees,  a  de- 
vice of  this  kind  was  aattached  to  a 
stock  scale  in  a  city  inr  the  western 
part  of  Wisconsin.  Two  vertical 
boards  were  nailed  to  the  ends  of  a 
2  by  4  scantling  that  rested  in  a  hori- 
zontal position  on  the  foundation  of  the 
scale,  thus  forming  a  lever.  One  end 
of  this  device  projected  upward  be- 
neath the  platform  of  the  scale  to 
within  a  fraction  of  an  inch  of  the 
platform.  The  other  end  projected  up- 
ward through  the  floor  in  front  of  the 
beam  box  so  .that  the  stock  man  in 
weighing  could  press  down  on  the 
same  with  his  foot,  thus  decreasing 
the  weight  of  the  load  to  the  extent 
desired.  Similar  devices  are  said  to 
have  (been,  used  by  some  wfheat  buyers 
in  our  own  western  provinces. 


10  feet  by  10  feet  has  capacity  per  foot  depth  of 23 .  74 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  OF  ROUND  TANKS 

Diam.  in 
feet  *Depth  in  Feet  and  Contents  in  Gallons. 


barrels 
barrels 
barrels 
barrels 
barrels 
barrels 


*1 

5 

7 

4. 

93 

99 

470 

658 

5. 

146 

87 

734 

1028 

6. 

211 

50 

1058 

1481 

7. 

287 

86 

1439 

2015 

8 

375 
475 

98 

85 

1880 
2379 

^2632 

9. 

3331 

10. 

587 

47 

2938 

4113 

11. 

710 

84 

3554 

4976 

12. 

•  ••■•« 

845 

97 

4230 

5922 

ro 

ascertain 

contents  of 

a  round  tank 

of  dept 

10 

1 

940 

112 

1469 

176 

2115 

253 

2879 

345 

3760 

451 

4759 

571 

5875 

7052 

7109 

8531 

8460 

10150 

ven,  multiply  the 

not 
contents  of  tank  one  foot  deep  (as  in  table)  by  the  required  depth  in  feet. 


244 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


The  New  FaJrbanks-Morse  Type  "Z" 

I5  H.  p.  $SO.OO  (f.o.b.  Toronto) 


It's  the  Logical  Farm  Engine 

This  is  an  engine  tliat  will  give  you  all  the  power  you 
need  and  more,  if  necessary — one  that  successfully  uses 
the  fuel  best  adapted  for  economy — requires  the  least  at- 
tention— starts  quickly  and  easily  at  any  time,  even  in 
cold  weather — and  will  do  all  this  for  many  years. 

The  Fairbanks-Morse  Type  "Z"  Engine  is  the  logical 
engine  for  you  to  use  because  it  contains  every  practical 
advantage  for  doing  your  work  continuously — conveni- 
ently— economically — clearly — quietly. 

Among  the  distinctive  features  of  the  new  type  "Z" 
are:  built  in  magneto;  speed  regulator;  removable  bush- 
ings in  bearings;  close  speed  regulation;  pressed  steel 
skids;  protected  fuel  tank. 

Write  for  free,  illustrated  catalogue,  showing  our  full 
line  1%,  3  and  6  h.p.     Address 

Fairbanks-Morse  Building — Any  Branch 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse 
uompany  Limited 


MONTREAL  OTTAWA  TORONTO 

ST.  JOHN  QUEBEC  WINNIPEG 

HAMILTON  CALGARY  SASKATOON  VANCOUVER 


CANADA'S 

,  DEPARTMENTAL  // 


HOUSE  FOR 

.  MECHANICAL 
GOOOS 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 


245 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY 


Steam  Engine. 


When  steam  engines  were  in- 
vented, the  rate  at  which  they  could 
work  was  compared  to  that  at  which 
a  horse  could  work.  A  "foot- 
pound" of  work  is  defined  as  the 
work  done  when  "a  force  of  1  lb.  is 
exerted  through  a  distance  of  1  foot." 
An  engine  or  horse  is  said  to  be 
working  at  the  rate  of  1  horse  power 
when  it  does  33,000  foot-pounds  of 
work  in  one  minute. 

To  calculate  the  rate  at  which  a 
1,600-lb.  horse  works  when  it  exerts 
a  pull  of  150  lbs.  at  the  rate  of  2  1-2 
miles  an  hour: 

There  are  5,280  feet  in  a  mile,  and 
60  minutes  in  an  hour.  Therefore, 
2  1-2  miles  an  hour  is  2  1-2  times 
5,280,  divided  by  60,  which  equals 
220  feet  a  minute.    The  horse  exerts 


a  force  of  150  lbs.  over  a  distance  of 
220  feet  in  one  minute.  Therefore, 
it  does  150  times  220,  or  33,000  foot- 
pounds of  work  in  one  minute,  which 
equals  1  h.p. 

If  the  horse  were  exerting  a  force 
equal  to  half  its  weight,  750  lbs.,  in 
going  up  hill,  it  would  exert  a  force 
of  750  lbs.  through  220  feet  pej 
minute.  It  would  therefore  do  750 
times  220,  or  165,000  foot-pounds,  of 
work  in  one  minute,  which  equals 
5  h.p.  This  is  one  advantage  a  horse 
has  over  mechanical  engines:  A 
horse  can  work  at  five  to  ten  times 
its  ordinary  rate  for  a  short  time, 
but  the  engine  gains  because  it  can 
keep  it  up  an  unlimited  length  of 
time  at  the  same  speed  and  force 
of  exertion. 


Mean  Effective  Pressure. 


The  mean  effective  pressure  of  a 
steam  engine  is  easily  measured  from 
indicator  ca^d,  but  an  exact  calcula- 
tion otherwise  is  more  complicated. 
It  is  the  result  of  subtracting  the 
mean  or  average  back  pressure  on 
piston  from  mean  forward  pressure. 
The  greater  distance  the  piston  tra- 
vels before  the  steam  is  cut  off,  the 
greater  will   be   the  mean   effective 


pressure.  For  instance,  with  an  ini- 
tial steam  pressure  of  80  lbs.  per 
square  inch  and  a  cut  off  of  1-5,  the 
mean  effective  pressure  is  about  31 
lbs.  With  1-3  cut  off,  it  is  about  47 
lbs.,  and  with  1-2  cut  off,  about  60 
lbs.,  and  with  3-4  cut  off  about  71 
lbs.  The  average  standard  simple 
steam  engine  has  a  fixed  cut  off  at  a 
little  over  1-2  the  stroke. 


Rated   Horse  Power. 


This  can  be  calculated  by  the  rule: 
Horse-Power  equals  P  x  L  x  A  x  N, 
divided  by  33,000. 

Where  P  equals  the  mean  effective 
pressure  in  lbs.  per  square  inch:  L 
equals  length  in  feet  of  piston  stroke: 
A  equals  the  area  of  piston  in  square 
inches:  N  equals  the  number  of 
strokes  per  minute. 


Example:  An  engine  has  a  mean 
effective  pressure  of  30  lbs.  per 
square  inch;  the  length  of  the  stroke 
is  1  foot;  the  area  of  the  piston  is 
55  square  inches,  and  the  piston 
makes  240  power  strokes  per  minute. 
The  Horse-Power  is: 

30  X  1  X  55  X  240  =12  H.P. 


33.000 


Indicated   Horse  Power. 


Indicated  horse  power  is  measurea 
by  what  is  known  as  an  indicator 
card.  It  is  an  actual  test  under  work- 
ing conditions.  By  the  use  of  the  In- 
dicator the  steam  pressure  on  the  pis- 
ton is  measured  through  the  entire 
length  of  the  stroke.  If  there  is  any 
fault  in  the  engine  due  to  poor  con- 
struction or  wear  such  as  a  leak  past 
the  piston  rings  or  in  the  valves  it  will 
be  shown  by  this  method.      In    this 


case  the  horse  power  actually  deliver- 
ed by  the  engine  will  necessarily  be 
less  than  the  rated  horse  power.  Re- 
member also  that  the  rated  horse 
power  depends  on  the  number  of  re- 
volutions or  speed  of  the  engine. 
Manufacturers  sometimes  use  a  rated 
speed  higher  than  is  advisable  in 
actual  use,  thus  the  actual  or  indicat- 
ed horse  power  is  lower  than  the  rated 
horse  power. 


246 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Gasoline  Engines. 


The  modern  gasoline  engine  owing 
to  its  simplicity  and  ease  of  operation 
is  the  most  suitable  form  of  power  for 
use  on  the  farm.  The  actual  cost  of 
operation  on  a  fuel  consumption  basis 
is  greater  than  in  a  steam  engine,  but 
this  is  more  than  overbalanced  by  the 
fact  that  it  requires  a  less  experienced 
operator  and  that  when  not  in  actual 
operation  it  does  not  require  a  boiler 
constantly  attended,  keeping  a  steam 
pressure  of  100  lbs.  ready  for  use. 

Ignition. 

The  igniting  of  the  explosive  mix- 
ture in  the  cylinder  is  accomplished 
in  the  modern  engine  by  electrical 
means.  The  current  may  'be  supplied 
by  batteries,  dynamos  or  magnetos. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  electrical  sys- 
tems: low  tension  or  make  and  break 
and  high  tension  or  jump  spark.  Poor 
ignition  will  cause  irregular  running 
of  the  engine.  .  This  may  be  caused  by 
broken  or  loose  wire  or  connections. 
In  the  make  and  break  system  care 
should  be  taken  to  see  that  the  points 
of  contact  are  clean  and  even,  the 
points  must  snap  apart  sharply,  the 
points  must  open  the  proper  distance 
to  get  the  right  spark,  the  insulation 
or  the  terminals  must  be  good,  the 
spark  must  ibe  timed  to  occur  at  the 
proper  moment.  In  the  jump  spark 
ignition,  good  wiring  and  conaection 
are  also  important,  the  points  on  the 
spark  plug  must  be  set  at  the  proper 
distance,  and  kept  clean.  K  batteries 
are  used  they  should  ibe  tested  occa- 
sionally to  see  that  they  are  not  be- 
coming exhausted.  The  magneto  is 
used  to  supply  current  when  the  en- 
gine is  running,  producing  electricity 
in  proportion  to  the  speed  of  the  en- 
gine. A  poor  contact  between  friction 
pulley  and  fly  wheel,  or  a  slipping  ibelt 
may  mean  n,ot  enough  electricity  for 
Ignition.  Improper  ignition  will  also 
be  caused  by  worn  ibrushes,  weak 
brush  springs,  gummy  oil  or  dirt  on. 
commutator,  broken  insulation  around 
screws  that  hold  brush  holders  in 
place  and  the  too  liberal  use  of  oil  or 
the  collection  of  grease  and  dirt. 

Compression. 

To  get  power  an  engine's  cylinder 
must  be  light.  Poor  compression 
makes  it  hard  to  start  an  engine  be- 
cause the  fuel  charge  must  toe  com- 


pressed to  give  a  good  explosfon 
and  the  force  of  the  explosion 
should  be  expended  on  the  top  of  the 
piston,  and  not  be  lost  or  weakened 
by  getting  out  through  leaky  valves, 
or  past  the  piston  rings.  If  a  poor 
grade  of  oil  is  used  it  will  form  a  car- 
bon deposit  on  the  valve  and  valve 
seats,  and  unless  cleaned  off  with 
kerosene  will  in  time  cause  leaky 
valves. 

Carburation. 

A  proper  mixture  of  fuel  and  air  is 
necessary  for  proper  operation.  Not 
.enough  "gas"  will  cause  back  fire  and 
too  much  "gas"  will  'be  evident  iby  a 
black  smoke  coming  from  exhaust. 
Dirt  or  water  in  the  fuel  will  cause 
trouble,  and  it  is  therefore  advisable 
to  drain  and  clean  the  carburator  fre- 
quently. 

General      Directions     for     Care     and 
Operation. 

The  gasoline  engine  like  all  other 
pieces  of  machinery  will  give  the  best 
service  if  properly  looked  after,  and 
tended  as  carefully  as  you  would  tend 
your  live  stock.  The  running  of  the 
engine  is  controlled  by  the  ignition, 
compression  and  carburetioo.  M 
trouble  occurs  it  is  ^probably  due  to 
the  fault  at  one  of  these  three  points. 

In  some  cases  the  engine  may  run 
with  a  pounding  or  knock.  This  will 
be  caused  by  loose  connecting  rod 
bearings,  -worn  or  brokea  piston 
rings,  a  loose"  wrist  pin  in  piston  or 
a  loose  fly  wheel.  A  deep,  heavy 
pound  may  be  caused  'by  pre-ignition. 
This  should  be  immediately  corrected 
or  breakages  may  occur.  Pre-ignition 
is  caused  by  an  overheated  cylinder, 
a  cylinder  foul  with  carbon  deposits 
from  the  oil,  a  short  circuit  due  to 
broken  insulation  on  your  wire,  not 
enough  air  in  mixture,  or  too  advanced 
or  "early"  a  spark.  If  after  turning 
your  engine  over  it  refuses  to  start 
don't  go  after  your  engine  with  a 
monkey  wrench.  More  than  likely 
the  trouble  is  so  simple  that  it  is  not 
even  one  listed  in  your  directions.  Is 
your  switch  open?  How  about  your 
fuel?  Your  engine  may  be  cold  and 
a  little  priming  will  enable  a  ^w  ex- 
plosions to  warm  up  the  cylinder. 
Test  your  ignition,  then  your  com- 
pression, and  by  a  process  of  elimina- 
tion the  difficulty  will  soou  1>e  located. 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 


247 


DEPRECIATION  IN  VALUE  AND  COST  OF  REPAIRS  OF 

FARM  IMPLEMENTS 

Dominion  Department  of  Agriculture 

Additional 
Average      Acreage      Depreciation  cost  for  repairs 
Implement  life  in  years    covered  per  year  per  acre 


Ploughs. 

Double  Cultivators 

Single  Cultivators. 

Seeders. 

Mowers. 

Rakes -. 

Tedders 

Hay  Loaders. 

Binders 

Com  Harvesters. 

Disc  Harrows..- „ 

Cutaway  Harrow 

Manure  Spreaders. '.. 

Blizzard  Blowers 

This  table  will  be  found  usetful  in  all 
estimates  and  calculations  of  farm 
costs.  It  must  be  remembered,  how- 
ever, that  the  average  life  of  farm 
machinery  will  vary  greatly  accord- 
ing to  the  care  given  it,  causing  a 
variation  in  the  figures  given.  The 
depreciation  figure  generally  used  for 
all  housed  machinery  is  10  per  cent., 
and  this  would  be  a  reasonahle  figure 
to  use  for  gasoline  engines.     In  mak- 


15 

1,500 

6  to  7% 

4     c. 

20 

4,000 

5% 

iXc. 

20 

3,000 

5% 

l>^c. 

20 

3,300 

5% 

IKc. 

15 

900 

6  to  7% 

4Kc. 

20 

2,500 

5% 

2     c. 

15 

900 

6  to  7%  . 

iKc. 

12 

1,200 

8     % 

IKc. 

12 

1,800 

8     % 

iKc 

7 

700 

14% 

4    c. 

10 

1,000 

10     % 

He. 

8 

1,800 

12^% 

Ic. 

8 

800 

123^% 

3c. 

5 

8,000  tons 

20% 

l-3c.  per  ton 

ing  cost  estimates  there  is  generally 
one  item  called  interest  and  deprecia- 
tion. If,  therefore,  a  gasoline  engine 
cost  $200.00,  money  being  worth  6 
per  cent.,  the  interest  and  deprecia- 
tion would  be  16  per  cent,  or  $32.00. 
If  the  engine  actually  worked  200 
days  this  would  make  a  charge  per 
day  of  $6.35  in  addition  to  fuel  and 
l?bor  charges. 


Economical    and    Reliable    Farm    Power 

Power  from  a  Massey-Harris  Engine  is  cheaper  than  man 
power — costs  nothing  in  wages  or  keep  when  not  working — and 
is  "always  on  the  job." 

Get  one  of  these  Engines,  pump  the  water,  saw  the  wood, 
run  the  cream  separator,  churn,  washing  machine,  feed  grinder, 
grindstone,  ensilage  cutter,  pulper,  etc. 

Sizes,  li^to  20  h.p. — all  described  in  our  free  catalogue. 


Massey-Harris  Co.^  Limited 

Head     Offices— TORONTO,     CANADA. 

Branches  at  —  Montreal,  Moncton, 
Winnipeg,  Reglna,  Saskatoon,  York- 
ton,  Calgary,  Edmonton,  Swift  Cur- 
rent. 

Agencies   Everywhere. 


248 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK 


SECTIONAL  VIEWS  OF  GASOLINE  ENGINES 
IN  COMMON  USE  ON  THE  FARM 


Five  of  these  engines  are  of  the 
horizontal  and  the  sixth  vertical.  One 
thing  in  common  that  will  be  noticed 
is  that  all  the  cylinders  are  single 
acting.  I-n  one  engine  the  rim  of  the 
fly  wheel  is  simply  indicated  by  a 
line.  No  attempt  will  (be  made  to 
make  comparisons,  nor  will  space  al- 
low a  lengthy  discussion.    Elsewliere 


in  this  chapter  will  be  found  informa- 
tion as  to  the  care  and  operation  of 
gasoMue  engines.  OMany  manufactur- 
ers have  also  issued  catalogues  or 
booklets  in  which  will  be  found  a 
great  deal  of  useful  information  to  the 
prospective  purchaser  or  owner  of  a 
gasoline  engine. 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 


249 


Motive     Power 


Gas  Engine  on 
Producer  Gas 


Table  of  Horse-Power  Costs 


Rate  of  Fuel 
Consumption 


In  pounds  per 
H.  P.  Hour 


.8 
1.00 
1.25 
1.50 


Cost 

o£ 

Fuel  per 

Brake  Test 

Horse-Power 

1   Hour 

Cost  of  Coal  per  2,000 

Pounds 

$3.00 

$4.00 

$5.00 

$6.00 

$7 

00 

.0012 
.0015 
.0019 
.0023 


.0016 
.0020 
.0025 
.0030 


.0020 
.0025 
.0031 
.0037 


.0024  1  .0028 

.0030  1  .0035 

.0037  !  .0044 

.0044  .0053 


Gas  Engine  on 
Natural  Gas 


In  Cubic  Feet 
per  H.  P.  Hour 


9 
10 
11 

12 


Cost  of  Natural  Gas  1,000  Cubic  Feet 
$0.15     i     $0.20         $0.25     I     $0.30 


.0014  .0018 

.0015  .0020 

.0017  .0022 

.0018  I     .0024 


.0023 
.0025 
.0028 
.0030 


.0027 
.0030 
.0033 
.0036 


Gas  Engine  on  i  In  Cubic  Feet 

Illiuninating     '  per  H.  P.  Hour 

Gas 


15 
17 
20 


Cost  of  Gas  per  1,000  Cubic  Feet 
$0.60     ,     $0.70         $0.80         $0.90     I     $1.00 


.0090  .0105 

.0102     !     .0119 
.0120     I     .0140 


.0120 
.0136 
.0160 


.0135 
.0153 
.0180.. 


.0150 
.0170 
.0200 


Gasoline 

In  Pints  per 

Engine 

Brake 

Cost  of  Gasoline  per  Gallon 

H.  P.  Hour 

$0.20 

$0.24     1     $0.28         $0.32 

$0.36 

.80 

.0200 

.0240     1     .0280          .0320 

.0360 

1.00 

.0250 

.0300     ,     .0350     '     .0400 

.0450 

1.10 

.0274 

.0330     !     .0384     !     .0440 

.0494 

Kerosene 

In  Pints  per 

Engine 

Brake 
H.  P.  Hour 

Cost  of  Kerosene  per  Gallon 

$0.10 

$0.12     i     $0.14 

$0.16 

$0.18 

1.00 

.0125 

.0150     •     .0175 

.0200 

.0225 

1.10 

.0137 

.0165     ,     .0192 

.0220 

.0247 

1.20 

.0150 

.0180     1     .0210 

.0240 

.0270 

Electric  Motor 
85%  Efficiency 
of  Wiring 


In  Kilowatts 
per  H.  P.  Hour 


0.878 


Cost  of  Electricity  per  Kilowatt  Hour 


$0.02     I     $0.03 
.0175     i     .0263 


$0.04 
.0351 


$0.05 
.0439 


$0.07 
.4106 


250 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Steam  Engine 
on  Coal 

In  Pound" 
H.  P.  HO 

per 

ur 

Cost  of  Coal  per  2,000  Pounds 

4 

6 

8 

10 

$3.00 
.0060 
.0090 
.0120 
.0150 

$4.00         $5.00 
.0080     1      .0100 
.0120          .0150 
.0160          .0200 
.0200          .0250 

S6.00 
.0120 
.0180 
.0240 
.0300 

$7.00 
.0140 
.0210 
.0280 
.0350 

Power  Required  to  Rim  Various  Farm  Machinery. 

Machinery  Power  Required 

Emery  Wheels From  2        to     5  h.p. 

Feed  and  Ensilage  Cutters From   3        to  35  h.p. 

Corn  Shellers From   3        to     6   h.p. 

Feed  Mills,  not  exceeding  12" From   i^   to   12  h.p. 

Small  Portable  Wood  Sawing  Outfits From   3        to   10  h.p. 

Pneumatic  Water  System   . From   1  %   to     3  h.p. 

Cream   Separators    Not  over  1  %   h.p. 

Threshing   Machinery    From   3        to   35  h.p. 

Bean  Threshers From   4 1^   to     8  h.p. 

Well  Drilling From   8        to   12  h.p. 

Small  Washing  Machines From   3        to   10   h.p. 

Milking  Machines- From  1       to     3  h.p. 

Haypresses — 

14  X  18  in.  and  16  x  18  in 8  h.p.  • 

17  X  22  in.  and  18  x  22  in.  .  .  i 12  h.p. 

Pole  Saws  and  Cord  Wood  Saws — 

20  X  24  in.  saw  (20  to  40  cords  in  10  hrs.)  3  h.p.  speed  1600  rev.  per  min. 

24  X  28  in.  saw  (30  to  50  cords  in  10  hrs.)  4%  h.p.  speed  1500  rev.  per  min. 
26  to  30  in.  saw  (40  to  80  cords  in  10  hrs.)  6  h.p.  speed  1400  rev.  per  min. 
28  to  32  in.  sak  (60  to  100  cords  in  10  hrs.)  8  h.p.  speed  1300  rev.  per  min. 

Chums — 

200-  300  lbs.  churn 3        h.p. 

300-  600  lbs.  churn 4%   h.p. 

600-1000  lbs.  churn 6       h.p. 

Corn  Huskers — 

2*  roll  with  carrier  and  cutter  head 4  %   h.p. 

2  roll  with  shredder  or  cutter  head  &  blower  6        h.p. 

10  roll  with  carrier 25       h.p. 

12  roll  with  blower 45-50  h.p. 

Note. — Number  of  roll  huskers  decides  power  required. 
Concrete  Mixers — 

Batch  mixers  (Mixer  capacities  are  given  in  cubic  yards  per  hour). 

7  yd.  mixer , 3  to     6  h.p. 

10  yd.  mixer 4  to  10  h.p. 

20  yd.  mixer 6  to  12  h.p. 

30  yd.  mixer 8  to  15  h.p. 

40  yd.  mixer 10  to  20  h.p. 

Continuous  Mixers — 

4-5  yd.  mixer 3  h.p. 

7  yd.  mixer .' 5  h.p. 

10  yd,  mixer 6  h.p. 

15  yd.  mixer 9  h.p. 

25  yd.  mixer 12  h.p. 

Note. — The  power  required  for  all  machines  varies  greatly  with  the 
make:  the  manufacturers'  catalogues  usually  give  the  power  they  recommend 
ani  one  should  be  largely  guided  by  these,  remembering  that  the  manufac- 
turers place  the  power  requirements  as  low  as  possible  and  that  it  is  better  to 
have  a  little  too  much  than  not  enough  power. 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 


251 


HORSE  POWER  REQUIRED  TO  PCMP  200  GALLONS  OF  WATER  PER 
IVnNUTE  TO  VARIOUS  HEIGHTS. 

Gallons  Height  water 

per  minute  is  pumped 

200  gallons 20   feet 

200  gallons 40  feet 

200  gallons  .  ." 60  feet 

200   gallons 80  feet 

200   gallons 100   feet 

200   gallons 150  feet 

200  gallons 200  feet 


H.P. 

Required 

1 

H.P. 

2 

H.P. 

3 

H.P. 

4 

H.P. 

5 

H.P. 

7% 

H.P. 

10 

H.P. 

HORSE  POWER  REQUIRED  AND  SIZE  PUMP  REQUIRED,  TO  PUMP 

VARIOUS  NUMBERS  OF  GALLONS  OF  WATER  PER  HOUR  TO 

HEIGHT  OF  30  FEET. 

Gallons  per  Hour  Height  water  H.P.  Size  Pump 

is  pumped  Required  Required 

240  gallons    50  feet  1-20  2%"  x  6" 

480  gallons    50  feet  1-10  3%"  x  6" 

600  gallons    50  feet  1-8  4"       x  6" 

900  gallons    50  feet  ■     1-5  4^"  x  7" 

1200   gallons    50  feet  1-4  5"       x  .7%" 

1500  gallons    50   feet  1-3  6"       x6%" 

1800   gallons    50   feet  2-5  6"        x  8" 

H.P.  given  is  theoretical.  Multiply  by  2  to  get  safe  margin. 


LEADERS! 

The  Toronto  Windmill  and  the  Chapman  Gas- 
oline Engine  lead  in  their  respective  lines.  They 
are  built  right  and  they  work  right.  Ask  any 
man  who  owns  one. 

LOOK  FOR  OUR  AGENT  IN  YOUR  TOWN. 

He  will  teU  you  that  the  TORONTO  lines  are  good— that 
they  live  up  to  their  reputations,  which  are  excellent. 
Ask  him  about  our 

Barn 

Equipment 
Grinders 
Saw  Frames 
Tanks 
Pumps 
Silos 
Well   Drills 

Ask 
for 
Catalogue 

ONTATIO    WIND    ENGINE    &    PUMP    CO,.  LIMITED 

Toronto,  Montreal,  Winnipeg,  Calgary. 


252 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Electrical  Power. 


Electricity  as  a  source  of  power  la 
being  considered  by  many  fanners.  It 
would  seem  even  simpler  to  operate 
than  the  gasoline  engine.  Before  re- 
commending electricity  we  should 
first  make  a  comparison  of  operating 
costs.  A  table  is  given  elsewhere  In 
this  chapter,  which  may  be  used  to  ad- 
vantage. A  comparison  will  show 
that  electricity  at  5c  a  kilowatt  hour 

Water 

The  perfecting  of  individual  water 
systems  has  enabled  the  farmer  to 
draw  water  from  the  tap  as  readily 
as  the  city  dweller.  There  are  two 
systems,  the  overhead  tank,  and  the 
pressure  tank  system.  Here  again  the 
gasoline  engine  is  very  useful.  The 
power  required  to  drive  a  pump  Is 
very  small  as  will  be  noted  in  table 
elsewhere  in  this  chapter.  As  the  de- 
mand for  water  may  be  excessive  for 
short  periods,  a  storage  tank  is  neces- 
sary in  order  that  the  work  of  the  en- 
gine may  be  divided  over  a  longer 
period.  In  the  overhead  system  the 
tank  is  placed  at  a  high  point  In  the 
house  or  barn,  and  the  water  runs  to 
the  outlets  by  gravity,  or  in  other 
words  the  pressure  "at  the  top  is  re- 
presented by  the  weight  of  a  column 


is  equal  to  gasoline  at  about  S5c  per 
gallon.  The  price  of  hydro  power  in 
Ontario  must  therefore  be  reduced,  or 
gasoline  must  increase  considerably 
in  price  before  electricity  'becomes  an 
economical  source  of  power  to  the 
Ontario  farmer.  Another  thing  to  be 
considered,  of  course,  is  first  cost. 
This  can  be  reduced  to  an  annual 
charge  based  on  a  percentage  for  In- 
terest and  depreciation. 

Systems. 

of  water  as  high  as  surface  of  the 
water  in  (the  tank  is  ahove  tihe  tap. 
The  pressure  system  is  generally  con- 
sidered more  satisfactory  doing  away 
with  the  necessity  of  supporting  by 
proper  construction  the  weight  of 
water  in  the  overhead  tank.  The 
pressure  tank  delivers  the  water  at 
the  outlet,  no  matter  where  located 
at  from  60  to  80  lbs  per  sq.  inch.  Many 
manufacturers  have  a  patented  device 
whereby  this  system  is  self  regulating. 
The  engine  or  motor  will  stop  pump- 
ing when  the  air  pressure  in  the  tank 
reaches  a  certain  high  point.  As 
water  is  drawn  off  the  pressure  will 
fall  until  it  reaches  a  certain  low 
point,  when  the  engine  will  automati- 
cally start  pumping  again. 


Individual  Threshers. 

In  recent  years  manufacturers  have 
developed  a  small  threshing  outfit 
that  may  be  owned  and  used  with 
economy  by  the  individual  farmer.  A 
few  hours  threshing  after  the  grain  is 
harvested  is  sufficient  for  feed  until 


the  plowing  season  is  over,  and  a 
man  and  one  helper  can  thresh 
through  the  winter  months  his  entire 
crop,  having  both  engine  and  thresher 
in  the  barn.  The  noxious  weeds  car- 
ried from  a  poorly  run  farm  are  also 
avoided. 


FAEM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 
Water  for  Irrigating. 


253 


Units. 


The  "Acre-Foot"  is  the  unit  for 
measuring  water  used  for  irrigating 
land  and  is  the  amount  of  water 
which  will  cover  one  acre  to  a  depth 
of  one  foot. 

On  this  basis  the  unit  is  equivalent 
to  covering  two  acres  with  six  inches 
of  water,  or  three  acres  with  four 
Inches,  or  twelve  acres  with  one  inch. 

An  "Acre-Inch"  is  one-twelfth  of 


an  "Acre-Foot"  or  the  quantity  of 
water  that  will  cover  one  acre  to  a 
depth  of  one  inch.  An  "Acre-Foot" 
is  equivalent  to  43,560  cubic  feet  and 
an  "Acre-Inch"  to  3,630  cubic  feet. 
The  flow  of  water  is  usually  rated 
in  cubic  feet  per  second,  so  that  one 
cubic  foot  per  second  will  deliver  two 
acre  feet  in  twenty-four  hours,  which 
is  equal  to  450  gallons  per  minute. 


Irrigating  Data  from  Government  Tests 

Acres  irrigated  by  different  quantities  of  water,  with  allowance  f ,  r  evaporation 
basis  28,320  gallons  of  water  to  irrigate  one  acre  one  inch  deep. 


Acres  Irrigated  in  Ten  Hours 


G   iions    Pumped 
Per  Minute 

600 

824 

944 

988 
1000- 
1200 
1500 
2000 


1  Inch 

2  Inches 

3  Inches 

4  Inches 

5  Inches 

6  Inches 

Deep 

Deep 

Deep 

Deep 

Deep 

Deep 

13.2 

6.6 

4.4 

3.3 

2.6 

2.2 

18.2 

9.1 

6.0 

4.5 

3.6 

3.0 

20.8 

10.4 

6.9 

5.2 

4.1 

3.4 

21.8 

10.9 

7.2 

5.4 

4.3 

3  6 

22.1 

11.0 

7.3 

5.5 

4.4 

3.7 

26.5 

13.2 

8.8 

6.6 

5.3 

4.4 

33.1 

16.5 

11.0 

8.2 

6.6 

5.5 

44  ^ 

22.1 

14.7 

11.0 

8.8 

7.3 

Goold,    Shapley  and    Muir   Co., 

Limited 

BRANTFORD  WINNIPEG  REGINA  CALGARY 

We  Manufacture   Complete  Lines 

GAS,  GASOLINE  and 
OIL  ENGINES 

Stationary,  Mounted  and  Traction 

WINDMILLS 

GRAIN  GRINDERS 

TANKS,  WATER  BOXES 

POLE  and  WOOD  SAWS 

PUMPS 
CONCRETE  MIXERS,  Etc. 

Write  for  Catalogues  if  Interested 


254 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Flow  in  Ditches  and  Flumes 

Velocity  in  feet  per  second,  and  quantity  in  gallons  per  minute.     For  various  sizes 
and  slopes. 


Slope  in 
Inches  per 
100  Feet 

t     0) 

M  _ 

o  g 

u   O 

1-H 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X             X 

To         \b 

X 

X 
00 

X 

K 

Velocity 

0.46 

0.64 

0.82 

1:1 

1.4 

1.6      1.9 

2  1 

2.3 

2.5 

Inch 

G.  P.  M. 

97 

322 

735 

■2250 

5100 

9000  15375 

23000 

33000 

45370 

IK 

Velocity 

0.65 

0.91 

1.2 

1.6 

2.0 

2.3      2.7 

3  0 

S.Z 

3.6 

Inches 

G.  P.  M. 

142 

457 

105 

03225 

7200 

12900  21700 

33000 

47250 

65250 

Ofe 

3 

Velocity 

0.93 

1.3 

1.6 

2.2 

2.8 

3.3     3.8 

4.2 

4  7 

(0  a 

Inches 

G.  P.  M. 

210 

650 

1425 

4400 

10000 

18600  30750 

46125 

69000 

o  VJ3 

4>^ 

Velocity 

1.1 

1.6 

2.0 

2.7 

3.4 

4.0      4.6 

Qc^    Inches 

G.  P.  M. 

247 

810 

1800 

5475. 

12225 

22500  37125 

Va 

Inch 

O       , 

r^ 

1^ 

^n 

Inches 

3 

^Jjq 

Inches 

4^ 

3  S 

Inches 

Pi 

6 

Inches 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M, 

Velocity 
G.  P.  I^, 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 


1.2 
270 

1.7 
382 

2.4 
540 

2.3 
650 


1.6 

825 

2.2 
1130 

3.1 
1560 

3.8 
1920 


i.i    4.4 
742  2220 


1.9 

1725 

2.7 
2430 

3.9 
3510 

4.8 
4312 

5.5      7.3 
4950  14775 


2.6 
S200 

3.7 
7500 

5.2 
10500 

6.4 
12900 


3.2 
1 147' 

4.5 
,16200 

6.4 
22950 

7.8 
28050 


3.7 
52085 

5.2 
29260 

7.4 
41625 


4.2      4.61     5.01     5.4 
03375  05025  07200  0975001 


5.9 
47625 


6.5      7.11     7.7 
71520  10200  0140250 


C    Vh 

o    . 

SO 

o 

is 


Va 
Inch 

1>^ 

Inches 

3 

Inches 

4^ 
Inches 

6 

Inches 


Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 

Velocity 
G.  P.  M. 


1.7 
382 

2.4 
540 

3.4 
765 

4.1 
915 

'4.8    6.4 
1072  3225 


2.3    2.7 
1162  2430 

3.2    3.9 
1620  3510 


4.5 
2250 

5.5 
2775 


5.5 
4950 

6.7 
6037 

7.7 
6937 


3.6 

7275 

5.1 
10275 

7.2 
14550 


4.4      5.0       5.6      6.2      6.8       7.3 
15750  28125  45000  68250  97500  13750 


6.2 
22350 


7.1 
39750 


8.0 
64500 


Usefiil  Information — ^Water 

Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  its  capacity  four  times.  Friction  o 
liquids  in  pipes  increases  as  the  square  of  the  velocity. 

The  mean  pressure  of  tiie  atmosphere  is  usually  estimated  at  14.7  pounds  per  square 
inch,  so  that  with  a  perfect  vacuum  it  will  sustain  a  column  of  mercury  29.9  inches  or  a 
column  of  water  33.9  feet  high  at  sea  level. 

To  find  the  pressure  in  poimds  per  square  inch  of  a  column  of  water,  multiply  the 
height  of  the  column  in  "feet  by  .434,  Approximately,  we  say  that  every  foot  elevation 
is  equal  to  one-half  pound  pressure  per  square  inch;  this  allows  for  ordinary  friction. 

To  find  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute  necessary  to  discharge  a  given  volume  of 
water  in  a  given  time,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  by  144  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  area  of  the  pipe  in  inches. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  required  pipe,  the  volume  and  velocity  of  water  being  given, 
multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  by  144  and  divide  the  product  by  the  velocity 
in  feet  per  minute.    The  area  being  found,  it  is  easy  to  get  the  diameter  of  pipe  necessary. 


FARM  POWER  AND  MACHINERY. 


255 


The  Gasoline  Tractor  Saves  Time. 


The  automobile  has  its  practical 
uses  on  the  farm  as  well  as  In  the 
city.  The  specially  designed  small 
farm  tractor  is  one  of  the  latest  de- 
velopments of  the  automobile  indus- 
try. It  enables  the  arerage  farm  in 
Ontario  to  obtain  the  advantages  of 
tractor  power  hitherto  confined  to  the 
large  farms  in  the  western  proviaces. 
Several  well  known  manufacturers  are 
now  turning  out  a  small  tractor  for 
this  purpose  which  may  revolutionize 
the  methods  of  farming  the  average 
sized  Canadian  farm. 

The  ordinary  pleasure  car  has  also 
been  adapted  to  many  uses  on  the 
farm.  The  number  of  instances  cited 
below  are  all  taken  from  practical  ex- 
perience : 

1.  To  haul  produce  to  market 

2.  As  motive  power  on  the  road  for 
a  truck  or  trailer. 

3.  As  motive  power  in  the  fields  for 
various  implements. 

4.  To  operate  a  thresher  by  means 
of  a  belt  and  pulley  attached  to  the 
back  wheel. 

5.  To  operate  In  winter,  feed  cutters, 
cream  separators  and  other  apparatus 
by  means  of  a  pulley  attached  to  the 
main  shaft  of  the  engine,  and  connect- 
ed to  the  apparatus  by  means  of  belts, 
pulleys  and  counter  shaft 


r 


Get  a  Brantford  Trailer 

And    save    your    automobile    from 
roug-h  usage. 


Also  hitch  it  to  your  wagon  for 
a  double  load. 

This  simple,  inexpensive,  smooth 
running  vehicle  will  bring  your  pro- 
duce, fruit,  milk,  butter,  to  town 
as  well  as  carrying  the  return  load 
to  the  farm,  and  leave  lots  of  room 
for  your  wife  and  daughter. 

Auto  wheels,  rubber  tires,  ball 
bearings  and  strong,  springy  frame 
makes  it  draw  a  big  load  with  little 
effort.    E^asy  to  attach  and  unhitch. 

I  manufacture  MOTOR  TRUCKS 
and  TRAILERS  at  Brantford. 

.   Write  me  to-day  for  price,  stat- 
ing capacity  wanted. 


R.  0.  CUMBACK,  Brantford,Ont. 


256  .  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Strength  of  Materials. 

The  tensile  strength  of  materials  is  measured  by  the  least  weight  In 
pounds  which  will  break  a  vertical  rod  one  inch  square,  firmly  and  squarely 
fixed  at  its  upper  end,  the  load  hanging  from  the  lower  end. 

Tensile  Strength  of  Materials  in  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Elm     6,000  Cast  Iron 20,000 

Hickory    11,000  Wrought  Iron    57,000 

Maple   10,000  Wrought  Iron  Wire  rope.  .      38,000 

Oak    10,000  Leather  belts,  good 3,000 

Poplar    7,000  Manilla  rope,  best  . 12,000 

White  Pine 10,000  Hemp  rope,  best IS'pOOO 

Ordinary  Steel 85,000  Cast  Steel 114,000 

If  under  compression  instead  of  tension  cast  iron  will  crush  under  a 
weight  of  105  lbs.  to  the  square  inch,  cast  steel  142,  and  the  various  woods 
at  about  3-4  of  the  tensile  strength  given.  The  crushing  strength  of  stone  is 
about  4,300  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Factor  of  Safety. 

In  actual  practice  we  have  to  deal  with  the  load  that  may  be  safely 
borne,  and  for  this  purpose  the  breaking  load  is  divided  by  a  factor  of  safety 
to  secure  the  desired  safe  load.  The  following  table  gives  the  usual  factors 
of  safety. 

Steady  Stress.       Varying    Stress.  Shocks. 

Material.  (Buildings)  (Bridges)  (Machines) 

Timber    8  10                       15 

Stone 15  25                       30 

Cast  Iron 6  15                       20 

Wrought  Iron 4  6                       10 

Steel    5  7                      16 

Strength  of  Common  Ropes. 

The  following  table  shows  breaking  weight  and  also  safe  weights  which 
may  be  borne  by  ordinary  ropes: 

Rope  Breaking  Weight  Borne  with  safety 

One-eighth  inch  diameter 78  lbs.  31  Its. 

One-fourth  inch  diameter 314  lbs.  12  5  lbs. 

One-half  inch  diameter 1,250  lbs.  500  lbs. 

One  inch  diameter 5,000   lbs.  2,000  lbs. 

One  and  one-fourth  inch  diameter 7,500  lbs.  3,000   lbs. 

One  and  one-half  inch  diameter 12,500  lbs.  4,500  lbs. 

Hnman  Force. 

The  proportionate  force  between  the  hand  of  man  on  the  tool  used  and 
the  force  exerted  by  the  tool  is  given  respectively  In  the  first  and  second 
columns  following: 

Hand  Tool 

Draw  knife 100.  lbs.  100  lbs. 

Large  auger 100  lbs.  800  bs. 

Screw  driver 84  lbs.  250  bs. 

Wrench,  vise  handle * 72   lbs.  1.000  bs. 

Windlass,  one  hand 60  lbs.  180  to  700  lbs. 

Handsaw 36  lbs.  JS  J"' 

Brace  and  bit 16   lbs.  150  to   700  lbs. 

Button  screw,  thumb  and  finger 14  lbs.  14  to     70  lbs. 


AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS. 


257 


AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS 


Compiled  specially  for  the  Canadian  Farm 
Year  Book  by  Ernest  H.  Godfrey,  F.S.S. 
Field  Crops  of  Canada  1914  and  1915.— 

The  agricultural  seasons  of  1914  and  1915 
were  in  strongest  contrast  to  each  other. 
That  of  1914  was  particularly  unfavour- 
able to  the  growth  of  grain.  According  to 
the  reports  of  the  Dominion  Government 
the  persistent  drought  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  the  Northwest  proN-inces 
in  1914  resulted  in  yields  per  acre  of  the 
chief  cereals  lower  than  in  any  season 
since  1910  and  lower  by  between  four  and 
five  bushels  than  the  averages  of  the  six 
years  ended  1913.  In  Ontario  and  Quebec 
though  the  grain  crops  suffered  from  a  dry 
season,  the  conditions  were  not  so  un- 
favourable, whilst  in  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces a  favourable  season  resulted  in 
good  returns. 

Field  Crops  of  1915. — With  reference  to 
the  field  crops  of  1915,  the  Census  and 
Statistics  Office  of  the  Dominion  Depart- 
ment of  Trade  and  Commerce  reported 
that  the  year  will  be  a  memorable  one  for 
the  most  abundant  grain  harvest  ever 
reaped  in  Canada  up  to  that  time.  This 
result  was  due  to  a  remarkable  combina- 
tion of  circumstances.  The  small  grain 
harvest  of  1914,  ripened  early  and  ex- 
peditiously threshed  and  marketed  under 
favourable  weather  conditions,  enabled 
the  Western  farmers  to  complete  an  im- 
usually  large  proportior*  of  fall  ploughing 
in  readiness  for  the  next  year's  crop.  In 
Ontario  the  acreage  sown  to  fall  wheat 
was  increased  by  over  16  per  cent  as 
compared  with  the  previous  year,  and  the 
increase  of  fall  wheat  for  all  Canada  was 
over  9  per  cent.  A  mild  winter  and 
spring  brought  the  fall  wheat  crop 
through  with  considerably  less  loss  from 
killing  than  usual.  The  spring  opened 
early,  and  as  a  general  rule  the  conditions 
for  seeding  were  favourable.  With  the 
prospect  of  high  prices  for  wheat  and 
other  cereals,  and  responding  to  appeals 
for  increased  production  on  patriotic 
grounds,  the  farmers  of  Canada  took  the 
fullest  advantage  of  their  opportunities, 
with  the  result  that  the  area  sown  to 
wheat  for  the  harvest  of  1915  was  not  only 
the  largest  on  record  in  Canada,  but  ex'- 
ceeded  the  area  sown  in  the  previous  year 
by  1,964,400  acres,  or  nearly  18  per  cent. 
Finally,  the  growing  season  was  uniformly 
favourable,  and  the  average  yields  per 
acre  of  all  the  principal  cereal  crops  in 
Canada  were  higher  than  in  any  previous 
year  on  record.  For  wheqt,  the  average 
yield  per  acre  was  close  upon  29  bushels, 


or  eight  bushels  more  than  the  previous 
record  of  21  bushels  in  1913. 

For  the  whole  of  Canada  the  principal 
field  crops  occupied  in  1915  an  estimated 
total  area  of  37,063,455  acres,  as  compared 
with  35,102,175  acres  the  area  sown,  and 
with  33,436,675  acres,  the  are  harvested 
in  1914. 

Total  Grain  Yields  of  1915.— For  the 
season  of  1915,  as  compared  with  1914, 
the  total  estimated  yields  of  the  grain 
crops  were  as  follows:  wheat  376,303,600 
bushels  as  against  161,280,000  bushels  in 
1914;  oats  520,103,000  bushels  as  against 
313,078,000  bushels;  barley  53,331,300 
bushels  as  against  36,201,000  bushels; 
rye  2,394,100  bushels  as  against  2,016,800 
bushels;  peas  3,478,850  bushels  as  against 
3,362,500  bushels;  beans  723,400  bushels 
as  against  797,500  bushels;  buckwheat 
7,865,900  bushels  as  againft  8,626,000 
bushels;  flaxseed  10,628,000  bushels  as 
against  7,  175,200  bushels;  mixed  grains 
17,523,100  bushels  as  against  16,382,500 
bushels,  and  com  for  husking  14,368,000 
bushels  as  against  13,924,000  bushels. 
The  total  yield  of  wheat  in  1915  was  85  . 
per  cent  above  that  of  1914  and  over  50 
per  cent  above  that  of  the  annual  average 
for  the  five  years  1910  to  1914.  The  total 
peld  of  oats  also  was  47  per  cent  above 
that  of  1914  and  29  per  cent  above  the 
average. 

Average  Grain  Yields  per  Acre,  191 5. — 

From  the  preceding  paragraphs  it  is  clear 
that  the  splendid  total  yields  of  wheat 
have  been  very  largely  due  to  the  success- 
ful efforts  of  Canadian  farmers  in  sowing 
a  larger  acreage;  but,  for  the  grain  crops, 
magnificent  average  yields  per  acre  were 
after  all  the  principal  factor  in  sweUing 
out  the  totals.  The  following  are  the 
average  yields  in  bushels  per  acre  of  the 
principal  grain  crops  as  compared  with 
those  of  1914,  which  are  placed  within 
parentheses:  Fall  wheat,  29.41  (21.41); 
spring  wheat  28.93  (15.07);  all  wheat, 
28.98  (15.67);  oats,  45.76  (31.12);  barley, 
35.33  (24.21);  rye,  21.32  (18.12);  peas, 
17.73  (17.64);  beans,  16.70  (18.20); 
buckwheat,  22.88  (24.34);  flaxseed.  13.18 
(6.62);  mixed  grains,  37.54  (35.36);  and 
com  for  husking,  56.72  (54.39). 

Quality  of  the  Grain  Crops. — The  qual- 
ity of  the  grain  crops  in  1915,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  weight  per  measured  bushel 
in  lb.,  is,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
crops,  superior  to  that  of  last  year,  and  is 
also  superior  to  the  average  of  the  last  five 
years.  The  weights  per  bushel  for  1915 
are  as  follows:     Fall   wheat,   59.71   lb., 


25S 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


spring  wheat  60.31  lb.,  all  wheat  60.19  lb., 
oats,  36.61  lb.,  barley,  48.26  lb.,  rye, 
56.32  lb.,  peas  60.74  lb.,  beans  59.61  lb., 
buckwheat  48.02  lb.,  flax  55.28  lb.,  mixed 
grains  44.98  lb.  and  com  for  husking, 
56.32  lb. 

Root  and  Fodder  Crops  1914  and  1915. 

— In  1914  the  potato  crop  was  a  remark- 
ably good  one,  and  the  average  yield  per 
acre  for  the  whole  of  Canada,  viz.,  180 
bushels,  was  higher  than  in  any  year 
since  1908,  excepting  only  in  1909,  when 
the  average  was  193' bushels.  In  Ontario, 
where  the  acreage  under  potatoes  is  larger 
than  in  any  of  the  other  provinces,  the 
yield  per  acre  in  1914,  viz.,  167  bushels, 
was  the  highest  ever  recorded  for  the 
province,  whether  by  the  Dominion  or 
Provincial  Department.  The  total  yield 
of  potatoes  for  Canada  in  1914  was 
85,672,000  _bushels  from  475,900  acres. 
But  in  1915  the  conditions  were  reversed. 
Although  the  area  sown,  viz.,  478,600 
acres,  was  larger,  the  total  yield  did  not 
exceed  62,604,000  bushels,  an  average  of 
not  more  than  130.81  bushels,  which  was 
lower  than  in  any  previous  year  except 
1910  when  it  was  119.36  bushels.  In 
Ontario  the  average  yield  per  acre  was 
•not  more  than  92.66  bushels,  almost  the 
lowest  yield  of  potatoes  on  record  for  the 
province.  In  the  other  provinces  the 
potato  yield  was  also  poor,  excepting  in 
Alberta  and  in  British  Columbia.  In 
Alberta  the  total  yield  was  5,155,000 
bushels  from  27,300  acres,  an  average  of 
188.84  bushels  per  acre,  and  in  British 
Columbia  the  yield  was  3,956,000  bushels 
from  16,000  acres,  an  average  of  247.28 
bushels.  In  both  provinces  the  yield  per 
acre  was  higher  than  in  any  recent  year. 
In  Alberta  the  yield  was  211.64  bushels 
in  1912,  and  in  British  Columbia  it  was 
252.31  bushels  in  1911.  Turnips  and 
other  roots  for  the  whole  of  Canada 
yielded  64,281,000  bushels  from  172,700 
acres,  as  compared  with  69,003,000 
bushels  from  175,000  acres  in  1914,  the 
yields  per  acre  being  372.21  bushels  in 
1 9 1 5 ,  and  394. 30  bushels  in  1 9 1 4.  Of  hay 
and  clover  the  yield  in  1915  was  10,953,000 
tons  from  7,875,000  acres,  or  1.39  ton  per 
acre;  in  1914  the  corresponding  figures 
were  10,259,000  tons  from  7,997,000 
acres,  a  yield  per  acre  of  1.28  ton.  Alfalfa 
yielded  261,955  tons  from  92,685  acres, 
as  compared  with  218,360  tons  from 
90,315  acres  in  1914,  the  average  yield  per 
acre  being  2.83  tons,  compared  with  2.42 
tons.  Fodder  corn  yielded  3,429,870 
tons  from  343,400  acres,  as  compared  with 
3,251,480  tons  from  317,000  acres  in  1910, 
the  average  yield  being  10  tons  in  1915, 
and    10><   tons   in    1914.     The   yield   of 


sugar  beets  was  141,000  tons  from  18,000 
acres,  compared  with  108,600  tons  from 
12,100  acres,  the  yields  per  acre  being 
7.83  tons  in  1915  and  8.98  tons  in  1914. 

Values  of  Field  Crops  1914  and  1915.— 
For  all  wheat  in  1915,  the  average  price 
per  bushel  for  the  whole  of  Canada  is 
39  cents  less  than  that  of  last  year  and  8 
cents  more  than  that  of  the  annual  average 
for  the  five  years  ended  1914.  The  total 
values  of  the  principal  grain  crops  of  1915, 
compared  with  those  of  1914  placed  within 
parentheses  were  as  follows:  Wheat, 
$312,569,400  ($196,418,000);  oats  $176,- 
894,700  ($151,811,000);  barley,  $26,704,- 
700  ($21,557,000);  rye,  $1,899,900  ($1,- 
679,300);  peas  $5,730,700  ($4,895,000); 
beans,  $2,206,800  ($1,844,300);  buck- 
wheat, $5,913,000  ($6,213,000);  flaxseed, 
$15,965,000  ($7,368,000);  mixed  grains, 
$10,034,700  ($10,759,400);  and  com  for 
husking  $10,243,000  ($9,808,000).  In- 
cluding root  and  fodder  crops,  the  total 
value  of  the  field  crops  of  Canada  in  1915 
amounted  to  $797,669,500,  comprising 
grain  crops  $568,161,900,  potatoes  and 
sugar  beets  $36,739,500;  and  fodder 
crops  $192,768,100.  The  corresponding 
values  in  1914  were:  Grain  crops  $412,- 
353,000;  potatoes  and  sugar  beets  $42,- 
249,000  and  fodder  crops  $183,978,300, 
making  a  total  of  $638,580,300. 
Grain  Production  of  the  NorthWest 
Provinces,  1914  and  1915. — In  the  three 
Northwest  provinces  of  Manitoba,  Sas- 
katchewan and  Alberta,  the  production  of 
wheat  in  1915  wa^  estimated  at  342,948,- 
000  bushels,  as  compared  with  140,958,000 
bushels  in  1914;  of  oats  at  334,840,600 
bushels  as  compared  with  150,843,000 
bushels;  of  barley  at  35,317,200  bushels, 
as  compared  with  19,535,000  bushels, 
and  flax  at  10,559,000  bushels,  as  com- 
pared with  7,083,000  bushels.  The  wheat 
•  production  of  1915  in  Manitoba  was 
96,425,000  bushels  from  3,342,900  acres, 
in  Saskatchewan  195,168,000  bushels  from 
6,838,100  acres,  and  in  Alberta  51,355,000 
bushels  from  1,563,700  acres. 

Tabtilar  Presentation  by  Provinces. — 
In  the  accompanying  tables  are  given  by 
provinces  the  whole  of  the  data  available 
for  the  field  crops  of  1914  and  1915. 
Table  I  shows  the  area,  yield,  quahty 
and  value  for  these  two  years,  as  compared 
with  the  annual  average  for  the  five  years 
ended  1914.  Table  III  gives  the  total 
areas  and  yields  of  wheat,  oats,  barley 
and  flaxseed  in  the  Northwest  provinces 
for  the  years  1910  to  1915  and  the  annual 
average  for  the  five  years  1910  to  1914; 
and  Table  II  shows  the  total  areas  and 
values  of  the  field  crops  of  Canada  for 
the  years  191Cf  to  1915.     These  tables  are 


AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS. 


259 


taken  from  the  "Census  and  Statistics 
Monthly"  of  Januarj',  1916. 

Wheat  Surplus  for  Export. — Official 
calculations  place  the  surplus  of  wheat 
available  for  export  from  the  crop  of  1915 
at  about  264  million  bushels  after  allowing 
a  deduction  from  the  total  estimated  crop 
of  10  per  cent  for  loss  in  cleaning  and  for 
non-merchantable  grain  and  for  the 
retention  of  74  >^  million  bushels  for  food 
and  for  seeding  in  1916.  The  largest 
quantity  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour 
previously  exported  from  Canada  in  any 
one  fiscal  year  was  142,574,000  bushels  in 
1913-14.  The  quantity  estimated  as 
available  for  export  out  of  the  crop  of 
19^15  is  about  121.6  million  bushels  in 
excess  of  this  amount,  and  represents 
about  70  per  cent  of  the  total  estimated 
wheat  production  of  Canada  in  1915. 
For  the  first  time  the  Canadian  wheat 
siuplus  proves  more  than  sufficient  to 
supply  the  annual  average  wheat  deficit 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  which,  according 
to  British  official  calculations,  amounts  to 
over  215  million  bushels. 

Flax  Fibre. — According  to  information 
published  by  the  Census  and  Statistics 
Office,  the  area  under  flax  grown  for  fibre 
in  southern  Ontario  during  1915  was 
about  4,000  acres.  From  this  area  the 
production  of  flax  fibre  was  about  800 
tons,  which  at  the  average  price  of 
approximately  20  cents  per  lb.,  or  $400 
per  ton,  was  of  the  total  value  of  $320,000. 
In  addition,  80  tons  of  tow,  at  $35  per 
ton,  realised  $2,800.  About  30  per  cent 
of  the  total  production  of  fibre  is  shipped 
to  Ireland,  the  rest  being  exported  to 
New  England  States. 

Tobacco. — The  season  for  tobacco  in 
1915  was  rather  cool  and  very  wet,  par- 
ticularly in  Ontario,  where  the  White 
Burley  crops  stiffered  greatly  from  To- 
bacco Root  Rot,  Thielavia  basicola. 
However,  the  Virginia  types,  which  as  a 
rule,  are  grown  on  lighter  soils  and  on 
ridges  well  drained,  gave  better  crops  than 
in  1914,  The  acreage  in  bright  tobacco 
was  also  largely  increased  in  1915.  In 
Quebec  the  summer  of  1915  was  a  little 
cooler  than  usual,  and  in  some  districts 
the  weather  was  rather  wet.  The  crop 
was  about  normal  in  the  northern  dis- 
tricts. In  the  southern  districts  there 
was  a  little  Root  Rot,  which  materially 
reduced  the  yield.  Both  in  Quebec  and 
Ontario  the  autumn  of  1915  was  excep- 
tionally favourable  to  the  curing  of  the 
tobacco  crop  in  the  bams.  All  the  to- 
baccos which  were  harvested  in  good  time 
were  practically  cured  by  the  end  of 
October.  Table  IV  gives  the  official 
estimates  of   the   acreage   and   yield   of 


tobacco  in  Quebec  and  Ontario  for  each 
of  the  years  1913,  1914  and  1915. 

Beetroot  Sugar. — The  total  produc- 
tion of  refined  sugar  manufactured  from 
Canadian-grown  beetroot  was  36,838,267 
lb.  for.  the  sugar  campaign  of  1915.  as 
compared  with  27,545,248  lb.  in  1914. 
The  acreage  and  yield  of  the  roots  are 
shown  in  Table  I. 

Niunbers  and  Values  of  Farm  Live 
Stock,  1914  aiid  1915.— Table  V  shows 
the  latest  estimates  of  the  numbers  of 
farm  live  stock  in  Canada  for  the  five 
years  1911  to  1915.  In  1914  the  esti- 
mated total  values  of  each  description 
were  as  fo.llows:  Horses,  $371,430,000; 
cattle  $297,131,000;  sheep,  $14,551,000; 
and  swine,  $42,418,000,  or  for  all  descrip- 
tions an  aggregate  of  $725,530,000.  In 
1915  the  corresponding  values  were  as 
follows:  Horses  $370,378,000;  cattle, 
$315,701,000;  sheep,  $16,225,000;  and 
sv^-ine,  $48,363,000,  making-  a  total  of 
$750,667,000. 

Numbers  of  Pure  Bred  Live  Stock  in 
Canada,  1911. — Table  VI  shows  the  num- 
bers of  pure-bred  live  stock  in  Canada, 
according  to  the  census  of  1911.  Horses 
comprised  22  different  breeds,  the  princi- 
pal in  point  of  numbers  being  the  Clydes- 
dale, Shire,  French-Canadian,  Percheron 
and  Suffolk  Punch  among  the  heavy 
draught  breeds  and  Thoroughbreds,  Hack- 
neys and  Standard-Bred  amongst  the  ilght 
horses.  Amongst  the  cattle,  shorthorns 
very  largely  predominated  with  56,614,  or 
45  per  cent  of  the  total.  Holsteins  were 
next  with  23,292,  then  Ayrshires  17,257, 
Jerseys  8,124,  and  Herefords  7,611. 
Sheep,  numbering  53,616  consisted  of  14 
named  breeds.  The  largest  numbers 
were  Shropshires  17,678,  next  came 
Oxford  Downs  9,127,  Leicesters  8,919, 
and  Cotswolds  8,539.  Swine  numbering 
56,457,  consisted  most  largelv  of  York- 
shires 27,730,  Berkshires  13^89,  Tam- 
worths  4,301  and  Chester  Whites  4,198. 

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260 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 


Weight  Aver- 

Yield 

Total 

per       age 

Total 

Crops 

Area 

per 

Yield 

meas-    pnce 

Value 

acre 

ured      per 
bush.  bush. 

Canada — 

Fall  wheat._„ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Spring  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

All  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Oats 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Barley..._ 1914 

1915 
Average 1910-14 

Rye 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Peas 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Beans 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Buckwheat.__ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Mixed  grains 1914 

1915 

-    Average 1910-14 

Flax. 1914 


acres        bush. 

bush. 

lb.        $ 

$      . 

973,300  21.41 
1,208,700  29.41 

20,837,000 
35,551,600 

59.61  1.05 
59.71  0.90 

21,818,000 
32,001,500 

1,010,000  21.78 

22,003,000 

60.26  0.81 

19,236,000 

9,320,600  15.07  140,443,000 
11,777,700  28.93  340,752,000 

59.16  1.24  174,600,000 
60.31  0.83  280,567,900 

9,444,000  18..42 

174,023,000 

59..47  0..74  128,688,000 

10,293,900  15.67  161,280,000 
12,986,400  28.98  376,303,600 

59.49  1.22  196,418,000 
60.19  0.83  312,569,400 

10,454,000  18.75  196,026,000 

59.61  0.75 

147,924,000 

10,061,500  31.12  313,078,000 
11,365,000  45.76  520,103,000 

35.31  0.48  151,811,000 
36.61  0.34  176,894,700 

9,749,000  35.25  343,612,000 

35.58  0.36  125,072,000 

1,495,600  24.21 
1,509,350  35.33 
1,500,000  27.62 

36,201,000 
53,331,300 
41,436,000 

47.22  0.60 
48.26  0.50 
47.58  0.50 

21,557,000 
26,704,700 
20,547,000 

111,280  18.12 
112,300  21.32 

2,016,800 
2,394,100 

55.47  0.83 
56.32  0.79 

1,679,300 
1,899,900 

121,000  17.90 
205,550  17.64 
196,210  17.73 

2,155,000 
3,362,500 
3,478,850 

55.36  0.73 
60.53  1.46 
60.74  1.66 

1,581,000 
4,895,000 
5,730,700 

267,000  15.51 

4,140,000 

59.14  1.11 

4,633,000 

43,830  18.20 
43,310  16.70 

797,500 
723,400 

60.21  2.31 
59.61  3.05 

1,844,300 
2,206,800 

48,000  18.20 

874,000 

59.41  2.00 

1,751,000 

354,400  24.34 
343,800  22.88 

8,626,000 
7,865,900 

48.20  0.72 
48.02  0.75 

6,213,000 
5,913,000 

375,000  23.02 

8,631,000 

48.26  0.64 

5,519,000 

463,300  35.36 
466,800  37.54 

16,382,500 
17,523,100 

45.51  0.66 
44.98  0.57 

10,759,400 
10,034,700 

478,000  32.74 

15,652,000 

45.06  0.58 

9,177,000 

1,084,000    6.62 

7,175,200 

52.49  1.03 

7,368,000 

AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS. 


261 


1915 

Average 1910-14 

Com  for  husking 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Potatoes. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Turnips,  mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Hay  and  clover 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Fodder  com. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Sugar  beets 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Alfalfa. „...1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

P.  E.  Island- 
Spring  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Oats. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Barley 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Peas. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Buckwheat. _1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 


806,600  13.18 

1,224,000  10.65 

256.000  54.39 
253,300  56.72 

290,000  55.97 
475,900180.02 
478,600130.81 

476,000157.96 


175,000394.30 
172,700372.21 

189,000366.04 
tons 

7,997,000     1.28 
7,875,000     1.39 

8,268.000     1.42 

317,000  10.25 
343,400  10.00 

302,000  9.46 

12,100  8.98 
18,000  7.83 

17,000    9.65 

90,315     2.42 
92,685     2.83 

88,000     2.46 

bush. 
32,000  25.28 
34,400  19.00 

31,000  20.97 

183,000  41.51 
196,000  34.86 

181,000  34.96 

3,800  31.25 
3,700  28.88 

4,500  26.89 

80  40  .tK) 
70  15.75 

75  25.33 

2,600  32.91 
2,600  29.00 

2,640  28.03 


10,628,000  55.28  1.50  15,965,000 

13,033,000  55.28  1.10  14,394,000 

13,924,000  56.62  0.71  9,808,000 

14,368,000  56.32  0.71  10,243,000 

16,231,090  55.20  0.63  10,232,000 

85,672,000  0.49  41,598,000 

62,604,000  0.57  35,964,000 

75,190,000  0.49  37,107,000 

69,003,000  0.27  18,934,000 

64,281,000  0.26  16,560,000 

69,181,000 0.25  17,453,000 

tons  per 

ton 

10,259,000  14.3  145,999,000 

10,953,000  14.2  155,807,000 

11,706,000  11.61  135,867,000 

3,251,480  4.91  15,949,700 

3,429,870  4.96  16,999,100 

2,856,000  4.84  13,831,000 

108,600  5.99  651,000 

141,000  5.50  775.500 

164,000  5.86  962,000 

218,360  14.17  3,095,600 

261,955  12.98  3,402,000 

217,000  12.13  2,632,000 

per 
bush.  bush. 

809,000  57.51  1.04  841,000 

653,600  59.05  1.08  705.800 

623,000  59.06  1.00  620,000 

7,596,000  37.46  0.48  3,646,000 

6,832,500  36.70  0.45  3,074,600 

6,329.000  36.58  0.42  2,661,000 

119.000  47.33  0.64  76,000 

106,800  48.83  0.71  75,800 

121,000  47.86  0.62  75,000 

3,200  60.00  2.00  6,400 

1,100  61.67  2.33  2,500 

1,900  58.60  1.53  2.900 

86,000  47.33  0.70  60,000 

75,400  48.15  0.75  56,500 

74,000  47.33  0.64  47,000 


262 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


I.  Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 

continued. 


Crops 


Area 


Weight  Aver- 

Yield 

Total 

per       age 

Total 

per 

Yield 

meas-    pnce 

Value 

acre 

ured      per 
bush.    bush. 

Mixed  grains 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Potatoes 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Hay  and  clover 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Fodder  corn._ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Alfalfa 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Nova  Scotia — 

Spring  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Oats '. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Barley.__ .....1914 

1915 
Average 1910-14 

Rye 1914 


acres        bush.  bush.         bush.        $  $ 

7,860  45.75  360,000     46.04  0.56  202.000 

8,000  38.65  309,200    43.00  0.55  170,000 

7,500  40.40  303,000     44.35  0.50  150.000 

32,000212.70      6,806,000     0.23  1,565,000 

31,000114.78      3,558,000     0.46  1,637,000 

32,000184.69       5,910,000     0.29  1,691,000 

7,900450.58      3,560,000     0.22  783,000 

7,600449.46      3,551,000     0.26  923,000 

7,600470.53      3,576,000     0.21  764,000 

tons  tons                        per 
ton 

192,000     1.74         334,000     13.4  4,355,000 

198,000     1.77          351,000     12.18  4,275,000 

201,000     1.47          296,000     10.96  3,244,000 

270     9.00             2,400     4.00  9,600 

260  13.00             3,400     3.00  10,200 

270     8.88             2,400     3.04  7.300 

55     3V0O           165     ZZ.  U'.'OO  '"2,300 

67     2.61                175     10.06  1,760 

per 

bush.  bush.                     bush. 

12,000  21.87  262,000    59.81  1.25  328,000 

13,300  18.57  247,000     59.26  1.21  298,700 

12,700  20.47  260,000     59.08  1.13  295,000 

101,800  34.00  3,461,000     35.07  0.61  2,111,000 

112,000  31.14  3,487,700     34.18  0.59  2,057,700 

100,000  30.89  3,089,000     34.28  0.54  1,670,000 

4,800  28.72  138,000   '47.90  0.84  116,000 

4,900  26.20  128,400     48.39  0.80  102,700 

5,140  27.25  140,100     48.49  0.78  109,000 

280  17. 6t  5,000    56.00  1.05  5,300 


AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS. 

1915  300  15.00  4,500 

Average 1910-14  310  18.30  5.675 

Peas 1914  190  22.23  4,200 

1915  190  18.66  3,550 

Average 1910-14  180  25.30  4,555 

Beans 1914  840  22.00  18,500 

1915  .  840  17.50  14,700 

Average. 1910-14  865  22.66  19,600 

Buckwheat .1914  10,000  25.94  259,000 

1915  10,200  21.72  221,500 

Average 1910-14  11,000  23.54  259,000 

Mixed  grains 1914  3,900  37.18  145,000 

1915  4,100  34.16  140,000 

Average 1910-14  4,000  32.25  129,000 

Com  for  husking 1914  

1915  

Average 1910-13  85  47.06  4,000 

Potatoes 1914  32,500220.45  7,165,000 

1915  33,700141.23  4,759,000 

Average 1910-14  32,000195.03  6,241,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc .^. 1914  9,000387.42  3,487,000 

1915  9,200390.02  3,589,000 

Average 1910-14  11,000404.82  4,453,000 

tons  tons 

Hav  and  clover 1914  518,000     1.89  979,000 

1915  538,000     1.78  958,000 

Average 1910-14  528,000     1.63  861,000 

Fodder  corn 1914  520     7.67  4,000 

1915  500     4.64  2,300 

Average 1910-14  585     8.55  5,000 

Alfalfa. 1914  30     2.00  60 

1915  30     2.30  70 

Average 1910-14  '      25     3.00  75 

New  Brunswick —  bush.  bush. 

Spring  wheat 1914  12,600  18.57  234,000 

1915  14,000  19.09  267,000 

Average 1910-14  13,200  18. 57^  245,100 

Oats. — _ 1914  200,000  32.44  6,488,000 


263 


56.00  1.08 

4,900 

56.00  0.95 

5,400 

60.20  2.04 
59.00  2.01 

8,600 
7,100 

59.74  1.75 

7,980 

59.77  2.99 
59.83  3.87 

55,000 
56,800 

59.33  2.45 

48,000 

48.05  0.72 
47.45  0.72 

186,000 
159,500 

47.21  0.66 

172,000 

43.45  o:71 
43.05  0.71 

103,000 
99,400 

43.83  0.66 

86,000 

43.66  0.75 

3,000 

0.49 

0.58 

3,511,000 
2,760,000 

0.48 

2,999,000 

0.38 

0.34 

1,325,000 
1,223,000 

0.34 

1,495,000 

per 
ton 
..-.14.50 
13.33 

14,196,000 
12,770,000 

......12.21 

10,509,000 

6.00 

7.00 

24,000 
16,000 

5.20 

26.000 

14.00 

13.00 

800 
900 

12.00 

900 

per 
bush. 

59.70  1.30 
59.69  1.26 

304,000 
335.000 

58.98  1.07 

263,000 

35.48  0.59 

3,828,000 

264 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


I.  Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 

continued. 


Crops 


Area 

Yield 
per 
acre 

Total 
Yield 

Weight  Aver- 

per       age 

meas-    price 

ured      per 

bush.    bush. 

Total 
Value 

acres 

bush. 

bush. 

bush. 

$ 

$ 

201,000 

27.66 

5,559,600 

36.33 

0.55 

3,058,000 

199,700 

29.61 

5,913,000 

35.20 

0.52 

3,062,000 

2,400 
2,100 

26.81 
22.96 

64,000 
48,000 

47.95 
48.85 

1.14 
0.85 

73,000 
40,800 

2,600 

26.77 

69,600 

47.62 

0.70 

49,000 

460 
420 

20.70 
17.08 

10,000 
6,700 

59.85 
60.27 

1.36 
2.52 

14,000 
16,900 

540 

20.37 

11,000 

5^.04 

1.40 

15,400 

290 
270 
300 

20.82 
21.37 
19.67 

6,000 
5,700 
5,900 

59.55 
60.71 
58.97 

2.89 
4.03 
2.59 

17,300 
23,000 
15,300 

63,800 
58,000 

26.43 
22.68 

1,686,000 
1,315,000 

47.76 
47.51 

0.61 
0.73 

1,028,000 
960,000 

63,000 

25.13 

1,583,000 

47.72 

0.58 

911,000 

950 
900 

30.33 
31.50 

29,000 
28,400 

40.92 
45.80 

0.65 
0.71 

19,000 
20,000 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Barley.- 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Peas 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Beans. 1914 

1915 
Average. 1910-14 

Buckwheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Mixed  grains 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Com  for    husking 

Average. 1910-13 

Potatoes. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Hay  and  clover._ 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Fodder  com._ 1914 

1915 


960      29.17         28,000    43.64    0.64 


18,000 


50  19.40  970  0.87  840 

43,900  239.96  10,534,000  0.40  4,214,000 

40,000  144.31  5,772,000  0.64  3,694,000 

42,000  203.69  8,555,000  0.44  3,791,000 

8,400  289.96  2,436,000  0.35  853,000 

8,000  329.10  2,633,000  0.33  869,000 

9,000  338.67  3,048,000  0.33  1,014,000 

per 

tons  tons          ton 

571,000  1.36  777,000  ......  12.47  9,689,000 

569,000  1.39  791,000  14.00  11,074,000 

602,000  1.31  788,000  10.00  7,878,000 

120  4.00  480  6.00  3,000 

110  7.00  770  2.50  1,900 


AGRICULTURAL   STATISTICS. 


265 


Average. 1910-14 

Alfalfa 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Quebec — 

Spring  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Oats 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Barley. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Rye 1914 

1915 

Average 191&-14 

Peas 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Beans 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Buckwheat 1914 

1915 

Average .1910-14 

Mixed  grains 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Flax. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Com  for  husking 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Potatoes 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 


180    8.89 

1,600 

_.... 

4.38 

7.000 

135    '2.25 
140     2.25 

300 
320 

=: 

9.25 
12.00 

2,800 
3,800 

120    2.54 

305 

9.84 

3,000 

bush. 

bush. 

per 
bush. 

55,000  18.00 
71,000  19.88 

990,000 
1,411,000 

59.65 
59.62 

1.35 
1.34 

1,337,000 
1,891,000 

61,000  16.89 

1,030,000 

59.28 

1.22 

1,259,000 

1,327,000  31.74 
1,400,000  30.13 

42,119,000 
42,182,000 

37.06 
36.92 

0.58 
0.55 

24,429,000 
23,200,000 

1,349,000  27.56 

37,179,000 

36.09 

0.52 

19,196,000 

85,000  26.60 
85,000  26.53 

2,261,000 
2,255,000 

48.98 
48.79 

0.86 
0.86 

1,944,000 
1,939,000 

94.000  24.25 

2,280,000 

48.05 

0.78 

1.781,000 

9,000  17.30 
8,700  16.71 

156,000 
145,000 

55.11 
55.90 

1.09 
1.12 

170,000 
162,000 

10,800  15.46 

167,000 

54.94 

1.01 

168,000 

24,000  18.00 
24.400  16.56 

432,000 
404,000 

61.63 
61.14 

2.35 
2.46 

1,015,000 
998,000 

29,000  15.72 

456,000 

58.91 

1.78 

811,000 

4,700  18.87 
4,700  21.89 

89,000 
103,000 

60.87 
59.38 

2.70 
3.17 

240,000 
327,000 

5,000  18.40 

92,000 

59.75 

2.29 

211,000 

102,000  24.28 
104,000  24.69 

2,477,000 
2,568,000 

48.60 
48.17 

0.83 
0.84 

2,056,000 
2.157,000 

113,000  23.27 

2,629,000 

47.76 

0.74 

1,950,000 

99,000  30.00 
101,000  29.67 

2,970,000 
2,877,000 

49.95 

45.44 

0.77 
0.73 

2,287,000 
2,188,000 

102,500  26.83 

2,750,000 

45.92 

0.68 

1,880,000 

700  11.70 
600  11.89 

8,200 
7,000 

54.48 
54.16 

1.93 
2.18 

16,000 
15,000 

980  10.71 

10,500 

54.12 

1.90 

20,000 

17,000  30.24 
16,300  31.17 

514,000 
508,000 

56.65 
56.85 

1.08 
1.12 

555,000 
569,000 

19,300  29.69 

573.000 

55.94 

1.00 

574,000 

115,000189.66 
117,000149.66 

21,811,000 
17,510,000 

0.43 
0.55 

9,161,000 
9.631,000 

119,000150.46 

17,914.000 

0.46 

8,315.000 

266 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


I.   Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 

continued. 


Crops 


Area 


Weight  Aver- 

Yield 

Total 

per       age 

Tqtal 

per 

Yield 

meas-    price 

Value 

acre 

ured      per 
bush.    bush. 

Canada — 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Hay  and  clover. 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Fodder  corn._ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Alfalfa. 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Ontario — 

FaU  wheat. 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Spring  wheat.„ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

AU  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Oats. 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Barley. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Rye- 1914 

1915 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


10,500328.20 
10,200308.25 

3,446,100 
3,144,000 

0.37 
0.36 

1,275,000 
1,132,000 

12,000313.08 

3,757,000 

0.35 

1,308,000 

tons 
2,979,000     1.20 
2,922,000     1.26 

tons 
3,575,000 
3,682,000 

per 

ton 

14.88 

15.89 

53,196,000 
58,507,000 

3,124,000     1.44 

4,485,000 

10.95 

49,083,000 

33,000     7 .  18 
34,000    8.61 

237,000 
293,000 

6.40 
6.39 

1,517,000 
1,872,000 

36,000    8.05. 

290,000 

4.94 

1,433,000 

2,950    2.06 
2,860    2.84 

6,000 
8,100 

13.43 
11.78 

81,000 
95,000 

3,400    2.50 

8,500 

9.53 

81,030 

bush. 

bush. 

per 
bush. 

727,400  21.51 
972,000  28.34 

15,646,000 
27,546,000 

59.77 
59.41 

1.08 
0.93 

16,898,000 
25,618,000 

759,000  22.07 

16,758,000 

60.40 

0.90 

15,353,000 

107,000  18.80 
121,000  22.36 

2,012,000 
2,706,000 

59.05 
59.41 

1.07 
0.96 

2,153,000 
2,598,000 

117,000  18.41 

2,154,000 

58.90 

0.92 

1,977,000 

834,000  21.16 
1,093,000  27.67 

17,658,000 
30,252,000 

59.50 
59.41 

1.07 
0.93 

19,051,000 
28,216,000 

876,000  21.59 

18,912,000 

60.18 

0.92 

17,330,000 

2,840,000  35.00 
3,095,000  39.68 

99,400,000 
122,810,000 

34.07 
34.67 

0.49 
0.39 

48,706,000 
47,896,000 

2,823,000  33.68 

95,084,000 

33.80 

0,42 

39,732,000 

461,000  30.34 
449,000  34.23 

13,987,000 
15,369,000 

47.83 
47.83 

0.64 
0.56 

8,952,000 
8,607,000 

496,000  28.81 

14,289,000 

47.49 

0.61 

8,677,000 

78,000  17.19 
78,000  19.88 

1,341,000 
1,551,000 

55.47 
56.89 

0.85 
0.79 

1,140,000 
1,225,000 

AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS.  267 


Average 

...1910-14 

89,000 

17.04 

1,516,000 

55.57 

0.75 

1,133,000 

Peas 

1914 

179,000 
169,000 

16.00 
17.79 

2,864,000 
3,007,000 

59.88 
59.86 

1.32 
1.54 

3,780,000 

1915 

4,631,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

235,000 

15.22 

3,607,000 

58.68 

1.03 

3,720,'0{)0 

Beans.    _      

1914 

38,000 
37,500 
42,000 

18.00 
16.00 
17.90 

684,000 
600,000 
752,000 

59.88 
59.76 
59.92 

2.24 
3.05 
1.95 

1,532,000 

Average 

1915 
..1910-14 

1,800,000 
1,465,000 

Buckwheat.__ 

1914 

1915 

176,000 
169,000 

23.40 
21.81 

4,118,000 
3,686,000 

47.83 
48.21 

0.70 
0.70 

2,883,000 
2.580,000 

Average __. 

..1910-14 

184,000 

22.21 

4,086,000 

47.76 

0.60 

2,438,000 

Mixed  grains 

1914 

1915 

344,000 
345,000 

36.66 
39.91 

12,611,000 
13,769,000 

44.58 
44.76 

0.63 
0.54 

7,945,000 
7,435,000 

Flax. 

1914 

1915 

5,300 
5,000 

15.76 
12.38 

84,000 
62,000 

55.78 
50.78 

1.70 
1.72 

143,000 
107,000 

Average 1910-14  8,000  15.00  120,000  53.60  1:62  194,000 

Com  for  husking 1914  239,000  56.11  13,410,000  56.22  0.69  9,253,000 

1915  237,000  58.48  13,860,000  55.75  0.69  9,674,000 

Average 1910-14  270,000  57.90  15,653,000  56.48  0.62  9,654,000 


Potatoes 

1914 

1915 

154,000  167.35 
155,000    92.66 

25,772,000 
14,362,000 

0.47 

0.76 

12,113,000 
10,915,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

156,000  128.09 

19,982,000 

0.58 

11,612,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

114,000  430.31 
112,000  394.42 

49,055,000 
44175,000 

0.21 

0.21 

10,302,000 
9,277,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

127,000  375.66 

47,709,000 

0.20 

9,596,000 

Hay  and  clover.. 

1914 

1915 

tons 
3,171,000     1.14 
3,082,000     1.32 

tons 
3,615,000 
4,068,000 

per 
ton 

14.91 

14.06 

53,900,000 
57,196,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

3,296,000     1.34 

4,420,000 

12.38 

54,755,000 

Fodder  com._ 

1914 

1915 

267,000  10.95 
287,000  10.63 

2,924,000 
3,051,000 

......    4.72 

4.76 

13,801,000 
14,523,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

252,000     9.84 

2,480,000 

4.71 

11,680,000 

Su  gar  beets 

_ 1914 

1915 

12,000     9.00 
18,000     7.83 

108,000 
141,000 

6.00 

5.50 

648,000 
775,500 

Average 

..1910-14 

16,000     9.68 

155,000 

5.92 

919,000 

Alfalfa 

1914 

1915 

61,000     2.26 
60,000     2 .  72 

138,000 
163,000 

......  15.01 

13.41 

2,071,000 
2,186,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

65,000     2.32 

151,000 

12.02 

1,815,000 

Manitoba — 
Fall  wheat 

1914 

1915 

bush. 
15,000  16.00 
10,900  33.30 

bush. 

240,000 

363,000 

per 
bush. 
59.50    0.89 
61.33     0.88 

214,000 
X  319,000 

268  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 

I.  Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915' 

continued. 

Weight  Aver- 
Yield        Total  per       age        Total 

Crops  Area  per  Yield         meas-    price      Value 

acre  ured      per 

bush.    bush. 


Canada —                                 acres        bush.  bush.  bush.        $  $ 

Average 1910-14       13,000    21.92  285,000  59.94  0.73  206,000 

Spring  wheat 1914  2,601,000     14.75  38,365,000  59.39  1.01  38,749,000 

1915  3,332,000     28.83  96,062,000  61.18  0.85  81,653,000 

Average 1910-14  2,809,000     17.82  50,068,000  59.97  0.74  37,463,000 

All  wheat 1914  2,616,000     14.84  38,605,000  59.39  1.01  38,963,000 

1915  3,342,900    28.84  96,425,000  61.18  0.85  81,972,000 

Average 1910-14  2  823,000     17.84  50,354,000  60.03  0.74  37,670,000 

Oats 1914  1,331,000     28.25  31,951,000  34.21  0.48  15,336,000 

1915  1,441,000    48.21  69,471,000  36.36  0.32  22,231,000 

Average 1910-14  1,319,000    35.83  47,256,000  35.32  0.30  15,172,000 

Barley 1914     468,000     21..00  9,828,000  46.00  0.55  5,405,000 

1915     490,000    36.25  17,763,000  47.70  0.50  8,882,000 

Average 1910-14     "462,000     26.59  12,283,000  47.08  0.42  5,168,000 

Rye> 1914         5,000    20.00  100,000  57.00  0.90  90,000 

1915         5,800    26.74  155,000  57.50  0.73  113,000 

Average 1910-14         4,500     19.55  88,000  56.33  0.69  61,000 

Mixed  grains 1914         1,490    20.25  30,000        0.48  14,400 

1915         1,550    32.50  50,000  43.00  0.41  21,000 

Average 1910-14         1,300    31.07  40,400  .. ._  0.42  17,100 

Flax. 1914       40,000      8.44  338,000  55.41  1.10  372,000 

1915       34,000     11.00  374,000  55.00  1..54  576,000 

Average 1910-14       62,000     11.45  710,000  55.52  1.33  947,000 

Potatoes. 26,900  117.91  3,172,000        0.72  2,284,000 

1915       28,300  109.67  3,104,000        0.54  1,676,000 

Average 1910-14       26,500  172.30  4,566,000        0.44  2,029,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914         3,900  268.50  1,047,000        0.54  565,000 

1915         4,300  269.01  1,157,000  ......  0.35  405,000 

Average. 1910-14         3,600  297.78  1,072,000        0.42  453,000 

per 

tons  tons  ton 

Hay  and  clover. 1914     162,000      1..24  201,000  ......  9.12  1,833,000 

1915      159,000       1.93  30?  ,000        9.63  2,956,000 


AGRICULTURAL   STATISTICS.  269 


Average. 1910-14       153,000       1.40         214,000        9.39      2,010,000 

Fodder  corn._ 1914 

1915 


13,000 
18,000 

5.55 
3.36 

72,000 
60,000 

7.60 

8.33 

547,000 
500,000 

9,900 

6.77 

67,000 

8.82 

601,000 

4,500 
4,700 

2.04 
2.19 

9,000 
10,300 

13.21 

11.17 

119,000 
115,000 

3,200 

2.31 

7,400 

11.22 

83,000 

4,300 
4,100 

bush. 
15.50 
30.76 

bush. 

67,000 

126,000 

per 
bush. 
60.33  0.99 
0.81 

66,000 
102,000 

Average 1910-14 

Alfalfa. 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Saskatchewan — 

Fall  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average 1910.14  3,000     20.00  60,000  59.65  0.75  45,000 

Spring  wheat 5,344,000     13.74  73,427,000  59.04  1.48  108,672,000 

1915  6,834,000    28.54  195,042,000  60.75  0.81  157,984,000 

Average. 1910-14  5,224,000     18.30  95,554,000  59.89  0.74  71,141,000 

All  wheat 1914  5,348,300    13.74  73,494,000  59.07  1.48  108,738,000 

1915  6,838,100    28.54  195,168,000  0.81  158,086,000 

Average 1910-14  5,227,000     18.30  95,613,000  59.97  0.74  71,187,000 

Oats 1914  2,520,000    24.53  61,816,000  33.71  0.45  27,817,000 

1915  2,937,000     53.67  157,628,600  37.48  0.28  44,136,000 

Average 1910-14  2,410,000     38.17  91,996,000  36.01  0.29  26,334,000 

Barley. 1914  290,000     16.90  4,901,000  43.87  0.50  2,451,000 

1915  287,000     36.83  10,570,200  47.54  0.43  4,545,000 

Average 1910-14  264,000    27.76  7,328,000  46.79  0.38  2,783,000 

1914  2,600     20.90  54,000  58.50  0.67  36,000 
Rye.„ 1915  2,700,28.00  75,600  55.17  0.75  57,000 

Average. 1910-14  2,200     22.73  50,000  56.58  0.54  27,000 

Peas 1915  400     23.00  9,200  61.00  1.40  13,000 

Average 1910-13  355     20.00  7,100        1.03  7,300 

Mixed  grains 1914  1,900     15.50  29,500        0.51  15,000 

1915  1,950    30.00  58,500  48.33  0.45  26,300 

Average 1910-14  1,600     31.25  51,000         0.51  26,000 

Flax. 1914  958,000       6.40  6,131,000  51.02  1.01  6,192,000 

1915  697,000     13.00  9,061,000  55.89  1.50  13,592,000 

Average 1910-14     1,062,000     10.60  11,262,000  54.30  1.09  12,220,000 

Potatoes 1914  30,600  133.51  4,085,000        1.05  4,289,000 

1915  30,300  146.15  4,428,000        0.49  2,170,000 

Average 1910-14  29,000  166.90  4,840,000        0.57  2,771,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc™ „1914  12,900  248.91  3,211,000        . 0.71  2,280,000 


270 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


I.  Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 

continued. 


Weight  Aver- 

Yield 

Total 

per      age 

Total 

Crops 

Area 

per 
acre 

Yield 

meas-    pnce 
ured      per 
bush.    bush. 

Value 

Canada — 

1915 
Average 1910-14 

H^y  and  clover 1914 

1915 

Average „ 1910-14 

Fodder  corn 1914 

1915 

Average.^ 1910-14 

Alfalfa _ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Alberta — 

Fall  wheats _ 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Spring  wheat 1914 

1915 
Average 1910-14 

All  wheat 1914 

1915 

Average.- 1910-14 

Oats 1914 

1915 

Average 1910-14 

Barley— 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Rye 1914 

1915 

Average. 1910-14 

Peas. 1914 


acres        bush.  bush.         bush.        $  $ 

12,400236.75  2,936,000  ......  0.52  1,527,000 

11,000  269.45  2,964,000        . 0.50  1,492,000 

per 

tons  tons  ton 

70,000     1.74  122,000         6.84  834,000 

67.000     1.41  94.000         6.96  654,000 

54,000     1.65  89,000  ......  7.87  700,000 

1,900     3.66  7,000         3.50  24,500 

2,000     4.16  8,300         3.00  25,000 

1,400    .4.29  6,000        6.50  39,000 

1,800     2.59  5,000         15.00  75,000 

1,800     1.71  3,000         14.50  44,000 

1,200     2.25  2,700         14.44  39,000 

per 

bush.  bush.  bush . 

221,100  21.30  4,709,000  58.26  0.94  4,426,000 

215,700  33.92  7,316,000  61.32  0.79  5,780,000 

229,000  20.64  4,727,000  59.75  0.73  3,452,000 

1,150,000  21.00  24,150,000  60.75  0.91  21,977,000 

1,348,000  32.67  44,039,000  61.57  0.79  34,791,000 

1,169,000  20.46  23,913,000  59.68  0.65  15,482,000 

1,371,100  21.05  28,859,000  60.17  0.91  26,403,000 

1,563,700  32.84  51,355,00a  61.52  0.79  40,571,000 

1,398,000  20.49  28,639,000  59.67  0.66  18,934,000 

1,502,000  38.00  57,076,000  38.01  0.42  23,972,000 

1,912,000  56.35  107,741,000  39.76  0.27  29,090,000 

1,321,000  41.09  54,276,000  38.20  0.29  15,811,000 

178,000  27.00  4,806,000  48.47  0.51  2,451,000 

185,000  37.75  6,984,000  49.57  0.35  2,444,000 

170,000  28.30  4,811,000  48.07  0.38  1,836,000 

16,400  22.00  360,800  55.83  0.66  238,000 

16,800  28.61  463,000  56.63  0.73  338,000 

14,000  23.43  328,000  55.67  0.57  187,000 

470  17.25  8,100  58.66  1.47  12,000 


AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS.  271 

1915  430     20.00  8,600  62.00     1.65  14,200 

Average 1910-14  440     17.26  7,595  58.66     1.14  8,680 

Mixed  grains 1914  1,800    40.00  72,000        0.47  34,000 

1915  1,700     39.17  67,000  47.20    0.34  23,000 

Average 1910-14  2,260     32.30  73,000        0.41  30,000 

Flax.__ 1914  80,000       7.67  614,000  55.781      .05  645,000 

1915  70,000     16.05  1,124,000  56.37     1.49  1,675,000 

Average 1910-14  91,000     10.23  931,000  55.03     1.09  1,012,000 

Potatoes 1914  26,300  138.86  3,652,000        0.65  2,374,000 

1915  27,300  188.84  5,155,000        0.33  1,701,000 

Average 1910-14  25,000  165.80  4,145.000         0.47  1,951,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc.. 1914  4,900  255.53  1,252,000         0.60  751,000 

1915  4,900  276.73  1,356,000         0.39  529,000 

Average 1910-14  4,200  259.76  1,091,000         0.48  526,000 

per 

tons  tons  ton 

Hay  and  clover 1914  176,000       1.73  304,000         8.31  2,526,000 

1915  173,000       1.80  311,000         8.61  2,678,000 

Average 1910-14  167,000       1.52  253,000         10.04  2,539,000 

Fodder  com._ 1914  800       2.00  1,600         3.50  5,600 

1915  1,100     5.14  5,700         5.00  29,000 

Average 1910-14  800     2.25  1,800         7.22  13,000 

Sugar  beets _ 1914  100     6.00  600         5.00  3,000 

Average 1910-14  1,400    6.21  8,700        5.00  44,000 

Alfalfa 1914  11,409     2.77  32,000         11.41  365,000 

1915  11,000     3.06  34,000         9.31  317,000 

Average.-, 1910-14  8,000     22.6  21,000        11.05  232,000 

per 

British  Columbia —  bush.  bush.  bush. 

Fall  wheat 1914  5,500  31.82  175,000  60.00     1.22  214,000 

1915  6,000  33.44  200,600  60.46     0.91  182,500 

Average. 1910-14  5,700  30.35  173,000  59.68     1.04  180,000 

Spring  wheat 1914  7,000-27.77  194,000  59.50     1.23  239,000 

1915  10,000  32.43  324,400  58.40     0.96  311,400 

erage._ _ 1910-14  6,600  26.82  177,000  59.23     1.06  188,000 

All  wheat                    .1914  12,500  29.-52  369,000  59.74     1.23  453,000 

1915  16,000  32.80  525,000  59.32     0.94  493,900 

Average 1910-14  12,300  28.46  350,000  59.46     1.05  367,000 

Oat? 1914  56,700  55.93  3,171,000  35.63     0.62  1,966,000 

1915  71,000  61.84  4,390,600  36.28     0.49  2,151,400 

Average 1910-14  46,000  54.13  2,490,000  36,73     0.58  1,433,000 


272 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


I.  Area,  Yield,  Quality  and  Value  of  Principal  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1914  and  1915. 

continued. 


.  Crops 

Yield 
Area          per 
acre 

Weight  Aver- 
Total           per       age 
Yield         meas-    price 
ured      per 
bush.    bush. 

Total 
Value 

Canada — 

acres        bush. 

bush. 

3ush. 

$ 

$ 

Barley..._ 

1914 

1915 

2,600  37.29 
2,650  40.36 

97,000 
106,900 

48.83 
49.89 

0.92 
0.64 

89,000 
68,400 

Average 

.1910-14 

2,500  37.60 

94,000 

48.83 

0.74 

70,000 

Peas „ 

1914 

1915 

1,350  30.00 
1,300  29.75 

41,000 
38,700 

60.00 
60.00 

1.45 
1.24 

59,000 
48,000 

Average.- _. 

.1910-14 

1,500  27.73 

41,600 

62.00 

1.35 

56,000 

Mixed  grains 

1914 

1915 

2,400  56.67 
2,600  40.00 

136,000 
104,000 

48.00 

1.03 
0.50 

140,000 
52,000 

Average 

Potatoes 

..1910-14 

1914 

1915 

2,050  44.88 
14,700182.00 
16,000247.28 

92,000 
2,675,000 
3.956,000 

48.00  0.67 

0.78 

0.45 

61,800 
2,087,000 
1,780,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

14,500209.52 

3,038,000 

0.64 

1,948,000 

Turnips,     mangolds, 

etc 1914 

1915 

3,500431.00 
3,800455.61 

1,509,000 
1,731,000 

0.53 
0.39 

800,000 
675,000 

Average.- 

..1910-14 

3,150479.68 

1,511,000 

0.53 

805,000 

Hay  and  clover. 

1914 

1915 

tons 
158,000     2.23 
167,000     2.34 

tons 
352,000 
391,000 

per 

ton 

15.54 

.14.57 

5,470,000 
5,697,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

142,300     2.10 

298,500 

.17.15 

5,120,000 

Fodder  corn. 

1914 

1915 

390     8.00 
430  12.62 

3,000 
5,400 

.  6.00 
.  4.00 

18,000 
22,000 

Average 

..1910-14 

400     7.50 

3,000 

.  8.33 

25,000 

Alfalfa.„__ 

1914 

1915 

8,500     3.33 
12,100     3.52 

28,000 
43,000 

.13.60 
.14.84 

381,000 
638,000 

Average.. _.. 

...1910-14 

6,300     4.13 

26,000 

.15.39 

400,000 

Timely 
Subjects 

FARM    PRESS,    LTD., 


Of  interest  to  Live  Stock  Breeders 
and  Farmers  each  week  In 

181   SImcoe  St., 


Canadian 
Farm 

Toronto,  Ontario. 


AGRICULTURAL    STATISTICS. 


273 


II.    Total  Areas  and  Values  of  Field  Crops  in  Canada,  1910-1915 

AREAS. 
Provinces  1910  1911  1912  1913  1914 


Average    for 
1915        the   5    years 
1910-1914 


801.000   1.215,000 


2.839,000 

2,804,000 

2,616,000 

3,342.900 

2,823,000 

1,348.000 

1,398,000 

1,331,000 

1.441,000 

1,319,000 

481,000 

496,000 

468.000 

490,000 

462,000 

100,000 

54,000 

40.000 

34.000 

62.000 

N.W.  Prov.'s 

Wheat. 7.867,894  9.991.281  10,011.000  10,036.000   9,335.000  11,744,700   9,448.000 

Oats 3.880.604  4,861,563   5,365.000   5.792,000   5,353.000   6,290.000   5.050.000 

Barley 667,072  886.225          960.000       1.025.000          936.000          962,000          895,000 

Flax. 572.185  868,936       2,012.000       1.545.000       1.078,000 

Manitoba — 

Wheat 2.760.371  3.094.833 

Oats 1.209.173  1.307.434 

Barley.. 416.016  448,105 

Flax 34,684  79,765 

Saskatch'w'n 

Wheat.. 4.228.222  5,256.474 

Oats... 1.888.359  2.332.912 

Barley 129.621  273,988 

Flax... _  506,425  682,000 

Alberta — 

Wheat 879,301  1,639,974 

Oats. 783,072  1.221,217 

Barley 121.435  164.132 

Flax- 31.076  107.171 


5,582,000  5,720,000  5,348,300 

2,556,000  2.755.000  2.520.000 

292,000  332,000  290,000 

1,780,000  1,386.000  958.000 


6,838.100  5.227.000 

2.937.000  2.410.000 

287.000  264.000 

697,000  1,062,000 


1,590,000  1,512,000  1,371,100 

1,461,000  1,639.000  1.502.000 

187.000  197.000  178.000 

132.000  t05.000"  80.000 


1.563.700  1.398.000 

1.912.000  1.321.000 

185.000  170.000 

70.000  91.000 


VALUES. 


Canada 

P.  E.  Island.. 
Nova  Scotia.. 


New  Briunswick 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan. 

Alberta 

British  Columbia. 


396.635.240 

6.681.140 

11.430,300 

12,140,500 

76,325,000 

149,607.000 

-42,800,000 

74.755.300 

16.150,000 

6.746.000 


597.926.000 
9,099,300 
17.174,500 
17,695,200 

106,248,000 

195,764,000 
76,548,000 

115.426,000 
48,475,000 
11,496,000 


557.344.100 

9.456.000 

19,420.000 

17.295,700 

69,901.000 

198.715.000 
71.647.000 

115.8;3,O0O 
44.503.400 
10.593.000 


552.771.500 

9.535.500 

17.132.900 

17,965,100 

88,589,000 

167,835,000 
64.557,000 

129,376,000 
46,712,000 
11.069.000 


638.580.300 
11.544.000 
21.969.700 
20.045.100 
99,279,000 

196,220.000 
65,528.400 

152.751.500 
59.779.600 
11.463.000 


797.669.500 

10.932.700 

19.556.700 

20.096.400 

104.683.000 

207,043,500 

119.447.000 

224.875.300 

79,409,200 

11,625.700 


Note. — In  1914  the  total  areas  estimated  to  be  sown  to  field  cropis  amounted  to  35,102.175  acres; 
but  the  productive  surface  in  the  Northwest  provinces  was  reduced  by  the  following  areas  of  crops  which 
failed  in  consequence  of  the  drought:  Wheat  728,100  acres,  oats  753,000  acres,  barley  102,000  acres, 
flax  79,000  acres  and  sugar  beets  2,000  acres  in  Alberta,  and  1.400  acres  in  Ontario. 

m.  Comparative  Areas  and  Yields  of  Wheat,  Oats,  Barley  and  Flaxseed  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  1910-1915. 


Provinces 


1910 


AREAS. 
1911  1912 


1913 


1915 


Canada 

P.  E.  Island... 
Nova  Scotia- 


New  Brunswick 

Quebec 


acres 


acres 


30,279.336  34.545,672  35.575.550  35.375.430  33,436.675  37.063.455 

476.671  477.035  462.880  456.970  461.510  481.985 

709.788  709.703  700.160  711.630  693,860  727.260 

952.085  978.530  931.990  906.130  904.055  893.940 

5.242.593  5.375.066  5.010.400  4,898,800  4.863.850  4.901.760 


274 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Ontario 9.288,078 

Manitoba 4.594,784 

Saskatchewan. 6,8 1 7,841 

Alberta. 1 ,999,963 

British  Columbia 197,533 


9  648  909 

9  349,000 

9,200,000 

8,973.700 

9.391.500 

5,134,087 

4,971,400 

4,965,000 

4.671,790 

5.592.550 

8,644.102 

10,315,800 

10,307.600 

9.238,000 

10,877,650 

3.351,745 

3,603,060 

3,690,100 

3,369,270 

3,966,930 

226.495 

230,860 

238.700 

260.640 

292,880 

N.W.  Prov's 

Wheat 

Oats 

Bariey. 

Flax. 

Manitoba — 

Wheat. 

Oats 

Bariey 

FIax._-. 

Saskatch'w  n 
Wheat...... 

Oats. 

Bariey 

Flax 

Alberta — 

Wheat 

Oats. 

Barley 

Flax. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


110,165.155  208.366,000  204,280.000  209,262,000  140,958,000  342,948,000  174,606,000 

105,400,393  176.292,000  242.321.000  242,413,000  150,843,000  334.840,600  183,454,000 

12,047,806  27,966,000  31,600,000  31,060,000  19,535,000     35,317.200     24,442,000 

4,148,315  9,938.500  25,978.000  17,366,000  7.083.000     10.559.000     12,903,000 

34,125,949  62,689,000  63,017.000  53.331.000  38,605,000     96,425.000    .50.354,000 

30,378,379  60,037,000  57,154,000  56.759,000  31,951.000     69,471,000     47.256.000 

6,506.634  14,949,000  15,826,000  14,305,000  9,828,000     17,763.000     12,283.000 

176,675  1,152,000  1.252,000  632,000  338,000          374.000          710,000 


66.978,996  109,075.000  106,960.000  121,559,000 

58.922,791  107.594.000  117,537,000  114,112,000 

3,061,007       8,661,000       9.595,000  10,421,000 

3,893,160       7,672,500     23,033,000  15,579,000 

9,060,210     36,602,000     34,303,000  34.372.000 

16,099.223     59.034,000     67.630.000  71,542.000 

2,480.165       4,356.000       5.179.000  6.334.000 

78.480       1,114.000       1,693,000  1,555,000 


73,494,000  195,168,000  95,613,000 

61,816,000  157,628,600  91.996,000 

4,901,000     10.570,200  7,328,000 

6.131.000       9.061.000  11.262,000 

28,859,000     51.355,000  28,639.000 

57.076.000  107,741,000  54,276,000 

4,806,000       6,984,000  4.831.000 

614,000       1.124.000  931.000 


IV.     Area  and  Yield  of  Tobacco  in  Canada,  1913  to  1915. 

Provinces      1913    1914  1915        1913  1914  1915       1913  1914  191- 

lb.      lb.      lb. 
acres  acres   acres        lb.  lb.  lb.  per     per     per 

acre    acre    acre 

Quebec. 5,000  4,750  4,500    4,500,000    5,000,000  4,050,000    900    950    900 

Ontario „_...    6,000  5,000  4,500    8,000,000    6,000,000  4,950,0001,300  1,200  1,100 

Total 11,000  9,750  9,000  12,500,000  11,000,000  9,000,000  1,136  1,128  1,000 

V.     Numbers  of  Farm  Live  Stock  in  Canada,  1911  to  1915. 

Live  Stock  1911  1912  1913  1914  1915 


No. 
Canada — 

Horses 2,595,912 

Milch  cows 2,594,179 

Other  cattle 3,939,257 

Sheep 2,175,302 

Swine._ 3,610,428 

Prince  Edward  Island — 

Horses — 35,935 

Milch  cows 52,109 

Other  cattle._ 68,287 

Sheep._ 91,232 

Swine 56,377 

Nova  Scotia — 

Horses 61 ,355 


No; 


No. 


No. 


No. 


2,692,357 

2,866,008 

2,947,738 

2,996,099 

2,604,488 

2,740,434 

2,673,286 

2,666,846 

3,827,373 

3,915,687 

3,363,531 

3,399,155 

2,082,381 

2,128,531 

2,058,045 

2,038,662 

3,477,310 

3,448,326 

3,434,261 

3,111,900 

35,638 

35,952 

36,114 

36,898 

49,415 

48,565 

47,317 

47,043 

64,688 

64,261 

61,048 

59,503 

87,793 

85,660 

85,351 

86,640 

50,463 

43,762 

41,718 

40,792 

61,735    62,550    62,581    63,244 


AGillCULTURAL    STATISTICS.  -276 

Milch  cows 129,302  130,104  130,468  128,237  128,814 

Other  cattle 158,122  156,051  153,726  148,269  144,458 

Sheep._ ■      220,907  216,135  217,734  211,921  205,542 

Sw-ine._ 63,322  61,194  56,580  53,892  53,402 

New  Brunswick — 

Horses 65,458  65,582  65,108  65,702  65,827 

Milch  cows 108,532  110,507  106,904  102,713  101,665 

Other  cattle 113,659  113,136  107,864  99,256  96,437 

Sheep.J. „ 158,216  148,725  135,115  211,739  111,026 

Swine._„ „ 87,391  85,905  77,014  73,325  72,533 

Quebec — 

Horses 369,237  367,402  369,974  372,009  372,567 

Milch  cows 753,134  755,770  761,816  733,476  720,420 

Other  cattle 697,860  695,906  693,540  625,958  612,500 

Sheep._ 637,062  620,881  602,751  571,287  554,491 

Swine.__ 793,348  747,254  661,768  634,569  632,729 

Ontario — 

Horses 811,585  805,271  902,628  904,975  903,527 

Milch  cows 1,032,979  1,033,392  1,141,071  1,085,843  1,077,808 

Other  cattle. 1,471,694  1,380,890  1,460,015  970,445  935.606 

Sheep ..743,483  677,462  705,848  640,416  611,789 

Swine .,...  1,864,165  1,693,594  1,652,440  1,553,624  1,469,573 

Manitoba — 

Horses 280,374  293,776  304,088  316,707  317,847 

Milch  cows 155,337  148,471  152,792  156,306  157,494 

Other  cattle 279,776  267.130  256,926  251,996  246,603 

Sheep.__ 37,322  40,800  42,840  -  45,303  50.880 

Swine._ 188,416  183,370  184,745  186,276  163,308 

Saska  tche  wan — 

Horses 507,400  551,645  580,386  609,521  630,062 

MUchcows 181,146  184,896  194,843  204,624  211.684 

Other  cattle 452,466  461,244  468,255  474,436  543,609 

Sheep.„ 114,216  114,810  115,568  126,027  133,311 

Swine._ 286,295  344,298  386,784  454,703  411,324 

Alberta — 

Horses 407,153  451,573  484,809  519,424  544.772 

Milch  cows 147,687  157,922  168,376  179,068  183,974 

Other  cattle. ^    592,163  587.307  610,917  633,032  660,000 

Sheep._ 133,592  135,075  178,015  211,001  238,579 

Swine._ 237,510  278,747  350.692  397,123  229,696 

British  Columbia — 

Horses 57,415  59,735  60,518  60,705  61,355 

Milch  cows 33,953  34,011  35,599  35,702  37,944 

Other  cattle. 105,230  101,021  100,183  99,091  100,439 

Sheep.__ 39,272  40,702  45.000  45.000  46,404 

Swine._ 33,604  32,485  34,541  39,031  38,543 

Note. — ^The  numbers  of  live  stock  in  1911  are  the  actual  returns  of  the  Census  of 

that    year.     The  numbers  for  the  years  1912  to  1915  are  estimates  based  upon  the 
Census  of  1911  and  compiled"  from  the  reports  of  correspondents. 


276 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Meadowbrook  Farm  Jerseys 

Whitby,  Ont. 

THE  HOME  OF  HIGH-CLASS  IMPORTED  AND  CANADIAN 
'      BRED  JERSEY  CATTLE. 


Twylish  (Imp.)i  a  Meadowbrook  matron,  and  a  winner  of  many  show 

Rings. 

SIZE,       TYPE       AND       QUALITY 
HAS    ALWAYS    BEEN    OUR    AIM. 

MEADOWBROOK  FARM  JERSEYS  ARE  ALL  OF  PRIZE- 
WINNING  SIRES  AND  DAMS,  DIRECTLY  IMPORTED 
FROM  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  OUR  1916  OFFERING 
OF  YOUNG  BULLS  ARE  SIRED  BY  OUR  TORONTO  1915 
WINNER,  CLYPTHA'S  MAJESTY. 

—ADDRESS  ALL  CORRESPONDENCE  TO— 

R.  J.  Fleming 

MEADOWBROOK  FARM,  WHITBY,  ONTARIO 


WTIO'S  WHO  IN  AGRICULTURE. 


27( 


WHO'S  WHO  IN  AGRICULTURE! 


ALEXANDER,     J.     Lee,     Hillhurst.    Ont. 
Bom  Coaticook,  Que.,  Aug.,  1871.     Son 
of    Jason    and    Elizabeth    (Hill)    AJex- 
andea-.      Married    Blanche    E.    Edwaj-ds. 
Director  C.G.E.  Exhibition,  Sherbrooke, 
Que.;      Councillor     Tp.      of      Compton. 
Formerly    partner   of    firm   of    Edwards 
&     Alexander.       Now     farming     under 
name  of  Edwards  and  Alexander.     300 
acres  of  land  and  over  100  head  of  Jer- 
sey cajttlek 
AGAR,     Amos,     NashviUe,     Ont.       Bom 
Township  Vaughan,  Ont.,  August,  1856. 
Son  of  Richard  and  Jane  Agax.     Mar- 
ried  Alice   Dalziel.         Farmer,    special- 
izing in  Clydesdale,  Shire  and  Carriage 
Horses.     Thirty-flve  years  in  business. 
AMOS,      George,      Moffatt,      Ont.        Bom 
Waterloo  Co.,  Ont,  1860.     Son  of  Rob- 
ert   ajid    Mrs.     Amos.      Married    Ellen 
Adrms.      Member    Dominion    Shorthorn 
Breeders'  Ass'n.     For  19  years  a  mem- 
ber   of    firm    of    Geo.    Amos'  &    Sons, 
Shorthorn  breeders. 
AMOS,    Robert    T.,    MofiEatt,    Ont.      Bom 
Waterloo  Co.,  April,  1885.     Son  of  Geo. 
and     Mrs.     Amos.       ilarried    Margaret 
MacKenzie.      Director   Dominion    Short- 
horn Breeders'  Ass'n.     Member  of  firm 
of  G.   Amos   &   Sons,   Shorthorn  breed- 
ers of  19  years  standing. 
ARKELL,      Reginald      T.,      Live      Stock 
Branch,     Department     of     Agriculture, 
Ottawa,  Ont.    Bom  Arkell,  Ont.,  March, 
1888.     Son  of  Henry  and  Jessie  Arkell. 
Married    Mabel    H.    Mehaffy,    graduate 
Ontario  Agricultural  College.     Chief  of 
Sheep     and     Goat     Division,     Dominion 
Ljive  Stock  Branch,  Ottawa.     Formerly 
Professor      Animal      Husbandry,      New 
Hampshire  Agricultural  College,  U.S.A. 
BAGG,    Alfred     E.,    Edgeley    P.O.,    Ont. 
Born  Grahams\-ille,     Ont.,     July,     1888. 
Son  of  James  and  Mrs.  Bagg.     Married 
Flossie    Locke.       Breeder    of    pedigreed 
Jersey   cattle   and  registered  Yorkshire 
hogs. 
BAILEY,    Charles    Frederick,    Parliament 
Buildings,    Toronto.    Ont.      Bom    Nora 
Scotia  Sept.  17,  1880.    Son  of  Mrs.  Peter 
Innes,  Coldbrook,  N.S.     Married  Louise 
D.     Hogg,    graduate    Ontario    Agricul- 
tural   College    in    1909.       Former     Live 
Stock    Specialist,    Ontario     Department 
of    Agriculture.       Apixrinted    Assistant 
Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture  for  On- 
tario in  1913. 
BAIN,  C.   E.,  Taimton,  Ont.     Bom  April, 
1880.      Son  of  William   and  Mrs.    Bain. 
Married      Myrtle      Millson.        Farming: 
specializing  in  Shorthorn  cattle,  Shrop- 
shire     sheep      and      Berkshire      swine. 
Twelve  years  in  business. 
BALL,   R.  J.,  Hanover,  Ont.     Bom  Grey 
Co.,    Ont.,    Jan.,    1857.      Son    of    James 
and    Jane    Ball.      Married    Mary    Jane 
Leonard.      Member    of    Dominion    Par- 
liament.    Farming  until  year  1885. 
BALLANTYNE,    W.    W.,    Stratford,    Ont. 
Born    Downie    Tp.,     Perth     Co.,     Ont., 
July,    1861.     Son  of   Hon.    Thomas   and 
Mary    Ballantyne.      Married    Elizabeth 
Moderwell.      Ex.-Pres.'  of   Perth   Farm- 
ers' Institute:  North  Perth  Agricultural 
Ex -Society;    Canadian  Ayrshire  Breed- 
ers'   Ass'n.        Now     President     and     a 
Director      of      Executive      of      Guelph 
Winter     Fair.       Vice     Pres.     Dominioai 


Cattle   Breeders'    Assn.     Director   Can- 
adian    National    Exhibition.      Director 
Live  Stock  Breeders'  Assn. 
BAYNTON,    E.    E.,    Bigstick    Lake,    Sas- 
katchewan.     Son    of    William    Baynton 
and    Alice    Roe.      Specialist    in    Shrop- 
shire   and    Ledoester    sheep,    Berkshire 
hogs,     Leghorn    poultry,    etc.      Twelve 
years      in      business.        Vice-President 
Saskatchewan    Sheep    Breeders'     Assn. 
Crop     Correspondent,     Department     of 
Agiiculture,  Ottawa,  Ont. 
BARBER,     Howard,    Gatlneau    PL,    Que. 
Bom  West  Templeton,  1878.     Son  of  C. 
W.      and     Mrs.      Barber.        Unmarried. 
Director    County    Agricultural    Society. 
Breeder  of  Clydesdale  horses   for   past 
twenty  years.     Judge  of  horses  at  vari- 
ous fairs. 
BARR,    George    H.    Dairy    Division,    Ot- 
tawa, Ont.     Bom  Perth  Co.,  July,  1864. 
Son   of  John  and  Mrs.    Barr.     Married 
Maxy  Hamilton.     Chief  of  Dairy  Di\a3- 
ion,    Ottawa.      Chief    Dairy    Instructor 
for  Western  Ontario. 
BEDFORD,     Spencer       Argyle.         Parlia- 
ment     BuUdings,      'Winnii>eg.         Bom 
Sussex,    England,    1851.      Son   of    Jacob 
and  EUzabeth  Bedford.  Married  Minnie' 
Bolton.       Came     to     Canada     in     1863. 
Farmed  in  Western  Canada.    Inspector, 
CsjiajAa.  N.   W.   Land  Co.,   Scottish  On- 
tario and  N.    British    Co.'s.       In     1888, 
Superintendent      Experimental      Faran, 
Brandon.     Professor,   Fieid  Husbandry, 
Manitoba     Agricultural     College     1902- 
1912.      Deputy    Minister   of   Agriculture 
and   Immigration,    1912-1915.     At   pres- 
ent  Weed   Cammlssion-er  and    Superin- 
tendent     Demonstration      Farms       for 
Manitoba. 
BINNIE,     Thomas     H.,     PriceviUe,     Ont. 
Bom     Price\-ille,     1884.       Son     of     Geo. 
Binnie    and    Sarah    Snell.      Unmarried. 
Speodaiizing  in  Holstein  cattle.     Secre- 
tary-Treasurer,    Grey     County     Cattle 
Breeders'  Club  and  Grey  County  Board 
of  Agriculture.     Graduated  from  O.   A. 
C,    1907.      Two    years    In    agricultural 
journalism. 
BLACK,   D.   Allan,   Kingston,  Ont     Born 
Fergus,  Ont.,  Dec.,  1865.     Married  Miss 
Ferguson.     Farming  for  12  years.     Hol- 
stein    cattle     and     Shropshire     sheep. 
Practicing    dentistry  in  Kingston. 
BLACK,     William     John,     Ottawa,     Ont. 
Bom     Mansfield,     Dufferin     Co.,     Ont. 
Nor.,   1872.     Organized  Manitoba  Agri- 
cultural   College.      President    of    same, 
1906-1916.      Deputy    Minister    of    Agri- 
culture,    Manitoba,     1904.        Appointed 
Secretary      Agricultural       Commissian. 
1916. 
BOAG,    John    A.,    Queensville,  Ont.    Bom 
East    Gwillimbury.      President    Clydes- 
dale   Assn.    of    Canada.      Breeder     and 
importer    of    Clydesdale    and    Hackney 
horses    for    30    years.      Senior    member. 
John  A.   Boag  &  Son,  Qu6ens\-llle. 
BOWMAN,  James  A.,  Guelph,  Ont-  Bom 
Grey  County,  April,  1863.     Son  of  Wil- 
liam and  Elizabeth   Bowman.     Married 
Mary  J.  Simpson.     Vice-President  Can- 
adian Aberdeen- Angus  Assn.     Trustee, 
Macdonald  Consolidated  School,  Guelph. 
Twenty- five   years    a   breeder    and   ex- 
hibitor   of    purebred    stock,    exhibiting 
from  Halifax  to  Edmonton,   Aberdeen- 
Angus    cattle,  *  Shropshire    sheep. 


278 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


BOWSFIELD,  James,  MaxjGregor,  Mani- 
toba. Born  Milton,  Out.,  1856.  Son  of 
George  and  Mary  Bowsfleld.  Married 
Amelia  J.  Plumber.  Farming'.  Short- 
horn cattle,  Clydesdale  horses  and 
Yorkshire  swine.  IMrector  Agricultural 
Society,  MacGregor. 

BRETHEN,  G.  A.,  Norwood,  Ont.  Bom 
Norwood,  Aug.,  1877.  Son  of  W.  H. 
and       Elizabeth       Brethen.  Married 

Bertha  Knox.  Directotr,  Holstedn 
PYiesiian  Ass'n.  Nine  years  a  breeder 
of  Holsrtein ,  Friesian  catitle.  Has  de- 
\'eloped  some  high  producing  females. 
One  a  29,000  lb.  cow. 

BROCK,  R.  B.,  R.  R.  5,  Simcoe,  Ont. 
Born  Jarvis,  Ont.,  1858.  Son  of  John 
Brock  and  Elizabeth  Foster.  Married 
Mary  Louisa.  O'Mahony.  Breeder  of 
Registered  Holsteins.  Pathmaster, 
School  Trustee.  Held  posdtlons  as 
President,  Vice-President  and  Secre- 
tary of  farmers  and  fraternal  organlza- 
itions.  Eleven  years  as  a  breeder  of 
Holsteins. 

BROWNE,  James,  Neudlorf,  Saskatch- 
ewan. Born  Garclochhead,  May,  1865. 
Son  of  Ruben  Bennet  Browne,  France. 
SpeoiaJiaing  in  Aberdeen-Angus  cat- 
tle. Director,  Canadian  Aberdeen - 
Angus  Association.  Dipector,  Sas- 
katchewan Sheep  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion.     Twenty-four   years  a   farmer. 

BUCK,  F.  E.,  Central'  Experimental 
Farm,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Graduate,  Mac- 
donald  College,  Que.,  1911.  Associate  of 
Cornell  University,  N.  Y.  Appointed 
Assistant  In  Ornamental  Gardening, 
Horticultural  Division,  Central  Ex- 
perimental Farm,   Ottawa,  1911. 

BULL,  Bartley  A.,  Brampton,  Ont.  Bom 
Brampton,  May,  1886.  Son  of 
late  B.  H.  and  Mrs.  Bull.  Unmarried. 
Secretary,  Canadian  Jersey  Cattle 
Club.  Member  firm  of  B.  H.  Bull  & 
Sons,  breeders  and  importers  of  Jersey 
cattle.  Member  Canadian  National 
Exhibition.  Graduate  in  Arts,  U.  of  T., 
1906.  Farm  of  500  acres  with  over  400 
head  of  Jerseys. 

BULL,  Duncan  C,  Brampton,  Ont.  Bom 
Brampton,  Jan,  1878.  Son  of  the  late 
B.  H.  Bull  and  Sarah  Duncan  Bull. 
Married  Eleanor  L^aier.  Ten  years 
Vice-President,  Canadian  Jersey  Cat- 
tle Club.  Director,  American  J.  C.  C. 
for  3  years.  Member  of  the  firm  of  B. 
H.  Bull  &  Sons,  owners  of  the  largest 
Jersey  herd  in  British  Empire.  Justice 
of  the  Peace. 

BULL,  Louis  J.  C,  Brampton,  Ont. 
Born  Downsview,  Ont.,  Dec,  1874.  Son 
of  B.  H.  Bull  and  Sarah  Duncan.  Mar- 
rded  tTessie  Baskerville.  Specialist  in 
Clydesdale  horses  and  Jersey  cattle. 
Eighteen  years  in  business.  Reeve  of 
Brampton,"  1915.  Vice-President,  On- 
itario  Fairs  Association. 

BURRELL,  Hon.  Martin,  Dominion  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Born 
Faringdon,  Berks,  Eng.,  Oct.,  1858. 
Son  of  Edward  and  Jane  (Liarmer) 
BurreM.  Married  Sara  B.  Armstrong. 
Came  to  Canada,  1883.  Fruit  farming, 
Niagara  Peninsula.  Fourteen  years 
connected  with  Farmers'  Institute. 
Writer  and  lecturer  on  horticultural 
subjects.  Moved  to  B.  C,  1900.  Fruit 
farming.  Kettle  Valley,  B.  C.  Fruit 
Commissioner    and    Leotiirer    in    Bng- 

.  land   for   B.    C.    Government,    1907-1908. 


Member  of  Board  of  Horticulture,  B.C. 
Elected  to  House  of  Commons  for 
Yale-Cariboo,  1908;  re-elected,  1911. 
Called  to  Boi-den  Cabinet  as  Minister 
of  Agriculture  and  re-elected  by 
acclamation,  1911.  Mayor,  Grand  Forks, 
1903. 

BYRNES,  John,  Dept.  Trade  and  Com- 
inerce,  Ottawa,  Onit.  Born  Ottawa, 
1859.  In  Government  service  33  years. 
Now  chief  of  Inspection  Branch  and 
>  Grain  Statistician.  In  charge  of  grain 
branch  since   1901. 

CAESAR,  Lawson,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph. 
Bom  Mono  Rd.,  Ont.,  Feb.,  1870.  Son 
of  John  and  Jane  Caesar.  Married 
Mai-y  E.  Manson.  Formealy  Classical 
Master,  Port  Hope  High  School.  Now 
Provincial  Entomologist  for  Ontario 
and  Associate  Professor  of  Entom- 
ology,   O.    A.    C,    Guelph. 

CARON,  Hon.  Joseph  Edouard,  Minister 
of  AgYiicuLture,  Province  of  Quebec, 
Parliament  Buildings,  Que.  Born  St. 
Louise,  Que.,  Jan.,  1886.  Son  of  Ed- 
ouard and  Deranges  (Cloutier)  Caron. 
Married  Matilda  Destrois-Maisons, 
1897.  Educated  St.  Annes  College. 
Parmi«ig  in  Ste.  Louise.  Elleoted  Pro- 
vincial Legislature  for  L'Islet,  1902-4-8. 
Defeated  1-913.  Elected  to  Provincial 
Legislature  for  Les  Isles  d  la  M.,  1913. 
Appointed  Provincial  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture,  Nov.,   1909.  , 

CARVELL,  F.  B.,  Woodstock,  N.  B.  Born 
Woods.tock,  N.  B.,  Aug.,  1863.  Son  of 
Bishop  Carveli  and  Margaret  Landsay. 
Married  Carrie  B.  Parks.  Extensive 
hay  farming. 

CHRISTIE,  Peter,  Manchester  Ont. 
Breeder  of  Clydesdale  horses  and  Short- 
horn cattle.  Ex-member  of  the  Do- 
minion Parliament  for  South  Ontario. 
Ex-President  Clydesdale  Horse  Associ- 
ation of  Canada.  At  present  Vice-Pre- 
sident for  Ontario  and  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  that  Associa- 

-  tion.     Director   Guelph  Winter   Fair. 

CLARK,  J.  Artemas,  Experimental  Sta- 
tion, Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I.  Bom 
Bay  View,  Aug. -1878.  Son  of  John  C. 
and  Annie  M.  (Simpson)  Clark.  Mar- 
ried W.  Allison  Toole,  of  Tooleton,  N. 
8.,  March  30th,  1910.  Assistant  on  Seed 
Commission  Staff,  1908.  Superintendent, 
Experimental  Station,  Charlottetown, 
since  organization  in  1909.  Graduaste, 
Ontario  Agricultural  Col.,  1906.  Grad- 
uate, School  of  Agriculture,  Oorneill 
University,  1908.  Sixteen  years  active- 
ly   engaged   in   agriculture. 

CREELMAN,  Geo.  Christie,  President, 
Ont.       Agricultural       College,       Guelph. 

■  Born  CollLngwood,  Ont.,  May,  1867.  Son 
of  J.  S.  and  Isabel  (Patterson)  Creel- 
man.  Married  Ada  Mills,  daughter  of 
Dr.  James  Mills,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  1892. 
Graduate,  Toronto  University  (B.S.A.), 
1888;  Cornell,  Wisconsin;  Michigaai 
Agricultural  College;  Mississippi  Agri- 
cultural College;  McGill  University 
(LL.D.),  1910.  Prof.  Biology  Missis- 
sippi A.  C,  1889-1892.  Sup't.  Farmers' 
Institutes,  Ont.,  1897-1904.  Elected 
President,  American  Ass'n.  Farmers' 
Institutes,  1904.  Appointed  President, 
Ont.  Agri.  CkJl.,  1904.  Chairman, 
Board  of  Control  Emit  Exp.  Stat's.  for 
Ontario. 


WHO'S  \^^^o  in  agriculture. 


GUMMING,  Melville,  Truro,  Nova  Scotia. 
Born  Stellarton,  N.  S.,  January,  1876. 
Son  of  Dr.  T.  and  Mrs.  M.  Gumming. 
Mai-ried  Alice  Archibald.  Secretary  for 
Agriculture  for  Xova  Scotia.  Principal, 
Colleg^e    of    Agriculture,    Truro,    X.    S. 

DAGGETT,  J.  B.,  Fredericton,  N.  B. 
Born  Xew  Brunswick,  May,  1869.  Son 
of  Edmund  and  Susan  Daggett.  Mar- 
ried Liizzie  J.  Merritheue.  Secretary 
for  Agriculture,  Xew  Brunswick.  For  7 
years  breeder  of  A>Tshire  and  Holstein 
cattle,  Clydesdale  horses,  Oxford  sheep 
and  Yorkshire  pigs. 

DAY,  William  H.,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph,  Ont 
Born  Tp.  of  Penelon,  Sept.,  1871.  Son 
of  X'athan  and  Polly  Ann  Day.  Mar- 
ried Ethel  E.  Williams.  Honor 
Mathematics  and  Physics,  University, 
Toronto,  and  Gold  Medallist  in  Physics. 
Demonstrator  in  Phy.sics,  O.  A.  C.  1903. 
Lecturer,  ditto,  1904.  Professor  of 
Physics,  1906.  In  charge  of  Drainage 
Educational  Work  in  Ontario.  Light- 
ning Rod  Investigator. 

DEAN,  Henry  H.,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph,  Ont. 
Born  W^aterioo  Co.,  Ont.,  Nov.  1865. 
Son  of  Walter  Dean  (obit.)  and  Theresa 
HsLhnel.  Married  Almeda  An^ey, 
Guelph.  Appointed  Professor,  Dairy 
Husbandrj-,  O.  A.  C,  1891.  For  edghteen 
years  in  charge  of  Dairy  Herd  at  O.  A. 
C.  Owner  of  Dairy  and  Fniit  Farm, 
Grimsby,       Ont.         flolstein    .  Priesian 

DE  COURCY,  Daniel,  Mitchell,  Ont.  Born 
Doon  Mills,  Ont.,  April,  1853.  Son  of 
P.  D.  De  Courcy.  Married  Julie  Keyes. 
Director,  Dominion  Swine  Breeders' 
Ass'n.  Past  President,  ditto.  Twenty- 
eight  years  farming.  Clydesdale  horses 
and  Chester  White  swine. 

DICKSON,  Hugh  A..  Central  Onslow, 
Xova  Scotia.  Born  August  25th,  1885. 
Son  of  Eli  Dickson  and  Hannah  Archi- 
bald. Married  Clara  J.  Hill.  Special- 
ist in  Guernsey  cattle  and  Yorlcshire 
swine.  Vice-Presddent,         Canadian 

Guernsey    Breeders'    Association.  In 

business  of  farming  since  1901. 

DOHERTY,  T.  K..  Dept.  of  Agriculture, 
Ottawa-  Born  Sherbrooke.  Que,  1858. 
Son  of  W.  M.  Doherty.  Married  Ada 
Richard.  Bachelor  of  Law.^.  Com- 
missdoner  for  Canada  of  the  Inter- 
national Institute  of  Agriculture.  Dele- 
gate for  Canada  at  the  1911  and  1913 
meetings  of  General  Assembly.  Source 
of  foreign  information  in  the  Bulletin 
of  Foreign  Agricultural  Intelligence. 

DRYDEN.  William  A..  Maple  Farm. 
Brooklin.  Ont.  Born  Brooklin.  Son  of 
the  late  Hon.  John  Drjden.  Special- 
ist in  Shorthorn  cattle  and  Shropshire 
sheep. 

DUFF,  Hon.  Jas.  Stoddart,  Parliament 
Buildings,  Toronto.  Born  Cookstown, 
Ont.,  June.  1856.  Son  of  John  and 
Eliza  Jane  (Stodder-=>  Buff.  Farmer. 
Elected  Ontario  L        '  for  Simcoe 

West.   1898:   re-el-  .   1905,   1908, 

1911.        Appointed  of     Agri- 

culture. Wbitney  Government.  1908. 
Councillor.  Town.=;hip  E3.«^.  Ont..  since 
1888.  Deputy  Reeve.  Married  Jane 
Bell   Stoddart.      ' 

EADIE,  J.  D..  Vars,  Ont.  Born  Rus.<!ell. 
Ont.,  X'ov..  1862.  Son  of  WiUlam  and 
Sarah  Badie.  Married  Jennie  Paul. 
Specializing   in    Clydesdale   horses    and 


Ayrshire  cattle.  Farming  since  1881. 
Director,    Township    and    County    Fair. 

ELFORD,  Frederick  Charles,  Experi- 
mental Farm,  Ottawa.  Born  Waterloo 
County,  Ont.,  1871.  Son  of  J.  H.  and 
Mary  Elford.  At  present  Dominion 
Poultry  Husbandman  and  Chief  of 
Poultrj'  Division,  Ottawa  Dept.  of 
Agriculture.  Formerly  manager  and 
Lecturer,  Poultry  Dept.,  Macdonald  Col- 
lege, Quebec.  Farming  in  Huron 
CouTity,  Ontario,  up  to  1903. 

ELLIOTT,  T.  D..  Bolton,  Ont.  Bom 
Bolton,  Aug.,  1856.  Married  Helen  H. 
Evajis.  Importer  and  breeder  of 
Percherons  and  Clydesdales  since  1904. 
Director,  C-anaudian  Clydesdal©  Horse 
Ass'n. 

ELLISON,  Hon.  Price.  Minister  of  Fin- 
ance and  Agriculture  for  British 
Columbia.  Born  England.  March,  1862. 
Went  to  B.  C,  1876.  Farmer  and 
rancher,  Okanagan  District,  11.000  acres 
of  land.  For  three  years  the  Istrgest 
grower  of  w4ieat  in  B.  C.  Firsrt  to 
urge  importance  of  irrigation.  Elected 
to  B.  C.  Legislature  for  Yale,  1898-1900- 
1903-1909.  Appointed  Commissioner  of 
Lands.  Oct.,  1909.  Minister  of  Finance 
and  Agriculture  since  1910.  Address, 
Victoria.  B.  C. 

FAREWELL,  A.  A.,  Oshawa,  Ont.  Bom 
Oshawa,  Sept..  1885.  Scm  of  Charles 
and  Mary  (McGill)  Farewell.  Married 
Mary  Caroline  Fowke.  Farming  for 
past  ten  years.  Specializing  in  Hcd- 
stein-Friesian  cattle  and  Rhode  Island 
Red  fowl. 

GALBRAITH,  Alexander,  Parliament 
BuUdinETS,  Edmonton.  Alta.  Bom 
Scotland.  May,  1S53.  Married  Christina 
MacXicol.  President,  American  Clydes- 
dale Ass'n.  Ex.-Pres.,  American  Horse 
Ass'n.  For  33  years  a  breeder  and  im- 
porter of  Clydesdales,  Shires.  Perche- 
rons. Appointed  Superintendent  Fsc.- 
and  Institutes  for  Alberta,  1915. 

GANDIER,  State  Harvey,  O.  A.  C, 
Guelph.  Ont.  Born  Toronto,  Ont.,  1886. 
Son  of  Rev..  Jabez  and  Mrs.  Gandier, 
Pelee  Island.  Graduate  Ontario  Agri- 
cultural College.  Number  of  years 
teaching  puWic  school  in  Ontario,  also 
Instructor  in  Agriculture.  Appointed 
Secretary  to  President,  O.  A.  C,  in 
1911. 

GIBSON.  Alfred  Leonard,  Department  of 
Chemistry.  O.  A.  C,  Guelph,  Ortt.  Bom 
Manchester.  England.  Jan..  1?ST. 
Lecturer  in  Agricultural  Chemistry- 
and  SpeciaJif*  in  Soils  and  Fertilizers 
at  O.  .\.  C.  Guelph.  Degrees  B.S.A.,  N. 
D..V..    N.D.D. 

GIBSON,  J.  T.,  Denfield.  Ont.     Bom  Eng- 
land.    1841.       Married     Jennie     Robso^ 
Ex. -President.   Ontario  Sheep  Breeder- 

-  .\s,s'n.  Sixty  years  in  business  of  farm- 
ing. Shorthorn  cattle  and  Lincoln  sheep. 

GIRARD.  Joseph,  St.  Gideon.  Chicout- 
imi.  Bom  St.  Xobain.  August,  1854. 
Son  of  Cotone  Girard  and  Marie 
Tremblay.  Married  Emma  Cote.  M. 
P.P.  for  Chlcoutimi.  1900.  M.P..  1911- 
1916.  Farming.  Specialzang  in  French- 
Canadian  cattle.  Former  President, 
Quebec      Dairy      Socletj-.  President, 

School  Commission  for  29  years.  Presi- 
dent. Agricultural  Society.  Lake  St. 
John,  for  24  >-ears.  President,  Chees© 
Boexd,  20  years. 


280 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


GOODERHAM,  Gordon  S.,  Olarkson, 
Ont.  Born  Toronto,  Nov.,  1884.  Son 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  G.  Gooderham,  To- 
ronto. Farming  360  acres.  Holstedin- 
Frieislan  cattle,  Whiite  Leghorn  fowl. 
Orcharding  and  small  fruits.  Farming 
since  1906. 
GORMLEY,  A.  G.,  Unionvdlle,  Ont., 
Breeder  of  Olydesdiale  ihorses.  Ex.- 
Dlreotor  and  ex-member  of  Executive 
Committee,  Clydesdale  Horse  Ass'n.  of 
Canada. 
GRISDALE,  J.  H.^  Central  Experimental 
Farm,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Bonn  St.  Marthe, 
Que.,  Feb.  18th,  1870.  Son  of  A.  B. 
Gnlsidalo  and  Elizabeth  Simpsooi.  Gold 
Medallist,  O.  A.  C,  Guellph,  1898.  Win- 
ner at  1st  istudents'  judging  oontesit, 
Nebraska,  1898.  Agriculturist,  Central 
Experimental  Farm,  1899-1909.  Do- 
minion Agriculturist,  1909-1911.  Direct- 
or Dominion  Experimenital  Farms  since 
1911,  also  Director,  Eastern  Ontario  Fat 
Stock  and  Dairy  Show. 

HALLMAN,  A.  C,  Breslau,  Ont.  Bom 
New  Dundee,  Ont.,  Oct.,  1858.  Son  of 
John  S.  HDallman.  Married  Orenda 
Ann  Baldwin.  Ex.-P.res.,  Holistedin 
Ass'n.  of  Canada.  Twenty  years 
Farmers'  Institute  Staff  of  Ontario. 
Reeve  Waterloo  Township.  Spealaliz- 
ing  in  Holsteln  Friesian  cattle,  Tam- 
worth  swine  and  Barred  Rock  poultry. 
Thirty  years  in   farming  industry. 

HARDING,  Wm.  S.,  Hammond  River. 
N.B.  Born  Weilsford,  N.  B.,  Feby., 
1876.  Son  of  Wm.  S.  Harding,  Sr.  Mar- 
ried May  R.  Armstrong.  Director, 
Maritime  Stock  Breeders'  Ass'n. 
Breeder  of  Holsteln  cattle  and  York- 
shire swine. 

HARRISON,  Major  Francis  Charlet,  St. 
Barbe,  Macdonald  College,  Que.  Born 
1871,  Biirmingham,  Bng.  Son  of  F. 
Sladen  Hanrison,  late  H.  M.'s  4th 
Regt.  Graduate,  Toronto  University* 
(B.S.A.),  1892;  Beme  University;  Wiis- 
oonsin  UniveTsdty,  Michigan  University; 
Cambridg-e  Uniiversity;  Copenhagen 
University,  and  McGill  University, 
B.Sc,  1907;  M.Sc,  1907;  D.Sc.  1908; 
Prof.  Biology,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph,  1893-7; 
Bact.  do,  1898-1905.  Since  then.  Prof. 
Baoteriicflogy,  Macdonaldi  Cojlege,  St. 
Ainne^,  Qua  IPrinoifpiali  (Since  1911. 
Married  Margaret  Rosalind  Mills,, 
isecond  daughter  of  Dr.  Jas.  MiUls. 

HENDRIE,  William,  Hamilton,  Onit- 
Born  Haimilton,  Ont.,  1863.  Son  of 
William  and  Margaret  (WaJkeir) 
Hendrie.  Married  Elizabeth  Brown. 
President,  Thoroughbred  Horse  So- 
ciety of  Canada.  President,  Hendrie 
&  Co.,  agents  for  G.  T.  Ry.  of  Canada. 

HUBBARD,  William.  Woodbridge,  Do- 
minion Experiimental  Station,  Fred- 
eiricton.  New  Brunswick.  Born  Bur- 
ton, N.  B.,  August  4th,  1866.  Son  of 
F.  A.  and  S.  H.  Hubbard.  Married 
Anna  L.  Gregory.  Superintendent,  Ex- 
perimental   Station,     Frederloton,     N.B. 

JAIVIES,    Cliarles    C,    144    St.    George    St., 

TorOirLto.       Born     Napanee,    Ont.,     June 

1863.     Professor  of  Chemistry,  O.  A.  C, 

GueQph,    1886-1891.      Deputy  Minister   of 

Agriculture   for  Ontario,    1891-1912.    Ap- 

ipolnted   Agricultural  Commissioner   for 

C?J3.«da  in  1912. 

JOHNSiN.     A.     A.,     StraiTordville,     Ont. 

Bom  Sti^fCordviUe,  Oct,  21ist,  1882.   Son 

of    L,     JoPSon    and    V.     B.     Stratton. 

MJarrl'ed     14     E.     Maguire.       Fanner. 


Specializing  in  Holstedn  Friesian  Cat- 
(tlie.     Ten  years  in  buslniess. 

JONES,  Daniel  H.,  Guelph.  Ont.  Born 
Worcestershire,  Eng.,  1865.  Son  of 
Joseph  Jones  and  Mary  Ann  Jones. 
Married  Helen  Grace  Carlyle.  Gradu- 
ate of  Ontario  Agricultural  College. 
Professor  of  Bacteriology,  Ontario 
Agricultural   College,   Guelph. 

KAY,  William  F.,  PhlUlpsburg,  Que. 
Born  Montreal,  1876.  Member  of 
Federal  ParUaanent.  Breeder  of 
Clydesdale  horses  and  Ayrshire  cattle 
for  15  years.  Proprietor  Ravensdale 
Stock  Farm,   PhiUiipsburg,   Que. 

KEITH,  William,  Lastowel,  Ont.  Bom 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  1841.  Married 
Jane  McGeorge.  Fpr  20  years  promin- 
ently connected  with  the  cheese  In- 
dustry of  Western  Ontario  as  a  sales- 
maniag-er.  Now  farming.  Specializing 
in  Shorthorn  cattle  and  Tamworth 
swine. 

KELLY,  Robert  J.,  Culloden,  Ont.  Bom 
Oneiida,  Ontario,  March  20th,  1871.  Son 
of  Jesse  and  Mary  Kelly,  Hagersvllle, 
Ont.  Married  Jennie  B.  Lindsay,  of 
Hagersvllle.  Breeder  of  Holstein- 
Frlesian  cattle  and  Barred  Plymouth 
Rock  poultry  for  past  12  years.  Presi- 
dent, Tillsonburg  and  Dereham  Agri- 
cultural Society.  Secretary,  Southern 
Ontario  Consignment  Sales  Co.  Peo- 
ple's Warden  of  St.  Stephen's  Church, 
Culloden.   Ont. 

LEUSZLER,  Jacob,  Bright,  Ont.  Bom 
Ontario,        1864.  Married        Hannah 

Ga;bel.  Councillor.  Member  of  Board, 
Oxford  Holsteln  Breeders'  Club. 
Speolaliiist  in  purebred  Holsteins  and 
Yorkshire  hogs.     In  business  all  life. 

LIPSIT,  Louis  H.,  StraffordvUle,  Ont. 
Born  StraffordvUle,  Feb.  2ith,  1879. 
Son  of  William  and  Susan  Lipsit.  Mar- 
ried Olive  G.  Williamson.  Breeder  of 
purebred  Holstedn  cattle  for  the  last 
ten  years.  Prominent  in  Canadian  Ex- 
hibition iShowrimgs  as  an  exhibitor  oif 
Holstein-Friesian  cattle. 

LOCHHEAD,  William,  B.S.A.,  M.S.C., 
Macdonald  College,  St.  Anne  De  BeUe- 
viUe,  Quebect  Born  Lijstowel,  Ont., 
1864.  Son  of  William  L.  and  Helen 
OampbeQl.  Married  Llllas  Grant. 
Professor  Biology,  Ontario  Agri- 
cultural College,  1898-1906.  Professor 
Biology,  Macdonald  College,  Que.,  since 
1906.  President  Quebec  Society  Pro- 
tection of  Plants.  President  Quebec 
Pomologiical  Society.  Editor  Journal  of 
Agriculture,  Quebec.  Ex. -President 
Ontario  Entomological  Society. 

MARSHALL,  Hon.  Duncan  .McLean, 
Minister  of  Agriculture  for  Province  of 
Alberta,  Edmonton,  Alta.  Born  Bruce 
Co.,  Ont.,  Sept.,  1872.  Son  of  John  and 
Margaret  (MoMurchy)  Marshall.  Spent 
twenty  years  on  home  farm.  Taught 
school.  1890-1894.  One  of  organizers 
of  Patrons  of  Industry,  Ont.,  1897-1898. 
Moved  to  Alberta,  1905.  Editor,  Man- 
ager Daily  Bulletin,  Edmonton.  Owns 
and  operates  large  farm.  Olds  Dis- 
trict. Elected  to  Alberta  Legislature 
for  Olds.  1909.  Received  present  ap- 
fpointment,  Rutherford  Admiinistration, 
1909;  reappoiinted,  •  1910.  Established 
Alberta  Provincial  Schools  of  Agri- 
culture, 1913.  Closely  identified  witli 
journalism  as  editor  and  owner  of  vari- 
ous newspapers  since  1900.  Married 
Christina.  Maclsaac  of  P.  B.  I.,  1899. 
Two  sons'. 


WHO'S  WHO  IN  AG-RICULiTtrRE. 


281 


MASON,  Wallace  H.,  Simcoe,  Out.  Bom 
TowTLsend,  Ont.,  June,  1884.  Son  of 
Walter  E.  and  Saxaii  Mason.  Married 
Rosamond  M.  Mott.  President  Norfolk 
Holstein  Breeders'  Club.  Breeder 
Holsteln  cattle. 

McCREADY,  S.  B.,  Prince  of  Wales  Col- 
lege, Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I.  Born 
Harriston,  Ontario.  Son  of  Alexander 
McCready,  Harriston,  Ont.  Science 
Master,  London  CoUegiate  Institute, 
1898-1905.  Prof,  of  Nature  Study,  Mac- 
donald  Institute,  Guedph,  Ont.,  1905- 
1911-  .  Acting:  head  Botaniqal  Dept., 
O.  A.  C.  1908-1911.  Director  Schools 
Div-ision,  Exp.  Union,  1909-1915.  Direct- 
or Elementary  Agricultural  Education 
fpr      Ontario,       1911-1915.  Appointed 

Head  of  Rural  Science  Dept.,  Prince  of 
Wales  College,  Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I., 
in  1915. 

McDIARMID,  H.  S.,  Fingal,  Ont.  Born 
Fingal,  February  15th,  1883.  Son  of 
John  and  Mrs.  McDiarmid.  Breeder  of 
Holstein  cattle  and  Yorkshire  swine. 
Twelve  years  in  business.  President 
Shedden   Farmers'    Club. 

McEACHRAN,  Duncan,  Ormsby  Grange 
Stock  Farm,  Ormstown,  P.  Q.  Born 
Campbeltown,  Argyleshlre,  Scotland, 
Oct.,  1841.  Son  of  David  McEachran 
and  Jennie  Blackney.  Married  Esther 
Flasket,  St.  Crois,  W.  I.  Originator  of 
Cattle  Quarantine  and  Chief  Inspector 
for  the  Dominion  for  twenty-seven 
years.  Vice-President  Cochrane  Ranch. 
President:  and  General  Manager  New 
Woolrand  Ranch,  Alberta.  Deaji  and 
Professor  Faculty  of  Comparative 
Medicine,  McGill  University.  Pro- 
prietor Ormsby  Grange  Stock  Farm, 
specializing  in  the  best  blood  of  Clydes- 
dale horse  breed. 

McEWEN,  P.  J.,  Wyoming.  Ont.  Bom 
Carleton  Place,  Ont.,  June,  1876.  Son 
of  James  ilcEwen  and  Christina  Scott. 
Farming:  Specializing  in  Berkshire 
swine.  President  Ontario  Berkshire 
Breeders'     Association.  Twenty-one 

years  farming. 

McGregor,  James  D.,  Brandon,  Majil- 
toba  Born  Amherstburg,  Ont.  Presi- 
dent Brandon  Winter  Fair.  Director 
Brandon  Summer  Fair,  etc.  Farming 
for  post  20  years.  Noted  as  a  breeder 
of  Aberdeen-Angus  cattle,  Suffolk 
Down  sheep,  Berkshire  and  Poland 
China  Hogs. 

McGUGAN,  A.  D.,  Rodney,  Ont.  Born 
Elgin  County,  Ont.,  July,  1862.  Son  of 
D.  McGugan  and  Jane  McKay.  Mar- 
ried Bessie  Todd.  Farming:  Specializ- 
ing in  Hackney  horses  and  Holstein- 
FViesian  cattle.     In  business  35  years. 

McKEE,  John,  Norval,  Oxford  Co.,  Ont. 
Bom  Norwich,  July,  1864.  Son  of 
Hugh  and  Annie  McKee.  Married 
Annae  M.  Hepburn.  Breeder  of  Ajt- 
shire  cattle.  Herd  established  in  1872 
by  Hugh  McKee.  Secretary-Treasurer 
Southern  Counties  Ayrshire  Club. 
Director  Canadian  Ayrshire  Breeders' 
Association.  Secretary- Treasurer  North 
Norwich  Agricultural  Society.  Auditor 
North  Norwich  Township  and  for  Otter 
Mutual   Fire  Insurance   Co. 

McKENZIE,  John,  WiUowdaJe,  Ont.  Born 
Oak  Ridges,  Oni.,  April,  1869.  Breeder 
of  Tamworth  swine  and  Holstein 
cattle. 


McKILLOP,  John  A.,  West  Lome,  Omt. 
Bom  Elgin  Co.,  Oct.,  1861.  Son  of 
Arch,  and  Mary  (McKeUar)  McKillop. 
Married  Sarah  J.  Ferguson.  Director 
Elgin  Winter  Fair  and  County  Farm- 
ers' Institute.  Ex. -Prof.  Kentucky 
University.  Manager  Agr.  Dept.  of  A. 
McKiUop  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  and  Secy,  of 
same,  breeders  of  light  horses  ajid 
Shorthorn  cattle  for  25  years. 

McKINNON,  Alexander,  Hillsburg,  Ont. 
Born  Erin  Tp.,  Ont.,  1855.  Son  of  Neil 
and  Margaret  (McMillan)  McKinnon. 
Reeve  of  Erin  Tp.  Warden  Wellington 
Co.,  1906.  Farming  25  years.  Aberdeen- 
Angus   cattle. 

McKINNON,  Hon.  Murdock,  Montague, 
P.  E.  I.  Bom  Brooklin,  Kings  Co. 
Farmer.  Ejected  to  Prince  Edward 
Island  Legislature  for  King's  4tJi  Dis- 
trict, 1897;  re-elected  general  election, 
1900-4-8-12.  Since  Dec.  5,  1911,  Prov- 
incial SecretBirj'- Treasurer  and  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  for  P.  E.  I. 

McKIRDY,  William,  Naptnka.  Manitoba. 
Bom  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  May,  1864. 
Director  Manitoba  Horse  Breeders' 
Ass'n.  Director  Brandon  Summer 
Fair.  Twenty-seven  years  in  farming 
industry.  Shorthorn  cattle  and  Clydes- 
dale horses.  Member  of  firm  of  Mc- 
Kirdy   Bros. 

McMillan,  D.,  Dutton,  Ont.  Born  Scot- 
land, 1844.  Son  of  Donald  and  Janet 
(Greenlees)  MoMiUaSi.  Married  Annie 
Goldie.  Breeder  of  Shorthorns  and 
Clydesdales  for  30  years.  Lincoln 
sheep  and  Berkshire  hogs  for  over  10 
years. 

MacNUTT,  Hon.  Tho8.,  SaUcoa-ts,  Sask. 
Bom  Campbellton,  N.  B.,  Aug.,  1850. 
Son  of  C.  S.  and  Emily  A.  (Sims)  Mac- 
Nutt.  Married  MjEirgaret  MoFayden. 
Farming  in  Western  Canada  for  40 
years.  Pres.  Agr.  Socy.  Director  sev- 
eral local  institutions.  Former  speaker 
Saskatchewan  Legislature.  Holstedn 
cattle. 

McPHEE,  D.  A.,  Vankleek  Hill,  Ont.  Born 
Crystal  Spring  Farm,  "Vankleek  HiU, 
1878.  Son  of  Daniel  McPhee.  Fifteen 
years  farming.  Specialist  in  Holstein - 
Friesian  cattle  and  Oxford  Down  sheep. 
Herd  of  80  head  of  HoLsteins. 

M  ON  DON,  A.  A.,  Montreal,  Que.  Bom 
St.  Francois  Du  Lac,  Feb.,  1872.  Son 
of  E.  and  Georgina  (Desmanals)  Mon- 
don.  Married  Augustine  Cardins.  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament,  Ottawa.  Gen.  Mgr. 
The  Quebec  and  Western  Canada  Lajid 
Syndicate,  Ltd.  Speoializing  in  Short- 
horn cattle  6  years. 

MONTEITH,  Nelson,  Stratford.  Ont. 
Born  Downie  Tp.,  Ont.,  Nov.,  1862.  Son 
of  Samuel  and  Annie  Jane  (Nelson) 
Monteith.  Married  Ida  May  Lupton. 
Ex-M.P.P.  Ex-Minister  of  Agri- 
culture for  Ontario.  Past  President 
Ontario  Experimental  Union.  Stratford 
Agricultural  Society.  Farmers'  Insti- 
tute. School  Trustee,  Tp.  Coun., 
Reeve  and  Warden.  Graduate  O.  A.  C. 
Now  farming.  Thirty-two  years  In 
business.  Clydesdales,  Shorthorns  and 
Leicesters. 

MONTGOMERY,  G.  H.,  K.  C,  Domlnlcm 
Express  Building,  Montreal.  Bom 
Phillipsburgh,  1874.  Proprietor  of  Lake- 
side Stock  Farm,  Phillipsburgh,  Que. 
Specializing  in  Ayrshire  cattle. 


282 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


MORRIS,  James,  M.P.,  Aubrey,  Que.  Son 
of  Patrick  Morris  and  Ann  McRae. 
Unmarried.  Parmer  and  stonecutter. 
Mayor  of  St.  Jean  Chrysostome  for  2 
years.  Director  Ohateauguay  Agri- 
cultural Sooieity.  Candidate  general 
election,  1911.  Elected  in  bye-eleoUon., 
1913.  Specialist  in  Live  stock.  Farm- 
ing 30  years. 

MORRISON,  John  A.,  Mount  Elgin,  Ont. 
Born  Oxford  County.  Son  of  Douglas 
and  Lavinia  Morrison.  Breeder  of 
Ayrshire  cattle.  High  standing  in  R. 
O.  P.  for  Ayrshires.  Olrector  Southern 
Ayrshire  Breeders'  Club  of  Ontario. 
Formerly  "  Township  Councillor  and 
Reeve. 

MOTHERWELL,  Hon.  W.  R.,  Minister 
of  Agriculture  Province  of  Saskatche- 
wan. Born  Perth,  Omt.,  Jan.,  1860. 
Son  of  John  and  Eliza  Motherwell. 
Married  Miss  A.  Rogers,  New  Boyne, 
Ont.,  (d)  1884;  secondly,  Miss  Kate 
Giillespie,  Fife  Hill,  Sask.,  1908.  Went 
West,  1881.  One  of  pioneers  of  Mani- 
toba. Farm  at  Abernethy.  Founded 
first  grain  growsrs'  association  in 
Sask.  Member  for  Humboldt  since 
1908.  Commissioner  of  Apiculture  and 
Provincial  Secretary  in  Scott  Adminis- 
tration since  its  formation,  1905. 
Organizer  and  formerly  President 
Central   Can.    Seed  Growers'    Ass'n. 

MUIR,  Archie,  Scarboro,  Ont.  Born 
Sca-rboro,  March,  1870.  Son  of  Archie 
and  Catherine  (Loane)  Muir.  Married 
May       Elizabeth       Thomson.  School 

Trustee     and     Secy.-Treas.        Twenty-^ 
five   years   farming.     Purebred  Holst^n 

MUNROE,  William  A.,  Rosthern,  Sask. 
Born  Che.=>terville,  Ont.,  June,  1874.  Son 
of  John  W.  and  Amelia  Munroe.  Mar- 
ried Jessie  Dean.  .Graduate  O.  A.  C, 
Guelph.  District  Rep.  Ont.  Dept.  Agri- 
culture, 1907-1909.  Appointed  Superin- 
tendent Dominion  Exp.  Statilcm, 
Rosthem,    Sa-sk. 

MURRAY,  Jas.  A.,  Fredericton,  N.  B. 
Born,  Monoton,  N.  B.,  Jan.,  1864.  Son 
of  John  Murray.  Married  Caroline 
Murray.  Minister  of  Agriculture  for 
New  Brunswick. 

OASTLER,  J.  R.,  East  Selkirk,  Ont.  Born 
Pai^y  Sound,  Ont.,  1876.  Son  of 
Andrew  Oastler.  Married  Beatrace 
Andrews.  Live  Stock  Husbandman, 
Orookston  Exp.  Sta.  Manager  Van 
Home  Farm,  East  Selkirk.  SpeciaJiz- 
ing  in  Shorthorn  cattle  and  Yorkshire 
sw^ine  for  20  years.  Ex-President  Farm- 
ers' Institute,  Charlotte  Co.,  N.  B. 
GraduaJte  O.   A.   C.   Guelph. 

PETTIT,  H.  M.,  Freeman,  Ont.  Born 
Freeman,  Ont.  Son  of  W.  G.  Pettit. 
Secretary-Treasurer  toomindon  Cattle 
Breeders'  Ass'n.  Farmer:  Shorthorn 
cattle,  Clydesdale  horses.  Firm  of  J. 
A.   and  H.   M.   Pettit. 

PETTIT,  Morley,  Guelph,  Ont.  Born 
Belmont,  Elgin  Co..  Ont.  Son  of  S.  F. 
and  Abigail  (De  Witt)  Pettit.  Unmar- 
ried. Beekeeping  industry  17  years. 
Appointed  Provincial  Apiarist  for  On- 
tario in  1909.  Lecturer  Beekeeping  O. 
A.  C,  Guelph.  Secretary-Treasurer 
Ontario  Beekeepers'  Ass'n.  Vice- 
President    U.    S.    National    Beekeepers' 

POWER,  William,  Quebec,  P.  Q.  Born 
Sillery  Cove,  Que.,  February,  1849.  Son 
of  William  Power  and  Mary  Fitzgerald. 


Married  Winnifred  Rockett.  Special- 
izing  in  French -Canadian  cattle.  Mem- 
ber of  Dominion  Parliament  for 
Kamouraska  County,  Quebec. 

PYM,  Bros.,  Mirror,  Alberta.  Born  dn 
England.  Four  years  specializing  In 
Hereford  cattle. 

REYNOLDS,  Joseph  Benson,  Manitoba 
Agricultural  College,  Winnipeg.  Born 
Durham  County,  Ont.,  Dec,  1867.  Son 
of  Joseph  and  Anne  Reynolds.  Mar- 
ried Margaret  Gowdy.  Bachelor  of 
Arts  with  honors  in  Mathematics  and 
Physios,  Toronto  University,  1893. 
Master  of  Arts,  1911.  Professor -of  Eng- 
lish, Ontario  Agricultural  College,  1893- 
1915.  Appointed  President  of  Manitoba 
Agricultural  College,   Oct.,   1915. 

RICE,  George,  Stonewall,  Manitoba.  B^rn 
Till.sonburg,  Ont.,  June,  1861.  Son  of 
George  Rice  and  Aignes  Gracey  Watt. 
Married  Rebecca  Mercer.  Past  Town- 
ship Councillor.  Farming  for  last  25 
>'ears.  Specializing       in        Holstein- 

Friesian  cattle. 

RICHARDSON,  John  W.,  Oaledoniia,  Ont. 

Born    ,    Sept.,    1871.      Son 

of  Matthew  and  Dorothy  Richardson. 
IVIarried  Annie  M.  Marshall.  President 
and  Secretary-Treasurer  Caledonia 
Fair  for  10  years.  Vice-President  and 
Director  ,of  Holstedn-Friesian  Ass'n. 
President  Halddmand  Farmers'  Insti- 
tute. Breeder  of  Holstein-Friesian  cat- 
tle for  20  years.  Winner  of  1st  prize 
for  best  Dairy  Farm  in  Ontario  in  3 
years'  competition.  Farm  was  one  of 
the  first  to  grow  alfalfa  in  Ontario. 

RIVERS,  Walburn,  R.  R.  5,  Ingersoll, 
Ont.  Born  Oxford  Tp.,  Ont.,  Dec, 
1867.  Son  of  William  and  Mary  Rivers. 
Married  Agnes  Jane  Bishop.  Seventeen 
years  farming.  Purebred  Holstein  cat- 
tle. Animals  in  7  day  official  test  and 
R.    O.    P. 

ROADHOUSE,  W.  Bert,  Parliament 
Buildings,  Toronto,  Ont.  Born  Malton, 
Peel  County  July  25,  1886.  Son  of 
Neriaih  and  Elizabeth  Roadhouse. 
Married  Lilian  Maude  Wyndow.  Form- 
erly Secretary  to  the  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture for  Ontario.  Secretary  Ontario 
Government  Milk  Commission.  Sdncie 
1912.  Deputy  :Mlnlster  of  Agriculture 
for  Ontario. 

ROSS,  Theodore,  Charlottetown,  P  .B.  I. 
Bom  North  Bedeque,  May,  1876.  Son 
of  Murdock  and  Margaret  (Car- 
ruthers)  Ross.  Married  Florence 
Annear.  Secretary  Agriculture  P.  E.  I. 
Secretary  Fruit  Growers'  Ann'n.,  Secre- 
tary Live  Stock  Ass'n.,  Secretary 
Farmers'  Inst.,  P.  E.  I.  Specialising 
on    Shorthorn   cattle.     Private   farm. 

ROTHWELL,  B.  Ottawa  Ont,  Bonn 
Hillsdale  Farm,  Ottawa,  1850.  Warden 
Carleton  Co.  President  Ottawa  Dairy 
Co.  Vice-President  and  Director 
Central  Canada  Fair.  Forty  years 
breeder   and  importer  of   Clydesdales. 

RUTHERFORD,  J.  H.,  Albion,  Ontario. 
Born  Albion,  1874.  Married  Mary  Lee. 
Farming:  Specializing  in  purebred 
poultry  and  Hampshire  hogs.  Twenty 
years  on  the  farm.  School  Trustee  for 
15  years. 

SAUNDERS,  Charles  E.,  Experimental 
Farm,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Born  London,  Ont., 
Feb.,  1867.  Son  of  Dr.  William  Saund- 
ers, C.  M.  G.  Married  Sarah  Agnes 
Robinson.  At  present  occupying  posi- 
tion as  Dominion  Cerealdst. 


WHO'S  WHO  IN  AGRICULTURE. 


283 


SEXSMITH,  John  A.,  Preniveau,  Ont. 
Born  Belmont  Tp.,  Ont,  1866.  Son  of 
Thomas  and  Margaret  Sexsmith.  Mar- 
ried Bessie  M.  Buchanan.  -Director 
Bast  Peterboro  Agricultural  and  Farm- 
ers' Institute.  Elected  member  for  E. 
Peterboro,  1908;  re-elected  1911.  Ap- 
pointed Chairman  Agricultural  Com- 
mittee, 1912. 

SCHARF,  Adam,  Cummings  Bridge,  Ont. 
Bom  Carleton  Co.,  Ont.,  March,  1860. 
Son  of  James  and  Jane  Soharf.  Farm- 
ing since  1895.  Specializing  in  Clydes- 
dales. Exhibitor  at  Eastern  Live 
Stock  Shows.  Director  Ottawa  Winter 
Fair. 

SHUTT,  Frank  Thomas,  Experimental 
F^rm,  Ottawa.  Born  Liondon,  Eng., 
Sept.,  1859.  Son  of  William  Denis  and 
Charlotte        Shutt.  Married         Miss 

Cawthorne.  Held  position  of  Dominion 
Chemist  and  Assistant  Director  Ex- 
pe.nmental  Farm,  Ottawa,  since  1887. 
M.A.D.Sc. F.I.C.,    F.R.C.S.. 

GftC      Ct.C. 

SMITH,  H.  DUDLEY,  Anoaster,  Ontario. 
Born  Montreal,  May  31st,  1867.  Promin- 
ent as  a  breeder  of  Hereford  cattle. 
Exhibitor  at  all  important  live  stock 
shows  in  Canada.  Secretary  Can- 
adian Hereford  Breeders'  Association. 
Twenitj'-seven  years  in  the  farming  in- 
dustry. 

SMITH,  William,  Columbus,  Ont.  Bom 
East  Whitby,  Ont.,  November  16th, 
1847.  Son  of  William  Smith  and 
Elizabeth  Laing.  Married  Helen  Barns. 
Member  of  Parliament  for  South  On- 
tario, 1887-1896;  re-elected  1911.  Direct- 
or Dominion  Shorthorn  Breeders'  As- 
sociation. Ex-President  Canadian 
Clydesdale  Association.  Formerly 
Reeve  of  East  "Whitby  for  4  years. 

SNELL,  John  Ferguson,  Macdonald  Col- 
lege, Quebec.  Born  Brampton,  Ont., 
Oct.,  1870.  Son  of  John  C.  and  Jane 
(Ferguson)  Snell.  Married  Evelyn 
iMorphy.  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Mac- 
donald College,  Que.  Ass't.  Editor 
Journal  of  Agriculture  and  Horticul- 
ture. Vice-Patron  I*ure  Maple  Sugar 
and  Syrup  Co-operative  Agricultural 
Association.  Author        "Elementary 

Househoold  Chemistry"  and  authority 
on   maple   products. 

SPROULE,  T.  S.,  Markdale,  Onit.  Born 
York  Co.,  Ont.,  Oct.,  1843.  Son  of 
James  Sproule.  Married  Jane  Mitchell. 
M.  D.  Thirty  years  in  business. 
Specializing  in  Shorthorn  cattle,  York- 
shire swine  and  Shropshire  sheep. 

STEPHEN,  Mrs.  W.  F.,  Huntingdon,  Que. 
Born  Georgetown,  Ont.  Daughter  of 
Lawrence  and  Hannaih  Phin.  Rose. 
Lecturer  and  Demonstrator  in  Dairy- 
ing, O.  A.  C.  for  14  years.  Lecturer 
Women's  Institutes  througihout  Do- 
minion. Was  first  Woman's  Institute 
speaker  in  Canada.  Actively  engaged 
in  furthering  cause  of  Women's  Insti- 
tutes sinces  their  inception  18  years 
ago.  Recognized  authority  on  dairy 
matters.  Author  "Farm  Dairying." 
For  several  years  has  edited  Home  page 
Canadian   Farm. 

STEPHEN,  William  Frank,  Huntingdon, 
Que.  Born  Trout  River,  Que.,  May, 
1863.  Son  of  James  Stephen,  and 
Margaret  Wattie.  Married  Janet  Mac- 
farlane,  decea-sed;  later  married  Laura 
Pi.ose.     For  28  years  a  breeder  of  A>t- 


shire  cattle  and  Yorkshire  swine,  1883- 
1911.  Secretary  Canadian  Ayrshire 
Breeders'  Ass'n. ;  Montreal  Milk  Ship- 
pers' Ass'n. ;  Huntingdon  Dairymen's 
.\jss'n.;  Huntingdon  Agricultural  So- 
ciety. Expert  judge  of  dairy  cattle. 
Judged  at  Alaska,  Yukon,  Pacific  Expo- 
sition in  1909.  Writer  on  dairy  and 
kindred  farm  topics. 

STEVENS,  W.  F.,  Edmonton,  Alberta. 
Born  Port  Elgin,  Ont.,  February  15'th, 
1859.  Son  of  Hobart  and  Mary  Stevens. 
Married  Olive  E.  Harter.  President 
Calgary  Fat  Stock  Show.  Live  Stock 
Commissioner  for  Alberta. 

TABER,  Russel  H.,  "Hillcrest,"  Condie, 
Sask.  Born  Wliitevale,  Ont.,  1885.  Son 
of  Dr.  Russel  Taber,  M.  D.,  and  Lucia 
E.  Major.  Pre.sident  Saskatchewan 
Horse  Breeders'  Ass'n.  Director  Re- 
gina  Provincial  and  Winter  Fairs. 
Director  Western  Canada  Live  Stock 
Union.  Prominent  in  the  public  life  of 
Western  Provinces. 

TAYLOR,  Herbert  Marshall,  Barnscliffe 
Farm,  Ardrossan,  Alberta.  Born  Mls- 
-sourd.  Mar.,  1890.  Son  of  J.  G.  and 
Mrs.  Taylor.  Married  Ada  Yates 
Petrie.  Farmer.  Aberdeen-Angue 

cattle,  Tamworth  swine,  Hampshire 
.sheep  and  Angora  goats. 

TERrtY,  John  Redge,  Dept.  of  Agri- 
culture, Victoria,  B.^  C.  Born  Kent, 
England,  1877.  ]\5arried  Emily  K. 
^Vood.  Formerly  on  staff,  of  Poultry 
Department,  O.  A.  C,  Guelph.  Now 
C^ief  Poultry  Instructor  for  Province  of 
Briti-sh  Columbia.  Thirteen  years  in 
public  work. 

THOMPSON.  P.  A..  Hillsburg,  Ont.  Born 
Erin  Tp.,  Ont..  1871.  Son  of  Angus  and 
Chri.sitina  (Hvndman)  Thompson.  Since 
1900     a     breeder      of     Aberdeen-Angus 

THORNE,  W.  B.,  Aldersyde,  Alberta. 
Born  New  Brunswick.  1848.  Son  of 
Butler  and  Prances  Thorne.  Married 
Miss  Benjamine.  Specialist  in  Perdhe- 
ron  and  French  Coach  horses.  Presi- 
dent of  Canadian  Percheron  Associa- 
tion for  4  years.  Now  a  member  of 
the  executive.  Twenty  years  in  busi- 
ness of  farming. 

TOLMIE,  Simon  Fraser,  Victoria,  B.  C. 
Bom  Victoria,  Jan..  1867.  Son  of  Dr. 
W.  F.  and  Jane  Tolmie.  Married  Annie 
Harap.  Qualified  Veterinary  Surgeon. 
Chief  In.«pector  for  British  Columbia 
Health  of  Animals  Branch,  B.  C.  Re- 
presentative Dominion  Live  Stock  Com- 
mission. President  B.  C.  Agricultural 
Association  and  B.  C.  Veterinary  Ass'n. 
Proprietor  Braefoot  Dairy  Farm,  Vic- 
toria. Holstein  cattle,  Shropshire 
siheep  and  Yorks/hire  hogs.   Seven  years. 

VAN  ZANT,  H.,  Elora.  Ont.  Born  Mark- 
ham,  Ont.  Sept.,  1856.  Son  of  Aimer 
and  Sarah  Van  Zant.  ;Married  Margaret 
Stapleton.  Departmental  Government 
Veterinarian  for  5  years.  Now  Live 
Stock  Representative  Farmers'  Advo- 
cate. Private  farm.  Aberdeen -Angus. 
Dorset.s.   Tamworth   swine. 

WATSON,  E.,  Hudson  Heights,  Que. 
Born  Rockwood,  Ont.,  July,  1880.  Son 
of  J.  A.  Watson,  Georgetown  Ont.  Mar- 
ried Emma  K.  Patterson.  Farming. 
Specialist  in  Clydesdale  and  Hackney 
horses  10  years.  Director  Canadian 
Hackney  Horse  Society  and  2nd  Vice- 
Prefsident  Canadian  Pony  Society. 


284  CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


WATT,     James     A.     Elara,     Ont.       Born  cultural  and  Horticultural   Socdetlea  of 

Blora,    April,    1886.      Married.    Director  Ontario.        Grajid      Foreman,      Ancient 

Canadian     Shorthorn    Breeders'     Ass'n.  Order    of    Foresters.     Grand    Chieftain 

Farming.      Owner   of   champion    Short-  Sons    of    Scotland.      "Was    for    30    years 

horn  Bull  of  Canada.     Prominent  in  the  engaged    in     farming,     specializing    In 

show  rings  of  both  Eastern  and  Western  purebred  AjTshire  cattle.     Prominent  in 

Canada.  show  ring.     Other  lines — flight     horses, 

WILSON,  James  Lockle,  582  Huron  St.,  Shropshire  sheep,  Berkslhire  hogs. 
Toronto.  Bom  Alexandria,  Ont.,  Nov.  WINKLER,  Hon.  Valentine,  Minister  of 
12th,  1856.  Son  of  Robert  and  Agnes  Agriculture,  Manitoba.  Born  Grey  Co., 
Wilson.  Married  Mary  Hodge,  of  Corn-  Ont.,  1864.  Went  to  Manitoba,  1879. 
wall,  Ont.  Secretary  Ontario  Hortd-  Elected  to  Legislature,  1892.  Represents 
outural  Association,  Ontario  Associa-  Constituency  of  Rhineland  eind  Mor- 
tion  of  Fairs  and  Exhibitions,  Ontario  land.  Appointed  Minister  of  Agri- 
Plowmen's  Association.  Managing  culture  and  Immigration,  June,  1915. 
Director  Ontario  Vegetable  Growers'  Address,  Parliament  Buildings,  Wln- 
Assooiatdon.          Superintendent       Agra-  nipeg,  Man. 

DAIRY  TEST  OTTAWA  WINTER  FAIR,   1916 

Lbs.  of     %  Total 

Name  of  Cow                                       Owner  Milk.  Fat.  Points 

AYRSHIRES 

Glenshamrock  Canty  Again — A.  Hume  &  Co.,  Campbellford  170.4  3.9  216.62 

Polly  2nd  of  Fernbrook — E.  B.  Palmer  &  Sons,  Norwich..  161.3  3.9  201.38 

Spicy  Lass — A.   Hume  &  Co 157.5  3.8  196.77 

Hobsland   Barbara — R.   R.   Ness,   Howick,   Que 151.4  3.8  184.16 

Gracie — R.    T.    Brownlee,    Hemmingford    142.  4.  179.29 

Lady    Marion— R.    T.    Brownlee    138.3  4.  177-54 

Flora — D.    T.    Ness,    Howick,    Que 143.8  4.  177.05 

Airmount  Boneva — E.  B.  Palmer  &  Sons   154.2  3.5  175.85 

36  Months,  Under  48 

White  Floss  of  Springbank — Jos.  Hudson  &  Son,  Lyn   151. 7  3.5  173.43 

Humesbaugh  Helen — A.  Hume  &  Co 131. i  3.8  159.57 

Lily  of   Fernside— E.   B.   Palmer  &   Sons    131.8  3.  133.50 

Jemima   of   Springbank — Jos.   Hudson   &   Son    117.9  3.4  132.43 

Under  36  Months 

Susana   of    Evergreen — E.    B.    Palmer    &    Sons    146.7  3.5  169.26 

Burnside    Pearline—    R.    R.    Ness    105.  3.8  128.88 

White    Rose    of    Lacolle— R.    T.    Brownlee    109.7  34  123.78 

HOLSTEINS 

Desta — Jas.    Knapp,    Merrickville    295.5  2.8  279.86 

Ideal    Netherland    Posch — W.   J.    Bailey,   Jarvis    266.7  3-  268.70 

Lady    DeKol    Patty — Ed.    Baker,    Winchester    239.6  3.1  247.25 

Pontiac    Alice — M.    McDowell,    Oxford    Ctr 223.7  3.3  243.55 

Margaret    Rose — E.    Baker    220.1  3.3  241,56 

Amy  Abbekerk  PQSch — A.  E.  Hulet,  Norwich 207.6  3.3  226.36 

36  Months,  Under' 48 

Lyndenwood   Colantha — W.   J.   Bailey    228.5  3-3  250.87 

Ideal    Daisy    Faf orit — W.    J.    Bailey    195.2  3.6  229.14 

Pauline    Colantha,  Mercena — A.    E.    Hulet    219.2  3.1  224.32 

Lady    Ormsby    Colanthus — Martin    McDowell    163.5  3-6  195-44 

Epworth    Barbara— F.    H.    McCullough,    Navan    151.4  3.8  184.16 

Alice    Ormsby — Martin    McDowell     167.9  3-3  t8:v58 

Under  36  Months 

Lady    Pauline    Colantha— A.    E.    Hulet    184.7  3-4  205.89 

Pansy    Connor    DeKol — Ed.    Baker    161. i  3.7  191.66 

Dora  DeKol   Korndyke— Ed.  Baker   181.3  3.2  191.50 

Princess   Ormsby  DeKol— Martin   McDowell    180.2  3.  181.97 

Abbekerk  Jewell   DeKol— McDowler,    Billing's   Bdg    151.  3.4  167.84 

Lady    Francy    DeKo    Teake — Jas.    Knapp    122.  3.5  148.55 

SHORTHORNS 

Royal  Princess — S.  W.  Jackson,  Woodstock  140.3  4.2  185.56 

Roselia— S.    W.    Jackson    '. 1 14.  3-6  135-02 

Fascination — S.    W.    Jackson    106.3  3.9  133.38 

3  Year  Olds 

Red  Bess— S-  W.  Jackson   78-5  4-3  106.38 

Butterfly  Rose— S.  W.  Jackson    66.9  4.4  97.10 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


285 


LIVE  STOCK  DIRECTORY 

AGRICULTURAL  AND  LIVE  STOCK  ASSOCIATIONS  OF  CANADA 
With  List  of  Officers  for  1916 


National  Live  Stock  Association 
President,     Andrew     Graham,     Pome- 
roy,     Ont.;     Secretary'',     R.     W.     Wade, 
Toronto,  Ont. 

Clydesdale  Horse  Association  of 
Canada 
President,    J.    A.    Boag,    Queenville, 
Ont.;    Secretary,    J.    W.    Wheaton,    To- 
ronto, Ont. 

Hackney  Horse  Society 
President,   Harry  Boag,   Barrie,   Ont.; 
Secretary,  H.   M.   Robinson,   Don  Mills 
Road,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Shire  Horse  Breeders'  Association 
President,  C.  F.  Porter,  Appleby,  Ont.; 
Secretar,  G.  de  W.  Green,  Toronto,  Ont. 
Canadian  Pony  Association 
President,     Chas.     Lovejoy,     Mimico, 
Ont.;   Secretary,   G.   de   W.   Green,   To- 
ronto, Ont. 

Dominion    Cattle   Breeders'   Association 
President,    John    Gardhouse,    Weston, 
Ont.;  Secretary,  R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto, 
Ont. 

Canadian  Red  Polled  Association 
Secretary,    G.   H.    Gregg,     Winnipeg, 
Man. 
Dominion  Shorthorn  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation 
President,    J.  M.   Gardhouse,  Weston 
Ont.;  Secretary,  W.  G.  Petit,  Freeman' 
Ont. 
Dominion  Ayrshire  Breeders'  Association 

President,  M.  St.  Marie 
Compton,  Que.;  Secre- 
tary, W.  F.  Stephens, 
Huntingdon,  Que. 

Canadian  Hereford 
Breeders'    Association 
President,  L.  O.  Clifford, 
Oshawa,  Ont.;  Secretary, 
H.   D.  Smith,  Hamilton, 
Ont. 

Canadian  Aberdeen 
Angus  Association 
President,    J.    D.    Mc- 
Gregor,  Brandon,   Man.; 
Secretary,   W.    I.   Smale, 
Brandon,   Man. 

Dominion  Sheep 
Breeders'  Association 
President,  J.  E.  Cous- 
ins, Harriston,  Ont.;  Sec- 


retary. R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto,  Ont. 
Dominion  Swine  Breeders'  Association 
President,  J.  C.  Stewart,  Osgoods,  Ont.; 
Secretary,  R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto,  Ont. 
Canadian  Standard-Bred  Association 
President,  W.  J.  Cowan,  Cannington, 
Ont.;    Secretary,    John    W.     I.     Brant, 
Ottawa,  Ont. 
Canadian  Percheron  Horse  Breeders' 

Association 
Secretary,    F.    R.    Pike,    High    River, 
Alta. 

Canadian   Thoroughbred   Horse   Society 
President,  Col.  W.  Hendrie,  Hamilton, 
Ont.;  Secretary,  T.  J.  Macabe,  Toronto. 
Canadian  Suffolk  Horse  Society 
Secretary,.    Arch.    Jaques,     Lamerton, 
Alta. 
Canadian  French  Coach  Horse  Asso- 
ciation 
Secretary,   E.    S.    Richardson,    Calgar, 
Alta. 

Canadian    Holstein-Fresian    Association 
President,    M.    L.    Haley,    Springford, 
Ont.;    Secretary,    W.    A.    Clemens,    St. 
George,  Ont. 

Canadian  Jersey  Cattle  Club 
President,    F.    L.    Green,    Greenwood, 
Ont.;  Secretary,  B.  A.  Bull,  Brampton. 
North    American    Galloway    Association 

Secretary,  Lieut.-Col  D.   McCrae, 
Guelph,  Ont. 


First  prize  Duroc-Jersey  Sow  under  18  morvths,  Cana- 
dian  National,  1915. 


286 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Tested  by  Time 
Panic  and  War 

Mortgage  Debentures  do  not 
fluctuate  in  value.  Neither  time, 
panic  nor  war  affect  them. 
Stocks  drop.  Some  disappear 
altogether.  But  through  all  the 
excitement  and  strife  of  war, 
Standard  Reliance  Debentures 
have  stood  the  test  for  security 
of  principal  and  permanency  of 
interest.  A  $100  Standard  Re- 
liance Mortgage  Debenture  is 
still  worth  $100  and  pays  5% 
interest  in  cash  on  the  day  it  is 
due. 

Canadian  Government  statistics  show 
that  never  a  dollar  has  been  lost  in 
Mortgage  Corporation  Debentures. 
A  $1,000  Debenture  at  5%  for  five  years 
pays  (if  compounded)  $280  in  interest, 
or  28%  gain.  It  is  one  of  the  safest, 
if  not  the  safest,  investment  obtainable. 
Write  for  our  book  about  Profits  from 
Savings.    It  will  surely  interest  you. 


STANDARD  RELIANCE 
MORTGAGE  CORPORATION 

/fead  Office. 8288 KingSf. E.  Toronto 


Branches  and  Agents  at 

AYR,  BROCKVILLE,  CHATHAM, 

ELMIRA,  NEW  HAMBURG 


li\t:  stock  directory. 


287 


Canadian  Guernsey  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation 

Secretary,  H.  W.  Coming,  Checoggin, 
X.S. 

ONTARIO   ■ 
Ontario  Horse  Breeders'  Association 

President,     Wm.     Smith,     Columbust 
Ont.;  Secretary'.  R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto- 
Ontario  Sheep  Breeders'  Association 

President,  J.  D.  Gibson,  Denfield,  Ont. 
Secretary,  R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto. 

Ontario  Agricultural  and  Experi- 
mental Union 

President,   J.    B.    Fair- 
bairn,    Beamsville,    Ont. ; 
Secretary',     Prof.     C.     A. 
Zavitz,   Guelph,    Ont. 
Ontario  Swine  Breeders' 

President,  G.  E.  Day. 
Guelp,    Ont.;    Secretary, 
R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto. 
Ontario   Berkshire 

Breeders'  Association 

President,  H.  M  Vander- 

lip,  Cainsville,  Secretan.-. 

R.  W.  Wade.  Toronto. ' 

Ontario  Yorkshire 

Breeders'  Association 

President,  J.  C.  Stuart, 

Osgoode.  Ont.;  Secretarv, 

R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto.' 

Dairymen's  Association 

(Eastern) 

President,  J.  X.  Stone,  Warkworth; 
Ont.;   Secretary,   James  R.   Anderson. 

Dairymen's  Association  CWestem) 

President,  James  Preston,  St.  Thomas, 
Ont.;  Secretar\',  P.  Hems,  London,  Ont. 

Poultry  Association  (Eastern) 

President,  Geo.  A.  Robertson,  Ottawa. 
Ont.;  Secretary,  W.  J.  Jackson,  Cgrp, 
Ont. 

Poultry  Association  (Western) 

President,  W.  Barber,  Toronto;  Secre- 
tary, R.  W.  Wade,  Parliament  Bldgs.. 
Toronto. 

Fnxit  Growers'  Association 

President,  D.  Johnson,  Forest;  Secre- 
tary, P.  W.  Hodgetts,  Toronto. 

Vegetable  Growers'  Association 

President,  F.  F.  Reeves,  Humber  Bay, 
ecretar}-,  J.  Lockie  Wilson,  Toronto. 


Bee-Keepers'  Association 

President,  Dennis  Dolan;  Secretary, 
Motley  Petit,  Guelph,  Ont. 

Ontario  Plowmen's  Association 

President,  W.  Doherty,  Eglington. 
Ont.;  Secretary,  J.  Lockie  Wil«)n,  To- 
ronto, Ont. 

Superintendent  of  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural    Societies — T.    Lockie    Wil- 


Superintendent  of  Farmers'  and  Wom- 
ens'  Institutes  and  Director  of  Dairy 
Instruction — Geo.  A.   Putnam. 


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Duroc-Jersey 


sow,  champion  "other  district  breeds," 
Canadian    National,    1915. 

Director  Live  Stock  Branch — R.  W. 
Wade,  B.S.A.,  Toronto. 

Director  Fruit  Branch— P.  W.  Hod- 
getts. 

Western   Ontario   Seed   Growers'   Asso- 
ciation 
President,  A.  McKinney,  Amherstburg, 
Ont. ,  Secretary,  R.  W.  Wade,  Toronto. 

Note. — The  offices  of  the  above  are 
all  in  the  Parliament  Buildings,  Toronto, 
Ont. 

MANITOBA 

G.  H.  Grigg,  Winnipeg,  is  Secretar>'  of 
all   Provincial   Live    Stock   Associations. 

Cattle  Breeders'  Association 
President,  J.  R.  Hume,  Souris, 

Horse  Breeders'  Association 
President,  J.  G.  Washington.  Ninga. 


288 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Sheep  Breeders' 
Association 

President,  Geo.  Gon- 
don,  Oak  Lake. 

Swine  Breeders' 
Association 
President,    A.    D.    Mc- 
Donald, Napinka. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK 
New  Brunswick  Farmers' 
and    Dairjrmen's 
Association 
President,  W.  H.  Moore, 
Scotch    Lake;   Secretary, 
Morris  Scovil,  Gagetown. 
New    Brunswick   Fruit 
Grower's    Association 
President,  C.  N.  Vroom, 
St.  Stephen;    Vice-Presi- 
dent, H.  H.  Smith,  Hoyt 
Station ;  Secretary-Treas- 
urer,     A.     G.      Turney, 
Fredericton. 

Agricultural  Society  No.  34— President, 
John  A.  Campbell,  Springhill;  Secretary, 
Matthew    Tennant,    Fredericton." 

Agricultural  Society  No.  44— President, 
H.  G.  Corbett,  Lakeville;  Secretary, 
F.  K.  P.  McKenzie,  Centreville. 

Agricultural  Society,  No.  51— President, 
J.  M.  Donovan,  Haymarket  Square,  St. 
John;  Secretary,  R.  R.  Patchell,  Stanley 
street,  St.  John. 
Canadian  Belgian  Draft  Horse  Breed- 
ers' Association 
President,    Mr.    Paul    Tourigny,    Vic- 
toria ville;     Secretary,     Mr.     J.     Arthur 
Paquet,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Que- 
bec City. 

French-Canadian  Cattle  Breeders' 

Association 
President,  Mr.  Arsene  Denis,  St.  Nor- 
bert   Station    (Berthier);    Secretary,    Dr. 
J.  A.  Corture,  Quebec. 

Sheep  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion of  the  Province 
of  Quebec 

President,  Mr.  Nap. 
La  chape  lie,  St.  Paul 
I'Ermite,  Que.;  Secretary, 
Dr.  J.  A.  Couture,  Quebec. 

Swine  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion of  the  Province 
of  Quebec 

President,  Mr.  Ls. 
Lavallee,  St.  Guil  laume. 
Que.;  Secretary,  Dr.  J.  A. 
Couture,  Quebec. 

Together  with  80  Agri- 
cultural Societies. 


Rauward    Count    De    Kol    Lady    Pauline,    29,017    lbs. 
milk,  890.6  lbs.  fat  In  one  year.    Canadian  Champion. 

Agricultural  and  Live   Stock  Associations 
of  Alberta 

Alberta  Horse  Breeders'  Association — 
President,  Geo.  Lane,  Calgary;  Secretary, 
E.  L.  Richardson,  Calgary. 

Alberta  Cattle  Breeders'  Association — 
President,  J.  L.  Walters,  Clive;  Secretary, 
E.  L.  Richardson,  Calfary. 

Alberta  Swine  Breeders'  Association — 
President,  Lew  Hutchinson,  Duhamel; 
Secretary,  E.  L.  Richardson,  Calgary. 

Alberta  Sheep  Breeders'  Association — 
Secretary,  E.  L.  Richardson,  Calgary; 
President,  Bryce  Wright,  Calgary. 

Alberta  Winter  Fair — E.  L.  Richard- 
son, Secretary. 

Calgary  Industrial  Exhibition — E.  L. 
Richardson,  Secretary;  E.  J.  Dewey,  Cal- 
gary, President. 


Champion    Berkshire   sow,   Canadian    National,    1915. 


LIVE    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


2S9 


NOVA  SCOTIA 

The  Nova  Scotia  Farmers'  Association 
— President,  R.  J.  Messenger,  Bridge- 
to"«Ti;  Secretan.-,  C.  R.  Br\'an,  Truro,  X.S. 

The  Nova  Scotia  Fniit  Growers'  Asso- 
ciation— President,  F.  M.  Chipman,  Nic- 
taux  West;  Secretary',  ^l.  K.  Ellis,  Port 
WiUiam,  N.S. 

219,  more  or  less,  Agricultural  Soci- 
eties—Supt.  F.  L.  Fuller,  Triro,  N.S. 

Maritime  Srock  Breeders'  Association 
— President,  A.  E.  Tr  S  esal,ib5tuir}%NB 
Secretary,  F.  L.  Fuller. 

The  Nova  Scotia  Po\iltry  Association — 
Secretar}-,  I.  P.  Landry,  Truro,  X.S. 

Nova  Scotia  Dairymen's  Association — 
President,  D.  W.  Murray,  Seatsbum; 
Secretary,  W.  A.  McKay,  Truro. 

ASSOCIATIONS  OF  P.E.I. 
Farmers'  Central  Institute 
President,    D.    N.    MacKay,    Spring- 
field;     R.     R.     Bradalbane,     Secretary, 
Theodore  Ross,  Secretary  for  Agriculture, 
Chariot tetowTi,  P.  E.  Island. 

Horse  Breeders'  Association 

President,  W.  W.  Crosby,  Cornwall; 
Secretary,  the  Secretary  for  Agriculture, 
Charlottetown. 

Dairy  Cattle  Breeders'  Association 
President,  Andrew  McRae,  East  Roy- 
alty, R.  R.  Charlottetown;  Secretary,  the 
Secretary  for  Agriculture,  Charlottetown. 
Beef  Breeders'  Association 

President,  T.  P.  Cass,  North  River; 
Secretary,  the  Secretary  for  Agriculture, 
Charlottetown. 

Beef  Breeders'  Association 

President,  T.  P.  Cass,  North  River; 
Secretary,  the  Secretary  for  Agriculture, 
Charlottetown. 

Sheep  Breeders'  Association 
President,    C.    B.    Clay,    Bridgetown; 
Secretary,  the  Secretary  f&r  Agriculture, 
Charlottetown. 

Swine  Breeders'  Association 
President,  Peter  Brodie,  York';    Secre- 
tary, the  Secretary  for  Agriculture,  Char- 
lottetown. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

British    Columbia    Stock   Breeders'    As- 
sociation 

W.  T.  McDonald,  Secretary. 

British  Columbia  Dairymen's  Asso- 
ciation 
H.  Rive,  Secretary. 
British     Columbia    Poultry    Association 

J.  R.  Terry,  Secretary. 


British     Columbia  JFruit     Growers' 

Association 
R.  M.  Winslow,  Secretary. 
British  Colimibia  Agricultural  Fairs 

Association 
W.  J.  Bona  via,  Secretary. 
British   Columbia   Central  Farmers' 
Institute 
W.  J.  Bonavia,  Secretary. 

(Address  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Victoria, 
B.C.,  for  aU  bodies). 
Vancouver    Island    Flockmasters'    Asso- 
ciation 
Secretary',  A.  C.  Aitken,  Duncan. 
Fraser  Valley  Milk  Producers'  Association 
Secretary,  W.  J.  Park,  Pitt  Meadows. 
Poultry  and  Dairymen's  Association  of 
Mission  District 
Secretary,  W.  Colbourne,  Mission  City. 
Nicola  Stock  Breeders'  and  Agricultural 
A  ssociation 
Secretary,  H.  H.  Matthews,  Nicola. 
Pitt  Meadows  Poultry  and  Dairymen's 
Association 
Secretan.-,  J.  Hewlett,  Pitt  Meadows. 
Kamloops   District   Stock  Breeder's 

Association 
Secretary,  J.  Hewlett,  Pitt  Meadows. 
Secretary,  T.  Wadsworth,  Knutsford. 
Parksville    and    District    Poultry    Asso- 
ciation 
Secretary,  Wm.  Stanhope,  Parksville. 
Comax  Valley  Live  Stock  Association 
Secretary-,  A.  G.  Read,  Courtenay. 

Trail  Poultry  Association 
Secretary,  J.  A.   Wadsworth,  Trail. 
Interior  Stock  Breeders'  Association  o^ 
British  Columbia 
Se<S-etary,  S.  C.  Burton,  Kamloops. 
Windermere  District  Association  of  Stock 
Breeders 
Secretary,  G.  C.  H.  Coleman,  Winder- 
mere. 

SASKATCHEWAN 

Saskatchewan    Cattle    Breeders'    Asso- 
ciation 
President,    Hon.    W.    C.    Sutherland, 
Saskatoon;  Secretary,  J.   C.   Smith,  Re- 
gina. 

Saskatchewan    Sheep    Breeders'    Asso- 
ciation 
President,    A.    B.    Potter,    Langbank; 
Secretary,  J.  C.  Smith,  Regina. 

Saskatchewan    Swine    Breeders'    Asso- 
ciation 
President,    S.    V.    Tomecko,     Lipton; 
Secretary V  J.  C.  Smith,  Regina. 


290 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Saskatchewan    Horse    Breeders'    Asso- 
ciation 

President,  R.  H.  Taber,  Condie;  Secre- 
tary, J.  C.  Smith,  Regina. 

Saskatchewan    Poultry    Association 

President,  F.  J.  Robinson,  Regina; 
Secretary,  D.  C.  Mclntyre,  Regina. 

Saskatchewan    Provincial    Winter    Fair 

Board 

President,  Robert  Sinton,  Regina; 
Secretary-Treasurer,  J.  C.  Smith,  .  Re- 
gina; Manager,  D.  T.  Elderkin,  Regina. 

Saskatchewan  Provincial  Exhibition 

President,  J.  A.  Westman,  Regina; 
Secretary  and  Manager,  D.  T.  Elderkin, 
Regina. 

Saskatchewas  Grain  Growers'  Association 

President,  J.  A.  Maharg,  Moose  Jaw; 
Secretary-Treasurer,  J.  B.  Musselman. 
Moose  Jaw. 

Saskatchewan  Hail  Insurance  Com- 
mission 

Chairman,  W.  C.  Paynter,  Regina; 
Secretary-Treasurer,  E.  G.  Hingley,  Re- 
gina. 

Note. — In  absence  of  J.  C.  Smith.  Prof. 
Bredt  is  acting  secretary  of  the  breed 
associations. 

QUEBEC 

General   Stock  Breeders'   Association 

of  the  Province  of  Quebec 

President,  Hon.  N.  Garneau,  Quebec; 
Secretary,  Dr.  J.  A.  Couture,  Quebec. 

French-Canadian  Horse  Breeders'  Asso- 
sociation 

President,  Mr.  Jos.  Deland,  L'Ardie; 
Secretary,  D.  J.  A.  Couture,  Quebec. 

Dominion     Department     of     Agriculture 
Bulletins 

The  Dominion  bulletins  may  be  ob- 
tained by  applying  to  Dominion  Dept. 
of  Agriculture,  Ottawa.     No  charge. 

Creamery  Cold  Storage. 

The  Inspection  and  Sale  Act,  Part 
IV.,  as  amended  in  1907-8.  (The  Fruit 
Marks  Act  and  Fruit  Packages).  Re- 
vised Edition. 

Cow  Testing  Associations,  with  Some 
Notes  on  the  Sampling  and  Testing  of 
Milk. 

Sweet  Cream  Butter. 

Apparatus  for  the  Determination  of 
Fat  and  Water  in  Butter. 


Buttermaking  on  the  Farm. 

The  Use  of  Ice  on  the  Farm. 

The  Cooling  of  Milk  for  Cheesemaking. 

Cold  Storage  and  the  Cold  Storage  Act. 

The  Dairying  Industry  in  Canada. 

Notes  for  Factory  Cheesemeakers. 

Cream  Cheese. 

A  List  of  the  Cheese  Factories,  Cream- 
eries and  Condensed  Milk  Plants  in 
Canada. 

The  Care  of  Cream  for  Buttermaking. 

Co-operation  in  Fruit  Growing. 

Modem  Methods  of  Packing  Apples 
and  Pears. 

Small  Cold  Storage,  etc. 

Results  of  Experiments  with  early, 
medium  and  late  Sowings  of  Grain. 

Weeds. 

Barnyard  Manure. 

Production  of  Bacon  for  the  British 
market. 

Sheep  Husbandry  in  Canada. 

Beef  .Raising  in  Canada. 

Horsebreeding  ind  Rearing. 

Care  of  Market  Eggs. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES  OF 
CANADA 

Ontario  Agricultural  College,  Guelph, 
Ontario 

President,  G.  C.  Creelman,  B.S.A., 
LL.D.;  Prof,  of  Dairy  Husbandry,  H. 
H.  Dean,  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of  Field  Hus- 
bandry, C.  A.  Zavitz,  B.S.A.;  Associate, 
W.  J.  Squirrel;  Prof,  of  Veterinary  Sci- 
ence, Dr.  J.  H.  Reed;  Prof,  of  Animal 
Husbandry,  G.  E.  Day,  B.S.A.;  Assistant, 
H.  King;  Prof,  of  Chemistry,  R.  Har- 
court,  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of  Poultry  Hus- 
bandry, W.  R.  Graham,  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of 
Biology,  Dr.  Bethune;  Lecturer  in  Eng- 
lish, G.  Unwin,  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of  Physics, 
W.  Day',  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of  Horticulture, 
J.  W.  Crow,  B.S.A.;  Prof,  of  Botany,  J.  E. 
Howitt,  B.S.A.;  Assistants,  Profs.  A.  W. 
Baker,  B.S.A.,  J.  Wright,  B.S.A. ;  Economic 
Entomologist  for  Ontario,  L.  Caesar, 
B.A.;  Prof,  of  Bacteriology,  D.  H.  Jones; 
Secretary-Registrar,  S.  H.  Gandier,  B.S.A. 

MacDonald    Institute,    Guelph,    Ont. 

Director  of  Home  Economics,  Miss 
M.  U.  Watson;  Prof,  of  Manual  Train- 
ing, John  Evans;  Instructor  in  Domestic 
Science,  Mrs.  F.  Doughty;  Lady  Super- 
intendent, Mrs.  K.  Fuller. 


LIVE   STOCK   DraECTORY. 


291 


MANITOBA  AGRICUL- 
TURAL COLLEGE 
Winnipeg,  Manitoba 

President,   J.   B.   Rey- 
nolds,    M.A.;     Professor 
Animal  Husbandrj',  F.  S. 
Jacobs,  B.S.A.;  Professor 
of  Botanj-,  ,V.  W.  Jack- 
son,   B.A.;    Professor    of 
Dairy  Husbandry,  J.  W. 
Mitchell,  B.A.;  Professor 
of  Chemistry  Dept.,  Dr. 
G.    W.    Morden,    M.A., 
Ph.D.,    Doct.-Ing.;    Pro- 
fessor    of     Bacteriologv, 
C.    H.    Lee,    M.A.;    Pr^ 
fessor  of  Agriculturel  En- 
gineering,   L.    J.    Smith, 
B.S.;    Professor  of   Field 
Husbandr3%   T.   G.   Har- 
rison,   B.S.A.;    Professor 
of  Horticulture  and  For- 
estry,   F.    W.    Brodrick, 
B.S.A.;  Professor  of  Soils, 
F.  W.  Churchill,  B.S.A.; 
Professor  of  English,  G. 
A.  Sproule,  B.A.;  Professor  of  Farm  Man- 
agement, G.  G.  White,  B.S.A.;  Professor 
of    Poultry   Husbandry,    M 
B.S.A.;    Agrostologist,    W. 
M.S.;  Professor  of  Physics 
mathics,   S.   C.   Lee,   M.A.; 
Veterinary    Service,    C.    D. 
D.V.S. 

FACULTY  OF  AGRICULTURE,  UNI- 
VERSITY OF  SASKATCHEWAN 
Saskatoon,  Sask. 
William  John  Rutherford,  B.S.A. 
(Tor.),  Dean  and  Professor  of  Animal 
Husbandry;  Alexander  Rodger  Greig, 
B.Sc.  (McGill),  Professor  of  Agricultura 
Engineering;  John  Bracken,  B.S.A.  (Tor.), 
Professor  of  Field  Husbandry ;  G.  H. 
Cutler,  B.S.A.,  Professor  of  Field  Hus- 
bandry; Thomas  Nathaniel  Willing,  Secre- 
tary and  Assistant  Professor  of  Natural 
History';  Robert  Dawson  MacLaurin, 
Ph.D.  (Harv.),  Professor  of  Chemistry; 
Samuel  Earl  Green  way,  Esq.,  Director 
of  Extension  Work;  John  L.  Hogg,  Ph.D. 
(Harv.),    Professor    of    Physics;    Laurie 


Champion  Southdown  ewe  at  Canadian  National  Ex- 
hibition, 1915. 

Lome  Burgess,  Ph.D.  (Harv.),  Assistant 
Professor  of  Chemistry;  A.  Malcolm 
Shaw,  B.S.A.,  Professor  of  Animal  Hus- 
bandry; W.  L.  Thompson,  Professor  of 
Biology;  Archibald  Richard  Weir,  In- 
structor in  English  and  Mathematics. 


C.    Hemer, 

South  worth, 

and  Mathe- 

Lecturer  in 

McGilvray, 


NOVA  SCOTU  AGRICULTURAL 
COLLEGE,  TRURO,  N.S. 

Principal,   M.  Cumming. 

MACDONALD  AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 

St.  Anne  De  Belleville,  Que. 

F.  C.  Harrison,  D.Sc.^  F.R.C.S.,  Prin- 
cipal and  Professor  of  Bacteriology. 

William  Lochhead,  B.A.,   M.Sc.,   Pro- 
fessor of  Biologv'. 

Carleton  J.  Lynde,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of 
Physics. 

James    Murray,    B.S.A.,    Professor    of 
Cereal  Husbandry. 

J.  F.  SneU,  Ph.D..  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry. 

H.  Barton,  B.S.A.,  Professor  of  Animal 
Husbandr}^-. 


WAR  BOOKS 

We  have  secured  through  the  English  firm  of  J.  M.  Dent  &  Sons,  a  most 
complete  list  of  books  relating  to  and  bearing  on  the  Great  War.  Among  them 
are  the  following: — 

War  Lords — A.  G.  Gardiner.  30c.  post  paid;  14,000  copies  already  sold  in 
Canada. 

War  Thoughts  of  An  Optimist — Benjamin  A.  Gould.  75c.  post  paid.  An 
American  citizen,  now  a  resident  of  Canada. 

The  Nations  at  War — L.  Cecil  Lane.  85c  post  paid.  A  forecast  of  the  politi- 
cal and  moral  results  of  the  war. 


292 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Winners  at  Principal  Canadian  Fairs,  1915-16 
Clydesdales 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 

STALLION,  Four  Years  and  Over— 
I  and  2,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Lord 
Gleniffer  and  Alert;  3  and  4,  T.  H. 
Hassard,  on  Macaroon  and  Wyomyo ; 
S,  T.  D.  Elliott,  on  Ardyne  Blend. 

STALLION,  Three  Years  Old— i,  2 
and  3,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Baron  As- 
cot,  Lord    Malcolm    and   Fyvie   Peer. 

STALLION,  Two  Years  Old— i,  Has- 
sard, on  The  Count  of  Hillcrest ;  2 
and  3,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Cedric  King 
and  Royal  Regent;  4,  W.  N.  Mc- 
Eachren,    on    Marquis'   Own. 

STALLION,  One  Year— i,  Graham 
Bros.,  on  Macqueen  of  Atha;  2,  Jno. 
M.   Orr,  on   Bruce   Pacific. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Lord  Glen- 
iflfer. 

FILLY,  Three  Years — i,  Graham  Bros., 
on- Quenelda  of  Petty;  2,  P.  W.  Boyn- 
ton,  on  Kate  B. 

FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  J.  M.  Gard- 
house,  on  Nancy  Ryecroft;  2,  A.  E. 
Rea,  on  Blink  of  Aermont ;  3,  J.  B. 
Borland,  on  Village  Lady;  4,  Orr,  on 
Whiteside  Queen. 

FILLY,    One    Year— i     and    2,    H.    A. 
Mason,  on  Heather  Moon  and  Prin- 
cess of  Aden. 

BROOD  MARE,  with  Foal  by  Her 
Side — I,  2  and  3,  W.  F.  Batty,  on 
Daisy  of  Tangy  and  Bell  Heather. 

YELD  MARE,  Any  Age— i,  Hassard^ 
on  Nell  of  Aikton  ;  2  and  5,  Mason, 
on  Snowdrop  and  Pride  of  Auchene- 
leith ;  3,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Castle 
Belle ;  4,  Paterson  Bros.,^  on  Molly 
of    Western    Lovat. 

FOAL  of  1915 — I  and  2,  Batty,  on 
Molly  May  and   Molly  Queen. 

MARE  with  Two  of  Her  Progeny — 
I,   Batty,    on    Newbigging   Beautv. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Nancy  Rye- 
croft. 

BEST  STRING  OF  FIVE— i,  Graham 
Bros. 

BEST  STRING  OF  FIVE,  the  Get  of 
One  Sire — T.  Battv. 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 

(Canadian  Breds) 

STALLION,    Three    Years     Old    and 

Over — I,       Hassard,     on     Randolph 

Romeo;  2  and  3,  Thos.  McMichael,  on 

International  and  Glen  Rae;  4,  Peter 


Morrison,    on    Lionel    Lad. 

STALLION,  Two  Years  Old— i, 
Samuel  Stong,  on  Everlasting  Gay 
Boy ;  2,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Royal  Re- 
gent; 3,  Geo.  Clayton,  on  Marquis' 
Own. 

STALLION,  One- Year-Old— I,  W.  F. 
Batty,  on  Duke  Carruchan ;  2,  Jos. 
Teller,  on  Marathon  Again ;  3,  Geo. 
Clayton,  on  Noble  Jimmie ;  4,  Jas. 
Leonard,  on  Noble  Majestic. 

FILLY,  Three  Years  Old— i,  Boynton, 
on  Kate  B. 

FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  Batty,  on  Nora 
Carruchan;  2,  Dale,  on  Glennie  Mac; 
3,  Snyder,  on  Bedelia. 

FILLY,  One  Year— i,  Dale,  on  Flora- 
dora ;  2,  Batty,  on  Nellie  Carruchan ; 
3,  McMichael,  on  Mabel. 

BROOD  MARE  with  Foal  by  Her  Side 
— I.  Bennett,  on  My  Qiieen ;  2,  Mc- 
Michael. Spring  Beauty;  3.  Dale,  on 
Mossy  Rose ;  4,  Snyder,  on  Queen. 

FOAL  OF  191 S— I.  McMichael:  2, 
Batty,  on  Moncrieffe  Belle,  Albion ; 
T,.  Snyder,  on  Prince. 

CHAMPION  FILLY— Hassard,  on 
Daisy  Dean. 

OTTAWA   (Winter  1916) 

AGED  STALLIONS— I,  Lord  Gleniffer, 
Graham  Bros.;  2,  Scotias  Pride, 
Smith  &  Richardson;  3,  Baron  Ian, 
Jno.  A.  Boagson:  4,  Baron  Minto, 
Graham  Bros.;  5>  Alert,  Graham 
Bros. 

STALLIONS,  Three  Years— i.  Baron 
Ascot.  Graham  Bros.:  2,  Fivie  Peer, 
Graham  Bros. :  3,  Birchburn,  Boag 
Q  Son ;  4,  Royal  Type,  Smith  & 
Richardson. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i,  Cedric 
King,  Graham  Bros;  2,  Everard, 
Smith  &  Richardson;  3,  Baron  Kip- 
ling, Smith  &  Richardson;  4,  Sir 
Baron  Wallace,  A.  Watson  &  Son. 

STALLIONS,  Two  Years— i,  Royal 
Design,  Smith  &  Richardson;  2. 
Luck  Coin,  N.  Scharf ;  3,  Barons  Re- 
volt. A.  Watson  &  Son. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Lord  Glen- 

AGED  MARES— I,  Royalette,  W.  W. 
Hogg;  2.  Laura  Dee  Smith  &  Rich- 
ardson; 3,  Ella  Fleming,  A.  Watson 
&  Son;  4,  Castle  Belle.  Graham  Bros. 


LIVE!   STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


293 


MARES,  Three  Years— i,  Craigie  Meg, 
A.  A.'  Scharf;  2,  Solway  Duchess, 
Boag  &  Son. 

MARES,  Two  Years — i,  Lady  Ascot, 
Boag  &  Son;  2,  Queen  Damley,  T. 
A.   Russell. 

M.ARES,  One  Year— i,  Denholm  Hill 
Blossom,  W.  W.  Hogg;  2,  Rosy  Har- 
mony. A.  Scharf;  3,  Woodside  Rose- 
land,  R,  Ness  &  Son;  4,  Lady  Mon- 
crief.   J.   Vipond. 

CHAMPION    ^LARE— Royalette. 


CLYDESDALES  (Canadian  Bred) 
Ottawa  Winter  Fair,  1916. 

AGED  STALLIONS— I,  Special  Royal 
Favorite,  J.  Telfer;  2,  Koyama,  Wal- 
len;  3,  Baron  Morris,  W.  A.  Mor- 
row ;  4,  Baron  Gibson.  W.  J.  Graham. 

STALLIONS,  Three  Years— i,  Prince 
Rod  rick,  J.  Vipond;  2,  Ross  Mc- 
Gregor, L.  Richardson;  3,  Chattans 
Buchh-AM'e,  E.  Flattens;  4,  Soutas 
Buchlyvie,   E.   H.   Graham.     , 

STALLIONS.  Two  Years— i.  Royal 
Regent,  Graham  Bros. :  2,  Spencer  of 
the  Briars,  R.  Ness  &  Son ;  3,  Barpn's 
Pride.  A.  Scharf ;'  4,  Sir  Acme,  Peter 
Christie  &  Son. 

STALLIONS,  One  Year— i,  MacSuc- 
cess  of  Atha,  E.  H.  Graham;  2,  Scot- 
tish Diadem.  J.  J.  Hodgins;  3,  Baron 
Cedar,  A.   Scharf. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Royal  Re- 
gent. 

AGED  MARES— r,  Aberdeen's  Grace, 
T.  B.  McCaulay;  2,  Royal  Rose,  A. 
Watson ;  3,  Princess  Lucy  Belle,  J. 
Rothwell :  4,  Moss  Rose,  A.  Watson. 

>L\RES,  Three  Years— i,  Lady  Har- 
mony. A.  Watson ;  2,  Lady  Nether- 
lea,  T.  B.  McCaulay;  3,  Kate  Favor- 
ite, J.   Vipond.  . 

^f  ARES.  Two  Years— I.  Lady  Bydand, 
Graham  Brol. ;  2,  Woodside  Rosebud, 
R  Ness  &  Son ;  Lady  Garnet,  W. 
Battv;  Minnie  Favorite,  F.  W.  Brad- 
ley. 

MARES,  One  Year — i.  Ivory  Margaret, 
Smith  &  Richardson ;  '2,  Jean  Arm- 
our. W.  W.  Hogg;  3,  Nellie  Car- 
ruchan,  W.  Batty. 

CHAMPION    MARE— Lady   Bydand. 


sard,  on  Wyomyo;  4,  Smith  &  Ric- 
hardson, on  Scoria's  Pride. 
ST.ALLIONS,  Four  Years  Old  and 
Cher,  Importers  Excluded— i,  A. 
Mason,  on  Prince  of  Aden;  2,  Sher- 
brooke  Horse  Breeding  Co.,  on  Royal 
iCup;  3,  Geo.  McRae,  on  Scottish 
Rin?;  4,  J-  D.  Eraser,  on  Lord  How- 
ick. 

STALLIONS,  Two  Years  Old— i,  T. 
H.  Hassard,  on  The  Count  of  Hill- 
crest;  2,  Smith  &  Richardson,  on 
Everard ;  3*  Robt. '  Todd,  on  Elm- 
vale's  Pride;  4,  Adam  Scarf,  on 
Fyvie    Junior. 

STALLIONS.  One  Year— i,  Nixon 
Scarf,  on  Lucky  Coin  2nd ;  2,  Wm. 
Nussey.  on   Oakhurst   Sir  Robert. 

CHAMPION  STALLION  —  Sir 
Spencer. 

BROOD  MARE  with  Foal  at  Foot— 
I.  Rothwell.  on  Manilla;  2,  Nixon 
Scarf,  on  Jenny  Valdor;  3,  W.  J. 
McGerrigle.  on  Corono ;  4,  T.  B. 
Macaulav,    on   Ladv   Armandale. 

FOAL— I.  Rothwell; '2,  S.  McGerrigle; 

3.  W.  J.  McGerrigle;  4,  Macaulay. 
YELD  MARE— I,  Hassard,  on  Nell  of 

Aikton :  2,  Ness,  on  Darling  of  Begg ; 
3.'  Smith  &  Richardson,  on  Laura 
Dee :   4,    Mason,   on    Snowdrop. 

FILLY.  Three  Years— i,  3  and  4, 
Smith  &  Richardson,  on  Dickiebelle, 
Mandoline  and  Black  Maid ;  2,  A. 
Scarf  on  Craigie  Meg. 

FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  Rothwell.  on 
Syringa;  2,  Ness,  on  Woodside  Rose- 
bud ;  3,  Mason,  on  Blink  of  Aermont ; 

4.  Nussey. 

FILLY,  One  Year— i,  A.  Scarf,  on 
Rosie  Harmony:  2,  Mason,  on  Hea- 
ther Moon :  3,  Ness,  on  Woodside 
Rosalind ;  4,  Rothwell,  on  Sweet 
Peggy.  -^ 

CHAMPION  MARE— Syringa. 

STALLION  and  Three  of  His  Get— 
I,  Ness,  on  Sir  Spencer;  2,  Rothwell, 
on  Dunnottar;  3,  Nussev,  on  Baron 
Silloth's    Heir. 


OTTAWA    (Summer,    1915) 

AGED  STALLIONS— I,  R.  Ness  & 
Son.  on  Sir  Spencer;  2,  Ben  Roth- 
well,  on   Dunnottar;   3,   T.   H.   Has- 


CANADIAN  BREDS 
(Central  Canada,  1915) 
AGED  STALLIONS— I,  J.  F.  Staples, 
on  Baron  Elator;  2,  Wm.  Nussey,  on 
Baron   Silloth's  Heir ;  3,  Wm.  Allan, 
on  Koyama :  4,  Smith  &  Richardson, 
on    Mascot's    Pride. 
TALLIONS,    Three    Years— i,   T.   H. 
Hassard,    on     Randolph   Romeo;    a. 


294 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Geo.   H.   Montgomery,  on  Sir  Roger. 

STALLIONS,  Two  Years— i.  R.  Ness 
&  Son,  on  Spencer  of  the  Briars ;  2, 
Adam  Scarf,  on  Baron's  Pride  2nd; 
3,  Staples,  on  Golden  Don ;  4,  T.  B. 
McCaulay,   on    Prince    Netherlea. 

STALLIONS,  One  Year— i,  S.  Mc- 
Gerrigle ;  2,  Nussey,  on  Oakhurst 
Shapely    Prince. 

BROOD  MARE  AND  FOAL— i, 
Staples,  on  Golden  Gem ;  2,  Scarf, 
on  Lady  Gold ;  3,  W.  J.  McGerrigle, 
on  Flossie  Fyvle ;  4,  D.  A.  McCor- 
mick,  on   Maud  of  the  Briars. 

YELD  MARE— I,  Hassard,  on  Daisy 
Dean ;  2,  McCaulay,  on  Aberdeen 
Grace;    3,    Rothwell,    on    Cherrybank. 

FILLY,  Three  Years — i.  McCaulay,  on 
Lady  Netherlea ;  2,  S.  McGerrigle ; 
3,  Staples,  on  Golden  Maggie ;  4, 
Scarf,   on   Lady   Harmony. 

FILLY,  Two  Years — t,  Staples,  on 
Golden  Crest;  2.  Snyder,  on  Bedelia. 

FILLY,  One  Year — i,  Nussey;  2, 
Tierney,  on  Kintore  Moss  Rose;  3, 
Scarf,  on  Rose  of  Fairview ;  4,  Mc- 
Caulav,   on    Queen    Netherlea. 

CHAMPION  STALLION  —-Randolph 
Romeo. 

CHAMPION   MARE— Daisy  Dean. 

SPECIAL  FOR  THREE  CLYDES- 
DALE MARES,  Any  Age,  sired  by 
a  Clydesdale  Stallion — r,  S.  Watt;  2, 
R.    Bivington. 


GUELPH   (Winter) 

AGED  STALLIONS— T  and  4,  Graham 
Bros.,  on  Lord  Gleniffer  and  Alert ; 
2.  Smith  &  Richardson,  on  Scotia's 
Pride ;  3,  Jno.  Boag  &  Son,  on  Baron 
Senwick;  S,  T.  D.  Elliott,  on  Ardyne 
Blend. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1912— i,  2 
and  3,  Graham  Bros.,  on  Baron  As- 
cot, Fyvie  Peer  and  Lord  Malcolm ; 
4,  Boag  &  Son.  on  Birchburn ;  5, 
Smith  &  Richardson,  on  Royal  Type. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1913— i, 
Graham    Bros.,    on    Cedric    King:    2, 

T.  H.  Hassard,  on  The  Count  of  Hill- 
crest  ;  3  and  4,  Smith  &  Richardson, 
on  Baron  Kipling  and  Everard. 

STALLION     FOALED     IN     1914— i,v 
Smith    &   Richardson,    on   Royal    De- 
sign ;     2,    Graham     Bros.,    on    Mac- 
Queen   ofjB  Atha. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Baron  As- 
cot. 

AGED  MARE— I,  W.  W.  Hogg,  on 
Royalette;    2,    Smith    &    Richardson, 


on  Laura  Dee;  3,  Hassard,  on  Nell 
of  Aikto»;  4  and  7,  H.  A.  Mason, 
on  Snowdrop  and  Pride  of  Auchen- 
cleith ;  Geo.  Miller,  on  Bloom  of 
Whitefield. 
MARE  FOALED  IN  1912— i,  Graham 
Bros.,  on  Quenelda  of  Petty;  2, 
Smith   &  Richardson,   on   Mandoline; 

3,  Hogg,    on    Lady   Mary   Aberdeen ; 

4,  Boag  &  Son,  on   Solway  Duchess. 
MARE  FOALED  IN  1913— i,  Boag  & 

Son,  on  Lady  Ascot ;  2,  Mason,  on 
Blink  of  Airmont. 

MARE  FOALEL  IN  1914— i.  Mason, 
on  Heather  Moon ;  2  and  3,  Hogg, 
on  Jean  Armour  and  Denholmhill 
Blossom. 

MARE  AND  TWO  OF  HER  PRO- 
GENY—i,  Jno.  D.  McGibbon,  on 
Young  Jess  of  Whitef  auld ;  2,  Wil- 
son, on  Fanny  Clark;  3,  Batty,  on 
Newbigging  Beauty;  4,  R.  C.  Roger- 
son,  on  Maggie  4th  of  Drum. 

THREE.  THE  GET  OF  IMPORTED 
SIRE-;-!,  W.  F.  Batty,  on  get  of 
Gallant  Carruchan ;  2,  McGibbon,  on 
get  of  Marathon. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Royalette. 


CANADIAN  BREDS    (Guelph) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  Thos.  Mc- 
Michael,  on  Lord  Ronald ;  2,  Hast- 
ings Bros.,  on  Baron  Rozelle;  3,  Wm. 
Woodley,  on  Peerless  Ascot ;  5,  R. 
C.    Rogerson,    on    Orla's    Boy. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1912— i,  T. 
H.  Hassard,  on  Randolph  Romeo; 
2,  McMichael,  on  International;  3, 
Lew.  Richardson,  on  Ross  Mac- 
Gregor,  by  Lord  George ;  4.  G.  A. 
Smith,  on  His  Royalty;  5,  Hodgkin- 
son   &  Tisdale,  on   Golden    Spark. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  ^913—1, 
Graham  Bros.,  on  Royal  Regent;  2, 
Peter  Christie,  on  Sir  Acme;  3,  R. 
J.  Barton,  on  Canada's  Glory  by  Cel- 
tic Baron ;  4,  A.  G.  Gormley,  on  Ap- 
polo  by  Beau-  Ideal ;  5,'  Fred  J.  Wil- 
son,-on  Gay  Ronald  by  Montrave 
Ronald. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1914— i. 
W.    F.    Batty,    on    Duke    Carruchan; 

2.  Alex.    Farr,    on    Tommy    Atkins; 

3.  Geo.    Miller,    on    Grandee's    First; 

4.  J.  Rae,  on  Major's  Pride;  5,  Has- 
sard, on   Sir  Elgin. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1915— i, 
Hassard,  on  Pride  of  Dunedin ;  2, 
R.    Fewster,^  on    Sprucehill    Favorite; 


LIVE   STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


295 


5,   Dale  &  Son,  on  Honest  Tom. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Randolph 
Romeo.  ^ 

AGED  MARE — i,  Hassard,  on  Daisy 
Dean ;  2,  Hastings,  on  Queen  of 
Tuan ;  3,  Miller,  on  Charm ;  4,  Tuck 
&   Son,  on  Queen   Maud. 

MARE  FOALED  IN  1912— i,  Wilson, 
on    Bertha   Orla. 

MARE  FOALED  IN  1913— i,  Miller, 
on  Scotland's  Charm;  2,  Roe,-  on 
Lady  Bydand  ;  3,  McGibbon,  on  Jen- 
nie Crawford ;  4.  Batty,  on  Nora 
Carruchan ;  5,  McCort  &  Son,  on  Bes- 
sie Scott. 

-MARE  FOALED  IN  1914— i,  Batty, 
on  Nellie  Carruchan;  2,  ^.  Watt,  on 
Flora  Dora;  3,  McCort  &  Son,  on 
Jean  Scott;  4,  Beattie,  on  Miss  Blos- 
som. 

MARE  FOALED  IN  1915— i,  Arbo- 
gast  Bros.,  on  Nellie  Muir;  2  and  4, 
McGibbon,  on  Marathon  Belle  and 
Lady  Marathon;  3,  Steen,  on  Fancy 
Baroness. 

THREE.  THE  GET  OF  SIRE— i  and 
2.    McMichael.   on   get   of   Glen    Rae. 

^L\RE  AND  TWO  OF  HER  PRO- 
GENY—i.  Miller,  on  Charm;  2,  Mc- 
Michael, on  Princess  .Glendrie;  3, 
Grav,    on    Minnie. 

CH.\MPION  C.  B.  MARE— Scotland's 
Charm. 


CALGARY    (Summer) 

AGED  STALLIONS— I,  Scotland's 
Comet,  E.  D.  Adams ;  2,  Royal  Trus- 
tee, P.  M.  Bredt;  3,  Solicitor's'Gen- 
eral.  W.  E.  Butler:  4,*  Cycloyss,  F. 
Schroeder. 

STALLION.  Three  Years— i,  Astro- 
phel,  F.  Schroeder. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Scotland's 
Bulwark,  A.  L.  Dollar ;  2,  Western 
Homesteake  '  Prince,  P.  M.  Bredt ; 
3,  Scotland's  Might,  A.  L.  Dollar;  4, 
General  John,  P.  M.  Bredt. 

STALLION.  One  Year— i!  Imperial 
Newton.  D.  Jones :  2,  Maxwell  of 
Dalemead,  G.  C.  Milnes ;  3,  Prince 
Victor  Hood.  P.  M.  Bredt. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Scotland's 
Cornet. 

BROOD  M.A.Rfe— I,  Poppy  Bredt;  2, 
^liss  Newton.  Jones;  3,  Ladv  Rozelle, 
Thorburn  &  Riddle. 

MARE,  One  Year — i,  Jess  of  Craig- 
willie.  A.  Webster;  2,  Sweet  Barlae, 
A.     Ingram;     3.    Maggie    Flemming, 


Thorburn  &  Riddle ;  4,  Geraldine,  P. 
M.    Bredt. 

MARE,  Three  Years— i.  Pride  of 
Craig.  ^P.  M.  Bredt ;  2,  Braco  Kate, 
P.  M.  Bredt:  3,  Elcho's  Lady,  Thor- 
burn &  Riddle;  4,  Olive  Bennie,  P. 
M.  Bredt. 

FILLY,  Two  Years — i.  Hopeful  Beauty, 
P.  M.  Bredt;  2,  Brown  Bess,  Thor- 
burn ;  3,  Edenwold  Beaut}',  Bredt. 

F^LLY,  One  Year— i,  Balgreggen 
Queen.  Bredt;  2,  Maggie  MeNeil, 
Thorburn  &  Riddle;  3,  Royal  Prin- 
cess. Thorburn  &  Riddle. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Jess  of 
Craigwillie. 


EDMONTON  (Summer) 

AGED  STALLIONS— I,  Gay  Douglas, 
D.  Qmeron ;  2,  Royal  Trustee,  P.  M. 
Bredt;  3.  Solicitor  General.  W.  E. 
Butler;  4.  King  Byron,  H.  Bums; 
5,  Clarendon,  W.  C.  Gillies. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— l,  Dun- 
robin    Hiawatha,    W.    C.    Sutherland. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Dunrobin 
Pathfinder,  Sutherland;  2,  General 
John,  Bredt;  3.  W^stem  Hero, 
Bredt:    4,    Prince    Minnick,    Minnick. 

YEARLING  STALLION— i,  Prince 
Victor  Hood,  Mrs.  Bredt. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Dunrobin 
Pathfinder. 

BROOD  MARE,  with  Foal  by  Side— 
I,  Poppy,  Bredt;  2,  Rosy  McLaren, 
Jamieson:  3,  Rosie's  Beauty,  Bredt; 
4,  Lady  Elcho,  D.  Thorburn. 

YELD  MARE,  Three  Years  and  Over 
—I.  Pride  of  the  Craig,  Bredt;  2, 
Bonnie  Doune,  Sutherland;  3.  Lady 
Svlvander,  Sutherland;  4,  Maggie 
Fleming.  Thorburn;  5,  Rosie  Elcho, 
Thorburn. 

FILLY.  Two  Years- 1,  Hopeful  Beauty, 
Bredt;  2,  Brown  Bess.  Thorbum;  3, 
Golden  West  Ailsa,  Bredt ;  4,  Scottish 
Queen,    Minnick. 

YEARLING  FILLY— i.  Lady  Hazel, 
J.  A.  Jamieson:  2,  Lady  Jane,  Suth- 
erland; 3,  Balgreggan  Queen,  Bredt; 
4.   Priiicess   Kathleen.    Sutherland. 

FOAL  OF  1915— I.  Bredt;  2  and  3. 
Jamieson;  4,  P.  H.  Winter;  5,  Thor- 
burn. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Poppy. 

BRANDON   (Summer  Fair) 
AGED    STALLION- 1,    Charaock,    J. 
Tucker;   2,  Johnston   Count,  Andrew 


296 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK 


Graham;  3,  Carrick,  Taylor  &  Mc- 
Callum;  4,  Lord  Scott,  W.  J.  Mc- 
Callum,  Brampton,  Ont. ;  5,  Cairnhill, 
Brandon   Horse  Co. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1912— i, 
Gay  Palmerston,  C.  and  D.  R.  Mc- 
Donald; 2,  Forrest  Yet,  D.  E.  Fer- 
guson ;  3,  Esmond,  R.   McFlenna. 

STALLION  FOALEL  IN  1913— i,  The 
Bruce  of  Hillcrest,  R.  S.  Taber;  2, 
Carruchan  Knight,  Wm.  Grant;  3, 
Donald  of  Vista,  McDonald;  4, 
Sweet  Heart's  Pride,  Miller;  5,  Count 
Ideal,  Graham. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1914— i, 
Lordly  Prince  Rupert,  Coates ;  2, 
Baron  Kitchener  of  Hillcrest,  Taber; 

3,  Napinka  King  Gartley,  McKirdy 
Bros. ;  4,  Baron's  Heir,  Jno.  Craw- 
ford;   5,    Baron    Sackville,    Hairsire. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— The^ruce 
of  Hillcrest. 

MARE  FOALED  IN  1912— i,  Lady 
Beresford,  Dawley;  2,  Maud  Gartley, 
Reaburn  &  Son;  3,  Jennie  Baron, 
Jno.  Crawford;  4,  Lainty  Countess, 
Graham;  S,  Lady  Grace,  Grant. 

FILLY  FOALED  IN  1913— i,  Prin- 
cess Carruchan,  Grant;  2,  May  Daisy 
Bell.    Leckie ;    3,    Lady   Ruby,   Tosh ; 

4,  Mary  Gartley,  McKirdy  Bros.;  5, 
Mona   of  Hillcrest,   Dawley. 

FILLY  FOALED  IN  1914  —  L 
Crowned  Queen,  McKirdy  Bros.;  2, 
Fanny  Fern,  White;  3,  Countess 
Ema,  Graham;  4,  Peg  o'  My  Heart, 
Hairsire;  5,  Countess  Ethel,  Graham. 

FOAL  OF  1915— I,  A.  McPhail;  2, 
Graham;  3,  Crawford;  4,  Taber;  S, 
Graham. 

BROOD  MARE  with  Foal  by  Side— 
I,  Ruby  Gay,  David  Little;  2,  Flos- 
hend  Princess,  G.  C.  Porterfield;  3, 
May  Urquhart,  Stewart;  4,  Lady 
Wiston,  Wishart;  5,  Carmen  Vic, 
Wood. 

YELD  MARE— I,  Lady  Hopetown, 
Grant;  2,  Valdoroh,  White;  3,  Fanny 
Baron,  White;  4,  Royal  Beauty,  Rea- 
burn &  Son;  s,  Darling  Bell,  Wis- 
hart. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Princess  Car- 
ruchan. 


REGINA    (Summer    Fair) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  The  Bruce,  R. 
S.  Taber;  2,  Haile's  Surprise,  How; 
3,  Mahomet,  G.  A.  Stutt;  4,  Craigie 
Member,  J.  E.  Dashney;  5,  London 
City,  H.  Schoenraht;  6,  Prince  Royal 


of   Fleming,   McMillan. 

STALLION  of  1912—1,  Park  Mains 
Bruc^  Alex.  Mutch;  2,  Hillcrest 
Montgrave,  Mutch;  3,  Lord  Tooley, 
Williamson. 

STALLION  OF  1913— i,  The  Count  of 
Hillcrest,  Wallace;  2,  Golden  Youth, 
Thos.  Heggie;  3,  Majestic  Wave, 
Radcliffe;  4,  Curruchan  Knight, 
Grant ;  5,  Doune  Lodge  Baron  Alton, 
Mutch. 

STALLION  OF  1914— i.  Grand  Royal 
Gem,  Stutt ;  2,  Baron  Wallace  of  Hill- 
crest, Wallace ;  3,  Baron  Kitchner  of 
Hillcrest,  Taber;  4,  Lord  Roberts  of 
Hillcrest,    Taber. 

CHAMPIOJJ  STALLION— The  Count 
of  Hillcrest. 

BROOD  MARE  WITH  FOAI^i, 
Meadow  Lawn  Princess,  Heggie ;  2, 
Flower  of  Shallock,  Stutt;  3,  Doune 
Lodge  Rose,  Mutch. 

AGED  MARE— I,  Lady  Hopetown, 
Grant ;  2,  Queen  of  the  Revels,  Taber ; 
3,  Lady  Linda,  Taber. 

FILLY  OF  1913 — I,  Princess  Carru- 
chans,  Wm.  Grant;  2,  Rosy  B.  Hag- 
ertv ;  3,  Lady  Ethel,  Radcliff ;  4,  Tidal 
Bell,  Radcliff. 

FILLY  OF.  1914 — I,  Craigie  Mains 
Rose,  Mutch;  2,  Lady  Sylvan  Queen, 
Hagerty;  3,  Fair  Lady  Jean,  Stutt. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Princess  Car- 
ruchan. 

BEST  FIVE  CLYDESDALES— I, 
Taber;  2,  Grant;  3,  Mutch. 

SASKATOON   (Summer  Fair.) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  B.  F.  Bray;  2, 
Straughan  and  McWilliam;  3,  D. 
Caswell ;  4,  R.  W.  Caswell. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i,  W.  C. 
Sutherland;  2,  Wm.  Grant. 

YEARLING  STALLION— i,  Suther- 
land: 2.  D.  Caswell.    , 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Thos. 
Wallace;  2,  Bray;  3,  Graham  and 
Straughan;  4,  W.  McKay. 

FOAL  OF  1915— I,  4  and  5,  Suther- 
land; 2,  D.   Caswell;  3,  McKay. 

BROOD  MARE— I  and  3,  Sutheriand; 
2,  D.  Caswell ;  4,  Graham  and  Straug- 
han. .  . 

YELD  MARE— I,  2  and  5,  Caswell ;  3 
and  4,  Sutherland. 

I,  Mayoress;  2,  Amy  of  Darley;  3, 
Bonnie  Doune;  4,  Lady  Sylvander; 
5,   Lady   Hopetown. 

MARE,    Three    Years— i,    Dougan;    2, 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


297 


McKay;  3,  Sutherland;  4,  D.  Cas- 
well. 

FILLY,  Two  Years — i,  Dougan;  2, 
Carscadden ;  3,  Sutherland ;  4,  Mc- 
Kay. 

YEARLING  FILLY— i  and  2,  Suther- 
land;   3,    Carscadden;    4,    Grant 

CHAMPION    STALLION— Bray. 

CHAMPION    ?il ARE— Dougan. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i  and  2, 
Sutherland. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  MARE— i, 
Sutherland ;  2,  Mackay. 

BEST  STALLION  AND  THREE 
MARES — I,  Sutherland;  2,  Dougan; 
3,   R.   W.   Caswell. 

CHAMPION  CANADIAN  -  BRED 
STALLION— Wallace. 

CHAMPION  CANADIAN  -  BRED 
MARE— Dougan.  i 


CLYDESALES,  IMP.— LONDON 
AGED  STALLION— I,  T.  D.  Elliott, 
on  Ardyne  Blend  by  Hiawatha;  2, 
H.  McLean,  on  Early  Dudley  by 
Royal  Edward ;  3,  Thos.  Wilkinson 
&  Guest,  on  Lawrason's  Pride  by 
Royal  Favorite;  4,  Crabb  &  Harris, 
on  Lord  Armstrong;  5,  Elliott,  on 
Madura. 
stallion;  Three  Years  Old— i,  Thos. 
McMichael,  on  International  by 
Prince   Romeo. 


STALLION,  Two  Years  Old— i,  Jno. 
Ballantyne,  on  Prince  of  Langside  by 
Popinjay;  2,  Samuel  MacMurray,  on 
Lawrason's  Pride. 

STALLION,  One  Year  Old— i,  W.  F. 
Batty,  on  Duke  Carruchan  by  Gal- 
lant  Carruchan. 

CHAMPION  STALLION  —  Ardyne 
Blend. 

BROOD  MARE,  with  Foal— i,  W.  W. 
Hogg,  on  Royal  ette  by  Royal  Ed- 
ward ;  2,  Batty,  on  Newbigging 
Beauty  by  Hiawatha;  3,  McMichael 
on  Spring  Beauty  by  Glen  Rae;  4, 
Hogg,  on  Iris  of  Petty  by  Bonnie 
Buchlyvie;  5,  Durst,  on  Buiston  Jean 
by  Outlook. 

FILLY,  Three  Years  Old— i,  Hogg,  on 
Lady  Aberdeen  by  Rubio. 

FILLY,  Two  Years  Old— i,  McMichael, 
on  Maggie  Rae  by  Glen  Rae ;  2,  Hogg, 
on  Tibbie  of  Denholm  Hill  by  Bri- 
gadier Gerrard;  3,  Webster  Bros., 
Glencoe. 

FILLY,  One  Year  Old— i,  Hogg,  on 
Jean  Armour  by  Dunure  David;  2, 
Wilkinson  &  Guest. 

FOAL— I,  Durst;  2,  Batty;  3,  Dale;  4, 
Hogg;   s,   McMichael. 

CHAMPION   MARE— Royalette. 

STALLION  and  Three  of  His  Get— 
I,  Wilkinson  &  Guest,  on  Lawra- 
son's Pride. 


Percherons 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 
STALLION,   Four   Years   and   Over— 

I,   T.   D.   Elliott,  on   Irade;  2,  J,   B. 

Hogate,  on  Koursier;  3,  Wm.  Pears, 

on  Guedo ;  4.  Hogate.  on  Caprice. 
STALLION,     Three     Years— i,    G.    E. 

Boulter,   on    Herculoid. 
STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  W.  G.  Hill 

&  Son ;  2,  Hogate. 
STALLION.    One    Year— i.    Pears,   on 

General   Cormier;   2,   Gurney  &   Son, 

on    Boulder    Grange    Prince. 
CHAMPION    STALLION— Irade. 
YELD-  MARE— I,  Hassard,  on  Labeu- 

viniere;  2;  Hogate,  on  Lacune;  3,  A. 

W.  Dobson,  on  Kalmouck;  4,  Boulter, 

on  Lorene. 
FILLY,   Three    Years— i,     Hogate,   on 

Meche. 
FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  Pears,  on  Lady 

Impresse;    2.   Hill   &    Son,    on    Polly 

Patricia;    3,    Pears,    on    Lady   Julia; 

4,  Boulter,  on  Lou  Lou. 
YEARLING  FILLY— i,  2  and  3,  Pears, 


on    Lady    Mary,    Lady    Kagnat    and 

Lady   Kate. 
BROOD  MARE— I,  2,  3  and  4,  Peatrs, 

on    Lady   Grey,   Julia,    Impresse   and 

Kocarde. 
FOAL    OF    1915 — I,    Pears,    on    Mar- 
shall Cormier ;  2,  Boulter,  on  Titania ; 

3,    Pears,   on   Lady   Lorraine. 
MARE     AND     TWO     PROGENY— i 

and  2,  Pears;  3,  Boulter. 
CHAMPION    MARE— Labeuviniere. 
BEST  STRING  OF  FIVE— Pears. 
DOM.  GOV'T.  SPECIAL,  Five  the  Get 

of    One     Sire — i     and  .  2,    Pears ;   3, 

Boulter. 


OTTAWA. 

(Winter  Fair,  1916) 
Only  seven  were  exhibited  in  the 
Percheron  classes.  Aged  stallions  were 
there  in  all  and  went,  first,  W.  D. 
Steen  with  Jet,  second  to  J.  Tweedle 
on  Houp,  and  third  to  A.  R.  Hossie 
with  Kosaque.    W*-  Wood  showed  th« 


298 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


only  two-year  stallion  and  was  also 
alone  in  one-year  olds.  The  same 
breeders,  three-year  old  mare,  Marie, 
was  the  only  female  shown.  Champion 
stallion.   Jet. 


CENTRAL  CANADA   (1915) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  W.  R.  Wilson, 
on  Habluer;  2,  T.  H.  Hassard,  on 
Liquide;  3,  A.  La  Fortune,  on  Job- 
ard;  4,  J.  B.  Hogate,  on  Jeantes;  5, 
Milton  Porter,  on  Kodi. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i,  W.  E. 
Anderson,   on    Dukedom. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Hogate, 
on    Beauchenier. 

BROOD  MARE  AND  FOAL— i  and 
2,  G.  E.  Boulter,  on  Lorene  and 
Lady   Belle ;   3,   Anderson,   on   Daisy. 

FILLY,  Two  Years — i,  Boulter,  on 
Lou  Lou ;  2,  J.  E.  Arnold,  on  Hazel- 
thorn. 

FILLY,  One  Year — i.  Boulter, .  on 
Eloise ;    2,    Arnold,    on    Rosealine. 


GUELPH     (Winter,    1915) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  Hodgkinson  & 
Tisdale,  on  Ichnobate ;  2,  T.  D.  El- 
liott, on  Irade ;  3,  R.  Hamilton  & 
Sons,  on  Kavaignac;  4,  F.  J.  Sulli- 
van, on  Avocation ;  5,  H.  D.  Steen, 
on  Jet. 

STALLION  FOALED  IN  1912— i, 
Hodgkinson   &  Tisdale,   on   Molitor. 

STALLION  FOALED  on  or  After 
Jan.  I,  1912 — I,  Hodgkinson  &  Tis- 
dale, on  Niguot;  2,  Wm.  Pears,  on 
General  Cormier;  3,  J.  B.  Hogate,  on 
-  Beauchemier. 

CHAMPION    STALLION— Ichnobate. 

AGED  MARE — i,  Hogate,  on  Lacune; 
2,  Pe^rs,  on  Lady  Grey;  3,  Callender, 
on  Junette. 

MARE  FOALED  on  or  After  Jan.  i, 
1913 — I  and  2,  Pears,  on  Lady  Em- 
presse  and  Ladv  Julia. 

THREE,  THE  GET  OF  SIRE— i  and 
2,  Pears,  on  the  get  of  Cormier. 

MARE  AND  TWO  OF  HER  PRO- 
GENY— I  and  2,  Pears,  on  the  pro- 
geny of  Julia  and  Impresse. 

CHAMPION    MARE— Lacune. 


SASKATOON,    1915 
AGED     STALLION— I,     Herman:     2 

and  3,  J.   H.  Graham. 
STALLION.    Three     Years— i,     Upper 
-    Bros. 

STALLION,     Two    Years— i     and    2, 
Upper. 


YEARLING  STALLION— i,  2  and  4, 

Upper;  3,  C.  D.  Roberts. 
FOAL  OF  1915— I,  Roberts;  2,  Upper. 
CHAMPION    STALLION— Herman. 
BROOD  MARE— I,  Upper;  2,  Roberts. 
YELD     MARE— I     and    2,    Upper;    3, 

Roberts. 
IMARE,  Three  Years— i,  Upper. 
FILLY,     Two    Years— I,     Roberts;     2, 

Upper. 
YEARLING  FILLY— i   and  2,   Upper. 
CHAMPION    MARE— Upper. 


BRANDON   (Summer  Fair,  1915) 

AGED  STALLION^i,  Bijou,  Upper 
Bros.;   2,  Jipara,   Reid. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i.  Futur- 
ity, Upper;  2,  Douglas,  W.  Leding- 
ham. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Mogul,  A. 
Reid. 

STALLION,  I  Year— I,  Ilott  2nd,  Rob- 
erts; 2,  Prince  Charlie,  Upper  Bros; 

3,    Earl   of  Latons,   Ledingham. 

CHAMPION    STALLION— Bijou. 

BROOD   MARE,  with   Foal   at   Side— 

1,  Marlowette,  C.  D.  Roberts;  2  and 
3,  Upper  Bros.,  on  Quickstep  and 
Prairie -^ueen ;  4,  Queen  of  Latona, 
Ledingham. 

YELD  MARE— I,  Rosine,  Upper  Bros. ; 

2,  Russellette,  Roberts ;  3,  Irene, 
Upper  Bros.;  4,  Manetta,  Simpson; 
5,   Merry  Win,   Reid;  6,   Mira,  Reid. 

FILLY,  Three  Years— i,  Gladys,  Reid; 
2,  Mamie,  Upper  Bros. ;  3,  Lady 
Smith,  Simpson ;  4,  Mayflower,  Up- 
per  Bros. 

FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  Ilia  of  Prairie- 
view,  Roberts ;  2,  Maud  of  Latona, 
Ledingham ;  3,  Quickflight,  Upper 
Bros. 

FILLY,  One  Year — i  and  2,  Upper 
Bros.,  on  Black  Beauty  and  White 
Sox. 

FOAL  OF  1915— I,  Roberts;  2  and  3, 
Upper  Bros. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Rosine. 


REGINA  (Summer  Fair,  1915) 
AGED     STALLIONS— I,     Frank     J., 

D.    Hepburn;    2,    Bijou,   Upper   Bros. 
STALLION.  Three  Years— i,  Futurity, 

Upper   Bros.     - 
STALLION,     Two     Years— i.     Regina 

Boy,    J.    McElhinney;    2,    McCallum 

Mac,    Upper    Bros. ;    3,    Napoleon    of 

Silver  Crest,  A.  McLaren. 
STALLION,       One     Year— i,     Portal 


Ln-E    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


299 


Chief,  Upper;  2,  Black  Knight,  Up- 
per; 3,  Illot  2nd.  C.  D.  Roberts;  4. 
Prinse  Charlie,  Upper. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Frank  J. 
Reserve,   Regina   Boy. 

BROOD  MARE— I,  Marlowette,  Rob- 
erts; 2  and  3,  Quickstep  and  Prairie 
Queen,  Upper;  4,  Dorothy,  Ruberger. 

VELD  MARE— I,  Rosini,  Upper;  2, 
Ru^sellette,  Roberts ;  3,  4  and  5,  Ir- 
ene. Marjorie  and  Leota,  all  owned 
bj-  U^pper. 

FILLY,  Three  Years — i  and  2,  Mamie 
and  Mayflower,  Upper. 

FILLY,  Two  Years— I,  Quicklight,  Up- 
per ;  ?,  Ilia  of  Prairie  View.  Roberts. 

FILLY,  One  Year — i.  Black  Beauty, 
Upper;  2,  Susie,  Ruberger;  3,  White 
Sox,  Upper  Bros. 

FOAL  OF  1915 — I,  Upper  Bros.;  2, 
Roberts. 

CHAMPION   FEMALE— Rosine. 


CALGARY   (Summer  Fair) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  Illico,-  W.  B. 
Thome;  2.  Marathon,  E.  A.  Daven- 
port ;  3,  Marquis,  Upper  Bros. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i,  Futur- 
ity.   Upper    Bros. ;    2.   Joker,   Thome. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i.  Brilliant 
of  Acme,  Davenport;  2,  Hamilton 
Bros. 

STALLION.  One  Year— i.  Prince 
Charlie,  Upper  Bros. ;  2.  Marquis  of 
Acme,  Davenport ;  3.  Maranot  of 
Acme,    Davenport ;    4.    Mint.    Thome. 

CHAMPION    STALLION— Illico. 

BROOD  MARE  with  Foal  at  Side— 
I.  Mellie,  Davenport;  2^  Rosebud, 
Davenport ;    3.    Ruby,    Upper   Bros. 

FOAL — I  and  2,  Davenport;  3,  Upper 
Bros. 


MARE  AND  TWO  OF  HER  PRO- 
GENY— I,  Upper  Bros.,  on  progeny 
of  \"erla ;  2,  Davenport,  on  progeny 
of  Mellie. 

DRY  MARE— I,  2,  3  and  4— Upper 
Bros.,  on  Rosine,  Irene,  Lesta  and 
\"erla. 

FILLY,  Three  Years — i,  Lily  of  Acme, 
Davenport;  2  and  3.  Upper  Bros.,  on 
Mamie    and    Mayflower. 

FILLY,  Two  Years — i,  Brillantine  of 
Acme,  Davenport;  2,  3  and  4,  Upper 
Bros.,  on  Quicklight,  Jeanette  and 
Sprighth-. 

FILLY,  One  Year — i,  Maradot  of 
Acme,  Davenport;  2,  White  Sox,  Up- 
per Bros. 

CHAMPION  MARE— Rosine. 


LONDON. 


STALLION,  AGED— I,  T.  D.  Elliott, 
on  Irade;  2  and  3,  Hamilton  &  Son, 
on   Kavignac   and   Longtemps. 

STALLION,  Three  Years— i,  Alex'. 
McNiven. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i.  Guest. 

STALLION,  One  Year— i,  Gurney  & 
Son. 

CHAMPION    STALLION— Irade. 

BROOD  MARE— I,  E.  E.  Hanmer,  on 
Bien-A-Moi;  2,  J.  W.  Coulter,  on 
Polly;  3,  A.  W.  Dobson,  on  Kara- 
van;  4,  Henderson  Bros.,  on  Mary 
Queen. 

MARE,  Three  Yeears — i,  Gould;  2, 
Hanmer. 

FILLY,  YEARLING— I,  J.  Haas;  2, 
Dobson. 

FOAL — I,    Coulter;   2,    Hanmer;    3, 
Henderson ;  4,   Dobson. 

CHAMPION   MARE— Kalmouck. 


Shiret 


CALGARY    (Summer  Fair) 

AGED  STALLION— I,  Boro  Forester 
II.  Countess  Bubna ;  2,  Ossington 
Boss,  T.  Rawlinson ;  3,  Hampton 
Roval   Friar,  Rawlinson. 

STALLION.  Three  Years— i,  Lorry- 
man,  F.   Schroeder. 

STALLION,  Two  Years— i,  Tuttle 
Brook   Prince,   P.   M.   Bredt. 

STALLION,  One  Year— i,  Henley 
Kohinoor,  Rawinson. 

BROOD  MARE— I,  Gay  Lass,  G.  Lee, 
Warner. 

FOAL— Warner. 

DRY  MARE— I  and  2.  Moulton  Search- 
light  and    Bruunslade    Vinia,   Bubna. 


YEARLING  FILLY— i  and  2,  Coulee 
Conqueress  and  Merion  Forest 
Queen,  Warner. 

TEAM   IN   HARNESS— I,  Warner. 

BEST  TWO  MARES— I,  Bubna:  2, 
Warner. 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 
AGED  STALLION— I,  T.  H.  Hassard, 
on  Gillibrand  Swell,  by  Brandon 
Drayman;  2,  Johnston  Bros.,  on 
King  Junior  by  Palterton  First  King: 
3,  Jas.  Callander,  on  Verona  Leader 
gy  Uncle  Sam  4th. 
STALLION,  Three  Years  Old— i,  J. 
M.  Gardhouse,  on   Dunsmore  Nateby 


300 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


by  Dunsmore  Proctor. 
STALLION,  One  Year  Old— i,  Johns- 
ton,  on    Prince   Charles   of   Lambton 
by   Prince   Charles  of   Waresley. 

CHAMPION  STALLION— Dunsmore 
Natcby. 

FILLY,  Two  Years  Old— i,  Gardhouse, 
on  Heather  Belle  by  Waverley  Rex. 

BROOD  MARE,  with  Foal  by  Her 
Side — I,  Johnston,  on  Denstow  Fus- 
chia   by   Dunsmore   Professor. 

YELD  MARE— I,  Gardhouse,  on  Roke- 
by    Halo    by    Madresfield    Thumper; 
2,  Johnston,  on  Gray  Fuschia  by  Pro-- 
portion. 

FOAL  of   1915 — I,  Johnston. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Rokeby  Halo. 

BEST   STRING   OF  FIVE— Johnston. 


LONDON. 

STALLION,  AGED— I,  Johnston  Bros., 
on  King  Junior;  2,  R.  E.-  Kells,  on 
Maplehurst    Forest    Lad. 

STALLION,  One  Year  Old— i,  Johns- 
ton  Bros. 

CHAMPION  STALLION  -  King 
Junior. 

BROOD  MARE  with  Foal— i,  Johnston 
Bros.,  on  Dustow  Fuchsia;  2,  Web- 
ster Bros. 

FILLY,  Three  Years  Old— i,  Webster 
Bros. 

FILLY,  Two  Years  Old— i  and  2,  J. 
Leeson;   3,   Webster   Bros. 

FILLY  FOAL— I,  Johnston  Bros.;  2, 
Webster   Bros. 

BEST  MARE  ANY  AGE— Johnston 
Bros.,  on  Grey  Fuchsia. 


Shorthorns 


CANADIAN    NATIONAL,    1915. 

BULL,  Three  Years  and  Over — i  and 
3,  J.  A.  Watt,  on  Gainford  Marquis, 
and  Browndale;  2,  A.  F.  and  G.  Auld, 
on  Burnbrae  Sultan ;  4,  Jno.  Gard- 
house, on  Lavender  Sultan ;  5,  Kyle 
Bros.,  on  Nonpareil  Ramsden. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Watt,  on  Gain- 
ford  Perfection;  2,  Marquis,  on  Lan- 
caster Lad;  3,  Jno.  Watt  &  Son,  on 
Gainford  Select. 

BULL,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i,  Robt. 
Duff,  on  Augusta's  Fairview;  2,  Jas. 
Leask,  on  Royal  Sultan;  3,  Geo.  D. 
Fletcher,  on   Victor   Stamford. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  YEARLING—i, 
Gardhouse,  on  Cecilia  Sultan;  2,  Geo. 
Amos,  on  Sea  Gem's  Pride;  3,  Geo. 
Gier,  on  Escana  Champion. 

BULL,  SENIOR  CALF— i,  Auld,  on 
Field  Marshal;  2,  Watt  &  Son,  on 
Irvinedale  Select;  3.  Watt,  on  Lady's 
Garland;  4  and  5,  Mitchell  Bros.,  on 
Escana  Perfection,  and  Escana  Fav- 
orite. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Amos,  on 
Royal  Scot;  2,  Mitchell,  on  Escana 
Bandsman ;  3  and  5,  Auld,  on  County 
Guy,  and  Commander-in-Chief;  4, 
Kyle,  on  Cupbearer. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Gainford  Mar- 
quis. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Cecilia 
Sultan. 

COW,  Three  Years  and  Over— i,  Auld, 
on  Nonpareil  46th;  2,  Kyle,  on  Lady 
of  the  Valley  7th ;  3,  4  a"d  5,  Watt, 
on  Thelma  2nd,  Sittyton  Lady,  and 
Duchess   of   Gloster   7Sth. 


HEIFER,  Two  Years— i  and  2,  Watt, 
on  Silver  Queen,  and  Ury  Queen;  3, 
Auld,  ^  on  Mabel  Mysie;  4,  Kyle,  on 
Village  Maid  37th;  5,  Gardhouse,  on 
Cecilia    Beauty. 

HEIFER,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i,  3 
and  4,  Auld,  on  Countess  i6th.  Rose- 
bud and  Eden  Mills  Wimple;  2,  Mit- 
chell, on  Escana  Duchess;  5,  Watt  & 
Son,  on  Village  Bridesmaid. 

HEIFER,  JUNIOR  YEARLING-i 
and  2,  Watt,  on  Choice  Gem  and  Vil- 
lage Rose;  3,  Auld,  on  Miss  Orange 
Blossom;  4  and  5,  Mitchell,  on  Es- 
cana Duchess  2nd,  and  Escana  Cran- 
berry 2nd. 

HEIFER,  SENIOR  CALF— i,  2  and  6, 
Watt,  on  Red  Missie  2nd,  Countess 
Selma  4th,  and  Duchess  of  Gloster 
62nd;  3  and  5,  Auld,  on  Countess 
Missie,  and  Queen  Elizabeth;  4,  Kyle, 
on  Jealousy  7th. 

HEIFER,  JUNIOR  CALF— i  and  5, 
Mitchell,-  on  Escana  Beauty  2nd,  and 
Escana  Blossom ;  2  and  4,  Watt,  on 
Thelma  3rd,  and  Jealousy  6th;  3, 
Auld,  on  Moss  Rose  3rd. 

COW  OR  HEIFER  (Dual-purpose), 
Two  Years  or  Over,  in  Milk — i  and 
6,  Gardhouse,  on  Cecilia  Rose,  and 
Cecilia  Gem;  2,  Watt  &  Son,  on  Rose 
Bud  2nd;  3  and  4,  Watt,  on  Thelma 
2nd,  and  Village  Queen ;  5,  J.  Brown 
&  Sons,  on  Royal  Mysie's  Girl. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
FEMALE— Silver  Queen. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  FEMALE— 
Countess    i6th. 

GRADED   HERD— I   and  2,  Watt;  3, 


LIVE   STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


301 


Auld;  4,  Kyle;  s,   Gardhouse. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Watt;  2,  Auld;  3, 
Mitchell;   4,   Kvle;   5,   Gardhouse.. 

BREEDER'S  HERD— i,  Auld;  2,  Mit- 
chell :  3,  Kvle ;  4,  Gardhouse. 

BEST  five"  AXEMALS,  Get  of  One 
Sire — I,  Watt;  2,  Auld;  3,  Mitchell; 
4,   Kyle ;   5,   Gardhouse. 

BEST  THREE  ANIMALS,  Get  of  One 
Sire— I,  Watt;  2,  Auld;  3,  Mitchell; 
4,  Kyle ;  5,  Gardhouse. 

BEST  TWO  ANIMALS,  Progeny  of 
One  Cow— I,  Watt  &  Son;  2,  Mit- 
chell ;  3,  Auld ;  4,  Gardhouse ;  5,  Kyle. 

CANADA  CENTRAL. 

AGED  BULL— I,  J.  A.  Watt,  on 
Browndale ;  2,  Jno.  Gardhouse,  on 
Laveneder  Sultan ;  3,  Kyle  Bros.,  on 
Nonpareil    Ramsden. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  J.  Watt  &  Son, 
on  Gain  ford  Select;  2,  Frank  Buck, 
on  Silver  King. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  YEARLING  —  i, 
Gardhouse,  on  Cecilia  Sultan ;  2, 
Kyle    Bros.,   on    Spring   Valley    Star. 

BULL,  SENIOR  CALF— i.  Watt,  on 
Lady's  Garland ;  2  and  4,  Watt  & 
Son,  on  Irvinedale  Selection,  and  Ir- 
vinedale  Select ;  3,  Kyle  Bros.,  on 
Spring  Valley  Dreadnought. 

BULL.  JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Kyle  Bros., 
on  Cupbearer;  2  and  3,  T.  Scobie,  Qn 
Star  of  Maple  Grove,  and  Lucky 
Lad :  4,  Buck,  on  Emperor  4th. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Brown- 
dale. 

AGED  COW— I,  Watt,  on  Duchess  of 
Gloster  78th;  2,  Kyle  Bros.,  on  Lady 
of  the  Valley  7th;  3,  Scobie,  on  Jes- 
sie Jones  2nd. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i.  Watt,  on  Ury 
Queen;  2,  Gardhouse,  on  Cecilia 
Beauty;  3  and  4,  Kyle  Bros.,  on  Vil- 
lage ^laid  37th,  and  Meadow  Queen. 

HEIFER,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i, 
Kyle  Bros.,  on  Golden  Drop  20th ;  2, 
Watt  &  Son,  on  Village  Bridesmaid; 
3,  Watt,  on  Orange  Lady  4th ;  4, 
Gardhouse,   on   Sultan's   Lady. 

HEIFER,  JUNIOR  YEARLING— i, 
Watt,  on  Village  Rose;  2,  Watt  & 
Son,  on  Clara  of  Oak  Blu  2nd ;  3, 
Gardhouse,  on  Cecilia  Lavender ;  4, 
Scobie,  on  Star  of  Maple  Grove  2nd. 

HEIFER,  SENIOR  CALF— i  and  3, 
Watt,  on  Countess  Selma  4th  and 
Duchess  of  Gloster  62nd;  2,  Kyle 
Bros.,  on  Jealousy  7th ;  4,  Gardhouse, 
on   Blossom's  Fragrance. 


HEIFER,   JUNIOR   CALF— i    and   2, 

Watt,    on    Ideal    Lady   and   Jealousy 

6th;  3,  Gardhouse,  x)n  Silver  Queen; 

4,    Kyle    Bros.,     on     Spring     Valley 

Goldie. 
CHAMPION     FEMALE— Duchess    of 

Gloster   78th. 
GRADED    HERD— I,     Watt;    2,   Kyle 

Bros. ;    3,    Gardhouse. 
JUNIOR    HERD— I,    Watt;     2,     Kyle 

Bros. ;   3,    Gardhouse, 
FOUR  CALVES,  Bred  and  Owned  by 

Exhibitor — i.    Watt   &    Son;   2,   Kyle 

Bros. 


EDMONTON    (Summer  Fair,   1915) 

AGED  BULL— I,  Browndale,  J.  A. 
Watt;  2,  Burnbrae  Sultan,  A.  F.  & 
G.  Auld ;  3,  Oakland  Star,  J.  G.  Bar- 
ron ;  4,  Doune  Companier,  A,  R,  Gil- 
lies. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i,  Gainford  Per- 
fection, Watt ;  2,  Fair^'iew  Again, 
Barron ;  3,  Opportunity,  Yule  and 
Bowes. 

SENIOR  YEARLING  BULL-i,  Fair- 
view  Jubilee  King,  Barron ;  2,  Oak 
Bluff  Captain,  Watt;  3,  Oak  Bluff 
Judge   Yule  and  Bowes. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  BUXL— i.  Em- 
ma's Prince,  Barron ;  2,  Sylvan 
Power,  .Auld ;  3,  Willow  Ridge  Mar- 
quis. Yule  and  Bowes. 

BULL,  SENIOR  CALF— i.  Oak  BluflF 
Marshall,  Yule  and  Bowes ;  2,  Field 
Marshall,  Auld ;  3,  Lancaster  Prince, 
Yule  and  Bowes;  4,  Ladies  Garland, 
Watt. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Country 
Guy,  Auld:  2,  Duke  Browndale, 
Watt ;  3.  Fairview  Lavender,  Bar- 
ron ;  4,  Goldust,  Watt. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Em- 
ma's Prince. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL — Gainford  Perfection. 

.\GED  COW— I,  Thelma  2nd,  Watt;  2, 
Emma  of  Oak  Bluff,  Barron  ;  3,  Non- 
pariel  46th,  Auld;  4,  Spring  Valley 
Buckingham,  Yule  and  Bowes;  5, 
Sitt%-ton  Lady,  Watt. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Silver  Queen, 
Watt :  2,  Mable  Mysie,  Auld ;  3,  Fair- 
view  Baroness  Queen,  Barron;  4, 
Ury  Queen,  Watt;  s,  Missie  Maid, 
Yule  and  Bowes. 

SENIOR  YEARLING  HEIFER— i, 
Countrss  i6th,  Auld ;  2,  Rosebud, 
Auld:  3,  Orange  Lady  4th,  Watt;  4, 


302 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Duchess  of  Lancaster,  Yule  and 
Bowes. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  HEIFER— i, 
Village  Rose,  Watt;  2,  Miss  Orange 
Blossom,  Auld ;  3,  Choice  Gem,  Watt ; 
4,  Maple  Leaf  Baroness ;  5,  Oak  Bluff 
Melba   3rd,   Yule   and    Bowes. 

SENIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i,  Red 
Missie  2nd,  Watt;  2,  Countess  Selma 
4th,  Watt ;  3,  Countess  Missie,  Auld ; 
4,  Gracie,  Barron ;  5,  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, Auld. 

JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Lancaster  Queen, 
Yule  and  Bowes;  2,  Thelma  3rd, 
Watt;  3,  Oakland  Mysie,  Yule  and 
Bowes;  4,   Winnifred,  Barron. 

JUNIOR  "CHAMPION  FEMALE  — 
Countess  i6th. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
FEMALE — Silver  Queen. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Watt;  2,  Auld; 
-     3,  Barron ;  4,  Yule  and  Bowes. 

THREE  CALVES— I,  Yule  and 
Bowes;  2,  Watt;  3,  Auld;  4,  Barron. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I,  Watt;  2,  Barron; 
3,   Yule   and   Bowes;  4,   Auld. 

PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Watt;  2, 
Yule  and  Bowes;  3,  Auld;  4,  Barron. 


BRANDON    (Summer  Fair,   1915) 

AGED  BULL— I,  Oakland  Star,  J.  G. 
Barron;  2,  Browndale,  J.  A.  Watt; 
3,  BurnTjrae  Sultan,  A.  F.  and  G. 
Auld;  4,  Huntleywood  8th,  Wm.  Le- 
lond. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Gainford  Per- 
fection, Watt;  2,  Fairview  Again. 
Barron;  3,  Opportunity,  Yule  and 
Bowes. 

SENIOR  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Oak 
Bluff  Judge,  Yule  and  Bowes;  2, 
Fairview  Jubilee  King,  Barron;  3, 
Oak  Bluff  Captain,  Watt;  4,  Knight 
of  the  Garter.  Watt. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Em- 
ma's Prince,  Barron;  2,  William 
Ridge  Marquis,  Yule  and  Bowes;  3, 
Svlvan  Power,  A.  F.  and  G.  Auld;  4, 
Fancy  Lord,  Miller;  5,  Fair  Sultan, 
Yule  and  Bowes. 

SENIOR  BULL  CALF— i.  Oak  Bluff 
Marshal,  Yule  and  Bowes;  2,  Field 
Marshall,  A.  F.  and  G.  Auld ;  3,  Lan- 
caster Prince,  Yule  and  Bowes;  4, 
Ladies'  Garland,  Watt. 

JUNIOR  BULL  CALF— I,  Fairview 
Lavender,  Barron ;  2,  Duke  Brown- 
dale,  Watt;  3,  Commander-in-Chief. 
A.  F.  and  G.Aukl;  4,  Scottish  Mar- 


quis, Yule  and  Bowes;  5,  Gold  Dust, 
Watt. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Gain- 
ford  Perfection. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Em- 
ma's Prince. 

AGED  COW— I.  Emma  of  Oak  Bluff, 
Barron;  2,  Sittyton  Lady,  Watt;  3, 
Spring  Valley  Buckingham,  Yule  and 
Bowes ;  4,  Nonpareil  46th,  A.  F  and 
G.   Auld;   5,, Thelma  ^nd.   Watt. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i,  Silver  Queen, 
Watt ;  2,  Ury  Queen,  Watt ;  3,  Mabel 
Missie,  A.  F.  and  G.  Auld ;  4,  Fair- 
view  Baroness  Queen,  Barron ;  5, 
Missie's  Maid,  Yule  and  Bowes. 

SENIOR,  YEARLING  HEIFER— i, 
Countess    i6th,   A.    F.   and    G.   Auld ; 

2,  Duchess  of  Lancaster  15th,  Yule 
and  Bowes ;  3,  Fairview  Jubilee  Queen 
3rd,  Barron ;  4,  Orange  Lady  4th, 
Watt ;   5,  Lavender  45th,  Barron. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  HEIFER— i. 
Choice  Gem,  Watt;  2,  Village  Rose, 
Watt;    3,    Miss    Orange    Blossom,    A. 

F.  and  G.  Auld;  4,  Oak  Bluff  Melba, 
Yule  and   Bowes. 

SENIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i,  Countess 
Selma  4th,  Watt ;  2,  Red  Missie  2nd, 
Watt ;  3,  Countess  Missie,  A.  F.  and 

G.  Auld ;  4,  Queen  Elizabeth.  A.  F. 
and  G.  Auld ;   5,  Gracie,  Barron. 

JUNIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i,  Oakland 
Mysie,  Yule  and  Bowes ;  2,  Lancaster 
"Queen  2nd,  Yule  and  Bowes ;  3,  Win- 
nifred, Barron;  4,  Thelma  3rd,  Watt; 
5,  Kilblean  Beauty  2Sth,  A.  F.  and 
G.  Auld. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  FEMALE  — 
Silver  Queen. 

GRADED  HERD— I  and  4,  Watt;  2, 
Barron  ;  3,  Auld  ;. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Auld;  2,  Barron; 

3,  Watt ;  4,  Yule  and  Bowes. 
CALF  HERD— I,  Auld;  2,  Barron;  3, 

Lelond. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I  and  4,  Watt ;  2,  Bar- 
ron ;  3,  Yule  and  Bowes ;  5,  Auld. 

PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Watt;  2. 
Auld;    3   and   4,   Barron. 

REGINA  (Summer  Fair) 
AGED  BULL— I,  Browndale,  J.  A. 
Watt;  2,  Burnbrae  Sultan,  A.  F.  and 
G.  Auld;  3.  Oakland  Star,  Barron. 
BULL  Two  Years— I,  Gainford  Per- 
fection, Watt;  2.  Fairview  Again,  J. 
G.  Barron;  3,  Opportunity,  Yule  & 
Bowes;  4,  Oak  Bluff  Victor,  E.  B. 
Cutler. 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


303 


BULL,  SENIOR  YEARLING  —  i, 
Fairview  Jubilee  King,  Barron;  2, 
Oak  Bluff  Judge,  Yule  &  Bowes;  3, 
Knight  of  the  Garter,  Watt;  4,  Oak 
Bluff   Captain,   Watt. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  YEARLING— I.  Em- 
ma's Prince,  Barron ;  2,  Sylvan 
Power,  Auld;  3,  Willow  Ridge  Mar- 
quis, Yule  &  Bowes. 

SENIOR  BULL  CALF— i.  Oak  Bluff 
Marshall,  Yule  &  Bowes;  2,  Field 
Marshall,  Auld;  3,  Ladies'  Garland, 
Watt ;  4,  Lancaster  Prince,  Yule  & 
Bowes. 

JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Barron:  2  and  3, 
Auld:  4,  Watt. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Oak 
Bluff   Marshall. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL — Gainford    Perfection. 

AGED  COW— I,  Nonpareil  46th,  Auld; 

2,  Thelma  2nd,  Watt :  3,  Spring  Val- 
ley Buckingham,  Yule  and  Bowes : 
4.  Emma  of  Oak  Bluff,  Barron ;  5. 
Sittyton  Lady,  Watt. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i.  Silver  Queen, 
Watt ;  2,  Fairview  Baroness,  Barron : 

3.  Ury  Queen.  Watt ;  4,  Missie's  Maid, 
Yule  &  Bowes:  5.  Mable  Mysie.  Auld. 

HEIFER,     SENIOR     YE.\RLING— i. 
Countess  i6th,  Auld;  2,  Miss  Clipper 
3rd,   J.    W.    Barnett;    3,    Duchess    of 
Lancaster    5th,  •  Yule    &     Bowe- 
Rose-i-Bud,  Auld. 

HEIFER,     JUNIOR     YEARLING— i. 

Choice  Gem.  Watt:  2,  Miss  Orange 
Blossom,  Auld;  3,  Oak  Bluff  Melba, 
Yule  &  Bowes ;  4,  Village  Rose,  Watt. 

SENIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i.  Countess 
Thelma  4th,  Watt ;  2,  Countess  Missie, 
Auld ;  3,  Red  Missie  2nd,  Watt ;  4, 
Queen  Elizabeth,  Auld. 

JUNIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i,  Lan- 
caster Queen  2nd.  Yule  &  Bowes ;  2, 
Winnifred.  Barron  :  3,  Kilbean  Beauty, 
Auld;  4,  Oakland  Mysie,  Yule  & 
Bowes. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  FEM.\LE— 
Countess   i6th. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
— Silver    Queen. 

GRADED  HERD— I.  Watt;  2,  Auld; 
3,  Barron :  4,  Yule  &  Bowes. 

FOUR  CALVES— I.  .\uld ;  2,  Barron: 
3,   Barnett. 

THREE.  GET  OF  ONE  SIRE— i, 
Barron;   2,   Auld;   3,   Barnett. 


SASK.\TOON,    1915 

AGED  BULL— I,  J.  A.  Watt;  2,  A.  F. 
and  G.  Auld ;  3,  J.  G.  Barron. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i.  Watt;  2,  Bar- 
ron ;  3,  Yule  &  Bowes. 

BULL,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i,  Bar- 
ron ;   2,   Watt ;  3,   Yule  &  Bowes. 

BULL  JUNIOR  YEARLING— I,  Bar- 
ron ;  2.  Auld :  3,  Yule  &  Bowes. 

BULL,  SENIOR  CALF— i.  Yule  & 
Bowes :  2,  Auld ;  3,  Yule  &  Bowes ; 
4,    \\'att. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Auld;  2, 
\\'att ;  3,  Barron :  4,  Yule  &  B9wes. 

AGED  COW- 1,  Barron;  2,  Yule  & 
Bowes ;  3    Auld :  4,  Watt. 

COW  IN  MILK— I  and  2,  Watt;  3  and 
4.  Yule  &  Bowes. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i   and  3,  Watt; 

2.  .^uld ;   4.    Barron. 

HEIFER,     SENIOR     YEARLING— i. 

2  and  4.  Auld:  3,  Watt. 
HEIFER,     JUNIOR     YEARLING— i 

and  2,  Watt :  3.  .Auld :  4,  Barron. 
SENIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i.  Barron; 

2  and  3.  Watt:  4.  .A.uld. 
JUNIOR    HEIFER    CALF— i    and    3, 

Yule  &   Bowes :   2,  Watt :  4.   Barron. 
JUNIOR     CHAMPION     BULL— Em- 
ma's  Prince.   Barron. 
SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 

BULL— Gainford    Perfection.    Watt. 
TUNIOR    CHAMPION    FEMALE— i, 

Countess    i6th,   Auld.  ' 

<ENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 

FEMALE— Silver  Queen,  Watt. 
GRADED   HERD— I,   Watt:   2,   Auld; 

3,  Barron :   4.   Yule  &   Bowes. 
JUNIOR    HEREK-i,    Auld;    2,    Watt; 

3,   Barron. 
THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i,  Watt;  2, 

Barron ;    ^,  Yule  &  Bowes. 
TWO.  PROGENY  OF  COW— i.  Watt ; 

2,  Auld ;  3.  Barron. 


CALGARY    (Summer  Fair) 

BULL,  Two  Years — i.  Opportunity,  P. 
M.  Bredt;  2,  Matchless  Hero,  H.  S. 
Currie. 

SR.  YEARLING  BULL— i  Bold  Bov. 
Currie:  2,  Oak  Bluff  Judge,  Yule  & 
Bowes :  3.  Reciprocate,  Mrs.  Bredt ; 
4,    Woodlands    Tom.    Mrs.    Bredt. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  BULL— i.  Wil- 
low Ridge  Marquis.  Currie :  2,  Fair 
Sultan.  Yule  &  Bowes :  *3,  Ythan  Lad, 
Currie ;  4  and  5,  Norman  Boy,  and 
Flower  King    Mrs.  Bredt. 

SENIOR  BULL  CALF— i,  Oak  Blu'! 


304 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Marshall,  Yule  &  Bowes;  2,  Lan- 
caster Prince,  Yule  &  Bowes ;  3,  Ailsa 
4th,   Geo.  Sangster,  De  Winton. 

JUNIOR  BULL  CALF^i,  Scottish 
Marquis,    Yule   &   BoweS. 

CHAMPION  BULL  —  Opportunity, 
Bredt. 

COW,  Three  Years  or  Over — i,  Spring 
Valley    Buckingham,    Yule   &   Bowes. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Missie's  Maid, 
Yule  &  Bowes. 

SENIOR  YEARLING  HEIFER— i, 
Duchess  of  Lancaster  15th,  Yule  & 
Bowes;  2,  Oak  Bluff  Fancy,  Yule  & 
Bowes. 

JUNIOR  YEARLING  HEIFER— i, 
Oak  "Bluff  Melba;  2,  May  Violet  4th, 
Yule  &   Bowes. 

SENIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i,  2  and  3, 
Yule  &  Bowes. 

JUNIOR  HEIFER  CALF— i  and  2, 
Yule  &  Bowes. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE^Duchess  of 
Lancaster   isth. 

RESERVE— Sprirfg  Valley  Bucking- 
ham. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i.  Yule  & 
Bowes,   on   get   of   Missie   Prince. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Yule 
&   Bowes. 

HERD— I   and  2,  Yule  &  Bowes. 

BEST  CANADIAN-BRED  BULL— 
I,  Machless  Hero,  Currie;  2,  Oak 
Bluff  Marshall,   Yule  &   Bowes. 


SHORTHORNS  AT  LONDON 
AGED   BULLS— I,  J.   A.   Watt,   Gain- 


ford  Marquis ;  2,  A.  F.  and  G.  Auld, 
on    Burnbrae    Sultan. 

BULL,  Two  Years  Old— i.  Watt,  on 
Gainford  Perfection ;  2,  D.  A.  Gra- 
ham,   on    Canadian    Statesman. 

BULL,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Robt.  Duff, 
on   Fairview   Agusta. 

BULL,  JR.  YEARLING— I  and  2, 
Auld;  3,  Mitchell  Bros. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I,  Auld;  2,  R.  & 
S.    Nicolson ;   3,   Mitchell. 

BULL,  JR.  CALF— I  and  3,  Aiild ;  2, 
Mitchell ;  4,  Nicolson. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Gainford  Mar- 
quis. ** 

COW,  Three  Years— i,  Auld  Nonparicl 
46th ;  2  and  3,  Watt,  on  Sittjrton  Lady 
3rd   and   Thelma   2nd. 

COW  IN  MILK— I,  Watt;  2  and  3- 
Graham. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Watt,  on  Sil- 
ver Queen ;  2,  Auld,  on  Mabel  Mysie ; 

3,  Graham. 

HEIFER,   SR.    YEARLING— I,  3   and 

4,  Auld ;  2,  Mitchell. 

JR.    YEARLING    HEIFER— i,    Auld; 

2  and  4,  Watt;  3,  Mitchell  Bros. 
SR.  HEIFER— I,  Watt;  2  and  3,  Auld; 

4,   Nicholson. 
HEIFER    JR.    CALF— I,    Mitchell;    2, 

Watt;   3   and  4,  Auld. 
CHAMPION  FEMALE— Silver  Queen. 
GRADED  HERD— I,  Watt;  2,  Auld. 
JR.    HERD— I,    Auld;    2,    Mitchell;    3, 

Watt. 
GET   OF    SIRE— I,   Watt;   2,   Auld. 
PROGENY    OF    COW— i.    Watt;    2, 

Auld. 


Herefords 


CANADIAN    NATIONAL 

BULL,  Three  Years  and  Over— i,  Jas. 
Page,  on  Bonnie  Brae  31st;  2,  W. 
Readhead,  on  Picton ;  3,  E.  Reynolds, 
on  Brenda  Boy. 

BULL.  Two  Years— I,  Clifford,  on 
Lord  Fairfax;  2,  Readhead,  on  Bon- 
nie  Irigleside   7th. 

BULL,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i,  L. 
D.    Clifford,    on    Alvin    Fairfax. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  YEARLING— I,  2 
and  3,  Reynolds,  on  Brae  Real  3rd. 
Roval  Prince  and  Dandy  Jack. 

BULL,  SENIOR  CALF— i  and  2,  W. 
H.  &  J.  S.  Hunter,  on  Prince,  and 
Kitchener;  3  and  4,  Clifford,  on  Re- 
finer 56th,  and  Refiner  S2nd. 

BULL,  JUNIOR  CALF— I,  Page,  on 
Brae  Real   4th;   2,   Hunter,   on   Mc- 


duire;    3,    Readhead,    on    Brookdale 
Lad;    4,    Clifford,    on    Lord    Fairfax 
2nd. 
GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Bonnie 

Brae   31st.  ^^  . 

JUNIOR    CHAMPION    BULL— Alvm 

Fairfax. 
COW.   Three   Years   and    Over— i    and 

2,  aifford  on  Miss  Brae  26th,  and 
Perfection'  Lass;  3.  Page,  on  Miss 
Brae  40th;  4,  Readhead,  on  Rubella 
Ingleside    33rd. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i.  Page,  on  Miss 
Brae  5oth ;  2  and  4,  Clifford,  on  Bon- 
nie   Queen,   and   Miss    Princess  _4ist; 

3,  Reynolds,  on  Canadian  Lassie;  5. 
Readhead,    on    Dimple. 

HEIFER,  SENIOR  YEARLING— i 
and  3,  Page,  on  Miss  Brae  Real  3rd, 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


305 


and  Miss  Dale  2nd;  2,  QifFord,  on 
Delia  Fairfax ;  4,  Hunter,  on  Miss 
Armour. 

HEIFER,     JUNIOR     YEARLING-ji, 

.,     *^.^Page,    on    Miss    Brae    Real    2nd;    2, 

^  %-*"Clifford,  on  Miss  Brae  8ist;  3,  Hun^ 

- " .    'r"  ter,  on  Marj'  Mischief;  4,  Readhead, 

on  Laura  B. 

HEIFER.  SENIOR  CALF— i,  Hunter, 
on  Maid  Marion ;  2.  Clifford,  on  Miss 
Brae  96th;  3.  Readhead,  on  Ruby 
3rd :  4,  Page,  on  ^liss  Brae  Real  6th. 

HEIFER,  JUNIOR  CALF— i  and  3, 
Hunter,  on  Princess  Patricia,  and 
Dearie ;  2,  Qifford,  on  May  Queen 
7th ;  4,  Page,  on  Miss  Brae  Real  loth. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
COW— Miss   Brae   26th. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  FEMALE— 
Miss    Brae    Real    3rd. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Page;  2,  Clifford ; 
3.  Readhead. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Clifford;  2,  Page; 
3,   Hunter. 

BREEDER'S  HERD— i,  Clifford;  2, 
Page;  3,  Hunter. 

BEST  FIVE  ANIMALS.  Get  of  One 
Sire — I,  Page;  2,  Clifford;  3,  Hun- 
ter :  4,  Readhead. 

BEST  TWO  ANIMALS,  Progeny  of 
One  Cow — i,  Page:  2,  Clifford;  3. 
Readhead ;  4.   Hunter. 


OTTAWA.    1915 
AGED  BULL— I,  Jas.  Page,  on  Bonny 

Brae  31st;  2.  W.  H.  Hunter. 
BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Hunter. 
BULL,   One  Year— i,   Hunter. 
BULL,    SENIOR   CALF— i,   Page,   on 

Brae  Real  4th ;  2  and  3,  Hunter,  on 

Mons  and  Palmero. 
BULL.     JL^'IOR     CALF— I     and     2. 

Page,    on    Brae    Real    5th.    and    Brae 

Real  6th :  3,  Hunter,  on   Panama. 
CHAMPION      BULL— Bonnie        Brae 

31st. 
COW.  Three  Years  and  Over— i.  Page, 

on  Miss  Brae  40th:  2  and  3,  Hunter, 

on  Gladys,  and  Marion. 
HEIFER.  Two  Years — i,  Page,  on  Miss 

Brae  50th :  2  and  3.  Hunter,  on  Nancy 

and   Miss  Brae. 
HEIFER.     SENIOR     YEARLING— t 

and  2.  Page,  on  Miss  Brae  Real  3rd, 

and    Miss    Dale   2nd:    3,    Hunter,   on 

Marv  Mischief. 
HEIFER.     JUNIOR     YEARLING— i. 

Page,    on    Miss    Brae    Real    2nd ;    2, 

Hunter,  on  Ladv  Grey. 
HEIFER,    SENIOR   CALF— i,    Page, 


on    Miss   Brae  Real  6th;  2,   Hunter, 

on  Miss  Ladv  Brae. 
HEIFER,   JUNIOR    CALF^i,     Page, 

on  Miss  Brae  Real   loth;  2,  Hunter, 

on   Twin. 
CHAMPION     FEMALE^Mis?     Brae 

50th. 
GRADED  HERD— I,  Page. 
JUNIOR  HERD— I,   Page;  2,  Hunter. 
FOUR  CAL\'ES,  Bred  and  Owned  by 

Exhibitor — i.    Page;   2,   Hunter. 
FOUR  ANIMALS,  Get  of  One  Sire— 

I,    Page. 


REGINA    (Summer   Fair,   1915) 
jCGED    bull — I,    Bonnie     Brae    31st, 

Jas.   Page ;  2,   Perfect  Fairfax,  J.  A. 

Chapman ;  3,  Paul  Mack,  Arm  River 

Stock  Farm. 
BULL     Two    Years — i,    Lord    Fairfax, 

L.  6.   Clifford. 
BULL.    SENIOR  YE.ARLING— i,  Al- 

vin    Fairfax,    Clifford;   2,    Perfection 

Lad,  Chapman. 
BULL.  JUNIOR  YEARLING— I,  Law- 
rence,   Chapman ;     2,     Carroll     King, 

Chapman. 
BULL  CALF,  SENIOR— i.  Lord  Mack. 

Arm    River    Stock   Farm ;   2,    Refiner 

56th,    Clifford :   3,    Roseland     Prince, 

Chapman. 
'  BULL  CALF,  JUNIOR— i.  Brae  Real 

4th.    Page ;    2.    Beau    Lad,    Chapman ; 

3,  Brae  Real  5th    Page. 
CHAMPION       BULL— Bonnie     Brae 

31st. 

AGED  COW— I,  Perfection  Lass,  Clif- 
ford ;  2,  Miss  Armour  Fairfax,  Chap- 
man ;  3,  Bella  2nd,  Chapman ;  4,  Miss 
Brae  26th,  Clifford :  5,  Miss  Brae 
40th.    Page :    6.    Queen,    Chapman. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— I.  Miss  Brae 
50th.  Page :  2,  Mage  Fairfax.  Chap- 
man :  3,  Gladvs  Real.  Chapman. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Delia 
Fairfax.  Clifford :  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
3rd.   Page :  3,   Miss   Dale  2nd,   Page ; 

4.  Viola,  Arm  River  Stock  Farm. 
JR.    YEARLING    HEIFER— i,    Beau 

Fairy,  Chapman :  2,  Miss  Brae  8ist, 
Clifford :  3,  Miss  Brae  Real  2nd.  Page. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Beau  Belle, 
Chapman ;  2,  Miss  Brae  95th.  Clif- 
ford:  3.  Miss  Brae  96th,  Clifford: 
4,    Beau    Lass.    Chapman. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I.  Beau  Mage. 
Chapman :  2,  May  Queen  7th,  Clif- 
ford :  3,  Beau  Fairy  2nd.  Chapman ; 
4.   Miss   Brae   Real  9th,   Page. 

BULL    AND      FOUR      FEMALES, 


306 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Owned  by  Oiie  Exhibitor — i,  Clif- 
ford :   2    Chapman ;  3,   Page. 

FOUR  CALVES— I,  Chapman ;  2,  Clif- 
ford ;  3,  Page. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i,  Chapman ; 
2,    Clifford ;    3,    Page. 

CHAMPIOX   FEMALE— Beau  Fairy. 

RESERVE — Perfection  Lass. 


SASKATOON     (Summer,    1915) 

AGED  BULLS— I,  Jas.  Page;  2,  J.  A. 

Chapman ;  3.  Arm  River  Stock  Farm. 

BULL    Two   Years— I,   L.   O.    Clifford. 

SR.    YEARLING    BULL— i,    Cfifford; 

2,  Chapman. 

JR.     YEARLING    BULL— i     and     2, 

Chapman. 
SR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Clifford;  2,  J.  L 

Moffatt,  Carroll,  Man. ;  3,  Arm  River 

Stock   Farm. 
JR.    BULL   CALF— I   and  3,   Page;  2, 

Chapman. 
CHAMPION   BULL— Page. 
AGED  COW — I  and  3,  Chapman ;  2  and 
.  4,  Clifford. 
HEIFER.  Two  Years— r;  Page;  2  and 

3,  Chapman. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Clif- 
ford ;  2  and  3,  Page ;  4,  Arm  River 
Stock   Farm. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i.  Chap- 
man ;  2,  Clifford ;  3,  Page. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  3,  Chap- 
man ;   2,   Clifford. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  3,  Chap- 
man :    2,    Clifford. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE  AND  RE- 
SERVE— Chapman. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Chapman;  2, 
Page. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Chapman;  2,  Clif- 
ford ;   3.   Page. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I,  Page;  2,  Chapman; 
3,    Clifford.      • 

PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Page;  2, 
Clifford ;   3,   Chapman. 


EDMONTON    FAIR,    1915 
AGED    BULL— I,    Bonny    Briar     31st. 

Jas.   Page;  2,  Perfect  Fairfax,  J.  A. 

Chapman:    2,    Beau    Perfection    nth, 

Frank  Collicutt ;  4,  Bonny  Brae  2Sth, 

Smith. 
BULL,    Two    Years— I,    Lord    Fairfax, 

L.    O.    Clifford. 
SR.      YEARLING      BULL— i,      Alvin 

Fairfax,  Clifford ;  2,  Perfection  Lad, 

Chapman ;      3,      Fairfax      Perfection, 

Collicutt. 
JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Lawrence, 


Chapman ;  2,  Carroll  King   Chapman. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Advance,  Mof- 
fatt;  2,  Refiner  56th,  Clifford;  3, 
Willow  Spring  Doubter,  Collicutt; 
4,  Refiner  51st,  Clifford;  5,  Roseland 
Prince,   Chapman.  ' 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Greenwood  Fair- 
fax, V.  W.  Smith;  2,  Brae  Real  4th, 
Page ;  3,  Beau  Lad,  Chapman ;  4, 
Brae  Real   5th,   Page. 

JR.   CHAMPION   BULL— Alvin  Fair- 

SR.  '  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL— Bonny  Brae  2Sth. 

AGED  COW— I,  Miss  Armour  Fair- 
fax, Chapman ;  2,  Perfection  Lass, 
Clifford;  3,  Rella  2nd,  Chapman;  4, 
Miss  Brae  26th,  Clifford;  5,  Sally, 
Collicutt. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Miss  Brae 
50th,  Page;  2,  Mage  Fairfax,  Chap- 
man ;  3,  Gladys  Real,  Chapman ;  4, 
May   Queen,    Smith. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Delia 
Fairfax,  Clifford;  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
3rd,    Page ;  3,    Miss   Dale   2nd,   Page. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Beau 
P""airy,  Chapman ;  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
2nd,  Page;  3,  Miss  Brae  8ist,"  Clif- 
ford ;  4,  Willow  Spring  Gossip,  Col- 
licutt. 

SR. .  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Beau  Belle, 
Chapman ;  2,  Miss  Brae  95th,  Clif- 
ford; 3,  Miss  Brae  Real  6th,  Page; 
4,  Beau  Lass,  Chapman;  5,  Miss  Brae 
Real  7th,   Page. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Beau  Fairy 
2nd,  Chapman;  2,  May  Queen  7th, 
Clifford;  3,  Beau  Mage,  Chapman; 
4,  Miss  Brae  Real  9th,  Pkge. 

JR.  CHAMPION  HEIFER— Beau 
Fairv. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE— Miss  Armour,  Fairfax. 
fordETAOIN    cmfwyp    shrdlu    mh    s 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Chapman;  2, 
Page. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Chapman;  2,  Clif- 
ford :    3,    Page. 

THREE,  Get  of  One  Sire— i.  Page; 
2,  Chapman:  3,  Clifford. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Page ; 
2,   Clifford;   3,   Chapman. 

BRANDON    (Summer  Fair,   1915) 
.AGED    BULL— I,    Bonnie     Brae    31st, 

Jas.    Page:   2,   Perfect   Fairfax,   f.   I. 

Moffatt:    3,    Generation,   Jones    Bros. 
BULL.   Two   Years— Lord   Fairfax,  L. 

O.  Clifford. 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


307 


SR.  YE.-\RLIXG  BULL— i.  Perfection 

'  Lad,  J.  A.  Chapman:  2,  Alvin  Fair- 
fax,   Chapman. 

JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Lawrence, 
Chapman ;  2,  Carroll  King,  Chapman. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Advance,  Mof- 
fat; 2,  Refiner  56th,  Clifford;  3, 
Foiled  Everett,  Jones  Bros. ;  4,  Rose- 
land    Prince,    Chapman. 

JR.  BULL  CALF — i  and  4,  Chapman ; 

2  and  3,   Page. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Per- 
fection Lad. 

SENIOR  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL — Bonnie  Brae  31st. 

AGED  CO\\' — I,  Miss  Armour  Fair- 
fax, Chapman ;  2,  Rella  2nd,  Chap- 
man ;  3,  Perfection  Lass,  Qifford ;  4, 
Miss  Brae  26th,  Clifford;  5,  Queen, 
Chapman. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i,  Patra  Fair- 
fax, Clifford ;  2,  Maggie  Fairfax, 
Chapman ;  3,  Miss  Brae  50th,  Page ; 
4,  Gladvs  Real,  Chapman. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Delia 
Fairfax,  Clifford;  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
3rd,  Page;  3,  Miss  Dale  2nd,  Page; 
4,  Beau  Virgie,  Chapman. 

JR.  YEARUNG  HEIFER— i.  Beau 
Fairy.  Chapman;  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
2nd,  Page ;  3,  Miss  Brae  8ist,  Clif- 
ford :   4,   Polled   Mattie    Jones   Bros. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  2,  Clifford ; 

3  and  4,  Chapman  ;  5.  Page. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  3.  Chap- 
man :  2.  Clifford :  4.  Page. 

SR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Miss 
Armour  Fairfax,  Chapman. 

JR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE— Beau  Fairv,  Chapman. 

GRADED  HERD— 'i.  Chapman;  2, 
Qifford:    3,    Page. 

YOUNG  HERD— I.  Chapman :  2,  Clif- 
ford :  3  and  4    Page. 

BEST  TWO  CALVES  Under  One 
Year — i,  Clifford;  2,  Chapman:  3, 
Page. 


PROGENY  OF  COW— i  and  4.  Chap- 
man :  2.  Clifford ;   3,  Page. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I,  Clifford;  2,  Chap- 
man ;  3  and  4,  Page. 


CALGARY    (Summer  Fair) 

AGED  BULL — i,  Bonnie  Brae  31st, 
James  Page;  2,  Beau  Perfection  2nd, 
Frank  Collicut;  3,  Drum  Major, 
Jones. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i.  Lord  Fairfax, 
L.  O.  Clifford ;  2,  Daysland  King. 
Collicut:  3,  Alberta  Don,  Boggs. 

SR.  I'EARLING  BULL— i,  Fairfax 
Perfection,  Collicut;  2,  Alvin  Fair- 
fax, Clifford. 

JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i.  Western 
King,  Jones. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I  Alberta  Don  2nd, 
O.  A.  Boggs;  2,  Refiner  56th,  Clif- 
ford ;  3,'  Willow  Springs  Doubter, 
Collicut. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I.  Brae  Real  4th; 
2,   Brae   Real   5th.   Page. 

CHAMPION   BULL— Lord  Fairfax. 

RESERVE— Bonnie    Brae   31st. 

AGED  COW— I,  Miss  Brae  26th;  2, 
Perfection  Lass,  Clifford ;  3,  Sally, 
Collicut;  4,   Miss   Brae  40th,   Page. 

HEIFER.  Two  Years — i,  Patra  Fair- 
fax, Clifford;  2,  Miss  Brae  50th, 
Page, 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i.  Delia 
Fairfax,  Clifford :  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
3rd,   Page ;   3.   Miss   Dale  2nd,    Page. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i.  Miss 
Brae  8ist,  Clifford:  2,  Miss  Brae  Real 
2nd,  Page :  3,  Collicut. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I.  Clifford:  2 
and   3,    Page. 

JR.    HEIFER    CALF— I,     Collie- 
Clifford  :    3.    Page. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Patra  Fair- 
fax. 

HERD— I,  Clifford:  2,  Page. 

GET   OF    SIRE— Clifford. 

PROGENY  OF  COW— Clifford. 


Aberdeen  Angus 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 

BULL.  Three  Years  and  Over— r,  Jno. 

Lowe,    on    Black    Abbott    Prince;    2, 

Jas.   Bowman,  on   Beauty's  Irwin ;  3. 

Bowman,   on    Young  Leroy. 

BULL.  Two  Years— I.   Leas'k  &   Sons, 

on    Middlebrook  Prince  4th. 
BULL,     SR.     YEARLING— I,     Thos. 
Broadfoot,   on   Balmedie    Proud    El- 
gin ;    2,    J.    D.    Larkin,     on     Bravo's 
Prince  of  Larkin  Farm. 


BULL.  JR.  YEARLING— I.  Thos. 
Broadioot,  on  Balmedie  Guy:  2,  Lar- 
kin.  on   Justice    of   Larkin   Farm. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I.  Lowe,  on  Mid- 
dlebrook Abbott  2nd ;  2,  Bowman,  on 
Elm  Park  Puck ;  3,  Larkin.  on  Brig- 
adier of  Larkin  Farm ;  4,  Bowman, 
on    Elm   Park  Kelso.. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Lowe,  on  Mid- 
dlebrook Rover  5th ;  2,  Larkin,  on 
\'iscoimt   of   Larkin    Farm ;   3,   Bow- 


308 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


man,  on  Elm  Park  Wizard  5th. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Black- 
Abbott    Prince. 

JUNIOR  CHAMPION  BULL— Bal- 
medie    Proud  Elgin. 

COW,  Three  Years  and  Over — i  and  2, 
Bowman,  on  Elm  Park  Rosebud  nth, 
and  Ekn  Park  Witch  2n*d ;  3  and  4, 
Larkin,  on  Pride  of  Glen  Rose,  and 
Everlasting. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i  and  2,  Bow- 
man, on  Elm  Park  Beauty  8th,  and 
Elm  Park  Rosebud  17th;  3  and  4, 
Larkin,  on  Stumpie  of  Glencairn,  and 
Lady    Cheerful    of    Glencairn, 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i  and  2, 
Broadfoot,  on  Balmedie  Pride  4th, 
and  Balmedie  Fergus  Beauty;  3  and 
4,  Lowe,  on  Middlebrook  Pride  nth, 
and  Middlebrook  Beauty  6th. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Bow- 
man, on  Elm  Park  Keepsake  17th ;  2, 
Larkin,  on  Stumpie  of  Larkin  Farm ; 
3,  Bowman,  on  Elm  Park  Rosebud 
20th ;  4,  Larkin,  on  Primrose  of  Lar- 
kin Farm. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  2,  Larkin, 
on  Lady  Cheerful  of  Larkin  Farm, 
and  Rosalind  of  Larkin  Farm;  3, 
Bowman,  on  Emmeline  of  Larkin 
Farm;  4,  Lowe,  on  Middlebrook 
Pride  15th. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Lowe,  on 
Middlebrook  Pride  i6th ;  2,  Bowman, 
on  Elm  Park  Rosebud  23rd;  3,  Lar- 
kin, on  Stumpie  of  Larkin  Farm  3rd. 

THREE  ANIMALS,  Get  of  One  Sire— 
I,  Broadfoot;  2  and  3,  Bowman;  4, 
Lowe. 

TWO  ANIMALS,  Progeny  of  One 
Cow — I  and  2,  Bowman;  3,  Broad- 
foot; 4,  Larkin. 

FOUR  CALVES— I,  Lowe;  2,  Lar- 
kin ;   3,   Bowman. 

GRADED  HERD— I  and  2,  Bowman; 
3,   Larkin. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,  Broadfoot;  2, 
Bowman;  3,  Lowe;  4,  Larkin. 

BREEDER'S  HERD— i,  Broadfoot;  2, 
Bowman;  3,  Lowe. 

SR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Elm 
Park  Beauty  8th. 

JR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE—Pride  4th. 

FIVE  ANIMALS,  the  Get  of  One  Sire 
—I,  Bowman;  2,  Broadfoot;  3,  Lar- 
kin. 


Abbott  Prince;  2,  J.  D.  Larkin,  on 
Elm'  Park  Beauty's  Prince ;  3,  A.  Mc- 
Leod,   on    Middlebrook   King. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i,  David  N.  Doods, 
on  Balmedie   King  5th. 

BULL,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Larkin, 
on    Bravo's   Prince   of   Larkin   Farm. 

BULL,  JR.  YEARLING— I,  Wm.  Chan- 
non  &  Son,  on  Elm  Park  Pat;  2, 
Larkin,  on  Justice  of  Larkin  Farm; 
3,  McLeod,  on  Bingo  Chief. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I,  Lowe,  on  Mid- 
dle Brook  Abbott  2nd;  2,  Larkin,  on 
Brigadier  of  Larkin  Farm;  3,  Mc- 
Leod, on  Middlebrook  King  5th. 

BULL  JR.  CALF— I,  Lowe,  on  Mid- 
dle Brook  Rover  5th ;  2,  Larkin,  on 
Viscount    of    Larkin    Farm;    3,    Mc- 

,  Leod,  on  Middle  Brook  King  6th. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Black  Abbott 
Prince. 

AGED  COW — I  and  2,  Larkin,  on 
Pride  of  Glen  Rose  and  Everlasting; 
3,    Channon,   on   Lady   Clara  2nd. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i  and  2,  Lar- 
kin, on  Stumper  of  Glencairn  and 
Lady    Cheerful    of    Glencairn. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I  and  2, 
Lowe,  on  Middle  Pride  nth  and 
Middle  Brook  Beauty  6th;  3,  Chan- 
non, on   Lillian   of    Sunny  Acres. 

HEIFER,  JR.  YEARLING— I  and  2, 
Larkin,  on  Stumpie  of  Larkin  Farm 
and  Primerose  of  Larkin  Farm;  3, 
Channon,   on    Lucy   Black  of    Sunny 

HEIFER,  SR.  CALF— I  and  3,  Lar- 
kin, on  Roseline  of  Larkin  Farm 
and  Lady  Cheerful  of  Larkin  Farm; 

2,  Low,  on  Middle  Brook  Pride  15th. 
HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— I,  Lowe;  2  and 

3,  Channon. 

CHAMPION     FEMALE  —  Pride    of 

*    Glenrose. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Larkin;  2,  Mc- 
Leod; 3,   Dodds. 

JUNIOR  HERD— I,.  Lowe;  2,  Larkin; 
3,   Channon. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I,  McLeod. 


OTTAWA  CAN.  CENTRAL,  191 5 
AGED  BULLS— I,  Jno.  Lowe,  on  Black 


CALGARY   (Summer  Fair) 
AGED  BULL— I,  E.  P.  Ringleader  7th. 
L.   McComb;   2,   Elm   Park  Mailbag, 
Lew    Hutchinson;    3,  -Dakota    Black- 
man  3rd,  W.  R.  Stewart. 
BULL, '  Two   Years— I,   Just   Pride   of 

Glencarnock,  Richardson. 
BULL.  SR.  YEARLIING— I,  Duhamel 
Isadore,     Hutchinson;     2,     Duhamel 
Kaiser,  Hutchinson. 


LIVB    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


309 


JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i  and  2.  Du- 
hamel  Tango,  and  Duhamel  Islander, 
Hutchinson;  3,  Pride  of  Bowden,  C. 
H.    Richardson. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— Black  Mac  4th,  Mc- 
Comb. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— Black  Don,  Mc- 
Comb ;  2,  M.  B.  Warrior,  Stewart ; 
3,  Duhamel  Woodchuck.  Hutchinson. 

CHAMPION  BULL— E.  P.  Ringleader 
7th. 

RESERVE— Duhamel  Isadore. 

.\GED  COW— I,  Isobel,  Hutchinson; 
2,  Madam  Queen,  Stewart;  3,  Lady 
Lacombe  2nd.   McComb. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— 1,  M.  B.  Flower 
2nd,  Stewart ;  2,  Princess  Mildred, 
Hutchinson;  3,  Fuzzeta  2nd,  Mc- 
Comb. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  M.  B. 
Pearl.    Stewart. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Duhamel 
Theodore,  Hutchinson;  2,  Everose, 
Hutchinson;  3,  Bowden  Lady  Bug, 
Richardson. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Stewart;  2, 
Richardson;  3,  Hutchinson. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  McComb;  2, 
Richardson;   3,   Stewart. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Isobel,  Hut- 
chinson. 

HERD — I    and  2,   Hutchinson. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i,  Hutchin- 
son. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— Mc- 
Comb. 


EDMONTON    (Summer  Fair,   1915) 

.AGED  BULLS— I,  Evreaux  of  Harvie- 
stoun.  J.  D.  McGregor ;  2  and  3,  Beau- 
ty's Erwin  and  Young  Leroj',  Jas. 
Bowman;  4,  E.  P.  Mailbag,  Lew  Hut- 
chinson; 5,  Dakota  Blackman,  W.  R. 
Stewart. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  E.  P.  Wizard, 
Bowman ;  2,  Duhamel  Isadore,  Hut- 
chinson. 

BULL,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Enjoiner 
of   Glencamock,   McGregor;    2,     Du- 

*  hamel  Kaiser,  Hutchinson. 

BULL,  JR.  YEARLING— I,  Evictor  of 
Gwenmaur,  McGregor;  2,  Ensign,  Mc- 
Gregor; 3,  E.  P.  Wizard  4th,  Bow- 
man :  4,  Duhamel  Tango.  Hutchinson. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I,  Elm  Park  Beater, 
Bowman;  2,  Pride  Lad  of  Gwenmar, 
McGregor;  3,  E.  P.  Kelso,  Bowman; 
4,  Marshall  of  Glencamock,  Mc- 
Gregor. 

TR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Bowman;  2,  Mc- 


Gregor; 3.  Meadow  Brook  Rosedale, 
Stewart;  4,  Meadow  Brook  Derby, 
Stewart. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULL— Enjoiner  of 
Glencamock. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL — Evreaux   of    Harv-iestoun. 

AGED  COW— I,  Key  of  Heather,  Mc- 
Gregor; 2,  E.  P.  Rosebud  15th,  Bow- 
man; 3,  E.  P.  Rosebud  nth,  Bow- 
man ;   4,   Isobel,   Hutchinson. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i.  Rosebud  17th, 
Bowman;  2,  Glencamock  Elcona,  Mc- 
Gregor; 3.  Beauty  8th,  Bowman;  4, 
Princess    Gwen,    Hutchinson. 

SR.  YE.ARLING  HEIFER-i,  Lu- 
cretia  of  Glencamock,  McGregor;  2, 
Meadow   Brook   Pearl,   Stewart. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  E.  P. 
Keepsake  17th ;  2,  Pride  of  Glen  carn- 
ock,  McGregor;  3,  Glencamock  Is- 
lay  3rd,  McGregor;  4,  E.  P.  Rosebud, 
Bowman. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Pure  Pride  of 
Gwenmar  2nd,  McGregor;  2,  E.  P. 
Rosebud  21st,  Bowman;  3,  Evacote 
of  Gwenmar,  McGregor;  4,  Emme- 
line   of   Larkin   Farm,   Bowman. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Bowman;  2, 
Stewart. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— E.  P. 
Keepsake    17th. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE—Kev  of  Heather. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  McGregor;  2, 
Bowman ;  3,  Hutchinson ;  4,  Stewart. 

JR.  HERD— I,  McGregor;  2,  Bowman; 
3.  Hutchinson;  4,  Stewart. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i  and  4, 
Bowman ;  2  and  3,  McGregor ;  5,  Hut- 
chinson. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— i  and  2, 
Bowman ;  3,   Stewart. 


SASKATOON,  1915 

AGED  BULL— r,  J.  D.  McGregor;  2 
and  3.  Jas.  Bowman. 

BULL,   Two   Years — Bowman. 

BULL,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Mc- 
Gregor. 

BULL,  JR.  YEARLING— I  and  2,  Mc- 
Gregor :  3,  Bowman. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I  and  3,  Mc- 
Gregor ;   2.   Bowman. 

BULL,  JR.  CALF— I,  McGregor;  2, 
Bowman. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Evreaux  of  Har- 
viestoun.    - 

AGED  COW — I.  3  and  4,  Bowman ;  2, 
McGregor. 


310 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


HEIFER,  Two  Years — i  and  2,  Bow- 
man :    3,    McGregor. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I  and  3, 
Bowman ;  2  and  4,  McGregor. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  3,  Mc- 
Gregor ;  2    Bowman. 

JR.   HEIFER  CALF— I,  Bowman. 

CHAMPION  COW— E.  P.  Rosebud 
15th,    Bowman. 

GRADED  HERD— I  and  3,  Bowman; 
2,    McGregor. 

JR.  HERD— I,  IMcGregor;  2,  Bowman. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i  and  3. 
Bowman ;   2  and  4,  McGregor. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— i  and 
2,   Bowman. 


BRANDON    (Summer,    1915) 

AGED  BULL— r,  Evreaux  of  HarVie- 
stoun,  J.  D.  McGregor;  2,  Young  Le- 
roy,  Jas.  Bowman ;  3,  Beauty's  Erwin. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i,  Roseneath  Ring- 
leader, Jas.  Turner ;  2,  Elm  Park 
Wizard    3rd,    Bowman. 

SR.  YEARLING  BULL— Enjoiner  of 
Glencarnock,    McGregor. 

JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Ensign  of 
Glencarnock,  McGregor;  2,  Evictor  of 
Gwenmar,  McGregor;  3,  Cowan  Park 
Victor,  Porterfield;  4,  Elma  Park 
Wizard.  Bowman;  5,  Enig  of  Gwen- 
mar, McGregor. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Marshal  of  Glen- 
carnock, McGregor;  2,  Pride's  Lad  of 
Gwenmar,  McGregor;  3,  Elm  Park 
Kelso,  Bowman ;  4,  Elm,  Park  Puck, 
Bowman ;  5,  Heatherman  of  Gwen- 
mar,  McGregor. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Rosadore  of 
Glencarnock,  McGregor;  2,  Pathfinder 
of  Gwenmar,  McGregor;  3,  Ashlar  of 
Gwenmar  2nd,  McGregor;  4.  Glen 
Souirs  Emperor,  Bennert ;  S,  Elm 
Park    Wizard    5th,    Bowman. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Evre- 
aux   of    Harviestoun. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULL— Enjoiner  of 
Glencarnock. 

.AGED  COW— I,  Key  of  Heather  2nd, 
McGregor;  2,  Elm  Park  Rosebud  nth. 
Bowman;  3,  Elm  Park  Rosebud  15th, 
Bowman ;  4,  Elm  Park  Witch  2nd, 
Bowman;  5,  Our  Pretty  Rose,  Mc- 
Gregor. 

HEIFER.    Two    Years— i.    Elm     Park 


Beauty  8th,  Bowman ;  2,  Elm  Park 
Rosebud  17th,  Bowman;  3,  Eileen  of 
Glencarnock,  McGregor;  4,  Glencarn- 
ock Elcorna,  McGregor. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Lucre- 
tia  of  Glencarnock  2nd,  McGregor ; 
2,   Pride  of  Gwenmar    McGregor. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Elm 
Park  Keepsake  17th,  Bowman ;  2, 
Pride  of  Glencarnock,  McGregor;  3, 
Glencarnock  Isla  3rd,  McGregor;  4, 
Elm  Park  Rosebud  20th,  Bowman ; 
5,  Queen  Mother  of  Glencarnock  3rd, 
McGregor. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Pure  Pride  of 
Gwenmar  2nd,  McGregor;  2,  Emme- 
line  of  Larkin  Farm,  Bowman ;  3, 
Evocate  of  Owenmar,  McGregor ;  4, 
Elm   Park  Rosebud  21st,   Bowman. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Elm  Park 
Rosebud    21st,    Bowman. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Elm  Park 
Rosebud  23rd,  Bowman ;  2,  Pride  7th, 
Bennest. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— E.  P. 
Keepsake    17th. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE—Key    of    Heather. 

SENIOR  HERD— I,  McGregor;  2, 
Bowman. 

JR.  HERD— I  and  2,  McGregor;  3, 
Bowman. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i,  McGre- 
gor ;    2,    Bowman. 

TWO,  PROGENY  OF  COW— i.  Bow- 
man ;  2  and  3,   McGregor. 


.  REGINA    (Summer   Fair,   1915) 

The  contest  for  honors  in  Aberdeen- 
.'Xngus.  at  Regina  was  entirely  between 
J.  D.  McGregor,  Brandon,  and  Jas. 
Bowman,  Guelph,  Ont.  The  placing 
was  practically  the  same  as  at  Bran- 
don. In  the  aged  cow  class,  two  of 
Bowman's  cows  were  reversed  in  sec- 
ond and  third  position.  Junior  female 
championship  went  to  Bowman's  junior 
yearling  heifer.  Elm  Park  Keepsake 
17th.  McGregor's  aged  bull,  Evreaux 
of  Harviestoun,  was  made  champion, 
and  also  won  the  prize  for  the  best 
animal  of  the  breed  in  the  show.  The 
aged  cow.  Key  of  Heather,  owned  by 
McGregor,  was   female   champion. 


Holsteins 


CANADIAN  NATIONAL 
AGED   BULL— I,  Haley  Bros.,  on   Sir 
Belle    Fayne;    2,    G.    A.    Brethen,    on 


Hillcrest  Ormsby  De  Kol ;  3,  Fred 
Row.  on  Prince  Abbekerk  Mercena; 
4,  A.  Watson  &  Sonsj- on  Homestead 


LIVE   STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


3U 


Colantha  Prince  Canary :  5,  Sir  Henr\- 
Pellatt,  on  Segis  De  Kol:  6,  L.  H. 
Lipsit,  on  Findeine  King  May  Fayne. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I.  W.  G.  Bailey, 
on  Lakeview  Dutchland  Hengerveld 
2nd ;  2,  Manor  Farm,  on  King  Segis 
Pontiac  Posch ;  3,  Norman  P.  Clark- 
son,  on  Prince  Mercena  Ormsby ;  4, 
Hulet,  on  Prince  Col.  Abbekerk ;  5, 
Dyment,  on  Riverside  Pontiac  Beets. 

BULL,  One  Year— i,  A.  E.  Hulet,  on 
W'oodlawn  Count  Canary :  2,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Colantha  Fayne  Butter 
Baron ;  3,  Brethren,  on  Hiljcrest 
Hengeveld  Ormsby;  4,  Prouse,  on 
Meadowview  King  Abb;  5,  Robins, 
'>n  Sir  Calamity  Mercena  Scott ;  6, 
Robins,    on    Sir    Pontiac    Pearl. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I,  Haley  Bros.,  on 
Prince  Fayne  Harland ;  2,  Hulet,  on 
Korndyke  Paul :  3,  Row,  on  Prince 
Mercena  Alf. ;  4,  R.  J.  Kelly,  on 
King  Pontiac  Lad;  5,  Hulet,  on 
Shadelawn  Mercena  Posch :  6,  Pel- 
latt,  on    Segis    Schuiling   Prince. 

BULL,  JR.  CALF— I,  Haley  Bros.,  on 
Kitchener  Cans ;  2,  Hulet,  on  Bon- 
heur  Korndyke  King;  3,  Prouse.  on 
Meadowview  Dot  .\bbekerk;  4,  Lip- 
sit,  on  Forest  Ridge  Fayne  Artis ; 
5.  Pellatt,  on  Osprey  Posch :  6.  R.  M. 
Holtbv,  on  Roan  De  Kol  Segis. 
IRAXD  CHAMPION  BULL  —  Sir 
Belle  Favne. 

JR.  CHAM'PION  BULL— Prince  Fayne 
Harland. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over,  in  Milk — 
I,  F.  B.  Robins,  on  Belle  Tensen :  2, 
Brethren,  on  Ravwerd  Count  De  Kol 
Lady:  3.  Hulet,  on  Annette  Abbe- 
kerk; 4,  Robins,  on  Queen  Wilhel- 
mina :  5,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Lady 
Francis    Schuiling. 

OW.  Three  Years  Old,  in  Milk— i, 
Robins,  on  Glenwood  Pledge  Butter 
Girl :  2,  Hulet.  on  Pauline  Colantha 
Mercena:  3.  Haley  Bros.,  on  Ethel 
Mercedes  Posch :  4,  Manor  Farm,  on 
Manor  P.  H.  Flower;  5,  Kettle,  on 
Lady   Mercena   Schuiling. 

COW.  Three  Years  and  Upwards.  Not 
in  ^lilk — I,  Hulet.  on  Rosa'  Bonheur 
Flower :  2,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Colan- 
tha De  Boer;  3.  R.  J.  Kelh',  on  How- 
ertie  Col.  Posch ;  4.  Haley  Bros.,  on 
Grace  Fayne  Homewood ;  5,  Brethen, 
on  Hillcrest  Hengerveld  Lassie;  6. 
Hicks,  on  Lillv  F.  De  Kol. 

HEIFER,     Two     Years,     in     Milk— i. 


Hicks,  on  Faforit  Verbelle  May;  2, 
Haley  Bros.,  on  Aaggie  Toitilla 
Fayne;  3,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Nettie 
Fayne  2nd ;  4,  Hulet,  on  Lady  Paul- 
ine Colantha ;  5,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Col- 
antha Favne  Dewdrop. 

HEIFER,  'Two  Years  Old,  Not  in 
Milk — I,    Pellatt,   on    Lucy    Pietertje; 

2.  Hicks,  on  Faforit  Netherland  Lyons ; 

3,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  King  Pontiac 
Countess ;  4,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Daisy 
Fayne  2nd ;  5,  Hulet,  on  Lady  Keyes 
^lercena ;  6.  Dj'ment,  on  Echo  Pie- 
tertje  De   Kol. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Miss  Aggie  Fayne;  2,  Holt- 
by,  on  Fayne  Josco  Segis :  3,  Hulet, 
on  Lodga  Veeman  Mercena  2nd;  4, 
Manor  Farm,  on  Manor  P.  H.  Artali- 
sea ;  5,  Hicks,  on  Lady  Newton  Fa- 
forit :  6,  Lipsit,  on   F.  R.   S.  Axie. 

HEIFER.  JR.  YEARLING— r,  Hulet, 
on  Countess  Ladoga  Ormsby;  2, 
Cooper,  on  Nettie  Tensen  Henger- 
veld :  3,  Prouse.  on  Queen  Artis  Bell ; 

4.  Lipsit,  on  Forest  Ridge  Fayne 
Calamity ;  5,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Queen 
Colantha  Logue ;  6.  Snyder,  on  Paul- 
ine Calamity  Hengerveld. 

HEIFER.  SR.  CALF— I,  Hicks,  on 
Lilly  De  Kol  Segis;  2.  Hulet,  on 
Pauline  Colantha  Sylvia;  3.  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Pauline  Baroness ;  4,  Lip- 
sit :  5,  Hulet,  on  Shadelawn  Mercena 
Queen :  6,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Echo 
Lassie. 

HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— r,  Lipsit,  on 
Forest  Ridge  Fayne  Jewel ;  2,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Bessie  Butter  Baroness :  3, 
Brethem  on  Hillcrest  Pontiac  Echo; 
4,  Chambers,  on  Fairview  Mech- 
thilde:  5.  Dyment,  on  Beauty  Hash 
Beets :  6,  Hicks,  on  Pauline  Canary 
Segis. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
M.\LE — Rosa   Bonheur   Flower. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— :Miss 
.\aggie   Fayne. 

THREE  .ANIMALS.  THE  GET  OF 
SIRE— I.  Haley  Bros.;  2,  Hulet:  3. 
Hicks :   4.   Lipsit :    ^.   Brethen. 

GRADED  HERD— K  Haley  '  Bros. :  2. 
Brethen  :  3.  Hulet ;  4,  Manor  Farm : 
^,   Robins. 

JR.  HERD— r,  Haley  Bros.:  2.  Hulet; 

3.  Brethen :  4,   Lipsit :   5,   Shillington. 
BREEDER'S    HERD.    One     Bull     and 

Four  Females.  All  Under  One  Year 
— I,  Haley  Bros.:  2.  Hulet:  3,  Lipsit; 

4,  Brethen ;  5,  Kettle ;  6,  Dj-ment. 


312 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


CENTRAL ,  CANADA,  1915 

AGED  BULL— I,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Sir 
Belle  Fayne;  2,  G.  A.  Brethen,  on 
Hillcrest  Ormsby;  3,  Richard  I^all, 
Colony  Canary  Ragapple ;  .4,  D.  A. 
McPhee,  on  Pietertje  De  Kol  Beauty. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  F.   S.  Caldwell, 

"  on  Orvilla  Butter  Boy;  2,  A.  E.  Hulet. 
on  Prince  Colanthus  Abbekerk;  3, 
Paul,  on  King  Segis  Beets  Walker ; 
4,  Wm.  Manning  &  Sons,  on  Sunny- 
brook  George ;  6,  Stevens,  on  Fa- 
forit   Schuiling  Ppsch. 

BULL,  One  Year— i,  Hulet,  on  Wood- 
lawn  Count  Canary;  2,  Haley  Bros., 
on  Colantha  Fayne  Butter  Baron ;  3, 
Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Hengerveld 
Ormsby;   4,   Kelly. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I  and  5,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Prince  Fayne  Harland  and 
Baron  Brook  De  Kol ;  2  and  4,  Hulet, 
on  Korndyke  Paul  and  Shadelawn 
Mercena  Posch ;  3,  McPhee,  on 
Roxie's    Sir    Posch. 

BULL,  JR.  CALf"— I,  Haley  Bros.,  on 
Kitchener  Gano ;  2,  Hulet,  on  Bon- 
heur  Korndyke  King;  3,  Brethen,  on 
Hillcrest  May  Echo  Butter  Boy;  4 
and  5,  McPhee,  on  Crystal  Spring 
Korndyke  and  Hector  De  Kol  of 
Crystal    Spring. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL  —  Sir 
Belle   Fayne. 

AGED  COW,  in  Milk— i,  Brethen,  on 
Rauwerd  Count  De  Kol  Lady  Paul- 
ine:    2,    Caldwell,    on    Polly    Merton ; 

3,  Craig,  on  Lyla  of  Pleasant  Valley; 

4.  Hulet,  on  Annette  Abbekerk;  5, 
Haley  Bros.,  on  Lady  Francess 
Schuiling. 

COW,  Three  Years— i  and  4,  Hulet,  on 
•Rosa  Bonheur  Flower  and  Pauline 
Colantha  Mercena;  2,  3  and  5,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Colantha  De  Boer,  Grace 
Favne  Homewood,  and  Ethel  Mer- 
cedes  Posch. 

DRY  COWS.  Three  Years  and  Over— 
T,  Hulet.  on  Korndyke  Abberkerk 
Pauline : '  3,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest 
Hengerveld  Lassie;  4.  Stevens,  on 
Brookdale    Buttercup    Netherland. 

HF.TFFP  Two  Years,  in  Milk— i  and 
2.  Haley  Bros.,  on  Aggie  Tostilla 
Fayne  and  Nettie  Fayne  2nd ;  3,  Hulet, 
on  Lady  Pauline  Colantha;  4,  Brethen, 
on  Lucy  May  Echo;  S,  Stevens,  on 
Rhoda    Beets    Pietertje. 

DRY  HEIFER.  Two  Years— i  and  5, 
Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Korndyke  Pon- 
tiac    Countess     and    Hillcrest    May 


Echo  Pietertje;  2,  Stevens,  on  Pie- 
tertje Beets  Rhode;  3,  Haley  Bros., 
on  Daisy  Fayne  2nd ;  4,  Hulet,  on 
Lady    Keys    Mercena. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Miss  Aggie  Fayne;  2,  Hulet, 
on  Ladoga  Verman  Mercena  2nd;  3 
and  4,  McPhee,  on  Guitty  of  Crystal 
Spring  and  Lillie  of  Crystal  Spring; 
5,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Varkelle 
Echo. 

HEIFER,  JR.  YEARLIN&-1,  Hulet, 
on  Countess  Ladoga  Ormsby;  2,  Mc- 
Phee,   on    Hazel    of    Crystal    Spring; 

3,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Sadie  Belle; 

4,  Stevens,  on  Queen  Korndyke  Belle ; 

5,  Stevens,  on  Pauline  Pet  Posch. 
HEIFER,  SR.  CALF— I  and  5.  Mc- 
Phee, on  Spinky  Wayne  of  Crystal 
Spring  and  Beauty  De  Kol  of  Crystal 
Spring;  2,  Hulet,  on  Shadelawn  Las- 
sie ;  3,  Haley  Bros.,  on  Pauline  Bar- 
oness ;  4,  Brethen,  on  Hillcrest  Echo 

HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— I  and  4,  Haley 
Bros.,  on  Bessie  Butter  Baroness  and 
Lady  Belle  Fayne ;  2,  Brethen,  on 
Hillcrest  May  Echo  Belle;  3,  McPhee, 
on  Clothilds  Spinky  of  Crystal 
Spring. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Hulet,  on 
Rosa  Bonheur  Flower. 

GRADED   HERD— I,   Haley  Bros.;   2,. 
Brethen ;   3,   Hulet ;   4,   McPhee. 

JR.  HERD— I,  Haley  Bros.;  2,  Hulet; 
3,  McPhee. 

FOUR  ANIMALS,  GET  OF  ONE 
SIRE— I  and  4,  Haley  Bros;  2,  Bre- 
then; 3,  McPhee. 

BRANDON  (Summer  Fair,  1915) 

BULL,  Three  Years  and  Over— i, 
Count  Tensen  A,  Geo.  Bevington ;  2, 
Sir  Belle  Petertje,  A.  B.  Potter;  3, 
Dots  Abbekerk,  Prouse^  4,  Prince  de 
Kol  Merton,  Hamilton  Bros. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Sir  Fayne  of 
Golden  West,  J.  A.  Laycock;  2,  Korn- 
dyke Pontiac,  Laycock;  3,  Prince 
Veeman  Corinne,  Lyttel ;  4,  Glenlea 
Ormsby  Hengerveld,   Glenne  &  Sons. 

BULL,  One  Year— i,  Meadowview  King 
Abbekerk,  G.  T.  Prouse ;  2,  Bonnie 
Brae  Korndyke.  Laycock;  3,  Sir  De 
Kol  Paladin,  Potter;  4,  Sir  Francy 
Lindsay,   Bevington. 

BULL  CALF,  SR.— i,  Bonnie  Brae  Pal- 
lestine,  Laycock;  2,  Francy  Schraeter, 
Bevington;   3,   Meadowview  King  de 


LIVE    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


313 


Kol,  Prouse;  4,  Colney  Major  Posch 
Tensen,    Bevington. 

BULL  CALF,  JR.— i,  Meadowview  Dot 
Abbekerk,  Prouse;  2,  Lord  Francis, 
Bevington ;  3,  Posch  of  Bonnie  Brae, 
Laycock;  4,  Prince  de  Kol  Merton, 
Jr.,    Hamilton   Bros. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Count 
Tensen   A. 

JR.  CHAMPION— Bonnie  Brae  Kom- 
dyke. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over — i,  Molly 
of  Bayham,  Prouse ;  2,  Jacoba  Joh- 
anna, Bevington ;  3,  Ruby  Jean,  Lay- 
cock;  4,  Princess  Holdenby  de  Kol, 
Laycock. 

COW,  Three  Years — i,  lone  Mercena 
Posch  2nd,  Bevington ;  2,  Lady  Lil- 
lian Bess,  Prouse ;  3,  Lady  Princess 
Fayne.  Laycock ;  4.  Lady  Johanna 
Dewdrop,    Laycock. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i,  Jessie  Francy, 
Bevington  ;  2,  .  Aaggie  Teake  Posch, 
Glennie  and  Sons;  3,  Lady  Jewel 
Pride,  Prouse ;  4,  Maud  Dewdrop 
Favne,  Lavcock. 

HEIFER,  'One  Year— i,  Kathleen 
Francy  de  Kol,  Bevington ;  2,  Patri- 
cia Posch,  Bevington ;  3,  Daisy  Wood- 
lawn  Dewdrop,  Prouse ;  4,  Queen 
Artist    Bell,    Prouse. 

HEIFER  CALF,  SR.— i.  Jacoba  Ten- 
sen,  Bevington :  2,  Tensen  Burke,  Bev- 
ington ;  3,  Lady  Jewel  Pallestine,  Lay- 
cock; 4,  Princess  Rideau  Calamity, 
Lavcock. 

HEIFER  CALF,  JR.— i,  Gretchen, 
Faf  orit  Veeman,  Bevington ;  2,  Tosco 
Pontiac  of  Bonnie  Brae,  Laycock;  3, 
Belle  Quillemette,  Potter ;  4,  Meadow- 
view  Jean  de  Kol,  Prouse. 

JR:  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Kathleen 
Francv    de    Kol,    Bevington. 

SR.  A>:D  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE— Mollv  of  Bavham,  Prouse. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  '  Bevington ;  2, 
Lavcock :    3,    Prouse. 

YOUNG  HERD— I,  Prouse;  2,  Beving- 
ton :  3,  Laycock. 

THREE,  GET  OF  SIRE— i,  Prouse; 
2  and  3,   Bevington. 


REGINA    (Summer   Fair,   1915) 
AGED  BULL— I,  Count  Tensen  A,  Geo. 

Bevington ;  2,  Dots  Abbekerk,  Geo.  T. 

Prouse;    3,    Sir    B.    Pietertjie,    A.    B. 

Potter. 
BULL,   Two  Years  Old— i,    Komdyke 

Posch  Pontiac,  J.  H.  Laycock;  2,  Sir 

Fayne  of  Golden  West,  Laycock. 


SR.  YEARLING  BULL-i,  Bonnie 
Brae  Korndyke,  Laycock;  2.  Meadow- 
view  King,  Geo.  T.  Prouse;  3,  Count 
Canary  Alexander,  Bevington ;  4. 
Segiononis  Korndyke,  Laycock. 

JR.  YEARLING  BULI^i,'  Sir  Francy  . 
Lindly,  Bevington;  2,  Sir  Dekol  Pala- 
din, Potter;  3,  Nellie's  Rideau  Dekol, 
Laycock. 

SR.  CALF — I,  Bonnie  Brae  Pallistine, 
Laycock;  2,  Francy  Schroeder,  Bev- 
ington ;  3,  Sir  Evergreen  Banks,  Lay- 
cock; 4,  Colony  Major  Posch  Tensen, 
Bevington. 

JR.   CALF— I,    ,   Prouse: 

2,  Lord  Frances,  Bevington ;  3,  Posch 
of  Bonnie  Brae,  Laycock;  4,  Nether- 
land  Senaca  Chief,  Bevihgton. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Count 
Tensen   A. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULL— Bonnie  Brae 
Korndyke. 

AGED  COW — I,  Jacoba  Johanna,  Bev- 
ington ;  2,  Ruby  Jean,  Laycock ;  3, 
Vida  Princess  Pauline,  Prouse;  4, 
Princess  Holdenby  Dekol,  Laycock; 
5,   Madeline  Dekol,   Potter. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years  Old — i,  Jessie 
Francy,  Bevington ;  2,  iNIaud  Dew- 
drop  Fayne,  Laycock;  3,  Lady  Jewel 
Pride,  Prouse ;  4,  Annie  Primrose  of 
Lyn,  Laycock. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Patrica 
Posch,  Bevington ;  2,  Daisy  Wood- 
lawn  Dewdrop,  Prouse ;  3,  Mercedes 
Droindu  Dekol,  Bevington ;  4,  Almira 
Affle,  Potter;  5.  Bellflower  Pietertje 
Beauty  3rd,  Lavcock.  — 

JR.   YEARUNG   HEIFER-i,   Katha- 
lean     Francy    Dekol,     Bevington;     2,^ 
Fairview  Artis  Bell,  Prouse;  3,  Fan- 
nie Maud,  Potter;  4,  Carrie  Bell  Cal- 
amitv,  Laycock. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Jacoba  Ten- 
sen,  Bevington ;  2,  Pearl  Mercena  2nd, 
Bevington;  3,  Tensen  Burke,  Bev- 
ington :   4,    Dandv    Colantha,    Prouse. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Gretchen  Te- 
ferot  Vermen,  Bevington ;  2,  Tosco 
Pontiac  of  Bonny  Brae.  Laycock;  3, 
Meadowview    Jean    Dekol,    Prouse.  • 

FEMALE,  Any  Age,  Shown  by  Ama- 
teur— I,  Bevington :  2,  Prouse. 

SR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Jacoba 
Johanna. 

JR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION— 
Jacoba  Tensen. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Bevington;  2, 
Prouse ;  3,  Laycock. 


314 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


THREE,   GET   OF   SIRE— i,    Prouse ; 
2,  Bcvington ;  3,  Laycock. 


CALGARY    (Summer   Fair) 
BULL,    Three    Years    or    Over — i,    Sir 
Admiral   Ormsby  2nd,  Carlyle  Bros. ; 

2,  Count  Tensen  A,  Geo.  Bevington ; 

3,  Sir   Posch  de  Kol   Mercena,  J.   H. 
Laycock. 

BULL.  Two  Years — i,  Sir  Fayne  of 
Golden  West,  Laycock;  2,  Korndyke 
Posch  Pontiac,  Laycock ;  3,  Tidy 
Calamity  Sarcastic,  L  Hambly  and 
Sons. 

SR.  YEARLING— I,  Bonnie  Brae 
Korndyke,  Laycock :  2,  Count  Canary 
Alexandra,  Bevington ;  3.  Segis  On- 
onis  Korndvke,   Laycock. 

JR.  YEARLING— T,  Sir  Francy  de  Kol, 
Bevington';  2,  Prince  Posch  Butter 
Boy.  Hambly  and  Sons ;  3,  L.  E.  S. 
Korndyke    Count,    P.    Pallesen. 

SR.  BULL  *  CALF— I,  Bonnie  Brae 
Pallestine,  Laycock;  2,  Francy  Shros- 
ter,  .Bevington ;    3,    Bevington. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Bevington;  2, 
Albert  Ormsby.  Carlyle  Bros. ;  3, 
Posch   of  Bonnie   Brae,  Laycock. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Sir  Admiral 
Ormsby  2nd. 

RESERVE— Count  Tensen  A. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over — i,  Jacoba 
Johanna,  Bevington ;  2,  Princess  Hol- 
denby  de  Kol,  Laycock;  3,  Ruby  Jean. 
Laycock;  4,  Molly  of  Bayham  Mer- 
cedes,  Laycock. 

COW,  Three  Years — i,  lona  ^lercena 
Posch  2nd,  Bevington ;  2,  Aconeth 
Fayne.  Pallesen ;  4.  Lady  Johanna 
Dewdrop,  Laycock. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Maud  Dew- 
drop  Fayne,  Laycock;  2,  Muriel 
Ormsby,  Carlyle  Bros.;  3,  Princess  of 
Winterburn,  Bevington. 

^.  YEARLING— I,  Dorinda  Mercedes 
de  Kol  Bevington ;  2,  Francy  Rhoda 
Pontiac,  Pallesen ;  3,  Bell  Flower 
Pietertje,  Laycock;  4.  Teake  Pride 
Favne,   Pallesen. 

JR.  YEARLING— I,  Alice  Francy  Fa- 
forit,  Bevington ;  2,  Calgary  Korn- 
dyke Pontias,  Hambly  and  Sons;  3, 
Muriel    Burnside  2nd,   Carlyle   Bros. ; 

4,  Ruth   Francy  de  Kol,   Pallesen. 
SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Jowka  Tensen, 

Bevington;    2,   Lady   Jewel   Palestine, 
Laycock ;   3.   Princess  Rideau   Calam- 
ity,   Laycock. 
JR.    HEIFER    CALF— I,    Lucy    Queen 
Ormsby,     Carlyle     Bros.;     2,     Susan 


Ormsby,  Carlyle  Bros.;  3,  Bell  Flower' 
Pontiac   o    fBonnie   Brae,   Laycock. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Jacoba  Joh- 
anna. 

HERD,  Bull  and  Four  Females,  Any 
Age — I,   Bevington;  2,  Laycock. 

HERD,  Three  Animals,  Get  of  One 
Sire — I,  Bevington;  2,  Carlyle  Bros. 

HERD,  Bull  and  Three  Females,  Under 
Two  Years — i,  Laycock;  2,  Carlyle 
Bros. 

TWO,  Progeny  of  One  Cow — i.  Bev- 
ington ;    2,    Carlyle    Bros. 


EDMONTON    (Summer  Fair,    1915) 

AGED  BULL — i.  Count  Tensen  A, 
Geo.  Bevington;  2,  Sir  Bell  Pietertje, 
Bevington ;  3,  Dot's  Abbekerk,  Geo. 
T.  Prouse ;  4,  King  Hengerveld, 
Eckert. 

BULL.  Two  Years — i,  Korndyke 
Posch  Pontiac,  J.  H.  Laycock;  2,  Sir 
Fayne  of  Golden  West,  Laycock;  3, 
Principal  Dekol,  Duke  of  Suther- 
land :  4,  Tidy,  Calamity  Sarcastic,  H. 
Hambly. 

SR.  YEARLING  BULL— i.  Bonny 
Brae  Korndyke,  Laycock;  2,  Meadow 
View  King,  Abbekerk,  Prouse ;  3, 
Segis    Ononis    Korndye,    Laycock. 

JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i.  Sir  Francy 
Tindly,  Bevington ;  2,  Nelly  Rideau 
DeKol.  Laycock;  3,  Prince  Posch 
Butter  /Boy,  Hambly;  4,  Eckert;  5, 
Angerveld   Kent,   Bell. 

SR.  CALF  BULL— I,  Col.  Major  Posch 
Tensen,  Bevington ;  2,  Fancy  Schroter, 
Bevington ;  3,  Bonny  Brae  Palestine, 
Laycock ;  4,  Meadow  View  King  De- 
Kol, Prouse ;  5,  Duke  of  Sutherland. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Prouse;  2,  Bev- 
ington ;  3,  Duke  of  Sutherland ;  4. 
Bell ;    5,    Prouse. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION 
BULL — Count    Tensen    A. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULL— Bonny  Brae 
Korndyke. 

AGED  COW— I,  Jacoba  Johanna,  Bev- 
ington ;  2,  Princess  Holdenby  DeKol, 
Laycock;  3,  Ruby  Jean,  Laycock;  4, 
Molly  Bayham  Mercedes.  Laycock; 
5,  Vida   Princess  Pauline,  Prouse. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i.  Lady  Fair- 
mont Canary,  Bevington ;  2,  Lady 
Jewel  Pridf ,  Prouse ;  3,  Annie  Prim- 
rose of  Lyn,  Laycock:  4,  Mundella 
Kent,  Bell;  S,  Nettie,  Bell. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i,  Patricia 
Posch.  Bevington;  2,  Carman  Korn- 
dyke   Beauty,   Laycock;    3,    Mercedes 


LI\'E    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


315 


Dorinda  E.  DeKoI,  Bevington ;  4. 
Dafry  W'oodlawn  Dewdrop,  Prouse ; 
5,  Beil  Flower  Puterys  Beauty  3rd, 
Lavcock. 

JR.  YEARLIXG  HEIFER— i.  Rosa 
Bohien  Tensen,  Bevington ;  2.  Calgary 
Komdyke  Pontiac.  Hambly ;  3.  Mea- 
dowview  Bess,  Prouse :  4.  Queen 
Artis  Bell,  Prouse :  5.  Kornd3ke  Ag- 
gie W'avne,  Laycock. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  3,  Bev- 
ington :  2  and  5,  Laycock ;  4,  Bell. 

JR.  HEIFER— I.  Bevington;  2,  Lay- 
cock: 3.  Prouse:  4,  Hambly.  5.  Bell. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Jacoba 
Tensen. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION'  FE- 
MALE— ^Jacoba  Johanna. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Bevington;  2, 
Lavcock:    3.    Prouse;    4,    Bell. 

JR.  HERD— I,  Bevington;  2.  Laycock; 
3.   Prouse :  4,  Duke  of  Sutherland. 

TWO.  PROGENY  OF  COW'—i.  Bev- 
ington :  2,  Prouse :  3.  Hambly :  4, 
Ehike  of  Sutherland. 


Francv    DeKol,    Bevington. 
SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 

M.ALE— Mollv  of-Bayham.  Prouse. 
GRADED     HERD— I,     Bevington;     2. 

Prouse :    3.    Laycock. 
FOUR     CALVES— I,     Bevingt-: 

Laycock:  3,  Prouse. 

ton :   3,   Prouse. 
TWO,  Progeny  of  Cow— 1.  Prouse:  2. 

Lavcock. 


SASKATOON. 


AGED  BULL — i  and  2,  Geo.  Beeving- 
ton ;   ,1,   Geo.   T.   Prouse. 

BULL.  Two  Years — i  and  2.  J.  H.  Lay- 
cock. 

SR.  YEARLING  BULI^i  and  3,  Lay- 
cock :   2,   Prouse. 
JR.  YEARLING  BULL— i,  Bevington; 

2.  Laycock. 

SR.   BULL  CALF— I,  Laycock;  2  and 

3.  Bevington. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  Bevington ;  2  and 
3,   Prouse. 

GRAND  champion'  BULL— Count 
Tensen  A. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULI^Bonnie  Brae 
Palistine. 

AGED  COW — I.  Prouse:  2,  Bevington: 
3  and  4,  Laycock. 

HEIIFER,  Two  Years— i,  Prouse:  J, 
Bevington ;   3  and  4,   Laycock. 

SR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i.  Prouse; 
2  and  3,   Bevington  :  4.  Laycock. 

JR.  YEARLING  HEIFER— i  and  3, 
Bevington :  2.   Prouse ;  4,  Laj'cock. 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I  and  4.  Beving- 
ton :  2  and  3.  Lavcock. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Bevington;  2. 
Lavcock;  3.   Prouse. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Kathleen 


LONDON. 

BULL,  AGED— I,  Fred  Row,  on  Prince 
Abbekerk  Mereena ;  2.  L.  H.  Lipsit. 
on  Findeine  King  May  Fayne ;  3.  Geo. 
Prouse,  on  Dot's  .\bbekerk :  4.  C.  C. 
Kettle,  on  Grace  Fayne  2nd  Sir  Mer- 
eena. 

BULL,  Two  Years  Old— i.  Manor 
Farm,  on  King  Segis  Pontiac  Posch. 

BULL,  One  Year  Old— i,  Arbogast 
Bros.,  on  King  Segis  Alcartra  Cal- 
amity: 2,  C.  C.  Haviland.  on  Canar>- 
Trinton  Segis;  3.  Prouse,  on  Mea- 
dowview  King  Abbekerk:  4,  Kettle, 
on  Noble  Fayne  Schuiling:  5,  C."  E. 
Trebilcock. 

BULL.  SR-  CALF— I  and  3.  R.  v.  :  2. 
Lipsit;    4   and    5.    Kettle. 

BULL.  JR.  CALF— I  and  4.  E.  Sny- 
der: 2.  Cline  &  Carrol;  3,  Lipsit;  5. 
Prouse. 

CHAMPION  BULL— Prince  Abbekerk 
Mereena. 

COW,  AGED^i.  R.  J.  Kelly;  2,  Good- 
erham:  3,  Arbognst  Bros.:  4.  Prouse: 
5,  Snyder. 

COW.    T-hret-  Old— i     and     3. 

Gooderham ;    2.    .-\rbogast :   4.    Kettle. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years  Old— i  and  2. 
Manor  Farm :  3.  Lipsit :  4.  Snyder : 
5,   Prouse. 

HEIFER.  YEARLING— I.  Prouse:  2. 
Shearer ;  3  and  5,  Snyder ;  4,  Lipsit. 

SR.  CALVES— I,  Kettle;  2,  Shearer: 
3,  Cline  &  Carrol :  4,  Arbogast :  5, 
Row. 

JR.  CALF— I,  Kettle;  2,  3  and  4.  Lip- 
sit :    5,    Snyder. 

CHA:MPI0N  FEMALE— Kelly,  on 
Homestead    Howtje    Calaraitj*. 

GRADTD  HERD— I.  Manor  Farm:  -\ 
Prouse :   3,   Snyder ;   4,   Kettle. 

CALF  HERD— I,  Kettle:   2.  Lir 
Ross;  4.   Snyder. 


316 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


Ayrshires 

CANADIAN    NATIONAL 

AGED  BULL— I,  R.  R.  Ness,  on  Hobs- 
land  Masterpiece;  2,  Alex.  Hume,  on 
Hillside  Peter  Pan;  3,  Daurie  Bros., 
on  Tarn  O'Menie;  4,  Wm.  Stewart  & 
Sons,  on  Springhill  Cashier;  5,  A.  S. 
Turner  &  Son,  on  Netherton  King 
Theodore. 

BULL,  Two  Years  Old— i.  Senator 
Owens,  on  Netherton  Lochinvar;  2, 
Sunnybrook   Enterprise,   E.   D.    Hilli- 

ker;  3,  Macoun,  on  Silver  King  of 
Springbank. 

YEARLING  BULL— i,  Laurie  Bros., 
on  Fairview  Milkman  ;  2,  Hilliker,  on 
Prince  Fortune  of  Sunnybrook;  3, 
Tran,  on  Duchess  Heir  o  fHickory 
Hill ;  4,  Hume,  on  Gay  Lad  of  Ayr- 
mount. 

BULL.  SR.  CALF— I,  Ness,  on  Burn- 
side  Invincible  Masterpiece ;  2,  Tur- 
ner   &    Son,    on    Springbank    Scottie ; 

3,  Owens,  on   Champion  of  Riverside 
15th ;    4,    Hilliker,    on    Snow    King; 

BULL.  JR.  CALF— I.  Turner  &  Son, 
on  Heather  King  of  Springbank;  2, 
Owens,  on  Champion  of  Riverside 
20th;  3,  W.  H.  Tran,  on  White  Sam; 

4,  Ness,  on  Burnside  Zomo-Sal  Mas- 
terpiece. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Hobs- 
'  land   Masterpiece. 

JR.  CHAMPION  BULL— Burnside 
Invincible    ^Masterpiece. 

AGED  COW,  in  Milk— i,  Owens,  on 
Duchess  of  Montebello ;  2,  Hume,  on 
Bellsland  Nan  4th  ;  3,  Turner  &  Son, 
on  Mountain'  Lass  ;  4,  Ness,  on  Terer- 
ran    Heather   Bell. 

COW,  Three  Years  Old,  in  Milk— i  and 
2,  Owens,  on  White  Violet  of  River- 
side, and  Bertha  of  Montebello ;  3, 
Turner  &  Son,  on  Queen  Floss  of 
Springbank:  4,  Laurie  Bros.,  on 
Topsy   of   Gladen   Hill. 

COW.  Three  Years   Old  and  Over,  in 


Maggie  Finlayston  5th,  and  Burnside 
Spottie  2nd;  2,  Turner  &  Son,  on 
Lola  of  Springbank;  4,  Owens,  on 
Dawn  2nd   of  Riverside. 

HEIFER,  JR.  YEARLING,  Not  in 
Milk — I,  Turner  &  Son,' on  Briery  of 
Springbank  3rd;  2,  Owens,  on  Betsy 
of  Riverside ;  3,  Laurie  Bros.,  on 
Fanny  of  Gladden  Hill;  4,  Hume,  on 
Humeshaugh   Nan   2nd.    ' 

HEIFER.  SR.  CALF— I,  Hume,  on 
Humeshaugh  Perfect  Lady;  2,  Ness, 
on  Burnside  Pearl  Lusitania;  3,  Tur- 
ner &  Son,  on  Springbank  Josie ;  4, 
Stewart  &  Sons,  on  SprightVs  Dolly 
of    Menie. 

HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— I,  Hilliker,  on 
Maria  of  Sunnybrook;  2,  Turner  & 
Son,  on  Springbank  Jeanette;  3, 
Owens,  on  White  Heather  of  River- 
side. 

HEIFER  ,Two  Years,  Out  of  Milk— 
I,  Ness,  on  Dalfibble  Jessie  Drum- 
mond  3rd :  2,  Turner  &  Son,  on  Dora 
of  Sunnybrook ;  3,  Hilliker,  on  Trixy 
of  Mapledale  2nd ;  4,  Stewart  & 
Sons,    on    Avrshire    Mary   of    Menie. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE—Auchenbrain    Hattie   6th. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Burnside 
Maggie   Finlayston   5th. 

GRADED  HERD— I,  Ness;  2,  Owens; 
"5,   Hume ;  4,  Turner  &  Son. 

JR.  HERD— I,  Ness;  2.  Turner  &  Son; 
-5.  Owens ;  4,  Laurie  Bros. 

BREEDER'S  HERD— i,  Ness;  2,  Tur- 
ner &  Son  ;  3,  Owens ;  4.  Laurie  Bros. ; 
5,  Tran. 


CENTRAL  CANADA.  1915 
AGED  BULL— I,  R.  R.  Ness,  on  Hobs- 
land  Masterpiece :  2,  D.  M.  Watt,  on 
Whitehall  King  of  Hearts:  3.  Geo. 
H.  Montgomery,  on  Auchenbrain  Sea 
Foam :  4.  J.  P.  Cavers,  on  Hobsland 


Bonnie  Boy. 

Calf,  Not  Milking — i  and  3,  Ness,  on      BULL.  Two  Years — ,  Senator  Owens, 
Auchenbrain  Hattie  6th,  and  Broom-  on    Netherton    Lochinvar;    2,    Tuttle, 


hill  Flora  2nd :  2,  Turner  &  Son,  on 
Snowdrop ;  4,  Hume,  on  Spicy  Lass. 
-HEIFER,  Two  Years  Old— i,  Ness,  on 
Dalfibble  Jemima  Jane  2nd ;  2.  Hilli- 
ker. on  Bessie  of  Mapledale ;  3,  Tur- 
ner &  Son,  on  Doreen  of  Spring- 
bank  ;  4,  Hume,  on  '  Humeshaugh 
Spicv  Kate. 
HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING,  Not  in 
Milk — I    and    3,    Ness,    on    Burnside 


on  Springburn  Emblem:  3,  Robert 
Doig,   on   Victor;   4,   D.   T.   Ness. 

BULL.  One  Year— i,  J.  H.  Black,  on 
Hobsland  Piecemeal:  2,  D.  T.  Ness, 
on  Barwhey's  Flashlight;  3,  Owens, 
on  Vaudrueil  Pride  19th :  4,  Mont- 
gomery,   on    Lakeside    Spicy    Hero. 

BULL.  SR.  CALF— I.  Robert  Leish- 
man.  on  Hobsland  Landlord;  2,  R. 
R.     Ness,     on     Burnside     Invincible 


LIVE    STOCK   DIRECTORY. 


317 


Masterpiece;  3,  Jno.  W.  Logan,  on 
Sunnyside  Masterpiece;  4,  Black,  on 
Willowhaugh  Just  Right. 
BULL,  JR.  CALF— I,  R.  R.  Ness,  on 
Burnside  Zomo-Sal  Masterpiece ;  2, 
Doig,  on  Sunrise  Masterpiece;  3, 
Owens,  on  Riverside  Champion  20th ; 

4,  MacFarlane,    on    Mack    of    Kelso. 
COW.  Four  Years  and  Over — i,  Owens, 

on  Duchess  of  Monte  Bello;  2  and  4, 
R.  R.  ■  Ness,  on  Tererran  Heather 
Bell,  and  Catlin's  Derby  2nd ;  3,  D. 
T.    Xess,    on    Lochfergus    Catherine; 

5,  Watt,   on   Barcheskie  Cinderella. 
COW,     Three     Years — i,     Logan,     on 

Sunnyside  Governess ;  2,  D.  T.  Ness, 
on  Rising  Star;  3,  Cavers,  on  Mary 
Bloisom ;  4,  Owens,  on  White  Violet 
of  Riverside;  5,  Black,  on  Craigbrae 
Lady  Jean. 

COW,  Three  Years  and  Over,  Canadian- 
bred — I,  D.  T.  Ness,  on  Burnside 
Pearl  4th ;  2,  Logan,  on  Sunnyside 
Bell :  3,  Owens,  on  Flossie  of  River- 
side :  4  and  5,  Doig,  on  Tidy  of  Mir- 
abel and  Blossom  Again ;  6,  R.  R. 
Ness,  on  Burnside  Lady  Lucky. 

COW.  Three  Years  and  Over,  Dry — 
I,  R.  R.  Ness,  on  Auchenbrain  Hattie 
6th :  2.  MacFarlane,  on  Lady  Mar\' 
of  Kelso;  3,  Owens,  on  Topsy  of 
Riverside;  4,  Doig,  on  Daisy  of 
Riverside. 

HEIFER.  Two  Years,  in  Milk— i.  R. 
R.  Ness,  on  Dalfibble  Jemima  Jane 
Jane.  2nd :  2,  Cavers,  on  Ryanogue 
Geneva ;  3,  Montgomery,  on  Lakeside 
Butterfly;  4,  Owens,  on  Primrose  of- 
Riverside:  5.  Watt,  on  Stockwood 
Floss ;  6, .  D.  T.  Ness,  on  Edgewood 
Verlena. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years.  Dr>-— i,  D.  T. 
Ness,  on  Maple  Valley  Violo :  2,  R. 
R.  Ness,  on  Dalfibble  Jessie  Drum- 
mond  3rd :  3,  Logan,  on  Sunnyside 
Maggie ;  4,  Owens,  on  Trim  of  River- 
side. 

HEIFER,  One  Year— i,  3  and  4,  R.  R. 
Ness,  Burpside  Maggie  Finlayston 
5th,  Burnside  Luck>-  Darling,  and 
Burnside  Spottie  2nd ;  2,  Owens,  on 
Dawn  2nd  of  Riverside :  5,  Mont- 
gomerv  on   Lakeside    Susan. 

HEIFER,  SR.  CALF— I  and  2,  R.  R. 
Ness,  on  Burnside  Pearl  Lusitania, 
and  Burnside  Tiperarj-  Blossom;  3. 
McFarlane,  on  Pickens'  Missie  of 
Kelso:  4^  Logan,  on  Sunnyside 
Fannv :  5,  Cavers,  on  Rosleaf's  Fancv. 

HEIFER,    JR.    CALF— I,     Logan,     on 


Sunnyside  Mancy;  2,  D.  T.  Ness,  on 

Burnside      Barbara;     4,     Owens,    on 

White  Heather  of  Riverside. 
CHAMPION    FE^LALE- Anchenbrain 

Hattie    6th. 
GRADED   HERD— I,   R.   R,    Ness;   2, 

Owens ;  3,  D.  T.   Ness. 
JR.    HERD— I,   R.   R.   Ness;   2,   D.   T. 

Ness :  3,  Owens. 
GET     OF     SIRE— I,    R.    R.    Ness;    2, 

Logan ;   3,   Owens ;   4,  D.   T.    Ness. 


BRANDON    (Summer,    1915) 

BULL,  Three  Years  and  Over — r,  Mor- 
ton Mains  Planet,  Roland  Ness ;  2, 
Burnside    Lucky    Sensier,    Ness. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i,  Greenhill  Rising 
Star,  Wm.  Braid;  2.  Rob  Roy  of 
Relwood,  Ness ;  3,  Springfield  Chief, 
Ness ;  4,  Sir  Ivanhoe  Laurie,  Geo. 
Bevington. 

BULL,  One  Year — i,  Logan  Braes  of 
Menie,  Braid;  2,  Lakeview  Sensier, 
Ness ;  3.  Sunnybrook  Prince,  Bryce ; 
4.  Sunnybrook  Chief.  R.  H.  Bryce. 

BULL  CALF,  SR.— i.  Burnside  Master- 
man,  Ness :  2,  Greenhill  Barney, 
Braid :  3,  ^Lakeview  White  Prince, 
Ness :  4,  Lakeview  Radiant,  Ness. 

'BULL  CALF,  JR.— i,  Burnside  Master 
Heather,  Ness ;  2,  Greenhill  Her- 
cules, Braid :  3.  Greenhill  Victor, 
Braid ;  4,  Lakeview  Now-like-me, 
Ness. 

GRAND  CHAMPION  BULL— Mor- 
ton   Mains    Planet. 

JR  CHAMPION  BULL— Burnside 
Masterman. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over — r.  Bum- 
side  Tena,  Ness ;  2,  Barcheski  Lily 
I2th,  Ness:  3,  Howies  Orange  Lily. 
Ness:  4,  Bonnie 'Brae  Gvpsv  Queen, 
Braid. 

COW,  Three  Years — i.  Lakeview  Mull. 
Ness:  2,  Burnside  Rose  Mac  2nd, 
Ness :  3,  Rosie  of  Meadowdale,  Braid. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i.  Humshaugh 
Snowdrop,  Braid :  2.  Lakeview  Prin- 
cess, Ness ;  3.  Lakeview  Lad\'  Maud, 
Ness :  4,  Lakeview  Miss  Prim,  Ness. 

HEIFER.  One  Year— r,  Greenhill 
Daisy.  Braid ;  2.  Lakeview  Winnifred. 
Ness :  3,  Lakeview  White  Craig. 
Ness :  4.  Lakeview  Claribella,  Ness. 

HEIFER  '  CALF.  SR.— i.  Burnside 
Lady  Laurier.  Ness :  2.  Greenhill  Liz- 
zie. Braid :  3,  Lakeview  Brown  Bell. 
Ness :  4,  Lakeview   Elfrieda,   Ness. 

HEIFER  CALF*,  JR.— i,  Greenhill  Sun- 
beam,   Braid ;    2,    Greenhill    Heather- 


318 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


bloom.  Braid :  3,  Lakeview  Annie, 
Ness ;  4.  Lakeview  Flirt,  Ness. 

JR.  CHAMPION  FEMALE— Greenhill 
Daisv. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE— Burnside   Tena. 

SR.  HERD— I,  Ness;  2,  Braid. 

YOUNG  HERD— I,  Ness;  2,  Braid. 

GET   OF    SIRE— I    and   2,    Ness. 

PROGENY  OF  COW— i,  Ness;  2, 
Braid. 


CALGARY   (Summer  Fair) 

BULL,  Three  Years  or  Over — i,  Mor- 
ton Mains  Planet.  Roland  Ness ;  2, 
Burnside  Lucky  Sensier,  Ness :  3, 
Willowmoor,  Laycock  and  McDonald. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Morton  Mains 
Sensier.  Ness ;  2,  Rob  Roy  of  Ril- 
wood,  Ness ;  3,  Sir  Ivanhoe  Lawrie, 
George  Bevington. 

BULL,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Spring- 
field  Chief,  Laycock  and  McDonald ; 
2,  Lakeview  Sensier,  Ness;  3,  Spring- 
field   Hero.    Lavcock   and    McDonald. 

BULL.  JR.  YEARLING— I,  General  of 
Battle  River,  A.  C.  Anderson ;  2, 
Howie  of  Glenburn,  fs^'ess;  3,  Brave 
of   Battle   River,   Anderson. 

SR.  BULL  CALF— I.  Burnside  Master- 
man,  Ness ;  2.  Springfield  Pride,  Lay- 
cock and  McDonald;  3,  Springfield 
Shamrock,    Laycock   and    McDonald. 

JR.  BULL  CALF— I,  King  of  Battle 
River,  Anderson ;  2,  Burnside  Master 
Heather,  Ness ;  3,  Lakeview  Lucky 
Sandv,   Ness. 

CHA:\IPI0N  bull— Morton  Mains 
Planet. 

RESERVE— Morton  Mains  Sensier, 
Ness. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over— i.  Ses- 
snessock  Pansy,  Ness;  2,  Barcheskie 
Lily,  Ness;  3,  Howie's  Orange  Lily, 
Ness;   4,   Burnside   Clara,   Ness. 

COW,  Three  Years — i,  Burnside  Rose 
Mae,  Ness ;  2,  Burnside  Missie  Lake, 
Nessr  3,  Lakeside  Mull,  Ness. 

HEIFER.  Two  Years— i,  Lakeview 
Princess,  Ness :  2,  Lakeview  Orange 
Lily,  Ness ;  3.  Lakeview  Lady  Maud, 
Ness;  4.  Springfield  Beauty,  Laycock 
and   McDonald. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Lake- 
view  Irene,  Ness ;  2.  Lakeview  White 
Craiff.  Ness:  3.  Ness. 

HEIFER,  JR.  YEARLING— I.  Beauty 
of  Battle  River,  Anderson:  2,  Lake- 
view    Winnif  red,    Ness ;    3,    Lakeview 


Clarabella,  Ness  ;  4,  -Lakeview  Quees 
Bess    Noss.      ^ 

SR.  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Burnside 
Lady  Laurier,  Ness ;  2,  Lakeview 
Brown  "Spots,  Ness;  3,  Burnside 
Dhalia,    Ness. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— I.  Lakeview 
Flirt,  Ness ;  2,  Springfield  Ida,  Lay- 
cock and  McDonald ;  3,  Springfield 
Lucy,    Laycock   and    McDonald. 

HERD,  Bull  and  Four  Females,  Any 
Age — I,   Ness. 

HERD,  Three  Animals  the  Get  of  One 
Sire — I,  Anderson. 

TWO  CALVES  Under  One  Year  Old, 
Bred  and  Owned  by  Exhibitor — i, 
Ness :  2,  La3xock  and  McDonald. 

HERD,  Bull  and  Three  Females,  Under 
Two  Years — i,  Ness. 

TWO,  the  Progeny  of  One  Cow — i, 
Ness ;  2,  Anderson. 


REGINA  (Summer,  1915") 
It  was  R.  Ness  all  the  way  in  Ayr- 
shires  at  Regina.  The  only  competitor 
to  meet  this  Alberta  herd  was  F.  H.  O. 
Harrison,  Pense,  Sask.,  whose  cattle 
were  not  in  sho  wcondition.  Harrison 
won  third  on  senior  yearling  bull,  and 
third  on  junior  yearling  heifer.  Ness 
won  first,  second  and  third  in  all  other 
classes  in  which  he  exhibited,  including 
both  championships.  Male  championship 
went  to  his  aged  bull  Morton  Mains 
Planet,  and  highest  female  honors  to 
Bifirnside  Tena,  his  aged  cow.  '  Ness 
also  won  all  the  groups. 
(See    Brandon    List). 


EDMONTON  (Summer) 
Only     exhibitor,     Roland     Ness,     De 
Winton,  Alta. 


AYRSHIRES— London 

AGED  BULL— I,  Alex.  Hume,  on  Hill- 
side Peter  Pan :  2,  Wm.  Stewart,  on 
Springhill  Cashier :  3,  A.  S.  Turner, 
on  Netherton  King  Theodore. 

BULL,  Two  Years  Old— i,  Chas.  Ma- 
coun,  on  Silver  King  of  Springhill : 
2,  E.  D.  Hilliker,  on  Sunnybrook 
Enterprise. 

BULL,  YEARLING— I.  Hilliker.  on 
Prince  Fortune  of  Sunnybrook ;  2, 
Htime,  on  Gay  Lad  of  Ayrmont;  3, 
McConnell  &  Ferguson. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I  and  2.  Turner; 
"?,    Hilliker;   4,    Hume. 

BULL,  JR.  CAhF—T.  Turner;  2, 
Hume ;    3    and    4,    Stewart. 


LIVE    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


319 


CHAMPION  BRED— Hillside  Peter 
Pan. 

.AGED  COW— I,  Hume,  on  Bellsland 
Xan  4th ;  2  and  3,  Turner,  on  Moun- 
tain Lass,  and  Snov.drop :  4.  Hume, 
on   Spicy  Lass. 

COW,  Three  Years  Old— i  and  4. 
Turner,  dn  Queen  Floss  of  Spring- 
bank,  and  Flossie  of  Springbank;  2 
and  3,  Hume,  on  Humeshaugh  Kate, 
and   Humeshaugh    Helen. 

HEIFER,    Two    Years    Old— i,    Hume, 

on  Humeshaugh  Spicy  Kate ;  2  and  3, 

Hilliker.  on  Bessie  of  Mapledale,  and 

Trixy   of    Mapledale ;   4,    Turner,    on 

'  reen    of    Springbank. 


HEIFER,   YE.-\RLING— I.    2     and     a. 
Turner:    3.    Stewart. 

HEIFER.    SR.    CALF— I,     Hum 
Turner :   3.   Hilliker :   4.    Stewart. 

HEIFER.    JR.    CALF— I    and    3,    Hil- 
liker :    2   and  4,   Turner. 

CHAMPION  COW— Bellsland  Xan  4th. 

GRADED    HERD— I,    Hume;    2,   Tur- 
ner :    3.    Hilliker. 

JR.  HERD— I,  Hilliker;  2,  Turner;  3. 
Hume. 

CALF  HERD— I.  Turner:  2,  Hilliker: 
3.    Hume. 

GET   OF    SIRE— I    and  3.   Turner:   2. 
Hume. 

PRODUCE   OF   COW— r,    Hume:     2. 
Turner :    3.    Hilliker. 


Jerseys 


CAXADIAX    XATIOXAL 


AGED  BULL— I  and  4,  R.  J.  Fleming, 
on  Clvptha's  Majesty,  and  Calendar ; 

2.  R.  H.  Bull  &  Son,  on  Sultan's 
Raleigh ;  3,  Herbert  Colton,  on 
Brampton    Mayor  Lisa. 

BULL.  Two  Years  Old — i.  3  and  4, 
Bull,  on  Brampton  Burma  Knight. 
Brampton  Golden  X'oble  and  Bramp- 
ton Royal  Favor ;  2,  Fleming,  on 
Clvptha's   Knight. 

YEARLIXG  BULL— I,  2  and  4.  Bull, 
on  Brampton  Rochette's  Heir.  Bramp- 
ton Bright  Don  and  Brampton  Bright 
Boy;  3.  Colton.  on  Brampton  Gam- 
boge Prince. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I,  2  and  4,  Bull, 
on  Brampton  Radiator,  Brampton 
Astor,  and  Brampton  Stockwell  Boy; 

3.  Fleming,  on  Hermoine's  Warrior. 
BULL,  JR.  CALF— I,  Bull,  on  Bramp- 
ton Simeon ;  2,  Fleming,  on  Lecnidas 
of  Meadowbrook;  3,  Colten,  on 
Brampton   Beresford. 

GD.  CHAMPIOX  BULL— Brampton 
Burina    Knight. 

JR.  CHAMPIOX  BULL— Brampton 
Rochette's  Heir. 

COW,  Four  Years  Old  and  Over,  in 
Milk — I,  2  and  4,  Bull,  on  Brampton 
Vixen,  Brampton  Patricia  and 
Brampton  Marcia:  3,  Fleming,  bn 
Belle  of  Jersey. 

COW,  Three  Years  Old.  in  Mflk- 1  and 
2.  Bull,  on  Brampton  Judy's  Sultan 
and  Brampton  Dandy  Dear :  3,  Flem- 
ing, on  Carnation  Best;  4,  Colton,  on 
Brampton  Weld  Queen. 

COW,  Three  Years  Old  and  Over,  in 
Calf,  Xot  Milking— I  and  4,  Bull,  on 


Brampton  Lady  Alice,  and  Brampton 
Faithful :  2  and  3,  Fleming,  on 
Evelyne  anrl  rnmKination's  Dark 
Buttercup. 

HEIFER,  Tw..  j.^ai_- — I,  Fleming,  on 
.A-Urea's  Pride ;  2  and  3,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Bess  Bevan^  and  Brampton 
Stoclavell  Rose :  4,  Colton,  on  Bramp- 
ton   Lady   Keggan. 

HEIFER.  SR.  YEARLIXG— I,  Xichols. 
on  Mabel's  Poet's  ,  Snowdrop ;  2. 
Fleming,  on  Syra's  Patrician ;  3  and 
4,  Bull,  on  Brampton  Canadian  Rose, 
and  Brampton  Athletic  Girl. 

HEIFER.  JR.  YEARLIXG— I  and  3. 
Bull,  on  Brarripton  Majorie  H.,  and 
Brampton  Stockwell  Fern ;  2  and  4, 
Fleming,  on  Oxford  Brightness  of 
Oaklands  and  Violet  of  ileadow- 
brook. 

HEIFER.  SR.  CALF— I  and  2,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Silver  Beach,  and  Brampton 
Dark  Rose :  3  and  4,  Fleming,  on 
Kardista  of  Meadowbrook,  and  Lady 
Love   of   Meadowbrook. 

HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— I  and  3,  Flem- 
ing, on  Clyptha  3rd  of  Meadowbrook. 
and  Fairy's  Cowslip  o  fMeadow- 
brook;  2,  Bull,  on  Bjampton  Silver 
Victress. 

SR.  AXD  GD.  CHAMPIOX  FEMALE 
— Brampton  Vixen. 

JR.  CHAMPIOX  FEMALE— Mabel's 
Poet's   Snowdrop. 

GRADED  HERD— I  and  3,  Bull:  2 
and   4.    Fleming. 

JR.  HERD— I  and  3,  Bull:  2  and  4. 
Fleming. 

THREE  AXIMALS.  Get  of  One  Sire 
— I.  Fleming:  2.  3  and  4,  Bull. 


320 


CANADIAN  FARM  YEAR  BOOK. 


TWO  ANIMALS,  Progeny  of  One 
Cow,  Progeny  Owned  by  Exhibitor — i 
and  3,  Fleming;  2  and  4,  Bull. 


CALGARY    (Summer  Fair) 
BULL,  Three  Years  or  Over — i,  Bramp- 
ton   Sir  Roblin,   B.   H.   Bull  &  Sons; 
2,  Dolly  Fox,  Harper  &  Sons ;  3,  Pet's 
Kentucky  Wonder,  Hraper. 
BULL,  Two  Years — i,  Brampton  High 
Ferns    Noble,    Bull;    2,    Harper;    3, 
Dentonias   Butter   Boy,   E.   W.    Shen- 
field. 
BULL,    JR.    YEARLING— I,     Harper; 

2,  Brampton    Conscript,    Bull ;   3,   Al- 
berta  Chief    Shenfield. 

BULL  CALF,  SR.— i,  Brampton 
Bright  Togo,  Bull ;  2,  Brampton. 
Royal  Combine,  Bull ;  3,  Brampton 
Safety   Shot,    Bull. 

BULL  CALF,  JR.— i,  Brampton  Blue 
Boy,  Bull;  2,  Harper;  3,  Bowden  Blue 
F.  Jolly,   Shenfield. 

CHAMPION    BULL— Brampton    High 
Ferns  Noble. 

COW,  Four  Years  and  Over — i,  Bramp- 
ton Marcia,  Bull ;  2,  Brampton  Bright 
Lass,  Bull;  3,  Harper;  4,  Effie's  Rose, 
Bull.  "     ■ 

COW,  Three  Years — i,  Brampton 
Othello  Queen,  Bull;  2,  Harper;  3, 
Brampton  Wild  Queen,  Bull ;  4,  But- 
ter Cup,   Shenfield. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years — i,  Brampton 
Amelia,   Bull ;   2,   Harper ;   3,  Harper. 

HEIFER,  SR.  YEARLING— I,  Bramp- 
ton  Tiddy  Agatha,   Bull ;  2,  Harper ; 

3,  Brampton   Trim  Princess,  Bull ;  4, 
Harper.  . 

HEIFER,  JR.  YEARLING— I,  Lily  of 
Woodview,  Bull ;  2,  Brampton  Pretty 
Cora,  Bull ;  3,  Queen  of  Dentonia, 
Shenfield;  4,  Helen  of  Alberta,  Shen- 
field. 

SR-  HEIFER  CALF— I,  Brampton 
Bright  Mary,  Bull;  2,  Brampton  Nel- 
lie, Bull ;  3,  Bowden  Chief,  Shenfield. 

JR.  HEIFER  CALF— Brampton  Bright 
Polly,  Bull;' 2,  Henty  of  Bowden, 
.  Shenfield ;  3,  Dentonia's  Lassie,  Shen- 
field. 

HERD  BULL  AND  FOUR  FEMALES 
— I,  Bull ;  2,  Harper. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE  —  Brampton 
Amelia. 


lendar;  2,  B.  H.  Bull  &  Sons,  on  Sul- 
tan's Raleigh. 

BULL,  Two  Years — i  and  3,  Bull,  on 
Bfampton  Burma  Knight  and  Bramp- 
ton Golden  Noble ;  2,  Fleming,  on 
Clyptha's  Knight. 

YEARLING  BULL— I,  2  and  3,  Bull, 
on  Brampton  Rochette's  Heir,  Bramp- 
ton Bright  Boy,  and  Brampton  Hazel 
Lad;  4,  Jas.  W.  Pyke,  on  Lord  To- 
rono. 

BULL,  SR.  CALF— I  and  4,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Radiator,  and  Brampton 
Stockwell  Boy;  2  and  3,  Fleming,  on 
Hermione's  Warrior  and  Shylock  of 
Meadowbrook. 

BULL,  JR.  CALF— I  and  3,  Fleming, 
-on  Leonidas  of  Meadowbrook,  and 
Cleon  of  Meadowbrook ;  2,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Simeon. 

CHAAIPION  BULL— Brampton  Ro- 
chelle's    Heir. 

AGED  COW — I  and  3,  Fleming,  on 
Combination  Dark  Buttercup  and 
Evelyn ;  2,  4  and  5,  Bull,  on  Bramp- 
ton Patricia,  Brampton  Marcia  and 
Maitland's    B. 

COW,  Three  Years — i  and  2,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Judy's  Sultanna  and 
Brampton  Dandy  Dear;  3  and  4, 
Fleming,  on  Carnation  Bess,  and  My 
Brunette    loth. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years— i  and  3,  Bull, 
on  Brampton  Bess  Bevan  and  Bramp- 
ton Bright  Annie ;  2  and  4,  Fleming, 
on  Aurea's  Pride  and  Atora. 

HEIFER,  One  Year — i  and  3,  Fleming, 
on  Syra's  Patrician  and  Oxford 
Brightness;  2,  Bull,  on  Brampton 
Stockwell    Fern. 

HEIFER,  SR.  CALF— I  and  2,  Bull, 
on  Brampton  Silver  Beach  and 
Brampton  Dark  Rose;  3,  Fleming,  on 
Lady's   Dove. 

HEIFER,  JR.  CALF— I,  Bull,  on 
Brampton  Bright  Blanche ;  2  and  3, 
Fleming,  on  Clyptha's  3rd,  and  Fairy's 
Cowslip. 

CHAMPION  FEMALE— Fleming,  on 
Combination   Dark   Buttercup. 

HERD,  One  Bull  and  Four  Females, 
Over  One  Year — i.  Bull;  2,  Fleming. 


LONDON 


CENTRAL  CANADA,  1915 
AGED  BULLS— I   and  3,  R-  J-  Flem- 
ing,   on    Clyptha's    Majesty   and    Cal- 


BULL,  AGED— I.  B.  H.  Bull  &  Son, 
on   Fern's   Noble. 

BULL,  Two  Years— I,  Bull,  on  Royal 
Favorite ;  2,  Jno.  Pringle,  on  Oak- 
land's   Noble    Eminent;    3,    Bull. 


LIVE    STOCK    DIRECTORY. 


321 


BULL,  Eighteen  Months— i.  Bull;  2, 
Mrs.    Lawrence. 

BULL,  Twelve  jNIonths— i  and  2,  Bull; 
3,  \\'.  H.  Robinson ;  4,  Mrs.  Law- 
rence. 

BULL,  Six  Months — i,  3  and  4.  Pringle  ; 
2.   Bull. 

SR.  CHAMPION— Bull,  on  Royal 
Favorite. 

JR.  AND  GR.  CHAMPION— Bull,  on 
Brampton    Bright    Dot. 

COW,  AGED— I  and  4.  Pringle,  on 
Vixen  and  Happiness;  2  and  3,  Bull, 
on  Bramptoi.  Remembrance,  and 
Macosta. 

COW".  AGED.  DRY— I.  Bull,  on  Rosy 
Scarboro ;  2  and  3,  Pringle,  on  Ox- 
ford Jetsam  and  Her  Ladyship :  4, 
Bull. 

COW,  Three  Years— i.  H.  A.  Little,  on 
Autatone :  2  and  4,  Pringle.  on  Faith- 
ful and   Mayoress ;   3.   Bull. 

COW,  Three  Years.  Dry — i  and  2, 
Pringle,  on  Seaside  Lass,  and  Lady 
Aldan. 


HEIFER,  Two  Years,  in  Milk — i,  3  and 
4,  Pringle.  on  Lady  Aldafi  A,  Bright 
Granddaughter  and  Etty ;  2,  H.  A. 
Little,  on  Pallas  Fancy. 

HEIFER,  Two  Years,  Dry — i  and  2. 
Pringle:  3,   Bull. 

HEIFER,  Eighteen  Months — r  and  4, 
Bull ;  2  and  3,   Pringle. 

HEIFER.  Twelve  Months— i,  Pringle; 
2  and  3,  Bull. 

HEIFER.  Six  Months— i  and  4,  Bull; 
2  and  3,  Pringle. 

CALF.  Under  Six  Months — i  and  4, 
Bull:   2   and  3,    Pringle. 

SR.  AND  GRAND  CHAMPION  FE- 
MALE— Pringle.    on    Vixen. 

JR.  CHAMPION— Pringle.-  on  Mar 
jorie. 

AGED  HERD— I,  Pringle:  2,  Bull. 

YOUNG  HERD— I.   Bull:  2.   Pringle. 

GET  OF  SIRE— I,  Bull;  2,  Pringle. 

PROGENY  OF  COW— t,  Pringle:  2, 
Bull. 


Spray  Mixtures  in  Smsdl  Quantities 


Bordeaux  Mixture 

Kerosene  Emulsion 
(Dilute  1  to  15  or 
20) 

Ammoniacal  Copper 
Carbonate 


Arsenate  of  Lead 


Paris  Green 


Pyrethrum  in  Water 


Poisoned  Bran  Mash 


INGREDIENT 


STAND.^RIl 
FORMULA 


REDUCED 
FORMULA 


Quicklime 

Copper   Sulphate 

(Crystals) 
Water 


Kerosene  ... 

Water 

Hard  Soap. 


4  pounds 
4  pounds 

50  gallons 
2  gallons... 

1  gallon 

Y2  pound... 


1  y2  tablespoons. 
1  tablespoon. 


4  quarts. 


I    1  pint. 
Vi  pint. 
1  cubic  inch. 


Copper  Carbonate. 

Ammonia 

Water 


6  ounces  .. 
3  pints  ... 
50  gallons 


Lead    Arsenate 

(Paste) 

Water  (or  Bordeaux 
Mixture) ; 

Paris  Green 

Water  (or  Bordeaiuxi 
Mixture)  j 

Quicklime  (Unneces- 
sary if  Bordeaux  is 
used) 


3  to  20  pounds  (ac- 
cording to   plant) 
100  gallons 


1  pound 

200  to  300  gallons. 


2  teaspoons. 
-2  fluid  ounces. 
2  gallons. 


2  pounds 


1  tablespoon. 
1  gallon 

1  teaspoon. 
3  gallons. 

3  teaspoons. 


Pyrethrum  Powder  ...I 

Water  (Warm) I 

Bran,  Middlings  (or; 

Coarse  Flour) 

Molasses ^ 

Paris  Green  .* 

Water i 


1  ounce i  1  teaspoon. 

2  to  3  gallons j  2  quarts. 

50  pounds 1  quart. 

2  quarts \  1  tablespoon. 

Ipound .....1  I  teaspoon. 

To  make  a  paste.'.:  ^  1  cup. 


GENERAL  INDEX 


A 

Aberdeen-Angus  Directory  307 

Acts,    Ditches,    Watercourses    42 

Additional   Territory    3 

Advantage  of  Round  Barn  228 

African   Geese    197 

Age   of   Cattle    151 

Age  of   Eggs    189 

Age   of   Horse    149 

Age  of  Plants 61 

Age   of    Sheep    151 

Age  of  Slaughter    151 

Agricultural  Colleges   289 

Agricultural   Statistics   257-275 

Aid  to  Agriculture  5 

Alberta    Crops    and    Live    Stock    270,274 

Alfalfa 26 

Alfalfa    for    Hogs    110 

Alsike  26 

Animal    Diseases   and   Remedies    159-161 

Animals  at  Rest    148 

Annual   Flowers    51,   52,   53,   57 

Anoyne 155 

Anti-pain    for    Ewese    157 

Aperient    Draught 155 

Aphis   Com    74 

Api^endicitis,    to    prevent    214 

Apple  Packing   63 

Apple  Tree  Borer   64 

Area  and  Yield  Canadian  Crops   260-273 

Areas  of  Wehat  in  N.  W 275 

Arrangement  of  Kitchen   199 

Arrowroot    217 

Artificial    Fertilizers     35    to    40 

Asparagus 49 

Artificial   Incubator    185 

Ayrshire    Winners    316 

Automobile  on  Farm   255 

B 

Babcock    Test    171-173 

Bad  Flavor  in  Milk   177 

Baked  Milk   217 

Baking    Foods    213 

Baking,   Time   For    213 

Balanced   Ration    84,    184 

Balanced  Supply    19 

Barley 35 

Barley  Water   217 

Bam  Construction    226,  227,  228 

Beans 35,  49,   67,  74 

Bearing  Age  Fruit   61 

Beds  and  Bedding  210 

Beef    Essence     217 

Beef  Rations    89 

Beef    Tea 217 

Beet  Pulp    101 

Beets    29 

Beneficial  Insects   38,  49,   61 

Berkshire   Registrations    130 

Biennial   Flowers    53,    54,    57 

Black  East  Duck   195 

Black   Slug 75 

Blanching 58 

Blankets,    Cleaning   of »     202 

Bleaching    201 

Bleeding,   to   Stop    241 

Blistering    154 

Blue    Bottle    51 

Bonds    For    Farmers    14,    15 

Bone  Meal   ^2 

Bordeaux   Mixture    69 

Boudon   Cheese    1?3 


Bowel  Trouble   189 

Bran    96 

Breeding,    Principles   of    162 

Breed    Characters    95 

Breeding    Tables     134    to  145 

Brewers  Grains    102 

Brooder    186 

Brussel  Sprouts 49 

Buckwheat    29 

Budding ._^ 55 

Buildings    for    Poultry 192 

Bulbs    58 

Butter  Production 177 

Burns  and  Scalds   214 

Butter   Test    170 

Buying   Feeds    89,   96 

Buying  of  Fertilizer 39 

C. 

Cabbage    36,    49 

Cabinet  of  Canada 5 

Calculating    Manure     38 

Caloric    83 

Cambridge  Cheese  181 

Camphor    214 

Canada  3 

Canadian-bred  Clydesdale  Winnsre   292 

Canadian    Crops    257 

Canadian  Government   5 

Canadian   Records    116,   to    128 

Candling  Eggs   189 

Canker 189 

Capacity  of  Silos  239 

Carbohydrates 83 

Carbon    83 

Care  of  Eggs   186 

Care  fo  Poultry   .  . . . —r, 187 

Can-ots 107 

Cattle    49 

Cattle  Registration   125  to  129 

Cauliflower   40,    61 

Cayuga   Ducks    195 

Celery    49 

Certified    Milk    180 

Chatillions    Scale     171 

Cheese    181-183 

Cherry  Spray   % 64 

Chick    Feeding    186,    196 

Chicken  Mite    189 

Chrysanthemums _•  ^*'  ^5 

Churning    176,    178 

Clarified    Milk    180 

Classification   of   Soils 17 

Climate    \° 

Clover   Crop    26 

Clover    Weasel     74 

Clydesdale   Winners   at    Fairs    - .     292 

Colds,    Hens    189 

Colony  House   19- 

Colorada   Potatoe   Beatle    '6 

Commercial    Concentrates    ..100,    101,   102,    103 

Commercial   Fertilizers    32,   40,  76 

Comparative  Yields  of  Crops ^''^'^"A 

Composition  of  Manure   38 

Compost    °* 

Concentrates °° 

Concrete f  ? ' 

Condensed  Milk   180 

Condimental  Foods   96 

Constipation  159 

Constituents  of  Food   88 

Contagious    Abortion    108 

Contents  of  Tanks    •     243 

Corn    Field     35,     i4 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


323 


49 

62 

239 

41 

.239,   240 


Corn,   Sweet    

Cost  of  Cover  Crop    . 

Cost   Data    

Cost  of  Drainage    ... 
Cost  of  Production    ... 

C'  ?:    of  Running  Engin&j    249 

us    201 

-.ton  Seed  Meal    102 

Cover  Crops    62 

Cow  Peas .-.  62 

Cow  Testing    . .' 173 

Crate    Testing    173 

Cream    Fattening    ...                        193 

Cream    Seperator                        176 

Cream    Testing                          177 

Cress    61 

Crops  for  Ontario   23 

Crops    of    Provinces    262-273 

Crop   Rotation    22 

Crops    to    Soils    26 

Cross    Breading    164-165 

Cucumber    49,    61 

C\irb , 147 

Currants,  Spray  iFor  66 

Cuttings    59 

D 

Daily    Dairy    .C^^^^:-     173 

Dairy  Cattle  Registration   125-127 

Dairy   Equipment   Cost    184 

Dairy    Rations    184 

Dairy   Tests   at   Fairs    284 

Decidious 56 

Depreciation   in   Value    247 

Determination  of  Sex    ....    162 

Diagonal    Pack     63 

Diarrhea  in  Hens   189 

Digestibility 83 

Digestion   83 

Direct    Fertilizers     .  .  40 

Diseases   of    .A.nimals  159-161 

Dish   Mop   Duster    212 

Disinfectants    70 

Distance   of   Planting    

Ditches  and  Watercourses  Act 42 

Division, 58 

Dominion  Agriculture    5 

Dominion  of  Canada   3 

Double    Cream    Cheese    181 

Draft    of    Plows    18 

Drainage    41    to    53.    58 

Drainage,  Cost  of   41 

Drilling    59 

Ducks 19,   51.  96 

Dynamite 80 

Ear   Ache   214 

Early  Vegetables    49,  60,   60 

Economy  of  Labcu-    199 

Egg    Candling    189 

Egg    Plant     49 

Egg    Pi-oductlon    187,    194 

EgTK    Testing     189 

V-   -;     Records     .  190-191 

'■.:^j-'.    to    Set    .  .  186 

i;!.^ii=h  Breeds 185 

Endive    49,    61 

Ewes  Feeding 98 

Evergreens 55 

Everlasting    Flowers    67 

Eye    Lotion     155 

F 3EET-\OI 


>  .     or    of   Safety    256 

i  :    ■-    on    Crops    10 

F;      1    Buildings    219,  240 

P'arm    Climate    18 

Farm     Dairy     171 

Farm   Drainage    41    to    53 

Farm  Implements  Cost   247 

Farm   Live   Stock,   Numbers   of 274 


Farm    Motor                                                        ,  .  255 

Farm  Poultry                                                    .  .  185 

Farmers  Best  Vegetables    49 

Fat 83 

Fat    Tests    176 

Fattening     Crops 193 

Feeding    Margin     109 

Feed   Ratios    108 

Feeding    Hogs    108 

Feeding 59.  83.   89.   96 

Feeding   Period    110 

Feeding  Standards    85  to  87 

Feeding   Tables 88 

Feeds,    etc ; 

Feeds   for  Horse    103,  105 

Feeds,    Selection    96 

Fees  for  Registration 116,  133 

Fence   Building    233 

Fertilizer   .   .    32  to  40,   76 

Fertiliser   Direct    40 

Fertilizer    Indirect    40 

Field  Crops  of  Canada   257 

Field  Peas    37,    49,   61 

Figuring  Milk  Returns   174 

Flax 36.  259 

Flaxseed    217 

Flaxseed    Oil    160 

Flax    Beetle    76 

Floor  Space  for  Hens 198 

Floor  Treatment T.  199 

Flowers,  Planting  Table 51 

Food   Value  of  Milk    180 

Foot   Rot   of   Sheep    160 

Forcing    59 

Fowl  Cooking   213 

Frames,    Hot   and    Cold    59 

Fruit,  Bearing  Year  of                     61 

Function  of  Foods    ...                        82 

Fungicides    68,    69 

Furnaces    207 

Furniture    Polish     214 

Furniture    Stain     214 

G 

Gain   of   Steers    90 

Game    Laws    11-14 

Gapes    189 

Garden    45   to    55 

Garden    Tools     57 

Gasoline   Engine    246.  248 

Geese    197 

Germination    of    Seeds    61 

Germination   Temperature    61 

Gervais    Cheese    18I 

Glue    and    Ferns    217 

Government  of  Canada  5 

Grading 162.    163,  164 

Grading   the   Herd    90 

Grafting   Wax    63 

Grain   Crops    257 

Grape  Spray   54 

Grasses io7 

Gray    Wild    Geese    197 

Green  Liniment   154 

Grouping   Buildings    219 

Growing  Season 19 

H 

Hardy    Flowers    57 

Harmonies 55 

Hay  Feed    , '.  .88-103 

Heat    207 

Hen  Houses   188,  192,  193 

Hereford  Fair  Winners 304 

Heredity    168 

Herd  Register  92-93 

High    Churning    Temperature    176 

Hints    for    Kitchen    199,  216 

Hints   to    Packers    63 

Hog  Feeds   \  108 

Holidays,  Ihiblic   g.  9 

Holstein   Fair  Winners    310 


324 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Holstein  Recording   128 

Home-made    Soap    201 

Home  Water  Supply 252 

Horse   Feeding    103,    105 

Horse  Diseases  and  Remedies 153,  161 

Horse  Power   245,  251 

Horse   Power   Costs    249 

Horse    Pow^r,    Gasoline    249 

Horse  Power,  Steam  Engine   245 

Horse  Registrations    116  tol25 

Horse  Unsoundness 146  to  148 

Hot  Air  Heating 207 

Hot    Water    Heating    209 

House   for   Hens    198 

Household 199 

I 

Ice-House    178-182 

Illuminating  Gas  Engine    244 

Implement   Shed    219 

Imbreeding 166-168 

Incubation 185 

Indian   Runner    Duck    196 

Indigestion   .   .   .    159 

Indirect    Fertilizers    40 

Individual  Threshers    252 

Inflammation  of  Udder 160 

Influence  of  Feed    .' 183 

Injurious    Insects    74,    75,    76 

Investments  for  Farmers   15 

Insects 62,   74,   55,  76 

Insecticides    68,    69 

Irrigation  Data    253 

J  ^ 

Jersey    Fair   Winners    319 

Jewelry,   To  Clean    216 

K 

Kalsomining    Walls    200 

Kerosene  Emulsion   68 

Kitchen,    The    199 

Kitchen   Hints    199.  200 

Kohl    Rabi     49 

Koumiss 180 

L 

Labels    Plant    57 

Laminites    .    .    148 

Laundry 201 

Lawns    5" 

Laxative   Medicine    155 

Leaf    Molds     59 

Leak    49,    61 

Lice    on    Chickens    189 

Life   of    Seeds    61 

Lightning  Rods   235 

Lime 35 

Lime  and  Sulphur  68,  69 

Line    Breeding     165 

Liniments    153 

Linseed 101.  107 

Live    Stock    83,  273 

Live  Stock  Directory    285 

Live  Stock  of   Provinces    273 

Loam 57 

Location    of   Buildings    219 

M 

Machine   Ditching    43,    44 

Maggots   in   Sheep    

Malted    Hilk     180 

Mange   153 

Mangel  Fly   75 

Manitoba  Crops  and  Live  Stock 262  to  273 

Manure    Carrier    228 

Margin    Feeding    109 

Marketing    Eggs    189 

Mating   Birds 19B 

Mattresses   212 

Measures   213 


Meats,    Cooking    21 :; 

Melon 38,    49,    61 

Meddlings 98 

Milk    Powder    180 

Milk   Records    172 

Milk    Sample     171 

Milk  Yields   170 

Milking    Hours     108 

Milking    Shorthorns    115 

Mineral    Matters    19 

Mixing    Fertilizer    32 

Modern     Stables     220-1 

Moisture 20 

Modified  Milk    180 

Molasses  Feed  100 

Mouldy    Feed    103 

Moulding   Up    59 

Mowing   Lawns    58 

Mulches 20,   55 

Mulled   Buttermilk    217 

Muscovy   Ducks    195 

Mustard   61 

Mutton  Carcase   157 

N 

Natural    Incubation    185 

Nature   of   Soil    5 

Navicular    Diseases     148 

Nitrate   of   Soda 40 

Nitrogen '. 18 

Nova  Scotia   Crops    263 

Noxious   Weeds    78,    81 

Number  of  Farm  Live  Stock   259 

Nutritive   Ratio    84 

O 

Oats    35 

Oat   Grass    29 

Oats   and   Peas    29 

Objects   of   Tillage    17 

Oil  Concrete    237 

Onions    37,    49 

Ontario  Crops  and  Live  Stock 266,  275 

Ontario   Game   Laws    11 

Orchard 37,  45,  62 

Orchard   Grass    .' 29 

Orchard  Insects    .-. 62 

Orchid 66 

Organ,   Care  of ,  205 

Oven    Temperatui-e 

P 

Packers'    Hints    .- 63 

Packing  Apples   63 

Paint  Stains   214 

Paints,  Mixing    201,  230 

Parsnips    49 

Pastures 22 

Pasteurized    Milk    180 

Pasteurization    177 

Peach  Spray   64 

Peas    37,    49,    61 

Pea    Weavil    75 

Peat    59 

Peppers    50 

Peptonized   Milk    180 

Percheron,    Winners   at    Fairs    297 

Perennial    Flowers    52 

Phosphoric    Acid    21 

Piano,    Care    of     205 

Pigs   Feed    108,  110 

Plant   Food    20 

Planting   Table   Flowers    51 

Plants    and    Milk     177 

Plants  per  Acre 62 

Plows,   Kinds  of    17 

Plum   Spray    64 

Plowing 17.  18 

Poland   China   Registrations    131 

Poor  Layers.  Identifying   194 

Potash 35 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


325 


Potatoes .35.    50,    76 

Poultry  Breeds   .  .185 

Poultr>-  Building  .     192 

Poultry    Feeds    .  .  .195 

Powder    for    Hens     186 

Power   to  Run  Machinery    260 

Preparation  of  Soil    60 

Principles  of   Breeding    162-170 

Proportions,    Table   of    .....^..... 214 

Protein 83 

Provincial   Governments 6 

Pruning 59 

Public    Holidays    8.  9 

Pumpkin 50,    61 

Pure    Bred     .168 

Purgative 155 

Pyrethnim  Powder   68 


Quality  of  Butter 
Qualities  of  Seed 
Quarter    Crack     . . . . 

Quebec    Crops    

Quebec,  Province  of 


Q 


177 

29 

148 

256 

7 


Rabies    .    .  .161 

Radish    50,    61 

Rations  .   .   .. , , 89,   196 

Rations    to    Balance     84 

Re*.-eipt3  for  Removing  Stains 215 

Rectangular    Barn 227 

Records,    Milk     115 

Records.   Books  of   .~ 116  to   133 

Red   Spider    75 

Red    Top    29 

Registration    of    Live   Stock    1 16-133 

Remedies   for  Sheep    15*.    157 

Removing  Stains  '215,   216 

Renovating  Trees  55 

Rhubarb    ......  .60 

Ringbone 146 

Ringworm 153 

Ripening    Cream  178 

Rock    Garden    60 

Roofing 228,  229 

Room.    Plants     55 

Roasts 187 

Root    Crops     258 

Roots  versus  Ensilage    89,  98 


Relation  of  Crops 
Rouen    Ducks    .  . . 

Roughage  

Roup    .    .    . 
Rutabaga   .    . 
Rye 


Purgative 


hewan  Associations    

^asK.^iichewan  Crops 269,  273, 

Saskatchewan    Live    Stock     

Seasonable    Hints    

Seed   Selection    

Seeds,   Life  of    

Selection   of   Poultry    

Selection   of  Feeding   Stuffs    

Scales    for    Milk    

Scion » 

Score    Card,    Beef    Cattle    .  . 

Score    Card,    Sheep     

Score  Card.   Swine    

Scrub  Herd   Grading    . 

Seed  per  Acre    

Separator    

Septic    Tank    .~ 

Set   Color   

Sheep   Barns    

Sheep   Breeding    . 

Sheep   Rations    ...  89 


22 
195 

88 

189 

50 

,    36 


155 

60 
289 
274 
275 

45 

28 

61 
185 

96 
171 

46 
112 
113 
111 

90 

29 
175^ 
237 
214 
226 

89 

98 


Sheep  Registrations   132,  133 

Sheep    Remedies    1 56,  157 

Sheep   Selection    89 

Sheet   Metal    Buildings    ■«•  224 

Shingles   222,    224,  231 

Shingling    231 

Shire    "Winners    299 

Shorthorn,    Fair   Winners    285 

Shrubs    66 

Sick    People    21" 

Side   Bone    .  14" 

Silo 

Sitting  Hen>  >  • 

Eize  of  Tile    43 

Sled   Com   Harvester 226 

Soap,  Home-Made    201 

Soils    and    Crop.s  17 
Soil   Moisture    ...                                                 .20 

Soil  Mulches    20 

Soils. 17,  60 


Sores    

Soup    Stock     .  . . 
Sowing    Seeds 

Soy  Beans    

Spawning   .    .    .. 

Spinach 

Splints   .    .'.,^.. 
Spray   Calendar 

Spraying 

Squash 


161 

..     214 

61 

35 

60 

49 

.      147 

-.64-67 
64,    73 

.49,   61 

Stable    Equipment    220,    221 

Stains,    to    Remove    215,    216 

Standard    Milk     179 

Statistics - " 

Steam    _ ; 

Steam    Engines    . . . 

Steam   Heat    

Steel  Frame  Barn 
Steers,  Gain  of  ... 
Sterilized    Milk     .  . . 

Stiff  Joint    

Stock    Foods    

Stock     Breeders'    Tables     134 

Stockers,    Feeding   of    109 

Strangles 154 

Strawberries 66 

Strength  of  Materials    256 

Strengtl*  of  Ropes    256 

Stumping    Land     30 

Suffocation 161 

Sugar  Beets    29 

Sulphate  of   Amonia    32 

Sulphur    Ointment    153 

Summer  Vegetable?    49 

Sunflower. 51 

Survey •,' 

Sustenance    for    Sick 

Sweet    Clover    

Swine,    Rations    ^v■^ 

Swine,    Registrations    ..  29-133 

Swiss    Chard     49 

Syringing 51 


209 

90 
180 
153 

96 


Table    of   Breed    Characters 

9.5 

Tables   of  Measure    

.    2U 

Tamworth,   Resristrations    ... 

131 

Taint  in  Milk  and   Cream    .  . 

177 

Teeth  of  Horse    

149 

Telephone,  The  Rural    

204 

Temperature    for    Churning 

176 

Tennis,    Lawn    

Testing    Cows     .  . 

183 

Testing    Cream    .  . 

176 

Testing    Eggs     ... 

189 

That   Reminds   me    

45 

Things   Worth    Knowing 

21' 

Thinning   Plants    

60 

Thoropin 

147 

Tile    for   Drain    .  . 

43 

Tillage    

17 

326 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Tilth   of    Soils    17 

Time  of  Baking    212 

Time  to  Germinate  61 

Time  to  Plow   18 

Timothy  29 

Tomatoe   49,    50 

Toast    Water    217 

Tobacco 38,   52,   68,  259 

Tonic  Powder 155 

Top  Dressing 37 

Transplanting   55 

Trees  per  Acre    62 

Trenching    59 

Truck  Fertilizers   36 

Tuberculosis   161 

Turf    for    Lawn     57 

Turkeys   195,  196 

Turnip 29,   50 

Turpentine    Liniment    153 

Tying  up  Trees    56 

U 

Udder   Inflammation    153,  160 

Ulcers 156 

Useful   Hints    216 

Useful   Insects    62 

Utensils,    Kitchen    199 

V 

Value  of  Canadian  Crops  258 

Value   of   Farm   Products    257 

Varnish    230 

Varieties  of   Geese    197 

Varieties   of   Turkeys    195 

Vegetables 49,  50,  60,  61 

Ventilation 231,  241 

Vetch 29 

Veterinary     153-161 


W 

Wall  Paper,  Cleaning    201 

Walls   199 

Washing    Fluid    201 

Washing   Machines    202,    203 

Wasp    Nests    58 

Water 55,  89.  234 

Water   in   Soil    20 

Water  Power    252 

Water  System  for  House   252 

Weather 18 

Weeds 78  to  81 

Weight  Scales    242 

Weighing    Milk    171 

Whale  Oil  Soap  68 

What    Crops    Tell     54 

Wheat 257 

Wheat  Concentrates   96 

Wheat  Yields,  Canada  260 

Wheat,   Surplus   259 

White   Call   Duck    195 

White  Emblem  Geese    197 

White  Grubs   76 

White  Lotion   165 

Whitewash    200 

Who's   Who   in    Agriculture    277-284 

Winners    at    Fairs    277-321 

Wintering    Sheep    89 

Wire  Worms  84 

Wolff's   Standards    85   to   87 

Woolens,    Cleaning     201,    202 

Wound    Liniment     153 

Y 

Yields    of    Crops    257-275 

Yields,    Wheat    260 

Yorkshire    Swine   Registrations    130 


Index  to  Advertisers 


A 

Alberta   Government    99 

Atlantic   Sugar  Refineries  Ltd 212 

B 

Bissel,    T.    K,    Co 239 

Bruce,  J.  A.,  and  Co 50 

C 

Canada    Cement    Co , 238 

Canada  Starch  Co 202 

Canadian   Explosives   Ltd 31 

Canadian    Fairbanks   Morse    244 

Canadian  Fertilizer  Co 19 

Canadian  Ind.  Telephone  Co 2 

Canadian  Salt  Co 216 

Clydesdale  Horse  Association    104 

Cockshutt   Plow    Co 16 

Connor,  J.  H.,  and  Son 203 

Cumback,   R.   0 255 

Cummer  Dowswell    205 

D 

Dominion  Explosives  Ltd 34 

Dominion    Cartridge    So. 12 

F 

Farm  Press  Ltd 21,  23,  67,  107,  136.  146 

Fleming.    R.   J 276 

Fleury    &    Sons    18 

G 

Gooderham  Gordon   131 

Gould.    Shapley    &    Muir    253 

L 

Lister,  R.  A..  &  Co Inside  Front  Cover 


M 

Massey-Harris 24.  150,  173,  247 

Metalic    Roofing   Co 223 


Newcombe    Piano    Co 205 

Niagara  Brand  Spray  Co 72,  73 

Northern    Electric    Co 218 

O 

Ontario   Fertilizer    Co 27 

Ontario   Government    82 

Ontario  Wind  Engine  &  Pump  Co 251 

Osier,    E.    F 94 


Pedlar  People Inside   Back   Cover,   47 

Premier    Cream    Seiiarator    Co 174 


Renfrew  Machinery   Co Back   Cover 

Rennie,   William,    Co.,    Ltd 45 


Standard  Reliance  Mortgasie  Corp 286 

Standard    Tube    &     Fence    Co 235 

Steele    Briggs    Co.,    Ltd 54 

Swift    Canadian   Co 33 

U 

Union    Stock    Yards    169 


W 

Western    Canada    Flour    Mills 
Williams    Piano  ,  Co 


215 
206 


Zenner    Manufacturing    Co 158 


Dairy  Test  at  Guelph,  Ont.  1915 

All  post  office  addresses  are  Ontario  unless  otherwise  stated. 

Lbs.   of     %  Total 

Name  of  Cow                                 Owner  Milk.  Fat.  Points 
rlOLSTEINS 

Highland  Ladoga  Mercena— Jas.  Currie,  Mount  Elgin 257.4  3.6  298.8 

Maud    Snowball— \V.   H.   Cherry,  Hagersville    231.1  j^-j  276.8 

Korndvke  Abberkerk  Pauline— Rettie  Bros.,  Burgessville. .  2154  4.  274.3 

Pauline   Colantha    Posch— A.   E.   Hulet,   Norwich  221.2  3.7  248.9 

Ladoga  .\da  Veeman— A.  E.  Hulet.  Norwich 214.8  3-7  258.9 

Cow,  36  Months  and  Under  48  Months 

Colantha  Butter  Girl  (champion)— ^L  H.  Haley,  Springford  187.4  5-3  302.1 

Pontiac   Atlas    Francy— Rettie    Bros 183.2  4.2  242.7 

Favorite    Beauty    Posch— W.    H.    Cherry.    Hagersville    ....  185.9  3.8  230.2 

Nancy  Burton  Posch— ^L  L.  Haley,  Springford    205.  Z-Z  221.8 

Bessie    Bella    Banks— Fred    W.    Lea.    Springford    192.8  34  215.7 

Cow.  36  Months 

Fayne  Segis  DeKol— R.  ^L  Holtby,  Port  Perr>-   199.9  ZZ  217.9 

Daisy  Fayne   2nd — ^L  H.   Haley,    Springford    1664  4.  210. 

Calamity  Conucopia — ^L  McDowell,  Oxford  Centre   148.8  3.9  186.8 

Princess  Francy  "Posch — Rettie  Bros 133-9  4-3  180.6 

Presulla    Sarcastic— \V.    H.    Cherry,    Hagersville  138.6.  4.  179.6 

Lady   Kergis    Mercena — A.    E.    Hulet,    Norwich  147-2  3.t  i?i.7 

Bonnie    Stapel    Echo — Hiram    Dyment,    Dundas    ''  '  -    : 

SHORTHORNS 
Cows 

Royal    Princess — T.    W.    Jack-   :\    \\'ood-toc' 

Jysey — .A.    Stevenson,    Attwe 
Heifer.  Under  36  Months 

Butterfly  Rose  (second  prize) — J.  W  .  Jackson.  Woodstock.. 

Kelly  Queen    (third  prize) — Jno.  Kelly.   Shakespeare    

AYRSHIRES 
Cows 

Lady  Jane — A.  S.  Turner  &  Son,  Ryckman's  Comers 

Dewdrop  of  Marie — Wm.  Stewart.  Campbellford 

Scotia's  Nancy  2nd — Jno.  McKee.  Norwich    

Glenshamrock  Canty  Again — A.  Hume  &  Co     rsmnVifUfnrd 

Spicy  Lass — Alex.  Hume  &  Co..  Campbellfor 

Whitehill    Whiterose   3rd — .A.    S.    Turner    . 

Violet   Craigielea — H.    C.    Hammil,    Markham    

Heifer,  36  ffloNTHS  and  Under  48  Months 

Gem   of   Craigielea — H.    C.   Hammil,    Markham    

Queen  Jessie  of  Brookside — Jno.   McKee.   Norwich    

.'^pick  of  Springbank  2nd — Jno.   McKee.  Norwich    

Douglas    Scottie    Sarah — Jno.    McKee.    Norwich    

Brighton    Brae    Tina   2nd — ^^1.    Dyment.    Brantford    

Heifer,  Under  36  Months 

Susanna   Evergreen — E.   B.    Palmer.   Norwicr 

Blue   Bell   Craigielea— H.   C.    Hammil    

Brierye    Craigielea — H.   C.   Hammil    

Dairymaid    of    Hickory    Hill — N.    -Dyment 

Lady  Jewel  of  Springbank — A.   S.  Turner 

Queen — F.  H.  Harris.  Mount  Elgin  

JERSEYS 

Cows 
Rioter's    Peony — Ira    Nicols,    ^\'oodstock    .  11     161.9 

Heifer,  36  Months  and  Under  48  Months 

Flora   Glen    Boyle — D.    .A.   Boyle.   Woodstoc'  11 1.9    5.1     179.3 

Sunny   Brae's    Ruba — Ira   Nicols,    Woodstoc!  90.9    5.2     1.^4.5 


;6 

217.6 
00.2 

80.  i 

4.1 

99.1 

74-1 

4-1 

99.1 

1944 

4-2 

262.2 

152.7 

4-8 

224.9 

152.I 

4.7 

223.3 

t6i.t 

44 

222.3 

170.4 

4-1 

220.2 

\(^2.n 

4.2 

216. 

124.9 

39 

157-9 

1304 

3-7 

156.3 

1 1 2.9 

44 

154.7 

1 10.4 

4.2 

142.1 

109.4 

3-8 

1.^6.4 

147.6 

4-3 

197. 1 

141.2 

4-3 

192.4 

121.2 

4-3 

164.7 

128.2 

3-9 

161. 4 

124. 

.r9 

156.4 

1124 

39 

144-2 

Table  of  Weights  and  Measures. 


Weights  and  Measures 
Imperial  Measures  of  Capacity. 

5  ounces  of  water 1  giU 

«  gills 1  pint 

2  pints 1  quart 

4  quarts 1  gallon 

2  gallons 1  Peck 

A  pecks 1  bushel 

English   Linear 

12  inches equals  1  ft. 

3  feet equals  1  yd. 

5^  yards equals  1  rod 

16K  feet equals  1    rod 

320  rods equals  1  mile 

5280  feet equals  1  mile 

1760  yards equals  1  mile 

Surface  or  Square 

144  sq.  in equals  1  sq.  ft. 

9  sq.  ft equals  1  sq.  yd. 

30><  sq.  yds equals  1  sq.  rod 

272>i  sq.  ft equals  1  sq.  rod 

160  sq.  rods. ; equals  1  acre 

4840  sq.  yds equals  1  acre 

43,560  sq.  feet equals  1  acre 

640  acres .equals  1  sq.  mile 

Volume  or  Cubic 

8728  cu.  in equals  1  cu.  ft. 

9l  cu.  in equals  1  cu.  yd. 

4  cord  wood. .  .  .equals  a  pile  4x4x8  ft — 

128  CU;  ft. 

1  perch  masonry  equals  a  pile  16>^xl  >^xl 

ft— 24K  cu.  ft. 

Liquid 

4  gills equal    1  pint 

2  pints equal    1  quart 

4  quarts equal    1  gallon  (U.S.  231  cu. 

in.) 
4  quarts equal    1  gallon  (Eng.  277.27 

cu.  in.) 
Siyi  gallons  equal  1  barrel 
2  barrels. .  .  .equal  1  hogshead 
63  gallons  . .  equal  1  hogshead 
2  hogsheads,  equal  1  pipe  or  butt 

Dry 

2  pints equal  1  quart 

8  quarts equal  1  peck 

4  pecks equal  1  bushel 

1  bushel equal  2150.42  cu.  in. 


Commercial 

437.5  grains equi.1  1  ounce- 

oz. 

16  ounces — (7000  grains)  equal  1  pound 

— lb. 

28  pounds equal  1   quartei 

— qtr. 

4  quarters— (112  lbs.) equal  1  hundred 

weight — 
cwt. 

20  cwt.  (2240  lbs.) equal  1  long  ton 

2000  lbs equal     1     short 

ton. 

2204.6  lbs equal    1    metric 

ton 

Legal  Weight  in  Dominion  of  Canada 

Weight  per  bushel 

Wheat 60 

Oats 34 

Barley 48 

Rye 56 

Buckwheat 49 

Flax ....56 

Indian  Corn 56 

Peas 60- 

Beans 60 

Beets 60 

Carrots 60" 

Eggs,    IM    lbs.    per    standard    dozen. 

Castor  Beans   40 

Clover  Seed 60 

Hemp  Seed 44 

Onions 50 

Parsnips 60 

Potatoes 60 

Turnips.... 60 

Timothy  seed 48 

Blue  Grass  Seed 14 

Lime 70 

Butuminous  coal    '0 

Average  Weights  of  One  Peck  Vege- 
tables, Etc. 

Apples 10  lbs. 

Broad  Beans 9  lbs. 

Currants 14  lbs. 

Green  Peas 8  lbs 

Gooseberries 14  lbs 

Kidney  Beans 10  lbs. 

Onions 16  lbs. 

Pears 12    bs. 

Plums 14    bs. 

Potatoes 14  jbs. 

Raspberry 12    bs. 

Strawberry 1;?  }bs. 

Swede  Turnips 12    bs. 

White  Turnips 12  lbs. 


I 


'W^s^m 


iV.'«.»«.'^  'qB.'«.'«.'^.'^.'^.'^.'q'j'JL'qL'qL'VijviL'«.'qL»'^-i 


. 


!>!!.    iiii 


ITS  GREATER  STRENGTH- 
ITS  GREATER  ROOMINESS- 
ITS  GREATER  PROTECTION— 

u  AS  made  a  profound  impression  on  the  whole 
country.     Farmers  and  Stock  Men  every- 
where, with  the  determination  to  get  the  ut- 
most in   strength,  convenience,  protection  and 
economy,  are  this  year  erecting. 


rEDLAR^ 

STEEL  BRACE    WAROIE  PATtHT" 


Strength?— Abundance  ii( 

it.  L'n.vieldlng  strength  at 
ever>'  joint.  See  those  Ped- 
lar ■■  Wardle  Patent  "  Steei 
Braces  set  in  snug  to  KvERV 
iKist.  Notice  those  double 
sets  of  braces  not  on  some 
but  KVEKV  rafter,  both  at 
ridge  and  hip.  The  Pedlar 
Bam  brings  fanners  a  new 
realization  of  dominant 
strength  that  means  years  of 
greater  serrice. 

Roomin*ss7-Just  see  that 
clear,  bmad  sweep  of  space 
from  wall  to  wall  and  floor 
ti>  rot>f.  Greater  roominess 
at  every  point.  Perfect  free- 
dom in  the  hip.  Krery  inch 
of  space  conrenientlj-  us- 
able. Your  hay  fork  oper- 
ates in  either  hip  or  in  the 
ridge,  as  you  desire.  TTial's 
Pedlar  roomines.s. 


Protection?  —  Put  your 

confidence  in  protection  such 
as  this.  Protection  from 
weather,  lightning,  fire  and 
decay.  Roofed  with  the  big 
generous  sire  "George"  Steel 
Shingles  which  lock  tight  on 
all  four  sides  into  one  com- 
plete sheet  of  steel,  or  In  28 
gauge  "Perfect"  Corrugated 
GalTanized  Iron.  Wind  nor 
rain  cannot  get'beneaththem 
to  rot  and  decaj-  your  roof. 
The  walls  are  covered  with 
28  gauge  corrugated  iron. 
Many  other  weather-proof 
and  wear-resisting  features 
and  accessories  exclusive 
with  the  Pedlar  Farm. 
Think  of  enjoyingtbe  Pedlar 
Bam  advantages  for  gener- 
ations without  the  expense 
of  repaiis  or  changes  '.  And 
at  the  cost  of  an  ordinary 
turn  : 


'rite  to-day  for  free  plans  and 
blue  prints. 
We  will  gladl.v  send  ynu  wlihdiii 
obliiration  free  working  drawings  of  lh»^ 
Pedlar  Steel  Brace  "  Wardle  Patent  ' 
Bam.  Write  us  to-da.v  the  sire  of  bam 
.voH  feel  IS  be't  suited  to  your  needs,  and 
free  plans  will  follow  immedialeiy. 


The  Pedlar  People  Limited  * 

(Established    1861) 
Executive  Office   and    Factories:    Oshawa.   Ont. 
Branches:   Montreal.   Ottawa, 
Toronto,     London, 
Winnipeg. 


Every  Canadian  Farn 

NEEDS  THESE 


...    ...Ip  increase   the    tarn: 

bank    accounr.       Satisfactio:! 

o-iiaranteed.       Ask  any    user. 

Catalogs  free. 

^he  Renfrew  Machinery  Co, 

Urnited. 

Head  d   Works, 

RENFREW  ONTARiC 

Canada.