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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 




NORTH KOREA 
COUNTRY HANDBOOK 

MARINE CORPS INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITY 

3300 RUSSELL ROAD, SUITE 250 

QUANTICO,VA 22134-5011 

(703) 784-6126 

DSN: 278-6126 

MAY 1997 



MCI A-2630-NK-01 6-97 



FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 



This product is published under the auspices of the 
Department of Defense Intelligence Production Program 
(DoDIPP). This handbook has been produced as a joint 
effort of many organizations within the U.S. Department of 
Defense, with the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 
designated as the Executive Agent for the Country 
Handbook Program. This product reflects the coordinated 
Defense Intelligence Production Community position. 

WARNING 

Although unclassified, the use of this publication is 
restricted to official military and U.S. government per- 
sonnel. Further dissemination of the information contained 
in this document, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly 
prohibited. Local reproduction is authorized. 



MEMORANDUM FOR DISTRIBUTION 
SUBJECT: Country Handbook— North Korea 

1. This handbook provides essential information on North Korea. It is intended 
to provide Marines and otherU.S.military personnel with a base of information 
for conducting effective operations on the Korean Peninsula. By making this 
handbook unclassified and in a cargo-pocket size format, the handbook will 
fulfill the need for a "field" ready-reference publication. Local reproduction is 
authorized. 

2. This product is in response to PR#| 582-97-0002. The Information cutoff 
date forthis handbook is 30 April 1997. 

3. This handbook is one of several scheduled for publication by the Marine 
Corps Intelligence Activity. 

4. All questions and comments on this document may be directed to the: 

Marine Corps Intelligence Activity 

MCIAIO 

3300 Russell Road, Suite 250 

Quantico,VA 22134-5011 




Contents 

List of Illustrations vii 

SECTION 1 — KOREAN PENINSULA 

GENERAL INFORMATION 1 

North Korea — Political and Economic Overview 2 

Transportation 4 

Railroads 4 

Highways 5 

Inland Waterways 5 

Pipelines 5 

Ports 5 

Airports 5 

DPRK Transportation 7 

Cultural Overview 8 

Korean Peninsula Geographic Position 10 

Borders and Neighbors 11 

East Asia — Korean Peninsula Geography 12 

Mountains 12 

Lowlands 15 

Major Rivers 16 

Yellow Sea 17 

Effects of Terrain on Military Operations 17 



III 



Contents (Continued) 



Climate 18 

Spring Pattern (April-May) 27 

Summer Pattern (June September) 27 

Fall Pattern (October-November) 28 

Winter Pattern (December-March) 28 

Effects of Climate on Military Operations 29 

Vegetation 30 

Effects of Vegetation on Military Operations 32 

Surface Materials 32 

SECTION 2 — MILITARY FORCES OF THE DPRK 33 

General 33 

National Military Organization 33 

The North Korean Army (NKA) 34 

The North Korean Air Force (NKAF) 36 

The North Korean Navy (NKN) 38 

Other Considerations 41 

Nuclear 41 

Biological 41 

Chemical 41 

Special Operations Force 42 

Summary 42 

National Military Policy 42 

Military Strategy 44 

Military Doctrine 45 



IV 



Contents (Continued) 



Operational Level of War 47 

Operational Level Offense 47 

Exploitation Forces 50 

Avenues of Approach 51 

The Second Front 53 

Operational Level Defense 53 

NKA Tactics in the Offense 54 

NKA Tactical Principles 54 

NKA Tactical Formations in the Offense 55 

NKA March Formation 56 

NKA Attack Formation 60 

NKA Tactical Frontages and Depths in the Offense 62 

NKA Tactical Maneuver 67 

Meeting Engagement 67 

Movement to Contact 67 

Deliberate Attack 68 

Pursuit 70 

Bypass 71 

Night Attack 74 

Armor Support to Offensive Operations 75 

Artillery Support to Offensive Operations 77 

Air Defense Support to Offensive Operations 82 

Engineer Support to Offensive Operations 82 

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Support 

to Offensive Operations 83 

Amphibious Support to Offensive Operations 84 

NKA Tactics in the Defense 85 

Defensive Frontages and Depths 89 

Positional Defense 92 

Mobile Defense 92 

Retrograde Operations 94 



Contents (Continued) 



Counterattack 96 

Escape From Encirclement (Breakout) 97 

Night Defense 97 

Armor Support to Defensive Operations 97 

Artillery Support to Defensive Operations 98 

Engineer Support to Defensive Operations 100 

Air Defense Support to Defensive Operations 100 

North Korean Antilanding Operations 101 

Special Operations Force 102 

SECTION 3 — RANK INSIGNIA AND UNIFORMS 1 07 

SECTION 4 — ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS 117 

SECTION 5 — MEDICAL ASSESSMENT 147 

Key Judgments 147 

Disease Risks 148 

Diseases Contracted From Insects or Animals 148 

Diseases Contracted From Other People/Poor Hygiene 149 

Environmental Health Risks 150 

Water Supply 151 

Living and Sanitary Conditions 151 

Pollution 152 

Climate 153 

Hazardous Animals and Plants 153 

Ways to Protect Yourself Against Disease 153 



VI 



Contents (Continued) 



APPENDICES 



A. Equipment Recognition A-1 

B. International Time Zones B-1 

C. Conversion Charts C-1 

D. Korean Language D-1 

E. Individual Protective Measures E-1 

F. First Aid/Hot and Cold Weather Survival F-1 

G. International Telephone Codes G-1 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



National Flag of the Republic of Korea 1 

National Flag of the DPRK 1 

Kim Chong-il and the Late Kim Il-song 3 

South Korean Transportation System 6 

North Korean Transportation System 7 

Eastern Asia 11 

North Korean Topography 14 

Climate Data 

Pusan, South Korea 20 

Seoul, South Korea 21 

Taejon, South Korea 22 

Hyesan, North Korea 23 

Pyongyang, North Korea 24 

Wonsan, North Korea 25 

Yangdok, North Korea 26 

Land Utilization 31 

Corps Level Organization 49 

NKA Force Structure 51 

Avenues of Approach 52 



VII 



Contents (Continued) 



Division and Regimental Depths 55 

Basic March Formations 57 

Infantry Regiment in March Formation 58 

Mechanized Brigade March Column 58 

Average March Rates 59 

NKA Infantry Platoon Attack Formation 62 

NKA Infantry Company Attack Formation 62 

NKA Tank Company Attack Formation 63 

NKA Infantry Battalion Attack Formation 63 

Regiment in the Attack 64 

NKA Mechanized Brigade in the Attack 65 

NKA Division in the Attack 66 

North Korean Army Maneuvers 72 

North Korean Army Maneuvers (Continued) 73 

Artillery Groups — Offense 80 

Fire Support During the Attack 81 

Division Defense Zone 89 

NKA Battalion Defense Plan 90 

NKA Mechanized Brigade in the Defense 91 

Mobile Defense of the Regiment 93 

Regimental Positional Defense 94 

Regimental Counterattack 96 

Supporting Fire in Regimental Defense 99 

North Korean Tunnel Operations Under DMZ 105 

Tunnel Constructed by the North Under DMZ 106 

ROK Enlisted Rank Insignia 107 

North Korean Enlisted Rank Insignia 108 

North Korean Officer Rank Insignia 109 

North Korean Army Uniforms 110 

North Korean Navy Officer Rank Insignia 112 

North Korean Navy Uniforms 113 

North Korean Air Force Officer Rank Insignia 114 



VIM 



Contents (Continued) 



North Korean Air Force Uniforms 115 

North Korean Branch Insignias 116 

Organizational Charts 

Unit Symbol Definitions 117 

North Korean Military 118 

Infantry Corps 119 

Mechanized Infantry Corps 120 

Armor Corps 121 

Artillery Corps 121 

Infantry Division 122 

Infantry Regiment 123 

Infantry Battalion 124 

Infantry Company 125 

Infantry Platoon 125 

Field Hospital 126 

Chemical Battalion 126 

Signal Battalion 127 

Corps Antitank Guided Missile Battalion 128 

Corps Antitank Guided Missile Company 128 

AAA Battalion 128 

SAM (SA-5) Regiment 129 

SAM (SA-3) Regiment 130 

SAM (SA-2) Regiment 131 

River-Crossing Brigade 132 

Technical Engineer Battalion 133 

Engineer Construction Battalion 133 

Strategic Level SCUD B Battalion 134 

Strategic Level FROG Battalion 134 

Corps MRL Brigade 135 

Corps MRL Battalion 135 

Strategic Level Heavy Artillery Brigade 136 

Corps Artillery Brigade 137 



IX 



Contents (Continued) 



Division 122/152mm Towed Artillery Regiment 138 

Artillery Battalion 138 

Regimental Mortar Battalion 139 

Tank Brigade 140 

Basic Tank Battalion 141 

Basic Tank Company 141 

Light Tank Battalion 141 

Reconnaissance Battalion 142 

Reconnaissance Brigade 142 

Seaborne Sniper Battalion 142 

Light Infantry Brigade 143 

Light Infantry Battalion 143 

Mechanized Infantry Brigade 144 

Mechanized Infantry Battalion 145 

Equipment 

BRDM-2 Armored Amphibious Vehicle A-1 

BMP-1 (KORSHUN) Infantry Fighting Vehicle A-2 

BTR-60PA/PB Armored Personnel Carrier A-3 

BTR-152 Armored Personnel Carrier A-4 

BTR-40 Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle A-5 

MT-LB Armored Tracked Vehicle A-6 

Model 531 A Armored Personnel Carrier A-7 

VTT-323 (M-1973) Armored Personnel Carrier A-8 

Type 85 ATOM Carrier A-9 

BTR-50 Armored Personnel Carrier A-10 

PT-76 Amphibious Tank A-12 

Type-62 Light Tank A-13 

Type-63 Light Amphibious Tank A-14 

T34/85 Medium Tank A-16 

T-54 Medium Tank A-17 

T-55 Medium Tank A-18 

Type-50 Medium Tank A-19 



Contents (Continued) 



T-62 (CH'ONMA-HO) Medium Tank A-20 

SU-100 Assault Tank A-21 

M-1943 (ZIS-2) Antitank Gun A-22 

M-1942 (ZIS-3) Antitank Gun A-23 

D-44 Antitank Gun A-24 

D-48 Antitank Gun A-25 

M-1944 (BS-3) Antitank Gun A-25 

ATGM System Characteristics A-26 

AT-1/SNAPPERATGM A-27 

AT-3/S AGGER ATGM A-28 

AT-4/SPIG0T ATGM A-29 

AT-5/SPANDREL ATGM A-30 

RPG-7 Antitank Grenade Launcher A-31 

RPG-2 Antitank Grenade Launcher A-32 

B-10 RCL Antitank Weapon A-33 

B-11 RCL Antitank Weapon A-34 

M-30 (M-1938) Towed Howitzer A-36 

A-19 (M-1937) Towed Gun A-37 

M-46 Towed Gun A-38 

D-20 Towed Howitzer A-39 

M-1977 Self-Propelled Gun/Howitzer A-40 

M-1978 (KOKSAN) Self-Propelled Gun A-41 

12 Round 107mm Multiple Rocket Launcher A-42 

BM-21 Multiple Rocket Launcher A-43 

BM-1 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher A-44 

BMD-20 Multiple Rocket Launcher A-45 

240mm Rocket Launcher M-1985/M-1991 A-46 

FROG-7 Artillery System A-47 

SCUD-B (SS-IC) Guided Ballistic Missile A-48 

M-38/46 DSHK Heavy Machinegun A-49 

ZGU-1 (Mountain Pack) Heavy AA Machinegun A-50 

ZPU-2 Heavy AA Machinegun A-51 



XI 



Contents (Continued) 



ZPU-4 Heavy AA Machinegun A-52 

M-1939 Automatic Cannon A-55 

Type-65 AA Gun A-56 

Type-74 Automatic Cannon A-57 

S-60 Automatic AA Gun A-59 

Twin 57mm Self -Propelled Automatic AA Gun A-60 

KS-12 AA Gun A-62 

KS-19 AA Gun A-63 

SA-2 SAM System A-64 

SA-3 GOA SAM System A-65 

SA-5 GAMMON SAM System A-66 

SA-7B SAM A-67 

SA-14 SAM A-68 

SA-16 SAM A-69 

STINGER SAM A-70 

CSA-3A SAM A-71 

PGLM SAM A-71 

Type 64 7.62mm Pistol A-72 

TOKAREV TT-33 7.62mm Pistol A-73 

MAKAROV 9mm Pistol A-74 

AK-47 Assault Rifle A-75 

AK-74 Assault Rifle A-75 

GP-25 Grenade Launcher A-76 

Type-68 (AKM) Assault Rifle A-77 

Type-56 Semiautomatic Carbine (SKS) A-78 

PPSH 1943 Submachine Gun A-79 

PPSM 1943 Submachine Gun A-80 

DRAGUNOV Sniper Rifle (SVD) A-81 

M1891/30 Sniper Rifle A-81 

RPK-74 Light Machinegun A-82 

RPK Light Machinegun A-83 

RPD Light Machinegun A-84 



XII 



Contents (Continued) 



RP-46 Light Machinegun A-85 

SMG Machinegun A-86 

DSHK 38/46 Heavy Machinegun A-87 

ROKS-3 Flamethrower A-88 

AGS- 17 Automatic Grenade Launcher A-89 

120mm M-1943 Mortar A-91 

F-1 Fragmentation Hand Grenade A-93 

RG-42 Fragmentation Hand Grenade A-94 

RGD-5 Fragmentation Hand Grenade A-95 

Unknown Fragmentation Hand Grenade A-96 

Unknown Fragmentation Hand Grenade A-97 

RDG-1 Smoke Hand Grenade A-98 

RDG-2 Smoke Hand Grenade A-99 

Type-S Smoke Hand Grenade A-lOO 

Lacrimatory Hand Grenade A-101 

RPG-43 Antitank Hand Grenade A-102 

RKG-3 Antitank Hand Grenade A-103 

ATM-72 Antitank Mine A-104 

TMD-B Antitank Mine A-105 

TMD-44 Antitank Mine A-106 

TM-46 and TMN-46 Antitank Mine A-107 

TM-41 Antitank Mine A-108 

POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine A-109 

PMD-6 Antipersonnel Mine A-110 

OZM-3 Antipersonnel Mine A-111 

BTM High Speed Ditching Machine A-113 

BAT-M Dozer A-114 

MDK-2 Trench Digging Machine A-115 

GSP Amphibious Ferry A-116 

BLG-60 Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge A-117 

MTU-20 Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge A-118 

MT-55 Tank-Launched Bridge A-119 



XIII 



Contents (Continued) 



K-61 Tracked Amphibious Vehicle A-120 

Self Reliance 68 NA (KAENSAENG) Utility Truck A-122 

UAZ-469 Utility Vehicle A-123 

Victory 58 (SUNGNI) Utility Truck A-124 

Fight 66 (TUJAENG) Cargo Truck A-125 

ZIL-157 General-Purpose Truck A-126 

Isuzu TWD35 Cargo Truck A-127 

Isuzu HTWll Cargo Truck A-128 

Nissan TZA52PP 30-ton Truck A-129 

ZIL-131 General-Purpose Truck A-130 

KRAZ-260 General-Purpose Truck A-131 

Independence (CXHAJU) 11-ton Dump Truck A-132 

Independence 82 (CHAJU 82) 10-ton Dump Truck A-133 

ARS-12U Truck-Mounted Decontamination Apparatus A- 135 

Model RDP-4V Backpack Decontamination Apparatus A-136 

Model DP-62 Lightweight Survey Meter A-137 

Model DP-la/b Area Survey Meter A-138 

PKHR Chemical Agent Detection and ID Kit A-139 

Mi-2 HOPLITE A-140 

Mi-4 HOUND A-141 

Mi-8 HIP A-142 

Mi-17 HIP A-143 

Hughes 500 D/E A-144 

F-5 (MiG-17) FRESCO A-145 

F-6 (MiG-19) FARMER A-146 

MiG 21 FISHBED A-147 

MiG-23 FLOGGER A-148 

MiG-29 FULCRUM A-149 

Su-7B FITTER A A-150 

Su-25 FROGFOOT A A-151 

IL-28 BEAGLE A-152 

Y-5 (AN-2 COLT) A-153 



XIV 



Contents (Continued) 



AN-24 COKE A-154 

IL-18 COOT A-155 

BACK NET A-156 

BAR LOCK A-157 

FAN SONG A-158 

FLAT FACE A-159 

KNIFE REST A-160 

LOW BLOW A-161 

SIDE NET A-162 

SPOON REST A-163 

SQUAT EYE A-164 

TALL KING A-165 

NAJIN EEL A-167 

CHONGJIN PB A-168 

P-6 PB/PT A-169 

SHANTOU PB A-170 

CHAHO PB A-171 

CHODO PC A-172 

CHONGJU PC/PT/PTGAVPC A-173 

HAINAN PC A-174 

K-48 PC A-175 

S.O. IPC A-176 

SHANGHAI II PC A-177 

TAECHONG I/II PC A-178 

SARIWON PG A-179 

T CLASS PG A-180 

P-4PT A-181 

SHERSHEN PT A-182 

SINHUNG PT/PTHAVPBAVPBH A-183 

SINNAM PT A-184 

KOMAR PTG A-185 

OSAIPTG A-186 



XV 



Contents (Continued) 



SOHUNG PTG A-187 

SOJU PTG A-188 

NAMPO LCP A-189 

YUKTO I/II MSI A-191 

HANCHON LCU A-192 

ROMEO SS A-193 

WHISKEY SS A-194 

ALCM Shallow Water Mine A-196 

PDM-IM Shallow Water Mine A-197 

PDM-2 Shallow Water Mine A-198 

CSS-N-1 SRUBBRUSH Antiship Cruise Missile A-199 

CSSC-2 SILKWORM A-200 

CSSC-3 SEERSUCKER A-201 

International Time Zones Chart B-1 

Daily Water Requirements F-10 

Windchill Chart F-13 



XVI 



SECTION 1 

KOREAN PENINSULA GENERAL INFORMATION 




National Flag of the Republic of Korea 





National Flag of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 



North Korea— Political and Economic Overview 

The long form name of North Korea is the Democratic People's Repub- 
lic of Korea (DPRK). The DPRK is a Communist state led by a Stalinist 
type dictatorship, with its capital city as Pyongyang. 

Administrative divisions include nine provinces (do, singular and plu- 
ral); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamg-yong-pukto, Hwanghae- 
namdo, Hwanghae-pukto, Kangwon-do, Pyongan-pukto, Pyongan- 
namdo, Yanggang-do; and three special cities (jikhalsi, singular and plu- 
ral); Kaesong-si, Nampo-si, and Pyongyang-si. 

In August 1945, the Japanese in Korea surrendered to the former Soviet 
Union, which gained control of the Korean peninsula south to the 38th 
parallel. In August 1948, supposedly following general elections 
throughout the peninsula, the DPRK was established, with Kim Il-song 
heading the central government. These factitious elections are the basis 
for Pyongyang's claim as the only legitimate government of Korea, and 
Pyongyang has made a national goal of reunifying the country on its 
terms. In pressing this claim, the DPRK has engaged in a political, eco- 
nomic, and military competition with the Republic of Korea (ROK). 
However, in any comparison except military power, Pyongyang is a 
poor second. 

On Saturday, 24 June 1950, DPRK forces invaded the ROK. The United 
States, acting with a mandate from the UN, took the lead in defending the 
ROK. The Chinese entered into the fighting, and the war's inconclusive 
end led to a return to the status quo at the 38th parallel. An armistice, 
signed in July 1953, was followed 2 months later by the signing of a 
mutual defense treaty between the United States and the ROK. 

The country is currently being led by Kim Chong-il who succeeded his 
father upon the latter's death on 8 July 1994. The elder Kim was a ruth- 
less, charismatic leader who retained tremendous loyalty from the peo- 
ple, despite their hardships. Kim Chong-il has been described as 
paranoid, spoiled, and suspicious, not having his father's abilities, and 




Kim Chong-il (Left) and the Late Kim ll-song 



his access to the government bureaucracy is through a clique. The coun- 
try is facing insurmountable internal problems and is unstable politi- 
cally, economically, and socially. 

Other political setbacks have further isolated the DPRK and include the 

1990 formal recognition of the ROK by the former Soviet Union, and the 

1991 entrance of both Koreas to the UN. The DPRK lost one of its major 
supporters with the demise of the Soviet Union. Moreover, although the 
People's Republic of China (PRC) remains the only credible supporter of 
the DPRK, economic and political rapprochement between the PRC and 
the ROK continues. The DPRK will continue to be both economically 
and socially repressed and will become increasingly isolated. The DPRK 



will likely cling to its outmoded style of communism and political 
change will not occur until the current leaders are gone. 

Negative economic growth, chronic shortages of raw materials (espe- 
cially oil), ineffective centralized economic planning, and an emphasis 
on military power have contributed to the economic failure of North 
Korea. The requirement by Russia and the PRC that materials exported 
to the DPRK be paid for with cash has further degraded North Korea's 
economic viability. The DPRK can no longer generate sufficient electri- 
cal power to meet industrial needs, social services have been severely 
degraded, and segments of society have been reduced to one meal a day. 
There are chronic shortages of many of the basic commodities required 
for subsistence and industrial production. Critical resources continue to 
be dedicated to the military with increasing detriment to the economy. 
There will be no relief from the severe shortages, which could foster 
growing dissatisfaction among the intelligentsia, workers, students, and 
bureaucrats. The DPRK's management of its economy provides no free- 
dom of action for producers, real incentives for individuals to excel, or a 
government responsive to scientific and technological progress. If the 
DPRK keeps its emphasis on its military and does not reform its eco- 
nomic system, the country could eventually be in grave danger of 
imploding. The DPRK is, and will likely remain, one of the most dan- 
gerous countries in the world. 

Transportation 

Railroads 

North Korea: 4,915 km (3,055 mi) total; 4,250 km (2,641 mi) 1.435 m 
(4.7 ft) standard gauge, 665 km (413 mi) 0.762 m (2.54 ft) narrow 
gauge; 159 km (99 mi) double track; 3,397 km (2,111 mi) electrified; 
government owned (1995). 

South Korea: 3,149 km (1,957 mi) total operating in 1995; 3,129 km 
(1,944 mi) 1.435 m (4.7 ft) standard gauge, 20 km (12 mi) 0.61 m (2.0 ft) 



narrow gauge; 847 km (526 mi) double track; 525 km (326 mi) electrified; 
government owned. 

Highways 

North Korea: Approximately 30,000 km (18,645 mi) 1995; 85 percent 
crushed stone, or earth surface; 15 percent paved. 

South Korea: Approximately 63,171 km (39,253 mi) 1995; 46,500 km 
(28,894 mi) paved of which 1,521 km (945 mi) are expressways and 
12,190 km (7,575 mi) national highway; 49,460 km (30,740 mi) pro- 
vincial and local roads. 

Inland Waterways 

North Korea: 2,253 km (1,400 mi); mostly navigable by small craft 
only. 

South Korea: 1,609 km (1,000 mi); use restricted to small craft. 

Pipelines 

North Korea: Crude oil 37 km (23 mi). 
South Korea: Crude oil 455 km (283 mi). 

Ports 

North Korea: Chongjin, Haeju, Hamhung, Nampo, Wonsan, Songnim, 
Najin, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), and Kim Chaek. 

South Korea: Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan, Chinae and Pohang. 

Airports 

North Korea: 51 total, 51 usable (est); about 24 with permanent surface 
runways. 

South Korea: 105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent surface runways. 




South Korean Transportation System 



DPRK Transportation 



Road and rail networks follow a general north- south axis, with limited 
east-west routes, especially in northern areas. Rugged mountainous ter- 
rain restricts or channels supply movement to a few routes. Shortages of 



North Korea 



Major Roads 

Secondary Roads _ 
Railroads 



Major Ports 

M ajor Airfields _ 




North Korean Transportation System 



heavy rolling stock, scarcity of heavy rail lines, and lack of centralized 
traffic control hamper the rail system. Poor surfaces and maintenance and 
an insufficient number of roads constrain the highway system. 

About 75 percent of the DPRK's 4,915-km railroads are electric. A 
major priority is to electrify all primary rail lines, which would nearly 
double the rail capacity without additional track. However, electric rail- 
roads could become a liability during wartime if key transformers or 
hydroelectric power plants were rendered nonfunctional. The DPRK 
produces both diesel and electric locomotives. Diesel locomotives oper- 
ate mostly in yards. Most steam locomotives, acquired from various 
sources shortly after World War II, still operate. The DPRK also manu- 
factures several types of railcars, including 60- and 100-metric ton 
freight cars. However, rolling stock shortages are frequent. 

The DPRK's economic plans include upgrading and expanding several 
primary maritime ports. Construction of the Nampo Lockgate stabi- 
lized Taedong River water levels, allowing Nampo Port expansion and 
facility development farther up the river. Songnim Port is an example 
of this process. 

Some of the DPRK's rivers are navigable by small craft and are used as 
an auxiliary means of transportation to ease the strain on the railroads 
and highways. The Taedong, in the west central region, serves as a 
major artery for commerce. 

The DPRK's civil airlift remains limited. In addition to Sunan Interna- 
tional Airfield, the Civil Air Administration operates a few domestic ter- 
minals throughout the country. Personnel and equipment assigned to 
civilian flights do not have a direct military function, but could offer 
limited support during wartime. 

Cultural Overview 

The people of the DPRK (a population of over 22,000,000) are mostly 
ethnic Korean, speak the Korean language, and use the Korean phonetic 
alphabet. The Koreans take pride in both their antiquity and in the conti- 



8 



nuity of their society, which dates back to pre-Christian times. They 
descended from migratory groups that entered the region from Siberia, 
Manchuria, and inner Asia several thousand years ago. The society is a 
clearly defined ethnic, cultural, and linguistic unit distinct from the neigh- 
boring populations of the Asian mainland and Japan. The North Korean 
society is a mixture of ancient, indigenous traditions with a system of 
totalitarian ideology imposed by the Soviet Union at the end of World War 
11. This ethnic solidarity has deep geographic, historical, and political 
roots. Until the imposition of communism, the people lived for centuries 
in an exceptionally homogeneous society and culture. With the partition 
of the peninsula, sharp political and economic differences developed, with 
some cultural variations, between both North and South Korea. 

Traditionally, Koreans have never conceived of society as merely an 
aggregate of individuals, each pursuing private ends, but as a harmoni- 
ous and collective whole; more important than the individuals compos- 
ing it. This emphasis on harmony has justified the DPRK government's 
paternalistic intervention in the lives of the people. In the DPRK today, 
the dominant ideology is Marxist-Leninist, strongly influenced by tradi- 
tional Confucian values and Kim Il-song's chuche (self-reliance) ideol- 
ogy. By Western standards, life in the DPRK is regimented and grim. 
The centralized party state maintains tight control over all aspects of 
daily life, and citizens must dedicate their lives to state-defined goals 
rather than personal interests. Proper attitudes and correct human rela- 
tions are stressed. It would be a mistake to assume that North Koreans 
see their lives as harsh and colorless, since the majority have spent their 
entire life under a totalitarian regime. The average person is unaware of 
conditions abroad, and is subject to a constant barrage of propaganda 
extolling the virtues of Kim Chong-il's rule and the heroic myth of Kim 
Il-song's past. In addition, this propaganda campaign harshly denounces 
the United States and the ROK. 

Korean is a Uralic language, remotely related to Japanese, Mongolian, 
Hungarian, and Finnish. Although there are dialects, the Korean spoken 
throughout the peninsula is comprehensible to nearly all the populace. 



9 



Chinese characters were used before the invention of the Korean Hangul 
alphabet in the 15th century. A number of specialized terms have been 
introduced in the north, especially in written usage. 

Korea's traditional religions are Buddhism, Shamanism, and Chongb- 
ogyo. Christian missionaries arrived in the 19th century and founded 
schools, hospitals, and other modern institutions throughout Korea. 
Major centers of missionary activity included Seoul and Pyongyang. 
Although religious groups nominally exist in the DPRK, most avail- 
able evidence suggests that the government severely restricts reli- 
gious activity, allowing these groups to exist only for the sake of its 
international image. 

Korean Peninsula Geographic Position 

The Korean Peninsula protrudes southward from the Asian mainland 
separating the Yellow Sea (West Sea) to the west from the East Sea (Sea 
of Japan) to the east. The Peninsula is roughly 346 km (215 mi) wide at 
its broadest point (approximately 38°10'N), roughly 169 km (105 mi) at 
its narrowest point (approximately 39°20'N), and approximately 965 km 
(600 mi) long. The northern-most point of the peninsula is located on 
the Chinese border at approximately 43 °N (about the same latitude as 
Buffalo, New York), the southern-most point on the peninsula is located 
at approximately 34°20'N (about the same latitude as Wilmington, 
North Carolina) on the East China Sea. The western-most point on the 
peninsula is located at 124°40'E on the Yellow Sea, and the eastern most 
point on the peninsula is located at 129°35'E on the East Sea (Sea of 
Japan)/Korea Strait (Straits of Tsushima). 

The total land area for North Korea is 120,410 km (46,490 mi), or slightly 
smaller than Mississippi. The total land area for South Korea is 98,190 
km (84,401 mi), or slightly larger than Indiana. North Korea's coastline is 
2,495 km (1,551 mi) and South Korea's is 2,413 km (1,550 mi). 



10 



Borders and Neighbors 

The northern border with Russia is 19 km (12 mi) long, and follows the 
Tumen River northwest from its mouth. The border with China is 1,416 
km (880 mi) long. Starting from where the Russian border ends, it fol- 
lows the Tumen River to its headwaters (approx. 42°N 128°05'E); it then 
follows the Yalu (Amnok) River from its headwaters (approx. 42 °N 
128°05'E), southwest, to the Yellow Sea. The border between North and 
South Korea is the military demarcation line (MDL), that marks the line 
of separation between the two belligerent sides at the close of the 
Korean War. A demilitarized zone (DMZ) extends for 2 km (1.24 mi) 
on either side of the MDL and extends out to sea. Both the DPRK and 




Eastern Asia 



11 



ROK governments hold that the MDL is only a temporary administra- 
tive line, not a permanent border. Korea's remaining borders are coast- 
lines, generally following the peninsula, but in places the border leaves 
the peninsula to encompass islands and archipelagoes. 

Korea's closest sea-neighbors are Japan and China. The Japanese island 
of Tsushima is approximately 50 km (31 mi) off Korea's southeast coast 
(34°42'N 129°20'E), while the main island of Honshu is approximately 
180 km (112 mi). The Shandong Peninsula of China is approximately 
190 km (118 mi) to the west and bisects the Korean bay to the north and 
the Yellow Sea to the south. 

East Asia — Korean Peninsula Geograpliy 

Korea's geographic position serves as a natural bridge between the Asian 
continent and the Japanese islands. The coastline is highly indented with 
approximately 3,500 islands, mostly located off the south and west 
coasts. Korea, though comparatively small in size, is noted for the 
extraordinary variety of its geography. The country is punctuated with 
rough mountains, large streams, and rugged narrow passes with only 
about 20 percent of the peninsula suitable for cultivation. Another factor 
is the shallowness of the Yellow Sea, contributing to the extreme tidal 
range (9.7 m (32 ft), the second largest in the world) on the west coast. 

Mountains 

The Korean Peninsula is primarily a region of mountains (approxi- 
mately 70 percent) and they are the defining characteristics of the ter- 
rain. The mountains are generally of medium height, about 1,500 m 
(4,921 ft), with lower mountains 200-500 m (656-1,640 ft) high (all ele- 
vations of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more are found in North Korea). Relief 
differentials (as measured from valley floor to peak or ridge tops) for 
even the lowest mountains, are generally 300-400 m (980-1,300 ft). The 
elevated places are heavily bisected by river valleys, which frequently 
have deep narrow passes and canyons, with steep slopes or near vertical 
or vertical walls. Paektu-san, at 2,744 m (9,003 ft), is the highest moun- 



12 



tain in the Koreas, rising out of the Kaema Plateau, in the far northeast, 
which is the headwater for the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. 

Mountain ranges generally parallel the coastlines, but nearly all emit a 
number of mountain chains that extend in various directions and inter- 
sect one another, making the country's relief system complex and tan- 
gled. Korea's mountain system may be broken into three segments: 

North Korean Mountain Regions 

These are divided into the Tumen and the Yalu (Amnok) River mountain 
regions. The Tumen region (the area between the Tumen River and the 
East Sea (Sea of Japan)) is in the northeast corner of North Korea. 
These mountains are relatively low and passable in the northeast, but 
gradually increase in elevation toward the southwest, becoming less and 
less accessible. Their high region reaches 2,500 m (8,202 ft). Their 
southwest direction is interrupted by the Materyong mountains, which 
extend southeast from the Manchurian border to the East Sea (Sea of 
Japan). 

The Yalu (Amnok) mountain region is between the Yalu River and the 
Yellow Sea. The region forms the mountain roof of the Korean Penin- 
sula. These ranges are noted for their complicated structure, severity, 
inaccessibility, and lack of settlers. The western portion of this region 
becomes gradually lower, rarely exceeding 1,000 m (3,281 ft), but the 
ranges have steep slopes, are highly dissected, and contain dense forests. 
Communication is usually only practical via the deep river valleys. 

East Korean Mountain Region 

These mountains extend south along the shore of the East Sea (Sea of 
Japan) in three parallel lines to the southern extreme of the peninsula. 
These mountains reach 1,500 m (4,921 ft) and are characterized by nar- 
row, jagged crests and steep slopes that are cut by deep gorges. The 
relief difference between the flat littoral valleys and the abrupt elevation 
change of the mountains handicap cross-country movement. 



13 



North Korea 

ELEVATION IN FEET 



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North Korean Topography 



South Korean Mountain Region 

This region consists of a series of short ranges that extend in parallel 
rows to the southern shore of the peninsula. These mountains reach 



14 



1,500 m (4,921 ft) and most of the region is easily accessible, except for 
the central region which is characterized by sharp jagged crests with 
high passes and steep rugged slopes. 

Lowlands 

The largest and most important tracks of lowland lie near the shorelines 
(coastal alluvial plains). Besides these coastal alluvial plains, erosional 
basins were formed in the mountains at the junctions of rivers and 
streams and are usually found in central and southern Korea (mostly 
expanded river valleys or nearly closed inter-mountain valleys). 
Between the mountains lie lowlands that were formed by river valleys 
and sea terraces. Most lowlands are settled/cultivated. 

The wide range of temperature fluctuations (between summer highs and 
winter lows) and concentrated summer rains induce intense weathering 
and erosion of surface material. Gentle slopes at the foot of mountains, 
hills, and near basins, are covered with thick deposits of weathered 
materials formed from the erosion of upland material. Alluvial fans are 
rarely developed. 

The largest lowlands are river deltas found along coast of the Yellow 
Sea. The lowlands of the eastern and southern coastline are usually 
river deltas and as a rule are small, due to the mountains in the east 
abruptly dropping into the sea. Large tidal ranges (west coast) and 
funnel shaped river mouths prevent the formation of large active (grow- 
ing) deltas, although rivers transport large amounts of deposited mate- 
rial during the wet season (summer). The wide coastal plains near the 
river mouths change abruptly into narrow flood plains a short distance 
upriver. Most river delta lowlands, especially those on the Yellow Sea, 
are subject to inundations by seasonal river flooding (summer) and high 
tides. During the flood season (summer), small dikes (2-3 m 76.5-9.8 
ft) are built to protect fields and homes. While mountains are the dom- 
inate geological feature, lowlands have played a key role in Korea's cul- 
ture/history. 



15 



Length 


Navigable Lengtli 


km (mi) 


km (mi) 


198(123) 


152(94) 


514(319) 


330 (205) 


254(158) 


124(77) 


401 (249) 


130(81) 


525 (326) 


334 (208) 


212(132) 


39 (24) 


438 (272) 


260(161) 


520 (323) 


85 (53) 


790(491) 


698 (434) 


174(108) 


65 (40) 



Major Rivers 
Name 

Ch'ongch'on 

Han 

Imjin 

Kum 

Naktong 

Somjin 

Taebong 

Tumen 

Yalu (Amnok) 

Yesong 

The Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen Rivers form the border between the 
DPRK and the PRC; the Tumen River forms the border between the 
DPRK and Russia. All river flows fluctuate widely, with the river dis- 
charges swelling during the summer wet season, often flooding valley 
floors. In the other seasons, which are relatively dry, water levels 
become very low, often exposing the river beds. River gradients are 
mostly very flat in their lower reaches, permitting navigation for long 
stretches above the river mouths. 

All of Korea's principal rivers (with the exception of the Tumen) empty 
into the Yellow Sea or the Korean Strait (Straights of Tsushima). The 
Tumen is the only river of consequence that flows into the East Sea (Sea 
of Japan). With the introduction of motor transportation, primarily 
impacting South Korea, rivers have become secondary means of trans- 
portation. However, farmers depend on the rivers for over 70 percent of 
the water required to irrigate their crops, and they are a major source of 
power (hydroelectric), surpassing coal. Many of the rivers are dammed 



16 



for either hydroelectric or irrigation use. The majority of the rivers in 
Korea are less than 100 km (62 mi) long and generally 20 to 30 m (66- 
98 ft) wide. During the dry season (winter), rivers are fordable (via 
foot) for nearly their entire course, especially rivers in the eastern por- 
tion of the peninsula where the watershed divide is closest to the shore- 
line. During the rainy season (summer), rivers, streams, and intermittent 
streams quickly fill. Mountain streams are steep sloping, strewn with 
boulders, have numerous rapids, and may contain many waterfalls 
(especially during the rainy season). 

Yellow Sea 

The Yellow Sea forms the western coastline. With an average depth of 
only 45 m (150 ft), and with the large quantity of water the Pacific 
Ocean pumps into the shallow basin, the tides along the coastline of the 
Yellow Sea are tremendous. At Inchon, the tides may reach 9.7 m (32 
ft), and average 5.8 m (19 ft). 

Mean Neap Tide Range 3 .47 m ( 1 1 .4 ft) 

Mean Tidal Range 5.72 m (18.8 ft) 

Mean Spring Tidal Range 7.98 m (26.2 ft) 

Maximum Tidal Range 9.84 m (32.3 ft) 

The rapid ebb and flow of the tides create strong currents, exceeding 7 
kts, in the channels between islands. At low tide approximately 1,000 sq 
mi of mudflats are exposed and may extend for miles away from the 
coastline. When the tides flow back, the speed of their advance may 
outpace that of a running man. 

Effects of Terrain on Military Operations 

The Korean Peninsula is extremely mountainous, offering excellent 
observation along avenues of approach and lines of communication 
(LOCs) in the northern and central mountain areas. Observation in the 
eastern coastal lowland area is limited, but improves the further west 



17 



one travels. Observation in the northwest, southwest, and southern 
plains areas is fair to limited. Fields of fire are poorest in extremely rug- 
ged regions of the northern and central mountain areas, due to numerous 
spurs and areas offering cover from direct fire weapons. The regions 
offering the best fields of fire would be the northwest, southwest, and 
southern plains, where the terrain is relatively flat and open, except in 
built-up areas. 

The Korean Peninsula comprises numerous ridge lines and hills. Only 
20 percent of the total land area consists of plains and lowlands. The 
folds in these ridgelines and hills afford excellent cover and some 
degree of concealment from direct fire and ground observation. 

The majority of ridge lines run in a north- south direction, severely 
restricting east-west movement. This restriction of lateral movement 
becomes more prevalent the further north operations move. The major 
water obstacles on the peninsula are its rivers. During most of the year, 
the rivers are shallow, exposing very wide, gravel river beds; however, 
these rivers can become formidable obstacles as a result of the increased 
precipitation during the rainy season. 

Climate 

Korea's climate is defined by its latitude, peninsular shape, terrain, cur- 
rents and close proximity to the Asian continent. It is characterized by 
continental winters and monsoonal summers. Though Korea juts far out 
into the sea, the west coast climate is less maritime due to the shallow- 
ness of the Yellow Sea; its shallow (depths average 45 m/150 ft) water 
basin heats and cools rapidly, contributing little to moderating the cli- 
mate, where as the East Sea (Sea of Japan) moderates the east coast's 
climate due to its deeper waters (1,500 m/ 5,000 ft). 

The southern climate is less continental and more subtropical with a sig- 
nificant warm period lasting approximately 6 to 7 months. In the north, 
winter conditions may last for 6 months, while in the south it may only 
last for 3 months. However, 3 successive cold days are typically 



18 



followed by 4 successive days of warm weather. The peninsula's west 
coast is generally open to the influence of the cool air masses that roar 
out of the Asian mainland, while the east coast is protected by the chain 
of mountains that parallel the coast (Chungnyong Mountains) and is 
warmed by the East Sea (Sea of Japan). 

In the northernmost regions, the winter lasts a full 6 months and in Janu- 
ary the average temperatures may fall below -18 °C (0 °F). The hottest 
time of the year is the summer, with average temperature ranges 
between 25 °-27 °C (77 °-80 °F) in most of the southern regions and 
milder temperatures of 22 °C (72 °F) along the northeast coast. The 
range of temperatures is much greater in the north and in the interior 
than along the coasts. The annual average difference in temperature 
between the coldest and hottest months for Seoul is approximately 
28.3 °C (83 °F). 

Korea is located in the East Asian Monsoon belt. Seasonal monsoon 
winds affect Korea's weather throughout the year. The Southwest Mon- 
soon blows in from the south and southeast during the summer, bringing 
hot, humid weather. The cold, dry. Northwest Monsoon blows in from 
the north and northwest during the winter, bringing cold weather. 
Korea's massive mountains protect the peninsula's east coast from the 
winter monsoon, though occasional heavy snows can fall along the east- 
ern mountain ranges. As a result, the east coast generally has warmer 
winters than the rest of Korea. 

Heavy rainfall from June through September accounts for about 70 per- 
cent of Korea's yearly precipitation, with annual precipitation averages 
between less than 500 mm (20 in) in the northeastern inland areas and 
1,500 mm (59 in) along the southern coast. Mean precipitation 
decreases from south to north. Some regions will have particularly 
heavy rains due to orographic effects (air uplifted by mountains) and the 
convergence of moist air masses. In most years, one or two typhoons hit 
the peninsula during July and August. 



19 



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Feb 


Mar 


Apr 


May 


Jun 


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Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Precipitation (In) Mean 


0,8 


2,9 


3,3 


4,9 


5,1 


6,1 


8,5 


6,8 


7,1 


2,9 


2,7 


1,0 


Max Precipitation 24 Hours 


2,9 


4,4 


2,9 


7,0 


5,7 


7,2 


9,9 


8,2 


8,0 


7,0 


5,5 


2,7 


Mean (In) Snow 


0,1 


0,1 


0,1 


0,1 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,1 


0,1 


Surface Wind Direction 


NW 


NW 


NW 


NW 


NW 


NW 


SW 


SW 


NW 


NW 


NW 


NW 


Surface Wind Speed (Kts) Mean 


9 


8 


8 


7 


7 


6 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts) Max 


52 


51 


47 


58 


54 


56 


52 


61 


68 


45 


45 


56 


Relative Humidity 0400 LSI 


66 


68 


73 


78 


82 


84 


90 


88 


87 


82 


79 


73 


Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


54 


56 


60 


63 


67 


74 


79 


74 


70 


60 


58 


55 


Dewpoint 


20 


24 


33 


44 


52 


61 


70 


71 


62 


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28 



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Feb 


Mar 


Apr 


May 


Jun 


Jul 


Auq 


Sep 


Oct 


Nov 


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Precipitation (In) l\/lean 


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1,3 


2,3 


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1,7 


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Precipitation (In) Extreme IVIax 


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5,0 


5,5 


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9,5 


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25,0 


35,0 


15,0 


8,0 


6,0 


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Precipitation (In) Extreme Min 


0,1 


0,1 


0,2 


0,2 


0,3 


0,3 


1,2 


1,2 


0,8 


0,6 


0,3 


0,3 


Max Precipitation 24 Hours 


1,6 


2,6 


2,6 


5,6 


6,0 


7,0 


11,0 


13,0 


13,0 


5,4 


2,9 


2,8 


Mean (In) Snow 


7,0 


4,0 


2,0 


0,1 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,0 


0,1 


2,0 


4,0 


Surface Wind Direction 


WNW 


W 


W 


W 


W 


S 


S 


S 


S 


W 


WNW 


NW 


Surface Wind Speed (Kts) Mean 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


Relative Humidity 0700 LST 


75 


75 


80 


82 


83 


86 


90 


89 


90 


90 


84 


79 


Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


57 


54 


52 


51 


52 


60 


68 


66 


60 


55 


57 


59 


Dewpoint 


14 


18 


28 


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51 


61 


70 


70 


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47 


34 


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1,8 


3,5 


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1,5 


1,6 


1,5 


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1,8 


2,1 


4,1 


3,8 


6,9 


8,9 


9,5 


3,5 


1,9 


1,3 


2,1 


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Surface Wind Direction 


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N 


SW 


SW 


E 


E 


E 


N 


N 


N 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts) Mean 


2 


3 




4 


3 


3 


3 


3 


2 


2 


2 


2 


Surface Wind Speed (Kts) Max 


27 


27 


27 


33 


33 


33 


21 


40 


27 


40 


27 


27 


Relative Humidity 0400 LSI 


81 


82 


84 


85 


86 


88 


91 


91 


92 


91 


89 


85 


Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


69 


58 


64 


62 


57 


62 


74 


68 


65 


59 


62 


66 


Dewpoint 


20 


25 


34 


45 


54 


62 


72 


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Feb 


Mar 


Apr 


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Jun 


Jul 


Auq 


Sep 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Precipitation (In) IVIean 


0,4 


0,3 


0,4 


1,0 


2,4 


3,6 


5,2 


5,2 


2,3 


1,1 


0,6 


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l\/lax Precipitation 24 Hours 


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0,9 


0,8 


1,1 


1,7 


1,7 


2,6 


2,6 


4,9 


1,4 


0,8 


1,2 


Surface Wind Direction 


W 


NE 


W 


w 


NE 


NE 


NE 


NE 


NE 


W 


NE 


NE 


Surface Wind Speed (Kts) IVIean 


2 


3 


4 


4 


5 


2 


2 


2 


3 


2 


2 


2 


Surface Wind Speed (Kts)IVIax 


23 


27 


23 


29 


31 


16 


17 


17 


19 


19 


27 


27 


Relative Humidity 0600 LSI 


85 


85 


81 


79 


77 


90 


92 


92 


90 


85 


84 


86 


Relative Humidity 1400 LST 


60 


56 


49 


38 


33 


56 


58 


58 


46 


40 


53 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts)IVIean 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts) IVIax 


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31 


36 


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32 


30 


31 


32 


36 


28 


31 


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Relative Humidity 0600 LSI 


81 


82 


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82 


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88 


92 


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91 


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Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


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66 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts)IVIean 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts) IVIax 


28 


29 


29 


35 


33 


36 


51 


42 


43 


36 


40 


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Relative Humidity 0600 LSI 


58 


67 


65 


69 


75 


84 


88 


90 


85 


76 


66 


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Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


45 


49 


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52 


56 


66 


74 


74 


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2,1 


3,2 


4,3 


10,4 


9,1 


4,3 


2,1 


1,3 


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W 


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NW 


W 


SE 


SE 


SE 


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W 


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Surface Wind Speed (Kts)IVIean 


6 


6 


7 


7 


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5 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 


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Relative Humidity 0600 LSI 


86 


89 


86 


84 


85 


89 


92 


92 


93 


91 


87 


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Relative Humidity 1300 LST 


62 


57 


52 


43 


43 


55 


69 


66 


58 


49 


62 


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8 


12 


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33 


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63 


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26 



Spring Pattern (April-May) 

April marks the start of the transition from the cold, dry winter to the 
summer rainy season. This transition lasts nearly 2 months. Low pres- 
sure systems start forming near the Gulf of Bo Hai and the Shantung 
Peninsula. These lows significantly erode the dominance of the Sibe- 
rian High ("Asiatic High") pressure system. As a result, cloudiness 
and precipitation increase during the spring months. Korea is occa- 
sionally influenced by the "Yellow Wind" during the spring months. 
The Yellow Wind occurs when storm winds behind a trough cause dust 
from the Gobi Desert to become suspended in the air. The dust laden 
air is subsequently transported over Korea. During a strong yellow 
wind, visibility can be reduced to less than 1 mile. Spring is also the 
time for heavy sea fog to form over the coastal areas. The fog forms as 
the warmer air passes over the cooler Yellow Sea and the East Sea (Sea 
of Japan). Wind gusts of up to 59 kts have been recorded as well as 
tornados. The average April temperature in the north is approximately 
10 °C (50 °F) and in the south 12 °C (54 °F); spring is generally cooler 
than fall. 

Summer Pattern (June-September) 

Summer is the rainy season in Korea. During the summer, southern 
monsoon winds engulf the country, the winds shift to the southwest, and 
the warm, moisture laden air moving off the oceans clashes with the 
drier air to the north. These fronts oscillate back and forth across Korea 
during the summer months. The interior highlands disturb the winds, 
forcing them into a westerly/southwesterly direction. The majority of 
the annual precipitation falls between late June and the middle of Sep- 
tember, with rains fully developing along the entire peninsula by mid- 
June. Seoul receives approximately 126 mm (5 in) of precipitation dur- 
ing the winter (December-March), but in July alone receives approxi- 
mately 383 mm (14.3 in). 



27 



Thunderstorms usually occur about 2 to 5 days per month during this 
period. Summer precipitation in Korea is as likely to occur at 0200 as at 
1400. Humidity is very high and fog will develop whenever a cold air 
mass confronts this moisture laden air, often forming on cloudless days. 
The typhoon season occurs from July through September. About once 
each year, a typhoon will pass very close to or move over Korea, causing 
heavy showers. Strong winds are usually confined to islands and 
exposed coastal areas. Although winds might not pose a problem, the 
associated rainfall can cause significant flash flooding, a very real threat 
during the rainy season, especially in rough terrain. The mean tempera- 
ture for Seoul in August is 25.3 °C (78 °C) 

Fall Pattern (October-November) 

October is the transition month between the summer rainy season and 
the cold, dry winter. The predominantly tropical cloudy weather of the 
summer is replaced by cooler, drier, and less cloudy conditions. The 
primary weather producers during October are cold frontal systems 
from the Asian mainland. On the average, one frontal passage per week 
can be expected during the month. A typical frontal passage is preceded 
by increasing middle and high cloudiness with light rain. Following the 
frontal passage, mostly clear skies can be expected for 3 or 4 days. Dur- 
ing this clear period it is very likely for fog to form. Fog is especially 
prevalent in river valleys and in low lying areas. 

Winter Pattern (December-March) 

The winter in Korea is controlled by the large Siberian High (Asiatic 
High) pressure system which results in predominantly cold, dry north- 
westerly winds. About every 4 to 5 days a low-pressure trough will 
move through Korea, bringing with it cloudiness and light precipitation. 
The amount of precipitation locally depends mostly on the elevation of 
the station and the length of time that the air has been over the Yellow 
Sea. Maximum snowfall occurs over the northwest coast, which is the 
most exposed to the northwesterly flow, and in the mountain areas. Nor- 
mally less than 10 percent of the annual precipitation falls during the 

28 



winter. Frequently the weather is cloudless, clear, and dry, except for 
the southwestern region of the peninsula. The mean January tempera- 
ture in Seoul is -4.4 °C (24 °F) 

Effects of Climate on f\/lilitary Operations 

Extremely cold outbreaks during winter could have a serious impact on 
ground and air operations. During colder temperatures, hypothermia, 
frostbite, and cold related injuries will slow the tempo of ground opera- 
tions. Cold weather also impacts the turnaround time of aircraft as 
maintenance, refueling, and ammunition loading are affected. Traffica- 
bility is favorably impacted by the state of the ground. The ground 
freezes around 10 November in the extreme north, around 20 December 
along the DMZ, and not until 30 January in the extreme south. Thawing 
begins around 30 January in Pusan, mid-February along the DMZ, and 
not until 20 March in the far north. Ice also impacts naval operations 
from December until March. 

Rain is the biggest problem for military operations in Korea. Heavy 
rains during the Southwest Monsoon saturate the ground and make con- 
ditions ideal for flash flooding. Trafficability is impaired by the wet 
ground and the effects of suddenly changing shallow, slow moving 
streams into rapid, deep rivers. In addition, mountain passes and rough 
mountain terrain become even more difficult to traverse due to the rains. 
Winter snows have an impact on aircraft takeoff/recovery at coastal 
bases and in mountainous terrain where snows are normally more sig- 
nificant. With limited highway LOCs available, heavier snowfalls can 
cause a significant impact on supply/re supply operations. The worst 
flying weather of the year occurs during the summer rainy season. 
About half the season, ceilings and visibilities are less than 3,000 ft and 
3 mi, respectively. 

In determining the effect of surface winds, direction is the most signif- 
icant criteria. During the Northwest Monsoon (November-March), the 
effects of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) warfare to the south 
are heightened. Although temperatures modify the effect of NBC 



29 



agents at this time, dispersion patterns would be favorable for North 
Korean use. The Southwest Monsoon (June- September) has tempera- 
tures and humidity favorable to North Korean NBC use, but dispersion 
patterns are less favorable. The Southwest Monsoon pattern also has 
periods of strong wind speeds which may adversely affect air opera- 
tions, air defense, and communications which are antenna-dependent. 

The best period for air and ground observation is the generally clear 
winter period, December through March. Flying weather in the winter 
is the best of any time of the year, although pilots must take note of fre- 
quent severe turbulence and icing. Both hazards can be associated with 
the passage of a trough. The fall period, October through November, 
permits good air and ground observation; however, air operations are 
frequently marginal during morning hours due to periods of ground fog 
in river valleys and low -lying areas. During the spring, April through 
June, air and ground observation are often limited as a result of increas- 
ing cloud cover and precipitation. Additionally, the spring period brings 
with it an increase in early morning fog that burns off by late morning. 
Also during the spring, dust resulting from Yellow Wind can reduce vis- 
ibility at times to less than 1 mile, affecting both ground and air observa- 
tion. Periods of rain during the summer, when the peninsula receives 
the majority of its annual precipitation in the form of monsoons, greatly 
reduce air and ground observation capability. 

Vegetation 

During World War II and the Korean War, the Korean Peninsula was 
nearly deforested. As a result, only scrub tree growth and relatively 
young forests exist. Areas not classified as cultivated or built-up are gen- 
erally categorized as forests. Areas that contain trees over 6.1 m (20 ft) 
occupy only one-third of South Korea and are usually dense with tightly 
spaced trees that are generally less than 10 m (33 ft) tall. In these forests, 
maneuvering vehicles is difficult because trees are so closely spaced. 
The valley floors are consistently terraced and planted with rice crops, 
assuming that adequate supplies of water are available for these terraced 



30 



fields. Low, dry crops are planted where adequate supplies of water are 
not available, usually on the edges of valleys. The terrain and climate 
conditions of Korea are favorable for growth of coniferous forest includ- 
ing pine, fir, larch, and spruce trees. In the past, most of the forest land 
on the peninsula has been denuded, and the only remaining mature natu- 
ral forests are on the higher mountains, particularly in the north. Most of 
the peninsula's woodlands are 20- to 30-year-old scrub deciduous forests. 
The central regions have a mixed cover of hardwoods and conifers, but 
near urban areas the forests have virtually disappeared. In the southern 
portion, scattered stands of bamboo and pine are found among the gener- 
ally deciduous growth. 




31 



Effects of Vegetation on l\Ailitary Operations 

Because large stands of trees and forests are virtually nonexistent, 
except for remote mountainous areas in the northern half of the penin- 
sula, vegetation will have little impact on observation and fields of fire. 

The concealment afforded by vegetation is generally good year round 
but is restricted mainly to evergreen trees in mountainous areas. As 
operations move north into the more mountainous terrain, concealment 
increases. Concealment for ground troops is fair in areas of cultivation, 
mainly in rice paddies and orchards, but these are seasonal except in 
dikes and ditches. Concealment, especially from aerial observation, is 
limited in the young forests throughout Korea. 

Surface Materials 

The predominant surface material throughout the peninsula is sand com- 
posed of rocks and silt. The soil cover is usually thin outside the val- 
leys, on hills, and on mountains. In the valleys, natural soils are 
normally thick sands, and silty sands with considerable cobble-sized 
rock in the upper reaches of the valleys. In the wide valleys of the west- 
ern portion of the peninsula, minimal rock is present in the natural soil. 
Cultivated soils, especially in terraced rice paddies, are artificially 
developed through regular plowing, irrigating, and fertilizing over long 
periods. Settling of silts from annual irrigation and also from occasional 
flooding of rivers has changed the soil composition from its original 
character. In most areas, rice paddy soil is a uniform silty-loam, which 
is totally unlike the natural soils in the vicinity. During spring planting 
these soils are usually supersaturated to allow an easy transition for the 
transplanting of rice seedlings. The introduction of this moisture in the 
spring and constant flooding throughout most of the summer months 
make these fields impossible for off-road movement of even the lightest 
motor vehicles. During early fall, these rice paddies are drained to 
allow for the rice harvest and for the turning of the soil for nutrient 
retention. The turning of the soil allows the ground to dry and become 
hard enough for some traffic ability. 



32 



SECTION 2 

MILITARY FORCES OF THE DPRK 



General 

The DPRK remains the world's most militaristic state. It commits 
roughly 25 percent of its GDP to military spending. Out of every 1,000 
people, 40 serve in uniform. By comparison, the ROK spends 4 percent 
of its GDP on the military and 14 of every 1,000 people serve in uni- 
form. The DPRK maintains imposing forces in terms of numbers. Over 
1,200,000 personnel serve in the active forces, with reserve forces 
totaling over 5,000,000, making it the fourth largest military force in 
the world. The majority of DPRK forces are forward deployed, in 
attack positions, within 65 km (40.4 mi) of the DMZ. This concentra- 
tion along the border supports a military strategy that is directed 
against the ROK. Technically, a state of war exists between the two 
Koreas, as no peace treaty or terms were agreed upon at the end of the 
Korean War. Although the armistice of 1953 marked the end of conven- 
tional combat for the DPRK, it did not signify the end of hostilities or 
the preparation for continuing battle. 

National Military Organization 

DPRK defense activities are coordinated by the Ministry of the People's 
Armed Forces (MPAF). The MPAF is headed by the Minister of 
National Defense and consists of the Political Department, Operations 
Department, and Rear Services Department. The Minister of Defense 
reports to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, as well to the 
Central People's Committee, the main political committee of the 
Korean's Worker Party. There is a separate General Staff that acts as an 
advisory committee to the MPAF. The DPRK maintains an Army, Air 
Force, Navy, and a Special Operations Force (SOF). There is no separate 
Marine Corps, although the Navy does conduct some amphibious and 
ground support operations. 



33 



The DPRK enforces a mandatory conscription law for citizens age 17 
and over. Minimum service periods are as follows: 5 to 8 years (army), 3 
to 4 years (air force), and 5 to 10 years (navy). Those not able to serve 
actively for that period of time are enlisted Red Guard militia, a large 
paramilitary force. Active service is followed by part-time service in the 
military reserves or service in the Worker-Peasant Red Guard to age 60. 
The DPRK military has an estimated manpower pool of approximately 
5,000,000 personnel, although the estimate for reserve troops actually 
assigned to a military unit number is closer to 750,000 in the army and 
40,000 in the navy. 

The Worker-Peasant Red Guard militia is the largest civilian defense 
force in the DPRK with a strength of approximately 3.8 million. The 
militia is organized on a provincial/town/village level. Command struc- 
ture is brigade, battalion, company, and platoon. The militia maintains 
infantry small arms, mortars, and air defense artillery, although some 
units are unarmed. Those under conscription age are assigned to the Red 
Youth Guards for training. Membership in the Red Youth Guards is 
approximately 1,000,000. In addition, the security forces and border 
guards, numbering approximately 115,000 personnel, are used for inter- 
nal security duties. 

The North Korean Army (NKA) 

The ground forces are by far the largest and most formidable of the 
DPRK's military forces. In the 1980s, NKA force structure became 
increasingly mobile and mechanized, with a steady increase in tanks, 
self-propelled artillery, armored personnel carriers, and trucks. 

The NKA ground combat vehicle inventory consists of medium and 
light tanks, which include the T-62 and T-54/55 main battle tanks. The 
NKA light tank inventory includes the indigenously produced M-1975, 
the former Soviet PT-76, and the Chinese Type 62 and 63 variants. The 
NKA armored personnel carrier inventory includes the M-1973/M-1967 
and a few BTR-60s. 



34 



The NKA relies on massive numbers of artillery systems to support 
ground operations. The North Korean Air Force's perceived vulnerabil- 
ity contributes to this reliance on field artillery as the major combat mul- 
tiplier. In the 1980s, the DPRK produced a significant amount of self- 
propelled artillery by mating towed artillery tubes with chassis already 
in the inventory. Also produced are a variety of self-propelled guns, 
howitzers, gun-howitzers (ranging from 122-mm to 152-mm), and two 
versions of the KOKSAN gun (170-mm). The DPRK also manufactures 
at least three calibers of multiple rocket launchers - 107-mm, 122-mm, 
and 240-mm - and mounts many of them on heavy trucks. 

The DPRK produces a wide range of former Soviet antitank guns, from 
57-mm to 100-mm. This includes the 76-mm field gun and SU-85 100- 
mm SP. Infantry fire support weapons include mortars ranging from 60- 
mm to 160-mm, hand-held rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and AT- 
I/SNAPPER and AT-3/SAGGER wire-guided antitank missiles. The 
DPRK probably produces the AT-4/5. 

Major units of the NKA are listed as follows: 

8 conventional corps 

1 armored corps 

4 mechanized corps 

2 artillery corps 

1 capital defense command 
30 infantry divisions and 

4 infantry brigades 
15 armored brigades 

20 motorized/mechanized infantry brigades 
Special Purpose Forces Command 



35 



The North Korean Air Force (NKAF) 

The primary mission of the NKAF is air defense of the homeland. Sec- 
ondary missions include tactical air support to the Army and the Navy, 
transportation and logistic support, and SOF insertion. 

Interceptor, ground- attack, transport, attack helicopter, and transport 
helicopter regiments are formed from over 730 combat aircraft, approx- 
imately 300 helicopters, and 92,000 personnel. Although DPRK air- 
bases are located throughout the country, the majority are in the 
southern provinces. Pyongyang has the capability to protect combat air- 
craft in hardened shelters. 

The DPRK does not produce aircraft indigenously. Its inventory, though 
large, consists of many aircraft manufactured using 1950s and 1960s 
former Soviet or Chinese technology. However, in the 1980s the former 
Soviet Union supplied some more modern, all-weather air defense and 
ground- attack aircraft. 

Interceptor aircraft are an integral part of the DPRK's air defense net- 
work, which also includes surface-to-air missiles and numerous mobile 
and fixed antiaircraft artillery weapons. Interceptors fly combat air 
patrol missions to protect DPRK coastlines, military installations, and 
key urban areas. The MiG-23/FLOGGER and MiG-29/FULCRUM are 
the most modern interceptors in the inventory. However, the backbone 
of the air force remains the MiG-21/FISHBED. The DPRK has 120 
MiG-21s and over 100 MiG-19/FARMERs. The MiG-21 has a twin bar- 
rel 23-mm cannon and AA-2/ ATOLL heat-seeking air-to-air missiles. 
The DPRK's air defense capability improved in 1984 when the Soviet 
Union began supplying the first of the 46 MiG-23/FLOGGER intercep- 
tors. This all-weather interceptor can carry the AA-2/ ATOLL or AA-8/ 
APHID and the longer range AA-7/APEX missile. Until the MiG-29/ 
FULCRUM arrived in 1988, the FLOGGER was the DPRK's most mod- 
ern aircraft. The FULCRUM, an all-weather counterair fighter, entered 



36 



service in the former Soviet Union in 1985. Equipped with a look-down, 
shoot-down radar, beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles, and close-in 
dogfight missiles, it provides the best airframe against the more modern 
CFC combat aircraft. 

Most ground-attack regiments have Russian- and Chinese-produced 
light bombers and fighters with technology from the 1950s and 1960s. 
The NKAF has three regiments of Il-28/BEAGLEs, one regiment of 
Su-7/FITTERs, five regiments of MiG-15/FAGOTs and MiG-17/FRES- 
COs, and two regiments of MiG-19/FARMERs. The 82 BEAGLEs are 
medium-range bombers with a radius of 550 nm and a bomb load of 
2,205 lb. Other attack aircraft include about 100 FARMERS and Chinese 
versions of the FARMER that have been modified for ground attack. 
These older aircraft can operate only in daylight and good weather and 
can only carry small bomb loads. The NKAF also has 20 1961 vintage 
Su-7/FITTER ground-attack fighters. 

The NKAF modernized its ground-attack capability by importing Su- 
25/FROGFOOT aircraft from the former Soviet Union. Deliveries began 
in 1988, totaling approximately 36 to date. The Su-25 is a late- 1970s 
aircraft, has a combat radius of 300 nm, and can carry up to 8,800 lb of 
bombs and rockets. During the initial stages of the surprise attack, the 
most likely targets for the Su-25 are airfields, surface-to-surface missile 
sites, headquarters, and other military targets of opportunity. 

During the 1980s, the NKAF substantially increased its helicopter 
inventory from 40 to 275. Helicopters in service include Mi-2/HOP- 
LITE, Mi-4/HOUND, and Mi-8/HIR In 1985, the DPRK circumvented 
U.S. export controls to buy 87 U.S. -manufactured Hughes helicopters. 
These helicopters are considerably more advanced than those received 
from the Russians. Although the DPRK has the civilian version, they 
probably have modified some of them to carry guns and rockets. 
Because the ROK produces the same model helicopter for its armed 
forces, the DPRK could modify their Hughes helicopters to resemble 
the ROK counterparts to confuse CFC air defenses during SOF 
operations. 

37 



The transport fleet has some 1950s- and 1960s- vintage former Soviet 
transports, including more than 270 An-2/COLT light transports and 10 
An-24/COKEs. The COLT's ability to land on short, rough strips, makes 
it especially suited for the task of transporting SOF units. It can hold 10 
combat troops and cruise at 160 kilometers (km) an hour. The NKAF 
has at least six COLT regiments and at least six regiments of attack and 
transport helicopters. 

DPRK operational thinking reflects both Russian doctrine and North 
Korean experiences with heavy UN bombing during the Korean War; it 
relies heavily on air defense. The DPRK houses a large percentage of its 
military industries, aircraft hangars, repair facilities, ammunition, fuel 
stores, and even air defense missiles underground or in hardened shelters. 

The DPRK, with over 8,800 AA guns, combined with SA-2, SA-3, and 
SA-5, and handheld SA-7 and SA-16 surface-to-air missiles, has con- 
structed one of the world's most dense air defense networks. In the mid- 
1980s, the former Soviet Union supplied SA-3/G0A surface-to-air mis- 
siles to the DPRK. The SA-3 provides short-range defense against low- 
flying aircraft. In 1987, the former Soviet Union provided SA-5/GAM- 
MON surface-to-air missiles that gave Pyongyang a long-range, high- 
altitude, surface-to-air missile capability. The SA-2 GUIDELINE sys- 
tem provides medium-range, medium- altitude point defense for cities 
and military airfields, as well as a barrier defense along the DMZ. 

SA-2 and SA-3 battalions are concentrated along the coastal corridors, 
while most SA-5 GAMMON battalions are located near the DMZ and 
are extended north to cover Pyongyang. 

The North Korean Navy (NKN) 

The 46,000-man NKN is primarily a coastal navy. The NKN is orga- 
nized into two fleets: the East Coast Fleet, with eight operational com- 
mands, and the West Coast Fleet, with five operational commands. The 
East Coast Fleet is headquartered at Toejo Dong, with major bases at 
Najin and Wonsan. The West Coast Fleet is headquartered at Nampo, 



38 



with major bases at Pipagot and Sagon Ni. Numerous smaller naval 
bases are located along both coasts. The fleets do not exchange 
vessels because geographical limitations make mutual support almost 
impossible. The NKN does not have a Marine Corps or naval air. 
Amphibious operations are conducted by SOF units in addition to 
naval personnel. 

Most NKN vessels are small patrol-size craft unable to operate over 50 
nautical miles (nm) from the coast but capable of policing the DPRK's 
territorial waters. The navy's numerous amphibious craft and midget 
submarines are intended to clandestinely insert SOF units into the ROK. 
The DPRK also maintains coastal defense artillery and missile sites. 
Coastal defense artillery includes 122-mm, 130-mm, and 152-mm sys- 
tems. Land-based coastal defense missiles include the SSC-2B SAM- 
LET, CSSC-2 SILKWORM, and CSSC-3 SEERSUCKER. 

The NKN's most capable weapons systems are their approximately 43 
guided-missile patrol boats equipped with the SS-N-2A STYX antiship 
missile (or its Chinese version, the CSS-N-1 SCRUBBRUSH). Though 
their small size limits operations to coastal waters and calm seas, they 
have a capability to quickly respond to Combined Forces Command 
(CFC) shipping approaching the coast. The NKN has 12 OSA-1 guided- 
missile patrol boats, 10 DPRK versions of the OSA-1 called the SOJU, 
and 19 other fast-attack missile craft; the OSA and SOJU are all 
equipped with four CSS-N-1 missile launchers. The missiles have a 
maximum range of 25 nm and carry radar or infrared homing seekers. 

The largest part of the NKN consists of small combatants, including tor- 
pedo boats, patrol boats, patrol craft, fast attack craft, and small amphib- 
ious landing craft. Of the approximately 200 torpedo boats, nearly half 
are DPRK-built. Most are equipped with 25-mm to 37-mm guns. The 
DPRK built at least 62 CHAHO fire-support patrol units. This unique 
vessel has a multiple rocket launcher in the center of its deck to provide 
fire support to ground troops or attack surface ships. 



39 



The DPRK's attack submarine inventory is estimated to include 4 
former Soviet WHISKEY Class, 22 Chinese ROMEO Class, and 
DPRK-built ROMEO Class submarines. The WHISKEYs, acquired in 
the 1960s, can carry 12 torpedoes or 24 mines. Shortly after delivering 
four ROMEOs in the early 1970s, China helped the DPRK start its own 
ROMEO construction program. The ROMEOs are well equipped, have 
an improved sonar, and can carry 14 torpedoes or 28 mines. 

To date, the DPRK has indigenously produced over 200 personnel land- 
ing craft. This includes approximately 100 NAMPO personnel landing 
craft based on a former Soviet P-6 torpedo boat hull. The NAMPO has a 
maximum speed of 40 knots and a radius of 335 nm at 28 knots. The 
NAMPO s provide a limited amphibious capability, each carrying up to 
30 troops with a basic combat load. Amphibious assaults against CFC 
probably would be small, clandestine landings involving two to six 
NAMPO craft; CHAHO or other naval craft could provide fire support. 
Other amphibious craft include 8 HANTAE medium landing ships, 
which can carry 3 to 4 light tanks, and approximately 125 KONG 
BANG amphibious hovercraft. 

The DPRK has a credible mine warfare capability. There are numerous 
small surface ships that are capable of delivering mines within both the 
navy and civilian sectors. Mines will be used to defend against amphibi- 
ous assaults, defend strategic ports, and provide seaward flank protec- 
tion for land forces. Defensive mine fields will be monitored by coastal 
observation teams and radar, and they will be supported by well 
emplaced artillery and missile batteries. This will make close approach 
and mine clearing operations extremely hazardous. DPRK has a large 
inventory of older technology mines, significant historical experience 
with their effectiveness, and, most importantly, the willingness to use 
them. 



40 



Other Considerations 

Biological 

Biological warfare has not received the same attention as chemical or 
nuclear warfare. However, if the DPRK did choose to employ biological 
weapons, it probably could use infectious agents, such as those causing 
anthrax or plague, against CFC forces. 

Chemical 

The DPRK is capable of producing nerve, blood, choking, and blister 
agents. They have at least eight industrial facilities that could produce 
these agents. While production rates are uncertain, large quantities of 
agents are believed to be available. 

Chemical weapons can be delivered by virtually all DPRK fire support 
systems. This includes most artillery, multiple rocket launchers (includ- 
ing those mounted on CHAHO-type boats), mortars, FROGs, SCUD 
missiles, and some aerial bombs. 

The DPRK plans to operate in a chemically contaminated environment. 
Chemical defense units are organic to combat units down to regiment 
level. For example, an army corps has a dedicated chemical defense bat- 
talion and a regiment has a subordinate chemical defense platoon. These 
chemical defense units have both detection and decontamination sys- 
tems. Their missions include reconnaissance and the training of person- 
nel in the use of protective equipment. Chemical training and exercises 
for both military and civilian personnel have increased consistently over 
the years. 

DPRK chemical weapons would compliment conventional military 
power. In a surprise attack, DPRK forces are expected to use chemical 
weapons to demoralize defending forces, reduce their effectiveness, and 
deny use of mobilization centers, storage areas, and military bases with- 
out physically destroying facilities and equipment. Non-persistent 
chemical agents could be used to break through CFC defensive lines or 

41 



to hinder a CFC counterattack. Persistent chemical agents could be used 
against fixed targets in rear areas, including command and control ele- 
ments, major LOCs, logistic depots, airbases, and ports. 

Special Operations Force 

Nearly 60,000 military personnel assigned to the 22 SOF brigades and 
light infantry battalions would be available to open a second front in 
CFC's rear area. These forces have five basic missions: conducting 
reconnaissance, performing combat operations in concert with conven- 
tional operations, establishing a second front in the enemy's rear area, 
countering CFC special operations in the North's rear areas, and main- 
taining internal security. These forces perform operations at the strate- 
gic, operational, and tactical levels. During offensive operations, corps 
reconnaissance units would conduct penetration missions to collect mil- 
itary intelligence and launch raids on military and civilian targets. Prior 
to the main attack, some units would infiltrate behind allied lines by air 
and sea, while others would cross into the ROK through tunnels under 
the DMZ. These units would penetrate at night to locate and destroy 
command posts, create confusion in rear areas, interdict troop and sup- 
ply convoys, attack military and civilian installations (to include ports 
and airfields), and gain control of critical terrain. 

Summary 

Most of the DPRK's military equipment is technologically inferior to 
CFC equipment. The state of readiness and training for the force will 
decline due to the age of equipment and lack of repair parts. Therefore, 
the ability of the DPRK to threaten the South with conventional forces 
will be reduced by the turn of the century. 

National Military Policy 

DPRK military policy focuses on maintaining and sustaining a military 
force capable of conducting an offensive operation into the ROK to 
attain the national goal of reunifying the peninsula. DPRK military doc- 



42 



trine and policy specify the structure of DPRK armed forces, allocate 
industrial resources and output, and orient research and development to 
support the armed forces. This doctrine is the blueprint, drawn up by the 
highest DPRK political leaders, that describes in detail the shape of the 
armed forces and the way in which they are to be used. It is based on 
three fundamental and interconnected concepts shaped by the late Kim 
II- song's vision of the future of the Korean Peninsula: 

■ Eventual reunification, 

■ DPRK regime survival and leadership of a unified Korea, and 

■ the application of military force to achieve reunification. 

DPRK force development and weapons acquisition strategy focuses on 
countering the strengths and weaknesses of CFC forces while remaining 
independent and self-sufficient in maintaining and modernizing their 
armed forces. The DPRK military is attempting to meet the following 
force objectives: 

■ Develop and refine self-sufficiency in armament. 

■ Maintain active force size and rapid force generation capabilities of 
reserve forces. 

■ Overcome terrain and technological disadvantages. 

■ Ensure sustainability and improve warfighting infrastructure. 

A major hurdle faced by the DPRK in attaining its force objectives is the 
dismal state of its economy. Though the DPRK dedicates critical 
resources to the military, at the expense of all other sectors of society, 
the country may be facing economic collapse during this decade. 
Because of this, the DPRK may be reaching a decision point, either to 
use its military force or risk losing the military option. Consequently, 
there is more pressure on the DPRK to complete its force objectives. 
Barring economic collapse or military action, DPRK military policies 
will continue to support the national goal of reunification. 



43 



The primary strength that the DPRK can draw upon is the support of the 
North Korean people. Whether by force of indoctrination or genuine feel- 
ings of nationalism, this support constitutes a reservoir of national power. 
DPRK soldiers are taught that the outcome of a war is not decided by 
modern weapons and military technology, but by the "noble mission and 
revolutionary spirit with which it fights for the liberation of the people." 
This translates into a military force capable of supporting a wide range of 
combat options without consideration for danger or moral values. 

Vulnerabilities of this military doctrine include the sheer physical 
exhaustion of the DPRK population. This is perhaps the greatest imped- 
iment to the North's attempt to offset the growing economic and military 
power of the ROK. On the battlefield, perhaps the most decisive short- 
coming of the DPRK would be the lack of modern reconnaissance, sur- 
veillance, and target acquisition systems. This shortcoming is amplified 
by the relative inaccurate and cumbersome characteristics of most of the 
DPRK's major weapon platforms. 

Military Strategy 

The primary objective of North Korea's military strategy is to reunify 
the Korean Peninsula under North Korean control within 30 days of 
beginning hostilities. A secondary objective is the defense of North 
Korea. To accomplish these objectives. North Korea envisions fighting a 
two-front war. The first front, consisting of conventional forces, is 
tasked with breaking through defending forces along the DMZ, destroy- 
ing defending CFC forces, and advancing rapidly down the entire penin- 
sula. This operation will be coordinated closely with the opening of a 
second front consisting of SOF units conducting raids and disruptive 
attacks in CFC's rear. 

In developing the force to fulfill this two-front strategy. North Korea's 
leaders realized that they could never reach technological parity with the 
United States or U.S. -supplied South Korea. Instead, they focused on 
attaining overall combat superiority through the use of surprise, shock. 



44 



speed, and overwhelming quantities of troops and firepower coupled 
with a well-trained SOF. 

North Korea, devastated during the Korean War, also places great 
emphasis on maintaining a strong defense. To achieve the strategic 
defense mission. North Korea has established defensive belts. They are 
designed to defeat any attack from ground or amphibious forces. The 
main strategic belt runs from the DMZ to Pyongyang. This belt contains 
over two-thirds of the DPRK's active maneuver ground forces. Ground 
defense along this belt is carried out by MPAF and corps level units. 
Two army-level headquarters may be activated for wartime operations. 
Coastal defense is provided by the navy, and ground antilanding defense 
is provided by the army. Defense of DPRK airspace is provided by the 
air force and antiair artillery units of the army. At the initiation of a 
DPRK ground offensive, the North's reserve forces, numbering 
some 5 million, would man a pre-established, in-depth national defense 
network. 

Military Doctrine 

DPRK military doctrine is based on a blend of Russian operational art, 
Chinese light infantry tactics, and North Korean lessons learned during 
the Korean War. This doctrine is tempered by the national goal of 
chuche (self reliance). The impact of chuche is that imported military 
concepts have been adapted to the unique geography, social conditions, 
and economic conditions found on the Korean peninsula. The guiding 
principles within DPRK doctrine are as follows: 

1. Annihilation: Destroy defending CFC forces in place. Do not allow 
them to withdraw and regroup. 

2. Surprise Attack: Achieved by making an unexpected assault in an 
unexpected manner. Prevent CFC from taking effective countermea- 
sures. Position forces to attack with little preparation. Practice excellent 
OPSEC and deception. Attacks at night and during adverse weather are 
the best way to achieve surprise. 



45 



3. Overwhelming Firepower: Employ continuous massing fires 
(including chemical) from heavy guns and multiple rocket launchers to 
create opportunities for maneuver and to pulverize CFC forces. 

4. Mobility: Employ tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled 
artillery, vehicle-mounted rocket launchers, and vehicle-mounted anti- 
aircraft guns to be able to attack/counterattack while moving. Utilize a 
redundant C2 system while moving. 

5. Impregnable Rear: Ensure that rear areas are secure from CFC 
attack to remain fully capable of continuous support to attacking forces. 

6. Conduct Special Operations and Guerrilla Warfare in the 
Enemy's Rear: These operations are to be conducted in close coordina- 
tion with conventional operations to maximize disruption of CFC air, 
artillery, and logistics support to frontline CFC units. 

7. Use the NKN and NKAF in Coordination with Ground Forces: 

Employ the unique fires available from these forces to carry the fight to 
the depths of CFC defenses. Use their transport capabilities to insert 
SOF. Use them to safeguard the impregnable rear from air and sea attack. 

8. Echelon Forces: Echelon at corps and below to provide both offensive 
and defensive options as a conflict unfolds. Normally three echelons: 
about two-thirds of force in first echelon, about one-third in the second 
echelon, with about one-ninth held in reserve or as the third echelon. 

9. Combined-arms Operations: Coordinate the actions of all forces, 
large and small, conventional and unconventional, to successfully exe- 
cute combat engagements. 

10. Adequate Logistics: Ensure that there are sufficient logistic units to 
support combat operations and long LOCs. 

11. Use Terrain to the Best Advantage: Emphasize mountain opera- 
tions. 



46 



12. Detailed Reconnaissance: Know CFC locations and be able to tar- 
get them. 

Operational Level of War 

Operational Level Offense 

The operational objective of DPRK forces in the offense is the destruc- 
tion of CFC forces in a short duration, high intensity campaign employ- 
ing maneuver warfare. 

To achieve these objectives, the DPRK has developed a mobile ground 
force emphasizing the utilization of overwhelming firepower. The latest 
evolution in force structure and doctrine, begun in the late 1970s, has 
resulted in two distinct force organizations: a large, mobile active force 
(including SOP) organized, trained, and deployed to carry out offensive 
operations against the CFC, and an extensive, well trained reserve force 
to defend the DPRK. 

The DPRK offensive against the ROK will consist of three phases. The 
objective of the first phase will be to breach the defenses along the DMZ 
and destroy the forward deployed CFC forces. The objective of the sec- 
ond phase will be to isolate Seoul and consolidate gains. The objective 
of the third phase will be to pursue and destroy remaining CFC forces 
and occupy the remainder of the peninsula. 

The four forward conventional corps, I, II, IV, and V, are considered the 
"warfighting" corps. They are expected to conduct the initial attacks 
with the primary mission of annihilating CFC forces north of Seoul. The 
concept of annihilation is the key to the NKA doctrine, as it continually 
states the necessity to destroy enemy forces in place. The forward corps' 
follow-on mission is the defeat of CFC forces in depth. 

The remaining conventional corps. III, VI, VII, VIII, and the Capital 
Defense Corps (CDC) have several possible missions. These missions 
include providing follow-on forces, round-out forces, and serving as 



47 



coastal, rear area, or capital defense forces. Dependent on the forward 
corps' success, the rear corps will release units to serve as replacements. 

Two mechanized corps and part of the armor corps will provide the 
exploitation forces to carry the battle beyond Seoul. The remaining 
mechanized corps and armor from the armor corps could provide the 
strategic reserve north of the DMZ. 

Just prior to the initiation of hostilities, two army-level commands may 
be established. These commands are expected to control operations 
from the DMZ to the port of Pusan. Army Group I would be responsible 
for conducting the main attack into the western portion of South Korea 
and destroying the bulk of CFC forces north of Seoul. Army Group II 
would be responsible for conducting supporting attacks down the east- 
ern portion of the ROK and securing the left flank of Army Group I. 

Army Group II would most likely consist of the following forces: 

First Echelon: Will consist of the forward corps. Their mission will be 
to conduct the initial infantry assault across the DMZ and break through 
CFC defenses. 

Second Echelon: Will consist of mechanized and armor forces. The pri- 
mary mission of these forces will be to envelop and destroy forward 
deployed forces. 

Third Echelon: Will also consist of mechanized and armor forces. The 
mission of these forces will be to pursue and destroy the remaining CFC 
forces and to occupy the entire peninsula. Additionally, strategic reserve 
forces or follow-on forces exist to augment all echelons if required. 

Although the NKA places great emphasis on maneuver, it has elected 
not to rely on extensive mechanization of its infantry forces. It is impor- 
tant to note the NKA concept of "mechanization." To the NKA, mecha- 
nization is designed to provide rapid "protected" movement of an 
infantry force. For the most part, personnel travel in armored personnel 
carriers or trucks, not infantry fighting vehicles. Once the force reaches 



48 



Boundary representations are not necessarily autlnoritative. 

NORTH KOREA 

Corps VII 

Corps Boundary 

Capital Defense Corps 

Artillery Corps I I 



Mechanized Corps _ 



.□ 



CHINA 



Chongjln. 



J.Sinuiju 



Korea Bay 
Yellow Sea 


*-\j-^^ \ Hamhung. 
/ r;^'PY0^3YANGJ / 


^onsan Sea of Japan 

\ Demarcation Line 

' X 

UTH KOREA \ 


Sariwon, ^^^ \ 

^ c^ Kaesonq), 

"■^j^ r/\^ ,-sr^ 'Panmunjom 

^ 620th 0/ SO 
Armament ^ 
Corps "0^ A 





Corps Level Organization 

its destination, troops dismount to conduct traditional infantry opera- 
tions rather than Russian- style infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) tactics 
while fighting a mounted battle, whenever possible, through the enemy 
defenses. Selective mechanization has been accomplished through the 
use of self-propelled artillery and antiaircraft systems and tanks, but not 



49 



large quantities of armored personnel carriers or IF Vs. As in the past, 
the DPRK ground force of the 1990s relies on the foot soldiers' ability to 
exploit nontrafficable terrain. The objective is to overwhelm CFC units 
with conventional forces and exploit breakthroughs with mechanized 
assets without becoming roadbound. 

Exploitation Forces 

To support offensive operations of the forward corps, the NKA has cre- 
ated four mechanized corps and an armor corps. Two mechanized, the 
806th and 815th, and the 820th armored corps are positioned to support 
strikes by the forward conventional corps and are considered to be tacti- 
cal exploitation forces. Individual mechanized brigades may be turned 
over to the control of the forward corps to exploit breakthroughs 
achieved by the infantry. Their main objective is to drive deeply behind 
CFC lines and set up blocking positions to cut off withdrawing or rein- 
forcing CFC forces. Each mechanized brigade is capable of independent 
operations behind enemy lines. 

Successful destruction of CFC forces north of Seoul will enable the NKA 
to commit its operational exploitation forces. This force will operate 
under the control of an army command and conduct corps level, cohesive 
operations. They are expected to be committed at the time forward CFC 
forces are annihilated. Their mission is to quickly seize and secure key 
terrain leading to control of the area between Seoul and Pusan. 

The NKA will seek force ratios of 3-5 to 1 in armor, 6-8 to 1 in artillery, 
and 4-6 to 1 in infantry forces to mount an attack. In attempting to 
breach a well prepared defensive position, the NKA may be expected to 
seek even larger ratios. This undoubtedly would be the case in attempt- 
ing to break through DMZ defenses. 

Combined-arms operations constitute the foundation of tactical battle in 
NKA doctrine. Utilization of the forward conventional corps, reinforced 
by the mechanized and armor corps, to fight from the DMZ to Pusan is 
called the Strike Force concept. This concept embodies how the NKA is 
expected to fight, especially south of Seoul or in defense of the DPRK. 



50 



NKA FORCE STRUCTURE 



FUNCTION 



CORPS/CORPS-LEVEL ORGANIZATIONS 



REAR ARMY 
CORPS 



XXX 



XXX 



XXX 



XXX 



^' ^' ^' ^ 



STRATEGIC 
REVERSES 



JQQL 



^ 



425 



2ND OPERATION 
ECHELON 



XM. 



XXXX 



AG 



^ 



815 



1ST OPERATION 
ECHELON 



xxx^ 



XXX. 



JQQL 



AG 



XXX 



XXXX ^^^^108 



XXX 
=20 XXX 1^^ 



xxx xxx^ 



AC 

xxx 



^ 



The Strike Force concept was devised to compensate for DPRK defi- 
ciencies, CFC strengths, and terrain considerations. Using a task organi- 
zation approach, the NKA fields, trains, and exercises a large ground 
force, designed to overcome the strengths and exploit the weaknesses of 
CFC forces. Strike Forces/Groups are formed around a core unit, either 
a corps, division, or regiment/brigade. As the situation develops, addi- 
tional units, such as armor, or artillery, may be diverted to the Strike 
Force to significantly increase available fire support. 

The DPRK maneuver forces will echelon in three parts: a forward ele- 
ment (most likely reinforced light infantry), which is a self-contained 
maneuver force and two maneuver elements. Although the second 
maneuver element is sometimes referred to as the reserve, it contains 
sufficient combat weight to assume the lead of the main attack should 
the first maneuver element fail or stall, or to attack another objective. 

Avenues of Approach 

The NKA is expected to use three primary avenues of approach into 
the ROK. They are the Kaesong-Munsan approach, the Chorwon Val- 
ley approach, and along the east coast. There are several sub-maneuver 



51 



KAESONG-MUNSAN 



CHORWON VALLEY 



EAST COAST 



Kaesong-Munsan North 



Kumwha Valley 
ChorwonWest(MSR 3) 



Taedong Mountains 



.PYONGYANG 



.'Koksan \^V\ ^ASTCOAST 
%\^PPROACH 



K%: 



CHORWON 
^APPROACHJ ^%\ 



DMZ 




rOsan 



in. 



Kangnungjp 



Avenues of Approach 



52 



corridors that can facilitate maneuver from the three major avenues of 
approach. 

The Second Front 

As the attack against the forward defenses along the DMZ begins, 
DPRK forces will initiate SCUD and FROG missile attacks with high 
explosives, smoke, and possible nonpersistent chemical warheads 
against airfields, lines of communications, C2 and logistics facilities. 
Additionally, the DPRK attacks will be supported by the opening of a 
"second front" in CFC's rear areas by teams of SOP units. These sol- 
diers, some dressed in ROK army uniforms and carrying ROK weapons 
and equipment, will infiltrate into the south by air, sea, and through tun- 
nels under the DMZ to attack CFC airfields, C3, and other key targets. 

Operational Level Defense 

In the defense, DPRK forces have an operational objective of coordinat- 
ing the defense and conducting counterattacks to repel CFC forces from 
DPRK-controUed territory and adjacent waters. The DPRK views the 
offensive as the only means with which to achieve decisive victory. Thus, 
DPRK forces would use the defense only to consolidate gains, await 
additional resources when temporarily halted, protect flanks, repulse 
CFC counterattacks, or free resources for other offensive actions. 

In the defense, DPRK forces plan to use counterattacks to quickly dis- 
rupt CFC offensive operations. Once it appears that these forces have 
been, or will be, successful in breaching the defense, DPRK forces will 
attempt an immediate counterattack. 

Fire support in the defense is well planned and highly concentrated to 
cover flanks and forward sectors. Artillery fires in the defense include: 

■ Long-range fires: Designed to engage CFC forces before they can 
organize into attack formations. 



53 



■ Close combat fires: Designed to concentrate fire on CFC forces just 
prior to the assault on DPRK defensive lines. 

■ Final protective fires: Designed to begin just prior to CFC breach- 
ing operations and intended to limit avenues of approach and thwart 
CFC penetration of the main defensive position. 

■ Fires within the defensive positions: Designed to blunt CFC pene- 
trations of the defense while DPRK forces mount a counterattack. 

In the defense, the DPRK also places great emphasis on antiaircraft 
artillery (AAA) and engineer support. The first priority of AAA is the 
protection of artillery assets, but they would be deployed to cover the 
defense in depth. Engineer support would include the use of antitank 
and antipersonnel obstacles to deny CFC avenues of approach, espe- 
cially armor, into the main defensive area. The antitank plan is an inte- 
gral part of DPRK defensive operations. They view tanks as a primary 
threat to a successful defense. As such, a DPRK defensive plan would 
include antitank operations, engineer support, and artillery support. In 
all defensive operations, the North Koreans plan for an antitank support 
area forward in the defensive zone. 

NKA Tactics in tlie Offense 

NKA Tactical Principles 

Division and lower echelon units are considered tactical level elements. 
They are charged with winning battles and engagements that support 
operational objectives. Combined-arms operations constitute the foun- 
dation of tactical battle in NKA doctrine. The most important tactical 
principles of this doctrine are as follows: 

1. Mass: The focusing of sufficient combat power against CFC's center 
of gravity to disrupt operational or tactical decision making. 

2. Surprise: Used to significantly multiply combat power to provide a 
decisive advantage over a numerically or technologically superior CFC 
force. 



54 




10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 

KILOMETERS 



28 30 



Division and Regimental Depths 



3. Annihilation: Of utmost importance to the NKA, used so that CFC 
formations cannot regroup to counterattack or reconstitute. 

4. Fluidity: The NKA emphasizes the need for a continuous flow of bat- 
tle. Forces designated to achieve breakthroughs in CFC defenses are 
quickly followed by mechanized forces that are tasked to penetrate deep 
into CFC's rear area. 

NKA Tactical Formations in tiie Offense 

The infantry division is the basic combat unit in the NKA and was 
designed to provide maximum flexibility for maneuverability. Infantry 
divisions are organized with tanks, artillery, and engineers to aid in 
accomplishing the mission. Artillery provides orchestrated fire sup- 
port, and during offensive operations, it is designed to protect the 
advancing force by continually placing a heavy barrage in front of the 
assaulting echelons. 



55 



The NKA uses two primary tactical formations for the division, brigade, 
regiment, and battalion: the march formation and the attack formation. 

NKA March Formation 

Generally, the NKA plans to move during darkness or under condi- 
tions of limited visibility. When forces move during daylight hours, 
special countermeasures, such as camouflage, antiair and antitank 
defense, are emphasized. 

The composition of the march formation includes a forward-deployed 
reconnaissance unit, advance guard, security force, main body, and a 
rear guard. For an NKA regiment, the forward security for the main 
body is a reinforced company, located 5-10 km forward of the main 
body. Flank security for the regiment are reinforced platoons, one each, 
operating 2-3 km to each flank. The main body consists of two-thirds of 
the combat power of the march formation. Its mission is to maneuver 
and destroy CFC formations that cannot be overcome by the advance 
guard. The regiment's rear guard usually consists of a platoon that fol- 
lows 2-3 km behind the main body. During a retreat, the rear guard 
probably would consist of a reinforced company, operating 5-10 km 
behind the main body. 



56 







COLUMN (orfile) 


BASIC FORMATIONS 


RANK(oronlin 


e) 








® 












® 






































Weak to its flanks 

Enemy situation is known 

Front is broad 














DIRECTION 
OF ATTACK 




Weaktothefron 
WEDGE 












INVERTED WEDGE 








® 




























































® 






Used 
In antic 


when the situation is unc 
pation of incidental enga 

ECHELON LEFT 


ertain 
gement 










Use 


dwh 
E( 


en the situation 
Normal formatior 

DHELON RIG^ 


s certain 






















® 






%> 
















































Used when a flank attack 
is expected from the left 


Used when a flank attack 
is expected from the right 










2 


1 

+ 


3 






USUAL TRANSITION FROM ^ 

THE MARCH INTO COMBAT 
DEPLOYMENTS 


'® 


> 


k 




2 




/ /^\ COMMANDER'S 
^^ V5/ LOCATION 


3 


























J 



57 



1 y 1 1 1 1 

41 1 1 1 
-l-l — l-l — 
1 1 1 1 1 1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 

- + -I — l-l — l-l — 






- J. -\ l_l l_J._ 

1 1 1 1 1 1 

-T-rn-r-|-r- 

_J_I_J_L_I_L_ 

- ■^- -I- i- -I- 7 - 

--h-i — l-l — I--I-- 
1 1 1 1 1 1 




_ -L _ l_ _l _ 1 g^^ _l _ J_ _ 

- T - r 1 - r HSH -i - r - 

_1_I_J_I_J_L_I_L_ 

-iir-l-l--Ia*^-^- 

-■^-■J-|--S--2-- 

--I-- 1-4-1 l-l l-i-- 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


1 1 

— I-I — 

1 1 


1 

_ J. _ 

1 

- T - 
1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 
_a_i l-l i_j._ 

1 1 1 1 1 1 
-T-r-|-r-|-r- 




1 1 1 1 ^f 1 1 
_ -L _ l_ a _ U _fiL|API|_ _l _ J_ _ 

. . . . ^ . . 

-T-|-i-r-|-r-|-r- 
I 



2 4 
DIRECTION OF MARCH 



Infantry Regiment in lUlarch Formation 



-| - r 

J _ L 



QH - I 1 - -1- 



I I - L - 



--■-I — l-l — I- — 



1 _ 



1 - 
1 _, 



J _ 



I I . 



I — I - r 

L ^ _ L 

I I 



d-i - I- 

-| - r 



ELBflENT 



-PBsn I 

ECHELON 



I I.SEQpND.1 

ECHELON 

r -i - r -i - T - 1 



.RESEHVE. I PE^tf^ 

FORCE GUAFID 

1 - r 1 - r 



12 18 

DIRECnON OF MARCH 



30 36 

KILOIVETERS 



Mechanized Brigade lUlarch Column 



58 



AVERAGE MARCH RATES 



MARCH 


RATE OF MARCH 
(Km/Hr) 


MARCH DISTANCE 
1 Day (Km) 


REMARKS 
(Hrs) 




DAY 


NIGHT 






Foot 


4-5 


4-5 


Regular: 30 
Forced: 45 


Regular: 7 -8 
Forced: 10 -12 


Vehicles 


15-20 


10-15 


Regular: 150 
Forced: 200 





AVERAGE VEHICLE SPEED 



TYPE OF ROAD 


UNDAiyiAGED 
SURFACE 


10% SURFACE 
DAMAGE 


> 10% SURFACE 
DESTRUCTION 


Paved 


40 -50 Km/Hr 


20 -35 Km/Hr 


10 -20 Km/Hr 


Gravel/Rubble 


40 -45 Km/Hr 


20 -30 Km/Hr 


10 -20 Km/Hr 


Dirt 


15 -25 Km/Hr 


8 -15 Km/Hr 


5 -10 Km/Hr 



UNIT/VEHICLES INTERVALS 



VEHICLES 


INTERVALS 


COMPANIES 


25 -50 Meters 


BATTALIONS 


3 - 5 Kilometers 


REGIMENTS ON THE SAME ROUTE 


5 - 10 Kilometers 


DIVISION MAIN BODY AND DIVISION REAR SERVICES 


15 - 20 Kilometers 



59 



NKA Attack Formation 

NKA combat organization is determined by the mission assigned, ter- 
rain, and enemy capabilities. Combat formations are divided into the 
forward element, the first and second maneuver echelons, and the 
reserves. The first echelon is responsible for penetrating initial CFC 
positions and achieving the immediate objective. The second echelon or 
reserve, is tasked with destroying all bypassed CFC elements. The sec- 
ond echelon is also used to secure the flanks and rear area of the first 
echelon. The reserve forces are used to reinforce the first and second 
echelons and as a standby for a counterattack. Divisions and regiments 
will also have an artillery group (DAG or RAG) consisting of organic 
artillery augmented with artillery from higher echelons. For offensive 
operations, forces are organized as follows: 

1. Division 

■ Forward Element: Reinforced light infantry battalion. 

■ First Echelon: Two regiments reinforced by tanks and artillery. 
Responsible for accomplishing the division's immediate objective, 
the destruction of CFCs regimental reserve. On order, continue the 
attack to accomplish subsequent objective of destruction of CFCs 
division reserve. 

■ Second Echelon: One regiment (-). Follows the first echelon by 6-8 
km, reinforced by tanks and artillery when committed. On order, 
continue the attack to accomplish division's subsequent objective. 

■ Reserves: Battalion- size element composed of infantry, tank, and 
antitank reserve. Responsible for flank and rear area security for 
attacking echelon and mop up operations to exploit success. Acts as 
replacement or infiltration force as needed. 



60 



Regiment 

Forward Element: Reinforced infantry company. 
First Echelon: Two battalions reinforced with tanks and artillery. 
Accomplish regiment's immediate objective of destroying CFC's bat- 
talion reserve. On order, continue the attack to accomplish regiment's 
subsequent objective of destroying CFC's regimental reserve. 
Second Echelon: One battalion (-). Follows first echelon at 3-5 km, 
reinforced with tanks and artillery upon commitment. On order, 
accomplish regimental subsequent objective. 

Reserves: Composed of a company-size element. Mission and 
employment are the same as division reserves. 

Battalion 

Forward Element: Infantry company. 

First Echelon: Two companies reinforced with tanks and engineers. 
Companies and platoons attack together; responsible for achieving 
battalion's immediate objective of penetrating CFC's front lines. On 
order, continue the attack to battalion's subsequent objective of 
destroying CFC's battalion reserve. 

Second Echelon: One company (-). Follows the first echelon at 0.4-1 
km. When committed to the offense, receives tank support to accom- 
plish battalion's subsequent objective. On order, continue the attack 
to accomplish the regiment's subsequent objectives. 
Reserves: One platoon- size force. Reinforces the attack echelon, 
conducts mop-up operations, and supports the exploitation of battle 
successes. 



61 



NKA Tactical Frontages and Depths in tiie Offense 





• 


NKA INFANTRY PLATOON 
AHACK FORMATION 

\^^ Commander 

• 


• 






X 




X 




X 














"*- 






500-700 Meters 




VULNERABILITIES: The platoon leader is the only link to company and battalion. Get him and you will 
decrease the platoon's ability to fire and maneuver. 

WEAPONS: ,^qj^. jhe platoon will be supported by company crew-served and 
27 AK-47 battalion indirect-fire weapons. 

3 RPK(LMG) 

3 RPG-7 

1 SNIPER RIFLE 



NKA INFANTFY COIVPANY 
ATTACK FOFIMA"nON 



6 



Company 
Commander 



1XBMG 1XBMG 



^ ^ ^ 



500-700 Meters 



VULNERABILITIES: The company will come on line about 300m from your position. Use mines, small arms 
and mortars to disrupt his advance. Rough terrain may force him to expose his flanks. 



WEAPONS: 

81 AK-47 

9 RPK(LMG) 

9 RPG-7 

3 SNIPER RIFLE 

2 HVY MACHINE GUN 



NOTE: The company will be supported by battalion and regimental 
indirect-fire weapons. 



62 







NKA TANK COMPANY 










AHACK FORMATION 












^ 








T 




1 




1 




T 


1 


I 




1 




1 


1 


VULNERABILITIES: Engage the tanks at maximum range with TOWs. Use M60 and .50 CALs to 

keep tank crews buttoned up. That will cut their ability to see by half. Move to 
alternate sites often. 


WEAPONS: 

10 T-55/62 TANKS 


NOTE 


: The tank company will be supported by battalion and regimental 
indirect-fire weapons. 









NKA INFANTFY BATTAUON 
ATTACK hOKMATlON 

1 








W 




X 


w 




82mm 
1 




\^ B10RCLGUN 


3XBMG 

1 


w 
82mm 

1 






X 


3X BMG 

1 


X 


















1000-1500 Meters 








WEAPONS: 

345 AK-47 

27 RPK(LMG) 

31 RPG-7 
9 SNIPER RIFLE 
6 HVY MACHINE GUN 
3 B10(82mm RCL) 
9 82mm MORTARS 


NOTE: The battalion wlllbe supported by Indirect fir 
regiment and division, 


e from 



63 




Regiment in tlie Attack 



64 



X 



•IT- 



152 MM 



-■ - - L . 



MM 



o 



. J ■ J ■ 



REAR 



II ...J. 



122;mM 



1^ — r^l i5?MM/rr\ vL/' mm ■ 



fwd: Igl 
; i2o;mm 



Q 



■•«■■ 

120 MM 



■y- 

1 82 MM 



.■_-----L--- 



&I-1 



120 MM 



-122iMM ^- 



1 [^ ^""82 Mm" 



5 ■ 10 KM 



NKA Mechanized Brigade in the Attacl< 



65 



! I ! I ;xx ; 

: : : : ^^ m\ 
■ I- J I- — ^. ^- J - 




I\/IAIN 



■ : : .x^^**^ FWD I 



•^ 



J L 



\ J ■ ■ i 



■m 



^ 



DAG '* 



r^i 



-m 



^ 



i^- 



/ RAG '- ! 



mi 1^ 



1 ■ ; 



i T r- 



--» \- •■- 

/ RAG \ I 

',i 1 I 



^T T"^ 



-1 r- 



NKA Division in tlie Attacl( 



66 



NKA Tactical Maneuver 

The NKA offensive tactical maneuver includes the meeting engage- 
ment, movement to contact, deliberate attack, pursuit, spoiling attack, 
and bypass. 

Meeting Engagement 

The NKA will conduct a meeting engagement when there is a demand 
for the redirection of combat deployments because of rapid situational 
changes. They are characterized by hasty planning due to limited time, a 
continuous effort to seize and retain the initiative, deployment into com- 
bat from the march column at high speed, and a lack of detailed intelli- 
gence. The meeting engagement unfolds as follows: 

■ March to contact with emphasis on forward reconnaissance. 

■ Initial contact and combat development by the advance guard. 

■ Maneuver and engagement of the main force. 

■ Termination and transition to subsequent actions. 

When the forward element guard of a marching unit comes into contact 
with the enemy, the actions of the main body would depend on the size 
of the CFC force encountered. If it is equal to or smaller than the for- 
ward element, the forward element would attempt to decisively engage 
and destroy the CFC force. If it is larger than the forward element, the 
main body would either bypass or envelop the enemy strongpoint. 

Movement to Contact 

NKA movement to contact is designed to gain initial ground contact 
with CFC forces or to regain lost contact. Though little is known on the 
specifics of NKA doctrine for movement to contact, there are certain 
principles that apply to this type of offensive operation. The NKA will 
probably seek to make contact with the smallest CFC element possible 
to maintain freedom of maneuver with the bulk of its force. All available 
reconnaissance and security means would be employed to ensure that 



67 



the main force is committed under the most favorable conditions. At the 
division level, subordinate units would be expected to act boldly within 
clear directives in order to seize the initiative, to keep CFC off balance, 
and to exploit success. The NKA force conducting a movement to con- 
tact will organize in a march formation, with advance, flank, and rear 
security elements protecting the main body. NKA movement to contact 
would end when CFC resistance requires the deployment and coordi- 
nated effort of the main body. It normally ends in a meeting engagement 
or a deliberate attack maneuver. 

Deliberate Attack 

When an NKA division conducts a deliberate attack, several types of 
maneuvers contribute to the overall execution and flow of the battle. 
When attacking a defending CFC force that cannot be bypassed (or 
should not be bypassed because of possible future combat potential), the 
NKA would plan to begin with a penetration. This would be followed 
with the envelopment and destruction of CFC forces and then a pursuit 
of any withdrawing CFC forces to ensure complete destruction. 

In the conduct of a deliberate attack, the NKA assigns a specific mis- 
sion/objective to a company- size unit. A battalion or larger unit is 
assigned an immediate and a secondary mission/objective. The second- 
ary mission/objective is the immediate mission/objective of the next 
higher headquarters. For example, the secondary mission of a battalion 
would be the immediate mission of its parent regiment. At night or when 
visibility is poor, a single broad mission would normally be assigned. 

The objective of the penetration is to penetrate CFC's defense and 
would be used when CFC's flank is exposed, or when an exploitable gap 
or weakly defended point exists in CFC's forward defensive positions. A 
successful penetration employs the elements of surprise and strong fire- 
power. The selection of the penetration direction and effective employ- 
ment of secondary attack force and infiltration units are important to the 
success of this maneuver. 



68 



The envelopment is the primary and preferred tactical maneuver for 
NKA ground forces. Whenever possible, it would be attempted, using 
the forward element to fix and engage CFC defensive positions, while 
first echelon forces attack CFC's flank and rear. The second echelon will 
conduct a penetration once the enemy front is weakened or a second 
envelopment. The main combat weight during an NKA envelopment 
would be against CFC's flank with the intent to divide and destroy and 
prevent the arrival of CFC reinforcements. 

A split envelopment would be used after the first breakthrough of CFC 
defensive positions. As the main NKA force continues to advance 
deeper into the defense, subordinate elements would be tasked to con- 
duct split envelopments to divide, isolate, encircle, and destroy remain- 
ing CFC forces one by one. This maneuver requires close coordination 
and maneuver among NKA units. During an NKA deliberate attack, 
several small unit maneuvers are designed to contribute to the overall 
success of the penetration or envelopment. They are the POCHO and 
CHEONIB. 

The POCHO (main attack) is emphasized at the squad and platoon lev- 
els and plans for the infiltration through gaps in CFC defensive strong- 
points and attack to CFC's rear. 

The CHEON IB (supporting attack) is a tactical maneuver that stresses 
the exploitation of small gaps in CFC's defensive positions to allow for 
infiltration to the rear. It differs from the POCHO in that it normally 
would be conducted by small elements of the support attack. 

During the deliberate attack, some NKA units may be assigned the mis- 
sion of conducting a pointed advance. This would be conducted by 
straight-leg infantry units along a narrow front with the intention of pen- 
etrating CFC defenses along a perpendicular ridgeline that is linked to 
the defensive deep area. This form of maneuver would commonly be 
used in combination with the breakthrough of the main attack or with an 
envelopment, and calls for heavy fire support. Although a pointed 
advance would normally take place in an area adjacent to the main 



69 



attack, it can also take place in the frontal area of the main attack when 
no avenue of approach exists that is favorable for a breakthrough deep 
into CFC's defense. In the execution of a pointed advance (and subject 
to terrain limitations), an NKA division would use two battalions 
located 1 to 1.5 km from the main assault to penetrate to a CFC battal- 
ion's front line and an NKA regiment would use two companies located 
500 to 700 m from the main assault to penetrate into a CFC company's 
front line. 

Pursuit 

The NKA would execute the pursuit to block CFC's withdrawal routes. 
This maneuver calls for advancing to a point of key terrain before CFC 
forces begin to withdraw and destroying them in a series of meeting 
engagements. 

Generally, NKA pursuit operations would use a column formation to 
provide speed and flexibility. The lead elements in the pursuit would 
attempt to apply pressure on CFC forces to prevent disengagement from 
contact. Concurrently, NKA artillery would attempt to form a barrier at 
road intersections or other chokepoints, in an attempt to cut off CFC 
withdrawal routes. Throughout the pursuit, the NKA plans for the for- 
ward deployment of artillery and mortars to maintain a high level of fire 
support. NKA engineers are expected to eliminate obstacles to facilitate 
the advance while the assault forces push forward in an attempt to com- 
mit the CFC reserve force. NKA reserve forces are expected to infiltrate 
CFC rear areas. NKA doctrine includes three types of pursuit: frontal, 
parallel, and composite. 

A frontal pursuit would be executed when there are no parallel bypass 
routes or when strong pressure is required to keep CFC forces from dis- 
engaging from combat. The NKA might also use frontal pursuit to cover 
other forces conducting a parallel pursuit into CFC's flank and rear areas. 



70 



The NKA would execute a parallel pursuit when routes exist on CFC's 
flanks. The NKA would attempt to conduct a surprise attack on these 
flank areas to cut off CFC withdrawal routes. The NKA might also con- 
duct a composite pursuit, a combination of the frontal and parallel pur- 
suits. The NKA main force would attempt to pressure CFC's covering 
forces, while simultaneously attempting to cut off CFC's withdrawal 
routes. An attack would be conducted into CFC's flank and rear areas. 

An NKA pursuit operation would cease when CFC forces are com- 
pletely destroyed, NKA forces have outdistanced their logistic lines, 
NKA forces in the pursuit are overextended, or when confronted with a 
powerful CFC defensive position. 

Bypass 

NKA forces would conduct a bypass maneuver in an attempt to force 
CFC forces to abandon or shift defensive postures. A bypass maneuver 
is characterized by an attempt to annihilate CFC reinforcements and 
block withdrawal routes to prevent a CFC withdrawal. An NKA bypass 
would have a secondary attack axis with emphasis on superior firepower 
and maneuverability and is a combined-arms operation with a goal of 
striking deep into CFC's rear area. A successful bypass operation would 
make use of surprise, deception, and terrain. The bypass as an attack 
maneuver is like an envelopment, except the first echelon does not 
become engaged. 



71 




Main Attack 2 
(EnveloiJment) 



CO / 



Infiltration r^ 
Force ^ 

(RearArea 
Harassment) - 



Interval of 
6.to 8 km 



Ust Echelon Forces 
22d Echelon Forces 
^Immediate division to envelop and 
destroy Regional Reserve Force. 



ENVELOPMENT 




» / \ interval or 

( ) 6 to 8 km ,' 

* > — ill — ^ , 



Main 
Attack 



Infiltration ^* p 
Force / ^ 



/(RearArea / 
'Harassment]* 



\*(Bypass) V- 



hst Echelon Forces 

^26 Echelon Forces 

*Main attack forces avoid enemy forces in 

defensive positions. They attack the enemy 

as they are occupying secondary positions. 



BYPASS 




North Korean Army Manuevers 



cpcpco 

■ - tnTiltration r>^ 
Force ^ 
(RearArea 
Harassnient)"' 



PENETRATION 



Ust Echelon Forces 
22d Echelon Forces 
*Upon penetration of enemy 
lines, envelopment is initiated. 



72 



■J^ 




,^ 


%^M 




^^^^^ • 






^^^^^^w .' 






Envelopment 


s 


Split Envelopment 





Frontal Pursuit 



Parallel Pursuit 




North Korean Army Maneuvers (Continued) 



73 



Night Attack 

The NKA views night operations as offering the greatest opportunity for 
surprise and would use this method for closing with CFC forces without 
being detected by forward defenses, attacking targets, opening passages 
through obstacles, and secretly moving second-echelon forces forward. 

Though based on simple movements and attack formations, the NKA 
regard the night attack as an important and complex form of combat 
requiring close control, detailed reconnaissance, and daylight prepara- 
tion. It could be a continuation of a daylight attack or a counterattack 
from an established defensive position. 

Although the starting time for an NKA night attack could vary depend- 
ing on the situation, the NKA would take into consideration times when 
CFC patrol activities appear to be relaxed, during poor weather, when 
CFC troops are asleep, or when they appear to be off-guard because of 
lack of previous combat operations. Night attacks launched before mid- 
night would be executed for the purpose of expanding previous daytime 
exploitation operations. Night attacks launched after midnight would be 
executed as the beginning of daylight offensive operations. 

Night attack formations would be selected based on the location of the 
attack starting position. NKA doctrine includes three types of night for- 
mations: the column, standing abreast, and dispersed. The column forma- 
tion would be used when the attack starting position is located a long 
distance from CFC defensive lines. The standing abreast formation is the 
standard night attack formation. The dispersed formation would be used 
when the attack starting position is located near CFC's defensive lines. 

The NKA night attack formation would normally use a narrower front 
than in the day. Also, the assault line would normally be closer to CFC 
positions than in the day (less than 150 m) and movement to this point 
would stress the need to avoid detection by CFC reconnaissance or sur- 
veillance. During the advance, NKA personnel would quickly drop to the 
ground at CFC employment of illumination and then quickly resume the 



74 



advance when the illumination is negated. Should they encounter a CFC 
patrol or security force, the advancing force would attempt to quietly 
capture or dispose of these forces with "gun barrel or soundless arms." 

To improve command and control, precise avenues of approach would 
be designated. Easily recognizable terrain features would be selected as 
control points to facilitate movement and to indicate the direction of the 
attack. Additionally, a compass-bearing specialist would be assigned to 
each sector unit. 

Should the NKA force conducting a night attack be discovered and 
come under fire and illumination, it would move promptly, without stop- 
ping, towards the attack line, avoiding fire as much as possible and 
maintaining communication silence. Upon initiation of the attack, artil- 
lery and mortar units would open fire at designated targets while the 
infantry initiates the attack throwing hand grenades, engaging in hand- 
to-hand combat, and shouting battle cries. To maintain the proper direc- 
tion of the attack, tracer and artillery illumination rounds may be used. 
Armor assets would be held at the initial attack positions and, on order, 
advance to join the infantry. 

Armor Support to Offensive Operations 

NKA armor units are designed to act decisively in combat and operate 
independently or as part of combined-arms operations providing direct 
support to the infantry, conducting antiarmor operations, and facilitating 
the seizure of territory and the annihilation of CFC forces through 
maneuver and pursuit. 

When the NKA tanks are operating in small groups, it is normal to have 
one or two platoons of infantry attached to a company, or vice versa, 
where tanks support an infantry attack. In larger unit operations, a com- 
pany of mechanized infantry is attached to tank battalions performing 
independent tasks; likewise, a tank company will be attached to a mech- 
anized infantry battalion when attacking a strong defensive position. 
Attached companies may be employed as whole units or be divided and 
distributed as needed. 

75 



NKA armor and infantry forces are expected to coordinate their efforts 
during the attack, each using its strength to compensate for the weak- 
nesses of the other. Tanks would propel the attack, maintaining a vigor- 
ous pace, attempting to destroy CFC vehicles and hardened positions. 
Armored forces would be capable of delivering firepower to a greater 
depth than most infantry weapons and would be expected to destroy 
CFC obstacles such as pillboxes, wire entanglements, and minefields 
(through the use of anti-mine rollers and blades), as well as providing 
the infantry cover as it advances behind NKA artillery shelling. The 
infantry would be tasked with destroying any antitank positions, report- 
ing other targets for destruction by tanks, and providing cover for dam- 
aged tanks pending their recovery. 

NKA armor units would perform the same types of offensive maneuver 
as the infantry and are well suited to attacking directly from the march. 
In the movement to contact, a tank formation would leave its assembly 
area with its elements deployed in such order as to allow for a quick 
transition to the attack formation. In the attack and penetration, NKA 
tank formations would be selected to allow tanks and infantry to arrive 
at CFC's first line of defense at the same time. Tanks would support the 
infantry advance by fire and destruction of antipersonnel obstacles. Dur- 
ing exploitation operations, tanks would assist the infantry in carrying 
the assault into CFC's defensive positions. Here, the speed and shock 
value of armor would be stressed in denying CFC an opportunity to 
counterattack or reinforce the defense. Tanks would also assist in 
bypassing CFC defensive strongpoints by blinding or screening through 
the use of smoke. In the pursuit, the speed and maneuverability of NKA 
armor assets would be used to maintain pressure directly on CFC forces 
and to envelop for eventual annihilation. 

In organizing for combat, an NKA armor brigade's assets would be 
assigned to the two combat echelons and reserve of the unit conducting 
the attack. These echelons would be reinforced according to their 
assigned combat tasks. 

76 



NKA armor formations would include the column, rank, wedge, 
inverted wedge, and echelon to the right or left. 

Artillery Support to Offensive Operations 

In the offense, the mission of NKA artillery would be to suppress or 
destroy CFC personnel and equipment which pose a threat to NKA 
infantry and tank units. The NKA is capable of delivering massed or dis- 
persed fires from fixed positions over relatively long ranges with highly 
destructive power. The NKA considers the ability of artillery to maneu- 
ver and to fire accurately under limited visibility, weather, and terrain 
conditions to be very important. 

Tactical employment of NKA artillery would be based on flexibility of 
organization, integration of the fire plan, centralized control, concentra- 
tion of firepower, and mobility: 

■ Flexibility of organization would be used to concentrate firepower 
on the axis of the main attack by forming temporary mission-oriented 
artillery groups at all echelons. 

■ Integration of the fire plan would be used for the integration of the 
fires of field guns of various calibers with the machinegun fires of 
infantry companies into a single fire plan. 

■ Centralized control would give the maneuver unit commander at 
each echelon control over artillery assets as the NKA does not assign 
tactical missions to its artillery. As the attacking units advance, con- 
trol of artillery would be decentralized starting at the lowest echelon. 
The maneuver commander would centralize the control of artillery 
again as needed. 

■ Concentration of power would be achieved through the use of all 
calibers of guns in concentrated fire to the maximum extent possible. 

■ Mobility would be used for quick dispersion or the concentration of 
artillery fire in support of a maneuver unit. 



77 



The combined- arms theory of the NKA is similar to that of the former 
Soviet Army in that artillery fire support required for regiment and divi- 
sion-size battles exceeds the organic fire support capabilities of regi- 
ments and divisions. Therefore, the NKA would form multi-battalion 
artillery groups at all echelons to support specific combat missions. The 
groups would be formed at army, corps, division, brigade, and regiment 
level and would include artillery assets organic to these echelons plus 
artillery attachments. At least a corps artillery group (CAG) would nor- 
mally consist of two to three long-range artillery battalions that have the 
mission of general support to the corps, support of the division(s) con- 
ducting the main attack, counterbattery fire, and deep fire on CFC's rear 
area. A division artillery group (DAG) would normally be composed of 
at least two or three battalions equipped with guns, howitzers, mortars, 
and multiple rocket launchers (MRLs). A regimental artillery group 
(RAG) would normally be composed of two to four battalions provided 
by division or corps and would provide support to forward maneuver 
units. This organization of artillery groups allows for a concentration of 
firepower to support the main attack, the ability to support unanticipated 
requirements, or the requirements of a higher echelon. 

During the attack, NKA artillery firing positions would be selected 
through reconnaissance of the actual location. Subsequent firing posi- 
tions would be selected through visual reconnaissance (observation) and 
by selecting a general area on the map and moving to that area. After 
destroying pre-planned targets during the preparatory fire, the guns 
would change positions. Normally, artillery pieces would be placed at a 
distance of one-third of their maximum range from the line of contact 
with CFG forces. When needed, the firing positions would be set up in 
an area where artillery can conduct direct fire. 

In order to assure continuous and effective command of artillery asset 
and fire direction, the NKA would establish and employ artillery obser- 
vation posts (OPs) at each echelon. Based on their surveillance of the 
terrain and CFG activity, the OPs would observe and adjust artillery fire 
as well as provide command and fire direction. 



78 



NKA conduct of artillery fire in the offense would be broken down into 
three types of fire: preparatory fire, fire support of the attack, and fire 
support in depth during the attack. 

In the offense, preparatory fire would be conducted to destroy CFC 
CPs and observation facilities, cause the collapse of defensive organiza- 
tion, and clear a path through obstacles for infantry, tanks, artillery, and 
engineers. Fire would be sustained for 10 to 20 minutes in preparation 
for a hasty attack, or 30 to 40 minutes for a deliberate attack. Prepara- 
tory fire would normally be divided into four phases: 

1st Phase: CFC front platoon area (suppressive fire). 

2nd Phase: CFC company reserve area. 

3rd Phase: CFC battalion reserve area. 

4th Phase: CFC front platoon area (annihilation fire). 

Preparatory fire probably would not be divided into phases when visibil- 
ity is poor and observation of fire is not possible or when CFC has gone 
into a hasty defense and has not yet constructed its defensive positions. 

NKA fire support of the attack would be conducted to assist the 
advance of maneuver units by shifting fires at pre-planned rates (normally 
2 to 3 minutes) deeper into the defense. For this purpose several basic fir- 
ing phase lines would be established at 200- to 400-m intervals from the 
offensive start line out to 2,500 m into the CFC's defensive depth. 

1st Basic Firing Phase Line: CFC obstacle area. 

2nd Basic Firing Phase Line: CFC defensive frontline. 

3rd Basic Firing Phase Line: CFC reserves. 



79 



The supporting artillery unit or artillery group would provide general 
support to the maneuver unit by providing rolling barrage or successive 
fire concentrations. Long-range artillery and the corps artillery group 
would conduct counterbattery fire and fire on command and communi- 
cation facilities. When the maneuver unit cannot suppress CFC resis- 
tance with its own firepower, some units from the supporting artillery 
units would be attached to provide direct support to the attacking unit. 



Fire support in depth during the attack would provide fire for exploi- 
tation units penetrating into the depth of the CFC defense. The artillery 
which is in direct support of the penetrating force would have the mis- 
sion to continue suppressing CFC resistance and blocking counterat- 
tacks or withdrawals. Accompanying artillery gives priority to 
destroying individual enemy weapon positions and conducting suppres- 
sive fire. Missions for long-range artillery are to conduct counterbattery 



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Artillery Groups — Offense 



80 



fire, suppress and destroy strongholds within the depth of the defensive 
area, prevent maneuvering of enemy reserves, and to disrupt command 
and control nodes. 

Another mission of NKA artillery is that of antitank. The NKA uses 
artillery in an antitank role by direct fire (bore sighting). Following Rus- 
sian tactics, the NKA forward deploys medium caliber guns within 
2,000 m of the forward line of own troops (PLOT). 




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Defensive Frontline 



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Mass Rre Area 



3d Basic Rring Ph^e Line 

* Firing lines are established 
at 200 to 400 meter intervals 
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meters into enemy's defense 
depth. Fires shift automatically 
to supplemental lines after 
2 minutes. 



Fire Support During the Attack 



81 



Air Defense Support to Offensive Operations 

NKA air defense in support of offensive operations would be performed 
primarily by AAA units. Besides combating aircraft, AAA units, when 
needed, will reinforce ground firepower against ground targets. The 
larger AAA weapons have limited antiarmor capability. 

The tactical mission of the NKA's AAA would be to cover the maneuver 
unit in support of the attack. The AAA unit also defends important posi- 
tions and critical target areas. 

In the forward area, the AAA would be deployed to cover troop concen- 
tration areas, forward CPs, artillery firing positions, forward LOCs, and 
other important facilities. In the rear area, it would be employed to cover 
maneuver units, troop concentrations, field gun areas, missile sites, 
munition facilities, and LOCs. 

Besides a large inventory of AAA, the NKA also has a large number of 
man-portable surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) to include SA-7, SA-14, 
and S A- 16. 

Engineer Support to Offensive Operations 

Engineers are expected to expedite NKA offensive operations by assist- 
ing in increasing the mobility of attacking forces and performing coun- 
termobility operations against CFC. Other tasks would include 
providing camouflage, cover, and concealment support, and acting as 
infantry when needed. 

Specific tasks of an NKA division's engineer battalion would include 
reconnaissance, route support, river crossing, obstacle clearance, obsta- 
cle laying, illumination, water supply, and fortification. Higher echelon 
assets, such as the corps' river- crossing regiment and technical engineer 
and construction battalions, would provide the division river crossing 
and obstacle breaching support. 



82 



At the regimental level, the engineer company would assist offensive 
operations by performing reconnaissance, route support in the rear area, 
limited river crossing support, obstacle clearance, and fortification. The 
regimental engineer company would normally attach platoon- size ele- 
ments to infantry battalions and squad- size elements to infantry compa- 
nies. Higher echelons would assist the regiment with engineer support 
for such tasks as obstacle breaching and river crossing. 

In organizing for combat, engineer battalions and companies would pro- 
vide sapper elements to carry out tasks separately or as part of a com- 
bined-arms team. A reconnaissance team would conduct engineer 
reconnaissance. An advance guard engineer team would construct 
routes. A clearance team would precede the infantry, clearing obstacles 
and constructing routes of advance to include detours for the main body. 
A raiding team, composed of engineers and SOF units, would attack 
special targets and reinforced CFC positions. A mobile obstacle team 
would emplace obstacles to protect the flanks of attacking NKA units 
and an engineer element in the antitank team would set up camouflage 
and field fortifications. 

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Support to Offensive 
Operations 

In NKA offensive operations, the infantry division would have the pri- 
mary responsibility for reconnaissance and surveillance. This includes 
all aspects of the area of operations, to include weather and terrain, and 
CFC capabilities. However, every echelon of each of the armed services 
is expected to conduct military reconnaissance and surveillance in sup- 
port of NKA offensive operations. 

By echelon, regimental reconnaissance and surveillance would extend 
into the rear of a CFC regiment and that of a front line division. Division 
would be expected to cover a CFC division's rear area and that of a front 
line corps. Corps would be tasked to cover the rear area of a CFC corps 
as well as the rear area of the next higher CFC echelon. Reconnaissance 



83 



assets at the service and national level are expected to cover the entire 
rear area of CFC. 

NKAF aerial reconnaissance is expected to acquire information on the 
nature of CFC locations, groupings, and activities along a broad front in 
a relatively short period of time. Surveillance, photography, and radar 
detection would be performed by reconnaissance aviation, bombers, and 
pursuit aviation in support of combined- arms operations. 

NKN reconnaissance would be conducted by naval platforms, technical 
surveillance sentries, naval reconnaissance aviation forces, coastal 
defense forces, and coastal artillery forces to quickly identify an area 
threatened by CFC amphibious forces. 

The mission of ground reconnaissance would be to acquire detailed 
information concerning CFC combat forces, terrain, and weather, by 
using the special skills and assets of army technical personnel. This 
information along with that collected by air and naval reconnaissance 
would be combined in an attempt to verify CFC disposition, strengths, 
and weaknesses. 

Amphibious Support to Offensive Operations 

Though North Korea does not have the capability to conduct large 
amphibious operations, it can insert small units of landing parties from 
the sea to accomplish the following: 

■ Support the advance of NKA ground offensive operations. 

■ Conduct amphibious raids to occupy/destroy critical targets in CFC's 
rear area. 

■ Surprise and harass CFC's rear area. 

Forces that would conduct amphibious operations against CFC would 
come from the two amphibious landing brigades and naval forces. Spe- 
cific missions would include the following: 

■ Encircling and destroying CFC defensive positions. 

84 



■ Delaying reinforcement of CFC defensive frontlinesOccupying or 
otherwise paralyzing CFC air bases/operations. 

■ Occupying/attacking island groups, harbors, naval bases, and areas in 
which future operations are anticipated. 

■ Destroying CFC command and control centers/systems and other 
critical targets in CFC's rear area. 

■ Occupying/destroying bridges, river crossing sites, or other targets to 
reduce CFC maneuverability. 

■ Conducting missions to harass or otherwise create confusion in 
CFC's rear. 

NKA Tactics in tlie Defense 

The defense would be used by NKA in an attempt to gain time, prevent 
troop losses, or cover a unit short of personnel. A defensive area would 
be selected because it gives mutual support and provides all-around 
defense. NKA doctrine calls for three types of defensive operations: 
position defense, mobile defense, and retrograde operations. 

The position defense would be used to hold or destroy CFC's attack or 
to hold key terrain or a key area. A mobile defense would be used to 
gain time, exact losses on CFC forces, and preserve combat strength 
while losing ground. NKA retrograde (or disengagement) operations 

would be used to gain time to plan for the next operation or to restore 
combat capability. In all three types of NKA defensive operations, the 
organization and composition would be similar, but the conduct would 
be different. 

NKA defensive plans will vary depending on the type of defense 
required and the status of contact with CFC forces. The integration of 
mechanized, artillery, armor, AAA, and antitank fire support (both 
organic and adjacent unit's), and the use of engineers, camouflage, and 
deception will all be vital elements of a NKA defensive operation. How- 
ever, NKA planning and execution of antitank defense may well be the 
number one priority when preparing for a CFC attack. 



85 



Generally, when in the defense, the NKA will organize and manage the 
conduct of the defense into four defensive echelons/zones, and areas: 
the security echelon, the main defensive echelon (or main defense line), 
the rear area defense echelon, and the antitank support area. Distances, 
frontages, and depths are situational dependent. They will be adjusted 
by NKA defenders in accordance with time to prepare the defense, ter- 
rain, and combat strength of both NKA defenders and CFC forces 
expected to attack. 

The security echelon will consist of three zones: the general outpost, the 
combat outpost, and local security. Each will be organized for the pur- 
pose of holding and frustrating attacking CFC forces while gaining time. 
The security echelon will be reinforced by engineer, artillery, and armor 
units. The main purposes of the security echelon will be to: 

■ cause early deployment of CFC forces into attack formations, 

■ prevent CFC surprise attacks, 

■ hamper CFC forces from conducting reconnaissance and artillery 
observation, 

■ mislead CFC forces in finding the actual location of the main defen- 
sive echelon, and 

■ provide concealed lookouts during the withdrawal of NKA forces. 

The general outpost will be established approximately 10 to 15 km for- 
ward of the defensive front line and would be manned by a reinforced 
battalion. It would be established by a division or army group and would 
not have to be deployed if there is not enough time. Its mission will be to 
impede the CFC advance and to cause early deployment. 

The combat outpost will consist of a reinforced platoon and would be 
established approximately 1 to 2 km forward of the defensive front line. 
The division would establish it and the regiment would be responsible 
for this outpost. Its mission will be to prevent CFC surprise attacks, con- 
fuse CFC reconnaissance, and deceive CFC as to the location of the 
main defense echelon. 



86 



Local security will consist of a small number of NKA troops and would 
be established approximately 200 to 400 m forward of the defensive 
front line under authority of the forward company commander. 

The main defensive echelon would contain most of the defense's fire- 
power. NKA units with the strongest firepower and most of the antitank 
weapons would be assigned missions within this echelon. The main 
defensive echelon is organized into two smaller echelons and a defensive 
perimeter would be established to check CFC attacks from any direction. 

The first eciielon of the main defensive echelon would be responsible 
for determining whether CFC is moving to conduct a deliberate attack 
and, if so, where. If CFC forces are moving to attack, a combat security 
detachment or a smaller unit would be dispatched to conduct reconnais- 
sance in force or limited spoiling attacks, respectively. Tanks dug in at 
the front line will engage at 1 ,000 m. If CFC forces reach the front line 
and threaten penetration, defending forces will strengthen their flanks 
and engage with all available fire support. As CFC enters the defensive 
area, tanks and antitank teams will attempt to ambush and destroy the 
attackers' mobility and inflict heavy combat losses. If CFC reaches this 
point, the NKA defenders would probably commit their reserves. 

The second eciielon of the main defensive echelon would be responsi- 
ble for holding one or two blocking positions or to counterattack to 
regain the initiative and drive out penetrating CFC forces. If CFC 
attempts a flanking movement, a company from the second echelon will 
take defensive positions on that flank. 

The rear area defense eciielon would usually be 8 to 12 km deep. Posi- 
tions will have been prepared in advance. This echelon would be used to 
prevent an advance following the penetration of the main defense eche- 
lon, to slow a CFC advance, to provide logistical support during the 
defense, or to execute a counterattack. Underground positions, artillery, 
and rear area service support will be located in this area. Mobile units 
that could conduct counterattacks or serve as reinforcements will be 



87 



deployed here. NKA reserves will be deployed in such a manner that 
allows counterattack in any direction. 

The NKA considers antitank defense as one of the most vital compo- 
nents of the defense and will establish the antitank support area 
(ATS A). NKA doctrine calls for the employment of from two to five 
antitank guns within every 100 m of the defensive front. 

The maneuver unit would establish the ATSA and locate it where it 
would be inaccessible to tanks or IF Vs. NKA forces assigned to the 
ATSA would be tasked to establish several indirect fire rolling barrier 
fire lines and direct fire antitank security lines along potential CFC tank 
approach routes. Antitank security lines would be established in the for- 
ward security zone, near the defensive front line, and in the depth of the 
main defensive zone. Rolling barrier fire lines would be established par- 
allel to the main defensive line, starting 300 to 400 m forward of the 
defensive front line. From this point outward, additional lines would be 
established at intervals of 300 to 500 m. Each fire sector should be 
observable from a ground OP and located at a point that CFC tanks can- 
not bypass. 

In antitank defense, NKA artillery units will attempt to deliver battalion- 
size salvos of antitank support fire before CFC tanks can advance to 
within the effective ranges of antitank weapons. At the request of the 
OP, several battalions may concentrate fire on key areas, firing at maxi- 
mum rate. If CFC penetrates the fire areas and the tank advance contin- 
ues, the artillery units would shift fire to subsequent fire areas. During 
rolling barrier fires, whenever CFC tanks advance within 1,000 m of 
antitank gun positions, antitank guns would engage with direct fire. 

Individual antitank guns will also conduct ambush fires from positions 
along high speed avenues of approach. In addition, antitank obstacles will 
be positioned so that they can receive protecting fire from antitank weap- 
ons. The NKA will also make use of both manmade and natural obstacles. 



Defensive Frontages and Depths 

Unit Frontage Depth (km) 

Company 1.5-2.5 1-1.5 

Battalion 3-5 < 3 

Regiment 6-10 8-12 

Division 12-20 16-22 



GENERAL 
OUTPOSTS 



MAIN DEFENSE LINE- 
COMBAT OUTPOSTS - 



FIRST SECOND THIRD 
POSITION POSITION POSITION 




16 20 

KILOMETERS 



■-ECHELON^ 
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Division Defense Zone 



89 




ATTALION 

DEFENSIVE 

STRONGHOLD 

PERIMETER 






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AMBUSH POSITION 



NKA Battalion Defense Plan 



90 




NKA Mechanized Brigade in tlie Defense 



91 



Positional Defense 

Positional defense (sometimes called area defense) will be conducted 
when the NKA decides to hold key terrain or a key area, or to impede or 
destroy a CFC attack. It will be centered on the expected main axis of a 
CFC attack and the main defensive echelon will be selected to provide 
all around fields of fire and mutual support. 

IVIobile Defense 

The mobile defense (sometimes called moving defense) will be used 
when an inferior NKA force decides to trade space for time while 
inflicting casualties on a superior CFC force. It is characterized by coun- 
terattacks and withdrawals. Predetermined phase lines will be used to 
control NKA units as they fall back to subsequent positions. Within the 
defense, each battalion will occupy two sets of positions at the same 
time. Main combat troops and weapons will be concentrated in the first 
position while reserves maintain the second position. Antitank ambush 
teams will be emplaced between these positions. 



92 




Mobile Defense of the Regiment 



93 



i 4 




10 12 

KILOMETERS 



Regimental Positional Defense 

Retrograde Operations 

The NKA defensive doctrine plans for three types of retrograde opera- 
tions: withdrawal, disengagement, and retreat. The NKA would use a 
disengagement (a form of withdrawal) to physically break contact from 
CFC observation or direct fire. 

An NKA withdrawal would be conducted by NKA units to avoid a 
superior CFC force in the attack, lure CFC forces into terrain unfavor- 
able to offensive operations, and change the battlefield. When possible, 
the withdrawal will take place by echelon. The rear service units would 
withdraw first, while artillery and second echelon forces occupy security 
positions. First echelon forces would then withdraw under the cover of 
the security positions. 

An NKA division-size withdrawal would be characterized as follows: 

■ Second echelon provides security for all rear defense lines occupying 
positions in advance. 



94 



■ Regiment's second echelon occupies preselected phaselines covering 
regiment's first echelon disengagement. 

■ Frontline battalions withdraw under the covering fire of platoon size 
units reinforced with the second echelon battalion's antitank weapons 
and machine guns. 

■ Companies withdraw using fighting positions and connecting 
trenches or bounding overwatch movement. 

■ Attached tanks withdraw in bounding overwatch movement while 
covering infantry withdrawal. 

■ Bridges and roads are destroyed and obstacles emplaced to restrain 
CFC advance. 

■ During withdrawal, division command post is located in the covering 
sector. 

An NKA retreat would be conducted to avoid battle with CFC forces. It 
would normally follow a combat disengagement. Once contact with 
CFC has ended, the NKA would form a march column for moving to the 
rear; at that point, a retreat would begin. The purposes of an NKA 
retreat are to — 

■ maintain distance from CFC forces, 

■ occupy an advantageous position, 

■ replace other units and align combat lines, 

■ transfer the force to another area for other operations, and 

■ reduce distance from rear areas. 

After passing through a designated line in combat disengagement, the 
NKA unit conducting the retreat would move to a preplanned area or 
defense line, under cover provided by a rear guard. When a retreat is 
conducted while marching under contact with CFC, a powerful security 
force would be deployed to secure the flanks and rear. An NKA retreat 
would terminate with the occupation of an assembly area, for achieve- 
ment of follow-on duties, or occupation of a defensive line. 



95 



Counterattack 



A counterattack would form the basis of NKA defensive combat. After 
attempting to establish the best defense plan possible, NKA units would 
launch their counterattack plan. It would usually be performed by the 
second echelon and intended to be decisive. The counterattack would be 
directed at CFC's flank or rear while CFC forces are fixed by the first 
echelon. Fires in support of the counterattack would be intended to 
delay or collapse CFC's attack. 

The first echelon would support the counterattack by halting or slowing 
the CFC advance or by channeling it toward areas favoring the counter- 
attack. Flanks would be vigorously held to restrain the width of any 
areas penetrated by CFC. 

The second echelon conducting the counterattack would send out recon- 
naissance to verify the situation and then the counterattack force would 
strike at CFC's flank or rear. If the counterattack is successful, the NKA 
would attempt to resume offensive operations directly, conducting 
exploitation or pursuit operations. 




8 10 12 

KILOMETERS 



Regimental Counterattack 



96 



Escape From Encirclement (Breakout) 

NKA units conducting a breakout would execute it in the following 
order: penetration unit, cover echelon, and reserves. The penetration 
unit would be formed mainly of artillery, tank, and mortar units. Nor- 
mally it would comprise one-half or two-thirds of the entire combat 
power and would be composed of two echelons. The cover echelon 
would be formed by artillery, mortar, tank, engineer, and chemical war- 
fare units. It would be tasked to prevent a CFC counterattack and to hold 
the area where the breakout will take place. The reserves would be 
deployed to an area between the penetration and cover echelons in order 
to provide fire support to both. 

Night Defense 

NKA defense at night will be a continuation of daytime defensive oper- 
ations. Only fire support plans and barrier fires will be modified. Plans 
will be adjusted to include proactive reconnaissance, fire plans, and use 
of illumination. Reserve forces will normally be moved closer to the 
main defense line. The fire plan will be reinforced, security strength- 
ened, and additional obstacles added to the defense. 

When a CFC night attack is not expected, about one-half of NKA troops 
will remain on alert. All others will rest. Ambush teams and combat out- 
posts will immediately report any contact with CFC forces and then 
withdraw. Concentrated fires will be brought upon approaching CFC 
forces. Direct small-arms fire and hand-to-hand combat commences 
with any CFC breech of forward NKA strongpoints. 

Armor Support to Defensive Operations 

NKA tanks will participate in the defense either statically by stubbornly 
holding prepared positions, or by maneuvering in counterattacks, usu- 
ally against a CFC flank. In the positional defense, tanks will be sup- 
ported by mechanized, artillery, and engineer elements. Tank positions 
will be dug in and located on favorable terrain and will have the mis- 



97 



sions of repelling CFC attacks and thwarting infiltration as well as con- 
ducting counterattacks. Small units of tanks may be attached to NKA 
infantry and conduct screening or reconnaissance. Tanks could be used 
at the front line to counter CFC tank attacks, but most likely will be held 
in the second echelon or in the reserves. 

Artillery Support to Defensive Operations 

The NKA would use fire support weapons in the defense to deter or stall 
a CFC attack and to engage and destroy CFC attacking forces in their 
preparatory stage. Defensive fires would be accomplished according to 
the sequence of defensive fire support stages and would be delivered 
within prescribed fire zones. 

NKA artillery groups (see section on fire support to offensive operations 
for a discussion on artillery groups) and units will develop their fire sup- 
port plans based upon the fire support plans at corps or division level as 
well as guidance issued by the supported maneuver unit. The maneuver 
unit will designate areas for barrage fires and barrier fire lines as well as 
develop a fire plan for exposed flanks and counterattack. Fire support in 
the defense will include the following zones: long-range fire, close 
defensive fire, and a main defense support fire. 

In the long-range fire zone, corps and division artillery groups will con- 
duct harassing and interdiction fires before CFC forces enter attack for- 
mations. These fires will be meant to destroy the momentum of the CFC 
attack, disrupt the employment of CFC troop concentrations, and cover 
the withdrawal of NKA security units. 

Fires in the close defense zone include fires prior to the attack, fires dur- 
ing the attack, and final protective fires. Fires prior to the attack are 
intended to disrupt CFC's attack preparations by breaking up attack for- 
mations and destroying command posts, observation posts, and commu- 
nications facilities. Fires during the attack are intended to destroy CFC 
tanks and other armored vehicles as well as suppress CFC artillery. 



98 



Final protective fires will consist of fire, at a maximum rate, at the 
defensive front line for annihilation of CFC forces and at concentrated 
barrier positions. 

Fires in support of the division's main defense zone will be used to sup- 
port a counterattack or to cover a withdrawal of main defense forces. 
They will also be used to support deeper defensive positions by sup- 
pressing CFC forces that have penetrated the main defenses, and by pro- 
viding covering fires during the displacement of artillery supporting the 
main defensive zone. 

All fires in support of the defense will be divided into five phases: 

■ Long-range fire 

■ Counterbattery fire 

■ Frontline area final protective fire 

■ Fire on CFC forces penetrating forward positions 

■ Counterattack support fire 



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KILOMETERS 



Supporting Fire in Regimental Defense 



99 



Engineer Support to Defensive Operations 

In rear areas of the defense, engineers will either rig for demolition or 
demolish probable avenues of approach. Also, engineers would emplace 
obstacles and prepare potential NKA withdrawal routes. In the main 
defense zone, engineers would emplace obstacles and provide support 
for the construction of defensive positions and command posts as well 
as clear routes for the counterattack, construct artillery and tank posi- 
tions, and camouflage equipment and positions. Engineers in the main 
defense zone will operate the water supply point, function as an element 
of the antitank reserve, and repair and maintain the main supply route. 

During retreats, engineers will normally be attached to security units. 
They will select, maintain, and repair withdrawal routes and emplace 
obstacles to protect exposed flanks. After the rear guard withdrawals, 
engineers will emplace various types of obstacles across potential CFC 
approach routes. 

Air Defense Support to Defensive Operations 

In the defense, the NKA will give priority to the protection of critical 
facilities from CFC air assets in the main and rear defensive zones. The 
missions of air defense units in the defense are — 

■ detection of CFC air activity, 

■ interdiction of CFC aerial attack of forward and rear areas, 

■ utilization of electronic countermeasures (ECM) against CFC aircraft 
and air-related communication and radar systems, 

■ air defense in depth, 

■ prevention of CFC aerial reconnaissance, 

■ air defense protection to NKA artillery and armor units, and 

■ air defense against CFC airborne operations. 

The NKA will plan to use air observation posts within 10 to 15 km of 
the defensive front lines. Firing positions will be selected to provide 
maximum protection of critical fire support assets (concentrations of 



100 



artillery and tanks) and command and communications sites. Special 
attention will be given to anticipated CFC aerial avenues of approach. 

Antiaircraft guns will be deployed down to the platoon level. Man-por- 
table SAMs such as the SA-7 and SA-16 will be deployed down to the 
company level. Though part of the NKA strategic air defense system, 
larger SAM systems such as the SA-2 can range into South Korea. As 
part of NKA deception operations, dummy SAM sites for larger systems 
will be employed to deceive CFC as to the actual location. 

North Korean Antilanding Operations 

Considering the devastating effect that amphibious operations had 
against North Korean offensive operations during the Korean War, the 
emphasis by North Korean military planners on lessons learned from 
that war, and CFC's capability to conduct operations from the sea, it can 
be assumed that North Korea has made extensive preparations to oppose 
a CFC amphibious task force (ATF) composed of U.S./ROK Navy and 
Marine amphibious forces. 

To date. North Korea is limited in its capability to project military power 
beyond the Korean Peninsula and, as such, is limited in conducting sig- 
nificant conventional military operations against a CFC ATF in the early 
phases of the preparation, embarkation, rehearsal, movement, and 
assault (PERM A) cycle of amphibious operations. During the prepara- 
tion, embarkation, and rehearsal stages. North Korea will attempt to col- 
lect information and intelligence against CFC's amphibious forces. 
However, other considerations, such as North Korea's emphasis on its 
SOF, the ranges of NKN submarines and some NKAF aircraft, and the 
development of long range missiles, cannot be discounted. 

During the assault phase. North Korea antilanding operations will con- 
sist of the following: 

■ NKN and NKAF reconnaissance assets will attempt to locate the 
ATF in order to engage with attack aircraft and/or naval antiship mis- 
sile platforms and to identify the probable location of the beachhead. 



101 



■ Employment of land-based antiship missiles. 

■ Extensive use of naval mining. 

■ Utilization of water obstacles. 

■ Employment of coastal artillery. 

■ Employment of land obstacles and mines. 

■ The reinforcement of NKA ground antilanding forces with any avail- 
able infantry, mechanized, artillery, antiair, or armor assets. 

Special Operations Force 

North Korea's SOF is organized into 22 brigades and 7 independent bat- 
talions. The SOF has five basic missions: conducting reconnaissance, 
performing combat operations in concert with conventional operations, 
establishing a second front in the enemy's rear area, countering the CFC 
special operations in North Korean rear areas, and maintaining internal 
security. 

The MPAF has two primary commands that control special operations 
units, the Reconnaissance Bureau and the Light Infantry Training 
Guidance Bureau. North Korea classifies its special operations units as 
reconnaissance, light infantry, or sniper. 

NOTE: Though light infantry units will perform SOF missions, all 
NKA divisions and brigades will have a light infantry element which 
will be forward deployed to conduct conventional infantry tactics in the 
offense. Light infantry SOF missions will include combat operations 
conducted by company or battalion size units against military, political, 
or economic targets. Sniper operations basically are the same as light 
infantry SOF except they are conducted in team- size units. 

North Korea's SOF will perform operations at the strategic, operational, 
and tactical levels. Basically, strategic operations will support national or 
MPAF objectives, operational operations will support corps objectives, 
and tactical operations will support maneuver divisions and brigades. 



102 



SOF strategic missions will include reconnaissance, sniper, and agent 
operations. Strategic reconnaissance will be intended to ascertain CFC 
intentions, develop targeting information, conduct poststrike assess- 
ments of CFC units and facilities, and assess the potential reactions of 
the South Korean civilian and military populace. Sniper missions will 
include attacking critical nodes, such as special weapon delivery sys- 
tems and storage facilities, command, control, and communications 
facilities of combined field command and higher, and air and air defense 
facilities. In addition, snipers will attempt to assassinate, kidnap, and/or 
interrogate key personnel to hinder allied operations and lower morale. 

SOF operational missions will include reconnaissance, sniper, and light 
infantry operations. Operational reconnaissance will be conducted to 
ascertain CFC intentions, develop targeting information for SSMs and 
long-range artillery, conduct poststrike assessments, and determine the 
status of LOCs, chokepoints, and CFC reserve locations. At the opera- 
tional level, sniper missions will be similar to those at the strategic level 
but will also include attacking port facilities and major LOCs. Light 
infantry units will concentrate on attacking division and higher com- 
mand posts, capturing key terrain to assist maneuvering units, and locat- 
ing CFC reserve forces. 

The tactical mission of the SOF will be to support maneuver divisions 
and brigades objectives with light infantry operations. The organic 
reconnaissance element of the maneuver unit will perform tactical 
reconnaissance. Both the light infantry and reconnaissance elements 
will develop targets for destruction. These targets will include CFC 
command, control, and communications facilities, air and air defense 
sites, CFC force concentrations, and LOCs. Light infantry units will 
concentrate on attacking brigade and division command posts, capturing 
key terrain, and locating and destroying CFC reserve forces. 

Personnel selection for SOF units come from politically reliable troops 
who are members in good standing of the Korean Workers Party and 
who have served 4 to 7 years in the combat branches. Only under special 



103 



circumstances (language capabilities and technical skills) will they be 
recruited and trained directly from civilian status. 

The training of SOF personnel is believed to take 12 to 24 weeks or 
longer, depending on the skill levels. The skill and training that SOF 
personnel receive, such as infiltration, mountaineering, night operations, 
swimming, martial arts, airborne, intelligence collection, demolition, 
and rigorous physical fitness, are typical of elite units throughout the 
world. Discipline is strong and harsh, with an emphasis placed on inten- 
sive physical training and political indoctrination. When training is 
completed, the trainee is awarded a senior NCO or junior officer rank 
and assigned to an operational unit for the remainder of his career. 

During combat operations it can be expected that many deep- strike SOF 
personnel will be attired in civilian clothing or South Korean military uni- 
forms. Infiltrations will normally occur at night or during periods of lim- 
ited visibility, with the assistance of escorts who are familiar with the area. 

The equipment carried by most SOF personnel will vary considerably, 
depending on the mission. Typical equipment will include a dagger and/ 
or bayonet, pistols (to include silenced versions), rifles (AK-47 or 
M-16), submachine guns, hand grenades/demolitions, rocket launchers 
(RPG-7 or AT-3), 60-mm mortars, or other allied weapons. 

North Korean SOF infiltration methods into CFC rear areas will include: 
overland, through tunnels under the DMZ, air, and from the sea. The 
NKAF will support SOF operations with airborne infiltration and resup- 
ply missions. The primary aerial insertion aircraft will be the An-2/ 
COLT and helicopters. The NKN will support SOF operations by using 
amphibious operations, covert sea infiltration, and resupply. The princi- 
pal vessels that will be used to support these operations will be the 
KONG BANG I/II/III, NAMPO A/B LCPA (air-cushioned), and 
NAMPO LCPs. In addition, mini- submarine and semi- submersible 
insertion craft may also be used to support SOF operations from the sea. 



104 




Tunnel Operations Under DMZ 

All but the last few meters would be completed before an attack. Although 4 have 

been discovered, as many as 20 or more may exist. 



105 




Tunnel Constructed by the North Under DMZ 

A regiment could pass through this tunnel in about an hour and 

come up south of the DMZ. 



106 



SECTION 3 

RANK INSIGNIA AND UNIFORMS 




iii44iiii 



CHUNG-WI TAB-WI SO-RYONG CHUNG- 
YONG 



TAB- 
RYONG 



TAB- 
JANG 



SO-WI 

USEQUIVALEhn" 

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 0-9 O-10 

2nd 1st Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Brigadier Major Lieutenant General 

Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel General General General 

ENUSTED RANK STRUCTURE 



Private Lance 

First Class Corporal 



SAMBYONG LYONGJANG 
Corporal Sergeant 



Staff Gunnery 

Sergeant Sergeant 



Master 
Sergeant 



CHUM 
SANGSA 

Master 
Sergeant 



ROK Enlisted Rank Insignia 



107 



Private 


1 

Searran 
Apprentice 


Private 


Private 
Rrstaass 


II 

Searran 


BM 

Senior 
Private 


Corporal 


Third aass 
Petty Officer 


M/B 

Junior 
Sergeant 


BIB 

Sergeant 


11 


g 

!S^ 


BB 

Senior 
Sergeant 


Rrstaass 
Petty Officer 


Senior 
Sergeant 


.U" 


NAVY 

aiief Petty 
Officer 


AIR FORCE 

MS 

IVIaster 
Sergeant 



North Korean Enlisted Rank Insignia 



108 



North 

Korean 

Army 

Rank 

Insignia 



« 






^ 
^ 
^ 



7t 



m 






Marshall 



General 



Colonel 
General 



Lieutenant 
General 



Major 
General 



Senior 
Colonel 






^■■"■^ 






/x\ 



/x\ 




f^ 



Colonel 



Lieutenant 
Colonel 



Major 



Captain 



Senior 
Lieutenant 



Lieutenant 



junior 
Lieutenant 



Officer Collar Tabs 

Worn on Closed Collar Uniform 




■kk^f /@ 4t-V^/ ft^ ' -' -' ^ 



Army 
Colonel 



Navy 
Commander 



Air Force 
Lieutenant 



North Korean Army Officer Rank Insignia 



109 



f^ 



1^ # 






a 



■.if^. 




Winter Full Summer Full Winter Service 

Dress Uniform Dress Uniform Overcoat 
(Generals) (Generals) (Generals) 



Service 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Service 
Overcoat 
(Officers) 




Field 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Full Dress 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Dress 
Overcoat 
(Officers) 



Service 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Winter 
J acket 
(Officers) 



North Korean Army Uniforms 



110 




Winter Field Winter Field Summer Field Camouflage 
Overcoat Uniform Uniform Uniform 



North Korean Army Uniforms 



111 



North 

Korean 

Navy 

Rank 

Insignia 












$ 



1^ 



1 



Senior 
Admiral 



Admiral 



Vice 
Admirai 



Rear 
Admirai 



Senior 
Captain 



■A 



■A 



A 



/^T\ 



/T\ 



I 1 



/7\ 



I 



fTi 



Captain 



Commander 



Lieutenant 
Commander 



Senior 
Lieutenant 



Lieutenant 



Junior 
Lieutenant 



Ensign 



Enlisted Collar Tabs 

Collar Tab Denotes Branch of Service 




n Hiii 



n •« 



IMaster 1st Class 

Sergeant Petty Officer 



Sergeant 



Junior 
Sergeant 



Seaman 



P rivate 



North Korean Navy Officer Rank Insignia 



112 





1 



. II 




Winter Full 

Dress Uniform 

(Officers) 



Winter Full 

Dress Uniform 

(Officers) 



Winter Service 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Summer 

Service Uniform 

(Officers) 



Winter Service 
Uniform 
(Enlisted) 






Summer 

Service Uniform 

(Seaman) 



Summer Service 
Uniform 
(Enlisted) 



Work 
Uniform 
(Officers) 



Work 
Uniform 
(Enlisted) 



North Korean Navy Uniforms 



113 



North 

Korean 

Air Force 

Rank 
Insignia 



,,^ 

^ 



■Aik 



^^t. 

* 
* 



* 
• 



*= 






unr 



General 



Colonel 
General 



Lieutenant 
General 



Major 
General 



Senior 
Colonel 



u 






■44 



^ 

M 



/153N 



^r 



1^ 



fS\ 



i: 



{V\ 



(^ 



Colonel 



Lieutenant 
Colonel 



Major 



Captain 



Senior 
Lieutenant 



Lieutenant 



J unior 
Lieutenant 





General Officer 
CollarTabs 



Field and Company 

Grade Officer 

CollarTabs 



North Korean Air Force Officer Ranl< Insignia 



114 




Full Dress Service Service Service SummerField 

Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform 

(Officers) (Officers) (Enlisted) (Pilot) (Enlisted) 





Officers Cap 





Officers Cap 



Winter Pilot 

Jacket Uniform 

(Enlisted) 



Service Cap 
(Enlisted) 



North Korean Air Force Uniforms 



115 




■i^ 





Artillery 



Tanker 



Finance 



Transportation 




-i- 



Infantry 



Signal 



1 














Chemical 




Air Force 
Cap Insignia 



Rear 
Services 




Medical Veterinary 




Head Gear 
Insignia 



n 



Judge 
Advocate 



Engineer 





Band National Emblem 

Worn on Flag Officers' 
Shoulder Boards and 
CollarTabs 




PilotWings 



Seaman Cap Ribbon 



North Korean Branch Insignias 



116 



SECTION 4 
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS 



XXXX Army 
XXX Corp 
XX Division 


X 

III 

II 


Brigade 

Regiment 

Battalion 


1 

• • • 


Company 
Platoon 


• • 


Squad 



^^^ u^K .1 i^^ l u^^ 



INFANTRY MOTORIZED LIGHT 
INFANTRY INFANTRY 



AIRBORNE 
INFAIVTRY 



^ \^\ \^\ ^ 



MECHANIZED 
INFANTRY 



RECON 



ARMORED 
RECON 



TANK/ 
ARMOR 



AJNTTITANK AJNTTITANK Al\m-A/C 

MISSILE GUN MISSILE 

(AT-3) (85-lOOrrTrl (S/V2) 



ATsm-A^C 

GUN 
(145rrTr1 



FROG 




SCUD 




120 




• 

130/152 




122 




• 

122MRL 



FROG 
MISSILE 



SCUD 
MISSILE 



MORTAR ARTILLERY 

(120mm) (130/152mm) 



l>|<l t^ 



FTl 



7^ 



AVIATION 
OR HELO 



ATTACK 
HELO 



ENGINEER CHEMICAL 
ORDECON 



SP 
ARTILLERY 

(122mm) 



SIGNAL 



MULTIPLE 

ROCKET 

LAUNCHER 

(122mm) 



FIELD 
HOSPITAL 



HQ 




HHC 




HMG 




REAR 
SER 




TECH 
SPT 




TGT 
ACQ 



HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS 
Si HQ COMPANY 



HEAVY 

MACHINE 

GUN 



REAR TECHNICAL TARGET 
SERVICES SUPPORT ACQUISITION 



117 



President 



Central People's 
Committee 



*Typical Corps includes: 
Infantry Divisions 
Armored Brigades 
Artillery Brigades 
Light Infantry Brigades 
River-Crossing Regiments 



Ministry of 
the People's 
Armed Forces 



General Staff 
Department 



Armored 
Corps 



Forward 
Army Corps* 



1st Corps 



Artillery 
Corps 



2d Corps 



4th Corps 



5th Corps 



Capital 
Defense Corps 



Mechanized 
Corps 



108th Corps 



425th Corps 



806th Corps 



815th Corps 



Army Corps 



3rd Corps 



6th Corps 



7th Corps 



Reconnaissance 
Bureau 



North Korean 
Air Force 



Divisions 



General 



Light Infantry 

Training/ 
Guide Bureau 



North Korean 
Navy 



Administrative 
Command 



8th Corps 



Artillery 
Command 



Mechanized 
Command 



Antiaircraft 
Artillery Command 



North Korean Military 



118 



XXX 

c&s 


1 1 1 

^<s ^<v. ^^X^ 


1 1 1 


1 1 1 
XXX 

SNIPER MRL 


1 1 1 
X II II 


III III II ^ II II 

III ^^' ^^^^ *X* 

' ' ' ^ ^ SIGINT ^^X ^ ^ 

BRIDGE 

REAR 
SVC 





Infantry Corps 



119 



XXX 


1 1 1 


^ ^ ^ 


1 1 1 
X ^X^ II 

C5^ X ' 1 ' 


1 1 1 


III 1 

II ^1 1 II 

REAR EW/ \ *. •""><"-• 

SVC SIGINT ^^^ / ^ 



Mechanized Infantry Corps 



120 





















XXX 
























C_J> 


















1 




1 1 

X X 


X 




1 
X 




1 

X 






c&s 




cz:> 


cz:> 


d^ 




cz:> 




cz::> 
































1 




1 

II 




1 

II 




1 
II 








REAR 
SVC 










1 1 1 








7^ 




















BRIDGE 















Armor Corps 









XXX 










• 








1 








1 
X 




1 
X 






Mt It 


■L 




\ 1 


-L 




1 


— 1 






'l 


— 1 



Artillery Corps 



121 



XX 


>< 






1 1 1 




1 1 



" SJ^ 




1 1 1 
II II II 


1 1 1 
1 1 


1 1 1 \t^ REAR •XT* ^^ 


*SOME DIVISIONB VVILL ALSO HAVE AN EW/SiaNTT BATTAUON 



INFANTRY 




Tk 


Art 


AT 


INF 


urc 


AAA 


Enq 


Sq 


Recon 


CIVL 


HQ 


DIVISION 


Totd 


Bn 


Reg 


Bn 


Reg 


Bn 


Bn 


Bn 


Bn 


Co 


Co 


+RS 


T-54/55 


31 


31 






















M1985/Type-62/63/PT-76 




2 






















D-20 152mm Howitzer 


18 




18 




















D-74/M-38 122mm Howitzer 






54 




















T-63/RPU (107/140 IMRL) 










9 
















D or IVI-44 (85/100 AT Gun) 








12 


















IVI-39(76.2ATGun) 










6 
















AT-3 SAGGER 










9 
















B-10/11 (82/107 RG) 










9 
















RPG-7 (AT Lolir) 


658 




8 




192 


18 




10 


4 


4 


4 


36 


IUI-43 (120mm lUlortar) 










18 
















IVI-37 (82mm Mortar) 










27 




























18 














Flamethrower 










4 
















RPD/RP-46/SMG 


859 


2 


34 


8 


257 


18 




6 


8 


4 


4 


12 


SA-7b 










12 




6 












ZPU-2/4 (14.5 AAA HIMG) 


60 








18 




6 












IVI-39(37AAAGun) 














6 












S-60(57AAAGun) 














6 












FIRE CAN (FLAP WHEEL) 














2 












V-415Jeep 


57 


3 


8 


1 


8 




1 


3 


5 


1 




12 


2 1/2T Utility Truck 


692 


18 


110 


21 


126 


1 


43 


25 


30 


1 


10 


75 


M-72 Motorcycle 


29 
















8 


5 




16 


T-34-TTankRTVR 




1 






















Personnel 


10359 


226 


930 


195 


2379 


450 


282 


279 


260 


95 


105 


400 


Officer 


1333 


22 


118 


23 


182 


30 


23 


25 


21 


5 


5 


95 


Enlisted 


9026 


204 


812 


172 


2197 


420 


259 


254 


239 


90 


100 


305 



Infantry Division 



122 





III 






? 






1 

1 


1 
II 




1 

II 


1 
1 


HO 


Si 


120 


• 

107/140 MRL 


1 
II 


1 1 ' 1 
• •• 1 1 


1 
1 


1 

• • • 




^ /\ ^ 




7^ 


1 



INFANTRY REGIMENT 


Total 


INF 
Bn 


IVTTR 
Bn 


AAA 
Bn 


IVRL 
Btiy 


AT 
Btiy 


Eng 
Co 


?9 

Co 


Ftecon 
Pit 


CIVL 
Pit 


h+HC 


T-63/RPU (107/140 MRL) 
M-39(76.2ATGun) 
AT-3 SAGGER 
B-10/11 (82/107 RG) 
RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 
M-43 (120mm Mortar) 
M-37 (82mm Mortar) 


9 
6 
9 
9 
192 
27 
27 


3 
3 
58 

9 


8 
27 




9 


6 


3 


3 






4 


SA-7b 

ZPU-2/4 (14.5 AAA HMG) 


12 
18 


3 




3 
18 
















V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


8 
126 


1 
8 


1 

31 


1 
33 


9 


7 


5 


5 


5 




3 
7 


Flamethrower 
RPD/RP-46/SMG 
AK Rifle 
M1891 30 Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


4 

257 

1896 

18 

182 


81 

360 

6 

29 


8 
156 

26 


259 
23 


70 
5 


73 
5 


4 
3 
61 

5 


3 
54 

5 


30 
1 


25 
1 


88 
24 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


2379 
182 
2197 


476 
29 
447 


206 
26 
180 


282 
23 
259 


75 
5 
70 


78 
5 
73 


76 
5 

71 


65 
5 
60 


31 
1 
30 


26 
1 
25 


112 
24 
88 



Infantry Regiment 



123 



* 


1 
• ft 

HQ 


ii 


1 

82 


1 
• • • 



INFANTRY BATTALION 


Totd 


IM= 
Co 


IVTTR 
Bliy 


AT 
Pit 


HQ 


AT-3 SAGGER 
B-10/11 (82/107 RG) 
RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 

SA-7b 


3 
3 

58 
9 
3 


18 


9 


3 
3 
4 


3 


V-415 (jeep) 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


1 
8 




3 


3 


1 
2 


RPD/RP-46/SIVIG 
AK Rifle 
M 1891 30 Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


81 

360 

6 

29 


27 
83 


57 
5 


20 
1 


34 
3 
8 


Radio, R116/126 
Radio, R106 
Radio, R105 
Radio, RDM 
Telephone, TAI-43 
Switchboard 


17 
9 
2 
1 

24 
6 




1 

5 
1 


1 
1 


2 
4 
2 
1 
3 
2 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


476 
29 
447 


116 

111 


62 
5 
57 


21 
1 
20 


45 
8 
37 



Infantry Battalion 



124 



,*, 


1 1 




INFANTRY COMPANY 


Total 


IM= 
Rt 


HQ 


RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 
RPD/RP-46/SMG 
AK Rifle 
M 1891 30 Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


18 
27 
83 

1 
5 


6 
9 
27 




Radio, R116 
Radio, R106 
Telephone, TAI-43 
Switchboard 


5 

1 
5 

1 






Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


116 

5 

111 


37 
36 


3 



INFANTRY PLATOON 


Total 


IM= 
Sqd 


HQ 


RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 
RPD 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


6 
9 
27 


2 
3 
9 


1 


Radio, R116 
Telephone, TAI-43 






1 
1 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


37 
36 


12 
12 


1 
1 



Infantry Company 



Infantry Platoon 



125 



















































1 




1 
1 














HHC 




Medical 
Treatment 




Operating 
Ftoom 




Holding & 
Evacuation 































FIELD HOSPITAL 


Total 


HHC 


ivrr 

Co 


OPRm 
CO 


H&E 
Co 






AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


370 
65 


84 
6 


81 
24 


142 
30 


63 
5 






V-415Jeep 
21/2TTruck 


4 
63 


4 
5 


12 


10 


36 






Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


445 
65 
370 


90 
6 
84 


105 
24 
81 


172 
30 
142 


68 
5 
63 





Field Hospital 



II 


7^ 






1 


1 

1 


7^1 7^ 


DECCN "^^ 



CHEMICAL BATTALION 


Total 


HQ 


DECCN 
Co 


IIVPRG 
CO 


RPG-2/7(40ATLchr) 
RPD/RPK 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


12 
12 
276 
15 


3 
3 

42 
6 


3 
3 

84 
3 


3 
3 

66 
3 


V-415Jeep 
2 1/2TTruck 


1 
30 


1 
6 


9 


6 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


315 
15 
300 


54 
6 
48 


93 
3 

90 


75 
3 
72 



Chemical Battalion 



126 













II 






















1 








1 

1 




1 
1 




1 
1 




1 
1 






HQ 




MSGR& 
COMM 


























VWFE 




RAao 





SIGNAL BATTALION 


Totd 


HQ 


MSGRS 

oom 


VVIRE 
Co 


RAao 

Co 


RPG-2/7(40ATLchr) 
RPD/RPK 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


12 
14 
234 
39 


2 
4 
47 

21 


48 


4 
4 
72 
6 


4 
4 
67 
5 


V-415 Jeep 
21/27 Truck 
M-72 Motorcycle 


5 

37 
20 


2 

6 


20 


1 
10 


1 

17 


Radio 

Switchboard 

Telegraph 


9 

14 
5 


3 
1 




9 


6 


Personnel 
OHicer 
Enlisted 


299 
39 
260 


74 
21 
53 


59 
52 


86 
6 
80 


80 
5 
75 



Signal Battalion 



127 







u 








n 




/X 








1 








1 




1 






HQ 




/\ 


- 


-1 












X AT-1 


\ 






^ly AT-I 


\ 

















1 






n 




/\ 












1 

• • • 


• • • 




HQ 


/ AT-1 \ 


\ 


-1 


1/ AT.1 








1/ AT.1 


y 



ATGM BATTALION 


Total 


ATGM 
CO 


HQ 


UAZ-69ATGMAT-1 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


54 
254 
35 


18 
72 
9 


38 
8 


V-415Jeep 
2 1/2 T Truck 


4 
21 


1 
5 


1 
6 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


291 
35 
256 


81 
9 
72 


48 
8 
40 



ATGMCaVPANY 


Total 


ATGM 
Pit 


HQ 


UAZ-69 ATGM AT-1 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


18 
72 
9 


6 
17 
2 


21 
3 


V-415Jeep 
2 1/2 T Truck 


1 
5 


1 


1 
2 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


81 
9 
72 


19 
2 

17 


24 
3 
21 



Corps Antitank Guided lUlissile 
Battalion 



Corps Antitank Guided lUlissile 
Company 



J_L 



HQ&S 



AAABATTAUCN 


Total 




Total 


IM-39(37AAAGun) 
S-60(57AAAGun) 
ZPU-2/4 (14.5mm) 
FIRE CAN orBREAD BIN 


6 
6 
6 

4 


AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


259 
23 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


282 
23 
259 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


1 
43 



AAA Battalion 



128 



Corrmond 
& Control 



J_LL 




— I 
II 

Technical 
Support 



SA-5 REGIMENT 


Total 


SAM 
Bn 


Cmd& 
Control 


Tech 
Spt 


SA-5 SAM Lchr 


18 


6 






BAR LOCK Radar 
SQUARE PAIR Radar 
BIG BACK Radar 
SIDE NET Radar 
MERCURY GRASS Truck 
Radar Control Truck 
Misc Trailers 


3 
3 
1 
1 
4 
4 
38 


1 
1 

1 
1 
10 


1 
1 
1 

2 
6 


2 


ZIL-1 57V Transporter 
Misc Trucks 
V-415Jeep 


30 
91 
7 


6 

14 
1 


11 
3 


12 
38 
1 


Personnel 
OHicer 
Enlisted 


910 
86 
824 


115 
12 

103 


90 
14 
76 


106 
10 
96 



SAM (SA-5) Regiment 



129 



Comrend 
&CDntrol 



T" 

J_L 




111 



-r 
J_L 



— I 
II 

Technical 
Support 



SA-3 REGIMENT 


Total 


SAM 
Bn 


AAA 
Bn 


Cmd& 
Control 


Tech 
Spt 


SA-3SAMLchr 
ZPU-4 (14.5 AAA HMG) 


16 
18 


4 


18 






LOW BLOW Radar 
FLAT FACE Radar 
SPOON REST Radar 
SIDE NET Radar 
MERCURY GRASS Truck 
Radar Control Truck 
Misc Trailers 


4 
5 
1 
1 
5 
6 
48 


1 
1 

1 
1 
10 




6 


2 


ZIL-131 Transporter 
Misc Trucks 
V-415 Jeep 


24 

119 

9 


4 
12 
1 


24 
1 


11 
3 


8 

36 
1 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


910 
86 
824 


108 
10 
98 


282 
23 
259 


84 
12 
72 


112 
11 
101 



SAM (SA-3) Regiment 



130 



Comrend 
&CDntrol 



T" 
J_L 



J_LL 



-r 
J_L 



— I 
II 

Technical 
Support 



SA-2 REGIMENT 


Total 


SAM 
Bn 


AAA 
Bn 


Cmd& 
Control 


Tech 
Spt 


SA-2SAMLchr 
ZPU-4 (14.5 AAA HMG) 


18 
18 


6 


18 






SPOON REST Radar 
FAN SONG Radar 
FLAT FACE Radar 
MERCURY GRASS Truck 
Radar Control Truck 
Misc Trailers 


38 


1 
1 

1 
1 
10 




1 

1 
1 

2 
6 


2 


ZIL-157V Transporter 
Misc Trucks 
V-415Jeep 


30 
137 


6 

18 
1 


24 
1 


11 
3 


12 
48 
1 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


833 
88 
745 


115 
12 
103 


282 
23 
259 


90 
14 
76 


116 
15 
101 



SAM (SA-2) Regiment 



131 













y 














1 ■ 1 

' Bridge ' 
















1 

1 




II 




1 
II 




1 
II 




II 






h+HC 




1 ■ 1 

'AmphVeh' 




1 ■ 1 

'TechSpt' 




1 ■ 1 

'lt Bridge' 


■1 


'hvy Bridge' 










1 AmphVeh 








1 LT Bridge 





















RIVER-CROSSING 




AIVPH 


LT 


Hvv 


Tech 




BRIGADE 


Total 


Veh 


BRG 


BRG 


Spt 


HHC 




120 


60 










GSP Ferry Track HvyAmph 


24 


12 










LPP Bridge PTN Set 


48 




24 








GAZ-63 Truck PTN Carry 


144 




72 








BMK-90 Boat Power w/TLR 


36 




12 


12 






TPP Bridge PTN Set 


48 






48 






ZIL-151 Truck PTN Carry 


96 






96 






Utility Tractor 


6 








6 




Utility Bulldozer 


4 








4 




K-51 Crane 


1 












K-32 Crane 


4 




2 




2 




GAZ-46 Vehicle Amphibious 


10 


2 


1 




1 


1 


V-415Jeep 


12 


1 


1 




3 


4 


21/2TTruck 


196 


16 


32 


44 


42 


14 


RPG-2/7(40ATLCHR) 


169 


22 


24 


36 


21 


20 


RPD/RPK 


249 


32 


36 


55 


30 


28 


Personnel 


2367 


319 


388 


502 


298 


153 


Officer 


109 


38 


38 


40 


37 


32 


Enlisted 


2258 


281 


350 


462 


261 


121 



River-Crossing Brigade 



132 













II 










1 




1 Te'ch 1 








1 








1 

1 




1 




1 




1 
1 






HHC 




1 ■ 1 

' Obstacle ' 




1 ■ 1 

' Const ' 




1 ■ 1 

'Rd Const' 



























TECHNICAL ENGINEER 




BATTALION 


Total 


Trucks 


2 


Bulldozers 


11 


Compressors 


7 


Generators 


2 


Graders 


2 


Elevators 


1 


Band Saws 


3 


Mine Detectors 


3 



Technical Engineer Battalion 







II 








n 




1 Te'. 1 








1 








1 




1 






mc 




1 > 1 

Const 




-1 










1 


Const 






1 Const 

















ENGINEER 




CXDNSTRUCnON 




BATTAUON 


Total 


Trucks 


12 


Bulldozers 


24 


Compressors 




Generators 




Excavators 




Rock Crushers 




Cranes 




Band Saws 





Engineer Construction Battalion 



133 







II 








SCUD 








1 


















Connmand 
&Met 




SCUD 


"-1 
















1 












1 







II 








n 




FROG 








1 


















Command 
&Met 




FROG 


- 












1 








1 

















SCUD BATTALION 


Total 


Btiy 


Cmd& 
Met 


SCUD-BTEL 
END TRAY Radar 


6 

1 


2 


1 


21/2TTruck 

ZIL-1 35 Truck Resupply 

GAZ-69 Vehicle Survey 


54 
3 

1 


16 
1 


6 
1 


K-51 Crane 


4 


1 


1 


Officer 
Enlisted 


173 
23 
150 


41 
5 
36 


8 

42 
50 



Strategic Level SCUD B Battalion 



FROGBATTAUON 


Total 


Btiy 


Cmd& 
Met 


FROG-7 Launcher 
END TRAY Radar 


3 

1 


1 


1 


21/2TTruck 

ZIL-135 Truck Resupply 

GAZ-69 Vehicle Survey 


54 
3 

1 


16 
1 


6 
1 


1 


FROG-3/5 
BREAD BIN Radar 


3 

1 


1 


1 


21/2TTruck 

ZIL-135V Truck Resupply 
GAZ-69 Vehicle Survey 
K-51 Crane 


54 
3 
1 
3 


16 
1 

1 


6 
1 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


173 
23 
150 


41 
5 
36 


50 
8 
42 



Strategic Level FROG Battalion 



134 













X 














• 

122 MRL 


















1 

1 




II 










1 
1 




II 






HQ 




• 1 

122 MRL 








Target 
Acquisition 




Technical 
Support 




1 > 1 








1 122 MRL 


1 
















1 122 MRL 


-| 


NOTE: Corps IVRL Brigade cai be either 12anii or 2Wnin 




1 122 MRL 


[ 




1 122 MRL 1 




1 122MRL 






















_J 



MRL BRIGADE (122mm) 


Total 




Total 


BM -11 (122mm) 
RPD/RPK (7.62mm LMG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


108 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 

END TRAY Radar 




Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


1500 



Corps MRL Brigade 













II 










1 




• 

240 MRL 








1 








1 




1 




1 




1 






HQ&S 




• 

240 MRL 




• 

240 MRL 




• 

240 MRL 




12 


aVIVIHASTHE 


SAIVE ORDER 


OF BATTLE 

















MRL BATTALION 
(240MM) 


Total 




Total 


BM-24(12rd240mniMRL) 
RPD/RPK (7.62nim LMG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


15 

8 

184 

17 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


1 

12 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


209 
17 
192 



Corps l\/!RL Battalion 



135 



HQ 



_I70_ 



_I70_ 



cs:> 



— r 
_LL 

, 170_ 



_I70_ 



Target 
Acquisition 



_I70_ 



_I70_ 



n~i 



7S- 



ARTILLERY BRIGADE 
(170mm SP"KOKSUN") 


Totd 


M-1978/M-1989 (170mm SP) 
RPD/RPK (7.62mm LMG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


72 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 

END TRAY Radar 




Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 





Strategic Level Heavy Artillery Brigade 



136 











X 








1 






d^ 


















1 


1 
II 




1 

II 


1 1 1 
II 1 1 






HQ 


130 


1-| 


152 


122 


Target 
1 Acquisition 


1 1 1 








1 130 


1 152 


1 122 








' 1 130 1 


1 152 


L 


122 












1 1 

1 ••• 








7^ 


















-J 



CORPS SP 
ARTILLERY BRIGADE 


Total 


M-1974 (152mm D-20) 
M-1975 (130mm M-46) 
M-1981 (122mm D-74) 
RPD/RPK (7.62mm LMG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


54 
54 
54 


V-415 Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 

END TRAY Radar 




Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 





Corps Artillery Brigade 



137 













III 










1 




• 

122/152 
















1 




II 




II 




I'l 






H&S 




• 

122 




122 




• 

152 










D-74 




1 122 




D-20 












M-30 







ARTILLERY REGIMENT 
122/1 52mm TOWED 


Total 




Total 


D-74 (122mm How) 
M-30 (122mm How) 
D-20 (152mm How) 
RPG-2/7 (40AT Lohr) 
RP-46(7.62MG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


11 

36 
18 
8 

34 
778 
118 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


8 
118 


Personnel 
OHioer 
Enlisted 


930 
118 
812 



Division 122/1 52mm Towed Artillery Regiment 













II 










1 




• 

122 
















1 




1 




1 




1 






H&S 




• 

122 




• 

122 




• 

122 



























ARTILLERY BATTALION 
122mm TOWED 


Total 




Total 


M -38 (122mm How) 
RP-46(7.62MG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


18 

8 

190 

26 


V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


1 

26 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


224 
26 
198 



Artillery Battalion 



138 













II 










1 




120 
















1 




1 




1 




1 






H8S 




120 




120 




-4- 

120 



























MORTAR BATTALION 
120mm 


Total 


M-43 (120mm Mortar) 
RPG-2/7 (40AT Lchr) 
RP-46(7.62MG) 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


27 

8 

8 

158 

26 


V-415 Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 


1 
31 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


206 
26 
180 



Regimental Mortar Battalion 



139 





X 




dD 






1 

1 


1 
II 




1 
II 


II 


HQ 


cz:> 1 


ci:> 


^ 


h 1| 


LT 




1 
II 


1 
II 




1 

• • • 


1 
II 


cs:> 


^ — > ' ' ' 


•?^ 


TECH 
SPT 


1 



ARMOR BRIGADE 


Total 


Bn 


LTTk 
Bn 


MInf 
Bn 


152 
Reg 


122 
Bn 


AAA 
Bn 


Co 


HQ 


Tech 
Spt 


CML 
Pit 


T-62 

VTT-323/BTR-60/M1967 
M1985/BRDM AT-3/4 
M1985/Type-62-63/PT-76 


124 
58 
3 
40 


31 
2 


40 


43 
3 










6 




3 


152mm SP Howitzer 
122mm SP Howitzer 
ATGIVIAT-3IWanpack 
RPG-2/7(40ATLchr) 
iVI-37 (82mm Mortar) 


18 
18 

3 
43 

9 






3 

31 
9 


18 


18 




4 


2 


6 




SA-7b 

IVI1983/BTR-152A(14.5) 
SPAAG (37) 
Type-80/ZSU-57 (57) 
FIRE CAN Radar 


12 
6 
6 
6 
3 






3 






6 
6 
6 
6 
3 




3 






V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 

T-54-TTankRTVR 


26 

162 

6 


3 

18 
1 


3 

11 
1 


1 

14 


1 

12 


1 

12 


1 
30 


7 


5 
10 


4 
12 
2 


1 


RPD/RPK LMG 


70 


2 


2 


33 


9 


9 




4 


2 


5 




Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


2481 
224 
2257 


226 
22 
204 


190 
21 
169 


504 
31 
473 


230 
28 
202 


230 
28 
202 


282 
23 
259 


76 
5 

71 


120 
14 
106 


145 

7 

138 


26 
1 
25 



Tank Brigade 



140 







II 








< > 








1 








1 




1 






HQ 




c_^ 


1 










■^ 





1 






d^ 




1 






• • • 

HQ 




• • • 






CZ^ 













TANK BATTALION 


Total 


Tk 
Co 


HQ 


T-55(59)/62(69) 

M1985/Type62/63/PT-76 

V-415Jeep 

2 1/2T Utility Truck 

T-34-TTankRTVR 

RP-46 

AK Rifle 

T-64/68 Pistol 


31 
2 
3 

18 

1 

2 

204 

22 


10 

3 

50 
5 


52 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


226 
22 
204 


55 
5 
50 


61 
54 







II 








LT 








1 








1 




1 






HQ 




LT 


1 








T 









TATKCOVPANY 


Total 


Tk 
Pit 


HQ 


T-55(59)/62 
2 1/2T Utility Truck 
AK Rifle 
T-64/68 Pistol 


10 
3 

50 
5 


3 

11 
1 


1 
3 

17 
2 


Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


55 
5 
50 


12 
1 

11 


19 
2 
17 



Basic Tank Battalion (Top Left) 
Basic Tanl< Company (Top Right) 
Light Tanic Battalion (Bottom) 



UGHTTATKBATTAUON 


Total 


Tk 
CO 


HQ 


IM1985/Type62/63/PT-76 


40 


10 


10 


V-415Jeep 


3 




3 


2 1/2T Utility Truck 


11 


2 


5 


T-34-TTankRTVR 


1 




1 


RP-46 


2 




2 


AK Rifle 


204 


40 


49 


T-64/68 Pistol 


22 


5 


7 


Personnel 


190 


45 


55 


Officer 


21 


5 


6 


Enlisted 


169 


40 


49 



141 



RECONNAISSANCE BATTAUON 




II 






















1 








1 
1 








1 

• • • 




1 






HQ 




j^ 


[h 








REAR 
SERVICE 










^^ 


J| 























RECONNAISSANCE BRIGADE 




X 










1 






















1 
1 




II 










1 










HQ 






Ik 


"-^ 




DIRECT 
ACTION 




REAR 
SERVICE 










s^ 













SEABORNE SNIPER BATTALION 



HQ 









REAR 
SERVICE 



142 



1— 


X 


^ 


— L^ 

II 


HQ& 
CMD 


- Si 




■^=^1 





LIGHT INFANTRY 
BRIGADE 


Total 


Bn 


Conp 


RPG-2/7(40ATLchr) 

60MTR 

RPD/RPK 

AK Rifle 

T-64/68 Pistol 


138 
105 
136 
2950 
3220 


18 
21 
18 
414 
450 


66 
72 


V-415 Jeep 
21/2TTruck 


2 

13 


1 




Personnel 
Officer 
Enlisted 


3300 

80 

3220 


450 
450 


72 
72 



II 


^ 


1 


1 1 1 

1 • • • 


^ Xtlth ^ 


■'%=^l 



Light Infantry Battalion 



Light Infantry Brigade 



143 




MECHANIZED INFANTRY 




MINF 


MIIM= 


Tk 


Art 


Art 


Mm 


AT 


AAA 


UPL 




Tech 


Rec 


Enq 


Siq 


Chm 


BRIGADE 


Total 


Bn 


Bn 


Bn 


152 


122 


Bn 


Bn 


Bn 


Brg 


HQ 


Spt 


Co 


Co 


Co 


Co 


T-62 


31 






31 


























M1985/Type-62/63/PT-76 


5 






2 


















3 








VTT-323/BTR-60/M1967 


56 


43 


















6 




7 








M1985/BRDM AT-3/4 


15 


3 












9 


















122/152mmSP Howitzer 


18/18 








18 


18 






















BM-21 (122mm MRL) 


6 


















6 














ATGM AT-3 Manpack 


15 


3 


3 




























SPG-9 (73mm) 


12 














12 


















B-11(107RG) 


15 


3 


3 




























RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 


285 


31 


62 
















2 


6 


9 


4 


4 


4 


M-43 (120mm Mortar) 


27 
































M-37 (82mm Mortar) 


45 


9 


9 








8 




















SA-7b 


24 


3 


3 








27 




6 




3 












BTR-152A(14.5) 


6 
















6 
















SPAAG (37) 


18 


4 


2 












6 
















Type-80/ZSU-57 (57) 


6 
















6 
















FIRE CAN Radar 


3 
















3 
















V-415Jeep 


28 


1 


1 


3 


1 


1 


1 


3 


1 




6 


4 


1 




1 


1 


2 1/2T Utility Truck 


376 


14 


37 


18 


12 


12 


31 


35 


30 


3 


50 


16 


5 


7 


8 


10 


M-72 Motorcycle 


8 
























8 








T-54-TTankRTVR 


7 






1 
















6 










RPD/RPK LMG 


383 


33 


85 




9 


9 


8 


8 




2 


2 


6 


6 


4 


4 


4 


AK Rifle 


3780 


408 


383 


204 


184 


184 


158 


156 


259 


60 


152 


155 


75 


63 


52 


113 


M1891/30 Rifle 


18 




6 




























Personnel 


4781 


555 


506 


226 


230 


230 


208 


195 


282 


66 


180 


175 


96 


76 


65 


126 


Officer 


364 


32 


31 


22 


28 


28 


28 


23 


23 


4 


24 


8 


6 


5 


5 


5 


Enlisted 


4417 


523 


475 


204 


202 


202 


180 


172 


259 


62 


158 


167 


90 


71 


60 


121 



Mechanized Infantry Brigade 



144 



^ 



• • • 

HQ 




I 



<^> 



• • • 



• • • 



MECHANIZED INFANTRY 




l^F 


IVTTR 


AT 


AAA 


Sq 




BATTALION 


Total 


Co 


Btiy 


Pit 


Rt 


Rt 


HQ 


VTT-323/BTR-60/M1967 


43 


10 


10 








3 


M1985/BRDMAT-3/4 


3 






3 








AT-3 SAGGER Manpack 


3 


1 












B-11 (107 RG) 


3 






3 








RPG-7 (AT Lchr) 


31 


9 




4 








M-37 (82mni Mortar) 


9 




9 










SA-7b 


3 












3 


SPAAG 


4 








4 






V-415 Jeep 


1 












1 


2 1/2T Utility Truck 


14 


1 


2 


2 




3 


4 


RPD/RPK-46/SIVIG 


33 


9 








4 


2 


Rifle AK 


408 


87 


57 


20 




17 


53 


T-64/68 Pistol 


96 


26 


5 


1 




1 


9 


Radio, R-112 


2 












2 


Radio, R-114 


14 


4 










2 


Radio, R-113 


38 


10 


4 


1 


1 




2 


Receiver, R-311 


1 












1 


Personnel 


555 


120 


62 


25 


17 


26 


65 


Officer 


32 


5 


5 


1 


1 


1 


9 


Enlisted 


523 


115 


57 


24 


16 


25 


56 



Mechanized Infantry Battalion 



145 



SECTION 5 

MEDICAL ASSESSMENT 



Key Judgments 

U.S. military personnel deploying to the Korean Peninsula will encoun- 
ter significant infectious disease and environmental health risks. Disease 
and non-battle injuries (DNBIs) present a major risk to the effectiveness 
of operational units and the success of the overall mission. Command 
emphasis on preventive medicine measures, good personal hygiene, dis- 
ease surveillance and reporting, and troop discipline at all levels is 
essential for limiting infectious disease and environmental health risks. 

The primary infectious disease risks are from scrub typhus, hemorrhagic 
fever with renal syndrome (Korean hemorrhagic fever), and Japanese 
encephalitis. Risks from food- and water-borne diseases include diar- 
rheal diseases, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and hepatitis A. Risks 
may vary among geographic areas and seasons. Environmental health 
risks are primarily attributable to extremes of heat and cold, depending 
on the region and season, and poor food and water sanitation. Unregu- 
lated industry and agriculture heavily pollute air, water, and soil 
resources. 

Preventive countermeasures are the key to combat strength, and their 
implementation and continued emphasis must be a command responsi- 
bility. Use of local and regional food, water, and ice sources without 
proper inspection and approval by U.S. medical personnel (military 
public health, veterinary, and preventive medicine units) will put opera- 
tional forces at great risk of acquiring food- and water-borne diseases 
that could significantly degrade the effectiveness of over 10 to 20 per- 
cent of the entire force within 24 to 48 hours. Additionally, without the 
implementation of effective preventive medicine countermeasures, 
small point- source outbreaks could degrade company- size units to the 
point of being operationally ineffective for up to 7 days. 



147 



Disease Risks 

Diseases Contracted From Insects or Animals 

Malaria. This disease is transmitted by the bite of an infective mos- 
quito. Likely prevalent at low levels along the DMZ. Transmission has 
been occurring in South Korea's northwestern province of Kyonggi-do 
along the DMZ. Reported cases in South Korea have been increasing 
each year (21 in 1994; 107 in 1995; and 306 in 1996, including U.S. per- 
sonnel). Vector mosquitos are present in North Korea. Transmission 
usually occurs from May through September with the peak season dur- 
ing July and August. 

Japanese Encephalitis. This disease is an acute mosquito-borne infec- 
tion of the central nervous system. It is frequently associated with rice- 
growing areas. Greatest risk period is from May through late September. 
It is found countrywide in areas where mosquito-breeding sites and pig- 
rearing areas coexist. The last major epidemic of Japanese encephalitis 
in the ROK occurred during 1982, with 1,197 reported cases among 
local nationals. Human cases of the disease have decreased in the ROK, 
partially because of a national vaccination program and changes in agri- 
cultural practices. 

Korean Hemorrhagic Fever. This was a disease of historic significance 
to U.S. military forces in the Korean War. The disease continues to 
exhibit a low level of annual incidence (0 to 5 cases among U.S. forces 
per year). Primary transmission is from inhaling airborne dust particles 
contaminated with infective rodent excreta or saliva. Risk occurs coun- 
trywide and year-round, although peak disease incidence occurs Octo- 
ber through December. Elevated risk is associated with dusty, dry 
conditions and peak rodent populations. Korean hemorrhagic fever is 
characterized by an abrupt onset of fever of 3 to 8 days duration, 
prostration, backache, headache, abdominal pain, anorexia, and vomit- 
ing. 



148 



Typhus. Typhus includes any of several forms of infectious diseases 
caused by microorganisms of the genus Rickettsia. It is characterized 
by severe headache, sustained fever, depression, and red rashes. Mites 
are the primary vector of scrub typhus, an infection prevalent where 
scrub brush and secondary growth vegetation coexist. In South Korea, 
90 percent of all scrub typhus cases occurred between October and 
December. Louse-borne (epidemic) and flea-borne (murine) typhus are 
contracted by scratching louse and flea feces into the skin respectively. 
Louse-borne typhus has been responsible for large epidemics in Korea 
and is still a threat under adverse circumstances, such as war or natural 
disaster. Sporadic outbreaks of flea-borne typhus have occurred around 
seaports and warehouse areas. 

Helminthic Infections. These infections include ascariasis, clonorchia- 
sis, and hookworm infection. Transmission primarily occurs when the 
skin comes in contact with soil or water containing any of a large variety 
of parasitic intestinal worms. 

Rabies. Before 1975, rabies was a serious concern on the Korean Pen- 
insula. Since 1976, there have been only two cases of human rabies in 
the ROK, with none occurring since 1984. Some cattle and dog cases 
were reported in South Korea in 1996. 

Diseases Contracted From Other People/Poor Hygiene 

Stomach/Intestinal Infections. Prevailing unsanitary conditions make 
stomach/intestinal infections a principal threat Transmission is common 
from contaminated food, water, and ice. Diseases of greatest concern 
include: 

"Traveler's Diarrhea'': Diarrheal diseases probably are the greatest 
infectious threat for troops deployed to the Korean Peninsula. Bacte- 
rial, viral, parasitic, and viral causes are all possible. Local food and 
water should be considered contaminated unless otherwise indicated 
by medical personnel. If you get traveler's diarrhea, drink plenty of 
fluids to avoid becoming dehydrated. 

149 



Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A infection rates are moderate to high in local 
populations. Most U.S. personnel have no immunity and are suscep- 
tible to this disease. Enure shots are up to date prior to deployment. 

Cholera: Extensive countrywide outbreaks occurred throughout the 
summers of 1995 and 1996 and affected all provinces. The outbreaks 
were associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood and 
municipal water. Risk is elevated May through November. 

Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers: Risk is year-round and country- 
wide, with highest numbers of reports from North Hamyong Prov- 
ince. Outbreaks frequently occur. Typhoid immunization is 
recommended. 

Respiratory Infection. Acute respiratory infections have been noted to 
be a common affliction on deployments to the Korean Peninsula. 
Crowding in staging areas and tent camps, combined with poor personal 
hygiene, assists in the transmission of respiratory disease agents. 
Annual influenza vaccines should be current prior to deployment. 
Tuberculosis is also present in the civilian and military populations in 
the DPRK and the ROK. 

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). SyphiHs, gonorrhea, venereal 
warts, herpes, chlamydia, and hepatitis are common sexually transmit- 
ted diseases in Korea, some of which are reportedly penicillin resistant. 
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV — the virus that causes AIDS) 
is not currently a significant problem in Korea, although the disease is 
present. The majority of HIV infections reported from South Korea have 
been acquired through heterosexual contact. Hepatitis B is prevalent at 
high levels. Risk is year-round and countrywide. 

Environmental Health Risks 

Most water sources are fecally contaminated. Living and sanitary stan- 
dards are poor throughout the DPRK. Fertilization with night soil and 
poor food handling practices present significant risks of food-borne ill- 



150 



ness. Water and air pollution are widespread throughout the DPRK. 
Extremes of heat and cold also present risks, depending on the region 
and season. 

Throughout the ROK, living and sanitary conditions are below Western 
standards. Heavy industrialization and a high population density over- 
burden the ROK's infrastructure. Years of continual pollution have 
severely contaminated the air, water, and soil. 

VJater Supply 

The DPRK's water sources include rivers, creeks, springs, and wells; 
supplies usually are plentiful, but seasonal shortages occur. The ROK's 
water sources include streams, springs, wells, lakes, and reservoirs; sup- 
plies are adequate, although shortages have been reported in urban areas 
during summer. 

In the DPRK, major cities use slow sand filtration and chlorination to 
treat water; however, contamination occurs during distribution because 
of seepage and back siphoning. Although some urban water supplies are 
delivered via individual house hookups, most households obtain water 
from public taps. In the ROK, municipal water is supplied to more than 
50 percent of the population countrywide and to nearly 100 percent in 
the larger cities. ROK's drinking water needs are not being met because 
of inadequate treatment and storage capacities, obsolete equipment, and 
lagging government investment. 

Living and Sanitary Conditions 

DPRK's living and sanitation conditions are well below those in most 
developed nations. Overcrowded living quarters are common because 
the demand for housing exceeds supply. Although larger cities, such as 
Pyongyang, have a limited number of modern, well-equipped apartment 
buildings, most urban and rural housing consists of small, one-room 
houses without plumbing. Charcoal-burning home-heating systems fre- 
quently malfunction, resulting in dangerous levels of carbon monoxide 



151 



within the dwellings. In rural areas, most housing offers minimum shel- 
ter, poor ventilation, and an excellent environment for vermin. Sewage 
disposal throughout most of the DPRK is inadequate. Although sewage 
treatment plants and septic systems are used in some large cities, sewage 
systems in most urban areas, consisting of both open and covered 
ditches, discharge raw sewage directly into streams or the sea. Rural 
inhabitants use outdoor privies for waste disposal, and night soil com- 
monly is used as fertilizer. 

ROK's living conditions are below developed nations' standards. The 
average Korean home is built partially of wood, brick, or stone, with tile 
or slate roofs. Millions of Koreans now live in small, cramped high-rise 
apartments. Sewage treatment and trash disposal services are limited to 
urban areas. Most sewage is not treated before being discharged. Char- 
coal-burning home-heating systems frequently malfunction resulting in 
dangerous levels of carbon monoxide within the dwellings. 

Pollution 

In the DPRK, it is unlikely that special efforts have been made to protect 
the environment from industrial contaminants, since raw sewage is rou- 
tinely discharged into the environment. DPRK authorities and the media 
are reporting heavy industrial contamination of the Tumen, 
Chongchong, and Taedong Rivers. The sources of the pollution are 
believed to be mining companies, paper factories, steel mills, refineries, 
and chemical factories along the rivers. Heavy industrial and vehicle 
emissions produce high levels of heavy metals and photochemical pollu- 
tion in and around Chongjin, Hamhung, Sunchon, and Pyongyang. 

In the ROK, pollution is a pressing environmental problem. Water, soil, 
and air pollution impact morbidity and mortality throughout the ROK. 
Thirty toxic chemicals banned by the World Health Organization, most 
of them pesticides, are still used by farmers. Of these, aldicarb, captafol, 
and disulfoton are classified as extremely hazardous, while the remain- 



152 



der are classified as highly hazardous. Heavy metals from indiscriminate 
discharge of industrial waste contaminate ROK's watershed. The level 
of air pollution in Seoul is well above World Health Organization rec- 
ommendations, with peak levels occurring during late fall and winter. 

Climate 

Seasonal and regional extremes of heat and cold present significant 
exposure risks. Winter months on the Korean Peninsula (November 
through March) are extremely cold and windy, making cold-related inju- 
ries a major medical threat. During the Korean War, over 8,000 soldiers 
suffered cold weather injuries. Winter temperatures can be as low as -4 
°C (24 °F) with windchill temperatures of -31 °C (-25 °F). Summers 
(June through September) can have extreme highs of 37 °C (100 
°F). Heat is not only a primary medical problem, it also exacerbates 
other diseases, making diagnosis and treatment more difficult. See 
Appendix F, First Aid and Hot and Cold Weather Survival, for more 
information. 

Hazardous Animals and Plants 

The Korean mamushi (Agkistrodon blomhoffi) is the only venomous 
snake found on the Korean Peninsula, primarily in southern areas. Scor- 
pions, centipedes, and black widow spiders are also present. Poisonous 
plants include nettles, lacquer trees, poison ivy, poison sumac, agri- 
mony, cow parsley, and soapberry which all produce a contact vesicant 
(an agent that induces blistering). 

Ways to Protect Yourself Against Disease 

■ Avoid stagnant water. Stagnant water is a breeding ground for both 
diseases and disease-carrying insects like mosquitos. Areas with 
many stagnant pools such as rice paddies, marshes, or junk piles 
should be avoided if possible. 



153 



Protect yourself against mosquito bites to reduce the risk of contract- 
ing malaria and Japanese encephalitis. Protection from mosquitos 
and other biting flies can be accomplished by the use of screened eat- 
ing and sleeping quarters (including head and bed nets) and by limit- 
ing the amount of outside activity during the evening/night hours if 
possible. Use plenty of insect repellent and keep sleeves rolled down, 
especially during field operations and at night The repellent lotion 
should be applied to exposed skin including ears, face, and neck. Its 
area of application should extend 2 to 3 inches under the edges of the 
uniform to prevent biting insects from crawling into those areas. 

Keep mites out of the campsite. This can be done by clearing camp- 
sites of non- woody (low brush and scrub) vegetation and by the use 
of insect repellent on the skin and clothing. 

Avoid breathing dust and dirt to reduce risk of contracting Korean 
hemorrhagic fever Use dust masks when necessary. Other dust 
control measures include wet sweeping, wetting roads, etc. 

Maintain an effective, complete police of the area, particularly in the 
field. The number of mosquitos and other hazardous pests (mites, 
ticks, fleas, and rodents) in the area will be greatly reduced by the 
elimination/proper disposal of all open, water-holding containers 
(such as empty cans, tires, etc.), waste materials, and human waste. 

Avoid extended contact of bare skin with the soil, particularly in 
rural areas. Many parasites can penetrate the skin. Poor sanitation 
practices throughout the Korean Peninsula greatly increase the risk of 
this type of infection, particularly in rural areas and areas where the 
soil is moist and rotting vegetation is present. The soil in these areas 
may be contaminated with infected animal feces, so direct contact 
with bare skin can result in infection. Prevention of infection involves 
minimizing soil/skin contact as much as possible — so, do not go 
barefoot, even in the campsite. Avoid sleeping on bare ground 
during field operations. Do not use mud or vegetation for camou- 
flage. 



154 



Keep as dry as possible. Many disease organisms are transmitted to 
man by direct skin contact with water or wet vegetation. To avoid 
becoming infected by these organisms, avoid fresh water contact 
when the mission permits. Swimming, wading, and crossing flooded 
fields should be avoided to the greatest extent possible. Also, keeping 
dry will greatly reduce the likelihood of having skin problems. 

Limit contact with local wild and domestic animals. Adopting pets 
from local animal populations is strictly forbidden. If bitten or 
scratched by an animal, thoroughly cleanse the wound/skin area with 
soap or detergent, even if there is no broken skin, and seek medical 
assistance immediately. This includes snake bites. 

As^oid engaging in sexual activities with local persons, particularly 
prostitutes. All deploying personnel must be educated and convinced 
of the serious risk of HIV/STD infection associated with prostitutes. 
Abstinence is your best protection against infection with an STD. 
Though not 100 percent efi'ective, condoms will greatly reduce your 
risk of becoming infected with an STD. 

Be extremely careful about eating and drinking. The safest bet is to 
restrict the diet to food and drink only from approved sources, partic- 
ularly during field operations. High risk food items (raw seafood or 
shellfish, fresh eggs, dairy products, and lettuce or other uncooked 
vegetables) should be avoided unless from officially approved 
sources. 

□ Do not use local water for drinking or brushing teeth. Local ice is 
also considered unreliable. If local water must be used, boil or 
disinfect with iodine tablets (per label instructions). Ordinary 
chlorine bleach (2 to 4 drops per quart, allow 30 minutes contact) 
will also disinfect water. 

□ Make sure all food, especially meat, is thoroughly cooked and 
served hot. Avoid salads or raw foods of any kind. Fresh fruit is 
safe for consumption if you peel it. Dairy products represent a 
very high risk of disease if not pasteurized. 



155 



Maintain as strict a standard of personal hygiene as possible at all 
times. One of the best ways to stay healthy when in an unsanitary 
environment is to frequent handwashing, particularly prior to meals, 
toothbrushing, or touching the eyes/face. Any open cuts or scrapes 
should be treated with disinfectant and cleaned repeatedly until 
healed. Sanitary disposal of human waste, fly control, and enforced 
handwashing should be priority measures in the field. 
See a medic if you are sick. Report to appropriate medic if diarrhea, 
cough, fever, weakness, or any symptom that can't be explained are 
noted. 



156 



APPENDIX A: 
Equipment Recognition 




BRDM-2 



Type: 


4 wheel drive, armored amphibious vehicle 


Variants: 


Command, reconnaissance, chemical 




reconnaissance (filtration/overpressure system. 




rear marking flag dispenser), antitank (AT- 2/3/5), 




surface-to-air missile (SA-9) 


Armament: 


14.5mm, 7.62mm machineguns 


Crew: 


2 


Troops: 


6 


Hull Thickness: 


10- 14mm 


Road Range: 


750 km 


Max Speed 




Water: 


lOkm/hr 


Paved Road: 


100 km/hr 


Fording: 


Amphibious 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.4 m 


Trench: 


1.25 m 


Other: 


IR lights driver/commander, rear engine, central 




troop compartment 



A-1 




BMP-1 (KORSHUN) 



Type: 


Amphibious, armored, tracked infantry combat 




vehicle 


Variants: 


Command, reconnaissance (BRM/BRM-1), Type 




WZ-501 (Chinese version, carries 1 Red Arrow 




AT missile) 


Armament: 


73mm smooth bore main gun with 3 km max 




range, 7.62mm machinegun, AT-3 


Crew: 


3 


Passengers: 


8 


Hull Thickness: 


5- 19mm, turret 23mm 


Road Range: 


500 km 


Max Speed 




Water: 


6-8 km/hr 


Paved Road: 


80km/hr 


Fording: 


Amphibious 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.8 m 


Trench: 


2.2 m 


Other: 


Overpressurized for NBC protection, smoke laying 




capability, IR searchlight, 4 firing ports each side 




and 1 rear 



A-2 




BTR-60PA/PB 



Type: 


Amphibious, armored personnel carrier 


Variants: 


BTR-60PA (overhead armor/NBC protection) 




BTR-60PB (14.5mm and 7.62mm machineguns) 




BTR-60PU (command) 


Armament: 


7.62mm machineguns (some with 12.7mm 




machineguns) 


Crew: 


3 


Passengers: 


11 


Hull Thickness: 


9- 14mm 


Road Range: 


500 km 


Max Speed 




Water: 


9-10 km/hr (P model/water jet propulsion) 


Paved Road: 


80km/hr 


Fording: 


Amphibious 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.4 m 


Trench: 


2m 


Climb Slope: 


30 degrees 


Other: 


DPRK has mostly PA and PB models, searchlight 




and IR equipment, vulnerable to small arms fire/ 




fuel will ignite easily when fuel tanks punctured. 




3 firing ports each side 



A-3 




Type: 
Variants: 

Armament: 
Crew: 
Passengers: 
Hull Thickness: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 
Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



BTR-152 

Wheeled armored personnel carrier 

Command, twin 14.5mm machinegun for antiair, 

twin 23mm cannon version has been seen 

7.62mm machinegun 

2 

17-18 

6- 14mm 

650 km 

65 km/hr 

.8 m 

.6 m 

.7 m 

30 degrees 

Both 4 and 6 wheel drive, the V3 model has IR 

light, K model has overhead cover 



A-4 



i 






Type: 



BTR-40 

4- wheel drive command and reconnaissance 
vehicle 



Variants: 


K model has armored roof 


Armament: 


7.62mm machinegun, some may carry 14.5mm 




AA machinegun instead 


Crew: 


2 


Troops: 


8-9 


Hull Thickness: 


8- 13mm 


Road Range: 


285 km 


Max Speed 




Paved Road: 


80km/hr 


Fording: 


.9 m 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.47 m 


Trench: 


.7 m 


Climb Slope: 


30 degrees 


Other: 


Built on GAZ-63 chassis, sloping front, flat rear. 




open roof 



A-5 




Type: 

Variants: 

Armament: 

Crew: 

Troops: 

Hull Thickness: 

Road Range: 

Max Speed 

Water: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



MT-LB 

Amphibious, armored tracked vehicle 

Command, technical support, engineer 

7.62mm machinegun 

2+, varies with mission 

10 

7- 14mm 

600 km 

6 km/hr 

80km/hr 

Amphibious 

.7 m 

2.7 m 

30 degrees 

IR searchlight, NBC filtration system, vulnerable 

to armor piercing ammunition, prime mover for 

artillery and as cargo or general transport vehicle 



A-6 





Type: 

Armament: 

Crew: 

Troops: 

Hull Thickness: 

Road Range: 

Max Speed 

Water: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



MODEL 531 A 

Chinese, amphibious, armored personnel carrier 

7.62mm machinegun 

4 

10 

12mm 

400-425 km 

7 km/hr 

50km/hr 

Amphibious 

.6 m 

2m 

32 degrees 

One firing port each side, no vision blocks, 

no night vision or NBC equipment 



A-7 



,-<»^ 




■x-xxx 




Type: 



VTT-323(M-1973) 

The VTT 323 APC is based on the earlier Chinese 
YW531. The vehicle features a welded steel, box- 
like hull with a small turret positioned just to the 
rear of the hull centerline 



Armament: 


Twin 14.5mm hvy MG, AT-3 I 


Crew: 


2 


Troops: 


13 


Hull Thickness: 


24mm 


Road Range: 


450 km 


Max Speed 




Water: 


lOkm/hr 


Paved Road: 


80km/hr 


Fording: 


Amphibious 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.6 m 


Trench: 


2.2 m 


Climb Slope: 


34 degrees 


Other: 


May also carry SA-7/16 SAM 



A-8 



Ulll 





■^- X-X'XS ^ 



TYPE 85 ATGM CARRIER 



Type: 
Armament: 


ATGM carrier 

AT-3, 14.5mm machinegun 


Crew: 


4 


Road Range: 


500 km 


Max Speed 
Water: 
Paved Road: 


7km/hr 
65km/hr 


Fording: 
Verticle Obstacle: 


Amphibious 
.6 m 


Trench: 


2.2 m 


Climb Slope: 


32 degrees 



A-9 



v^ - 



H^I^IIf!^^^ 







BTR-50 


Type: 
Variants: 

Armament: 


Amphibious, armored personnel carrier 
BTR-50P (open top), BTR-50PK (armored roof), 
BTR-50PU (command vehicle) 
12.7mm machinegun 


Crew: 


2 


Troops: 

Hull Thickness: 


14 
10mm 


Road Range: 


240 km 


Max Speed 
Water: 
Paved Road: 


11 km/hr 
45km/hr 


Fording: 
Verticle Obstacle: 


Amphibious 
1.1m 


Trench: 


2.8 m 


Climb Slope: 
Other: 


38 degrees 

Vulnerable to small arms fire, no NBC capabilities 



A-10 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 





M1992 


Type: 


Amphibious, armored personnel carrier 


Armament: 


30mm automatic grenade launcher, AT-4 ATGM 


Crew: 


2 


Troops: 


8 


Hull Thickness: 


10mm, 15mm 60 degree frontal arc 


Road Range: 


500 km 


Max Speed 




Water: 


N/A 


Paved Road: 


60km/hr 


Fording: 


Amphibious 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.6 m 


Trench: 


.4 m 


Climb Slope: 


30 degrees 


Other: 


Probably 4-wheel drive, resembles BRDM, 




no NBC capabilities 



A-11 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Stabilization: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 

Basic Load: 
Hull Thickness: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Water: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



PT-76 

Amphibious tank 

76mm main gun 

12 km 

650 m 

6-8 rds/min 

Some models 

HE-FRAG, HEAT, HVAP-T, AP-T 

32mm (HVAP-T), 60mm (AP-T), 

120mm (HEAT, any range) 

40rds 

25mm 

260 km (450 with tanks) 

lOkm/hr 

44km/hr 

Amphibious 

1.1m 

2.8 m 

30 degrees 

12.7mm machinegun, no night devices, no NBC 

protection, main gun elevation -4 to 30 degrees 



A-12 




Type: 

Armament: 
Basic Load: 
Hull Thickness: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 
Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



TYPE-62 LIGHT TANK 

Light tank 

85mm cannon, 7.62mm coax and bow MG 

85mm — 47 rds 

45 mm 

500 km 

60km/hr 

L3m 

9.7 m 

2.55 m 

30 degrees 

Resembles a scaled down Type-59 



A-13 




TYPE-63 LIGHT AMPHIBIOUS TANK 

Type: The Type-63 amphibious tank's chassis is based on 

the Type-77 APC and its turret on the Type-62 
light tank 

85mm cannon, 12.7mm and 7.62mm MG 
85mm — 44 rds 
23 mm 
370 km 



Armament: 
Basic Load: 
Hull Thickness: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Water: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



12km/hr 

64km/hr 

Amphibious 

.87 m 

2.9 m 

38 degrees 

Resembles a scaled down Type-59 



A-14 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Armament: 
Hull Thickness: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Water: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



PT-85 (TYPE-82) 

North Korean produced amphibious tank, 
based on the VTT-323 APC chassis 
85mm main gun, AT-3 
30mm 
500 km 

lOkm/hr 

60km/hr 

Amphibious 

.87 m 

2.9 m 

38 degrees 

AT-3 ATGM, turret similar to PT-76 with 

several modifications 



A-15 




T34/85 



Type: 


WWII vintage medium tank 


Armament: 


85mm main gun 


Max Range: 


15,560 m 


Effective Range: 


900 m 


Rate of Fire: 


3-4 rds/min 


Stabilization: 


No 


Ammunition: 


HE-T, HEAT, HVAP-T, AP-T, APC-T 


Armor Penetration 


at 1,000 m: 


155mm (HVAP-T), 120mm (AP-T), 




300mm (HEAT, any range) 


Basic Load: 


56rds 


Thickness: 




Hull: 


45mm 


Turret Frontal: 


75mm 


Road Range: 


300 km 


Max Speed 




Paved Road: 


55 km/hr 


Fording: 


1.3 m (5.5 m with snorkel) 


Verticle Obstacle: 


.73 m 


Trench: 


2.3 m 


Climb Slope: 


37 degrees 


Other: 


4 man crew, 7.62mm machinegun. 




main gun elevation 5 to 25 degrees 



A-16 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Stabilization: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Basic Load: 
Thickness: 

Hull: 

Turret Frontal: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



T-54 

Medium tank 

100mm rifle-bored main gun 

16,800 m 

1,500 m 

3 rds/min 

Yes 

HE-FRAG, HEAT, APDS, AP-T 

180mm (AP-T), 300mm (HEAT, any range) 
43rds 

15-lOOmm 

140- 180mm 

400 km (600 km with tanks) 

48km/hr 

1.4 m (5.5 m with snorkel) 

.8 m 

2.7 m 

30 degrees 

12.7mm and 7.62mm machineguns; 

IR driver, gunner, and commander 



A-17 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Stabilization: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 

Basic Load: 
Thickness: 

Hull: 

Turret Frontal: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



T-55 

Medium tank 

100mm main gun 

16,800 m 

1,500 m 

3 rds/min 

Yes 

HE-FRAG, HEAT, APDS, AP-T, APC-T 

180mm (AP-T and APC-T), 
390mm (HEAT, any range) 
43rds 

15-lOOmm 

140- 180mm 

400 km (650 km with tanks) 

50km/hr 

1.4 m (5.5 m with snorkel) 

.8 m 

2.7 m 

30 degrees 

12.7mm and 7.62mm machineguns; 

IR driver, gunner, and commander 



A-18 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Stabilization: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Basic Load: 
Thickness: 

Hull: 

Turret Frontal: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



TYPE-59 

Medium tank 

100mm rifle-bored main gun 

16,800 m 

1,500 m 

3 rds/min 

Yes 

HE-FRAG, HEAT, APDS, AP-T 

180mm (AP-T), 300mm (HEAT, any range) 
43rds 

15-lOOmm 

140- 180mm 

400 km (600 km with tanks) 

48km/hr 

1.4 m (5.5 m with snorkel) 

.8 m 

2.7 m 

30 degrees 

12.7mm and 7.62mm machineguns; 

IR driver, gunner, and commander 



A-19 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Stabilization: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Basic Load: 
Thickness: 

Hull: 

Turret Frontal: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Dirt Road: 

Paved Road: 
Fording: 

Verticle Obstacle: 
Trench: 
Climb Slope: 
Other: 



T-62 (CH'ONMA-HO) 

Medium tank 

115mm main gun 

12,200 m 

1,870 m 

3-5 rds/min 

Yes 

Frag-HE, HEAT, APFSDF-T 

495mm (HEAT), 360mm (APFSDF-T) 
40rds 

15-lOOmm 
200mm 
450 km 

35 km/hr 

50km/hr 

1 .4 m (5 m with snorkel) 

.8 m 

2.85 m 

30 degrees 

7.62mm machinegun, some may have 12.7mm 

machinegun, smoke, can be fitted with mine 

clearing device 



A-20 




Type: 

Armament: 
Max Range: 

Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Ammunition: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Road Range: 
Max Speed 

Paved Road: 
Other: 



SU-100 

Assault tank 
100mm main gun 
15,650 m 
800 m 
7 rds/min 
APHE, HEAT 

185mm (APHE), 380mm (HEAT) 
300 km 

50km/hr 

Elevation -2 to 17 degrees 



A-21 




Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 

Armor Penetration 

at 500 m: 
Elevation: 
Traverse: 
Other: 



M-1943(ZIS-2) 

Antitank gun 
57mm 
8,400 m 
25 rds/min 

106mm (AP), 140mm (HVAP) 

-5 to 25 degrees 

54 degrees 

Distinguished by its long thin tube with no 

muzzle brake 



A-22 




Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 

Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Elevation: 
Traverse: 
Other: 



M-1942(ZIS-3) 

Antitank gun 
76mm 
1,000 m 
15-20 rds/min 

61mm (AP), 58mm (HVAP), 120mm (HEAT) 

-5 to 37 degrees 

54 degrees 

Double baffle muzzle brake, also designated 

Chinese Type-54 



A-23 




Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 
Armor Penetration 

at 1,000 m: 
Elevation: 
Traverse: 
Other: 



D-44 

Antitank gun 

85mm 

950 m (APHE), 1,150 m (HVAP), 

15,700 m (HE) 

15-20 rds/min 

100-1 10mm 

17 to 35 degrees 

54 degrees 

Adaptation of T-34 tank main gun, basic unit 

of fire 140 rds, double baffle muzzle brake 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 
Other: 



SD-44 

Antitank gun 

85mm 

950 m (APHE), 1,150 m (HVAP), 

15,700 m (HE) 

10-15 rds/min 

Propelled by 14hp engine, 25 km/hr road, 

10 km/hr cross-country, made for use by 

airborne units 



A-24 




Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 

Other: 



D-48 

Antitank gun 

85mm 

1,200 m (HVAP), 18,900 m (HE) 

15 rds/min (8 rds/min sustained) 

Long rifled barrel, basic unit of fire 150 rds 




Type: 

Caliber: 

Max Effective Range: 

Rate of Fire: 

Armor Penetration: 



Other: 



M-1944(BS-3) 

Antitank gun 

100mm 

900 m (HEAT), 1,100 m (AP), 21,000 m (HE) 

8-10 rds/min (1-2 rds/min sustained) 

Estimated at up to 180mm (AP), 

390mm (HEAT) (uses same ammunition as 

SU-100 and T-54 which would allow for 

considerable increase in penetration) 

Basic unit of fire is 60 rds 



A-25 



ATGM SYSTEMS 

North Korea has the Russian designed AT- 1/SNAPPER, AT-3/S AGGER, 
AT-4/SPIG0T (A and B), and probably the AT-5/SPANDREL in its 
inventory. North Korea has the capability to produce the AT-3. ATGMs 
are used in the crew-portable role (AT-3), the vehicle-borne role (AT-1, 
AT-3, AT-4, and possibly AT-5), and possibly in the heli-borne role (AT- 
3). 



ATGM SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 



SYSTEM 


Min/Max 
Range 


Armor 
Penetration 


Guidance 
Command Linl( 


Launcli 
Platforms 


AT-1/SNAPPER 


600/2000 


380 


MCLOS/Wire 


Vehicle 


AT-3/SAGGER 


400/3000 


500 


MCLOS & 
SACLOS/ 
Wire 


Ground, 

LAV, 

Helicopter 


AT-4ASPIG0T 


75/2000 


500 


SACLOS/Wire 


Ground, LAV 


AT-4BSPIG0T 


75/2500 


550 


SACLOS/Wire 


Ground, LAV 


AT-5/SPANDREL 


70/4000 


650 


SACLOS/Wire 


Ground, LAV 


MCLOS: Manual Connnnand to Line of Sight 








SACLOS: Semi-Automatic Command to Line of 


Sight 







A-26 




AT-1 /SNAPPER 

The AT-1 is a MCLOS ATGM system launched from jeep-type wheeled 
vehicles. The AT-1 has a warhead capable of penetrating 380mm of 
armor and a range of 2,000 meters. The AT-1 is easily recognized by its 
wide wing span and pointed nose. The AT-1 is obsolescent and is proba- 
bly found only in reserve units. The Russian name for this system is 
SHMEL (Bumblebee). 



A-27 




AT-3/SAGGER 

The AT-3 is both a MCLOS and a SACLOS guided ATGM that can be 
fired from a variety of launch platforms. The MCLOS AT-3 includes the 
man-portable (suitcase) and light tank mounted versions. The AT-3 may 
be deployed in very limited numbers on helicopters. Any heliborne ver- 
sions almost certainly will use MCLOS guidance. Dedicated ATGM 
vehicles are likely to be equipped with SACLOS AT-3 systems. The 
missle has a 3,000 m range and a wire command link. The AT-3's armor 
penetration has been estimated in excess of 400mm. The AT-3 is the 
most widely deployed ATGM system in North Korea. It is believed that 
the AT-3 has been in production in North Korea since the early 1980s. 
The Russian name for the AT-3 is MALYUTKA (Little Baby). 



A-28 




AT-4/SPIG0T 

The AT-4 is a SACLOS guided ATGM that is launched from a crew por- 
table tripod placed on the ground or mounted on a light armored vehicle. 
The AT-4 system was first identified as being in the North Korean inven- 
tory during the April 1992 military parade in Pyongyang. The same 
launcher is used when firing both the AT-4 and the AT-5. Two versions 
of the AT-4, the AT-4 A and AT-4B, are available but it is unknown which 
version North Korea has. The AT-4A and AT-4B can penetrate 500mm 
and 550mm of armor and have ranges of 2,000 and 2,500 m, respec- 
tively. The Russian names for this system are FAGOT (Bassoon) and 
FACTORIA. 



A-29 




AT-5/SPANDREL 

The AT-5 is a SACLOS guided ATGM that is launched from the same 
launcher as the AT-4 (portable ground or LAV). The AT-5 has a warhead 
that can penetrate 650mm of armor and a maximum range of 4,000 m. 
The Russian name for the AT-5 is KONKURS (Contest) 



A-30 




nr^t-:^ 



Type: 

Ammunition: 

Max Range: 
Max Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Armor Penetration: 



Other: 



RPG-7 

85mm warhead, 40mm launch tube, antitank 

grenade launcher 

Variety of fin stabilized rounds, including 

rocket assisted HEAT round 

920 m 

500 m stationary target, 300 m moving target 

4-6 rds/min 

330mm (HEAT), armor penetration not 

affected by range due to use of shaped charge, 

severely affected by angle of impact 

Reusable, shoulder fired, hit probability 

reduced 50% in crosswinds as low as 7 mph, 

folding version (RPG-7D), RPG-7V can be 

fitted with telescope, IR sight, and passive 

night sight 



A-31 



Type: 

Ammunition: 
Max Effective Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Armor Penetration: 
Other: 



RPG-2 

82mm warhead, 40mm launch tube, antitank 

grenade launcher 

HEAT 

100 m 

4-6 rds/min 

152- 180mm 

Reusable, shoulder fired 



A-32 




B-10RCL 

Type: 82mm smoothbore antitank weapon 

Ammunition: HE, HEAT (fin stabilized) 

Max Range HE Round: 7,300 m 
Max Effective Range: 400 m 



Rate of Fire: 
Armor Penetration: 
Other: 



6-7 rds/min 
240mm (HEAT) 

Towed on 2 wheels which are removed to fire, 
but can be fired on wheels, telescopic sight 
for direct fire, panoramic sight for indirect 
fire, both sights can be illuminated for night 
firing, bar muzzle allows B- 10 to be dragged 
into position, Chinese T-65 is a copy of B-10 



A-33 




B-11 RCL 

Type: 107mm smoothbore antitank weapon 

Ammunition: HEAT, HE (fin stabilized) 

Max Range HE Round: 7,300 m 
Max Effective Range: 450 m 

5-6 rds/min 

380mm (HEAT) 

HE round for indirect fire, towed by muzzle on 

two wheeled carriage 



Rate of Fire 
Armor Penetration 
Other: 



A-34 



OTHER ARTILLERY EQUIPMENT 

The following artillery systems are known to be in the North Korean 
inventory. No open source data was available at handbook publication 
date. 

120mm SP combination gun M-1992 

122mm SP gun M-1981 

122mm SP howitzer M-1991 

130mm SP gun M-1975 

130mm SP gun M-1992 

152mm SP gun-howitzer M-1974 

152mm gun-howitzer M-1985 



A-35 



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■^ 


_^ 


' *■- 


I 


^^rKi^P^PW^^"^ 


■-n 




M-30(M-1938) 


Type: 


122mm towed howitzer 


Max Range: 


11,800 m 


Max Rate of Fi 


ire: 6 rds/min 


Elevation: 


-3 to 65 degrees 


Traverse: 


49 degrees 


Other: 


No muzzle brake, used in 


the Korean War 



A-36 




Type: 

Max Range: 

Max Rate of Fire: 

Elevation: 

Traverse: 

Other: 



A-19(M-1937) 

122mm towed gun 

20,400 m 

5 rds/min 

-5 to 69 degrees 

58 degrees 

Developed in 193 1 , improved and fully fielded 

in 1937, finished production in the late 1940s, 

and used in the Korean War, estimated 160mm 

armor penetration, thick gun tube with muzzle 

brake 



A-37 




GQf 




Type: 

Max Range: 

Max Rate of Fire: 

Elevation: 

Traverse: 

Other: 



M-46 

130mm towed gun 

27,500 m 

8 rds/min (5 rds/min sustained) 

-2.5 to 45 degrees 

50 degrees 

Accurate multipurpose gun that can be used as 

both a field artillery piece and a coastal 

defense weapon, 239mm armor penetration, 

long barrel, pepper pot muzzle brake 



A-38 




Type: 

Max Range: 

Max Rate of Fire: 

Elevation: 

Traverse: 

Other: 



D-20 

152mm towed howitzer 

17,000 m 

6 rds/min (4 rds/min sustained) 

-5 to 45 degrees 

45 degrees 

Armor penetration is 400mm with HEAT-SS, 

circular firing jack and 2 caster wheels make it 

possible to swiftly rotate entire D-20 360 

degrees, short gun tube, double baffle muzzle 

brake 



A-39 





Type: 



Max Range: 



Max Rate of Fire: 
Max Speed: 
Road Range: 
Other: 



-V-X-)<>X,^^ 



M-1977 

122mm self propelled (SP) gun/howitzer 

(uses 122mm D-30 mounted on vehicle 

superstructure) 

15,300 m (21,900 m rocket assisted 

projectiles) 

7-8 rds/min (1.7-4 rds/min sustained) 

40 km/hr approx 

400 km approx 

Produced in North Korea, sides enclosed, 

top open 



A-40 




Type: 

Max Range: 
Max Rate of Fire: 
Max Speed: 
Road Range: 
Other: 



M-1978(KOKSAN) 

170mm self propelled (SP) gun 

40,000 m 

1-2 rds per 5 min (estimate) 

40 km/hr approx 

300 km approx 

KOKSAN gun is probably mounted on a 

T-54 chasis 



A-41 




12 ROUND 107MM ROCKET LAUNCHER 



Type: 

Max Range: 

Rockets: 

Reload Time: 

Elevation: 

Traverse: 

Other: 



107mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) 

8,500 m 

HE and incendiary 

3 min 

-4 to 58 degrees 

32 degrees 

12 launch tubes in array of 3 rows of 4 tubes 

(two other SP versions exists: one with 18 

tubes and one with 24 tubes), can be towed or 

mounted on a 4 leg stand, 12-tube launcher 

can also be mounted on any suitable wheeled 

or tracked vehicle 



A-42 







Type: 

Max Range: 
Rockets: 
Rate of Fire: 
Reload Time: 
Elevation: 
Other: 



BM-21 

122mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) 

20,380 m 

Frag-HE, incendiary, smoke, possible chem 

.5 sec per rocket 

8 min 

to 55 degrees 

40 launch tubes in array of 4 rows of 10 tubes, 

each tube is grooved to provide spinning 

motion (a combination of spin and fin 

stabilization), rocket provides closely 

grouped fire that can be operated and fired 

from truck cab or fired remotely from up to 

60 ft away, BM-21 and other 122mm 

rocket launchers can fire all 122mm rockets 

designed to fit in Soviet-derived 122mm 

launchers (including those that can achieve 

ranges of 30,000 to 36,000 meters), mounted 

on a URAL 375D (6x6) truck 



A-43 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



lype: 
Other: 



M-1985 

122mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) 
40 rd, North Korean produced, mounted on 
Isuzu truck 




BM-11 



Type: 

Max Range: 
Rockets: 


122mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) 
20,500 m (estimated) 
All standard Russian, Chinese, and North 
Korean 122mm 


Rate of Fire: 


SOrdsper 15 sec 


Reload Time: 


8-9 min 


Other: 


2 banks of 15 tubes mounted on single 
turntable. North Korean derivative of BM- 



21, 
mounted on URAL-375D or Japanese truck 



A-44 




Type: 

Max Range: 
Rocket: 
Rate of Fire: 
Reload Time: 
Elevation: 
Traverse: 
Other: 



BMD-20 

200mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) 

19,000 m 

Frag-HE 

4 rds per 4 sec 

6-10 min 

9 to 60 degrees 

20 degrees 

Fires fixed fin rockets from a single row of 

4 large, square, open framework launch tubes, 

mounted on ZIL-157 6x6 truck 



A-45 



in 'Ij 







240MM ROCKET LAUNCHER M-1985 & 
240MM ROCKET LAUNCHER M-1991 

The North Koreans have produced two different 240mm rocket launch- 
ers, the 12 round M-1985 and 22 round M-1991. The M-1985 rocket 
pack is easily identified as it has 2 rows of 6 tubes and is mounted on a 
cab behind engine chassis. The M-1991 is mounted on a cab over engine 
chassis. Both launch packs could be adapted to any suitable heavy cross- 
country truck. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 

FROG-3 

Type: Free Rocket Over Ground (FROG) artillery system 

Range: 10,000 to 35,000 m 

Warhead: 454kg 

Other: Unguided, spin stabilized, solid fuel, 30-40 mins to 

prepare missile for firing, 60-70 mins to reload, 

mounted on wheeled chassis 



A-46 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
FROG-5 

Type: Free Rocket Over Ground (FROG) artillery system 

Range: 10,000 to 61,000 m 

Warhead: Up to SOOlbs 

Other: Unguided, spin stabilized, solid fuel, 30-40 mins to 

prepare missile for firing, 60-70 mins to reload, 
mounted on wheeled chassis, vehicle can travel up to 
44km/hr 




FROG-7 

Type: Free Rocket Over Ground (FROG) artillery system 

Range: 70,000 m 

Warhead: Up to 450kg, HE, possibly chemical 

Other: Unguided, spin stabilized, solid fuel, 20-30 mins to 

prepare for firing, system consists of a Transporter- 
Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle (ZIL-135 8x8) and a 
similar seperate vehicle used to transport 3 additional 
rockets 



A-47 




SCUD-B(SS-IC) 

Type: Surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile 

Range: Approximately 300 km 

Warhead: 1,000kg, HE, chemical 

CEP: 1 km 

Other: 8 wheeled TEL, reload vehicle, fire control center 

van, communication vehicle, 1-1.5 hrs to prepare 

for firing 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
SCUD-C AND NODONG 

Type: Surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile 

It has been reported in open source documents that North Korea has 
developed a SCUD-C ballistic missile, thought to be an enhanced-range 
version of the SCUD-B with an alleged warhead of 700kg. The first of 
three successful test firings of the SCUD-C was reported to have been 
completed in June 1990. Recent open source reporting suggests that 
North Korea is developing the NODONG- 1 missile. The NODONG- 1 
has a reported estimated range of 950-3,000 km, which includes not 
only the entire Korean Peninsula, but also Japan. 



A-48 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Other: 



M-38/46 DSHK 

12.7x1 08mm heavy machinegun 

1,000 m 

540-600 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-10 to 85 degrees 

Mechanical lead computing sight 

API, API-T 

Manufactured in Russia and China, 

towed tripod mount 



A-49 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Other: 



ZGU-1 (Mountain Pack) 

14.5x1 14mm heavy A A machinegun 

1,400 m 

550-600 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-20 to 90 degrees 

Optical reflex sight (AA), telescope (ground) 

API-T, HEI, I-T 

Manufactured in North Korea, Russia and 

China 



A-50 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 

Ammunition: 
Other: 



ZPU-2 

14.5x1 14mm twin heavy A A machinegun 

1,400 m 

550-600 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-15 to 90 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight (AA), 

telescope (ground) 

API, API-T, HEI, I-T 

Manufactured in North Korea, Russia and 

China 



A-51 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 

Ammunition: 
Other: 



ZPU-4 

Towed 14.5x1 14mm quad heavy A A 
machinegun 

1,400 m 

550-600 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

8.5 to 90 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight (AA), 

telescope (ground) 

API, API-T, HEI, I-T 

Manufactured in North Korea, Russia and 

China (Type-56) 



A-52 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 
(A A) Range: 

Maximum 
Vertical Range: 
Horizontal Range: 

Rate of Fire: 

Azimuth: 

Elevation: 

Fire Control: 

Ammunition: 

Other: 



M-1983 

Quad 14.5mm SP heavy machinegun 

1,400 m 

3,600 m 

5,800 m 

550-600 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-5 to 85 degrees 

Radar, optical speed ring 

API, API-T, HEI 

Manufactured in North Korea, main battle tank 

chassis, recoil operation, belt fed, 4 barrels 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



M-1990 

30mm gatling gun 

3,000 m 

2,400-3,400 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-5 to 85 degrees 

Radar, speed ring 

HEI-T (30x2 10mm) 

7 to 10 sees 

3,600-4,500 m 

Manufactured in North Korea, 4 wheeled 

carriage (towed), 4 barrels, externally driven by 

electric motor 



A-53 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



M-1992 

Twin 30mm SP automatic cannon 

3,000 m 

800 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-5 to 85 degrees 

Radar, optical speed ring 

RETT (30x2 10mm) 

7 to 10 sees 

3,600-4,500 m 

Manufactured in North Korea, gas operated, 

ZSU-23-4 variant chassis, max road speed 

50km/hr 



A-54 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



M-1939 

37mm automatic cannon 

2,500 m 

160-180 rds/min 

HEI-T (37x252mm) 

8 to 12 sees 

3,700-4,700 m 

Manufactured in Russia and China (Type-55), 

4 wheeled carriage (towed), 1 barrel, 5 round 

clip, recoil operation 



A-55 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



Type-65 

Twin 37mm AA gun 

3,500 m 

150-180 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-10 to 85 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight 

HEI-T (37x252mm) 

9 to 12 sees 

4,000-4,750 m 

Manufactured in China, recoil operated, 

4 wheeled carriage (towed) 



A-56 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



Type-74 

37mm twin automatic cannon 

3,500 m 

220-240 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-5 to 87 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight, radar 

HEI-T (37x252mm) 

9 to 12 sees 

4,000-4,700 m 

Manufactured in China, recoil operated, 

4 wheeled carriage (towed) 



A-57 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



SP AA GUN 

37mm SP AA gun 

2,500 m 

150-180 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-5 to 85 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight 

HEI-T (37x252mm) 

9 to 12 sees 

4,000-4,700 m 

Manufactured in North Korea, recoil operated, 

5 round clip, armored personnel carrier 

(tracked) carriage 



A-58 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



S-60 

57mm automatic AA gun 

4,000 m w/o radar, 6,000 m w/radar 

105-120 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-4 to 87 degrees 

Optical mech computing sight, radar 

HEI-T (57x348mm) 

13 to 17 sees 

6,000-7,200 m 

Manufactured on a 4 wheeled towed carriage, 

Chinese variant is the Type 59 



A-59 




TWIN 57MM SELF-PROPELLED AA GUN 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



57mm automatic AA gun 

4,000 m 

150-180 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

to 87 degrees 

Optical mechanical computing sight 

HEI-T (57x348mm) 

13 to 17 sees 

6,000-7,200 m 

Mounted on a modified YW 531 APC, 

DPRK produced 



A-60 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



TWIN 57MM AA GUN 



Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



57mm automatic AA gun 

4,000 m w/o radar, 6,000 w/radar 

105-120 rds/min per barrel 

Unlimited 

-4 to 87 degrees 

Optical mechanical computing sight 

HE-T (57x348mm) 

13 to 17 sees 

6,000-7,200 m 

Mounted on a 4 wheeled towed carriage, 

DPRK produced 



A-61 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



KS-12 

85mm single shot AA gun 

4,000 m w/o radar, 10,200 w/radar 

15-20 rds/min 

720 degrees 

-3 to 82 degrees 

Optical telescope, radar 

HE-T, APC-T (85x__mm) 

1 to 33 sees 

800-10,200 m 

Mounted on a 4 wheeled towed carriage, 

Chinese variant is Type-72 



A-62 




Type: 

Tactical Antiair 

(A A) Range: 
Rate of Fire: 
Azimuth: 
Elevation: 
Fire Control: 
Ammunition: 
Self Destruct Time: 
Self Destruct Range: 
Other: 



KS-19 

lOOmm single shot A A gun 

4,000 m w/o radar, 12,600 w/radar 

15 rds/min 

Unlimited 

-3 to 85 degrees 

Optical telescope, radar 

HE-T, APC-T (100x__mm) 

1 to 33 sees 

800-12,600 m 

Mounted on a 4 wheeled towed carriage, 

Chinese variant is Type-59 



A-63 




SA-2 B/C/D/E/F GUIDLINE 

The SA-2 is a somewhat mobile, medium to high level guided SAM 
system. 

Maximum 

Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Kill Radius: 



4.0 B/C/D, 4.5 E/F Mach 
27 B/C/F, 40 D/E km 
35 B/F, 44 C, 50 D/E km 
HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 
Contact, proximity, or command 
65 m 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



HQ-2B/F/J/P (SA-2 CHINA) 

The HQ-2B/J is a Chinese reversed engineering version of the SA-2. 

Maximum 

3.5-4 Mach 

27 km 

35 2B,50 2Jkm 

HE 188kg 

Contact, proximity, or command 

Unknown 



Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 

Warhead: 

Fuze: 

Kill Radius: 



A-64 



.4 


1 


' i 


• 




\ 




4 


p 1 

1 "7^^ 




[fnriliuAch-J 




BA-1 

{prylaL-nchI 

SA-3 GOA 

The SA-3 B/C is a somewhat mobile low to medium level guided SAM 
system. 

Maximum 

Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Kill Radius: 



3.5 Mach 

22 km 

25 km 

HE 60kg 

Proximity doppler radar 

12.5 m 



A-65 




SA-5 GAMMON 

The SA-5 is a long range, medium to high altitude strategic semi-active 
guided SAM system. 

Maximum 

Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Kill Radius: 



4Mach 

30.5 km 

300 km 

HE 215kg 

Proximity and command 

Unknown 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



HN-5/5A (SA-7 CHINA) 

The HN-5 is the Chinese version of the SA-7 short range, man-portable, 
passive IR homing SAM. 

Maximum 

1.5Mach 

2,300 m (both) 

HN-5 — 4,200, HN-5A — 4,400 km 

Unknown 

Unknown 

Unknown 



Speed: 

Effective Altitude 
Effective Range: 

Warhead: 

Fuze: 

Kill Radius: 



A-66 




SA-7B 

The S A-7B is a short range, man-portable, shoulder-fired, fire and forget 
IR SAM. 

Maximum 

Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Kill Radius: 



1.7-1.95 Mach 
2,300 m 
4,200 m 
HE 1.8kg 
Contact and graze 
Unknown 



A-67 




SA-14 

The SA-14 is a short range, man-portable, shoulder-launched, fire and 
forget IR SAM. 

Maximum 

Speed: 

Effective Altitude: 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Kill Radius: 



2-F Mach 

5,500 m 

4,500 m 

HE 

Contact and graze 

Unknown 



A-68 






SA-16 


The SA-16 is an improvement over the SA-14. It has a bigger warhead, 


more speed, and more 


manueverability. 


Maximum 




Speed: 


2+ Mach 


Effective Altitude: 


3,500 m 


Effective Range: 


5,000 m 


Warhead: 


HE 2kg 


Fuze: 


Contact and graze 


Kill Radius: 


Unknown 



A-69 




STINGER 

The Stinger is a short range, man-portable, shoulder-fired, passive IR 
homing SAM. North Korea may have obtained a limited number of 
these U.S. made SAMs. 



Maximum 




Speed: 


2.2 Mach 


Effective Altitude: 


4,000 m 


Effective Range: 


6,000 m 


Warhead: 


HE 3kg 


Fuze: 


Contact 


Kill Radius: 


Unknown 



A-70 



CSA-3A 




PGLM 



No data is available on the above systems; however, they are believed to 
be in the NKA inventory. 



A-71 




TYPE 64 7.62MM PISTOL 

The Type-64 is a DPRK copy of the old Browning Model 1900. This 
pistol is capable of taking a silencer. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


1kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Max Effective Range: 


50 m 


Capacity: 


8 rounds 



A-72 




TOKAREVTT-33 7.62MM PISTOL 

The Tokarev is a recoil operated, magazine fed, automatic pistol. 

Caliber: 7.62mm 

Weight: .94kg (loaded) 

Ammunition: Ball 

Max Effective Range: 50 m 

Capacity: 8 rounds 



A-73 




MAKAROV 9MM PISTOL 

The Makarov can be recognized by the external hammer, the safety 
lever on the side, and the very compact design. 

Caliber: 9mm 

Weight: .73kg (loaded) 

Ammunition: Ball 

Max Effective Range: 50 m 

Capacity: 8 rounds 



A-74 




AK-47 ASSAULT RIFLE 

The AK-47 is a gas operated, rotary bolt, magazine fed, selective fire 
weapon. The Type-46 is a Chinese produced version of the AK-47, and 
the Type-58 is a DPRK version of the same weapon. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


4.81kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball, tracer, API 


Maximum 




Range: 


2,500 m 


Effective Range: 


300 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


600 rpm 




AK-74 ASSAULT RIFLE 

The AK-74 is a gas operated, magazine fed, selective fire assault rifle. 



Caliber: 


5.45mm 


Weight: 


3.95kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball, tracer, incendiary 


Maximum 




Range: 


3,150 m 


Effective Range: 


450 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


650 rpm 



A-75 




GP-25 GRENADE LAUNCHER 

The GP-25 is a muzzle loaded, single shot, detachable 40mm underbar- 
rel grenade launcher. It can be mounted on all variations of the Kalash- 
nikov assault rifles. 



Caliber: 


40mm 


Weight: 


3.95kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


HE 


Maximum Range: 


450 m 



A-76 




TYPE-68 (AKM) ASSAULT RIFLE 

The Type-68 is a DPRK copy of the Russian AKM assault rifle. It does 
not have the rate reducer found on the AKM. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


3.6kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


2,500 m 


Effective Range: 


300 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


640 rpm 



A-77 



iTItW HAJhtiU. 




TYPE-56 SEMIAUTOMATIC CARBINE (SKS) 

The Type-56 (SKS) features include a permanently attached folding 
bayonet, protruding 10 round internal magazine, high front sight, and a 
top mounted gas cylinder. Some variants of this weapon are modified to 
take a 30 round detachable magazine. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


4kg 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


Unknown 


Effective Range: 


400 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


900 rpm 



A-78 




PPSH 1943 SUBMACHINEGUN 
(TYPE-50 CHINA/MODEL-49 DPRK) 

The PPSh can be fired on either full or semiautomatic. It has a wood 
stock and uses a 71 round drum or a 35 round curved box magazine. 
However, the Type- 50 only accepts the box magazine and the Model-49 
only uses the drum magazine. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


3.5kg (unloaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


Unknown 


Effective Range: 


200 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


900 rpm 



A-79 




PPSM1943 SUBMACHINEGUN (TYPE-54 CHINA) 

The PPS is a fully automatic weapon. It has a hinged stock which folds 
up and forward. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


3kg (unloi 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


Unknown 


Effective Range: 


200 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


650 rpm 



A-80 







DRAGUNOV SNIPER RIFLE (SVD) 

The Dragunov is a semiautomatic, gas operated rifle which feeds from a 
10-round magazine. The SVD has a 4 power scope that has a battery 
illuminated reticle and an IR detection capability for night firing. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


4.7kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


3,500 m 


Effective Range: 


800 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


30rpm 




M1891/30 SNIPER RIFLE 

The Ml 890/30 sniper rifle is an Ml 89 1/30 Mosin Nagant modified for a 



telescopic sight. 




Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


5kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


3,500 m 


Effective Range: 


1,400 mw/4X scope 


Cyclic Rate: 


lOrpm 



A-81 




RPK-74 LIGHT MACHINEGUN 

The RPM-74 is the machinegun version of the AK-74. The RPM-74 is 
equipped with a bipod and a longer magazine than the AK-74. 



Caliber: 


5.45mm 


Weight: 


5kg (loaded) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


2,500 m 


Effective Range: 


800 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


600 rpm 



A-82 




RPK LIGHT MACHINEGUN 

The RPK is a gas operated, box or drum fed light machinegun. 

Caliber: 7.62mm 

Weight: 5.6kg (empty) 



Ammunition: 


Ball, trac 


Maximum 




Range: 


3,000 m 


Effective Range: 


800 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


600 rpm 



A-83 




RPD LIGHT MACHINEGUN 

The RPD is a gas operated and belt fed light machingun. 



Caliber: 
Weight: 
Ammunition: 


7.62mm 
7.1kg (empty) 
Ball 


Maximum 
Range: 
Effective Range: 


3,000 m 
800 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


700 rpm 



A-84 




RP-46 LIGHT MACHINEGUN 

The RP-46 is a gas operated, air cooled, and belt fed light machinegun. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 
Ammunition: 


13kg (empty) 
Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 
Effective Range: 


3,500 m 
800 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


600 rpm 



A-85 




SMG MACHINEGUN 

The SMG is an air cooled, belt fed machinegun. This machinegun can 
be mounted on a tripod or wheeled mount. 



Caliber: 


7.62mm 


Weight: 


13kg (gun only) 


Ammunition: 


Ball 


Maximum 




Range: 


3,500 m 


Effective Range: 


1,000 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


600-700 rpm 



A-86 




DSHK 38/46 HEAVY MACHINEGUN 

The DShk 38/46 is a gas operated, belt fed, air cooled weapon which 
fires from the open bolt position. The Chinese Type 54 heavy machine- 
gun is an exact copy of the DShk 38/46. Both weapons are found in the 
DPRK forces. 



Caliber: 
Weight: 
Ammunition: 
Maximum 

Range: 

Effective Range: 
Cyclic Rate: 



12.7mm 
35.6kg (empty) 
API, API-T 

7,000 m (ground) 

1,000 m AA, 2,000 m ground 

540-600 rpm 



A-87 




-iiac^s"- 



ROKS-3 FLAMETHROWER 

The ROKS-3 is a typical portable flamethrower. It has a single cylindri- 
cal fuel tank with a filling aperture centrally located at the top and a bat- 
tlefield filler with compressed nitrogen attached to the side. A spring 
loaded, pressure release valve is located beside the filling aperture. A 
hose connects the ignition cartridges in an ignition cylinder that 
advances automatically after a shot to bring the next unfired cartridge 
into the firing position. The ROKS-3 carries 10 igniters and has a total 
firing duration of 5-6 seconds. 



Weight: 

Fuel Capacity: 

Maximum Range: 



26kg full 
4 gallons 
35 m 




AGS-17 AUTOMATIC GRENADE LAUNCHER 

The AGS-17 is a belt fed, blow back operated weapon which is mounted 
on a tripod. A circular extension is provided on the left hand side of the 
weapon to receive an optical sight unit which allows the weapon to be 
used in either the direct fire or the indirect fire mode. 



Caliber: 


30mm 


Weight: 


33kg 


Ammunition: 


HE Frag 


Maximum 




Range: 


1,730 m 


Effective Range: 


1,200 m 


Cyclic Rate: 


400 rpm 



A-89 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
60MMTYPE-31 MORTAR 

The Chinese Type-31 is almost identical to the U.S. 60mm mortar. It is 
believed that the rounds for the U.S. model are interchangeable with the 
Chinese variant. 

Caliber: 60mm 

Weight: 20kg 

Crew: 2 

Ammunition: Unknown 

Range: 200-1,630 m 

Rate of Fire: 15-20 rpm 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 

82MM M-37 MORTAR 

The Soviet M-37 is a mortar with a fixed firing pin for drop firing. 

Caliber: 82mm 

Weight: 56kg 

Crew: 5 

Ammunition: Frag-HE, smoke, illuminating, incendiary 

Range: 100-3,000 m 

Rate of Fire: 15-25 rpm 



A-90 




120MMM-1 943 MORTAR 

The Soviet M-1943 is a mortar that can be drop fired or trigger fired by 
use of a lanyard. The Chinese variant of this mortar is the Type-53. 

Caliber: 120mm 

Weight: 500kg 

Crew: 6 

Ammunition: Frag-HE, HE, smoke, illuminating, 

incendiary, possible chemical 

Range: 460-5,700 m 

Rate of Fire: 12-15 rpm 



A-91 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
160MMM-43 MORTAR 

The Soviet M-43 is a breech loaded mortar that is towed on a single 
axle carriage. 

Caliber: 160mm 

Weight: 1,170kg 

Crew: 7 

Ammunition: Unknown 

Range: 630-5,150 m 

Rate of Fire: 3 rpm 



A-92 




F-1 FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE 

The F-1 produced by the DPRK is a copy of the Soviet designed gre- 
nade of the same designation. It is oval in shape, quite heavy, and pro- 
duces a wide variety of fragmentation patterns and ranges because of the 
unpredictable breakup of the body. 



Grenade Case: 


Cast iron 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Striker release 


Delay: 


3.2-4.2 seconds 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


60g 


Casualty Radius: 


15-20 m 



A-93 




RG-42 FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE 

The RG-42 produced by the DPRK is a copy of the Soviet designed gre- 
nade of the same designation. It is cyHndrical in shape. The sheet steel 
body, closed with end caps in a fashion similar to a tin can, encloses a 
pre-engraved steel fragmentation liner. 



Grenade Case: 


Sheet metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Striker release 


Delay: 


3.2-4.2 seconds 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


118g 


Casualty Radius: 


20 m 



A-94 




RGD-5 FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE 

The RGD-5 produced by the DPRK is a copy of the Soviet designed 
grenade of the same designation. It is oval in shape. The two piece sheet 
steel body is joined in the center by a circumferential crimp. A two piece 
serrated steel fragmentation liner is placed between the grenade body 
and the explosive filler. 



Grenade Case: 


Sheet metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Striker release 


Delay: 


3.2-4.2 seconds 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


llOg 


Casualty Radius: 


20 m 



A-95 



'H^jtSi 




UNKNOWN FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE 

The hand grenade is produced by the DPRK for use in special opera- 
tions. It is oval in shape. The cast aluminum body forms a matrix in 
which preformed cast iron ball fragments are embedded. There is a pos- 
sibility that this grenade has been adapted to fire from a rifle. 



Grenade Case: 


Aluminum 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Striker release 


Delay: 


3.2-4.2 seconds 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


60g 


Casualty Radius: 


20 m 



A-96 




UNKNOWN FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE 

The hand grenade is rectangular in shape and is referred to as a "box" 
grenade. The body is sheet metal. Preformed steel balls, each with a 
diameter of approx. 6.3mm, are enclosed in the body for additional 
fragmentation. 



Grenade Case: 


Sheet metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Striker release 


Delay: 


3.2-4.2 seconds 


Explosive Type: 


CompB 


Explosive Weight: 


55g 


Casualty Radius: 


20 m 



A-97 



J- 





^— H 


i —^ ■ -r 






: 










- — 


1 


^ _M 



h 



T 

.1 



RDG-1 SMOKE HAND GRENADE 

The RDG-1 smoke grenade is produced by the DPRK and is a copy of 
the Soviet designed grenade of the same designation. It is cylindrical in 
shape. The body of the grenade, made from molded cardboard, is affixed 
to a wooden handle. The grenade will float and therefore can be used in 
water. The primary purpose of the grenade is to provide signaling capa- 
bility. Both black and white smoke grenades are produced. 

Grenade Case: Cardboard 

Color: Gray 

Fuze Type: Pull friction 

Delay: 5-10 seconds 

Filler: Potassium chloride 

Duration: 60-90 seconds 

Dispersion: 460 sq m 



A-98 




RDG-2 SMOKE HAND GRENADE 

The RDG-2 smoke grenade is produced by the DPRK and is a copy of 
the Soviet designed grenade of the same designation. It is cylindrical in 
shape. The body of the grenade is made from molded cardboard. The 
primary purpose of the grenade is to provide limited concealment for 
maneuvering troops. The RDG-2 is white smoke, RDG-2ch is black 
smoke, and the RDG-2kh is gray smoke. 

Grenade Case: Cardboard 

Color: Gray 

Fuze Type: Pull friction 

Delay: 10-15 seconds 

Filler: HC smoke 

Duration: 90 seconds 

Dispersion: 160 sq m 



A-99 




TYPE-S SMOKE HAND GRENADE 

The Type-S smoke grenade is produced by the DPRK and is a copy of 
the Soviet designed grenade of the same designation. It is cylindrical in 
shape and has a metal clip affixed to the side for fastening the grenade 
onto a belt for carrying. The body of the grenade is made from sheet 
metal. The primary purpose of the grenade is to provide screening 
smoke. Only white smoke is available. 

Grenade Case: Sheet metal 

Color: Unknown 

Fuze Type: Pyrotechnic 

Delay: 12-15 seconds 

Filler: Potassium chloride or ammonium nitrate 

Duration: 60-90 seconds 

Dispersion: 15-20 m 



A-100 




LACRIMATORY HAND GRENADE 

The grenade is a copy of a North Vietnamese model. The design follows 
the typical Vietnamese construction with a wooden handle and a thin 
sheet metal body. A small explosive charge is present in the grenade to 
disperse the tear agent filler. The illustration is that of a Vietnamese 
model, but is reportedly similar to those used by the DPRK. 



Grenade Case: 

Color: 

Fuze Type: 

Delay: 

Filler: 

Duration: 

Dispersion: 



Sheet metal 

Light blue/green with red band 

Pull friction 

3-4 seconds 

TNT/CS mixture 

Unknown 

10 m 



A-101 




RPG-43 ANTITANK HAND GRENADE 

The RPG-43 hand grenade produced by North Korea is a copy of the 
Soviet designed grenade of the same designation. It is cylindrical in 
shape with a large wooden handle. The RPG-43 is large, bulky, and 
lacks sufficient stabilization to allow it to accurately impact and func- 
tion on the target. This grenade is being replaced by the RKG-3 and is 
seldom encountered. 



Grenade Case: 


Sheet metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Impact 


Delay: 


None 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


600g 


Armor Penetration: 


75mm 



A-102 



RKG-3 ANTITANK HAND GRENADE 

The RKG-3 hand grenade produced by DPRK is a copy of the Soviet 
designed grenade of the same designation. It is cylindrical in shape. The 
grenade employs a shaped charge warhead for armor penetration. The 
size, weight, and characteristics of the grenade make it hard to throw 
and difficult to accurately place on the target. 



Grenade Case: 


Sheet metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Impact 


Delay: 


None 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


575g 


Armor Penetration: 


125mm 



A-103 




ATM-72 ANTITANK MINE 

The ATM-72 is an antitank blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


MF-2 pressure 


Actuation Force: 


300-600kg 


Explosive Type: 


TH-50 


Explosive Weight: 


9kg 



A-104 




TMD-B ANTITANK MINE 

The TMD-B is an antitank blast mine. 



Mine Case: 
Color: 
Fuze Type: 
Actuation Force: 
Explosive Type: 
Explosive Weight: 



Wood 

Olive drab or natural wood 

MV-5 pressure 

200-500kg 

Amatol 

9-9.7kg 



A-105 




TMD-44 ANTITANK MINE 

The TMD-44 is an antitank blast mine. 



Mine Case: 
Color: 
Fuze Type: 
Actuation Force: 
Explosive Type: 
Explosive Weight: 



Wood 

Olive drab or natural wood 

MV-5 pressure 

200-500kg 

TNT or Ammonite 80 

4-6.7kg 



A-106 




TM-46 ANDTMN-46 ANTITANK MINE 

The TM-46 and TMN-46 are antitank blast mines. The difference 
between the two is that the TMN-46 has a second fuze well for boo- 
bytrap purposes where the TM-46 does not. 



Mine Case: 
Color: 
Fuze Type: 
Actuation Force: 
Explosive Type: 
Explosive Weight: 



Metal 

Olive drab 

MV-5 and MV-46 pressure 

180kg for MV-46 and 200-500 for MV-5 

TNT or Amatol 

5.7kg 



A-107 




TM-41 ANTITANK MINE 

The TM-41 is an antitank blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


MV-5 pressure 


Actuation Force: 


160kg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT or Amatol 


Explosive Weight: 


4kg 



A-108 



POMZ-2 ANTIPERSONNEL MINE 

The POMZ-2 is an antipersonnel fragmentation mine. 



Mine Case: 


Metal 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


MUV trip wire 


Actuation Force: 


2-5kg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


.075kg 


Effective Range: 


4m 



A-109 




PMD-6 ANTIPERSONNEL MINE 

The PMD-6 is an antipersonnel blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Wood 


Color: 


Natural wood 


Fuze Type: 


MUV pressure 


Actuation Force: 


1-lOkg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


.02kg 


Effective Range: 


Limited 



A-110 



Main 
Charge 




Delay 
Detonator 



Propelling 
Charge 

OZM-3 ANTIPERSONNEL MINE 

The OZM-3 antipersonnel mine is a bounding fragmentation mine. The 
OZM-3 also has electronic fuzing for use in controlled minefields. 



Mine Case: 


Cast iron 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


MUV trip wire 


Actuation Force: 


2-5kg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


.075kg 


Effective Range: 


10 m 



A-111 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
PMR-3 MECHANICAL MINELAYING TRAILER 

The PMR-3 consists of a single chute and a plow attachment. The 
attachment provides the option of burying the mines or depositing them 
on the surface of the ground. The mines can be spaced 4 to 5.5 meters 
apart, depending on the control setting. If buried, the mines are 
emplaced at a depth of 6 to 12 centimeters at a speed of 5 km/hr. The 
trailer can store 200 to 300 antitank mines. The PMR-3 carries a crew of 
4-5 personnel. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 

PT-54/55 MINE CLEARING ROLLERS 

The PT-54/55 is a tank mounted mineclearing roller system with two 
independent roller sets attached to arms in front of each tread on a tank. 
Used at speeds of 8-12 km/hr, the PT-54/55 can clear a path .8-1. 3m 
wide in front of each roller. The rollers cannot detonate most modern 
mines and can only withstand about 10 antitank mine explosions. 



A-112 




BTM HIGH SPEED DITCHING MACHINE 

The BTM is a high speed, bucket wheel ditching machine mounted on 
the AT-T heavy tracked artillery tractor. The ditching wheel is mechani- 
cally raised and lowered by cables or chains. The BTM can be used to 
dig individual protective positions, trenches for shelter, firebreaks and 
strips. Ditching speed is 300-500 m/hr in sandy loam soil. 

Maximum Speed: 35 km/hr 

Crew: 2 

Ditch Depth: 1.5 m 

Ditch Width: 1 m 



A-113 




BAT-M DOZER 

The BAT-M dozer has a hydraulic operated, two section adjustable 
dozer blade mounted on an AT-T heavy artillery tractor with a rotary 
crane mounted on the bed of the vehicle. The BAT-M can move material 
with its blade at a rate of 200-250 cubic meters per hour. Its crane capac- 
ity is 2 metric tons. BAT-M also has an air filtration system and can 
operate in contaminated areas for short periods of time. 

Maximum Speed: 35 km/hr 

Crew: 2 



A-114 




MDK-2 TRENCH DIGGING MACHINE 

The MDK-2 trench digging machine is based on the chassis of the AT-T 
heavy tracked artillery tractor. The circular digging machine is used for 
digging weapon trenches, pits for vehicles, and other equipment. 
Depending on the soil conditions, the MDK-2 can dig a maximum of 
300 cubic meters per hour. 

Maximum Speed: 35 km/hr 

Crew: 2 

Maximum Ditch Depth: 4.5 m 

Maximum Ditch Width: 4 m 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
PMP PONTOON BRIDGE 

The PMP pontoon bridge is a version of the Russian PMP pontoon 
bridge. The PMP ribbon set consists of pontoons and approach ramps 
constructed of a low alloy steel. Each pontoon section is launched from 
a truck and automatically unfolds upon entering the water. The PMP has 
a 60 ton capacity and can be constucted in rivers with a current flow or 
still waters. 



A-115 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
TPP PONTOON BRIDGE 

The TPP by today's standards is an obsolete bridging system. However, 
it is still well suited for use in the LOC role. A full bridge set consists of 
96 steel decked pontoon sections that are connected end to end in com- 
binations of two or three to form a single full pontoon. The strong points 
of the TPP are high load capacity and its ability to operate in high river 
velocities. However, it requires 116 2.5 ton trucks to transport the sys- 
tem, lacks ramps for loading/unloading directly onto the shore, and is 
manpower intensive to construct. The TPP can form a 1 8 1 m bridge with 
a 70 ton capacity or a 241 m bridge with a 50 ton capacity. 




GSP AMPHIBIOUS FERRY 

The Russian GSP ferry consists of two tracked amphibious vehicles 
which make up the left and right halves of the ferry. To make the full 
ferry, the vehicles are joined together in the water and the pontoons are 
lowered to the float position. There are two retractable scissor-type 
ramps on each side of the full ferry for loading and unloading. The GSP 
can carry up to 50 metric tons at a water speed of 7.7 km/hr. Unloaded it 
can go 10.8 km/hr in water. The six-man crew (2 vehicles) can assemble 
the ferry in 3 to 5 minutes. The GSP cannot operate with the river cur- 
rent faster than 2 m/sec or the river bank is higher than .5 m. 



A-116 




BLG-60 ARMORED VEHICLE-LAUNCHED BRIDGE 

The BLG-60 armored vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB) system is used 
to emplace a treadway bridge over obstacles up to 19 meters wide. The 
BLG-60 consists of a scissor bridge mounted on a modified T-55 hull. 
The bridge is a two box treadway system. Once erected it can support 
vehicles up to 50 tons. 

Emplacement Time: 3 min 

Treadway Width: 3.45 m 

Crew: 2 

Maximum Speed: 50 km/hr 



A-117 




MTU-20 ARMORED VEHICLE-LAUNCHED BRIDGE 

The MTU-20 armored vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB) system is used to 
emplace a treadway bridge over obstacles up to 18 meters wide. The 
MTU-20 consists of a twin treadway superstructure mounted on a modi- 
fied T-55 hull. Once erected the bridge can support vehicles up to 50 tons. 

Emplacement Time: 5-7 min 

Treadway Width : 3.3m 

Crew: 2 

Maximum Speed: 50 km/hr 



A-118 




MT-55 TANK-LAUNCHED BRIDGE 

The MT-55 is a tank-launched bridge based on a T-55 MBT hull. The 
MT-55 span is 18 meters long and can support loads up to 50 tons. The 
launcher has a gap measuring device and infrared equipment for bridge 
laying at night. 

Emplacement Time: 3 min 

Treadway Width: 3.2 m 

Crew: 2 

Maximum Speed: 50 km/hr 



A-119 




K-61 TRACKED AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE 

The K-61 is a large, unarmored tracked amphibious vehicle used exten- 
sively to transport cargo, equipment and personnel in river crossing oper- 
ations. It is capable of carrying light vehicles and equipment up to 5 tons 
or 50 troops across water. It can carry up to 3 tons on land. The K-61 is 
powered by a 4 cylinder 135 hp diesel engine and is propelled in the 
water by two propellers located in the rear of the vehicle. Generally con- 
sidered obsolete, it is an important and integral part of the DPRK ERC 
units. 

Maximum Speed: Land 36 km/hr, water 10 km/hr 



A-120 



GROUND TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES 

The numbers of transport equipment organic to combat units in the 
NKA have greatly increased since the 1950s. The numbers of motor 
transportation brigades for resupply have also increased, along with 
quality and performance. The NKA prefers foreign trucks over indige- 
nously produced trucks. Indigenously produced trucks are usually used 
in the civil sector. Most trucks imported to the DPRK are from the 
former Soviet Union (FSU) and Japan. Trucks from the FSU offer the 
NKA the highest performance levels while the Japanese trucks are rated 
second, but with higher technology and reliability. 

All NKA wheeled transport vehicles for either general transport or 
weapon systems are thin-skinned vehicles. They are all vulnerable to 
small arms fire, fragmentation explosives, and anything more destructive. 



A-121 




SELF RELIANCE 68 NA (KAENSAENG) 

The Self Reliance 68 NA (KAENSAENG) is the only light utility model 
vehicle the DPRK has produced since 1970. Two variants are produced, 
a utility and a cargo model. The KAENSAENG is a 4x4 half ton utility 
truck that appears to be an exact copy of the former soviet Union GAZ- 
69. Statistics for the GAZ-69 are as follows: 



Maximum Speed: 
lange: 


90km/hr 
530 km 


Maximum 
Cargo Weight: 
Towing Weight: 


500kg 
800kg 



A-122 




UAZ-469 

The Russian designed UAZ-469 utility truck was developed to replace 
the GAZ-69. The outstanding features of this vehicle include improved 
cross-country performance, better gas milage, greater starting torque, 
increased maximum and cruising speeds, greater load capacity, and a 
better heating system than the GAZ-69. The UAZ-469 can be trans- 
ported and airdropped by airplanes and helicopters. One of the DPRK 
variants of this vehicle is the UAZ-469 RKh. This vehicle is used in 
NBC defense units and is equipped with NBC detection equipment. 



A-123 




VICTORY 58 (SUNGNI) 

The Victory 58 (SUNGNI) is a copy of the former Soviet Union GAZ- 
51, but it has weaker springs than the GAZ-51. The engine is hard to 
start, and the crudely copied carburetor, used since 1961, wastes gaso- 
line badly at low speeds, accounting for the usually high fuel consump- 
tion. Military usage is probably limited due to the vehicle's age. 



A-124 




FIGHT 66 (TUJAENG) 

The Fight 66 (TUJAENG) 2.5 ton, 4x2, cargo truck was introduced 
about 1976 as the replacement for the Victory 58. The major change 
noted between the two designs is the new and more modern looking 
cab. Today, the Fight 66 is probably the largest portion of the DPRK's 
truck production. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
ZIL-130 

The ZIL-130 started production in late 1962 in Russia. It is a medium 
truck with a rated pay load capacity of 5 tons. Its body consists of a 
wooden platform with hinged, drop side boards. Its metal cab seats three. 



A-125 




ZIL-157 

The ZIL-157 is one of the principal medium trucks of the DPRK forces. 
The ZIL-157 is used to carry cargo, multiple rocket launchers, TPP pon- 
toons, and other specialized equipment. 

Maximum Speed: 65 km/hr 

Range: 580 km 

Maximum Payload: 4.5 tons 



A-126 




ISUZU TWD25 

This 6x6 2.5 ton cargo truck is imported from Isuzu Motors of Japan. 
This vehicle can transport 5,000 kg of cargo on hard surfaces and 2,500 
kg of cargo in off road conditions. The Isuzu TWD25 is equiped with a 
210 hp, 6 cylinder, liquid cooled diesel engine. 

Maximum Speed: 85 km/hr 



A-127 




ISUZUHTW11 

This 6x6 8 ton Japanese import is equipped with all wheel drive for 
good on/off road performance. The HTWll is equipped with a 150 hp, 
6 cylinder, liquid cooled diesel engine. 

Maximum Speed: 82 km/hr 

Maximum Payload: 4,700kg 



A-128 




NISSAN TZA52PP 

This 6x6 30 ton Japanese import, equipped with all wheel drive and a 
30,000 kg payload, makes for a dependable military vehicle. The 
TZA52PP is equipped with a 300 hp, 8 cylinder, direct injection, water 
cooled diesel engine. 



A-129 




ZIL-131 

The ZIL-131 was produced by the former Soviet Union as a replace- 
ment to the ZIL-157 as a basic tactical general purpose truck. ZIL-131 
improvements over the ZIL-157 include increased payload, higher out- 
put engine, improved power train, shorter wheelbase, power steering, 
waterproof ignition, and a modified cab controlled tire inflation system. 
Another unique feature of the ZIL-131 is the ability of the front axle 
drive to engage automatically when first gear is engaged. Additionally, 
the driver can manually engage the front axle drive in second gear. 



A-130 




KRAZ-260 

This Russian produced vehicle was designed to replace the KRAZ- 
255B. The KRAZ-260 is an improvement to the KRAZ-255B in several 
areas. The power has been increased by turbocharging the engine. This 
has resulted in improved highway and cross-country speeds. Pay load 
has been increased by 1,500 kg. This vehicle has full time all wheel 
drive and a fully bolted together frame. 

Maximum Speed: 80 km/hr 



A-131 




INDEPENDENCE (CHAJU) 

The North Koreans emphasize heavy payload vehicles to support their 
heavy industry. Currently, one of these vehicles known to be in produc- 
tion is the Independence (CHAJU). The Independence entered produc- 
tion in 1971. It is apparently identical to the Russian KRAZ-255B. It is 
an 1 1 ton dump truck with a cab behind engine design which can seat 
the driver and two passengers. 



A-132 




INDEPENDENCE 82 (CHAJU 82) 

The Independence 82, a 10 ton 4x2 dump truck prototype, was first pro- 
duced in 1982 as an improvement to the older Independence. The Inde- 
pendence 82 is still in production and in service with DPRK military 
and civilian transportation units. It is believed to be powered by a 240 
hp, 8 cylinder diesel engine and available in 2 and possibly 4 wheel 
drive. Configurations include a dump truck, a standard cargo bed model, 
and a truck tractor. The vehicle has a 7 cubic meter volume cargo body, 
a maximum speed of 94 km/hr, and a turning radius of 9 meters. 



A-133 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
M-65 PROTECTIVE MASK 

Features prominent filter housing on left hand cheek of facepiece and 
prominent voicemitter at front. Large lens eyepieces are provided and 
mask is held in position by six straps. Filter has efficiency of 99.995% 
and can withstand aerosol droplets down to 0.3 microns. 

Weight: 0.6kg 

Status: In service with DPRK forces. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
MODEL SHLEM HOOD TYPE PROTECTIVE MASK 

The Shlem mask consists of a facepiece (w/o voice transmitter), hose, and 
filter canister, which can be changed without taking the mask off. The 
valves of the Shlem tend to freeze and the hoses crack in cold weather. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
L-1 LIGHTWEIGHT PROTECTIVE SUIT 

Rubberized suit consisting of jacket with fitted hood, overtrousers with 
integral overboots, two pair of two-fingered gloves, and carrying 
satchel. Suit provides complete protection against most NBC agents 
when worn with a face mask. 

Weight: 3kg (approx.) 

Status: In service with chemical units. 



A-134 




ARS-12U TRUCK-MOUNTED 
DECONTAMINATION APPARATUS 

The ARS-12U is mounted on a ZIL-131 or ZIL-157 truck. It can be used 
to decontaminate vehicles, large weapon systems, heavy equipment, and 
terrain. It is also used to refill portable decontamination equipment, 
transport water, fight fires, and provide cold showers. It has a 2,500 liter 
tank that can decontaminate about 25 tanks, 50-80 artillery pieces, or 
500 m of road with a 5 m width before needing to resupply. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 

MODEL BU-4 TRUCK-MOUNTED CLOTHING 
DECONTAMINATION APPARATUS 

The BU-4 is a boiling apparatus that can be used to decontaminate 
chemically and biologically contaminated clothing, shelters, tarpaulins, 
and other items that can be laundered. The system consists of boilers 
with integral furnaces, tanks to hold reserve water, a hand pump, a hand 
press, and a drying tent. The BU-4 is normally carried on a GAZ-53 or 
GAZ-63 truck. 



A-135 




MODEL RDP-4V BACKPACK 
DECONTAMINATION APPARATUS 

The RDP-4V is a hand operated backpack spray apparatus that is used to 
decontaminate vehicles, weapons, material, buildings, and small areas 
of terrain. The apparatus is composed of a metal tank with a large filling 
aperture, clamp on pressure lid, shoulder/waist straps, a piston-type air 
pump mounted inside the tank, a shutoff valve, a discharge hose, and a 
spray pipe with control valve and nozzle. 

LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
GSP-1 DETECTOR-ALARM, AUTOMATIC 

Detects G-type nerve agents in the atmosphere and nuclear radiation in 
the immediate environment. The detector activates both a light and an 
audible alarm when it detects either of these contaminants. The detector 
is usually mounted in a reconnaissance vehicle, but may also be used at 
a fixed point. The GSP- 1 can operate up to 8 hours before the batteries 
need to be recharged. 

Weight: 18kg (approx.) 

Status: Probably in service with chemical units. 



A-136 




MODEL DP-62 LIGHTWEIGHT SURVEY METER 

The DP-62 lightweight survey meter is used to detect and determine the 
level of beta-gamma radiation in the field. It consists of a hand generator 
and instrument proper. The presence of radiation is indicated by flashes 
of a neon tube, viewed through a condensing lens on the upper surface 
of the instrument. The celluloid window on the bottom of the instrument 
permits the access of beta particles to the radiation sensitive element of 
the meter. The detection range of the meter is from 10 to 500 millirads/ 
hour. The meter is rugged, lightweight, compact, and simple to operate. 
The hand generator affords a constant source of power, making the 
meter independent of batteries. 



A-137 




MODEL DP-1a/b AREA SURVEY METER 

The Model DP- la area survey meter is a gamma detection and measur- 
ing device that can be used to measure radiation intensities in four sub- 
ranges from .04 to 400 rads/hour. The Model DP- lb is a battery 
powered area survey meter and is used to measure gamma radiation and 
to detect beta radiation. The instrument uses an ion chamber. 



A-138 




LCase 

2. Case lid 

3. Air pump 

4. Packets of indicator tubes 

5. Smoke filters 

6. Sample jar 



7. Pump attachment 

8. Protective covers for pump attachment 

9. Spatula 

10. Tape for marking contaminated areas 

11. Flashlight 

12. Shoulder strap 



PKHR CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION 
AND IDENTIFICATION KIT 

The PKhR chemical agent detection and identification kit will identify a 
wide array of chemical agents to include mustard, lewisite, hydrogen 
cyanide, phosgene, choroacetophenone, adamsite, and G/V type nerve 
agents. 



A-139 




MI-2 HOPLITE 

The Mi-2 is a twin turbine light utility helicopter. Possible armament 
includes up to 23mm machineguns, 57mm rockets, or the AT-3C ATGM. 
The Mi-2 can carry 6-8 troops or 700 kg internal cargo or 800 kg slung 
external. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



210km/hr 

3,500kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

4 km 

580 km (maximum fuel) 

170 km 



A-140 





MI-4 HOUND 

The Mi-4 is a multirole helicopter used for troop assault, armed support 
and general cargo transport. Optional weapons pylons can be added to 
support four 16 shot, 57mm rocket pods, or four AT-2 or AT-3 ATGMs. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



210km/hr 

7,800kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

5.4 km 

460 km (maximum fuel) 

250 km 



A-141 







^l^^ 




MI-8 HIP 

The Mi- 8 is a medium utility helicopter. The Mi- 8 can carry up to 24 
fully equipped combat troops or 2,425 kg of cargo when the aircraft is 
fully armed. The Mi-8 can carry rocketpods, ATGMs, general/special 
purpose bombs (250/500kg), and a nose mounted machingun. 

Maximum Speed: 250 km/hr 

Weight: 12,000kg (loaded) 

Maximum Ceiling: Unknown 

Service Ceiling: 3.5-4.5 km 

Maximum Range : 410 km (maximum fuel) 

Combat Range: 200 km 



A-142 




MI-17HIP 

The Mi- 17 has an airframe basically identical to that of the Mi- 8, but 
has more powerful 1,900 shp turboshaft engines. The Mi- 17 has the 
same armament options as the Mi- 8 supplemented with GSh-23 23mm 
gun packs. 

Maximum Speed: 250 km/hr 

Weight: 1 3 ,000kg (loaded) 

Maximum Ceiling: Unknown 

Service Ceiling: 5 km 

Maximum Range: 950 km (maximum fuel) 

Combat Range: Unknown 



A-143 




HUGHES 500 D/E 

The Hughes 500 is a multirole utility helicopter. The DPRK has at least 
75 civilian D/E model helicopters. Although these aircraft were not sold 
with weapons on them, it is possible that some weapons systems have 
been added. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



280 km/hr 

1,700kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

4,800 m 

327 km (maximum fuel) 

Unknown 



A-144 






F-5 (MIG-17) FRESCO A/B/C/D 

The DPRK has about 100 of these in a ground attack role and about 30 air- 
craft as fighters. The F-5 is a single seat aircraft with a single turbojet 
engine. It has three 23nim cannons and/or four AA-1 ALKALI missiles. 
There are two under- wing hardpoints for drop tanks or stores up to 500 kg. 

Maximum Speed : 1,145 km/hr 

Weight: 6,700kg (loaded) 

Maximum Ceiling: Unknown 

Service Ceiling: 16.6 km 

Maximum Range: 2,250 km 

Combat Range: Unknown 



A-145 




F-6(MIG-1 9) FARMER 

The DPRK has about 160 of these aircraft. The F-6 is the Chinese version 
of the MiG-19. The F-6 has six attachment points for external stores 
(three on each wing). The outboard wing stations can carry a 250 kg 
bomb. The outboard wing stations can also carry a 760 or 400 liter drop 
tank or the CAA-lb AAM. The inboard wing stations can carry practice 
bombs or rocket pods with either 8 x 57mm, 16 x 57mm, or 7 x 90mm 
rockets. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



1.16 Mach 
9,040kg (loaded) 
Unknown 
16.7 km 
Unknown 
Unknown 



A-146 




MIG-21 FISHBED D/F/J 

The DPRK has about 160 of these aircraft. The FISHBED D/F is armed 
with a twin barrel 23mm GSh-23 gun with 200 rounds a belly pack. The J 
model carries the GSh-23 internally. All models also have four under- 
wing pylons for weapons and drop tanks. The MiG-21 has a JAY BIRD/ 
SPIN SCAN search and track radar with a 20 km range. Typical loads for 
the intercept role are two AA-2/2D ATOLLs and two radar homing AA- 
2C ATOLLs; two UV- 16-57 rocket pods on the outer pylons, or two drop 
tanks and two AA-2/2D or AA-2C AAMs. Typical loads for ground attack 
are four UV- 16-57 rocket pods, two 500 kg and two 250 kg bombs, or 
four 240mm S-24 rockets. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



2.05 Mach 

9,800kg (loaded) 

18 km 

15.2 km 

971km 

593 km (with drop tanks) 



A-147 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



F-7 

The DPRK has about 40 of these aircraft. The F-7 is the Chinese version of 
the FISHBED C. The F-7 is armed with two 30mm Type 30-1 belt-fed can- 
nons with 60 rounds per gun. There are two hardpoints under each wing, 
with the outboard ones sometimes used for drop tanks. Each inboard pylon 
is capable of carrying a PL-2, PL-2A, PL-5B, AA-2 AAM; or a Type-57-2 
pod withlS X 57mm rockets; or a Type-90-Ml pod with 7 x 90mm rockets; 
or bombs of 50/150/250/500 kg. The outboard pylons can also carry one of 
the rocket pods, a 50/150 kg bomb, or a 500 liter droptank. 

Maximum Speed: 2.05 Mach 
Weight: 5,240kg (loaded) 

18.7 km 

19.8 km 
1,203 km 
939 km (with drop tanks) 



Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 




MIG-23 FLOGGER 

The DPRK has at least 46 MiG-23ML fighters. The MiG-23ML (FLOG- 
GER G) is equipped with the HIGH LARK radar and can be armed with 
AA-2/AT0LL, AA-7/APEX, and AA-8/APHID AAMs. It also carries a 
twin barrel GSh-23 gun. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



2.35 Mach 
18,900kg (loaded) 
Unknown 
18 km 
Unknown 
900-1,300 km 



A-148 




MIG-29 FULCRUM A/B 

The DPRK has about 10 MiG-29 aircraft. The MiG-29 is a twin engine 
fighter. It can carry two medium range radar homing AA-10/ALAMO and 
four close range AA-11/ARCHER AAMs on three pylons under the 
wings. It can also carry AA-8/APHID missiles, bombs, and 57/80/240mm 
rocket pods. The MiG-29 also has one 30mm gun. 

Maximum Speed: 2.3 Mach 

Weight: 18,900kg (loaded) 

Maximum Ceiling: Unknown 

Service Ceiling: 18 km 

Maximum Range: 2,900 km (ferry mission) 

Combat Range: 1,500 km 



A-149 




SU-7B FITTER A 

The DPRK has about 20 of these aircraft. The Su-7B is a single seat 
ground attack aircraft. It is armed with two 30mm NR-30 guns in wing 
roots, each with 70 rounds. Under- wing pylons allow two 742 kg or two 
495 kg of bombs or rocket pods. 

Maximum Speed: 1.6 Mach 
Weight: 13,387kg (loaded) 

Maximum Ceiling: Unknown 

18 km 

1,449 km 

250-350 km (with drop tanks) 



Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



A-150 




SU-25 FROGFOOT A 

The DPRK has about 35 of these aircraft. The Su-25 is a single seat 
ground attack aircraft. It is armed with one twin barrel 30mm gun in the 
bottom of the fuselage with 250 rounds. There are 8 pylons under the 
wings which can carry about 4,000 kg of air-to-ground weapons, includ- 
ing 57mm to 330mm rockets. There are two small outboard pylons for 
AA-2D/AT0LL or AA-8/APHID AAMs. 

.8 Mach 

17,600kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

7 km 

Unknown 

1,250 km (with drop tanks) 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



A-151 





IL-28 BEAGLE 

The DPRK has about 80 of these aircraft. The 11-28 is a three seat hght 
bomber. It has an internal bay for up to 3,000 kg of bombs or two air 
launched torpedoes. It is also armed with two fixed 23mm cannons 
mounted in the nose and two in the tail turret. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



900 km/hr 

21,000kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

12.3 km 

2,180 km (w/1, 000kg payload) 

Unknown 



A-152 




^U! 



Y-5 (AN-2 COLT) 

The DPRK has about 270 of these aircraft. The Y-5 is a general purpose 
biplane used mostly to insert SOF troops. It can be used to drop 100/250 kg 
bombs or to spray chemicals. 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



220 km/hr 
5,250kg (loaded) 
Unknown 
3.5 km 
Unknown 
450 km 



A-153 






AN-24 COKE 

The DPRK has about 6 of these aircraft. The An- 24 is a short range trans- 
port aircraft. 

484 km/hr 
21,800kg (loaded) 
Unknown 
8.75 km 
Unknown 
Unknown 



Maximum Speed: 
Weight: 

Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



A-154 




IL-18C00T 

The DPRK has 2 of these aircraft. The 11-18 is a medium transport air- 
craft, which can carry up to 90 troops. 

Maximum Speed: 675 km/hr 

64,000kg (loaded) 

Unknown 

8-10 km 

Unknown 

3,700 km (loaded) 



Weight: 
Maximum Ceiling: 
Service Ceiling: 
Maximum Range: 
Combat Range: 



A-155 




Type: 

Freqency Band: 
Maximum Range: 
Associated With: 
Comments: 



BACK NET 

EW/GCI 

E 

300 km 

SA-5 

3-6 rpm Scan 



A-156 




Name: 
Type: 

Freqency Band: 
Maximum Range: 
Associated With: 
Comments: 



BAR LOCK 

P-35/37 

EW 

E/F 

200 km 

SA-5 

1 mw/b power, PRE 375pps, 7 rpm Scan, 

BW .7deg, PW 1.5, 4.5 us. Accuracy range 

350m-AZ.14deg 



A-157 




FAN SONG A/B/C/E/F 





A/B C/E 


F 


Type: 


FC/TRK FC/TRK 


FC/TRK 


Freqency Band: 


E/F G 


E/F 


Maximum Range: 


60-120 km 70-145 km 


70-145 km 


Associated With: 


SA-2 SA-2 


SA-2 


Comments: 






FAN SONG A/B: 


600kw power, Vert Ant BW 10 10x2deg 




Hort Ant BW 2xl0deg, Scan 15.5-17HZ 


FAN SONG C/E: 


l.Omw power, Vert Ant BW 7.5 


xl.5deg 




Hort Ant BW 11.5x7.5, Scan 15.5-17HZ 




PRF 828-1440 Search, 1656-2880 Trk 




PW. 4- 1.2ms us, .2-.9msus 




FAN SONG F: 


600kw power. Vert Ant BW 10 10x2deg 




Hort Ant BW 2xl0deg, Scan 15.5-17HZ 


(guidance): 


PRF 44pps 





A-158 




Name: 
Type: 

Freqency Band: 
Maximum Range: 
Associated With: 
Comments: 



FLAT FACE 

P-15 

EW/ACQ 

C 

200 km 

SA-3, Guns 

Power 380kw, BW AZ 4.3deg-ELEV 4.3 deg 

PW 2us, PRF 200-700pps, 70km range at 

300m alt, accuracy 650m range, 1.8 deg AZ 



A-159 




KNIFE REST A/B/C 





A 


B/C 


Name: 


P-8 Dolfin 


P-10 


Type: 


EW 


EW 


Freqency Band: 


A 


A 


Maximum Range: 


75 km 


70 km 


Associated With: 


SA-2 


SA-2 


Comments: 


75kw power, 
PW4-12US 





A-160 



r 


Pi 


b 


^ 


^'7^ 


^7 






0^ 




K^St =«^ R I'^^^H 


a^'^y^uhLii^HiBu^^^B^ 



Type: 

Freqency Band: 
Maximum Range: 
Associated With: 
Comments: 
FC 



Trk/FC 



LOW BLOW 

FC Trk/FC Quid 

I I D 

40 km 40-85 km 29 km 

SA-3 SA-3 SA-3 

Power 250kw, PRF 1750-3500pps, 
PW .25-5ms(us), BW 12x1.5, 
Scan (trough) 16HZ 
PRF 3560-3585HZ, Scan (Para) 25HZ 



A-161 






SIDE NET 


Name: 


PRV-ll 


Type: 


Height 


Freqency Band: 


E 


Maximum Range: 


28 km 


Associated With: 


SA-2/3/5 


Comments: 


Max altitude 32km 



A-162 




Name: 
Type: 

Freqency Band: 
Maximum Range: 
Associated With: 
Comments: 



SPOON REST A/C/D 

P-12 

ACQ/EW 

A 

200 km 

SA-2/8 

Power 314kw, BW 6x22.5, FRF 310-400pps, 

PW 4-6us, Max Alt 32km, Scan 2-6rpm 



A-163 






SQUAT EYE 


Name: 


P-15M(2) 


Type: 


EW 


Freqency Band: 


C 


Maximum Range: 


128 km 


Associated With: 


SA-3/5 


Comments: 


Power 380kw 



A-164 






TALL KING 


Name: 


P-14 


Type: 


BW 


Freqency Band: 


A 


Maximum Range: 


605 km 


Associated With: 


SA-5 


Comments: 


Scan 2-6rpm 



A-165 



OTHER RADAR SYSTEMS 



RADAR 


Type 


Freq 
Band 


l\/laximum 
Range 


Associated 
With 


Comments 


BACK TRAP 


EW/ACQ 


E 


410km 


SA-5 


Power: 2mw; Scan:6rpm 


BIG BACK 


EW/GCI 


L 


600km 


SA-5 




DOG EAR 


ACQ 


G 


50km 
35km 


SA-9/13 
ZSU-23-4 




GIN SLING 
(range meas) 
(Msl Guidance) 


FC/TRK 


E/F 

l/J 
D 


100+km 


HQ-2 


(MainR/T) 

(Range Measurement) 


ODD PAIR 


Height 


E 




SA-5 


Scan: 3-6rpm 


SJ-202 


FC/ACQ 




115km 


HQ-2 




SQUARE PAIR 


FC 


H 


255km 
(160-270) 


SA-5 




TIN SHIELD 


EW/GCI 




200km 


SA-2/3/5 





A-166 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 

Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



SOHO FF 

242.1x50.9x12.1 ft 

4xCSS-N-l single tube SSM 

100mm single barrel, 2x3 7mm, 30mm, and 

25mm twin barrel 

4xRBU-1200; mines; d.c. 

23kts 

Platform for 1 medium helo 




^^t3mf^^^^^< ^M^M^ 




^^^"^i 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 



Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



NAJIN FFL 

335x33x10 ft 

2xCSS-N-l single tube SSM 

2x1 00mm single barrel 

2x57mm, 30mm, and 25mm twin barrel 

4x1 4.5mm quad barrel 

4xRBU-1200; mines; d.c. 

24.3kts 

None 



A-167 



14.5mm 

(staggered 

pt, stbd) 






CHONGJIN PB 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


85.3x19x6.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


85mm single barrel tank turret 




2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


40kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-168 



Radar stop 
latticed mast 



Wheelhouse 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 

Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



P-6 PB/PT 

83.7x20.3x5.9 ft 

None 

2x25mm twin barrel or 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

2x5 3cm single torpedo tubes (PT) 

43kts 

None 



A-169 



Tripod 
mast 






SHANTOU PB 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


82x17.4x6.9 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


2x3 7mm twin barrel or 




2x3 7mm single barrel and 




2x25mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


24kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-170 





LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



CHAHO PB 

85.3x19x6.6 ft 

None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

122mm (BM-21) MRL 

40kts 

None 



A-171 



Pylon 
mast 



14.5mm 



\r^ T^n 





LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 



Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



CHODO PC 

140.1x19x6.2 ft 

None 

85mm single barrel 

2x3 7mm single barrel and 

14.5mm quad barrel 

Mines 

20kts 

None 



A-172 



Ammo housing/ 

loading ramp 

forlVIRL 



Latticed 
mast 



14.5mm CHONGJU Class PTG 
(pt, stbd) 

\ 85mm 




CHONGJU PC/PT/PTG/WPC 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 



Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



139.8x24x6.6 ft 

4xCSS-N-l single tube (PTG) 

85mm, 2x37mm, 25mm, and 

14.5mm (PCAVPC) 

2x30mm (PT/PTG) 

2 possible RBU-1200 (PC/WPC) and 

at least 2 torpedoes (PT) 

22.5kts 

None 



A-173 



Tripod 
mast 





LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



HAINAN PC 

192.9x23.6x14.1 ft 

None 

2x5 7mm and 25mm twin barrel 

4xRBU-1200 5 tube launcher, mines, d.c. 

30.5kts 

None 



A-174 



37mm 



Pole 

mast _ ... 

\ Folding 
mast 

MGs 
37mm (pt, stbd) 



1 ^ N.^ 



affJSi 







K-48 PC 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


125x18x5.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


76mm and 3x3 7mm single barrel 




2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


Mines 


Maximum Speed: 


18kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-175 



25mm 1 4.5mm 

position 25mm 



^aA^ 









S.0. 1 PC 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


137.8x20x7.9 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


100mm (one unit) 




76mm single barrel 




3x25mm twin barrel 




14.5mm quad mount 


Other Weapons: 


4xRBU-1200, mines, d.c 


Maximum Speed: 


28.5kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-176 



Latticed 
tripod mast 



25mm 
(pt, stbd) 



t: 



37mm 



^. rirO-^, 




^AMbhiiSbiliLJ^W^ 





SHANGHAI II PC 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


127.3x17.7x5.3 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


2x3 7mm and 25mm twin barrel 




At least one 82mm RR (on some) 


Other Weapons: 


Mines, d.c. 


Maximum Speed: 


30kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-177 



25mm 
(pt, stbd) 



Crow's nest 
pylon mast 



57mm 



d.c. 

\ 



^^^^.^rJ^QS-Jtn 




RBU-1200 
(pt, stbd) 




TAECHONG l/ll PC 





Taechong I 


Taechong II 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


197.5x23.6x6.6 ft 


199.5x23.6x6.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


None 


Guns: 


100mm or 85mm 


100mm or 85mm 




single barrel 


single barrel 




25mm twin barrel 


57mm twin barrel 




57mm twin barrel 


2x30mm twin barrel 




14.5mm twin barrel 


14.5mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


2xRBU-1200, 
mines, d.c. 


d.c. 


Maximum Speed: 


30kts 


30kts 


Aircraft: 


None 


None 



A-178 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
MAYANG PG 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 

Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



196.9x32.8x9.8 ft 

None 

85mm single barrel 

57mm and 4x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

None 

16kts 

None 




r 



^^IS 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 



Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



SARIWON PG 

201.8x24.6x7.9 ft 

None 

85mm single barrel 

1 or 2x57mm twin barrel 

2x3 7mm twin barrel 

4x1 4.5mm quad barrel 

RBU- 1200, mines 

18kts 

None 



A-179 



" -"^ ^| ^*^^!lEZ5SS 





LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Missile Launchers: 
Guns: 



Other Weapons: 
Maximum Speed: 
Aircraft: 



T CLASS PG 

203.4x23.6x7.9 ft 

None 

85mm single barrel 

2x3 7mm twin barrel 

4x1 4.5mm quad barrel 

Mines 

18kts 

None 



A-180 



Folding 
mast 



14.5mm 



\ 4- 



i 



Wheelhouse 



{ifffl f „^\ rTf^4+y:i:^:Eii:^4 





LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 



P-4PT 

63.3x12.1x3.3 ft 

None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

2x45cm single topedo tubes 

55kts 



A-181 



Latticed 
tripod mast 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



SHERSHEN PT 

113.8x22x6.6 ft 

None 

2x3 0mm twin barrel 

4x5 3cm single topedo tubes 

45kts 

None 



A-182 



14.5mm 

\ 



Folding 
mast 



Wheelhouse 



jffd^S P^ 



,5mm 

£ 




53cm TT 
(pt, stbd) 




SINHUNG PT/PTH/WPB/WPBH 

LOA/Beam/Draft: 75.5x16.1x4.9 ft 
None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 
2x5 3cm single topedo tubes (PT/PTH) 
52kts (57kts PTH) 
None 



Missile Launchers 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



A-183 




Wheelhouse 



^-^ 



53cm TT 
(pt, stbd) 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



SINNAM PT 

81.4x20x5.9 ft 

None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

2x5 3cm single topedo tubes, deck rails 

43kts 

None 



A-184 



Latticed 
tripod mast 






KOMAR PTG 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


83.7x23x6.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


2xCSS-N-l single tube SSM 


Guns: 


25mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


40.5kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-185 



Pylon mast 



Wheelhouse 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



OSA I PTG 

126.6x24.9x8.9 ft 

4xSS-N-2 or CSS-N-1 single tube SSM 

2x3 0mm or 25mm twin barrel 

None 

35kts 

None 



A-186 



Tripod 
mast 



SSM 
(pt, stbd) 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



SOHUNG PTG 

84x24x6.6 ft 

2xCSS-N-l single tube SSM 

14.5mm or 25mm twin barrel 

None 

40kts 

None 



A-187 




LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



SOJU PTG 

138.1x25.6x9.8 ft 

4xCSS-N-l single tube SSM 

2x3 0mm twin barrel 

None 

33kts 

None 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



HUNGNAM LCM 

55.8x14.1x3.9 ft 

None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

None 

9kts 

None 



A-188 



14.5mm 
(to stbd) 

7? 



1 



Latticed 
mast 



^ 



Wheelhouse 

14.5mm 
(to port) 

/ 



Bow 
door 



^ 






NAMPO LCP 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


85.3x19x6.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


2xl4.5mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


40kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
KONG BANG l/ll/lll LCPA 

Kong Bang I Kong Bang II Kong Bang III 

LOA/Beam/Draft: 75.5x29.5 ft 68.9x26.2 ft 60.7x23 ft 

Missile Launchers: None None None 

Guns: None None None 

Other Weapons: None None None 

Maximum Speed: 52kts 52kts 50kts 

Aircraft: None None None 



A-189 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



KOWAN ASR 

275.6x46.3x13.1 ft 

None 

6x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

None 

20kts 

None 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



KIMJINWPB 

59.1x9.8x4.9 ft 

None 

2x1 4.5mm twin barrel 

None 

46kts 

None 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



YONGDOWPB 

53.5x14.4x2.3 ft 

None 

14.5mm twin barrel 

None 

25kts 

None 



A-190 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 

Missile Launchers: 

Guns: 

Other Weapons: 

Maximum Speed: 

Aircraft: 



37mm or 
25mm 



HANTAE LCU 

154.2x21.3x5.6 ft 

None 

4x25mm twin barrel 

None 

22.5kts 

None 



Pole 
mast 



Wheelhouse 



14.5mm 

/ 



^ r^n^nn r^H-°^^^ 






YUKTO l/ll MSI 






Yukto I 


Yukto II 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


78.7x13.1x5.6 ft 


69x13.1x5.6 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


None 


Guns: 


14.5mm twin barrel 
37mm single barrel or 
25mm twin barrel 


14.5mm twin barrel 


Other Weapons: 


Mines 


Mines 


Maximum Speed: 


18kts 


ISkts 


Aircraft: 


None 


None 



A-191 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 





NAMPO A/B LCPA 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


55.8x22.6x- ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


Unknown 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


52kts 


Aircraft: 


None 



i 



ujSl^ 



h 



F f \ \ \ f f f i ^^tt 



:/ 



f^^ 



-CD 



4Z 





HANCHON LCU 


LOA/Beam/Draft: 


117.1x25.9x3.9 ft 


Missile Launchers: 


None 


Guns: 


14.5mm 


Other Weapons: 


None 


Maximum Speed: 


lOkts 


Aircraft: 


None 



A-192 



ai 







ROMEO SS 

LOA/Beam/Draft: 252x23x20 ft 

Propulsion: Diesel electric; 2 shafts 

Missile Launchers: None 

Torpedoes: 53cm; 8 tubes (6 bow, 2 stern) 

Maximum Speed: 16kts surfaced; 13kts submerged 



A-193 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Propulsion: 
Missile Launchers: 
Torpedoes: 
Maximum Speed: 



WHISKEY SS 

249x21x16 ft 

Diesel electric; 2 shafts 

None 

53cm; 6 tubes (4 bow, 2 stern) 

17kts surfaced; 13kts submerged 



LINE DIAGRAM UNAVAILABLE 
YUGO SSM 



LOA/Beam/Draft: 
Propulsion: 
Missile Launchers: 
Torpedoes: 
Maximum Speed: 



66x9. 8x-- ft 

Diesel electric 

None 

No known capability 

llkts surfaced; 8kts submerged 



A-194 



THE NAVAL MINE THREAT TO 
AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS 

Naval mines include the following types: 

Deep Water: +200 ft; rising mines, moored mines, and 

some bottom mines. 
Shallow Water: 200 to 40 ft; bottom mines, moored mines, and 

rising mines. 
Very Shallow Water: 40 to 10 ft; bottom mines, moored mines, 

controlled mines, and buried mines. 
Surf Zone: 10 ft to high water mark; anti-invasion mines, 

controlled mines. 
Craft Landing Zone: Beach; buried mines, obstacles. 



A-195 




ALCM-82 SHALLOW WATER MINE 

The ALCM-82 is a shallow water blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Steel 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


Unknown tilt rod 


Actuation Force: 


15-20kg 


Explosive Type: 


Unknown 


Explosive Weight: 


14.5kg 



A-196 




PDM-1M SHALLOW WATER MINE 

The PDM-IM is a shallow water blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Steel 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


VPDM-IM tilt rod 


Actuation Force: 


18-26kg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


10kg 



A-197 




PDM-2 SHALLOW WATER MINE 

The PDM-2 is a shallow water blast mine. 



Mine Case: 


Steel 


Color: 


Olive drab 


Fuze Type: 


VPDM-2 tilt rod 


Actuation Force: 


40-50kg 


Explosive Type: 


TNT 


Explosive Weight: 


15kg 



A-198 




^ 






E^ 




CSS-N-1 SCRUBBRUSH 

The CSS-N-1 is the Chinese version of the Russian-manufactured SS-N-2a 
STYX naval antiship cruise missile. 



Max Speed: 


0.9 Mach 


Cruise Altitude: 


330, 660, or 1,000 ft 


Maximum 




Effective Range: 


25 nm 


Warhead: 


HE 1,130 lbs 


Fuze: 


Impact 


Propulsion: 


Liquid rocket sustainer with expendable solid 




rocket booster 



A-199 



-^<m 




^^ 



CSSC-2 SILKWORM 

The CSSC-2 is a Chinese land-based coastal defense antiship cruise missile. 
It is fired from a truck-towed launcher or tracked TEL. 



Max Speed: 
Cruise Altitude: 
Maximum 
Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Propulsion: 



0.9 Mach 

330, 660, or 1,000 ft 

45 nm 

HE 1,130 lbs 

Impact 

Liquid rocket sustainer with expendable solid 

rocket booster 



A-200 




CSSC-3 SEERSUCKER 

The Chinese SEERSUCKER is an extended-range version of the 
SILKWORM coastal defense antiship cruise missile. It is fired from a 
truck- to wed launcher or tracked TEL. 



Max Speed: 
Cruise Altitude: 
Maximum 

Effective Range: 
Warhead: 
Fuze: 
Propulsion: 



0.9 Mach 

330, 660, or 1,000 ft 

45 nm 

HE 1,130 lbs 

Impact 

Liquid rocket sustainer with expendable solid 

rocket booster 



A-201 



APPENDIX B: 
International Time Zones 








B-1 



APPENDIX C: 






Conversion Charts 






When You Know 






Units of Length 


Multiply by 


To find 


Millimeters 


0.04 


Inches 


Centimeters 


0.39 


Inches 


Meters 


3.28 


Feet 


Meters 


1.09 


Yards 


Kilometers 


0.62 


Miles 


Inches 


25.40 


Millimeters 


Inches 


2.54 


Centimeters 


Feet 


30.48 


Centimeters 


Yards 


0.91 


Meters 


Miles 


1.61 


Kilometers 


Units of Area 






Sq. Centimeters 


0.16 


Sq. Inches 


Sq. Meters 


1.20 


Sq. Yards 


Sq. Kilometers 


0.39 


Sq. Miles 


Hectares 


2.47 


Acres 


Sq. Inches 


6.45 


Sq. Cm 


Sq. Feet 


0.09 


Sq. Meters 


Sq. Yards 


0.84 


Sq. Meters 


Sq. Miles 


2.60 


Sq. Km 


Acres 


0.40 


Hectares 


Units of Mass and Weight 






Grams 


0.035 


Ounces 


Kilograms 


2.21 


Pounds 


Tons (100kg) 


1.10 


Short Tons 


Ounces 


28.35 


Grams 


Pounds 


0.45 


Kilograms 


Short Tons 


2.12 


Tons 



C-1 



Units of Volume 


Multiply by 


To find 


Milliliters 


0.20 


Teaspoons 


Milliliters 


0.06 


Tablespoons 


Milliliters 


0.03 


Fluid Ounces 


Liters 


4.23 


Cups 


Liters 


2.12 


Pints 


Liters 


1.06 


Quarts 


Liters 


0.26 


Gallons 


Cubic Meters 


35.32 


Cubic Feet 


Cubic Meters 


1.35 


Cubic Yards 


Teaspoons 


4.93 


Milliliters 


Tablespoons 


14.78 


Milliliters 


Fluid Ounces 


29.57 


Milliliters 


Cups 


0.24 


Liters 


Pints 


0.47 


Liters 


Quarts 


0.95 


Liters 


Gallons 


3.79 


Liters 


Cubic Feet 


0.03 


Cubic Meters 


Cubic Yards 


0.76 


Cubic Meters 


Units of Speed 






Miles per Hour 


1.61 


Km per Hour 


Km per Hour 


0.62 


Miles per Hour 



C-2 



Celsius FahrBnheit 


°c 


r 


>^ 


°F 






100 


— 


— 


212 


4— 


Boiling Point ofWater 


Heatwave -► ,„ 


— 


-^ 


105 
98.6 


4— 


Normal BodyTemperature 


36.9 


— 


^ 








35 


E" 


-^ 


90 






AHotSummerDay -► 30 


E- 


J 


80 






25 


= 


5 


70 


^ 


AMild Spring Day 


20 


E- 


-= 










= 


^ 


60 






15 


=- 


_^ 








AWarmWinterDay -► 10 


E- 


1 


50 






5 



i 


1 


32 
30 


4— 


Freezing Point OfWater 


—5 


E- 


-i 


20 






—10 


E" 


3 


10 






— 15 


^ 


-1 








— 20 














Temperature Conversions 

To convert Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8 and add 32. 
To convert Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, subtract 32 and divide by 1.8. 



C-3 



APPENDIX D: 
Korean Language 



Pronunciation Guide 

Consonants 



-1 


k-keep <or> g-go 


u 


n-night 


c 


d-due <or> t-tone <or> t-cot 


e 


r-red <or> 1- spell 


□ 


m-mother 


u 


b-boy <or> m-calm 


^ 


s-sue <or> sh-she <or> t-cot 


a 


silent before a vowel <or> like ng-ring after a vowel 


^ 


j-jim <or> t-cot 


^ 


ch-chip <or> t-cot 


^ 


k-kilometer 


m 


t-top <or> t-cot 


s 


p-pa 


* 


h-hope 


Note 


: c , -^ , K , rP^ , E all may make a t-cot sound. This occurs when 



they appear as the last consonant in a syllable. For example: 

^ goat = PLACE 

^ goat = IMMEDIATELY 

^ goat = FLOWER 

If the next syllable begins with a vowel you will hear the normal 
consonant sound there. 



D-1 



Vowels 



01 


a-father = a 


Of 


a-had = ae 


c^^ 


ya-yacht = ya 


Of 


u-up = 


flfl 


a-hate = e 


Oi 


yu-yup = yo 


s 


o-go = 


s. 


yo-yoyo = yo 


^ 


u-blue = 00 


# 


u-you = yoo 


o 


o-good = u 


0] 


e-be = ee <or> i-bid 


?< 


wo-woe = wo 


S} 


wa-wad = wa 



NOTE: You must aquaint yourself with this guide or the book will be 
useless. The words which sound like goat will be spelled "got." A word 
sounding like gut will also be spelled "got." A word sounding like take 
will be spelled "tek." Practice as much as possible! 

Hostile Situations 



Confrontation 




Stop. 


AM 


Stop action. 


Mn 


Don't shoot. 


a^nm 


Don't move. 


9^6\7im 


Don't approach. 


a^flf^o^ 


Don't make a sound. 


±H UJ3D^ 


Drop your weapons. 


??l LIE^H 


Hands up. 


^ 5(H 


Come out. 


USiil 


Come forward. 


St£S MSt 


Come here. 


Q|E{fit 


Surrender. 


»54Sl?t 



mom-cho-ee 

jong-jee 

so-jee-ma 

oom-j eek-ee-j ee-ma 

jop-goon-ha-jee-ma 

so-ree-nae-jee-ma 

moo-gee nae-ryo-no-wa 

son-du-ro 

na-o-ra 

a-pu-ro na-wa 

ee-dee-wa 

hang-bok-ha-ra 



D-2 



Turn around. 


?lS£flf 


twee-ro-do-ra 


Lie face down. 


Slfiel 


op-du-ryo 


Hands behind your back. 


^S ^^ 


son-ul twee-ro 


Obey orders. 


aS^J^ ftf« 


myong-ryong-dae-ro ha-ra 


Do not resist. 


SL^aBf7JD| 


ban-hang-ha-jee-ma 


You won't be harmed. 


!<S|;^t^J101 


hae-chee-jee-an-gey-so 


You are a prisoner. 


^U\^ S^DlOf 


ja-nae-nun po-ro-ee-ya 


Commands 






Do it now. 


?yS 31 


chee-goom-hae 


Follow orders. 


^^s ^^\ 


myong-ryong-ul da-ra 


Stand in line. 


a MAI 


joo-lo-so 


Submit to search. 


&^c4|S«i| 


tam-saek-e-ung-hae 


Quickly. 


»^ 


bal-loo 


Don't talk. 


WSf^lOf 


mal-ha-jee-ma 


Be still. 


:'fi*s| no\ 


ga-man-hee ee-so 


Give me . . . 


-^ 


. . . joo-o 


Give me ID. 


i.iS5 fl( 


shin-boon-chung joo-o 


Give me papers. 


M^ fl 


so-ryo joo-o 


Give me your things. 


:^nm fl 


so-jee-poom joo-o 


Empty your pockets. 


JI^CHLJ SJ0fi4 


ho-joo-mo-nee to-ro-na 


Move. 


S^OIEJ 


oom-jeek-yo-ra 


Get out of my way. 


«l?|24 


pee-kyo-ra 


Come here. 


g|?-i^ 


ee-dee-wa 


Stay here. 


o^?\ W01 


yo-gee ee-so 


Stay there. 


Jl?l Elot 


ko-gee ee-so 


Lie down. 


¥« 


noo-wo 


Sit down. 


fttqf 


an-ja 


Eat this. 


Q|?l ftiOl 


ee-go mo-go 


Be quiet. 


^S^ 


cho-yong-hae 


Get up. 


ffltHLf 


ee-ro-na 


Follow me. 


il^sdt 


da-ra-wa 



D-3 



Questions 



What is your name? 
What is your rank? 
What is your specialty? 
What is your mission? 
Where is your unit? 
Who is in charge? 

What size unit? 
What weapons? 
Where is/are the . . .? 

Weapons 

AAA 

SAMs 

Rocket launchers 

Radar sites 

Aircraft 

Tanks 

Mine fields 
Show me on the map. 

Draw a sketch map. 
Give me the information. 

Friendly Situations 
Meet/Approach 

Hello. 

Nice to meet you. 
See you again. 
Thank you. 
Good bye. 
Don't worry. 
Speak slowly. 
Say/do again. 



as} 






ee-rum moo-o-ya? 
kye-goop moo-o-ya? 
tuk-gee-ga moo-o-ya? 
im-moo-ga moo-o-ya? 
boo-dae o-dee ee-so? 
chee-we-gwan 

noo-goo-jee-o? 
boo-dae gyoo-mo? 
moo-sun moo-gee? 
. . . o-dee-ee-so-yo? 
moo-gee 
go-sa-po 

chee-dae-kong-yoo-do-tan 
ra-kaet bal-sa-gee 
bang-yang-tam-je-gee 
bee-haeng-gee 
jon-cha 

chee-rey chee-dae 
chee-do-sang-e-so 

bo-yo-joo-se-yo 
yak-do gu-ryo-joo-se-yo 
jong-bo joo-o 



an-nyong-ha-se-yo 
ban-gap-sum-nee-da 
ta-shoe bop-shee-da 
kam-sa-ham-nee-da 
an-nyong-hee ka-se-yo 
kok-jong-ha-jee-ma-se-yo 
chon-chon-hee mal-ha-se-yo 
da-shee han-bon 



D-4 



Request Help 



Can you help me? 
Does anyone speak 

English? 
Have you seen 

NK soldiers? 

Have you seen communists? 
How many people? 
Where did they go? 
Where did you come from? 
Did you see any ...? 
Where is/are the ...? 
Can you guide me? 
Please give me a ride. 
Please give me a map. 
Show me on the map. 

Draw a sketch map. 

Can you describe? 

Is he tall? 

Is he short? 

Is he fat? 

How old? 

Is it heavy? 

Is it light? 

Is it big? 

Is it small? 

Do you have food? 

Is there water? 

Can you give me shelter? 

Can we hide here? 

Can we camp here? 

Do you have blankets? 
I need medical care. 



SAia 
siQia 



do-wa-jool-soo-ee-so-yo? 
yong-o ha-nun sa-ram 
ee-so-yo? 
in-min-goon bwa-so-yo? 

kong-san-goon bwa-so-yo? 

myot-sa-ram? 

o-dee-ro ka-so-yo? 

o-dee-so wa-so-yo? 

... bwa-so-yo? 

... o-dee ee-so-yo? 

a-nae-hal-soo-ee-so-yo? 

cha tae-wo-joo-se-yo 

chee-do joo-se-yo 

chee-do-sang-e-so 

bo-yo-joo-se-yo 
yak-do gu-ree-se-yo 
myo-sa hal-soo-ee-so-yo? 
kee-ga ko-yo? 
kee-gajak-a-yo? 
doong-doong-hae-yo ? 
myot-sal-ee-e-yo? 
moo-go- wo-yo? 
ka-byo-wo-yo? 
ko-yo? 
jak-a-yo? 

um-sheek ee-so-yo? 
mool-ee-so-yo? 
sook-so jool-soo-ee-so-yo? 
yo-gee-so soom-ul-soo- 

ee-so-yo? 
yo-gee-so ya-yong-hal- 

soo-ee-so-yo? 
dam-yo ee-so-yo? 
chee-ryo pee-lee-o-hae-yo? 



D-5 



Do you have weapons? 


?7| 5J^H 


moo-gee ee-so-yo? 


Please give us ammo. 


^ejF 4.MI2 


tan-yak jo-se-yo 


Is there POL? 


^^ W^fi 


yon-yoo ee-so-yo? 


My vehicle broke down. 


KlJf Ji^yofs 


cha-ga go-jang-na-so-yo 


Provide Help 






We came to help. 


Eit ^Biaqa 


do-wa joo-ro-wa-so-yo 


We won't harm you. 


5i^i:iJBta<Ha 


hae-chee-jee-an-ge-so-yo 


Please come in. 


^D^.S.MS. 


tu-ro-o-se-yo 


Please come out. 


MiAija 


na-o-se-yo 


Come this way. 


fl|y S^il 


ee-ree o-se-yo 


Don't worry. 


^3?Fflai^fi 


kok-jong-ha-jee-ma-se-yo 


You are safe here. 


i>i5i^ ^s«a 


yo-gee an-jon-hae-yo 


We have plenty of food. 


sA|s ^^^s. 


um-sheek nok-hae-yo 


We have potable water. 


^t a*i2i 


sheek-soo ee-so-yo 


Are you sick? 


ofiqa 


a-pa-yo? 


Does anyone need 


:^mssBf^ 


chee-ryo pee-lee-o-hae-yo? 


treatment? 


Aia^&lfi 




We can treat you. 


;*i&a4^HJoifl 


chee-ryo-hal-soo-ee-so-yo 


We can give you shelter. 




sook-so jool-soo-ee-so-yo 


Be still. 


Jfsjal 9i<H 


ga-man-hee ee-so 


Form a line. 


S Ai^fi 


jool-so-se-yo 


It's too dangerous here. 


^^\?l M¥ 


yo-gee-ga no-moo 




flS^5l 


wee-hom-hae-yo 


You must keep moving. 


n^ 


kye-sok oom-jeek-ee-o- 




s^oiof^ja 


ya-hae-yo 


We will give you a ride. 


^ aw^a^a 


cha tae-wo-joo-ge-so-yo 


We can't give you a ride. 


^ MWS 


cha tae-wo-jool-soo- 




^acHa 


op-so-yo 


Please go . . . 


... ^f^a 


. . . ka-se-yo 


North 


^m^^ 


book-jok-u-ro 


South 


y*ss 


nam-jok-u-ro 


East 


«^^3 


dong-jok-u-ro 


West 


W^°iS 


so-jok-u-ro 



D-6 



Ordinary Situations 
Time 



What time is it? 
At what time? 
When? 
What day? 
What date? 
How long ago? 
How many minutes? 
How many hours? 
How many days? 
How many weeks? 

Directions 

Where is ...? 
Is it nearby? 
Can I walk there? 

How far is it? 
Can you guide me? 
Is the road paved? 

How is the road? 
Where is this . . . ? 

train going 

bus going 

Where are you going? 
Please load. 
Please unload. 
Please get on. 
Please get off. 
It's too big. 
It's too heavy. 



S ■*■! ^ S myot-shee-e-yo? 

SN*! myot-shee-e? 

Elfl on-je? 

^^S ^ moo-sun-yo-il? 

y^t nal-ja? 

UQF^ ^El Sol ol-ma-na o-re-jon-e? 

S! ¥ myot-boon? 

S^tZi myot-shee-gan? 

Sftf myot-chill? 

S ^U myot-joo-il? 






... o-dee-ee-so-yo? 
ka-ka-wo-yo? 
ko-gee-ka-jee ko-ro-kal- 

soo-ee-so-yo? 
ol-ma-na mo-ro-yo? 
a-nae-hal-soo-ee-so-yo? 
do-ro-ga po-jang-two- 

o-so-yo? 

do-ro-ga o-te-yo? 
. . . o-dee-ga-jee ka-yo? 
ee-kee-cha 
ee-bo-su 
o-dee ka-se-yo? 
jim-shil-ru-se-yo 
jim-nae-ree-se-yo 
ta-se-yo 
nae-re-se-yo 
no-moo ko-yo 
no-moo moo-go-wo-yo 



D-7 



Food/Shelter 






What food is there? 


^fes^ saoiH 


moo-sun um-sheek ee-so-yo? 


Menu please? 


m^ ^HK 


me-nyoo-joo-se-yo? 


What do you have to 


?^ S^B 


moo-sun um-ryo-mool 


drink? 


2J0{£ 


ee-so-yo? 


How much is this ...? 


0\7] tlDl^ 


... ee-go ol-ma-yo? 


Is it ready? 


5b| U SSDIS 


choon-bee ta tae-so-yo? 


How long is the wait? 


^um ?m^^ 


ol-ma-na kee-ta-ryo-yo? 


Can we eat here? 


ft|J[Ai 


yo-gee-so mok-ul-soo- 




fl^a^SioiiL 


ee-so-yo? 


We will take it with us. 


;^:M5Jlao^s 


ka-jee-go-ka-ge-so-yo 


Where can we stay? 


4HCIA1 


o-dee-so soo-bak-hal- 




^ttt^ifSjoffi 


soo-ee-so-yo? 


Do you have a room? 


^ acHa 


bang ee-so-yo? 


Signs 






Stop 


sn 


jong-jee 


Stop 


B£ 


mom-choom 


Checkpoint 


^«± 


gom-moon-so 


MPs 


«« 


hon-byong 


Danger 


^^ 


we-hom 


Restricted area 


fliy^^ 


je-han-goo-yok 


Warning 


gs 


kyong-bo 


Watchout 


^Aiffl^i 


joo-shee-hal-got 


No smoking 


^^ 


kum-yon 


Slow down 


^^^^A|S 


sok-do na-choo-se-yo 


Emergency exit 


biy? 


bee-sang-goo 


Lifeboat 


^sa 


koo-myong-jong 


Detour 


¥51 


oo-hwe 


Mine field 


WH^cl 


chee-re chee-dae 


Poison 


ft^l 


yoo-dok-mool 


Military zone 


SAf^fi) 


goon-sa chee-ok 


Keep out 


ftU ^I^ 


choo-rip koom-jee 


Don't go beyond 


fliid 


ee-son ee-sang-ga-gee- 




0|-y^|J|DEJ^5S 


ma-se-yo 


Do not enter 


^cr{;fX|Dt^2 


tu-ro-ka-jee-ma-se-yo 



D-8 



Pictures forbidden 


aa 3fl 


chwall-yong koom-jee 


Unpaved road 


yisasts 


bee-po-j ang-do-ro 


Medical 






I am a medic. 


91333 1UMP 


wee-saeng-byong im-nee-da 


I will treat you here. 


^JM1 


yo-gee-so chee-ryo-hae- 




^ISfl^iJDHfi 


joo-ge-so-yo 


I'll take you to 


Sf^ol 


byong-won-e de-ree-go- 


the hospital. 


tfl£^:i7maiH 


ka-ge-so-yo 


I am a doctor. 


si/s| 2}^ti 


wee-sa im-nee-da 


Are you sick? 


g^p^H 


a-pa-yo? 


Do you have a disease? 


SI SaCifl 


chill-byong ee-so-yo? 


Where is your injury? 


(^^ qsiQifi 


o-dee da-cho-so-yo? 


Where does it hurt? 


(HQ7\ OlJys 


o-dee-ga a-pa-yo? 


Can you get up? 


aJtHW^^OI^ 


e-ro-nal-soo-ee-so-yo? 


Can you walk? 


aS^El^S 


ko-rul-soo-ee-so-yo? 


I must give you a shot. 




joo-sa no-a-joo-o-ya-dae-yo 


I will bandage the wound. 


y^lol KC« 


sang-cho-e boong-dae 




miB^no^s. 


gam-a-du-ree-ge-so-yo 


The bone is broken. 


^^\ goiHQHa 


byo-ga boo-ro-cho-so-yo 


I must stop the bleeding. 


^atiotsfa 


jee-hyol-hae-ya-de-yo 


What caused the injury? 


n ¥-ysj!Oifi 


we boo-sang-dang- 
hae-so-yo? 


Don't tense up. 


fl^3f^(3fHlH 


kin-jang-ha-jee-ma-se-yo 


It'll be okay. 


i^^^s. 


kwaen-chan-ge-so-yo 


Glossary 






AAA 


::iA)S 


go-sa-po 


AAA sites 


[1S2£ IIM 


dae-kong-po jin-jee 


Above 


m^ 


we-e 


Afternoon 


2* 


o-hoo 


Aircraft 


ttlHJI 


bee-haeng-gee 


Aircraft carrier 


^^S.^ 


hang-kong-mo-ham 


Airfield (civilian) 


€S 


kong-hang 


Airfield (military) 


blff^ 


bee-haeng-jang 



D-9 



Air Force 


S? 


kong-goon 


Alley 


■ ^ 


gol-mok 


Allies 


oti 


a-goon 


American 


n(^^ 


mee-gook-in 


Ammo dump 


&^::i 


tan-yak-go 


Ammunition 


1*^ 


tan-yak 


Anti-communist 


Sl^d^fi|J5 


ban-kong-san-joo-we-ja 


Anti-government 


^jg^Mt 


ban-jong-bu-pa 


Antibiotics 


&y^ 


hang-saeng-je 


Approach 


as 


jop-gun 


Area 


^01 


chee-dae 


Army 


^5 


yook-koon 


Army group 


sy^ 


jip-dan-goon 


Arrive 


SJfals 


do-chak-hae-yo 


Artillery 


m.^ 


po-byong 


Asian person 


6^ A^H 


dong-yang sa-ram 


At/In/On/To 


^ 


e 


Bad 


^^^ 


na-pa-yo 


Bad water 


^%m 


o-yum-mool 


Bandages 


«t« 


boong-dae 


Base 


?l^ 


kee-jee 


Bathroom 


S^^IA 


wa-jang-shil 


Battalion 


P|[fl 


dae-dae 


Beef 


±:aj[ 


so-go-gee 


Before 


El Ml 


jon-e 


Behind 


?|D| 


twee-e 


Belly 


M 


bae 


Below 


DIM 


a-rae 


Black person 


flSJ 


hook-in 


BHster 


9JI 


jong-gee 


Blood 


jq 


pee 


Boat 


lil 


bae 


Bomber 


^^:?\ 


pok-kyok-kee 


Border 


a^d 


kyong-gye-son 


Boulder 


Ht*( 


ba-wee 


Bowl 


-E* 


ku-root 



D-10 



Bread 


K 


bang 


Bridge 


£|£J 


ta-ree 


Brigade 


wy 


yo-dan 


Bring 


aCl^^H 


kat-da-joo-se-yo 


Building 


ai 


gun-mool 


Bulgogi 


1:^71 


bool-go-gee 


Bum 


wy 


hwa-sang 


Butt 


3^01 


ong-dong-ee 


Camouflage 


flg 


wee-jang 


Camp 


ga 


byong-yong 


Can 


sm 


gang-tong 


Car 


n 


cha 


Cave 


§^ 


dang-gool 


Checkpoint 


asi 


gom-moon-so 


Checkpoint (NK) 


^t^il 


cha-dan-so 


Chest 


Jie 


ka-sum 


Chicken 


ttl^Jl 


dak-go-gee 


Child 


m\ 


a-ee 


Cigarette 


^u| 


tam-bae 


City 


£Ai 


do-shee 


Civilian 


yy^ 


min-gan-in 


Clean 


.«S£t 


kae-kut-han 


Cliff 


a^ 


jol-byok 


Clothes 


« 


ot 


Coast 


biS^:'^ 


ba-dat-ga 


Coastline 


si?i^ 


hae-an-son 


Coffee 


?1^ 


ko-pee 


CoUision 


SS5IH 


choong-dol-hae-yo 


Come 


S^H 


o-se-yo 


Come back 


saijeiufi 


to-ra-o-se-yo 


Commander 


jq«s 


chee-we-gwan 


Communists 


*y2 


kong-san-goon 


Company 


9C| 


joong-dae 


Corps 


^y 


goon-dan 


Countryside 


^1^ 


shee-qol 


Courier 


^9 Ejs 


tuk-byoljon-ryong 



D-11 



Crash (aircraft) 


^=trt£ 


choo-rak-hae-yo 


Cup 


^ 


jan 


Danger 


fifl 


wee-hom 


Date 


^^ 


nal-cha 


Dawn 


A|3) 


sae-byok 


Day 


W 


ill 


Daytime 


^^ 


na-je 


Dead guy 


A^^^^ 


sa-mang-ja 


Depart 


SSUEl^ 


chool-bal-hae-yo 


Depot 


an 


chang-go 


Diarrhea 


41 Af 


sol-sa 


Diesel 


as 


dee-jael 


Direction 


^a 


bang-yang 


Dirt road 


fi£J 


hook-kil 


Dirty 


q^l^H 


do-ro-wo-yo 


Division 


M^ 


sa-dan 


DMZ 


Hi^a Jim 


bee-moo-jang chee-dae 


Doctor 


^M 


wee-sa 


Document 


^w 


so-ryu 


Downtown 


^^ 


shee-nae 


Drink 


□ fAEfi 


ma-shee-o 


Driver 


sa^f 


oon-jon-sa 


During 


sy 


dong-an 


East 


s^ 


dong-chok 


Eat 


^OHS 


mo-go-yo 


End 


« 


kut 


Enemy 


^S 


jok-koon 


EngHsh 


a&i 


yong-o 


EnHsted 


Afl 


sa-byong 


Enter 


Soi:?l£i 


tu-ro-ka-yo 


Equipment 


Stfi 


jang-bee 


Evening 


^m 


cho-nyok 


Exit 


tii^^ 


bee-sang-goo 


Explosive 


^^ 


pok-yak 


Eye 


fef 


noon 



D-12 



Face 


^^ 


o-gool 


Facility 


A|a 


shee-sol 


Factory 


dS 


kong-jang 


Family 


7m 


ka-jok 


Farmland 


^n 


nong-jee 


Fast 


»55 


bal-lee 


Fat 


SgBl 


doong-doong-hae 


FEBA 


a^J^aiHa 


jon-too chee-ok jon-dan 


Fighter plane 


S^JI 


jon-tu-gee 


Finished 


#yiois 


kut-nae-so-yo 


Fire 


vm 


bool/hwa 


Fish 


S:aj| 


mool-go-gee 


Flower 


sj;f^ 


mil-ga-roo 


Food 


«^ 


um-sheek 


Foot 


w 


bal 


Friend 


^r^ 


chin-goo 


Fright 


5S 


kong-po 


Front 


aei 


a-pe 


Front line 


aa 


jon-son 


Fruit 


jifv 


kwa-il 


Fuel 


«!* 


yon-yoo 


Garrison 


^ff^i 


ju-dun-jee 


Gasoline 


w&s^ 


hwe-bal-yoo 


Get off 


t|9| 


nae-ryo 


Give 


^^a 


jo-se-yo 


Go 


J^a 


ka-yo 


Go back 


S&f:?!^ 


to-ra-ka-yo 


Good 


«Of:ei 


cho-a-yo 


Grenade 


-^SEI 


soo-ryoo-tan 


Ground 


S/A14t 


dang/chee-sang 


Group 


^/ti 


jo/dan 


Guard 


^^^ 


bo-cho-byong 


Gully 


^^n 


gol-ja-gee 


Hand 


^ 


son 


Head 


CH^ 


mo-ree 


Heavy 


^^aiS 


moo-go-wo-yo 



D-13 



Height 


lEDI 


no-pee 


Help 


ES 


do-oom 


Here 


^?\ 


yo-gee 


Highway 


I^^Sii 


go-sok-do-ro 


Hill 


^^ 


go-jee 


Hospital 


W^ 


byong-won 


Hour 


A|y 


shee-gan 


House 


a 


chip 


How 


oi*n 


o-to-ke 


ID 


t!5e 


shin-boon-chung 


If 


^ii 


man-il 


Industrial area 


t^afld 


san-op-chee-dae 


Infantry 


aa 


bo-byong 


Infection 


sfl 


o-yum 


Inside 


EILI 


an-nae 


Inside the city 


i^lLI 


shee-nae 


Jeep 


e 


jeep 


Job 


3ia 


jeek-op 


JP4 


iiS 


hang-kong yol-yo 


Kerosene 


^^ 


sok-yoo 


Kilometers 


u^ 


kee-lo 


Kimchee 


sn 


kim-chee 


Knife 


^ 


kal 


Know 


S^OIfi 


a-ra-yo 


Korean Language 


*!^G| 


han-gook-o 


Lake 


5:^ 


ho-soo 


Large 


ms. 


ko-yo 


Later 


^^ 


hoo-e 


Latrine 


^± 


byon-so 


Leader 


fl*l^ 


chee-huee-ja 


Left 


^s; 


waen-chok 


Leg 


U^ 


ta-ree 


Length 


?|2| 


kee-ree 


Less 


ei 


dol 


Lift 


SOiS 


du-ro-yu 



D-14 



Light 


?1tf)flfi 


ka-byo-wo-yo 


Light 


fl7f* 


jon-gee-bool 


Location 


flS| 


wee-chee 


Look 


^Hs. 


bo-se-yo 


Look for 


«DF^^2 


cha-ja-bo-se-yo 


Lost the way 


if aoii^aoiH 


kil ee-ro-bo-ryo-so-yo 


Machine gun 


^m^ 


kee-gwan-chong 


Maintenance facihty 


gti|± 


jong-bee-so 


Malnutrition 


?a?jiii 


yong-yang-shil-jo 


Man 


y^f 


nam-ja 


Mandu 


Et¥ 


man-doo 


Many 


BTftl 


man-ee 


Marines 


319^ 


hae-byong-dae 


Market 


^9 


shee-jang 


Meat 


:^7i 


go-gee 


Mechanic 


Stfl*! 


jong-bee-won 


Medic 


flys 


wee-saeng-byong 


Medicine 


^ 


yak 


Medium 


s« 


joong-hyong 


Meeting 


^e\ 


hwe-wee 


MiHtary 


SOI 


koon-dae 


Milk 


^» 


oo-yoo 


Mine 


^H 


chee-rey 


Mine field 


?^«xim 


chee-rey-chee-dae 


Minute 


« 


boon 


Missile 


OfAfSJ 


mee-sa-il 


Mission 


ti? 


im-moo 


Month 


vm 


wol/dal 


More 


ci a}D| 


do man-ee 


Morning 


5:3wa 


o-jon/a-chim 


Motor pool 


^SY 


soo-song-boo 


Mountain 


^ 


san 


Move 


s^oia 


oom-jeek-ee-o-yo 


MP 


&]^ 


hon-byong 


My 


stlr^^J 


che/oo-ree 



D-15 



Name 


015 


ee-mm 


Navy 


fflS 


hae-goon 


NCO 


*IMa 


ha-sa-gwan 


Night 


n 


bam 


No 


flfMla 


a-nee-o 


Noodles 


^^ 


gook-soo 


North 


^^ 


buk-chok 


North Korea 


a|^ 


ee-book 


North Korean soldiers 


^^^ 


book-kwe-goon 


Not know 


^^S. 


mo-la-yo 


Now 


Ma 


chee-goom 


Ocean 


ulcl 


ba-da 


Officer 


g^ 


chang-gyo 


Oil 


>|S 


kee-rum 


Old person 


*ts ^^a 


nulk-un sa-ram 


Old thing 


vr^ 5j 


nalk-un got 


Orders 


fl^ 


myong-ryong 


Outside the city 


J^S\ 


shee-we 


Over there 


M:?\ 


cho-gee 


Pants 


HIM 


ba-jee 


Pass 


^7|B 


ho-ga-chung 


Paved road 


isa£i£ 


po-jang-toen do-ro 


Person 


Aft* 


sa-ram 


Pillbox 


^ais 


tuk-hwa-jom 


Pilot 


^SAI 


jo-jong-sa 


Pistol 


ijfi 


goo-won-chong 


Place 


a^ 


jang-so 


Plain 


HDt 


pyong-ya 


Plate 


QAI 


jop-she 


Platoon 


id 


so-dae 


Poison 


54fl» 


dok-yak 


Pork 


5|^ 


twe-gee 


Position 


«^ 


wee-chee 


Potable water 


t|^ 


shik-soo 


Powdered milk 


ffft 


boon-yoo 


Power plant 


Sf3i: 


bal-jon-so 



D-16 



Preparation 


sw 


choon-bee 


Pro-communist 


aetj^ejjq 


chin-kong-san-choo-we-ja 


Pro-government 


a^*iii 


chin-jong-boo-pa 


Protection 


«^ 


bang-o 


Putin 


a^Alfi 


not-u-se-yo 


Put on 


«±A|fi 


no-u-se-yo 


Question 


3S 


chil-moon 


Railroad yard/station 


a^q 


chol-do-yok 


Rear area 


^^^^ 


hoo-bang-chee-ok 


Refugee 


flysj 


pee-nan-min 


Regiment 


atj 


yon-dae 


Relative 


il^ 


chin-chok 


Repeat 


^^^^s. 


ban-bok-ha-se-yo 


Rice 


& 


bap 


Rice cake 


^ 


dok 


Rice paddy 


fe 


non 


Ride 


^s. 


ta-yo 


Ridge 


^a 


nung-son 


Rifle 


iS 


so-chong 


Right 


^^^ 


o-run-chok 


River 


a 


kang 


Road 


a^s^ 


kil/do-ro 


Rocket 


a?f^ 


ra-ke-tu 


RTB 


^dtia 


kwee-dae-hae-yo 


SAMs 


Wi«3ft£a 


chee-dae-kong yoo-do-tan 


SAM sites 


J^t|5SEt>flJ| chee-dae-kong yoo-do-tan 






jin-jee 


Seaport 


«E.^ 


hang-man 


Send 


^i|a 


bo-nae-yo 


Shelter 


*f± 


sook-so 


Shoes 


tlil 


shin-bal 


Shoot 


&a\^n 


sowat/sa-kyok-hae 


Short 


?|7I^S 


kee-ga chak-un 


Shortage 


¥3^ 


boo-jok 


Show 


!i<?f^^H 


bo-yo-joo-se-yo 



D-17 



Sign 


3SW / y^ 


pyo-jee/gan-pan 


Sink 


SSfls 


chim-mol-hae-yo 


Slow 


sa^ 


chon-chon-hee 


Small 


qe 


chak-un 


Soldiers 


S£! 


koon-in 


Sorry 


oisiifMHf 


mee-an-ham-nee-da 


Soup 


^ 


gook 


South 


M^ 


nam-chok 


South Korea 


d|y 


ee-nam 


Spy 


urn 


gan-chop 


Squad 


»C| 


boon-dae 


Start 


^1^ 


shee-jak 


Stone 


B 


dol 


Stop 


S^ 


jong-jee 


Story 


orot^i 


ee-ya-gee 


Stronghold 


71^ 


go-jom 


Submarine 


y^w 


cham-soo-ham 


Supplies 


ass 


bo-gup-poom 


Supply base 


Ma± 


bo-gup-so 


Supply route 


sag 


bo-gup-no 


Tall 


5171^ 


kee-ga-kun 


Tank 


a^ 


jon-cha 


Tea 


^ 


cha 


Tent 


fjQj 


chon-mak 


Thank you 


itAfSlMa 


kam-sa-ham-nee-da 


There 


n^\ 


ko-gee 


They 


ZE^[a& 


ku-sa-ram-dul 


Thin 


DIS 


ma-run 


Thing 


^'?|J?I 


got/go/ge 


Throw out 


Wi^^S 


bo-ryo-yo 


Time 


A|y 


shee-gan 


Today 


sta 


o-nool 


Tomorrow 


i|V 


ne-il 


Trail 


ffiii 


o-sol-kil 


Train track 


31^ 


chol-do 


Transformer station 


«s± 


byon-jon-so 



D-18 



Transport 


^SfflS 


soo-song-hae-yo 


Transport plane 


^«J1 


soo-song-gee 


Travel permit 


sas 


choo-rip-jung 


Treatment 


ASM 


chee-ryo 


Tree 


^^ 


na-moo 


Troop concentration 


fflBliJH^q 


byong-ryok-jip-kyol-jee 


Troop strength 


^^ 


byong-ryok 


Truck 


MSf 


tu-rok 


Tuberculosis 


34 


kyol-haek 


Tunnel 


as 


gaeng-do 


Underground 


XI 81 


chee-ha 


Underground faction 


?:|aii^F| 


chee-ha-jo-jeek-pa 


Understand 


omq^ 


ee-hae-hae-yo 


Uniform 


^M 


koon-bok 


Unit 


¥CH 


boo-dae 


Unleaded 


«iy as 


bee-nap yol-ryo 


Valley 


Ji^ 


kye-gok 


Vegetable 


om 


ya-chae 


Vehicle 


na 


cha-ryang 


Vessel (civiHan) 


^^i 


son-bak 


Vessel (military) 


^a 


goon-ham 


Village 


o\m 


ma-ul 


Vitamins 


BtE^y 


bee-ta-min 


Walk 


aoi;Fa 


ko-ro-ka-yo 


Water 


s 


mool 


We 


^EJ 


oo-ree 


Weapon 


^?\ 


moo-gee 


Week 


^V 


joo-il 


West 


M^ 


so-chok 


Westerner 


Aia AUt 


so-yang sa-ram 


What 


m 


moo-o 


When 


HM 


on-je 


Where 


Oiq 


o-dee 


White person 


^^ 


paek-in 


Who 


¥^ 


noo-goo 



D-19 



Why 


^ 


we 


Width 


UOI 


nol-bee 


Woman 


Oj^f 


yo-ja 


Yankee (racial slur) 


y^i 


yang-kee 


Yes 


14 


ne 


Yesterday 


^^ 


o-je 


You 


M 1 ytj 


no/tang-shin 


Young 


SLi^ 


o-rin 


Colors 






Black 


fl£! 


ga-man 


Blue 


m& 


pa-ran 


Gray 


n^ 


hwe-saek 


Green 


Jn^^ 


pa-ran-saek 


Red 


M^ 


bal-gan 


White 


«fa 


ha-yan 


Yellow 


^5? 


no-ran 


Days of the Week 






Monday 


ti2^ 


wol-yo-il 


Tuesday 


«H^ 


hwa-yo-il 


Wednesday 


*fl^ 


soo-yo-il 


Thursday 


^2U 


mok-yo-il 


Friday 


^ilSf 


kum-yo-il 


Saturday 


^£11 


to-yo-il 


Sunday 


ua^ 


ee-ryo-il 



D-20 



Numbers 






1 


'Ut^^ 


il/hana 


2 


Wi 


ee/dul 


3 


iit^i 


sam/saet 


4 


Mt^ 


sa/naet 


5 


SJQiii 


o/da-sot 


6 


^KH^ 


yook/yo-sot 


7 


^ma 


chil/il-gop 


8 


if/041(j 


pal/yo-dull 


9 


=?ms 


koo/a-hop 


10 


iii'H 


ship/yull 


11 


iiw%t\^ 


ship-il/yull-ha-na 


12 


±JQ|;0» 


ship-ee/yull-dool 


20 


ttjiif^m 


ee-ship/soo-mool 


30 


^■a/Ai E 


sam-ship/so-roon 


40 


Afy/Dffi 


sa-ship/ma-hun 


50 


Siiim 


o-ship/shwee-un 


60 


^£J/o<£ 


yook-ship/ye-sun 


70 


»^^D|& 


chil-ship/ee-mn 


80 


a ^^01^ 


pal-ship/yo-dun 


90 


?tl'0|S 


koo-ship/a-hun 


100 


B| 


paek 


1,000 


£1 


chon 


10,000 


Dl 


man 



D-21 



APPENDIX E: 

Individual Protective Measures 



Individual protective measures are the conscious actions which people 
take to guard themselves against physical harm. These measures can 
involve simple acts, such as locking your car and avoiding areas where 
crime is rampant. When physical protection measures are combined, 
they form a personal security program, the object of which is to make 
yourself a harder target. The following checklists contain basic individ- 
ual protective measures that, if understood and followed, may signifi- 
cantly reduce your vulnerability towards the security threats overseas 
(foreign intelligence, security services, and terrorist organizations). If 
you are detained or taken hostage, following the measures listed in these 
checklists may influence and improve your treatment. 




Protective Measures Against Foreign Inteiiigence 
and Security Services 

■ Avoid any actions or activities that are illegal, improper, or indiscreet. 

■ Guard your conversation, and keep sensitive papers in your custody 
at all times. 

■ Take it for granted that you are under surveillance by both technical 
and physical means, including: 

□ Communications monitoring (telephone, telex, mail, and radio) 

□ Photography 

□ Search 

□ Eavesdropping in hotels, offices, and apartments 

■ Do not discuss sensitive matters: 

□ On the telephone 

□ In your room 

□ In a car, particularly in front of an assigned driver 



E-1 



■ Do not leave sensitive personal or business papers: 

□ In your room 

□ In the hotel safe 

□ In a locked suitcase or briefcase 

□ In unattended cars, offices, trains, or planes 

□ Open to photography from the ceiling 

□ In wastebaskets as drafts or doodles 

■ Do not try to defeat surveillance by trying to slip away from follow- 
ers or by trying to locate "bugs" in your room. These actions will 
only generate more interest in you. If you feel you are under surveil- 
lance, act as natural as possible, get to the safest location possible 
(your office, hotel, U.S. Embassy), and contact your superior. 

■ Avoid offers of sexual companionship. They may lead to a room raid, 
photography, and blackmail. Prostitutes in many countries report to 
the police, work for a criminal organization, or are sympathetic to 
insurgent or terrorist organizations; in other words, anti-U.S. Others 
may be employed by an intelligence service. 

■ Be suspicious of casual acquaintances and quick friendships with 
local citizens in intelligence/terrorist threat countries. In many coun- 
tries, people tend to stay away from foreigners and do not readily or 
easily make contact. Many who actively seek out friendships with 
Americans may do so as a result of government orders, or at the least, 
for personal gain. 

In your personal contacts, follow these guidelines: 

■ Do not attempt to keep up with your hosts in social drinking. 

■ Do not engage in black market activity for money or goods. 

■ Do not sell your possessions. 

■ Do not bring in or purchase illegal drugs. 



E-2 



Do not bring in pornography. 

Do not bring in religious literature for distribution. (You may bring 
one Bible, Koran or other religious material for your own personal 
use.) 

Do not seek out religious or political dissidents. 

Do not take ashtrays, towels, menus, glasses, or other mementos 
from hotels or restaurants. 

Do not accept packages, letters, etc., from local citizens for delivery 
to the U.S. 

Do not make political comments or engage in political activity. 

Do not be lured into clandestine meetings with would-be informants 
or defectors. 

Be careful about taking pictures. In some countries it is unwise to 
take photographs of scenes that could be used to make unfavorable 
comparisons between U.S. and Latin standards of living or other cul- 
tural differences. Avoid taking any photographs from moving buses, 
trains, or aircraft. 

The following picture subjects are clearly prohibited in most coun- 
tries where an intelligence or terrorist/insurgent threat is evident: 

□ Police or military installations and personnel 

□ Bridges 

□ Fortifications 

□ Railroad facilities 

□ Tunnels 

□ Elevated trains 

□ Border areas 

□ Industrial complexes 

□ Port complexes 

□ Airports 



E-3 



What To Do If You Are Detained, 




Most intelligence and security services in threat countries detain persons 
for a wide range of real or imagined wrongs. The best advice, of course, 
is to do nothing that would give a foreign service the least reason to pick 
you up. If you are arrested or detained by host nation intelligence or 
security, however, remember the following: 

■ Always ask to contact the U.S. Embassy. You are entitled to do so 
under international diplomatic and consular agreements, to which 
most countries are signatories. 

■ Phrase your request appropriately. In Third World countries, how- 
ever, making demands could lead to physical abuse. 

■ Do not admit to wrongdoing or sign anything. Part of the detention 
ritual in some threat countries is a written report you will be asked or 
told to sign. Decline to do so, and continue demanding to contact the 
embassy or consulate. 

■ Do not agree to "help" your detainer. The foreign intelligence or secu- 
rity service may offer you the opportunity to "help" them in return for 
releasing you, foregoing prosecution, or not informing your employer 
or spouse of your indiscretion. If they will not take a simple "no," delay 
a firm commitment by saying that you have to think it over. 

■ Report to your supervisor immediately. Once your supervisor is 
informed, the embassy or consulate security officer needs to be 
informed. Depending on the circumstances and your status, the 
embassy or consulate may have to provide you assistance in depart- 
ing the country expeditiously. 

■ Report to your unit's security officer and your service's criminal inves- 
tigative branch upon returning to the U.S. This is especially important 
if you were unable to report to the embassy or consulate in country. 
Remember, you will not be able to outwit a foreign intelligence organi- 
zation. Do not compound your error by betraying your country. 



E-4 



Protective Measures Against ttie Foreign Terrorist Tlireai 




Terrorism may seem like mindless violence committed without logic or 
purpose, but it isn't. Terrorists attack soft and undefended targets, both 
people and facilities, to gain political objectives they see as out of reach 
by less violent means. Many of today's terrorists view no one as inno- 
cent. Thus, injury and loss of life are justified as acceptable means to 
gain the notoriety generated by a violent act in order to support their 
cause. 

Because of their distinctive dress, speech patterns, and outgoing person- 
alities, Americans are often highly visible and easily recognized when 
they are abroad. The obvious association of U.S. military personnel with 
their government enhances their potential media and political worth as 
casualties or hostages. Other U.S. citizens are also at risk, including 
political figures, police, intelligence personnel, and VIPs (such as busi- 
nessmen and celebrities). 

Therefore, you must develop a comprehensive personal security pro- 
gram to safeguard yourself while traveling abroad. An awareness of the 
threat and the practice of security procedures like those advocated in 
"Crime Prevention" programs are adequate precautions for the majority 
of people. While total protection is impossible, basic common sense 
precautions such as an awareness of any local threat, elimination of pre- 
dictable travel and lifestyle routines, and security consciousness at your 
quarters or work locations significantly reduce the probability of success 
of terrorist attacks. 

To realistically evaluat e your individual security program, you must 
understand how terrorists select and identify their victims. Terrorists 
generally classify targets in terms of accessibility, vulnerability, and 
political worth (symbolic nature). These perceptions may not be based 
on the person's actual position, but rather the image of wealth or impor- 
tance they represent to the public. For each potential target, a risk ver- 
sus gain assessment is conducted to determine if a terrorist can victimize 



E-5 




a target without ramifications to the terrorist organization. It is during 
this phase that the terrorist determines if a target is "hard or soft." A 
hard target is someone who is aware of the threat of terrorism and 
adjusts his personal habits accordingly. Soft targets are oblivious to the 
threat and their surroundings, making an easy target. 

Identification by name is another targeting method gathered from air- 
craft manifests, unit/duty rosters, public documents (Who's Who or the 
Social Register), personnel files, discarded mail, or personal papers in 
trash. Many targets are selected based upon their easily identifiable sym- 
bols or trademarks, such as uniforms, luggage (seabags or duffle bags), 
blatant national symbols (currency, tatoos, and clothing), and decals and 
bumper stickers. 



Security While Traveiing 



Travel on temporary duty (TAD/TDY) abroad may require you to stay in 
commercial hotels. Being away from your home duty station requires 
increasing your security planning and awareness; this is especially 
important when choosing and checking into a hotel and during your res- 
idence there. 

The recent experiences with airport bombings and airplane hijacking 
suggest some simple precautions: 

■ You should not travel on commercial aircraft outside the continental 
U.S. in uniform. 

■ Prior to traveling by commercial aircraft, you should screen your 
wallet and other personal items, removing any documents (that is, 
credit cards, club membership cards, etc.) which would reveal your 
military affiliation. 

NOTE: Current USMC policy requires service members to wear two 
I.D. tags with metal necklaces when on official business. Also, the 



E-6 



current I.D. card must be in possession at all times. These require- 
ments include travel to or through terrorist areas. In view of these 
requirements, the service member must be prepared to remove and 
conceal these, and any other items which would identify them as mil- 
itary personnel, in the event of a skyjacking. 

You should stay alert to any suspicious activity when traveling and 
keep in mind that the less time you spend in waiting areas and lob- 
bies, the better. This means adjusting your schedule to reduce your 
wait at these locations. 

You should not discuss your military affiliation with anyone during 
your travels because it increases your chances of being singled out as 
a symbolic victim. 

In case of an incident, you should not confront a terrorist or present a 
threatening image. The lower profile you present, the less likely you 
will become a victim or bargaining chip for the terrorists, and your 
survivability increases. 



Surviving a Hostage Situation 




The probability of anyone becoming a hostage is very remote. However, 
as a member of the Armed Forces, you should always consider yourself 
a potential hostage or terrorist victim and reflect this in planning your 
affairs, both personal and professional. You should have an up-to-date 
will, provide next of kin with an appropriate powers-of-attorney, and 
take measures to ensure your dependents financial security if necessary. 
Experience has shown that concern for the welfare of family members is 
a source of great stress to kidnap victims. 

Do not be depressed if negotiation efforts appear to be taking a long 
time. Remember, chance of survival actually increases with time. The 
physical and psychological stress while a hostage could seem overpow- 
ering, but the key to your well-being is to approach captivity as a mis- 



E-7 



sion. Maintaining emotional control, alertness, and introducing order 
into each day of captivity will ensure your success and survival with 
honor. 

During interaction with captors, maintaining self-respect and dignity 
can be keys to retaining status as a human being in the captor's eyes. 
Complying with instructions, avoiding provocative conversations (polit- 
ical, religious, etc.), and establishing a positive relationship will 
increase survivability. Being polite and freely discussing insignificant 
and nonessential matters can reinforce this relationship. Under no cir- 
cumstance should classified information be divulged. If forced to 
present terrorist demands to the media, make it clear that the demands 
are those of the captors and that the plea is not made on your own 
behalf. You must remember that you are an American service member; 
conduct yourself with dignity and honor while maintaining your 
bearing. 

Hostages sometimes are killed during rescue attempts; consequently, 
you should take measures to protect yourself during such an action. 
Drop to the floor immediately, remaining still and avoiding any sudden 
movement; select a safe corner if it offers more security than the floor. 
Do not attempt to assist the rescuing forces, but wait for instructions. 
After the rescue, do not make any comment to the media until you have 
been debriefed by appropriate U.S. authorities. 



E-8 



APPENDIX F: 

FIRST AID/HOT AND COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL 



FIRST AID 

First aid is the immediate treatment administered to a casualty before 
they can reach medical assistance. Prompt and correct first aid for 
wounds will not only speed healing, but will often save a life — and that 
life may be yours ! The most important points are to remain calm and 
use common sense. This short guide is intended as an emergency refer- 
ence. The tactical situation and the expertise of the personnel present 
may influence treatment decisions. 

The four priority life-saving steps in first aid are: 

Restore breathing and pulse. 
Stop bleeding. 
Protect the wound. 
Prevent or treat shock. 

VITAL SIGNS 

To Feel for a Pulse 

1. Place the tips of index and middle fingers on the thumb side of the 
casualty's wrist to feel for a pulse. Do not use your thumb as this will 
confuse the casualty's pulse with your own. 

2. If a pulse cannot be felt at the wrist, check the carotid pulse gently 
with your fingertips (it is located in a groove next to the windpipe, deep 
in the neck) or the femoral pulse (deep in the groin). 

3. Once a pulse has been located, count the number of beats in 15 sec- 
onds and multiply by 4 or if the pulse is very slow or irregular, count for 
60 seconds. A pulse rate may vary depending on the casualty's 
condition. 



F-1 



The normal adult male heart rate is between 70 to 80 beats/ minute, for a 
female the rate is 75 to 80, and for a young child 82 to 180. However, 
excitement, exercise, or fever may increase the rate. Be sure to note 
whether the pulse is weak, full, bounding, or irregular. 

Look and Listen for Breathing 

Look for the rise and fall of the chest. If it is cold, there may be frost on 
the casualty's breath. 

Place your ear near their mouth and listen for breathing. Note whether 
the breathing is regular, rapid, shallow, or shows signs of difficulty. 
Check airway for obstructions. 

C/7ec/c for Wounds and Injuries 

Look at the casualty from head to foot checking for bleeding, open 
wounds, external signs of internal injuries and other problems. Remem- 
ber that many wounds, particularly bullet wounds, have both an entrance 
and exit hole; check for both. 

CPR 

Artificial Respiration 

If the casualty is not breathing check airway and remove any obstruc- 
tions using hooked fingers. 

Mouth-to-Mouth Method. With patient lying on back, hold jaw well 
open while bending head back to prevent tongue from falling and block- 
ing airway. Hold nostrils closed with other hand. Place mouth over 
patient's mouth and exhale. Watch for chest to rise as you blow gently 
into patient's lungs. If chest does not rise, perform an abdominal thrust 
to remove any obstruction (the Heimlich maneuver). Take a breath 
while watching for fall of casualty's exhale. 

For a child: Do not blow. Exhale normally, or in the case of a baby, in 
gentle puffs. Blowing forcefully into a child's mouth can damage deli- 
cate lungs. 



F-2 



Arm-Lift Method. If mouth to mouth technique is not possible due to 
facial injury or NBC contamination, use the arm-lift method. With 
casualty on back, check airway for obstructions and kneel behind the 
casualty's head. Grasp the casualty's hands and place them on the lower 
ribs, rock forward, pressing downward and forcing air out of the casu- 
alty's lungs. When you meet firm resistance lift the arms upward and 
backward as far as possible. This process of lifting and stretching the 
arms increases the size of the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs. 
Repeat cycle of Press-Lift-Stretch. 

REPEAT either method, as quickly as possible for first six inflations, 
then at 12 repetitions per minute until normal breathing is reestablished. 
DON'T GIVE UP! 

If no pulse, start alternating cardiac resuscitation and artificial respira- 
tion. Give 2 full breaths for each cycle of 15 compressions in single res- 
cuer CPR. 

Cardiac Resuscitation 

Regardless of the method of artificial respiration, if there is no pulse 
and, after 10 to 15 seconds, there is no apparent improvement in the 
casualty's condition, cardiac resuscitation (external heart massage) 
should be started. There is no time to lose! If the rescuer can't feel a 
pulse he is going to have to circulate the blood as well as breathe for the 
casualty. 

External Chest Compression. The casualty must be always in the hor- 
izontal and supine (lying on their back) position when external chest 
compression is performed. During cardiac arrest, even during properly 
performed chest compression, inadequate blood flow to the brain may 
exist when the body is in an upright position. 

1 . With the middle and index fingers of the lower hand, locate the lower 
margin of the casualty's rib cage on the side next to the rescuer. 

2. Run the fingers along the rib cage to the notch where the ribs meet 
the sternum in the center of the lower chest. 



F-3 



3. With the middle finger on the notch, place the index finger next to the 
middle finger on the lower end of the sternum. 

4. Place the heel of the other hand (which had been used on the fore- 
head to maintain head position) on the lower half of the sternum, and 
just next to the index finger which is next to the middle finger that 
located the notch. The long axis of the heel of your hand should be 
placed on the long axis of the breastbone. This will keep the main line 
of force of compression on the breastbone and decrease the chance of 
rib fracture. 

5. Remove the first hand from the notch, and place it on top of the hand 
on the sternum so that hands are parallel and directed straight away from 
the rescuer. 

6. The fingers may be either extended or interlaced but must be kept off 
the chest. 

7. Straighten the elbows by locking them, and position your shoulders 
directly over your hands so that the thrust for external chest compres- 
sion is straight down. If the thrust is other than straight down, the torso 
has a tendency to roll, part of the effort is lost, and the chest compres- 
sion is less effective and requires an inefficient amount of effort. 

8. To compress the sternum of a normal-size adult you must push with 
enough force to depress the breastbone 1 1/2 to 2 inches. With each 
compression you want to squeeze the heart or increase the pressure 
within the chest so that blood moves through the body. You must com- 
press at a rate of 80 to 100 times per minute. 

9. If you use the weight of your body, you do not depend on the strength 
of your arms and shoulders as much. Instead of having to push from 
your shoulders, you let the natural weight of your body falling forward 
provide the force to depress the casualty's sternum. Keep arms straight. 

10. Do not lift your hands off the chest, or change their position in any 
way, because correct hand position may be lost. Bouncing compres- 
sions must be avoided since they are less effective and are more likely to 
cause injury and additional problems. 



F-4 



BLEEDING 

External bleeding falls into the following classifications: 

Arterial. Blood vessels called arteries carry blood away from the heart 
and through the body. A cut artery issues bright red blood from the 
wound in distinct spurts or pulses. This is the most serious type of 
bleeding and needs to be controlled promptly. 

Venous. Venous blood is blood that is returning to the heart through 
blood vessels called veins. A steady flow of dark red, maroon, or bluish 
blood characterizes bleeding from a vein. 

Capillary. The capillaries are extremely small vessels that connect the 
arteries with the veins. Capillary bleeding most commonly occurs in 
minor cuts and scrapes. 

Some methods for bleeding control are direct pressure, elevation, or 
tourniquet. 

Direct Pressure. The most effective way to control external bleeding is 
by applying pressure directly over the wound. It has to be both firm 
enough to stop the bleeding and maintained long enough to "seal off 
the damaged surface. If bleeding continues after having applied direct 
pressure for 30 minutes, apply a pressure dressing (a thick dressing of 
gauze or other suitable material applied directly over the wound and 
held in place with a tightly wrapped bandage). 

Elevation. Raising an injured extremity as high as possible above the 
heart's level slows blood loss by aiding the return of the blood to the 
heart and lowering the blood pressure at the wound. However, elevation 
alone will not control bleeding entirely; you must also apply direct pres- 
sure over the wound. 

Tourniquet. Use a tourniquet only when direct pressure over the bleed- 
ing point and all other methods failed to control the bleeding. If you 
leave a tourniquet in place too long, the damage to the tissues can lead to 
gangrene and loss of the limb later. An improperly applied tourniquet 
can also cause permanent damage to the nerves and other tissues at the 
site on the constriction. 



F-5 



If you must use a tourniquet, place it around the extremity between the 
wound and the heart, 5 to 10 cms about the wound site. Never place it 
directly over the wound or fracture. Use a stick as a handle to tighten it 
only enough to stop the blood flow. When you have tightened the tour- 
niquet, bind the free end of the stick to the limb to prevent unwinding. 
After you secure the tourniquet, clean and bandage the wound. 

SUCKING CHEST WOUND 

1. Examine casualty and expose a large area around the wound. 
Remember to check for exit wound on opposite side. Cut away cloth- 
ing, if necessary. 

2. All penetrating chest wounds will be treated as sucking chest 
wounds. 

NOTE: The characteristic hissing, sucking, and fluttering noise that is 
produced as the patient breathes may not be present. 

3. A sucking chest wound must be closed immediately by any means 
available. Use the palm of your hand initially to seal the wound and 
prevent additional air from entering the chest (thoracic) cavity. The 
wound should be sealed after the patient forcibly exhales. Treatment 
should not be delayed to prepare dressings. 

4. Prepare an air tight (occlusive) dressing of plastic. Sterility should 
be maintained to prevent further wound contamination. The rescuer 
might consider using the inside of the plastic wrappers from trauma 
pads, IV bags, or other medical supplies as these are relatively sterile. 
The occlusive dressing should be at least 2 inches wider than the diame- 
ter of the wound. 

5. Cut plastic to required size. Place in palm of hand (clean side up) 
and apply directly to the wound. Secure three sides of the plastic to the 
patient with 3 -inch adhesive tape. Have the patient forcibly exhale. At 
the end of the exhalation, seal the remaining side with adhesive tape. 
When sweating prevents maintaining a seal (i.e., tape does not stick to 
the patient) or if the wound is massive, trauma pads should be placed 
with cravats. 



F-6 



6. Have the casualty lie on the injured side to allow the lung on the 
uninjured side to expand more freely. Treat for shock and evacuate. 

7. Reassess patient's vital signs frequently (respiration rate and quality, 
breath sounds, blood pressure, and pulse). 

8. Should the patient develop increasing respiratory difficulty and 
extreme restlessness and anxiety, air trapped in the chest cavity (tension 
pneumothorax) must be suspected. The signs of tension pneumothorax 
are: 

a. Blueness of skin (cyanosis) 

b. Tracheal deviation 

c. Weak, rapid pulse 

d. Decreased or lowered blood pressure (hypotension) 

If tension pneumothorax is suspected, immediately lift on corner of the 
occlusive dressing to break the seal and allow the release of excessive 
air pressure from the thoracic cavity. The patient's condition should 
improve as the pressure is released. The occlusive dressing should then 
be resealed after the patient forcibly exhales. 

OTHER WOUNDS 

Head. Elevate head. Clean the airway and protect wounded. Position 
head to allow drainage from mouth. Do not give morphine. 

Jaw. Clean and maintain airway, stop bleeding with direct pressure, do 
not bandage mouth shut, support jaw, position head to allow drainage 
from mouth. 

Belly. Do not touch or replace organs. Use loose, dry sterile dressing. 
Give no food or liquids. 

SHOCK 

Signs/Symptoms. Pale, clammy weak skin, nervousness and thirst. 
They may pass out. 



F-7 



First Aid 

1. Lay patient on back, elevate feet, loosen clothing, keep warm. 

2. Feed hot liquids if conscious. 

3. Turn head to side if unconscious. Remember, shock can kill. 

SPRAINS, FRACTURES, AND DISLOCATIONS 

Signs/Symptoms. Localized pain and swelling possibly accompanied 
by discoloration. If a fractured bone protrudes through the surface of 
the skin, it is considered a compound fracture and the wound should be 
treated accordingly. Dislocations and fractures may exhibit obvious 
deformity. 

First Aid 

1. Remove clothing around the site of the affected area or dislocation. If 
necessary, cut clothing rather than causing further injury or discomfort. 

2. Prior to and following splinting, check blood circulation and for 
feeling. 

3. Splint all fractures in a manner which immobilizes both the joint 
above and the joint below the fracture site. 

4. Fracture joints should gently be returned to splinting position if this 
can be accomplished without using excessive force or causing the 
patient to experience extreme pain. 

5. Joints that cannot be gently returned to splinting position should be 
splinted in their current position. 

6. Straighten fracture of a long bone with gentle traction prior to 
splinting. 

7. Cover all open wounds with sterile dressings prior to application of a 
splint. 

8. Pad all splints to prevent excessive pressure. 

9. Immobilize fractures prior to evacuating. 



F-8 



10. Splint fractures of the lower arm with the hand in position of func- 
tion. 

11. Apply gentle traction while splinting. 

12. Leave fingers and toes exposed if possible. 

13. Splint should not impair circulation. 

14. Elevate the extremity following immobilization, where possible. 

15. Elevate the injury, and for sprains apply ice to the affected area peri- 
odically for approximately 24 to 48 hours following the injury. 

16. For dislocations immobilize and apply ice to the affected area peri- 
odically for approximately 24 to 48 hours following the injury. 



HOT WEATHER SURVIVAL 

A key factor in hot weather survival is understanding the relationship 
between physical activity, air temperature, and water consumption. Your 
body's normal temperature is 36.9 °C (98.6 °F). Your body gets rid of 
excess heat (cools off) by sweating, the principle cause of water loss. If 
a person stops sweating during periods of high air temperature and 
heavy work or exercise, he will quickly develop heat stroke. This is a 
medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. The fig- 
ure on page F-10 shows daily water requirements for various work 
levels. 

Understanding how the air temperature and your physical activity affect 
your water requirements allows you to take measures to get the most 
from your water supply. These measures are — 

■ Find shade. Get out of the sun. 

■ Place something between you and the hot ground. 

■ Limit your movements. 

■ Conserve your sweat. Wear your complete uniform, to include your 
T-shirt. Your clothing will absorb your sweat, keeping it against your 
skin so that you gain its cooling effect. 



F-9 



30 



25 



20 



15 



10 





^,1 


z-::/:/'^ 


^^^ 



15 20 25 30 35 40 45 

DAILY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, DEGREES C 



50 



A: Hard work in sun (creeping and crawling witli equipment on). 
B: IModerate worl< in tlie sun (cleaning weapons and equipment). 
C: Rest in shade. 

This graph shows water needs, in liters per day, for men at three activity levels in 
relation to the daily mean air temperature. For example, if one is doing eight hours of 
hard work in the sun (curve A) when the average temperature for the day is 50 
degrees C (horizontal scale) one's water requirement for the day will be 
approximately 25 liters (vertical scale). 



F-10 



■ Do not allow your thirst to be a guide for your need for water. You 
are already 2 percent dehydrated by the time you crave fluids. Drink- 
ing water at regular intervals helps your body remain cool and 
decreases sweating. Conserve your fluids by reducing activity during 
the heat of the day. 

HEAT INJURIES 

Dehydration 

Dehydration results from inadequate replacement of lost body fluids. A 
1-5 percent fluid loss results in thirst, vague discomfort, lack of appetite, 
flushed skin, irritability, and nausea. A 6-10 percent loss results in diz- 
ziness, headache, labored breathing, no salivation, indistinct speech, and 
inability to walk. An 11-20 percent loss results in delirium, swollen 
tongue, inability to swallow, dim vision, painful urination, and numb- 
ness. A greater than 20 percent fluid loss is usually fatal. Always drink 
adequate amounts of fluid. At the first signs of dehydration, get in the 
shade, keep cool, loosen clothes, and rest. Consume water with a little 
dissolved salt (a pinch per pint). 

Heat Cramps 

The loss of salt due to excessive sweating causes heat cramps. Symp- 
toms are moderate to severe muscle cramps in legs, arms, and/or abdo- 
men. These symptoms may start as a mild muscular discomfort. You 
should now stop all activity, get in the shade, and drink water. If you fail 
to recognize the early symptoms and continue your physical activity, 
you will have severe muscle cramps and pain. Treat as for heat exhaus- 
tion, below. 

Heat Exhaustion 

A large loss of body water and salt causes heat exhaustion. Symptoms 
are headache, mental confusion, irritability, excessive sweating, weak- 
ness, dizziness, cramps, and pale, moist, cold (clammy) skin. Immedi- 
ately get the casualty under shade. Make them lie on a stretcher or 
similar item about 45 cm off the ground. Loosen their clothing, sprinkle 



F-11 



with water, and fan the casualty. Have them drink small amounts of 
water every 3 minutes. Ensure they stay quiet and rest. 

Heat Stroke 

This is a severe heat injury caused by extreme loss of water and salt and 
the body's inability to cool itself. The casualty may die if not cooled 
immediately. Symptoms are a lack of sweat, hot and dry skin, headache, 
dizziness, fast pulse, nausea and vomiting, and mental confusion leading 
to unconsciousness. Immediately get the casualty to shade. Loosen 
clothing and lay them on a stretcher or similar item 45 cm off the 
ground. Pour water on and fan them. Massage their arms, legs, and 
body. If the casualty regains consciousness, let them drink small 
amounts of water every 3 minutes. 



COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL 
EFFECTS OF COLD 

In extreme cold, a soldier can become numb and indifferent to non- 
essential tasks. Essential tasks require more time and effort. It has been 
repeatedly demonstrated that at temperatures lower than -10° F, all other 
problems lose significance in the personal battle for survival. The 
human body must be protected. To remain functional, it must be kept 
clean, dry, and reasonably warm, and normal body processes must be 
maintained. Rest and nourishment are vital. Remember four basic rules: 

■ Keep in shape. 

■ Drink plenty of water. 

■ Eat to keep fit. 

■ Maintain a positive attitude. 

WINDCHILL 

When a high wind is blowing, we feel much colder than when it is calm. 
Windchill is a measure of the combined effects of wind and tempera- 
ture. To effectively gauge it, some scale must be used; the most com- 
monly used is the windchill chart. The windchill chart (shown on page 



F-12 



WIND SPEED 


COOLING POWER OF WIND EXPRESSED AS "EQUIVALENT CHILL TEMPERATURE" 


KNOTS 


MPH 


TEMPERATURE (°F) 


CALM 


CALM 


40 


35 


30 


25 


20 


15 


10 


5 





-5 


-10 


-15 


-20 


-25 


-30 


-35 


-40 


-45 


-50 


-55 


■J 






EQUIVALEMrCHLLTEI\/PERARJRE | 


3-6 


5 


35 


30 


25 


20 


15 


10 


5 





-5 


-10 


-15 


-20 


-25 


-30 


-35 


-40 


-45 


-50 


-55 


-60 


-70 


7-10 


10 


30 


20 


15 


10 


5 





-10 


-15 


-20 


-25 


-35 


-40 


-45 


-50 


-60 


-65 


-70 


-75 


-80 


-90 


-95 


11-15 


15 


25 


15 


10 





-5 


-10 


-20 


-25 


-30 


-40 


-45 


-50 


-60 


-65 


-70 


-80 


-85 


-90 


-100 


-105 


-110 


16-19 


20 


20 


10 


5 





-10 


-15 


-25 


-30 


-35 


-45 


-50 


-60 


-65 


-75 


-80 


-85 


-95 


-100 


-110 


-115 


-120 


20-23 


25 


15 


10 





-5 


-15 


-20 


-30 


-35 


-45 


-50 


-60 


-65 


-75 


-80 


-90 


-95 


-105 


-110 


-120 


-125 


-135 


24-28 


30 


10 


5 





-10 


-20 


-25 


-30 


-40 


-50 


-55 


-65 


-70 


-80 


-85 


-95 


-100 


-110 


-115 


-125 


-130 


-140 


29-32 


35 


10 


5 


-5 


-10 


-20 


-30 


-35 


-40 


-50 


-60 


-65 


-75 


-80 


-90 


-100 


-105 


-115 


-120 


-130 


-135 


-145 


33-36 


40 


10 





-5 


-10 


-20 


-30 


-35 


-45 


-55 


-60 


-70 


-75 


-85 


-95 


-100 


-110 


-115 


-125 


-130 


-140 


-150 


Winds Above 

40 MPH Have 

Little Additional 

Effect 


LITTLE DANGER 


INCREASING DANGER 
Flesli may freeze within 1 minute 


GREATDANGER 
Flesh may freeze within 30 seconds 





Windchill Chart 



F-13) is a simple and practical guide showing when cold weather is dan- 
gerous and when exposed flesh is likely to freeze. 

COLD WEATHER CLOTHING 

Cold weather clothing systems use the design principles of insulate, 
layer, and ventilate. 

Insulation reduces the amount of body heat lost to the environment. By 
regulating the amount of insulation, you can regulate the amount of 
body heat lost. 

Layering Several layers of clothing provide more insulation and flexi- 
bility than one heavy garment, even if the heavy garment is as thick as 
the combined layers. The secret is dead air space between layers. The 
more dead air space, the greater the insulating value. Layers can be 



F-13 



added as it gets colder and taken away as it warms up or as work 
increases. 

Ventilation helps maintain a comfortable body temperature by allowing 
the wearer to get rid of excess heat and body moisture. Ventilate either 
by opening the clothing or by removing insulating layers before you 
start to sweat. 

Remember the acronym COLD to quickly check your adherence to the 
cold weather clothing principles; keep it Clean, avoid Overheating, 
wear it Loose and in layers, and keep it Dry (removing snow and frost 
before entering a shelter is particularly important in keeping clothing 
dry). 

EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON NOURISHMENT 

Caloric Intake. A basic fact of cold weather operations is that soldiers 
must eat more than usual to function. In cold weather, the greater part 
of what you eat and drink maintains body heat, while a small proportion 
produces energy for physical work. Approximately 4,500 calories per 
day are necessary to do hard, continuous work. 

Fluids. The body loses liquid at an exceptional rate in arctic conditions 
due to evaporation, exertion, and low humidity. However carefully you 
adjust clothing and ventilation, the heavy exertion of movement on foot 
and preparation of bivouacs and defenses exacts its toll in sweat and loss 
of moisture in the breath. These liquids must be regularly replaced, 
preferably by hot drinks which, if they contain sugar, have the additional 
advantage of providing extra calories. 

COLD INJURIES 

The destructive influence of cold on the human body falls into two cate- 
gories; non-freezing and freezing injuries. 

Non-freezing Injuries 

Chilbains. This is a superficial tissue injury of the hands, ears or nose, 
which occurs after prolonged exposure of the bare skin to temperatures 
above freezing. It appears most often when high winds and high humid- 
ity accompany low but non-freezing temperatures. Symptoms include 
an initial pallor of the exposed areas. There will be redness, swelling. 



F-14 



increased warmth, and a sensation of itching after rew arming. Superfi- 
cial blisters or ulcers may appear with repeated episodes. 

Treatment 

■ In the initial stages, gradually rewarm exposed area(s) at room 
temperature. 

■ If the face is involved, you may simply hold a warm hand to the area. 

■ If the hands are affected, place them in the armpits or crotch. 

■ If blisters form, gently cleanse the area and protect it to avoid 
infection. 

Prevention 

■ Avoid prolonged exposure to the elements. 

■ Protect the obvious exposed areas with adequate clothing and 
covering. 

Trench Foot/Immersion Foot. Trench foot and immersion foot are 
injuries caused by the prolonged exposure of skin to cold water or 
dampness at temperatures usually ranging from just above freezing to 
50°F. In the early stages, the feet and toes are cold, numb, and stiff, and 
walking becomes difficult. The feet smell, swell, and become painful. 

Treatment 

■ Gentle drying, elevation, and exposure to temperatures of 64° to 

72°F. 

■ Bed rest, cleanliness, and pain relief. 
Prevention 

■ Change to dry socks three times daily or as often as necessary. 

■ Use foot powder. 

■ Wear VB boots. 

■ If leather boots are worn, dry them whenever possible. 

Hypothermia. Simply stated, hypothermia is a lowering of the temper- 
ature of the body's inner core. This happens when the body loses heat 
faster than it can produce it. The potential for this condition will be 



F-15 



increased in the presence of fatigue, inadequate hydration, poor nutri- 
tion, inadequate protective clothing, and cold water immersion. It must 
be remembered that freezing temperatures are not necessary to produce 
hypothermia. Wind, rain, and cold temperatures also cause loss of body 
heat which can result in hypothermia. Symptoms include uncontrolla- 
ble shivering, trouble walking and poor coordination, difficulty speak- 
ing, sluggish thinking, disorientation, and an almost total disinterest in 
the surroundings. In later stages, shivering stops and is replaced by 
strong muscular rigidity. Exposed skin may become blue and puffy. 
When the casualty's temperature drops below 86°F, cardiac irregulari- 
ties occur. 

Treatment 

■ Prevent any further heat loss. 

■ Get the casualty out of the wind and into the best available shelter. 

■ Replace wet clothing with dry. Wrap casualty in warm blankets or in 
a sleeping bag if one is available. 

■ Place as much insulation as possible between the casualty and the 
ground. 

■ Add heat by the best available means to the casualty's neck, groin, 
and sides of the chest. CAUTION: Do not apply heat to extremities. 

■ If the casualty is conscious, give him warm fluids. If able to eat, give 
candy or sweetened foods. 

■ If casualty is unconscious, he should be remain on his back, with 
head tilted back to ensure open airway. 

■ Do not massage the casualty. 

■ Do not give alcohol to the casualty. 

■ Get the casualty to medical help as quickly as possible. 

Prevention 

■ Stay physically fit. 

■ Keep active. 

■ Use the uniform properly and keep it dry. 

■ Eat properly and often. 



F-16 



■ Drink plenty of fluids, at least 3.5 quarts per day when performing 
hard work. 

■ Be prepared for and know how to deal with rapid changes in weather. 

■ Bivouac early before fatigue impairs judgement. 

Dehydration. Dehydration is often an overlooked cold weather injury. 
Seepage F-11. 

Prevention 

■ The minimum daily fluid requirement for persons doing hard 
physical work in the cold is 3.5 quarts per day. 

■ By the time you feel thirsty, you are already dehydrated. Drink 
whenever you have a chance, particularly at halts during movement 
on foot. 

■ All canteens should be full before any type of movement during 
which resupply will be difficult. 

■ Do not drink coffee when water is scarce. It will pass through you 
almost as fast as you drink it. Water should be your first choice. 

■ Check urine spots in the snow. Dark yellow or brown indicates 
dehydration. 

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a deadly, 
odorless, colorless poison given off by stoves, lanterns, and engine 
exhaust. There are various symptoms including headache, dizziness, 
impaired vision, confusion, nausea, palpitations, weakness, and/or mus- 
cle pain. Bright red color appears on lips and skin. A casualty may 
become drowsy and collapse without warning. 

Treatment 

■ Move casualty to open air. 

■ Keep casualty still and warm. 

■ Administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if casualty is not breathing 
or is breathing irregularly. 

■ Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation, if necessary. 



F-17 



■ MEDEVAC as soon as possible. 
Prevention 

■ Ensure that stoves and lanterns are functioning properly. 

■ Use stoves and lanterns in well- ventilated areas. 

■ Ensure that tents are well- ventilated. 

■ Make sure vent holes are used in snow shelters. 

■ Do not warm yourself by engine exhaust. 

Snow Blindness. Snow blindness is a temporary visual disturbance 
caused by ultraviolet radiation reflected from the snow into the eyes. 
The danger of snow blindness is greater on a cloudy day than it is on a 
clear day because one does not have brightness as a warning. Symp- 
toms appear 2 to 12 hours after exposure and includes a gritty and pain- 
ful feeling in the eyes, tears flow excessively, headache, blurred vision 
and objects develop pinkish tinge. 

Treatment 

■ Rest in darkness. 

■ Cover eyes with cool bandage. 

■ Analgesics or sedatives. 

■ The injury will usually heal itself from 1 to 5 days. 

Wounds. In cold weather, casualties should be given first aid treatment, 
protected from the cold and shock effects, and evacuated to an aid sta- 
tion without delay. They should be placed in a casualty bag, sleeping 
bag, or the best available substitute. Remember also that wounds bleed 
easily because the low temperature keeps blood from clotting. 
Increased bleeding increases the likelihood of shock. 

Wounds open to weather freeze quickly. The body loses heat in the area 
around the injury, as blood soaks the skin around the wound, and cloth- 
ing is usually torn. Therefore, early first aid treatment becomes even 
more important at low temperatures. 

Shock. Shock is caused by reduction of the effective circulating blood 
volume. Shock can be caused by severe injuries, loss of blood, pain, and 



F-18 



many other factors. The normal reaction of the body to severe cold is 
very similar to its reaction to shock. Therefore, shock usually develops 
more rapidly and progresses more deeply in extreme cold than in 
warmer temperatures. Symptoms include apprehension, sweating, pal- 
lor, rapid/faint pulse, cold/clammy skin, and thirst. 

Treatment 

■ Reassure the casualty. Pain can be reduced with proper positioning, 
good bandaging, and splinting. 

■ Position the stretcher so that the casualty's head and chest is lower 
than his lower body and legs. About a 1-foot difference is right. Do 
not do this if it will cause discomfort to the casualty. 

■ Keep the casualty warm. Normal temperature is best. 

■ Do not move the casualty any more than necessary. This does not 
mean movement over distance, but moving a casualty from one 
stretcher to another, unnecessary lifting or turning over when ban- 
daging or splinting, or moving a casualty from a sleeping bag into a 
casualty bag, etc. 

■ Loosen the clothing at the neck, chest, and waist, weather permitting. 

■ If the casualty is conscious, give sips of warm soup, tea, cocoa, cof- 
fee, or another available liquid, but not alcohol. 

■ The casualty should receive medical attention as soon as possible. 

Freezing Injury (Frostbite) 

Frostbite is the injury of tissue caused by exposure to freezing tempera- 
tures. Frostbite can cause the loss of limbs or other serious, permanent 
injury. It is the most common injury and is almost always preventable. 
It seldom occurs in individuals who maintain adequate heat production. 
Frostbite is most commonly associated with an overall body heat deficit 
resulting from inadequate equipment, lack of food, lack of water, 
exhaustion, injury, or a combination of such factors. The feet are most 
vulnerable to serious frostbite and must receive constant attention. 

Superficial Frostbite. This injury involves only the skin or the tissue 
immediately beneath it. There is a certain amount of whiteness or a 
waxy appearance around the affected area. Frost nip, a superficial frost- 



F-19 



bite which usually affects the nose, face or ears, appears as a small patch 
of white on the skin. 

After rewarming, the frostbitten area will first be numb, mottled blue or 
purple, and then will swell, sting, and burn for some time. In more 
severe cases, blisters will occur within 24 to 36 hours beneath the outer 
layer of the skin. These will slowly dry up and become hard and black 
in about 2 weeks. Generally, swelling of the injured area will subside if 
the casualty stays in bed or at complete rest. It will last much longer if 
the casualty refuses to cooperate. Throbbing, aching, and burning of the 
injured part may persist for several weeks, depending on the severity of 
the exposure. After the swelling finally disappears, the skin will peel 
and remain red, tender, and extremely sensitive to even mild cold, and it 
may perspire abnormally for a long time. 

Deep Frostbite. This is a much more serious injury. Its damage not 
only involves the skin and the tissue immediately beneath it, but also 
affects the deep tissue (including the bone). It is usually accompanied 
by large blisters. In marked contrast to superficial frostbite, these blis- 
ters take from 3 days to a week to develop. Swelling of the entire hand 
or foot will take place and may last for a month or more. During this 
period of swelling, there may be marked limitation of mobility of the 
injured area(s), and blue, violet, or gray (the worst) discoloration takes 
place after the first 2 days. Aching, throbbing, and shooting pains may 
be experienced for as long as 2 to 8 weeks. 

Treatment 

■ For frost nip on the face, place a hand or warm piece of clothing over 
the affected area. DO NOT RUB. 

■ Cold hands can be rewarmed by placing them in the casualty's arm- 
pits or crotch. Cold feet can be placed against another person's stom- 
ach. 

■ Remove wet or constricting clothing, and protect the extremity from 
further injury with blankets or any other dry material. 

■ Smoking, drinking alcohol, and/or applying salves or ointments are 
strictly forbidden. 

■ For anything other than superficial frostbite, place the casualty in a 
shelter to prevent further injury. No attempt should be made to thaw 



F-20 



the frozen part - MEDEVAC immediately. If thawing has occurred, 
the casualty should be considered a litter patient. 
Follow the 15-minute rule: If the extremities can not be rewarmed 
within 15 minutes (i.e., capillaries refill, feeling returns, toes and fin- 
gers begin to move), the casualty must be treated as a deep frostbite 
casualty. Evacuate the casualty, taking care to keep the affected 
part(s) warm as warming was started during the 15-minute effort. 



F-21 



APPENDIX G: 

International Telephone Codes 





International Telephone Codes 




Algeria 


213 


Mexico 


52 


Australia 


61 


Morocco 


212 


Austria 


43 


Netherlands 


31 


Bahrain 


973 


Nigeria 


234 


Belgium 


32 


New Zealand 


64 


Brazil 


55 


Norway 


47 


Canada 


1 


Oman 


968 


China 


86 


Portugal 


351 


Cyprus 


357 


Qatar 


974 


Denmark 


45 


Saudi Arabia 


966 


Djibouti 


253 


Senegal 


221 


Egypt 


20 


Seychelles 


248 


Ethiopia 


251 


Somalia 


252 


Finland 


358 


South Africa 


27 


France 


33 


Spain 


34 


Gabon 


241 


Sweden 


46 


Germany 


49 


Switzerland 


41 


G reece 


30 


Syria 


963 


Hawaii 


1 


Taiwan 


886 


Hong Kong 


852 


Tanzania 


255 


Iran 


98 


Tunisia 


216 


Iraq 


964 


Turkey 


90 


Ireland 


353 


UAE 


971 


Israel 


972 


United Kingdom 


44 


Ivory Coast 


225 


United States 


1 


Japan 


81 


Yemen 


967 


Jordan 


962 


Zambia 


260 


Kenya 


254 


Zimbabwe 


263 


Kuwait 


965 






Libya 


218 


AT&T 


1721011 


Madagascar 


261 


MCI 


1721022 


Malta 


356 


Sprint 


172 



G-1 



FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 



FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY