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A- FIR

HISTORY-

THE FIRST PRESIDENT, INAUGURATED 1789.

A FIRST BOOK IN

AMERICAN HISTORY

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
LIFES AND DEEDS OF GREAT: AMERICANS

EDWARD EGGLESTON

NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:- CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

EGGLES. FIRST-BOOK HIST.

EDUCATION IIBRJ

prtntca b£

2). Bppleton & Company
flew HJorfe, ia. S. B.

PREFACE.

IN preparing a first book of American history, it is necessary to
keep in mind the two purposes such a work is required to serve.
There are children whose school-life is brief ; these must get all the
instruction they are to receive in their country's history from a book
of the grade of this. To another class of pupils the first book of
American history is a preparation for the intelligent study of a text
book more advanced. It is a manifest waste of time and energy
to require these to learn in a lower class the facts that must be re-
studied in a higher grade. Moreover, primary histories which fol
low the order of larger books are likely to prove dry and unsatis
factory condensations. But a beginner's book ought before all
things else to be interesting. A fact received with the attention
raised to its highest power remains fixed in the memory ; that which
is learned listlessly is lost easily, and a life-long aversion to history
is often the main result produced by the use of an unsuitable text
book at the outset.

The main peculiarity of the present book is that it aims to teach
children the history of the country by making them acquainted
with some of the most illustrious actors in it. A child is interested,
above all, in persons. Biography is for him the natural door into
history. The order of events in a nation's life is somewhat above
the reach of younger pupils, but the course of a human life and the
personal achievements of an individual are intelligible and delight
ful. In teaching younger pupils by means of biography, which is
the very alphabet of history, we are following a sound principle often
forgotten, that primary education should be pursued along the line

M577017

IV PREFACE.

of the least resistance. Moreover, nothing is more important to the
young American than an acquaintance with the careers of the great
men of his country.

The superiority of works of history in our time over those of
other ages lies in the attention given to the development of the life
of the people as distinguished from the mere recital of public
events. The biographical method here adopted offers a great ad
vantage, by giving the younger pupil interesting glimpses of life in
other times by means of personal anecdote. The usages of Eu
ropean courts, the dwellings and arts of the Indians, the struggles
of pioneers in the wilderness, the customs of the inmates of frontier
houses, the desolations of the early wars with the savages, the home-
spinning and other domestic handicrafts, the stately manners and
ostentatious dress of our forefathers, and many other obsolete phases
of life, are vividly suggested to the pupil's mind not by dry didactic
statements, but in unforgettable stories of real people. This line
of instruction is much furthered by the running comment of the
accompanying illustrations.

It has often been lamented that no adequate provision is made
in a school course for teaching the principles of morality. But the
teaching of abstract principles is generally unavailing to produce
good conduct. In the preparation of the present work I have
been surprised to find how abundant are the materials for moral
instruction by example in the careers of our great men. The per
severance of Columbus, of Hudson, and of Morse, the fortitude
of John Smith, of Standish, and of Boone, can not but excite the
courage of those who read the narratives of their lives. No intel
ligent pupil will follow the story of Franklin's industrious pursuit
of knowledge under difficulty without a quickening of his own
aspirations. What life could teach resolute patience, truth-telling,
manly honor, and disinterested public spirit better than that of
Washington ? And where will a poor lad struggling with poverty
find more encouragement to strictest honesty, to diligent study,
and to simplicity of character than in the history of Lincoln ?
It would be a pity for a country with such examples in her his-

PREFACE. V

tory not to use them for the moral training of the young. The
faults as well as the virtues of the persons whose lives are told
here will afford the teacher opportunities to encourage right moral
judgments.

In the matter of illustrations, the publishers have shown a lib
erality without precedent, I believe, in the preparation of books of
this class. The talents and skill of some of the most eminent illus
trators in America have been brought into requisition to lend a
charm to the first lessons in American history. Should this ex
ample be generally followed in the preparation of school-books, it
may produce notable results ; a general refinement of taste and
feeling ought to follow an early acquaintance with works of real
artistic value. The pictures have been made under the author's
supervision, and are meant to be essential aids to the pupil rather
than mere decorations. The younger the pupil the more must
one have recourse to the imagination in teaching. Some of the
pictures convey information additional to that in the text ; the
object of most of them is to suggest to the pupil a vivid concep
tion of the narrative.

Perhaps the most novel feature of the book is the system of
picture maps. To the untrained eye of the younger pupil an ordi
nary map has not much meaning, but the beautiful and effective
bird's-eye views here first used in a school-book will leave a con
ception in the mind of a child distinct and ineffaceable.

Of course, the mode of studying such a book may be what the
teacher pleases. Brief suggestions for a topical recitation are ap
pended to each lesson. Recitations should not be verbal repetitions
of the text ; nor should they, in this grade, be precise and exhaust
ive. If the pupil is taught to give the substance of the narrative in
his own words, it will make him assimilate what he has studied, and
prove a valuable training in thought and expression. Several super
intendents of schools in large cities have declared in advance their
desire to introduce this book as a class-reader, thus securing an ele
mentary acquaintance with American history without overcrowding
the course of study. In using the book as a reader, the topical

VI PREFACE.

questions will still be of service to make sure that attention has been
given to the substance of the lesson.

The definitions at the close of each lesson give chiefly the mean
ing of the word as used in the text. It is important that the pupil
pass no word without a clear comprehension of its force, and that
he be taught to observe carefully the pronunciation of proper names.
The judicious teacher will take pains to have the pupil examine
the illustrations carefully, and make sure that their force is under
stood. The maps will be readily comprehended, and are not likely
to be slighted.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE

I.— The Early Life of Columbus i

II. — How Columbus Discovered America . . . . .7

III.— Columbus after the Discovery of America .... 12

IV. — John Cabot and his Son Sebastian . . . . ^ . 18

V. — Captain John Smith . . . . . ... 23

VI. — More about Captain John Smith 29

» VII.— The Story of Pocahontas 35

VIII.— Henry Hudson . . . 42

IX.— Captain Myles Standish . . 49

X.— Myles Standish and the Indians 54

XL— William Penn. ', .59

XII.— King Philip 67

XIII.— Captain Church in Philip's War 74

XIV.— Bacon and his Men . . . . . . . .79

XV.— Boyhood of Franklin 86

XVI.— Franklin, the Printer 90

XVI I. —The Great Doctor Franklin 95

XVIII. — Young George Washington . . . . . . .102

XIX. — Washington in the French War . . .- . . 109

XX. — Washington in the Revolution . . . . . . 115

XXI. — The Victory at Yorktown and Washington as President . 122
XXII. — Thomas Jefferson . v* • • • • • • .127

XXIII.— Daniel Boone 134

XXIV. — Robert Fulton and the Steamboat 141

XXV.— William Henry Harrison 146

XXVI. — Andrew Jackson . . . 153

XXVII. — Morse and the Telegraph . . •• . . . . . 161

XXVIII. — How the Telegraph became successful 166

XXIX. — Early Life of Abraham Lincoln 171

XXX.— Lincoln in Public Life 177

XXXI.— Something about the Great Civil War 181

XXXII. — How the United States became larger 186

The Early Life of Columbus.

MORE than four hundred years ago there lived in the
old city of G^aoa [gen'-o-ah], in Italy, a workingman who
had four sons. One of these was Christopher Columbus,
who was born, probably about the year 1446, in that part of
the city occupied by the weavers of woolen cloth. Learned
men have lately taken much pains to find the very house.
It is a narrow house, and dark inside. The city has bought
it and put an inscription in Latin on the front, which says :
" No house more worthy ! Here, under his
father's roof, Christopher Columbus passed
his boyhood and youth." The father of
little Christopher was a wool-comber —
that is, a man who prepared the wool
for the spinners, or, as some say, a
weaver. Christopher learned to work
in wool, like his father. " ,,^"7*00,.

COMBING WOOL.

2 THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

At this time Genoa was a place of ships and sailors, going
and coming to and from many parts of the world. On the
beach he might have seen the fishermen
their boats and spread their curi
ous pointed sails, such as you see in the
picture. From the wharves of Genoa
he could watch the ships sailing out to
-- trade in distant lands. I wonder if the
wool-comber's little boy ever dreamed that
he might one day come to be the most famous
of all ship-captains, and sail farther away into unknown seas
than any man had ever sailed before ?

Columbus was doubtless poor and had to work for his
living. But he must have been studious, for he somehow
got a pretty good education. He learned Latin, he wrote a
good hand, and could draw maps and charts for the use of
sailors, by which last calling he was able to sup
port himself when he came to be a man. At
twenty-four years of age Columbus made
a voyage, but he was at least twenty-
seven years of age when he finally became
a seaman, and began to acquire that knowl
edge of sailing which prepared him to make
discoveries. The seamen of that time did not
sail very far. Their v^aees were mostly in COLUMBUS LEARNING

•^ TO DRAW MAPS.

the Med-i-ter-ra'-ne-an, and they knew little
of the Atlantic Ocean, which they called "The Sea of
Darkness," because they did not know what was in it or
on the other side of it. They believed that great monsters

THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

swam in the ocean, and that in one part it was so hot
that the water boiled.

Of course, they did not know that there was any such
place as America, and they believed that Africa reached
clear to the south pole. The only trade
they had with Asia was by caravans, which
brought silks, gums, spices, and precious
stones from the far East on the backs
of camels.

While Columbus was yet a little
boy, there was living in Pnrtrg^.1
[poar'-tu-gal] a prince^named Henry,
the son of the king of that country.
Henry was a learned man, who
thought he could find a way to get
round Africa to the rich countries of
Asia. He sent out ship after ship, until he had discov
ered much of the African coast.

It was probably the fame of these voyages that drew
Columbus to Portugal. From Portugal Columbus himself
sailed down the newly discovered coast of Africa. Then
he went north beyond England, so that he was already a
very great traveler for the time.

While the Portuguese [poar'-tu-gueze]. in trying to get
to India, were creeping timidly down the coast of Africa,
with land always in sight, Christopher Columbus conceived
a new and far bolder plan. As learned men believed the
world round, he proposed to sail straight west to Asia,
braving all the dangers of the unknown Atlantic. He

PRINCE HENRY.

4 THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

thought the world much smaller than it is, and he supposed
that he should find Asia about as far west of Europe as
Ameri-ca is. He did not dream of finding- a new world.

As Portugal was the leading country in making dis
coveries, Columbus first proposed to find this new way
to Asia for the king of that country. If the good Prince
Henry had been alive, he would probably have adopted
the plan with joy. But " Henry the Navigator}" as he
was called, had died long before, and the advisers of the
King of Portugal rjdieuled the plan, and laughed at the
large reward which Columbus demanded if he should suc
ceed. However, the king secretly sent out one of his own
vessels, which sailed westward a little way, and then came
back and reported that there was no land there. When
Columbus heard of this, he left Portugal, not
liking to be cheated in this way.

He went to Spain and appeared at
court, a poor and friendless stranger.
Spain was ruled at this time by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. They
i were very busy in their war with the
Mo_ors, who then occupied a great part
of Spain. Columbus followed the court
A MOORISH SOLDIER. from place to place for years. But the
king and queen paid little heed to the projects of this for
eigner. They were too much employed with battles and
sieges to attend to plans for finding a new way to India.
Most of those who heard of Columbus ridiculed his
plans. They did not believe that people could live on the

THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

other side of the world, and walk
with their feet up and their heads
down. The very children tapped
their foreheads when Columbus
passed, to signify their belief that
the fellow was crazy.

In 1491 Columbus, whose plans
were at last ^rejected, left the court,
traveling on foot like the poor
man that he was, and leading his

little boy by the hand. He
stopped one day at the con
vent of La Rabida [lah rab'-
ee-dah] to beg a little bread
and water for the child. The
good prior of the G^Onj^ejit, hap
pening to pass at that moment,
was struck with the foreign
accent of the stranger's
speech. He began to
talk with him, and soon
learned of the
^project that had

so long filled the mind of Columbus. The prior
was deeply interested. He had once
been the confessor, or religious adviser,
of Isabella, and he now wrote the queen
a letter in favor of the plan of Colum
bus. The queen sent for the prior, and

THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS.

he persuaded her to bring back Columbus. She sent the
great navigator a mule and some decent clothes.

But Columbus, when he got back to court, still demand
ed such high rewards if he should succeed that he was
again allowed to depart. He set out to offer his plan to
the King of France ; but now his friends again interceded
with the queen, lamenting that Spain should lose his serv
ices. The queen sent a messenger after him, who over
took him in a pass of the mountains and brought him
back, with the ass_urance that, at last, he would be sent
forth on his voyage.

NavM-ga-tor, one who sails or directs the course of ships. Con'-
vent, a house in which monks or nuns dwell. Pri'-or, the head of a
company of monks.

Tell in your own words —

Where Columbus was born.

What Columbus learned.

What is said of Prince Henry.

What happened to Columbus in Portugal

What happened to him in Spain.

Place to be remembered —
Genoa, the birthplace

4m—-:

MONSTERS SUPPOSED TO LIVE IN THE OCEAN, AS OrtAWN ON QUO MAPS.

HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA.

II.

How Columbus discovered America.

ABOUT two hundred years before
Columbus sailed, there arrived in the
city of V^em^) [ven'-is] one day three
travelers, coarsely dressed in Chi
nese fashion. They said that they
were three gentlemen named Polo,
who had left Venice many years be
fore. They had almost forgotten
how to speak Italian, and at first
their own relatives thought them foreign
ers and imrjost£i;s. But they gave a mag
nificent banquet at which they all appeared
in rich robes. They changed their gar
ments again and again as the feast went on. Every robe
taken off was cut up and given to the servants. At last
they took their old garments and ripped them open, and
poured out before the guests a collection
of precious stones of untold value.

One of these gentlemen, Marco Polo,
whose portrait 'you see here, wrote a book
of his travels, describing the vast riches of
Eastern countries, before unknown to peo
ple in Europe. Columbus had read this
book, and it was to find a new way to
reach the rich countries seen by Polo that he was now
resolved to sail partly round the globe.

HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA.

In spite of the power which the King of Spain gave
him to force ships and seamen to go with him, Columbus
found the greatest trouble in fitting out his expedition, so
much were the sailors afraid of the ocean. But at last all
was ready. Those who were to sail into " The Sea of
Darkness " with Columbus took the sacrament and bade a
solemn farewell to their friends, feeling much like men
condemned to death. They embarked in three little ves
sels, only one of which had a deck over it.

Columbus went to the Canary Islands first. Then with
bitter lamentations the men took leave of the last known
land, and sailed into seas in which no ship had ever been.
Columbus tried to cheer them with the stories he had
read in Marco Polo's book, of the riches of the
great country of China. But he also de
ceived them by keeping two separate
accounts of his sailing. In the one
which he showed to his companions
he made the distance from Spain much
less than it really was.

But they were greatly alarmed to
find that, as they went west, the needle
of the compass did not point directly to
the north star. This change, though well known now,
was probably as surprising to Columbus as to his men,
but he did his best to keep up their courage.

The weather was fine, and the winds blew always from
the east. This alarmed the sailors more than ever, for they
were sure they would get no wind to come back with.

COLUMBUS READING POLO'S BOOK.

HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 9

One day the wind came around to the southwest, which
was a great encouragement.

But presently the ships struck great masses of sea-weed,
and all was grumbling and lamentation again. The fright
ened sailors remembered old stories of a frozen ocean, and
imagined that this must be the very place. When the wind
fell to a calm, they thought the ships might lie there and
rot for want of wrind to fill the sails.

They were getting farther and farther away from Europe.
Where would they find food and water to last them till
they got home? They thought their commander a crack-
brained fool, who would go on to their destruction. They
planned, therefore, to throw him into the
sea, and go back. They could say that,
while he was gazing at the stars, after
his fashion, he had tumbled over.

But the worst disappointments were
to come. One day the glad cry of
" Land ! " was raised. Columbus fell on
his knees to return thanks, while the
men scrambled up into the rigging.
But it proved to be only a cloud. On
the /th of October another false alarm disheartened the
sailors more than ever.

From the first Columbus had pointed to sea-weed, and
other supposed signs of land, until the men would no longer
listen to his hopeful words. Now the appearance of some
song-birds, a Jieron, and a duck, could not comfort them.
The great enterprise was about to end in failure, after all,

HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA.

when, on the nth of October, the sailors found a branch
of a thorn-tree with berries on it. At length a carved
stick was found, and the men began to believe that they
were really near to some inhabited land.

During the night which followed this discovery no one
on the ships slept. About ten o'clock Columbus saw a
glimmering light appearing and disappear
ing, as though some one on shore were
carrying a torch. At two o'clock a
sailor sighted land.

The morning light of Friday, Oc
tober 12, 1492, showed the Spaniards
a beautiful little island. ) Columbus
dressed himself in scarlet, and planted
the Spanish standard on the shore,
throwing himself on the earth and
kissing it, while the naked Indians
wondered whether these men in bright

armor had flown from the skies in their winged boats or
had sailed down upon the clouds. The sailors, lately so
ready to cast Columbus into the sea, now crowded about
him, embracing him and kissing his hands.

When the Indians had recovered from their first sur
prise, they visited the ships, some of them in canoes, and
others by swimming. They brought with them a ball of
cotton yarn, bread made from roots, and some tame par
rots, which, with a few golden ornaments, they exchanged
for caps, glass beads, tiny bells, and other trifles, with
which they could adorn themselves.

HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA.

I i

The (island which Columbus first discovered was a small
one, which he called San Salvador) but we do not now know
which of the West India Islands it was. He thought that
he was on the coast of Asia.) But where were the rich
islands and great cities and houses roofed with gold, of
which Marco Polo had written two hundred years before?

From island to island Columbus sailed, looking for these
things, not knowing that they were thousands of miles
away. Finding the island of Cuba very large, he con
cluded that it was a part of the mainland of Asia.

Im-pos'-tors, people who pretend to be what they are not.
Craek'-brained, crazy. Stand'-ard, national flag-. Ar'-mor, a
dress to protect the person in battle, usually made of metal.

12 HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA.

Tell in your own words —

About the return of the Polos.

What Marco Polo wrote.

What Columbus was looking for.

About his departure.

His voyage. (See Map at the top of page i.)

The discovery.

Date to be remembered —

1492, the year of the discovery of America. About how many hun
dred years ago ?

III.
Columbus after the Discovery of America.

COLUMBUS was very kind to the natives. At one time
a poor savage was captured by the sailors and brought to
Columbus, who was standing on the high after-castle of the
ship. The terrified Indian sought to gain his favor by
presenting the great man with a ball of cotton yarn. Co
lumbus refused the present, but he put upon the Indian's
head a pretty colored cap ; he hung bells in his ears, and
tied strings of green beads about his arms. Then he sent
the simple creature ashore, where his friends were after-
waftl seen admiring his ornaments.

At another time the sailors picked
up an Indian who was crossing in an
open canoe a wide tract of water
from one island to another. This man had a piece of
casava-bread and a gourjj of water for his sea stores.
He also had a bit of red paint with which to deco
rate his face before appearing among strangers, and

COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

a string of beads procured from the white men. He was
rowing to a neighboring island to carry the news of the
coming of the Spaniards. His canoe was taken on board,
he was fed with the best food of the ship, and put ashore
at his destination.

Having got one of his vessels ashore on the coast of
Hayj:i [ha'-tee], which he called Hispaniola [his-pan-ee-o'-
lah], Columbus built a fort of the timber from the wrecked
vessel and left here a little colony.

But now he began to think of carrying home the
good news of his great discovery. In January, 1493, he
set sail for Spain. On the I2th of January, when all
were looking forward to a joyful return, a terrific storm
threatened to wreck the ship and to bury in the ocean all
memory of the great discovery. Prayers were
said and vows wrere made, for the safety of
the ship.

To preserve the memory of his discovery
if all else should be lost, Columbus wrote
two accounts of it, which he inclosed in
cakes of wax and put into two barrels.
One of these was thrown into the sea ; the
other was set upon the stern of the vessel,
that it might float off if the ship should go
down. He hoped that one of these barrels
might drift to the coast of Europe and be found.

Columbus at length reached the islands called the
Azgres. Here, when the storm had abated, some of his
men went ashore to perform their vows at a little chapel,

COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

and were made prisoners by the Portuguese governor.
Having got out of this difficulty, Columbus put to sea and
met another gale, which split his sails and threatened to
wreck the vessel. He finally came to anchor in a Portu
guese port, where he no doubt felt some e^oiltation in show
ing what Portugal had lost by refusing his offers.

In April he reached Barcelona [bar-say -lo'-nah], a Span
ish city, and made his entry in a triumphal procession.
At the head marched the Indians whom he had brought

back with him. These were
well smeared with paint and
• ••:.._ J decorated with the feathers of

tropical birds and with gold
en ornaments. Then

parrots and stuffed
birds were borne in the pro
cession with articles of gold. Colum
bus followed, escorted by Spanish knights proud to do him
honor. Ferdinand and Isabella received him under a can-

COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 15

opy of gold brocade. As a mark of special honor, they
caused him to sit down while he related his discoveries.

This was the happiest moment in the troubled life of
Columbus. He who had been thought insane was now the
most honored man in Spain.

The rest of his story is mostly a story of misfortunes.
The people in his first colony on the island of Hispaniola
quarreled among themselves and roalt£sa£ed the Indians,
until the latter fell on them and killed them all. The
second colony was also unfortunate. Columbus was not a
wise governor, and he had many troubles in trying to settle
a new country with

U •-;/

unruly and avaricious people.

An officer sent out to inquire into the disorders in the
colony sent .Columbus home in chains. The people were
shocked at this treatment of the great navigator, and so
were the king and queen, who ordered the chains removed.
When Columbus appeared before Isabella and saw tears in
her eyes, he threw himself on his knees, while his utter
ance was choked by his sobs.

COLUMBUS IN CHAINS.

16 COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

After this he was not permitted to return to his colony ;
but in 1502 he made his fourth voyage to America, trying
to find a way to get through the mainland
of South America in order to reach India,
which he thought must lie just beyond.
He was at length forced to run his
worm-eaten vessel aground near the
shore of the island of Jamaica [ja-
may'-cah]. Thatched cabins were
built on the deck of the stranded
ship, and here Columbus, a bed
ridden invalid, lived miserably for a year.

One faithful follower, named Diaz [dee'-ath], traded a
brass basin, a coat, and his two shirts, to an Indian chief
for a canoe, in which after horrible suffering Diaz reached
Hispaniola. Meantime the men on the wrecked ship got
provisions from the Indians in exchange for trinkets. Some
of the men ran away from Columbus and lived with the
savages.

The Indians now got tired of providing food in ex
change for toys, and Columbus and his men were at the
point of starvation. Knowing that an eclipse of the
moon was about to take place, he told the Indians that
a certain god would punish them if they did not pro
vide for him, and, as a sign, he said the moon would lose
its light and change color that very night. No sooner
did the eclips,e appear, than the Indians brought him all
the provisions at hand, and the Spaniards did not lack
after that.

COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

Help at length reached Co
lumbus, and he returned to
Spain broken in health and
spirits. Queen Isabella, who
had been his best friend, died
soon after his return. Co
lumbus died on the 2Oth of
May, 1506. He believed to
the last that he had discovered the
eastern parts of Asia. He never knew that he had found
a new continent.

COLUMBUS BEFORE ISABELLA.

After-castle, a cabin built above the deck at the stern of a ship in
ancient times, to enable the sailors to shoot down upon the deck of an
enemy's vessel. Casava [kas'-a-vah], a sort of bread made of the root
of the tapioca-plant. Gourd [goard], the fruit of a vine of the same
family as the pumpkin, with a hard and woody shell, which is still used as
a dipper or bottle in many parts of America. Can'-o-py, a covering or
awning spread overhead. Bro-cade', silk goods with gold or silver thread
woven in it, or woven with raised figures. Avaricious [av-a-rish'-us],
fond of money, eager for gain.

Tell in your own words about —
Columbus and the Indians.
The voyage home.
The triumphant reception.
The colonies planted by Columbus.
Columbus in chains.
His last voyage and shipwreck.
His return and death.

The pupil may be asked to write out briefly his impression of the useful
ness, the character, and the fate of Columbus.

1 8 JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN.

IV.

John Cabot and his Son Sebastian.

THE food eaten four or five hundred years ago was
mostly coarse and unwholesome. The people were there
fore very fond of all sorts of spices which they mixed with
almost everything they ate. These spices were brought
from Asia by caravans. It was chiefly to get to the land of
spices by sea that Prince Henry the Navigator tried to
send ships around the southern point of Africa. Columbus
had also tried to reach the " Spice Islands " of Asia in his
voyage to the west.

Now another Italian was to try it. This man was John
Cabot [cab'-ot]. Like Columbus, he was probably born in
or near the city of Genoa ; like Columbus, he thought much
about geography as it was then understood ; and, like Co
lumbus, he was a great traveler. He moved to Venice and
then to Bristol in England.

The Italian merchants traveled farther than any others
in that day. One of Cabot's long trading journeys had

carried him into Ara
bia as far as the city
of Mecca [mek'-kah].
Here he saw the cara
vans that brought their loads of costly spices on the
backs of camels from the countries of the East. Now
the people of Europe in Cabot's time, having very few
printed books, knew almost nothing about these far-away
Eastern countries.

JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. . 19

" Where do these spices come from ? " Cabot asked of
the men belonging to the caravan.

They answered that they brought them from a country
far to the east of Mecca, where they bought spices of other
caravans which brought them from a land yet farther to
the east. From this Cabot reasoned as Columbus had done,
that, if he should sail to the west far enough, he would get
round the world to the land of spices. It would be some
thing like going around a house to come in by the back
door.

While Cabot was living in England there came great news
out of Spain. One Christopher Columbus, it was said, had
discovered the coasts of India by sailing to the westward,
for Columbus thought the land he had found a part of India.
When this was told in England, people thought it "a thing
more divine than human to sail by the west into the east."
And when Cabot heard the story, there arose in his heart, a-s
he said, "a great flame of desire to do some notable thing."

While Columbus had waited in discouragement for Fer
dinand and Isabella to accept his project, he had sent his
brother Bartholomew Columbus to Henry the Seventh, then
King of England, to offer the plan to him. What answer the
king gave to Bartholomew is not known, for, before the
latter got back to Spain, Christopher Columbus had re
turned from his first vo)Tage.

But now for this same King Henry of England Cabot
offered to make a voyage like that of Columbus. As the
Atlantic had already once been crossed, the king readily
agreed to allow Cabot to sail under his authority.

JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN.

In May, 1497, Cabot set sail from Bristol in a small
vessel with eighteen men, mostly Englishmen. Cabot sailed
much farther north than Columbus, and he appears to have
discovered first the island of Cape Breton, now part of the
Dominion of Canada. He went ashore on the 24th of
June, and planted a large cross and the flag of England,
as well as the flag of St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice.
He also discovered the mainland of North America. Cabot
was thus the first to see the American continent. Columbus
discovered the mainland of South America a year later.
Cabot did not see any Indians, but he brought back some
of their traps for catching wild animals.

He got back to England in August, having been gone
but three months. He brought news that he had discov
ered the terri
tory of the Em
peror of China.
The king gave
him a pension,
he dressed him
self in silks, and
was called " The
Great Admiral."
It is to be feared
this sudden rise
in the world puffed him up a great deal. To one of his com
panions he promised an island, and another island he was
going to bestow on his barber! On the strength of these
promises, both of these men set themselves up for counts !

CABOT AND HIS TWO COUNTS.

JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 21

That there were many fish on the new coast was a fact
which irapxessed the ££a£licai Bristol people, though Cabot
had no thought of engaging in Jrishery. He imjaginpd that
by sailing a little farther south than before he might come
to the large island that Marco Polo called Cipango, and
we now call Japan. He did not know that the far-off
country he had seen was not half so far away as Japan.
Cabot believed that all the spices and pr^eijQus stones in
the world came from Cipango.

King Henry the Seventh fitted out Cabot with another
and much larger expedition. This expedition went far to
the north along the coast of America, and then away to
the south as far as the shores of what is now the State
of North Carolina. Cabot found Indians dressed in skins,
and possessing no metal but a little copper. He found
no gold, and he brought back no spices. The island of
Cipango and the territories of the Emperor of China he
looked for in vain, though he was sure that he had reached
the coast of Asia.

Cabot's crew brought back stories of seas so thick with
codfish that their vessels were made to move more slowly
by them. They even told of bears swimming out into the
sea and catching codfish in their claws. But

s~\ ^ . }s\ _

the English people lost interest in voy
ages that brought neither gold nor
spices, and we do not know anything
more about Jjohn Cabot.

John Cabot's second son, Sebastian,
who was with him on this voyage, be-

JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN.

came, like his father, famous for his knowledge of geogra
phy, and was sometimes employed by the King of Spain
and sometimes by the King of England. He promoted
expeditions to try to find a way to China by the north
of Europe. When a very old man he took a great interest
in the sailing of a new expedition of discovery, and vis
ited with a company of ladies and gentlemen the Search-
thrift, a little vessel starting on a voyage of exploration to
the northeast. Having tasted of " such good cheer " as

the sailors
could make
aboard the
ship, and
after mak
ing them
liberal pres
ents, the
little com
pany went
ashore and
dined at
the sign of

the " Christopher," where the lively old gentleman for joy,
as it is said, at the " towardness ' of the discovery, danced
with the rest of " the young company," after which he
and his friends departed, " most gently commending" the
sailors to the care of God.

Car'-a-van, a company of merchants, or others, traveling together for
safety. No'-ta-ble, worthy of notice. Ad'-mi-ral, a title given to

JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 23

the commander of a fleet, and also in old times to a man who had per
formed some great exploit at sea. Towardness, forwardness. Count,
a title of nobility.

Tell in your own words about —

Caravans of spices. John Cabot's first voyage.

The travels of Cabot. John Cabot's second voyage.

The news from Columbus. Sebastian Cabot.

V.
Captain John Smith.

ON the estate of Lord Willoughby, in the
eastern part of England, there was a family of
poor tenants named Smith, who had a son born
in 1579. They named him John. John Smith is
the most common of names, but this was the
-"-^ most uncommon of all the John Smiths. He
was apprenticed to learn a trade, but he ran away from his
master and became, for a while, a servant to Lord Wil
loughby, who was going to Holland.

Like most runaway boys, he found the world a hard
place, and had to lead a very rough-and-tumble life. He
enlisted as a soldier ; he was shipwrecked ; he was robbed
and reduced to beggary ; and, if we may believe his own
story, he was once pitched into the sea by a company of
pilgrims, who thought that he had caused the storm, like
Jonah in the Bible. This must have happened not far from
shore, for he reached land without the aid of a whale,
and went into the war against the Turks. There he killed

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

three Turks in single combat,
and cut off their heads, but
Captain John Smith came near
losing his own head in the
fight with the last one.

The Turks captured Smith
afterward and made him a
slave. His Turkish master
was very cruel, and put an
iron collar on his neck. While

Smith was thrashing wheat one day with his dog-collar

on, the Turk began to

thrash him. Smith grew

angry, and, leaving the

wheat, hit his master with

the flail, killing him on the

spot. Then he took a bag

of wheat for food, mount
ed his master's horse and

escaped to the wilderness,

and got out of Turkey.
When, at last, Captain

Smith got back to England

with his wonderful budget

of stones about narrow es
capes and bloody fights, he

probably found it hard to

settle down to a peaceful life.

The English people were just

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

CROSS-BAR SHOT,

CLOSED AS PUT INTO A GUN

AND OPEN AFTER FIRING.

then talking a great deal about settling a colony in North

America, which was quite wild and almost wholly unex-

rjilored. Nothing suited the wandering and daring Cap
tain Smith better. He joined the com-

f; """ ' '-' f) pany which set sail for America, in three

little ships, in 1606. The largest of these
was called the Susan Constant.

I am sorry to say the people sent out
in this first company were what we should
call nowadays a hard set. They were
most of them men who knew nothing
about work. They had heard how the
Spaniards grew rich from the gold and

silver in South America, and they expected to pick up

gold without trouble.

The colony was settled at a place called Jamestown.

Soon after the settlers landed the Indians attacked them

while they were unarmed, and the settlers might all have

been put to death with the bows and arrows and war-clubs

of the savages, if the people on one of ;

the ships had not fired a cross-bar shot

— such as you see in the picture. This

cross-bar shot happened to cut down a

limb of a tree over the heads of the

Indians. When they heard the noise

of the cannon, like thunder, and saw

the tree-tops come tumbling on their

heads, the savages thought it was time

to make good use of their heels.

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

JOHN SMITH.

The people of that day did not know how to plant
colonies, and the lack of good food and shelter caused
the death of more than half of the James
town settlers. The Indians who lived near
them had fields of Indian corn, whose
streaming blades and waving tassels were
a strange sight to Englishmen. When at
last the corn was ripe, Captain John
Smith set sail in a small boat and traded
a lot of trinkets to the Indians for corn,
and so saved the lives of many of the people.
The English thought America was only a narrow strip
of land. They were still looking for a way to India, as
Columbus had looked for one more than a hundred years
before. The King of England had told them to explore
any river coming from the northwest. Smith therefore
set out to sail up the little Chickahom^iny River to find
the Pacific Ocean, not knowing that this ____
ocean was nearly three thousand miles away.

The daring captain left his two
men in charge of the boat while he
went on farther. The Indians
killed the men and then pur
sued Smith. Smith had taken
an Indian prisojieiv and he ;/^jf
saved himself by putting this
prisoner between him and his
enemies. But the Indians caught
Smith after he had fled into a

SMITH FIGHTS THE INDIANS.

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 2?

swamp, where he sank up to his waist in the mud, so
that he could neither fight nor run. He made friends with
the head Indian of the party by giving him a pocket-
compass and trying to explain its use.

As all the Indians had a great curiosity to see a white
man, Smith was marched from one Indian village to an
other ; but he was treated with a great deal of respect.
Perhaps the Indians thought that men who sailed in big
canoes and discharged guns that blazed and smoked and
made a noise like thunder and knocked the trees down,
must have some mysterious power. But they also thought
that if they could persuade the white people to give them
some big guns they could easily conquer all the Indian
tribes with which they were at war.

The Indians surrounded Smith with curious charms by
way of finding out whether he was friendly to them or
not. They fed him very well ; but Smith, who was as igno
rant of Indians as they were of
white people, thought that they
were fattening him to eat him, f

so he did not have much appetite.

Powhatan [pow-at-tan7] was
the name of the g^reat chief of
these Indians. This chief set
Smith free. He sent some men

along with him on his return to Jamestown to bring back
two cannons and a grindstone in exchange for the prisoner ;
but the Indians found these things rather too heavy to carry,
and they were forced to return with nothing but trinkets.

28 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

Captain Smith seems to have been the best man to
control the unruly settlers and manage the Indians. The
people in England who had sent out this colony thought
they could make the chief, Powhatan, friendly by send
ing him presents. They sent him a crown, a wash-basin,
and a bedstead, also a red robe, and other things quite un
necessary to a wild Indian. But when Powhatan for the
first time in his life had a bedstead and a wash-basin and
a red gown, he thought himself so important that he
would not sell corn to the settlers, who were in danger
of starving. Captain Smith, however, showed him some
blue glass beads, pretending that he could not sell them
because they were made of some substance like the sky,
and were to be worn only by the greatest princes. Pow
hatan became half crazy to get these precious jewels, and
Smith bought a large boat-load of corn for a pound or two
of beads.

Ap-pren'-tieed, bound to serve a master in order to learn a trade.
Pil'-grim, a traveler going to visit some holy place. Single com
bat, a duel, a fight between two men only. Ex-plore', to visit and
examine a country before unknown or little known. Un-ex-plored',
not yet visited or examined by civilized people. Trink'-et, a toy ; some
thing of small value.

Tell in your own words —

What you can remember of Captain Smith's curious adventures

before he went to Turkey.
His adventures in the war with the Turks.
His escape from slavery.
His captivity among the Indians.

Date and place to be remembered : First English colony settled in
America, at Jamestcywn, in the year 1607.

MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

VI.

More about Captain John Smith.

THE two best things about Captain John Smith were,
that he was never idle and he never gave up. He
was a good man to have in a colony, for he was
always trying to find out something new
or to accomplish some great
thing. He had not found a
way to China in the swamps
on the Chickahominy Riv
er ; he had only found a
mud-hole, and got him
self captured by the In
dians. But

30 MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

»•

he thought he might find the Pacific Ocean by
sailing up the Chesapeake [ches'-a-
peak] Bay. So he went twice
up this bay, exploring at last to
the very head of it. Of course,
he did not find a way into the
Pacific Ocean. We know well
enough nowadays that China is
not anywhere in the neighborhood
of Pinltimrrrr But Smith made a
good map of the great bay, and he
bought corn from the Indians, and so kept
the colony alive. This was better than finding a way
to China, if he had only known it.

In living in an open boat and sailing among Indians that
were very suspicious and unfriendly, Smith and his men
had to suffer many hardships. They were sometimes nearly
wrecked by storms, and once when their sail had been torn
to pieces they patched it with the shirts off their backs.
Their bread was spoiled by the splashing of the salt water,
and they suffered so much from thirst that at one time
they would have been willing to give a barrel of gold, if
they had only had it, for a drink of puddle-water. Some
times when sleeping on the ground they got so cold that
they were forced to get up in the night and move their
fire so that they could lie down on the warm earth where
the fire had been.

At one place the Indians shot arrows at them from the
trees. Then they tried to get the Englishmen to come on

MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

shore by dancing with baskets in their hands. Captain
Smith says that he felt sure they had nothing in their
baskets but \4Uainy. So he had his men fire off their
guns. The noise of the guns so frightened the savages
that they all dropped to the ground and then fled into the
woods. Smith and his men now ventured ashore and left
presents of beads, little bells, and looking-glasses in their
wigwams. Pleased with these things, the Indians became
friendly and fell to trading.

Once, when many of Captain Smith's men were ill, the
Indians attacked him. Smith put his sick men under
a tarpaulin, and mounted their hats on sticks among his
well men, so that
the boat appeared
to have its full
force. Having
procured Indian
shields of wicker-
W£ui, Captain
Smith put them
along the side of
his boat, so as to

SMITH AND HIS MEN IN CAMP.

:w^ ,JK

fight from behind
them. But he generally
made friends with the In
dian tribes, and he came back to Jamestown with plenty
of corn and furs.

Powhatan, the greatest of the Indian chiefs, wanted to
get the arms of the white men. Muskets, swords, and pis-

MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

tols were now and then stolen by the Indians, and Cap
tain Smith tried to put a stop to this thievery. Two In
dians who were brothers stole a pistol. They were capt
ured, and one of them was put into prison, while the other
was sent to get the pistol. The one in the prison was
allowed a fire of charcoal, to keep him from freezing.
When his brother came back, the prisoner was found

smothered by the gas
from the charcoal -fire.
The other poor fellow was
heart-broken ; but Captain
Smith succeeded in reviv
ing the one that had been
smothered. From this the
Indians concluded that he
was not only a great brave,
but a great medicine-man
as well, who could bring
dead people to life.

At another time an
Indian stole a bag of
gunpowder, which was a
thing of wonder to the
savages. He also stole a
piece of armor at; the same time. lie-
had seen white men dry their powder when wet by put
ting it into a piece of armor and holding it over the
fire. He tried to do the same thing ; but the fire was
too hot for the powder, and the Indian was treated to

MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 33

a very great surprise. This terrified the savages for a
time.

In 1609 there were many new-comers, and Captain
Smith's enemies got control of the colony. They sent
Smith home, and he never saw Virginia again.

Captain Smith afterward sailed on a voyage to New
England in 1614. While his men caught and salted fish to
pay for the expense of the voyage, Smith sailed in an open
boat along the New England coast. He traded with the
Indians, giving them beads and other trinkets for furs. He
also made the first good map of the coast. After he had
returned to England with furs, Hunt, who was captain of
his second ship, coaxed twenty-four Indians on board and
then sailed away with them to Spain. Here he made sale
of his ship-load of salted fish, and began to sell the poor
Indians for slaves. Some good monks, finding out what he
was doing, stopped him and took the Indians into their con
vent to make Christians of them. One of these Indians,
named Squanto [squon'-to], afterward found his way to
England, and from there was taken back to America.

Captain Smith tried very hard to persuade English peo
ple to plant a colony in New England. He finally set out
with only sixteen men to begin a settlement there. He had
made friends with the New England Indians, and he was
sure that with a few men he could still succeed in planting
a colony. But he had very bad luck. He first lost the
masts of his vessels in a storm. He returned to England
again and set sail in a smaller ship. He was then chased
by a pirate-vessel. Smith found, on hailing this ship, that

34 MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

some of the men on board had been soldiers under him in
the Turkish wars. They proposed to him to be their cap
tain, but he did not want to command such rogues.

Smith's little vessel had no sooner got away from these
villains, than he was chased by a French ship. He had to
threaten to blow up his ship to get his men to fight. He
escaped again, but the next time he was met by a fleet of
French privat££rjs. They made Smith come aboard one of
their vessels to show his papers. After they had got him
out of his ship they held him prisoner and took possession of
his cargo. They afterward agreed to let him have his vessel
again, as he was still determined to sail to New England ;
but his men wanted to turn back ; so, while Smith was on
the French ship, his own men ran away with his vessel and
got back to England. Thus his plan for a colony failed.

Smith spent his summer in the French fleet. When the
French privateers were fighting with an English vessel they
made Smith a prisoner in the cabin ; but when they fought
with Spanish ships they would put Smith at the guns and
make him fight with them. Smith reached England at last,
and had the satisfaction of having some of his runaway sail
ors put into prison. He never tried to plant another col
ony, though he was very much pleased with the success of
the Plymouth colony which settled in New England a few
years later than this. This brave, roving, fighting, boast
ing captain died in 1631, when he was fifty-two years old.

Vil'-lain-y, wickedness. Tar-pau'-lin, water-proof canvas for
covering goods. Wig'-wam, an Indian house. Wicker-work,
woven of twigs, like a basket. Piece of armor, one of the plates for-

MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 35

merly worn on the breast, back, or other part of a soldier for protection.
Pi'-rate, a sea-robber. Pri-va-teer', a war ship belonging to private
owners, with authority from a government to capture the vessels of an
enemy. Medicine-man, a priest and doctor among the Indians who
pretends to work by charms.

Tell what you can about —

Captain Smith in Chesapeake Bay.

Captain Smith's dealings with the Indians.

The Indians and the gunpowder.

Captain Smith's attempt to settle New England.

VII.

The Story of Pocahontas. ,

WHILE Captain John Smith was a prisoner among the
Indians of Powhatan's tribe< he made the acquaintance of
that chief's daughter, Pocahontas [po-ca-hun'-tas], a little
girl of ten or twelve years of age, with whom he was very
much pleased. Years afterward, he said that Powhatan had
at one time determined to put him to death ; but when
Captain Smith's head was ' laid upon some stones, and
Indians stood ready to beat out his brains, Pocahontas laid
her head on his, so that they could not kill Captain Smith
without striking her ; seeing which, Powhatan let him live.
Captain Smith said nothing about this qccurrejoc^e in the
first accounts of his captivity, and many people think that
it never happened.

But it is certain that, whether Pocahontas saved his
life at this time or not, he was much attached to her, and
she became very fond of going to Jamestown, where she

THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS.

played with the boys in the street. When the settlers
were in danger of starving, she brought them food. When

.w ,— ^... ._;.__ a m&ssrnger was sent

from Jamestown to
carry an important
message to Captain
Smith, then in Pow-
hatan's country, she
hid the man, and got
him through in spite
of Powhatan's desire
to kill him. When
the Indians intend
ed to kill Captain
Smith, she went to
his tent at night and
gave him warning.
Captain Smith of
fered her trinkets as
a reward, but she
refused them, with
tears in her eyes,
saying that Powha-

tan would kill her if he knew of her coming there. These
are the stories told of her in Captain Smith's history.
And when a number of white men then in the Indian
country were 'put to death, she saved the life of a white
boy named Henry Spelman by sending him away.

When Captain Smith had been in the colony two years,

POCAHONTAS CARRIES VENISON TO JAMESTOWN.

THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 37

ships came from London with many hundreds of people.
The ships that brought this company to Jamestown in
1609 were under the command of men that were enemies
of Captain Smith, who had come to be governor of the
colony. These men resolved to depose John Smith, so
as to get the government of Jamestown into their own
hands. Smith, having been injured by. an explosion of
gunpowder, consented to go back to England. His ene
mies sent charges against him. One of these charges was
that he wished to marry Pocahontas, who was now grow
ing up, and thus to get possession of the colony by claim
ing it for the daughter of Powhatan, whom the English
regarded as a kind of king.

The colony had every reason to be sorry that Captain
Smith was sent away. The men left in charge managed
badly, Powhatan ceased to be friendly, and his little daugh
ter did not come to see the English people any more.
The people of Jamestown were now so afraid of the In
dians that they dared not venture outside the town. Soon
all their food was gone, and they had eaten up their horses.
Some of the people were killed by the Indians ; some fled
in one of the ships and became pirates ; and great num
bers of them died of hunger.

Ships arrived at last, bringing help to the colony.
Under one governor and another Jamestown suffered many
troubles from sickness and from the Indians. There was in
the colony a sea-captain named Argall, who thought that,
if he could get Pocahontas into his power, her father, the
great chief Powhatan, might be persuaded to be peaceable,

THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS.

Pocahontas was by this time a young woman of about
eighteen. She was visiting an old chief named Japazaws,
who lived on the ^otomac^River. Argall was trading with
the Indians at Japazaws's town. He told Japazaws that, if
he would bring Pocahontas on board his ship, he would
give him a copper kettle. Every Indian wanted to have a
copper kettle, of all things. Japazaws and his wife, pre
tending that
they wished
; to see the
vessel, coaxed
Pocahontas to
go with them.
Argall refused
p^ to let her go
ashore again,
and carried her
to Jamestown
a prisoner.

Here she
stayed a year.

The English people in Jamestown refused to give her up
unless Powhatan would return some guns which the In
dians had taken. There was an Englishman living at
Jamestown, named John Rolfe, who fell in love with Poca
hontas, and proposed to marry her. When word was sent
to Powhatan of this, lie readily agreed to the marriage, and
an old uncle and two brothers of Pocahontas went down
to Jamestown to attend the wedding. Pocahontas, having

POCAHONTAS TAKEN PRISONER.

THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS.

been instructed in the Christian religion, was baptized in
the little church, and married to Rolfe in 1614. Her real
name was Matoax, but her father called her Pocahontas.
When she was baptized, she took the name of Rebecca.

THE WEDDING OF POCAHONTAS.

The marriage of Pocahontas brought peace with the
Indians. In 1616, with her little baby-boy, Pocahontas
was taken to England. Here she was called " the Lady
Rebecca/' and treated with great respect as the daughter
of a king.

The people at Jamestown had told Pocahontas that John
Smith was dead. When she saw him alive in England, she

4O THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS.

was very much offended. She fell into such a pout that for
some time she would not speak to anybody. Then she
ajmounced her intention of calling Captain Smith her father,
after the Indian^prkm of adoption.

She was greatly pette<TT)y"~the king and queen and all
the great people. The change from a smoky bark hut
to high life in England must have been very great, but
she surprised everybody by the quickness with which
she learned to behave rightly in any company. She was
much pleased with England, and was sorry to go back.
When she was ready to sail, she was attacked by small
pox, and died.

Her little boy was now left in England. Captain Argall,
who had made Pocahontas prisoner, was now made Gov
ernor of Virginia. He was a very dishonest man, and he
and some partners of his appear to have had a scheme to
get possession of the colony by claiming it for the child of
Pocahontas as the grandson of " King Powhatan." Argall
sent word to England that the Indians had resolved to sell
no more land, but to keep it all for this child. This was, no
doubt, a falsehood. Argall was a bad governor, and he was
soort recalled, and a better man took his place. The son of
Pocahontas returned to Virginia when he was grown.

But when Pocahontas was dead, and Powhatan also,
there was nothing to keep the Indians quiet, and in 1622
they suddenly fell upon the settlement and killed more
than three hundred people in one day. Long and bloody
wars followed, but the colony of Virginia lived through
them all.

THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS.

INDIAN MASSACRE IN VIRGINIA.

Col'-o-ny, a company of people who have left their native country
to dwell together in some distant land. A-dop'-tion, the taking of a
person as a relative who is not naturally so. Re-called', called back.

Tell in your own words the story of —

Pocahontas saving Captain Smith's life. Pocahontas and the
messenger. Pocahontas warning Smith. Pocahontas saving
Spelman.
Also tell about—

The sending of Captain Smith to England. The famine at James
town.
Also tell of—

Pocahontas a prisoner. Her marriage. Her visit to England. Her
death. Her son.

HENRY HUDSON.

HUDSON STOPPED BY ICE.

VIII.
Henry Hudson.

THREE hundred years ago England was rather poor
in people and in money. Spain had become rich and im
portant by her gold-mines in the ^est__kidies and the cen,
tral parts of America. Portugal^ had been enriched b%
finding a way around Africa to India, where many things
such as silks and spices were bought to be sold in Europe
at high prices. Some thoughtful men in England had an
idea that as the Portuguese had reached India by sailing
round the Eastern Continent on the south, the English
might find a way to sail to India around the northern
part of Europe and Asia. By this means the English

HENRY HUDSON. 43

ships would also be able to get the precious things to
be found in the East.

For this purpose some London merchants founded the
Mus-co'-vy Company, with old Sebastian Cabot at its head.
This Muscovy^Company had not succeeded in finding a
way to China round the north of Europe, but in trying
to do this its ships had opened a valuable trade with Rus
sia [rush'-ah], or Muscovy as it was then called, which was
a country but little known before.

One of the founders of this Muscovy Company was a
rich man named Henry Hudson. It is thought that he
was the grandfather of Henry Hudson, the explorer. The
merchants who made up this company were in the habit
of sending out their sons, while they were boys, in the
ships of the company, to learn to sail vessels and to gain
a knowledge of the languages and habits of trade in dis
tant countries. Henry was sent to sea while a lad, and was
no doubt taught by the ship-captains all about sailing ves
sels. When he grew to be a man, he wished to make him
self famous by finding a northern way to China.

In the spring of 1607, almost four months after Captain
Smith had left London with the colony bound for James
town, his friend Hudson was sent out by the Muscovy Com
pany to try once more for a passage to China. He had
only a little ship, which was named Hopewell, and he had
but ten men, including his own son John Hudson. He
found that there was no way to India by the north pole.
But he went farther north than any other man had gone.

Hudson made an important discovery on this voyage.

HENRY HUDSON.

He found whales in the Arctic Seas,

and the Muscovy Company now fitted

out whaling ships to catch them. The

next year the brave Hudson tried to

pass between Srjitz-ber^-en and Nova

Zemfela [no'-vah zem'-blah], but he "was again turned back

by the walls of ice that fence in the frozen pole.

By this time the Muscovy Company was discouraged,
and gave up trying to get to India by going round
the north of Europe. They thought it better to make
money out of the whale-fishery that Hudson had found.
But in Holland there was the Qutch East India Com
pany, which sent ships round Africatcr7ndTaT^TTiey~Tiad
^^.^p^, heard of the voyages of Hudson,

-df&jd&RJif^ wno nac^ §"ot the name of " the

bold Englishman." The Dutch
Company was afraid that the
English, with Hudson's help,
might find a nearer way by
the north, and so get the
trade away from them. So
they sent for " the bold Eng
lishman," and 'hired him to find
this new route for them.

Hudson left Arjisterdam in
1609 in a ^acht called "The Half
^ Moon." He sailed round Nor
way and found his old enemy the ice as bad as ever about
Nova Zembla. Just before leaving home Hudson had re-

THIS MAP SHOWS THE WAY TO INDIA AND
CHINA BY THE SOUTH, AND HOW HUD
SON TRIED TO REACH THOSE LANDS BY
SAILING AROUND BY THE NORTH.

HENRY HUDSON.

THE HALF MOON VISITED BY THE INDIANS

ceived a letter from his friend Captain John Smith, in
Virginia, telling him that there was a strait leading into
the Pacific Ocean, to the north of Virginia, j Hudson per
suaded his men to turn about and sail with him to America
to look for the way to India that Smith had written about.
So they turned to the westward and sailed to Ncwjcjimi-
land, and thence down the coast until they were opposite
lame^Jiiyer. Then Hudson turned north again, and began
to look for a gateway through this wild and unknown coast.
He sailed into ^Delaware Bay, as ships do now on their way
to PhjlaHplphiq Then he sailed out again and followed the

shore till he came to the opening by which thousands of
ships nowadays go into -N^u^York.

He passed into New York Bay, where no vessel had
ever been before. He said it was " a very good land to fall

HENRY HUDSON.

in with, and a pleasant land to see." The
New Jersey Indians swarmed about the ship
dressed in fur robes and feather mantles, and
wearing- copper necklaces. Hudson thought
some of the waterways about New York
harbor must lead into the Pacific.

He sent men out in a boat to examine the
bays and rivers. They declared that the
land was " as pleasant with grass and flow
ers as ever they had seen, and very sweet Ji
smells." But before they got back, some
Indians attacked the boat and killed one
man by shooting him with an arrow.

When the Indians came round the
ship again, Hudson made two of them
prisoners, and dressed them up in
red coats. The rest he drove away.
As he sailed farther up from the
sea, twenty-eight dug-put
canoes filled with men,
women, and children,
paddled about the ship.
The white men traded
with them, giving them
trinkets for oysters and
beans, but none were
allowed to come aboard.
As the ship sailed

HENRY HUDSON,

on up the river that we now call the Hudson, the two
Indian prisoners saw themselves carried farther and farther
from their home. One morning they jumped out of a
port-hole and swam ashore, without even stopping to say
good-by. They stood on the bank and mocked the men
on the Half Moon as she sailed away up the river.

Hudson's ship anchored again opposite the ^.atskjl-l
Mountains, and here he found some very friendly Indians,
who brought corn,
pumpkins, and to
bacco to sell to the
crew. Still farther
up the river Hudson
visited a tribe on
shore, and wondered
at their great heaps
of corn and beans.
The chief lived in a
round bark house.
Captain Hudson was
made to sit on a

mat and eat from a red wooden bowl. The Indians wished
him to stay all night ; they broke their arrows and threw
them into the fire, to show their friendliness.

Hudson found the river growing sjiallow^r. When he
got near where Albany now stands he sent a row-boat yet
higher up. Then he concluded that this was not the way
to the Pacific. He turned round and sailed down the river,
and then across the ocean to England. The Half Moon

48 HENRY HUDSON.

returned to Holland, and the Dutch sent out other ships to
trade in the river which Hudson had found. In the course
of time they planted a colony where New York now stands.

Captain Hudson did not try to go round the north of
Europe any more. But the next spring he sailed in an
English ship to look for a way round the north side of
the American Continent. On this voyage he discovered
the great bay that is now called Hudson's Bay.

In this bay he spent the winter. His men suffered from
hunger and sickness. In the summer of 1611, after he had,
with tears in his eyes, divided his last bread with his men,
these wicked fellows put him into a boat with some sick
sailors and cast them all adrift in the great bay.

The men on the ship shot some birds for food, but in a
fight with the Indians some of the leaders in the plot against
Hudson were killed. The seamen, as they sailed home
ward, grew so weak from hunger that they had to sit down
to steer the vessel. When at last Juet, the mate, who had
put Hudson overboard, had himself died of hunger, and all
the rest had lain down in despair to die, they were saved
by meeting another ship.

Ex-plor'-er, one who travels to unknown countries to find out what
they are. Dutch, belonging to Holland. Dug'-out ca-noes', boats
made by hollowing out a log. Port'-hole, an opening in the side of a ship,
through which a cannon may be fired. Yacht (yot), a kind of small vessel.

Tell what you can remember about Hudson's attempt to get to China

by going round the north of Europe.
Tell of Hudson's discovery and exploration of the Hudson River. »

Of Hudson's discovery of a great bay.

Of his death.

A |

(ji ,(A.-t-i.O' ^ A.

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 49

IX.

Captain Myles Standish.

THIRTEEN years after the first settlement at James
town a colony was planted in New England. We have
seen that the rough-and-ready John Smith was the man
who had to deal with the Indians in Virginia. So the
first colony in New England had also its soldier, a brave
and rather hot-tempered little man — Captain Standish.

Myles Standish was born in England in 1584. He be
came a soldier, and, like John Smith, went to fight in the
Low Country — that is in what we now call Holland — which
was at that time fighting to gain its liberty from Spain.

The Government of Holland let people be religious in
their own way, as our country does now. In nearly all
other countries at that time people were punished if they
did not worship after the manner of the established church
of the land. A little band of people in the north of Eng
land had set up a church of their own. For this they
were persecuted. In order to get away from their troubles
they sold their houses and goods and went over to Hol
land. These are the people that we now call " the Pil
grims," because of their wanderings.

Captain Standish, who was also from the north of Eng
land, met these countrymen of his in Holland. He liked
their simple service and honest ways, and he lived among
them though he did not belong to their church.

The Pilgrims remained about thirteen years in Hol
land. By this time they had made up their minds to seek

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH.

THE MAYFLOWER.

a new home in the wild woods of America. About a hun
dred of them bade the rest good-by and sailed for Amer
ica in the Mayflower in
1620. As there might
be some fighting to
do, the brave sol
dier Captain Myles
Standish went along
with them.
The ship first reached
land at Cape Cod.
Captain Stan3ish ancf
sixteen men landed, and
marched along the shore looking
In one spot they found the ground
Digging here, they discovered In
dian baskets filled with corn. Indian corn is an American
plant, and they had never before seen it. The beautiful
grains, red, yellow, and white, were a " goodly sight," as
they said. Some of this corn they took with them to plant
the next spring. The Pilgrims paid the Indians for this
seed-corn when, they found the right owners.

Standish made his next trip in a boat. This time he
found some Indian wigwams covered and lined with mats.
In December, Captain Standish made a third trip along
the shore. It was now so cold that the spray froze to the
clothes of his men while they rowed. At night they slept
behind a little barricade made of logs and boughs, so as
to be ready if the Indians should attack them.

for a place to settle,
freshly patted down.

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 5 I

One morning some of the men carried all their guns
down to the water-side and laid them in the boat, in order
to be ready for a start as soon as breakfast should be fin
ished. But all at once there broke on their ears a sound
they had never heard before. It was the wild war-whoop
of a band of Indians whose arrows rained around Stand-
ish and his men. Some of the men ran to the boat for
their guns, at which the Indians raised a new yell and
sent another lot of arrows flying after them. But once
the white men were in possession of their guns, they fired

a volley which made
the Indians take to
their heels. One un
commonly brave In
dian lingered behind
a tree to fight it out
alone ; but when a
bullet struck the tree and sent bits of bark and splinters
rattling about his head, he thought better of it, and ran
after his friends into the woods.

Captain Standish and his men at length came to a
place \vhich John Smith, when he explored, the coast, had
called Plymouth [plim'-uth]. Here the Pilgrims found a
safe harbor for ships and some running brooks from
which they might get fresh water. They therefore se
lected it for their landing-place. There had once been
an Indian town here, but all the Indians in it had died
of a pestilence three or four years before this time. The
Indian corn-fields were now lying idle, which was lucky

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH.

for the Pilgrims, since otherwise they would have had to
chop down trees to clear a field.

The Pilgrims landed on the 2ist day of December, in
our way of counting, or, as some say, the 22d. They
built some rough houses, using paper dipped in oil in
stead of window-glass. But the bad food and lack of
warm houses or clothing brought on a terrible sickness,
so that here, as at Jamestown, one half of the people died

in the first year. Cap
tain Standish lost his wife,
but he himself was well
enough to be a kind nurse
to the sick. Though he
was born of a high family,
he did not neglect to do
the hardest and most dis
agreeable work for his
sick and dying neighbors.
As there were not many
houses, the people in Plym
outh were divided into
nineteen families, and the
single men had to live with
one or another of these
families. A young man
named John Alden [awl'-
den] was^ssi|piod to live in
Captain Standish's house.
Some time after Standish's

A PURITAN MAIDEN.

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 53

wife died the captain thought he would like to marry a
young woman named Priscilla Mullins. But as Standish
was much older than Priscilla, and a rough-spoken soldier
in his ways, he asked his young friend Alden to go to the
Mullins house and try to secure Priscilla for him.

It seems that John Alden loved Priscilla, and she did
not dislike him. But Standish did not know this, and poor
Alden felt bound to do as the captain requested. In that
day the father of the young lady was asked first. So Alden
went to Mr. Mullins and told him what a brave man Cap
tain Standish was. Then he asked if Captain Standish
might marry Priscilla.

" I have no objection to Captain Standish," said Pris-
cilla's father, " but this is a matter she must decide."

So he called in his daughter, and told her in Alden's
presence that the young man had come to ask her hand
in marriage with the brave Captain Standish. Priscilla
had no notion of marrying the captain. She looked at
the young man a moment, and then said :

"Why don't you speak for yourself, John?"

The result was that she married John Alden, and Cap
tain Standish married another woman. You may read this
story, a little changed, in Longfellow's poem called " The
Courtship of Miles Standish."

Per'-se-cu-ted, punished unjustly ; troubled on account of religion.
Bar-ri-eade', something hastily thrown up for protection, War'-
whoop, a cry by which the Indians try to frighten their enemies in
battle. Vol'-ley, a discharge of many small arms at once. Pes'-ti-
lence, any fatal sickness that spreads from one to another, so that a
large number of people die of it in a short time. Re-quest'-ed, asked.
5

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH.

Tell in your own words —

How the Pilgrims came to be in Holland.

About their coming to America.

Their troubles in trying to find a place to live.

About their sufferings in Plymouth.
Tell— How Standish came to know the Pilgrims ?

Why he came to Plymouth ?

The curious story of his courtship ?

Myles Standish and the Indians.

THE Indians, having got one taste of the
fire-arms of the white men, were afraid to
attack Plymouth. But they thought that
they might get rid of the white men by
witchcraft. So they held what they called
a "powwow" in a big swamp, to per
suade the spirits to kill or drive away
the new-comers. Sometimes the Pil
grims would see some Indians on a hill
top near Plymouth. But the savages al
ways ran away as soon as they were dis
covered. Perhaps they came to see whether
the Plymouth people had all been killed

DANCING MEDICINE-MAN.

But in the spring a chief from a place farther east
came to visit the Indians near Plymouth. He had met
English fishermen and learned a little English. He was
not afraid to visit the white men. Walking boldly into

MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS.

INDIAN

BOW

AND
ARROW.

the little town, he said, " Welcome, Englishmen."
The Pilgrims were surprised to hear two English
words from the mouth of an Indian.

They treated this Indian well, and he came again
bringing an Indian named Squanto [squon'-to] who
could speak more English. Squanto, who had lived
at Plymouth, was one of the Indians carried away
to Spain by Captain Hunt. From Spain he had
been taken to England, and then brought back to
America. When he got home to Plymouth he found
that all the people of his village had died of the
pestilence.

Squanto now came again to the old home of his
people at Plymouth and lived with the Pilgrims. He
showed the English a way to catch eels by treading
them out of the mud with his feet. He knew
the woods and waters well, and he showed
them how to hunt and fish. He taught them
how to plant Indian corn as the Indians did,
putting a fish or two in every hill for ma
nure, and then watching the fields for awhile
to keep the wolves from digging up the
buried fish. Without the seed-corn and the
help of Squanto the whole colony would
have starved.

Squanto liked to make himself important
among the Indians by boasting of the power
of his friends the white men. He talked about the dread
ful gunpowder kept in the cellar at Plymouth. He also

SQUANTO
CATCHING EELS.

56 MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS.

told them that the horrid pestilence was kept in the same
cellar with the powder.

Massasoit [mas-sa-so'-it], the chief of Squanto's tribe,
came to see the Pilgrims, bringing some other Indians with
him. They were taken into the largest house in Plymouth
and seated on a green mat and some cushions. The Gov
ernor of the colony was then brought in while the trum
pets were blowing and the drums beating. This parade
pleased the Indians, but they were much afraid of the
Plymouth people. Afterward the Pilgrims sent Massasoit a
red cotton coat and a copper chain, and by degrees a firm
friendship was made between him and the white men.

Captain Standish was a little man, and one of his ene
mies once nick-named him " Captain Shrimp." But the
Indians soon learned to be afraid of him. When a chief
near by threatened to trouble the Pilgrims and kill Squan-
to, Standish marched to the spot and surrounded his wig
wam. Having fired on the Indians and frightened them,
he took three whom he had wounded back to Plymouth
with him. The white people cured their wounds and sent
them home again.

The Nar-ra-gan'-sett Indians were enemies of Massasoit.
None of their people had died of the pestilence, and they
were therefore stronger than Massasoit's tribe. The Narra-
gansetts sent a bundle of arrows to Plymouth tied up in a
snake's skin. Squanto told the English that this meant to
say that they would come and make war on Plymouth.
The Pilgrims filled the snake's skin with bullets, and sent
it back. This was to say, " Shoot your arrows at us and we

MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS.

will kill you with our bullets." The Narragan-
setts were so afraid of the bullets that they sent
them back to Plymouth, and there was no war.

When the Pilgrims had been settled at Plym
outh more than a year, a ship brought them news
of the dreadful massacre that had taken place in
Virginia. The Pilgrims were afraid something
of the kind might happen to them. So Cap
tain Standish trained the Plymouth men, and
they kept guard every night. They put can
non on the roof of their meeting-house and
carried their guns to church.

A company of people from England made a
settlement at Weymouth [way'-muth], not very
far from Plymouth. They were rude and famil
iar, and the Indians soon despised them. Some
Indian warriors made a plan to kill them all.
They intended to kill the Plymouth people at
the same time. But Massasoit told the Pilgrims
about it, and said they must go and kill the lead
ers before they had a chance to kill the white me.n.

Captain Standish set out for the colony at
Weymouth. He took but few men, so that the
Indians might not guess what he came for. But
they saw that the little captain was very " angry
in his heart," as they said. Seeing how few his
men were they tried to frighten him.

One of these Indians named Wittamut sharp
ened the knife which he wore hanging about his

MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS.

neck. While sharpening it he said to Captain Standish :
" This is a good knife. On the handle is the picture of a
woman's face. But I have another knife at home with
which I have killed both Frenchmen and Englishmen.
That knife has a man's face on it. After a while these two
will get married."

A large Indian named Pecksuot said : " You are a cap
tain, but you are a little man. I am not a chief, but I am
strong and brave."

It was now a question whether Standish would attack
the Indians or wait for them to begin. One day when
Wittamut, Pecksuot, and two other Indians were in the
room with Standish and some of his men, the captain made
a signal, and himself snatched the knife
that hung on Pecksuot's neck and stabbed
him to death after a terrible struggle.
His men killed the other Indians in the
same way. The rest of their tribe
^ fled to the woods for fear, and

after that the English
>.' were called "stabbers"
in the Indian language.
The Pilgrims were often
very near to starvation dur
ing the first years after they

A PLYMOUTH SETTLER GETTING HIS DINNER.

settled at Plymouth. At one

time they lived on clams and lobsters and such fish as
they could catch. Standish made many voyages along
the coast, trading with the Indians for furs, which were

MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 59

sent to England and exchanged for whatever the settlers
might need.

A few years after the Pilgrims settled Plymouth people
began to settle near them, and in 1630 there came over a
large number of people, who founded Roston and other
Massachusetts towns. Captain Standish lived to be more
than seventy years old and to see many thousands of people
in New England. He owned a place at Duxbury, just
across the bay from Plymouth. He died there in 1656.
The hill which he owned is still called " Captain's Hill."

Witch'-craft, the use of charms or ceremonies in order to persuade
the spirits to do some wonderful thing. .Pow'-\vow, mysterious cere
monies practiced by the Indians. Shrimp, a creature resembling a lob
ster, but smaller; a little wrinkled man. Sig'-nal, a sign given to another.

Tell in your own words —

How the Indians tried to get rid of the white men.

How the first Indian came to Plymouth.

About Squanto.

About Massasoit.

About the Narragan setts.

How and why Standish killed certain Indians.

About the beginning of Boston.

XI.

William Penn.

V WILLIAM PENN, who founded Pennsylvania, was born in
London, England, in 1644. He was the only son of Admiral
William Penn. Admiral Penn had become a captain before
he was twenty, and had distinguished himself in naval bat-

WILLIAM PENN.

ties. He was a rich man, lived fashionably, and was re
ceived at court. He wanted to make his son William a
man of importance in the world like himself. So William
Penn was carefully educated. When he was at Oxford he
heard a man named Thomas Loe preach against such things
as the wearing of gowns by students. It had been the cus
tom for. the students in the col
leges at Oxford to wear gowns;
but the Puritans, who ruled
England after Charles I was
beheaded, forbade this, having
a notion that it was wicked.
When King Charles II was re
stored to the throne, the stu
dents were again required to
put on gowns. Under the i^-
fluence of Loe's preaching, Penn
and some other young men refused to dress in this way,
and they even went so far as to tear off the gowns of other
students. For this Penn was expelled from the university.
William Penn's father was very angry with his son
when he came home expelled. He was afraid that his son
would join the Friends, or Quakers, who not only refused
to take part in the ceremonies of the English Church, but
also refused to serve the king as soldiers, believing war to
be wicked. They would not make oath in court, nor would
they take off their hats to anybody. Admiral Penn did not
like to see his son adopt the opinions and ways of a people
so much despised and persecuted.

TEARING OFF A STUDENT'S GOWN.

WILLIAM PENN. 6l

Hoping that William would forget these impressions, he
sent him to France. Here young Penn was presented at
the court of Louis XIV, and here he finished his educa
tion. He then traveled in Italy, and returned to England
when he was twenty years old. His father was well
pleased to see that he had improved in manners, and
seemed to have forgotten his Quaker ideas.

He was presented at the court of Charles II, and became
a law student. He also carried disrjatches from his father's
fleet to the king. In 1665 the plague broke out in London,
and in these sad times William Penn's religious feelings
began to return.

His father, hoping to give him something else to think
about, sent him to Ireland to attend to some land which
belonged to the admiral. Here he was presented at the
court of the viceroy, the Duke of Ormond.
He served as "a soldier for a little while dur
ing an insurrection. You will see that his
portrait was painted in armor, after
the fashion of fine gentlemen of that
time. But while Penn was in Ire
land, he heard that Thomas Loe, ,
whose preaching had affected him so
much when he was a student, was to
preach in Cork. Penn went to hear
him ; all his old feelings revived, and he W1LL1AM PENN AS A YOUNG MAN.
became a Friend. He now attended the
meetings of the Friends, or Quakers, for which he was at
length arrested and thrown into prison with the rest of the

WILLIAM PENN.

congregation. He was afterward set free. His father,
hearing of what his son had been doing, sent for him.
Admiral Penn was very angry with William, but he told
him that he would forgive him
everything else if he would take
off his hat to his father, to the
king, and to the king's broth
er, the Duke of York. Will
iam took some time to think
of it, and then told his father
that he could not promise even
this. The admiral then turned
his son out-of-doors. But his
mother sent him money, and after
a time he was allowed to come
home, but not to see his father.
William Penn presently began to preach and write in
favor of the doctrines of the Friends. He soon got into
trouble, and was imprisoned in the Tower
of London for eight months. The
Duke of York was a great friend
of William Penn's father, and
he finally got Penn released
from the Tower. The father
now gave up opposing his •
son's religion. William Penn was ar
rested again in about a year for preach
ing in the street. He was tried, and spoke for himself
very boldly in court. The jury, after listening to him,

PENN THINKS IT WRONG
TO TAKE OFF HIS HAT TO HIS FATHER.

TOWER OF LONDON.

WILLIAM PENN.

PENN APPEALS TO THE JURY.

would not bring1 in any verdict but that he was guilty of
speaking in the street.

The judges were very angry with the jury, but the
jurymen would not change their verdict. The judges of
that day were very tyrannical. The jurymen in this case
were fined, and sent to prison along with William Penn,
who was imprisoned for wearing his hat in court. Soon
after Penn was released, his father died. The admiral
asked the Duke of York to befriend his son, who, he
feared, would always be in trouble.

Penn now traveled in England, Wales, Ireland, Holland,
and Germany, on his preaching journeys. He used all the

WILLIAM PENN.

influence he had at court with the king and the king's
brother, the Duke of York, to get Quakers and other perse
cuted people out of prison.

The American colonies had come to be a place for peo
ple of all religions to flee to when they were troubled in
England. Some members of the Society of Friends — Penn
among others — began to be interested in West Jersey, a
part of what is now the State of New Jersey, as a place
of refuge for Quakers.

The English Government owed Penn's father a large
sum of money. Charles II was in debt, and found it hard
to pay what he owed, so at length Penn persuaded the
king to grant him a tract of land on the west side of the

Delaware River. The king
:•;.-> named this Pennsylvania,
in honor of Admiral Penn.
Wj William Penn made the laws of
his colony such that nobody in it
would be troubled because of his
religion. He sent some colonists
there in 1681. Some of the people
dug holes in the river-bank to live
\ in when they first reached Penn
sylvania. Penn himself came the

next year, and laid out a city, naming it Philadelphia,
which means " Brotherly Love."

William Penn managed the Indians well, and for many
years after his death Pennsylvania had no wars. Penn made
a treaty with the Indians under a large elm, in 1682. The

WILLIAM PENN.

woods were filled with savages, all armed and painted.
The Quakers were but a handful. They wore neither weap
ons nor ornaments, except that
Penn had a sky-blue sash around
his waist. The Indians seat
ed themselves on the ground
around their various chiefs
in the form of half-moons.

Is**'.-

When Penn was a young
man he had been famous
for his skill in jumping and
other exercises. Finding
the Indians engaged in a
jumping-match one day, he
took part with them, and
they were much pleased to
have the great governor

share in their sport. Pennsylvania grew much faster than
any of the other colonies. The government established
by Penn was free, the Indians were friendly, and the
land was sold in small farms, so that poor men could own
their farms. People, therefore, liked to settle in Penn's
colony.

After two years William Penn went back to England.
King Charles II died soon after. William Penn's friend,
the Duke of York, now became king as James II, and Penn
was seen a great deal in the palace. He got the Friends
relieved from all their troubles, but he came to be hated a
great deal by those who disliked King James. When this

PENN AND THE INDIANS.

66 WILLIAM PENN.

king was driven from England, and King William and
Queen Mary were set up in his stead, Penn was very
much suspected of wishing to bring James back. He was
arrested several times, but nothing could be proved against
him. The control of Pennsylvania was taken from him
also, but this was afterwards restored.

Penn returned to Pennsylvania in 1699. He was once
taking a journey through his province when he met a little
girl named Rebecca Wood going to " meeting " on foot.
He took the little girl up behind him on his horse, and the
great proprietor of Pennsylvania was seen riding gravely
along with the bare legs and feet of a poor little girl dan
gling at his horse's side.

Penn returned again to England, and, after many years,
died in 1718. His descendants appointed the governors of
Pennsylvania until the Revolution.

WAMPUM BELT GIVEN BY THE INDIANS TO WILLIAM PENN.

Na'-val bat'-tles, battles between ships at sea. U'-ni-ver'-si-ty,
a title given to all the colleges at Oxford taken together. Ex-pelled',
turned out. Dis-patch'-es, written messages. The plague, a terrible
disease which in old times caused the death of many thousands of peo
ple. Vice'-roy, one who governs a kingdom or province in place of a
king. Re-vived', came to life again. Ju'-ry, a company of men,
usually twelve in number, selected to hear testimony and decide a case.
Ju'-ry-men, the members of a jury. Ver'-dict, the decision of a jury.
Ty-ran'-nic-al, overbearing, like a tyrant. Pal'-ace, the house of a
king. Pro-pri'-e-tor, owner.

WILLIAM PENN. 6/

Tell all you can remember about —

How William Penn became a Friend.

William Penn and his father.

Penn's troubles as a Quaker preacher.

How Penn got Pennsylvania.

The settlement of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania.

Penn's life afterwards.

XII.

King Philip.

WHEN the Pilgrims first came to New England they
found that the nearest tribe of Indians, the Wam-pa-no'-ags,
of which Massasoit was chief, had been much reduced in
number by a dreadful sickness. The bones of the dead lay
bleaching on the ground.

The next neighbors to the Wampaupags were the Nar-
ragansetts. These had not been visited by the great sick
ness, but were as numerous and strong as ever. Massasoit
was, therefore, very glad to have the English, with their
strange guns and long swords, near him, to protect his peo
ple from the Narragansetts.

The two sons of Massasoit had been named by the white
people Alexander and Philip, and they were very proud of
their names. These young men remained friendly to the
settlers for some time after their father's death. But many
things made the Indians discontented. They readily sold
their lands to the white people for blankets, hatchets, toys,
and such things. The ground was all covered with woods,
and, as they used it only for hunting, it was of little value.

KING PHILIP.

But when they saw how much the white men made out of
it they wished to be paid over again.

Many of this tribe of Indians became Christians through
the preaching of John Eliot, who was called " The Apostle
to the Indians." These were called " praying Indians."
They settled in villages and tried to live like white people,
though they continued to dwell in bark-houses, because
they found that the easiest way to clean house was to leave
the old one and build a new. They no longer followed
their chiefs or respected the charms of the medicine-men.
It made the great men among the Indians angry to see their
people leave them.

The young chief Alexander began to show ill-feeling
toward the white people. The rulers of Plymouth Colony
took harsh measures with him. They
sent some soldiers and brought him
to Plymouth to answer for his con
duct. When this proud Indian saw
himself arrested and degraded in this
way he felt it bitterly. He was
taken sick at Plymouth, and died
soon after he got home.

The Indians imagined that Alex
ander had died of poison given him
by white men. Some time afterward
the white people heard that Alexan
der's brother, Philip, was sharpening hatchets and knives.
They immediately sent for him, and forced him and his
men to give up the seventy guns they had brought with

ARREST OF ALEXANDER.

KING PHILIP.

them. They also made Philip promise to send in all the
other guns his men had.

When the white people first came, the Indians had noth
ing to shoot with but bows and arrows. In Philip's time
they had given up bows,
finding guns much better
for killing game. You may
be sure that when Philip
once got away from the
white people he did not send
in any more guns. But he
hid his anger, as an Indian

always does, and waited for
a chance to strike.

Though Philip lived in a
common, dirty wigwam, and
was probably often in need of food, he was called King
Philip, and he proudly called himself a king and thought
himself as great a man as the King of England. He had a
coat made of shell-beads, or wampum. These beads were
made by breaking and polishing little bits of hard-clam
shells, and then boring a hole through them with a stone
awl, as you see in the picture. Wampum was used for
money among the Indians, and even among the white peo
ple at that time. Such a coat as Philip's was very valuable.
Philip dressed himself, also, in a showy red blanket ; he
wore a belt of wampum about his head and another long
belt of wampum around his neck, the ends of which dangled
nearly to the ground.

BORING WAMPUM.

KING PHILIP.

WAMPUM BELT.

The quarrel between the white people and the Indians
grew more bitter. An Indian, who had told the white men
of Philip's plans, was put to death, probably by Philip's
order. The white people hanged the Indians who had
killed their friend.

The Indians under Philip were now resolved on war.
But their medicine-men, or priests, who pretended to talk
with spirits, told them that whichever side should shed
the first blood would be beaten in the war. The Indians
burned houses and robbed farms, but they took pains not
to kill anybody, until a white man had wounded an In
dian. Then, when blood had been shed, they began to kill
the white people.

This Indian war broke out in 1675. The New England
people lived at that time in villages, most of them not very
far from the sea. The more exposed towns were struck
first. The people took refuge in strong houses, which were
built to resist the Indians. But everywhere those who
moved about were killed. Some were shot in going for
water, others were slain as they ran out after the savages
had set fire to their houses.

The white men sent out troops, but the Indians some-

KING PHILIP. 7l

times waylaid soldiers and killed them suddenly. Philip
cut up his fine wampum coat and sent the bead money of
which it was made to neighboring chiefs to persuade them
to join him. Soon other tribes, anxious to share in the
plunder and slaughter, entered the fight.

As the Indians grew bolder, they attacked the white
men in their forts or block-houses. At Brookfield they
shot burning arrows on the roof of the block-house, but
the white men tore off the shingles and put out the
fire. Then the savages crept up and lighted a fire under
one corner of the house ; but the men inside made a
dash and drove back the enemy and put the fire out.
Then the Indians made a cart with a barrel for a wheel.
They loaded this with straw and lighted it, and backed
the blazing mass up against the house, sheltering them
selves behind it. Luckily a shower came up at that mo
ment and put out the fire.

A very curious thing happened at Hadley. An old
gentleman named General Goffe was hid away in a house
in that town. He was one of the judges that had con
demned Charles I to death twenty-six years before. When
the son of King Charles I came to be king he put to death

KING PHILIP.

such of these judges as he could find, and Goffe had to
flee from England and hide. Nobody in the village knew
that Goffe was there, except those who entertained him.
While all the people were at church one Sunday, the old

general ventured to look out
of the window, which he did
not dare to do at other times.
He saw the Indians coming
to attack the town. He rushed
out and gave the alarm, and,
with long white hair and beard
streaming in the wind the
old soldier took command
Sjp of the villagers, who soon
drove back the savages.
But when the fight was over, the
people could not find the old
man who had led them, nor did they know who he was
or where he came from. They said that a messenger had
been sent from heaven to deliver them.

The powerful tribe of the Narragansetts promised to
remain peaceable, but young savages are too fond of war
to miss a chance to engage in a battle. Some of the Nar
ragansetts joined Philip, and their great fort was a refuge
for Philip's men. They were probably waiting for spring
to come before openly joining in the war.

The white men resolved to strike the first blow against
them while it was yet winter. A thousand men from Mas
sachusetts and Connecticut pushed through the snow and

GENERAL GOFFE SAVES HADLEY.

KING PHILIP. 73

made a desperate assault by night on the Narragansett
town, which was inside a fortification having but one
entrance, and that by a bridge. Nearly two hundred of
the white men were killed in this fight, and many hun
dreds of Indians were slain, and their fort and all their
provisions were burned. The white men marched back,
carrying their wounded through the bitter cold.

The Narragansetts took a terrible revenge. They joined
Philip at once. Towns were now burned and people killed
in every direction. The white men in armor could not
catch the nimble Indians, who massacred the people in
one village only to disappear and strike another village far
away. Many women and children were carried into cap
tivity by the Indians.

Bleach'-ing, whitening. Apostle [a-pos'-sel], one sent on an im
portant religious mission. Charm, an object or ceremony supposed to
have magical powers. Way-lay', to watch for an enemy by hiding near
the way along which he must pass. Block'-house, a house built of Jogs
closely fitted together and arranged for defending those in it. Colonel
[ker'-nel], an officer who commands a regiment of soldiers.

Tell what you can —

About the father and brother of King Philip.

About the quarrels between white men and Indians.

How the war began.

About block-houses, and how the Indians attacked the people in
them.

About the fight with the Narragansetts.
Also tell — How wampum was made.

What wampum was used for.

What you know about the medicine-men.

About Colonel Goffe.

CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP'S WAR.

XIII.
Captain Church in Philip's War.

THE white men had not learned how to fight the In
dians, who moved swiftly from place to place, and hid
themselves in the darkest swamps. But at last the man
was found who could battle with the Indians in their own
way. This was Captain Benjamin Church.

Church could not only fight the Indians, but he knew
how to make them his friends. One tribe, not far from

his home, was un
der the control of a
squaw - sachem, or
woman chief. Her
name was Awa-
shonks. She and
Benjamin Church
were good friends,
and after the war
broke out Church
tried to • go to see
her, but some of the

Indians of her tribe who were friendly to Philip attacked
Church and his men, so that they had to hide behind a
fence till a boat came and took them away.

Later in the war, Church sent word to Awashonks
that he would meet her and four other Indians at a
certain place. But the rulers of Plymouth Colony thought
it too dangerous for Church to go to see the squaw-

CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP'S WAR. 75

sachem. They would not give him any men for such an

exprrijtinar"*

However, Church went on his own account, with one
white man and three Indians. He took some tobacco and a
bottle of rum as presents suited to the taste of this Indian
queen. Church ventured ashore, leaving his canoe to stand
off at a safe distance, so that if he should be killed the men
in the canoe might carry the news to the white people.
Awashonks and the four Indians met him and thanked him
for venturing among them. But soon a great number of
warriors, frightfully painted and armed, rose up out of the
tall grass and surrounded Captain Church. The captain
knew that if he showed himself frightened he would be
killed.

" Have you not met me to talk about peace?" he said to
Awashonks.

" Yes," said Awashonks.

" When people meet to talk of peace they lay down their
arms," said Captain Church.

The Indians now began to look surly and to mutter
something.

" If you will put aside your guns, that will do," said
Church.

The Indian warriors laid down their guns and squatted
on the grass. During the discussion some of them grew
angry, and one fellow with a wooden tomahawk wished to
kill Church, but the others pushed him away. The captain
succeeded in making peace with this tribe, who agreed to
take the side of the English against Philip.

76 CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP'S WAR.

Awashonks held a war-dance after this, and Church at
tended. The Indians lighted a great bonfire, and moved
about it in rings. One of the braves stepped inside the
circle and called out the name of one of the tribe
fighting on Philip's side against the white
people. Then he pulled a fire-brand out
of the fire to represent that tribe, and
he made a show of fighting with the fire
brand. Every time the name of a tribe
was called a fire-brand was drawn out
and attacked in^fhls" way.

After this ceremony Church could call
on as many of these Indians as he wished
to help him against Philip. With small bands
of these Indians and a few white men Cap
tain Church scoured the woods, capturing a
great many Indian prisoners.

From the prisoners that he took, Church
chose certain ones and made them sol
diers under him. He would say to one of these men:
" Come ! come ! You look wild, and mutter. That doesn't
matter. The best soldiers I have got were as wild and
surly as you a little while ago. By the time you've been
one day with me you'll love me, too, and be as active as
any of them."

And it always turned out so. The captain was so jolly,
and yet so bold and so successful, that the savage whom he
chose to help him would presently do anything for him,
even to capturing his own friends.

FIGHTING A FIRE-BRAND.

CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 77

At last so many of Philip's Indians were taken that
Philip himself was fleeing from swamp to swamp to avoid
falling into the hands of the white men. But he grew
fiercer as he grew more desperate. He killed one of his
men for telling him that he ought to make peace with the
white men. The brother of the man whom he killed ran
away from Philip, and came into the settlement to tell the
white people where to find that chief.

Captain Church had just come from chasing Philip to
make a short visit to his wife. The poor woman had been
so anxious for her husband's safety that she fainted when
she saw him. By the time she had recovered the Indian
deserter came to tell Church where Philip could be found,

=-*«•«, r

and the captain galloped off at once.

Church placed his men near the swamp in which
Philip was hidden. The Indians took the alarm and fled.
In running away Philip ran straight toward Church's
hidden men, and was shot by the very Indian whose
brother he had killed. His head was cut off and stuck
up over a gate-post at Plymouth. Such was the ugly cus
tom in that day.

Philip's chief captain, Annawon, got away with a con
siderable number of Indians. Church and half a dozen of
his Indian scouts captured an old Indian and a young
squaw who belonged to Annawon's party. They made
these two walk ahead of them carrying baskets, while
Church and his men crept behind them. In this way they
got down a steep bank right into the camp of Annawon,
whose party was much stronger than Church's. But Church

CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP'S WAR.

boldly seized the
guns of the In
dians, which were
stacked together.

" I am taken,"
cried Annawon.

" What have you
got for supper ? "
asked Church. " I
have come to sup
with you."

Annawon or
dered the women
to hurry up sup
per, and when it
was ready he asked
Church whether he
would have " horse-
beef " or " cow-beef." Church preferred to eat cow-beef.
The captain told his Indians to stand guard while he
tried to get a nap. But soon all were fast asleep except
Church and Annawon, who lay eying each other. Present
ly, Annawon got up and walked away. Church moved all
the Indians' guns close to himself. He thought that the old
chief might have gone for another gun, and he lay down
beside the chief's son, so that Annawon could not shoot him
without killing his own son.

But Annawon came back with a bundle in his arms.
He fell on his knees before Church.

INDIAN WOMAN CARRYING BASKET.

CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIPS WAR. 79

" Great captain," he said, " you have killed Philip and
conquered his country. I and my company are the last.
This war is ended by you, and therefore these things are
yours."

He opened the bun
dle, which contained
Philip's belts of wam
pum and the red
blanket in which
Philip dressed on great
occasions.

This ended King
Philip's War.

Tell in your own words about —

Captain Church's visit to Awashonks.

The war-dance.

How Church got his Indian prisoners to help him.

How Philip was killed.

How Annawon was made prisoner.

XIV.
Bacon and his Men.

IN 1676, just a hundred years before the American Revo
lution, the people of Virginia were very much oppressed by
Sir William Berkeley, the governor appointed by the king of
England. Their property was taken away by unjust taxes,
and in other ways. The governor had managed to get all
the power into his own hands and those of his friends.

80 BACON AND HIS MEN.

This was the time of King Philip's War in New Eng
land. The news of this war made the Indians of Virginia
uneasy, and at length the Susquehannas and other tribes
attacked the frontiers. Governor Berkeley would not do
anything to protect the people on the frontier, because he
was making a great deal of money out of the trade with
friendly Indians, and if troops \vere sent against them this
trade would be stopped.

When many hundreds of people on the frontier had
been put to death, some three hundred men formed them
selves into a company to punish the Indians. But Berkeley
refused to allow any one to take command of this troop, or
to let them go against the savages.

There was a brilliant young gentleman named Nathaniel
Bacon, who had come from England three years before.
He was a member of the governor's Council, and an edu
cated man of wealth. He begged the governor to let him
lead this company of three hundred men against the In
dians ; but the cruel and stubborn old governor said, No.

Bacon was sorry for the suffering people. He went
to the camp of these men, to see and encourage them.
But when they saw him they set up the cry, " A Bacon !
A Bacon ! A Bacon ! " This was the way of cheering a
man at that day and choosing him for a leader.

Bacon knew that the governor might put him to death
if he disobeyed orders, but he could not refuse these poor
men who had been driven from their homes. So off he
went at their head to the Indian towns, where he killed
many of the savages.

BACON AND HIS MEN.

The old governor gathered his friends and started after
Bacon, declaring that he would hang him for going to
war without orders ; but while he was looking for him,
the people down by the coast rose in favor of Bacon.
The governor had to make peace with them by promis
ing to let them choose a new legislature.

When Bacon got back from the Indian country the
frontier people nearly worshiped him as their deliverer.
They kept guard night and day over his house. They
were afraid the angry governor would
send men to kill him.

The people of his county elect
ed Bacon a member of the new
Legislature. But they were afraid
the governor might harm him.
Forty of them with guns went
down to Jamestown with him in a
sloop. With the help of two boats
and a ship the governor captured
Bacon's sloop, and brought Bacon
into Jamestown. But as the an
gry people were already rising to

defend their leader, Berkeley was afraid to hurt him. He
made him apologize, and restored him to his place in
the Council.

But that night Bacon was warned that the next day
he would be seized again, and that the roads and river
were guarded to keep him from getting away. So he
took horse suddenly and galloped out of Jamestown in

GUARDING BACON'S HOUSE.

BACON AND HIS MEN.

the darkness. The next morning the governor sent men
to search the house where he had stayed. They stuck
their swords through the beds, think
ing him hidden there.

But Bacon was already among
friends. When the country
people heard that he was in
danger, they seized their guns
and vowed to kill the gov
ernor and all his party. Ba
con was quickly marching on
Jamestown with five hundred
angry men at his back. The
people refused to help the gov
ernor, and Bacon and his men
entered Jamestown. It was their
turn to guard the roads and keep Berkeley in.

The old governor offered to fight the young captain
sin^iejianded, but Bacon told him he would not harm
him. Bacon forced the governor to sign a commission
appointing him a general. He also made the Legislature
pass good laws for the relief of the people. These laws
were remembered long after Nathaniel Bacon's death, and
were known as " Bacon's Laws."

While this work of doing away with bad laws and
making good ones was going on, the Indians crept down
to a place only about twenty miles from Jamestown and
murdered the people. General Bacon promptly started for
the Indian country with his little army. But. just as he

BACON AND HIS MEN. 83

was leaving the settlements, he heard that the governor
was raising troops to take him when he should get back ; so
he turned about and marched swiftly back to Jamestown.

The governor had called out the militia, but when they
learned that instead of taking them to fight the Indians
they were to go against Bcicon, they all began to murmur
" Bacon ! Bacon ! Bacon ! " Then they left the field and
went home, and the old governor fainted with disappoint
ment. He was forced to flee for safety to the eastern shore
of Chesapeake Bay, and the government fell into the hands
of General Bacon.

Bacon had an enemy on each side of him. No sooner
had Berkeley gone than the Indians again began their mur
ders. Bacon once more marched against them, and killed
many. He and his men lived on horseflesh and chinquiapm
nuts during this expedition.

When Bacon got back to the settlements and had dis
missed all but one hundred and thirty-six of his men, he
heard that Governor Berkeley had gathered together sev
enteen little vessels and six hundred sailors and others, and
with these had taken possession of Jamestown. Worn out
as they were with Jatigue and hunger, Bacon persuaded his
little band to march straight for Jamestown, so as to take
Berkeley by surprise.

As the weary and dusty heroes of the Indian war hur
ried onward to Jamestown, the people cheered the gallant
little company. The women called after Bacon, " Gen
eral, if you need help, send for us ! " So fast did these men
march that they reached the narrow neck of sand that con-

BACON AND HIS MEN.

nected Jamestown with the mainland before the governor
had heard of their coming. Bacon's men dug trenches in
the night, and shut in the governor and his people.

After a while Bacon got some cannon. He wanted to
put them upon his breastworks without losing the life of
any of his brave soldiers. So *he sent to the plantations
near by and brought to his camp the wives of the chief
men in the governor's party. These ladies he made to
sit down in front of his works until his cannon were in
place. He knew that the enemy would not fire on them.

When he had finished,
he politely sent them
home.

Great numbers of
the people now flocked
to General Bacon's
standard and the gov
ernor and his follow
ers left Jamestown in
their vessels. Know
ing that they would try
to return, Bacon or
dered the town to be
burned to the ground.
Almost all of the people except those on the eastern
shore sided with Bacon, who now did his best to put the
government in order. But the hardships he had been
through were too much for him. He sickened and died.
His friends knew that Berkeley would soon get control

BACON'S DEFENSES.

BACON AND HIS MEN. 85

again, now that their leader was dead. They knew that
his enemies would dig up Bacon's body and hang it, after
the fashion of that time. Therefore they buried it nobody
knows where ; but as they put stones into his coffin, they
must have sunk it in the river.

Governor Berkeley got back his power, and hanged
many of Bacon's friends. But the king of England re
moved Berkeley in disgrace, and he died of a broken
heart. The governors who came after were generally care
ful not to oppress the people too far. They were afraid
another Bacon might rise up against them.

Gov'-ern-or's Coun-'cil, in some of the colonies a company of
men appointed by the king or the governor, and having nearly the same
powers as the State senates have nowadays. Legislature [lej'-is-la'-
chur], the body or bodies of men chosen to make the laws. Sloop,
a vessel with one mast. Sin'-gle- hand'-ed, without help from others.
Com-mis'-sion, a paper certifying one's appointment to an office.
Chinquapin [chink'-a-pin], a nut something like an acorn, which grows
on a small tree in Virginia and elsewhere. Fatigue [fa-teeg'j, weari
ness. MainMand, the principal land, not an island, (Above the
mainland is distinguished from Jamestown, which was not quite an island
then.) Plan-ta'-tion, a Southern farm. Starid'-ard, the flag of an
army or of a commander.

GEOGRAPHICAL NOTE. — See the map of Chesapeake Bay, on page
29, to illustrate Berkeley's flight to the eastern shore of the Chesapeake.

Tell in your own words —

How were the people of Virginia oppressed ?
How did Bacon come to go to the Indian wars ?
How was Bacon arrested, and how did he escape?
How did he drive Governor Berkeley out of Jamestown ?
What happened after Bacon's death ?

BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN.

XV.

Boyhood of Franklin.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, the fif
teenth in a family of seventeen
children, was born in Boston in
1706. Benjamin learned to read
when he was very young, but he
was sent to school for only two
years. When he was ten years
old he had to help his father.
Franklin's father made his living
by boiling soap and making
tallow-candles. Little Benjamin
had to cut wicks for the can
dles, fill the molds with the melt
ed tallow, tend the shop, and run on errands. He did
not like the soap and candle trade. Playing about the
water, he had learned to swim, and to manage a boat, when
he was very young. Like many other boys, he got the
notion that it would be a fine thing to go to sea and be
a sailor. But his father did not think so.

Franklin and his playmates used to fish for minnows
in a mill-pond which had a salt-marsh for a shore, so that
the boys had to stand in the mud. He was a leader among
the boys, and already very ingenious. So he proposed that
the boys should build a little wharf in this marsh to stand
on. Near the marsh there was a pile of stones, put there
to be used in building a new house. In the , evening,

BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 87

when the workmen were gone, Franklin and the other
boys tugged and toiled until they had managed to carry
all these stones away and build them into a wharf or
pier reaching out into the water.

In the morning the workmen were very much surprised
to find that their pile of stones had walked away during
the night. They soon found out where the stones were,
and complained to the parents of the boys. Franklin and
some of the other boys were punished for their mischief.
Benjamin tried to make his father see that it was a
very useful work to build such a pier, but the father
soon showed him that " nothing was useful that was not
honest."

When Franklin had worked for two years with his fa
ther at the trade of making tallow-candles, the father began
to be afraid that Ben would run away and go to sea, as
another of his sons had done before. So Franklin's father
took him to walk with him sometimes, showing him men
working at their trades, such as bricklaying, turning, and
joining, hoping that the boy would take a fancy to one of
these occupations. Meantime, Benjamin became very fond
of reading. He read his father's books, which were very
dull for children, and he sold some little things of his
own to buy more. As the boy was so fond of books,
Benjamin's father could think of nothing better than to

88 BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN.

make him a printer. So Benjamin was apprenticed to his
older brother, James Franklin, who already had a print
ing-office. Benjamin liked this trade, and learned very
fast. As he was often sent to book - stores, he got a
chance to borrow books. He sometimes sat up all night
to read one of these, taking great care to keep the books
clean and to return them soon.

Benjamin took a fancy to write poetry about this time.
His brother printed this " wretched stuff," as Franklin after
ward called it, and sent the boy around the town to ped
dle it. Ben was very proud of his poetry until his father
made fun of it, and told him that " verse-makers were
generally beggars."

Franklin had a notion as a boy that it was wrong to
eat meat, so he told his brother that if he would give
him half of what his board cost, he would board himself.
After this, Benjamin made his dinner on biscuit or a tart
from the baker's. In this way he saved some of his board-
money to buy books, and used the time while the other
printers were at dinner to study.

James Franklin, Benjamin's brother, printed a little
newspaper. Franklin was printer's boy and paper-carrier,
for after he had worked at printing the papers, he car
ried them around to the houses of the subscribers. But
he also wanted to write for the paper. He did not dare
propose so bold a thing to his brother, so he wrote some
articles and put them under the printing-office door at
night. They were printed, and even Benjamin's brother
did not suspect that they were written by the boy.

BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 89

The two brothers did not get on well together. The
younger brother was rather saucy, and the older brother,
who was high-tempered, sometimes gave him a whipping.

James Franklin once printed something in his news
paper which offended the government of the colony. He
was arrested and put into prison for a month ; for the
press was not free in that day. Benjamin published the
paper while his brother was in prison, and put in the
sharpest things he dared to say about the government.
After James got out of prison he was forbidden to print
a newspaper any longer. So he made up his mind to print
it in the name of his brother Benjamin. In order to do
this he was obliged to release Benjamin Franklin from his
apprenticeship, though it was agreed that Ben was to re
main at work for his brother, as though still an apprentice,
till he was twenty-one years old. But Benjamin soon got
into another quarrel with his brother James, and, now
that he was no longer bound, he left him. This was not
fair on his part, and he was afterward sorry for it.

Wharf [hworf], a place for boats to land; in the text, a bank of
stones reaching out into the water like a wharf. Mill'-pond, the water
gathered by a mill-dam. Salt'-marsh, grass-land over which the sea-
water flows when the tide is high. Apprenticed [ap-pren'-tist], bound
for a number of years to learn a trade.

Tell — How Franklin and his friends built a wharf.

About Franklin's father, and how Franklin came to learn the

printing business.

How Franklin managed to get books, and time to read them.
Of Franklin's first writings.
Of Franklin's brother, and his imprisonment.
Of Franklin's quarrels with his brother.

9O FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER.

XVI.

Franklin, the Printer.

WHEN Ben Franklin left his brother he tried in vain to
get a place in one of the other printing-offices in Boston.
But James Franklin had sent word to the other printers
not to take Benjamin into their employ. There was no
other town nearer than New York large enough to sup
port a printing-office. Franklin, who was now but seven
teen years old, sold some of his books, and secretly got
aboard a sloop ready to sail to New York. In New York
he could find no work, but was recommended to try in
Philadelphia.

The modes of travel in that time were very rough. The
easiest way of getting from Boston to New York was by
sailing-vessels. To get to Philadelphia, Franklin had first
to take a sail-boat to Amboy, in New Jersey. On the
way a squall of wind tore the sails and drove the boat to
anchor near the Long Island shore, where our runaway
boy lay all night in the little hold of the boat, with the
waves beating over the deck and the water leaking down
on him. When at last he landed at Amboy, he had been
thirty hours without anything to eat or any water to drink.

Having but little money in his pocket, he had to walk
from Amboy to Burlington ; and when, soaked with rain,
he stopped at an inn, he cut such a figure that the people
came near arresting him for a runaway bond-servant, of
whom there were many at that time. He thought he
might better have stayed at home.

FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 91

This tired and mud-spattered young fellow got a chance
to go from Burlington to Philadelphia in a row-boat by
taking his turn at the oars. There were no street-lamps in
the town of Philadelphia, and the men in the boat passed
the town without knowing it. Like forlorn tramps, they
landed and made a fire of some fence-rails.

When they got back to Philadelphia in the morning,
Franklin — who was to become in time the most famous

FRANKLIN'8 ENTRY INTO PHILADELPHIA.

man in that town — walked up the street in his working-
clothes, which were badly soiled by his rough journey.
His spare stockings and shirt were stuffed into his pock-

92 FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER.

ets. He bought three large rolls at a baker's shop. One
of these he carried under each arm ; the other he munched
as he walked.

As he passed along the street a girl named Deborah
Read stood in the door of her father's house, and laughed
at the funny sight of a young fellow with bulging pockets
and a roll under each arm. Years afterward this same
Deborah was married to Franklin.

Franklin got a place to work with a printer named
Keimer. He was now only a poor printer-boy, in leather
breeches such as workingmen wore at that time. But,
though he looked poor, he was already different from
most of the boys in Philadelphia. He was a lover of good
books. The boy who has learned to read the best books
will be an educated man, with or without schools. The
great difference between people is shown in the way they
spend their leisure time. Franklin, when not studying,
spent his evenings with a few young men who were also
fond of books. Here is the sort of young man that will
come to something.

I suppose people began to notice and talk about this
studious young workman. One day Keimer, the printer
for whom Franklin was at work, saw, coming toward his
office, Sir William Keith, the governor of the province of
Pennsylvania, and another gentleman, both finely dressed
after the fashion of the time, in powdered periwigs and
silver knee-buckles, much as you see in the picture on the
next page. Keimer was delighted to have such visitors,
and he ran down to meet the great men. But imagine his

FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER.

disappointment when the governor asked to see Franklin,
and led away the young printer in leather breeches to
talk with him in the tavern.

The governor wanted Franklin to set up a printing-office
of his own, because both Keimer and the other master-
printer in Philadelphia were poor workmen.
But Franklin had no money, and it took a
great deal to buy a printing-press and types
in that day. Franklin told
the governor that he did
not believe his father would
help him to buy an outfit.
But the governor wrote a
letter himself to Frank
lin's father, asking him to
start Benjamin in business.

So Franklin went back
to Boston in a better plight
than that in which he
had left. He had on a
brand new suit of clothes,
he carried a watch, and he had some silver in his pock
ets. His father and mother were glad to see him once
more, but his father told him he was too young to start
in business for himself.

Franklin returned to Philadelphia. Governor Keith,
who was one of those fine gentlemen that make many prom
ising speeches, now offered to start Franklin himself. He
wanted him to go to London to buy the printing-press.

FRANKLIN AND THE GOVERNOR.

94 FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER.

He promised to give the young man letters to people in
London, and one that would get him the money to buy
the press.

But, somehow, every time that Franklin called on the
governor for the letters he was told to call again. At last
Franklin went on ship-board, thinking the governor had
sent the letters in the ship's letter-bag. Before the ship
got to England the bag was opened, and no letters for
Franklin were found. A gentleman now told Franklin that
Keith made a great many such promises, but he never kept
them. Fine clothes do not make a fine gentleman.

So Franklin was left in London without money or
friends. But he got work as a printer, and learned some
things about the business that he could not learn in America.
The English printers drank a great deal of beer. They
laughed at Franklin because he did not drink beer, and they
called him the " Water American." But he wasn't a fellow
to be afraid of ridicule. They told him that water would
make him weak, but they were surprised to find him able
to lift more than any of them. He was also the strongest
and most expert swimmer of all. In London he kept up his
reading. He paid a man who kept a second-hand book
store for permission to read his books.

Franklin came back to Philadelphia as clerk for a mer
chant ; but the merchant soon died, and Franklin went to
work again for his old master, Keimer. He was very use
ful, for he could make ink and cast type when they were
needed, and he also engraved some designs on type-metal.
Keimer once fell out with Franklin, and discharged him ;

FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER.

but he begged him to come back when there was some
paper money to be printed, which Keimer could not print
without Franklin's help in making the engravings.

Squall, a sudden and violent gust of wind. Bond' - serv'-ant,
a person sold into a kind of slavery for four years or more, to pay his
passage from Europe, according to a practice very common in the last
century. Bulg'-ing, swelling out. Per'-i-wig, a wig, a cap of false
hair, much worn by fashionable gentlemen in former times, and usually
sprinkled with a white powder. Knee'- buck'-les, buckles used to
fasten the short breeches, worn in old times just below the knees, and to
hold up the long stockings. Out'-fit, articles of every sort necessary to
begin any business, journey, or expedition with. Plight, condition.
Print'-ing - press, a machine by which paper is pressed against type
covered with ink; any machine for printing. Type'- met'-al, a mixed
metal used to make types for printing.

Tell — About Franklin's journey from Boston to Philadelphia.
About his arrival in Philadelphia.
His life in Philadelphia.
His journey to England.
His return to Philadelphia.

XVII.
The Great Doctor Franklin.

AFTER a time Franklin started
a printing-office of his own. He was
very much in debt for his printing-
press and types. To pay for them
he worked very hard. Men saw him
at work when they got up in the

morning, and when they went to bed at night the candle
in his office was still shining. When he wanted paper he

PRINTING-PRESS OF FRANKLIN'S TIME.

96 THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN.

would sometimes take the wheelbarrow himself and bring
it from the store at which he bought it to his printing-
office.

People began to say : " What an honest, hard-working
young man that Franklin is ! He is sure to get on ! " And
then, to help him get on, they brought their work to his
office.

He started a newspaper. Now his reading of good
books and his practice in writing since he was a little boy
helped him. He could write intelligently on almost any
subject, and his paper was the best one printed in all
America at that time.

Franklin married Miss Deborah Read, the same who
had laughed when she saw him walking the street with a
roll under each arm and his spare clothes in his pockets.
His wife helped him to attend the shop, for he sold station
ery in connection with his printing. They kept no servant,
and Franklin ate his breakfast of plain bread and milk out
of an earthen porringer with a pewter spoon. In time he
paid off all his debts and began to grow rich.

In those days books were scarce and people had but few
of them. But everybody bought an almanac. Franklin
published one of these useful little pamphlets every year.
It was known as " Poor Richard's Almanac," because it
pretended to be written by a poor man named Richard
Saunders, though everybody knew that Richard was Frank
lin himself. This almanac was very popular on account of
the wise and witty sayings of Poor Richard about saving
time and money.

THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 97

Franklin did not spend all his time making money. He
studied hard as usual, and succeeded in learning several
languages without the help of a teacher. This knowledge
was afterward of the greatest use to him.

Like other people in America at that time, he found it
hard to get the books he wanted. To help himself and to
do good to others, he started a public library in Philadel
phia, which was the first ever started in America. Many
like it were established in other towns, and the people in
America soon had books within their reach. It was ob
served, after a while, that plain people in America knew more
than people in the same circumstances in other countries.

Franklin did many other things for the public. Seeing
how wasteful the old fire-places were, since they burned a
great deal of wood and made the rooms cold
and full of draughts, and often filled the
house with smoke, he invented a system of
saving heat by means of a small iron fire
place or open stove. He founded a high-
school, which afterward became a great
university. When the frontier people were
slain by Indians during the French War,
he was the chief man in raising and arming troops for
their relief.

These and other acts of the sort made Franklin well
known in Pennsylvania. But he presently did one thing
which made him famous all the world over This one
thing was accomplished in a very short time ; but it came
from the habits of study he formed when he was a little

FRANKLIN'S FIRE-PLACE.

THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN.

boy. He was always reading-, to
get more knowledge, and making
experiments, to find out things. Peo
ple did not know a great deal about
electricity at that time. In Europe many learned
men were trying to find out what they could about
various^ sorts of electricity, and lectures on the subject
had been given A Philadelphia. Something made Franklin
think that the electricity which was produced by a ma
chine was of the\same nature as the lightning in the
sky. So he devised, a plan to find out. He set a trap
to catch the lightnink He made a kite by stretching a
silk handkerchief on aVrame. Then he fastened a metal
point to the kite and tied a hemp string to it to fly it
with. He thought that if lightning were electricity, it
would go from the metal-point down the hemp string. At
the lower end of the stringxhe tied a key, and a silk
string to catch hold of, so that he should not let the
electricity escape through his ham

Franklin knew that if a grown man\were seen
flying a kite he would soon be surrounded by
a crowd. So one stormy night he went out
and sent up his kite. He waited under a
shed to see if the electricity would come.
When he saw the little fibers of the hemp
stand up charged with electricity, he held
his hand near the key and felt a shock.
Then he went home, the only man in
the world that knew certainly that light-

THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 99

ning was electricity. When he had found out this secret
he invented the lightning-rod, which takes electricity from
the air to the earth and keeps it from doing harm.

When the learned men of Europe heard that a man
who had hardly ever been at school had made a great dis
covery, they were struck with wonder, and Franklin was
soon considered one of the great men of the world, and
was called Dr. Franklin.

When the troubles between England and her colonies
began, there was no one so suitable to make peace as
the famous Dr. Franklin. Franklin went to England and
tried hard to settle matters. But he would not consent to
any plan by which Americans should give up their rights.

When the war broke out Dr. Franklin came home
again. He was made a member of Congress, and (he
helped to make the Declaration of Independence, j After
the Americans had declared themselves independent they
found it a hard task to fight against so powerful a coun
try as England. They wanted to get some other country
to help them. So Franklin, who was well known in Eu
rope, and who had studied French when he was a poor
printer, was sent to France.

When Franklin went to France he had to appear at the
finest court in the world. But in the midst of all the dis
play and luxury of the French court he wore plain clothes,
and did not pretend to be anything more than he was in
Philadelphia. This pleased the French, who admired his
independent spirit and called him "the philosopher." He
persuaded the French Government to give money and

IOO

THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN.

arms to the Americans. He fitted out vessels to attack
English ships, and during1 the whole War of the Revolution
he did much for his country.

When the war was ended there came the hard task of
making peace. In this Franklin took a leading part.

When peace had been made, Dr. Franklin set out to
leave Paris. As he was old and feeble, the queen's litter,

FRANKLIN ON THE QUEEN'S LITTER.

which was carried by mules was furnished to him. On
this litter he traveled till he reached the sea. After he
got home he was the most honored man in America next
to Washington. He became a member of the Convention
of 1787, which formed the Constitution of the United
States. He died in 1790, at the age of eighty-four.

When Franklin was a boy his father used -to repeat to
him Solomon's proverb, " Seest thou a man diligent in his
business ? he shall stand before kings." This was always

THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. IOI

an encouragement to him, though he did not expect really
to stand before kings. But he was presented to five dif
ferent kings in his lifetime.

Pop'-rin-ger, a kind of bowl, out of which porridge is eaten.
Draughts [pronounced drafts}. Frontier [front'-eer], the outer edge
of white men's settlements next the Indian country. " Frontier people," in
the text, are the people living nearest to the wilderness occupied by Indians.
[The word frontier sometimes refers to the region lying near the line be
tween two countries.] Fi'-bers, fine, thread-like bits, such as you will
find if you pick a piece of twine to pieces, and which may be seen sticking
out from a piece of rough string. Shock, the feeling that one has on re
ceiving electricity into the person from a body charged with it. Court
here means the palace of a king ; also the attendants and ministers who
are about his person or carry on his government. Lux'-u-ry, rich food,
dress, and pleasures of any kind. Phi-los'-o-phep, one who acts calmly
and wisely, according to reason. Littler, a framework supporting a sort
of bed, on which a person may be carried by men or horses. Con-sti-
tu'-tion, in our country, a written plan of government which tells how
and by whom the laws shall be made and carried out, and what kind of
laws may be made, and what kind may not be made.

Tell in your own words —

How Franklin succeeded in his own printing-office.

His industry.

His economy.

His newspaper.

His almanac.
Tell also of his other employments.

His studies.

The public library that he founded.

The fire-place he invented.

His public services in the French War.
Tell what you can about his great discovery.
Tell about his services during the Revolution.

What he did in England.

What he did in France.

His return home when he was old.
8

102

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

XVIII.

Young George Washington.

GEORGE WASHING
TON was born in a
plain, old-fashioned
house in Westmore
land County, Vir
ginia, on the twen
ty-second day of
February, 1732. He
was sent to what
was called an " old-
field school." The
country school-
houses in Virginia at
that time were built
in fields too much worn out to grow anything. Little
George Washington went to a school taught by a man
named Hobby.

In that day the land in Virginia was left to the oldest
son, after the custom in England, for Virginia was an Eng
lish colony. As George's elder brother Lawrence was to
have the land and be the great gentleman of the family,
he had been sent to England for his education. When he
got back, with many a strange story of England to tell,
George became very proud of him, and Lawrence was
equally pleased with his manly little brother. When Law
rence went away as a captain, in the regiment, raised in

WASHINGTON'S FIRST COMMAND.

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

103

America for service in the English army against the
Spaniards in the West Indies, George began to think
much of a soldier's life, and to drill the boys in Hobby's
school. There were marches and parades and bloodless
battles fought among the tufts of broom-straw in the old
field, and in these young George was captain.

This play-captain soon came to be a tall boy. He
could run swiftly, and he
was a powerful wrestler.
The stories of the long
jumps he made are almost
beyond belief. It was also
said that he could throw
farther than anybody else.
The people of that day
went everywhere on horse
back, and George was not
afraid to get astride of the
wildest horse or an un
broken colt. These things
proved that he was a
strongly built and fearless
boy. But a better thing
is told of him. He was

so just, that his schoolmates used to bring their quarrels
for him to settle.

When Washington was eleven years old his father
died, but his mother took pains to bring him up with
manly ideas. He was now sent to school to a Mr.

WASHINGTON CREAKING A COLT.

104 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

Williams, from whom he learned reading, writing, and
arithmetic. To these were added a little book-keeping
and surveying.

George took great pains with all he did. His copy
books have been kept, and they show that his handwrit
ing was very neat. He also wrote out over one hundred
" rules for behavior in company." You see that he wished
to be a gentleman in every way.

His brother Lawrence wished George to learn to be
a seaman, and George himself liked the notion of going
to sea. But his mother was unwilling to part with him.
So he stayed at school until he was sixteen years old.

A great deal of the northern part of Virginia at this
time belonged to Lord Fairfax, an eccentric nobleman,
whose estates included many whole counties. George
Washington must have studied his books of surveying
very carefully, for he was only a large boy when he was
employed to go over beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains
and survey some of the wild lands of Lord Fairfax.

So, when he was just sixteen years old, young Wash
ington accepted the offer of Lord Fairfax, and set out for
the wilderness. He crossed rough mountains and rode his
horse through swollen streams. The settlers' beds were
only masses of straw, with, perhaps, a ragged blanket.
But George slept most of the time out under the sky by
a camp-fire, with a little hay, straw, or fodder for a bed.
Sometimes men and women and children slept around these
fires, " like cats and dogs," as Washington wrote, " and
happy is he who gets nearest the fire." Once the straw

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

105

TOASTING MEAT BY A CAMP-FIRE.

on which the young surveyor was asleep blazed up, and
he might have been consumed if one of the party had
not waked him in time. Washington must have been
a pretty good surveyor, for he re
ceived large pay for his work, earn
ing from seven to twenty-one dol
lars a day, at a time when things
were much cheaper than they are
now.

The food of people in the woods
was the flesh of wild turkey and
other game. Every man was his
own cook, toasting his meat on a
forked stick, and eating it off a
chip instead of a plate. Washing
ton led this rough life for three years. It was a good
school for a soldier. Here, too, he made his first acquaint
ance with the Indians. He saw a party of them dance to
the music of a drum made by stretching deer-skin very
tight over the top of a pot half full of water.
They also had a rattle, made by putting
shot into a gourd. They took pains to tie
a piece of a horse's tail to the gourd, so as
to see the horse-hair switch to and fro
when the gourd was shaken.
When Washington was but nineteen years old
/( the governor of Virginia made him a major of
militia. He took lessons in military drill from an old sol
dier, and practiced sword exercises under the instruction

io6

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

WASHINGTON AND VAN BRAAM.

of a Dutch
man named
Van Braam
[brahm]. The
people in Vir
ginia and the
j other colonies
were looking
forward to a
war with the
French, who
in that day had
colonies in Can
ada and Louisiana. They claimed the country wrest of the
Alleghany Mountains. The English colonists had spread
over most of the country east of the mountains, and they
were beginning to cross the Alleghanies. But the French
built forts on the west side of the mountains, and stirred
up the Indians to prevent the English settlers from coming
over into the rich valley of the Ohio River.

The governor of Virginia resolved to send an officer
to warn the French that they were on English ground.
Who was so fit to go on this hard and dangerous errand
as the brave young Major Washington, who knew both
the woods and the ways of the Indians ? So Washington
set out with a few hardy frontiermen. When at length,
after crossing swollen streams and rough mountains, he
got over to the Ohio River, where all was wilderness, he
called the Indians together and had a big talk with them,

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 107

at a place called Logtown. He got a chief called " The
Half-king," and some other Indians, to go with him to the
French fort.

The French officers had no notion of giving up their
fort to the English. They liked this brave and gentle
manly young Major Washington, and entertained him well.
But they tried to get the Half-king and his Indians to
leave Washington, and did what they could to keep him
from getting safe home again. With a great deal of
trouble he got his Indians away from the French fort at
last, and started back. Part of the way they traveled in
canoes, jumping out into the icy water now and then to
lift the canoes over shallow places.

When Washington came to the place where he was to
leave the Indians and recross the mountains, his pack-
horses were found to be so weak that they were unfit for
their work. So Major Washington gave up his saddle-
horse to carry the baggage. Then he strapped a pack on
his back, shouldered his gun, and with a man named Gist
set out ahead of the rest of the party.

Washington and Gist had a rascally Indian for guide.
When Washington was tired this fellow wished to carry
his gun for him, but the young major thought the gun
safer in his own hands. At length, as evening came on,
the Indian turned suddenly, leveled his gun, and fired on
Washington and Gist, in the dark, but without hitting
either of them. They seized him before he could reload
his gun. Gist wanted to kill him, but Washington thought
it better to let him go.

io8

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON.

Afraid of being
attacked, they now
traveled night and
day till they got to
the Alleghany Riv
er. This was full
of floating ice, and
they tried to cross
it on a raft. Wash
ington was push
ing the raft with a
pole, when the ice
caught the pole in
such a way as to
fling him into the
river. He caught
hold of the raft and
got out again. He
and Gist spent the cold night on an island in the river,
and got ashore in the morning by walking on the ice.

They now stopped at the house of an Indian tradejv
Near by was a squaw-chief, who was offended that she
had not been asked to the council Washington had held
with the Indians at Logtown. To make friends, he paid
her a visit, and presented her with a blanket such as the
Indians wear on their shoulders. Washington bought a
horse here, and soon got back to the settlements, where the
story of the adventures of the young major was told from
one plantation to another, producing much excitement.

THE INDIAN ATTACKS WASHINGTON.

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 109

Reg'-i-ment, a body of soldiers consisting of a number of compa
nies, commanded by a colonel. Ec-cen'-tric, odd ; peculiar in life or
manners. Sur-vey', to run the lines between different pieces of land,
and find out the quantity of land in each tract. Pack' -horses, horses
used for carrying baggage. Raft, several logs, timbers, or boards fast
ened so as to float together in the water. In'-dian trad'-er, a white
man who sells goods to Indians and buys the skins of animals from them.

Tell where Washington was born.

What schools he attended and the studies he pursued.

Other facts about his boyhood.

Of his surveying, and the life in the woods.

About the French on the west of the mountains.

Washington's journey to the French fort.

His adventures during his return.

XIX.

Washington in the French War.

WHEN Washington got back from the western side of
the mountains it became evident to the governor of Vir
ginia that the French must either be driven away or the
English people must be shut in to the country on the east
of the mountains. The people in the colonies did not like
the notion of being fenced in like a lot of cattle in a past
ure. So Washington was again sent to the West in 1754,
to take possession of the country. On his first trip he
had seen the point where the Alleghany [al-le-ga'-ny] and
Mpnongahela [mo-non'-ga-hee'-la] Rivers meet, which he
thought would be a good place for a fort. A small compa
ny of men were sent ahead to build a fort at this place ; but
the French drove them away, and planted a fort of their own
on the ground. This was called Fort Duquesne [du-ken'J.

WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR.

ERIE

THIS MAP SHOWS WASHINGTON'S HOME AT MOUNT
VERNON J THE SCENE OF HIS SURVEYING \ THE
COUNTRY THROUGH WHICH HE PASSED IN HIS
JOURNEY TO FORT VENANGO J AND THE ROUTE
OF BRADDOCK'S ARMY FROM WINCHESTER TO
THE PLACE OF ITS DEFEAT.

Though the
French in Amer
ica were not many, they
were nearly all soldiers. So when
Washington with his party had
got through the wild mountains
into the western wilderness he found that there were many
more soldiers on the French side than he had. Hearing
that a French party was dogging his steps, he marched

WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR.

Ill

in the night and surrounded them. After a sharp skirmish
the French fled, but were nearly all captured. This little
fight was George Washing
ton's first battle.

But Washington soon
found that he must retreat
or be taken. He fell back
to a place called Great
Meadows, where he built a
sort of fort and called it
Fort Necessity. Here the
Half-king in despair left
him, and the French at
tacked his little force.
After the conflict had last
ed one day, Washington,
seeing himself outnumbered,
agreed to march out of the \)'
fort and return to the set
tlements, which he did.
This expedition of Wash
ington's was the beginning of a great war between Eng
land and France.

The next year troops were sent from England under
General Braddock, who set out to drive the French from
Fort Duquesne. Braddock was a brave man, but one of
the sort who can not learn anything. He laughed at
the lank and careless-looking American troops, who cut a
sorry figure along-side of the English with their bright red

IN FORT NECESSITY.

112

WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR.

coats and fine drill. He was sure that these rough Amer
icans were of no use. Even American officers were treat
ed with contempt by the British authorities, and were not
allowed to rank with English officers. Washington was
so stung by this that he resigned his place, but he ac
cepted a position on Braddock's staff.

Rough as the mountain roads were, Braddock traveled
in a coach as far as he could, and tried to keep up the dis
play common in Europe. He said that the Indians would
not prove formidable when they came to fight his well-
drilled English troops. Washington could not persuade the
general to send scouts on either side of his line. One day

there came to
Braddock a com
pany,: of woods
men in hunting-
shirts. They
were"cbmmand-
ed by the fa
mous Captain
Jack, who was
known as the
" Black Hunt
er" of Pennsyl
vania. Captain
Jack's whole fam-

GENERAL BRADDOCK AND CAPTAIN JACK.

ily had been killed

by the savages in his absence. He had then taken to
the woods, and devoted himself to revenging the death

WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 113

of his family and to protecting the settlers. He and his
followers lived in the forest, and kept the Indians in con
stant fear of them. This Captain Jack, and all his men,
came to General Braddock and offered to help him as
scouts. But Braddock put all his confidence in his solid
ranks of English soldiers, and he foolishly refused the offer
of the Black Hunter and his men.

As the army drew near to Fort Duquesne, Washington
suggested to the commander that the Virginia rangers
should be sent in front, because they were used to the
woods. But Braddock was angry to think that a young
American should advise an old British general.

On the Qth of July, 1755, as Braddock's army was
marching along the narrow track through the woods, the
Indians and French attacked them. All at once the woods
rang with the wild war-cry of the Indians, like the bark
ing of a thousand wild animals. The forest, but a minute
before so silent, was alive with screaming savages. From
every tree and thicket the Indians leveled their rifles at the
red coats of the English, who fell like pigeons under their
fire. Unable to see anybody to shoot at, the English sol
diers did not know what to do. The Americans took to
the trees and stumps and returned the fire in Indian fash
ion, and Washington begged the general to order the Brit
ish to do the same ; but Braddock made them stand up
in line, where they could easily be shot down.

Braddock fought bravely, and fell at length mortally
wounded. Colonel Washington did his best to rally the
men and save the battle. He had two horses shot under

114 WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR.

him, and four bullets went through his coat. The army,
so gay and brave in the morning, was soon broken to
pieces, and the men fled back to the settlements.

But Washington had become the hero of the people.
He was now put in chief command of the Virginia troops in
defense of the frontier, and managed affairs well. In 1758
he commanded the foremost division in an expedition un
der General Forbes, which slowly cut its way through the
rough wilderness of Pennsylvania, and, having at last got
over the mountains, forced the French to leave Fort Du-
quesne. The fort was rebuilt by the English and renamed
Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, the great prime-minis
ter of England, who was a true friend to the Americans.
When a town grew around Fort Pitt it was called Pittsiuu^

The war between the English and the French was
finally closed in 1763. Canada, with all the country east
of the Mississippi, was given up to the English, and settlers
soon began to make their way into the region now known
as Kentucky and Tennessee.

Before the war closed Washington retired to his home
at Mount Vernon, and was married to Mrs. Martha Custis,
a widow.

Scouts, soldiers sent out, singly or in small parties, to search for
hidden enemies and to gain information. Woods'-man, a man skilled
in the ways of living and traveling in the woods. HuntMng - shirt,
a loose shirt or jacket, at first made of deer-skin, but sometimes of home
spun cloth, and worn by hunters. Ranks, rows or lines of soldiers.
Rang'-ers, troops employed to range, or ride through the woods and
guard the settlements from Indians. Wounded [woond'-ed], injured as
by a cut or a gun-shot. Mor'-tal-ly wounded, so badly wounded
as to cause death after a while.

» WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. II $

Tell — How Washington's first battle came about.

How Washington was defeated at Fort Necessity.

How General Braddock marched.

About Braddock's defeat.

How Fort Duquesne was taken at last.

The result of the war between the English and French colonies.
Also tell about Captain Jack.

About Washington in battle.

About Washington's marriage.

XX.

Washington in the Revolution.

WASHINGTON lived for many years quietly at Mount
Vernon, and he did not intend to have anything more to
do with a soldier's life. He was fond of hunting and fish
ing. He sometimes helped to haul a^seinejn^ the Potomac
River. He rode over his large plantation to see that all
went well, and he made maps of all his fields, and kept
his accounts carefully and neatly, as he had always done.
All traveling strangers were sure of welcome at his house,
and the poor, when in danger of suffering, were provided
with corn from his granary.

But, as time went on, the English Parliament tried to
collect a tax from the Americans. The Americans declared
that, so long as they elected no members of Parliament,
that body had no right to tax them without their consent.
But the men who governed in England did not think that
people in the colonies had the same rights as people in
England, so they oppressed the Americans in many ways.
Without asking consent of the colonies, they put a tax on

Il6 WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. *

all the tea that came into America ; and when some of
the tea got to Boston, the people turned Boston Harbor
into one big tea-pot by pitching the whole ship-load of
tea into the water. The English government resolved to
punish Boston, but the other colonies took sides with the
people of that town.

In order to make the English government cease their
oppressions, the Americans agreed not to wear clothes
made of English cloth, nor to use anything else brought
from England. Washington and other great gentlemen
of that time put on homespun American clothes, which
were coarse, for the Americans had not yet learned how
to make fine goods. American ladies who were extreme
ly fond of tea, which they drank from pretty little cups
brought from China, now gave up their favorite drink.
Instead of it, they sipped a tea made from the leaves of the
sage-plants in their gardens, or from the roots and flowers
of the sassafras. Probably they tried to drink these home
grown teas with cheerful faces, and to make believe that
they liked sage and sassafras as well as the real tea from
China. It must have been a pleasure to feel that they
were fighting a battle for liberty over their tea-tables.

Washington, in his quiet way, was a strong supporter
of liberty against the king of England and the Parliament.
In order to bring all the thirteen colonies to stand by one
another against England, a meeting, called a " Congress,"
was appointed in 1774, and men were sent from each
colony to attend it. Washington was a member of this
Congress, which sent a letter to the king, demanding that

WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION.

117

MINUTE-MAN.

they should be allowed the same liberties as
his subjects in England.

But neither the king of England nor the
English Parliament would repeal the laws
which the Americans disliked. As the Ameri
cans would not obey them, the quarrel grew
hotter, and English troops were sent to bring
the Americans to submit. { On the igth of
April, 1775, the Revolutionary War was be
gun by a battle at Lexington, near Boston,
between British troops and American farmers.
These farmers, who were called " minute-men," drove the
troops back, into Boston, firing on them from every field
and fence as they retreated,

Seeing that war had begun, Congress looked about for
a leader. They remembered the prudent and brave con
duct of Colonel George
Washington, when a young
man, in the French and
Indian War. He was chosen
to be general and commander-
in-chief of all the armies of the
colonies.

Before Washington reached
the army near Boston, the battle
ofv Bunker Hill had taken pla
In this battle the Americans had
been driven from the hill, but their

little force of plain countrymen had
9

THIS MAP SHOWS THE

SCENES OF THE

FIRST BATTLES OF THE

REVOLUTION.

WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION.

fought so stubbornly against the well-trained English
troops that all America was encouraged.

For many months Washington kept a fine British army
shut up in Boston. When he was strong enough he
suddenly sent a body of troops to Dorchester Heights,
near Boston, where, by the help of bales of hay, breast...
works were built in a single night. When the English
general saw these works, he said, " The rebels have done
more in one night than my army would have done in
one month." The Americans began to throw shells from
the Dorchester battery into Boston, which soon became so
uncomfortable a place to stay in that the English army
got into ships and sailed away.

CROSSING THE DELAWARE.

The Americans at first were fighting only to get their
rights as subjects of England. But since neither the king

WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION.

nor the Parliament of England would let them have their
rights, they got tired of calling themselves Englishmen.
They determined to set up as an independent government.
On the 4th of July, 1776, Congress declared the colonies
""free and independent." This
is called the " Declaration
of Independence."

Soon after the Dec
laration was adopted
the English govern
ment sent a fleet
and an army to
take New York.
Washington fought
against the English
army on Long Isl
and, and was defeated
and forced to give up
New York. After a while
he had to fall back across New
Jersey. It seemed as though all

were lost. But though his men were too few to fight the
wh^le English army, Washington felt that he must strike
a blow at some part of it in order to give the Ameri
cans courage. The English people did not like the war
against the Americans, so the king had hired some Hes
sian soldiers to fight for him. About a thousand of these
were in Trenton, N. J., while Washington was on the
other side oTtKe Delaware, a little way off. On Christmas

MARCH TO TRENTON.

120

WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION.

night the Hessians were celebrating the day. Washing
ton celebrated it in his own fashion. He took part of his
army, and crossed the Delaware in the midst of floating
ice. There was a severe snow-storm, and two of his men
were frozen to death. He marched quickly to Trenton,
and after a sharp fight he took about a thousand pris
oners, as Christmas presents for his country.

Washington got back across the Delaware with his
prisoners, but in a few days he was again in Trenton, where
he came near being surrounded and captured by the Eng
lish general Cornwallis. The
Delaware was so full of ice
that the Americans could not
get back to the other side of
it, and a strong English force
was pressing upon them in
front. Something must be
done quickly. So at night
Washington had all his camp-
fires built up, in order to
deceive the enemy. He put
a few men to digging in the
trenches, and had them make
as much noise as possible.
Then he took his army silent
ly by a back road around
the English army till he got
behind it. While Cornwallis
thought he had Washington

\ nfl * THI8 MAf< SHOWS HOW

f.^<^.' WASHINGTON EVADED THE

ty" ^ BRITISH FORCES AT TRENTON
AND MARCHED ON PRINCETON.

WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 121

cooped up in Trenton, the Americans were marching on
Princeton, where there was a detachment of the English
troops. Washington, after a sharp " battle, defeated the
English in Frmceton. Cornwallis had gone to bed boast
ing that he " would bag the fox" in the morning; but
when morning came, " the fox " was gone. Cornwallis
thought at first that the Americans had retreated across
the Delaware, but soon he heard the booming of cannons
away behind him at Princeton ; then he knew that Wash
ington had outwitted him. He had to hasten back to
New Brunswick to save his stores, while Washington went
into the hills at Morristown, having forced the British to
give up the greater part of New Jersey.

Seine [sain], a long net for catching fish, which is dragged through
the water by men pulling at each end of it. Gran'-a-ry, a building for
storing grain. Parliament [par'-le-ment], the body of men which makes
the laws of England, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of
Commons. Breast/- works, ridges of earth thrown up to protect an
army in battle. Fleet, a number of ships of war under the command of
one officer. Out-\vit'-ted, defeated by greater ingenuity or cunning.

Tell in your own words about —

Washington's life at Mount Vernon.

The quarrel with England.

The beginning of the Revolutionary War.

Battles near Boston.

Washington's retreat from New York.

The capture of Trenton.

The battle of Princeton.
Tell also what you remember about —

The tea in Boston harbor.

What the Americans wore, and what they used for tea.

122 THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN.

XXI.

The Victory at Yorktown and Washington as President.

IN larger histories you will read of the many battles of
the Revolution, and of the sad sufferings of Washington's
soldiers, who were sometimes obliged to march barefoot,
leaving tracks of blood on the frozen ground. Sometimes
a soldier had to sit by the fire all night for want of a
blanket to cover himself with. There were not many peo
ple in this country then, and they were mostly farmers,
with but little money. They were fighting against Eng
land, which was the richest and strongest nation of that
time. But after a while France sent men and ships to
help the United States to finish the war.

The Revolutionary War lasted about seven years in
all. A great victory which Washington gained when the
war -had lasted more than six years really finished the
struggle.

General Cornwallis, the same whom Washington had
fooled when he slipped out of Trenton, had won several
victories over American troops in the Southern States.
But he could not subdue the people, who were always
ready to rise up again when he thought he had conquered
them. Cornwallis marched northward from Carolina into
Virginia, \vhere he did a great deal of damage. Wash
ington was in the North watching New York, which was
occupied by English troops. He thought if he could capt
ure the fine army which Cornwallis commanded in Virginia
he might end the war.

THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN.

123

So, making every sign that he was going to attack
New York, in order that soldiers might not be sent from
New York to Cornwallis, he marched at the head of the
American and French armies toward the South. On the
way, he visited his home at Mount Vernon for the first
time in six years.

Sttn Cornwallis and his army were shut up in York-
town, as Washington had once been shut up by Cornwallis

I in Trenton. But Cornwallis was not allowed to
escape, as Washington did. Troops were sent all
around him like a net, to keep him from getting away,
while the French ships in Chesapeake Bay kept him from
getting any hejp by way of the sea. The fighting about
Yorktown was very severe, and the most splendid cour
age was shown by both the American and the French

124 THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN.

soldiers in charging the redoubts. The English fought
with the greatest stubbornness on their side.

During the assaults Washington stood where he could
see the bravery of the troops. One of his aides told him
that it was a dangerous place for him to be in.

" If you think so you are at liberty to step back," said
Washington.

Presently a musket-ball struck a cannon near him and
rolled at his feet. General Knox grasped Washington's
arm, and said, " My dear general, we can not spare you
yet."

" It is a spent ball. No harm is done," answered Wash
ington.

Finding he could no longer resist, Cornwallis surren
dered, and the war was virtually closed by the taking of
Yorktown. The people of England had never liked this
oppressive war, and the next year the English govern
ment felt obliged to acknowledge the independence of the
United States.

Washington did not seek to make himself a king or a
ruler over the country he had set free. When his work was
over he gladly gave up command of the army, and went
back to become, as he said, "a private citizen on the banks
of the Potomac." While all the world was praising him,
he went to work again taking care of his lands and crops
at Mount Vernon, with the intention of never leaving his
home for public life again.

But the people soon found that their government was
not strong enough. Each .State was almost a little country

WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. 12$

by itself, and the nation Washington and others had fought
so hard to set free seemed about to fall into thirteen
pieces. So a convention was 'called, to meet in Phila
delphia in 1787, five years after the close of the Revo
lution. This convention, of which Washington was the
president, made a new Constitution, which should bind all
the States together into one country, under the rule of a
President and Congress.

When the new Constitution had been adopted it be
came necessary to choose a President. Everybody wanted
Washington to leave his fields and be the first President.
He was elected by almost all the votes cast.

At that time the capital of the country was New York.
There were no railroads or telegraphs, so a messenger had
to be sent from New York to Mount Vernon to tell Gen
eral Washington that he had been chosen the first Presi
dent of the United States. As the general traveled to
New York the people turned out everywhere to do him
honor. They rode by his carriage, and they welcomed
him with public dinners in the towns. When he got to
Trenton, out of which he had marched to escape from
Cornwallis and fight the battle of Princeton, he found the
bridge over which he had marched that night beautifully
decorated. A triumphal arch had been erected by the
women of Trenton, and, as the President passed beneath
it, girls dressed in white sang a song of victory, and
strewed flowers before him.

When he reached Elizabethtown Point there was in
waiting for him a handsome large barge. In this he was

126

WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT.

MOUNT VERNON IN WASHINGTON'S TIME.

rowed by thirteen master-pilots

dressed in white, and six other

barges kept him company. The whole city of New York

welcomed him with every possible honor. On the 3Oth of

April, 1789, he took the oath of office, in the presence of

a great throng of people.

Washington was again elected President in 1792. He
refused to be elected a third time, and, after publishing a
farewell address to the country, he left the presidency in
1797. He died at Mount Vernon in 1799.

Aide [aid], an officer whose duty it is to convey the orders of a gen
eral. A spent ball, a ball that has almost stopped moving. Barge,
used here in the sense of a large row-boat. Oath of office, a sworn
pledge to perform the duties of an office.

WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. I2/

Tell of— Cornwallis in Virginia.

Washington's march to Yorktown.

The battle at Yorktown.

The end of the war.

The making of the Constitution.

Washington as President.

What is said of the hardships of soldiers in the Revolution ?
What country helped the United States against England ?
How was Cornwallis shut up in Yorktown ?
What anecdote of Washington in this battle is told ?
What did Washington do when the war was over?
Tell about the journey of Washington to New York. *

What does the frontispiece of this book show ?
When and where did Washington die ?
What do you think of his character ?

XXII.

Thomas Jefferson.

( THOMAS JEFFERSON was the author of the Declaration
of Independence. ^ His father was a Virginia planter, and
allo a surveyor. The father was a man of strong- frame,
able to stand between two great hogsheads of tobacco
lying on their sides and set both on end at once. He
lived a hardy life, surveying in the woods.

Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743. His father died
when he was fourteen, and left him the owner of a large
plantation. Like most Virginia boys, he was fond of hunt
ing, riding, and swimming. But he did not waste his life
in sport. When he went to college at Williamsburg he
became a famous student. Sometimes he studied fifteen
hours a day, which would have been too much if he had

128

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

not been strong. No man in all America, perhaps, was
his superior in knowledge.

While he was a student, the colonies were thrown into
violent excitement by the passage of the Stamp Act in
England. This was a law for taxing the Americans, made
without their consent. While this excitement was raging,
young Jefferson went into the Virginia Legislature one
day and heard the famous speech of Patrick Henry against
tjie Stamp Act.

In the midst of his speech Patrick Henry cried out,
" Csesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and
George III — " At this point everybody thought Henry
A was going to threaten the death of George III, who was
king of England and of the colonies. This would have
been treason. So, without waiting for Henry to finish,
some of those who heard him broke into an uproar, cry
ing out, " Treason ! treason ! "
But when they paused, Pat
rick Henry finished by
saying, " George III
may profit by their ex
ample. If that be trea
son, make the most of
it." This scene made
a deep impression on
young Jefferson.
Jefferson's wealth was in
creased by his marriage. He built him a house which he
called Monticello [mon-te-chel'-lo], meaning " little mount-

THOMAS JEFFERSON. I2Q

ain," from its situation on a high hill. Jefferson was very
fond of trying new things. He introduced foreign plants
and. trees, and he brought in new articles of furniture and
new ways of building houses.

While yet a young man he was sent to the Virginia
Legislature, and then to Congress. He strongly favored
the War of the Revolution. , John Adams and others tried
to persuade Congress to declare the colonies independent
of England. At last a committee was appointed to write
the Declaration. Jefferson was not a great speaker, but
he was a brilliant^ writer. He wrote the Declaration of
Independence, and it was signed by the members of Con
gress on the Fourth of July, 1776.

In the Declaration Jefferson had declared that " all
men are created free and equal." He now set about abol
ishing some of the laws which kept men from being " free
and equal " in this country. In his own State of Virginia
much of the land was tied up so that it coutd only de
scend to the oldest son. This was called the law of entail.
Jefferson got this law abolished, so that a father's land
would be more equally divided among his children.

There were also laws in most of the States which
established some religious denomination as the religion of
the State, and supported it by taxes. Jefferson got Vir
ginia to pass a law separating the State from the Church,
and making all men equal in regard to their religion.

Jefferson was governor of Virginia during part of the
Revolutionary War, and he had to make great exertions
to defend the State from the British. The British troops

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

at length marched on Monticello, and Jefferson had to flee
from his house.

Two of Jefferson's negro slaves, whose names were
Martin and Cassar, made haste to hide their master's silver

plate. They had raised a
plank in the floor, and
Csesar was crouched un
der the floor hiding the
silverware as Martin
handed it down to him.
Just as the last piece
went down, Martin saw
the red-coats approach
ing. He dropped the
plank, leaving Caesar a
prisoner. In this uncom
fortable place the faithful
fellow lay still for three days
and nights without food.
Jefferson was very loving and tender to his family. It
was a great sorrow to him that four out of his six chil
dren died very young. His wife also died at the close of
the Revolutionary War.

Jefferson was sent to take Franklin's place as Ameri
can Minister to France. He was there five years, and
then returned to America. He had always been kind to
the negroes on his plantation. When he got back they
were so rejoiced that they took him out of his carriage
and carried him into the house, some of them crying and

'THE RED-COATS ARE COMING!

THOMAS JEFFERSON. 131

others laughing with delight, because " massa come home
again."

While Jefferson was gone, the Constitution of the United
States had been adopted and General Washington had been
elected President. He appointed Jefferson s Secretary of
StateA Jefferson resigned this office after some years, and
went 'oack to Monticello.

In 1796 he was elected Vice-President, and in 1800 he
was chosen President of the United States. As President
he introduced a more simple way of living and transacting
business. He was much opposed to pomp and ceremony.
It is said that when he was inaugurated he rode to the
Capitol on horseback and hitched his horse to the fence.
Another account has it that he walked there in company
with a few gentlemen. At any rate, he would have no dis
play, but lived like a simple citizen.

When Jefferson became President the United States
extended only to the Mississippi River. President Jeffer
son bought from France a great region west of the Mis
sissippi, larger than all the United States had been before
that time. This is known as the " Louisiana purchase,"
because all the country bought from France was then
called Louisiana. It has been cut up into many States
since its purchase.

Jefferson was elected President a second time in 1804.
In 1809 he retired to Monticello, where he lived the re
mainder of his life.

He was once riding with his grandson when a negro
bowed to them. Jefferson returned the bow, but the boy

132

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

did not. Jefferson turned to his grandson, and said, " Do
you allow a poor negro to be more of a gentleman

than you are ? "

While he was Presi
dent, Jefferson was once
riding on horseback with
some friends. An old
man stood by a stream
waiting to get across
without wetting his feet.
After most of the others
had passed over he asked
Jefferson to take him on
behind and carry him
across, which he did. When he
had got down, a gentleman, com
ing up behind, asked him, " Why did you ask him, and
not some other gentleman in the party ? "

" I did not like to ask them," said the old man ;
" but the old gentleman there looked like he would do
it, and so I asked him." He was very much surprised
to learn that it was the President who had carried him
over.

After Jefferson retired from the presidency so many
people desired to see him that his plantation house was
overrun with company, until he was made poor by enter
taining those who came. It is related that one woman even
poked a pane of glass out with her parasol, in order to see
the man who wrote the great Declaration.

JEFFERSON AND THE NEGRO.

THOMAS JEFFERSON. 133

John Adams, the second President, and Jefferson, the
third, lived to be very old. They died on the same day.
Curiously, that day was the 4th of July, 1826. If you sub
tract 1776 from 1826, you will find that they died exactly
fifty years after the day on which the great Declaration
was signed. And they were the two men who had the
largest share in the making of the Declaration of Inde
pendence.

Treason [tree'-zon], the crime of attempting to overthrow the sov
ereign, or the government of one's country. Brilliant [bril'-yant],
shining, splendid. Secretary of State, the officer who superintends the
business of the United States with other nations. In-au/-gu-ra-ted,
put into office with proper ceremonies.

Tell about—

Jefferson's boyhood.

Patrick Henry's speech.

The Declaration of Independence.

The law of entail.

The separation of the State from the Church.

Jefferson as Minister to France.

Jefferson as President.

The Louisiana purchase.
What can you tell —

Of Jefferson's home ?

Of his negro slaves ?

Of his inauguration as President ?

Of his politeness to poor people ?

Of the desire of people to see him ?

Of his death ?

Date to be remembered— The Fourth of July, 1776, when the
Declaration of Independence was signed.

NOTE.— The addition of Louisiana to the United States is illustrated
by a map in the last chapter of the book.
10

134

DANIEL BOONE.

THE BOY HUNTER.

XXIII.

Daniel Boone.

DANIEL BOONE was born in Penn
sylvania in 1735. Boone
was a hunter from the
time he was old enough
to hold a gun to
his shoulder.
He got just
enough education to know
how to read and write in a
rough way. But in the woods he learned the lessons that
made him the great pioneer
and explorer.

One day the boy did j
not return from his
hunting. The neigh
bors searched sev
eral days before
they found him.
He had built a
little cabin of sod
and boughs. Skins
of animals were
drying around the hut,
and the young half-sav
age was toasting a piece of meat before the fire. This
love for the wilderness was the ruling passion of his life.

TRYING TO BE A SAVAGE.

DANIEL BOONE. 135

By the time Daniel was thirteen the part of Pennsylva
nia in which he lived had become settled. The Boones,
like true backwoodsmen, moved to a wilder region on the
Yadkin River, in North Carolina. While Daniel's father
and brothers cleared a new farm, the boy hunter was left
to supply the table with meat.

One of Boone's modes of hunting was by " shining
deer," as it was called in that country — that is, hunting
deer at night with torches, and killing them by shooting
at their glistening eyes. One night Boone, hunting in this
fashion, saw a pair of eyes shining in the dark which he
thought to be deer's eyes, but which proved to be those of
a neighbor's daughter, whom Boone afterward married.

As the country was settling, he moved on to the head
waters of the river, where he and his young wife set up
their log-cabin in the lonesome wilderness. At this time
the Alleghany Mountains formed a great wall, beyond
which was a vast wilderness, with no inhabitants but In
dians and wild animals. (See map, page 1 10.) Boone was
too fond of wild life and too daring not to wish to take a
peep over the mountains and get a sight of the land on
the other side. Fifteen years before !he Revolutionary
War began, he pushed across the mountain wall and hunt
ed bears in what is now Tennessee.

In 1769 he went into Kentucky with five others. Here
he hunted the buffalo for the first time, and came near being
run down by a herd of them. At length he and a man
named Stewart were taken captive by the Indians. Boone
pretended to be very cheerful. When he had been seven

136

DANIEL BOONE.

days in captivity, the Indians, having eaten a hearty sup
per, all fell into a sound sleep. Boone sat up. One of
the Indians moved. Boone lay down again. After a while

he rose up
once more.
As the In
dians all lay
still, he wak
ened Stew
art, and they
took two
guns and qui
etly slipped
away, getting
back in safe
ty to a cab
in they had
built. But
they never

found any trace of the four men who had crossed the
Alleghanies with them.

One day, when Boone and Stewart were hunting, a lot
of arrows were shot out of a pane brake near them, and
Stewart fell dead. Boone's brother and another man had
come from North Carolina to find Daniel. The other man
walked out one day and was eaten up by wolves. There
were now only the two Boones left of eight men in all who
had crossed the mountains.

By this time Boone ought to have had enough of the

BOONE ESCAPES.

DANIEL BOONE. 137

wilderness. But the fearless Daniel sent his brother back
to North Carolina for ammunition and horses, while he
spent the winter in this almost boundless forest, with no
neighbors but Indians, wolves, and other wild creatures.
This was just what Daniel Boone liked, for he was him
self a wild man.

Once the Indians chased him. Seeing them at a dis
tance, following his tracks like dogs after a deer, he
caught hold of one of those long, wild grape-vines that
dangle from the tall trees in Kentucky, and swung him
self away out in the air and then dropped down. When
the Indians came to the place they could not follow his
tracks, and Boone got away.

He lived alone three months, till his brother returned.
Then the Boones selected a spot on which to settle, and
went back to North Carolina for their families and their
friends. On their way out again, in 1773, the Indians at
tacked Boone's party and killed six men, among whom
was Boone's eldest son. The women of the party now
went to the nearest settlement, but Boone made sev
eral journeys to and fro. In 1775, just as the Revolu
tionary War broke out, he built a fort in Kentucky, and
called it Boonesborough. Even while building the fort
Boone and his friends were attacked by Indians. When
the lort_was completed, Boone's wife and daughters came
to Boonesborough, and they were the first white women
in Kentucky.

A daughter of Boone's and two other girls were capt
ured by the Indians while picking flowers outside of the

138

DANIEL BOONE.

fort. These cunning backwoods girls managed to drop
reds torn from their clothes, and to break a bough now
and then, so as to guide their fathers in
following them. The party was
overtaken by Boone and others,
and the girls were rescued-

To tell of -all the battles
around Boonesborough, or of
all of Daniel Boone's fights and
escapes, would take a great
part of this book. Once, when
hunting, he encountered two
Indians. He "treed," as they
called it — that is, he got be
hind one of the large trees
of the forest. The Indians
did the same. Boone partly
exposed himself, and one of
the Indians fired, but Boone,
who was very quick, dodged at
the flash of the Indian's gun. He played the same trick
on the other. Then he shot one of the Indians, and had
a hand-to-hand fight with the other. The Indian struck
at him with his tomahawk, but Boone protected himself
with his gun-barrel, and killed the Indian with a knife
such as hunters of that time carried in their belts.

One day Boone was attacked by a hundred savages.
He tried the speed of his legs, but one young Indian
was swifter than he, and he was captured. The Indians

A BACKWOODS GIRL.

DANIEL BOONE.

139

thought him a great prize. They shaved his head, leav
ing a single lock, painted his face, and dressed him up
like an Indian. Then they gave him to an old woman
who had lost her son. She had her choice to adopt him
or give him up to be burned alive. After looking at him
a long time the squaw made up
her mind to adopt him.

The Indians among whom Boone
was a prisoner were fighting on the
English side in the Revolution
The English officers who were then
at Detroit bought all their captives
from the Indians, except Boone, and
they offered five hundred dollars for
Captain Boone. But the Indians
would not sell so great a warrior.
The English officers were sorry for
him, and out of real kindness, when
they could not buy him, they offered
him money. Boone refused to re
ceive any favors from those who
were fighting against his country.

He pretended to like the Indian way of living. He
stayed a long time with them, and took part in all their
sports. He seemed to have forgotten his own people.
But when he found that they were preparing to attack
Boonesborough, he got ready to escape. Pretending to
chase a deer, while holding a piece of his breakfast in his
hand, he succeeded in getting away. By running in streams

DANIEL BOONE.

140 DANIEL B*«NE.

of water he kept the Indians fr®m following his tracks.
He lived on roots and berries, and only once ventured to
discharge his gun to get food.

When he got back to Boonesborough he found that
his family had given him up for dead and gone back to
North Carolina. He repaired the fort, and beat off five
hundred Indians who attacked it.

Boone brought his family to Kentucky again, and was
in many severe fights after this. Kentucky had no rest
from bloodshed until Wayne defeated the Indians in Ohio,
in 1794. (See page 146). When Kentucky had filled up
with people, the old pioneer went off to Missouri so as to
get "elbow-room." The amusements of his old age were
lying in wait for deer, shooting wild turkeys, and hunting
for bee-trees. He was eighty-five years old when he died.

Pi-o-neer', an early settler in a new country. Wil'-der-ness, a
wild country; a country without inhabitants. Dangle [dang'-ul], to hang
down. Cab'-in, a small house. Cane'-brake, a thicket of growing
canes (such as are used for fishing-rods). Ammunition [am-mu-nish'-
un], things used in loading a gun, as powder, bullets, caps, and so on.
Fort, a place built to keep out enemies in war. Shreds, little strips
or threads torn off. Res'-cued, saved from danger ; recovered. Tom'-
a-hawk, an Indian's hatchet. A-dopt', to take for one's own child.
Squaw, an Indian woman. Bee'-tree, a tree in which a swarm of wild
bees have stored honey.

Tell about—

Daniel Boone as a boy. His first journeys over the mountains.
His encounters with the Indians. The escape of three Ken
tucky girls. His long captivity and escape. His old age and
death.

To be remembered :

The State first settled by Daniel Boone — Kentucky.

R0BERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 141

XXIV.

Robert Fulton and the Steamboat.

MORE than a hundred years ago a sickly Scotch boy
named James Watt used to sit and watch the lid of his
mother's tea-kettle as it rose and fell while the water was
boiling, and wonder about the power of steam, which
caused this rattling motion. In his day there were no
steamboats, or steam-mills, or railways. There was noth
ing but a clumsy steam-engine, that could work slowly an
up-and-down pump to take water out of mines. This had
been invented sixty years before. Watt became a maker
of mathematical instruments. He was once called to re
pair one of these wheezy, old-fashioned pumping-engines.
He went to work to improve it, and he became the real
inventor of the first steam-engine that was good for all
sorts of work that the world wants done.

When once steam was put to work, men said, " Why
not make it run a boat ? " One English inventor tried to
run his boat by making the engine push through the water
a thing somewhat like a duck's foot. An American named
Rumsey moved his boat by forcing a stream of water
through it, drawing it in at the bow and pushing it out
at the stern. But this pump-boat failed.

Then came John Fitch. He was an ingenious, poor
fellow, who had knocked about in the world making but
tons out of old brass kettles and mending guns. He had
been a soldier in the Revolution and a captive among the
Indians. At length he made a steamboat. He did not

142

ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT.

FITCH'S STEAMBOAT.

imitate the duck's foot or the steam-pump, but, like most
other inventors, he borrowed from what had been used.

He made his engine drive
a number of oars, so
as to paddle the boat
forward. His boat was
tried on the Delaware
River in 1787. The
engine was feeble, and
the boat ran but slow
ly. .Fitch grew extremely poor and ragged, but he used
to say that, when " Johnny Fitch " should be forgotten,
steamboats would run up the rivers and across the sea.
This made the people laugh, for they thought him what
we call " a crank."

Robert Fulton was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. He
was the son of an Irish tailor. He was not fond of books,
but he was ingenious. He made pencils for his own use
out of lead, and he made rockets for his own Fourth of
July celebration.

With some other boys he
used to go fishing
in an old flat-
boat. But he got
tired of pushing
the thing along
with poles, so he
contrived some pad
dle-wheels to turn with -^

FULTON'8 FIRST INVENTION.

ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 143

cranks, something like those in the picture. He was four
teen years old when he made this invention.

At seventeen he became a. miniature painter in Phila
delphia, and by the time he was twenty-one he had earned
money enough to buy a little farm for his mother. He
then went to Europe to study arfc/*C

But his mind turned to mechanical inventions, of which
he now made several. Among other things, he contrived
a little boat to run under water and blow up war-vessels ;
but, though he could supply this boat with air, he could
not get it to run swiftly.

He now formed a partnership with Chancellor Living
ston, the American Minister to France, who was very much
interested in steamboats. Fulton had two plans. One was
to use paddles in a new way ; the other was to use the
paddle-wheel, such as he had made when he was a boy.
He found the wheels better than paddles.

He built his first steamboat on the River Seine, near
Paris, but the boat broke in two from the weight of her
machinery. His next boat made a trial-trip in sight of a
great crowd of Parisians. She ran slowly, but Fulton felt
sure that he knew just what was needed to make the next
one run faster.

Fulton and Livingston both returned to America. Ful
ton ordered from James Watt a new engine, to be made
according to his own plans. In August, 1807, Fulton's
new boat, the Clermont, was finished at New York. Peo
ple felt no more confidence in it than we do now in a
flying-machine. They called it " Fulton's Folly." How-

144

ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT.

FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT.

ever, a great many people gathered to see the trial-trip
and laugh at Fulton and his failure. The crowd was
struck with wonder at seeing the black smoke rushing
from the pipes, and the revolving paddle-wheels, which
were uncovered, as you see in the picture, throwing spray

into the air, while the boat
moved without spreading
her sails. At last a
steamboat had been
made that would run
at a fair rate of speed.
The Clermont began
to make regular trips
from New Jjfork to Al-
,bany. When the men
on the river sloops first saw this creature of fire and
smoke coming near them in the night, and heard the puff
of her steam, the clank of her machinery, and the splash
of her wheels, they were frightened. Some of the sailors
ran below to escape the monster, some fell on their knees
and prayed, while others hurried ashore.

While Fulton was inventing and building steamboats,
people became very much interested in machinery. A man
named Redheffer pretended to have invented a perpetual-
motion machine, which, once started, would go on of itself.
People paid a dollar apiece to see the wonder, and learned
men who saw it could not account for its motion. Fulton
was aware that it must be a humbug, because he knew
that there could be no such thing as a machine that

ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 145

would run of itself. But his friends coaxed him to go to
see it. When Fulton had listened to it a while he found
that it ran in an irregular way, faster and then slower,
and then faster and slower again.

" This is a crank-motion," he said. " If you people will
help me, I'll show you the cheat."

The crowd agreed to help. Fulton knocked down some
little strips of wood, and found a string running through
one of them from the machine to the wall ; he followed
this through the upper floor until he came to a back gar
ret. In this sat a wretched old man, who wore an im
mense beard, and appeared to have been long imprisoned.
He was gnawing a crust of bread, and turning a crank
which was connected with the machinery by the string.
When the crowd got back to the machine-room Redheffer
had run away.

Fulton died in 1815. Before his death many steamboats
were in use. Some years after his death steam was applied
to railways, and a little later steamers were built to cross
the ocean.

In-vent'-or, one who invents or contrives something not before
known. In-gen'-ious, inventive; good at contriving new ways of
doing things. Be-low', on a vessel, this word means down stairs.

Tell in your own words about —

James Watt and the steam-engine.
Early attempts to build steamboats.
Fulton's early life.

How Fulton invented the steamboat.
The first steamboat on the Hudson.
Fulton and the perpetual motion.

146 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

XXV.

William Henry Harrison.

ONE of the members of Congress who signed the Dec
laration of Independence in 1776 was Benjamin Harrison,
a stout and jolly man. When Congress chose John Han
cock for its President, or chairman, Hancock made a mod
est speech, as though he would decline the place. But
Benjamin Harrison just took him up in his arms and set
him down in the chair.

The third son of this Benjamin Harrison was William
Henry Harrison. He was born in Virginia in 1773. His
father died when he was young. Young Harrison began
the study of medicine, but there was a war with the In
dians in the West, and he wanted to go to the war. His
guardian wished him to stick to his study of medicine ;
but there was more soldier than doctor in Harrison, and
President Washington, who had been his father's friend,
made the young man an officer in the army when he was
but nineteen years old.

When Harrison got to the Western country the army,
under the lead of General St. Clair, had been surprised by
the Indians and defeated. Washington appointed General
Wayne to take St. Clair's place, and Wayne gave Harrison
a place on his staff. Wayne trained his men carefully, and
practiced them in shooting, and when he marched it was
with every care not to be surprised. The Indians called
Wayne " the Chief who never Sleeps.'* He fought a battle
with the Indians on the Maumee River, in Ohio, and he

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 147

pushed them so hotly with bayonets and guns fired at short
range that the Indians fled in every direction. They were
so thoroughly beaten that they made peace with the white
people, and the Western settlers had rest from war for a
while.

In 1801 a new Territory, called Indiana, was formed.
It took in all the country which now lies in Indiana, Illi
nois, and Wisconsin, and it had but few white people in it.
Harrison was made governor of this large region.

There was a young Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh [te-
cum'-sy], who had fought against Wayne in 1794. He
was much opposed to the Indians' selling their lands.
He declared that no tribe had a right to sell land
without the consent of the other tribes. There were at
that time seventeen States, and the Indians called the
United States the " Seventeen Fires." Tecumseh got the
notion of forming all the Indian tribes into a confeder-
_acj; like the " Seventeen Fires," or States, of the white
men.

Tecumseh was not born a chief, but he had gathered
a great band of followers, and had thus become a pow
erful leader. He made long journeys to the North and
West, and then traveled away to the South to bring the
Indians into his plan for a great war that should drive
the white people back across the Alleghany Mountains.
In one council at the South the Indians refused to join
him. Tecumseh told them that, when he got to De
troit, he would stamp on the ground and make the
houses in their village fall down. It happened soon after

148

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

that an earthquake did destroy some of their houses, and
the frightened Indians said, " Tecumseh has arrived at De
troit." They immediately got ready to help him against
the white people.

Tecumseh had a brother who pretended to be a prophet,
and who was called " The Open Door." He gathered
many Indians about him at Tippecanoe, in Indiana, and he
preached a war against the white people.

Governor Harrison held a council with Tecumseh at
Vincennes. Seats were placed for the chief on the piazza
of the governor's house, but Tecumseh insisted on holding

the council in a
grove. He said
that the white
people might
bring out some
chairs for them
selves, but that
the earth was the
Indians' mother,
and they would
rest on her
bosom.

In the discus
sions Tecumseh
grew very angry, and his warriors seized their tomahawks
and sprang to their feet. Harrison drew his sword, a
white man near him showed a dirk, and a friendly Indian
cocked his pistol to defend the governor, while a Method-

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 149

1st minister ran with a gun to protect Harrison's family.
Others present armed themselves with clubs and brick
bats. The soldiers now came running up to fire on the
Indians ; but Harrison stopped them, and told Tecumseh
that he was a bad man, and that he could now go.

Tecumseh cooled down and had another talk with the
governor the next day, and Harrison even went to the
chief's tent with only one companion.

But General Harrison soon saw that, in spite of all he
could do, war would come. Tecumseh went South to stir
up the Southern tribes. He gave these far-away Indians
bundles of sticks painted red. He told them
to throw away one stick every day, and,
when all were gone, they were to fall
upon the white people.

But General Harrison thought, if
there had to be war, he would rather

TECUMSEH'S ALMANAC.

fix the time for it himself ; so, while
Tecumseh was leaving his almanac of red sticks in the
South, the general marched from Vincennes [vin-senz'J, up
the Wabash [waw'-bash] to Tippecanoe [tip'-pe-ka-noo'J,
which was Te£ujris£liIs-4K)me. Knowing that the Indians
would try to surprise him, he fooled them into believing
that he was going up on one side of the river, and then
crossed to the other. He got nearly to Tippecanoe in
safety, but the prophet sent messengers to him, pretending
that the Indians would make peace the next day.

Harrison's men lay on their arms that night. About
four o'clock on the morning of November 7, 1811, the

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

general was pulling on his boots, intending to awaken the
army, when a sentinel fired at a skulking Indian, and the
war-whoop sounded from the tall grass on every side.
The white men put out their camp-
fires, so that the Indians could
not see to shoot at them, and
the fierce battle raged
in the darkness. The
signals to charge and
to fall back were given
to the Indians
by the rattle
of deer's hoofs.
The prophet sung
a wild war-song on
a neighboring hill,
after promising his fol
lowers that bullets
should not hurt them.
But many an Indian and
many a white man fell in that bloody struggle. When
daylight came, Harrison's men made a charge which drove
away the savages.

Harrison burned the village at Tippecanoe, and Tecum-
seh came back to find his plan for driving the white men
over the mountains spoiled. But the war with England
broke out soon after this, and Tecumseh entered the Brit
ish army, and was made a brigadier-general.

General Harrison was now once~"more~ "Opposed to Te-

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 151

cumseh, for he was put in command of the United States
army in the West. In 1813 he was besieged in Fort Meigs
[megs] by an English army under General Proctor and a
body of Indians under Tecumseh.

While the English were building their batteries to fire
into the fort the Americans were very busy also, but they
kept a row of tents standing to hide what they were doing.
When the English guns were ready, the Americans took
down their tents and showed a great earthwork that would
shelter them from the batteries. This made Tecumseh
angry. He said that General Harrison was like a ground
hog — he stayed in his hole, and would not come out and
fight like a man.

Proctor, though belonging to a civilized nation, was a
heartless brute. Tecumseh was born a savage, but he was
always opposed to cruelty. Some of Harrison's men had
been captured, and Proctor allowed the Indians to put
them to death. When Tecumseh saw what was going on,
he rushed in between the Indians and their prisoners with
his tomahawk in hand, and stopped the slaughter.

" Why did you allow this ? " he demanded of General
Proctor.

" I could not control the Indians," said Proctor.

" Go home and put on petticoats," said Tecumseh.

The English fleet on Lake Erie was beaten in a fight
with the American ships under Commodore Perry in the
fall of 1813. Harrison now crossed into Canada, and the
British army retreated to the river Thames [temz], where
Harrison overtook it, and a battle followed. Proctor was

152

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

afraid to fall
into the hands
of the Amer
icans, who
hated him for
his cruelties to
prisoners and
the wounded.
He ran away
before the bat
tle was over.
Brave Tecum-
seh was killed
in this fight.
Harrison left the army soon after this. In 1840 he was

living in a simple way on his farm at North Bend, in Ohio,

when he was nominated for President of the United States.

He was elected, but he died on the 4th of April, 1841, one

month after taking office.

Guardian [gard'-i-an], one appointed to care for the interests of a
person who is under age. Con-fed'-er-a-cy, persons, states, or tribes,
who agree to act together. Proph'-et, one who speaks by command
of God. Skulk'-ing, sneaking ; moving so as to avoid being seen.
Sen'-ti-nel, a soldier set to watch. Brig-a-dier'- gen'-er-al, an
officer of a lower rank than major-general ; one who properly commands a
brigade of several regiments. Besieged [be-seejd'J, shut up in a place
by an enemy. Nom'-i-na-ted, put forward as a candidate.

Tell in your own words what it was that made Harrison famous.
Tell how he came to destroy the Indian town at Tippecanoe.
Tell about the siege of Fort Meigs.
About the battle of the Thames.

ANDREW JACKSON. 153

XXVI.

Andrew Jackson.

GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON'S father was also named
Andrew Jackson. He was an Irishman, who came to the
Waxhaw settlement, on the line between North and South
Carolina, about ten years before the Revolution. He had
built a log-cabin, cleared a little land, and raised a crop of
corn, when he sickened and died. In this sad time his son,
Andrew Jackson, was born. Andrew's mother lived with
her relatives, and spun flax to earn a little money.

From a little fellow " Andy " was a hot-tempered boy.
Some larger boys once loaded a gun very heavily, and
gave it to Andy to fire, in order to see him knocked over
by the " kick " of the gun. But the fierce little fellow
had no sooner tumbled over, than he got up and vowed
that he would kill the first one that laughed, and not one
of the boys dared to provoke him.
He grew up in a wild country and
among rough people. What little
schooling he got was at an old field
school-house.

When he was but thirteen the
Revolutionary War began. In the
South the struggle was very bitter,
neighbor battling against neighbor
with any weapons that could be
found. Of course, a fiery fellow like
Andrew wanted to have a hand in

ANDREW JACKSON
MAKES HIS OWN WEAPONS.

154

ANDREW JACKSON.

the fight against England. Whenever he went to a black-
smith's shop he hammered out some new weapon. Young
as he was, he was in two or three skirmishes. In one of
these, Andrew and his brother were taken prisoners. A

British officer ordered Andrew
to clean the mud off his boots.
Young Jackson refused, and got a
sword-cut on his head for it. His
brother was treated in the same
way. The two wounded boys
were then confined in a for-
lorn prison-pen, where they
took the small-pox. Their
mother managed to get them
exchanged, and brought the
sick boys home.

When Andrew Jackson
was eighteen years old he
went to the village of
Salisbury to study law. At
this time many settlers were
crossing the mountains into the
rich lands to the westward, and

young Jackson moved to the newly settled country of
Tennessee. Here, in the fierce disputes of a new coun
try, it took a great deal of courage to practice law.

Jackson was not only brave ; he was also a quick-tem
pered man, who got into many quarrels during his life, and
sometimes fought duels^JThe rough people among whom

ANDREW JACKSON. 15$

he lived were afraid of him. One day he was eating at a
long table which the keeper of the tavern had set out of
doors for the crowd that had come to see a horse-race.
A fight was going on at the other end of the table ; but
fights were so common in this new country that Jackson
did not stop eating to find out what it was about. Pres
ently he heard that a friend of his, one Patten Anderson,
was likely to be killed. Jackson could not easily get to
his friend for the crowd, but he jumped up on the table
and ran along on it, putting his hand into his pocket as
though to draw a pistol. He cried out at the same time,
" I'm coming, Patten ! " and he opened and shut the to
bacco-box in his pocket with a sound like the cocking of
a pistol. The crowd w:.s so afraid of him that they scat
tered at once, crying, " Don't fire ! "

Jackson was an able man, and an honest one in his way.
He was once a judge, he kept a store, he went to Con
gress, and then to the United States Senate. When the
"War of 1812" with England broke out he was sent as a
general of Tennessee volunteers to defend New Orleans.
When he had waited some time at Natchez he was or
dered to disbaftd^his troops, as they were not needed.
Those who sent such an order from Washington did not
stop to ask how the poor Tennesseeans were to make their
way back to their homes. Jackson refused to obey the
order, pledged his own property to get food for his men,
and marched them to Tennessee again. The men became
devoted to him, and gave him the nickname of " Old
Hickon

ANDREW JACKSON.

But after a while war broke out in the Southwest in
earnest. Tecumseh, in his Southern trip, had persuaded a
, who was known to the whites as Weath-
ersford and to the Indians as Red
Eagle, to "take up the hatchet-^
and go to war. The Indians at
tacked Fort Mimms, in which four
hundred men, women, and children
were shut up. They burned the
fort and killed the people in it.
Weathersford tried to stop the
massacre, but he could not con
trol his savages.

When the news of this slaugh
ter reached Tennessee Jackson
was very ill from a wound in the

arm and a ball in the shoulder which he had got' in a foolish
fight. But, in spite of his wounds, the fiery general marched
at the head of twenty -five hundred men to attack the
savages. He had a great deal of trouble to feed his troops
in the wilderness ; the men suffered from hunger, and some
times rebelled and resolved to go home. Jackson once
ordered out half his army to keep the other half from leav
ing. Again, the half that had tried to desert was used to
make the others stay. At another time he stood in the road
in front of his rebellious soldiers, and declared in the most
dreadful words that he would shoot the first villain who
took a step.

In spite of all these troubles with his wild soldiers Jack-

CHIEF IN FULL DRESS.

ANDREW JACKSON.

'57

son beat the enemy by rapid marches and bold attacks.
In 1814 the savages had fortified themselves at a place
called Horseshoe Bend. Here Jackson had
a terrible battle
with the Indians,
who fought until
they were almost
all dead. At length
most of the sav
ages submitted, or
fled into Florida,
which at that time
belonged to Spain.
The white men
had vowed to kill
Weathersford, the
chief ; but that
fearless fellow rode
up to Jackson's
tent, and said that
he wanted the
general to send
for the Indian

women and children, who were starving in the woods.
When the whi^e soldiers saw Weathersford, they cried
out, " Kill him ! " But Jackson told them that anybody
who would kill so brave a man would rob the dead.

Jackson was suffering all this time from a painful illness,
and was hardly able to sit in the saddle. But he marched

WEATHERSFORD
SURRENDERS TO GENERAL JACKSON.

ANDREW JACKSON.

to Mobile, which he suc
ceeded in defending against
an English force that had
landed in Florida, and had
been joined by Florida
Indians. Jackson resolved
that the Spaniards should
not give any further aid to the enemies of the United
States. He therefore marched his army into Florida and
took the Spanish town of Pensacola, driving the English
away.

It soon became necessary for him to go to New Or
leans to defend that place. The English landed twelve
thousand fine men below that city. Jackson armed the free
negroes and the prisoners out of the jails, but, after all, he
had only half as many soldiers as the English. The general

ANDREW JACKSON.

159

though yellow with illness, was as resolute as ever. He had
several fights with the English as they advanced, but the
decisive battle was fought on the 8th of January, 1815, when
the English tried to carry the American works by storm.
Jackson's Southwestern troops were many
of them dead-shots. They mowed down
the ranks of the British whenever they
charged, until more than one fifth of
the English troops had been killed
or wounded and their general
was also dead. Though the
English had lost twenty-six
hundred brave men, the Amer
icans had but eight killed and
thirteen wounded.

One little English bugler,
fourteen years old, had climbed
into a tree near the American
works and blown his bugle-
charge, to cheer the English,
till there were none left to
blow for. An American soldier
then brought him into camp,
where the men made much of their
young prisoner, because he was so brave.

This wonderful defense of New Orleans ended the
" War of 1812." General Jackson became the darling of
his country. When the United States bought Florida from
Spain, he was sent to take possession of that country.

l6o ANDREW JACKSON.

In 1828 Jackson was elected President of the United
States. He was a man of the plain people, rough in speech
and stern in manner, but his popularity was very great.
He was the first President who put out of office those who
had voted against him, and appointed his .own friends to
their places. He enforced the laws with a strong hand,
and he managed affairs with other nations in such a way
as to make the country respected in Europe.

General Jackson died in 1845. He was, as we have
seen, a man of strong will and fierce passions. But he was
faithful to his friends, affectionate with his relatives, and
exceedingly kind to his slaves. He had no children, but
he adopted a nephew of his wife's and brought him up as
his son. He also adopted an Indian baby, found after one
of his battles in its 'dead mother's arms. His splendid de
fense of New Orleans showed Jackson to be one of the
very ablest generals America has ever produced.

Weapon [wep'-pun], something to fight with. Skir'-mish, a small
battle. Du'-el, a fight between two men with weapons. To draw a
pistol, is to take it from the pocket or belt to fire. Vol-un-teers',
men not regular soldiers who enlist in an army during a war. Dis-band',
to dismiss a company of soldiers. "Old Hickory"; this name was
given to Jackson, who shared all the hardships of his men, because the
hickory-tree is rough outside, and has a very tough wood. Half ' - breed,
a person one of whose parents is of the white race, and the other Indian.
"Take up the hatchet," an Indian phrase meaning to go to war.
Massacre [mas'-a-ker], the putting to death of people who have no means
of defending themselves. Spaniards [span '-yards], the people of Spain.
Resolute [rez'-o-lute], determined. Decisive [cle-si'-siv], that which
decides or settles a matter. Dead-shot, one whose aim in shooting is
perfect. Bugle-charge, notes played on a bugle as a signal for soldiers
to charge. Popularity [pop-yu-lar'-i-ty], favor with the people.

ANDREW JACKSON. l6l

Tell in your own words about the boyhood of General Jackson.
What part did he take in the Revolution ?

Tell about his war against the Indians under Red Eagle, or Weathers-
ford.

Which do you think was Jackson's most famous battle?
Tell about the defense of New Orleans.
What kind of a President was Jackson ?
What kind of a man was he ?
What kind of a general ?

XXVII.
Morse and the Telegraph.

BEFORE the railroad and the telegraph were invented
it took weeks for news to go from one part of this country
to another. The mails were carried by a lad on horseback,
or by a stage-coach drawn by horses. The railroad was
invented in England and introduced into this country about
1830. <\ The locomotive carried news much more quickly
than norses' feet could travel. But now we know to-day
what happened yesterday on the other side of the world,
and we wonder how people ever got on without the
electric telegraph.

Samuel Finley Breeze Morse, who invented the electric
telegraph, or that form of it that came into general use,
was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1791. When
he was four years old he was sent to school to an old
lady, who was lame and not able to leave her chair. She
managed her scholars with a very long rattan stick. This
was her telegraph, we might say, but the children did not
always like the messages she sent upon it. Morse showed

162 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH.

his talent as an artist by scratching- a picture of the old
lady on a piece of furniture, but he did not like the mes
sage she sent him on her rattan telegraph.

When Samuel Morse went to Yale College he took
great interest in the experiments in electricity which he
saw there. But the chief question with him at this time
was how to get a living. He had a talent for making
pictures, and he took to painting miniatures of people for
five dollars apiece ; he also made profiles at a dollar apiece.
As there were no photographs then, people who wanted
small pictures of themselves had to have them painted.
This was usually done on ivory.

We have seen that Fulton, the maker of steamboats, was
a painter. Morse became a painter, and went to England
to study, where he attracted attention by his good work.
After four years in Europe he came to America again, as
poor as ever. His clothes were threadbare, and his shoes
were ragged at the toes. " My stockings," he said, " want
to see my mother." He brought with him a large picture,
which everybody admired, but nobody bought it.

He was already thinking about inventions. He and his
brother invented a pump, which his brother jokingly named
" Morse's Patent Metallic, Double-headed, Ocean-drinker
and Deluge-spouter Valve Pump Box." But the pump, for
all this, was not a success, and Morse traveled from town
to town painting portraits for a living.

Morse went to Europe again, and in 1832 he sailed for
America once more. He was now about forty-one years
old. One evening, in the cabin of the ship, the talk turned

MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 163

on electricity. A Dr. Jackson, who was one of the pas
sengers, told of an interesting experiment which he had
seen in Paris. Electricity had been sent instantaneously
through a great length of wire arranged in circles around
a large room.

" Then," said Morse, " I don't see why messages can
not be sent a long distance instantaneously by means of
electricity."

When the conversation was over the rest forgot all
about it. But Morse began to plan a telegraph, making
drawings of the machine in his sketch-book. But he was
much too poor to go on with his invention. His brothers
gave him the use of a room for a studk^and here he lived,
and made experiments on a rude telegraph. He did his
own cooking, and he used to go out at night to buy food,
for fear that his friends should discover how little he had
to eat.

In 1835 Morse became a professor. He now took a
Professor Gale into partnership in the telegraph. But
neither of them had money enough to perfect the inven
tion. While they were one day exhibiting their rude ma
chine to some gentlemen, a student named Alfred Vail
happened to come into the room. Young Vail was the son
of Judge Vail, a wealthy mill-owner. He had worked for
some years in his father's shops, and was a far better
mechanic than Professor Morse or Professor Gale.

Vail's quick eye soon comprehended the new invention,
which was being tested with seventeen hundred feet of
wire stretched back and forth across the room.

164 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH.

" Do you intend to try the telegraph on a large scale?"
Vail asked.

" I do, if I can get the money to carry out my plans,"
Professor Morse replied.

Vail then proposed to get money for Morse if the pro
fessor would make him a partner. This was agreed to, and
the young man hurried to his room, locked the door, threw
himself on his bed, and gave himself up to imagining the
future of the telegraph. He took up his atlas and traced
out the great lines which the telegraph would take. It is
probable that Professor Morse would have failed if it had
not been for the help of this young man.

After getting some further explanations from Morse,
Alfred Vail hurried home and talked to his father about
it, until the judge decided to furnish the two thousand
dollars that would be needed to make a perfect telegraph.
This was to be taken to Congress, to persuade that body
to supply money to build the first line.

\ Besides furnishing money for the machine, the Vails got
Morse to paint some portraits for them, and thus supplied
him with money to meet his most pressing wants. Alfred
now had a room fitted up in one of his father's workshops
at Speedwell, in New Jersey. He kept the place carefully
locked, lest the secret of the invention should be discov
ered by others.

A boy named William Baxter, fifteen years old, was
taken from the shop to help Alfred Vail. For many months
Alfred and Baxter worked together, sometimes day and

night. There was no such thing as telegraph wire in a

MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH.

I65

day when there were no telegraphs. But the ladies of
that time wore a kind of high bonnet, which was called a
" sky-scraper," and a sort of wire was used to strengthen
and stiffen the fronts of such bonnets, which
proved to be the best to be had for the pur
pose of the new telegraph-makers. Vail bought
all the bonnet-wire in the market.

Vail made many improvements in
Morse's machine. He also made the instru
ment write, not with the zigzag marks used
by Professor Morse, but in dots and dashes
for letters, as you will see in the alphabet
given on this page. Morse was busy get
ting his patent, and Professor Gale was
engaged in making the batteries.

A "SKY-SCRAPER.'

A - —

L -

G — - --

M -

H ----

N — -

S ---

I --

O - -

u —

THE TELEGRAPHIC ALPHABET.

Rat-tan', the long slender shoots of the East Indian cane. Miniature
[min'-it-yur], a small picture ; usually a small portrait on ivory. Profile
[pro'-file], a side-view of a face. In-stan-ta'-ne-ous-ly, immediately;
at once. Sketch'-book, a book in which an artist makes hurried draw
ings. Com-pre-hend'-ed, took in ; understood. Pat'-ent, a paper
from a government giving an inventor the right to prevent other people
from using his invention. Bat'-ter-y, that part of the telegraph which
produces the electricity.
12

1 66 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH.

Tell in your own words —
About Morse's early life.

Tell how he came to think of inventing a telegraph.
Tell something of his struggles with poverty.
How did Vail come to take an interest in the invention ?
How did he get telegraphic wire ?

XXVIII.
How the Telegraph became successful.

MORSE now had but three pupils. One of his pupils,
when his quarter's tuition was due, had not yet received his
money from home, so that he could not pay the professor
immediately. One day, when Morse came in, he said :

"Well, Strother, my boy, how are we off for money?"

" Professor, I'm sorry to say I have been disappointed,
but I expect the money next week."

" Next week ! " exclaimed Morse ; " I shall be dead by
next week."

" Dead, sir ? "

" Yes, dead of starvation."

" Would ten dollars be of any service ? " asked Strother,
in alarm.

" Ten dollars would save my life ; that is all it would
do," answered the professor, who had not eaten a mouth
ful for twenty-four 'hours. The money was paid.

Judge Vail grew discouraged about the telegraph. The
old gentleman refused to look at the machine. Alfred Vail
saw that if the work were not finished soon his father
would put a stop to it. He and young Baxter stayed

HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 167

close in their room, with Morse, working as fast as they
could, and avoiding Judge Vail, lest he should say the
words that would end their project. Baxter would watch
the windows, and, when he saw Judge Vail go to din
ner, he would tell Morse and Alfred Vail, and they would
all go to dinner at the house of Alfred's brother-in-law,
making sure to get safe back before the judge should
appear again.

At last the invention was in working order, and Alfred
Vail said to Baxter:

" William, go up to the house and ask father to come
down and see the telegraph machine work."

The boy ran eagerly, in his shop-clothes and without
any coat, and Judge Vail followed him back to the little
room. Mr. Vail wrote on a slip of pa
per, " A patient waiter is no loser."
He handed this to Alfred, saying :

" If yOU Can Send that SO that INSTRUMENT FOR SENDING TELEGRAMS.

Professor Morse can read it at the

other end of the wire, I shall be convinced."

Alfred clicked it off, and Morse read it at his end.
The old gentleman was overjoyed.

But there was a great deal of trouble after this in
getting the matter started. It was thought necessary to
have the Government build the first line, because business
men were slow to try new things in that day. The Presi
dent, and other public men, showed much curiosity about
the new machine, but Congress was slow to give money
to construct a line.

l68 HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL.

In 1842 a bill was passed in the House of Representa
tives apjDropriating thirty thousand dollars to construct a
telegraph on Morse's plan from Washington to Baltimore.
It had yet to pass the Senate before it could become a law.
When the last hours of the session had arrived, a senator
told Morse that his bill could not be passed, there were so
many other bills to be voted on before it. Morse went to
his hotel, and found that, after paying his bill and buying
his ticket to New York, he had thirty-seven cents left.

i But the next morning, while he was eating his break
fast before leaving Washington, Miss Ellsworth, the daugh
ter of the commissioner of patents, brought Morse word
that his bill had passed the night before. For her kind
ness the inventor promised her that she ^should send the
first message over a telegraph line.

Morse tried to lay his wires underground in pipes, but
it was found that naked wires laid in this way let the elec
tricity escape into the ground. What was to be done?
There were now but seven thousand dollars left of the
thirty thousand. To change their plan would be to con
fess that those wno were building the telegraph had made
a mistake, and this would make people more suspicious
than ever. The machine for digging the ditch in which the
wires were to be laid was run against a stone and broken
on purpose to make an excuse for changing the plan.

A year had been wasted, when it was decided to put
the wires on poles. At last, in 1844, the wires were
strung, and Miss Ellsworth sent the first message, which
was, " What hath God wrought IV The first news that

HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 169

went over the wire was that James K. Polk had been
nominated for President.1

But at first people would not believe that messages had
come over the wire. They waited for the mails to bring
the same news before they could believe it. One man asked
how large a bundle could be sent over the wires. A joking
fellow hung a pair of dirty boots on the wire, and gave it
out that they had got muddy from traveling so fast. A
woman who saw a telegraph pole planted in front of her
door said she supposed she could not punish her children
any more without everybody knowing it. She thought the
wire would carry news of its own accord. At first few
messages were sent. The operators worked for nothing,
and slept under their tables. But after a while people be
gan to use the wires, which were gradually extended over
the country. Another kind of electric telegraph had been
tried in England, but Morse's plan was found the best.

Before Morse put up his first line he had tried a tele
graph through the water. To keep the electricity from
escaping, he wound the wire with thread soaked in pitch
and surrounded it with rubber. He laid this wire from
Castle Garden, at the lower end of New York city, across
to Governor's Island, in the harbor. He was able to tele
graph through it, but before he could exhibit it the anchor
of a vessel drew up the wire, and the sailors carried off
part of it.

About 1850, Cyrus W. Field, of New York, got the
notion that a telegraph could be laid across the Atlantic
Ocean. After much trouble to raise the money needed,

170 HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL.

and two attempts to lay a telegraph cable across the
ocean, the first cable was laid successfully in 1858. The
Queen of England sent a message to the President of
the United States, and President Buchanan sent a reply.
Many great meetings were held to rejoice over this union
of the Old World with the New. But the first Atlantic
telegraph cable worked feebly for three weeks, and then
ceased to work altogether.

Mr. Field now found it hard work to get people to
put money into a new cable. Seven years after the first

one was laid, the Great Eastern,
, the largest ship afloat, laid
twelve hundred miles of
telegraph cable in the
Atlantic Ocean, when
;:*? the cable suddenly
broke. The next year,
in 1866, the end of this ca
ble was found and brought
up from the bottom of the sea. It was spliced to a new
one, which was laid successfully.

Morse lived to old age, no longer pinched for money,
and honored in Europe and America for his great inven
tion. He died in 1872, when nearly eighty-one years old.
The latest wonder in telegraphing is the telephone,
which is a machine by which the actual words spoken are
carried upon a wire and heard at the other end of the
line. The invention was made about the same time, in
somewhat different forms, by several different men.

THE GREAT EASTERN.

HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. I /I

House of Rep-re-sent'-a-tives, that part of Congress which is
chosen by the people. Sen'-ate, that part of Congress which is chosen
by the Legislatures of the States. The Senate meets at one end of the
capitol and the House of Representatives at the other. A bill must be
agreed to by both, in order to become a law. Ap-pro'-pri-ate, to set
apart for a particular purpose. Exhibit [egz-hib'-it], to show.

Tell in your own words about —

The finishing of the invention in Judge Vail's shop.

The passing of the bill in Congress.

The building of the first telegraph line.

The sending of the first message.

The mistakes which people made regarding the telegraph.

The laying of the Atlantic cable.

The telephone.

What is a telegraph used for ?

What do you know about how it is worked ?

XXIX.

Early Life of Abraham Lincoln.

FIVE years after Daniel Boone ,(l^^
took his family to Kentucky
there came over the mountains
a man named Abraham Lincoln,
bringing his wife and children.
The Lincolns and Boones were .. •*x&^''&gsx£SE£gmis&w&*&!? '

^'^afc^a!ifc-":^SS|SfeflElSCSSS*^t*ii?1?S!^

friends. They were much the

Same kind Of people, hunters A SCHOOL-HOUSE IN THE BACKWOODS.

and pioneers, always seeking a new and wild country to
live in. This Abraham Lincoln, the friend of Boone, was
grandfather of President Abraham Lincoln, who was born
in a log-cabin in Kentucky in 1809.

I/2 EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

When little Abe Lincoln was seven years old his father
moved from Kentucky to southwestern Indiana, which was
then a wild country. Here he lived in a house of the
roughest and poorest sort known to backwoods people. It
had three sides closed with logs. The other side was left
entirely open to the weather. There was no chimney, but
the fire was built out of doors in front of the open side.
There was no floor. Such a wretched shelter is called a
" half-faced camp." It is not so good as some Indianjvig
warns. Of course, the food and clothes and beds of a
family living in this way were miserable.

Poor little Abe Lincoln sometimes attended backwoods
schools. The log school-houses in Indiana at that time

YOUNG LINCOLN WRITING LETTERS FOR THE NEIGHBOR

had large open fire-places, in which there was a great
blazing fire in the winter. The boys of the school had to

EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

173

chop and bring in the wood for this fire. The floor of
such a school-house was of rougfr boards hewn out with
axes. The schoolmasters were generally harsh men, who
persuaded their pupils to sftidy by means of long beech
switches, such as they were accustomed to use in driving
oxen. These schoolmasters did not know much themselves,
but bright little Abe
Lincoln soon learned
to write. This was
very handy for his
father and other men
in the neighborhood
who could not write,
and who got Abra
ham to write their
letters for them.

Lincoln could not

get many books to

read in a community so

destitute and illiterate.

He could not have wasted

his time and weakened his

mind, as so many boys and

girls do now, by reading exciting

stories, for he did not have them. He read carefully the

books that he had. The Bible, ^Esop's Fables, Pilgrim's

Progress, a life of Washington, and a life of Henry Clay

he read over and over again, for he could get no other

books. Whenever he heard any subject talked about

1/4 EARLY LIFE OE ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

that he did not understand, he would go off alone and
think it out, and try to put it into clear words. This
habit of close and careful thinking, and this practice in
clothing his thoughts in words that exactly fitted them,
was the best education in the world. Many boys and girls
who have good schools and good books never learn to
think for themselves.

When one is poor, a little money means a great deal.
One day Abraham Lincoln, by this time eighteen years
old, rowed two men with their baggage from the shore
out to a steamboat in the Ohio River. For this the men
dropped two silver half-dollars into the boat. Abraham
was overjoyed. To think that a poor boy could earn so
much money in so short a time made the whole world
seem wider and fairer before him, he said.

The people of southern Indiana in that day used to
send what they raised on their farms to New Orleans.

They loaded their corn, hay,
and potatoes on large

flat-boats, some-

£P~>^

times a hundred
feet long. These
boats were floated

AN OHIO RIVER FLAT-BOAT. OU tllC CUT^Ut Of tllC

Qhio River to where -that
river empties into the Mississippi, and then down the Mis
sissippi. It was a long voyage, and the boatmen had to live
on their boats for many weeks. They rowed the boats with
long sweeps, or oars, which required two and sometimes

EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 175

four men to move each one of them. Lincoln was much
trusted, and when he was nineteen years old he was sent
down the river in charge of one of these boats. This gave
him his first knowledge of the world.

By the time he was twenty-one he
had attained the height of six feet
four inches. His father, who was
always poor, once more sought a
newer country by removing to Illi
nois. Here Abraham helped to
build a log-cabin, and then he split
the rails to make a fence around
the new corn-field. In order to get
clothes, he went out to work as a hired
man on a neighbor's farm. The
cloth used by the Western people
at that time was woven by hand
in their own homes. Lincoln
had to split four hundred rails to
pay for each yard of the bgy»6*
srjun brown J£ans that went to make
his trousers. Perhaps he was sorry to be so tall and to
need so much cloth for a pair of trousers.

Lincoln went a second time on a flat-boat to New Or
leans. The boat was loaded with live hogs, and it is said
that Lincoln, finding that the hogs could not be driven,
carried them on board the boat in his long arms. After
he came back he became a clerk in a country store, where
he employed his spare time in reading. Like Franklin, he

RAIL-SPLITTING.

176 EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

got his education by the right use of his leisure time. In
this store he showed that careful honesty for which he
was always remarkable. Once, when by mistake he had
taken a "fip" —that is, six and a quarter cents — more
than was due from a customer, he walked several miles
the same night to return the money. When he found
that, by using the wrong weight, he had given a woman
two ounces of tea less than she ought to have had, he
again walked a long distance in order to make the matter
right.

One of the things he wanted to learn was English
grammar, in order to speak more correctly ; but gram
mars were hard to find at that time. He heard of a man
eight miles away who had a grammar, so he walked the
eight miles and borrowed it. Lincoln got a lawyer who
sometimes visited the store to explain what he could not
understand in his grammar.

Home'-spun, cloth made at home. Jeans [jeens], a strong home
made woolen cloth, often called " Kentucky jeans." It was the cloth most
used for men's garments while the country west of the Alleghanies was
new. (The word jean originally meant a stout cotton cloth, and is so used
in Europe). Fip, a coin no longer used. It was worth six and a quarter
cents, and had been called " fivepenny bit," from which " fip'ny bit," and
then " fip." The same coin was called a " sixpence " in New York, and
by other names elsewhere.

Give some account of —

Abraham Lincoln's childhood.
His education.

His work at farming and flat-boating.
His honesty.

LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 177

XXX.

Lincoln in Public Life.

IN 1832, when there was an Indian war in Illinois,
known as the Blackhawk War, Lincoln ^volunteered to
fight against the chief Blackhawk and his Indians. Lin
coln was chosen captain of the company. But he did not
happen to be in any battle during the war. He used to
say, jokingly, that he " fought, bled, and came away."

When " Captain " Lincoln got home from the Black-
hawk War, he bought out a country store in New Salem,
where he lived. He had a worthless young man for a
partner, and Lincoln himself was a better student than
merchant. Many bad debts were made, and, after a while,
as Lincoln expressed it, the store " winked out." This
failure left him in debt. For six years afterward he lived
very savingly, until he had paid every cent of his debts.
After he ceased to keep store he was postmaster. In a
country post-office he could borrow and read his neigh
bors' papers before they were called for. He used to
carry letters about in the crown of his hat, and distribute
the mail in that way.

Next he became a surveyor. He studied surveying
alone, as he did other things. His strict honesty and his
charming good-nature, as well as his bright speeches,
amusing stories, and witty sayings, made him a favorite
among the people. In 1834 he was elected to the Illi
nois Legislature. In a suit of home-spun he walked a hun
dred miles to attend the Legislature. When the session

1 78

LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE.

was over he came home and went to surveying again.
Whenever he had a little money he applied himself to
studying law. When his money gave out he took up his

compass and
went back to
surveying.

In 1837
he went to
S4iri»g^eWi —
and began
life as a
lawyer. The
lawyers of
that day rode
from county
to county
to attend
the courts.
Lincoln
" rode the
"as it

was called,

Avith the others, and he
Avas soon a successful laAvyer.

He would not take a case which would put him on the
unjust side of a quarrel. Nor would he take pay from
people Avhom he knew to be poor, so he did not become
a rich man.

Lincoln was always remarkable for his kindness of

LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 179

heart. While riding along the road one day he saw a
pig fast in a mud-hole. As he had on a new suit of
clothes he did not like to touch the muddy pig, and so
he rode on, leaving piggy to get out if he could. But
he could not get the pig out of his thoughts, so, when
he had gone two miles, he turned his horse back and
helped the floundering pig out of his distress. He said
he did this to " take a pain out of his own mind."

Once a poor widow, who had been kind to him many
years before, asked him to defend her son, who was on
trial for murder. It was proved in court by a witness
that in a drunken row this widow's son had struck the
blow that killed the man. Everybody thought the young
man would be hanged. When questioned by Lincoln, the
witness said that he had seen the murder by moonlight.
Then Lincoln took a little almanac out of his pocket, and
showed the court that at the time the man was killed the
moon had not risen. The young man was declared " not
guilty," but Lincoln would not take any pay from the
mother.

In 1846 Abraham Lincoln was elected a member of
Congress. This was during the war with Mexico. In
that day the Southern States allowed negroes to be held
as slaves. The Northern States had abolished slavery, so
that part of the States were called free States and part
slave States. There came up, about this time, a great
debate as to whether slavery should be allowed in the
new Territories. Lincoln strongly opposed the holding
of slaves in the Territories, and he soon became known

ISO LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE.

as a speaker on that side of the question. His fame
reached to the East, and Abraham Lincoln, who had come
up from the poverty of a half-faced camp, was invited to
address a large meeting in the great hall of Cooper Insti
tute, in New York. You see, the boy who had tried to
think everything out clearly, and to put every subject into
just the right words, had got such a knack of saying
things well, that multitudes of educated people were de
lighted to listen to his clear and witty speeches.

When, in 1860, the anti-slavery men came to nominate
a President, many of the Western people wanted Lincoln,
whom they had come to call " Old Abe/' and " Honest
Old Abe." When the convention that was to nominate
a President met, the friends of Lincoln carried in two of
the fence-rails he had split when he was a young man,
and thousands of people cheered them. Lincoln was
nominated, and, as the other party split into two parts, he
was elected.

This election was followed by the great civil wan_
The war made President Lincoln's place a very trying
one, for people blamed him for all defeats and failures.
But during all the four years of war he was patient and
kindly, and by his honesty and wisdom he won the affec
tions of the people and the soldiers. People thought of
him at first as only a man who had happened to get
elected President. But during these long years he showed
himself a great man, and when the war was ended he was
respected over all the world.

When the terrible war was over and the soldiers were

LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. l8l

coming home, Lincoln was shot by an assassin as he sat
in the theatre, on the I4th of April, 1865. His death was
lamented not only over all this country but throughout
Europe, for. his goodness of heart made him as much
loved as his greatness of mind made him admired.

Com'-pass, an instrument showing direction by means of a magnetic
needle which points always toward the north and south poles. It is used by
surveyors to fix the direction of lines between parcels of land. Circuit
[sir'-kit], in the lesson, means all places in which a judge held courts.
Nom'-i-nate, to name a man as the candidate of a party for a particular
office. Civ'-il war, war between two parties in the same country. As-
sas'-sin, one who murders another.

Tell about—

The various occupations of Lincoln before he became a lawyer.

Lincoln as a lawyer.

The stories of Lincoln's kindness.

Lincoln's part in the debate about slavery.

How he was nominated and elected.

Lincoln as President.

Lincoln's death.

OA'

Something about the Great Civil War.

SOON after Abraham Lincoln became President there
broke out the civil war, which caused the death of many
hundreds of thousands of brave men, and brought sorrow
to nearly every home in the United States. Perhaps none
of those who study this book will ever see so sad a time.
But it was also a brave time, when men gave their lives for
the cause they believed to be right. Women, in those davs,

suffered in patience the loss of their husbands and sons, and
13

SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR.

very many of them went to nurse the wounded, or toiled
at home to gather supplies of nourishing- food for sick
soldiers in hospitals.

The war came about in this way : There had been
almost from the foundation of the Government a jitaJi^
between the Northern and Southern States. Long and
angry debates took place about slavery, about the rights of
the States and the government of the Territories. These
had produced much bitter feeling. When a President op
posed to slavery was elected, some of the Southern States
asserted that they had a right to withdraw from the Union.
This the Northern States denied, declaring that the Union
could not be divided ; but before Lincoln was inaugurated,
seven States had declared themselves out of the Union.
They formed a new government, which they
called " the Confederate States of America,"
and elected Jefferson Davis President.

President Lincoln refused to acknowledge
that the Confederate States were a govern
ment. He refused to allow the United States
fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Caro
lina, to be surrendered to the Confederates,
and he sent ships with provisions for the
small garrison of this fort. The Southern
troops about Charleston refused to let
- these provisions be landed, and at length
opened fire on the fort. This began the
war. Four other States now joined the
Confederacy, making eleven in all.

ULY8SE8 8. GRANT.

SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 183

It was a time of awful excitement in every part of the
country. All winter long angry passions had been rising
both in the North and in the South. When the first gun
was fired at Sumter, in April, 1861, there was such a storm
of fierce excitement as may never be seen again in Amer
ica. In the North, a hundred thousand men
were enlisted in three days. The excitement in
the South was just as great, and a large por
tion of the Southern people rushed to arms.
In those stormy times the drums were beat
ing all day long in the streets ; flags waved
in every direction, and trains were thronged
with armed men bidding farewell to friends
and hastening forward to battle and death.
Men and women wept in the streets as they
cheered " the boys " who were hurrying away
to the war. For a while people hardly
took time to sleep.

We can not tell the story of the war
in this book ; you will study it in larger
histories. The armies on both sides became very large,
and during the war there were some of the greatest con
flicts ever seen in the world. The first great battle was
fought at Shiloh, in Tennessee. Others took place at Mur-
freesboro [mur'-freze-bur'-ro], Chickamauga [chick-a-maw'-
gah], and Nashville, in Tennessee ; at Antietam [an-tee'-
tam], in Maryland ; and at Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania.
Very many battles, great and small, were fought in Virginia,
between Washington and Richmond.

ROBERT E. LEE.

1 84

SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR.

On the side of the Union the three most famous generals
were U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and Philip H. Sheri
dan. The three greatest generals on the Confederate side
were Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and
Thomas J. Jackson, commonly called " Stones.,
wall Jackson."

Both sides showed the greatest courage.
The generals on both sides were very skill
ful. Victory was now with one party and
now with the other ; but, as the years passed
on, the Union armies, being the stronger,
gradually gained one advan- i
tage after another. By
means of troops and gun
boats sent down from the
& «

North under Grant, and a
-- fleet under Admiral Farra-

gut, which was sent around
by sea to capture New Orleans, the whole
of the Mississippi River was secured. Be
tween Washington and Richmond the Con
federates won many victories, but they
were at length compelled to fall back be
hind the fortifications of Richmond and
Petersburg, where they were Jaeslgged by
General Grant.

During the time of this siege General Sherman marched
directly into the heart of the Confederacy, where he was
for weeks without any communication with the North. He

CONFEDERATE SOLDIER.

UNION SOLDIER.

SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 185

marched across the great and fertileJState of Georgia, from
Atlanta to Savannah, on the sea-coast, and then from Sa
vannah northward toward Richmond. By destroying the
railroads and the food by which General Lee's army in
Richmond was supplied, this march of Sherman's made it
impossible for the Confederates to continue the war.

Lee was forced to retreat from Richmond, and he sur
rendered his army on the gth of April, 1865. All the other
Confederate forces soon after laid down their arms, f The
war had lasted four yearsxUAs a result of the long strug
gle, slavery was abolished-^ all the territory of the United
Statesrl

Ri'-val-ry here means a strife for influence or mastery in the Govern
ment. Ter'-ri-to-ries, regions of country belonging to the United States
not yet admitted to the Union as States. Most of the States were gov
erned as Territories until they contained population enough for States, and
the present Territories expect to be made into States. The States regulate
their own affairs and have full representation in both houses of Congress.
The Territories are governed as Congress may direct. Gun'-boat, a
small war-vessel adapted to shallow water. Fertile [fer'-til], fruitful, bear
ing abundant crops. Abolished [a-bol'-isht], done away with ; destroyed.

Tell about—

The sorrows of the civil war.

The courage and self-sacrifice of the war.

The causes of the war.

The Confederate States.

The firing of the first guns.

The excitement at the beginning of the war.

The great battles.

The great generals.

The course of the war.

Its end.

Its results.

1 86 GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

XXXII.

How the United States became Larger.

An Object-Lesson in Historic Geography.

To THE TEACHER. — When this lesson is studied, the pupil should
cut out the blank parts of each leaf, as directed, before the lesson, or as
it proceeds, laying each section of the map down so as to connect with
the succeeding one, and giving time to impress vividly on his mind the
form and relative extent of the national territory after each successive
addition. When the book is used after the leaves have been cut out, a
sheet of paper may be laid between pages 188 and 189, and then re
moved and placed, as the lesson progresses, between 190 and 191, 192
and 193, 194 and 195.

WHEN Washington was a young man, the French
claimed all the land west of the Alleghany Mountains. If
the French had succeeded in holding all this western
country the United States would always have been only
a little strip of thirteen States along the Atlantic coast,
reaching from Maine to Georgia. But by conquering
Canada the English got possession of
THE UNITED STATES. ^ : ^ all the territory east of the Mississippi
River. This was given up to England
by the French in the treaty made
twelve years before the Revolu
tionary War. Daniel Boone and
other settlers soon after-
ward crossed the
mountains and be-
gan to take posses
sion of the great West.

PATENTED, MARCH 4, 1890.

To THE TEACI

cut out the blank p
it proceeds, laying e
the succeeding one,
form and relative ej
addition. When the
sheet of paper may
moved and placed, i
and 193, 194 and 19

WHEN Washington was a young
claimed all the land west of the Alleg-han

o ./

French had succeeded in holding all this western
country the United States would always have been only
a little strip of thirteen States along the Atlantic coast,
reaching from Maine to Georgia. But by conquering
Canada the English got possession of
all the territory east of the Mississippi
River. This was given up to England
by the French in the treaty made
twelve years before the Revolu
tionary War. Daniel Boone and
other settlers soon after-
ward crossed the
mountains and be
gan to take posses
sion of the great West.

SEVENTH ADDITION TO
THE UNITED STATES.
SEE PAGE 195.

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

189

During the first year of the Revolution no care was
taken to drive the British from the forts in the West.
But in 1778 George Rogers Clark led a
little band of Kentucky settlers through
the wilderness to the Misiissippi Riv
er, where he captured the British fort
at Kaskaskia, in what is now Illinois.
He then marched eastward and capt
ured Vincennes, in the present State of
Indiana. These and other victories of
Clark gave the United

FIRST ADDITION,
PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA
PURCHASED IN 1

To THE TEACI *

cut out the blank p

it proceeds, laying e

the succeeding one,

form and relative ej '

addition. When the

sheet of papi

moved and j:

and 193, 194

WHEN

claimed all tii- rttw,
the French had sue
country the United ,<•
a little strip of thirte
reaching from Maine to Gv
Canada the
all the ter
River. T

by the French in ^
twelve years before me Revolu
tionary War. Daniel Boone and
other settlers soon after
ward crossed the
mountains and be
gan to take posses
sion of the great West.

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

THIRD ADDITION, FLORIDA, 1821.

States, at the' close of the- war, a claim to all the coun
try lying east- of the Mississippi. In the map, page 187,
you will see what was the size of our
country when the war closed.

In 1803, twenty-one years after the
close of the Revolutionary War, Presi
dent Jefferson bought from France all
that large region beyond the Mississippi
River known then as Louisiana. It has
since been cut up into many States and
Territories. You will see by the sec
tion of the map on page 189 just how
large it was. If you cut off the -white
part of page 187 and lay the leaf '
down on page 189, you will see
just how much the United States
was increased in size when ; -
Jefferson bought the old
province of Louisiana. The

SECOND ADDITION, "OREGON COUNTRY,

BY EXPLORATION BEFORE AND

IN THE YEAR 1805.

claimed ail u^ Ult,^
the French had sue
country the United ,<•
a little strip of thirte
reaching- from Maine to Gv

Canada the

ADDITION TO
THE UNITED STATES.
SEE PAGE 195. rf

River. T.
by the French
twelve years
\ tionary War.

othei

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

193

size of the country was more than doubled when Lou
isiana was added to it.

The province of Louisiana did not reach to the west
ward of the Rocky Mountains. But in 1791, before Lou
isiana was bought, Robert Gray, the first sea-captain thai
ever carried the American flag- around the world, discov
ered the river Oregon, which he called the Columbia, after
the name of his ship. After Jefferson had bought Louisi
ana for the United States, he sent the explorers Lewis and
Clark with a party to examine the western part of the
new territory, and to push on to the Pacific. These men
were two years and four months making the trip from
St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean FOURTH ADDITION| REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. MS.
and back. They reached the
ocean in 1805, and spent the win
ter at the mouth of the Columbia
River. The " Oregon
country," as it was called,
was then an unclaimed
wilderness, and the dis
covery of the riv
er by Captain !n- *
Gray, with the ex- f
ploration of the |s
country by Lewis
and Clark, gave
the United States
a claim to it.
The region which

194

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

was added to the United States by these explorations is
shown on page 191. By cutting off the white part of
page 189 and laying it clown upon 191, you will see how
the " Oregon country " extended the United States to
the Pacific Ocean.

On this same page 191 you will also find a map of
Florida. The peninsula of Florida was occupied by the
Spaniards more than forty years before the first colony of
English people landed at Jamestown. From the time the
colonies were settled there were many quarrels between
the people of this country and the Spanish inhabitants
of Florida. But in 1821 Florida was bought from Spain,
and became a part of the United States.

Mexico, which was at first a Spanish colony, rebelled
against Spain, and secured its independence. One of the
States of the Mexican Republic was Texas. Americans
who had settled in Texas got into a dispute with the
government of Mexico. This took the form of a revolu
tion, and Texas became an independent republic, under
a president of its own. In 1845 this republic of Texas

was annexed to

the French

\ twelve years
\

tionary War.

othei

the United States
by its own con
sent, and has
been from that
time the largest
State in the
Union. By re
moving the blank

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 195

part of page 191 you will connect the map of Texas, on
page 193, with the rest, and this will show what our coun
try was in 1845.

The Mexicans, though driven out of Texas, were quite
unwilling to lose so large a territory. The annexation of
Texas to the United States led to a war with Mexico, which
lasted two years. During this war the United States troops
took from Mexico California, on the Pacific coast, and a
large region known as New Mexico, in the interior. At
the close of the war, in 1847, this territory was retained by
the United States, which paid to Mexico fifteen million
dollars for it. Another small tract was bought from Mex
ico in 1851, which we may account part . of the addition
from Mexico in consequence of the war, and consider the
two together. You will see, on this page, how large a re
gion was added to the country by these annexations from
Mexico. Cut out the blank space from page 193, and
you will see how the country has been built up by ad
ditions of territory

. " FIFTH AND SIXTH ADDITIONS,

tO itS present Size. TERRITORY CEDED BY MEXICO

—,. ill IN 1848 AND 1851-

1 he only land
under the govern
ment of the United
States which lies
separate from the
rest is Alaska.
This was bought
from Russia in
1867. You will

196 GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.

get some notion of its position with reference to the rest
of the country by looking at the map on page 186, in its
relation to the sections on pages 187, 189, 191, 193, and
195. The United States is thus made up of eight parts.
There is, first, the country as it was at the close of the
Revolutionary War, and then seven additions made at dif
ferent times.

Prov'-ince, a colony or region belonging to a distant country.
Treaty [tree'-ty], a contract or agreement between two nations. Re-
pub'-lie, a country governed by representatives of the people.

Tell about—

The conquest of the West from the French.

The capture of English forts at the West by George Rogers Clark.
The western limit of the United States at the close of the Revolu
tionary War.

The seven additions to the United States :
i. The province of Louisiana.
2 The Oregon Country.

3. Florida.

4. Texas.

5 and 6. Additions from Mexico.
7. Alaska.

In giving an account of these additions the maps should be used.

INDEX.

Adams, John, 129, 133.

African coast, Portuguese discoveries on
the, 3.

Alaska, 195.

Albany, 47.

Alden, John, 52, 53.

Alexander, Indian chief, 67, 68.

Alleghany Mountains, 106, 135.

America, discovery of, by Columbus, 10,
ii ; discoveries in, by John Cabot, 20, 21.

Anna-won, Indian chief, 77-79.

Antietam, battle of, 183.

Argall, Samuel, makes Pocahontas a pris
oner, 37, 38 ; governor of Virginia, 40.

Asia, plans for finding a new way to, 3, 4,
18 (see also under China, India, Japan,
and Pacific Ocean) ; supposed to have
been reached by Columbus, n, 17, 19;
by John Cabot, 20, 21.

Atlantic Ocean, the, called "The Sea of
Darkness," 2, 8 ; laying of telegraph
cables in, 169, 170.

Awashonks, Indian chief, 74-76.

Bacon, Nathaniel, and his men, 79-85.

" Bacon's Laws," 82.

Barcelona, entry of Columbus into, 14, 15.

Berkeley, Sir William, 79-85.

"Black Hunter" of Pennsylvania. See

Jack, Captain.

Blackhawk, Indian chief, 177.
Blackhawk War, 177.
Boone, Daniel, 134-140, 186.

Boonesborough, 137-140.

Boston, founding of, 59 ; besieged by Wash
ington, 118.

Boston Tea-party, the, 116.

Braddock, Edward (general), expedition and
defeat of, 111-113.

Brookfield, Indian attack on, 71.

Bunker Hill, battle of, 117, 118.

Cable, telegraph, in the Atlantic Ocean,

169, 170.

Cabot, John, 18-23.
Cabot, Sebastian, 21-23, 43-
California, 195.
Canada, discovery in, 20; French colonies

in, 106 ; surrendered to the English, 114 ;

conquered by the English, 186.
Cape Breton Island discovered by John

Cabot, 20.

Captain Jack. See under Jack.
Carolina, Cornwallis in, 122.
Catskill Mountains, 47.
Central America, Spanish possessions in,

42.

Charles I, king of England, 60.
Charles II, king of England, 60 ; grants

land to William Penn, 64 ; death of, 65.
Chesapeake Bay explored, 30.
Chickahominy, attempts to find the Pacific

Ocean and China by way of the, 26, 29.
Chickamauga, battle at, 183.
"Chief who never Sleeps, the," a name

given to General Wayne, 146.

198

INDEX.

China, supposed to have been reached by
John Cabot, 20 ; attempts to find a new
way to, 30, 43.

Church, Benjamin, in King Philip's War,

74-79-

Church and state separated in Virginia,
129.

Cipango, name given by Marco Polo to
Japan, 21.

Civil war, 180, 181 ; causes of, 182; fall of
Fort Sumter, battles of Shiloh, Murfrees-
boro, Chickamauga, Nashville, Antietam,
Gettysburg, and in Virginia, 183 ; capture
of New Orleans, siege of Petersburg and
Richmond, 184 ; Sherman's march to the
sea, 184, 185 ; Lee's retreat and surrender

185.

Clark, George Rogers, 189.

Clark, William, 193.

"Clermont, the," Fulton's steamboat, 143,
144.

Colonies in America, mismanagement of,
26; Captain Smith's successful manage
ment, 28, 29 ; religious liberty sought in,
64 ; taxation of, 115, 116. See also under
Revolutionary War.

Columbia River discovered by Robert Gray,
193 ; Lewis and Clark at the, 193.

Columbus, Bartholomew, 19.

Columbus, Christopher, early life of, 1-6 ;
how he discovered America, 7-11 ; after
the discovery of America, 12-17 » attempt
to reach the "Spice Islands of Asia," 18 ;
his supposed discovery of India, 19.

Compass, variation of the, 8.

Confederate States of America, the, forma
tion of, 182.

Congress, Colonial, appointed, 116.

Constitution of the United States, the, for
mation of, loo ; adoption of, 125.

Corn, Indian. See Indian corn.

Cornwallis, Charles (first marquess), at
Trenton, 120, 121 ; victories in the South,
122 ; defeat at Yorktown, 123, 124.

Cuba, Columbus at, u.
Custis, Mrs. Martha, married to George
Washington, 114.

I " Darkness, Sea of." See Atlantic Ocean.
I Davis, Jefferson, election of, as President,
I 182.

Declaration of Independence, 99, 119 ; Jef
ferson its author, 127, 129, 133.
Delaware Bay, Henry Hudson on, 45.
Delaware River, 64 ; crossing of the, by

General Washington, 120.
I Dorchester Heights, 118.
Duquesne, Fort, built by the French, 109 ;
Braddock's expedition against, 111-113;
the French driven out of, 114.
Dutch discoveries in America, 45, 47, 48 ;
colonization in America, 48. See also
under Holland.

Dutch East India Company, the, sends out
Henry Hudson, 44.

Eliot, John, 68.

England, war with Spain, 103 ; war with
France, 109-114; taxation of the Ameri
can colonies by, 115 ; possessions in
America, 186. See Ulso Revolutionary
War and War of 1812.

English discoveries in America, 20 ; settle
ments in America, 25 ; settlers west of
the Alleghanies, 106 ; possessions in
America, 186. %

Entail, law of, in Virginia, 102, 129.
j Erie, Lake, battle of, 151.

Fairfax, Thomas (sixth baron), 104.
j Farragut, David G. (admiral), 184.
' Ferdinand, king of Spain, 4, 14.

Field, Cyrus W., 169.
! Fireplace invented by Franklin, 97.
Fitch, John, 141 ; his steamboat, 142.
Florida owned by Spain, 157, 194 ; invaded
by General Jackson, 158 ; purchased from
Spain, 159, 194.

INDEX.

I99

Forbes, John, (general), 114.

Fort Duquesne. See Duquesne, Fort.

Fort Meigs. See Meigs, Fort.

Fort Minims. See Mimms, Fort.

Fort Necessity. See Necessity, Fort.

Fort Pitt. See Pitt, Fort.

Fort Sumter. See Sumter, Fort.

France, war with England, 109-114; aid
of, sought by the Americans, 99 ; aid
given to the colonies against England,
99, loo, 122; purchase of Louisiana from,
131, 191, 193. See also under French.

Franklin, Benjamin, boyhood of, 86-89 ;
Franklin, the printer, 90-95 ; the great
Doctor Franklin, 95-101 ; his education,
how gained, 175, 176.

French and Indian War, 109-114.

French colonies and possessions in Ameri
ca, 106, 1 86.

French War, 109-114.
See also under France.

Friends. See Quakers.

Fulton, Robert, and the steamboat, 141
145-

Genoa, i, 2.

George III, king of England, 128.

Georgia, General Sherman's march through,
185.

Gettysburg, battle of, 183.

Gist, Christopher, 107, 108.

Goffe, William (colonel), 71 ; saves Hat-
field, 72.

Grant, U. S., 184.

Gray, Robert, discovers the Oregon River,

J93-
Great Eastern (ship), laying of telegraph

cable by, 170.
Great Meadows, Washington at, in.

Half-King, the, Indian chief, 107.
Half-Mocm, the (ship), 44, 46, 47.
Hancock, John, 146.
Harrison, Benjamin, 146.

Harrison, William Henry, 146-152.
Hatfield saved by Colonel Goffe, 71, 72.
Hayti (Hispaniola), Columbus at, 13 ; col
ony at, 15.
Henry VII, King of England, Columbus's

plan offered to, 19 ; sends out expeditions

under Cabot, 19, 21.
Henry the Navigator, Prince, of Portugal,

3, 4, 18.
Henry, Patrick, speech of, against the

Stamp Act, 128.
Hessians hired by the king of England,

119; surprised by General Washington

at Trenton, 120.
Hispaniola. See Hayti.
Holland, religious liberty in, 49. See also

under Dutch.
Hopewell (ship), 43.
Horseshoe Bend, battle at, 157.
Hudson, Henry, .42-48.
Hudson, John, 43.
Hudson River, the, explored by Henry

Hudson, 46, 47.
Hudson's Bay discovered by Henry Hudson,

48.

Illinois, 147; Indian war in, 177.

Independence, Declaration of. See under
Declaration.

India, plans and attempts to find new
routes to, 3, 4, 16, 26, 42, 44, 45 ; Colum
bus's supposed discovery of, 19. See also
under Asia and Pacific Ocean.

Indian corn, 50, 55.

Indiana, territory of, 147.

Indiana, 147 ; products of, sent to New Or
leans, 174.

Indians, treatment of, by Columbus, 12, 13 ;
brought to Spain, 14 ; at Jamaica, 16 ;
in Virginia, 25-28, 30-33, 35-41, 80, 82,
83 ; sold as slaves, 33 ; attempts to Chris
tianize, 33 ; New England Indians, 33 ;
in New Jersey, 45, 46 ; in New York, 47 ;
in New England (Massachusetts), 50, 51,

2OO

INDEX.

54-59, 67-69 ; in Pennsylvania, Penn's
treaty with, 64, 65 ; John Eliot, 68 ; weap
ons of, 55, 69 ; wampum, 69, 70 ; methods
of warfare, 70, 71, 74 ; King Philip's
War, 70-79 ; Susquehannas, So ; in the
French and Indian war, 106, 113, 118; in
Kentucky, 135-140 ; aiding the English in
the Revolutionary War, 139 ; war in
Ohio, 146 ; war under Tecumseh in the
Northwest, 147-150 ; aid rendered to the
English in the War of 1812, 150-152, 158;
war in the Southwest, 156, 157 ; Black-
hawk war in Illinois, 177.

Inheritance, laws of, in Virginia, 102,
129.

Isabella, queen of Spain, 14, 15, 17.

Jack, Captain, 112, 113.

Jackson, Andrew, 153-160.

Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall Jackson''),
184.

Jamaica, Columbus at, 16.

James II, king of England, and Will
iam Penn, 65, 66. See also York,
Duke of.

James River, Henry Hudson at the, 45.

Jamestown, settlement at, 25 ; famine at,
26 ; Pocahontas aids the colonists, 36 ;
new colonists, Smith deposed, 37 ; troubles
with the Indians, 37, 38, 40 ; Nathaniel
Bacon and his men, 79-85. See also un
der Virginia.

Japan, Cabot's attempt to find, 21.

Jefferson, Thomas, 127-133; purchase of
Louisiana, 191, 193.

Johnston, Joseph E., 184.

Kaskaskia, capture of fort at, 189.

Keith, Sir William, 92, 93, 94.

Kentucky, settlement of, 114; Daniel Boone,

134-140.
King Philip's War, 70-79. See also under

Philip.
Knox, Henry (general), 124.

Lake Erie. See Erie, Lake.

Law of entail in Virginia, 102, 129.

Lee, Robert E., 184; retreat from Rich
mond and surrender, 185.

Lewis, Meriwether, 193.

Lexington, battle at, 117.

Liberty, religious. See Religious liberty.

Library, public, first one founded in Ameri
ca, 97.

Lightning, Franklin's discovery as to the
nature of, 98, 99.

Lightning-rod, invention of the, 99.

Lincoln, Abraham, 171-176; in public life,
177-181.

Livingston, Robert R. (chancellor), 143.

Loe, Thomas, influence of, on William
Penn, 60, 61.

Logtown, Washington's council with the
Indians at, 108.

Long Island, battle of, 119.

Longfellow, Henry W., "Courtship of
Miles Standish,"53.

Louisiana, French colonies in, 106.

" Louisiana purchase," the, 131, 191, 193.

Mary, queen of England, 66.

Maryland, battle at Antietam, 183.

Massachusetts, settlements in, 59.

Massasoit, Indian chief, 56, 67.

Matoax. See Pocahontas.

Maumee River, battle with the Indians at

the, 146.

Mayflower, the (ship), 50.
Meigs, Fort, General Harrison besieged in,

151-

Mexican War, the, 195.
Mexico, 194 ; war with, California and New

Mexico bought from, 195.
Mimms, Fort, attacked by Indians, 156.
Minute-men, 117.
Mississippi River secured by the Union

Army, 184.
Missouri, 140.
Mobile, General Jackson's defense of, 158.

INDEX.

201

Monticello, 128, 131.

Morristown, Washington at, 121.

Morse, Samuel F. B., and the telegraph,
161-165 > how the telegraph became suc
cessful, 166-170.

Mount Vernon, 114, 115, 123, 124, 126 (illus
tration).

Mullins, Priscilla, 53.

Murfreesboro, battle of, 183.

Muscovy Company, the, 43, 44.

Narragansett Indians, 56, 57, 67, 72, 73.

Nashville, battle of, 183.

Navigation by steam, various experiments
in, 141, 142 ; Fulton's steamboat, 143,
144.

Necessity, Fort, in.

New Brunswick, Cornwallis at, 121.

New England, Captain Smith's attempts to
plant a colony in, 33, 34 ; colonization of,
by Pilgrims, 49 ; settlements in, 59.

New Jersey, Washington in, 119; forced
from the British, 121.

New Mexico, 195.

New Orleans, defense of, 155 ; battle of,
158, 159 ; capture of, 184.

New York, discovered by Henry Hudson,
45 ; colonized by the Dutch, 48 ; English
expedition against, 119 ; occupied by the
English, 122 ; Washington's feigned at
tack on, 123 ; inauguration of Washing- !
ton in, 126.

North America discovered by John Cabot, i
20.

North Carolina, the Boones in, 135. See
also Carolina.

Nova Zembla, Henry Hudson at, 44.

Ohio River, English settlers in the valley |
of the, 106.

"Old Hickory," a nickname given to Gen
eral Jackson, 155, 160.

Open Door, the, Indian prophet, 148,
150.

" Oregon Country," the, 193, 194.
Oregon River discovered, 193.

Pacific Ocean, attempts to reach the, by
Captain Smith, 26, 30 ; by Henry Hud
son, 45, 47. See also under Asia and
India.

Penn, William, 59-66.

Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 59 ; named
by Charles II, 64 ; growth of the colony,
65 ; government of, by Penn's de
scendants, 66 ; settlement of, 135.

Pensacola, capture of, 158.

Perry, Oliver H. (commodore), at Lake
Erie, 151.

Petersburg, siege of, 184.

Philadelphia, founding of, 64 ; public library
started in, by Franklin, 97.

Philip, King, Indian chief, 67-73 '> Captain
Church in Philip's War, 74-79.

Pilgrims, the, in Holland, 49; voyage to
America, 50 ; landing at Plymouth, 51, 52.

Pitt, Fort, 114.

Pitt, William, Fort Pitt named after,
114.

Pittsburg, 114.

Plymouth, colony at, 34 ; named by John
Smith, 51 ; settlement of Pilgrims at, 51,
52 ; troubles with the Indians at, 54,
56-58 ; want of food at, 55, 58.

Pocahontas, the story of, 35-40.

Polk, James K., 169.

Polo, Marco, 7, n, 21.

" Poor Richard's Almanac," 96.

Portugal, king of, and Columbus, 4.

Portuguese, attempts of the, to reach In
dia, 3, 42.

Powhatan, Indian chief, 27, 28, 31, 35-40.

Press, liberty of the, in the American colo
nies, 89.

Princeton, battle of, 121.

Printing-press of Franklin's time, 95 (illus
tration).

Priscilla. See Mullins, Priscilla.

2O2

INDEX.

Proctor, Henry A. (general), 151.
Puritans. See Pilgrims.

Quakers, 60, 61 ; Penn's efforts in behalf of,
64, 65 ; settlement in Pennsylvania, 64.

Railways, steam applied to, 145.

Read, Deborah, wife of Benjamin Franklin,
92, 96.

Rebecca. See Pocahontas.

Rebellion. See Civil war.

Red Eagle. See Weathersford.

Religious liberty, in Holland, 49; sought in
the American colonies, 64 ; in Virginia,
129.

Revolutionary War, French aid to the
Americans in the, 99, 100, 122 ; Frank
lin's services in, 99, 100 ; its causes, 115,
116; Congress appointed, 116; battles at
Lexington and Bunker Hill, 117 ; Boston,
118; battles in New York and New Jer
sey, 119; battle of Trenton, 119, 120;
battle of Princeton, 121 ; Cornwallis in
the South, 122 ; battle of Yorktown, 123,
124 ; Indian aid to the English, 139 ; in
the South, 153.

Richmond, battles near, 183 ; siege of, 184 ;
Lee's retreat from, 185.

Rolfe, John, married to Pocahontas, 38, 39.

Rumsey, James, his steamboat, 141.

Russia, purchase of Alaska from, 195.

St. Clair, Arthur (general), 146.

San Salvador discovered by Columbus, 10,
ii.

Saunders, Richard. See Poor Richard's
Almanac.

" Sea of Darkness." See Atlantic Ocean.

u Seventeen Fires," name given by the In
dians to the United States, 147.

Sheridan, Philip H., 184.

Sherman, W. T., 184; his march to the
sea, 184, 185.

Shiloh, battle of, 183.

Slavery in the United States, 179; anti-
slavery movement, 180 ; cause of the civil
war, 182 ; abolished in the United States,
185.

Smith, Captain John, 23-28 ; more about
him, 29-34 ; Smith and Pocahontas, 35,
S6, 39i 40 ; his return to England, 37 ;
letter to Hudson concerning a passage to
the Pacific Ocean, 45 ; at Plymouth, 51.

South America, attempt to reach India by
way of, 16 ; discovered by Columbus, 20 ;
Spanish possessions in, 25.

Spain, Columbus's plans rejected in, 4 ; his
plans accepted. 6 ; expedition fitted out
under Columbus, 8 ; discoveries in Ameri
ca, 10, n, 13, 16 ; possessions in South
America, 25 ; possessions in the West In
dies and Central America, 42 ; war with
England, 103 ; aid to England in the war
of 1812, 158 ; Spaniards in Florida and
Mexico, 157, 194 ; Florida purchased from,
i59, 194-

Spaniards. Spanish. See under Spain.

" Spice Islands " of Asia, attempts to reach
the, 18.

Spitzbergen, Henry Hudson at, 44.

Squanto, Indian, 33, 55, 56.

Stamp Act, the, 128.

Standish, Myles, 49-53 ; Standish and the
Indians, 54-59.

State-rights, doctrine of, 182.

Steam applied to railways, 145.

Steam-engine, invention of the, 141.

Steamboats, experiments and trials, 141,
142 ; built by Fulton, 143, 144.

Steamers, ocean, 145.

Stonewall Jackson. See Jackson, Thomas J.

Sumter, Fort, 182, 183.

Susan Constant (ship), 25.

Susquehanna Indians, 80.

Taxation of the American colonies, 115^

116.
Tea, tax on, 115, 116.

INDEX.

203

Tecumseh, Indian chief, 147, 156; General
Harrison's council with, 148, 149 ; made
brigadier - general in the British army,
150 ; at Fort Meigs, 151 ; death of, 152.

Telegraph, the electric, 161 ; Morse's ex
periments on, 163-167; appropriation
made by Congress for, 168 ; submarine
cables, 169, 170.

Telephone, the, 170.

Tennessee, settlement of, 114, 154 ; Daniel
Boone in, 135.

Texas, annexed to the United States, 194 ;
Mexican War, 195.

Thames, battle of the, 151.

Tippecanoe, Tecumseh at, 148 ; battle of,
149, 150.

Trenton, the British at, 119 ; battle of, 120 ;
Washington's reception in, 125.

United States, growth of the, 186-196.

Vail, Alfred, and the electric telegraph,

163-167.
Vincennes, council of General Harrison

with Tecumseh at, 148 ; capture of, 189.
Virginia, Indian wars in, 40, 80, 82, 83 ;

inheritance of land in, 102, 129 ; Corn-

wallis in, 122; religious liberty in, 129;

battles in, during the civil war, 183. See

also under Jamestown.

Wampanoags, the, Indian tribe, 67.
Wampum, 69, 70 : wampum belts, 66, 70
(illustrations).

War of 1812, Meigs besieged, battle of Lake
Erie, battle of the Thames, 151 ; Indian
aid to the English, 150-152, 158 ; defense
of New Orleans, 155 ; battle of New Or
leans, 158, 159.

I Warfare, Indian methods of, 70, 71, 74.
j Washington, George, youth of, 102-109 '»
in the French War, 109-114; in the
Revolution, 115-121; the victory at York-
town and Washington as President, 122-
126.

Washington, battles between Washington
and Richmond during the civil war, 183 ;
Confederate victories, 184.

Watt, James, 141, 143.

Wayne, Anthony, 146.

Weapons used by the Indians, 55, 69.

Weathersford (Red Eagle), Indian chief,
JS6, 157-

West, the, settlers in, 186 ; the British
driven from the Western forts, 189 ; ex
plorations by Lewis and Clark, 193.

West Indies, discoveries in the, 10, n, 13,
16 ; Spanish possessions in the, 42.

Weymouth, settlement at, 57.

William III, King of England, C6.

Wisconsin, 147.

Yadkin River, the Boones at the, 135.

York, Duke of, befriends William Penn,
62, 63 ; aids the Quakers, 64 ; becomes
King of England, 65. See also James
II.

Yorktown, battle of, 123, 124.

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For written recitations in analysis and parsing ; so arranged as to economize the time of

both pupil and teacher.

A ny of the above books 'will be mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price. Full list of publica
tions will be sent on application.

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY,

New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, Boston.

(77")

DRAWING.

WHITE'S NEW COURSE IN ART INSTRUCTION.

Books i, 2, 3

Books 4 to 9, inclusive

Per doz.,

$1.00

1. 80

The Course provides for nine years of art instruction — three years in the prim
ary and six in the grammar schools. It embraces nine books, one for each year.
The system differs from all others in that it is wider in its scope, entirely objective
in method, avoids slavish imitation and mere copying, and aims to develop individ
uality and to produce original work. Material for the course includes Drawing
Models, Sticks, Color Tablets, Form Tablets, Color Papers, etc., etc. These are
supplied by the publishers at moderate cost.

BARNES'S POPULAR DRAWING SERIES.

Primary Cards Per set, 15 cents

Books A to C Each, 8 cents

Free Hand, Books i to 4 . . . ; . " 10 cents

The Same, Books 5 to 8 . . . . . "15 cents

Mechanical, Books i and 2 . . . ^ . " 18 cents

Perspective, Books i and 2 . . . j, ' . " 18 cents

KRUSrS DRAWING.

Easy Lessons, three parts ..... Each, 12 cents

Synthetic Series, i to 4 . . . . . . "12 cents

Analytic Series, 5 to 8 . . . . * . " 16 cents

Perspective, 9 to 1-2 ...... "21 cents

Supplementary Series, i to 4 . . . . " 16 cents

The Same, 4 to 6 "28 cents

ECLECTIC SYSTEM OF DRAWING.

Drawing Books, i to 3 . .'•.'. . . • Per doz., $1.20

Drawing Books, 4 to 5 . . . . ... 1.75

Drawing Books, 6 to 9 . . . . ..'•-.- " 2.00

Primary Drawing Cards . . . t . ... " .60

Any of these books will be sent, postpaid, to any address on receipt of price.
Correspondence in reference to introduction is cordially invited.

American Book Company,

NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, BOSTON, ATLANTA.

(766)

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Full text of "A first book in American history : with special reference to the lives and deeds of great Americans"

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