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Llol — H41
ABRIDGED HISTORY
OP
THE UNITED STATES,
OB
REPUBLIC OP AMERICA.
fa 0K1OX'» Chain, within its spell,
if^EKDaM ASD I'EACK AND SAFETY DWELL ;
NoH Lion Force, noii Seepent Guile,
Shall hakm the bles.«ld Maids tse WMit^
By EMMA WILLARD,
ADTBOB OF A SERIES OF HLSTORIES AMD CHKONOGRAPUIC CHAKW.
■ %
NEW ANO KNLARGED EDITION.
NEW YORK:
A.«S; BARNES & Co., Ill & 113 WILLIAM STREET,
(corner of JOHN STREET.)
»OLD BY BOOK6BLLEB8, GENERALLY, THEOUOHOCT T^K rNlTKD STATIW.
1 ? n fi .
X,
BM««d according to Act of Congress, m tie yew IfiCO,
Bt A. S. BARNES fc BURK,
to Uio Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for lU
gouthem District of New York.
PREFACE.
The leading objects of the author of this work have been to
give tlie events of the liistory "with clearness and accuracy; with
such illustrations of time and place addressed to the eye, as
sliall secure their retention in the memory; and, at the same
time, with such an order of arrangement as will enable the
mind to recall, at need, what it thus retains. This we regard
as important, not only with respect to this particular study, but
as riglitly laying out the ground-plan of the intellect, so tar as
the whole range of history is concerned. We have endeavoiud
to make the book convenient; — by side notes with dates — by
numbered paragraphs of suitable length for reading classes —
and by questions on each paragraph, placed at the bottom of
the page. These questions are so put, that youthful teachers
may avail themselves of the author's long exjierience, to acquire
a manner of questioning, which, while it is not obscure, will
yet oblige tlie pupil to think, and which will bring into relief
prominent points.
We have, indeed, been desirous to cultivate the memory, the
intellect, and tlje taste. Bv£ much more anxious have we been
to sow the seeds of virtue, by showing the good in such amiable
lights, that the youthful heart shall kindle into desires of imi-.
tation. And we have been careful to give clear conceptions of
tliose deeds, which are proper to imitate; while with regard to
bad actions we have, as far as possible, given the result, ratlier
than the detail.
There are those, who rashly speak, as if in despair of tlit- for-
tunes of our Ilepublif; because, say tliey, political virtue lias
dorlined. If so, tlicn is tlicre V-.v i!;ore need to infuso p;itri(;t-
isui into the bro.-i-^ts oftlie cohiir.u- gi.nL-r.it'ou. And v.-Lat is so
likely to effect this national ;?clf-i)reservatiun, as to give onr
N
toUsPid a«cording to Act of Oongreaa, m the yi« 1S60.
Bt A. S. BABiraa fc BUEB,
totto derkl Office of the DWrictCoxirtaf fte United BUU. for ikV
•^ Sonthem Dtotrict of New York.
* ♦
4
■tSsf,.
^^
r
PREFACE.
The leading objects of the author of this work have heen to
give the events of the history with clearness and accuracy; with
such illustrations of time and place addressed to the eye, as
shall secure their retention in the memory; and, at the same
time, with such an order of arrangement as wUl enable the
mind to recall, at need, what it thus retains. This we regard
', as important, not only with respect to this particular study, but
as rightly laying out the ground-plan of the intellect, so far as
the whole range of history is concerned. We have endeavored
to make the hook convenient ;— by side notes with dates — by
numbered paragraphs of suitable length for reading classes —
and by questions on each paragraph, placed at the bottom of
the page. These questions are so put, that youthful teachers
may avail themselves of the author's long experience, to acquire
a manner of questioning, which, while it is not obscure, will
yet oblige the pupU to think, and which wUl bring into relief
prominent points.
We have, indeed, heen desirous to cultivate the memory, the
intellect, and the taste. Bui much more anxious have we been
to sow the seeds of virtue, oy showing the good in such amiable
lights, that the youthful heart shall kindle into desires of imi-
tation. And we have been careful /to give clear conceptions of
those deeds, which are proper to imitate ; while with regard to
bad actions we have, as far as possible, given the result, rather
than the detail.
There are those, who rashly speak, as if in despair of the for-
tunes of our Republic; because, say they, political \irtue has
dedined. If so. then is tlioro tlie more need to infjise patriot-
i.sin into the brea.^ts of tlic corning generation. And wLat is so
likely to effect this national ^elf-iireservation, as to give onr
Pp-
VI PREFACE.
children, for their daily reading and study, a record of the
sublime virtues of tlie worthies of our earliest day ; as well aa
of those of Washington and his compatriots? And what but
the study of their dangers and toils, — their devotion of life and
fortune, can make onr posterity know, what our country, and
our liberties have cost? And what but the History of our pe-
culiar, and complicated fabric of government, by which it may
be examined, as piece by piece the structure was built up, can
impart such a knowledge of the powers it gives, and the duties
it enjoins, as shall enable our future citizens to become its en-
lightened and judicious supporters ?
-♦*#-
Remar'ks prefatory to the Improved Edition o/'1860.
In publishing the revisal of this work, the author returns her thanks
to the public for the constant and unceasing support wliich it has re-
ceived ; and she desires to express a holier sentiment of gratitude aris-
ing in her heart for the belief which she has reason to entertain, that its
extensive circulation in schools and families has been an agency for
good ; in helping to stem a downward current, which, if unresisted,
would lead our noble Kepublic to ruinous anarchy, and destructive
disunion.
The author, while improving the work, by new illustrations (as the
Chart of Early Land-Titles, and the American Temple of Time), has not
Buffered the important study of onr country's history to be run down in
her hands, by putting into a synopsis, where every inch of room is
needed for essential events, either mere biographies, pictures to amuse,
or imperfect likenesses of the great and good, which diminish reverence
by destroying the mind's ideal of moral beauty. Let the students of this
history study, not play, and they will be rewarded by a noble'advance in
education. E. W.
• Troj/, JvMy 1860.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
OBAPTER TAGM
1. Definitions, &c 13
II. The Aborigines 16
PART I.
Period I. First Discovery — Columbus, &c 21
I. II. Englisli Discoveries — French 24
1 4:92« III. Spanish Discoveries, Adventures, and Cruelties — St.
Augustine 28
p ^ I. Unsuccessful attempt of Gilbert, Raleigh, and others . 83
11 II. First settlement of Virginia 38
1578. Ill- Early settlement of Virginia — continued 43
IV. Virginia — Hudson river — Canada 46
I. Departure of the Pilgrims from England, and their so-
journ in Holland 51
II. Progress of the Pilgrims from Holland to America 55
III. The Savages — Massasoit's Alliance — Winslow's Visit
to the Pokanokets 59
IV. Grand Council of Plymouth — New Hampshire — Massa-
chusetts Bay 62
V. The Colony of Massachusetts Bay 64
VI. Ehode I^'und and its Founder 66
VII. Connecticut and its Founders 69
VIII. The Pequod War 73
IX. Intolerance of the times — Harvard College founded —
Rhode Island — New Hampshire — Delaware., 77
X. Maryland— Virginia from 1631 to 1641 79
XI. Massachnsi'tts threatened — the Puritans in England —
Vane — Union begin 88
VUl CONTENTS.
PART H.
CnAPTER PAGB
„ I. Virginia— Second Indian Massacre — Bacon's Eebc'.'ion 87
'l II. New York HCttled by the Dutch — taken by the English 02
16-13. ^'1- Tennsylvania and its Founder &6
IV. New Jersey — its settlement, and various claimants 99
V. Miantonoinoh — Rhode Island and Connecticut obtain
Charters — Elliot, the Apostle of the Indians 102
VI. King Philip's War — Destruction of the Narragansetts
and Pokanokets 105
VII. The Kegicides— New Hampshire and Maine — Charter
of Massachusetts aninilled 109
VIII. New York — its governors — Leisler — Quakers in Massa-
chusetts • 113
IX. Jesuit Missionaries of France — their Discoveries 116
X. North and South Carolina — Tlie Great Patent — Mr.
Locke's Constitution 122
XI. French and Indian War 124
p I. Sir William Phipps — Cotton Matlier — Salem Witch-
II_ craft— Schools — Yale College 129
1693. II. European Politics — Peace of Kyswick, which closes
King William's War — Queen Anne's War sodxx
begins 133
III, Fletcher — Piracy — The Jerseys nnited, and joined with
New York 136
IV. Pennsylvania — Penn's second visit — Maryland 137
V. The Huguenots — War with the Spaniards — Tuscaroras
and Yamassees 139
VI. Extension of the French Empire — New France 142
VII. Controversy in Massachusetts, respecting a fixed salary
for tho Koyal TGoveruor 144
Pekiod !• Georgia and Carolina engaged in war with the Spaniards
111. * of Florida— The Slave Trade— War of the French
1 7S3. with the Chickasaws 149
II. Old French War — Capture of Louisburg — French and
English claims to the basin of the Mississippi 152
III. George Washington — his birth, parentage, and educa-
tion— his conduct in places of trust, private and
public 155
IV. Congress at Albany — Convention of Governors in Vir-
ginia— Braddo«k 160
CONTENTS.
IX
CHAPTKR . PAG»
V. Kemainder of the Campai;^ of 1753 — Campaign of 1756 1C4
VI. Campaij,'iis of 1757 and 1758 — Massacre of Ft. William
Henry 1^5
VII. The Campaign of 1759— Wolfe 169
VIII. War.-} with the Indians 178
PART in.
I. Causes of the Revolutionary War 179
Period jj_ (j^^gress at New York— Repeal of the Stamp Act 183
1763 ^^^" Second attempt to tax America — Opposition 186
IV. Seizure of Tea — Boston Port Bill — Arrival of British
Troops 190
V. Congress at Philadelphia -. 192
VI. War approaches — Massachusetts — British Parliament. . 195
VII. The War begins by the Battle of Lexington 137
VIII. Battle of Bunker Hill — Washington, Commander-in-
Chief 201
IX. Invasion of Canada — Death of Montgomery 203
X. Washington enters Boston — Disasters in Canada 203
List of American, French, and British Officers 212
Period ^- ^'^^^ Howe attempts pacification — American defeat at
II. Long Island.... 215
1776* II. Disasters following the defeat on Long Island 219
III. American successes at Trenton and Princeton 222
IV. Difficulties and exertions of Congress — Campaign of
1777 — Arrival of Lafayette 224
V. Burgoyne's invasion — 1777 227
VI. Battle of Brandywine — British in Philadelphia — Ger-
mantown, — 1777 231
VII. Battle of Monmouth — Seat of War transferred to the
South,— 1773 236
VIII. Campaigns of 1779 and 1780 — the British conquer the
South 239
IX. Arnold's Treason 244
X. Robert Morris — Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line —
Cornwallis at the South 243
XL Campaign of 1781 — Battle of Eutaw Springs — Cornwal-
lis taken at Yorktown 251
XII. Vermont — Measures of Peace — Fears and Discontents
of the Army happily quieted •. . 256
XIII. Depression subsequent to the War — Shay's Rebellion-
Constitution formed 259
1*
CuKlKNTS.
PART rv.
eHAFTER p^ei
p I. Organization of the New Government — the Funding
j_ Syntem — Party linen strongly drawn 26S
1789. II- The Moravians— The Indiana of the Nortliwest 2P-
III. America resents tlie Indignities of France — Adams's
Administration — Jetlerson's 2'
Period I- ^^^r with Tripoli — Troubles with Engknd and France 'X "
II. II. War of 1812— Condition of the Country— Hull's Sur-
1803. render 2!-^
m. Naval Victories — Guerriere — Macedonian — Java 2".^
IV. Campaign of 1813 — Mas.sacre of Frenchtown 2v
V. Northern Army — Loss of the Chesapeake — Creek War 2Vc
VI. The Niagara Frontier — Battles of Chippewa and Bridge-
water 29f
VII. Washington taken by the British — Baltinwre threatened SO.
VIII. British invasion and defeat at New Orleans S{i6
IX. Peace with England — Naval combats — War with Algiers 80V
X. Internal Improvements — Seminole War SI;.
PiBioD I. The Missouri Question— The Tariff— Gen. Lafayette's
III. Visit 81?
1820. II. Black Hawk's War— The Cholera— Nullification S2]
HI. The Aboriginal Tribes of the Mississippi go to the Far
West— The Florida War S24
IV. The Bank Question — The Kevulsion — Van Buren's Ad-
ministration— Harrison's Election and Death 329
V. Mr. Tyler's administration — Mobs — Disturbances in
Khode Island — Anti-Eentism — Mormonism, &c... 3S3
VI. Texas — Mexico — Causes of Annexation, and the Mexi-
can War 839
VII. Mexican War— Battles of the Eio Grande— Gen. Taylor 347
VIII. Army of the Centre — General Wool's march — Battle of
Buena Vista 358
IX. Army of the West— Conquest of New Mexico and Cali-
fornia— Gen. Kearney 859
X. Doniphan's Expedition to Chihuahua — Kevolt in New
Mexico 364
XL Scott's Invasion — Vera Cruz — Cerro Gordo 867
XII. State of the Array — Its March — Contrerus — Chnrnbusco 371
XIII. Armistice — Molinos del Key — Chapultepec — Mexico.. 87b
XIV. Rozales— Treat V of Peace 850
CONTENTS. XI
OBArTER TAGB
Period ^- Oregon — American California — Capt. Wilkes' Exploring
IV. Expedition — Capt. Fremont's Explr rations — Dis-
t84§. covery of Gold and its effects 387
11. Taylor's Inauguration — Close of the 30th Congress —
California — Establishment of Civil Government —
Difficulty with Texas 392
III. Congressional Eloquence — The Compromise — Death of
President Taylor 896
Period
V.
1S50.
Extend-
ing ID
1§60. III.
IV.
I. Sketch of the Condition of the Aborigines in 1860 —
Degree of Civilization — Diversities of Character,
Wars, &c 403
II. Second Era of good feeling — Invasion of Cuba — Evi-
dences of Progress in the World — in the Eepublic
of America 414
Brilliant diplomacy — Commodore Perry and the Japan
Expedition — China 417
Kansas-Nebraska Bill — First settlement of Kansas —
Invasion of the Polls — Ketaliatory Measures — Pro-
visional Government — Topeka Constitution 421
Civil War in Kansas— Sacking of Lawrence 428
Geary's troubles — Presidential election — \Valker's gov-
ernorship— Tiie Leccnipton Constitution 432
The Sound Dues — Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition —
Walker, the Filibuster — Mormon War — The Ee-
vulsion — Paraguay — England and America 438
VIII. Territories — Pontes of Travel to the Pacific — Causes of
the Diminution of Foreign Immigration — liiots —
Disasters by sea and land — Benefactions — Mount
Vernon Association 446
IX. Harper's Ferry — Conclusion 450
CoN8TITU7V)>» OF THE UnITEB StATES OV AjTZBIOA.,.. 4.t8
V.
VI.
VII.
^i
J^MiMLMSO) ^m
B^X^
EXPLAKATION"
OF THE
CHAET OF EAELY LAND-TITLES-
(i. e., Charters and Patents^
This Chart is valuable for reference, and for school study.
Scholars who have learned it, in connection with the history,
have found their memories greatly eased in this most diflRcult
portion of their study, — to acquire things so important to be
distinguished, yet so apt to be confounded.
This Chart, in teaching, should be regarded as a diagram
to be drawn. Let the pupil begin it, when in the history he
comes to the first, or Gilbert's Patent, on a large sheet of
paper. On the left-hand line, or line of time, let each cen-
tury be divided by alternate lines of dark and light shading,
as on the Tree Chronographer ; — then each patent can be
placed in its exact time, which in a very small space is not
possible. Then, on coming to another English patent, or
charter, let the diagram be continued by drawing that ; and
so on to Oglethorpe's, when the diagram will be completed.
The pupil's explanation of it will constitute an easy and
highly satisfactory examination of the subject.
All the patents and charters here represented, are shown to
be derived either directly from the Crown of England, or
indirectly — that is, from some company or individual, who
formerly derived the title from a sovereign of England.
%m
AWMM^S) Ml
-r.<i-
EXPLANATIOIT
OF THE f--
CHAET OF EAELY LAI^D-TITLES—
(i. e., Charters and Patents^
This Chart is valuable for reference, and for school study.
Scholars who have learned it, in connection with the history,
have found their memories greatly eased in this most difiBcult
portion of their study, — to acquire things so important to be
distinguished, yet so apt to be confounded. ^
This Chart, in teaching, should be regarded a^ a diagram
to be drawn. Let the pupil begin it, when in theiristory he
comes to the fir^t, or Gilbert's Patent, on a large sheet of
paper. On the left-hand line, or line of tune, let each cen-
tury be divided by alternate lines of dark and light shading,
as on the Tree Chronographer ; — then each patent can be
placed in its exact time, which in a very small space is not
possible. Then, on coming to another English patent, or
charter, let the diagram be continued by drawing that ; and
BO on to Oglethorpe's, when the diagram will be completed.
The pupil's explanation of it will constitute an easy and
highly satisfactory examination of the subject.
All the patents and charters here represented, are shown to
be derived either directly from the Crown of England, or
indirectly — that is, from some company or individual, wlio
formerly derived the title from a sovereign of England.
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
AMERICAN TEMPLE OF TIME.
This is a modification of the author's Temple or Time.
By the method of pei*spective, and by that alone, can any p ist
time be made to appear to the eye as past, and in the exact
proportion in which it is past.
The Tem})le of Time is a vast imaginary edifice, with pillars
on each side,' each of which represents a century. Each cor-
responding two, represent the same century. This is shown to
be an American Temple of Time, because the map of America
(the Republic) is drawn over the perspective, cutting off all
the centuries beyond the 15th,-— that in which America was
discovered ; and also by the name of Washington, here shown
as the glory of America,
The floor and the roof of the Temple are divided by trans-
verse lines into parts, each of which corresponds with the
bottoms and the tops of the mated pillars,^ and designates the
saine century. Eight unequal divisions are also made on the
floor by lines running back from the front. The use of these
is shown in the directions to the pupil for drawing the Temple.
This sketch may be enlarged and filled up by the pupil, by
a drawing of his own. Should he make his drawing four
times the lineal size (sixteen times the real) of this, he will
have room to place on it names and words, which, after he has
learned them as connected with the history, will be to his eye
a picture of actors and events as they exist, or have existed, in
Time.
* This was, in 1851, at the "World's Fair in London, adjudged by a jar)
of nations, to be a new and a true method of delineating time ; and to t)
author, was accordingly awarded a medal.
TEACHING THE CHEOKOGEAPHERS.
{AMFfft painted Chronographer is prepared to accompany this work, whinh
^ can be hung in presence of the class, and explained by the teacher.)
1. The word Chronographer is composed of two Greek
words : chronos, time, and grapho, to delineate ; and literally
sigTiifies a visible delineation of time.
To the Fii^st, or Tree Chronographer, is now added the
Second, or American Temple of Time. The first may
properly be called a logical, the second a perspective Chro-
nographer.
Each of these chronographers has its peculiar excellencies.
The first is for the learner to use in studying the Avork ; of
which it contains an exact plan, which is both logical and
chronographical. It is logical, because it shows that this
History is divided, as every great subject should be, into parts
clearly defined ; and that these being properly subdivided, the
division completely exhausts the subject. It is chronograph-
ical, because the whole subject, with its divisions and subdi-
visions of time, is addressed to the sight. So that whoever
learus this book in connection with this chronographer, will not
only be laying a permanent foundation for a knowledge of
American history, but also of clear and logical habits of mind.
2. THE LOGICAL, OR TREE CHRONOGRAPHER
is divided into two parts, the inner of which is called the His-
toric Tree, and the outer the Circle op Time, — which repre-
sents the whole time of the American history, from the discovery
of America in 1492, to the present day. The Historic Tree
hsis four large limbs, which represent the four parts into which
the history is divided. The branches of these limbs represent
epochs of the history. An epoch is an important event in any
TEACHING THK CnKONOOKAPllERS. XV
history, which, having happened on some certain day, or in
some one year, is regarded but as a point in time. These
branches, then, which represent the epochs, meet the circle of
time in certain points, which are their dates.
3. Points may divide a line : so we suppose our circular
line of time to he divided, by these points or epochs, into
PERIODS. The word period is here used to denote an unbroken
succession of years, whether few or many. Each of the four
parts of the history has one more epoch than period. The
reason of this is, that the same epoch is used for the end of
one period and the beginning of another. The outer circum-
ference of the circle of time is the line of centuries. It rep-
resents the centuries through which American history has
passed. A century is a hundred years.
4. All Christian countries reckon time from the birth of
our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; which is called the Chris-
tian ERA, or GREAT CHRISTIAN EPOCH.
This continent was unknown to our European forefathers
until its discovery, in 1492, eight years before the close of the
15th century. Tracing, then, on the chronographer, from
1492 to 1500, we find eight years only, belonging to the 15th
century. From 1500 to 1600 is the whole of the 16th cen-
tury; from 1600 to ITOO, the llth century; from 1700 to 1800,
the 18th century ; and from 1800 to the present day is more
than half of the 19th century : so that the whole course of
American history exceeds three centuries and a half.
Since the close of 1800, we have lived in the 19th century :
so, young persons past eighteen, are said to be in their nine-
teenth year. Any date in a century belongs to a century one
higher than the hundreds which express the date — excepting
only those dates which are expressed by exact hundreds.
Thus, 1704 belongs to the 18th century; 1825 to the 19th ;
while ITOO belongs to the 11th century, and 1800 to the 18th.
5. The graduated part of the circle of time is called the
scale of years. This is first divided, by alternate hght and
shade, into tens of years Then, by black lines through the
XVI TEACUINQ THE CHRONOGRAPH KKS.
light tens, and white ones through the black tens, the whole
scale is divided into years : so that, having any given date,
you can at once refer it, on the chronographer, to its proper
place. For example, suppose I ask you, where, on the circle
of time, is the place of King Philip's war, ^which occurred in
16Y5 ? First look for the large figures which denote the cen-
turies, until the eye catches 1 OOO : then trace to the right,
to 1650, take two tens beyond, and half of the next, and this
will compose 1615, the required date.
6. The first large limb of the historic tree represents Part
I, of the History. Observe the points of intersection of the
first and fourth branches with the graduated circle of time.
The first point is at 1492, the epoch of the Discovery of
America hy Columbus ; and the fourth is 1 643, wlien the
arst Confederacy or Unioti took place. This is an important
epoch, as it marks the time when several colonies confederated
together, thus laying the foundation of our great Federal Re-
public. This FIRST PART, thcu, extends from 1492 to 1643.
The subject, as seen above the scale of years, is, the discov-
ery AND EARLY SETTLEMENT of the different parts of the coun-
try. It occupies a century and a half, viz., eight years of the
15th century, the whole of the 16th, and nearly half of the
ITth. It extends through a longer time than either of the
other Parts of the History, although there are fewer events for
the historian to record.
7. The SECOND part extends from 1648, the epoch of the
Beginning of the Confederacy, to IT 63, the Close of the
French war. Previously to this war, the English had the
government over what, after the Revolution, became the
United States, or Republic of America. The Second Part
of the History occupies 120 years. It embraces the last half
of the 17th century, and the first part of the 18th. The sub-
lect of the Second Part is, Colonization — French and In-
dian WARS : that is, the colonization of this country by the
English, and the wars which our hardy and suffering forefS'
thers had, with the Indians and the French of Canada.
T'VPflTNG THE CHE0N0GRAPIIER8. XVU
8. The THIRD PART of the History contains more numerous
events, although shorter in time, than either of the others, — ■
comprising only 26 years in the last half of the 18th century.
Its subject is, The Revolution — in which the Americans,
having been oppressed by the British Government, fought the
troops which they sent over, aud, uuder the command of
Washington, defeated them, and made the United States of
America a free and independent nation. The epoch to which
this part extends, is the Adoption of the present Constitution
of the United States— 11 S9.
9. The FOURTH PART extends from the adoption of the Con-
stitution to the present time. It comprises the whole time oi
our FREE constitutional Government, which now (in 1860)
is 11 years. It occupies the last portion of the 18th century,
and what is passed of the 19 th.
THE PERSPECTIVE CHRONOGRAPHER ;
OK,
AMERICAN TEMPLE OF TIME.
This being a new feature of the work, the description of it stands by itself on a pre
ceding page. Let the pupil answer from it the following questions:
By the method of perspective, how is past time made to appear? "What
js the Temple of Time ? How is the American Temple modified from this?
"What do the pillars represent ? How are the floor and the roof divided in
regard to time ?
Since American history does not yet occupy so mnch as four centuries, it may bet-
ter be studied on the flrst Chronographer, logically as well as chronographically ; but
the perspective method, or that of the Temple of Time, is better for laying it up in
the memory. It is also a method applicable to all history. But a larger Temple is
Indispensable for this purpose.
Before giving the pupil directions for drawing the Temple, we would suggest that be
should be occasionally exercised, during his studies, with transferring dates from t* e
Tree Chronographer to the Temple. The small one on the frontispiece will be suflB-
cient for this purpose. Suppose these questions be asked : Where on the pillar of the
15th century, should be placed the epoch of I'he discovery of America? Where on
that of the 16th, that of Gilbert's Patent? — and so on, through all the epochs of the
history. . Then show how the four Parts of the history would occupy the pillars of
the Temple.
It would be well also to have the pupils accustomed to consider, as they read of
Barnes of statesmen, &c., where on the Temple their names should be placed. This
is explained in the following
Directions for making and JUling up an enlarged drawing of the American
Temple.— V\.\yi\i accustomed to draw diagrams, can draw by imltaJ-ion ; but * few
XVUl TEACHING THE CHRONOGEAPHEKS.
lessons from a teacher who understands the science of perspective, wonli enable them
to draw tins Temple with far more ease and accuracy. "We recommend ita being drawn
on a sheet of drawing-paper which allows of its being enlarged four times its lineal
size; that is, make the base lines four times as long, the pillars four times as high,
and 80 on, every line being put in its proper proportional place, each being thus in-
creased in lengtli ; and the spaces between the lines must also be Increased by four.
The whole Temple, when completed, will then be enlarged in the proportion of the
•qnarc of 1 to the square of 4 — i. e , 1 : 16.
/'t7/rtrs.— Divide, by dots, the bacli line of each pillar into ten equal parts, for tens
of years. The first dot from the bottom is 10 years, the second 20, tlie third 30, and
6o on to a liundred. On the ISth pillar, near the 9th ten (1789), print across the pillar
Wnshinirton. Tliis was tlie time when he became President. (Tlie name as on tlie
frontispiece must be left off.) Next— in 1797, three years before the close of tlie cen-
tury—put down J. Adams. Then, beginning at the bottom or beginning of the 19th
century, place, at the time of accession to the presidency, the name of each president.
Before the time of tlie presidents, place on the pillars the names of the sovereigns of
Eiiirlaiid. {^For the namen of the Presidents and their dates, see p. 315.)
Names for the Roof. — Place the eminent men found in the history, according to
their character as warriors, statesmen, &c., each in his own time and i)lace on the
roof. As these drawings are mostly to illustrate a history which treats more of men
in these characters tlian in the others mentioned on the roof, as Tukologians, Pokts,
&c.. a creater proportion of the room can at pleasure be taken. Also other departments,
as for Invkntors, Discovfrers, &.C., — the small size of the frontispiece not allowing
the full development of the plan.
3/(7/j.— Let tills be carefully drawn and imitated from the 11th map of the series,
with its eiglit divisions, showing the order in time of each.
Floor.— TtiQ unequal divi>ions, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, refer to the eight divisions of the
map, and show a plan for marking on the floor (as are the Nations on the Temple of
Time) every State in the Union: the first settled (Virginia), on the left hand; and so
on. in the order of time in which the old thirteen were settled, and afterwards when
each was admitted to the Union.* Between two lines drawn from the front to the
beginning of the ITth century, write the name Virginia. Then place 7 where the
lines stop. This will show that Virginia was settled in 1607. Next put (as next set-
tled) Massachusetts, adding another line — stopping a little short, and placing 20, as
this State was settled in 1620. In drawing the lines for Virginia, leave at the foot of
the left-hand pillars suflicient room for setting down the principal battle-fields, as on
the Tempie of Time.
* Tliese dates may be found on Mnp 13.
Questions on Teaching the Ghrnncgraphers. — 1. Of what words is the terra
Chronosrraphcr conipo'sed? What is its Hteral meaning? What is said
concerning the First and Second Chronographers ? Wliat is tlie peculiar
excellence of the First, and why may it be called logical ? — why chrono-
graphical?- 2. Describe the two parts into which the First is divided.
W hat do the branches of the four large limbs represent ? What is an epoch ?
Wiiat is signified by the meeting of the branches with the circle of time?
— 3. How is this circle divided so as to represent the divisions of the his-
tory ? Why has each of the four parts one more epoch than period \ How
are" centuries represented? — 4. What is tlie great Cliristiaii epoch? Ex-
plain the wiiole time of American history by centuries? In what century
are you living? To what does any date in a century belong? What one
exception is tliere to this general rule? Give examples. — 5. Explain the
scale of years. Give an example of finding on this circle any date.- -6.
Describe the first large limb of the historic tree. — 7. Describe the seccud.
—8. The third. —9. The fourth.
87 Loncitude 82 West from 77 Gret-nwich 72
Longitude West 5 from VVashiiigton (i
Smith showing his Compass
Its triple
division.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
Definitions, &c.
1. The subject of this work is the United States chap. \.
of America ; or, as those States are sometimes called, Subject,
tlie Republic or Nation of America.
What constitutes a nation ? P'irst, there must be
a country, with the natural divisions of land and wa-
tei ; second, there must be men, women, and chil-
dren to inhabit that country; and tliird, those in-
habitants must be bound together in one, by living
under a common government, which extends its pro-
tection over all, and which all are bound to obey.
2, To eveiy nation there belongs a history: For
whenever the inhabitants of any large portion of the ^"7 ,
earth are united under one government, imjyortant utrj.
public eceiits must there have taken place. Tlie record
oi' these erents constitutes the history of that country.
■i. The events of history should always be recorded,
with the circumstances of time and place. To tell
when events happened, is to give their chronology;
1. ^^■h!^t is tlie subject of this work ? What three parts compose
a nation ?— 2. What constitutes any nation's liistorv ? 3. How
Bhould events be recorded? What ia it to give their chronology ?
13
ii»
14: ONE NATION.
CHAP. L to tell where they happened, their geography. Tlie
history of a nation, is therefore insepjii'ably con-
Connect- nected with its geography and chronology. Chro-
geosraphy ^^ology ^^^7 properly be called the skeleton of his-
anrt chro-toi-y jjeography the base on which it stands.
4. First, let us inquire, where is the country of
which Ave desire to know the history ? In the vast
universe, is a system of planets surrounding a sun,
nr coifn. hence called the solar system. The third ])lanet from
^y "• the sun is called the earth. On the earth's surface,
the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA occupies a
northern portion of the smaller of two continents.
In extent, it is one of the largest nations of the world.
5. In longitude, the Republic of America ranges
itsiati- through sixty degrees, from the Atlantic ocean to
tude and the Pacific. In latitude, it reaches from the Cape of
longitmie. Florida, in north latitude twenty-five degrees, to
British and Russian America in forty-nine. Thus
stretching through the greater part of the northern
temperate zone, it includes every variety of climate,
itecii- f^'O"^ t'^6 hot unhealthy swamps of Florida, to the
mate, cold mouutainous regions of northern New England,
and the north-western territories.
6. The soil and productions of our country are as
vai'ious as its climate. Compared with other coun-
■ tries, it contains a large proportion of arable land;
and what is of the utTiiost consequence to the accora-
Naturfti modation of man, it is xoell loatered. On the whole,
»^'»"- it may be pronounced, one of the most fertile, healthy,
and desirable regions of the earth,
7. In observing the United States, there is much
A. pood re- to Convince us, that an Almighty, Overruling Prov-
*'ono*'°' idence, designed from the first, to place here a great,
nation, united people. Although this country, being one
3. Their geography ? Are chronology and geography connected
with history ?--4. In regard to the universe where, as astronomy
teaches, are the United States ? In regard to the earth's surtiice, o'r
as respects geography, where is this country? What can ycu say
of its extent?— 5. What of its longitude ? Of its latitude ? Cli-
mate?— G. Soil and produciions? Its natural advantages gener-
ally?— 7. Does this region seem designed for one great nation,
or for several small onea *
KIGHTEOUS OOVEENMENT. 15
nation, is by means of its mighty rivers, well enabled cg>j. l
to carry its inland productions to the ocean, and
thence to foreign markets ; yet, if it were divided,
like southern Europe, into different nations, this
would not be the case.
8. For this country is not, like southern Europe,
indented with deep bays, gulfs, seas, and channels ;
whereby many small nations, can each be accommo-
dated with a portion of the sea-board. If our long
rivers were owned in part by one government, and
in part by anotlier, the commerce of tlie inland na- Necessary
tions, would be perpetually hampered, by those who division
owned the sea-board, and the mouths of the rivers.
For they %vould be likely to insist on being paid foi
the use of their ports ; and tliis would naturally
breed quarrels and bloodshed. ' This is one reason
among many, to show that the American people ^^^8°**
should continue to be one i^ation; and, in the words «oiemn
of Washington, "frown indignantly on the first at- 'uon""
temi)t to sever the Union."
9. The government of this vast nation, which con-
tains nearlvthirty millions of inhabitants, is a Federa-'^'^*-*-™*-
T-» T-/.7 .1 ••! rican go-
TivE Kepublic. It \% jederative^ because m it there vemment
are several separate, inde))endent states, confederated ™*^i*'^°'^
under one head, or genwal government. It is a re-
public^ because the rulers are chosen by the people.
The manner in which they are to be chosen, and inShonid b«
which they are bound to administer the government, stLodTy
is set forth in the Con'stitutiox of the United «i'-
States. This therefore, should be early learned,
and thoroughly understood by every American.
10. The government of the United States is ac-it,8equt-
knowledcred by the wise and a^ood of other nations, i?'*'?/"'*
T,'^ •'^ . .,^T., ' should b«
to be tlie most tree, impartial, and righteous govern- sustained.
7. Why is it in record to coiiitticrce better for one than for sev-
eral ? What part of the world iulinits of several small nations, and
why ? — S. Mention one amonsr muny evils, wliicli wonld result
from dividinff this nation into several smaller ones? What is the
lauiriiiige of Washington on this subject?— 9. How many inhab-
itants has the United St;it(!s ? What is its form of governtnent?
Why t'edcrative? Why a republic? Where can we learn the
form of o-overnmfMit and our duties as citizens?
V
16 ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.
oHAP.u^ment of the Avorkl ; but all agree, that for such a
' govenimeut to be sustaiubvl many years, t!ie ])i-iiici-
pies of truth and righteousness, taught in the Holy
Scriptures must be ])ractise<l. The rulers must govern
in the fear of God^ and the people conscientiously
obey the laics.
CHAPTER II.
The Aborigiues.
1. Before the territory of whicli our history
treats, n'as iuiiabited by the ancestors of its ])resent
Th« red hihabitauts, it was occu])ied by another and a dif-
™''"- feient race. The red men were here, when the Eu-
ropean settlers came ; and either as friends or as
enemi'.'s, for a time they dwelt contiguous to each
other, and their histoiy is blended.
2. The aborigines, ov natives of the cot^ntry, were
by the Europeans, called Indians. As found by the
_. „ . earliest settlers, thev luav be considered uiuler three
•eoui.anus. general divisions, r irst, the Dei^a wares or Algon-
QUiNs ; second, tlie luotiuois, and third, the Mo-
BILIANS.
3. 'Vhe Delawares, or Algonquins, were formerly
caWed ihiiXeuni £,e'/i'/pe^;un\ the iro(juoisthe3/en/7ioe.
They have a tradition tiiat, in ancient times, each
-^^Ij'^ji. came, though in sou'ewhat different directions, from
viiiious. far distant western regions. Happening to meet as
they aj)pi\)aciied the Mississippi, they united, and
^(?f'the"* '^^''^*i*-' ^^'^'" ^ipon the AUegewi, a more civilized peo-
Deiftwarespie, who inhabited the great valley of the Missis-
iroquois. sippi, :iiid dwelt in cities. The Allegewl wei'c de-
feated and tied down the river. Perhaps the Mobil-
16. What is the eliunicter of this government? What ia neces-
Bary to its being permanently sustained ?
Chaptkk 11. — 2. What term is used to distinguish the race found
in this country bv our ancestors ? What three general divisions
may he made? — 3. Givh an account of the tradition of the two
former. re;^peeti:ig tl>e direciion from which tliey anciently cHiae.
Where di(i they r.uite ? What more civilized" naliun did tlie;^
find? What happened to this natiou ?
ALGONQUIN!?. 17
lan tribes were their descendants. Perhaps portions qhap. n.
of them went still further south, and were the build-
ers of these cities, tlie ruins of which have lately
been found in Central Anierica.
4. Tiie Lenape and Mengwe, says the tradition,
soon divided. The former crossed the Alleghany
mountains — ex])]ored, and took ])ossession of the sea r)eiawar«
, /• • , 1 • 1 • i> 1 i' -1 ^ x» river the
coast, fixing their clnet place oi council, or seat oi principal
eovernment, on tlie Delaware river. This river re- .^.^^V/
ceived from a European nobleman the name, which wares,
it. communicated to th(; Indi:m confederacy. As this
confederacy increased in numbers, various tribes went
off from the parent stock. But they still looked up
to the Delawares, and gave them, long after, the
reverential title of " grandluther."
5. Of these branches of the Delaware or Algon-
quin race, the first who figure in the early history of j^;^°_7i^|^j'
our nation, were the Powuataxs, a confederacy of triua.
thirty tribes; so called fi-om their great sachem, Pow-
hatan. His principal residence was on James river,
near the site of Richmond. His authority extended
throughout the lowlands, and to the falls of the rivers.
6. Farther west, and extending to the mountains,
were two confederacies, with whom the Powhatan's Manaho-
were at war: the J/(;/7?«// oacyt*', consisting of eight eigiit ^
tribes on the north, and the Monacans of five, '"''^**
stretching southerly into Carolina. Afterwards the jjona-
latter chanored their name, to that of 2^«5cjaroras, cans— .ive
• ■ triors.
removed northerly, and joined the Iroquois. The
Yamasees were in South Carolina.
7. Of the Algonqulns of New England the first
known were the Pokanokets or Wanpanoags^
3. Wliat coujectares may be formed respeetingr their Jesceii'Iants ?
i. Accordiiijj to the tradition what course did the Lenape take?
Wliere fix tlieir place of council ? When thej- became numerous
what became of the various tribes of their descendants ? What
were their sentiments and langfuage towards the Delawares?
5. Which of them are first brought into notice? VVhat the number
of tribes? Tlieir principal seat ? How far did their imits extend ?
6. Give an account of the ManalioaCks. Of the Monacans Tell
from Map I. which is the most noriiieriy, tlie Manahoai.'ks or Mo-
nacans. W' here were the Catawbas? Thft Yama^u'c.-.!
18
NEW r.NOLAXD INDIAN^!.
CHAP. 11. wliicli pi-o(Iuced tlie two most remarkable savage
cl)iefs of New Eno;land, tlie f^ood Massasoit, and hia
Tiie flret valiant son, KrN«PiHLiP. Their residence was at Jtfow-
tribo taui-) or Mount Hope, near Bristol,' in Rhode Island,
''""the '° ^- '^^'^^ govornraent of the sachem of the Poka-
Engiish. nokets extended over the southern part of Massar
cliusetts, and the eastern of Rhode Island. A num-
ber of tribes of different names were his subjects;
among others the Nausets of Cape Cod. In 1G14,
1614. Capt. Hunt, ^n English ship-master, who accompa-
nsace of ^*'^'*^ Capt. John Smith iu exploring the coast,
the na- Avickedlj seizcd and carried off twenty-seven of
the'^n^- these unoffending natives, and sold them in Europe
^^^ as slaves. One of them, named Tisquantum, found
his way to England, where he learned the English
language, was kindly treated, and sent back to his
country. He was afterwards of great service to
the first English settlers, as interpi'eter. ^
9. The Pawtuckets whose principal seat was
of the upon the Merrimack, near its mouth, extended
mack.' south, until they met the territories of the Massa-
chusetts. The Massachusetts were scattered about
the. bay, which bears their name. Their tei-ritories
Of Mm- reached those of the Pawtuckets on the north, and
jj^ the Pokanokets on the south. The authority of their
chief sachem was acknowledged by several minor
tribes, some of whom resided as far west as Deerfield.
The principal person of this confederacy, as found by
the English, was the squaw sachem, or "Massachu-
setts Queen." Her residence was beautifully located
on a hill at Milton, eight miles south of Boston.
10. The NARRAGANSETTi^ held their chief seat and
the residence of their grand sachem on the island of
Canonicut, in the bay which still bears their name.
Westerly they extended to within four or five miles
7. Learn from tlie Map wliat are the principal tribes of New
Entfland, and inoro particularly from the book, trie location of the
Pokanokets. Wiuit noted chiefs were there of this tribe ? 8. WliHt
wicked act, did an Eiisriisii captain do? To what Indians? ]>id any
one taken away return ?— 9. What can you say of the PawtU(.'kets ?
Of the Arassachtistiit.- ? Their principal person? Her re>iidei}o« !
FATAL ICTrDKMlC. 19
of tlie Paucatuck i-jver, \v'iiere their territories met chap, g.
those of tlie PeqiuxLs. On the e;ii^hey joined tlie Po-
kanokets. Their grand chief, Caxoxicus, was, wlien
the English arrived, an aged man : and he had asso- i",4'*"»
* .... ^^ . of Nar-
ciated vvitli him in his government, liis n -phew, Mi- raganset
a:stonomoii. Tlie commodious and pleasant location ^'^
of tiie Narragansetts, appears, in their case, to have
abated the natural ferocity of the savage character.
11. The more barharous Pequods occupied the Qf ^^^
eastern poi-tion of C'onnecticut, their lands meeting ern Con-
those of the Narragansetts. TJie residence of their °**'"<"^'-
great sachem, Sassaclts, was on the heights of Gro-
ton, near the river then called the Pequod, since,
tlie Thames. The Mohegans, under Uncas, whose
seat was where Norwich now stands, were subject
to the haughty chief of the Pequods ; but they bore
his yoke with impatience, and when he made war
upon the whites, TJncas took part against him. Tlie
Indians of northern New England had the general
api>ellation of Taranteens or Abenakis.
12. The New England tribes had, a short time p,^
previous to the settlement of the English, suffered a among
plague of unexam])led mortality. It was probably r'igin^
the yellow fever; for we are told that its victims,
botli before and after death, " were of the color of a
yellow garment." Not less than nine-tenths of the
inhabitants seem, in some parts of the country, to
have been destroyed. Thus Divine Providence pre-
pared the way for another and more civilized race.
13. The Iroquois, Meggwe or Mingoes, were
found by the earliest settlers in Canada, inhabiting
the shores of the St. La^vTence. At first they appear
to have been less warlike than the Surons or Wy-
andots, by whom they were attacked. The Iroquois
10. Give an account of the location of the Narragansetts.
Their grand cliief. His associate. The effects of their position
on their cliJiracter. — 11. Descrioe the position of tlie Pequods.
Their saciiein's name and place of residence. That of the Mo-
hegan sacheni. — 12. What remarkable visitation of Providence
occurred among tlie natives a short time before the English came ?
How great a proportion were destroyed ? 13. How were the
Iroquois found by the discoverers of Canada?
20 • iito(,>i:<)is AND MocrrjANS.
onAP. 11. were driven by tboin, fi-nm tiie Laiiks of the St.
Lawrence; and dividing into live tribes, the tSene-
cas, CayiKjas, Onond<((f<fs^ Oneklas^ and Jfo/n/irAs,
Tiie they spread themselves by degrees, east of Lake
NHti.nia Krie, and south of Oiitai'io, along the romantic wa-
in vve.>t- ^^(,j.g of noitliern New York, to which they have left
York, tlieir bold and hai-monious names. The place of
their grand general council, or congress of chiefs,
was at Onondaga.
14. Here they made a stand, and became the most
fearless, subtle, and })Owerful of savages. They con-
quered the Hurons, iought the Delawares, and put
in fear all the surrounding tribes. Finally, in the con-
^ve""'* tests betwee\i France and England, they were court
powerful, ed by both parties as allies, aii<l dreaded by both as
foes. Of the Five N ati ons,* the Mohawks were the
most warlike. Their chief seat was at Johnstown, on
the , beautiful river, which still bears their name.
15. Of the Mobilians, the most extensive and pow-
erful confederacies were the Cuekks, situated niost-
Iv in Georgia: the CiiEUOKiacs in the mountainous
Bouihern region north and west; and the Ciioctaws and
confe.i- Chiokasaws, nearer to the Mississippi.
16. ihe JNatciiez have excited much mtei-est on
account of the difference of their lansruaije from that
of the surrounding tribes. Katchez, on the jMissis-
sippi, marks their location. The Siiawan^ese, the
native tribe of Tecumseh, once I'esided on the banks
of the Suwaney river in Florida. Fi'om thence they
migrated northward, first to Pennsylvania, and after-
wards to Ohio.
* When tliey were joined by the Tnscaroras, they became the Six
Nations.
13. To what yilace did tliey cliaiifre their location ? What were the
names of each of tlie five nations? Where was their jreneral coun-
cil held ? — 14. What character d\d they now asMnne ? What na-
tions contend with ? By wliat nations was their alliance courted ?
Which tribe was tlie most vvarlike ? Where was its principal seat?
15. Beam from tlio Map the location of the Mobilian tribes.
Which were tiie most extensive and })0werfiil ? Which are the
most northerly? Which are partly in Gcor;iia? — IG. Which
near the MissiRsippi? Where are the Shawonese? Which tribe
has a language by it«clf?
PART I.
FROM 1492 TO 1643
Kelurn of Columbus.
PERIOD I.
TIIK DIRCOrr,RT or [■ I'lOa^ < AMERICA BY OOLtTMBTTS,
TO
rnK riP-iT PATT:ifT ORANTrn
BY AN ENGLISH SUVEKEIGN TO
IPS OI AMERICA— <5IVKN BTQ.
ABETH TO SIR H. eiLBUBT.
CIIAFl^ER I.
First Discovery — Columbus, &c.
1. TiiOT'SANDS of years had elapsed since the crea-
tion of the world, and as yet the inhabitants of the
eastern hemisphere were io-norant, that, on the tace
of the ])l;iiiet which they inhabited, was another con-
tinent of nearly equal extent. Nor did they become
acquainted with this fact by any fortunate accident ;
but they owed its proof, to the penetration and per-
Be^'erin<I; eft'orts of a man, as extraordinary, as the
discovery which he made.
1. What tli'l tlie people of the eiistern tiemisphere know about
tliit? continent three hundred and fifty years ago? Did they loarn
its "xisieiice bv accident ?
21
P-T. 1.
PI). L
cu. I.
Former
a]i.«s Ig-
norant ot
^oi'srra-
^I.hy
22 coi.uMi'.us.
P'T. I. 2. This was Christopher. Columbus, a native of
"p'D. I. Genoa, Lorn in 1447. He possessed all those ener-
°^- ^ getic impulses of the soul which lead to high achieve-
1447 "^^"^5 ^^1^5 "^^'^^^^ these he combined judgment the
Birth 'most grave and solid, prudence and patience the
areiteTf ^'^ost Steady and unoffending, piety the most devout,
Coiuin- and, what insured his success, the most untiring p.er-
^"* severance ever manifested by man.
3. Columbus had married the daughter of one of
the Portuguese discoverers, then deceased; whose
widow, finding how eagerly her son-in-law sought
such sources of information, gave to liim all the maps
and charts which had belonged to her husband.
Marco Polo, a Venetian, had travelled to the east,
and returned with wonderful accounts of the riches
of Cathay and the island of Cipango, called, gener-
ally, the Hast Indies, and now known to be China
and Japan.
Ciroum- 4. The idea that the earth was round, was ridi-
stances culed by most persons at that time ; but it was fully
*to*h^i3^ believed by Columbus, on the evidence of its figure,
genius, exhibited in eclipses of the moon. Hence, he be-
lieved, that those rich countries described by Mar-
co Polo might be found by sailing west; and he
formed the design to lead the way, through un-
Q^g^ known oceans.
in/ ser- 5. Columbus believed that great advantages would
rJsgning accruc to the nation who should patronize his un-
sov- dertaking ; and, with filial respect, he first ofiei 3d his
ereigns. g^j-y^^gg ^q j^^g native State, but had the mortification
to find them rejected. He then applied to John H.
of Portugal; to Henry VH. of England; and to
Ferdinand, and Isabella," king and queen of Spain.
2. Who was the discoverer ? What was his character ? — 3!
What womiin gave liim sources of information ? What traveller
had excited his mind about distant countries ? What countries ? — 4.
In what opinion was Columbus in advance of his contemporaries !
Why did he believe in the true figure of the earth ? How did he
Ruppnse he could reaeli those rich countries called the East Indies ?
5. To whom did Columbus first offer his servicca? With what
success ? Whose patronairc did he next solicit? What sovereign
of KiiglMid ? What sovereigns in Spain ?
THE N-;;\r woklti. 23
But tliese moiiarchs could not comprehend his ft. i.
schemes, nnd would not encouiagc tliem. fd. I
6. At the court of Spaui, he Ijad spent two years ^^ ^
hi a succession of mortifying repulses ; and at length, ^,^ ^^
quite discouraged, he was preparing to go to Kng- accepted
land, when he was recalled by a mandate from Isa- ^toif^'
bella. This wonum alone of all the sovereigns of
Eurofje, had the reach of mind to comprehend the
chai'acter of Columbus, and the truth and grandeur
of liis views. Xot knowincf liow to raise the sum of
money requisite for defraying the expenses of the
voyage, she deterinined to sacrifice her jewels ; but
this was prevented by the extraordinary exertions of
her ministers.
7. Columbus made his first voyage, the most in-
teresting of any in the annals of navigation, in 1492. 1492.
He discovered the first found land of tlie New World, c<>i"mbu8
' discovers
on the eleventli of October. It was an island called the New
by the natives Guanahani, but to which he piously °^
gave the name of /San iSalcador, tiie Holy Saviour.
8. In Ids third voyage he discovered the coutinerd
on the coast of South America, tburteen months alter g^nt
the Cabots hail reached its shores in the noith-east. i'""'? in
By the ingratitude of Ferdinand, he was, like a con-
demned criminal, sent home in chains. Amekici'S
Vespucius, a native of Florence, having made avoy- Deprived
age to the New World, received from the public ^" ,^°,f "°^i,e
honor which belonged to Columbus, that of giving a country,
name to the continent. In 1502, the great discoverer
made his fourth and last vovaixe, — when, havino- re-
turned to Spain, his patroness, Isabella, being dead, „ \a\\(y
his just claims disregarded, and himself ne2;lected, he ^^'''^ *»»
' , ^ , . . ^ Spain
sunk beneath his sufferings, and died, in the 59th 1506.
year of his age. When the good meet with calami-
6. Who was tlie only one to understand..his views or favor tliem ?
Wliat sacrifice was she prepared to make? — 7. When did Ooluiii-
bus make Ids lirst voyatre ? \\ hat land did lie first di:scover?
When i What name give ? — 8. What did lie discover in his third
^oyage ? Did any person discover tiie continent before him ? llovy
M'tts lie treated ? After whom was the continent nasned ? in what
y»ttr did ho make liis lust voyage ? W'hat occurred soon after i
24 FOUR XATTON8,
P'T. I. ties in tliis world, it is plcasiuit to refloct, that there
FD. I. is a futui-e state, wiu-re thev ^\\]] he liniipv.
CH. II. p^ JNIaiiy attempts were now made to show that
tlie country had been previously discovered. The
Welch ^V'^^^lsh broiiglft tbrward the story of ^Nladoc, son ot
Btory of Owen Gwyneth, who, in the twelfth century, liad
sailed west, discovered a country, and afterwards
conducted a colony thither, which was heard of no
more. If this story be true, there yet exists no jDrootj
that the rep"ion found was America.
10. 7^/ie Norwen'ians discovered Iceland and
Nor- G-Tee?da)id^ durinii; the ninth century, and there estab-
ciaii'i4s. lislu'd colonies. Biohn, or Biron, an Icelander, in a
voyage to Greenland, during the eleventh century,
was driven south-west in a storm, and found a region
Vine- ^vhie;]l^ from its great nuniber of vines, he called Vine-
land, whose locality is supposed to have been on the
American coast. But at the time of Columbus, no
such accounts had reached Southern Europe. It is
since then, that they have been dug from the grave
of antiquity; and it remains true that, darkness
shrouded the western continent, until Cohimbus
lifted the veil.
CHAPTER II.
Kifrlit^h Discoveries— Frcncli.
America -\ , The principal European nations who first dis-
neeie'i covered and colonized our country, are
«''"'.f""^ I. The English,
of Eu- 11. 1 he h rench,
'°P«- III. The Spanish,
IV. The Dutch. "
149G ^' "^^^^^ Cabot, a native of Venice, had, with his
* family, settled in England. He and his more re-
9. From what story ^iil the Welch chiiin to be the rliscoverers
of tlie western continent ? — 10. From wiiat the Norwegians ? The
Icehmders '{
CHAiTk;K II. — I. What European nutions i'.i?covered anil settled
our coiilinenl ? — 3. Who wa« John Ciihoi? •
FRENCH DlgCOVEULES.
nowned son, Sebastian Cabot, were men oi grc.it pt. i.
learning, enterprise, and ability. By a commission p'd. l
of Heniy VII., dated March 5th, 1496, (the oldest <="• "•
American state paper of England) they had authoii-' °se"ba8-
ty to discover and colonize any heathen countries ''*/* ^'
not before known to Christians.
3. They sailed from England in May, 149V, and in
June, discovered the Island of Newfoundland, which 1 497
they called Prima Vista. Steering north wai'd, they Discover
made, the first discovery of the continent.^ on the coast uneau '
of Labrador^ in latitude about 55°. On their return
they pursued a southerly direction for an uncertain
distance.
4. Sebastian Cabot sailed a second time ; — reached ^493,
Labrador in latitude 58°, thence turning southerly, sebas-*
he became the discoverei- ^of the coast of the United '^^"^ ^Pf
States ; along which he proceeded, as far as to the covers
soutliern latitude of Maryland. """^
5. Tlie French king, Francis I., in 1524, sent out
John Vbrrazani, a native of Florence, who reached The
the continent in the latitude of Wllniinqton. North French
t/ ' filso em
Carolina. His crew looked with wonder upon the wild ploy an
costume of viie natives, made of the skins of animals, di^ovw-
and set off bv necklaces of coral and sjarlands of feath- er.
ers. As tliey sailed northward along the coast, they
thought the c6untry very inviting, it being covered
with green trees, among which were many fragrant *«»"'*•
flowers. ' _i -^
6. At a fine harboi'^supposed to be that of Newport
in Rhode Island, Verrazani remained fifteen days, and y^„^^^,
there tound "'the goodliest people he had seen." From m in New
thence he followed the north-eastern shore of New ^"siani
England, finding the inhabitants jealous and hostile.
From Nova Scotia, he returned to France, and wrote
a narrative of his voyage, which is still existing.
2. Who Sebastian ? Who gave them a commission, and at what
time? — 3. What important discovery did they make? At what
flace? — 4. Who discovered the coast of the United States? and
ow far? — 5. What Italian did the king of Franco send out?
Where did lie reach our shore ? What account did he give oH the
natives? — 6. Whjrt, Indians do you suppose he encountered at
Newport!
26 CARTIKK AND I'JOnKiiTAL.
P'T. I. 7. James C artier was the discoverer to whom the
P'B. I. French trace the extensive empire which they possess-
^^ "• ed in North America. Cartier, after a prosperous voy-
1534. ^o® of twenty days, made Cape Bonavista, the most
* easterly point of Newfoundland, Sailing around the
James north-eastern extremity of the island, he encountered
^Ikel severe weather and icy seas. Then stretching to the
great dis- south-wcst, he discovcrcd, on St. Lawrence'' s day, the
covenes. ^qj^Jq gyj^ which bears the name of that saint.
8. In 1535, he sailed on a second voyage, entered
the gulf of St. Lawrence, proceeded up the river, to
which he gave the same name, and anchored at an isl-
1535. ^^^5 which, abounding in grapes, he named Bacchus
Isle, now the Isle of Orleans. lie continued his voyage
Cartier'8 to the Island of Hochelega to which he gave the name
voy*ie. ^^ Mo7it Real. After a severe winter he returned in
the spring with dreary accounts of the country. He,
ho\feY6r, named it; -ZVeio France., and it was also called
Catiada., but at what time, or whether from any signi-
ficancy in the word, is not known.
9. France now possessed a country in the New
New World, through which flowed a river, more majestic
than any in Europe. Francis De La Roque, lord
1540. o/RoBERVAL, in Picardy, obtained from the king full
His third authority to rule, as viceroy, the vast territory around
der^Ko-' the bay and river of St. Lawi'ence. Cartier was neces-
bervai. gjuy iq jjju^ r^^^^ received the title of chief pilot and
captain-general of the enterprise. The prisons were
thrown open, and with their inmates, Cartier sailed.
J. 10. He built a fort near the site of Quebec, and there
1541. spent a winter, in v/hich he had occasion to hang one
Cartier of his disorderly company, and put several in irons.
Quebec In the spring he took them back to France, just as
1542. Roberval arrived with supplies and fresh emigrants.
f Who was the greatest di<^coverer employed by the French ?
i^ujlng Curtier's first voyage, what great discoveries did he-make ?
8. Give an account of Ids second voyage ? What can you aay o^
the name of tiie country ? — 9. Under whose authority did ha
make this third voysige ? What kind of people where brought
over as colonists?— 10. Did any good result tiike placo! Wnat
can you say of Koberval ?
FLOiaDA. 27
By him, however, nothing permanent was effected ; p't. i.
and after a year, he abandoned his viceroyalty. pd. l
11. CoLiGNi, the distinguished high admiral of ^h-u.
France was the friend of the Huguenots, a name giv-
en to the French Protestants. These were objects of
such hatred and fear to the monarchs, that they were f Amirai*
plotting their destruction, and when a project was Coiigni
formed by the admiral to plant with them a colony in^Eibau^L
America, it found ready favor. He therefore sent out,
under the command of John Ribault, distinguished .
as a brave and pious Protestant, two ships loaded
with conscientious Huguenots, many of whom were
of the best families in France.
12. They approached land in the delightful clime
of St. Augustme ; and, on the firstof May, discover- h? bu"<*«
ed the St. John, which they called the river of Mav.nna in s.
Sailing along the coast north-easterly, they chose a-s ^^^^
their home Port Royal. There they built a fort, and
called it Carolina, a name which is preserved in that
of two of our States, Ribault left there a colony, and
returned to France.
13. The commandei- of the fort provoked a muti-
ny, and was slain. The colonists longed for hoiai». colonists
They put to sea without suitable provisions, and be- abandon
ing found in a famishing state by a British vessel,
they were carried to England.
14. The persevering Coiigni soon after sent out an-
other colony under the worthy Laudonniebe, Upop
the banks of the river of May, with psalms of thanks-
giving, they made their dwelling-place, and erected 1566.
another fort, called also Carolina. The next year ftcaro
Ribault arrived with vessels containing emigrants F^rida
aud suppHes ; and taking the command, the colony '•^"•
seemed happily planted.
11. Who was Coligrni ? Whose friend was he? What project
did he contrive? Whom did he send as leader of the colonjr ?
12. What country did they first reach? Where did they build
a fort, arid what name give it? — 13. What happened after Kibault
had departed? — 14. By whom did Coiigni send out another
■jolony I Where did they build a fort, and what namagiveitt
W ho came and for what purpose !
28 BETTER TURN BACK, THAN GO ON WRONG. .
CHAPTER III.
Spanish Discoveries, Adventures, and Cruelties — St. Auguslino.
p T. I. 1. John Ponce De Leon, a Spanish soldier, wlio
P'D. I. had.once voyaged with Columbus, had received an iiu
cu. III. pi'cssion, common in those times, that there existed in
Ponc# ^gthe New World a fountain, whose waters had power
Leon to arrest disease, and give immortal youth ; and he set
TomLilr forth to seek it. On Easter Sunday, called by the
ofiife. Spaniards Pascua Florida, and a little nortli of the
^ latitude of St. Augustine, he discovered what he
deemed, from the blossoms of the forest trees, a land
Discor- of flowers. The fountain of life was not there ; but
ers Ponce took possession of the country in the name of
the Spanish king, and called it Florida.
2. The part of South Carolina, in the vicinity of the
Combahee river, was soon after visited by a Spaniard,
named Vasquez De Ayllon. The coimtry was
named Ghicora., and the river, the Jordan. De Ayllon
invited the natives to visit his ships, and when they
stood in crowds upon his deck, he hoisted sail and car-
1520.^'^®^ thein off. Thus, torn from their families, they
"Wicked were, as slaves, condemned to ceaseless toil. De Ayllon
Vasquez atterwards attempted to conquer the country; but the
de hostility of the natives could not be overcome, and
^ '"'' numbers of Spaniards perished in the fruitless attempt.
152§. '^- I'^y Jinotlier unsuccessful eifort, under the ad-
Unsue- venturer Narvakz, to conquer Plorida and the ad-
attempt joining country, an ai'my of three himdred Spaniards
of Nar -wasted away, till but four or live returned.
4. They however insisted that Florida was the rich-
est country in tlie world ; and Ferdinand De Soto,
Chapter TIL — 1. Who was John Ponce de Leon ? What in-
duced liini to cotne to tlie New World ? Wliat country did ho
discover? Obi^erve the dutes, and tell which discovered Florida
"' first, the French just mentioned, or this Spaniard. Tell the dates
in each case. — 'Z. Give an account of the expedition of Vasquez
de Ayllon. What do you think of his conduct? — 3. What caa
you say of Narvaez ?
FEEPINAJS'D DE SOTO. 29
already famous as the coinpaiiion of Pizarro, the oniel ft. i.
conqueror of Peru, obtained a corauiission from ~fd7T~
Charles V. to conquer the country. He sailed, witli a ^^- '"•
considerable force, to Cuba, of which he had been
made governor; and there adding to his army, he nan<i de
landed in 1539, at Espirito Santo, in Florida, with six ^5^0
hundred soldiers; an army greater, and better sup- L»n('isin
plied, than that with which Cortez conquered Mexico. Fio^da.
5. He expected to find mines and utensils of gold ;
and being from time to time deluded by the natives,
he pursued these illusions, which ever fled as he ap-
pi-oached. He went north, crossed the Alleghany
mountains, then marched southerly to Mobile, where ins ob-
he fought a bloody battle with the people of a walled g^^'^^' f°^
city. At Pensacola he met ships from Cuba, with
supplies for his exhausted army ; but too proud to
be wise, he continued to pursue a shadow, rather
than retrace a false step.
6. The hope of the precious metals still lured him
on, and he now bent his course to the north-west,
and in latitude 34° he discovered the Mississippi. April 25,
He continued west until he reached the Wachita. *^f*'
when, becoming dispirited, he turned his course, and covers -.
descended that stream to its junction with the Red 'gfggjp^*'
river. Thence he went down its current ; and Avhere
the Red mingles its waters with the Mississippi, he
died. His body was inclosed in a hollow oak, and May 21,
committed to the broad stream. The oflicer who sue- \ll^(^
ceeded him in command, conducted the poor remains
of his army <lown the Mississippi.
7. When the news reached Spain, that Florida had
been colonized by French Huguenots, the cruel mon-
arch, Philip II., gave to Pedro Melexdez de Aviles Meien-
a commission, to take possession of that country; and ^",^°*
to destroy the heretics. Five hundred persons ac- simin.
4. What expedition did Ferdinand de Soto undertake? (liva
bw account of his preparations — his numbers — bis place of hind-
iriir iu America. — 5. llis objects. His route and return to the
ciia-r. — G. His second route and great discovery. Where did ho
(lif^ ': How was his body disposed of? Wliat became of liis army!
7. \\'h.ti king sent to destrcvy tha Franch colony?
30 FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
p'T. I. companicd Melendez, who were men with families, —
^P'D I soldiers, mechanics, and priests. Coming upon the
en. m. coast south of the Frencli settlement, he discovered
the harbor of St. Augustine on the day of that saint,
1565. ^^^^ here he laid the foundation of the city of /St.
He Augustine^ the oldest b)^ nearly thirty years, of any
Au"ustine "O"^^ within the limits of our republic.
8. The French had received from Melendez the ter-
rible notice, that he had come to destroy every person
who was not a Catholic. Ribault, supposing that the
^^^e^^' Spaniards would attack by sea, embarked to meet
destrojw them. A tremendous storm shipwrecked his whole
Caroi^ina Acet. The Spaniards, meantime, crossed the forest
md 900 and attacked by land. Unprepared and surprised,
nots. the defenceless fort soon surrendered, when all, with-
out distinction of age or sex, were murdered. The
shipwrecked mariners were afterwards found, feeble
and exhausted, upon the shore. Melendez invited
them to come to him, and trust to his compassion.
They came, and he slew them.
9. When the news of this massacre of nine hundred
French subjects reached the French king, Charles
IX., he took no notice of it; for so bigoted was he,
1 56S ^^^^ ^^ wished the entire destruction of the Hugue-
Goii^es' nots. Yet so deep was the feeling among the people
^s^ n^ of France, that three years afterwards, individuals
iards. headed by the gallant Chevalier Gouges, made a
descent on the settlement of Florida, and put to death
two hundred Spaniards. The Spanish colony was
colony ^^^s checked, l3ut it was not destroyed ; and it
""'itwn proved to be the first permanent, settlement, made
■ by Europeans upon the shores o ;' our republic.
7. Whom did he send ? What description of persons, and how
many accompanied him? What is there remarkable about the
city which he founded ?— 8. What notice did he give the French ?
Where was Kibault when Melendez attacked the French fort?
How did he treat the people in the fort ? How the shipwrecked f
9. Who took vengeance on the Spaniards? In what manner!
Was the Spanish colony destroyed ? What has it proved to b« f
^
'■'?*ij
OLD SK'rn.EMKr<^rs in NKW TKRKlTOElKi!. 31
10. Large territories have lately been added to the
United States from Mexico, which were originally 1594.
colonized by Spain. In New Mexico the first set- settled
tleraent was made at Santa M, in 1594, by a Span- ^^l^^
isli colony from Mexico, sent out by the viceroy of Mexico.
the king of Spain, the Count di: Monterey, under
"the valiant" Don Juan de Onate of Zacatecas. ■'■^.^'*
At 8t. Dlego^ the' first settlement of American seitie-
Oalifornia was made, in 1603, by the Spaniards, on ^'J^^^j.^j^^^'j^
account of its harbor. In 1V69 it became the first California,
established station of the Jesuit missions. 1693.
At San Antonio de Bexar^ the first efiectual set- First set-
tlement in Texas was made by Spaniards in 1692. in Xexa*
Questions. — 10. Give an acco\int of the first settlement of Santa
Fe and its vicinity. Of tlie first discovered and first settled place
of American California. What is the name of the first settled
place in Texas? The date of the settlement? Point out on the
chronographer the four dates of early settlements here mentioned.
EXERCISES ON THE TREE CHEONOGRAPHEE.
(Referring to events of Period I., Part I.)
Point ont on the chronographer the epoch which marks the
beginning of this period.
The Cabots discovered the continent in 1497. Verrazani
sailed along the coast in 1524. Cartier made his two voyages
in 1534-35. Point out these years. The time of Cartier' s
founding Quebec was 1541. Show the places of these dates.
Also of the times of the founding of Santa Fd, St. Diego, and
San Antonio de Bexar.
Ribault built Fort Carolina, in South Carolina, in 1564.
Laudonnjfere built Fort Carolina, in Florida, in 1566. St.
Augustine was founded in 1565. Where are these dates on
the chronographer ? At what epoch does this period termi-
nate ? Point to its place,
The teacher can select other dates, and require the pupils
to locate them on the chronographer ; but is advised not to
oblige tliem to burden their minds by convmitting ordinary
4ates to memory, — but only a select few.
/
102 97
oa
82
57
52
Longituile Westfioui GreeTiwic.h.
/ / / I I
MAP N? 3. 1578.
^Exhibiting the Discoveries_
of the
EARLY NAVIGATORS.
%.
I,onr. 10 West from n VVnshinston. 0
M— ^— — — I mil iMii I ■ I— f—
3 l>uni;. lU East.
Elizabeth's Patent to Sir II. Gilbert.
PERIOD II.
FEOM
PATENT GRANTED BTQTJF.EN ELI- V 1578 ■< ZAEETU TO SIK H. 6ELBEBT
TO
LANDING OF THE PILGKIM8 {■ 1620. -J AT NEW PLTMOtTTH.
CHAPTER I.
Unsuccessful attempts of Gilbert, Raleigh, and others.
1. QuEEX Elizabeth, the reigning sovereign of
England, gave to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 1578,
by an open or patent letter, " all such remote, hea-
then, and barbarous lands," as he should discover in
Nortli America, and of which he should take posses-
sion ; these lands not having been occupied before, by
any other Christian power. She vested in him and his
heirs the right of property, and guaranteed that all,
who should settle there, should enjoy the privileges
of free citizens and natives of England. The patentee
FT. I.
PD. IL
cu. L
1578.
Gilbert's
patent
Chapter I. — 1. From whom did Sir Humphrey Gilbert receive
his )>!itent? What lands did it give him? What rights vest in
him and his heirs! What guarantee to those who should settle
the country ?
2* 33
84 FATi; OF SIR H. GILBERT.
P'T. I. was to acknowledge the authority of the sovei-eign ot
P'D. II. England, and pay one-fifth of all the gold and silver
OH. L obtained.
2. In Gilbert's first attempt to plant a colony, lie
^ put to sea, but was obliged to return. In his second,
fo he reached Newfoundland, where he took possession
1583. of the country for his sovereign, by raising a pillar
^'two"* inscribed with the Biitish arms. From thence, he
Voyages, sailed south-westcrly, till he reached the latitude oi
the mouth of the Kennebec. Here the largest of his
three vessels was wrecked, and all her crew perished.
3. Gilbert now finding it impossible to proceed, set
his face towards England, keeping in the smallest ol
his remaining vessels, the Squirrel, a barge of only
ten tons ; for his generous heart refused to put any
disasfera to a peril, he was himself unwilling to share. The
death P^^sagc was stormy, but his pious mind found cora-
15 §3. fort in the reflection Avhich, as he sat reading in the
Sept. 22. stem of his barge, he uttered to his companions in
the larger vessel ; "we are as near heaven at sea, as on
land." In the night, the lights of his little bark sud-
denly vanished, and he was heard of no more.
4. Sir Walter Raleigh, the brother-in-law of Gil-
bert, obtained from Queen Elizabeth, a transfer of his
patent. Kaleigh had learned, from the unsuccessful
Eaieigii emigrants of France, the mildness and fertility of the
Amidas south ; and thither he dispatched two vessels, xmder
and Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. They ap-
"^°^' proached the shore at Pamlico Sound, and on landing
in Ocracock or Poanoke Island, they found grapes
abundant, and so near the coast, that the sea often
washed over them.
5. The natives were as kindly as their climate and
soil. The king's son, Granganimo, came with fifty of
1. What was enjoined upon the person who received the
patent? — 2. In Gilbert's first attempt what happened? In his
Becond how far did he proceed ? In what manner takepossession ?
What disaster did he meet, and at what place ? — 3. What trait of
generosity did he exhibit? \Vliat were the last words he was
heard to utter ? — 4. Who obtiuncd a similar patent? Whom did
Sir VV. Ka]eij;fh send ont^ To what place dKl they go? What
account did they jfi ve of Koauuke Island ?— 5. What of tte natives t
EALEIGIi's ATTEilPTS UNSUCCESSFUL. 35
his people, and received them with distinguished pt. L
courtesy. He invited them to his dweUing at twen- fd. il
ty miles' distance on the coast ; but when they went, *"^ *•
it chanced he Avas not at home. His wife came out to Bgautfni
meet them. She ordered some of her people to draw example
their boat ashore to preserve it, and others to bring **^jj"gpj7*
the Englishmen on their backs through the surf. She taiitj.
then conducted her guests to her home, and had a
fire kindled, that they might dry their clothes, which
were Avet with rain. In another room, she spread a
plentiful repast of tish, venison, esculent roots, mel-
ons, and fruits. As they were eating, several Indians,
armed with bows and arrows, entered. She chid
them, and sent them away, lest her visitors should
suffer from alarm.
6. When the navigators returned to England, and
made this report to Elizabeth, she was induced to
call the country Virginia, as a memorial that the Elizabeth
hapjDy discovery liad been made under a Virgin J?*J"®?
queen. This name soon became general throughout "
the coast.
1. Raleigh now found many adventurers ready to
embark in his project ; and in 1585, he fitted out a
squadron of seven ships, under the command of Sir g **
Richard Gkenville, who followed the course ofships un-
Amidas and Barlow, and touched at the same islands. GrenvW
In one of tliese he cruelly burned a village, because
he suspected an Indian of having stolen a silver cup.
He then left a colony under Captain" Lane, at the
island of Roanoke. The colonists, reduced to great
distress for want of provisions, were, the next year, colony st
carried to England by Sir Francis Drake, who was under*
returning from a successful expedition against the ■^'*"®'
Spaniards in the West Indies.
8. Soon after tlieir departure, they were sought
by a ship, which had been sent by Raleigh with
5. How did an Indian lady behave? — 6. "Who gave a name to
tlie country? Wliatname? — 7. Whom did Kalcigh next send?
When? What vvas done by Sir K. (Trenvilre? What can you aay
of the colony wliieh lie left?
36 gosnold'c
VISIT.
P'T. I; supplies ; and afterwards by Sir Richard Greiiville.
FD. iL He not lindinof them, most unwisely left tiiteen of
^"•'- his crew to keep possession of the island, and then
returned to England. Of this small number nothing
Fifteen ^^'^^ afterwards heard. Probably they were de-
ineu lost stroyed by the injured and revengeful savages.
9. In 1587, Raleigh again sent out a colony of
one hundred and titty adventurers to the same isl-
and, uuder Captain White. He soon returned to
15§7. England to solicit supplies for the colony. Before
Eoanoke he de})ai-ted, his daughter, Mrs. Dare, gave birth to
colony, j^ female infant, the first child of English parents
born in America. The infant was baptized by the
name of Virginia.
10. The attempts made by Raleigh for the relief
of this colony were unremitted, but unsuccessful ;
and three years elapsed before he could procure the
means of sending Captain White to their relief.
It was then to^ late. Not one remained ; nor,
Eaieieh's though repeatedly sought, has any clue to their fate
i«st ever been found. Appalled and in danger of per-
**" *'"^' ishing himself, White returned, without leaving one
Ensflish settler on the shores of America.
^ 11. In 1602, Bartholomew GosxoLD, with thirty-
1602. ^^^^ men, sailed from Falmouth, and steering due
Gosnoid west, he was the first English commander who
England.' I'eachcd the country by this shorter and more direct
course. He approached the coast near Nahant,
then bearing to the south he discovered and named
Cape Cod, which was the first ground in New Eng-
land ever trod by Englishmen.
12. From Cape Cod he sailed round Nantucket,
and discovered Martha^s Vineyard. He then en-
tered Buzzard's Bay, and finding a fertile island, he
gave it, in honor of the Queen, the name of Eliza-
8. What ofiiiiother small colony "*— 9. What of Kaleigh's second f
What name was jj-iven to the first jiative-born Enyli>h child?
10. Were attempts maile to relieve this colony * Does any one
know wliat became of Mrs. Dare, or her ohilil/or any of the col-
ony ? — 11. Give some account of Gosnohi. Point out on the Map
his oourise. Toll where he approached. What discoveries he made
NORTH AND SOUTH VIRGINIA. 37
beth. Near its western shore, on a small island in pt. i.
a lake, he built a fort and store-house, and prepared fd. ii.
to leave a small colony. But the natives became ^^^
hostile, and his intended settlers would not remain. -^^^^^^
Having freighted his vessel with sassafras root, then hostile.
much esteemed in medicine, he hoisted sail and
reached England with all his men, after a passage
of live weeks, the shortest then known.
13. Henry IV., of France, in 1603, granted to the
Sieur de Monts, the country called Acadia, extend-
ing from the 40th to the 46th degree of north lati- **»^^
tude. The next year De Monts sailed from France, prints
taking Samuel Champlain as his pilot. He entered ^'^^^^
an extgnave bay, called it La Baye Fran9aise, [Bay
of Fundy,] and on its eastern side, he founded Port^g Monti
Royal. He discovered and named the rivers St. founds
John and St. Croix, and sailed along th^ coast as far uoy'id.
as Cape Cod.
14. LoNDQij^ AND Plymouth Companies. — ^The
English becoming alanned at this encroachment on 1606.
territory which they claimed, James I., the succes- 88o°t'o
sor of Elizabeth, dividing the country iiito two dis- 41° the
tricts 7iearly equal, granted the southern fart, or wanted
iirst colony of Virqinia, included between the 34th *° ^°''>
v •/»/«/' com pa-
and 41st degrees, to a company of merchants called nies.
THE London Company ; and the northern or sec- ^h^rever
ond colony of Virginia, included between the SSth one made
and 45th degrees, to another corporation, called nfent t*he
THE Plymouth Company. The king vested these ."Ij'^'" .
• 1 • 1 (^ 1 T 1 °t ±'i' might not
companies with a right oi land along the coast, nity settle
miles each way, and extending into the interior one"^iJ"A^'
biindi'ed miles from the place of settlement.
15. The Plymouth Company, in 1607, sent out
12. At w>iat place did he prepare to colonize! "Was he suc-
cessfnl in planting a colony ? Wliat of his voyage in regard to
time ? — 13. VVhiit was granted to De Monts ? By whom ? What
voyajre and discoveries did he make? Who accompanied him?
14. Between what two companies did the English now divide tiie
conntry ? What names gi\e to each division? Trace the two
divisions on Map 1 II., unless you draw the Maps, and have one of
your own to exhibit. »
38 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.
FT.L Admieal Raleigh Gilbert, with a hundred plant-
FD. iL eis, under Captain George Popiiam, the president
on. II. of t,ij{3 company. They landed at the month of Ken-
settie- "ebec river, where they built and fortified a store-
n.ent^ttt house. The sufferuigs of the colony, through the
^5^"*' winter, Avere severe. They lost their store-house by
1607. fire, and their president by death, and the next year
returned to England, considering the country "a
cold, barren, mountainous deseit," where, in the
quaint language of that period, they declared, " they
found nothing but extreme extremities,"
16. Thus, after a period of one hundred and ten
years, from the time that Cabot discqy^red North
America, and twenty-four years after J?®^gh plant-
ed the iirst colony, there was not, uiicifjl^O?, an
Englishman settled in America.
i
CHAPTER II.
First Settlement of Virginia.
1. In 1607, the London Company sent out Cap-
tain Christopher Newport, with three ships, and
one hundred and five men ; among whom was the
navigator, Gosnold, and Captain John Smith, the
Father of Virginia.
2. The fleet sailed by the "West Indies, and being
driven north of Roanoke in a storm, an accidental
discovery was thus made of the entrance of the
^eak*e Gkesapecike Bay^ the boundaries of which were
discover- now named Capes Charles and Henry, m honor of
1607. ^^^® king's sons.
8. The adventurers sailed at once into the bay,
and up the Powhatan river, to which they gave the
15. Whom did tlie Plymouth company send out? What was
tlic HUCcosH of the settlement nt Kennebec? — 16. In 1607 what
miiirlit bo said of Ensjiish colonization ?
CiiAPTBK II. — I. Whom did the London company pend out!
2. What dittfovery was aecidentttUy made! — 3. What coursi* did
the flbut take?
FIRST EFFECTUAL ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 30
name of the James. Upon its banks, fifty miles from ft.L
its mouth, they fixed their residence, and raised a p'd. il
few huts. The place was called Jamestown, an "^'^
appcllatioji wliich it still retains, although nothing ''^^^^'
now remains hut a few falling ruins. M»yi3.
4. The King of England, James I., had given the
colonists a charter ; that is a wi'iting, made like a
deed, which he signed, and to which the great seal
of England was affixed. These written instruments ^^terta.
when made for the settlers, in a wise and righteous
manner, gave them privileges, which were of great
value. But, in this case, the charter left with the
king all the power to govern the country.
5. To the colonists no assurance was given, but the
vague promise, that they should continue to be Eng-
lishmen. Religion was established by law, according No privi-
to the forms and doctrines of the church of England, thl^tet-
There Avas, for the present, no division of property ; "^"•
and for five years, all labor was to be for the benefit
of the joint stock.
6. The government was to be administered by a
council, nominated by the king, but to reside in the
colony. As soon as the emigrants landed, the coun-
cil Avas organized. They chose Edward Wingfield,
their president. They were envious of Captain president,
Smith. He was the proper person to be their head, fi(^'."|>
because he had more talents and more zeal for the Smith,
settlement, than any other man. But troubles gath-
ered fast, and then they were glad to have Smith >,
for a leader.
7. The neighboring Indians soon annoyed the
colony by their petty hostilities. Their provisions
failed, and the scanty allowance to which they were
reduced, as well as the influence of a climate to which
they were not accustomed, gave rise to disease;
so that the number of the colonists rapidly dimin-
ished. Sometimes four or five died in a day, and
3. Where <\'n\ tlic cniifirrniita scUle? — 4. Wlmt is a cliurtcr?
Did these einiirntiits receive a favoraVile oimrter? — 5. IIow was it
about rcli<rioii? — pnipcrty? — G. Wliat about tlxJ govcriiinetit-?
Wiio w:ts clio.scii prcf iileiit?
40 BMITli OBEYS HIS 8UPERI0BS.
PT. L there were not enough of the well, to give decent
P'D. II. burial to the dead. Fifty perished before winter,
OH. iL among whom was the excellent Gosnold.
AnM2. 8. The energy and cheerful activity of Smith, threw
Gosnold. the only light, which glanced upon the dark picture.
1607. He 80 managed as to awe the natives, and at the
same time to conciliate and obtain from them sup-
plies of food; while, among the emigrants, he en-
inan%(^ couragcd the faint hearted, and put in fear the
SniitiL' rebellious. Winter at length came, and with it, re-
lief from diseases of climate^ and plentiful supplies
of wild fowl and game. ; >* t "-.-.d ♦
9. The London company, with an ignpnjjaMfc of
geography, which even then was surpriu^^nad
given directions that some of the streams^nowing
from the north-west should be followed up, in order
to find a passage to the South Sea. Smith was
superior to the company in intelligence^ but he
knew the duties of a subordinate ; and he therefore
Smith prepared to explore the head waters of the river
■Twei^wChicksihominy, which answered as nearly as any
com- one, to their description.
"*" 10. Powhatan, the chief of the savage confeder-
acy, on the waters of the James and its tributaries,
had been visited by the colonists early after their
^ arrival. His imperial residence, called from its beau-
•^' tifiil location, Nonesuch, consisted of twelve wigwams
near the site of Richmond. Next to him in power
lOcy. ^^ ^^^ brolJier, Opechacanough, who was chief of
Powhatan the P.imuiikies on the Chickahominy* Smith em-
kroth'er. barked in a barge on that river, and when he had
ascended as far as possible in this manner, he left it,
with the order that his party should not land till his
return ; and, with four attendants, he pursued his
^- objects twenty miles farther up the river.
7. What misfortnnes bofel the colony? — 8. What can vou Bay
of the conduct of Captjiiti Smith ? — 9. \Vhnt directions ha^ Smith
receive'!? From whom ? What did he know, and whiit do?
10. Whom liad tlie colonist.s visited ? Wliere? Who w;m chief
of the Itidiaus oi! the Chicknliominyt What was the begiuaiiig
of Smkli's adyeutures on tliat river i
INDIANS CAPTDRK SaHTH. 41
11. Tlie Indians who had watched his movements, pt. l
fell upon his barge-men, took them prisoners, and fd. il
obliged them to discover the track of their captain. *"*' °*
He, in pursuit of game, soon found himself hunted
by swarms of savage archers. In this extremity he
bound to his breast, as a shield, an Indian youth, in.nant
who was with him ; and then he shot three Indians, ^P'^f*
wounded others, and kept the whole party at bay. ""
Attempting to retreat to his canoe while yet watch-
ing his foe, suddenly he sank to his middle, in an
oozy creek. The savages dared not even then touch
him, till, perishing Avith cold, he laid down his arms
and tjurrendered.
12. 'They carried him to a fire, near which, some
of his men had been killed. By his Indian guide
and interpreter, he then called for their chief. Ope-
chacanough ajipeared, and Smith politely presented
to him his pocket compass. The Indians were con-
founded at the motions of the fly-needle, which, on
account of the mysterious glass, they could see, but
could not toucli. He told them wonderful stories of hjs
its virtues, and proceeded, as he himself relates, •<idrea«,
*'by the globe-like figure of that jewel, to instruct
them, concerning the roimdness of the earth, and
how the sun did chase the night round about the
world continually," by which his auditors were filled
with profotmd amazement.
13. Their minds seemed to labor with the great-
ness of the thought, tliat a being so superior was in
their power; and they vacillated in their opinion
whether or not it was best to put him to death; „. .^^
and as often changed their conduct. They took mentby
him to Powhatan, thence led him round from one 8,v^^
wondering tribe to another ; until, at the residence
of Opechacanough, these superstitious dwellers of
the forest, employed their sorcerers or powows, for
three days, to practise incantations, in order to
11. Rclftto the circnmstences of liis cnpture. — 12. Of the tnan-
ner in which he gnve the natives a jjreat idea of his knowledge.
13. Of their thoughts and behavior towards him
4:2 NEWPORT AKKIVES.
PT. I. learn, from the invisible world, whether their pris-
FD. II. oner wished them well or ill.
CH. II. j^^ rpijg clecision of his fate was finally referred
to Powhatan. At his residence, that majestic sav-
age received him in state ; but he condemned him
to die. Two stones were brought and laid before
His rescue ^^^® chief, and two savages stood with uplifted war-
bv Poca- clubs. Smith was dragged to the spot, and his head
placed upon the stones. Pocahontas, a young In-
dian gill, rushed forward, and with cries and tears
begged of Powhatan, her father, to spare him. He
refused. She then ran and knelt beside the victim,
and laid her young iiead upon his. Then the stern
savage relented, — and Smith was saved.
15. Smith having now learned much of the In-
160S. cli^^^i their country, modes of warfare, dispositions
Good and language, and having also by his great address
''from'' and honorable bearing, won their affection and con-
eviL fidence, liis captivity proved, under Divine Provi-
dent;e, a means of establishing the colony.
16. During his absence, however, there had been
disorder and misrule ; and when he returned to
Jamestown he found only thirty-eight persons re-
maining. The spirits of the people were broken ;
^i^Q° and all, filled with despondency, were anxious to
colony, leave a country so inhospitable. He prevailed upon
them, however, partly by force and partly by persua-
sion, to remain till the next year ; when Newport
arriving from England, with some supplies and one
hundred and twenty emigrants, hope again revived
17. During the year 1608, Captain Smith explored
lbv9. ^j^g Chesapeake bay to its head, discovered its fine
Smith ex- Streams, and gained new information concerning the
piores native productions an-d inhabitants of the country.
*^peake!'' Ill ^^i excursiou whicli he made up the Rappahan-
nock, he had a skirmish with the Mannahoacks, a
tribe descended ilrom the Delawares, and took pris-
/ 14. Keliitc the circumstance of liis sentence and deliverance.
/ 15. Wlmt view may be taken of Smith's captivity? — 16. What
had happened duriii? Smith's absence? What was the etFeet of
his return ? — IT What did Smith explore?
BAD SETTLERS. 43
onor a brother of one of their chiefs. F'rom him ft i.
he first heard of the Iroquois, who, tlie Indian told fd. ii.
him, " dwelt on a gi-eat water to the north, had a ^^ *°-
great many boats, and so many men, that they
waged war with all the rest of the woi"ld."
18. Immediately on his return he was chosen
president of the council. He found the recent emi-
grants " goldsmiths and gentlemen." But he prompt-
ly gave them their choice, to labor for six hours a .
day, or have nothing to eat. He represented to the ion and
council in England that they should send laborers ; ^"»*<i°™'
that the search of gold should be abandoned, and
that " nothing should be expected except by labor."
CHAPTER III.
Early settlement of Virginia — continued.
1. The London Company had gradually become
enlarged by accessions of men of influence, some of
whom were of the nobility and gentry. Without at
all consulting the wishes, and against the interests of Govern-
the colony, they now obtained from the king a new made'
charter, by which they were to hold the lands in fee ; ^°^^
and all the powers of government formerly reserved
to the crown, were hereafter to vest in the company.
The council in England, chosen by the stockholders,
was to appoint a governor, who was to rule the col-
onists with absolute sway,
2. The company now collected five hundred ad- jj^^^^
venturers, many of whom were men of desperate sent witi
fortunes and abandoned characters. They appoint- hundred
ed as governor for life the excellent Lord Dela-
17. What learn from report? — 18. What happened on his re-
turn ? What course did he take ? What was his advice — sent to
Ensrland ?
Chapter III. — 1. What had been the progress of the London
Company? What did they obtain? What was the character of
the ii.striiment obtained? — 2. What was the number, and what
was the dcf^cription of the persons sent out? .V
44 SIR THOMAS GATKS SIiri'V/KKCKEL.
P'T. I WARE, and freiglitiMl witli the cuiigrants nine ships,
P'D. II. of which ^Captain iS'ewport was to take the coui-
"'^•"^ inand.
3. As Lord Delaware was not ready to eiid:)ark
Avith the lleet, the adinu-al, iSiu Thomas Gatks, and
Wro kod ^^^^ George So.meiis, were empowered to govern the
ftt Hormu- colony Until his arriwal, Newport took into his own
^^ ship Gates and Soniers. Aniving at the Bermudas,
a terrible storm separated the tieet. The admiral's
vessel was stranded on the rockv sliores of Bermu-
da ; a small ketch perished, and only seven of the
vessels reached Jamestown.
4. Smith now found himself without authority;
1609 ^"^ ^^^ three persons who alone possessed it, were
Smith * perhaps in the depths of the ocean. His genius,
^°\jg^^''® however, sustained him ; and he compelled to sub-
mission the disorderly gallants who had just arrived.
5. Pocahontas repeatedly saved the life of Smith,
and preserved this earliest English settlement from
Native destruction. In the various fortunes of the colony,
uess. gi^^ ^^^^ j^^ unchano-ino; friend, often couiiiig with
her attendants to bring baskets of provisions in
times of scarcity, and sometimes giving notice of
« hostile designs.
6. At length, an accidental ex])losion of gunpow-
der so injured Smitii, that no medical skill to be had,
Smith could properly manage his case ; and delegating his
leaves authority to George Percy, he returned to England.
After his departure, all subordination and industry
ceased among the colonists.
7. The Indians, no longer afraid, harassed them,
Great and withheld their customary supplies. Their stores
^'^anT^ were soon exhausted. Their domestic animals were
distress, devoured ; and, in two instances, the barl»arous act
was perpetrated, of feeding on human flesh. Smith
3 Wliat office had Lord Delaware? What Capt. Newport!
3. What was the fate of Newport's ship ? What persons liad he
on boiird ? — 4. As neitlier tlie {roveriior, nor liis substitutes were
tJiere, what was the position and coudiiet of Siiiitli ? — 5. W'iiai is
said of Pocahontas? — 0. Wliat now happened to Smith! Wlat
was the conduct of the colonists !
''the starving timk." 45
lelt four hundred and ninety persons. In six months, ft. i.
anarchy and vice liad reduced the number to sixty; fd. ii.
and those so feeble and forlorn, that in ten days <^»^
more they must all have perished.
8. In the mean time, Sir Thomas Gates and his
companions, who had been wrecked on the rocks of
Bermuda, haai found there the means to construct a
vessel ; and now approaching Jamestown, they an-
ticipated a happy meeting with their friends. But,
instead of this, but tew remained, and they wasted
to skeletons. Gates was obliged to yield to the '"'i- Departure
versal cry, desert the settlement, and re-embark with of the
the whole colony. They departed in the morning, '^"'""^•
and falHng down the sti-eam with the tide, they de-
scrierl, at evening, near the river's mouth, three
ships. Lord Delaware, their paternal governor, had
arrived with supplies ; and their hearts were cheered j^^^^
with the consolins: thought that God had delivered 1610.
them. And then the residue returned, a chastened, ^" '■*'*^"™-
and a better people.
9 The colony again became flourishing ; but in
Mai'ch, 1611, the governor's health declined, and he
was obliged to leave the country. On the •^^P-'^'"^ « ^ ■ «
ure of Lord Delaware, Percy was again at the head ^8^ m*
of affairs, until the arrival of Sir Thomas Dale, in Sir '^o-
May. Although good order and industry fiow pre- arrives,
vailed, yet the state of the colony was not flourish-
ing, and Dale immediately wrote to England for
aid. In less than four months, Sir Thomas Gates
arrived, with six ships and three hundred emigrants.
10. Pocahontas, after the departure of Captain
Smith, received Christian baptism under the name l<*13.
of Rebecca; and then married John Rolfe, aand^nmr
young Englishman of the colony. She went with ""'J,"* °^
her husband to England, where special attention hontas.
7. What consequences ensued? — 8. Relate the circumstances
of Sir Thomas Gates' arrival. What was he obliged to do?
Where were the people, and what their feelings on Lord Dela-
ware's arrival I — 9. How long did Lord Delaware remain iri the
country? On what ocoasion did their numbers receive an ac-
cession ? — 10. With whom did Pocahontas go to England*
OH. rv.
46 A 15AI) MAN ?,[AKKS A UAI) GOVKRNOR.
P'T. I. was paid lier by the king' and queen, at the instiga-
PD. II. tion of Snaitli. She liad been told that he was dead ;
and wlien he came to see her, slie turned away, and
for a tiiTie could not, or would not speak. He kindly
soothed her, and at length she addressed him as her
father, and recalled the scenes of their early ac-
quaintance. Having given birth to a, son, she waa
;deatii. about to return, when she sickened and died, at the
age of twenty-two. Her son survived, and reared
an offspring, which is perpetuated in some of the
best families in Virginia.
Her
CHAPTER IV.
Virginia — Hudson Eiver — Canada.
1. In 1617, Captain Aegall was made acting
governor of Virginia. Lord Delaware having at-
1617. tempted to reach the settlement, died on the pas-
^m^^ ^ sage. Argall governed with so much rigor, as to
conduct excite universal discontent. Not only did he play
the tyrant over the colonists, but he cheated the
company. The rumor of his oppression made emi-
gration unpopular. By the influence of the good Sir
Edw^n Sandys, the benevolent Yeardlt was sent
over to take his place.
2. Governor ITeardly called the first general as-
semhly which was held in Virginia, consisting of
The firet^^P^^s^'^^^ti'^^s? chosen from among the people, who
general were to act cotijointly with the governor and coun-
•ssern y. ^jj appointed by the company, in all matters of im-
portance. The colonists, who, till then, had been
nothing more than the servants of the company,
were thus rajjed to the distinction and privileges of
freemen.
10. What took place there? Whom did she meet, and howf
Has she left descendants ?
Chapteb IV.— 1. What is liere said of Argall? What effect
had the report of his bad conduct? Who was sent as governor?
- 2. What important privilege did the people obtain! Of w.houj
did the first assembly consist ?
nilST RESPECT PAID TO THE PEOPLE. 47
•
3. In this assonibly, which met at Jamestown, ft. i.
eleven borouglis were each I'epresented by two bui-- p'ljTnT
gesses. For tliis cheering dawn of civil liberty, the ^"- ''^•
colonists exi)ressed to the company "the greatest j^gg^'-^^t
possible thanks," and forthwith "fell to building James-
houses and planting corn." . ^"^^°"
4. In order to attach the colonists more entirely
to their new settlements, there was, about this time,
sent out, by the advice of Sandys, a considerable
number of young women of humble birth, but of y„nn„
unexceptionable character, as wives for the younof women
planters. The price paid for the passage of each, wives.
was at first one hundred, and afterwards, one hun-
dred and fifty pounds of tobacco. To fail of dis-
charging debts so incurred, was esteemed particu-
larly dishonorable.
5. About this time were introduced also into the
colony, by order of King James, many idle and dis- 1620.
solute persons, then in custody for their offences, "sent^**
They were dispersed throughout the colony, and t" '^e
1-1 T I coiony*
oyerl as laborers.
6. A Dutch ship from Africa arriving at James-
town, a part of her cargo of negroes was purchased slavery
by the coloiay. This 'was the commencement of ne-
gro slavery in, the TInited IStates. -
7. In 1G09, occurred the discovery of the ZTwc^sow
rimr^ ^vhich has proved the finest for navigation of 1609.
any in republican America, Henry Hudson, the H".''*oi»
discoverer, was an Englishman by birth, but was in discover
the service of the Dutch East India Company. The ^
next year, the Dutch sent ships to this river, to open
a trade with the natives; but the Court of England
disowned their claim to the country. The Dutch,
however, followed u'pNtheir good fortune, and soon
erected Forts Orange and Manhattan, near the sites
of Albany and New Yo'-k.
3. Where did they meet? What di<l they express, and wliar
do? — 4. Wimt was done to attach them to their new liomes*
Wliat price was paid? — 5. What imwholesomc settlers were in-
troduced ? — 6. When did slavery commence ? — 7. Who discovered
tlie ereat river of New York? What was done by the D.itch ?
Were the English satislicd ? What important cities were begun ?
cotn-
Diencea.
4^ NKW KNGLAND KXI'LORED.
P"T. I. 8. In 1608, Cm AMPi.Aix, under Dk MoxTS, conrlnct-
FD. II. ed a colony to America, and founded Quebec. Wish-
ciL IV. jj^g ^^ secui-(' tlie triendshi[> of the adjacent natives,
irA« ^^^ consent(Ml the next year, to acconij)any theni on
ciiam-' an expedition ai:;ainst the Iroquois, with whom they
plain were at war. They entered u])on the lake which now
founds , . , ,-..,. ' , ,. ^,
Quebec, bcars, lu honor or its discoverer, the name of Uliani-
l)lain, and traversed it until they approached its junc-
1609. tion with Lake St. Sacrament, now Lake Geor<2:e.
Discovers ,t . , ... ,. .„. , i i t
Lake llerep m tlie vicmity ot iiconderoga, a bloody ew-
^'lain' g!\?L'ii^«i^t took place, in which Champlain and his
allies were victorious.
9. Ca]itain Smith, after his return from VirjTinia,
explored the north-eastern coast of the United States
witka trading squadron of two ships. Smith sailed
1614. in the largest, and the other was commanded by
^""^^'^^'_" Captain Hunt, before mentioned as having kidnap-
land." ped twenty-seven of the suV)jects of Massasoit. Smith
. accurately examined the shore, with its bays and riv-
ers, from the mouth of the Penobscot to Cape Cod,
CaptMn ^^^ havhig drawn a map, he laid it, on his return,
Uunt. before Pi-ince tJharles, — with a hint, that so beautiful
and excellent a country deserved to bear an honor-
able name. The Prince listened to his suggestion,
and declared that it should thereafter be called New
England.
10. The French having established thenlselves
within the limits of the northern colony of Virginia,
Capt. Argall was sent from Jainesto\vn to,- .dispossess
them. He destroyed Port Royal, and all 0ie French
settlements in Aca<Iia. On his return he visited the
Dutch at Manhattan, and demanded possession' of the
suMues country in the name of the British sovereign. The
the Dutch traders made no scruple to acknowledge the
and supremacy of King James, and, imder liim, that of
Dutch. ^\^Q governor of Virginia.
8. Eelate what was done by Chainplain at the North ? — 9. In
what enterprise was Captain Smith now ensraeeil ? W'itli wliom ?
What was (lone on Smith's return? — 10. Kehite Cajitain Argalfs
expedition and its results }
EXEECISE8 ON THE TEEE CHEONf GEAPHEE.
(Eeferriiig to events of Period II., Part L)
What event marks the beginning of this period ? Point out
•ts date. Also the following dates : Sir Walter Raleigh ob-
tained a transfer of Gilbert's patent in 1584. Raleigh sent out
* squadron of seven ships under Sir Richard Grenville, in 1585 ;
*nd again he sent out a colony in 1587, under Captain White.
Gosnold discovered Cape Cod in 1602. De Monts discovered
the bay of Fundy and founded Port Royal in 1604. The Lon-
don and Plymouth Companies were established by James I.,
In lt506. Chesapeake Bay was discovered by Captain Christo-.
pher Newport, and Jamestown founded in 1607. The London
Company obtained a new charter from James I. in 1606, and
Loid Delaware was appointed governor. Governor Yeardley
called the first General Assembly, in Virginia, in 1619. Henry
Hudson discovered the Hudson river in 1609. In 1614, Cap-
tain Smith explored the northeastern coast of the United States,
which Prince Charles named New England. At what epoch
does this period terminate? What is its date? Point out its
place on the chronographer.
(Eeferring to events of Period III., Part I., and to be used after tbe study of
the next period Is completed, p. 85.)
Point out the event which marks the beginning of this pe-
riod, and tell its date. Also point out the following dates:
Massa.sdit visits the pilgrims in 1621. James I. i.ssued a char-
ter to a company styled the " Grand Council of Plymouth," in
1620 John Endicot began the settlement of Salem in 1628.
Roger Williams founded Providence in 1636. The Pequo<l8
were defeated and destroyed in 1637. The college at Cam-
bridge was founded in 1680. It took the name of Harvard in
1638. Lord Baltimore obtained a patent of Maryland in 1631.
What event marks the termination of this period ? Point to
its place on the chronographer.
I
I
The Cabin of the May-Flower.
PERIOD III.
VROU
THE LANDING
THE OOMMKNCKMKNT OF .
THE CONFEDKKAOT,
\ 1643.. j
OF THE PILGEMS,
BT THE TTNION OF THE
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES.
CHiVPTER I.
Departure of the Pilgrims from England, and their sojourn in
Holland.
/
1. Ik 1592, a law was passed in England, reqair- pt. i.
ing all persons to attend the established worship, fd. hi.
under penalty of banishment, and if they returned, ^^' ^
of death. Among those who could not conscientious- ■. -gg
ly comply with these exactions, were John Robin- RoMnson
SON and his congregation^ who lived in the north of ^"*^i|g^
England. They belonged to that sect of the Puritans,
or dissenters from the church of England, called Sep-
aratists.
2. To enjoy their religion, the pastor, and his whole
flock, determined to exile themselves to Holland. But
Chapter T. — I. Who were John Robinson and his congrega-
tion ? What law could they not conscientiously obey ? — 2. What
was their object in seeking to change their country?
51
52 THE riLGUIM MOTHERS.
FT. L this was a difficult undertaking. Once they embark-
PD. iiL ed with their families and goods at JBoston^ in Lin-
*"*• ^ colnshire. But the treacherous captain had plotted
itfiAV ^^'^^^ English officers, who came on board the vessel,
Attempt took their effects, searched the persons of the whole
*Hoaan(i" company for money, and then, in presence of a gaz-
" ing multitude, led them on shore, and to prison. They
were soon released, except seven of the principal men,
who were detained and brought to trial, but at length
freed.
3. Again they bargained with a Dutch ship-master
at Hull, who was to take them in, from a commoji hard
by. At the time appointed, the women and children
sailed to the place of rendezvous in a small bark, and
160§. the men came by land. The bark had grounded ; but
Second the Dutch captain sent his boat and took the men
from the strand. But, in the mean time, the authori-
ties of Hull had notice; and the Dutch commander,
at the sight of a large armed company, having a fair
wind, with oaths, hoisted anchor and sailed away ;
although the pilgrims even wept, thus to leave their
wives and children. •
4. Behold now these desolate women, the mothers
of a future nation, their husbands forcibly carried off
to sea,while on land an armed multitude are approach-
Distress ing-' They are taken, and dragged from one magis-
or the trate to another, while their children, cold, and hun-
WOUJ6D.
gry, and affrighted, are weeping and clinging around
them. But their piteous condition and Christian
demeanor softened, at length, the hearts of their
persecutors, and even gained friends to their cause.
5. The men, in the mean time, were driven out to
Storm at sea, and encountered one of the most terrific sea
*^ storms ever known, — continuing fourteen days — dur-
ing seven of which, they saw neither sun, moon, or
stars. At length they all arrived in Holland. They
settled at first in Amsterdam. They did not, however,
2. What happened on their first attempt ? — 3. "What on their
second ? — 4, What trouble did the women meet with ?— 5. Wbal
th« men f When in Holland, where did they first settle !
PECULIARITIES OF THE PILGRIMS. 53
find cause to be satisfied, and they removed to Ley- p'T. i.
den. Here, by hard labor and frugal honesty, they p'd. iil
lived highly respected ; but after a few years they ^^ ^
experienced evils, which made them think of anoth- Leyden
er removal.
6. Not only were their own toils constant and se-
vere, but they were obliged to employ their chil-
dren, so that they were necessarily deprived of edu-
cation. And the health of the young, often fell a Reasons
sacrifice to the length of time and confined posi- removaL
tions, in which they labored. Some died, and some
became deformed. Their morals also were likely to
suflfer from the habitual profanation of the sabbath,
witnessed around them.
7. The Pilgrims had heard of America ; and in
its wilderness, they believed that they might serve
God unmolested, and found a church, where not
only the oppressed in England, but unborn genera- ^^^'^^
tions, might enjoy a pure worship. The Dutch land."
wished them to colonize under their government.
But they still loved their country ; and they sent
agents to England, to procure, by the influence of
Sir Edwin Sandys, a patent under the Virginia
Company.
8. For the encouragement of this company, dis-
heartened by the failures at Chesapeake Bay, Rob-
inson, and Brewster, the ruling elder of his church,
wrote to Sir Edwin, showing, in five particulars, the ^JI^e*^
difference of their motives, their circumstances, and Sandys,
chai-acters, from those of ordinary adventurers.
First, " We verily believe the Lord is with us, to
whose service we have given ourselves, and that he
will graciously prosper our endeavors, according to -
the simplicity of our hearts therein. Second, We
are all well weaned from the delicate milk of our
5. Where remove? In what estimation vvere they held? — 6.
What reasons had tliey for another removal? — -7. What forthink-
iTiL' of America? Wliui d'd the Dutch wisti ? Wliat moved the
I'U/rims to send agents to England? — 8. Who wrote a letter! To
whom? To show what? Mention tli« first particular.
64 THE PARTING AT DELFT-HAVRN.
P"T. I. mother countiy, and inured to a strange and hard
P'D. III. land, wlierem we have learned patience.
CH. I. 9_ " Tliird^ Our people are as industrious and
frugal as any in the world. Fourth, We are knit
Pilgrims a together in a sacred bond of the Lord, whereof we
^^f^I.'i'f'^ make ^reat conscience^HhioIding ourselves tied to all
care of each other's good. Fifth, It is not with us as
with other men, whom small discontentments can
discourage, and cause to wish themselves at home
again. We have nothing to hope for from England
or Holland, and our lives are drawing towards their
period."
10. By the aid of Sandys the petitioners obtained
the patent. But they needed money. To provide
this, their agents formed a stock company, jointly,
Contract with some men of business in London, of whom
London ^^^- Thomas Weston was the principal ; they to fur-
pier- nish the capital, the emigrants to pledge their labor
for seven years, at ten pounds per man ; and the
profits of the enterprise, — all houses, lands, gardens,
and fields, to be divided at the end of that time
among the stockholders, according to their respec-
tive shares.
11. They then prepared two small vessels, the
May-Flower and the Speedwell ; but these would
Aug. 8d, hold only a part of the company, and it was decided
1620. that the youngest and most active should go, and
tior*" the older, among whom was the pastor, should re-
main. If they were successful, they were to send
for those behind ; if unsuccessful, to return, though
poor, to them.
12. Previous to their separation, this memorable
church worshipped together for the last time, on an
i'*ljtingata_ppQii-ited day, when they humbled themselves by
Haven, fasting, and " sought of the Lord a right way for
themselves and their children." When they must
8. The second.— 9. The third— fourth— fifth.— 10. What did
they obtain? ^Vl)at did they then need? How contrive to pro-
cure it? — 11. What did the agents then prepare? Could all go ?
"Which part wa.s to go? On what condition did the others
nmain ?
THK LEADING MJSN. 55
no longer tany, their brethren accompanied tliera ft. i.
from Leyden to the shore at Delft-Haven, Here the fd. iil
venerable pastor knelt with his flock ; and the wan- *"* ^
derers, yhile tears flowed down their cheeks, heard
for the last time, his beloved voice in exhortation,
and in player for them. " But they knew they were
PiLGKiMS,^and lifted up tlieir eyes to heaven, their
dearest country, and quieted their spirits."
CHAPTER n.
Progress of the Pilgrims from Holland to America.
1 . From Delft-Haven, the Pilgrims sailed to South-
ampton, in England. Among the leaders of the
party was Elder Brewster, who at this time was
fifty-six, but sound in body, as in spirit. John Car- Leading
VER was near his age, beloved and trusted, as he "jen.
was good and wise. Williajsi Bradford was
strong, bold, and enduring; but withal, a meek and
prudent Christian. Next these in honor, and supe
rior in native endowments, was Edward Winslow.
He was at this time twenty-six ; Bradford was thir-
ty-two. Miles Standisii had been in the English
army, and was a brave and resolute ofiicer.
2. After remaining in Southampton a fortniglit,
the party put to sea. But misfortunes befalhng, Final' d'e
they returned, left the Speedwell, and finally, to the p*""*^'®-
number of one hundred, they set sail from Ply-
mouthy in the solitary May-Flower. On the 6th of
September, they took their last, sad look, of their
native shore. After a stormy and perilous passage,
they made land, on the 9th of November, at Cape
Cod.
I 13. Give an account of their parting.
Chaptek II.— 1. From Holland wfiere did the Pilgrims next
go? Name tlieir leading men. What is said of the first named?
the second? The tliird? The fourth? The fifth ?— 3. What
liappened when they first put out to sea? From what place did
they last depart? In what vessel? How many persons? What was
the length and character of the passage ? What the first land made ?
56 OnEUIKNCE ESSENTIAL TO THE COMPACT.
_PT. L_ 3. The mouth of the Iliulson had been selected
FD. III. ■'IS the place of their settlement, and they according
en. II. }y steered southerly ; but soon falling in with dan-
Nov 9 .^^rous breakers, and all, especially the women, be-
At oape ing impatient to leave the ship, they determined to
^'^^ return and settle on or near the Cape. The next
day they turned the point of that singular pi-ojec-
tion, and entered the harbor, now called Province
town.
4. They fell on their knees to thank the kind
Power who had preserved them amidst so many
dangers ; and then " they did," says Cotton Mather,
" as the light of nature itself directed them, imme-
diately, in the harbor, sign an instrument, as the
1620. foundation of their future aiid needful government ;"
Nov. 11, solemnly combining themselves into a civil body
Bisn^J!un politic, to enact all such ordinances, and frame all
the cabin, gnch constitutions and offices, as, from time to time,
should be thought most meet and convenient for
the general good ; all which they bound them,selves
to obey.
5. This simple, but august compact, was the first
of a series, by which the fetters of a vast system of
political oppression have been broken. Upon some
parts of the old continent, that system still remains ;
building upon the fiction, that sovereigns own the
Important world and its inhabitants, having derived all from
God ; and that the people are to have only such a
measure of personal freedom, and such possessions,
as kings may choose to bestow. Here was assumed
for the first time the grand principle of a voluntary
confederacy of independent men; instituting goo-
emment, for the good, not of the governors, but of
the governed.
6. There were the same number of persons on
3. On what place had they intended to settle ? Why did they
change their minds ? — 4. What was their fir.-it act on iirriviMir?
What their next step? For what'did they combine into one
body? To what did they bind themselves? — 5. What may be
said of this compact? Upon what fiction are some governments
founded ? What was hero assumed ?
trans-
action.
A nOilELESS DESERT. 57
board the May-Flower as had left England; but P't. i.
one, a servant, had died ; and one, a male child, fd. iil
Pereoiuxe White, was born on the passage. Car- ^^- ^^
ver was immediately chosen governor, and Standish, p|',J^[,j\^*
ca])tain. ^
7. No comfortable home, or smiling friends, await-
ed the Pilgrims. They, who went on shore, waded
through the cold surf, to a homeless desert. But a
place to settle in must be found, and no time was to Nov. ii.
be l(jst. The shallop unfortunately needed repaii-s ; on sho^e
and in the mean time a. party set out to make dis-''^^ ,**'"*
.coveiies by land. They found " a little corn, and which
many graves ;" and in a second excursion they '''^•^he'^
encountered the chilling blasts of a November compact
snow storm, which laid in some the foundation
of mortal disease. The country was wooded, and
tolerably stocked with game.
8. When the shallop was finished. Carver, Bradford,
and Winslow, with a party of eighteen, manned the
feeble bark, and set forth. Steering along the west-
ern shore of Cape Cod, they made, in three days, "^^ ^*
the inner circuit of the bay. " It was," says one of a party
the number, "very cold; for the water froze our^'^he'""
clothes, and made them many times like coats of shaUop-
iron." They landed occasionally to explore ; and
at night, inclosed with only a slight barricade of
boughs, they stretched themselves upon the hard
ground.
9. On the second morning, as their devotions
closed, they received a shower of Indian arrows ; Attacked
when, sallying out, they discharged their guns, and j/ausets
the savages fled. Again they offered prayers with Saturday
thanksgiving ; and proceeding on their Avay, their ^***^ ^^'
shallop was nearly wrecked by a wintry storm of
6. What nmnber of persons arrived? What officers were
clioscn ? — 7. Wliatcan you say of tlieir first arrival? What liad
tliey to do ? What excursion was made ? — 8. What party set sail
ill the s1irtl!op? What course did they take? What sufferings
encounter?— 9. What liappened on the second morning? Kecol-
lect Capt. Hunt, and say if these Indians had any cause to dislike
the English.
3*
58 TIIK KOCK OF PLYMOUTH.
FT. I tcn-jblc violence. After unspeakable dangers, they
P'D. irf sheltered themselves under tiie lee of a small island,
CH. II. ■^yiiei-e^ amidst darkness and rain, they landed, and
^^^j with difficulty, made a fire. In the morning, they
Ckike's found themsclvcs at the entrance of the harbor,
\viihin^'The next day was the Sabbath. They rested and
^h^i'i '("">'' ^^P^ ^^ ^loly? though all that was dear to them de-
Sun., li. j^ended on their promptness.
10. The next day, the pilgrims landed on the
rock of Plymouth. Finding the harbor good,
^l^v\\- spnngs abundant, and the land promising for tillage,
grims land they decided to settle here, and named the place
Fiymonth from that which they last left in England. In a few
Kock. ^ays they brought the May-Flower to the harbor ;
and on the 25th of December they began building,
having first divided the whole company into nine-
teen families, and assigned them contiguous lots —
of size according to that of the family — about eight
feet front, and fifty deep, to each person. Each man
was to build his own house. Besides this, the com-
pany were to make a building of twenty feet square,
as a common receptacle. This was soonest com-
pleted, but was unfortunately destroyed by fire.
11. Their huts went up but slowly; for though
their hearts were strong, yet their hands had grown
feeble, through fatigue, hardship, and scanty fare.
Many were wasting with consumption. Daily some
yielded to sickness, and daily some sunk to the
Buffer, but grave. Before spring, half of their number, among
"^no't* whom were the governor and his wife, lay buried on
the shore. Yet they never repined, or repented of
the step they had taken ; and when, on the 5th of
April, the May-Flower left them, not one, so much
Aprils, as spoke of returning to England. They rather
1621. confessed the continual mercies of a " wonder-work-
9. Eelate what farther happened, and where the Pilgrims
landed. How did tliey spend the Sabbath? — 10. On what day
and year did the PilLn-iins liind on tlie rook of Plymontli? At
what time comineiice bnildins? How jjroceed witli it? How
divide tlie land? — II. Wliat was tlieir condition during this first
winter? Did lliey repine and eotnplain ?
VISIT FEOM THE INDIANS. 59
ing Providence," that had carried them through so p't. i.
many dangers, and was making them the honored p'd. hi.
instruments of so great a work, ^^ ™-
Note. — The dates in this part of History are of course given according to
Old Style, since New Style was not adopted by the English government
intil 13.> years after this period. For a clear explanation of this subject,
see the word Style, in Webster's large dictionary.
CHAPTER in.
The Savages — Massasoit's Alliance — Winslow's Visit tothePoka-
noketa.
1. The Pilgrims had as yet seen but few of the
natives, and those hostile, when Samoset, an Indian,
who had learned a little English at Penobscot, boldly March i6.
entered their village, with a cheerful "Welcome ^}^*^
Englishmen." He soon came again, with four oth-
ers, among whom was Tisquantum, who had spread
favorable reports of the English among his country-
men, and was afterwards of great service as an in-
terpreter.
2. They- gave notice that Massasoit, the sachem
of the PoKANOKETS, was hard by. He appeared on
a hill, with abody of attendants, armed, and painted The
with gaudy colors. The chief desired that some ^''**p^*''*
one should be sent to confer with him. Edward
Winslow, famed for the sweetness of his disposition
and behavior, as well as for his talents, courage, and
efficiency, was wisely chosen. Captain Standish
found means to make a martial show, with drums
and trumpets ; which gave the savages wonderful
delight.
3. The sachem, on coming into the village, was Alliance
so well pleased with the attentions paid him, that he"^ith Mas-
acknowledged the authority of the king of Eng-
land, and entei-ed into an alliance, offensive and de-
CiL-^PTHK TIT. — 1. Wlio WHS Samoset? Tisqniintum ? — 2. "What
notice did they jrive ? Who was Massasoit? ^V'll;»t did lie do, and
wliat desire? What w:ia done, and who ciio-^en by tiie Pilgrims?
GO WINSLOW'S VISITS TO MASSASOIT.
P'T. I. fensive, with the colonists, which remained inviolate
PT>. III. ^or more than tifty years.
CH. iiL 4_ In July, Ed\vard Winslow and Stephen Hop
kins went on an embassy' to Massasoit at Montaup.
Tlie sachem was much pleased witli the present of a
July. ' I't^d coat, from Governor Bradford, who had suc-
Embassy. ceeded Carver, The envoys obtained from him an
engagement, that the furs of the Pokanokets should
be sold to the colony.
5. Massasoit feared the Narragansetts ; and was
doubtless, on that account, desirous of cultivating
the friendship of the English. Canonicus, the old
^ hereditary chieftain of that confederacy, perhaps
setts offended at this intimacy, or regarding tlie whites
threaten, j^^g intruders, meditated a war against them. This
ltt22. he openly intimated, by sending to Governor Brad-
ford a bunch of arrows, tied with the skin of a rat-
tlesnake. Bradford stuffed the skin with powder
and ball, and sent it back ; and nothing more was
heard, at that time, of war.
6. The next year, news came to Plymouth, that
Massasoit was sick. Winslow, taking suitable arti-
cles, went to Montaup. He found the Indians be-
^v'i"it's^ wailing, and practising their noisy powwows or in-
tbe sick cautations, around the sightless chieftain. Affection-
''*"®^' ately he extended his hand and exclaimed, *•' Ait
thou Winsnow ?" (He could not articulate the
liquid I.) "Art thou Winsnow? But, O Win-
snow ! I shall never see thee more." Winslow ad-
ministered cordials, and he recovered. He then
revealed a conspiracy which the Indians had formed
and requested him to join, " But now," said he,
" I know that the English love me."
v. Agreeably to Massasoit's advice, that a bold
^ ygn. stroke should be struck, and the heads of the plot
eouuter. taken off, the intrepid Standish, with a party of only
3. Wliat alliance made? — 4. What visit was at'terwards maiJe)
What trade secured ? — 5. Wliat Indians was Massasoit ntVaid of
How did their chief threaten the I'ilijriins ? How did (^overno?
Brailford reply? — 6. Give an account of Winslow's second visit
to Massasoit.
FRIVATE PEOPERTT AND PEOSPERITT. 61
eiglit, went into the hostile country, attacked a pt.l
house where the principal conspirators had met, and p'd. hi.
put them to death. *"*• "^
8. In justice to the Indians, it should be stated,
tliat they were provoked to this conspiracy by " Mas-
ter Weston's men." These were a colony of sixty
Englishmen, sent over in June, 1622, by Thomas f^gg^^j.
Weston, Though hospitably received at Plymouth, Weston'a
they stole the young corn from the stalk, and thus ™*°*
brought want and distress upon the settlers the en-
suing winter and spring. They then made a short-
lived and pernicious settlement, at Weymouth.
Weston was a London merchant, once the friend of
the Pilgrims.
9. Notwithstanding all the hardships, all the wis-
dom and constancy, of the colonists, the partners of ^524
the concern in London complained of small returns; to
and even had the meanness to send a vessel to rival 1626.
them in their trade with the Indians. Winslow Avent
to England, and negotiated a purchase for himself
and seven of his associates in the colony, by which newtia-
the property was vested in them ; and they sold out ^^'^^
to the colony at large, for the consideration of a mo-
nopoly of the trade with the Indians for six years.
10. New Plymouth now began to flourish. For
the land being divided, each man labored for him-
self and his family. The government was a pure oovem.
democracy^ resembling that now exercised in a msnu
town meeting. Each male inhabitant had a vote ;
the governor had two.
11. Numbers of their brethren of the church at
Leyden came over witliin the first few years to join
the settlement. The people of Plymouth gave a
thousand jwunds to assist them to emigrate. But
7. In what respect did the Pilgrriins follow the sachem's advice ?
8. By whom had the natives been provoked ? — 9 On what acconnt
did Winslow go to England? What bargain did lie make? To
whom did tlie eiglit first purchasers sell out? And for what con-
Bideration? — 10. Why did New Plymouth now flourish ? Wiiat
was their govennnent at lirst? — 11. Did any of their brethren
from Leyden come over \
C2 THE GRAND COUNCIL.
FT. I. the good Robinson was nqt permitted to enter tho
p D. III. land of liis hopes and affections. He died in Leyden,
en. IV. 1(325, to the great grief of the Pilgrims,
Death of
Bobinson. ♦
CHAPTER IV. .
The Plymouth Company superseded by the Grand Council of
ri-YMouTn — New Hampshire — Massachusetts Bay.
1. In November, 1620, the same month in which
the Pilgrims arrived on the American coast, James
I. issued a charter, or patent, to the duke of Lenox,
the marquisses of Buckingham and Hamilton, the
1620. earls of Arundel and Warwick, Sir Ferdinando
(Sunc'n. Gorges, and thirty-four associates ; styling them the
" Grand Council of Plymouth, for planting and
Sweeping governing New England, in America." This patent
^* ^° granted them the territory between the " fortieth
and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, and ex-
tending throughout the main land from sea to sea."
2. This territory, which had been previously call-
North ed North Virginia^ now received the name of JVeto
^caued* England^ by royal authority. From this patent
New Eng- were derived all the subsequent grants, under which
'*"''■ the New England colonies were settled. But the
23ersons who transacted business for the company,
were unacquainted with geography, and avaricious.
They accordingly made their grants in an ignorant
or dishonest manner; so that much trouble ensued.
3. Sir Ferdinando Gorges had been an officer in
Gorges the navy of Elizabeth, and a companion of Sir Wal-
and ter Raleigh. He was ambitious, and perhaps thought
^^^ he should become the duke or prince of some large
territory. He was the prime mover in getting up
1 1. Did the grood Kobinson ever com|*to America?
Chapter IV.— 1. Of whom did the GMnd Council of Plymouth
consist? OK whom receive a charter ?^W hen ? What wad the
territory granted tiieni ? — 2. How was tlie name changed ? What
was derived fnnii this patent? How was the business of the com-
pany transacted ? — 3. VVlio was Sir F. Gorj,'es?
MORE " WILDKRN-KSS-WORK." 6$
the Grand Council of Plymouth, and was made its pt. L _
President. Similar motives actuated Captaix Ma- p'd. in.
SON, and he became its Secretary. oh. nr.
4. Mason procured froin the Grand Council the
absurd j^rant of" all the land from the river of Naum-
Iceag, (Salem,) round Cape Ann, to the mouth of the --goj
Merrimack, and all the country lying between the March 9'
two rivers, and all islands within three miles of the ??**'?* °'
mi T • 1 n T -»«- . Mariana*
coast." ihe district was to be, called Mariana.
5. The next year Gorges and Mason jointly ob-
tained of the Council another patent of "all the lands
between the Merrimack and Kennebec riv'ers, extend- 1622.
ing back to the great lakes, and river of Canada." charter of
This tract received the name oi Lacaonia. Under and' n. H.
this grant some feeble settlements were made at the
mouth of the Piscataqua, and as far up the river as 1623»
., , , J? 7^ Settle-
the present town 01 iJover. menta.
G. The persecution of the Puritans in England
continued, and Mr. White, a minister of Dorchest-Mr.wwtai,
er, projected another colony to America. As early p^^^on
as 1624, a few persons were established on the site of Ma^
of Salem.
1. Several gentlemen of Dorchester purchased of
the Grand Council in 1628, a patent " of that part of
New England which lies between three miles north
of the Merrimack river, and three miles to the south 1^^
of Charles river, and extending from the Atlantic to n Maaa.
the South Sea." This tract was in part covered by
Mason's patent.
8. John Endicot, a rugged puritan, began in 8a^
lem^ the " wilderness-work for the colony of Massa-
chusetts." He brought over his family, and other
emigrants, to the number of one hundred. Roger pjo^eer*
CoxANT and two otlier persons from New Plymouth, of Saiem.
Iiad selected this spot, then called Naumkeag, for
64 THE BAT COLONY.
P'T. I. their settlement ; and Con ant was there, to give, to
FD. III. Endicot and his party, such welcome to the New
OH. T. \yorld, as the desert forest conld afford.
9. The next year, the proprietors in England, ob-
tained of King Charles a charter, confirming the
patent of the Conncil of Plymouth, and conveying to
1629. them powers of government. Tliey were incorporated
^the Bay" ^7 ^^^ n^me of the " Governor and Company of Mas-
Company. sachusctts Bay, in New England.". The first general
court of the company was held in England, Avhen
they fixed upon a form of government for the colo-
ny, and appointed Endicot governor.
10. About three hundred persons sailed for Amer
ica durhig this year. A part of them joined Mr.
town^" Endicot at Salem, and the remainder, exploring the
founded, coast for a better station, laid the foundation of
Charlcstoicn.
sent.
CPIAPTER V.
The Colony of Massachusetts Bay.
1. A MORE extensive emigration was noAV thought
of, than had been before attempted. But an objec-
The tion arose ; the colony was to be ''governed by a
*}^F council residing in England. To obviate this hin-
drance, the Company agreed to form a Council of
those who shoiild emigrate^ and who might hold
their sessions thereafter in t/ie new settlement.
2. On the election, the excellent John Winthrop
was ciiosen governor. "He was," said the colonists,
" unto lis as a mother ; parent-like distributing his
goods, and gladly bearing our infirmities ; yet did
he ever maintain the figure and honor of his place,
8. Who was on the spot to receive them? — 9. What did tlie
proprk-tnrs obtain ? Where hold their first court? Whom make
grovernor?— 10. How many came over during 1629 ? Where did
they seitle ?
Chapti'.r V. — 1. What objections arose to an extensive emigra-
tion ? What was done to obviate it? — 2. Who was choson to go
over as ^rovernor ?
^^ tttt:" t>t7C'p
TUE BEST. 65
with the spirit of a true orentJeman." The company P'T. i.
had determined to colonize only their " best." Eight pixTil"
hundred accompanied Winthrop ; and, dui-ing the ^^- ^•
season, seventeen vessels were employed, bringing p^'^^*
over in all, fifteen hundred persons. hundred
3. Winthi'op and his friends, found no luxurious ^^^s^'^^
table spi-ead for them in the wilderness ; but they
freely gave of their own stores, to the famished and
enfeebled sufferers, whom they met. Regarding Arrive at
Salem as sufficiently peopled, the newly-arrived, lo- inTane.
cated themselves without delay, beyond its limits.
Their first care, wherever they went, was to provide
for the ministration of the gospel. Settlements were
soon begun, and churches established at Charlestown,
Dorchester, Boston, Roxbury, Lynn, and Water-
town.
4. Unused, as many of these settlers were, to
aught but plenty and ease, the liardships before them,
though borne with a willing mind, were too much 1632.
for the body, — especiallv in the case of women. Manv Hardship*
Til 1 • 1 • "^ /'T T • A 1 * endured.
died, though m the joy of believmg. Among these,
was the beloved Akbella Johnson, of the noble
house of Lincoln. Her husband, Isaac Johnson,
the principal of the emigrants in respect to wealth,
felt her loss so severely, that he soon followed her to
the grave. He made a liberal bequest to the colony,
and died "in sweet peace."
5. Agreeably to the charter which the Company
of Massachusetts Bay had received from the king,
the voters agreed, that important regulations should 1631
be enacted in an assembly of all the freemen. A Ai&ire
meeting was convened at Boston, in October; when me^t
Winthrop was re-elected governor, and Thomas
Dudley, who had been a faithful steward to the
earl of Lincoln, was chosen deputy-governor.
^
2. What his character ? What kind of persons and how many
accompanied him? — 3. What was the conduct of Winllirop and
his friends? Where were tlie first villao:es and churches? — 4.
Wliat can you say of the hardsliips endured ? Who ainotitr others
died? — 5. When was an assembly held in Boston? Who was
ehoson to office !
66 A CHANGE OF GOYERJTME^S'T.
g"i'- 1- 6. At the first, the freemen all went to Boston to
FD. III. vote, every man for himself. The government then
CH. VI. ^^,^g ^ sinqile democracy. But the settlements were
Govern- ^^"^"^ ^^ Spread, that some Avould have to go many
nieiit miles. They then concluded to choose certain of
ciinnges. ^|jg-^. j5uj;nijgi.^ ^s is now done in our freeman's meet-
ings, to go to the seat of government, and do their
public business for them. This was changing the
government to a rejyresetiiative deynoaxicy. The
same change took place in the other colonies.
7. Charles I., the son and successor of James I.,
was no less violent in his religious and political des-
1635. potisra ; and emigrants continued to tlock to New
''*^"g"^^^^"- England. In the year 1635, not less than three
to N. E. thousand arrived ; among whom, was the younger
Henry Vane, afterwards much known in the history
of England.
8. The high manner of Vane, his profound reii
governor, p^ws feeling, and his great knowledge, so wrought
1636.' in his favor, that, disregarding his youth, the people
rashly withdrew their suifrages from the good Win-
throp, and chose him governor, the year after his
arrival.
CHAPTER VI.
Ehode Island and its first Founder.
1. Roger Williams, a puritan minister, had been
Feb 5, driven from England by persecution. When he ar-
1631. rived in Massachusetts, he proclaimed, that the only
toilmUo°n.^'^s"''^ss of the humaii legislator is with the actions
of man as they affect his fellow-man ; but as for the
thoughts and feelings of his mind, and the acts or
6. What kind of crovernment was first in nse in the colonies
generally? To whsit kind was it chauored ?— 7. Who succeeded
James L, as king of England ? Was he less violent in persecu-
tion ? What can you say respectintr emigration and emigrants ?
8. What can you say of Henry Vane ?
Chapter VI.— 1. Who was Eoger Williams? Wliat new onin
ions did he proclaim ?
PRIN'CIPLKS OF TOLKRATIOTf. 67
omissions of his life, as respects religious ivorslvip, ft. i.
the only Law-giver is God ; and the only human tri- i"d. hl
bunal, a man's own conscience. ^^ '"•
2. The minds of the puritan fathers were troubled
by these new and strange doctrines, wliicli tliey be-
lieved Avould, unless checked, destroy all that they
had suffered so much to establish. Williams, the
eloquent young divine, frank and affectionate, had,
however, won the hearts of the people of Salem ;
and they invited him to settle with them as their
pastor. The general court forbade it. Williams *^,?^*
withdrew to Plymouth, where he remained as pas- settled
tor for two years ; and then returned to Salem, where **Saiein,
he was again gladly received by the people.
3. The court punished the town for this offence,
by withholding a tract of land, to Avhich they had
a claim. Williams wrote to the churches, endeav-
oring to show the injustice of this proceeding;
whereupon the court ordered, that, until ample ^^.^^^^
apology was made for the letter, Salem should be aisfran-
disfranchised. Then all, even his wife, yielded to ** '
the clamor against him ; but he declared to the
court, before whom he was arraigned, that he was
ready to be boimd, or, if need were, to attest with w'liiiams
his life, his devotion to his piinciples. The court, ba^ishM.
however, pronounced against him the sentence of
exile.
4. Winter was approaching, and he obtained per-
mission to remain till spring. The affections of his
people revived, and thi-ongs collected to hear the be-
loved voice, soon to cease from among them. The
authorities became alarmed, and sent a pinnace to
convey him to England ; but he had disappeared.
5. Now a wanderer in the wilderness, he had not,
upon many a stormy night, either " food, or fire, or
company," or better lodging, than the hollow of a
2. How did they affect the minds of the Puritan settlers? Ee-
late what happened respecting Williams. — 3. Wliat did the gen-
eral court, after iSulem had twice received Williams ? "What letter
did Williams write? What was the consequence? — 1. Was the
»»nt«Dce of Williams immediately executed?
68 PKOVroENCE PLANTATION".
FT I. treo. At last, a few followers liavino; joined liim, he
P'D. m. selected Seckorik, since Rehoboth, within the limits
CH.VI. Qf ii^Q colony of Plymouth. Winslow was now
governor there ; and he felt himself obliged to com-
„ ^ niunicate to Williams, that his remaininsr would
U e S09B to ' o
the Nar- breed disturbance between the two colonies; and
•agaiisetts. j-jg .^clfief] jjjg advicc to that pi-ivately conveyed to
Williams by a letter from Wiutlirop, "to steer his
course to Narragansett Bay."
6. Williams now threw himself upon the mercy
of Canonicus. In a little time he so Avon upon
Receives a ^^^"^5 ^^^^ ^^ extended his hospitality to him and his
noble gift, suffering company. He would not, he said, sell his
land, but he freely gave to Williams, whose neigh
borhood he now coveted, and who was favored
by his nephew Miatstonomoh, all the neck of land
between the Pawtucket and Moshasuck rivers,
"that his people might sit down in peace and
enjoy it forever." Thither they went ; and, Avith
pious thanksgiving, named the goodly p'ace, Provi-
dence.
7. By means of this acquaintance with the Narra-
gansetts, Williams learned that a conspiracy was
forming to cut off the English, headed by Sassacus,
the powerful chief of the Pequods. The Narra-
gansetts had been strongly moved by the eloquence
Nandsan- '^^' MoNONorro, associatc chief with Sassacus, to join
setts in the plot. Thev wavered ; but Williams, by mak-
favor the • ^ ., . ^ ^.l • ^ i 3
jingiifiii. ing a perilous journey to then- country, pei'suaded
them rather to unite with the English, against their
ancient enemies.
8. Anxious to do good to his brethren, though
they had persecuted him, Williams next wrote to
Governor Winthrop ; who, taking the alarm, invited
Miantonomoh to visit him at Boston. The chieftain
went, and there entered into a treaty of peace and
5. What happened now to Williams ? What advice did lie get,
and from whom ? — 6. To wliom did he apply for tilteiter? Could
he buy land of the sacliem ? Who favored him? What uoble
gift did he receive? — 7. What did Willinms learn, and what do
respecting the >.'iirrugansecis ? — 8. What letter did he writ*!
FIRST IIOUSK IN CONNECTICUT. 69
alliance with the English; engaging to thera the as- P't. i.
sistance of the Nai'ragansetts against the Pequods. p-j). iil
Williams founded, at Providence, the first Baptist ^"- "^^
Church in America.
CHAPTER Vn.
Connecticut and its Founders,
1. The Dutch and English, both claimed to bo
the original discoverers of Coimecticut river; but Tiie
the former had probably the juster claim. The na- discov-
tives along its valley were kept in fear by the more ^^,1^^*^^
warlike Pequods on the east, and the terrible itiver.
Mohawks in the west ; and hence they desired the
presence of the English, a§ defenders.
2. As early as 1631, Waiiquimacut, one of their
sachems, being j^ressed by the Pequods, went to
Boston, aud afterwards to Plymouth, earnestly re- ^"tion!**
questing that an English colony might be sent to 1631
his pleasant country. Governor Winthrop declined
his proposal ; but Edward Winslow, then governor
of Plymouth, favored the project, — and visited and
examined the valley.
3. The Plymouth people had been, some time pre-
vious, advised by the Dutch to settle on Connecticut
river ; and they now determined to pursue the enter-
prise. They tixed on the site of Windsor, as the •
place to erect a trading-house. But the Dutch ^°*{^j^y^
changed their minds, and were now determined to ft>rd.
take the country themselves, Tliey, therefore, erect-
ed a small trading fort, called the house of Good
Hope, on a point of land in Sukeag, since Hartford,
at the junction of the Little river with the Connec-
ticut.
8. What church did ho found ?
Chapter VMI. — 1. What can you siiy of the discovery of Con-
necticut river? Wlial of tlie iiatives of its valley? — 2. VVhat re-
quest vvas made by one of tlie sacheniH ? How was it received ?
3. What did the Dutch advise, and vvimt do? Where did tlid
Plymouth people locate ?
70 FiKr^r si:'i"i]j;Ks of coxnkcticut.
PT. 1. 4. Ti;e luaterials for tlie Plymouth trading-housG
P'D. III. being \mt on board a vessel, Captain Holmes, who
CH. VII. conimanded, soon apj)eared, sailing up the river.
_ ^ , When opposite to tlio Dutch fort he Avas command-
October, -, ii 1T1,>T 111
1633. cd to stop, or Jie would be tired upon ; but he reso-
Piymwutii intely kept his course ; and the Windsor house, tho
Windsor, fii'st ill Connecticut, was erected and fortified before
winter.
5. The Grand Council first patented Connecticut
^Conn°' ^o the earl of Warwick. That nobleman transferred
his patent to Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke,
The with others. John Wintiikop, son of the worthy
''^"fr governor of Massachusetts, having been sent to
throp. England on business for that colony, took an agency
for the two Lords patentees, and was directed by
them to build a fort at the mouth of the Connec-
ticut river.
6. The patent granted all that part of 'New Eng-
land which extends " from Narragansett river one
Extent o*f hundred and twenty miles on a straight line, near
the the shore, towards the south-west, as the coast lies
^*'®° towards Virginia, and within that breadth, from the
Atlantic ocean to the South Sea." These bounds
show how little was known by the Grand Council of
the geography of the country.
1633 ^* I^^'to^'6 Mr. Winthrop's commission "svas known,
to Thomas IIookeii and his church had determined to
1635.. leave N^ewtowTi, since called Cambridge, and plant
themselves upon Connecticut river, m accordance
at New- W'ith the invitation given by the sachem. They
^^°- obtained, for that object, a reluctant permission
from the general court of Massachusetts.
Windsor g. Other parties around the Bay were also in mo-
Wethers- tiou. In August, a few pioneers from Dorchester
^®''^- selected a place at Windsor, near the Plymouth
4. How proceed in respect to building ? What can be said of
tlie house tlicy built ? — 5. Who gave the patent of Connecticut ?
Who was the first patentee ? To whom did. he transfer? What
agent did they appoint ? What directions <;ive? — G. What terri-
tory did the patent include? — 7. Where were Thomas Hooker
and his church firr-t settled ? Where did they determine to go ?
What Indian sachem had invited the whites to settle there ?
THE ADVANCK PARTY.
71
trading-house; and otliors, from Water town, fixed P't. t.
on Pycjn.'ig', now Wethersfield., pd. iil
9. Havii!<^ made such preparations as they were c"- ^i'-
able, a ]»arty, intendinsj to be in advance of Hooker,
set out in October, with their families, amounting in ji^r^sh^pg
all to sixty })ersons, men, women, and children. To endured,
jiroceed rapidly across a trackless wilderness, thi-ough
swam])s and over mountains, was impossible ; and
when tlie tedious journey was accomplished, winter
was at hand ; and it set in earlier than usual, and
was nncommonly severe.
10. After enduring such hardships as human na-
ture shudders to contemplate, most of the party, to
save life, got on board a vessel, and at length iheBay.**
reached Massachusetts. A few remained, who lived
on malt and acorns. These resolute puritans were
not, however, discouraged ; but most of those, who
left the settlement in the winter, returned in the
spring with Hooker and his company.
11. Winthro]), in the mean time, commenced build-
ing the iM-qjected fort. A few days afterwards, li^o^^'^"!
Dutch vessel, which was sent from New Nether-
lands, appeared off the harbor to take possession of Attack
its entrance. The English having by this time repuko.
mounted two pieces of cannon, prevented their
landing. They proceeded to complete the fort,
wliich was named after the two Lords patentees,
Say-Brook.
12. The Pilgrims, in the exercise of their wonted
virtues, now Hold their claim to lands in Windsor, 4;o
the people of Dorchester ; and the patentees were
content that the Massachusetts settlement should
proceed. '
13. Thomas Hooker is regarded as the principal
founder of Connecticut. In him a natural " grandeur
of mind" was cultivated by education, and chastened
8. What other parties had similar desi^^ns ? — 9. Give an account
of the party who went in advance of Hooker. — 10. Were they
discouriicretl ? — 11. Wliat happened at the mouth of Connectie\it
river? — 12. "What peaceable compromiso was mado among the
various settlers ?
72 TRUE grp:atnkss.
P'T. I. by religion and adversity. He ^va3 commanding
"p'D. III. ^^^<^ dignified in his ministerial office ; yet, in private
CH. vu. lify ]i^, ^yj^s^ generous, comj):issionate, and tender. So
„ , attractive was liis imlnit eloquence, that in England
Hooker lu , , ,'.',. ^ ,. S.
England, lie drew crowds, olten troni great distances, ot no-
ble as Avell as plebeian liearers.
14. His coni'-reu'ation in Enijland esteemed his
ministry as so great a blessing, that, when persecu-
tion drove him from his native land, tliey desired
1633. sti[l to be with him, although in these "ends of tlie
church"^ earth." A portion of his i)eople had preceded him,
at Boston, j^^^l y^QyQ already settled at Newtown — since Cam-
bridge. As he landed, they met him on the shore.
With tears of affection, he exclaimed, "Now I live!
if ye stand fast in the Lord !"
15. Associated with Hooker, both in council and
action, was John Haynes, a gentleman of excellent
A ood endowments, of unafl'ected meekness, and possessed
man. of a very considerable estate. So desirous were the
people of Massachusetts to detain him, that they
made him their governor ; but he would not sepa-
rate himself from his friend and pastor.
16. Warned by the calamities of the preceding
autumn. Hooker would not delay, although his wife
was so ill, as to be carried on a litter. The company
16'i6 departed from Newtown early in June, driving tiieir
The * fiocks and herds. Many of them were accustomed
^acroM^ to affluence ; but now, they all, — men, women, and
the wii- children, — travelled on foot, througli thickets, across
erness. g^j.^j^j^g ,^y^(\ over mountains, — lodging at night upon
the unsheltered ground. But they put their cheer-
ful trust in God ; and we doubt not the ancient for-
est was, night and morning, made vocal with His
praise.
17. At length they reached their destined loca-
tion, which they named Hartford. The excellent
13. Describe the principal founder of Conn e'-;ticut. — 14. "What
showed tlie affection of his people in f-nfrland'? Did the cliurcii
come to America tojrctlier ? — !.'>. Give ;in iiceonnt of Joiiii
Haynes. — 16. Describe the journey of IJooker and his people
17. Where was their location ?
WISDOM, UNION, A.ND LABOE. 73
Haynes was chosen chief magistrate ; and the soil pt. i.
was purcliased of the natives. The succeeding sum- p'd. iil
mer was one of the utmost exertion. Houses were ^°- ^'^
to be built, lands cleared, food provided for the g^^
coming winter, roads made, the cunning and terri- conduct
ble savage to be guarded against, and, chiefly, a 8u*<!^
church and state to be organized. All wag to be
done, — and all was accomplished, by wisdom, union,
and labor.
CHAPTER Yin.
The Peqnod War.
1. The Pequods were endeavoring to unite the
Indian tribes in a plot to exterminate the English,
especially those of the colony, named from its river,
CoxNEOTicuT. They had sought, as we have seen,
the alliance of their former enemies, the Narragan-
setts ; but through the influence of Roger Williams,
Miantonnmoh, the war-chief of that nation, remained ««««
true to the whites. Uncas, the Mohegan sagamore. The*
formerly a vassal, and of the same family with Sas- ^^*'^'^*
sacus, was now his inveterate foe.
2. The Pequods murdered Captain John Oldham,
near Black Island. They made other attacks, and
carried away some prisoners. They cut off" strag-
glers from Saybrook, and had become so bold as to
assault the fort, and use impudent and threatening
language. Everywhere they were, or seemed to
be, lurking, with purposes of murder. The whole
settlement, thus constantly excited, was in the fever- .jniy.
ish condition of intense and continual fear. The ^f^^'^e*
people neither ate, slept, or labored, — or even wor- setuera.
shipped God in the sanctuary, without arms and
ammunition at hand.
17. Wlio was made erovemor? How did they ^et the right of
soil ? What liad they to do? By what means did they accom-
plish their undertakings?
Chapter VIII. — 1 & 2. What causes had the Peqnod Indians
given to the Connecticut people, to declare war against them ?
vVliat waiJ flie condition of the people?
4
4* A KIGHTKOUS WAR.
PT. I. 3. A general court was called on the last of May,
P'D. III. at Hartford Thirty persons had already been killed,
OH. viii. ^^^ ^]^Q evidence was conclusive that the savages
t^i'V <lGsigned a general massacre. The court, therefore.
May. * righteously declared war.
The court 4 -pile Quota of troops from the three towns now
war. settled, sliows the rapid progress oi the settlement.
Hartford was to furnish ninety men, Windsor forty-
two, and Wethersfield eighteen, making one hun-
dred and fifty. John. Mason was chosen captain.
The troops, embarking at Hartford, sailed down
, the river and along the coast to Narragansett
T^te.* Bay. Miantonomoh furnished them two hundred
warriors, Uncas sixty. There were actually em-
bodied of the English, only seventy-seven, of whom
twenty, commanded by Captain IJnderhill, were
from Massachusetts. Guided by a Pequod deserter,
they reached Mystic, one of the two forts of Sassa-
cus, at dawn of day.
5. Their Indian allies showed signs of fear, and
Mason ari-anging them at a distance around the fort,
advanced with his own little army. If they fell,
there was no second force to defend their state, their
wives and helpless children. As they approach, a
^/y,?®- dog barks, and an Indian sentinel cries out, " Owan-
ATystic ^ ^ , ^ '
destroyed. nox, Owannox !" the English! the English! They
leap within the fort. The Indians fight desperately,
and victorv is doubtful. Mason then seizes and
throws a fiaming brand, shouting, " We must burn
them." The light materials of their wigwams were
instantly in a blaze. Hemmed in, as the Indians now
were, escape was impossible : and six hundred, —
all who were within the fort, — of every sex and age,
in one hour perished.
6. The subjects of Sassacus, now reproached him
3. When and wliere did tlie general court meet? What did
they do? — 4. What troops were to be raised, and how appor-
tioned ? Give a particular account of the armament, their num-
ber, commander, and route. Wliat assistance was received
5. Describe Mason's arnuigements — his approiich — and the fat«
of tiio Tefjuods within tlie fort.
k. 600.
THE PEQUOD NATION ANNIHILATED. 75
as the author of their misfortunes, and to escape de- p't. i. ^
struction, he, with his chief captains, fled to the Mo- fd. iil
hawks ; but he was afterwards slain by a revengeful '^^ ^^^^
subject. Three hundred of his warriors, having j^^iy^
burned his remaining fort, fled along the sea-coast. Fair-*
Mason, aided by fresh troops from Massachusetts, i^liinl
pursued the fugitive savages; traced them to a i^oo.
swamp in Fairfield, and there fought and defeated
them.
v. Nearly one thousand of the Pequods were de-
stroyed ; many fled, and two hundred, beside women
and children, remained as captives. Of these, some,
we are grieved to relate, were sent to the "West In- Pequcxi^
dies and sold into slavery. The remainder were di- extinct,
vided between the Nan-agansetts and the Mohegans.
The two Sachems, Uncas and Miantonomoh, be-
tween whom was mutual hatred, now engaged to
live in peace. The lands of the Pequods were re-
garded as conquered territory, and the name of the
tribe was declared extinct.
8. The prowess of the English had thus put the
natives in fear, and a long peace ensued. All the ^.^^^^
churches in New England commemorated this de- thanks-
liverance, by keeping a day of common and devout ^^'*°s-
thanksgiving.
9. The war had fallen heavily upon the colony.
Their farming and their finances were deranged;
but order and industry restored them. In 1639, 1^39,.
they formally conjoined themselves, to be one state Civii
or commonwealth, and adopted a constitution. This ^^^^'
ordained two annual general courts, at one of which,
to be held in May, the whole body of freemen should its
choose a governor, deputy-governor, six magistrates, ^eu^
and other necessary ofiicers.
10. Theophilus Eaton and John Davenpoet,
puritans of much distinction in England, Avere re-
6.. Of those remaining ? — 7. How many were destroyed ? What
was done with the residue? With tlicir lands? What two sa-
chems engaisfed to Uve in peace ? — 8. On wliat occasion was the
first New England thanksgiving? — 9. When did they adopt a
institution ? What can you say of the court held in May ?
'?^6 THP] FOUNDEES OF NEW HAVEN.
PT. L garded as the founders of tlie colony oi JSfevi Haven.
P'D. HI. These two friends collected their associates, and
cH.^viiL arrived at Boston, July 26th, 1637. Massachusetts
103f . ^vas desirous of securino: such settlers, hut they pre-
of New lerred a separate estabJishment ; and seeking a com-
Uaven. nici-cial station, they explored the coast; and, in
^Bo-'tun*'^^'^^' ^'^^^ moored their vessels in Quinnipiac har-
bor.
11. The company had made some little prepara-
tion for the settlement the preceding summer, yet
many sufterings were to be endured. The spring
was uncommonly backward ; their planted corn per-
ished repeatedly in the ground, and they dreaded
the utter failure of the crop; but at length they
were cheered by warm weather, and sui-prised by
the rapid progress of vegetation.
12. The first Sunday after they arrived, they met
and worshipped under a large tree, when Mr. Da-
venport preached to them concerning the tempta-
A rii 18. ^^"^"'^ "^^ ^'^^ wilderness. Not long after, the free
1638. pl'i'iters subscribed, what, in distinction from a
church union, they termed a lylantation-covenant^
13. Under this covenant they continued until the
next year, when they assembled in a lai'ge barn be-
longing to Mr. Newman, formed themselves into a
1639. body politic, and established a form of government,
^ment"" ^^^^ govemor and magistrates were to hold annu-
ally a genei-al court, to regulate the affairs of the
Mr. Eaton, colony. P^atou was chosen governor. They })ur-
governor, (.ji^gyj ^|,gj,. j^nds from the natives, and gave to the
place the name of New Haven.
* tn New Haven were fmblished the famous Blvs Laws, so called from
the color of the book in which they were i)rinted.
10. Who were the founders of New Haven? Describe their
first operations. — 11. What was the weather, and their prospects
for a crop? — 12. Where did they worship on the tirst Sundav ?
"Where enter into tlie plantation-covenant? — 13. What political
arrangements did they uiuke the next year?
CH. IX.
e«
THE Tni':oLOGic.\i. disturbance. 77
CHAPTER IX.
Intolerance of the times — Harvard College founded — E. Island —
N. Hampshire — Delaware.
1. AiSTNE Hutchinson, a resident of Boston, at pt. l
this time advanced religious opinions, so entirely at pd. hi
variance -Hvith those of the Puritan settlers, that a
*' gi-eat disturbance" arose in the Bay colony. Gov.
Vane considered, that whether her opinions were
true or false, she had a right to enjoy them herself, Tj,g ^j,
and explain them to others. Mr. Cotton, the min- losioai
ister of Boston, and the most celebrated of all the ^l^l
clergy of Massachusetts, was also, at first, inclined
to defend Mrs. Hutchinson: but the ministers, gen-
erally, regarded her doctrines, not only as false, but,
as dangerous — to such a degree, that, if let alone,
they would overthrow both church and state.
2. In this extremity, a synod of ministers was
assembled at Boston. Mr. Davenport had oppor-
tunely arrived from London, and Mr. Hooker, " de-
sirous to prepare minds for political as ^'ell as reli-
gious union," I'ecrossed the wilderness from Hart-
ford. Mi"s. Hutchinson's opinions were imanimously Mrs. H.
condemned by the synod ; and herself and the most *>'"'*^
determined of her adherents were banished.
3. The unfortunate woman, excommunicated fi'ora
the church, became an outcast from a society which
had but now followed and flattered her. She went f fsos
first to Rhode Island, to join a settlement, ^hich to
her followers had there made. From thence, she 1643.
removed with her fimily to the State of New York,
where she met death in its most appalling form ; desmiyod
that of an Indian midnight massacre.
4. One of the earliest cares of the Puritan fathers, 1630.
was to i)rovide the means of instruction for their ^ ^'a-^s-
children. At the general court in September, 1630, coiiege.
CnAPTKR IX.— -1. What caused a disturhance in the colony?
V\'li-i! was Gov. Vlfthe's view ot'the case? What, that of the clerjry
frciierally ? — 2. What assetiiblafre was held at Boston? What was
done iu regard to Mrs. Iluluhiusoii ?— 3. What btcaine of her*
78 THE FIRST UNIVERSII'Y OF THE NEW WORLD.
P'T. I. the sum of four hundred pounds was voted to com-
FD. in. mencc a college building, at Newtown, now called
*^"- ^^ Cambridge. In 1638, Mr. Joiix Harvaud, a pious
divine from England, dying at Charlestown, left to
*^jij^.'tlie college a bequest of nearly eight hundred
^vard's pouuds ; and gratitude perpetuated his name in that
"eques Q^«^].jy institution. All the several colonies cherished
the infant semmary, by contributions ; regarding it
as a nursery, from whicli the church and state were
to be replenished with qualified leaders.
5. Rhode Island. The most respectable of the
banished followers of Mrs. Hutchinson went south,
i6^S. headed by William Coddington and John Clark.
Followers The latter had been persecuted as a baptist. By
**'obtain^' the influence of Roger Williams, they obtained from
K- L Miantonomoh, the noble gift of the island of Aquet-
neck, — called Rhode Islaiid^on account of its beauty
and fertility. Here they established a government,
on the principles of political equality and religious
toleration. Coddington was made chief magistrate.
6. New Hampshire. Another portion of the dis-
ciples of M|-s. Hutchinson, headed by her brother-in-
law, Mr. Wheelrigiit, went north ; and, in the val-
wiieei- ley of the Piscataqua, founded Exeter. It was
Indian witliin a ^'act of country lying between that river
patent in and the Mcrrimac, which Wheelrisfht claimed by
virtue of a purchase made of the Indians. This
claim interfered with that conveyed by patent to
Mason and Gorges, and was accordingly disputed.
7. In the mean time, small, independent settle-
1641 ^^^^^^5 were made along the water courses, by erai-
New * grants from Massachusetts and the other colonies ;
gjj^g'^P'j.but they did not flourish, for they imprudently neg-
tiemeits. lectcd the culture of their lands, — present necessi-
ties being scantily supplied by flsh and game. In
4. What was done in resrard to the educatiqfr of the younar ?
Wlio was Jolm Harvard ? For what is he reinembered ? — 5. Who
gave away the island of Aquetnock? To whom? What name
was given to it ? ()n what principles was government established ?
6. Who founded Exeter? Where is it? What claim had Mr.
Wheelnght to tlie land? Who disputed his claim? — 'f. What
further may be said of New Hampshire at this early day ?
1639.
Mr.
CB. X.
FOCXDEKS OF STATES. 79
1641, these settlements, induced by a sense of their ft. i.
weakness, petitioned Massachusetts to receive them fd. iil
under its jurisdiction. The general court granted
their request, and they were incorporated with that
colony.
8. Delaware. Gustavus Adolphus, the hero ^^ni^
of his age, projected, in 1627, a colony of his sub- swedes'
jects from Sweden and Finland. About ten years ^"^,fj°^
afterwards they came over headed by Peter Min- settle oa
UETs, and settled at Christina Creek, on the west ^gi^^^^g.
side of the Delaware, calling that river^wedeland- 163S.
stream, and the country, JVew Siceden.
9. Though this was the first eftectual settlement,
yet the Dutch had, in 1629, purchased of the natives
a tract of land extending from Cape Henlopen to
the mouth of the Delaware river. A small colony 1629.
conducted by De Yrtes, came from Holland, and Dutch
settled near Lewistown. They perished by the sav- .ciaiip
ages ; but the Dutch continuing to claim the coun-
try, dissensions arose between them, and the Swe-
dish emigrants.
CHAPTER X.
Maryland — Virginia.
1. Maryland. In 1631, William Clayborne
obtained from Charles I. a license to trafiic, in those
parts of America, for which there was aot already a 1631.
patent granted. Clayborne planted a small colony,
on Kent island, in Chesapeake bay.
2. George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore,
was of the Roman Catholic faith. To enioy his re-^°'"^ ^?^
. •' ^ tini ores
ligion unmolested, he wished to emigrate to some patent,
vacant tract in America. He explored the country,
8. What eminent person projected a colony to America ? Where
did the Swedes and Fins settle ? — 9. Had tliere been a settlement
of the Dutch near ? Wliat became of the Dutch colony I
Chaptee X.— 1. "What was done by William Clayborne? — 2.
Why did Lord Baltimore wish to leave England?
■f
80 THE CALVERTS.
FT. I. and then returned to England. The Queen, Ilenn
VT>. III. etta Maria,* daughter of Henry IV. of France,
cH. X. gave to the territoiy which he had selected, the
(* Maine name of Maryland, and Lord Baltimore obtained
so called it, by a royal patent.
a/e"tate ^- ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ London in 1632, before his patent
of this passed to a legal form ; but his son, Cecil Calvert,
itnatedin the second Lord Baltimore, by the influence of Sir
iVaJice) rt*^^^^"^ Cecil, obtained the grant intended for his
father. By tliis patent he held the country from
April 15, the Potomac to the 40th degree of north latitude ;
1 632. and thus, by a mere act of the crown, what had
long before been granted to Virginia, was now taken
away ; as, what was now granted, was subsequently
given to Penn, to the extent of a degree. Hence
very troublesome disputes arose.
4. Lord Baltimore appointed as governor, his
brother, Leonard Calvert, who, with two hundred
eaiis, Nov. emigrants, sailed near the close of 1633, and arrived
1633. at the Potomac early in 1634. Here they purchased
Feb?^ of the natives, Yamaco, one of their settlements,
IG34. to which was given the name of Si. Mary. Calvert
secured by this pacitic course, comfortable habita-
tions, some improved lauds, and the friendship of
the natives.
5. The country was pleasant, — great religious
freedom existed, and a liberal charter had been
granted. This allowed the proprietor, aided by the
freemen, to pass laws, without reserving to the
crown the right of rejecting them. Emigrants ac-
cordingly soon flocked to the ])rovince, from the
other colonies, and from England.
6. Thus had the earliest settlers of this beautiful
^ffyand' portion of our country established themselves, with-
gratitude. out the Sufferings endured by the pioneers of former
settlements. The proprietary government, gener-
2. "Who named his territory after herself? — 3. Did the first
Lord Baltimore receive the patent? What did his son obtain ?
Wiiat couutrj' did this patent include? — 4. Who conducted tlie
first colony to Maryhind ? What judicious course did he pursue !
5. What iuviling circumstances drew emigrants.
TEOUCLES m MARYLAND. 81
ally so detrimental, proved here a nursing mother. F't. l
Lord Baltimore expended ^for the colonists, within fd. iil
a few years, forty thousand pounds ; and they, " out ^^- ^■
of desire to I'eturn some testimony of gratitude,"
voted in tlieir assembly, " such a subsidy, as the low
and poor estate of the colony could bear."
7. Lord Baltimore invited the puritans of Massa-
chusetts to emigrate to Maryland, offering them 1642.
"free Uberty of religion," They rejected this, aSj^^^'j^^ft;,
they did a similar proposition from Cromwell, to puritans,
remove to the West Lidies.^
8. Tiie restless, intriguing Clayborne, called the
evil genius of Maryland, had been constantly on the
alert to establish, by agents in England, a claim to
the country, and thus to subvert the government of
the good proprietary. In his traffic with the na- '■^
tives, he had learned their dispositions, and wrought 1643.
them to jealousy. In England, the authority of the
Long Parliament now superseded that of the king.
Of this, Clayborne, and other disorderly subjects of
Lord Baltimore, took advantage. Thus the fair
dawn of this rising settlement w^as early overcast.
9. Virginia. In 1621, Sib Feaxcis Wyatt ar-
rived as governor, bringing from the company in 1621.
England a more perfect constitution for the colony, cte'^w^t.
It contained some seeming concessions to the peo-
ple, which not only gratified the settlers, but en-
couraged emigrants ; and a large number accord-
ingly accompanied Governor Wyatt to the province.
10. IViis year cotton was first pla7it^ in Virgin- q^^^^
ia, and " the plentiful coming up of the seeds," was first
regarded by the planters with curiosity and interest, p'^'"'®^
1 1 . Opechacanough, the brother and successor of
Powhatan, had determined to extirpate the whites,
and regain the country. For this purpose he
6. What may be said of the proprietary government? How
mucli did Lord Baltimore expend for tlie colony? Did they tes-
tify any gratitude ? — 7. Wliat did Lord Baltimore oflfer the Furi-
tjiii:<?— 8! What was Clayborne called ? Wliat were some of his
plans to injure the proprietor? — 9. Who arrived in Virginia?
What did he bring? What effect had these concessions?— 10.
When was cotton first planted in Virginia?
4* V
82
VIRGINIA,
PT. I. formed a conspiracy to massacre all tlie Englisli ;
P'D. III. and during four years, be was, secretly, concerting
OH. I. j^-^ plan. To each tribe its station was allotted, and
A con- 1 . -IT
Bpiracy. the part it was to act, prescribed,
12, On the 22d of March, 1622, at mid-day, they
rushed upon the English, in all their settlements,
and butchered men, women, and children, Avithout
pity or remorse. In one hour, nearly a fourth part
€22. of the whole colony was cut off. The slaughter
massacre would have been universal, it compassion, or a sense
^*'- of duty, had not moved a converted Indian, to
whom the secret was communicated, to reveal to
Ms master, on the night before the massacre. This
was done in time to save Jamestown and the adja-
cent settlements.
13, A bloody war ensued. The English, by their
arms and discipline, were more than a match for the
.pjjg Indians ; and they retaliated in such a manner, as
whites left the colonies for a long time fi-ee fi-om savage
retaliate, molestation. They also received a considerable ac-
cession of territory, by appropriating those of the
conquered natives.
14, In 1624 the London company, which had set-
1624. ^^*^*^ Virginia, was dissolved by King James, and its
L. Com.* rights and privileges returned to the crown. Gov-
«i?*Va!*a ®^'^*-*^"® "^"^re sent over by Charles I. the successor of
royal James, who were oppressive ; and the Virginians
province, j-esistcd their authority. Sir William Berkeley
was sent over in 1641. The colonists were, under
him, confirni«d in their enjoyment of the elective
franchise. Great harmony prevailed, notwithstand-
ing the assembly took a high tone in respect to
their political rights ; boldly declaring " that they
expected no taxes or impositions, except such as
should be freely voted, for their own wantsJ**
11 & 2 Give an :iecount of tlic Indian Massacre, — 13. What
was done in retnliiition ? — 14. What became of the London com-
pany? Under whom was Viririina then ? What can you say of
tlie royal i^overnor.^ ? Under what governor did harmony prevail !
What did the uss,embly declare ?
MASSACHUSETTS GIVES OFFENCE. 83
CHAPTER XI.
Massachusetts threatened — The Puritans in England — Vane —
Union.
1. The English court began to be jealous, that P'T. t.
their colonies, especially that of the Bay, did not in- P'D. hi.
tend to be governed by the parent country. By ^^^
some, who returned dissatisfied from Massachusetts, ^^^ e^nrt
they learned the fact, that not only was their own displeased
religion established by law, but the use of the Eng- Mass.
lish liturgy was prohibited. Various other charges
were made against the province, — showing that it ^l^^
was casting off dependence upon the English crown, money.)
and assuming sovereign powers to itself.* 1634.
2. Much displeased, the king determined that the
colonies should be brought to submission, both in Appoint
church and state ; and he made Arclibishop Laud, sioners.
famed for his persecuting spirit, chief of a council, •
which was appointed, with full powers to govern the
colony in all cases whatever.
3. Tlie Grand Council of Plymouth, as it had its
beginning and course, so also it had its end, in little
better than knavery. We have seen that its own
members, Gorges, Mason, and others, had been its^^^t^^^i
patentees. These persons now wishing to make good,
certain claims to territory in Massachusetts, gave up
their patent to the crown ; petitioning for redress
against that colony, which they asserted had for-
feited its charter, by exceeding its powers and ter-
ritorial limits.
4. Willing to humble their " unbridled spirits," i>ec
the court of king's bench, issued a ^vrit against the ^as^'
individuals of the corporation of Massachusetts Bay, charter
accusing them with certain acts, by which they had ^^^ ^
Chapter XI. — 1. Of what were the BritLsh governmentjealous?
What reports coiieerniDg Massachusetts were true? — 2. What did.
the kinof detenniiu-? Who was made chief of a council? With
what powers ? — 3. On what occsusion was the Grand Council of
Pljmoutli (lissolve.l ? \A'liat evil did some of their number do to
Massaehu.-ictts ? — -1. What was done in tlie king's court respecting
the charter of Mas.sacliusef s ?
84 ENGLAND LOSES GOOD CITIZENS.
FT. L forfeited their charter, and requiring them to show
FD. UL warrant tor their proceedings. At a subsequent
CH. XI. term, the court i)ronounced sentence against them,
and declared that their charter was forfeited.
5. The rapid emigration to the colonies liad at-
tracted the attention of the council, and they had
passed laws, prohibiting any person above tlie rank
^^"^^""^of a servant from leaving the kingdom, without ex-
Engiiind press pcmiission ; and vessels already freighted with
l^g'^g^ emigrants had been detained. But these prohibi-
tions were in vain ; for persecution, conxlucted by
the merciless Laud, grew more and more cruel ; and
in one year, three thousand persons left England for
America.
6. Oppression, and perhaps the successful escape
and resistance of their brethren in America, had so
wrought upon the public mind in England, that
matters had now come to open opposition to the
1640. government. In Scotland, Charles had attempted
Charles* to euforcc the use of the Ens^lish litursrv. Riots had
In^n followed, and the Solemn League and Covenant
war. been made, by which the Scottish people bound
themselves to oi)pose all similar attempts. Popular
opinion became resistless. Laud's party was ruined,
and himself imprisoned ; while the king was en-
gaged, in a bloody civil war, with his revolted sub-
jects.
v. Puritanism now reigned in England, and its
disciples had no inducement to emigrate. Nay,
some returned, among whom M-as Governor Vane.
The Long Tiie Long Parliament had begun to rule: and its
ment. leaders were desirous to honor, rather than humble
New England. Cotton, Hooker, and Davenport,
were invited to sro to London to attend the cele-
brated assembly of divines at Westminster. They,
1642. however, saw no sufficient cause " to leave their
flocks in the wilderness." Encjland M-as no longrer
5. What huvs were made respecting: emii^^nj-tion ? What etlect
had they ?— G. Wluit was now the state of things in Great Britain ?
7. How did tiie ruli- of Puritanism in Enfr'and alfect eniitrration
. to America? What honor was paid to tliree of tlie New Enghmd
clerpfy ? How wa.s it received?
v>
THE GEEM OF THE CONFEDEKACY. 85
their country ; but that for which they had suffered, pt.i.
though recent, was already as dear to these noble fd. hi.
patriots, as the infant to the mother. ^^ ^
8. A Union was now meditated. Both internal
]>eace, and external safety were to be secured. An Safety and
essential part of the compact made, was the solemn unl^n."
promise of the framers to yield obedience to the
powers thus created.
9. Two commissioners having been appointed by
each of the four colonies, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1643.
Connecticut, and Xew Haven, they met at Boston,
May, 1643, where they drew up and s{2;ned the Arti-^'J^,"ll^^^
cles of Confederation. Rhode Island was not per- eracy
mitted to be a member of the confederacy, unless it ^^swi^
became an appendage to Plymouth. This, that colo-
ny very properly refused.
1 0. The style adopted was that of the " United
Colonies of New England." Their little congress,
the first of the New World, was to be composed of c*"""'**
• 1 1 c 11 rni sioners to
eight members, two irom each colony. Ihey were meet
to assemble yearly in the different colonies by rota- *^'^^'y-
tion, Massachusetts having, on account of superior
numbers, a double privilege.
11. Although this confederacy was nominally dis-(*Fortbd
continued after about forty years, yet its spirit re- uo^nroQ
mained. The colonies had learned to act toarether, ''^e chro-
-,1 . . . -, -1 nosraplier
and when common mjuries and common dangers connecud
again required united action, modes and precedents "^^riod*
were at hand. Hence, we regard the Confederacy here com-
of the four New England provinces, as the Germ turn^lljk
OF THE Federal Union.* ■»> pag«
. 49.)
8. Wliat objects were to be secured by Union? — 9. What four
coloiiies sent commissioriers to Boston ? What important work did
they perforin ? W^hat hard condition was exacted of Khode Island ?
10. What was the style adopted ? Where \^as the little congress of
coininissiotiers to meet? — 11. How Ions' did this confederacy last?
Why is it regarded as the germ of the Federal Union ?
Compare the third Map with the second, and tell the principal
chiintres which have taken phice in the geotrrLiphy in the course of
the tliiri period of tlie First Part of the history. Wlnit are tlie
principal patents wlrch have been ijiven? Compare the diiferent
Maps with the Idstory, and tell wlien the name of Viririnia \v:is
first given, and tu what extent of country it has, at different times,
been applied.
MAP N? 4.
1643.
^SAiifrusfinB Long. Vvesi. Longitude Kaft from Washington, 1
T""" 5 0 ^ 4 ii
8C,
J. II. flrifKil; Sr
PART II.
FKOM 164 3 TO 1763
Meeting of Winthrop and the Ck>mmissioneis. — ^The first Congress of
America.
PERIOD I.
FROM
TIIK CONFEDEEACT OF [■ 1643 ] THE FOUK N. K. COLONIES,
TO
THE NEW OHIKTEB yM.G9iSm-{ OF MASSACHUSETTS
[1692.-J
CHAPTER I.
Virginia — Second Indian Massacre — Bacon's Eebellion.
1. In 1644, the aged Opechacanough once more pt.il
attempted to cut off the scattered white population.
As soon as resistance was made, the Indians were
struck with panic, and fled. The Virginians pur-
sued them vigorously, and killed three hundred.
The chief was taken prisoner. He was then inhu-
manly wounded, and kept as a public spectach;,
until he was relieved by death.
Chapter 1. — I. Wuat attempt was made by an Indian cliief?
"Wbicii, in tliis casi>, sufifered most, the lndi;ins, or tlie Virginians?
How many Indijiiis were IjillcJi? Row wns the oliie-f treated ?
87
PD L
CU. L
1644.
Second
Imlian
massacre.
88 COMMERCE OPrEESSION.
P'T. II. 2. Charles I, wd!s beheaded; and Cromwell di-
P'D. L reeted the affairs of England. He perfected a cys-
^'^- '• tern of 02)pressi07i, in respect to trade^ by the celebra-
ted '"'•Navigation Acts." By these, the coloiiiea
ci);,rips I, were not allowed to find a market for themselves,
beheaded, ^nd scll their pi'oduce to the highest bidder ; but
, were oblige*! to carry it direct to the mother coim-
'try. The English merchants bought it at their own
price ; and thus, they, and not the colonist, made
the profit on the fruits of his industry,
3. At the same time, these laws prohibited any,
but English vessels, from conveying merchandise to
,^ .!^*^*_the colonies; thus compelling them, to obtain their
igation supplics of the English merchant ; of course, at such
^'^^ prices as he chose to fix upon his goods. Even free
trafliic among the colonists was prohibited.
4. Charles II. was restored to his father's throne
in 16G0. Berkeley, after various changes, was exer-
cising, in Virginia, the office of governor. But pros-
16S0. ])ects grew dark. Notwithstanding the loyalty of
• Virginia, to none of the colonists had the suppression
of the' English monarchy wrought nioi'e good ; and
on none did the restoration opei'ate more disastrously.
5. The Virginians were divided into two classes.
The first comprised the few persons who were highly
educated, and possessed of extensive domains. The
Aristo- second, and more numerous class, was composed of
p[^^g-'^^'Jj'^ servants and laborers; among whom were some,
that fui" crimes in England, had been sent to Amer-
ica. A blind admiiation of English usages was
now shown, in the regulations made by Berkeley
and his aristocratical advisers.
2. In what year was Cliarles T. belieaded? Who then directed
the affairs in Engrland ? By wliat were the colonies oppressed ?
What were they not allowed to do ? What were they obliged to do ?
How did Encrlish merchants make the prolit on the produce of the
colonists ? — 3. Of whom were the colonists oblisred to purchase tlieir
supplies? Who would fix the prices? Could the different colonies
trade fVcply with each other? — 4. What ha.npened in Ifi'io? Who
was governor of Virtrinin? Wiiat were thi prospects of \'irs:inia?
5. De>'Tihe the two classes into which the V'irginiars were di-
vided? What can you say of Berkeley and his advisers?
•
Charles
gives
VIRGINIA GIVEN AWAY. 89
6. Tlie rights of tlie people were on all hands re- pt. ii.
stricted. Tire affairs of the chnrch were placed in pD. i.
the hands of vestries, — coi-porations who held, and ^^- ^
often severely used, the right to tax the whole com- ,^^
munity. 27te assembly, conqyosed of aristoa'ats^ people
made themselves />er??^r/«e;zi?, and their salaries ^'^"1',^^^°^
large. The right of sutlrage was unrestrained, but "ghts.
the power of electing the burgesses being taken
away, the meetings of the iVeemen were of little
avail ; for their only i-erflaining right, was that of pe-
tition.
1. A shock was now given, by which even the
aristocracy were aroused. Charles, with his wonted
prolligacy, gave away Virginia for the space of
thirty-one years. He had, immediately on his ac-
cession, granted to Sir William Berkeley, Lord Cul- ,-^"^y.
pepper, and others, that portion of the colony lying for~3i
between the Rappahannock and Potomac ; and now, .^^o
to the covetous Lord Culpepper, and to Lord Ar-
lington, another needy lavorite, he gave the whole
province.
8. On the north, the Susquehannah Indians, driv-
en by the Senecas, from the head of the Chesapeake,
had come down, and having had provocation, were 16V5.
committing depredations ujjon the bank's of the Po- '^o*""
tomac. John Washington, the great grandfather ton.°^'
of the hero of the revolution, with a brother, Laav-
KENCE Washington, had emigrated from England,
and both were living in tlie county of Westmoreland.
9. Six of the Indian chiefs came to John Wash-
ington, to treat of peace, he being colonel. He ^^.'^^n*
wrongfully put them to death. " They came in chiefa.
peace," said Berkeley, " and I would have sent
thein in peace, though they had killed my flither
and mother." Revenge inflamed the minds of the
6. How was it with the rights of the people? How in church
matters? What was done by tlie assembly ? What was now the
right of suffrage ? — 7. What did king Charles give away ? What
portion liad he granted before? To whom ? To wlioin was the
whole province now given? — 8. Who was John Wasiungton ?
What Indians were troublesome ? — 9. What provocation had Col-
onel Washington given them ? What said Berkeley ?
90 EACOI^ AXD III8 PAIITY.
P'T. II. Rava2:os, and the midiiiglit war-whoop, often sum
P'D. I. moiled to speedy death the deleneeless families
on. I. Qj- ■(_]|^, frontier.
--._,„ 10. The people desired to organize for self-de-
The * fence ; and in a pereniptoi-y manner, demanded for
pe<ip!e tlieir leader, Nathaniel Bacox, a popular young
Bacon lawyer. Jierkeley refused. New murdei's occur-
thcir J.^^l . liaeon assumed command, and with his follow
ers, depaited for the Indian war. Bei-keley declaix'd
him and his adherents rebels.
11. Bacon returned successful from his expedi-
tion, and was elected a member for Heni-ico county.
Popular Popular liberty prevailed, and laws Avere passed,
preva'iL '^v'ith which Berkeley was highly displeased. Ba-
con, fearinti; treachery, withdrew to tlie couritry.
The people rallied around him, and he returned to
Jamestown, at the head of live hundred armed men.
12. Berkeley met them, and baring his breast,
exclaimed, " A fair mark, shoot !" Bacon declared
that he came only for a commission, their lives being
Berk(>iey in danger from the savages. The connnission was
Bacon, issucd, — and Bacon again departed for the Indian
warliu-e. Berkeley, in the mean time, withdrew to
the sea-shore, and there collected numbers of sea-
men and royalists. He came up the river ^vith
a fleet, landed his army at Jamestown, and airain
proclaimed Bacon and his party, rebels andjtraitora.
13. Bacon having quelled the Indians, only a
small band of Ids followers remained hi arms.
With these he hastened to Jamestown, and Berkejey
James- fled at liis appi-oach. In order that its few dwell-
bnrnVhy ings should uo more shelter their o})pressors, the in-
Bacon'8 habitants set them on lire. Then h*aving that
endeared and now desolated si)ot, they pui'sued the
royalists to the Kapi)ahannock, M'here the Virgin-
ians, hitherto of Berkeley's P'arty, desei-ted, and
10. Wliat leader did tlic people choose? Givii some account
of tiie first steps ill the c-outention between tli3 people's lender an J
the trovernor. — 11. I'loeeed with tlie aecoui'l. — 12 Continue tlie
relation. — 13. Kelate lliC reniuiiiing' events liil the time ofiUu'on's
death.
nnAN!) Cnl'y.ClL AT ALIJAXY. ■ 91
joiiic'il ]'];!Coii's slaiidard. Ills eTicmies n'cre at his ft. ii.
mercy; but his evjiosui-e to the night :iir had in- P"d. i.
(Itieed disease, and he died. "^'^
14. The ]»:i!ty, without :i leader, broke into frao:- Bftcon
nieiits. As the principal adherents of J3acon, hunted '^^'^
and made jtrisoners, were one by one, brought
before Berkeley, he adjudged them, M'ith insulting
taunts, to instant deatli. Thus ])erished twenty of
tlie best citizens of Virginia. "The old fool," said
Charles II., who seiit hira orders to desist, " lias
shed nioi'e blood than I did, for the murder of mj
father."
15. "Bacon's rebellion" Was extremely injurioiis
to the affairs of the colony in England. A new ,^,^_,
charter, wdiich was sent over, was not favorable to Lord Cui-
the Virginians. Lord Culpepper was made gover- pei'per.
nor for life. lie cared not wdiat he made the people ,^g«
suffer, provided he could gain money for liimself L^^^d *
LoKi) Howard, the next governor, Avas of the same Howard,
stamp.
16. It was at tliis period, that the Five Xations
became very powerful. Tliey had overcome all the
surroxuiding Indians, and menaced the whites. This
produced a grand council at Albany, in which Lord
Howard, and Colonel Dongan, the governor of with the
New York, together with delegates from the nor- ^-**^*
, . -^ , 1 '^ ,' 1 T-^- -VT ^Nations.
tlrern provinces, met the sachems ot the J^ive iSa-
tions. The negotiations were friendly; and, in the
figurative language of the Indians, " a great tree of
peace was planted."
17. Marylaxd. Clayborne, in 1645, returned to
Maryland, raised an insurrection, and compelled ^g^f,.^
Governor Calvert to lly to Virginia for safety. The tion in
rebellion was,- however, quelled. The next year, ^^''^'^'^
Calvert returned, and quiet was restored.
IS. The reign of Puritanism in England was dis- .
14. Wliat tlicu liiiiipcnpil to lus -party and principal followers?
15. How did Bacou's rebellion atfect the colony in Enirland ?
What governors w<ire sen', over? — IG. What Indians became
pnwcrfal ? What C'.uneil was heli .' — 17. Who made trouble in
MaryLnd?
92 TiiK CATHOLICS opi'ki:ssi:d.
_P'T^ n^ astrons to Maryland. Calvert, the governor ap-
P'D. 1. pointed by the proprietor, was obliged to sun-ender
*^"' "■ the government ; and the Catholics, after having set-
165t> ^''*^''^ ^^^^ country, were shaniefully pei'secuted in it,
Catiioiics by the English authorities. Clayborno took advan-
ciiTeTin ^'K^^ ^^' t^'i'S ^"d with JosiAS Fkxdalt,, made a fa-
their(>wn mous "disturbance," of which little is now known,
province. ^,^^.^.p^ ^}^j^l^ jj. inv'olved the province in much ex-
pense,
19. Lord Baltimore was restored to his rights, by
Charles II., but he died soon after. His son and
1675. successor, soon found himself in trouble ; for the
Death of English Avould not allow the Catholics of Maryland
Uoiore! to enjoy any political rights. At the same time the
people in the province, wished for a greater shai'c in
the government, than the proprietor would grant.
20. James II., who succeeded Charles, was a Cath-
olic, and he was a tyrant. He declared that thero
should be no charter governments, but that he
16§8. should rule, according to his own sovereign will.
MdMary. ^^'^ opprcssious wei'C sucli, that his people in Eng-
land, and even his own family, joined against him.
They placed upon the thi-one, his daughter Mary,
with her husband, Wilt.iam, prince of Orange, one
of the ablest statesmen of Europe.
CHAPTER II.
New York settled by the Dutch — Taken by the English.
1614. ^- ^^ ^^®^® commence with the early coloni-
Dntch zation of a State, which ranks first in the Union, in
*"f,',un*d'* respect to wealth and population. In 1614, a com-
N. York, pany of merchants in Holland, fitted out a squadron
18. What did he take adviintacre of? Who was with liiin ?
"What is known of " Fendall's disturbance ?"— 19. Who restored
Lord Bahimore ? What grave trouble to his son ?— 20. Who suc-
ceeded Kinor Charles II.? What diil lie doehire ? How did the
Enyiish people bear liis tyranny? Wlio succeeded him?
Chaptek II. — 1. In what respects is New York tlie first State in
the Union ?
NEW XKTIIKRLAXDS. 93
of several shijis, and sent them totrarle to the coun- ft. ii.
try which Hudson had discovered. They construct- p'd. i.
ed a rude fort on ManJiattan Island. One of the ^°- "•
captains, Adrian I5lok, sailed thronjih tlie f^ast
ri\er, and ascertained the position of Long Island.
He 2>'>''>haJ>h/ d!.sroi;ered Connecticut ricer.
2. The next year the adventurers sailed up ti
10
Hudson, and on a little islarul, just helow the pres- r„rt
ent position of Alhanv, thev built a small fort, nam- ^^'^--''■^
I » - » ' '.0.
\nir\tFort Oratifie. Afterwards thev chanfired their Aii^anv,
location, and fixed where An)aMy now stands. oun..ea.
3. Holland was distressed by internal troubles;
and families wishing to settle in the.new world, Avere j quo
now sent ovei'. Cottages clustered around Manhattan t'
fort, which was now called N'eio Afnsterdctm, and 16*21.
the country, Xew Netlierlands. Peter Mjxuets
was made its first governor.
In 1627, an envoy was sent from A^ew Kef/ier-
lands to New Plymoutli ; friendly civilities were '^'".'''^^
intei-changed ; and a treaty of |)eace and commerce Piigrinii
was made between the Dutch and the Pilgrims.
4. A new company was made in Holland, styled
"the College of Nineteen." Tliey decreed, that,
whoever should conduct fifty families to New Neth-
erlands, tlie name now given by the Dutch to the l^^^^*
whole country between Cape Cod and Cape May, xi'nt^on
should become the patroon, or lord of the manor ;'^'^P'^^, «'
with absolute property in the lands he should col-
onize, to the extent of eight miles on each side of the
river on which he should settle.
5. De VraEs conducted from Holland, a colony I63i,
which settled T^icistown., near the Delaware ; a small 'i^|>'?
fort calfed Nassau, having been previously erected "tbl""'
by the Dutch. In consequence of disagreements ^''^''^'"'^
1. I'i'l the Diitcli first eo there as traders, or as settlers ? By
wliotn were they sent ? What fort ilid they first huild ? Wliat
discoveries make? — 2. What was tlieir second fort? — 3. Wliy
were fiiii'.ilies uow^ willing to leave Ho'laiid? Where did they set-
tle? Wiiat name sive to !hefort? To the country ? Wlio was
tlie first crovernor? Where diil they send an envoy? — 4. What
ne-w company wiis fonned in Holland? What did they decree ?
Q Wliitt coloijv wii> led bv De Vries ?
94 KAKI.V ^[OVKMKNTS IS D]:i,A\VARK.
p'T. II. amontj llie c()]n])any in Ilollaiul, Peter Alinnets re
P'D. I. tui'iK'd, li:i\ii!g been superseded by Waltku V'an
cii. 11. ''rvrn.ij;!i. Minuets beciiine the leader of a colony
ot" ►SwecU'S.
0. CJoviatxuK IvKiFT, A\lio had suceeeded Va»
Twiiler, had an ineonsiderable quarrel with the
iNIanhattan Indians. Yet, when the Mohawks carat
• Keiifb* down upon them, they collected in groups, and beg
bnrb.-riiy rrQ^\ \i\>^i X.O slicltcr and assist them. The bavbavoua
to the %•-•:> 1 • 1 ., TTi
natives, lieitt sout his ti'oops ; and at mght murdered them
all, — men, women, aiid helpless babes,; — to the num-
ber of a hundred.
7. Indian vengeance awoke. No English family
within ]-each of the Algonquins was safe. The Dutch
Keanc"" of ^^^^"^S^^ wcrc iu tiamcs around, and the people tiee-
the ing to Holland. In New England, all was jeopardy
" "'"^" and alarm. Tlie L)uteh troops defended themselves,
having placed at their head. Captain Underbill, who
had been expelled from Massachusetts. At this time,
it is supposed, occurred a bloody battle at Strick-
land's plain, in Greenwich, Connecticut. — The Mo-
hawks v.'erc friendly to the Dutch, and, at length,
peace was made by their interference.
164§. 8. Keift, execrated by all the colonies, Avas re-
Doath of nianded to Holland ; and, in returning, perished by
shipwreck on the coast of Wales. Stuyvksant, who
1650. succeeded to his office, went to liarttbi'd ; and there
Stiiyve- entered into necrotiations, bv which the Dutch claims
to Connecticut wei'c rehnquished.
9. The Dutch had built Fort Casimir on the site
1684. <^^' New Castle, in Delaware. The Swedes conceiving
Swedes this to be an encroachment on their territory, Rising,
*"by"be^ their governor, by an unworthy sti'atagem, mads
Dutch, himself its master. In 1655, Stuyvesant, acting by
orders received from Holland, embarked at Xew
Amsterdam, v>ith six hundred men, and sailing up
5. What account can you ffive of Peter Minuets ? Wlio 'swas th«
next povernorJ — G. Wlio the next? J!ow did he treat tlie Iu
dians .' — 7. Wh;;t wns '.he cunseqnenee of ifis cruelty? What oc-
oiincd in I iiMnfcUcu: ?— S. Wluu liappejieJ to Keift' Who wa»
liis bucceisor? \\'h;'.t JiJ iie do '
16 15.
Peace,
Ni:\v A>r.s'i'K;ir>AM bkcomks nkw yokk. 95
tlio ]3el;iware, })e subjugated the Swedes, New pt. ii.
Swe'leu was 1i('.t.V<1 of ho more ; but the settlers were pd. l
secui'ed in theii- i-iirhts of jnivate pro})erty ; and their •^"- '^
deseeudauts are anionic the best of our citizens.
10, Many emi^-i-ants now came to Xew Netlier-
huids, i'rom anii-ii;^ the o|»})ressed, the discontented,
and the enterprising of other colonies, and of Euro-
pean nations. At length tlie inhabitants sought a 1654.
share of pohtical power. They assembled, and by p^'p%
tlieir delegates, demanded that no laws should beci-uncirii
passi.'d, except with the consent of the people. "^'"'^
Stuyvesaut treated tiie request rudely, and dissolved
the assembly.
11, But i)opular liberty, though checked here,
prevailed in the adjoining provinces; and they con-
sequently.ifrew more rapidly, and crowded upon the
Dutch,, The Indians made war upon some of tlieir
villages, es])ecially Esopus, now Kingston ; and Xew ^1ew
Netherlands could not obtain aid from Holland, The ^f^^,^^'
States General had given the whole concern into the troubled,
hands of "the Nineteen," and they refused to make
nei'dful advances,
12, Charles II. having granted to his brothei
James, then Duke of York and Albany, the territo-
ry from the banks of the Connecticut to those of the
Delaware, Siu Robep.t Nichols was dis])atched
with a fleet to take possession, lie sailed to New N. Am-
Amstei-<lain, and suddenly demanded of the aston- ^suJi-en^
islied Stuyvesant, to give up the place. He would j)^^^']
h:Me defended his ])ost if he could. But the bodv Endish.
of the people, preferred the English rule to that ol 1%^^'
the Dutch; the privileges of Englishmen, having
been promised them. Nichols, therefore, entered,
9. (Jive an account of tlie contest bet«-een the Swedes and
Dutch. — 10. Kv what yiersons were their numbers in New Neth-
erlands increased? Wliat did tlie peojile now seek < How did
the srovcrnor treat them ?— 11. Which prospered most, tlie phices
wliere tho people's rights were respected, or those where thcv were
not ? What troubles were made by the Indians?— 12. What ter-
ritory was eranted ? To whom? "Whom did he send to take the
country ? What were the circumstances of the surrender?
96
PEN.NSVLVAXIA.
FT. fi. took possession in the name ot" his master, and called
P'D. I. the i^lace Npad York.
cii in. j3_ ^ j^j^j.^. f^f ^],g Knsrlish ileet, under Sir George
Caktkrkt, sai]e<l u|) tlie Hudson to Foit Orange,
q^,lP whicli surrendered and was named Albany. The
Du(<;b Dutch fort on the Delaware was also taken by the
s'lirm!" Eii,l,''lish. The rights of property were respected,
dered. ;iiid a treaty was made with the F'ive Nations. The
tc/iole line of coast., from Acadia to Florida., v:as
nov!) iti possession of the English.
CHAPTER III.
Pennsj'lvania and its Fouuder.
, 1. William Pexn, the great and good man, to
1644. wliom Pennsylvania owes its origin, was the son of
Peii'n's" Vice Admiral Sir William Penn ; and was born in
birth, &c Lon(jQn, in 1644. To provide a place for his per-
secuted brethren, of the denomination of Friends,
or Quakers, was the leading object in his mind,
when he planned a new emigi'ation to America.
2. His father had left claims to the amount of six-
teen thousand pounds against the crown ; and Penn,
finding that there Avas a tract yet ungranted, north
Marcii 4! of Lord Baltimore's patent, solicited and obtained
Patent of of Charles II. a charter of the country. It was
vanii ' bounded east by the Delaware, extending westward
through five degrees of Longitude, and stretching
from twelve miles north of New Castle, to the 4'2d
degree of latitude. It was limited on the south by
a circle of twelve miles, drawn around New Castle,
to the beginning of the fortieth degree of north lati-
tude. The king gave to the country the name of
Pen^'Svlvania.
13. Wliat other places were taken hy the E;itr'ish ?
CuAPTKR III. — 1. What kind of person was Wilham I'enn? Of
■wliieh of tlie States is he the fouuder? Give uk iiccouui of his hirtii
and parentat^e. What was his nmtive in phii!t:n<r a new colony ?
2. Of whom did Penn cbtidn a srrant ? Wliat eUiini I'ad he against
the ci'ovvu ? Wliat was tiie extent of I'lMui'o first patent '.
pkxn's arrival. 97
3. Soon after the date of tiiis grant, two othor pt. il_
convevances were made to Penn, bv the Duke of p d. ..
York ; one of which embraced tlie present State •>! *^°- '"•
Delaware, and was called the "Territories;" the ,''^'^'-;a'f'»
other released all claims to Pennsylvania,
4. Penn prepared a liberal constitution of civil
government, for those who should become his colo-
nists. ILaving sent out three ships, loaded -^nth emi- s-r-. 3.
grants, and consigned to the care of his nephew. 16§'J.
Colonel Markham, he left Chester on board the from*
Welcome, and with one hundred settlers, sailed for *^"^;*'' j°
his pro\T.nce, — his benevolent heart full of hope and
courage,
5. He landed at Xew Castle, and was joyfiilly re-
ceived by the Swedes and Dutch, now amounting to ^r„_j.. ^
two or three thousand. The next dav, at their court- x.-w
house, he received from the agent of the Duke of oct ^s'
York, the surrender of the " Territories," He then,
witli Itlended dignity and affection, assured the de-
lighted throngs, that their rights siiould be respect-
ed, and their happiness regarded.
6. lu honor ot his friend, the duke, he next visit- NTsmes
ed Xew York; but immediatelv returnins:, he went c.-^ter.
to U]iland, Mhich he named Che-stiir. Here a ]iart ^"''■**
of the pioneers, with Markham, had begun a settle- p^^., 4
ment ; and here Penn called the first asi^erahJy. It '^^j'? -j^t
consisted of an equal number from the province and ^'- ■^'^""'^
the " Territories." By its fii-st act, all the inhabitants, Chcs-^r.
of whatever extraction, were naturalized,
7. Penn was the tirst legislator, whose criminal
code admitted the humane principle, that the object
of punishment is not merely to prevent crinie, but to
reform the offender. Hence, his code seldom pun- ^,
ished with death. The assembly sat three days, and i'v.r^^%yt
passed fifty-nine laws ; an evidence, that the time ^^ ''"*^
3. What other conveyances were made to him? — 4. Hotv d; '.
Peim prnpoe to treat his settlers in respect to governmen: I
Wliom liii he send from England before he sailed ? Ffoih w..;.:
place did he sail ■ lu wiiat vessel ? With how many ? — 9. What
R'ere t)ie circiiMi-taiiees of his firAt arrival '. — 6. What place did he
(lexT visit ; Where jro on \jis retnrn ? What was done in Chester ?
7. Wiiat principle ic iegisiation was I'euu the first to teach ?
o
98 E.\'i;KUY AND JJKNKVOLKNCIi:.
_FT. II. which belonged to tlie public, was not here coiisuni
P'D. I. ed, either in })ersonal abuse, or pompous declamation.
cu. III. g_ i>(>im j,^^>xt ])aid a visit of friendship and busi-
Penn ness to Lord Baltimore, at AVest lliver. Though
Lord 'bbI- they (liifered on the question of boundaries, yet
timoro. friendly feeling pervaded the interview.
9. Penn had given to Colonel Markhara, who pre-
ceded him, directions, that the natives should be
treated kindly, and fairly ; and accordingly no land
had been entered upon, but by their consent. They
had also been notified that Penn, to whom they gave
meets the the name of Onas, was to meet, and establish with
chiefs! ^^^cm, a treaty of perpetual peace. On the morning
of the appointed day, under a huge elm at Shacka-
maxon, now a suburb of Philadelphia, the Indian
chiefs gathered from every direction, to see Penn,
and to hear his words ; which they regarded as those
of an angel.
10. Penn gave them wise instructions, and solemn-
ly appealed to the Almighty, that it was the ardent
desire of his heart to do them good. " He would not
call them brothers or children, but they should be to
jgg2^him and his, as half of the same body." The chiefs
Makes'a* then gavc their pledge for themselves, and for their
ofpea^e. bribes, " to live in lo\'e with him and his children,
as lon<j: as the sun and moon should endure." The
treaty was then extecuted, the chiefs putting down
the emblems of thmr several tribes. The purchases
of Markhan^Jrt^ere confirmed, and othei's made.
11. All 6^' this, Penn went to a villa, which his
nephew had built for his residence, opposite the site
_ , of Burling-ton, and called Pennsbury. Here he crave
Penn lays - . . ^ ,. ' , . •', . " ^
ontami du-ectious tor laymg out towns and counties; and
PwiTdoi- ^^^ conjunction with the surveyor, Holme, drew the
phia. plan of his capitiil ; and in the spiiit of " brotherly
love," named it Puiladelpiiia.
7. Wliat can yoa say of the Inbor.s done by the assembly? Of
wlu'it w;is this iui evidence? — 8. Wliom did Penn visit? — 9. How-
did he direct tliat tlie natives should be treated ? Of what had
they been notified ? (-Jive an account of tlie nieetinir. — lO. What
di^l I'enn s!iy to tl;c chiefs? IIovv did the chiefs respond ? Was
a U-eaty made i—H. \V hat did Puna after this ?
PilNN S DEPAKTUKE. 99
12. Vessels came fast with new settlers, until pt.ii.
twenty-two, bearing two thousand persons, had ar- pd. l
rived. Some came so late in the fall, that they could ^^ ""•
not be provided with house-room in the rude dwell- rpj^^^j,
ings of the new city : and " the caves" were dug in of settlers,
the banks of the river to receive them. Providence
fed them, — by flocks of pigeons, and the fisli of the
rivers ; and the Indians, regarding them as the chil-
dren of Onas, hunted to bring them game. The
season was unusually mild.
13, Penn had left beyond the ocean his beloved
family. Letters from England spoke of the sufferings
of his quaker brethren, and he believed that he might
exercise an influence there, to check persecution, ^gg^.
He embarked on the fourth of August ; and wrote Penn
on board the ship an affectionate adieu to his prov- *™^^^
ince, which he sent on shore before he sailed. He England.
said, "And thou, Philadelphia, virgin of the prov-
ince ! my soul prays for thee ; that, faithful to the
God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou
mayest be preserved unto the end !"
CHAPTER IV.
New Jersey — its settlement, and various claimants.
1, PnEviors to the surrender of the Dutch, the
1664.
Duke of York made a grant, of that part of his pat-
ent lying between the Hudson and Delaware, to
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, This
tract was called JSfetc Jersey^ in compliment to Sir
George, who had been governor of the isle of Jersey, jjij^abeth
2, In 1664, before the grant to Berkeley and town
Carteret was known, three persons from Long Isl- oi^s^y^^f
and purchased of the natives a tract of the country, <Jed.
12. What can you say of new settlers ? — 13. Why did Fenn re-
turn ? When did he embark ? What send on shore ?
Chapter IV. — 1. What grant was made ? By whom ? To whom ?
What was the country called? — 2. Who had made a previous
setiler>''eiit?
100 TENN ACriVK IN NEW JERSEY AFFAIRS. '
FT. II. which was called Elizabethtown., where a settlement
P'D. I. was commenced. Other towns were soon settled by
OH. IT. emigrants from the colonies, and from Europe. Thus,
L665. opposite claims were created, which caused much
discord between the proprietor and inhabitants. In
1665, Berkeley and Carteret formed a constitution
for the colony, and appointed Philip Carteret gov-
ernor. He made Elizabethtown the seat of govern-
ment.
3. Berkeley and Carteret, at first, held the prov-
ince as joint property; but the former, becoming
1669. weary with the care of an estate, which yielded him
Berkeley neither honor nor pi'ofit, sold his share to Edward
*ri'*hL' BiLLiNGE. That gentleman, on being involved in
debt, found it necessary to assign his property for
the benefit of his creditors; and William Penn was
one of his assignees.
4. New Jersey was now jointly held by Sir George
Carteret, and Penn as agent for the assignees of Bil-
Penn Hnge. But Penn perceiving the inconvenience of
jj^^'JJ'^. hoi ding joint property, it was mutually agreed to
sey to b« separate the country into East and West Jersey ;
ivided. Qai-^gj-et receiving the sole proprietorship ot'East Jer-
sey, and Penn and his associates, that of West Jersey.
5. Penn divided West Jersey into one hundr^di.' V* S^;
shares, which were separately disposed of; and th6n, ^
in that spirit of righteousness, whereby he won the
confidence of all, he drew up the articles called "the
concessions." liy these, the proprietors ceded to the
The " con- pJiinters, the privileges of free civil government; ex-
oessions." pressly declaring," we put the power in the people."
Religion was left fiee, and imprisonracTit for debt
prohibited. In two years, eight hundred new settlers
came over, mostly qnakers; persons of excellent
character, and good condition.
2. From wlience were other towns soon settled ? Did they nil
agree? What was done in 1665?— 3. Wliieh of the two proprie-
tors Bold his shuro ? To wiioml How came Wiilium Penu to
have a hand in Jersey afFiiirs? — 4. Kcnw was New Jersey now
held ? How and why wa.s it divided ? — 5. How did Penn proceed
in regard to West Jersey ?
^"■'
.i"!^*.
'i^
KEW JERSEY BETTLEMENT8 PKOSPEE. 101
6. In 1682, East Jersey, the property of Carteret, ft. ii.
being exposed to sale, Penn, as agent for twelve p'd. l
quakers, purcliased it. In 1683, these twelve propri- ™''^-
etors doubled their number, and obtained a new ^?^'*
patent from the Duke of York. kersbuy
7. East Jersey was now free from religious intol- j^'
crance. This was the era of those civil wars of Great
Britain, in which the English royal officers hunted
the Cameronian Scots like wild beasts. Hundreds
of the sufferers now came to East Jersey, and there,
bringing their industrious and frugal habits, tliey
"Were blessed with security, abundance, and content,
8. Sir Edmund Andros, when governor of New
York, mider pretence of the claims of the Duke of ^^^ j^
York, usurped the government both in East and the
"West Jersey. He laid a tax upon all goods import- ^"^^
ed, and upon the property of all who came to settle
in the country.
9. Penn received complaints of these abuses, and
with such strength of argument opposed the claims !>«„„ {J*
of the duke, that the commissioners, to whom the thero aiao.
case was referred, adjudged the duties to be illegal
and oppressive: in consequence of which, in 1680
they were removed, and the proprietors reinstated
'"^V injthe government.
^I*l0. Edward Billinge was appointed by the
proprietors, governor ; and in the next year, 1681,
he summoned the first general assembly held in West p,^j
Jersey. In 1682, the people, by the advice of Penn, grenenJ
amended their government. Contrary to the wishes "*^™'*'r*
of the proprietors, the next yeai", they proceeded to
elect their oAvn governor.
6. How did Penn come to have any thing to do with East Jer-
sey? How did Eiist Jersey proprietors now proceed ? — 7. What
viis tlie state of this colony ? Whs cmne to it?— 8. What did Sir
Edmund Andros?— 9. Wiiat did William Penn?— 10. Whonidid
the proprietors appoint? What did Billinfre in 1C81 ? What did
the people the next year? The next after this ?
102 THE DOWNFALL OF A CHIEF.
CHAPTER V,
Miantonomoli — Rhode Tsland fln(rConne«*icut obtain Charters—*
Elliot, the Apos|^e%J^0'rlndiaDS.
FT. iL 1. DuEiNO the reign of Paritanisin in England,
FD. L the New England Colonies enjoyed a happy season
OH. V. Qf liberty and peace. This was occasionally inter-
rupted by fears of the savages, who sometimes
manifested their wai'like propensities. Sometimes
they attacked and destroyed each other.
2. Miantonomoli sought the life of Uncas, because
he Avas aware, that he could not make him unite in
1G43. a conspiracy, which he was exciting against tho
*noinoh whites. A Pequod.whom he hired, wounded the
eeeks tho Mohegan chief, and than fled to him for protection.
UDcas. He refused to surrender the assassin to the demand
of the court at Hartford, but dispatched him with
his OAvn hand.
3. Mlantonomoh drew out his wartiors openly
,. y against Uncas, in violation of a treaty, to which the
But loses authovites of Connecticut were a party. Uncas met
taia own.^,jj^ vanquished him by a stratagem, and toolchlj^
prisoner; but he resigned him to the court. '^'
deliberated — and then returned the noble savai
his captor. Uncas killed him, — Avithout tortm-e^;
with circumstances of cannibal barbarity.
4. Roger Williams Avas now the Father of Rhode
Island, as he had formerly been the Founder. He
twice crossed the ocean, and at length succeeded in
obtaining a charter^ induding tlie islands^ and con-
firming the limits of the State, as the]/ ?iow exist.
R. Island l^^^^dc Island, if not great in territory, is rich, in the
first In fame of having been the first to set the example,
frewiom since followed by the nation at large, of entire " soul-
liberty" in matters of religion.
Chaptkr v. — 1. How did the reign of Puritanism in Enfrlnnd
affect New Enshuul ? — 2. Give nn account of the beginning ofliie
war between Miantonomoh and Uncus. — 3. Of the close of llio
contest. — 4. What cimrter was obtained ior Rhode Island ? Foi
what is Rhode Island dii>tiuguished 1
)'.A^j...L^i&.'^[.>L4-«^^....\U! './. -. .. AMT.- •.. -lift • iiytfTrM'l^^^rttA'ii
. ciiAiiTjais. 103
5. When Charles II. was restored, his power pt. ii.
was acknowledged in New England ; but the colo- "td^T"
nies had melancholy forebodings. Yet the authori- ch. y.
ties of Connecticut, by the eminent John Wintuiiop,
son of the lirst governor of Massachusetts, even at _ _^„
this dillicult period, siiccecto^l'iilly applied to the court The
of England for a charter. They plead, that they T""""^'
had obtained their lands, by purchase, from the na- obteinsT
tives, and by conquest from the Pequods, who made «'■?"«'■''<"
on them a war of extermination ; and they had min-
gled both their blood and their labor with the soil.
0. Winthrop appeared belbre the king with such ,
a gentle dignity of cariiage, and such appropriate
conversation, as won ihe royal liivor. It is said ho
brought to the mind of Charles some interestuig rec- winthrop
ollections, by the present of a ring, which had been *^^*
given to his grandfather as a pledge, by an ancestor
of the monarch.
7. The ki?ig ffranted a liberal c/iarter, xchich in-
cluded New Haven. That province, however, had
not been consulted, and justly lelt aggrieved; as a
relinquishment of its separate existence was thereby i60(S.
required. But at length, the great expediency of Now
the measure becoming fully apparent, tlie union of n'ited
New Haven with Gonnecticut was completed. Wm- ^'*
throp was chosen governor. He received seventeen
annual elections.
8. Colonel Nichols, who Avas sent over to command
the expedition against New Netherlands, was one of
four commissioners, who had been apjjointed My the
king, not only lor conquering the Dutch, but for Nichoii,
humbling the colonies. The people felt much ag- ^'J**^^
grieved. Massachusetts resisted every exercise of CaVt-
tlieu- power, and two of their number, Carr and '"^^^
Cart Wright, left the country in high displeasure.
5. By whom did the people of Connecticut apply for a charter?
■\Vliut reusons did tlicy plead? — 6. Jiow did Wiutlirop bohiive?
7. VVliiit kind of a clinrter was obtained i JJow w«s it with respect
to Kcw Jlavon? Wlio wns cliofiii povornor? — 8. Wimt can you
My of (Colonel Niciiolw ? How di'.l the people feel ? Which col-
ony resisted ? What did two of the coniuiisaiouers ?
104:
JOIIiSr ELLIOT.
r'T. n. 9. This -was the period of the labors of Joiix El-
FU. L LTOT, called the apostle of the Indians. He beheld
eii. V. ^yj^]-, pi^y ^\^ ignorance and spiritual darkness of the
J. Elliot '^^"^■3^»es, and determined to devote hhnself to their
conversion. He first spent some years in the study
of their language. The General Court of the prov-
ince passed an order, requesting the clergy to report
1646. the best means of spreading the Gospel among the
Elliot's natives ; and Elliot took this occasion to meet with
in? witii the Indians at Nonantum, a few miles west of Boston.
Indians. ^^^ meetings for religious worship and discourse
were held, whenever favorable opportunities could
be found or made.
10. His efforts to teach the natives the arts and
usages of civilized life, were also imremitted and
arduous ; " for civility," it was said, " must go hand
in hand with Christianity." These efforts and their
Indians effects, exhibit the children of the forest in a most
convere • jfitgi-gg^ing point of view, and show the transform-
ing power of the Gospel. Their dispositions and
lives underwent a real change. Some of their num-
bers became teachers, and aided in the conversion
of others.
11. In 1655, Elliot had completed his translation
of the New Testament into the Indian language,
and in two years more the Old was added. Thus
1657 the mighty labor of learning the difficult tongue of
Elliot * the Indians, of making from its oral elements, a writ-
his^trHns-*^®"^ language, and that of translating the whole Bi-
latioa ble, was, by zeal and persevering labor, accomplished.
Bibia It was the first Bible piinted in America. But both
the Indian and his language are now extinct, and
Elliot's Bible is a mere literary curiosity.
1674. 12. In 16*74, there were fourteen towns of "pray-
fpiaying^"o Indians," and six gathered churches. The Indian
Indians, couvcrts had mucli to encounter. Their great chiefs
9. Wluit was John Eiliot called ? Give an account of tlie be-
g'iniiins? of his labors. — 10. Did Elliot teach the natives any tliin?
but religion? What success hud lie? — 11. What great labor diil
Elliot perform in respect to the Bible? — 13. How many towns
were tjiere of the '• Prayings Indians?"
THE GEEAT INDIAN CHIEF.
105
CH, YZ
Lated Christianity. Although it made their subjects p^.il
willing to do the right, yet it set them to reflect, — pd. l
and, tlius to find out, that there was a right for them
to /i((ce, as well as to do. This tended to subvert the
absolute ai-bitrary sway, which the sachem, howevei
he might allow it to slumber, did actually possess ;
and which he natui-ally felt unwilling to relinquish.
Of these chiefs, Philip of Pokanoket, was peculiarly
the foe of the Christian reliirion.
King Philip's War ■
CHAPTER VI.
■ Destruction of the Narragansetts and
Pokanokets.
1. Phflip was the younger of the two sons of
Massasoit. He had become embittered against the
Englisli, by tlie death of his brother, which he ascrib-
ed to them ; and though he was thus left sole chief-
tain of the Pokanokets, yet he deeply felt his loss,
and bitterly resented it.
2. The extension of the English had alarmed the
savage nations. The new race, whon their fathers
received, when a poor and feeble band, were now
gradually spreading themselves over the land, and
assuminof to be its sovereicrns. But the natives were
yet numerous, and, by union, they might extirpate
the whites, and regain the country. Thus thought
Philip, as he secretly plotted, to bring to pass, his
cruel designs.
3. The Narragansetts, so long friendly, were now
under tlie rule of Coxanchet, the son of Miantono-
moh ; and doubtless he remembered the benefits
which his father had bestowed upon the whites, and
their refusal to hear his last plea for mercy.
12. What feelinirs and opinions had the great chiefs? Who in
particular was hostile?
CiiAPTicR VI. — 1. Why was Philip embittered against the Eng-
lish ?— 2. Wiiat alarmed the savages? What did Philip think
and do '. — 3. Wlio w;is Coaanehet? What was his disposition
towar'Js the English ?
Philip's
resent-
ment.
Indiana
jealous
and
hostile.
106
KI^'^, riHLii' s war.
_P"T. IL_ 4. Sausajian, one of the natives whoni Elliot had
P'D. I. iiKstructed in Christianit}, gave to the English inti-
*^"-"*''- mations or" Philip's designs. Sausanian was soon
Siuisa- ^fter murdered. On in\estigation, the Plymouth
man's (lis- court I'oiind that the murtler was committed by
'^Tmi^ tliree of Philip's most intimate friends; and forth
deaih. -vvith they caused tliem to be executed.
5. On tlie 20th of June, Philip's exasperated war-
riors attacked Sicansey^ in New Plymouth. The
colonists appeared in defence of the place, and the
- ^.^ » Indians fled. The Enaclish force marched into the In
June u. dian towns, which, on their approach, were deserted.
Swansey But the routc of the savaixes Avas marked by the ruins
' of buildings, which had been burned, and by the heads
and hands of the English, which were fixed upon poles
by the wayside. The troops, finding that they could
not overtake them, i-eturned to Swansey.
6. The little congress of tiie colonies, meeting at
Boston, were unanimous in deciding that the war
must be prosecuted with vigor ; and each colony
The^Oo^ii- fuHiish uicans, according to its ability. Of the
gre-^s thousand men which they determined to send imme-
army. diately into the tield, Mas^^achusetts was to furnish
five hundred and twenty-seven, Connecticut three
hundred and titteen, :nid Plymouth one hundred
and fifty-eiglit. Subseq;iently the commissioners
voted to raise double this iiuniber.
7. The army was sent from Swansey into the
country of the Narragansetts, and negotiating,
Uie'ifa!- sword in hand, with tluit confederacy, on the loth
to make of July, a treaty of peace was concluded. It was
peace. g^ip^]j,t<.(j among other things, to give forty coats
to any one of the Narragansetts, who should bring
Philip alive, — twenty for his head, and two for each
of his subjects delivered as prisoners.
4. How (lid the Enjzlish become acquainted with Philip's de-
signs ? VvMuit did the riymoiit'i court? — 5. When and where did
Philip b£u"in the wnr? What mousures did the colonists pursue I
6. Whaf ground did tlie u()nu^i^sio!lers take? IIow was the num-
ber of miMi, to ill? raised. ;!i)i"ir:ioui-d ? — 7. Where was the army
sent? What treaty »va.s ui.idj ' Wiiut wiw stipulated?
BLOODY BROOK. 107
8. The Indian king retreated, with his warriors, pt. ii.
to a swamp at Pocasset, near Montaup. There, on p'd. i.
tlie ] 8th, the colonists attacked them, but gained no °^- '^
decisive advantage. PhiUjj then went to the vicin- i^iy*-
ity of Connecticut river ; but to the inhabitants, PhiUp at-
everywhere in danger, and in fear, he seemed to be^Jf^^'j^'
everywhere present. Captain Hutchinson, with a sjet.
company of horse, was drawn into an ambush, near
Brookiield, where he was mortally wounded, and "^ff^*
sixteen of his company Avere killed. The Indians in Mass.
then burned the town.
9. Intending to collect a magazine and garrison
at ITadley, Captain Lathrop, with a corps of the
choicest young men, selected from the vicinity of
Boston, was sent to transport a quantity of corn Sept. is.
from Deerfiold, to that j)lace. They were suddenly -^^^^
attacked bv the Indians, and thouQ-h thev foug-lit
with gi-eat bravery, they were almost all cut off.
The brook, by wliich they fought, flowed red, — and
to this day is called " Bloody Brook."
10. In October, the Springfield Indians, who had Oct i.
previously been friendly, concerted with tlie hostile was saved
tribes, and set fire to that tcnvn. While its flames by Goffe.
were raging, they attacked Hadlev, but were re- next
pulsed.* ' chapter.)
11. Conanchet now violated the treaty, and not
only received Philip's warriors, but aided their oper- conan-
ations against the English. On the 18th of Deeem- chet
ber, one thousand troops were collected from thethe*tr^y.
different colonies, under the command of Josiah
WiNSLOW, of Plymouth. After a stormy night
passed in the open air, they waded through the
sjiow sixteen miles ; and about one o'clock, on the
afternoon of the 19th, they arrived near the enemy's
fortress.
8. Give an account of King Pliiiip's movements. What was
t!ie condition of the inlnibitants ? What befel Capt. Hntcliinson I
1). (4ive an account of Capt. Lathrop and liis company. — 10. What
trcaciicry was pnu-tised by the Sprinirtield Indians ?— 1 1. What
wtu-i now the conduct (.if Conanchet ? \V iiat number of troops went
to attack liini ? At what time, and under wliat -.-ircumstanees did
thev iiiarcli ?
CU. VI.
1«75.
108 A NATION DESTROYED.
PT. TT. 12. It w.is on a risinc^ CTonnd, in tlie niirlst of a
n>. I. swniH]) ; and was so fortified with ]:)alisad('s, and
thick Iiedn-es, tliat only by crossinij a log', \vhicli lay
ovei- a ravine, could it be aj)])roaclied. The otlicers
""■'i''* led ihe men directly across the narrow and danc^er-
. J//£,. ous bridi!:e. The tii-st wei'c killed, but othei's i)ress-
ed on, and tlie fort was entered. Conanchet and
liis warriors at first forced the English to retire ; but
they resumed the fight, defeated the savages, and
ind. k. again entering the foil, they set fire to the Indian
1000. dwellings. One thousand warriors were killed ;
thi'ee hundred, and as many Avomen and children,
were made jirisoners. About six hundred of their
wigwams were burnt, and many helpless sufferers
perished in the fiames.
13. The wretched remains of the tribe took shel-
Famine ^^'" ^^ ^^^ rcccsses of a ccdar swamp, — covei-ing
and cold, themselves with boughs, or burroM^ing in the ground,
and feeding on acorns or nuts, dug out with their
hands from the snow. Many who escaped a sudden,
— thus died a lingering death. Conanchet was
chet's" rnade prisoner in April, and was offered his fi-eedom
tJeatii. if he would enter into a treaty of peace. The chief-
tain indignantly refused, and was put to death.
14. In the spring of 1676, the colonial troops
were almost universally victorious. Jealousies arose
among the different tribes of savages, and while
groat numbers were slain, many deserted the com-
p^J^i * mon cause. Philip had attempted to rouse the
attempts JMohawks agaiust the English ; and had, for this pur-
MoUawks! pose, killed a number of the tribe, and attributed
their death to the whites. His perfidy was detected,
and he fled to Montaup, whither he was pursued.
15. In the midst of these reverses, Pliilip remain-
ed unshaken in his enmity. His chief men, as also
his wife and family, wei"e either killed or made ])ris-
12. Describe tlie fort — the approach of the troops — tlie second
attack — the destruction of tlio Indians. — 13. What liapponed to
tlie renuiins of the tribe? To ('onanchL-t ? — 14. How did tlie
colonial trooj* succeed in 1676? Where was Fhilip ? — 15. How
did he bear his adversity?
"the PEAYING INDIANS." 109
oners ; and, while he wept bitterly, for those domes- pt. it.
tic bereavements, he shot one of his men who pro- pd. i.
posed submission. After being driven from swamp *^°- "^"•
to swam]>, he was at last shot near Montaup, by the p^JT^*
brother of the Indian whom he had thus killed. kaied.
16. Of the scattered parties which remained,
many were"^ captured. Some sought refuge at the
north. These afterwards seiwed as guides, to those
parties of hostile French and Indians, who came
down and desolated the provinces. In this dreadful ^"„^r'l^'
contest. New England lost six hundred inhabitants, England
and a great amount of ])roperty. Fourteen towns ^'^^ "
had been destroyed, and a heavy debt incurred.
Yet the colonies received no assistance from Eng-
land ; — and they asked none. The humane L'ish
sent the sufferers some relief.
17. If Philip's war was to the whites disastrous,
to the savage tribes it was ruinous. The Pokano-
kets and the Narragansetts henceforth disappear
from liistory. The " praying Indians" were mostly
of the Massachusetts confederacy; and although xhe
they suffered much, beincf suspected bv the red men i,n<iian
because they were Christians, and by the whites be-desiroyed.
cause they were Indians, they yet had a remnant
left. Elliot watched his scattered flocks, and ex-
posed himself to many dangers on their account.
The wreck of four towns remained fi-om the four-
teen which the converts numbered before the war.
CHAPTER VII.
Tlie regicides — New Hampshire and Maine — Charter of Massa-
chusetts annulled.
1. The regicides, a term which, in English and
American history, refers especially to those men
15. How did he come to his end?— 16. What became of his
followers ? How many inhahitaiits of New England were destroyed
durintr this l.loiidy war? Who sent relief ?^17. What were the
coiirieiiuenees of tiio war to the Indians? How did it aifect the
pray in jf Indians ?
110 THE SUPPOSED APPARITION.
P'T. II. who signed the death-warrant of Charles I., were,
P'D. I. after the restoration of his son, proscribed. Tliree
CH. viL of their number, Goffe, Wiialley, and Dixwell,
The three ^'"^'^^ ^^ America, They were at Boston and Cam-
rogicides. bridge, and under romantic circumstances were
sliielded from their ])ursuers at New Haven. At
length, Whalley and Goffe found -refuge in the house
of Mr. Kussel, ininister of Iladley, where they Hved
in profound conceahnent.
2. Goffe liad been a mihtary commander. Look-
ing from tlie window of his hiding-))lace, lie saw, on
a Sabbath day, as the people wei'e collectii^ for
public worship, a body of ambushed Indians stealing
IGTS. upon them. Suddenly he left his confinement, and
7/4 />' appeared among the gathering worshippers, his white
LEY hair and beard and loose tijarments streaming to the
^Goffo.^ winds. He gives the alarm, and the word of com-
mand ; and the men, already armed, are at once
formed, and bearing down upon the foe. When
they had conquered, they looked around for their
preserver. He had A^anished during the fray ; and
they fully believed that he had been an angel, sent
from heaven for their deliverance.
3. Of the three judges, who cast themselves upon
The the Americans, not one was betrayed. The meanest
regicides q\- i\^q people could not be induced, by the price set
betrayed, upon their heads, to give them up ; and they now
rest, in peaceful graves, upon our soil.
4. Maixe. In 1677, a controversy, which had ex-
isted for some time, between the government of Mas-
M^T'''' sachusetts and the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges,
Maino^^relnlivc; to the district of Maine, was settled in Eng-
hdrs'of ^^"^1 ''"'^ ^^^^ territory assigned to the latter. U])ou
Gorges, this, Massachusetts 2'>urchased the title^ and Maine
became a 2?rovince of that colony.
5. New Hampshire. In 1G79, a commission Avas
Chapter VII. — 1. Who were the res^icides ? Which of tlicm
catne to Aiiiericii ? \\'htTe were tliey ? — 2. Duriiiij Kin? I'liilipV
war what were ti-i; L'irciiiiistaiK'c.-' of '.Tdtl'tiV appcMritiir iit Undlr-y ?
3. Wert' eith(^r of the three jiultres hei rayed";— 1. llow dul Mas-
saciiu:-ctt> ai.quire a title to ilaine ■
A TYKANT SEXDS A TYEAJSTT. Ill
made out by order of Charles II., /br the sp,paration pt. ii.
of N'eio Hatnpshire from the jurisdiction of Mas- pd. l
sachusetts, and its erection into a royal, province. '^ ""*•
The assembly was to be chosen by the people, the i^yo
president and council to be appointed by the crown, n h ^'
This colony henceforth manifested that stability of '■°y*'
1 /> 1-1 T (^ • 11* province.
cliaracter, lor which, no less, than for its sublime
piles of mountains, it is called " the Granite State." N. h.
The people first thanked Massachusetts for the care f ^/^'^r^t^
she had taken of their infant condition ; and next
determined " that no law should be valid, unless
mad^'Jjy the assembly, and appi-oved by the people."
6. Edward Ckaxfield, a needy speculator, was
selected by Mason, and sent from England, to be
the governor of New Hampshire. But he could 16$2.
neither outwit nor overawe the rugged patriots ; ^^"
nor with all the advantages of law, eject them from Cranfieid
their lands ; though, for many years, he gave them ^ "■" ^
great annoyance.
7. Charles II. made additional navigation acts, by
Avhich he would have entirely destroyed the com-
merce of the colonies, had they been observed. But
they were evaded, and opposed, especially in Massa- 1^79,
chusetts ; and Edward Randolph was sent over by the Eandoii)h.
king, to see that these oppressive laws were executed.
8. James II., who declared, that there should be
no free governments in his dominions, issued writs
against the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Isl-chariesiL
and. These colonies presented letters and addresses, ^g^*^^^'
Avhich contained expressions of humble duty. The James il
kinfiT construed them into an actual surrender of their 1^85.
charters ; and proceeded to establish a temporary
government over Xew England. Sm EoiruxD Ax-
DROs was appointed governor-general.
5. What happened to New Plampshire in 1679? Why is New
Hampshire called tlie Granite State? — 6. Who was selected by
ilason as governor ? What was beyond his power to do ? — 7. How
did Kina: Chailes proceed in refrard to navigation laws? How did
the colonists ? Whom did the king send over? For what pur-
pose ?— 8. Vv'liat writs did .lames IL issuer Wliat did R. I, and
Conn. ? IIow diil the kii:ir next jTOcvc-d < Wli.) d.'ul he seiiil over
as govcriior-iTeiier::! ?
112 THE ENGLISH KEVOLUTIOISr.
F'T. II. 9. Sir Edmund began his career witli the most flat-
vo. I. tering professions of liis regard to the public safety
CH. viL gj^^i happiness. It Avas, liowever, well observed, that
" Nero concealed his tyrannical dis})Ositions more
years than Sir Edmund did months." Soon after
1086. his arrival in the country, he sent to Connecticut,
^',[j^; A"' demanding tlie surrender of the charter. This being
New Eng- refused, in 1687, he came with a guard to Hartford,
during the session of the general assembly, and in
person required its delivery.
10. After debating until evening, the charter was
16§7. produced and laid on the table, where the asf^feibly
Charter ^ .. ciniiii-i. • -ii
hid in the wcrc sittmg. Suddenly the hghts were extmguished,
^Oak*^"^ and one of the members privately conveyed it away,
onWyiiis'and hid it in the cavity of a large oak-tree. The
(The oui candles were officiously relighted, but the charter
oak was -^-as gono. ; and no discovery could be made of it, or,
down, at that time, of the person who carried it away. The
i8o6.) goverimient of the colony was, iiowever, surrendered
to Andi'os.
11. Massachusetts, Mdiero Sir Edmund resided,
was the principal seat of despotism and sutfering.
lesy In 1688, New York and New Jersey were added
16§0. ^o ^^^^ jurisdiction ; and for more than two years,
there was a general suppression of charter govern-
ments throughout the colouies, and a perpetual series
of tyrannical exactions.
12. But the king had made himself as much de-
tested at honu', as his governor had abroad. The
16§§. British nation, putting aside the fiction of the divine
"The riij-ht of leiritimate sovereisf'is, asserted that of human
tion" in naturc, by declarmg that an oppressed people may
England, (.jjano;- their i-ulers. Thev forced the king to al>-
dicate, and completed what is called the English
"Revolution," by placing William and Mary on the
throne.
9. Hnvv did Sir Edmund he^in? Wliy did be go to Ilurtford ?
10. \Vl;;it iiiippeneJ <lnrincr liis vinit? — 1 1. Wliat tt)ok place from
1687 to ibsy ? — 12. \Vli;it fiction or tiilse principle did tlie Englisli
put as! ia? VViiiit rigiit did lliey assert? What i.-> this c'eut
called 'J
NEW yoek:. " 113
13. Great was the joy of New England. Even pt. ii.
on the first rumor of the British Kevohition, the vv>. i.
authorities of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros *^"' "^'"•
and Kandol[>]i. As a temporary government, they Andios
organized a committee of safety, of which the aged and lian-
GovEKXOR Beadstreet, accepted the presidency ; in prlLn.
though lie knew that, if the intelhgence proved lalse,
it miglit cost him his Hfe.
14. The cliange of government produced by the
removal of Andros, left New Hampshire in an un-
settla|Lstate. Mason had died in 1685, leaving his
two sins heirs to Ids claims. The people earnestly ,^-^i
petitioned to he again united with Massachusetts, Mason
but their wishes wqxq frustrated by Samuel Allex, ''Jes-
who had purchased of the heirs of Mason, their title buyshvs
to New Hampsliire. Allen received -a commission "''^
as governor of the colony, and assumed the fjovern-
ment in 1692.
15. When the intelligence was confirmed, that
William and Mary were seated on the throne, Rhode
Island and Connecticut resumed their charters; but Conn, mid
King AVilliam resolutely refused to restore to 3Iassa- sume their
chusetts her former system of orovernment. Andi-os, ciiarter*
Randolph, and others, were ordered to England for
trial.
CHAPTER yni.
N". York — Its Governors — Leisler — Quakers in Massachusetts.
1. After the surrender of the Dutch, Colonel
Nichols entered upon the administration of the
government of New York, which he conducted with Loveia«*
great prudence, integrity, and moderation. The '667.
people, however, continued without civil rights, all
authority being vested in the royal governor and
13. ^yhat was done in Boston? — 14. What took place in New
Hampshire? — 15. What happened in the other New Enirhiud
provinces ? Who were sent to Enurland ?
Chapter VIII. — 1. How did Colonel Nichols govern in New
York.
114 ENGLISH KEVOI.UTTON AFI^ECTS NEW YORK.
FT. II. council. ISTichols returned to England, and was suc-
P'D. I. cecded by Lokd Lovelace.
en. Tin. 2. In 1073, England and Holland Avere again in-
volved in wai', and Holland sent over a small fleet
_ _-, to regain her American possessions. This force ar-
i>utch*i"ived at New Yoi'k, and demanded a suri-ender,
**Y t*^"'^'''^^''^ ^^'^^ made without resistance. The Dutch
took inimediate possession of tlie fort and city, and
soon after of the wliole province.
3. The next year, 1674, the war terminated, and
16T4. ^^w York was restored to the English. Th^Duke
N. York of York, to prevent controversy about his ^me to
■ the tei-ritory, took out a new patent, and the same
year appointed Sir EIdmund Andros, governor.
4. Andros claimed jurisdiction over that pai't of
Connecticut west of the river, it having been includ-
ed in the grant to the Duke of Yoi-k. To seize it,
he ari-ived off the fort, at Saybi-ook, with an armed
Anlrof' foi'^c. The governor and council, l)eing apprised of
repulsed his design, sent a few troops under Captain Bull,
Baybrook. who Conducted himself with such spirit, that Andros,
jocosely declaring that his " horns should be tipped
with gold," made no further attempt.
5. In 1682, Andros was i-emoved from the govern-
ment of New York. The succeeding year was a
16§2. hapj)y era in the hi.stoiy of this colony. The excel-
Dongan. ^^^^^ CoLOXEL DoNGAN arrived as governor, and the
1683 desires of the peojjle, for a popular government,
Ftr>t * wei-e gratified. 77ie first general assembly teas
^"^'^^LcoJivoked, consisting of a council and eighteen re|>
resentatives. Governor Dongan sui'passed all his
predecessors in attention to affairs with the Indians,
by whom he was highly esteemed.
6. The news from Europe, that the inhabitants of
Eno'land had resolved to dethrone James, and offer
1C§8. the crown to William and ]Mary, raised the hopes of
Leis'er. ^]jq disaffected. Among these, was Jacob Lkislkk,
2. What happened iiilOTS? — 3. What took plave in 1674?— 4.
Give an accuuiiof Amlros's atten)pt to take ('oniifctieiit.— 5. U'hut
happened in IGS-J ? What the next year? — G. W'iiai haii])ened iu
New York when news eiiine oi'llio expui.sioii ol'King James.
RKLIGIOUS FKKUSG PER^KRTED. 115
an active militia c:i;)ta;ii, unJ a favorite of tlie ]'>eo|>]e. pt. il
He was not, however, a man of talents, but received po. i.
the guidiiiix imjHilses of l)is conduct from tlie supe- ^n- "'l
rior energies f>f his son-in-law, Jacob Mir.Boii-VE.
7. By his couns.el, Leisler, at the head of a few
men, declared for William and Mary, and took I't>'^"LeHer a»-
pessi<jn (jf the fort of Xew York. His party inci'eas- sumesto
ed to more than five hundred. The governor left y^^^l "vjj
the province, and Leisler assumed to administer the '^^tn's
government. Milborne went to Albany, and made
himsaifcnaster of the place. The regular authorities
weridPainst tliese lawless proceedings.
8. -King William now commissioned Hexrt
Sloughter, as governor of Xew York. Xever 159 f,
Avas a. governor more needed, and never Avas one si.jughter
more destitute of every qualification for the office. :N!"York.
He refused to treat with Leisler ; but put him, and
several of his adherents to prison. Finally, that un-
fortunate man, together with his son-in-law, perished
upon the gallows. Their execution was disapproved ^eisierex-
by the peojile ; and their property, which was con-
fiscated, was afterwards restored to their descendants.
9. Motives derived from pure religion, are the
best, and most effective, 01 all which influence liu-
man conduct. But when the reliirious feeling of men „ ,. .
becomes perverted, all history sliows, that it tiien feeling,
produces the very worst effects. L'^nder the influence
of this feeling, in its right operation, our Puritan
forefathers resisted oppression in England, suffered
hardship, and braved death, to enjoy their religion
unmolested.
10. But they were not free from the common
error of their age, which was, that all in the same k^"^
c ' ,. . ' , . 1 • 1 become
community, must, on religious subjects, thmk very perverted,
much alike. The Puritans believed their way was
6. AVlio was Jacob Leisler? — 7. Give an account of his and
MiH-iorne's operations. — 8. Who was Henry Slonsrhter? How did
lie proceed in re^Mrd to Leisler i — 9. \Vhat may be said of motives
derived from true relitrlon ? When the religious feeling of bodies
of men become perverted, how is it then ? What did our Purit;in
foret'ailiers, under the imjnilse of right religious feeling^ — 10.
What \V3S the common error of their age?
116 TTIE QUA KICKS IX THE BAY-ST\TE
P'T. II. C(M-t;iin]y ri<il't, and t.l)cy wore uttorly uiiwiiliiiir, tlmt
P'D. I. any sliould ])e aniont^ JJicin, who sliouM teach any
on. IX. tliinpj (Utferent. Tins ])i'()(luced uricliai'itablcncs.s to-
wards othei's, and the had effects of the religious
sentiment perverted.
11. The denomination of Friends or Quakers, liad
arisen in England. They had heard tliat the ]*uritans
exei'cised a persecuting spii-it, as in tiie cases of Mrs.
.j,^^ Hutchinson and Roger Williams. They also thouglit
Friendsorthe Puritau rcligiou consisted too much in outward
Quakers. |;^j.,^j^ j^^^^ too little in inward sanctity, The^akers
believed, that they were called by a voicaBpni a
divine inward monitor, to go to New Englano^ par-
ticiilarly to Boston, and there warn the people of
their errors.
12. The Puritans, when they came, impnsoned
them, and sent them away. The Quakers came
1660 ''^o^^"^ ^^'^ boldly denounced that, which the Puri-
4 executed tans held dearer than life. Laws were made to ban-
inMass. jg|^ them, prohibiting i-eturn, on pain of death. The
Quakers came back, and lour were actually lianged.
gg The Puritans then became convinced of their error;
released, opened their prison doors, and j'eleased tv/enty-eight
persons.
CHAPTER IX.
Jesuit MissionarJe> of Franco — Their Discoveries.
1. From the devotion of the Puritans, and the
Quakers, we turn to that of the Jesuit Missionaries
Eeiwous -^ France ; and in all, we perceive " the o])eration
devotion of that conimon law of our nature, which binds the
p*hidpie. ^^^^^'^ of "^^an ^o the Author of his being." The
Jesuit missionaries desired to extend the benefits of
Christian redemption to the heathen ; yet they un
10. Were the Puritans free from it? — 11. "What induced the
Quakers to come to Massachii.setts ? — 12. How were they treated \
Chapter IX. — 1. When we see that ditierent sects are willing
to suffer deatL, in the service of God, what do wo perceive J
FRK^'cn atti-:mpts to coloxize new TaEE:. 117
fortniiately united worldly policy v>'ith relii^ious en- j>"T. ii.
thusias!)! ; and souglit, not only to win souls to Christ, pd. i. "
but subjects to the king of France and the papal *^*^ ^
dominion.
2. The Catholics, already in Canada, seconded
their efforts ; and in 1640, Montreal was founded, to
give the missionaries a starting point, nea)'cr the
scene of their operations. Within thirteen ycaj-s, -«««
the wilderness of the ITurons was visited Ly sixty t,'
missionaries, mostly Jesuits. Making the Huron set- 3 6 SO.
tlem^ts of St. Louis and St. Ignatius, their centi'al sjoliarles.
stat^jl they carried the gosjK?! to the surrounding
tribes; and thus visited and became the first Euro-
pean explorers of the southern portion of Upper
Canada, of which they took possession for the French
king.
3. One of these missionaries, Isaac Jogues, un-
daunted by the terrors of the Mohawk name, went 1616.
among these savages, and was imprisoned. He .f,fgues.
escaped, but afterwards attempted a permanent mis-k-J'y in<i
sion. Arriving at the Mohawk castle, at Johnstown, IhrmyJ
he was accused of blighting the corn of the Indians, ^,^,"J^?
by spells of sorcery. Being condemned, he received ^
his death blow with composure. His head was hung
on the palisades of the tort, and his body thrown
into the i)lacid stream.
4. Circumstances changed. The missionaries were
received among each tribe of the Five Nations. Rude
ciiapels were constructed, where the natives chanted
the services of the Romish clnirch. But vrhen tjie Prfuch
missionaries sou<iht to brinaf their lives under the ^}''"n>^
iniluence.of Christian principles as regards war andnizeN.Y
the treatment of prisonei"S, the fierceness of their
character prevailed. They returned to their former
customs, ^ive up their religion, and expelled tlie
1. What two principles of cDnduct did the Jesuit;? unite ? — 2.
When was Mouireal founded? For wiiat object? Le:irn from
the Map of this period, in connection witli the book, tiie centnd
station of tlie missionaries. \\'liat part of the countrv ^iid tiie
missionaries take possession of for the French kiuir ? — 3 Give usi
account of Father Jotrues. — 4. Of tlie farther attempts to cuuvcrt
tiie iiidiaiis of New York.
118 JAMES MAKQUEITE.
FT. II. raissiaiiaries. Thus ended the attempts of the Frencls
P'D. I. to colonize New York.
OH. IX. 5 Father Allouez, bent on a voyage of dis-
cover V, early in September, passed Mackinaw^ into
Aiiouez at I^^ke Superior. Sailing along the high banks and
Lake pictured rocks of its southern shore, he rested, be-
upenor. ^^^^^1 ^j^^^ ^^^ ^1' ^^^yeena, on that of Chegohnegon.
llere was the great village of the Chippewas.
6. A grand council often or twelve tribes was, at
the moment, assembled, to prevent the young braves
of the Chippewas and Sioux, from taking ud the
councu. tomahawk against each other. In this as^pibly
came forward the missionary, and stood, and com-
manded, in the name of his heavenly and of his
earthly mastei", that there should be j^eace.
7. The Indians listened with reverence. They
had never before seen a white man. Soon they built
a chapel ; and there they devoutly chanted their
Bt Esprit vesper and matin hymns ; and the mission of St.
oun e . j^gp-.^i yrQg^ founded. The scattered Ilurons and Ot-
tawas here collected around the missionary ; and he
preached to the Pottawotamies, the Sacs and Foxes,
the Illinois, and the Sioux.
8. From each of these tribes, he gained descrip-
tions of their country, their lakes and rivers, of
The which he made reports to his government. He
^.i"eat especially dwelt on what he had heard of the great
heard o£ rlvcr " Mosipi." IIc Urged the sending of small col-
onies of French emigrants, to make permanent set-
tlements in the west.
166§. ^- ^ small company, headed by two missionaries,
Bt Mary's Claude Dablo:^:, and James Marquette, founded
founde ^^^q flrgt French settlement within the limits of the
1669. ^^^ted States. It is at St. Ifarg^s, on the falls be-
Greeu * twcen the Lakes Superior and Huron. Allouez
^*^" founded a mission at Green Hay.
5. Give an account of Fatlier Allouez's route to the village of
the Chippewas, and show it on the Map. — G. What did Fathei
Allouez at tliis villafro ? — 7. IIow was it with the Indians ? What
was the mission called? — 8. "^hat information was gained, and
reported ? — 9. WJiat account.* an you give of bt. Mary's ? Whera
did Allouez found a uii:>siou
A MKMOUABLE VOYAGE. 119
10. jMarquette selected a young Illinois as his pt. ii.
conipaniun, and learned from him the language of p-alT
his nation. The Ilurons heard Avith astonishment, *^"- ^^
that lie had formed the bold desic^n of explorhiij; the .,
,. 1 ■ \' ,. ^ , •? Mar-
great river 01 the west; — notwitlistandmg then- as- queue's
sertions, that its monsters devoured men and canoes, ^"''^"^^
its warriors never spared the sti'anger, and its climate
was rife with death.
11. Marquette walked from Green Bay, — folio w-
mi^ the Fox river, and crossed the Portasre from its
lieadjgaters to those of the Wisconsin / when, with jgyo
no cdWf)anion but his countrvraan Joliet, he embark- Follows'
ed upon its bosom, and pui-sued its course, i^nknoW'-^jg^^'^^^^j^
ing whither it would lead. Solitary thev floated to the
along, till, in seven days, they entered, with inex- '^
pi-essibie joy, the broad Mississippi. They con-
tinued to float with its lonely current, until, near
the mouth of the Moingona, they perceived marks
of population.
12. Disembarking, they found, at fomteen miles
from the liver, a village of the natives. Old men
met tiiem with the calumet, — told them they were
expected, and bade them enter their dwellings in Indian
peace. The missionaries declared, by the council- courtesy,
fire, the claims of *' e Christian religion, and the
right of the king of France, to their territory. The
Indians feasted them, and sent them away with the
gift of a peace-pipe, embellished with the various col-
ored heads and necks of brio-ht and beautiful birds.
13. Sailing on their solitary way, the discoverers
saw that most remarkable confluence of rivers — Discovert
the vast Missouri, coming from the west and Midori.
8])reading its clay-colored and fiercer current,
like clouds, over the pure dark waters of the
more sluggish Mississippi. They saw, and passed
the mouth of the Ohio; nor stopped till they had
sailed beyond that of the Arkansas. There they
10. What was said by the Indians to deter Marquette from
executing his design?— 11. Give an account of his route, and
trace it on the Map. — 12. What happened at an Indian village?
— 13. Describe, and trace Marquette's route, to its farthest extent.
120 LA SAI.LE.
P'T. II. found savnpjcs, who s|)c>ke a new tonfjue. They
P'D. I. were arnu'd with guns; a {)root" tliat ihcy had traf-
cn. IX. fiek^>,] ^vith tlie ISpariiai'ds, or vvit.h the Englisli, in
Viroinia. Tliey sliowed hostile dis|»ositi(^ns, but
respected the 2)eace-{»ii)e, the "white ilag of the
desert."
1074. 14. Marquette now retraced his course to the Ihi-
Kt-tiirns nois, — entered and ascended tliat river, and beheld
to Green ? .^ . ... .. . '. , .,
Bay. the beautitul lertihty or its sunuuer prairies, abound-
ing in game. He visited Chicago^ and in September
was again at Green Bay. ^
15. The next year, on the banks of tlie littleslfe'eara
16T5. now called by his name, Marquette retired from the
-tfarquette (.Qmpariy witli whicli he was journeying — to }>ray,
Lake by a rude altar of stones, beneath the silent sliade.
^'°'^'''*"' There, half an hour atterwai'ds, his dead body was
found, lie was buried on the shore of the lake ;
and the Indian fancies that his spirit still controls
its storms.
16. As Joliet, the com])anion of Marquette, was
returning from the west, to carry the ti<lings of their
f f:*'*) discovery, he met at Fwiitenac, now Kingston, the
La Salle.* govcmor of the place, the energetic and highly gifted
La. Sai.le, — whose genius kindling, at tlie descrip-
tion of the missionary, he went to France, and was
commissioned to complete the survey of tlie great
river.
17. lie returned to Frontenac, built a wooden
Bnilds the l' ^ ^ i • ^ i^ ^ •
first sail- cauoc, oi ten tons, and caiTymg a j)art ot Jus com-
ing vessel p.,„y jQ |-],Q nioutli of Toiiuewanta Creek, he there
on Lake ' . y , . ... i i • i • i
Erie, buut the hrst saumoT vessel which ever navisrated
Lake Erie. On his way across the lakes, he marked
mTcIU- I)€,troit as a suitable ])lace for a colony, gave name
naw. to Lake St. Clair, planted a trading-house at Mack-
inaw, and finally cast anchor at Green Bay.
18. Here, be collected a rich cargo of iurs, and
13. Wliat inhabitants did he find? — 14. Describe, and fraee
liis return. — 15. Give an accoiuit of the deaili of Marciuetta
16. Who wa.s La Salle? How did he bfcoine iiiierestca, uud
what did he do? — 17. Trace, and describe his route to G'cet
Bay. — 18. Wliat steps did he here take i
LA salle's discoveries. 121
sent baclv his brio: to carry them to Niagara. Tlien, ft. ii.
in batk canoes, he moved his party sonth, to the pd. l
head of lake Michigan. There he constructed the *'"• ^^
Fort of the Miamis. His brig was unfortunately
lost; but, with a small company, he steered reso-
lutely west, accompanied by the Jesuit Hennepin.
1 9. They reached, through many discouragements,
by disaster, treachery, and climate, the great Illi- «g.y«)
nois ; and following its waters four days' journey be- Hennepin
low Lake Peoria, La Salle there built a fort, which, j^g'^llie
in tlmbitterness of his spirit, he named Cr6ve-coeur.
Her^Phe sent out a party under Hennepin, to ex-
plore the sources of the Mississippi, and himself set
forth on foot to return to Frontenac.
20. Hennepin followed the Illinois to its junction
with the parent stream ; then ascended that river
above the falls to which he gave the name of St. 16§0.
Antlionv. He afterwards reported, thousrh falselv, neex-
1 1 i T T 11 ^ t Vr- • ■ *• piores to
that he had discovered the sources ot the Jiississippi. sl Antho-
La Salle returned to his fort on the Illinois, built ">'"* ^^'^
a small vessel, and the next year, he sailed doicn the
Jfisfiissippi, till he reached its mouth. To the coun-
try he gave the name of Lcniisiana^ in honor of his
sovereign, Louis XIV.
21. Returning to France, the government sent
liim to colonize the country which he had visited ;
but his fleet took a Mn-ong direction, and he was car-
ried, with his party, to Texas^ where he made the .^e«.
settlement of St. ImuIs. Attempting to go to Lou- La Saiio*
isiana on foot, a discontented soldier of his party, ^'"ed,
gave him his death-shot. Texas was regarded as an
appendage to Louisiana.
19. Where did he go from thence? Whom did he send out to
explore? — 20. What was done by HennepiiK? What next by La
"Salle? — 21. What happened on las last return to America?
6
122 TJIF iKKAT PATENT OF THE SOUTH.
CHAPTER X.
North and S"'>atli Carolina— The Great Patent— Mr. Locke's
Constitutio- .
P'T. II. 1. Aftejt Charles 11. was restored, the people
P'D. I. about hini, look advantage of his improvident good
CH- X. nature, and want of conscientious scruples. They
thus gained large tracts of American territory — and,
_ , , , neither he who gave, nor they who received, consid-
Patent of t i i ^ ' . , .•' . -r .^^ ,
Carolina, cred, Avhcther or not it was his to give, in lOfP, the
1663. king gave Carolina, which more justly belonged to
Spain, to Lord Clarendon the historian, Lord Ashley
Cooper, earl of Shaftsbury, General Monk, afterwards
duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, the two Berkeleys,
Sir John Colleton, and Sir George Carteret.
2. These noblemen next aspired to the glory of
founding a sovereignty, which should not only yield
them money, but the fame of legislators : and in 1667,
Charles granted them the whole of the country,
StSd!^^'o^" the mouth of the river St. Johns to 36° 33'
1665.1101'th latitude ; and from the Atlantic to the Pacific
ocean. To frame a government for the future em-
pire, they secured the services of the well-known
philosopher, John Locke, In the mean time the
younger Berkeley, who was governor of "V irginia,
was to extend his rule over the whole territory.
3. But settlers were wanted ; and to procure these,
g . _ various inducements were held out by the company,
mentat Two Settlements had already been formed within
iDari^*^tho their precincts. One of these, near Albemarle Sound,
nucleus "svas beguu, at an early day, by enterprising planters
■ from Virginia ; and enjoying entire liberty, it hsu^
been augmented from that and other colonies, when
Chapter X. — 1. What traits of Charles 11. are here mentioned'
Wliat advantage was taken of them? Wliat grant did he juako
in 1GG3 i To whom ?— 2. What grant did lie make in 1657 ? Sho-»
its extent on the Map ? Who was to frame a constitution for this
large, country ? Who to be governor? — 3. What settlement waa
formed in tlie northern part of the tract? Of what did it prove to
be the nucleus '.
CAKOLINA TET UNDIVIDED. 123
ever religious or political oppression had scattered pt.ii.
their people. Among them were a large portion of fd. i.
Quakers. This settlement had so increased, as to ^^^
form, for convenience, a simple democratic govern- ^^^^*
menlj. democ-
4. The other colony was near the mouth of Cape ""^y-
Fear, or Clarendon river ; and had been originally
made by a little band of adventurers from 'Kew [Settlers
England. They, as well as the former colony, from ^p*^*?^
which they were divided by impassable swamps and united
dangerous navigation, had purchased their land of cLrtes-
the natives ; they had occupied it and they claimed, ^""g^'f,"-,
as a law of nature, the right of self-government.
5. In the mean time, a number of planters from
Barbadoes purchased lands of the sachems, and set-
tled on Cape Fear river, near the territory of the
New Englanders. The two parties united. In 1667,
they were in danger of famine, and Massachusetts
sent them relief They requested of the proprietors
a confirmation of the purchase they had made of the
Indians, and of the power which they had assumed rsir j.
to govern themselves. As a state must have inhab- ^*^™^^
itants, their request was partially granted ; and one leading
of their number, Sib Joh:!? Yeamaxs, was appoint- Jarbadow
ed their governor. The settlement, in 1666, con- party.]
tained eight hundred persons.
6. Thus, the germs of liberty had, in the Caro-
linas, begun to vegetate strongly. And when the
great aristoci'atical constitution, making three oi'-
ders of nobility, was sent over, in 1670, the ground
was already preoccupied. These dwellers in scat- xS^!
tered log-cabins in the woods, could not be noble- stitation
men, and would not be serfs. Eventually, the in- ° abr^ "
terest of the proprietors prevailed over their pride, ^^^^^
The inhabitants took their own way in regard to
government, and in 1693, the constitution of Locke
was formally abrogated.
4. Describe the settlement which proved to be the nucleus of
South Carolina. — 5. What union of inhabitants took place? Who
was their first governor ? What was their number in 1666? — 6.
How was it in respect to ilr. Locke's constitution ?
12i KING William's war.
FT. 11^ 7. William Sayle, the fn-st proprietary go^^ei-nor
Fit. L of Carolina, brought over a colony, with wliich he
cu. XI. founded old Cliai-Ie.^town. Dying in 1671, his colony
_ „-,^ was annexed to that of Governor Yeamans, which
Gov. * had migrated south. In 1680, the city was removed
Say'e. to the ])oint of land between the two rivers, which
received the names of Ashley and Cooper. The
Charles- foundation of the pi-esent capital of the south was
^ t"" , laid, and the name of the king perpetuated in that
founded. ,, At i ^ toil
or Charleston.
8. During the year 1690, King William sent out
1690. ^ large body of French Protestants, who ha3 been
French compelled to k'ave their country by the arbitrary
^tonS" measures of Louis XIV. To a part of these, lands
were allotted in Virginia, on James river. Others
settled in Carolina, on the banks of the Santee, and
[In 1729 ^^ Charleston. They introduced the culture of the
was made vine, and were amons: the most useful settlers of the
the '. °
division of province.
"^ar as^' "^'^^ Cape Fear colony under Governor Yeamans
now having removed south, the unfruitful country which
existing.] ^j^g^ gj.g|. Qccupied mostly reverted to the natives.
CHAPTER XI.
A French and Indian War.
1, In consequence of the English Revolution, a
King Wii- war ensued between Ensrland and France, which
war. aifected the American colonies of both ; and is
known in our annals, as " King William's war."
2. The fisheries on the Atlantic coast were re-
garded as of prime importance ; and, on this account,
Acadia was highly valued. To protect it, the two
French Jesuits, Vincent and. Bigot, collected a vil-
7. Describe the founding: of Cliarleston. — 8. Whom did King
William send over in lO'.iO ? Where did they settle ?
Chaftetj XL — 1. V\'tiat war occurred in con.sequence of the
English Kcvolution ? — 2. Wiiy was Acadia valued?
MIDNIGHT MUKDEKS. 125
lage of tlie savage Abenakies, on the Penobscot ; ft il
and the Bakon de St. Castine, a bigoted French pd. i.
nobleman, estabhshed there a trading Ibrt. In 1696, <==• ^
the fort built at Pemaqnld^ was taken by Castine ; «ug|.
and thus the French claimed, as Acadia, all Maine Baron *
east of tlie Kennebec; and they artfully obtained CasUna
great ascendency over the natives.
3. The tribe of Pennicook, in New Hampshire,
had lost several of their number, by the treachery
of the whites, who had taken and sold them into
slavery. At Dover, in that State, the venerable
Major Waldrox, a magistrate, and a trader among -^^^j
the Indians, hospitably admitted two squaws to sleep Penni-*
bv his fire. At dead of night, they let in a war co^i^f
party from without. They placed Major Waldron dovkr.
upon a long table, and then mocked him ^vith a jeer- ingf^^^'ng
ing call, to "judge Indians." Those indebted to Maj. w.
him for goods, drew gashes on his breast, saying,
"here I cross out my account." Twenty-three were
killed, twenty-nine made prisoners, and the town
burnt.
4. Governor Frontenac, at Quebec, planned to
send, through the snow, three parties. The first
ai-rived at Schenectady, the night of the 18th of
February, and, separating into small parties, they
invested every house at the same moment. The jg9o.
people slept until their doors were broken open, and .^ciie-
themselves dragged from their beds, Tiieir dwell- ^ dy,
inirs were set on fire, and sixtv of the inhabitants in<i. k.6a
butchered. Twenty-seven were carried captive, and
most of the small number which escaped, lost their
Hmbs in attempting to flee naked, through a deep
snow, to Albany.
5. The second party of French and of Indians,
leagued for murder, were sent against the pleasant
2. Wliat was done by Frenclimen to keep it from tlie English ?
Wliat fort w.-.s taken by Castine? How far did the French claim
.11 Maine? — 3. What provocation did the I'ontiicooks receive?
What shockina: cruelty did they e.xcrcise ? — 5. What three partiej
Were sent out? By wiiom? Trace, an<i describe tiie roui« of tho
tiisi parLy. Cescribe the massacre of Sclieuectady.
126 KING William's charter.
FT. IL settlement nt Sahnon Falls, on the Piscataqua. At
P'D. I. break of day — a day which, for fifty of their mira-
CH. XL i^Qj.^ ]jj^(--[ ^-,Q morrow, the peaceful inhabitants were
*iarch 18 ^^''"^^ed to experience the horrors of Indian warfare,
^^zj/oiir aided and directed by French ingenuity. The third
'^k^bo.^' P^'"ty from Quebec, in like manner, destroyed the
settlement at Casco Bay, in Maine.
6. Fear and tci-ror were on every side. The sev-
eral governors of the provinces, convened at New
1691. York. General Wintiirop, with a body of troops.
Congress and SiR WiLLiAM Piiipps, with a large fleet, Avere
^ ■ ■ sent against the French, A part of the fleet was
wrecked in returning, and both expeditions failed.
Y. Great expenses were, by these means, incurred
The by Massachusetts, and the general court authorized,
"credit^ for the fivst Ume^ the emission of paper money ^ or
notes of credit / making them, in all payments, a
legal tender.
8. The Revolution in England produced a dis-
agreeable change in the affairs of Massachusetts.
King William, refusing to restore its former gov-
1692. ernment, granted a new charter^ which extended its
New liinits^ hut restricted its privileges. Massachusetts
Mass. now embraced, besides her former territory and the
adjacent islands, — Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Sco-
tia ; extending north to the river St. Lawrence, and
west to the South Sea, excepting New Hampshire
and New York,
9. Almost the only privilege which the new char-
ter allowed the people, was that of choosing their
representatives. The king reserved to himself the
right of appointing the governor, lieutenant-gov-
ernor, and secretary ; and of repealing all laws
5. Trace and describe the route of the second party. Of the
third. — G. What measures were taken in the congress of gover-
nors? Wliat expeditions were undertaken? — 7. What means did
Massachusetts take to procure money ? — 8. How did the English
Revolution affect Massachusetts? What course did King William
take ? How did the new cliarter aflect Massachusetts in regard to
territory? What did that province now embrace ? — 9. How did
tiie new charter affect the liberties of the people? What power
had now the king of England ?
THE UNlOJy NOMINALLY AT AN END. 127
within three years after their passage. As Plymouth, ft. il
the oldest, and Massachusetts, the principal member fd. l
of the New England confederacy, were now placed
under a royal governor, the union was nominally at -r^^^^^
an end. But it was already firmly cem.ented in the heart.
hearts and habits of the peor>le.
J. "Why could not the confederacy remain as it had been? In
yhat respects had the union become already cemented ?
CK. XL
in
EXERCISES ON THE TREE CHRONOGRAPHER.
(For Period L, Part II.)
What event marks the beginning of this period ? What is
its date? Point it out on the chronographer. Show the
places, in time, of the following events : The Navigation Acts
were passed in 1651. "Bacon's Rebellion," in 1676. The
founding of New York, in 1614— Albany, in 1615. New York
surrendered to the English, in 1664. William Penn's cele-
brated treaty with the Indians, in 1682. New Jersey tirst set-
tled, in 1664. Connecticut, including N^w Haven, obtains a
liberal charter in 1662— Rhode Island, in 1651. Elliot com-
pleted his translation of the Bibk^ in 1657. King Philip was
killed and his war terminated in 1676 Sir Edmund Andros
was made governor of New England in 1686. The charter of
Connecticut was hid in the charter-oak, 1687. The first Gen-
eral Assembly of New l''ork met in 1683. The great patent of
Carolina was granted in 1663. and the grant extended in 1667.
Charleston was founded in 1680. Schenectady was destroyed
in 1690. At what epoch does this period terminate ? What
is its date ? What ia its pla;e on the chronographer ?
''^>s,.S^ '^°'l^':!^^f.F^;
r.rfPn- "T w.rl.. f5 MAP N'.' 5. lfi')2.
*"^^;:::^r :Cr^i^^4-j?^ exiiibiliii;: the discoveries of
";fefe"«$-&^'74i^r^ MAUqUKTI-K, LA SALI.K
%
H Long \V. \-2 from M VVushmg- H luii,
Clulia Sc
Landing of Sir 'William Phlpps, witli the New Charter of MassachTuetta.
PERIOD II
IHB NEW OHARTEB OF MA88A-
CHtrSKTTB,
THE FTKST SETTLEMENT
j- 1692 \
WHICH NOMIN ALLY PUTS AN END
TO THE COKFKDEEACY,
TO
1Y33. ]
OF GEOBGLA BT OGLETHOKP«,
CHAPTER I.
Sir ■William Phippi? — Cotton Mather — Salem Witchcraft —
Schools — Yale College.
1. The new charter Avas received at Boston, May
14th, 1G92. It was brought over by Sir William
Phipps, who brought also his commission, as royal
governor. He was nominated by the influence of
his pastor, Cotton Mathek, who received him with
great joy. Phipps was a native of Pemaquid, in
Maine. He was apprenticed to a trade ; but be-
ing active and enterprising, he went to England ;
and, at length, acquired riches and a title, by i-e-
covering, with a diving-bell, the treasures of a Span-
ish wreck.
Chaptkr T. — 1. Where was the new charter received? By
wlioni brought over? By whose influence was he nominated for
FT. IT.
P'D. IL
CH. I.
M8vl4
1692.
New
charter.
Sir Win.
Fhipp&
governor :
6*
129
130 THE DAYS OF SUPERSTITION.
vr. II. 2. The delusion, witli respect to witchcraft, was
PD.T7. now at its height. The first settlers brought it with
^" '• them from the mother country. Laws, making
„ J ^. witchcraft a capital crime, existed in England, and
respecting were early enacted in Massachusetts. In Spring-
craft ^^^^ ^" 1645, some individuals were accused and
tried, but acquitted. Persons at Boston, Charles-
town, Dorchester, and Cambridge, were tried, and
some actually executed for the supposed offence.
But it was at Salem, where this delusion produced
its most fatal effects.
3. At first it was old women only, who were sus-
pected of having leagued with the devil, to inflict
Convic- npon the persons who complained, the various tor-
*^insuffl- ments, which they asserted, that they felt. The
cient magistrates of the people's choice, had, with Brad-
street, their governor, previous to the arrival of
Phipps, discountenanced these persecutions ; but
the new authorities, under tlie influence of Cotton
Mather, pursued a course which ]ilaced the accused
in situations, whei'e "tliey had need to be magicians,
not to be convicted of magic."
4. The unhappy })ersons were confronted with
those who accused tlieni, and asked, "Why do you
And by afilict these children?" If they denied the fact,
incompe- they wcrc commanded to look u2Don the children,
nesses. who would instantly fall into fits, and afterwards
declare that they were thus troubled by the persona
cutedT apprehended. On evidence no better than this,
were twenty persons executed.
5. The general court, on assembling, took ground
October, against these proceedings, and abolished the special
general court, by whicli these persons had been condemned.
court This court was organized by Phipps, and presided
th?fpeciai over by Stoughton, the lieutenant-governor. The
court pui^iic were addressed on the subject, through the
2. What delusion existed ? Give some account of this delusion.
3. Wlio were first accused ? How was it with the people's magis-
tnues, in respect to prosecution-^ for witchcraft? By whom were
they upheld ? — 4. How did the prosecutions proceed ? How many
persons suffered dculii ?— 5. By what court hud these persons been
condemubd i
EDUCATION ATTP:XDED TO. 131
press, by the independent Calef, of Boston ; and the P't. ii.
eyes of men were at length opened. Those who fd.il
had been iraprisoned_were set free , and the memory °^ ^
of the transaction soon became, what it still continues
to be, a source of national sorrow and humiliation.
6. Not one of the colonies enjoyed a repose so
uninterrupted as Connecticut; and therefore none «xhe
had, in this respect, such advantages for showing ^^f,"'
the bent of the Puritan mind, in regard to the im- habitsf"
provement of the human race, by the right training
of the young.
7. As early as 1646, the general court took the
matter in hand. " To the end," say they, " that £545,
learning be not buried in the graves of our fore» Gen. a.
fathers, the Lord assisting our endeavors, it is or- of Conn,
dered, that all the townships with fifty householders 5^
shall keep a school, and pay for the same in such famiiiea.
way as they see fit. And further, that if any town
has one hundred householders, they shall keep and jamiUea.
maintain a grammar school, where young men can
be fitted for a university."
8. New Haven had also provided by law for com-
mon schools; and in 1654, Mr. Davenport proposed
the institution of a college, and the town gave lands 1654.
for the object. Goverxor Hopkins, of Connecti- „^^f'®
, .•/. , 1 1 • 1 College.
cut^ who tor several years was, alternately with
Haynes, the chief magistrate of that colony, dying
in London, bequeathed, for such an institution, four
or five hundred pounds. The school was located at
Saybrook.
9. Tlie clergy of Connecticut, feeling the need of
a college, nearer than at Cambridge, to furnish learn- 170I.
ed men as ministers, ten of their number obtained Charter
from the general assembly a charter of incorpora- end"ow-
tion, together with an annual grant of £120. Thus ments.
5. Ilo^^' WHS sliown the power of the press to do ofood ? — 6. How-
was it with Ooi)nectii.'ut in respect to education? — 7. What did
t)ie tre'ieral court order in 1646 ? — 8. Wliat did Mr. Davenport
propose ill 1 6o4 ? ^y hat can you say of Governor Hopkins ? Where
was tlic school flj'sti Jcated I — 9. What was obtained for it? By
wlioni ?
OH. I.
i-yiT.
132 A MANOEUVRE.
FT. IT. constituted as trustees, they held their first meeting
p V. II. at Snvhrook, — chose officers, and made laws for the
infant university.
10. The location was inconvenient, and more
money being subscribed, to fix the college at New
Haven than at rival places, it was removed thither,
'coiieire* ''i"*^ received at the same time, accessions of books
"toNew^ for its library already begun, and in its funds. The
Haven, most liberal of the donors was Elihu Yale, a native
of New Haven, w^ho had made a fortune in India.
His name is preserved, in grateful remeinbrance, by
that of the college.
11. Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York,
was empowered to take command of the militia of
Connecticut. The colony, alarmed, immediately
Fischer's dispatchcd General Winthrop to England, as an
attempt, agent, to remonstrate with the king and council.
Colonel Fletcher, however, went to Hartford, in
1693; and, in his majesty's name, demanded the
surrender of the militia to his command.
12. Captain William Wadsworth, the man by
whom the charter was hid, paraded his company ;
but as an attendant of Fletcher began to read his
Oct 26 * commission, the captain gave command to " drum ;"
Foiled by and when Fletcher called out "silence !" the captain
*^^s° raised his voice higher in a second order, " drum,
worth, drum, I say." At length Fletcher gave up in de-
spair ; perhaps fearing, if he persisted, that "Wads-
worth would, in good earnest, fulfil his threat, and
" make daylight shine through him."
9. Where did the ten trustees hold tlieir first meetinar ? What
did they do? — 10. Why w;is the eollesrc removed ? Wliy pLiced
at New Haven? From whom receive its name? — 11. How was
Connecticut now ahirmed ? What measures were taken by Fletch-
er?—13. What by Captain Wadsworth? Wliat was the result?
QUEEN ANNe's war. 133
CHAPTER n,
European Politics — Peace of Kyswick, which closes King Wil-
liam's War — Queen Anne's War soon begins,
1 . King William's war had been feebly pursued, ft. il
Settleinents on Oyster river were, however, destroy- p-j). h.
ed by the French and Indians, and the fort at Penia- ^^ ^^
quid, which Sir William Phipps had rebuilt by the
special direction of the sovereigns, had been taken.
In 1697, peace was made at Jit/swiek, in G^Grraany, pg^^^^i
by which it was stipulated that all places captured Ryswick
during the war should be restored. Thus had the
barbarous appeal to arms been to no other purpose
but that of multiplying hunian woes. But the par-
ties profited little by the lesson. In May, 1 702, the 1''02.
contest began, which is known in American history,
as " Queen Anne's war."
2. The eastern Indians now devastated Maine
fi'om Casco to Wells. Deerfield, in Massachusetts, ^mf^*
was surprised at midnight, February, 1704, by a dker-
paity of French and Indians, under Heurtel de ^^^^^\
RouviLLE. The sentinel of the fort being asleep, by French
and the snow of such a depth as to allow them to Indiana
pass over the palisades, they silently entered, and \. ■».
scalped and murdered, or secured as prisoners, the ^''
w^retched inhabitants. Only a small number escaped
by flight. Forty-seven were killed, and one hun-
dred and twenty carried captive to Canada.
3. Early in the assault, the house of the Rev.
John Williams, the minister of the place, was at-
tacked by about twenty Indians, who, after the The wo-
murder of two of his children, secured as prisoners, f^"iy.
himself^ his wife, and his remaining children. Mrs,
Williams, on the second day, faltered in the march.
Chapter II. — 1. What settlements had been destroyed ? Wliat
fort taken ? What was done in 1697 ? What was stipulated ? What
ohji'ct had been answered by the war ? Was war soon made again ?
Wiiat war? — 2.' What can you say of the eastern Indians ? De-
scribe the assault upon iJeerficld.— 3. What happened to Mr.
WiUiamri and hio family ?
1704L.
Indian
134 PEACE OF UTRECHT.
P'T. II. and, according to the Indian custom, was cruelly
FD. II. put to death.
cu. iL 4_ Roused by these inhumanities, the veteran
warrior, Bexjamin Chukch, mounted on horseback
and rode seventy miles to olFer his services to Dui>-
LEY, now governor of Massachusetts, in behalf of
his distressed fellow-citizens. He was sent with five
set- hundred soldiers to the eastern coast of New Eng-
destroyed. land, to attack the enemy in their own settlements;
and, ascending the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers,
he destroyed several of their towns, and took a con-
siderable number of prisoners.
5. In 1705, Vaudkeuil, now governor of Canada,
l'J'05. proposed to Governor Dudley, a treaty of neutrahty.
Prisoners Arrangements were accordingly made for an ex-
changed, change of prisoners ; and thus a large proportion
of tiiose taken at Deerfield, were finally released.
Among the number were Mr. Williams, and some
of his children. One young daughter remained,
married, and raised a family in the tribe which
1710. adopted her. , . In 1710, Port Royal was taken from
ta^e^Port^^® French, and its name, m honor of the queen,
Eoyai. was changed to Annapolis.
6. Queen Anne's war was closed by the treaty of
1713. Utrecht, by which Acadia was ceded to the English.
UtrecBt. ^°^' more than ten years, this war had exposed the
frontiers to continued attacks from a savage foe.
Agriculture was necessarily neglected, a heavy pub-
PaiaHiies ^'^^ debt incuiTcd, and a state of general depression
i* inhabi- eusued.
thePaiati- 7. Some Palatines, of Germany, having been re-
ITW^f *^^'^^*^^^ t,o great indigence, by the wars in that coun-
tbe Rhine; try, went to England to solicit charity of Queen
^p^'e)' -^""^'- This princess having obtained for them
settle in grants of land in America, about six or seven thou-
province. sand ariived, during the year 1710, and planted
4. Who went atruinst the Indians? — 5. Whatwas done in 17051
What place was tiikcn in I71i' ?— 6. When -was Queen Aune's war
closed? What weief-oine of it,-* bad etfects ? — 7. What persoiiis
were sent o\er.' Ry v\ hom '. At what time? To what place <
Fioni whai jih.cv did tht:y i.o,',ie? iSee niaijfin.)
THE LAST OF TIIK JESUIT inSSIOXAKIES. 135
theniselves in the provinces of Xew York, Penn- pt. il
gylvania, Virginia, and Carolina. In 1714, Queen fd. ii.
Anne dving, George I. ascended the throne of ^^°-
England. g,JVi
8. After the treaty of Utrecht, by which France **'^'
ceded to England the whole of Acadia, the general
court of Massachusetts extended its jurisdiction to Mmsa.
the utmost bounds of the province of Maine ; and ,^^2«iMi
enterpii-sing fishennen and traders, not only revived
the desolated villages, but on the eastern bank of
the Kennebec elected new foils, and planted new
settlements around them.
9. Father Rasles, a Jesuit missionaiy of France,
had for many years ministered, in a rude chapel at F»ther
Norridgewock, on the Kennebec, among his savage ^^
converts of the Abenakies. The Indians under his 1717
to
charge began hostilities against the English, by «iyo«
burning Brunswick. The authorities of Massachu-
setts had ascertained, by getting possession of the
papei-s of Father Rasles, that both he and the gOT-
emor of Canada were in the counsel of the savages,
and were the instigators of their depredations. ARasieaand
party from Xew England, in August, 1T24, destroy- ^^J^^
ed Xorridgewock, and put to death the aged Jesuit.
He was the last of that devoted order, who, in the
wilds of Araeiica, had labored to gain, at the same
time, a spiritual kingdom for a heavenly Master, and
a temporal one for an earthly sovereign.
10. The Indians now found, that, though instigat-
ed by the French, they were not supported by them; ^^^
and their sachems, at St. John's, concluded a peace Indiu
with the colonists ; which, as French missions were ?«•*••
now at an end, proved durable. English trading-
houses flourished, and the eastern boundaiy of New
England remained undisputed.
7. Who fiucceeJed Queen Anne 3 — 8. "What was the condition
and prospects of Maine ? — 9. Give an account of Father Easles.
"Where did the Indians, acting under liis directions, begin their
warfare? How did the colonists proceed '—10. What made the
Indians willing to conclude a peace ? What followed tliis peace ?
136 THE JERSEYS UNITED.
CHAPTER III.
Fletcher — Piracy — The Jerseys united, and ^oiued with New
York.
PT. II. 1. GovERNOK Si.ouGHTER, of New York, dying
"p'D. II. i" 1691, Colonel Fletciieii received tlie commis-
CH. iiL sion of governor. FletcKer was a good soldier, and
having fortunately secured the friendship of Major
Colonel* Schuyler, he was, by his advice, enabled to con-
Fietcher. duct the Indian affairs of the colony, to tlie accept-
ance of the people. . , Episcopalian ministers were,
li^oda- ^^7 ^^'^ influence of the governor, settled in several
cesEpis- parishes, and a religious order was thus introduced,
copacy. ^^.jjjyjj^ ^^ ^^ji^g ^^y^ forms SO respectable a portion of
the population of the State.
169S. ^- ^'^ 1698, tlie Earl or Bellamont, succeeded
Bella- Govejnor Fletcher. During the late wars, the seas
^^^^ were infested with English pirates. Bellamont was
particularly insti-ucted " to put a stop to the groAvth
of piracy." As no appropriation of money had been
_ , made by government, a private adventure against the
to stop pirates was agreed on, and one William Kidd, un-
;gPj^^^^{j^^ dertook the expedition, and sailed from New York,
tarns He soon turned pirate himself After some time, he
pirate. ^^^.^^^ j^jg gjjjp^ ^^^ returned to the colonies. There
is a \ ague tradition still existing, that he bi'ought
large quantities of money, which he caused to be
1699. concealed in the earth. He was apprehended at
Boston, sent to England for his trial, and there con-
demned and executed.
1703. 3. Such disagreements arose in West Jersey, that
Beys uni- the jyfojyrietors surrendered the right of government
tell, and fQ {jiQ croicn. Queen Anne united it with the east
N^Y. province ; and New Jersey, as the whole was nov/
CHAr-TER III. — 1. Wlioin did Fletcher succeed ? At wliat time ?
"What enabled him to conduct well the Indian affairs? What w.ts
done by his influence in respect to religjion ? — 2. Who succeeded
him ? How did he happen to employ Kidd ? Give an account of
WilliaiM Kidd.— 3. What happened in West Jersey? What was
.die whole now called?
CHANG K OF GOVKRXOUS IN NEW rORK. 187
cnlled, was to bo ruled jointly with New York, by a p'i'. ii.
royul governor, having- a separate council and as- p'd. ii.
senibly ot representatives. The queen a[)pointed, as ''"• ""•
governor of the two provinces, the worthless Loud ^^?'
CoiiNBURY. Ill 1708, she removed him and appoint- con. bury.
ed Lord Lovelace. Lo'-^f ^*
4. After a short administration, Lovelace was sue- ^''^
ceeded by Sir Robert Hunter, and he, in 1719, nunter.*
by Peter Schuyler, who so often acted as the
mediator between the whites and Lidians. Com- 19' 19.
missioners were, at this time, appointed to draw tlie Scuyier.
line of partition between the provinces of New York,
New Jersey, and Connecticut.
5. In 1720, Mr. Burnet succeeded Schuyler. He -..ijA
instituted measures to stop the trade between New Burlet*
York and Canada : and by this means displeased the ^f'^.'vP
T 1 ^ •^ j^ built.
merchants. A tradmg-house was built at Oswego, 172a.
which was, in 1 727, converted into a fortress. Burnet ^^[^^
was superseded in the government by Coloxel Moft-
MoNTGOilERY. goinery.
6. On his death, the command devolved on Rip _^
Van Dam, an eminent merchant. During his ad-
ministration, the French erected a fort at Crown
Point, which commanded Lake Champlain, and
which was within the acknowledged limits of New 1737,
York. . . George I. died in 1727, and was succeeded G*)rge li
by his son, George II.
CHAPTER lY,
Pennsylvania — Penn's second visit — Maryland.
1. After William Penn's arrival in England, he
became one of the most influential persons in the
3. How was it to be governed ? Whom did Queen Anne make
governor? What did she do in 1708 ? — 4. Who were tlie succes-
sors of Lovelace ? — 5. How did Governor Burnet incur the dis-
pleasure of the merchants? What did they do?— ^. Who was
Burnet's successor? What did he permit? What happened in
England in 1727 ?
Chapter IV. — 1. How was it with Penn after his return to
England!
188 THE TRIALS OF A GOOD MAN.
P'T. II. kingdom. The influence, which he possessed with
^D. II. King James, was never used tor selfish purposes;
*^" ^^' but mainly to obtain benefits for distressed Quakers,
, r®"". ,and laws in favor of orenerai toleration.
ai court. 2. When James became an exile m 1< ranee, l^enn
was suspected, by his successor, of holding with
16®2. \iiiji a treasonalsle correspondence ; and, upon vague
oftile chai-ges like this, he was a number of times impris-
menTof oii^*^- I" 1692, the government of Pennsylvania
Pa. was taken from him ; and Fletcher, of New York,
appointed by the crown, to be its governor.
3. After strict scrutiny, the conduct of Penn was
found to be irreproachable; and in 1694, he was re-
stored to the favor of the khig, and reinstated in
his government : but not immediately returning to
Pennsylvania, he appointed the worthy Thomas
Lloyd, his deputy governor.
4. In 1699, Penn visited his colony. Finding
Hu^^-* g^^^t complaint and disalFection respecting the
ond visit, government, he granted, in 1701, anew and liberal
charter. To the assembly, it gave the right of
^ originating bills ; to the governor the right of re-
jecting laws passed by the assembly, — of appointing
^Q^^' his own council, — and of exercising the whole exe-
new cutive powcr. This charter , was accepted by the
P"^''®^*®- assembly ; although it did not satisfy the discontents
of the people.
5. The Territories, afterwards called Delaware,
iroi ^"^JGcted the charter altogether; and in 1703, they
ThoTer- wcrc allowcd to form a separate assembly ; Penn
»'8e*)arate ^^^^^ appointing the same governor over both prov-
proviuce. inces. Having settled a government, which has
given him the glory of being one of the greatest of
lawgivers, Penn went to England, no more to visit
his beloved province. The executive authority was
1. Was William Penn a selfish man? — 2. After the English
Bevolution, by which James was made an exile, what happened
to Penn I Wliat became, at tliis time, of Pennsylvania ? — 3. Wa.s
Penn found guilty? What happened in 1694? — 4. What in 16£»9?
What in 170l ? What powers were given by the charier ? — 5.
What is said of the Territor'cs? What did Penn then do?
NOKTH CAROLINA INCLINES TO INDEPENDENCE. 139
administered by deputy governors, appointed by ft. ii.
himself. fd. il
6. In the year 1716, the government of Mary- ^^•"^•
land, which shice the accession of WiUiam and -m^^^.
Mary, had been held by the cro\\Ti, was restored to Lord Bai*
Lord Baltimore, the proprietor. It continued in his^.^*™^^
hands, and those of his successors, until the Ameri-
can llevolution.
CHAPTER V.
The Huguenots — War with the Spaniards — Tuscaroras and
Yamassees.
1. The English settlers in Carolina, treated with
harshness and intolerance the French Huguenots. French ill
They, on their part, bore this ill usage with, meek- treated.
ness and forbearance ; so that after a few years, they
were admitted to the privileges of citizens. . . John
Akchdale, one of the proprietors, was sent, in 1695,
as governor of North and South Carolina, with
power to redress alleged grievances. Having re-
stored order, he left the country the next year.
2. About this time a vessel from Madagascar,
touching at Carolina, the captain presented Governor
Archdaie with a bag of seed rice, giving him, at the *^^,n.*
same time, instructions as to the manner of its cul- trodnced
ture. The seed was divided among several planters, amm.
From this accident arose the cultivation of this staple
commodity of Carolina.
3. The proprietary governor, invested wdth arbi-
trary powers, resided in the southern province, and
sroverned the northern by his deputy. But the Much Hb-
deputy governor, though his powers were ample, sfa
could never execute them, beyond the limits of the
people's will.
6. Wliat happened in 1716?
Chaptkk v. — 1. Who were ill treated? By whom? Howwaa
their ill usage borne? What was done by the proprietors? — 2.
How wiis the culture of rice introduced ? — 3. Where did the gov-
3rnor of tlie Carolinas resile? How did his deputy succeed in
governing North Carolina ?
140 SOUTHEKN INDIANS IIOSTTLK.
_?"TJL- 4. On the breaking out of Qneon Anne's war, an
p-D. n. attempt was niade by Govekxou jMoouk, of South
*^"- '^- Carolina, against the Sj>anish province of St. Augus-
1702. tine. The expedition was unsiiccessful, and so heavy
piper cu^r- '^^'^is the cxpense, that, to pay tlie debt incuri-ed, the
rency of assembly, for the first time resorted to the expedient
of a prq^er citn^ency.
1706. ^- '^^^^ Spaniards, aided by the French, and corn-
Spanish rnanded by Le Feboure, in a tieet of five ships, next
repelled, invadcd Charleston. Tlieir attack was met with
such spirit, that they retired with loss.
6. In 1712, the Tuscororas^ and other Indians of
North Carolina, forme<l a horrible plot for exterm-
1712. inating the entire Avhite population. They entered,
TheTus-'by surprise, the houses of the poor Palatines of
caroras. Germany, who had recently settled on the Roanoke,
and murdered many tamilies. The remaining in-
habitants, collecting into a camp, kept guard night
and day, until aid could be received from South
Carolina.
V. That colony sent to their relief, six hundred
militia, under Captain" Bakxwell, He penetrated
the wilderness, attacked the Indians, killed three
TUSCA- hundred, and took one hundred prisoners. Those
BORAS, who survived, fled to the chief town of the Tusca-
p. loo! I'oras ; but here Barnwell's troops surrounded them.
After great losses, they sued tor peace. The Tus-
cai'oras soon after left their country, and united with
the Iroquois ; making the sixth nation of that con-
federacy.
8. In 1715, the Yamassees., instigated a combi-
1715. nation of all the Indians from Florida to Cape Fear
^^J^ Ya"'' against South Carolina. The warriors of the Creeks,
inas8e«s in Appalachians, Cherokees, and other tribes engaged,
exceeded six thousand. The southern Indians fell
4. WJiat account can yon give of the expedition nguinst St.
Augustine' What was done to defray the expens^e ? — 5. G've an
account of the Spainsh invasion. — 6. What happened now to the
northern province of Carolina ? — 7. Did tiie poirhern province
mak3 exertions? V»^l)at did (,"apt. Barnwell '^ Wiiar^caiiie of the
Tuscnroras?— 8. What formidable combination wa^s formed / Wlio
were the iustigators ? What was their force ?
THK IXDIANS CnA.STISED. 141
suddenly on the traders settled among them, and, pt. it.
in a few houi's, huiety persons were niassacred. pd. il
Some of the inhabitants fled precipitately to Charles- °^ '^*
ton, and gave the alarm,
9. Formidable parties were also penetrating the
northern frontier, and approaching Charleston.
These were repulsed by the militia, but their route ^^2:7'-
was marked by devastation. Governor Cravex, catch'-
at the head of twelve hundred men, marched to- indmn's
wards the southern frontier, and overtook the sti'oiig- defeated,
est body of the enemy, at a place called Saltcatclierr*,
where a bloody battle was fought, the Indians were
totally defeated, and driven from their territory. TheYa-
They were received by the Spaniards, and settled "^^'j'^^f;^
in Florida. Nearly four hundred of the Carolinians Florida,
were slain in this war.
10. The legislature, in the distressed condition of
the colony, applied to the company for aid and pro-
tection, which was denied. For temporary relief,
they next made large emissions of paper money, ^viisof
Directions were given, by the propi'ietors, to the i-roprieta-
governor, to reduce the quantity in circulation. The erLuent.
assembly then resolved to appropriate the lands,
from which the Indians had been driven ; but the
proprietors refused to sanction this necessary pro-
ceeding. They also encouraged their officers in op-
pressive measures,
11. The people were determined no longer to
submit to such tyranny. The governor, Joiixsox,
was informed, that if he would rule under the king, 1719.
he could retain his office, but not otherwise. John- a*;,"rovou
son refused, and endeavoi-ed to suppress the spirit ^lu
of revolt; but it had diffused itself beyond his con- !„"
trol ; and, at last, tlie people elected Moore, gover-
nor of the j)rovince.
8. What was their first outbreak ? — 9. How did they proceed ?
Where were tliey defeated ? By whoin ? How many Carolinians
were destroyed by these Indians? — 10. \Vh;it whs done in the
distress of tiie colony? How did the cornpaiiy of proprietors treat
tiie people? — 11. What were the people now resolved on I What
did tiiey let Gov. Johnson know? What reply receive? Whom
dii they elect?
cb<><)>e a
eriior
142 EEVOLUTIOX IN CAKOLINA.
P'T. II. 12. The colonists stated their situation by agents
FD. II. in England, when it was decided, that the propri-
CH. Ti. ptoi-s had forfeited their charter ; and that both the
1'3'20. Carolinas should be taken under the royal protection.
cro'vn ^^ciiOLSOX, was api)ointed governoi-; and, early
appoints the following year, he uiTived at Charleston, whei'e
^Q°'" he was received with evei-y demonstration of joy.
13. Peace Avas made between Great Britain and
jTissood S])ain.^ Treaties were held with the Cherokees and
istration. Crceks, in which boundaries were settled. Governor
Nicholson encouraged literary institutions.
14. The revolution "svas completed, by an agree-
ment between the crown and seven of the pro])ri-
etoi's ; whereby, for a valuable consideration, they
1729. surrendered their right and interest, not only in the
Carolina' govcmuient of thesc provinces, but also in the soil.
•*P*^**®*^- North and South Carolina were, at the same time,
erected into separate governments.*
* Altliongh fl)e southern boundary of North Carolina was now CI "20)
made to include the locality of the Cape Fear colony, yet those settlers
havinsr previously migrated south, and become an intesrral pjirt of South
Carolina, they cannot properly be regarded as ever having belonged to North
Carolina.
CHAPTER VI.
Extension of the French Empire — New France.
1. Pensacola was settled by three liundred Span-
1699. iards from Vera Cruz. Scarcely Mere they estab-
P«"??<'"i* lished, when a fleet, under Le Moine d'Iberville,
a Canadian Frenchman, who had been distinguished
as a discoverer and a Avarrior, appeared along their
coast, carrying several hundred persons, mostly from
Canada.
2. The company at first erected their huts on Ship
Island, near the entrance of Lake JBorg^ie. After
12. What decision was made in Eiigrland ? "Who was sent aa
governor? — 13. How did lie iidminii<ter tlie ffovernmeut? — 14.
How was tliis revolution in Carolina completed?
Chaptkk VI. — 1. When was Pensacola scttle<l ? "Wliat fleet soou
appeared? — 3. Where did tiie comfiaiiy fast stop?
V
THE TWO BR0TirER3. 143
thi-ee weeks, cT'Iberville proceeded with forty men, ft. ii.
entered the mouth of the Mississippi, and sailed up pd. il
the stfe.'im, probably to Red River. . On his return, ^"- '^^•
he passed through the bay, which bears his name, p^^ ^
and the lakes which he called 3Iaurepas, and Pont- D'iberl
chartrain^ to the bay of St. Louis. On the small enters \he
bay of ^ij^^a;*" he erected a fort, and around it his Miss,
few emigrants were planted.
3. Leaving them under the command of his bro-
ther, BiExviLLE, he went to France. The climate
proved fatal to numbers, and in 1702, the chief for- ij^iie*
tress was transferred to the western bank of the Mo- founded,
bile, where was made the first European settlement
in Alabama.
4. In 1716, Bienville went up the Mississippi, and
built Fort liosalie, on the site of Natchez, — the ^ft*®*
oldest European settlement of the grand valley, founded.
south of the Illinois. False ideas of the wealth of
Louisiana had been spread in France, for purposes
of land speculation; and in 1718, three ships came
ovei\ bearinareiorht hundred emiijjrants, who founded '^T^^'
a city, and in honor ot the regent of France, named orieam
it New Okleaxs. By this occupancy, as well as by f'*""*'®*^
discovery, France laid claim to Louisiana.
5. The French built a fort at Niagara. A colony
of one hundred was led to Detroit, as early as 1701,
by De La MoTTE Cadillac, and another in 1712, -y-_
by Anthony Crozat, who had obtained from Louis
XIV. a patent for the exclusive trade of Louisiana.
Since the discoveries of the Jesuits, the French had
been in possession of the various western routes from jjew
the St. La^vrence to the Mississippi. Chicago, Yin- Franc*
cennes, aiid J\askaskia, were, at the close of this
this period, growing settlements.
2. Where did d'Iberville then go? Describe, and trace on the
Map, his route and return. Where were his emigrants planted?
3. With whom did he leave the command? To what place was
the settlement transferred ? — 4. What was done in 1716 i To what
cause was the settlement of New Orleans owinsr? On what did
France foatid her great claims ? — 5. What other places wero
touuded by the trencli soon after ?
144 TiiK 81':eds of tiik UK volution.
CHAPTER VII.
Controversy in Massachusetts, rospect.ng a fixed salary for the
royal governor.
FT. II. 1. The free institutions of tlie colonies, a^nhi
P'D. n. alaniied the English government. Massacliusetts
en. VII. A^ras over the least submissive to the royal Avill. A
_^_ controversy between that colony and the parent
Mass. a* State Tiow began, which led to the Avar of the Revo-
trcmbie- lution. The main subject was a fixed salary/ for the
subject royal governor^ which the English sovereign direct-
ed tliat officer to require ; but which, this colony,
for a series of years, resolutely refused to pay.
2. Massachusetts, to defray the expenses of the
war, had made such large emissions of paper money,
rassuients. ^^"^ Z^^^ ^^^ silver Were banished from the province.
The paper depreciated, and the usual commercial
evils ensued. The attention of the colony being
Public directed to remedy these evils, o. public bank was
bank. institi6tecl ; in which the faith of the government
was pledged for the value of the notes; and the
profits accruing fi'om the bank, were to be ap])lied
for its support. Fifty thousand pounds, in bills of
credit, were issued.
3. The bank, however, failed of its desired effect.
Governor Shute now succeeded Governor Dud-
1 '70fi ^"^^ ' ^"^ ^^ ^^^^ recommendation, another emission
Gov. * of bills of credit was made, to the amount of one
^^^'j^*®^^j hundred thousand pounds. The consequence of this
worse, was, rather to heighten, than allay the existing diffi-
culties ; as it was found, that tlie greater the quanti-
ty of this factitious substitute for money, the less was
its value.
Chapter VII. — 1. Which of the colonies was most prone to
dispute the royal will? What did the English government in-
struct their governors to require? How did the colony resist this
demand ? — 2. Give an aeeount of the institution of a public bank
3. What was the effect (il'emitiing no nmcli paper money ?
GOVERNOR BURNET TROUBLED. 145
4. In 1728, GoTERNOR Burnet, who Bad been ft. il
removed from the magistracy of New York, was fd. il"
appointed to that of Massachusetts and New Hamp- <^"- "^"•
shire. He was instructed by his sovereign to insist ^mno
on a fixed salary. The general court resisted, and Bumet*
postponed a.decisive answer. They voted Governor ""«^^?'^J-
Burnet the unusual sum of one thousand seven hun- Mass. and
dred pounds ; three hundred for his travelling ex- -^^ ^
penses, and fourteen hundred for his salary. He
accepted the appropriation for his expenses, but re-
jected that for his salary.
5. The people of Boston took a lively interest in
the dispute ; and the governor, believing that the
general court were thus unduly influenced, removed Remores
them to Salem. Continuing firm to their purpose, from*^Bot
he kept the court in session several months beyond *""
the usual time, and refused to sign a warrant on the * ^™'
treasurer for the amotmt due to the members.
6. In April, 1729, after a recess of about three
months, the general court again convened at Salem,
but proving refractory on the subject of the salary,
the goveraor adjourned them, and they met at
Cambridge in August. Unable to make any im- 1729.
pression, Burnet felt so severely the difficulties of Bumet
his position, that he sickened with a fever, and died ***^
on the 1 7th of September.
7. His successor, Governor Belcher, who ar-
rived at Boston in August, 1730, renewed the con-
troversy ; but the court after two or three sessions, ,~«a
succeeded wdth him (and by the consent of the *
crown), in a pohcy which they had vainly attempt-
ed with Bumet, that of paying him a liberal sum
for present use, without binding themselves for the
ftiture.
8. In 1719, more than one hundred families emi-
grated from the north of Ireland, and settled in the
4. Who was made governor of Massachusetts in 1728 ? What
was done by the governor, and the court, in reference to a fixed
Fuhiry ? — 5. Wliat removal did the governor make?— 6. What was
done respecting the salary in 1739 '< What etfcct had these trou-
ble» on the governor? — 7. How was tlie controversy settled ?
146 VERMONT.
PT. II. town of Londonderry, in New Hampshire. They
FD. II. introduced the foot spinning-wheel, the manufacture
oH.vn. of linen, and the culture of potatoes.
IVlOt 9. A phenomenon, singular at the time, and not
^deny ' jet satisfactorily explained, alarmed the people of
settled. New England in 1719. This was the Aurora Jiore-
alls, first noticed in the country, on the night of the
Aurora I7th of December. Its appearance, according to
Boreaiis. ^j^g writers of the day, was more calculated to ex-
cite terror than later appearances of the same kind.
10. In 1Y23, a fort was built on the Connecticut
1 '7^1 ^^^®^' ^^ ^^® present town of Brattleborough, under
First set- the direction of Lieutenant-goveknor Dummeb, ol
'■Vermont Massachusetts, and hence it was called I^ort Dummer.
Around this fort was commenced the first settle-
ment in Vermont,
11. About this period a new colony was projected
in England, to settle between the Savannah and
Altamaha rivers. This tract was within the limits
of the Carolina grant, but unoccupied by Etro-
pian pean settlers. The patriotic deemed it important,
*ooiony7 ^^^^ *^^^ region should be planted by a British col-
ony, otherwise it might be seized by the Spaniards
from Florida, or the French from the Mississippi.
At the same time, a spirit of philanthropy was
abroad in England, to notice the distresses of the
poor, especially those shut up in prisons, and to
provide for their relief.
12. Actuated by these generous motives, a number
Ogle- of gentlemen in England, of whom James Ogle-
ttiorpe. THORPE was the most zealous, formed a project to
settle this tract, by such of the suffering poor, as
might be willing to seek, in the new world, the means
of subsistence.
13. To this company, the territory/ between the
8. What emigrants settled in New Hampshire? What did they
introduce? — 9. What can you say of the Aurora Boreaiis of that
day? — JO. When and where was the first settlement made in
Vermont? — 11. What new colony was projected in England?
Why did the j)atriotic in England favor the project? What be-
nevolent spirit was abroad ? — 12. Who was to be the leader of tha
enterprise?
GEORGIA. 147
Savannah and Altamaha, now, in honor of the kmg, ft.ii.
denommated Georgia, was granted ; and, with its fd. il
settlement, was completed that of the thirteen ^^
veteran colonies, which fought the war of the Revo- jy^g^
lution ; and whose thirteen emblematic stripes, still Georgia'
decorate the banner of American Independence ; g^t^d.
while the stars (adding one for every new State),
have well nigh trebled their original number,
13. What may be said of the colony which Oglethorpe and his
ccmpany settled ? What can you say of the flag or banner of the
Eepu blic of America ?
EXERCISES ON THE TEEE CHKONOGEAPHER
(For Period IL, Part IL)
What event marks the beginning of this period ? What is
its date ? Point it out on the chronographer. Also the fol-
lowing <iates : Queen Anne's war began in 1702. Massachu-
setts extended its jurisdiction over Maine in 1714. New York
and New Jersey were ruled by one governor in 1698. Penn
granted a new charter to Pennsylvania in 1701. The cultiva-
tion of rice was begun in Carolina, in 1695. Paper money was
first made in South Carolina, in 1702. In 1729, North and
South Carolina were erected into separate governments. Mo-
bile was founded by the French in 1702, Natchez in 1706, and
New Orleans in 1718. Vermont was first settled in 1723.
What event terminates this period ? What is its date ? Point
out its place on the chronographer.
Oglethorpe's Council with the Indian Chiefs.
PERIOD III.
rROH
THK FIB8T SBTTUtinOIT OF I I'J'gg | SSOEQIA BT 0«LBTH01tP«,
TO
THE PXACK OF FABIS, WHICH
1763.-J
CLOSES THE FBENCH WAB.
CHAPTER I.
Georgia and Carolina enoraged in war with the Spaniards of Flor-
ida—The Slave Trade — War of the French with the ChickaBaws.
1. Oglethorpe prepared for the settlement of
Georgia, by the assistance of a corporation, consisting pt. il
of twenty-one persons, who were called " Trustees p-p. iii
for settling and establishing the Colony of Georgia." *^"- ^
He embarked in November, 1732, with one hundred 1732.
and sixteen emigrants for America. tmsL*
2. Large sums of money had been stibscribcd,
which were applied to the purchase of clothing, food,
arms, agricultural utensils, and also for the transpor- Supplies,
tation of such indigent persons as should be A\illing furnished
to cross the Atlantic, and begin a new settlement.
3. The company arrived at Yamacraw Bluft', atler-
CiiAPTKK I. — 1. Whose assistance had Ogletliorpc? At wliat
time did lie embark ? With how many ? — 3. For what purposes
wji^ uioiicy raised ?
149 .
150 FIKST SETTLEMENTS IN GEORGIA.
FT. II. wards Smmnnah, on the first of February, 1733
1"D. IIL Here Oglethorpe built a foit. His next care was
°°-'- to have a good understanding with his neighbors,
\^'l'i *^^ poAverful chiefs of the Creeks, Cherokees, Choc-
Osie- * taws, and Chickasaws. Ogletliorpe invited thera to
thorpe ij^get him in a general council at Savannah. By means
&rriv6S. ~
„ ^ of an interpreter, he made them the most friendly
^tj, thePi'o^sssions', which they reciprocated; and these
Chiefs, amicable dispositions passed into a solemn treaty.
4. Georgia was soon increased by five or six hun
dred emigrants ; but most were idle, and many vi-
cious. In order to pi'ocure a more efficient popula-
tion, eleven townships of 20,000 acres each, were
50 acres \2^\^ q-^^ q^ w^q Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha
to each nvcrs, and divided into lots of fifty acres each. One
Betuer. ^^ tlicsc was to be given to every actual settler.
5. This arrangement proved so attractive, that a
Scotch large number of emigrants soon arrived, Highland-
and ers from Scotland, build the town of Inverness, after-
wards Darien, on the Altamaha ; and Germans, a
town Avhich they called Ebenezer^ on the Savannah.
6. The charter granted to the trustees of Georgia,
vested in them powers of legislation for twenty-one
CMi * y^ars ; and they now proceeded to establish regula-
govern- tiODS for the government of the province, in which
™*° the interests of humanity were regarded, more than
those of trade.
7. In 1736, Oglethorpe erected three forts : one on
the Savannah, at Augusta / another called Freder-
Og. bniid8«c<^5 in t,he vicinity of the Scotch settlement on the
sfortB. island of St. Simons ; and a third, named Fort
William^ on Cumberland island. The Spaniards
remonstrated, and insisted on the evacuation of the
3. Where and when did the company arrive? "What was first
done? What was Oglethorpe's next care? What powerful
nations sent their chiefs to the council? What was done at the
council ? — 4. How was the settlement increased ? What was done
to procure a more efficient population? — 5. What effect had this
arrangement? What town was built by Scotch Highlanders?
What by (icrmans? — G. Wjiat was done in relation to govern-
iiient?— 7. W'liiit three forts did Oglethorpe next build? What
ilid the Spaniards ?
OGLETHORPE. 151
conntrv, as far as the thiitv-tliird cIoctoc of north pt. ii.
latitude. pi). ui.
8. Oglethorpe about this time returned to Eno^- *^"- ^
land. lie was appointed commander-in-chief of the ^^m^^
British forces in Carolina and Georgia, andsentback
with a regiment of six hundred men.
9. England having deehucd war against Spain,
Oglethorpe twice invaded Florida. His second ex- og. isnn
pedition proved wholly unsuccessful, and produced *°<=<*^^'"''
the imfortunate results of an increase of the public
debt, and a temporary distrust between the people
and their general. The same year, Charleston, in ,^ ,
South Carolina, was destroyed by tii-e. To relieve ton
the sufferers, the British parliament generously voted ^^^^'^^
£20,000.
10. In May, 1742, a fleet was sent from Havana,
from which debarked a Spanish army at St. Simons, -m^mn
Oglethorpe had collected troops and posted himself june. *
at Frederica. He was not in sufticient force openlv .<^e»';?'?
to attack the enemy; but was himself attacked by by tt.e
a party of Spaniards. His troops, particularly the Spaniards.
Highlanders, under Captaik McLstosh, fought ^Loonj
bravely — repulsed, and slew two hundred of the marsh.
enemy at " the Bloody Marsh." _ ^p- ^ '''""•
11. Oglethorpe next attempted to siarprise the
invaders, by marching to attack their camp in the
night. A traitor, who discharged his gun, and then
ran into the Spanish hues, defeated his plan. But
Oglethorpe made the Spaniards believe, by a strat-
agem, that the soldier was sent to them by him, to
advise them to remain. Some ships from South Car- a. strau-
olina appearing in sight, the Spaniards thought they gem
were going to fall into a trap ; and they embarked in the
such haste that their artillery, provisions, and niili- ^1*^^!^^^*
tai'y stores, fell into the hands of the Georgians.
12. Georgia, in its early settlement was distin-
8. What appointment had Oglethorpe? — 9. What two expedi-
tions did lie uiidertnke? What bad results occurred? What
nistortune happened to Charleston ? What peuerous act is ro-
>rded here? — 10. Give an account of the Spanish invasion.
Who repulsed the Spaniards? — 11. By wliat stratagem were they
induced to retire ?
153
THE OLD FRENCH WAR.
r'T. 11^ jx'iislied by the peculiar liunianity in wliich it ^v,•w^
P'D. III. fbundetl. Ogletlioi-{)e, "sought riol liiiuseir, but otn-
CH. II. ^j.j, .„ jiini fo,. ten yeafs, lie gave his disinterest efl ser-
'^'i.'^J^'"!'^'''" vices, witliont chiiniinof so much as a cottaye or at"ai-ni.
tbor^pe. 13. The eloquent WiirrKKiKLD, with the two
"Wksi.eys, the three founders of the sect of JMctho
dists, syni])athized with Oglethorpe in liis bene\c).
fllhl'ami '<^'"^*<3 ; 3"*^^ each spent some time in America, assist-
the rwo ing him in his enterprise. Whitefield founded near
"'"^''' Savannah, a house for orphans. ... In 1752, tlie tiais-
tees, wearied with a troublesome and profithess charge,
Trustees resigned their office, and Georgia became a royal
„ "f . province.
14. Louisiana, after liaving been for fourteen years,
under a company of avaricious speculators formed
at Paris, reverted to the French monarch ; and
Bienville was appointed governar. He found the
Chickasaws very troublesome, as they favored the
English, rather than the French. The Natchez,
imder their inlluence, had committed murders, tor
1732. which the whites had wholly destroyed them. Bien-
The ville ascended the Tombecbee to attack the Chicka-
destroyed. saws. IIc M'as to liavc been aided by a French army
Chicka- ^^'^^^ ^hc Illinois, but the Chickasaws had waylaid and
8»ws destroyed them. When Bienville arrived he found
^FrMiTh* the Indians more than a match for liis force ; and
"■my- he immediately retired down the stream.
CHAPTER II.
Old French War — Capture of Loiiisbur^ — French and English
claims to the Basin of the Mississippi.
1. In 1744, war was again proclaimed between
England and France. Louisburg^ the capital of the
12. What was the conduct of OiSrlethorpe? — 13. What eminent
mini.'^ters of the trospel were with him? What ehang-e wai ma<le
in 17oy ? — 14. Under whom had Louisiana been ? To whom did
it revert ? Wliom did he appoint ? Give an account of tlie attack
upon tiie Ciiickasaws, and its result.
Chaptkr 11. — 1. In what year was the " Old French War?"
PEACE OF AIX LA CHAPELLE. 153
islaiul of Cape Breton, had been fortified with great ft. ii.
cart' and expense, and was called, from its strength, p'd. hl
tlie Dunkirk of America; while, from its position, it *^'^^'-
couiinunded the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and
the tishfries of the adjoining seas.
2. (iovERNOK Siinu.KY, of Massachnsctts, now
meditated an attack on this fortress. He laid open his
desi«''ns to tlie ij-cneral court of the colonv, under an
oath of secrecy. The j>lun being thought too great,
too hazaidous, and too e\i)ensive, it was apparently
abandoned ; but an honest membi'i', who pertbrmed
the family devotions at his lodgings, inadvertently betrayed,
discovered the secret, by praying for the divine
blessing on the attempt.
3. The people approvmg the project, with which
they became thus accidently acquainted, were clamo-
rous in its support. It was revived by the court, and
after a long deliberation, the vote in its favor was
carried by a single voice. Troops were immediately
raised by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New *J?''*'^
Hampshire, to aid those of Massachusetts. The com- com-
mand of tlicse forces was given to Colonel Wil- ^y"(^
LiAM Peppkrell, a merchant of Maine, who sailed Peppereil.
on the 25th of March, and arrived at Casco on the
4th of April.
4. A British naval force, under Admiral WAREE?f,
having been applied to, joined the armament; and louts-
the whole ariived at Chapeau Rouge Bay, on the From'
30th of April. By a series of the most unprece--^P"''^^*to
dented good luck, and by almost incredible exer- AgreaT
tions, the fortress was taken^ and with it the whole ^^*''
island of Cape Breton.
5. Peace was proclaimed in 1748, and a treaty *'''**•
signed at Aix la Oha.pelle^ by commissioners from ^j^ |j,
England, France, yji\ Spain, the basis of which wasciiapeiki
1. What can yci pw of Louisburg? — 2. What plan was formed
oy Governor St".irl<"/ ? What did he in reference to it ? How did
the general eour*^ re.-eii-e \li How did it come to tlie knowied^re
of the people '. — 3. What did they think of it i What was finally
ione hy the c-cnrt ? From what States was an army raised i Wlio
•♦onimaiuled ? — 4. What naval force joined thein ? What was the
*«ault of the combined etibrt i
-7*
154 CONFLICTING CLATOS.
PT. II. the mutnal restoration of all places taken durinsfthe
FD. TIL war: and Louisburg^ to the grief and niortilicalion
*"'• "• of the colonies, reverted to the French. Its capture,
had, however, done credit to their militai'v prowess ;
as it had been, by far, the most brilliant exploit of
the entire war.
6. The blood and treasure of the many, had again
Did not ^^^^ spent "\Adthout result, and peace wasconclude<i
settle (lif- without a propcr Settlement of diifercn CCS. This was
ferences. egpggjally the casc in regard to the American claims
of the contracting powers.
v. The French laid claim to all the lands watered
^^]^"^°^by streams flowing into the St. Lawrence and the
France, Lakcs ; and all watered by the Mississippi, the Mo-
by Fr^ench ^^^^5 ^^^ their branches ; and, in the west, and on
?eog- the north, they were erecting fortresses, with an in-
tent to unite and command the whole of this vast
territory.
British 8. The British, on the other hand, asserted a right
claim the ^q ^]^q entire countrv, as may be seen by their early
territory, patents, to which they gave an extension from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. These conflicting claims,
it was clearly foreseen, must soon lead to another
war.
9. A number of gentlemen, mostly in Virginia, of
whom Lawrence Washington was one, procured
^oh^^* ^^ I'^'^O? ^^ act of the British parliament, constituting
Company them " the Ohio Company," and granting them six
formed, h^mdred thousand acres of land, on, or near, the
Ohio river. They caused the tract to be surveyed,
and opened a trade with the Indians in the vicinity.
Hostile ]^o_ This becoming known to the French, the go V-
of the ernor of Canada complained to the authorities of
Fmnch. j.j'g^y York and Pennsylvania, threatening to seize
5. On -^hat basis was peace made at Aix la Chapelle ? — 6. Were
subjects of difference properly settled? — 7. What part of Americf
was claimed by France? What were they doing to unite and
command this- territory? — 8. What was claimed by the British?
Was there any prospect of a peaceable settlement of these differ
ences ? — 9. W ho were the Ohio Company ? What grant had they ?
What did they do in reference to it? — 10. What course did the
French take i
THE GUILD WASniXGTON. ^ y 155
tlioir traders, if they did not quit the territory. »g^ pt. il
era! oftlieir number Avere accordingly taken, and p'd. iil
carried to the French fort at Presque Isle. ^^ "••
11. DiNwiDDiE, the governor of Yirginia, alanned
at these mo^'ements on the part of the French, had ^^^ ^j^^^
sent a trader among them as a spy, who returning, -widdie
increased his fears, by vague accounts of the French *'*''"<^<^
posts near Lake Erie, without gratifying his curios-
ity as to the number or object of their forces.
12. Dinwiddle determined, although the season
was advanced, to send immediately a trusty person,
to require the French commandant to quit the ter-
ritory ; and also to bring such an account of his
strength and position, that if he refused peaceably to \^k^
retreat, some feasible method of ejectment by force He selects
might be adopted. A young man of twenty-two, in^o'n''foi
an officer of the militia, was chosen. His figure was a difficult
commanding, his air inspired respect and confidence. °*^'
His name was GEORGE WASHINGTON.
CHAPTER HI.
George Washington — His birth, parentage, and education — His
conduct in places of trust, private, and public.
I. Lawrkkce Washington, the grandfather of
George, and Augustike Washington his father, had
continued the family residence in Westmoreland John,
county, Virginia, where his great grandfather John, ^^^^^^
already mentioned, had fixed his seat ; and there he tine, and
who is now regarded as the father of his country, ^^If
was born on the 22d of February, 1732. In 1734, KfoxoN.
his father removed to Stafford county, opposite to -"^ •*»'^*
Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock ; little think-
I I. Who was governor of Virginia? What report wa3 brought
to him? — 12. What plan did he adopt ? Who was cliosen?
Chapter III. — 1. What was the name of George Washington's
father? IJis grandfather? HLi great-grandfather? When and
where was he born '■
156 TIIF, T5f)Y TO BOYS AN KXAMT'LE.
jP'T.n. inc.- that his playful hoy, then huttn'o yoav^ oM, was
P'D. 111. niai-krd hy rrovideiice for a career so elevated.
CH. ui. ,2. in 1743, Augustine Washino-ton die<h an;ileft
i^-.> to each of his sons \aluahle landed estates. To Jjaw-
Li.wmue i^KXCE his eldest, he hequeathed the heautifnl tract on
ol.tiiiiis the bank oftlie Potomac; and to George, the lands
Vernon, and mansion where he died. George was the oldest
oti'spring of a second marriage ; and hfs excellent
mother, Mary Washington was, by his father's will,
his solo guardian. It was under her maternal guid-
ance, and in the common school, that Washington
developed those physical, intellectual, and moral ele-
ments, which formed his greatness.
3. AVhen in school he was pains-taking, and exact
His early i" the performance of his exercises ; and he w^as, at
moral ^.lie samc time, so true in his words, so riijhteous in
'his actions, and so just m his judgments, that his
school-mates were wont to bring their ditferences be-
fore him for decision. Superior also in bodily health
His and Yigor, he excelled in athletic sports, and adven-
mctivity. ^ m.Q,jg exploits. He loved the military ; and tradi-
tion reports, that the lirst battles in which he com-
manded, were the mimic engagements which he
taught to his school-fellows.
4. He learned to read and write well ; and he tho-
roughly mastered arithmetic. This was all which
the school helped him to acquire. Of himself he prac-
Liniited tiscd composition ; and he hapi)ily formed a style
•dvan- suited to the lofty tone of his moral sentiments, and
^v- the directness and energy of his character. The
^b'^seif^ l^^ig^<3^ mathematics, he learned with pleasure and
fexertion. mental profit, his object being to prepare himself for
the occupation of surveyor. He set carefully down in
his books, his diagrams, his observations on man-
1. How old was he wlien his father removed to Stafford county ?
2. Wiiat occurred on the death of his father? How old was
George? Who was his guardian? What were liis advanta^^es?
3. What was his character as a schooi-boy ?— 4. What did he
learn in school? What important exercif<e did he practise by
liiraself ? Did he early fix upon sotnethinsr which lie could follow,
to obtain an honorable support ? What did he learn, iu order to
prepare himself for his chosen occupation ?
GOOD COXDUOT GAINS COXFIDENXE. ' l57
nors, and his rules of behavior. Nothing was too ft. ii.
laborious, or too tedious for his determined inind. pd. iil
5. To survey the great estates of Lonn Fahifax, ^h. m.
tlien residing in Virginia, he fir>;t began liis career ^•■•q
of active life. Though a boy of just sixteen, he was a snrve/-
iritrusted with what would have been an arduous and ">■»"">"?
1 T/v. , T 1 T 1 1 « themonn-
and diihcult dutv to a sound and able man. Anions: tains.
»
honor.
1751.
the forest wilds of the Alleghanies. the young sur-
veyor fiequently ranged alone ; but an the summits
he i-ejoiced in the beauty of the earth and sky ; and
in the valleys he examined well, all rare and curious
thinofs.
6. He had often no bed to lodge in, and no roof
to shelter him. With his own hands he dressed the
game, which his musket had procured. Sometimes,
however, he shared the wigwam, and the unpalata-
ble fare of the native. But these hardships were
an important preparation for the severe services he
had afterwards to encounter. His employment also pro^rty
was lucrative; and he discharged its duties in a ^and
manner, that made men regard him as a youth of ex-
traordinary promise.
v. He was only nineteen^ when he was made ad- _
jutant-general of tlie Virginia militia, with the rank Made Ad.
of major. About this time he accompanied to the ^^^'^'^tfti*
West Indies, his brother Lawrence, now declining of M^or.
with a pulmonary disease. His voyage was advan-
tageous to himself, from his great observation and
industry ; but his brother's disease remained, and he
died during the next year. By his vnW. he left George vemon
his executor ; and gave him the Mount Vernon es- *®**^
tate.
8. Maj. Washington was next placed over one of
the four divisions into which Dinwiddle had portion-
4. "What did he do, that he might retain, and be the wiser for
whut lie had learned? Did he no*; find such labor too tedious?
5. Was he trusted with important business when youne ? By
whom? What business was it? Where did he practise his pro-
fession ? Throuorli what scenes did it lead liim ?— 6. What hard-
ships did he encounter? Were these on the whole to liis advan-
tage? In what way? — 7. Wliat promotion had he at the age of
Hinet«en ? What happened in reference to his brother ?
158
PKRII.OUS JOURNEY.
P'T. II. ed the militia of "the Dominion," the style then
P'D. HI. given to Virginia. It was at this period, that he
CH. iiL ^yas chosen by the governor, as his envoy to the
„ French. The seat of government for Virginia waa
out to WilUamshtirg. Thither Washington repaired, and
"•iWer-^ was funiished with a letter from Dinwiddie, to St,
ness. Pierre, the French commandant, requiring him with
1753. threats, to withdraw from the tei-ritory belonging to
the French sovereign.
9. Washington departed on the 31st of October to
traverse more than five hundred miles, much of the
way, a pathless, as well as a wintry desert. His route
Nov. 14. lay through Fredeiicksburg, Alexandria, and Win-
^"land!"^ Chester, to Will's creek, since Cumberland. Here,
taking leave of every vestige of civilization, and
having procured Mr. Gist, agent of the Ohio com-
pany, as interpreter and guide, his party of eight
plunged into the recesses of the wilderness.
10. They passed through snow and storms, over
mountains, and then down among thickets, into
From flooded valleys. Coming upon the Youghiogeny
ca^t)or- t]iey followed it to the Monongahela, and that to its
the Fork, junction with the Alleghany. " The Fork," as the
site of Pittsburg was called, was then a desert ; but
Washington noticed, and afterwards reported it, aa
a suitable place for a fort.
11. From the Fork, he went down the river
twenty miles, to Logstown, where he was to deliver
At*Lo^ friendly greetings from Dinwiddie, to the great chief
town he of the southcm Hurons, Tanachabison, or the Half-
Haff^ing! king ; whose friendship was courted J|[)oth by French
and English. The chief asserted that the land in
question belonged neither to the English nor the
8. What was Virginia called at that time? Into how many
divisions was it portioned in regard to the military? What waa
Washington's public position, when Dinwiddie selected him aa
envoy? What his first step after accepting the appointment?
What was the purport of the governor's letter? — 9. What time in
the year did Washington set out? To go how far? Trace and
de.xoribe the first part of his route. — 10. Describe his journey to
the "Fork." — 11. Describe his progress and adventures, till he
reached the French camp.
THE FEENCII WAR BEGINS. 159
French ; but the Great Spirit had given it to the pt. ii.
Indians, and allowed them to make it their residence, fd. iil
After a friendly council, Tanacharison and three of *"• ^
his principal men, accompanied Washington a hun-
dred miles, to the encampment at French Creek.
12. Here St. Pieebb, who had been but a few days
in command of the post, received him with the cour-gj^^.^
teous bearing and hospitable attentions of the French tion at
gentleman. But to Dinwiddle's request, that he French
would leave the territory which belonged to the Brit- c*™p-
ish, he replied, that it did not become him to discuss
treaties ; such questions should rather be addressed to
the governor-general of Canada, the Marquis du
QuESXE ; he acted under his orders, and those he
should be careful to obey.
13. The return of Washington in the dead of win-
ter, was full of startling and perilous adventure. Once
a treacherous guide aimed his musket at him, but it
missed fire ; and once, on the Alleghany rivar, he and
his guide, having made in a day, with one poor orVMh-
hatchet, a miserable jraft, they, at sunset, trusted ^J'^^"
themselves upon it, to cross the swollen river, amidst
large masses of floating ice, which came down upon
them, and threw Ihem from their raft into ten feet
of water. But they saved themselves by swimming
to an island.
14. Major Washington arrived at Williamsburg,
on the 16th of Januaiy, ha\'ing been absent only Returns
eleven weeks. The energy and prudence, with which £^54,
he had met and overcome dangers, and the ability Absent*
which he had,^ manifested in the discharge of his ^^ '^*o**
trust, sunk deep into the minds of his countrymen.
His written reports were published with applause,
Tiot only through the colonies, but in England.
15. Troops were now raised in Virginia; and
Washington was made lieutenant-colonel, and in-
13. How was he received by St. Pierre ? "What reply was given
to the governor's letter ?— 13. Wliat adventures did Washiafrton
meet with on his return ? — 14. IIow long was he absent? What
qualities had he nianifehted, which made a deep improssioqf
What was thought of his written reports?
160 A PRKLUDE TO UNION.
P'T. II. trust 0(1 with tlie command. In April, 1754, he
P'D ihT marched into the disputed territory, and encamped
<:h IV. at the Great Meadows. He there learned that the
1'754. French had disijossessed the Virffinians of a fort,
again sent'^vhich, iu cousequence of his recommendation, they
vviUi a were erecting at the Fork, and which the French
i(trcp '
French finished, and named Fort du Quesne.
**'"'dir°'^' 16. He was also informed that a detachment oi
Quesne. French troops, had been sent against him, and were
encamped but a few miles west of the Great Mead-
ows. Surrounding their encam})ment, he surjjrised,
w. defeats ^^^^ defeated them. The conimander De Jujioxvili-e
lorn^d ^^^^ killed, Avith ten of his i>a)ty. On his return to
22 prison- the G reat Meadows, he erected a small stockade,
*" called fort Necessity.
1*7. With less than four hundred men, Washington
marched to dislodge the enemy from P^'ort du Quesne ;
French ^^^ after proceeding thirteen miles he learned that
reinforced they had been reinforced from Canada, when he re-
tired. Unable to continue his retreat, from a failure
of expected munitions, he intrenched his little army
within Fort Necessity. A party of fifteen hundred
French, soon followed and assaulted the intrench-
^juf^f * ^^<2^ts. After a brave resistance, Washington sur-
rendered the fort ; receiving for himself and the gar-
rison the honors of war.
CHAPTER IV.
CoNGEEss AT ALBANY — Convention of Governors in Virginia —
Braddock.
Attempt 1. The J3ritish government, in prospect of loar,
to unite, proposed to tJieiT American colonies, to form a
15. Under what circumstances did lie march into the pame
country ngain ? Where encamp? "VVliat did lie licar? — 16. Give
an acc'iiint of a Frencli party, headed by De JumonvilJe. What
did Washington build at Great Meadows?— 17. What did he set
out to do ? Wliy did lie desist, and turn back ? Why did- lie stop
at Fort Necessity? Wluit luippeiied at the fort?
Chaiteb IV.— 1. What proposal was made by the British gov-
ernment?
FOUR KXPi-.T 'rrioN-s. 161
TJnion. Delegates from each of the Xew England p't il
provinces, New York, Pennsylvania, and Marylnnd, fij. niT
accordingly met at Albany. After deliberating, ^n. iv.
they accepted a plan of confedej-ation, which was ^
drawn lip by Benjamin Fkanklin, on the 4th of 1754.
July, 1754. This was just twenty-two years before '
that great statesman signed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence.
2. But the plan was disliked in England, because
it gave too much power to the people ; and in p,^jj ^^^^
America, because it gave too much power to the nekuer
king. Thus was shown how widely different, even ''*'^'^'
at that period, were the views of the British and the
Americans. It was this difference of opinion, which
finally led to the American Revolution.
3. General Braddock was dispatched from Eng-
land with 1500 men. On his arrival in America, hegrmidock
requested a convention of the colonial governors to assem-
assemble in Virginia,, to concert with him a plan ofgovTmora.
military operations. Four expeditions were here
resolved upon, the first, against Nova Scotia, the
second, against Fort du Quesne, the third, against
Crown Point, and the fourth, against Niagara.
4. The expedition against Nova Scotia was com-
manded by generals Monckton and Winslow. The
fleet which conveyed the troops, sailed from Boston.
The army distinguished themselves by bravery and
good conduct, and with the loss of only three men,
put the British in full possession of Nova Scotia.
5. General Beaddock commanded the expedi- lygs,
tion against Fort du Quesne, On his arrival, he en- >'""'' ,^"'
gaged Washington, now a colonel, to become his aid. do4's
By his advice, Braddock, in marching his army across ^'j'tlTheLr
. mwob.
1. What was done in consequence I What plan did the dele-
gates accept ? — 2. How was it received in England ? How in
America ? What did this show ? What did it lead to ? — 3. How
many men were now sent over? Under whom ? What did he re-
quest ? What expeditions did this convention agree on ? — 4.
Give an account of that against Nova Scotia. — 5. Who com-
manded the second expedition? In what capacity did Wasliing-
ton accompanj him ? What measures did he take by Washing-
ton's advice !
162 brai^dock's hash conduct.
FT. II. the wilderness, left his heavy baggage behind, under
PD. III. the care of Colonel Dunbar, witli an escort of six
CH. IV. iiundred men ; and at the head of twelve hundred
select troops the general proceeded by more rapid
marches, towards Fort du Quesne.
6. Braddock was not deficient in courage, or mil>
„ ,, , itary skill ; but he was wholly ignorant of the mode
eontenins of conducting warfare in American woods: and he
reffards ^^Id the opinions of the colonial officers in con-
advice, tempt. Washington had, however, ventured to
suggest the expediency of employing the Indians,
— who, under the Halt-king had offered their servi-
ces, as scouting, and advanced parties. Braddock
not only disdained the advice, but offended the
Indians by the rudeness of his manner. Thus he
rashly pushed on, without knowing the dangers
near.
v. It was noon, on the 9th of July, when from the
height above the right bank of the Monongahela,
FinJap- Washington looked back upon the ascending array,
^f Brad- ^hich, ten miles from Fort du Quesne, had just
dock's crossed the stream for the second time. Everything
army. jQQJ^gjj more bright and beautiful than aught he had
witnessed before. The companies, in their crimison
uniform, with burnished arms and floating banners,
were marching gayly to cheerful music, as they en-
tered the forest,
rhey fall ^- Suddenly there burst upon them the Indian war-
into aa whoop, and a deadly fire, fi-om opposite quarters, and
■Biims- from unseen foes. Many fell. Panic-stricken, their
cade, i-anks bi'oke, and they would have fled, but Braddock
rallied them ; and, a bigot to the rules of European
warfare, he constantly sought to preserve a regular
order of battle. Thus he kept his men, like sheep
penned in a fold, fair marks for a foe, beyond their
reach, and, in the only spot, where the Indians, far
inferior in numbers, could have destro^'ed them.
6. What can you say of Braddock ? W)iat wholesome advice
had he, vifliich he despised? — 7. How did Bniddock's iir my ap-
pear to Wasliington, on the inornincr of .luly 9tli ? — 8. How was
the scene reversed? ^^'llat was Braddock's ccwiduel?
rROVIDKNTIAL PRESERVATION. 163
They lay on each side of the way, concealed in two ft. ii.
ravines. P'd. iil
9. The Indians, singling out the officers, shot down ^^ ^^•
eveiy one on horseback — Washington alone exce]>ted,
lie, as the sole remaining aid of the general, rode by
turns over every part of the field, to carry his orders, -vvashing-
The Indians afterwards asserted, that they had spe- ton's
cially noticed his bearing, and conspicuous figure, and p^serva^-
repeatedly shot at him ; but at length they became '*<"»•
convinced that he was protected by an Invisible
Power, and that no bullet could harm him. After the
battle was ovei", four balls were found lodged in his
coat, and two horses had been killed under him ;
but the appointed guardian of his country, escaped
without a wound.
10. Braddock, who had been undismayed amidst
continued showers of bullets, at length received a
mortal wound. Upon his fall, the regular troops dock's
fled in confusion. Washington formed, and covered ^{^„^
their retreat with the provincials, whom Bi'addock, k.664.
in his contempt, had kept in the rear. The defeat
was total ; sixty-four ofiicers out of eighty-five, and
nearly half the privates, were killed or wounded.
11. The army made no halt till it met the division
under Dunbai", forty miles in the rear. There Brad-
dock died. The whole army contiruied to retreat till^*^^Yni
it reached Fort Cumberland, one hundred and twenty
miles from the place of actioji. Colonel Dunbar, with-
drew the regulars to Philadelphia, leaving the whole
frontier of Virginia open to the depredations of the
French and Indians.
8. Where were the Indians concealed? — 9. "What is very
remarkable eoncerninis: Washington during this battle? — 10.
What was the fate of iJraddock ? Wha'j was the condition of the
army ? What the loss ? — 1 1. Describe "ihe retreat of the army.
164 — '
DIESKAU S KEVKRSE.
CPTAPTEU V.
Remainder of the Campitigiiof 1755 — Campaign of 1756.
PT. II. 1. The troops destined for the expedition against,
P'D. HI. Crown Point, amounted to more than four thou-
<^n- ^- sand. They arrived at Albany the last of June, under
ivT'i ^^^ command of Geneual William Joiinsox, and
Johnson' General Lyman. Here they were joined by a body
and of Mohawks, under their sacliem, PIendrick.
2. Lyman advanced with the main body of the
Erect Ft army, and erected I^l:>rt Echoard^ on the Hudson,
Edward, f^j^. ^^ security of the batteaux, provisions, and ar-
tillery ; which were forwarded from Albany, by
Johnson. Towards the last of August, Johnson re-
moved his force, and encamped at the south end of
Lake George. Plere he was engaged in preparing
to cross the lakes.
3. In the mean time, the Baron Dieskau led
8. end of ^ga^^'^st this force, an army from Montreal. He
GEORGE <3i^countered the Americans near their camp, and
was at first successful ; but the fortune of the day
Pr „j,(jgr changed. His army was defeated and fled; and
Dieskau himself j pale, and bleeding with mortal wounds, was
^'^°'^ • found, sitting against a tree in the woods.
4. Johnson, in representing this affair to the Brit-
johnson"s ish, made no mention of General Lyman ; but ob-
hon"". tained for himself £5,000, and u baronetcy. The pub-
character, lie impression was, that the reward belonged, at least,
equally to Lyman.
5. The poor dispirited remains of Dieskau's army
mains halted at French mountain, where they were, the
French ^^^^ ^^^i ^"^ ®^ ^^ ^ detachment from Fort Ed-
dostroyed. ward. Their dead bodies were thrown into a small
Chapter V. — 1. What was the third expedition of tlie cam-
paign? How many troops? Where were they on the hist of
June ? Under wliose command \ Who joined them ? — 3. In
what direction did the two divisions of the army move? — 3.
Who commanded tlie Frcnc!\ army? Give an aiocount of liis
operations. — 4 Who gained money and a title, but lost characters
5. What became of the remains of the French army?
WASHINGTON DEFF,NI!S TIIE FKONTIEKS. 165
lalce, since called "the Bloodv Pond." May the time ft. ii.
soon come, when the pure waters of our mother fd. iil
earth, shall no longer be dyed by the blood of her
children, barbarously shed by each other's hands !
6. The success at Lake George revived the spirits
\ of the colonists. Sir William Johnson, however, did
not follow up his success, by proceeding to reduce g.^. ^^^
CH. TL
Crown Point ; but he erected at the scene of his ex- johnsou
wastes th
campaign.
ploit, on the southern shore of Lake George, a fort, ''^'^^ "*
which he called, William Henry. Leaving six hun-
dred men, to garrison the forts, the remainder of the
troops returned to their respective colonies,
7. The enterprise against Niagara was undertaken
by Governor Shirley in person. He did not arrive
at Oswego until the 21st of August, and he there I'J'SS.
waited for supplies, until the season was too far ad- shfriey'
vanced for crossing Lake Ontario. Leaving seven '"*'®**^.^*
hundred men, under Colonel Mercer, to garrison
the fort, he returned to Albany ; and so ended the
fourth expedition.
8. By the destruction of Braddock's array, the
frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, Avere left to i?.'S6
the mercy of the savages. Washington, at the head in-iians
of his regiment, did his utmost to defend them ; and Va. an„
he strenuously urged that oflensive measures should ^*"
be again adopted, and especially against Fort du
Quesne, which he knew was the place of gathering
for the Indians.
CHAPTER VI.
Campaigns of 1757 and 1758.
_1. Thus in the campaign of 1756, little was done.
That of 1757 is only memorable in our annals, for
the dreadful massacre at Fort WiHiam Henry.
6. Did Sir William Johnson follow up his success? What dis-
position was made of the army? — 7. What happened in regard to
tho fourth expedition? — 8. What, after these failures, was the
ortndition of the frontier St^Ues ?
Chapter VI. — 1. For what is the campaign of 1757 memorable?
166 MASSACRE AT FOIIT WILLIAM HENRY.
PI', n. MoxTCAT.^vr, avIio succe<>-flcrl Dioskau, had early cort-
FD. in. centrated his for(X's, amounting to 9000 regulars,
CH. VI. Canadians, and Indians, on the shores of the Cham-
I'J'.'S'S'. phiin, at Ticonderoga. Passing up Lake George,
besil'"ses" he laid siege to Fort William Henry, which was
Ft. Win coinmandeci by Colonkl Monroe, a British officer,
(inry. Qji,^,p,j, .^^j^ Wkrh was at the time lying at Fort Ed-
ward, with the main British army, four or five thou-
i' sand stronor.
2. Monroe, being vigorously pressed, while he de-
fended himself with spirit, earnestly entreated Gen-
eral Webb for aid. But he entreated in vain, and
A-ag. 2. necessity compelled him, on the 2d of August, to sur-
^pitn- render. By the articles of capitulation, Montcalm en-
lates. gaged that the English should be allowed to leave
the fort with the honors of war ; and, in order to
protect them from the Indians, that an escort should
be provided to conduct them to Fort Edward.
3. But the Indians, who served for plunder, at-
Ang. 8. tacked the British in the camp ; and the French com-
Tacrrof' ^^"cl6i' either could not, or would not, protect them.
I'T. TTJ/They rushed forth, and were pursued. They threw
nENRY. g^ij ^j^gjj. money and clothes to the Indians. Not sat-
isfied, the savages pursued them, naked and flying,
with tomahawk and scalping-knife. A few reached
the camp of Webb, and some were found bleeding
in the woods. But of these, many in their agony,
had lost their reason,
4. The manner in which the v/ar had been con-
ducted, dissatisfied the peo]>le both of England and
America ; and brought forwai'd as pi'ime minister,
The elder the greatest statesman of the British annals, William
Win. Pitt Put, afterwards Earl of Chatham. So powerful was
his eloquence and so austere his patriotism, that ho
1. Give an account of Montcalm, and his army. Wliat was the
condition of tlie British forces, and who were commanders ?- -2.
What was the situation and conduct of Monroe ? What of Webb ?
Wliat was stipulated by Mcintcalm ? — 3. Did he keep his enfrafco-
ment ? Mention some of the circumstances of the massacre. — 4.
What was the stale of t!ie public mind in regard to the war?
Wluit statesman was brouglit forward ? What was his eharactar
prrr and wolfe. 167
controlled at lenpfth the energies of the government, pt.il
and the spirit of the people. fd. iil
5, In a circular letter, which he addressed to the ^^- "^
governors of the provinces, he promised them, that
an effectual force should be sent against the French, ■-•.-a
and he exhorted them to use theii* utmost exertions pittcaiis*
to raise men in their respective colonies. Animat- "" ".'*
ed by this call, the colonists renewed their efforts,
and increased their army to twenty thousand. A
large force Avas also sent from England; so that
there was now on foot, an army far greater than had An army
ever before existed in America. These troops, amount- °'^^'^^
ing in all to 50,000 men, were in readiness for action America,
early in the spring. Three expeditions were resolved
on, against Louisburg, Crown Point, and Fort du
Quesne.
6. A regular siege, the best conducted of any
which had ever been laid in America, placed, on theixmilbni^
26th of July, the fortress of Louisburg again in the s""en-
hands of the British. It was by gallant conduct,
during this siege, that James Wolfe began his career (6ooo
of military renown. With Louisburg, the whole isl- ^^^^t^
and of Cape Breton, and that of St. John's, fell under across th«
the power of the British. "*^^
1. Gener.il Abercrombie, at the head of sixteen
thouspud men, proceeded against Ticonderoga and aw-*
CroAVn Point. He crossed Lake George, and de- ""^g
barking at its northern extremity, he attempted with against
unskilml guides, to pass the three miles of dense derora.
woods, Avidch lay between his army and Ticonderoga.
As he ai)m'oached that fort, a detachment of the ^^^s^^
Fienc'h fell iipon him, and an engagement ensued, Br. L. t,
in which theWssailants lost three hundred men, and ^''•
among othersj the amiable Lord Howe.
8. Abercrouibie, learning that reinforcements were
5. What circulaV did he send to America ? What was done in
consequence? What was the number of the army? What expe-
ditions were resolve\l on ? — 6. liow did the attack on Loni-sburg
succeed ? What canVon say of James Wolfe? — 7. Describe the
moveineut'- of GencralW.bcrcrorabie. What was the fate of Lord
lie we {
168
FROXTKNAC AND DU Ql'I^SNK TAKKN.
PD. III.
CU. VI.
TICON-
iJERO-
GA.
Ur. loss
2000.
\US. 27.
Ciilonel
Brad-
street
«kes Ft.
Fronte-
nao.
FT. II daily expected by tlie French, -vvitliont waiting for
his artillery, made a bi-ave hut imprudent assault
upon the fort, and was repulsed with the heavy loss
of nearly two thousand killed and wounded. He then
retired to his former quarters, on the south side of
Lake George.
9. Here he consented, at the solicitation of Colo-
nel Bradstkeet, to detach him with 3000 men
against Fort Frontenac. AVith these troops, who
were mostly provincials, he marched to Oswego,
embarked on Lake Ontario, and landed on the 25th
of August, within a mile of the fort ; and in two
days forced the important fortress of Frontenac, to
surrender. As this fort, afterwards named Kings-
ton^ contained the military stores which were in-
tended for the Indians, and for the supply of the
southwestern troops, its destruction contributed to
the success of the expedition against Fort du Quesne.
10. To General Forbes, with eight thousand
men, was assigned the capture of Fort du Quesne.
He committed a great error. Against the exjDostu-
lations and enti'eaties of Washington, he made anew
road by Raystown, instead of taking that already
made by Cumberland. The consequence of this was,
that it was so late before the army arrived near du
Quesne, that the men suifered incredible hardships.
The fort was, however, reached, and found deserted.
General Forbes died, on his return, in consequence
of fatigue and exposure. The fort was repaired, and
named Fort Pitt. The neighborinar Indians were
now glad to make peace.
8. What was the result of Abercrombie's operations? — 9. What
detachment was sent out? Trace and describe Brudstreet's route.
What did he effect? — 10. What army had General Forbes ? What
was his destination ? What error did he commit? What was the
consequence? What can you say respectinjr the fort? What re-
specting General Forbes ? What of the Indians 3
General
Forbes
makes a
new road
by Rays-
town.
Ftdu
Quesne
amed Ft.
Pitt
Pitt's geeat plan. 169
CHAPTER VII.
The Campaign of 1759.
1. The successes of the preceding campaign em- pt. ii.
boldened Mr. Pitt to form for this, the great design p'd. hi.
of dispossessing the French of their American terri- <==• ^'^
tory. The campaign of 1759, had for its object, ^^-^v
nothing less than the entire reduction of Canada, pitt's pUn
The army was divided into three parts. The first embraces
division, under Wolfe, was to make a direct attempt objects,
upon Quebec. The second under Amherst, was
ordered to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and
then proceed northerly ; and the third, under Pei-
DEAUX, consisting of Provincials and Indians, was
to reduce Niagara, then to go down the St. Law-
rence, and, with the second detachment, conquer
Montreal ; then join, and aid Wolfe, at Quebec.
2. Prideaux besieged Niagara on the 6th of July.
He Avas killed by the bursting of a shell, and the ^°^^^
command devolved upon Sir William Johnson, who taken,
took the fort with six hundred prisoners. All com-
munication between the northera and southern pos-
sessions of the French was thus barred, and the quiet
behavior of the Indians secured.
3. Pitt had discerned the extraordinary qualities put
of Wolfe, while he was yet obscure ; and to him he *^^^*
now confided the command against Quebec. His sub-
ordinate ofiicers were carefully chosen. He was pro- h?m a^
vided with a choice armv of 8000 men, and a heavy choice
, • f? --n " -^ army.
train oi artillery.
4. His army debarked, late in June, upon the isl- He^ands
and of Orleans. Here Wolfe reconnoitered the posi- °i^^^
tion of his enemy, and saw the difliculties which sur- of Orieai*
CuAPTErt VII.— I . What bold design had Mr. Pitt formed ?
How was tlie army divided, and what was each division expected
to do ? — 2. What was the fate of General Prideaux ? Who effected
P-vdeaux's part of the great plqn':! — 3. What preparations did Pitt
L.rike to insure Wolfe's Kucoesa? — 1. Where did Wolfe's army
debark ?
CH. TIL
1759.
170 WOLFIi's POSITION AND EFFORTS.
P'T. II. rounded him. Quebec rose before him, upon the north
FD. III. side of the St. Lawrence. Its upper town and stronjx
fortifications Avere situated on a rock, whose bold
and steep front continued far westward, parallel with
the river, and presented a wall, which it seemed
impossible to scale.
5. From the northwest came down the river St.
Charles — entering the St. Lawrence just below the
town, its banks, high and uneven, and. cut by deep
Difficni- ravines. Armed vessels were bonie upon its waters,
ties of his and floating batteries obstructed its entrance. A few
^' °°' miles below, the Montmorenci leaped down its cat-
aract into the St. Lawrence. Strongly posted along
the sloping bank of that majestic river, and between
its two tributaries, the French army, commanded by
Montcalm, displayed its formidable lines.
6. Wolfe took possession of Point Le\n, erected
jniy 9. and opened heavy batteries, which swept the lower
toA^-n ; but the fortifications of Quebec remained im-
injured.
1. The English general next landed his anny be-
MOREV ^^^ ^^® Montmorenci ; but Montcalm would not
CJ. ^ leave his intrenchments. Wolfe then crossed that
^^'^•'^^- stream, and attacked him in his camp. But he was
400. obliged to retire with the loss of four hundred of his
men. He then recrossed the Montmorenci.
8. Here he was informed thai the expected succors
French at""'^^® likely to fail. Amherst had found Ticonde-
Montreai roga and Crown Point vacated, and was preparing
•uSori to attack the French forces, on the Isle au Noix.
Prideaux having lost his life, his plans had been car-
ried out by Sir William Johnson. But the enemy
were in full fof ce at Montreal ; and from neither di-
vision of the British anny, could the commander at
Quebec, now hope for any assistance.
9. Wolfe was severelv tried. His mind was un-
4. Wlifit was the appearance of Quebec from this place? — 5.
"Where was the French army posted ? — 6. From what place did
Wolfe open batteries upon Quebec? With what effect? — 7. Where
did Wolfe attack Montcalm? What was he forced to do? — SI
What intelligence did he now obtain?
THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM. 171
broken, but his bodily health, for a time, failed, ft. il
When, however, he was again able to mingle with pd. iil
the army, every eye was raised to him with affection '^ ^^
and hope ; and he formed yet another and a bolder i^kq
plan.
10. Pursuant to this, Wolfe broke up his camp at sept.
Montmorenci, and returned to Orleans, Then em- ^^^^
barking with his army, he sailed up the river several Orleans,
miles higher than his intended point of debarkation.
By this movement he deceived his enemy, and gained
the advantage of the current and tide, to float his
boats silently down to the foot of the rock, which he
intended to scale,
11. Wolfe was the first man who leaped on shore.
The rapidity of the stream was hurrying along their ^^^ ^^
boats, and some had already gone beyond the nar- of Abrar
row landing-place. The shore was so shelving, that septia.
it was almost impossible to ascend ; snd it was lined
with French sentinels.
12, Escaping these dangers at the water's edge,
they proceeded to scale the precipice. The first
party who reached the heights, secured a small bat-
tery, which crowned them ; and thus the remainder ^^
of the armv ascended in safetv ; and there, on this AB'2f.
lofty plain, which commands one of the most mag- ^ ^wa
nificent prospects which nature has formed, — ^the ^r: t and
British army, drawn up in a highly advantageous
position, were, in the morning, discovered by the
French.
13, Montcalm, learning with surprise and deep
regret, the advantage gained by his opponent, left
his strong position, crossed the St. Charles, and in-
trepidly led on the attack. Being on the left of the crder of
French, he was opposed to Wolfe, who was on the ^***'*-
right of the British. In the heat of the engagement,
both commanders were mortally wounded,
9. How did it affect him ?— 10. "What were his first movements
lu reference to his new plan? — 11. Who was first" on shore?
What difficulties were there met? — 12. What others occnrred in
pealing the heiffhts? — 13. What were the arrangements of Mont-
calm I Degcri&e the condition of Wolfe.
172 ENGLAND CONQUERS CANADA.
FT. II. 14. The wound, with which "Wolfe fell, was the
P'D. III. third, which he had received in the battle. He was
OH. vn. removed from the field; but he watclied it with
intense anxiety, as faint with the loss of blood, he
reclined his languid head upon the supporting arm
of an officer. A cry was heard, " they fly, they fly ! "
"Who fly?" he exclaimed. "The enemy," was the
Wolfe? reply. "Then," said he, "I die content," and ex
pired. Not less heroic was the death of Montcalm.
He rejoiced when told that his wound was mortal;
^Mont-"*^ " For," said he, " I shall not live to see the surrender
calm, of Quebec ! "
15. After the battle, the affairs of the English
were conducted with great discretion by General
\9,o' ToAVNSHEND ; whcreas, the French, appear to have
Sept .18. . - - - ' , . ' . ,^ ' ^'^ ... -
Qiiebeo yielded at once to their panic. Ihe capitulation ot
"dera!' Quebec was signed September 18th, 1759, five days
after the battle.
16. General Townshend returning to England,
General Murray was left in command with a gar-
rison of 50Q0 men. The French army retired to
Montreal; and M. de Levi, who had succeeded
1760. Montcalm, being, in the course of the winter, rein-
.Jj^"';'l„ forced by Canadians and Indians, returned the fol-
Attetnptto . •' . . , ^ ^ ' /^ 1
regain lowing spi'ing, With a lorce oi 6000 to Quebec.
Quebec (General Murray left the fortress, and the Heights of
Abraham became the scene of another battle more
bloody, though not equally important in its conse-
quences with the first.
Second ^^- The armies on each side sustained the loss of
^^'T"?' ^^00 men. The battle was not decisive, but the
OF advantage was on the side of the French, who main-
j^^^^'^^jjtained their ground, while the English retired within
side 1000. the fortress. Here they were closely invested until
they received reinforcements, when M. de Levi, aban-
14. How was it with Wolfe, when he was told of the flight of
iiis enemy ? How was it at the same time with Montcalm? — 15
Did tlie French give up Quebec immediately after the baitle
16. What was the position of the contending armies during the
' winter? What was done in the spring? — 17. W^liat was the loss
! in the second battle of the Heights of Abraham I What militarj
operations foUowc' ^t ?
CHEROKKK WAR. 173
doning all thoughts of obtaining possession of Que- ^^-^i-
bee, returned to Montreal, where Vaudreuil, the ^'^- m-
governor, assembled all the force of Canada, ^^ ^^
18. In the mean time. General Amherst had made
arrangements for assembling before this place all
the Bi-itish forces, from Lake Ontario, Lake Cham-
plain, and Quebec. Here they fortunately arrived
■watliin two days of each other, and immediately in-
vested the place. Vaudreuil found the force too sept a
strong to be i-esisted ; and on the 8th of September, gjf"re'-
he surreiulered Montreal, Detroit, Mackinaw, and dcrs.
all the French possessions in Canada.
CHAPTER Vm.
Wars with the Indians.
1. The French had stirred up the Cherokees to
war. Colonel Montgomert, at the head of an 176O.
army, went to their country to chastise them. He
was at first successful; but the Indians afterwards
attacked him in a thicket near Etchoc, and so cut up etceoo
his army, that he was obliged to return. The next
year, an army under Coloi^et. GRAirr, fought and defSte^
conquered the Cherokees on the same spot. He
pursued them to Etchoc, burned their huts and laid ^^*
waste their country. The Indians, thus put in fear, their
ceased their midnight fires and murders, and made ^^^^
peace.
2. Interesting events, closely connected with the
cession of the French territory, were already in
progress among the savages of the northwest. The EiKriish '
missionaries, and traders of that nation, had wisely less popu-
won the hearts of the Indians. Said one of their ^'the^
orators, " when the French arrived, they came and y"'*'"?'
kissed us. They called us their children, and we French.
18. How and when did the capture of Montreal take place?
What other posts were surrendered?
< iiAPTER VIII. -^1. Give an account of the war with the Cher-
okees. f
174 PONTIAC'S WAR.
FT. IT. found them fathers." When tlie more haughty, and
P'D. III. less attentive English, were pi-eparing to take pos-
OH. vin. session of the western ports, Pontiac, the highly
gifted chief of the Ottaioas^ who sought, like Philip,
to regain the primitive independence of his race,
made use of the attaclnnent of the red men to
the French, to unite them in a general conspiracy
•. against their conquerors.
3. Pontiac thought that, as the English had ex*
pelled the French, if the Indians could expel them
before they were fully establislied, they would again
ITe** ^® lords of the forest. The plan of Pontiac was not
Pontiac inferior in boldness to that formed by Pitt for the
T darin^^ final couqucst of Canada. It was no less than a si-
scheme! niultaneous attack upon all the British posts near the
lakes. Pontiac, by his inventive genius, his elo-
quence, and his energy, had acquired such power
July T over the northwestern tribes, that all was arranged
Nine of Avltliout discovery. On the 1th of July ^ 1763, nine
ish po^sts of tf^^ JBritish forts were actually surprised and
captured, captured by the Indians.
4. Maumee and Mackinaw were among the places
which were thus taken, and the garrisons surprised
, and slaughtered. Detroit Avas attempted, but the
Btratagem Stratagem of Pontiac was there betrayed by a com-
Detrolt passionate squaw. For some time, however, he held
the place in siege. But his allies grew weary of the
war, and peace was concluded.
5. During this period, pious Moravians having
been expelled from Germany, came over to America,
with the design of devoting themselves to the con-
version of the native Indians. Their principal seat
was in Pennsylvania ; and their most important vil-
lages were Bethlehem and Nazareth. Their mis-
2. What difference did the Indians find between, the manners
of the French and the English? Who was Pontiac? — 3. What
were his views? What his plan of operation? How far did he
succeed? — 4. What two places are mentioned, which were taken
by surprise? Where was Pontiac's plan revealed, by the compas-
sion of a woman ? — 5. What was the object of the Moravians, in
coming to this country ? Where was their principal seat? Their
villages ?
PEACE OF PARIS. 175
sionaries, male and female, went forth to the west ft. ii.
ern part of Connecticut, to central New York, and pd. hi.
through Pennsylvania to Ohio. They lived among ^^- ^"t-
the savages, calling them their brethren and sisters. 1746.
Thus they won their confidence, and several hun-j^^JJ^^^^^
dreds of them, manifested the ti-ansforming power among
of the gospel, by the change of their barbarous dis-faithfaroi
positions and practices, for such as were pious, kind, mission-
and gentle.
6. George III. succeeded to the throne of Eng- ^^^
land soon after the capture of Quebec ; and Mr. Pitt, lyeil
resigning in October, 1701, the Earl of Bute was ^}^
the following year made prime minister. The first * "
object of the new administration was to restore Lord
peace. Scarcely was this accomplished, when Lord B"^-
Bute resigned his place, which was given to Mr.
George Grexville.
7. The definitive treaty was signed at Paris, in
February, 1763, by which England obtained from -^«„
France all her possessions in America, east of thop^jj^^^p
Mississippi, excepting the island of New Orleans; paris.
the navigation of that river being left open to both
nations. From Spain she obtained Florida, in ex-
change for Havana, which had been captured during
the Avar. France^ at the same time^ gave to /Spain
the territory/ of Louisiana. In 1800, Spain recon- 1§00
veyed it to Frai%ce.
5. Where did their missionaries cjo ? IIow did they treat the
natives ? How was it with those Indians who received the gos-
pel ? — 6. Who became king: of England ? What can you say of
Mr. Pitt ? Who succeeded him ? Who next was prime minister?
7. When was the treaty of peace sisrned ? What did England
obtain from France! What from Spain? Which party received
Louisiana?
EXERCISES ON THE TEER CHRONOGRAPHER.
(For Perio<i HI., Pan II.)
What event marks the beginning of this period? What is it* date?
Point it out on the ( hronocraiiher. Al^o the places of the foUowini: dales:
Oeoriria was invaded by the Spaniards in 174-2. Tlie Uliio Company was
formed in 17511. Governor Din\«iddie sent George Wasliingion on an em-
bK.s,-^v to the Freiich commandant in 1753. Bradilook was defta'ed in 1755.
The"ma■^sac^e at Fort V\iiliam Henry, 1757. In 175S. L^uisburg. Fort
Froiiteii.ic. and Fort l)u Quesnc, were taken from tlie Freio h. General
Wolfe took Quebec in 1759 Canada surrendered in 17(W. Show the epoch
at which this period terminates.
176
OFFICERS IN THE FKENCH WAR>
OFFICERS IN THE FRENCH WAR.
On account of the liability of young persons to become con
fused in the history of wars, concerning the side to which
officers mentioneil belong, we shall, in the principal wars, viz.,
the French, the Revolutionary, and the War of 1812, give
separate lists of the most distinguished officers of each bel-
ligerent.
FEENCH WAE FKOM 1754 TO 1763.*
American Officers.
George Wasiiing-
TOX,
"Win slow,
Sir William John-
son,!
Lyman,
Shirley,
Mercer,
Bradstreet,
Forbes.
British Officer a.
Bkaddook,
Monckton,
Dunbar,
Monroe,
WOLFE,
Abeuckombie,
Lord Howe,
AMIfERST,
Prideaux,
ToWNSnEND,
Murray.
French Officer
Mahqijis DU
QUESNE,
St. Pierre,
De Jmnonville,
DlESKAtJ,
MoNTOALM,
De Levi,
Vaudreuil.
• The British and Americans were in this war nnited, and both against
j!ia French.
t Bir William Johnson was born in Ireland, bat e&me to America in
iwrly lifa
Williums'oii
Lon^ude If '".from 1Vaski7igU:>7t
^2 ^
Note. — Places i)iaik(.-il thus - repvjseut Moiavian Missionary Stations.
PART ITT.
F R 0 i\I 17 6 8 TO 17 8 9,
Death of General Wolfe,
PEHIOD I.
THE PKACK I 1763 {• OP PARIS,
TO
THK DECLA.BATION i ].776« > OF IKDEPENDKITOB.
CHAPTER I.
Causes of the Eevolutionary War.
1. Wk come now to trace tlie causes by which P'T. iil
England lost her colonies, and America gained her fd. l
indejjendence. We shoi^ld always remember that ^^ ^
there is a Great First Cause, — even God o^r Cre-rpj^g^j.^ .
ator and Ruler. We should observe with thankful- First
noss, by what steps He led our forefathers, — and
how He made them a way across the deep, and gave
them a place wherein to plant a great nation. In
Chapter I. — 1. In tracing the causes of thines, what should
we alwajiB remember? What should we observe with thank-
ful nesa ?
1V9
Cause.
180
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.
P'T. III. Plis providence, the time was approaching, when the
P'D. I. bonds were to be severed which bound this country
°^ ^ to the parent land.
2. But the First Cause uses, as His agents, the
opinions and wills of men, which guide their con-
Becond duct. The men in Great Britain, who took at this
causes, time the lead in the government, had haughty and
wrong ideas of the power which England had a
right to exercise over her distant colonies. They
forgot that the American people were children of
the same forefathers with themselves, and heirs of
the same political rights. They held the Americans
tooUsh- in comparative contempt, as those whose labors and
onfside. "^<^^®y D^ust, if they demanded, be given to them,
without, or against, their owner's consent.
3. Had the rulers in England undertaken to op-
press the people there in the same manner, they
would have rebelled ; much more the Americans, —
who, as we have seen, had grown up in their new set-
tlements, with a deep sense of the rights of the peo-
On the pie. Toil and danger had made them strong and
manly de- ^^^^^- When they saw, that the rulers in Great
termina- Britain had determined on making them submit to
*"'■ their unrighteous will, they became alarmed. They
resolved, that they would first endeavor, by peti-
tions, to bring them to a better mind ; but if after
that, they persisted in their oppressions, they would
refuse to submit; and if force was employed against
them, repel it by force ; — trusting, that a righteous
God Avould aid their cause.
4. During the French war, the English wanted
the services of the Americans ; and, besides, those
were then in power, who opposed the high govern-
1. What in reference to the Great First Cause, can we say of
the separation of our country from England ? — 2. Wliat does tho
First Cause use as his agents, or as second causes? What opin-
ions were held by the leading men in Great Brit-ain ? What did
they forget? What did they hold concerning the Americans?
3. Of what had the Americans o deep sense? What liad made
them strong and brave ? When did they become alarmed ? What
did they resolve ? — 4. Why did the British opprass the Amerioana
less, during the Freneh war ?
DEBATES IN PARLIAMENT. 181
Tnont party. But the war was no sooner at an end, ft. hi.
than this party again took the lead, with Lord ^d ^
Gkenville at its head. cu. i.
5. In 1764-, Lord Grenville gave notice to the Lord
American agents in London, that it was his inten- ''"'^' ^
tiqn to draw a revenue from the colonies ; and that p,^^*
he should, in the ensuing session of parliament, pro- the
pose a duty on stamps. compact
6. The colonial agents in London, informed their
respective colonies of the intended system of taxa-
tion. Massachusetts instructed her agents, to deny
the right of parliament to impose taxes upon those Mass.. Va.,
who were not represented in the house of commons. *"'^^/T;
The house of burgesses, in Virginia, appointed a com- ground,
mittee, who prepared an able address to the king
and parliament. The assembly of New York also
sent petitions, which, in a spirit more bold and de-
cided than those from any other colony, asserted
their own rights, and the limitations of British
power.
7. Associations were formed in all the colonies to
encourage home manufactures, and prohibit, as much
as possible, the use of British goods. The tendency j^^^JJl"^^
of this judicious measure, was to make the colonists British
less dependent, and, by operating injuriously on the *'*^*'
British merchants, to make them a party against the
ministry.
8. Notwithstanding the opposition, which, in truth,
was not unexpected. Lord Grenville introduced into jyes,
the British parliament his plan for taxing -4mer- stamp Ac*
ica^ to commence toith duties on stamps. In the **pp'*^
house of commons, the project, though ably sup-
ported, met with ardent and animated opposition.
9. " Children, planted by your care!" exclaimed
Colonel Barre, in answer to one who spoke against
4. What happened as soon as it was ended ? — 5. What notice
was given by Lord Grenville? — 6. What was done by Massachu-
Betts, on being informed of the intention of Lord Grenville?
What by Vir^rinia ? What by New York ? — 7. What were formed ?
What was the tendency of the measure? — 8. How, in the first
place, was Lord Grenville's project received? — 9. Kepeat a part
of Col. Barre's speech.
1S2 MEA&L'KKS OF OFrKNCE.
P'T. III. the Americans. " No ! Yoar oppi-essions planted
P'D. I. them in America ! They fled from your tyranny to
cH- 1- an uncultivated land, where they were exposed to
Colonel all the hai"dships to which human nature is liablej"*
.lifence^of 10- " They nourished by your indulgence! No!
tiie Ainer-They grcw by your neglect! When you began to
care about them, that care was exercised in sending
Recounts pcrsous to rulc ovcr them, whose character and con-
^ their (Juct has causcd the blood of these sons of liberty to
and suffer- recoil Avithin them. They protected by your arms!
lugs- They have nobly taken up arms in your defence !
The people of America are loyal — but a people
jealous of their liberties, and they will vindicate
them."
11. Neither the eloquence of Colonel Barre and
others, nor the remonstrances of the colonists, could
1765. P^'Gvent the passage of the stamp act. Of three
March 22. hundred, who voted in the house of commons, only
^ Act^ fifty were against it ; in the house of lords, there was
passed, not a single dissenting voice ; and the royal assent
was readily obtained.
12. By this act, no written instrument could be
All law legal, unless the paper was stamped on which it was
must be drawn ; and this stamped paper was to be purchased
stamped. })j ^]^q Americans, at an exorbitant price, of the
agents of the British government.
13. Provision was made for the recovery of pen-
alties for the breach of this act, as of all others re-
•dmiraity. latin g to trade and revenue, in any admiralty, or
king's marine court, throughout the colonies ; and
these courts proceeded in trials, without the inter-
^"y'sus- vention of a jury. This act, suspending trial by jury,
pended. and making the colonists liable to be called to trial,
for real or supposed offences, to distant provinces,
was highly displeasing to the Americans.
10. Relate the succeeding part. — 11. Did the Stamp Act pass?
At what time? With what majority? — 13. What was this
stamped paper to be used for? Of whom was it to be bought by
the Americans? At what kind of price? — 13. If tlie law was
violated, before what courts were otienders to be tried ? How
did these courts proceed in trials ? Why were these laws otfeu
Bive to the people ?
THE UNION BEGINS. 183
14, Anticipating opposition to these measures, par- ft. til
liamient passed laws for sending troops to America, fd. i.
and obliging the inhabitants of those colonies to *'^"-
which they should be sent, to furnish them with a^ for
t n T quartariLg
quarters, and all necessary supplies, treopa.
15. Great was the grief and indignation caused in
America by the news of the stamp act. The Vir-
ginia legislature, — the house of burgesses, was in
Bession. The eloquent Patrick- Henky introduced |*„'^*'^
the five celebrated resolutions, which constituted the resoia-
first public opposition to the odious act. The last of ^'^^
these declared in express terms that they were not
bound to obey any law imposing taxes, unless made
by their representatives.
CHAPTER n.
First Geneeal Congeess at New York — called the Continental
Congress. — Eepeal of the Stamp Act.
1. Before the proceedings in Virginia had be- -,y^«
come known in Massachusetts, the general court of
that colony had assembled, and adopted measures to
produce a combined opposition to the oppressive
measures of parliament. Letters were addressed to
assemblies of the other colonies, proposing that a
congress, composed of deputies from each, shovdd
meet to consult on their common interest. Dele-Dgj^atag
gates were accordingly elected from Massachusetts, fr^ nine
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, **
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Car-
olina.
2. On the first Tuesday in October, the delegates oct t.
met at New York. They drew up a " Bill of Rights," ^rstc^
I'll ,Ti t ^ • ts "> Uneniul
m which they asserted that the colonists were en- congrt**..
14. What other act offensive to them was passed? — 15. What
legislature was in session when news of the Stamp Act arrived ?
What was the first public opposition to the Stamp Act ?
Chapter II. — 1. What was proposed in the legislature of Mas-
Bachusetts ? What letters sent ? What colonies elected delegates I
2. Wlien and where did the first continental congress meet?
184 OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP ACT.
FT. in. tilled to all the rights and privileges of natural-born
FD. I. siihjecLs of Great Britain; es])ecially tliat of an ox-
cii.n. eiusivi' right to tax tlieniseives, — and to the privi-
■a<y.^'.<- ^^'^^ oftrial by jui-y; -.unl that the late acts of jsarlia-
I'ciiUon* I'leuL h;;(J a I'laniiest tendency to subvert these rights
u> tiie and hbeilies. The eonuiess then i)ie!)ai-ed petitions
i-.wn- to tlie king, and to botii houses of ])arliaraent.
""^^^'- 3. .\s the day approached on which the stamp act
was to take etfect^ the popuhir feeling against it
Odious iiicrcased. This law was so framed, that the evil
features intended as a penalty for disobedience-, was no less
stamp as^. than the susj)ension of the whole machinery of the
social order, and the creation of a state of anaix-hy.
Neither trade jior navigation coukl proceed ; no
contract could be k'gahy made; no process againsi
an Ou\ ixler could be instituted ; no apprentice cordd
be hidented; no student could receive a diploma,
nor e\ en could the estates of the dead be legally
settle(i, — until the stamp duty was paid.
4. Measures were taken to make the situation of
all concerned in its collection, so unj)leasant, tliat no
Lnw.sl- *^'^'-' ^"'o'^^ ^^ found hardy enougli to engage as an
bieforany oflicej". At Boston, the populace broke the win-
cUstrUmte dows and destroyed the fui-niture of Andrew Oli-
Btaiups. VER, the proposed disti-ibutor of stamps, M-ho tlien
formally pledged himself to have no concern in the
execution of the obnoxious statute. In New Haven,
Mr. Ingeesoll was obliged to declare the same
resolution, not to become a distributor. Similar
scenes occurred in other places. Governor Hutch-
inson, of Boston, suffered heavy losses by the vio-
-T- , fence of the mob.
A niotbod 5. The first of November, the day on which tlie
2^n /'their ^^^ was to take effect, was ushered in by the tolling
use. of bells, as for a funeral procession, and signs of
2. Wliat account can you give of the " Bill of Kights ?" Wliat
petitions did the congress prepare ? — 3. What evils did tlie Brif
ish intend to bring upon the country, if the people refused to buy
the stamped paper ?— -4. Whiit measures were taken to prevent
the law from going into operation ? — 5. How was the day observed
on which it was to take elfect?
rcn
CH U.
iiiiry
ri la-
ment's
L'l-iiira-
tion.
NKW TAXKS. 185
inonrnino^ anl sorrow Mpp'.ireil in all ths coionies. pt. in.
TliH j)r()ocyi}i!m".s oT th? c«);i-rs oi' jiistiee were s!is- p-u. i.
jn'iided, in order that no stamps jiiiglit be used;
and those encriiixed in disputes, were earnestly and
etlectuallv extiortcd, 1)V the leading men, to terini-
nate them by reference.
6. The autliorities in England were at a loss l)ow
lo proceed ; for they saw that measures must he
taken, either to re])eal the obnoxious statute, or
oblige the Americans to submit to it, by force of , Tan"'"
arms. In January, 1766, the petitions of conirress, P"'
were laid before the house of commons. After their .<is^i
examination, a reso]uti<»n was introduced by Gex-
EiiAL Conway, now prime minister, declaring that
parliament " had lull ])Ower to bind the colonies,
and people of Americ.-x, in all cases Avhatsoe\'er,"
which, after an animated debate, was adopted.
7. The next day, the new ministry bent on a re- jiy/>^
peal of the stamp act, examined Dr. Franklin before Feb. lo.*
the house of commons. He gave it as his opinion, pra'^'J;|i„
that the acts of parliament for taxing America, had examised.
alienated the affections of the people from the mother
country, and that they would never submit to the
stamp duty, unless comjielled.
8. The resolution to repeal that act, was opposed
by Lord Grenville and his adherents, who were Ecpeai
answered by Mr. Pitt, now Lord Chatham. That "^^^^fj^
great statesman maintained, tliat taxation Avas no JPitt.
part of the governing or legislative power, which
parliament had a right to exert over the colonies ;
and concluded with a motion, " that the Stamp Act
be re])ealed, totally, absolutely, and immediately."
9. The bill for its repeal, at length passed the
commons, and was sent to the house of lords, where ^o^^f,*„'^
it met Avith much opposition. But the cause, of
5. Wliat was done in respect to courts and disputes? — 0. ^Vhat
did the British authorities now perceive ? What resohitiou was
udopLed ? — 7. W!io was examined before the house of commons ?
Wliat opinion did he give ? — 8. Wlio opposed the repeal of the
Btanii) Act? Who advocated it? What motion did he make'
9. Was the repeal opposed in the house of lords f
186 TUK RIGHT TO OIM'KKSS ASSKRTKD.
P'T. Ill, tlie colonies was ably advocated by Lord Cam-
P'i>. I. DEN-. " Taxation and reprcsiMitation," lie said, "are
*'"■ "*■ inseparable — it is an eternal law of nature ; for wliat-
1?<>6. *^^'*^^* i'^ '^ man's own, is absolutely his own ; no man
Lord ' has a i-ight to take it from him without his consent.
Camden. wiiQj^.y^ji- attempts to do it, attempts an injury;
March 18 wlioevcr docs it, commits a robbery," The bill for
Passes thore|)eal at length passed the house of lords, — but
lords!' with it, was another, in which the declaration was
re])eated, that " parliament had a right to bind the
colonies in all cases whatsoever."
CHAPTER III.
Second Attempt to Tax America. — Opposition.
1706. 1, Although the repeal of the Stamp Act gave
joy to the colonists, yet, while a principle was at the
jeaKms* Same time asserted, upon which any future ministry,
watchfiiL '^^'^^^ ^^^^ sanction of parliamentary authority, might
oppress them, they continued a jealous watch over
the British government.
2. General Conway recommended to the colonies
March 31. to make compensation to those who had suffered in
payffor attempting to enforce the Stamp Act. This referred
the riot, particularly to the Boston affair. The assembly of
dons'The Massachusetts at first refused to make any comjDcn-
rioters. gation to the sufferers ; but they finally consented,
though in a manner highly displeasing to the British
government ; for the same act which made the ap-
propriation for the damage, gave a pardon to those
jn]y. by whom it was done.
3. In July, another change took place in the Brit-
Pitt in
power.
9. Wlio advocated it? On what principle ? What was finally
done in the liouse ot'lords?
Chaptek III. — 1. IIow did the news from England affect the
colonies? — 2. What did General Gonway recommend? Vliat
was done in Massachusetts? — 3. What change occurred in Mi«
British ministry ?
1HE UNION OPPOSED BY THE BKITISE. 187
ish ministry; and a cabinet was formed under the ft. m.
direction of Mr. Pitt, ncT Earl of Chatham. The fd. l
proceedings of the Americans had given great of- *^' ™*
fence to tlie British ; and they were condemned by
many, who had heretofore espoused their cause.
4. In May, 1767, Charles Townshend, then chan-
cellor of the exchequer, influenced by Lord Gren- 1767.
ville, brought into parliament a second plan for tax- mem rm-
ing America, by imposing duties on all tea, glass, P^^e new
])aper, and painters' colors, which should be im-
ported into the colonies. This bill passed both
houses of parliament without much opposition. An-
other was passed, appointing the ofiicers of the navy,
as custom-house officers, to enforce the acts of trade
and navigation.
5. These acts revived the feelings which the Stamp -»^g
Act had produced. In Massachusetts, the assembly *"*•
sent a petition to the king. They also addressed
circulars to the other colonial assemblies, entreating
their co-operation, in obtaining the redress of their
common grievances.
6. The British ministry viewed this measure as an
attempt to convene another congress ; and they had
always dreaded the effects of voluntary colonial union, ^h^ ^^ygj
independent of the crown. Governor Bernard re- governor
quii'ed the assembly to rescind the vote by which the ' the
circulars were sent to the other colonies. The assera- "sembiy
bly refused to rescind, and the governor dissolved it.
But, instead of intimidating, this measure did but ex-
asperate the people.
7. In June, the custom-house officers seized a sloop
belonging to John Hancock, a merchant of emi- ^^^ ^^
nence, and a patriot much beloved by the people of Seizure oi
Boston. They assembled in crowds, insulted and^g"^J^'*
4. What new plan was proposed for taxing America? "What
was done in parliament in reference to it ? What other act
passed? — 5. What measures were taken in Massachusetts? — 6.
What was the view of the British concerning the Union ? What
did Governor Bernard require ? What ground was taken by the
atisembh' ? What was the consequence ? — 7. Where, and on what
occasion, were the custom-house officers insulted and beaten ?
ISS " MEASUKES ilUTUALT.Y IToSTTLF..
P'T. III. bent the officers, and compelled tliein to leave the
P'D. irtowii.
cu. HI. 8. Tlie assembly of ]M:issachusetts Imd not con-
vened since its dissolution bv Governor Bernai'd. A
report was circuhited tliat troojis were ordered to
march into Boston. A town-mcetiiiij^ was called, and
the governor was earnestly entreatecl to convoke the
governor a.ssembly. Ilis reply was, ''tiiat lie conld not call
rrfiiscs jiiiother assembly this vear, withont further corn-
to call an •, r- i i • 4 ■ • 1 1
asM-inbiy. mands from the knig." A convention of the pcojne
xoas then proposed^ and riccordbu/hj held^ on. the lid
A^clm von- <5/" September. The members noain petitioned tho
tion. o^overnor, that an assembly might be convened ; but
lie I'elused — callimj^ them relx^ls. — Thev transmitted
to the king a res[)ect,ful aceonnt of their proceedings,
and dissolved, after a s^'ssion of live days.
9. Orders were sent to Gi::xi;itAi> GA<iE, the com-
mander-in-chief of the liritish troo'ts in the colonies,
to station a force in lioston^ to ocenace the citizens,
and p7'otect the custont-honse officers in the ilischargo
Sept- 2=i. of their duty. Two reuiments were accordingi}'"
ineiiis' ordered from Ilalitax, and escorted by seven armed
^i',;;;^^;.";'^ vessels ; they arrived at lioston on the 28th of Sep-
Bosion. teniber, and took a station wiiicli ccjinmr.nded the
town. The troops then mareheil into IJ(jston. The
select-men refusing to provit'e them with quarters,
the governor commanded the state-house t(j be
opened for their reception. Thoiigh outward vio-
lence was restrained by this measure, yet hostile
dis})ositions were increased.
10. The proceedings in jMassachusetts were de-
*[|^^^j^*_clared by the Britisli parliament to be "illegal,
insfttii- unconstitutional, and derogatory to the rights of the
"^G^t-at crown and to parliament." Both houses, in a joint
Briuiii. address to the king, recommended vigorous meas-
iires, and besought htm to direct the governor of
8. What did a town-nicetinnr in Boston request of the governor ?
"What wart liis rejily? Wliat was then proposel and donu ?- i).
Wliat orders were given to General Gatre ? What forces wera
broiiirlit to B'^ston, and whore phiced ^ — 10. What news was
received from England ?
" AFFKAV"" iX D'-ySTOS^ ISO
Massac'iiisctts B;iy, to lu.iko >tricL inquiries as to all ft. iil
tri'asows coiiii/HtU'il iil ihui j)ruviiice since the year p-o. i. '
1707, in order tiiut^tlie persons nii.)st active in com- ch. ul
mittiiiti Iheni, huijht he seat to Eadland for trial.
11. TiiC iiouse jot" burgesses in Virginia met a tew
days al'ter tliis adtlress was received in the colonies, jj^twith
Tiiev i>assed resolutions, in wiiicli thev boldiv defied ■='>ir- in
the right of the kinij: to remove an oifender out of ^i""^""*-
the colony for tri;i!. Wlien the intelligence of the<e
proceedings reached tlie governor, he stiddenly dis
solved the assembly. Tiie members assemb'ed at a Thpimr-
pi'ivate house; elected their speaker, Peyton Kax- g«f-s
DoLi'H, moderator, and procee<led to jjass some de- ti;",,,-
cided resolut!<jns, against importing British goods, flj,';.',";,:';
These were introduced by Colonkl Yv'ASiiiXGToy,
n-
Hii;
who had been a member of the house since his ^j,
resignation. The exanij.'le was extensively toiiowed.
12. 'J'he assemblv of Massachusetts v\"as convened.
They refused to proceed with business while the 1770.
state-house was surrounded by an ai'med force. Tlie ^.i!ll.*-^^'n;„
goveriior would not remove it, but adjourned them "' m---*---
to Camoriuge. Lonsidermg tr.e establistiineut ol a ,,, a.-.i.
standing ;irmy in time of peace, as an invasion of their ^""'s^
natural riglits, tliey refused to make any of the aj>
propriati(,)ns of money which the governor jiroposed ;
ajid lie again jjrorogued them. In August, Governor
Bernard was recalled, and the government left in the
hands of Lieutenant-governor Hutchinson'.
13. Some of the inhabitants of Boston insulted
the military, while under arms; and an affi-ay took
place, in which four persons wei'e killed. The l>ells 'Affray'
were instantly rung; the people rushed from the ^rijish*
country to liu» aid of the citizens ; an<l the swhliers tro<4.3.
"svere obliged to retire to Castle William, in order
to avoid the fury of the enra'j:ed multitude. The
11. Wlint \v;l< June by the lci:i.--!aturc uf Vinriiiia? Ila.l W:i>h-
inirtDn bi-en in siny public ciipiicity >iiK'e liis resio-iialion ? What
was HOW aolie by !,im ? — 12. VVeic the Criti.-h able, by their
artne,l I'orce, to tViirbteii tlie as^em!ny <ir' Mas>aohii#ctls, to i:iaka
laws lo p'.iMse them? Wl)y liij tlicv retii>c to iimke approj'ria-
tioiis ot' iiior.ey ? What chaiiu'e occiirre.i re.-peetiiiiT govcriK>rs*
13. Gi\ ■? .--Liiiie iiocouat uf the; adray wiui ihe uiilitarv.
190 THE BOSTON TEA PARIT.
FT III, soldiers were tried, and their just cause was nobly
P'D. I. plead by the leading patriots — Jonx Adaims and
°^ ^''- JosiAii QuiNCY. However wrong were their mas-
ters, the soldiers were not in this case to blame;
and they were acquitted.
i'5"yi ^'^' ^^ Knglnnd Lord North was appointed to
January! the ministry. He introduced a bill into parliament,
North '^^^'c'^ passed on the 12th of April, removing the
tempo duties which liad been laid in 1767, excepting those
nzes. ^^ ^gj^_ gjjj. ^j^^.y ^^-jj claimed the riffht of taxing
lyya ^^^ colonies. In Rhode Island the people rose and
June.* destroyed the Gaspee, an armed British schooner,
Gaspee '^^'hich had been stationed in that colony for the pur-
destroyed, pose of enforcing the acts of trade.
CHAPTER IV.
Seizure of Tea. — Boston Port Bill. — Arrival of British Troope.
1. The non-importation agreements which bad
been made and rigidly observed, in respect to the
iyiay_ ' article of tea, now began to affect the commercial
Law made interest of Great Britain. Parliament passed an act,
land" allowing the East India Company to export to
'■^^P^"''^ Am erica its teas, free of all duties in England; thus
enabling them to reduce its price in the colonies.
Tea was accordingly shipped from England in large
quantities. Resolutions were extensi^^ely adopted
that the tea should not be received on shore, but
sent back to England.
Boston 2. In Boston, several men disguised as Indians,
jy « went on board the ships during the night, and threw
their cargoes into the water. Three hundred and
14. What now occurred in England ? Did the Americans re-
fuse to obey the British, to save the money to be paid in these
taxes, or to maintain their rights? What vessel was destroyed ?
Chapter IV. — 1. What agreements had been made in regard to
tea? Were they observed? ^\'hat did they affect? What act
did parliament pass? What was accordingly sent from England?
What resolutions adopted? -2. What daring exploit was per-
formed at Boston ?
BOSTON POKT BILL. 191
forty-two chests of tea were thus broken open, and P't. in.
their contents tlirown overboard. fd. l
3. The parUaraent of England, in order to punish ^'*- ^'^•
the inhabitants of Boston, and oblige them to re- jiyy^
store the value of the tea, passed a bill in March, The
1774, " interdicting all commercial intercourse '^i^f^ ywITsoj^
the port of Boston^ and prohibiting the landing and
Bhi])ping of any goods to that place," until these
ends should be accomplished.
4. General Gage was made governor of Massa-
chusetts, in the place of Hutchinson, who had been
removed from his office in consequence of unpopu- Exposnr*
larity occasioned by the exposure of letters, which "ins^n^s "
had been written by him, during the years 1767 letters,
and 1768, to the leading men of Great Britain, and
which had tended greatly to increase the prejudice
of parliament against the colonies.
5. On the arrival of the port hill in Boston, a
meeting of the inhabitants was held, who declared „ ,„
that the "impolicy, injustice, and inhumanity ot the Boston
act exceeded their powers of expression !" The as- ^"^^^^
sembly convened at this place, but was removed by excite-
ment.
the governor to Salem, It was here resolved that a
congress^ comjyosed of delegates from, all the colo-
nies, ought to be elected, to take their affairs into the
most serious consideration. They nominated five ^ general
eminent men, as their representatives to such a con- congress,
gress, and directed the speaker of the house to in-
form the other colonies of their resolution.
6. The governor sent an officer to dissolve the
assembly, in the king's name, but as the members Assembly
would not permit him to enter the hall, he read the ^rr^^
order aloud on the staircase ; but it was not obeyed autJwrity.
until the members had finished their most important
business.
7. Governor Gage had believed that the advanta-
3. Wlia'u was done by the Britisli to retaliate ? — 4. What change
was made in Massachusetts? — 5. What was done on the arrival of
the port bill? What important resolution was passed at Salem:
and what consequent measures taken ? — 6. In what manner did
tiie assembly treat the royal authority ?
192 PAI.K.M TYU'V. TO i;-)ST(;N'.
FT. III. gos nfisiiig to tli(.> tnuii.- oi'Saleii), fVoiii s)mttin<x '^P
P^). 1. the porl of IJostoii, would iviider its iniiabilants
cu. V. ^l(J,.^> tjivoi-able to the royai n(nt!riiiiu'iit ; but the
.-^ - peojile of that town declared, "'•that nature, in tbnn-
Nobio ' i'lii," their harbor, iiad prevented their becoming ri-
condiictofy;^!^ in trade; and that even if it wove otherwise,
the peojile , , , , i , , , . i >■
ofSaieui. they should regard theuiselves lost to every idea or
justice, and all feenngs of humanity, could they
indidge cue thought of raising tlieir Ibrtunes upon
tlie iTiins of their countrymen."
The Bns- S- '^^^^ cause of the j)eopie of Boston whs espoused
tonians by all the colonies, and tlieir wants were supplied by
the whole Contributions. The people of Marblehead gener-
country. ously offered them the use of their harbor, their
wharves and warehouses.
9. When, in May, 1774, the house of burgesses
in Virginia, received the news of the Ijoston poi't
bill, they proclaimed a fast. Lord DuxiroiiE, the
governor, at once pi-orogued them. They, how-
ever, formed an association, and voted to recom-
tnend to the colofiies a (/enteral co7igress. The first
_, _. of June, the day on which tiie port bill was to take
ginians cffect, was devoutly observed, in Virginia, as a day
^fesL* of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, to implore that
God would avert the evils which threatened them,
and '■'give them one heart and one tnind^ firmly to
oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to
the American rights."
CHAPTER V.
1'J"7<1, Congress at Philadelphia.
Sept 4.
Fir'itcon- 1. On- the 4th of Se})tcml)er, 1774, the proposed
^^ngVess. coiigress Convened at Phi]adel])hia. In this body,
7. What generoua part did the inhahitauts of Salem take? — 8.
"What tliose of Marblehead ?— 9. What was done by the Virgin-
iatis respectine the troubles in Bostou ? What petition did they
atl'er to the Almia:hty?
Chaptei! V. — 1. When and wlicre did the continental congress
COD Vine 'i
FIRST COXGIIESS AT PHILADELPHIA. 193
the most angust and important which had ever as- pt. iil
sembled npo7i the American shores^ all the colonies, "jp-uTiT
except Georgia, were represented ; and all parties, c«- '^•
struck with its array of splendid talents and stern
patriotism, looked forward to results with deep in- nfes rep-
terest and great expectation. resented.
2. Their first measure was to choose, by a unani-
mous vote, Peyton Randolph, Esq., of Virginia, asg^:,p,,^jj
president. They decided that each colony should president.
have one vote. They chose a committee of two
from each province, to draw up a " Bill of Rights."
They approved of the conduct of Massachusetts, and
exhorted all to perseverance in the cause of freedom, ^the^^
They addressed a letter to General Gage, entreating^vjactof
him to desist from military operations; lest a differ-
ence, altogether irreconcilable, should arise between
the colonies and the parent state.
3. By a non-importation com,pact they agreed^ and
associated for themselves and their constituents,
" under the sacred ties of virtue, honor, and love of
liberty," not to import^ or use any British goods f^^
after the first of Becemher, 1774. They resolved non-im-
to encourage agriculture, arts, and manufactures ^"ac",^""
in America. Committees were to be appointed in
every place, to see that this agreement was observed.
4. Finally they determined to continue the coiv-
gressional union, until the repeal by parliament, of cmuinlxe*
oppressive duties — of the laws restricting their rights }^^. ,
of trial by jury, and of the acts against the people of union.
Massachusetts.
5. In the several addresses Avhich were drawn up
by their committees and accepted, congress fully met
the high expectations which were entertained of ^^^^^^^^
that body of men, of whom Lord Chatham declared, otam
" that though he had studied and admired the free
states of antiquity, the master spirits of the world,
1. How many colonies were represented? — 2. What was their
first measure? What did they decide? Wliom choose? What
approve? Wh:it exhort? What entreat? — 3. What was agreed
in tiie non-iinportiition oonipact? — 4. They detcruiined to con-
tinue the uniou till the repeal of what acts ?
9
congress.
194: "WISDOM, TALENT, AND CONFIDENCE.
FT. III. yet, for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and ^
~P'D. I. wisdom of conclusion, no body of men could stand
on. T. jj^ PREFERENCE TO THIS CONGRESS."
6. The petition to the king entreated him, in lan-
* guage the most respectful and affectionate, to re-
They store their violated rights. Their grievances, they
make an gaid, were the more intolerable, as they Avere born
appeal to heirs of freedom, and had enjoyed it under the aus-
the king, piges of his royal ancestors. " The apprehension,"
say they, " of being degraded into a state of servi-
tude, from the pre-eminent rank of English freemen,
while our minds retain the strongest love of liberty,
and clearly foresee the miseries preparing for us and
our posterity, excites emotions in our breasts which
we cannot describe."
7. They express a hope, that the royal indigna-
tion will fall upon those designing and dangerous
pe^on men, who, by their misrepresentations of his Ameri-
^'^"g^^^'i can subjects, had, at length, compelled them, by the
Dicken- force of accumulated injuries, too severe to be longer
"""■^ borne, thus to disturb his majesty's repose ; a con-
duct extorted from those " who would much more
willingly bleed in his service."
8. Not less moving was the appeal to their fel-
1774. low-subjects of England. " Can any reason," they
ask, " be given, why English subjects, who live three
•^^aWe"*' thousand miles from the royal palace, should enjoy
appeal, less liberty than those who are three hundred miles
from it ?"
9. In the memorial to their constituents, they pre-
Memoriai sented an account of the oppressive measures of par-
TOMtuu- liament, since 1763. They applaud the spirit which
«nts. they had shown in defence of their rights, and en-
courage them to persevere, and be prepared for
all contingencies ; — hinting that those might occur,
which would put their constancy severely to the test.
5. Wliat was Lord Chatham's opinion of this congresa?— 6.
Give BOine account of their petition to the king. — 7. With what
language did thi.** petition close i — 8. What question did they put
to their fellow-subjects in England ? — 9. What was their memo-
rii»l to their constituents ?
THE CRISIS APPROACHES. 195
10. The congress rose on the 6th of October. Al- pt. iil
though iJieir powers were merely advisory^ yet their fd. l
decisions received the approbation of the colonial ^^- ^^
assemblies, and carried with them the force of laws. ^^^^
Oct 6.
Their pro»
♦ ceedings
spprored.
CHAPTER YI.
War approaches. — Massachusetts. — British Parliament.
1. There were, however, a few persons who fa-
vored the cause of Great Britain. They were called whigs
tories, and were regarded as traitors by the great *°*^ ^"**
body of the people ; who, in opposition to tories,
were called whigs. These party names were derived
from England.
2. The magazines of gunpowder and other mHi- Maitary
tary stores at Charlestown and Cambridge, were *^^
seized by order of Gen. Gage. . . . An assembly was
called in Massachusetts ; but its sittings were coun- q^^'
termanded by the governor. The representatives The '
then met at Salem, resolved themselves into " a pro- ^nSai
vincial congress," adjourned to Concord, and chose
John Hancock their president.
3. They then resolved, that, for the defence of the
province, a number of the inhabitants should be en- lonnte
listed, to stand ready to march at a minute's warn- ™en.
ing. In November, they sent persons to New Hamp-
shire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, to request
their co-operation, in order to raise an army of
20,000 men, to act in any emergency.
4. The British parliament convened. The king, in
his speech, informed the members, that a most dar- ThTking
ing resistance to the laws still prevailed in Massa- ^^'^
chiisetts, which was encouraged by unlawftil combi- inflexible
nations in the other colonies; and finally, he ex-
10. When did Congress rise ? What were their powers ? What
weight had their decisions ?
Chapter VI. — 1 . What description of persons favored the cause
of Great' Britain? — 3. What was done by the assembly of Massa-
chusetts!— 3. What did they resolve ? To what States send?
196 TRUTH SrOKICN IN TATN.
FT. in. pressed liis firm duteniiination to witlistand any
FD. I. attempt to weaken or impair tlie royal authority;
*'^- '^'- and in these sentiments the two liouses e.vpressed, in
_ their answer, a decided concuri-ence.
5. Wlien the British ministry bront^lit the Amer-
ican papers before parliament, Lord Chatham rose.
" The way," he said, " must be immediately opened
., . for reconciliation. It will soon be too late. Theysav
Chatham you have no right to tax them, without their con
America!^ ^®"^- They say truly. Representation and taxa-
tion must go together — they are inseparable. This
wise people speak out. They do not hold the lan-
guage of slaves. They do not ask you to repeal
your laws, as a favor ; they claim it as a riglit.
They tell you, they will not submit to them ; and I
tell you, the acts must be repealed, and you must
go through the work ; you must declare you have no
right to ta.x — then they may trust you."
6. But his plan for conciliatory measures, was
Measures negatived by a large majority. Petitions from the
proposed nierchants of London, and other commercial places,
Chatham in favor of America, were referred, not to the regular
rejec e . (.Q^^j^^j^^^gg^ j^^j^ ^q q^c, Called by the friends of the
colonies, " the committee of oblivion." Dr. Frank-
Coionies Hn, and the other colonial agents were refused a
'h'^^^^n * lic^i'i"o before parliament, on the plea that they
were appointed by an illegal assembly ; and thus
was put to sile?ice, the voice of three millions of peo-
ple^ yet in the attitude of humble suppliants.
v. Both houses of parhament concurred, by a
large majority, in an address to the king, in which
Blindness they declare, "• that the Americans had long wished
ruior^ to become independent, and only waited for ability
and opportunity, to accomplish their design. To
prevent this," they said, " and to crush the monster
4. What was the tone of the king's speech ? Wliat of parlia-
ment's reply? — 5. Give some account of Lord Chatham's speech,
6. Did his speecli produce any effect? What petitions were
offered? How treate<l? Vv'ho was refused a hearing? What
may be said of all this ? — 7. What address was made by parlia-
ment?
THTS AVAR BEGINS. 197
in its birth, was the fluty of every Englishman ; and pt^ii.
that this must be done, at any price, and at every pn. i.
hazard." *=«- ^"■
8. On the 10th of February, a bill was passed, by
which the colonics of Massachusetts, Connefiticut, .yiy/s
New IIam]>shirc', nnd Rhode Island, were restricted Feb. lo*
in their trade to (xi-eat Britain and its \Yest India '*'""''»-
possessions, and were also prohibited troni fishing on atiemptto
the banks of Newfoundland. The same restrictions coiouiea."
were soon after extended to all the colonies, excej^t-
ing New York and North Carolina. It was expected
that these prohibitions would prove particularly dis-
tressing to the iriliabitants of New England, as an
idea prevailed, that they depended on the fisheries
for tlieir subsistence, and must, if deprived of them,
be starved into obedience.
CHAPTER Vn.
Battle of Lexington.
1. A SECOND ^^ provincial co7i(/ress," * having as- (*i-e^
(Sembled in Massachusetts, ordered military stores to ""eais-
be collected, and encouraged tlie militia and minute- Mature.)
men to improve themselves in the use of arms.
2. General Gage, having learned that a number
of field-pieces were collected at Salem, dispatched j-eb. 26.'
a party of soldiers to take possession of them in the^"^**'''?*
name of the king. The people of Salem assembled storeiaf
in great numbers, and, by pulling up a drawbridge, Saiem.
prevented their entering the town, and thus defeated .
their object.
3. A large quantity of ammunition and stores was April is.
also deposited at Concord, about twenty miles from ^^,°'^^
Boston. These General Gatje resolved to seize or Concord
8. What acts did tlicy pass? What was expected from these
acts'?
Chapter VU. — 1. What did the legislature of Massachusetts
order To be collected? — 2. Where and for what iid Gen. Giige
send out a party of soldiers ? Did thev succeed ?
198 BLOOD IS SHKD AT LEXINGTON.
FT. IIL destroy ; and, with that -siew, lie sent a detachment
P'D. I. of 800 men, under the command of Colonel Saiitu
°^ "^"- and Major Pitcairn,
t'Wi ^' W^6" ^^^ British troops arrived at Lexington^
' withiri five miles of Concord, the miHtia of the place
were drawn up. The advanced body of the regu-
lars approached within musket-shot, when Major
April IS. Pitcairn, riding forward, exclaimed, " Disperse, you
-.^^^ rebels ! — throw down your arms and disperse." Not
Am. l. 8. being obeyed, he discharged his pistol, and ordered
his men to fire. They fired, and killed eight men.
The militia dispersed, but the firing continued. The
detachment then proceeded to Concord, and de-
stroyed or took possession of a part of the stores.
5. They then began their retreat. The colonists
pressed upon them on all sides. They went to Lex-
ington, where they met Lord Percy, with a rein-
forcement of 900 men. They, however, continued
their retreat ; but from every place of concealment
The — a stone fence, a cluster of bushes, or a barn — the
Br L.*273. concealed provincials poured upon them a destruc-
Am. L. 8s! tive fire. At sunset, the regulars, almost overcome
with fatigue, passed Charlestown Neck, and found,
on Bunker's Hill, a resting place for the night ; and
the next morning, under the protection of a man-of-
war, they entered Boston.
6. Blood had now flowed, and no language can
dtement P^^^^'^y the feelings which the event excited. Cou-
riers were dispatched in every direction, who gave,
Special as they rode at full speed, their news, to be taken
•preadThoUP ^^nd carried in like manner to other places; and
news, thus, in an increasing circle, it spread like electric
fluid throughout the land. The messenger, if he
arrived on Sunday, at once entered the church, and
proclaimed to the breathless assembly — war has be-
3. To what other place did he send a detachment? For what
purpose? — 4. How did the battle of Lexington commence? Did
the British take the stores? — 5. Describe their retreat. What
numbers were killed of each side? (See the margin.) — 6. Describe
the state of the public mind, and the manner of spreading tho
news
THE SPmiT-STIRKING TIME. 199
gun ! Every wliere the cry vras repeated, " War has pt. hi.
begun !" and the universal response was, "To arms, p'd. i.
then — liberty or death !" ^^ ^n.
7. The legislatures of the several colonies con- -^^-
vened, appointed officers, and gave orders to raise
troops. Everywhere fathers were leaving their chil-
dren, and mothers sendinar their sons to the field :
and an army of 20,000 men was soon collected in British
the neighborhood of Boston. . . General Gage was. 'besieged
now so closely besieged in Boston, that although the °* *"
British had the command of the sea, his provisions
became scarce.
8. To gain possession of Ticonderoga and Crown pians for
Point, individuals in Connecticut borrowed of the^^|.J^'
legislature of that colony eighteen hundred dollars, and
They then proceeded to Bennington, to secure the ^^^
co-operation of " the Green Mountain Boys."
9. This was an appellation given to the hardy free-
men who had settled in that vicinity by the author-
ity of New Hampshire, and who had manifested jfonntein
their resolution in defence of their lands from the Boys,
sheriffs of New York ; that State claiming over them
a jurisdiction, which they would not allow. At the
head of this detennined band, were CoLoisrELS Ethan Alien ^wid
Allen", and Seth Warner. They gladly engaged ^^^^^
in the enterprise. Troops wei'e soon raised, and the
command was entrusted to Allen.
10. In the mean time, Benedict Arnold, with the BeDedict
intrepid boldness of his character, had, in Boston, -^""''^
formed and matured the same design, and was ou xicdir-
the march to execute it, when he was surprised to ^^P'
find that he had been anticipated. Becoming second Br. l.
in command to Allen, they marched together from^"*/"*.^
Castleton at the head of three hundred men, and prisoners.
7. What was done in the several States ? What was the situa-
tion of Gen. Gage? — 8. What enterprise was set on foot in Con-
necticut? What steps taken ? — 9. Who were the Green Mountain
Boys? Where had they settled? Under what State? What
other State claimed jurisdiction over them? Would they allow
it? Whom did they defend their lands against? Who was the
commander of the force sent against Ticonderoga? — 10. What
other person had formed the same design ?
200 NORTinajN forts taken.
P'T.nj^ reached Tieonderoira on tlie lOtii of ?>ray. Tliey
P'D. I. fTiri^rised an<i captured that, fortress, and took j)eace-
cn. VII. j^ijjg 2)os.session of Ci"o\vii Point.
,»y*.- 11. Arnold liaviiiiz- Tuanned and armed a small
ArnciV schooner found in South Bay, captured a sloop-of-
.'eiz^sa war lyinGT at St. Johns. The jiass of Skeensborouo-h,
'w:ir.' now Whitehall, was seized at the same time, hy a
detachment of volunteers from Connecticut. One
hundred pieces of camion, and other m'.niitior.s oi
war, were o1)tained in tliis fortmiate expedition.
12. Tlie conti.nental con(/re--\'< ar/aiu u>isemh'ed at
Philadelphia on the 10th of May^ and Joiix ILvx-
r^^fLl"'- COCK was chosen President, l^ills of credit to the
issue amount ot three millions of dollars were issued tor
luooey. defraying: the ex'oenses of the war.; and the fiith
of the "Twelve United Colonies" pledged for their
redemption.
13. LoKD DuxMOKK, the governor of Yiru^inia,
showed his distrust of the people by seizing and con-
veying to an armed vessel in James' lliver, some
powder belonging to the colony. Pati'ii'k Heniy
attempting to retake it, Loi'd Dunmore paid him its
value in money. He then proclaimed Henry and
his party rebels. Letters of Lord Dunmore to Kng-
LoM land, were intercepted. The people became so in-
and".'.ther flensed, tliat Dunniore, fearing for his safety, fled tc
governors a mau-of-war named the Fowey, Ivinir at Yorktown.
The governors of North and South Carolina, alsc
abandoned their provinces. In N. Carolina, the
people of Mecklenburgh county, having on the 20tl;
of May, assembled at Charlotte, passed resolutions,
embodvino; the boi,d declaratiox op indefen
DEXCE — the FiKST made in America.
10. Did they capture the forts? At what time?— II. "Whni
other feat was performed by Arnold ?— 13. Wlieii and wh<^r(
did conirress next assemble? Wiiat b:I!« of credit issue? — 13
What was the atfair hi Virtrinia respeciiuj, li:e powder? W'-w
did Lord Dinimore dispose of himself? How was '•♦■ with otliei
royal governors ?
BOSTON Df A CKinCAL PosmoN. 20J
CHAPTER Vin.
Battle of Bunker Hill. — Washington.
1. In iMay tlie British army in Boston received a pt. til
powerful reinrorcement from .England, under Gen- p'd. i.^
erals Howe, Clixton", and BuitGOYXji:. Genei-al ^°- "'''"•
Gage now proclaimed martial law throughout JNIas- 1775.
saciiusetts. He iiowever oftered ])ardon to a!i rebels ^^-[^^p'
who would I'eturn to tlieir ailegianee, except Sam- CHnton,
TJEL Adams and Joiix Haxcock. He agreed to Burgoyno
permit tlie people of Boston to depart; hut after a j„j,ei2
portion had gone, lie changed his policy and kept Case's
the remanuler. ^ tion.
2. Leaining that the British threatened to pene-
trate into tlie country, congress recommended to
the council of war to take such measures as would
put tliem on the defensive, and for this purpose, a
detachment of one thousand men, under Colonkl Niirhtof
Pkesco'it, was ordered, on the night of the IGth of Jw.r ic.
June, to throw up a breastwork on Bunker's Hill, cans'
near Charlestown. By some mistake, the troops g)"^^T
entrenched themselves on Breed's Hill, nearer to mil.
Boston. They labored with such silence and activ-
ity, that by return of light they had nearly com-
pleted a strong redoubt, without being obsei'ved.
3. xVt dawn, however, the British, discovering the
advance of the Americans, commenced a severe can-
nonade from the ships in the river ; but this not in-
terrupting them, General Gage sent a body of three
thousand men, under Generals Howe and Pigot. "'^British
They left Boston in boats, and landed under the cross from
protection of the shipping in Charlestown, at the ex- ***''°°*
Chapter VIII. — 1. What arrival was there in Boston? What
did Gen. Gajre now proclaim? What agree to do? How violate
his promise? — 'Z. What did coiigre'^s recommend? What was
accordiiigly ordered ? What was done in regard to entrench-
ments ?— 3. What measures were taken bj the British to dislodge
tlio Americans ? =■
9*
202 THE COlVniANDEE-IN-CHIEF.
PT. Ill, treme point of the peninsula, then advanced against
PD. I. the Americans.
en vni. 4_ They set fire to Charlestown, and amidst the
l'5"5"5 gl'ire of its flames glittering upon their burnished
Br. burn arms, advanced to the attack. The Amei-icans
Charles- await their approach in silence, until they are within
ten rods of the redoubt — then, taking a steady aim,
and having advantage of the ground, they pour
BU27^- upon the British a deadly fire. They are thrown
fiiu. ^"^° confusion, and many of their ofiicers fall. They
Br. Joss are thus twice repulsed. Clinton now arrives; — his
Am. loss iiien again rally, — advance toward the fortifications,
*^- and attack the redoubt on three sides at once,
5. The ammunition of the colonists failed. Cour-
age was no longer of any avail, and Colonel Pres-
cott, who commanded, ordered a retreat. The
Americans were obliged to pass Charlestown Neck,
where they were exposed to a galling fire from the
ships in the harbor. Here fell General Joseph
Warrek, whose death was a severe blow to his
mourning country.
6. On the fifteenth of June, congress elected, by
Washing- a unanimous vote, George Washington^, who was
I'Td P^^sent, and who had, from their first meeting at
comtnan- Philadelphia, been a delegate from Virginia, — to the
*ch7e?.' high office of general and cominander-in-chief of the
army of the United Colonies. When his appoint-
ment was signified to him by the president of con-
"Washmg- gress, he was deeply penetrated with a mingled sense
modesV of the high honor which he had received, and the
responsibility of the station to which he was raised.
7. He declined all compensation for his services ;
His disin- f^y ^s money could not buy him from his endeared
nese. home, and as he served his country for justice and
the love he bore to her cause, he would not allow his
4. Give pome further description of the battle of Bunker's Hill.
5. Give some account of the retreat of the Americans. What
feneral was killed ? Learn from the side note the number of
illed and wounded on each side. — fi. Wliat important oflB.ce was
now created ? How was it filled? — 7. How was it respecting com-
pensation for his services \
CONDITION OF THE AKMY. 203
motives to be misconstrued. He stated that he ft. iil
should keep an exact account of his expenses ; and fb. i.
those, congress, he doubted not, would discharge, ^^- ^
8. Soon after his election, Washington set out for i*.*,-
the camp at Cambridge. He found the British He joins
army strongly posted on Bunker's and Breed's hill, ^^^^l^^
and Boston Neck. The American, consisting of bridge.
14,000 men, were entrenched on the heights around
Boston, forming a line which extended from Rox-
bury on the right, to the river Mystic on the left, a
distance of twelve miles.
9. Washington perceived, that although the peo-
ple were ardent in the cause of liberty, and ready to
engage in the most desperate enterprises, yet there
was a total want of discipline and military subordi-
nation among the troops. The array was scantily
supplied with arms and ammunition, and their op-
erations retarded, by a want of skilful engineers.
He set himself, with astonishing energy and judg- Hfa gnat
ment, to the labor of bringing order out of con- ^^®'^**""'
fusion.
10. During this session of congress, the first
line of posts for the communication of intelligence
through the United States, was established. Ben- -dt.
jAiHN Feanklin was appointed, by a unanimous ^^"^ ''?
vote, postmaster-general, with power to appoint as post-
many deputies as he might deem proper and neces- ^^^
sary, for the conveyance of the rxisSifrom Falmouth,
in Maine, to Savannah, in Georgia.
CHAPTER IX.
Invasion of Canada. — Death of Montgomery.
1. While the British army was closely blockaded
in Boston, congress conceived the design of sending
8. Where did Washington join the army? What was its
number? — 9. What was the condition of tlie army? — 10. What
was tlie beginning of our present post-office system? Who was
the first postmaster-general ? Between what places was the mail
to be conveyed ?
204: INVASION OF CANAI>A.
P'T. iiT. a force into Canada; as tlie movements of Sir Gut
P'D. I. Carleton, the governor of that province, seemed to
cu. IX. threaten an invasion of the northern frontier. Two
I'yyS. expeditions were accordingly organized and dis-
cans"' patched, one by the way of Champlain, under Gen-
send two erals Schuyler and Montgomery, the other by the
affainst Way of the river Kennebec, under the command of
Caaada. Arnold.
2. Gen. Schuyler, though he rendered faitliful
service, did not on account of his health go to Can-
jj^^ g ada. Montgomery showed himself an able officer.
bt Johns On the 3d of November he took St. Johns, and
taken, proceeding to Montreal, Sir Guy Carleton aban-
doned the place. About tliis time Col. Ethan Allen,
who was an officer in the army, was, in a rash ad-
venture, made prisoner. He was loaded with irons
and sent to England.
3. Arnold, with 1000 men, had, with incredible
perseverance penetrated the wilderness of Maine.
Arnold ^^ arrived at Point Levi on the 9th of November,
before Qn \}iq iQxh he crosscd and occupied the heights of
Abraham, but his army was reduced to 700 men, and
Carleton was now in Quebec with 1500. He retired
to Point aux Trembles, to await the other divisioa of
the army.
4. Montgomery's arrival was on the first of De-
cember. He found himself in a situation far more
Bad posi- Critical and embarrassing than that of Wolfe, sixteen
tion of yg.^i-s before. His army was Avasted, so that the
Mont- "^ . 1 r- 1 1 ^ 1
gomory. United forcc was less than a thousand; and these
were enfeebled by fatigue, amidst the rigors of a
Canadian Avinter, which had already set in Avith un-
common severity.
5. He attempted to batter the Avails of Quebec.
He made piles of ice on w^hich to mount his cannon ;
but the strong walls remained uninjured. With tlie
Chaptkk IX. — 1. A(\'ho was governor of Canada? What two
expeditions were set on foot? — 2. Plow did the western division
under Montgomery proceed? — 3. How did the eastern under
Arnold? — 4. What time did Montgomery join Arnold? What
waa his situation 5 — 5. What attempts did he make ?
FALL OF MONTGOMERY. 201
R(1\ice of all iiis ofncers, he took tlien the desperate f r. iil
resohition ofstoi'niing the city. As the day dawned, v'd l
and in a snow-storm, the army in four divi.sions, ca. ix
made tlie attempt. Two were to make feigned .^^^
movements, in order to divide the attention of the *
ti'oops in the city ; while Montgomery and Arnold,
at the head of the other two, made real attacks in j)ec. si.
opposite points, intending to meet. Arnold had '?^^'^-?^'
forced his way. Montgomery was cheering on his 40a.
men, when he received liis death-shot. Arnold was
wounded and retired. The enterpi-ise failed, with
the loss of 400 men killed or made prisoners.
G. The treatment of Carleton to his prisoners, did
hoiior to his humanity. Arnold, wounded as he
was, retired with the remainder of his army, to the
distance of three miles below Quebec : where, thousrh .. ,,
. ,, . . , , ^ . ' , ,' « Arnold
mierior in numbers to the garrison, they kept the blockades
place in a state of blockade, and in the course of the *^"®'"'°-
winter, reduced it to distress for w^ant of provisions.
7. Orders were given to the British naval com-
manders to lay waste and destroy all such sea-ports f >7'75
as had taken pait against Great Britain. In conse- Oct is.*
quence, Falmouth, noio Portland^ was burned by ^^^^^
the orders of Captain Mowatt of the British navy.
This so exasperated the people, that they put forth
new efforts. They collected mihtary stores ; they Efforts of
purchased powder in all foreign ports where it was p"erated
practicable, and in many colonies, commenced its people,
manufacture. They also began more seriously to
turn their attention to their armed vessels.
8. Congress resolved to fit out thirteen ships, and .,
raise two battalions of marines. They framed arti- Congrest
cles of war for the government of the little navy, i3s^[
and- established regular courts of admiralty, for the
adjudication of prizes. The American privateers
5. What desperate assault? At what time? "What are some
of the circnmstatiGes? What the final result ?— 6. Wliere was
Arnold durinar the winter? — 7. What orders were jriveii to the
British naval commanders ? Wliat place was burnt \ What effect
had this on the people ?— 8. How did Congress now make a be-
ginning with regard to a public navy f
fit out
ps,
1775.
20<J THE OLIVE r.UAXCU REJECTED.
PT. III. swarmed forth. Alert and bold, they visited every
PD. I. sea, and annoyed the British commerce, even in the
CH. IX. very waters of their own island.
9. In Virginia, Lord Dunraore, still on board the
king's ship, issued a proclamation declaring martial
law, and promising freedom to such slaves, as would
leave their masters and join his party. Several hun-
dred negroes and royalists obeyed the call, when,
leaving his ships, he occupied a strong position near
j^^ J Norfolk. The assembly sent 800 militia to oppose
Lord his movements. On the 7tli of December they were
defeated* attacked by the royalists and negroes, but they re-
^\^^' pelled the assailants, and gained a decisive victory ;
after which they occupied the town of Norfolk.
10. Lord Dunmore, with his remaining forces,
again repaired to the ships, where, in consequence
of the many royalists who joined him, he became
reduced to great distress for want of provisions. In
1776. this situation he sent a flag to Norfolk, demanding
Jan. 1. a supply. The commander of the provincials refus-
Norfoik ing to comply, he set fire to the town and destroyed
*"dons*°'^t. This availed him little. Assailed at once by
"the do- tempest, famine, and disease, he with his followers,
mimon. g^^gj^^ refuge in the West Indies.
11. The last hope of the colonies for reconcilia-
tion, rested in a petition of congress to the king,
1775. ^^liich had been emphatically styled "The Olive
Mr. Penn Branch." It was sent over by Mb. Penn, a descend-
ovll^tha 2-nt of the proprietor of Pennsylvania, and a former
B ^''^h^« governor of that colony. The king, instead of respond-
ing to its affectionate language, accused the Ameri-
cans, in his speech, of rebellion, and declared that
they took up arms to establish an independent empire.
12. He recommended that vigorous measures
should be taken to subdue them, and such also as
8. How was it with the American privateers ? — 9. What were
Lord Dunmore's movements in Virginia? IIow was he opposed ?
10. Wliat w;u5 his last act in the dominion? Did it avail him?
11. What was the last petition of congress to the king called?
By whom was it sent? How was it received? — 12. What V<i the
king recommend ?
FOREIGN MKKCKNARTES. 207
were likely to xoeaken them by division. Large ma- p't. hi.
joritios in both houses answered the king's speech, fd. i.
by the same accusations against the colonics, and <^h. ix.
tlie same determination to reduce them to obedience, ^^e Yiw
by measures of coercion and distress. Tlius, with a and tha"
folly, which English patriots now deplore, was the ment'
" Olive Branch" contemptuously rejected ; and thus hostile,
the last hope of honorable peace was crushed.
13. An act was soon passed, prohibiting all trade
and commerce with the colonies ; and authorizing
the capture and condemnation of all American ves-
sels with their cargoes, — aijd all others found trad
ing in any port or place in the colonies, as if the
same were the vessels and effects of open enemies ;
and the vessels and property thus taken were vested prisoners
in their captors; and the farther barbarous item^^.^^^^^
was added, that the crews were to be treated, not as oavea.
^yrisoners, but as slaves.
14. About the same time, England made treaties
with the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and other Ger-
man princes, /w'n;2 (7 of them 17,000 m,en to be e?7^- ^ir'^'mMw
'ployed against the Am.ericans ; and it was deter- cenariea.
mined to send ovei', in addition to these, 25,000
English troops. By the hiring of foreign mercena-
ries, and the rejection of this last petition, Great
Britain filled up the measure of her wrongs to Amer- -wrong*
ica, and sealed her final separation from her colonies.
12. How did parliament reply? What is now thought of the
conduct of these rulers by wise men and patriots of their own
nation? — 13. What severe law was passed ? — 14. What number
of men did England hire of the German princes? Do you think
the slaveholders in the United States would for money set their
negroes to kill people, that neither they or their nation had any
quarrel with?
i'j"y5.
208 WASHINGTON ENTERS BOSTOST.
CPIAPTER X.
Washington enters Boston. — Disasters in Canada.
PT. III. 1. Although Britain was preparing so formidable
1>'D. r. a force, yet the American army, Avas not only re-
duced in nnmbers, but at the close of the year 17V5,
was almost destitute of necessary supplies. Tlie
Tiie army terms of enlistment of all the troops had expired in
snia" December ; and although measures had been taken
ap'pointed. for 'recruiting the army, yet on the last day of De-
cember, there were but ''9,650 men enlisted for the
ensuing year.
2. Gen. Washington, finding how slowly the army
was recruited, proposed to congress to try the intiu-
ence of a bounty ; but his proposal was not acceded
given. ^ to. Until late in January, and it was not until the
middle of February tliat the regular array amounted
to 14,000. In addition to these, the comraander-in-
«3fed"ut ^^^^®^ (being vested by congress with the power to
call out the militia), made a requisition on the au-
thorities of Massachusetts, for 6000 men.
3. Washington had continued the blockade of
Boston during the winter of 1775—6, and at last re-
ITTO. solved to bring the enemy to action, or drive them
March 4. from the town. On the night of the 4th of March,
°ter^ a detachment silently reached Dorchester Heights,
fortified, ^nd there constructed, in a single night, a redoubt
March IT ^hich menaced the British shipping with destruc-
The tion. On the moi'ning of the 17th, the whole Brit-
evacimte ^^^ forcc, with such of the royalists as chose to follow
Boston, their fortunes, set sail for Halifax. As the rear of
the British troops were embarkmg, Washington en-
have 3 tered the town in triumph.
for^the ■^' '^'^^ plans of the Bi'itish cabinet embraced, for
e«rupaiga. the Campaign of 1776, the recovery of Canada, the
Chapter X. — 1. What was the condition of the American army
at tlie close of '75 ?— 2. What did Wasliiiitrton recommend?
What was done ?--3. What took place at Boston in March, '76?
4. What did the British nieau to do in the course of the year 3
UNFOiqX-N'AT!': KKTTtKAT. 209
re^luction of tlie suutlicrn colonies, and the posses- pt. iii.
sioii of Xew York. Tlii.s lasi service was entrusted fd. l
to AuiMiiA!, ilowj-:, and his brother Gexejial Howk ; '^"- ^
the latter of \vh uni succeeded General Gage m the
cornuiand of the British ti-ooi>s.
5. Arnold had continued the siege of Quebec, and ^^.^^i^
had ofreatly annoved the o-arrison : but his army before
had suffered extremely from the inclemency of the
season, and from the breaking out of the small pox. jg^adir
Notwithstanding the gai-rison of Montreal had been situated,
sent to reinforce him, he had scarcely 1000 elFective
men. ^
6. Gexkral Thomas i^jlP^nrrived and superseded
Arnold. lie made several attempts to reduce Que- ,^»,^
bee, but the sudden appearance of the British tieet a. aisas-'
obliixed him to liee with such precipitation, that he tr<'"s
left his baggage and military stores. Many ol the Mays,
sick also fell uito the hands of Carleton, by whom
they were treated with honorable humanity.
7. One after another, the jjosts which had been
conqiiered by the Americans, tell into the hands of /""®:
the British, and before the close of June, they had cans
recovered all Canada. The Americans lost in this caualdaf
unfortunate retreat about 1000 men, who were mostly
taken prisoners.
8. The British fleet, destined to the i*eduction of gjr peter
the southern colonies, sailed, under Sir Petke Parser
Parker, to attack Charleston, where they arrived t» attack
early in June. The marines were commanded by *^ ^il*"
General Clinton.
9. An intercepted official letter had given the
alarm to the Carolinians. On Sullivan's Island, at Sninvan's
the entrance of Charleston harbor, they had con- fonifl^
structed a fort of the palmetto-tree, which resembles
the cork. This fort was garrisoned by about 400 J"'?" 23.
men, commanded by Colonel Moultrie. On the re'puis^
5. How was Arnold situated in the spring? — 6. Who was his
successor? "What was he forced to do? — 7. Mention some of tfie
circumstances of the unfortunate close of the invasion of CmiaJa.
— 8. What fleet went to attack Charleston ! — 9. How was Charles-
ton defended ?
210 IXDEl'KXDKNCE I'ROPOSED.
FT. III. mornin<y of the 2Sth of June, tlie Bi-itish sliips opened
Fi). I. tlieir several broadsides upon il, but their balls were
cu. X. i-cceived by the j^almetto wood, and buried as in
fwa ^'^'"tl^- Moultrie defended the fortiiieation with such
' spirit, that it has ever since been called by his name.
10. Once during tlie day, after a thundering dis-
charge from the British cannon, the flag of the fort
was no longer seen to wave ; and the Americans,
who watched the battle from the opposite shore,
jrr. were, every moment, ex})ecting to see the British
^^Ik ^^'oops mount the parapets in triumph. But none
Br, £,.260. appeared ; and, in a fd^pmoments, the striped ban-
ner of America was onjp more unfurled to their
view. The staff had been carried away by a shot,
and the flag had fallen upon the outside of the fort.
A sergeant, by the name of Jasper, had jum^^ed over
the wall, and, amidst a showei" of bullets, had recov-
CBritish ^'^'^^ ^"<1 fastened it in its place. At evening, the
sail for N. British, Completely foiled, drew off their ships, with
itork.) ^j^g j^j^j^ of two hundred men.
11. Washington had early apprehended that tlie
enemy would endeavor to get possession of New
■y^jjgjiin^. York. He had, therefore, detached Gen^eeal Lee,
ton's from Cambridge, to put Long Island and New York
terea"' ill a posture of defence. Soon after the evacuation
N. York, of Boston, the commander-in-chief followed, and,
with the greater part of his army, fixed his head-
quarters in the city of New York,
j^j^g ^ 12. On the 1th. of June, Richaed Henby Lee, of
indepeii- Virginia, made a motion in congress, for declaring
prl^'pos'^ed ^^^® colonies FEEE AND INDEPENDENT. While tho
in proposition was pending, individuals,, public presses,
congress. ^^^^ legislatures, sent from every quarter of the
country to Philadelphia, a voice approving such a
measure.
13. On the 14th of June, the legislature of Con-
necticut passed resolutions, instructing their dele-
10. Mention Serereant Jasper's exploit. What was the British
loss? — 11. Wliat di'l Washinijton appreliend ? What arrange-
ments make ? — 12. W'liat projicsal was made in Congress ?
THE FOUKTH OF JULY. 211
gates in congress, to propose to that body to declare rx. iil
the American colonies free and independent States, fd. i.
absolved from all alleijiance to the kins: of Great *^"- ^-
Britain. Tlie reasons, they state to be — the taking ^~».^
away their just rights — the contemptuous refusal to june 14.*
listen to their "humble, decent, and dutiful peti- j^^t^ff an
lions" — the endeavor to reduce them to abject sub- expressed
mission, by war and bloodshed, subjecting their per- nJcti^ut
sons to slavery, and hiring foreign mercenaries to
destroy them ; — so that no alternative was left, but
either to submit to what must end in the extreme
of wretchedness, or, appealing to God, to declare a
total separation.
14. The sentiments which Connecticut had thus
embodied, pervaded the whole country. Congress, July 4.
therefore, on the 4th of July, IIIQ, declared to the
world, that " these United Colonies are, and of right dence*
ought to be, Fkee axd Ixdepexde^jt States."
13. How liad tlic Connecticut legislature expressed the senti-
ments of the nation i — 14. What was done on the 4:th of July?
EXERCISES ox THE TREE CIIEONOGRAPHEE.
(For Pfriod I., Part III.)
What event marks the lu-yi lining of this period ? What is
its date .' Fuint to it on the chionojrrapher. Also the follow-
ing dates : The Stamp Act. passed in 1765. The Iirst Conti-
nental Conp:iess assembled in 1774. The battle of Lexington,
fought April IS. 1775. and the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17.
Congress assembled at Philadelphia, May 10, and Wasliingtoa
ai)pointed commander-in-cliief. June 15. 1775. The British
evacuated Boston. March 17. 177G. W'hen does this period
terminate ? What event marks its termination ? Point out
its i)lace on the chrouographer.
WAR OF TIIK REVOLUTION.
OFFICERS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
American
Citizens of the United
States.
WASHINGTON,
Allen,
Warnbi^
Arnold,
Prbsoott,
"Warren,
Putnam,
ScnUYLEK,
MONTGOMEEY,
Thomas,
Moultrie,
Hale,
Sullivan,
Stirling,
Mifflin,
Wooster,
Herkimer,
Gansevoort,
St. Clair,
Gates,
Morgan,
Stark,
Lincoln,
Greene,
James Clinton,
Boyd,
Pickens,
Ashe,
Buford,
Huger,
SUMPTEB,
Marion,
"Wayne,
Lee,
Hayne,
Ledyard,
Hamilton.
Not citizens of the U.
8. at the opening of
the war.
J'rench.
LA FAYETTE,
D'Estaiiig,
roohambeau,
Dk Grasse,
Vioinesnil.
Englisk,
Lee.
Polanders,
Kosciusko,
Pulaski.
PrussiaTU
Steuben.
German.
De Kalb.
IrUh.
Conway.
Scotch.
Paul Jones.
British Officer*.
Gage,
Pitcairn,
Smith,
Lord Percy,
Lord Dunmore,
Gen. Howe
(Sir W^illiam),
Gen. Clinton
(Sir Henry),
BURGOYNE,
Bigot,
Oari.eton
(Sir Giiy),
Lord Howe
(Admiral),*
De Hei.ster
(German),
Tryon,
Frazer,
St. Leger,
Baiim,
CoRNWALLIS,
Donop,
Campbell,
Prevost,
Tarleton,
Arnold,
Lord Kawdon,
Andre,
Leslie,
Balfour,
Stuart,
Arbuthnot,
PhUips.
* Adm'l Lord Howe
(Earl Kichard) and
General Sir William
Howe, were brolliors
to eaoh other, am! iilso
to that Liinl IIow9
who was killeil in Vi
French war near li-
I couderoga.
Washington taking command.
PEEIOD II.
FROM
THE
DECLAEATION V I'S'^© ■< OP INDEPKNDBNCB,
TO
THE COMMBNCEMKNT OF
THE FEDEBAL GOTEBNICENT.
CHAPTER I.
Lord Howe attempts pacification. — American disaster at Long
Island.
1. Considered as a step in the great march of pt. in.
human society, no one can be fixed upon of more fd. n."
importance, than the solemn promulgation of the ^^ ^
writing, which contained the grievances of America, .^
and declared her independence. It embodied the liYe.
uni\'ersal wrongs of the oppressed ; sent forth a warn- The Deo-
ing voice to the oppressor; and declared the com- important
mon rights of all mankind. ^^^^^
2, The signing of this declaration, by the mem-
bers of the American Congress, who were the lead-
ing men of the nation, was doing that, which, if
Great Britain should prevail, Avould subject every
Chapter T. — 1. Why may the Declaration of Independence be
properly regarded as an era in tlie history of mankind?
215
With
America
the &nal
decision
216 GRKAT DtSl'AllITY OF FORCE
FT. III. siofiier to the penalty of death. As these patriots
P'D^^ had thus e.vposed thcin.seives for tlie sake of theu"
OH. L country, all now regarded the grand decision as un-
alterably made.
8. The British troops from Halifax, under the
J? 2 to command of General Howe, took pos,session of Stat-
Juiyi2. en Island on the 2d of July; atid those from Eng-
^Mt forl"e '^"f^i commanded by Admiral Howe, joined them a
atstaten that island on the l'2th. These, withother English,
Island - . o 7
and several Hessian regiments, wotild make up an
army of 35,000 of the best troops of Europe.
4. Lord Howe, who was a man of kind disposi-
tion, hoped that the Americans would be so much
afraid of this great force, that they M'ould submit.
Lord without his employing it against them. He took
atte"mnts various measures to appeal to the people, against tlie
peaceable decision of Cougress, but without success. Perceiv-
dien^trioo^^o Washington's great hitluence, he wrote him a
la'e. letter, directing it to Mr. Washington. The Gen-
eral sent it back unopened ; for, he said, that he
was not addressed in his ])ublic capacity, and as an
individual, he would hold no intercourse with the
enemies of his country.
5. General and Admiral Howe now determined to
attack New York. From this point they might, they
hoped, proceed with their grand scheme, which was
plan of the to divide New England from the south. Carleton,
British. ^yii\i 13^000 men, was to make a descent from Can-
ada, by the way of Lake Champlain, and form a
junction with Howe, Avho was to ascend the Hudson.
6. Thirteen thousand of the militia were ordered
^j^^,'"^' to join the army of Washington, which thus increas-
army. ed, amounted to 27,000 ; but a fourth of these were
invalids, and another fourth w^ere poorly provided
2. Why did the people of tlie United States consider the sis^n-
in<r of the declaration as their fitial decision ?— 3. How lar^'e a
British army was in or near the United States? — 4. What hopes
had Lord Howe? What measures did he take ? What occurred
between him and Washington? — 5. What appears to have been
the grand scheme of the Enirlisli? Wluit city did they wish to
make their headquarters ? — G. What was the number and condi-
tion of Washington's army.
DISASTKOrS BATTLE. 217
with arms. From these and other causes, the force pt. hi.
fit for duty did not exceed 10,000; and of this fd. il
number the greater part was without order or disci- '^ ••
pline.
7. These inconveniences proceeded, in part, from
want of money, which prevented Congress from pay-
ing regular troops, and providing for their equip- jyiyg
ments ; and partly from parsimonious habits, con- its inferi-
tracted during peace, which withheld them from in- ''"j*^^
«urring, with promptitude, the expenses necessary British.
to a state of war; while their jealousy of standing
armies inspired the hope, that they could, each year,
organize for the occasion, an army sufficient to resist
the enemy.
8. On the 22d of August, the English landed
without opposition on Long Island, between the ^^{^'
villages of New Utrecht and Gravesend. They ex- land on l.
tended themselves to Flatlands, distant four miles
from the Americans, and separated from them by a
range of wood-covered hills, called the heights of
Gowanus — running from east to west.
9. Washington had made the best disposition of
his forces in his power, to guard the city of New
York. The main army was on the island of New
York, with detachments sent out to the most ex-
posed points. Of these the largest was on Long The two
Island, extending from Wallabout Bay westward, "p^^^
and under command of Generals Putnam, SuUivan,
and Stirling. They were opposed to the vastly su-
perior force of the British, under the experienced
Generals Clinton, Percy, Comwallis, and Grant, and
the Hessian commander, De Heister.
10. Over the wooded heights of Gowanus, there
were but three roads. With such a force opposed
to them, how could the American generals neglect
to guard these passes, and watch them closely ? Yet
one of these roads, the most easterly, or Jamaica
7. From what did this unliappy state of things proceed ? — 8.
Where did the English army hm'd ? How were they arraiicred ?
9. What disposition of his troops was made by Washington ?
10
218 NKW YORK KFXINQUISHED.
FT. Ill, road, was loft so carelessly guarded, that while a
P'D. II. part of the British army was taking up the atteii-
^^- ^ tion of the Americans with a great noise and show
Awe 2T ^^ attack, another portion, stealing a night-raarch,
£Ji6oK-Y>SLSsed the heights through that road, and thus
Am^iOTs placed the Americans between two fires. They
2000. could not then win the battle, though they fought
■ bravely. It proved the most bloody, and the most
disastrous defeat of the whole war.
11. In the height of the engagement, General
Washington crossed to Brooklyn from New York.
Washing- jje saw with anguish that his best troops were
ton s ^^ ^
anguish, slaughtered or taken prisoners. Had his object
been his own glory, he would probably have drawn
all his men from the encampment ; and also called
over all the forces from New York, to take part in
d^'ce^Md ^^® conflict : but victory having declared in favor of
Beif-pos- the English, his judgment decided, that the courage
^®^'**°- "wdth which it inspired them, and the superiority of
their discipline, destroyed all just hope of recover-
ing the battle. And, with true heroism, he pre-
served himself and his army for a happier future.
12. On the night of the 28th, Washington, having
Aug. 29. consulted his officers, cautiously withdrew the re-
He re- mainder of his troops from Brooklyn to New York ;
troops, to which place the detachment from Governor's
Island also retired. Finding, however, a disposi-
tion in the British to attack the city, and knowing
that it would be impossible to defend it, he removed
Lis forces to the heights of Plarlaem.
10. What carelessness were some of the American oflBcers
guilty of ? What disaster was the consequence ? What was the
loss on both sides in the battle of Brooklyn ?* At what time,
year, month, and day did the Americans meet this dreadful re-
verse? Show the position of tlie armies by the Map. — 11. What
was Washington's conduct? — 13. What changes in the position
of his army did he now make ?
• N. B. — The qnestlons sometimes refer to the side notei.
THE PROSPECT DARKENS. 219
CHAPTER n.
Disasters following the defeat on Long Island.
1. About this time, Captain Hale, a highly m- pt. hi.
teresting young officer from Connecticut, learning p-d. il'
that Washington wished to ascertain the state of the "h. n.
British array on Long Island, volunteered for the
dangerous service of a spy. He entered the British gept m.'
army in disguise, and obtained the desired informa- Captain
tion ; but being apprehended on his attempt to re-
turn, he was carried before Sir William Howe, now
in New York. By his orders Hale was execi^te.d
the next morning; exclaiming, "I lament that I
have but one life to lay down for my country !"
2. On the 15th of September, the British army
took possession of the city of New York. Gen. g^^ ^^
Howe again attempted to negotiate ; but he could British
not promise the Americans independence, and they ^"york!^
would listen to no other terms, although the pros-
pects of the country were most alarming. Until the
check at Brooklyn, the Americans had flattered Ameri-
csris
themselves, that Heaven would constantly favor their dispirited
arms. They now almost despaired of Divine protec- ^y^*''^**-
tection. The militia abandoned their colors by hund- j y yg
reds, and entire regiments deserted and returned Miutia*
to their homes. In the regular army, desertions ^®*®''*'
were common. Their engagements were but for a ,j^^ ^^^^
year, or for a few weeks ; and the hope of soon re- lar army
turning to their families, induced them to avoid '"^q^^^
dangers. Every thing appeared to threaten a total
dissolution of the army.
3. Washington strove earnestly, with exhortations,
persuasions, and promises, to arrest this spirit of dis-
Chapter II. — 1. Who was Captain Hale? On what service
was he sent? Where? What was his fate? — 2. When did the
British enter New York ? Would the Americans submit after
their defeat at Brooklyn? What effect, howc-er, had it on their
minds ? What on the army ?
220 WASHINGTON AT WHITE PLAINS*
19^76.
P'T. III. organization. If he did not succeed according to
FD. II his desires, lie obtained more than his hopes. To
ch.il Congress he addressed an energetic picture of the
deplorable state of the forces, and assured them that
he must despair of success, unless furnished with an
army that should stand by him until the conclusion
offer a of the Struggle. To effect this, a hoxtnty of tioenty
in^moner (^^^'^^^'^^ was otFered at the time of engagement, and
«nd land poHions of tinocc^iipied lands were promised to the
officers and soldiers.
4. But although Washington hoped ultimately to
reap the benefit of these arrangements, yet time
m.ust intervene ; and his present prospect, was that
of a handful of dispirited and ill-found troops, to
^^Jji°s- contend against a large and victorious army. In
•dopts the this situation he adopted the policy to harass and
policy? wear out his enemy, without risking any general
engagement. By this policy, Fabius Maximus had,
two thousand years before, preserved Italy, when
invaded by Hannibal. Washington has, therefore,
been called " the American Fabius."
5. A skirmish occurred on the 16th of September,
between a British and American detachment, in
which the Americans had the advantas^e. The Brit-
ish sought to get possession of the two roads leading
Oct 2s. east, from which direction Washington received his
PLAnfs s'^^Ppl^*^^- To keep one of these roads open, Wash-
ington removed his camp to White Plains. Here
w. stands the British attacked him, but though tliere was
grou*nd. bloodshcd ou botli sides, the enemy failed of their
object. Washington remained, till on the night of
80th. the 30th, when he withdrew to North Castle. Leav-
d'raws." ing here 7500 men under Gen. Lee, he crossed the
Hudson, and took post near Fort Lee.
^^^_ 6. On the 16th of November, occurred the disas-
iNGTONtYon^ loss of Fort Washington, with the 2000 Araer-
Ain. loss
2000.
3. What -was the conduct of the commander? What did he
represent to Congress ? VVliat did they do ?— 4. What policy did
Wasliingtou adopt ?— 5. Wkat occurred on tlie 16th of Sept.?
What on the 2Sth of Oct.? What on tlie 30th ?— 6. What forts
were taken by the British I What number of American prisoners ?
WASIIT>TGTf)N\s RKTREAT THROUGH N. JERSEY. 221
can troops, wliich composed its o^avrison. The gar- pt. hi.
nson of Fort Lee on the opposite bank of the Ilud- fd. ii."
son, under the guidance of Gen'. Gree.ve, evacuated <^"- "•
the fort and joined Washington, M'ho, with the main p^ ^^
army, h;nl removed to Xewai'k in New Jersey. evacuate<l,
7. Wasliington retreated across New Jersey, and
was k'isui-elv followed bv a British army under
Lord Coniwallis. They entere.l Newark the day ^j.;?/;;;'*
on which Washington left it; and pursued him as thr..ii<:ii
lie passed on through New Brunswick, Princeton, jersJj-s.
and Trenton. Here, at the Delaware, the British
expected to seize their prey; but with a diligence
and enero'v far exceeding theirs, the Americans had
just crossed over, — the last boats with the baggage,
being still on the river when the enemy appeared
on the opposite bank,
8. Cornwallis had no boats in wliich to cross the
river. He arranged his army along the eastern
bank, from Mount Holly to Trenton, and waited for ineffiden-
the Delaware to freeze. The British commanders '^^[•5^'
had an army of at least six-fold numerical strength
to that of. Washington ; and nothing but their own
inei'tness, and his great and skilful exertions, hin-
dered their overtaking him. This seems one of
those cases, in which we can see clearly an inter-
posing Providence.
9. Feeble as was the American array, when Wash- lyye,
ington commenced his retreat, it had hourly dimiu- J'ec.
ished. His troops were unfed amidst fatigue ; un- wash-
shod, while their bleeding feet were forced rapidly '1^"'
over the shai'p projections of frozen ground ; and
they endured the keen December air, almost with- ^ ^^
out clothes or tents. Washington, with the firm- tmiy the
ness of the commander, united the tenderness of the "ff^iJj^'
father ; — he visited the sick, — paid every attention country."
6. Where was Washington? Who joined him? — 7. Give an
account of Washington's memorable retreat througli New Jersey.
Show the scene of operations on the Map. — 8. What arrangements
did Lord ('ornwalHs make? What was the diflFerence" in the
ttrenirtli of the sirinies? What in the energy and diliyrence of tlie
commanders ? — t). What was the condition of the American aroiy ?
What the course of Washington?
222 Jln emergency.
FT. Ill, in his poAver to the wants of the army, — praised
FD. II. their constancy, — represented their sufferings to
OH. m. Congress, — and encouraged tlieir despairing niinda
by holding out the prospects of a better future.
10. The distress of the Americans was increased
by the desertion of many of the supposed friends ol
their cause. Howe, taking advantage of what he
That""' considered their vanquished and hopeless condition,
"mln's offered free pardon to all who should now declare
souls." for the royal authority. Of the extremes of society,
the very rich and the very poor, numbers sued for
the royal clemency ; but few of the middle classes
deserted their country in its hour of peril.
iTve.
The time
CHAPTER HI.
American successes at Trenton and Princeton.
1. Washington, in this emergency, called in
the distant detachments of the army; and 15Q0
militia, under Gen. Mifflin, joined him. He had or-
6en. Leo dcred Gen. Lee to go north, for certain important
insubordi- objects ; but Lee thought that better uses might be
made of the army under his command ; and disobey-
Made i^g his Orders, he had lingered among the mountains
prisoner, of New Jersey. Here a party of British cavalry
surprised and took him prisoner. Gen. Sullivan
conducted his forces to Washington's camp.
2. With these reinforcements, the American army
amounted to about 7000 effective men. A few davs,
however, would close the year ; and the period of
enlistment, for a considerable portion of the soldiers,
A critical would expire with it. The cause of America de-
moment manded, that important use should be made of the
^^^^^ 'short space which intervened. At this critical mo-
10. How were tlie distresses of the army increased?
Chaptek III. — 1. What measure did Gen. Washington take to
increase the exhausted army ? What did Lee ? What became of
his forces ? — 2. What was now the numljer and condition of the
American army ?
WASHINGTON EECEOSSES TirE DELAWARE. 223
ment, Washington, perceiving the inactivity of his ft. iil
enemy, struck a capital blow for his country, fd. ii.
3. He determined to recross the Delaware, and *^- ^^
attack the British posts at Trenton and Burlington. |iy«u
The main body of the army, commanded by Wash-
ington in person, effected the passage, though with
suftering and danger ; for the night was intensely
cold, and the river filled with floating ice. The
troops marched in two divisions, but both arrived at ^^^ gg
Trenton at the same moment. The Hessians, under and 27.
Colonel Kaiil, M^ere surprised, and their comman- '^^ok
der slain. Prisoners, to the number of 1,000, were Am. l. 12.
taken by the Ameiicans, who immediately recrossed Bn l.°'
the Delaware. Two days after the action. Wash- '^^^•
ington crossed his Avhole army over the Delaware,
and took quarters at Trenton.
4. Howe was thunderstruck at this astonishing
reverse. Cornwallis, leaving a part of his troops at
Princeton, immediately proceeded towards Trenton, !''''''•
with the intention of giving battle to the Americans,
and arrived, with his vai^iard, on the first of Jan- British 'in
nary. motion.
5. Washington knew the inferiority of his force,
and was sensible, too, that flight would be almost as
fatal to the republicans as defeat. About midnight,
leaving his fires burning briskly, that his army
should not be missed, he silently decamped, and
gained, by a circuitous route, the rear of the enemy.
At sunrise, the van of the American forces met, un-
expectedly, two British regiments, which were on j^^^, 3
the march to join Cornwallis. A conflict ensued : P^/i^(7i
the Americans gave way: — all was at stake. Wash- Bn^k.
ington himself, at this decisive moment, led on thei^-p-soo-
main body. The enemy Avere routed, and fled. ™*
Washington pressed forward towards Princeton,
where one regiment of the enemy yet remained. A
part of these saved themselves by flight; the re-
2. What did Washington perceive, and the cause of tiie country
demand?— 3. Give an account of the affair at Trenton ?— 4. What
moveinent was made by the British? — 5. What second bold
stroke was struck by Washington?
224: "giikat news from the jerseys 1"
PT. III. mainder were made prisoners. Thus had he again
P'l). 11. accomi)]ished his object.
OH. IV. 6_ Thrilling were the emotions, Avith which these
t>vry>^ successes were hailed by a disheartened nation.
Great joy. Ev(;n to this day, when an unexpected and joyful
event is to be related, the speaker, who perchance
knows not the origin of the proverb, exclaims,
" Great news from the Jerseys ! !"
v. On hearing the cannonade from Princeton,
Cornwallis, apprehensive for the safety of his New
Jan 6 15i"^i"S\vick storcs, immediately put his army in mo-
Wash- tion tor that place. Washington, on his approach,
retiresto retired to Morristowu. When somewhat refreshed,
Morris- he again took the field ; and having gained posses-
sion of Newark, Woodbridge, Elizabethtown, and
indeed of all the enemy's posts in New Jersey, ex-
cept New Brunswick and Aniboy, he retired to
secure winter-quarters at Morristovvn.
8. Washington's military glory now rose to its
meridian. Indeed, nothipg in the history of war
Washing- shows a leader in a more advantageous j^oint of light,
^^'^^^^''Hhan the last events of this campaign did the com-
manding general. — Hannibal made war for revenge ;
Cajsar and Napoleon for ambition ; Washington for
justice, — for the rights of liis country and of mankind.
CHAPTER IV.
Difficulties and exertions of Congress — Campaign of 1777 — Arrival
of La Fayette.
jj5^,, 1. Co:n^gress in the mean time were surrounded
eharacter with difficulties which would have utterly discour-
Congress. aged men of weaker heads, or fainter hearts. They
were without any power, except the power to reo-
6. What effect had these successes on the nation ?■ — 7. What
movements were next made by the two armies? — 8. What was
now Wasliingtou's reputation?
Chaptee IV. — 1. Wliai was tlie situation of Congress?
EXPEDIENTS TO RAISE MONET. 225
oraniend. They had an exhausted army to recruit, rr. in.
and this, not merely without money, but almost p^d. ii.
without credit ; for the bills which they had for- ^h. iv.
merly issued, had almost entirely lost credit. "^^me"^
2. To raise money, they authorized a loan, — they
created a lottery, — and they sent three commission-
ers to France, to borrow of that government. These FrankHn,
commissioners, Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, Jj'j l^;.
and Aktiiur Lee, were also, if possible, to prevail
upon the French government to acknowledge the
American independence.
3. On the 25th of April, 2,000 men, under Gov-
ernor Tryox,* major of the royalists, or tories,
having passed the Sound, landed between Fairfield 1777.
and Xorwalk. The next day, proceeding to Dan- Ap"'„^^
bury, they compelled the garrison, under Colonel bums
Huntington, to retire ; and not only destroyed the ^^"^'"T'
stores, but burned the town.
4. Meantime, 800 militia had collected to annoy
them, on their return ; c^ta'hom 500, under Arnold,
took post at Ridgefield, to attack their front, while ^p^„ ^j,
200, under General Wooster, fell upon their rear, tudgf:-
Both parties were repulsed. Wooster was slain;Br. l. ho.
and Arnold retired to Saugatuck, about three miles ^"i-^^^*^
east of Nor walk. The enemy having spent the
night at Ridgefield, set fire to it, still retreating, al-
though continually harassed by Arnold's party, now
increased to 1,000. At Campo, between Norwalk
and Fairfield, they took refuge on board their ships.
5. The British had collected at Sag Harbor, on ,, „„
Long Island, large magazines of forage and grain. Sas: *
. . . Colonel Meigs left Guilford, on the 23d of^May, g^^j^^^^
with IVO men, destroyed the stores, burned a dozen pr. so
brigs and sloops, and returned "wdthout loss.
6. Congress had, with great judgment, selected
Dr. Franklin as one of the mission to France. A
♦ Late royal governor of New York.
2. Whnt did they do to raise money? Wliom send to France!
For what objects? — 3. Give an account of Gov. Tryoa's expedi-
tion.— 4. Give an account of the retreat of the British, and show
it on the Map. — 5. Give an account of Col. Meigs' exploit.
10*
226 LA FAYKTTE.
FT. III. profound knowledge of human nature, lind given to
P'D. iiT this pliilosopher a manner possessing a })ecuiiar
CH. IV. charm, attractive to all, however ditferent their
1777. taste or pursuits. lie exerted these powers so sue-
FrMkiin ^<''sstiilly, that he excited great interest at the court
at Uie of France for the American cause.
France. "^ - Several gentlemen of rank and fortune came
forward and offered their services. The most dis-
tinguished of these was the Makquis de la. Faykite,
La Fay- ^ young noblcman, who, although he had every
others thing to attach him to his own country, yet took
"service."^ the resolution to risk his life and fortune, for the
cause of American libertv and human rights.
8. After the disastroxis battle of Long Island, he
was told of the despairing state of the country, then
so poor that it could not provide him a conveyance.
Magna- " Then," said La Fayette, " this is a moment when
La'pay" I Can render most essential service." He provided
^^^- a vessel for himself His arrival caused heartfelt joy.
Washington received hini. as a son : and Congress
made him a major-generaF^
9. Washington removed the main army from
„^^^_ Morristown, to a strong position on the heights of
tr.ents of Middlcbrook. Gen. Howe crossed the Hudson, and
aini'iri appearing before Washington's camp, vainly endeav-
June. ored to draw him out. Affecting to retreat in haste,
Washington pursued, when Howe turned upon him;
but the American general regained his camp, — a
skirmish only having ensued, where Howe intended
a battle.*
July 10. 10. The British had taken Rhode Island in De-
Barto'n's cember. On the 10th of July, the British comman-
expioit. der, General Prescott, was made prisoner by a
* This incident was personally related to Mrs. W., by Gen. La Fayette.
Mrs. W.'s histories of the American Kevolutlon have an added value, from
the fact that Gen. La Fayette himself inspected and gave his sanction to
that contained in her larger history, of which this is an abridgment.
. What kind of man was Dr, Franklin? What effect did he
luce? — 7. Who made otters of service? — 8. What trait of
3
prodi...^ -: „..„... „. „^. ,.^„. -. ..„„, _.
maernaHiiiiity can you relnte of La Fayette ? How was he received
in the United >Stairs?— 9. (iivc some account of the two armies.
— 10. Give ail account of the cajiiiire of Gen. Prescott.
BUEGOYNE SENT WITH AN ARMY. 227
daring party of forty country militia, under Col, ft. hi.
Barton. General Prescott was surprised at night, pb. il
and taken from his bed. <>=• "'•
CHAPTER Y.
Burgoyne's Invasion.
1. The grand British plan for the campaign was
to send an army to Canada, which should invade by The grand
the way of Lake Cham plain ; whUe a force from ?'*''^
New York should go up the Hudson to act in con- tempted,
cert. It was supposed that the north-eastern States
might thus be divided from the southern.
2. General Burgoyne was sent from England
with an army, and arrived at Quebec in May. Bur- ^Ty'^*
goyne's army consisted of 7,173 British and German Burgoyiie
troops, besides several thousands of Canadians and *^"* *'^®''-
Indians. His plan of operation was, that Colonel
St. Legee should proc4P with a detachment by
the St. Lawrence, Oswego, and I^ort Stanwix, to
Albany. Burgoyne, proceeding by Charaplain and
the Hudson, was to meet St. Leger at Albany, and
both to join General Clinton from New York, j^^^ go.
Burgoyne moved forward with his army, and made Burgoyne
his first encampment on the western shore of Lake rive"
Champlain, at the river Boquet. ^ Boqnet
3. St. Leger had united with Sir John Johnson,
and having nearly 2,000 troops, induing savages,
they invested Fort Stanwix, commanded by Col.
Gansevoort. General Herkimer, having col-
lected the mUitia, marched to the relief of Ganse- oris^
voort. He fell into an Indian ambuscade on the 6th ^^^'
of August, and was defeated and slain. St. Leger 4ob.
pressed upon the fort.
Chapter V. — 1. Wliat was now the grand scheme of the Brit-
ish ? — 2. Who was sent over to effect it ? What forces had Bur-
goyne ? What was his plan of operation ? — 3. Describe the route
of St. Leger. When, and by whom, was the battle of Oriskany
fought? What was tlie American loss?
228 DISASTROUS KETEEAT.
PT. III. 4. General Schuyler, who commanded the nor ih-
FD. II. erii forces, dispatclied Arnold to its relief. On
CH. V. liearing of his ajjproach, the Indians, having previ-
8t"Le^er 0"sly become dissatisfied, mutinied and compelled
returns. St. Lcger to return to Montreal. . . Burgoyne ad-
Juneso. vanced to Crown Point, from whence he proceed-
at ciriwn ed to invest Ticonderoga, which was garrisoned by
Point 3^000 men under Gen, St. Clair. Up to this period,
Trumbull ^ circumstaucc respecting this fort seems strangely
f'''?c°^" to have been overlooked.* It is commanded by an
^warned eminence near, called Mount Defiance. The troops
T^hodid ^^ Burgoyne got possession of this height on the
not heed 5th of July, and St. Clair, finding the post no longer
'^''ingy* tenable, evacuated it on the same night.
5. The garrison, separated into two divisions,
were to proceed through Hubbardton to Skeenes-
Jaiy 5. borough. The first, under St. Clair, left the fort in
C8ns"evac- the night, two hours earlier than the second, under
Tico^e- Colonel Francis. The stores and baggage, placed
roga. on board 200 batteaux, and convoyed by five armed
galleys, were to meet th^i'my at Skeenesborough.
6. General Frazer, -mm 850 of the British, pur-
sued and attacked the division at Hubbardton, whose
BUB- rear was commanded by Colonel Warner. The
^ton' Americans made a bi"ave resistance ; but the British,
Am. L. k.,in the heat of the action, receiving a reinforcement,
pr'iooo. they were forced to give way. They fled in every
direction, spreading through the country the terror
of the British arms. Many of the wounded perished
in the woods.
Y. A part of the stores and armed galleys, which
had been sent up the lake, fell into the hands of the
July 12. British. St. Clair, on hearing of these disasters,
roaches^ struck iuto the woods on his left. He was joined
Ft^^ by the remnant of the vanquished division, conduct-
ed by Colonel Warner. After a distressing march.
July 7.
Br. L. k
180.
Edward.
4. By what means was St. Legcr forced to return ? By what
nneans did Burgoyne sret possession of Ticouderogra? — 5. What
arrangements were made for the retreat of St. Clair's army ? — 6.
Give an account of the disaster at Hubbardton. — 7. What became
of St. Clair's division ?
THE OKEEN MOUNTAIN BOYS 229
he reached the camp of General Schuyler, at Fort P't. iil
Edward. Warner, with a detachment, remained in p-o. n'
Manchester. Burgoyne took possession of Skeeues- *^"- "^•
boi'ough. Schuyler, with the Ameiican array, re- Aue. 13.
tii-ed from Fort Edward to Saratoga, and from schuyier
thence to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. |/^jj^^^
8. General Schuyler had obstructed the roads,
by breaking the bridges, and, in the only passable
deiiles, by cutting immense trees on both sides of
the way, to fall cross and lengthwise. . . . General Gates
Gates was appointed to supersede General Schuyler ™"ar.su^
in the command. Lincoln, Arnold, and Morgan, ^p^reedes
were sent north, which encouraged volunteers to '"*' "^ "'^
join the army. The celebrated patriot of Poland,
Kosciusko, was also in the army, as its chief
engineer.
9. Burgoyne, having with much labor and time, juiy so.
opened a way for his army, arrived at Fort Edward ^,"^'^^*
on the 30th of July 5 but he was in want of supplies. Ft
Learning that there was a large depot of pro\dsions ^^^"^
at Bennington, he sent 500 men, under Lieut. Col.
Baum, a German officer, to seize them. General coiBann,
Stark, with a body of Vermont and New Hamp- »* Ben-
shire militia, was on his march to join General ^^°^ °"
Schuyler. He met the British force, four miles
from Bennington. Baum was killed, and his party 1777,
defeated. The militia had dispersed, to seek for An?. 6.
plunder, when a British reinforcement of 500 men jvxv*?-
an-ived. The Green Mountain Boys, under Colonel- "^P^-^
-ITT- -I 1 • 1 1 -T-. • • 1 Er- L- 600.
AVarner, appeared at the same time, and the British
were again defeated, and compelled to retreat.
10. Cruel murders, committed by the Indians of
Burgoyne's army, particularly that of Miss Jane July 2T.
McCrea, which was perpetrated near Fort Edward, ^^^mIm ***
shocked and excited the people against the British, McCre*
7. Of Col. Warner's ? Where was now Burgoyne ? Where was
Gen. Schuyler? — 8. What popular officers now joined the army ?
— 9. Wliat det-acliment did Burgroyne send out? Where was
Gen. Stark? Give an account of the battle of Bennington. — 10,
Where was the murder of Miss McCrea ? What etfect did it pro
duce on the public uiiud i
230 burgoynk's surrender.
FT. in. who had thus let loose the cruel savages upon the
P'D. II. land ; and there was now a general rising and rush
^"- ^- to the camp of Gates. The array thus reinforced —
17'yy. encouraged by the victory of Bennington, and now
^Gates' amounting to 5,000 — Gates left the encampment at
encamps tlie islands, and advancing to Stillwater, occupied
^togl''' Behmus heights.
11. On the 12th, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson,
and on the 14th, encamped at Saratoga, about three
miles distant from the American army. An obsti-
sl^iLL^ nate and bloody battle occurred at Stillwater on the
WA TER. 1 9th. Both sides claimed the victory ; but the ad-
^^•q^ vantage was clearly on the side of the Americans.
Br. L. 500. Skirmishes, frequent and animated, occmTcd be-
tween this and the 7th of October, when a general
battle was fought at Saratoga.
12. The Americans made the attack. The battle
was fierce and desperate. The British gave way in
fifty minutes. That short time decided great events.
The loss was severe in killed and wounded, on both
Oct 7. sides. The British lost Gen. Frazer. Arnold had
TOGA, greatly distinguished himself in the battle, and was
^5 762 severely wounded. . . Burgoyne made efforts to re-
' treat ; but he was hemmed in by a foe, whose army,
constantly increasing, now amounted to four times
his own wasting numbers. He capitulated on the
1 7th of October.
13. The number surrendered, amounted to 5,762 ;
Oct 17. those lost in the previous battles and by deser-
^'^gjo^l"" tion, made up their whole loss to about 9,000
men. There also fell into the hands of the Ameri-
cans, 35 brass field-pieces, and 5,000 muskets. It
was stipulated that the British were to have free
passage across the Atlantic ; but they were not
to serve again in North America, during the war.
- 10. What advance movement was made by Gates! — 11. What
by Burgoyne ? Where did the armies meet and contend ? Which
had the advantajre? When and where was a j^reat and decisive
battle fought?— 12. Why could not Burgoyne retreat? What did
he do onihe I7th of Oct. ?— 13. How many men were surren-
dered ? How many pieces of artillery ?
BATTLE OF BRANDTWTINE. 231
On hearing of the defeat of Burgoyne, the British pt. hi.
garrison at Ticonderoga returned to Canada, and fd.il
not a foe remained in the northern section of the *^ '"•
Union. Sir Henry Clinton had sailed up the Hud- l'J"S"7.
son; but as Burgoyne had failed, he returned to ®*J^x'5!"
New York; having first barbarously burned jE&o- «>iicierog«
TT- . ° '' retreat to
mcsj now Kingston. Ctaada.
CHAPTER VI.
Battle of Brandywine. — British in Philadelphia. — Germantown.
1. Admiral and Gwif. Howe, intent on the cap-
ture of Philadelphia, left Sandy Hook on the 23d of
July. They were long at sea. At length they were i^aT at
heard of, sailing up the Chesapeake. They disem- Eitton.
barked their troops, amounting to 18,000, at the
head of the bay. Washington crossed the Delaware wish,
and marched to oppose them. Approaching the ""^^
enemy, he encamped on the rising grounds which ex- um.
tend from Chad's Ford; and there the shallow
stream of the JBra?idi/wine, being between the
arrmies, he awaited an attack from the British com-
mander.
2. Early in the morning, the hostile anny com-
menced the assault. "Washington had made, and
partly executed a plan, by which he would probably
have won the day ; but in the heat of the action, his
judgment was misled by false intelligence — and he ^^1^
lost the battle. Gek. GrKEEafE here distinguished ^^j^v,
himself ; as did the brave Polander, Pulaski. Gek. Am. l.
La Fayette, endeavoring to bring back the flying, jjj^^f^oa
to face again the enemy, received a wound in the
leg. When in his old age, the country for whom
he here shed his blood, conveyed him home an hon-
ored guest, returning from her shores, the new war-
13. What did Sir Henry Clinton?
Chapter VI. — 1. Trace on the Map and describe the course of
Admiral Howe's fleet. What course did Washington take ? — 2.
Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. Mention the loss
on both sides. What officers distinguished theinsel\-esl
232 BRITISH KNTEK PHILADELPHIA.
P'T. in. ship \vlucli carried him to France, was naineil from
~FD. IL this battle, the Brandywine.
cii-ri. 3_ Congress, tjnding themselves insecure in Phila-
delphia, adjourned to Lancaster, to which place the
public archives and magazines were first removed ; — ■
Sopt 26. subsequently to York, A detachment of the Brit-
TbeBrit-ish army, under Cornwallis, entered Philadelphia,
'phiL'"^ while the main body, under Howe, took post at
Germantown. The American army encamped at
Skippack creek. Washington knowing that Howe
was weakened by detachments, left his camp at
seven in the evening of October 3d, and on the fbl-
^SR- ^'^^'i"^ morning, partially succeeded in giving the
MAN- British a surprise. They at first retreated in disor-
Am^K ^^^- Several companies having thrown themselves
k. 200, into a stone house, annoyed the Americans. A
pr! 4oo! thick fog came on, and unable to distinguish friend
from foe, confusion arose in the American ranks,
and they lost the battle.
4. Congi'ess had made it death to any citizen to fur-
nish the enemy with food : and such was the spirit of
Howe in the people, and the vigilance of the commander, that
Btarvln"^ Howe now found his army in danger of starvation.
"' To prevent this, he must open the navigation of the
Delaware, which had been obstructed by sunken
ranges of frames, and by forts on Mud Island, Red
Bank, and other places, Howe removed his army
to Philadelphia; and to open the navigation he sent
FT. Col. Df)nop with a detachment of Hessians. They
^SB. attacked J^ort Jtfercer, on Red Bank, and were re-
H«ssianB pulscd with heavy loss. At length, however, the
British sent against it such a force, that the Ameri-
The navi- cans evacuated it. The British fleet then passed up
gallon tiie Delaware to Philadelphia. Much of the Amer-
epened by . ......'■ , , ,
the Brit- ican sliippmg in the river was burnt ; and the
^^- remainder fell into the hands of the enemy.
2. What vessel was named after this battle ? — 3. What movo-
ment did Congress make? Wlieu did the British troops enter
Philadelphia? Where were Generals Howe and Washington?
Describe, the battle of Germantown. — 4. What was the coudiiioa
of the IJritish army? What was now Howe's object? What
naeasures did he take f Did he succeed i
THE SUFFERERS OF VALLKT FORGE. 233
5. Wasliington now retire<l to wiuter-qnarters at ft. iil
Valley Forge. The huts for the camp were not p-oriiT
completed, when the magazines were found to con- *^ ''^
taui scarcely a single day's provision. As to cloth- ^^^y
ing — they were destitute, almost to nakedness, j^p^ n.'
Barefooted, on the frozen ground — their feet cut bv Wa'^hing-
" ton 8
ice — they left their tracks in blood. A few only winter-
had a blanket at night. Straw could not be ob- ^''^'y",^"
tained, and the soldiers, who, during the day, were Forge.
benumbed with cold, and enfeebled by hunger, had
at night no other bed than the damp ground. Dis- tress^of the
eases attacked them ; and the hospitals were replen- «"iny.
ished, as rapidly as the dead were carried out.
6. This melancholy state of the army M'as owing
to the condition of the finances. Congress had car-
ried on the war thus far, by making a great quan-
tity of paper money. That is, they had issued notes
in the name of the government, promising to pay
the holders such and such sums. If the government
had possessed gold and silver enough actually to
pay these notes, whenever they were presented,
then they would have been good money, like the money
bills of good banks. But they had no specie ; and the ^^^^i**
country became overrun with this paper. People be-
gan to think it doubtful whether it ever would be
redeemed ; and then they did not wish to take it.
Its markets value had depreciated to one-quarter: *beioir
that is, for an article valued at one dollar, there must p*^'
be paid of this money, four dollars.
v. But the people, who had such articles to sell,
as the army needed, would not sell them, and take
for pay this paper money at par. Congress, on the Qoasrcaa
other hand, would not allow then- agents to part with h^^e oo
it below par, and the country was so poor, they had ° ^'
5. Where did Washington make winter-quarters ? As to the
condition of the army, had they food ? Had they clothinsr? Had
they shoes ? What was their lodging at night i What the state
of their health? — 6. How had Congress thus far carried on the
war ? Give some account of the " continental money,'* an their
bills were termed. Whv did people become unwilling to take it ?
How much had it now depreciated ? — 7. Why could not the gov-
ernment agents procure things needful for the army ?
234 THE CALMNESS OF A RIGHTEOUS MIND.
P'T. III. nothing else to give. The consequence was, tliat they
P'D. II. could not now provide either food or clothing for
on. VI. the army. The pay of the officers was not sufficient
to provide them the necessaries of hfe. Those who
had fortunes were spending, or had already spent
The army^^^^^^- Those who had not, were in a state of actual
sirffers. suffering. Many resigned ; — not merely the Avorth-
less, — but often the bravest and the best.
8. Amidst the grief and care to which the com-
cabai" mander was thus subjected, a cabal was stirred up,
against iq prejudice the minds of the people against him;
ton. and thus to get his office for Gen. Gates. The most
active agent of the plot, was Gen. Conway. Even
Congi'ess so far gave way as to appoint this man
inspector-general. Washington, in the calmness of
^pie'of""^^^ righteous mind, turned not aside from his public
tnnspa.- dutios, to uoticc his private enemies. But the peo-
n mity- pjg took his part ; and the more for this magnanim-
ity. The army were so indignant, that at length,
all who had been engaged in the plot, w^hatever had
been their former services, were now afraid of theii
resentment, and kept out of the way. Gen. Con-
way's office was given to the Baeok Steuben, a
Prussian officer.
9. Laws were passed which meliorated the condi-
officers tion of the army. The officers were allowed half-
provided pay for seven years after the close of the war. . .
The Americans were successful in the depredations
which their swift-sailing privateers made upon the
British commerce. With these they boldly scoured
Snccess of every sea, even those about the British islands,
vater^" Since 1776, they had already captured 500 of the
British vessels. . . Early in the season, Sib Henrt
CuiNTON arrived in Philadelphia, to supersede Sir
William Howe.
10. The news of the capture of Burgoyne caused a
7. How was it with tlie officers ? — 8. How was the commander
BOW treated? How did this vile treatment Hflfect Washington,
the people, and the army? — 9. Wiiat law was passed? What
Buccoss had the American privateers? By whom was liovva
tuperseded ?
FKANCE ACKNOWLEDGES AMP:ilICA. 235
deep sensation in Europe, The English people were ft iil
astonislied and afHicted, The Fkench ackxowl- fd. il
KDGED THE I:S"DEPE2iDEXCE OF THE TJnITED StaTES, ^^ '^^
A treaty of alliance was made on the 6th of Febru- ^mmo
ary, by which it was stipulated that France and the
United States should make common cause ; and Treaty
that neither party should make either peace or truce with
with England without the consent of the other; and Frauce.
neither party lay down their arms, till the independ-
ence of the United States was secured. The Amer-
ican commissioners, Franklin, Deane, and Lee, were
received at the court of France as the i-epresenta^ ^ FrJ^ci,
tives of a sister nation. M. Gerard was appointed minister
mmister to the United States. Dr. Fran:kxin, still with the
in France, was the following September, made min- treaty,
ister plenipotentiary.
11. The British now sent over three men, Carlisle,
Eden, and Johnstone, under pretence of treating for
peace ; but, in reality, to plot secretly against the
government established in the United States; and
to draw off inlluential individuals, by direct bribery, a plan
and the promises of wealth and titles for the future, "^"^g^t'
Johnstone offered to Gen. Keed, if he would aid nation.
the royal cause, ten thousand jxiunds sterling, and
any office in the colonies within the khig's gift. " I
am not," said the patriot, " worth purchasing ; but,
such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough
to buy me."
12, In some instances, Johnstone bad the indiscre-
tion to write. The offended patriots brought for-
ward his letters, which contained the evidence of
his base intrigues, and Congress indignantly forbade
all farther communication.
10. How did the English receive the news of Burgoyne's cap-
ture ? What iinportcint result did the news produce in France ?
What arrangements were now made by France and the United
Stales? — 11. What plan did the British government now resort
to < How did Gen. lieed reply to the oiJ'er of Johnstone? — 12.
IIovv did Congress treat those emissaries ?
236 d'kstaing and sullivan.
CHAPTER VII.
Battle of Monmouth. — Seat of war transferred to the South.
PT. III. 1, TriE British army on the 18th of June, evacu-
P'D. iL ated Philadelphia, and, marching through New Jer-
cH. vn. ggy^ jjQ^ directed their course to New York. Wash-
IVYS iiigton left Valley Forge, and adding to his array the
June 28* Ncw Jcrscy miUtia, hung on the rear of the enemy,
MOUTH. ^"^ brought them to action at Monmouth or Free-
Br. L. 700. hold. The advantage was on the side of the Araer-
not'so' icans. In the beginning of the battle. Gen. Lee was
much, guilty of an inadvertence, which endangered the
whole army. Washington rebuked him sternly ;
for whicli, Lee afterwards wrote him insulting let-
ters. A court martial censured Lee, and suspended
him from his command.
2. The French now fitted out a fleet, which, under
the Count d'Estaing, left Toulon on the 18th o(
April, and arrived in America in June, Washing-
. ^ ton, in order to derive the utmost advantage from
and Sui-" the presence of the French fleet, directed an expe-
''toVl"* t^it^on against the British ibrces at Newport, in
Rhode Island. He detached a force of 10,000
troops under the command ot" Gen. Suixivan. By
concert with Sullivan, d'Estaing arrived ofl" New-
port, on the 25th of July.
3. On the 9th of August, Sullivan landed on the
north end of Rhode Island. On the 10th, the fleet
of Lord Howe appeared in sight, and d'Estaing left
Admiral Sullivau to givc chasc to the British admiral. The
out°vit8 crafty Howe led him on, and both fleets were soon
d'Estaing. out of sight. When he returned he was in so shat-
tered a condition, that he left Sullivan, in spite of his
remonstrances, to his fate. He narrowly, by good
Chapter VII. — 1. What did the British army on the 18th of
June? Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. — 3. Wiiat
was now done by the French ? Wliat plan was conceived by
Washington ? — 3. What was done by Gen. Sullivan ? What oausod
the failure of tlie expedition \
GEORGIA IN BRITISH POSSESSION. 237
generalship, escaped falling with his whole army into ft. iil
tlie hands of the British. An engagement occurred pd. h.
between the hostile ai-raies, at Quaker Hill. These ^^ "^^
affairs caused Washington much trouble, as they l'y7§.
iiTitated the Americans against the French, . . In ^^
June occurred the massacre at Wyomiyig, a well- itill.
known delightful valley on the banks of the Susque- Am.K*'
hannah. The perpetrators were a body of tories 211.
and Indians, led by Col. John Butler, a tory, and Massacre
Brandt, a half-blooded Indian. "' °f ^^>-
' . . . oming.
4. In their mihtai-y operations, the enemy now
placed their principal hope of success, in conquering Dec. 2r.
the Southern States. Sir Henry Clinton sent to '^Ir^^'^"
Georgia 2,500 men, commanded by Col. Campbell. \^.^
Savannah being unprepared for defence, he defeated pr. 45n,
the Americans, and then took possession of the city. jj,jg^y ^[^
That part of the American army which escaped, re-
treated into South Carolina. . . Washington took
winter-quarters at Middlebrook, in New Jersey.
5. The capital of Georgia being already in posses- £*-yo
sion of the British, tluey soon overran the adjacent
country. Gen. Peevost, commander of the troops Qeurz\&
at St. Augustine, pursuant to the orders of Clinton, o^^^'^'i-
left Florida, and, after having in his way taken Sun-
bury, the only fort which held out for Congress, he
arrived at Savannah, where he took the command.
The whole of Georgia was now under the authority
of the royalists.
6. There were tories at the South, though not so
many as the British had been led to believe. To .
encourage them, they moved up the river to Au- couraged
gusta. They sent out many persons to persuade ^™«-
them to take up arras immediately, promising them
revenge on their opposers, and great rewards. The
3. What was the loss in the battle near Quaker Hill? Of what
party were Butler and Brandt the leaders ' Of what massacre
were tliey the perpetrators ? — 4. What did the enemy now regard
as their principal plan of operations? What force was sent from
New York? To wliat place? What was the American loss at
Savannah ? Where did the remainder of the army so? — 5. (tIvc
an account of the British movements in Georgia.— ^6. Were thef«
tories in the Soutli ?
^38 THE SOUTH, THE SEA.T OF WAR.
P'T. III. royalists rose, put themselves under the command of
FD. II Col. Boyd, and moving towards the British army,
OH. vu pillaged, burnt, and murdered on their way. A
IVYO. Carolinian force, under Col. Pickkns, met them,
^eiis^'e?"^"^^ after severe lighting, totally defeated them.
feats the 7. Gen. Lincoln uow took Command of the south-
^^"tusS'^eni forces at Charleston. Intending to recover the
upper part of Georgia, he detached Gen. Ashe, with
Litcoin at 2,000 men, of the Carolina militia, to take post at a
the South. ' i. r> • T TT i_
strong position, on Briar creek. Here he was coni-
March 3. pletely surprised by Gen. Prevost. The militia fled,
CREEK without tiring a shot ; but many of them were
Am. L.* drowned in the river, and swallowed up iu the
1,600. 1 ■
' marshes.
8. Again the British were masters of all Georgia.
Prevost Cren. Prevost now proceeded to organize a colonial
carrieB the government. . . He defeated the Americans under
ac. Gen. Moultrie, and compelled them to evacuate
Black Swamp and Purysburg, in which they had
^"It'^^" placed garrisons. On the 11th of May he appeared
Charles- before Charleston ; but Gov, Rutledge, and Gen.
***"' Lincoln, successfully defended the city.
9. In May, Sir H. Clinton sent out from New
York a fleet, with a corps of 2,000 men, under Gen.
British in Muttlicws, to ravage and subdue Virginia. Ports-
Va. burn mouth, Norfolk, Suflblk, and Gosport, were barbar-
towns. ously burned. Faihng in the grand object of pro-
ducing a revolt, Clinton recalled his troops to New
York. . . The British again planned to cut ofi" in
part the eastern states from the others, by getting
the entire command of the waters of the Hudson.
Gen. Clinton succeeded in taking the important
forts at Stony and Yerplanck's Points. The British,
however, were not more than six weeks in possession,
before they were surprised at Stony Point by a de-
6. What happened to a party in arms ? — 7. Who received the
command of the sotuhern forces at Charleston? What detach-
ment did he send oat? What was its fate? What was the
American loss? — 8. What were now the Britisli operations in
Georgia and Carolina? What happened at Cliarleston ? — 9. De-
scribe the descent made by Gen. Matthews upon Virginia.
SCENKS OF DESTRUCTION. 239
tachment of the American army, ably commanded p't. m.
by Gen. Wayne. His assault of Stony Point, was pd. ii.
one of the most brilliant successes of the war <^«- "''"^
Washington removed the artillery and munitions, lyyo.
dismantled and abandoned the fort. sToJf'r
10. The Connecticut privateers cut off the sup- PomT.
plies of the British at New York, Clinton sent a^^.^i^'
detachment under Tryon to New Haven, which de- loo.
sti'oyed all the shipping in that port. Tryon then Trvon in
burned Fairfield^ N^orwalk,' and G-reemoich. ^""g
11. To chastise the Indians, Gen. Sullivan, with several
3,000 troops, proceeded up the Susquehannah. At "^^
Wyoming he was joined by a reinforcement of 1,600
men, under the command of James Clinton, of New Ane. 29.
York. The Indians and royalists, imder their f^^^'O- ^efeais the
cious leaders, Johnson, Butler, and Brandt, had ad-toriea and
vanced to Newtown, and there thrown up an en- '^^'^^^^
trenchment. Sullivan attacked and defeated them,
and laid waste their country.
CHAPTER VIII.
Campaigns of 1779 and 1780.. — The British conquer the South.
1. By previous concert, the French fleet, and the
army of Lincoln were to co-operate against the Brit-
ish force, under Prevost, now at Savannah. A Oct. 3.
bombardment was commenced by the allies. Fifty- nat"'^'
three pieces of cannon, and nine mortars, sent an bctnbard-
incessant shower of balls and shells, and the city was Sa.hanau.
on lire in many places. The burning roofs fell upon
the women, the children, and the unarmed multi-
tude ; and everywhere were seen the crippled, the
wounded, and the dying. But the fort remained
9. What hapfiened on the shores of the Hudson? — 10. What
provocation had Conn, given to the British ? What was done in
reta'iiiiiioii ?— 11. How were tht Indians chastised ?
CiiAPTiiu VIII. — 1. Wluit now were the Frencli engaged in?
^^'llat course was taken by d'Estaing ? What did tlie allies agree
to attempt? Give an account of the bombardment of Savannah.
£40 BAD MOXKY MAKIvS RAD MKN.
FT. III. uiiinjuved. It was t!ien resolved to assault tlie town.
P'D. II. The flower of the couih'med armies were led to a
CH. viir. bloody and unsuccessful attack, by the two com-
1779. manders, d'Estaino- and Lincoln. Count Pulaski
^ct 3. here fell. The allies, totally defeated, raised the siecre.
NAIL 2. On the coast of Great Britain, Paul Jones, a
^^^L^"' native of Scotland, but commanding a small fleet in
400. the service of the United States, attacked Capt
Pearson, the commander of an English fleet in con-
Jones' voy of merchant ships. This fierce battle occurred
fl;ie]an- jn fho night ; with the horrible circumstances of
victory, magazines of powder blowing up, — vessels taking
fire, and sinking, — and the most shocking carnage.
In some of the vessels, more than three-quarters of
the officers and men were killed. Jones finally pre-
vailed.
3. At the close of this year, a dollar in specie could
scarcely be obtained for forty in continental bills.
But, the paper was fluctuating in its value. Hence
a set of men arose, who preferred speculating on
iimnoraii- ^^^ Currency, to honest industry ; and often in the
ty caused changes whicli occurred, the worthless amassed sud-
tuatinc" den wealth, while many deserving persons of moder-
currency. a^e fortunes, sunk at once to poverty. The honest
individual of private life, will be surprised to learn
counter- another reason of the depreciation of American pa-
money P®'"* I^"gl^"<i, on this occasion, turned counterfeiter.
Her ministers sent over, and her generals distributed
whole chests of spurious bills, so perfectly imitated,
as scarcely to be distinguished from the true.
SirH. 4. Washington took winter-quarters at Morris-
^CH"j'^njjtown. . , Sir Henry Clinton, with 7,000 men, sailed in
men at December from New Yoi-k, and soon after his land-
the 6outh. jj^g^ menaced Charleston. Gen. Lincoln removed
^a"nd'" ^liitlier with his army ; and in conjunction with Gov.
Eutiedge. RuTLEDGE, tried cvcry measure to put the city in a
1. Give an account of the assault. — 2. Who was Paul Jones?
Give some account of his sea-fisfht. — 3. What was now the con-
dition of tlie country in retrard to the currency? What effect liad
it on the morals of the people? What liad Enofhind done to aid
in depreciating'' tlie currency? — 4. Where was Wasliingtoni
Where did Sir lienrj Gintoti go ?
CHARLESTON TAKEN. 241
posture of defence. But they had great difficulties ft. iil
to encounter. The militia had been disbanded ; they p-d. il
were dispirited, and were afraid to enter Charleston ^"- "^"^
on account of the small-pox, which was there pre- J^^^'
Vailmg, agemenU
5. Clinton commenced the siege on the 1st of
April. On the 14th, a detachment of the American 1'3'§0.
army, under Gen. Hugee, was defeated at Monk's
Corner. Thus the only retreat of the army of Lin- cua'S-
coin, was cut off. On the 7th of May, Fort Moul- ton^
trie was given up. Gen. Lincoln then surrendered Lincoln's
his army ; which consisted of seven general officers, ^^y^
ten continental regiments, and three battalions.
Four hundred pieces of artillery, and four frigates
fell into the hands of the enemy.
6. After taking possession of the capital, Clinton's
next object was to make himself master of the whole
State. A corps of Carolinians, under Col. Buford,
were in arms. Col. Takleton, noted for rapid move- mastera
ment and unrelenting cruelty, was sent against him ofS-C.
at the head of a body of cavalry. He came up with
him at Waxhaw, defeated him, and barbarously slew
his men, after they had laid down their arms, and
while they were crying for quarter.
Many Carolinians flocked to the royal standard.
Clinton wrote to England, that "South Carolina
was English again." He published a full pardon to
all who should immediately return to their duty.
But they must take up arms in support of the royal
cause. . . Gen. Clinton distributed his army into the cuifton'
most important garrisons, and leaving Lord Corn-'etums t«
wallis in the command of the southern department,
he returned to New York.
7. The winter had been so severe, that all the
waters about New York were frozen. . . Springfield^
4. What was the condition of Charleston in regard to defence
against invasion? — 5. What advantages were gained by the
British previous to the 8th of May ? What was surrendered ? — 6.
What was Clinton's next object? Who were in arms? Give an
account of Tarleton. Of tlie engagement. What was at this time
the position of affairs in South Carolina? — 7. Was the winter of
1779-80 severe ? What place was burned I
H
242 riiOSPECTS 13KIGI1TEN.
P'T. Ill, in New Jersey, bad been burned by tlie Hessian
FD. II. army.
CH. vm. g_ Congress now decided, that in future, the con-
1'9'fiA ti^cntal bills should pass, not at the value indicated
Congress by the note, but at such a rate as people were will-
sanctions jjjg to allow. , , , In Carolina and Georgia, the Brit-
ciation olr ish treated all those who adhered to the repubUc,
their biiK -^j^jj great severity. Against their agreement, they
Southern Were about to compel them to fight in their armies,
patriots. They then said, "If we must fight, it shall be for
America and our friends, — not for England and
strangers."
9. The Avomen of Carolina refused their presence
at every scene of gayety. Like the daughters of
^fthe™ captive Zion, they would not amuse their conquer-
women of ors. But, at every hazard, they honored, with their
Carolina, attention, the brave defenders of their country.
Sisters encouraged their brothers, — ^the mother her
son, and the wife her husband ; and their parting
advice was, " prefer prisons to infamy, and death to
servitude."
10. In every part of the nation that fire of patri-
?^"t^*t otism rekindled, which burned so brightly in the
ism. beginning of the revolution. The militia and the
men of capital, came forward with alacrity. The
"^f the* women, with Martha Washington at their head,
comnaan- formed an industrious society, to make clothing for
the soldiers. All seemed ready to contribute, in
such ways as they could, to the common cause.
La Fay- 11. At this period. La Fayette, who, by leave of
returns. Congrcss had visited France, returned with the
cheering intelligence that a considerable body of
jniyio. French troops had embarked for America. The
iqiwd^ron' ^^^^ soon arrived, bearing 6,000 soldiers, under the
arrives, command of the Count de Rochambeau. To pre-
8. What did Congress decide respecting^ the currency ? llovr
were the men of the South treated ? What did they say ? — 9.
Wliat was the conduct of the women of the South ? — 10. How did
the same spirit manifest itself tliroughout the nation? — 11. At
■what time did t!ie French squadron arrive? What number of
troops cuirie over? Wlio commanded tiie French troops?
DEFEAT AT CAMDEN. 243
vent contention, La Fayette had arranged that Ger . pt. hi.
Washington should be the commander-in-chief of pd. il
all the forces, both French and Americen, whether ^- ^^^
on land or at sea. _ ^ „ _
12. The insolence of the British troops had aroused
the people of North and South Carolina. Among Partisan
the partisan officers, who headed the resolute par- office"
ties which were formed, none rendered such dis-
tinguished services as Cols. Sumpter and Maeiox.
Their men were such as were contented to serve
their country, half-clothed, halt-fed, and half-armed,
rather than submit to lose the rights of freemen.
Frequent skirmishes with the British, at length,
furnished muskets and cartridges ; and Col. Sump- sumpter
ter, whose numbers now amounted to 600 men, as-^®^^^****
saulted the strong post of Rocky Mount, where he bang-
was repulsed ; he then attacked and destroyed a ^qck.
British regiment at Hanging Rock,
13. A few regular troops, under the command of
the Baeon de Kalb, had been sent from Maryland Baron do
for the defence of Carolina. At Deep River they enters n.
were joined, on the 25th of July, by Gen. Gates, ^^g^'^^^^
who had been appointed to the command of the is joined
southern army. He advanced towards South Caro- ^^ *^*"*"
lina with a force, now amounting to about 4,000 men.
Multitudes flocked to join Gates, among whom were g^ jg
whole companies which had been levied for the ser- joined by
vice of the king. ™*°^'
14. LoED Rawdon, who had command of the
British forces of Carolina, had concentrated them at ^cam-
Camden, where he was joined by Coejtwallis. dek
The hostile armies each making an attempt to sur- ^bo.
prise the other, met in the darkness of night. Wait-^""- ^^^4
1 1. Who commanded the whole allied army ? — 13. What dis-
tinguished partisan officers appeared at the South ? What kind
of men composed their parties ? Who was successful at Hanging
Kock ? — 13. Who was sent from Maryland ? Who joined him ?
How large was the southern army ? How was the army further
enlarged ? — 14. Where and under whom were the British forces?
Describe tlie meeting of the armies — the arrangements of the
generals. Describe the battle of Camden. When did it occur I
What wans the loss?
244 AENOLD.
F'T. Ill, inir, by mutual consent, for the dawn, they drew up
P'D. 11. their men for the light. The American miUtia fled,
CH. IX. ^^^ ^Yie regulars could not sustain the unequal strife.
■ ■ysA Gren. Gregory was killed in this disastrous and
' bloody battle ; the Bakox de Kalb was mortally
Death of woundcd. All the artillery, baggage, and stores,
deKaib. f^jj jj^^q ^j^q hands of the enemy.
15. After this disastrous defeat, Gen. Gates re-
treated to North Carolina, leaving the British tri-
umphant in the South. Col. Sumpter, on learning
. .„ the defeat of Gates, retired with 300 men to North
Turietoa Carolina. Tarleton, with his legion, surprised him
Sum^pter ^" t.he banks of Fishing Creek. Sumpter, vnth a
•t Fishing few of his men, escaped; but most of them were
taken by Tarleton and put to the sword. Marion,
General who about this time was promoted to the rank of
Marion, brigadier-general, still kept the field.
CHAPTER IX.
Arnold's Treason.
1. Arnold did not fully recover j5'om the wounds
he received in the battle of Saratoga. Not being
able to take the field, he was, by his own request,
Arnold made commandant of Philadelphia, Here he in-
M^av^-^ dulged in high play and extravagance of living ; by
agant. which he expended more than his income. .When
he found that this was the case, had he possessed the
good sense and moral courage to retrench his ex-
penses, and give up the vicious habit of gaming,
catrava- much disgrace and sufiering miffht have been spared,
breeds 2. But instead of this, he kept on in these expen-
''eity"' ^^^® courses ; and set himself to devise expedients,
to get the required money. In presenting his ac-
15. What did General Gates? What officer yet made head in
South Carolina? What misfortune did he meet? Who yet kept
the field ?
CiiAPTEK IX. — 1. Give an account of Arnold ? When.he found
his expenses exceeded his income, what ought he to have done !
1780
EXTRAVAGANCK LEADS TO DISHONESTT. 245
counts to the government, he made dishonest charges; ft. hi.
and when they were challenged, he attempted to fd. n?
carry them through by bluster and bravado. In the <'"■ '^
end these accoimts were disallowed ; he was tried
for his disi-espectt'u-l language and behavior to those
in authority ; and by the sentence of a court martial,
reprimanded by Washington,
3. Revenge was now added to avarice; and Ar- r^-vphot
nold addressed a letter to Col. Robinson, at New an^i '^a-
-^7- , .... . . . , son folluw
York, openmg, i)y tins means, a negotiation with
Sir Henry Clinton, in which he sold himself to theThepnce
British, to do their bidding, for the sum of ten "''^^'^"■f*
thousand pounds, and a commission in the British country's
^ blood.
army.
4. Instigated by Clinton, he sought and obtained He ob-
of "Washington the command of the fortress at West tains the
Point. His first measure was to scatter the army, at West
so that it might be easily cut off by the British. ^°*°^
JVIajor Andr6, the young and interesting aid-de- j^j,.^^
camp of Gen. Clinton, had been by him intrusted to Andr6.
plan with Arnold, how the stronghold of West Point
and the American army might be put into the power
of the British.
5. To concert their last measures, Andre met Ar-
nold a little below Stony Point. They spent the ^tLj^
whole night in conference ; and when the day dawned, iiave a
their arrangements were not aU concluded, Andre intervieTi;
was kept in close concealment through the day, and
at night he prepared to return. By the entreaties
of Arnold, he was prevailed upon to exchange his
uniform for a common dress,
6. It became necessaiy for him to proceed towards
New York by land. He took a horse from Arnold,
2. Into what measures did his extravagance lead him I How
■were his dishonest accounts received? What was done by a
court martial? — 3. What did Arnold's fierce passions next lead
him to ? For what did he sell himself? — 4. What command did
iie obtain ? Why did he scatter the army ? Whom did Sir Henry
Clinton luitliorize to plan with Arnold the delivery of the army!
— 5. K'.'liitc the circumstances of the interview? — -What is the
heu ling at the top of the pacre ? (Suppose the teacher gives this to
the cl/.us as the motto or subject of their next composition.)
246
ANDIiE IMPRISONED.
P'T. III.
P'D. IL
CH. IX.
i?§o.
Andrd is
taken
by threo
soldiors.
and a passport, under the name of John Anderson.
Having- safely passed the American guard, and
reached Tarrytowm, near the British posts, three
soldiers of the militia crossed liis way, and he passed
on. One of them thought tlie ti'aveller had some-
thing peculiar in his appeai-ance, and called him
back. Andre inquired, '' Where are you from ?"
" P^om below" (intending to be understood from
New York), replied the soldiers. " So am I," said
the self-betrayed Andre. The soldiers arrested him.
Y. Andre plead earnestly to be released, and ot
wnnlmf ^^^^^ large sums of money ; but the humble patri-
and Van' ots spumcd the bribe, and were deaf to the entreaty.
^"*- Their names were John Paulding, David Williams,
5. Kelate the circumstances of Andre's seizure. — 7. What did
AnJ.rc ; What were the names of the tiiree who seized him ?
COKNWAXLIS IN THE CAEOLI2fA8. 247
and Isaac Van Wert. They searched his person, ft. hi.
and found papers in his boots, in the handwriting fd. ii.
of Arnold, which disclosed the treason. They iin- ^'^- "•
mediately conducted Andre to Col. Jameson, the ,,y«^
officer who commanded the advanced guard, at Sa^ They take
lem, near Peekskill. Tlie officer could not be per- .^i''" ^°
7 ■'the ne&r -
suaded that his general was a traitor, and he per- est Amw-
mitted Andre to write to him. Arnold seized a ''^^ **"^
boat and escaped on board the Vulture, a British
ship, which had brought Andre up the liver.
8. Washington summoned a court-martial, of
which Greene and La Fayette were members.
Andre appeared before his judges with a noble
frankness. He disguised no fact, and resorted to no
subterfuge. His judges, according to the usages of q^^ ^
war, were compelled to sentence him to death as a Execution
spy. He was accordingly led from his prison to the " ^ ^ '
gallows.
9. After the battle of Camden, Lord Cornwallis
marched into North Carolina. He had sent before
him Col. Ferguson Avith a body of troops. They
had committed such shocking outrages, that the
people, highly exasperated, had collected in great
numbers, under several commanders, the principal of
whom were Campbell and Shelby. They attacked oct r.
Ferguson on a woody eminence, called King's Moun- -^^^^
tain. He Avas killed, and his party totally defeated. taiSt.
10. This was a severe blow to Cornwallis, and^''-^^'^*^
rendered his situation in North Carolina precarious.
Cols. Sumpter and Marion Avere on the alert, and
his troops were in continual danger of being sur-
prised by these active leaders. He therefore retired ,9"™"^*!-
■*■ • • • lis r6TTt*ftM
to South Carolina, and s'.^ationed his army at Winns- to s. o.
borough.
11. Tarleton was sent in pursuit of Sumpter. He
7. What further happened to Andre and Arnold ?^8. AVhat
course did Washington pursue? What was the fate of Ajidr6 ?
—9. Describe the operations of the British. Who had committed
outrages? Who were the leaders of the peo]ile? Describe the
afliiir at King's Mountain. — 10. Why did Cornwallis now retira
to South Carolina ?
24:8 FINANCIAL KMBARRASSMENT. KOBF.KT MORRIS.
PT.jiL attaclced hira at 'Blackstocks, but was com]iellecl to
FD II. retreat. Sumpter being dangerously \vounde<l, his
cii. X. forces were disbanded. Gen. Gates was now snper-
lYSO. seded by Gen. Grkexe. This officer found the
SLArK^ army at Charlottetown.
STOCKS. 12. Gen, Leslie, with 1,500 men, having joined
Dec.^i CornwalHs at Winnsborongh, his hopes of re<bK-ing
super- ISTorth Carolina and Virginia, were renewed. . . .
arefnef Amold, whom the British had made a brigadier-
ArnoM g^'^'-^i'-^K ^^<^ been sent to the Chesapeake. Me
makes landed 1,600 men in Virginia, and commenced, what
ft descent j^^^, seemed his favorite employment, the devasta-
iipon
Virginia, tiou of his country.
CHAPTER X.
Robert Morris. — Revolt of tlie Pennsylvania line. — Cornwallis at
the South.
1. It is scarcely possible to conceive a situation
more trying than that of the American Congress.
Perpiexi- They wd'c Striving, not for conquest, but for exist-
des of ence ; their powerful foe was in full strength, in the
ngress. j^^g^j.^ ^f their country ; — they had great military
operations to carry on, but were almost without an
army, and wholly without money, as their bills of
credit had ceased to be of any value,
2. But instead of sinking in despair, they re-
Theyiaya<loiibled their exertions. They directed their agents
directtax abroad to borrow, if possible, fi-om France, Spain,
money, and Holland. They resorted to taxation, and they
Morris determined on introducing thorough reform, and
founds the strict cconomy. They accordingly appointed as
nattonai ti'easurer, the excellent Robert Morris, of Phila-
bank. delphia. By a national bank, to which he obtained
11. Give an account of the affiiir at Blackstoeks. By wliom was
Gates superseded ? Where did Greene find the army ?— 13. What
can you relate of Arnold i
Chapter X. — 1. What difficulties had Congress to encounter}
— 2. What course did they take ? Whom did they make treas-
urer ?
REVOLT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LINB. 249
tne approbation of Congress, he contrived to draw pt. hi.
out the money of wealthy individuals; and by bor- pd. n.
rowing, in the name of the government from this '^^ ^
bank, and pledging freely his private credit, he once -^^^
more put the government in funds. Franklin had Franklin*
obtained from Louis XVI. a gift of six millions of obtains
livres; and his guarantee to the States-General of 'from^
Holland, — which, on this security, lent to Congress ^"^^"j"®
the sum often millions of livres. Holland.
3. Before these measures had imparted vigor to
the fainting republic, an event occurred which
threatened its subversion. The Pennsvlvauia line, ^7^}-'
- „. . , ' Jan. 1.
amountiuo: to near 1,500 men, were suiiermo: the Revolt of
extremity of want. A violent tumult broke out on il„\,^
the night of the 1st of January. The soldiers de-
clared that they would march, with arms in their
hands, to the hall of Congress, and demand justice.
It was in vain that their officers attempted to ap-
pease them. Their most popular leader. La Fay-
ette, was constrained to quit the camp. Gen. Wayne
presented himself boldly among them, with a pistol Jan.
in his hand, but they menaced his life, and pointed
their bayonets, as if to execute their threats.
4. Sir Henry Clinton, informed of this revolt, sent
three American lovalists, to make the insurgents the ^^ P«c'fl«
^7 o course
most tempting offei"s. But the commissioners of advised
Congress oifered them, at the same time, the earliest ^-jn^^^'
possible payment of arreaz-s, an immediate supply of »"<' a^"P-
necessary clothing, and an oblivion of the past, congress.)
The mutineers accepted these proposals ; and Con-
gress, in due time, fulfilled the conditions. The ^^'Int^on'*
5-', . ITT T 1 • • ^ennssariea
Pennsylvanians then delivered up the emissaries oi hanged.
Clinton, who were immediately hanged. , . . The
troops of New Jersey next erected the standard of^^^r^i^^p^
revolt. Washington marched against them with so revolt
powerful a force, that he compelled them to submit ; punished.
2. What mea.'iures did Morris adopt? What had Franklin ob-
tained ? — 3. Give an account of the mutiny of Jan., 1781. What
was done to overawe, and what to appease the mutineers? — i.
What did Sir H. Clinton ? How was the difficulty settled? What
was done to Clinton's emissaries ?
11*
250 THE COWPKNS.
FT. Ill, and, cliastising their leaders with severity, tiie army
P'D. II. was no longer disturbed by sedition.
*'°- ^- 5. Gex. Ctkeene separated tlie soutliei-n ariny,
which consisted of 2,000 nien, into two parts; and
Greene* <^t the head of one division he encamped at the con-
separates tiuence of Hicks' creek with tlie Pedee ; while Col.
ernarmy. MoRGA>r at the head of the other, moved, by his di-
rection, into the western part of the State.
6. Cornw^alhs detached Tarleton, who iinding Alor-
^0()w- £?^"'s division at a place called the Cowpens, attac!<e<i
PEys. witli his usual impetuosity. After one of the severe^jt
Am! L. 'aiid best-fought engagements of the whole war, the
k. i2,w. 60. ]3i-itish were entirely defeated, with heavy loss.
7. Corn wallis pursued the victorious party. Each
army made exertions to reach the fords of the Ca-
piirsued tawba, before the other. Morgan succeeded, hav-^
^w^iis"' ^"o crossed the river two hours only, when the Brit-
ish appeared on the opposite bank. Night came
on, a heavy rain fell, and Cornwallis was obliged to
wait three days before the subsiding waters allowed
him to pass. Greene here joined Morgan, having
Another left Gcn. Huger in command. Another race Mas
™he Ca-" begun, from the Catawba to the Yadkin. Again
tawba to the British commander arrived just as the Ameri-
Yadkin. cans had crossed, and again Providence interfered in
their behalf — the waters rose so that their enemy
could not follow them.
8. Gen. Greene marched to Guilford, where he
Feb. 9. was joined by the forces under Gen. Huger. Corn-
^vfsSns wallis proceeded to the Dan ; intending, by reaching
un..3. these fords before the Americans, to prevent their
communication with Virginia. In this, also, he was
disappointed.
9. Greene's army had been augmented to 4,400.
He now advanced upon his enemy, and took post at
4. What happened in resrard to the troops of New Jersey? — 5.
How did Gen. Greene proceed in regard to the soutliern forces!
— 6. Relate the affair of the (.-owpens, mentioninsf the loss. — 7.
Give an account of tlie raco between the two armies. — 8. Where
was Generul Greene joined liy tlie forces under liuger? Give a
further accouui of ti.c uioveuieuts of Cornwallis.
hobkirk's hill. 251
Guilford Court House, about eight miles from the pt. in.
British general. The armies m.et on the 15th of p'd. il
March. The American regulars fought for an hoixr ^^ ^•
and a half with great bravery, and in some instances i«-j^
forced the British to give way. They were, how- March !&
ever, at length, compelled to retreat, but it was only 2^^
step by step, and without breaking their ranks, c. n.
Cornvvallis after a few days' repose, marched towards ^^^
Wilmington; and from thence into Virginia, to Br. L.
co-operate with Arnold, in subduing that State, ^mwe.^
Greene proceeded towards Camden, in South Car-
olina.
HOB-
CHAPTER XI.
Campaign of 1781. — Battle of Eataw Springs. — Cornwallis taken.
1. LoED Rawdon, whom Cornwallis had left to
command in Carolina, fixed his head-quarters at
Camden. Gen. Greene advanced to Hobkirk's Hill,
within a mile of Camden, where he intrenched his
army. Here the Americans carelessly suffered them-
selves to be surprised in the night by Lord Rawdon. kirk^s
By good generalship, Greene, however, came near if^nfariy
defeating the British ; but the advantage in the en- 3oo on
counter, was at last with the enemy. Greene re- **°
tired five miles, and encamped.
2. Rawdon now found his army weakened ; and
the inhabitants in every direction were rising against
him. On the 10th of May he evacuated Camden, Mayio.
and retreated towards Charleston. In two months, Rawdon
most of the upper forts of the British, were either Camden.
abandoned or taken by the Americans. Marion,
Sumpter, and Lee took tkree of the forts, and 800
j)risoners.
3. liord Rawdon now established his camp at
9. Givo an account of the battle of Guilford Court House.
"Where did Cornwallis then go? Where did Greene?
Chapter XL — 1. How were the armies in South Carolina now
situated ? Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill. — %.
What was Eawdon's situation after the battle ?
252 EUTAW SPRINGS.
PT. III. Orangeburg. Greene pursued him, but finding his
'fd. 11. position covered by the windings of the Edisto, he
CH. XL beut his march on the 16th, to the heights which
border the Santee. The season proved uncommonly
ji^JjifiJgs hot and sickly, and the contending armies, by tacit
8"s- consent, suspended their opei'ations. ... A tragic
^^° ^ ' scene occurred about this time at Charleston, which
Execution greatly irritated the Carolhiians. Col. Isaac IIayne
Hs^n& ^^^"^ executed, without even the form of a trial, by
order of Lord Rawdon and Col. Balfour.
4, Gen. Greene crossed the Congaree, and de-
scended along its right bank, intending to attack
Col. Stuart, who had succeeded Lord Kawdon
in command. This officer fell back upon Eutaw
Springs, and thither Gen. Greene pursued him.
Sept a The armies engaged on the 8th. The battle of
^^^^ Eutaw Springs, is memorable as being one of the
Br. L. most bloody, and valiantly contested fields of the war;
Am. i.. and also for being the last of any note that occurred
^^- at the South. Greene's army in the first encounter,
routed the British, but they found in their flight a
hovise, and other sheltering objects, where they
made a stand and rallied. Greene withdrew bearing
to his camp 500 prisoners. He with his officers re-
ceived the thanks of Congress. The Bi-itish no
- longer dared to keep the open country, but retired
gain the to Charleston. The whole of South Carolina and
country. (Georgia, except their capitals, was thus recovered.
La Fay- ^- -^^ Fayette, at the head of 1,200 light infan-
ettesent try, was now dispatched by Washington towards
*■ Virginia ; while a French fleet from Rhode Island,
w^as sent out to cut off the retreat of Arnold from
Msrcb 16. the Chesapeake. But Clinton sent Admiral Arbuth-
Fr. &Eng!not, who fought the French off Cape Henry, and
fleets, obliged them to return. Clinton sent Gen. Philips,
3. Where did each army now move, and where rest for a sea-
sou? Wliat measure of the Britisli incensed the Carolinians ?— 4.
Give an account of the movements of tlie armies. Give an account
of the battle which now occurred. Why was the battle of Eutaw
Springs memorable? What was now the condition of the British
in South Carolina ?
SECRKSY AIDS GRRAT SCHEMES. 253
with 2,000 men, to assist Arnold. La Fayette ar- pt. iil
rived in time to save Richmond ; but he witnessed fd. ii.
from that place, the conflagration of Manchester, on ^"- ^^
the opposite bank of the James. Manches-
6. Cornwallis went to Petersburg, and -was there burned,
met by Arnold. He then moved the whole army
into the interior of Virginia, hoping to overrun and ^IJg"^^^''
subjugate the State. He harrassed the country by Arnold
sending out his light troops, especially those under "° '^
Tarleton. They on one occasion, came near taking
prisoner Mr. Jefferson, then governor of the State, j^gf .
But he secreted himself and escaped.
7. Cornwallis was suddenly recalled to the sea-
coast, by an order from Sir Henry Clinton. Fearing sir h.
that the Americans and French meditated an attack retails
on New York, he had directed Cornwallis to em- ^"jj^-
bark 3,000 of his troops for that city. He marched
with his army to Portsmouth, where he received Remands
counter orders. Clinton having had a reinforce- ^^ °''*^*'"
ment, he believed he could dispense with further ^^g ^
aid ; but he ordered Cornwallis to remain upon the Comwai-
coast. This general then mai'ched to Yorktown ^otIc-"
which he proceeded to fortify. *^°'*°- ■
8. Washington had learned that a French fleet
with a large force under the Count de Grasse was
to arrive in the Chesapeake, He concerted his
measures with Count Rochambeau, the French com- in^ton's
raander in the United States. The allied force was^^°^^^^
concentrated in the neighborhood of New York.
Sir Henry Clinton believed they meant to attack
him there. He was surprised to learn that Wash- Allied
ington had directed their march south, through New go^tou**
Jersey ; but supposed it a feint to draw his army <^?^
from their defences ; but the allied forces had gone
5-6. What was done in and near Virginia? — 7. W)iy was
Cornwallis recalled to the sea-coast? Wliere did he fortify ?— 8.
What fleet did Washington expect? With whom did Wasliington
take counsel? Where were tlie allied forces concentrated ^ What
did Clinton suppose ? What in the mean time did Washington do ?
— What is the heading at the top of the page ? {This uKudd he a
good ivi^ect for a composition.)
25i
BUTCHERY AT FORT ORIS WOLD.
FT. III.
P'D. II.
CH. XI.
17^1.
De Grasse
enters
irid Wocks
up the
Ches-
apeake.
Sept 6.
FT.
ORIS-
WOLD.
riie garri-
son all
butch-
ered.
Arnold
burns N
London
Oct 14
TORE
TOWii.
Two
redoubli
taken
to take Cornwallis, and had so got the start of Clin-
ton, that he could not now hinder them.
9. The Count de Grasse, with twenty-five sail of
the line, entered the mouth of the Chesapeake, only
one hour before Washington arrived at the Head
of Elk, and immediately performed the part a^J-
signed to him, by blocking up the mouths of the
York and James rivers; thus cutting off all com-
munication between the British at Yorktown and
New York. A French squadron from Rhode Island,
got safely by the British fleet, and brought the artil-
lery necessary for the siege.
10. Clinton, vainly hoping to make a diversion in
favor of Cornwallis, sent the traitor Arnold, lately
returned from Virginia, to ravage Connecticut. The
garrison of Fort Griswold, in Groton, near New
London, being attacked, made a resolute defence.
At length they were overpowered. As the British
entered, an officer inquired, " Who commands this
fort?" "I did," said Col. Ledyard, "but you do
now ;" and presented his sword. The monster took
it and plunged it in his bosom. Scarcely was there
a father of a family, in the little town of Groton, but
was that night butchered ; and almost its entire pop-
ulation became widows and orphans. New London
was then burned.
11. By the aid of the French fleet, Washington
tad effected the removal of his army and stores
from the Head of Elk. The whole force amounted
to 16,000 ; 7,000 of whom were French. The allies
commenced their works at Yorktown on the night
of the 6th of October. On the 1 4th, two cedoubts
«i advance of the English main works were taken ;
the one by the Americans under La Fayette and
9. What fleet arrived ? Where ? When ? What did it per-
form? How were the allies supplied with artillery? — 10. What
diversion did Clinton attempt to make in favor of Cornwallis?
Kelate the capture of Fort Griswold. What was the traitor's next
exploit? — 11. How was Washington enabled to remove his army
and stores? What was the number of the combined army?
What was done, and by wliom, on the night of the lith ?
THE FrNISIIING STROKE. 255
Col. IlA^NfiLTON, and the otlier by the Froncli under pt. iil
tlie I>AEOX ViOMESXIL. P'D. IL
12. Cornwalhs had confidently expected aid from ^^^
Clinton, but becoming discouraged, he made an ef- |»,g,
fort to escape, by crossing the river in the night, cornwai-
His army were to embark in three divisions : — a J^ ^"^^
part hg«& already crossed and landed at Gloucester escape.
Point ; a part were upon the river ; the third divis-
ion alone had not embarked. The air and the- wa-
ter were calm, and his hopes of escape were high.
In a moment the sky was overcast and a tempest
arose. The very elements seemed armed against
him, as if he were checked by an Invisible Power,
which watched over the American people. At
dawn the besiegers opened a destructive fire upon October
him, and he was glad, when the abating tempest al- ^yoji^K-
lowed, to return to his almost dismantled fortifica- to wn,
tions. 7^^^,^
13. Seeing no hope, the general, on the iVth, gent w cannon,
a flag to Washington, and the terms of surrender French,
were immediately agreed on. A sloop, laden with ^20^^^
such persons as Cornwallis selected, was to be al- porta,
lowed to pass, without search or visit, to New York.
The whole remaining British force was surrendered
to the allies ; the land army, with its munitions, to
the Americans ; the marine, to the French.
14. This event caused a burst of joy throughout
America. Nor did the people, or the civil rulers, Eejoieingi
amid the honors, which were showered upon the pnt>iic
American and French commanders, forget to ac- devout
knowledge their supreme obligation to the Great
Commander and Ruler of armies and of nations.
15. Gen. La Fayette, who had sought America in LaF»y-
her adversity, left her as soon as prosperity dawned retnral t»
upon her fortunes. He embarked about this time *'r*no«.
13. What reflections might Cornwallis naturally make? — 13.
What Btep did Cornwallis now take? What were the most im-
portant of the terms of surrender ? What was surrendered to the
Amerioans? What to the French? How did this surrender
nfl'ect the Americans ? — 14- What did they remember to ao-
kuowledge ?
256 VERMONT.
F'T. Ill, for Ffnnce; leaving deep, in the hearts of a grate-
P'D. II. ful people, the remembrance of his virtues and his
CH. xu. services.
Situation
CHAPTER XIT.
Vermont. — Measures of Peace. — Fears and discontents of the
Army happOy quieted.
1. Yermoxt was, at this period, an independent
nation. Its territory was first settled by graiits from
"of Ve7-" New Hampshire, and afterwards decided, by the
mont. j^i^giji^ii government, to belong to New York; and
had that State given quiet possession of the soil to
those individuals who had purchased, and cultivated
farms under New Hampshire, Vermont would now
have been a part of its territory. But the attempt
having been made to eject those settlers by force,
they forcibly resisted. The inhabitants met in con-
I'y'S'T. vention, in 1777, and declared the New Hampshire
iteeff fnde- S''^^^^ ^^ ^® ^^ independent State, under the title
pendent of " Ncw Connecticut, alias Vermont;" the first ap-
pellation, and the ungraceful " alias," being after-
wards dropped. Their affairs were, at first, man-
aged by several of the leading men, called " a Coun-
cil of Safety." Their first legislature met at Wind-
sor, in March, 1778.
2. It was most fortunate for America that the re-
sult of the last campaign had been favorable ; for
tionoTtheSuch was the extreme poverty of the government,
^- S- that it seems impossible that another could have
been sustained. The several State governments
wholly failed of paying their taxes; alleging the
utter inability of the people to meet further taxation.
3. The people of England had also felt very se-
15. _ Where was now the most generous o*" the defenders of
AmericH ?
Chapter XII.— 1. What was Vermont? Under what Stata had
the finst settlements been made? What State afterwards laid
claims to the settlements? IIow did the settlers proceed? By
vhora were their affairs first managed ? — 2. What was the condi-
tion of the United States at the close of the war ?
PKACK. 257
vercly llieir [^reat expenses; aiid on liearingthe dis- pt. iit
asters which had attended tlieii- arms, tliey nuinnured p-o. ii.
against the government for continuing the war. en. xil
The house of commons, moved by this expression of ,»,-gi
feeling, as well as by the eloquent speeches of Gen. p^i,.
Conway, and others, voted, "that thev should con- I'ariia-
sider as enemies to his majesty and their country, takes
all who should advise, or attempt, a fuither prosecu- jj^^ ^^"g^
tion of oifensive war on the continent of America."
4. To be ready for overtures of peace, Congress |.yoo
appointed as their agents, four distinguished men,. Franklin'
already in Europe, — Dr. Fraxklin, John Adams, ,^,''''"^',^^
John Jay, and Hexry Laurkns. Mr. Adams pro- LauVena.
cured, from the States of Holland, on the 19th of
April, the recognition of American Independence. lu^and
On the 8th of October, he obtained a treaty of am- recosrnizes
ity and commerce ; and, not long after, a loan of indepen-
moi^ey; to the great relief of his exhausted country, dance.
5. On the 20th of January^ I't^Z^ preliminary
articles of peace tcere signed at Vei-sailles. The de- •.•,g«
finitive treaty \vas deferred until the adjustment of
affairs between England and France, and was not sept is.
signed until the 3d of September. The terms granted Peace of
to the Americans by this treaty, in respect to the ^.^J""
extent of territory, and right to the iisheries. were ^' *^
equal to their most sanguine expectations. It was a
treaty which made America independent, in faei, as
well as in name. Great Britain preferred this, to
her becoming a dependent on France, of which she
had some fears.
6. The officers of the army feared, that if they i^y^^j^.
should disband, themselves and their services would '*°'*,
be forgotten. Some were ambitious; and thought *^)fieer».*
that if a monarchy should succeed, they might be-
3. What was the state of public feeling in England ? What
resolution passed in parliament? — 4. What men were chosen by
Congress? For what purpose? What was procured from Hol-
l:md ? By whom? — 5. When were the preliminaries of peace
signed, and where? What was deferred? Till what time?
What can be said of the terms of the tre&ty as regards the United
States ? — 6. What fears had the officers of the army ? What am-
bitious project had some of them ?
258 TIIK MORAL SUBLIME.
FT. iTL CO ill G dukes or earls. A lettor was addressed by one
P'D. IL of these to Washington, endeavoiino-^ in a smooth
cu. XII. r^^yi aitful strain, to perenade liim, tliat a monai'chy
was the most desirable form of government, and
' liimself a suitable man foi- king. Washington uy
A rebuke, plii-'cl, tbat "he viewed sueh ideas with abhorrence,
and must reprehend them with severity."
7. But the discontents of the armv remained : and
Washington repeatedly urged Congress to attend t-o
their just claims. While the army were lying at
Newburg, an anonymous paper, able, but seditious,
was circulated. The advice that it contained was,
that the officers should cease to 2Jefitio9i Congress,
but march with arms in their hands, and demcoid
justice. W^ashington had foreseen such a crisis, and
„ The had remained with the army. His monitory voice
addressf was heard, as he exhorted the officers not to tarnish
their fame, pure and bright as it Avas ; but to believe
and trust, that their country would yet be grateful
in^o^'ex- ^'^^" t^^^i'" devotion and services. To Congress, Wash-
hUttsthe ington wrote: and in the most forcible language,
"hischL- presented the claims and great merits of those who
aeter. had breasted the common danger, and gained for
all the inestimable prize.
8. Congress used their utmost exertions to meet
the exigency. They commuted the half-pay, which
had been pledged, for a sum equal to five years' full
pay. The officers were satisfied, and the army
peaceably disbanded. . . . On the 19th of April, just
War ' eight years from the battle of Lexington, the joyful
ftfterj^st certainty of peace was proclaimed from head-quar-
eight ters to the American army. On the 25th of No-
y««"- vember, the British troops evacuated New York,
and a detachment entered it from the army of the
new republic.
6. W'hiit letter was addre^ssed to Washinorton ? How did it
aflfect Jiis mind ? — 7. Give a further account of the discontents of
the army. Wliat paper was circulated ? What did it propose?
How did Wa.'^hington meet this crisis ? To what did he exhort
the officers ? How did he write ? — 8. What did Consrress ? What
did then the officers? What liappened on the I'Jth of April!
What on the 25th of November?
shays' kebellion. 259
9. On the 4th of December, Washington parted pt. iil
from Ids officers at New York. ... A day was ap- fd. ii.
pointed at Annapolis, where Congress were sitting, ^^ ^"i-
and in the pi-esence of a large and deeply aiFected -^co
audience, he resigned his offices, and commending d^c. 23*
his country to tlie protection of God, retired to .^^^"^^^-^
Mount Vernon, followed by the benedictions of "signs.
America, and the admiration of the world.
CHAPTER Xm.
Depression subsequent to the war. — Shay's Kebeilion. — Constilu-
tiou formed.
1. At the close of the .war, debts encumbered the
General and State governments. Heavy burdens ^vf^'
were necessarily laid upon the people, who were so e-Cdis-
poor as to be often nearly destitute of the necessa- a^°J'|^",^.
ries of life. The distress of the country at length recuona.
produced insurrections,
2. In August, nearly 1,500 insurgents assembled
under arms at Northampton. They took possession * •*^*
of tlie court-house, to prevent the sittings of the
court, and the issuing of executions. The next ugj^a^ign
month a similar scene occurred at Worcester. The rebeifion.
leader was Daxiel Shats. At the head of 300 men
he marched into Springfield, and barred the court-
house against the supreme court. Gex. Shepard
at the head of 1,200 men, was sent to Springfield; .'"gent*©
where the multitude refusing to lay do^vn their arms, ^p""S-
he fired upon thera, and killed three men. The riot-
ers fell into confusion, and soon dispersed. Four-
teen only were sentenced to death, and these were
afterwards pardoned.
3. The articles of confederation, although they
9. What occurred on the 4tli of Dec. ? On the 2od ?
Chapter Xlll. — 1. Wliat was the condition of the country?
What was the consequence of this extreme depression? — 2. Ke-
late the circnnistuiices of Shay's rebellion, llow was it quelled ?
How waa the allair finally disposed of?
260 TIIE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.
FT. Ill, had served, during the pressure of danger, to keep
FD. ir. the several parts of the nation together, were now
en. xuL found inadequate. Congress had no authority to
Defects i <5?V^orc(3 its Ordinances ; and now, that the pressure
the gov- of public danger was removed, they were contemned
eminent ^^^^ disregarded. — A convention of delegates, from
Articles of fi'^6 of the middle States, met at Annapolis, in 1786,
confeder- who Came to the conclusion, that a thorough reform
17§6. ^^ t^® existing government, would alone be effectual
Doie?;itos for the welfare of the country ; and Congress passed
^five''™a resolution, recommending a general convention of
States, delegates to he holden at Philadelphia.
4. In May, 1787, the convention met, and instead
* of amending the articles of confederation, they pro-
Constitu- ceeded to form a new constitution. Their debates
tion were lonar and arduous. Much honest difference of
atPbiia. opnuon existed; m particular, where the strength of
the new government came in question. On the one
hand it was contended, that, if the government was
dSerCTce "^'^^^6 too wcak, a State of anarchy, and consequent
of opiu- revolution, would ensue ; on the other, that if it were
**'"■ made too strong, America would lose those blessings
of liberty, which she had bled to obtain; and only-
make an exchange of foreign, for domestic oppres-
sion. Those in favor of holding the States strongly
united, were called, at this time, Federalists, and
their opponents, at ^xb%. Anti-federalists — afterwards
Republicans.
5. Other points of dispute arose, which were still
the slave more dangerous, because they divided parties by
Inflated geographical lines. The most difficult of tliese, re-
and com- garded the representation, in Congress, of the slave-
proaiised. ij^i^ji^jg States. The slaves were'at length allowe(?
3. Why was the government, as it then existed, found inade
quate? Wliere did a convention meet? At wliat conclusion di*
tliey arrive? Wh-.it resolution was passed by Congress? — 4
What important assemblage convened in Aiay, 1787? What di<.
they proceed lo do? In what respect was there an lionest dilfer
ence of opinion in the minds of the framers of the constitution
What was maintained by each side? Who were called federij
ists, and who anti-federalists? — 5. Wliat other point of di*.put«
was there, more difficult than any otlier ?
THE LEGIST A.'nVE POWER. 261
to be reckoned, in settling the quota of direct taxes pt. ni.
and representatives, as equal to three-fifths of an pd. il
equal number of free white inhabitants.* That these "=• ^™-
great difficulties were compromised, holds up this -.^g*,
convention as an example to future times, of the tri- . This th*e
umph of strong patriotism and honest zeal for the "2^*^^°
})ublic welfare, over party feeling and sectional wished, as
Pi-cj'i<i^ce. _ ,^^'f,^,,
6. The supreme authority, m whose name the taxes.
Constitution is promulgated, is that of " the people
of the United States;" the objects for which they^atesTom
ordain and establish, and bind themselves to obey its "the ^^
precepts, are " to form a more perfect union, establish ^^°^ '^'
justice, insure domestic tranquillity, promote the its
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty °^i^^
to themselves and»their posterity."
v. The legislative power of the Federal Union, is
vested in a senate and house of representatives, the
latter is to be chosen for two years, by electors qual-
ified to choose representatives to the State legisla- Tho peo-
tures; — each to have been for seven years an inhab-^f^nted^"
itant of the United States, and at least twenty-five ^^yj^°
years of age. Representatives are to be appointed hooso.
in each State, according to the number of the inhab-
itants ; though there must never be more than one
representative to thirty thou.sand people. Lest the
Congress should become too numerous, the appor-
tioTinient is varied, once in ten years ; or after the
taking of each census.
8. The senate is composed of two members from
each State, to be chosen by the State legislatures, r^^^
The term of service is six years ; but the first senate states
was to be so chosen, that one-third of the members '^^t^e
had two years to remain in ofiice, another four, and senate,
another six ; so that, thereafter, no more than one-
5. How was it (lispo.sed of? "Wliat may we say of this couven-
tion? — 6. What is the supreme authority in which the Constitu-
tion is proinuleated ? What are tlie ohjocb^ for whicli it was
estahlished ?— 7. In wliat is the lesrislative power vested ? How
are representatives chosen^and for what time? By whom ? How
are they apportioned ? — 8. Of how many niembera is tlie seutte
composed ? VVliat their term of oflSce?'
262 TMIfi EXKCUTIVK AND JUniCIARY.
PT. iiL third of the senate should be composed of new mern-
P'D. II. bei-s. A senatoi* must have been an inhabitant of
*«*-^" the country nine years, and be not less than thirty
years of age.
^ 9. The house of representatives choose their pre-
offlcers." siding officer, who is called the speaker. The senate
are presided over by the vice-president of the United
States. Congress must sit as often as once a year,
, and the ordinary sessions commence on the hrst
Monday in December. The president is empowered
to call extra sessions.
10. All bills for raising a revenue, must originate
The rep- ^^ ^^® house of representatives. While the execu-
resenta- tivc bears the public sword, the branch nearest the
thYpurse! people, Carries the purse. . . . The executive power is
vested in a president and vice-president ; each chosen
utivethe'^"*-*^' ^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^ years; each to be a native born
sword, citizen, and to have attained the age of thirty-five.
The president is commander-in-chief of the array
and navy when in actual service. With the consent
of two-thirds of the senate, he is vested with the
power to make treaties, to appoint ambassadors,
judges of the supreme court, and many other officers.
11. The Judicial power is vested in one supreme
'^''ciii'^*' court, and such other courts as Congress may estab-
power. lish. The judges retain their offices during good
behavior. They, as well as the president and vice-
Impeach- president, may be impeached by the house of repre-
sentatives, and tried l)y the senate.
IVST. 12. Towards the close of this period, Virginia,
The North Carolina, and Georgia, extended to the Mis-
west sissippi. The great tract, north of the Ohio river,
*intoa^ was formed by Congress into the Northwest Ter-
territory. ritory.
9. Who chooses the presiding officer of the liouse of represents
atives ? What is he called ? Who is the presiding olficer of the
senate? How often must Congress sit? — 10. What bills mnst
oriarinate in the house of representatives? Who bears the sword !
Who the purse? WMiere is the executive power vested ? What
is requisite to make a person eligible? Wluit power has the pres-
ident? How are lieaties made ?— 1 1. Where is the judicial power
vested? By whom are inipcachnieuts made? Who tries thorn?
EXCLUSION OF SLAVEEY FliOM N. W. TKRRTTORT. 263
The originrJ charters of Connecticut, Massachn- ft. hi.
setts, and Virginia, gave to these States title to fd. ii.
large portions of its lands ; but, Congress had pre- ^^- ^"'•
viously compromised with these States, and ex- gj^t^p^^g.
tinguished their claims; except to certain specified Hnquish
reservations. Connecticut had a large reserv^ation *'*""*•
in the northeast part of Ohio ; by means of which, ^^^i
she obtained the nucleus of her school fund. fund.
13, The bill for the erection of the N'orthwest
Territory, passed Congress in 1787, While it was
pending, Mr. Jefferson introduced and carried anpfjhibr^d
amendment, forever excluding slavery from that ex- i" the
tensive region, A territorial government was here
first introduced into the American system. The First tcr-
general government appoints for the Territory its '"'„^^''|.*^.
executive and high judicial officers, while the people ment
exercise, by an assembly of delegates, the legislative
power.
EXEUCISES ON THE TREE CHR0N0QR4.PflER.
(For Period J I., Part III.)
What event marks the beginning of this perirxi ? What ig
its date ? Fohit out its place on the chronographer. Also
show the |>Jaces of the following events according to their
dates: The Americans were defeated at the battle of Long
Island, Aug., 1776. They defeat the Hessians at Trenton,
Dec, 1776. and the British at Princeton, Jan., 1777. Dr.
Franklin was sent on a mission to France, and Lafayette
oflft.Med his services to Congress, in 1777. Burgoyne surren-
dered to General Gates, Oct.. 1777. France made a treaty
with the United st.-ites. in 1778. The battle at Savannah, and
the navid vicr;>ry of Paul Jones, occurred in 1779. Arnold's
tieasun was 1780. Cornwal'ds' surrendt^r at Yorktown, Oct.,
1781. The treaty of peace was signed Sept. 3, and Washing-
ton resigned, Dec. 23, 1783. The N. W. Territory was erected,
1787.
Note,. — ^These exercises will not be continued tlirough the la.«t part of the
History, as buth toacliers and pupils will now fully under,«taiid the ii.«e of
the Chronogrnplier without such assistance. Nor can it be equ.illy useful
on th '. last part of the History. A* the country increases, events crowd;
•nd a large chronograpln r is required.
H:i
MAP
."i Lr)iii_'it.iilo \\'fi« TP Iroui lirr-eiiwich 77
pVf. P^ N K V 1. \- A S l\\ ..-'■J
I . • ' f^ '-\
Baltimoi'f >'■>.'"
Lon.fi W. from Washington 4
PART IV.
FROM 1789 TO 1841
Washington's Inauguration.
PEUIOD I.
FROM
THE FtKAL ADOPTION OF I- 1789 ] THI FEDEBAX CONSTITUTION,
TO
THE PITBOHASE I- 1S03* -| OF LOITISIANA.
CHAPTER I.
Organization of the new Government. — The Funding System. —
Party lines strongly drawn.
1. When" "Washington retired at the close of the pt.it.
war, he had fully intended to pass the residue of his pp. l
days in domestic retirement. The first summons ^^^
which he received to quit his delightful retreat, was -*.e*.
when the legislature of Virginia chose him first del- conven-
esrate to the convention, which fi-amed the Constitu- ^ V°"
tion. With rehictance he consented to the pleas of oils.
Chapter 1. — 1. What had been Wusiiinfrton's intention when
he left the army ? What was the firril tinsc he wa-s induced to vio-
late it ? '
12 265
266 THE GOVEIJNMKNT ORGANIZED.
FT. IV. friendship, and the call of public duty. He WJ
P'D. I. made president of the convention by a unaniino' j
CH. L vote.
"WashiKg- 2. The Constitution being adopted, the univcfisal
^BWei voice of the nation called him forth, to organize the
government. A special messenger from the president
^ons\' of Congress, brought him the official intelligence of his
elected elsction to the presidency, and in two days he set
president ^^^ f^j. ^^ York, where Congress first convened.
3. The ceremony of his inauguration was wit-
IVSO nessed with inexpressible joy. He made an address
* to Congress, in which he offered his " fervent suppli-
Aprii sa cations to the Almighty Being, whose providential
'rated^M ^^*^ ^^^ supply every human defect, that his bene-
N. Y. diction would consecrate to the liberties and happi-
ness of the people of the United States, a govern-
ment instituted by themselves ; and would enable
every officer to execute with success, the functions
allotted to his charge."
4. Congress made it their first object to establish
a revenue, sufficient for the support of government,
Congress and for the discharge of the debt, contracted during
on mer^-^ the Revolutionary War. For this purpose, they laid
"^Md'^ duties on the importation of merchandise, and on
kmnage. the tonnage of vessels. — The first appointed under
the Constitution as the heads of departments, were,
Wbet^iS, Thomas Jeflerson, secretary of state, Alexander
Jefferson,' Hamilton, of the treasury, and General Knox, of the
andK^o^ department of war. The small navy was assigned
to the care of the latter.
5. During this session, it was proposed to amend
Constitu- ^^ Constitution. Congress agreed upon twelve new
tton articles, which were submitted to the respective
""^'^ State legislatures ; and being approved by three-
fourths of these bodies, they became a part of that
instrument.
1. Of what body -was he made president? How? — 2. By what
vote was he elected president of the U. S. ? Where did Congress
at this time meet? Did their messenger wait long for Washing-
ton ? — 3. Give some account of his inauguration. — 4. What did
Congress make their first object? Who were made heads of de-
partments?— 5. What was done respecting the Constitution?
THE FUNDING SYSTEM. 267
6. Mr. Hamilton, early in the second session, ft. iv.
brought forward his celebrated report, which was p'o. i.
drawn up with a masterly hand. He showed the ^^ ^
importance of public credit, and proposed assuming,
or funding, not only the pubhc debt, amounting to namii-*
fifty-four miUions of dollars, but also the State debts, , **>">
estimated at twenty-five millions; and of making system.
permanent provision for the payment of the interest,
by imposing taxes on certain articles of luxury, and
on spirits distilled within the United States.
7. The debates on this report produced an irrita-
tion of feeling, which in the event, shook the founda- ^^.a^s
tion of the government ; and they may fairly be said and party
to be the origin of that violent party spirit, which, ^u™^*'
under the names of FederaHsts and Republicans, for
thirty years arrayed one part of the American com-
munity against the other. Mr. Hamilton's plan was
finally adopted ; and at the same time a law passed
fixing the seat of government where it now is. The
debt funded, amounted to a little more than seven-
ty-five millions of dollars ; upon a part of which, an
interest of three per cent, was paid, and on the re-
mainder six per cent.
8. Rhode Island had refused to send delegates to
the convention, which formed the Constitution ; and
neither that State, or North Carolina had accepted
it at the time of its adojjtion. North Carolina ac- n. c. and
ceded to it in November, 1789: Rhode Island in E-fac-
May, 1790. . . . An act was passed, accepting the the consti-
cession of the claims of North CaroUna, to a district ^^^'^^
west of that State; and a territorial government ^^^^^53^,
was established by Congi-ess, under the title of " the made a
Territory of the United States, south of the Ohio." ^'"''"'^•
9. Kentucky was separated from Tirginia, and
also erected into an independent government, re- 1'5'91»
6. Give an account of Mr. Hamilton's system of funding the
public debts? — 7. Wliat effect did its introduction produce in
Conorress ? Was it adopted ? What other law was passed at the
i<amo time ? — 8. What two States a* first refused to adopt the Con-
stitution? When did they agree to it? What territory was taken
from N. C. 3
26S THE MORAVIANS.
P'T. IV. ceiving its name from its principal river. — A na
P'D. I tional bank was, during this session, recommendecl
OH. iL \^y ]yj[i. Hamilton, and passed through Congress, al-
t'9'Oi t'^o^gh it met a violent opposition from the Repub-
L national lican party. After deliberate investigation, the presi-
bank es- (Jent was Convinced of its constitutionality and utility,
■ and gave it his signature. The bank was established
at Philadelphia, Mdth a capital of ten millions or
dollars.
Feb. 18. 10. Vermont was, in 1V91, admitted as one oi
ZimTuJd ^^^^ States of the Union. ... In that year, the first
to the census of the United States was completed. The
union, jjjjj^jjgj. Qf inhabitants was 3,929,000 ; of whom,
695,000 were slaves. The revenue amounted to
4,771,000 dollars, the exports to 1 9,000,000, and the
Oct. imports to about 20,000,000. . . In October, the sec-
Nnmber ond Consfress apportioned the number of represent-
Bontatives, atives, according to the census. After much disa-
1 to 83,000. gj.ggjQgjj|.^ they fixed the ratio at one for every thir-
ty-three thousand inhabitants.
CHAPTER n.
The Moravians. — The Indians of the Northwest.
1. That devoted Christian people, the Moravian
From Srethren^ made, during the Revolution and the
1760 twenty years preceding, the most earnest and self-
l'y§2 sacrificing efforts to convert the Indians. The prin-
' cipal leader of their faithful band of missionaries was
Zeisberger ; and the principal places where they
went among the Indians and dwelt with them, call-
ing them brethren, were in Pennsylvania (where, at
9. What was done respecting a national bank? — 10. In what
year was Vermont admitted into the Union ? What in 1790 was
the number of inhabitants in the Union? The amount of reve-
nue? Of exports? Of imports? What the ratio of apportionment?
Chapter II. — 1. What description is given of the Moravian
Brethren ? What was done by them and when ? Who was Zeis-
berger ?
mniAN MARTYRS. 269
Bethlehem and Nazareth, were their principal seats), p't. iv.
in New York, and in Ohio. Previous to the year "po i
1782, they had baptized 720 of the natives. . . . The o"- "•
most disgi-aceful massacre which stains the page of ^^ j.
American history, was that of a party of 96 of these 17S2.
peaceful Indian converts. It occurred on the banks Moravian
of the Muskingum, and was the work of a band of cunvens
fanatical American marauders, who impiously eon- '"^ji"""^'"*
sidered themselves, as were the Jews of old, a chosen J/J'S-
people commissioned to destroy the heathen. oi/M
2. After the treaty with Great Britain, that na-
tion refused to deliver up Detroit and other posts in
the western country ; alleging that the Americans
had not fulfilled certain stipulations of the treaty.
These posts became the rallying points of the com-
bined savage tribes, who, under Michikiniqua, the
chief of the Miamies, called "the Little Turtle,"
now ravaged the frontiers of the United States.
Pacific arrangements were attempted by the presi-
dent, but without effect. On their failure, Gen.
Harmar was sent from Fort Washington, on the Harmar's
site of Cincinnati, with a force amounting to 1,400 ^Q^f^f
men. In an engagement near Chilicothe he was cothe.
defeated with loss.
3. Gen^. St. Clair, in October of the following
year, with 1,400 men, marched into the wilderness, l''^^
near to the Miami villages. He and his officers
were asleep, while at dead of night the savage chief- st'ciaivi
tains assembled in council. At dawn, the terrified ^"^^l^^ *'
Americans were roused by the war-whoop. The mi ami
carnage was indescribable. Not more than one- lages.
quarter of the Americans escaped ; and their whole ^.m. l.
camp and artillery, fell into the hands of the savages. '
4. Kentucky was admitted into the Union in
1792. .. A mint was established by Congress; and Amia;
1. Wliere were the principal seats of their colonies ? How many
had they biiptized in 1782? Give an account of the massacre of
the Mu^kiiicrnm.— 2. What did the British refuse to do after the
peac« ? \Vh;.t did these forts become ? Wh;it party was first de-
feated by the [ndians (! Where ? — 3. Give an account of St. Clair's
dofeiit.-^. What was done in 1792 ? What in 1793 J
270 Washington's neutkality.
PT. IV. the division and value of the money, to be used
P'D. I. throughout the country, was regulated by statute,
*"*• "• and called Federal money." . . . Gen. Washington
1793. was again elected president, and in March, 1793,
^^,^,^g™*^. was inaugurated. John Adams was also re-elected
troducei vice-president.
5. The party spirit wliich had already agitated
the whole Union, raged with increased violence.
The democratic or republican party, were charged
by the federalists with abetting all the crimes of the
spirit. French revolutionists, Avho had just beheaded their
king ; wlille the federal paity were accused by the
democratic, of being in favor of monarchical princi-
ples, and under the influence of Great Britain.
6. Information Avas received of the declai-ation
of war by France, agairist Great Britain and Hol-
land. Washington was an American, and he did
not choose to involve his country in the contests of
Europe. lie accordingly, with the unanimous ad-
Wash-" vice of his cabinet, issued a proclamation of neutral-
ington's j^y This measure contributed, in a great degree,
neutrality. -^ .... ', ® ^ . '
to the prosperity ot America ; whose proper maxim
was, and is, "Friendship with .all ; entangling alli-
ances with none."
April "^^ ^^' GrE^'KT, who was ai)pointed by the French
Arrival of republic, anivcd in Chai'leston, S. C. Tije flatter-
Genet, j^j^^g reception he met with, induced him to take the
presumptuous measure of attempting to induce the
American people to embark in the cause of France,
congress ^whatever might be the determination of their gov-
6ustain ^ . , y
the execu- ernnient. This turned many against lum. Ihe
*'^®" conduct of the administration towards M. Genet,
1794. ^^^ approved by Congress. France, at the request
Fanchot of the president, annulled his powers, and he was
*^^^ succeeded by M. Fauchet.
8. At Pittsburg a meeting of citizens was held,
5. What was the state of parties ?— 6. With what powers was
France at war ? Wliat course did Washington take? What is
the proper maxim of America ? — 7. What was done by tjje »ench
minister? What part did Congress take? By whom wus Geuet
succeeded ?
INSUREECTION IN pp:nnsylvaxia. 271
and an opposition to the law of Congress, laying a ft. iv.
duty on distilled spirits, agreed on. The marshal pd j '
of the district, was seized by armed men, and com- <==■"•
pelled to enter into an engagement to refrain from _ .,_ .
executing the duties of his office; and other public whiskev
officers were maltreated. The number of the insur- insnrrec-
gents was calculated at seven thousand, Washing-
ton made requisitions on the governors of Xew
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, for October.
15,000 mihtia. These, imder command of Gov. tP"^- ^
Lee, of Vn'ginia, marched into the revolted district. agHfnst
Such salutary terror was inspired, that no farther ^^gg'^"^""*
opposition M-as attempted.
9. A war between the United States and Eng-
land was, at this time, apprehended. Tlie Ameri-
cans were acciised of preventing the loyalists from
regaining possession of their estates, and British Mutual
subjects from recovering debts made before the pia^'^'of
"war. On their part, they complained of the arro- 'fi^^ i''|?-
gant pretensions of England, in regard to navigating Am^k
the sea; and also, that the military posts of the
western wilderness were still retained, contrary to
the treaty ; and that the Indians were, by their gar-
risons, incited to make incursions upon their frontier
settlements, — and sheltered in their forts, as they
returned from midnight burning and murder,
10. Congress passed bills laying an embargo for
thirty days — for erecting fortifications — for raising
a provisional army, and for organizing the militia.
To avert, however, if possible, the calamity of an- April.
other war, Mr. Jay was sent to England, to uego- ^Jn/wT
tiate with the British goverament. Eiijriiind
11. Gen. St. Clair was succeeded by Gen. Way^te,
to whom the Indians gave the name of the " Black-
Snake." Many had forsaken their alliance, and the
Little Turtle believing that the Indians would be
defeated, Avould have persuaded them to peace.
" We shall not surprise them," said he ; " for they
8. Give an account of the wiiiskey insurrection in Fa. — 9. Wliy
was a war with England apprehended? — 10. What laws were
passed by Congress ? Who was sent to Enghiod ? for what?
lans.
i)72 watne's war.
er. IV. have now a chief that never sleeps." But tlie conn-
f 'D. I. cil overruled his opinion. Wayne attacked and
OH. II. completely rented the confederacy, near the mouth
1794. of the river An Glaize. The British, at the neigh-
^""ne's horing fort, who had incited the Indians, now re-
victory fused to shelter them. By this means they lost all
'^f/*' influence with them, and the savages made peace.
GLAIZE. 12. Mr. Jay having negotiated a treaty with
Great Britain, returned in the spring of 1795. His
treaty provided that the posts, which the British
had retained, should be given up to the Americans,
Jay's ^"*-^ compensation made for illegal captures; and that
Treaty the American government should hold £600,000,
with in tru?>^ ,»r the subjects of Great Britain to whom
^S'^****' American citizens were indebted. But it did not
prohibit the right of searching merchant vessels,
which was claimed by the British.
13. While the senate was debating with closed
doors, a member had given an incorrect copy to a
printer. It was circulated with rapidity and pro-
duced great irritation. The senate, after much de-
bate, accepted the treaty. The president received
Passes the addresses from every part of the Union, praying him
amT^s' ^^ withhold his signature ; but Washington, believ-
sisned bjr ing the conditions to be the best which, under ex-
ington. isting circumstances, could be obtained, signed it
in defiance of popular clamor. . . . Treaties were
1795. also made with the western Indians, with Algiers,
Treaty q^^ ^\\th. Spain. By the latter, the Mississippi was
SDain. "^^^^ t^^ western boundary, and a right to the nav-
igation of the river and to the use of New Orleans
as a place of deposit, was secured to the United
1790. States. ... In 1796, I'ennessee was admitted to the
Union.
14. The French government tried various means
11. Give an account of Gen. Wayne's operations at the West.
— 12. When did Jay's treaty arrive? Wliut were its provisions?
— 13. What happened while the treaty w;\8 before tlie senate?
What was tlie consequence, and what was done in reference to
the treaty? What other business was Iriiiieacted at this time in
Congress ?
A FATHEK S COUNSEL.
27?
FD. I.
CH. IL
1796.
French
iiggrres-
sions.
Nationa]
pros-
jKsrity.
to flatter and cajole the Americans into aiding them P'T. iv.
in their European wars ; but iBnding a steady sys-
tem of neutraUty maintained, they began depreda-
ting on the American commerce — their cruisers be-
ing encouraged in capturing the vessels of the Uni-
ted States.
!''>. As the period for a new election of president
£ the .United States approached, Gen. Washing-
ton publicly signified his determination to retire to
private life. lie received addresses from evei-y part
of the country, which, though expressing regret at
the loss of his sei-vices, yet congratulated him on
the astonishing increase of national wealth and pros-
perity, during the period of his administration over
a country, which was more indebted to him, than to
any other human being, not only for its prosperity,
but for its very existence.
16. On retiring, Washington published a Fare-
well Address, in which he called on his countrymen
to cherish an immovable attachment to the xatioxal
tJ>noN. He recommended the most implicit obedi-
ence to the acts of the established government, and
reprobated all obstructions to the execution of the
laws, — all combinations and associations, with the de-
sign to overawe the constituted authorities. Good
faith and equal justice should be observed towards
all. Honesty, no less in public, than in private af-
fairs, is the best policy. Religion and morality are
the pillars of human happiness. These great truths,
with others, were taught us, as parting precepts, by
our PARENTAL FRIEND, whose fame, for wisdom,
gathers brightness as time passes on.
Wash-
farewell
address
14. What was the conduct of the Freneli? — 15. What deter-
mination had Waahinston made? — 16. What can you repeat of
Washington's Farewell Address ?
12*
274 X. T. AND Z. MISSION.
CHAPITER III.
America resents the indignities of France. — Adams's Administra-
tion.— Jefl'ert^on's.
FT. IV. 1. The party candidates for president, were
P'D. I. Thomas Jefferson, on the part of tlie republicans.
*'"•'"• and John Adams, on tliat of the federalists, INIu
1797. Adams, was elected president, and Mr. Jeffer.son,
Adams' vice-presidcnt. . . Mr. Adams received intelligence
president, of an Open insidt on the part of the French govern-
vfoe-"" nient, now in the hands of the directory. They had
president (Jesircd the American minister to quit France, and
Insult determined not to receive another, until the United
Fnuice. States had complied AA-ith their demands.
2. Mr. Adams, to show liis desire for peace, not-
withstanding this ill-usage, appointed three envoys-
extraordinary to the French republic ; but tliey,
Pinkney, jngtead of being openlv received, were privately be-
Marshall, • i • .^ ^ -, , . /. i • i "^
uDd Gerry set With intngucs ; the object oi which was, to
the*x.*Y. ra-T-ke them pay money, to bribe the persons in
ai.d z. power. These shameful proposals were made in let-
mu,sion. ^^^^ signed X. Y. and Z. . . Nothing seemed now
to remain, but war. An army was provided for by
Congress, and Washington appointed to the coni-
^aval^B. niand. Capt. TpvUxton of the American frigate
Am. Constellation, fought and captured the French frig-
"° '^' ate ZPlnsxirgente.
3. The French government at length became con-
■ eAA vinced, that although the Americans might choose
Sept. 30. to quarrel among themselves, yet they would not
^rcHdi s^^ff^^' foreign interference ; and they made over-
Treaty, tures for a renewal of negotiations. Mr. Adams
promptly met them by appointing three envoys to
Chapter III. — 1. Wlio were the candidates of the two parties
for president? AVho was made president? Wlio vice-president?
In wliat year? AVliat government treated our republic with inso-
lence?— 2. (rive some aecfmnt of the X. Y. and Z. mission as it
was called. What was done in reference to the expected war?
— 3. Ulwlmt did liic French goveniuieut become convinced?
Washington's example, a national teeasitke. 275
Paris. They found the goverament in the hands of ft. iv.
Napoleon Bonapaete. With him they amicably fd. l
adjusted all disputes. '^^ '"•
4. Washington calmly and peacefully expired at
Mount Vernon, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. ^lygn^
His history is that of his country, during the period Dec. 14.
of his public services. What may be said of many ^^^]^^
of the worthies of the Revolution, may be eminently ington.
said of him ; in no instance has he rendered his
country a more important service, than in leaving
to her future sons, his great and good example,
5. Suitable buildings having been erected, the seat 1 eoo
of government, agreeably to the law passed by Con- Nov.
gress in 1790, was transferred from Philadelphia g^yl^.
to the city of Washington, A territory, ten miles ment
square, in which it was to be permanently located, fei^tTto
had been ceded to the general government, by the .^^'*"
States of Virginia and Maryland, and received the "
name of " the District of Columbia.'" . . . 3Iissis-
ijopi, and a part of the northwest territory, called
Indiana., were this year made territories with sepa-
rate governments.
6. The time had now arrived for electing a presi-
dent. It was at this period, that the feuds and ani-
mosities of the federal and republican parties were at
their greatest height. Mr. Adams had lost the peo-
ple's favor by one of those changes of popular senti-
ment which public men often experience. He had
sanctioned two acts which were regarded as hostile
to the Constitution ; " the Alien Law," which author-
ized the president to order any alien, whom he should seditioa
judge dangerous to the peace and liberty of the ™^^®*
country, to depart from the United States, on pain
of imprisonment, — and another, called the "Sedi-
tion Law," which imposed a heavy fine, and impris-
onment for years, upon such as should " write, print,
utter, publish, &c., any false, scandalous, and mali-
3. Who was at the head of the French government, and what
was done? — 4. What interesting event is next related? — 5. What
transfer was now made ? — 6. W hat two unpopular laws had beea
passed ?
276 PARTY spirit's WORST DAT.
P'T. IV. cious writing against the government of the United
P'D. L States, or either house of Congress of the United
OH. UL States, or the president, &c." Under the sedition
_„- law, several persons were actually imprisoned.
v. By the Constitution, as it then existed, each
elector voted for two men, without designating
which was to be president. He who was found to
have the greatest number of votes, Avas to be presi-
dent, and the second on the list, vice-president.
The republican electors, who had a very considera-
ble majority over the federal, gave their votes, to a
Jefferson ^^^^^ ^^r Thomas Jefferson and Aaron" Burr ;
and Burr, intending, without question, that Jefferson should
be president. They had thus an equal number of
votes ; and the election must, according to the Con-
stitution, be decided by the house of representatives.
8, The federalists considered that thev might vet
defeat their opponents ; and probably believing that
they should find a grateful friend in Col. Burr, they
determined, if possible, to raise him to the presi-
dency. On counting the votes in the house, Mr.
Jefferson and Mr. Burr had each an equal number.
Thirty-five times the voting went round, and the
hour had nearly come, when if a president had not
been chosen, the government would have been de-
Are madeSti^"oyed. At length Jcflferson had a majority of one
president State. . . . The constitution was afterwards amended.
president SO that the Same danger might never occur again.
The conduct pursued by both parties in Congi-ess,
on this occasion, manifests, how little party spirit
, cares for public good.
census 9. A sccond census of the United States was com-
ISOO, pleted, giving a population of 5,319,762 : an increase
declared '■ n ® -ir X^ -i. J A 4.-U 1-4.
in of one million lour hundred thousand, in ten years.
1801. In the same time, the exports increased from nine-
7. How did each elector then vote for president and vice-pres-
ident? How was the vote of tlie electors given ? — 8. Wliat did
the federal party now think and do? What singular position oi
affairs now presented itself ? How did it terminate? Wliat does
this affair show with respect to party spirit? — 9. In what year was
the second census taken ? How many inhabitants ? What increase
in population in ten years ?
CH. UL
1§02.
TJNPAKALLELED ADVANCE. 277
teen to ninety-four millions, and the revenue, from p't. iv.
4,771,000 to 12,945,000 dollars. This rapid advance fd. i.
in the career of prosperity, thus beiifun, has con-
tinued in a degree unparalleled in the history of
nations.
10. In 1802, Ohio was admitted as an indepen-
dent State, into the Union. Much of the territory owo^ad-
of this State was originally claimed by Virginia and ™j*^*j^j^^°
Connecticut, and was ceded by them to the United
States, at different times, after the year 1781. From
this State, as a part of the N. W. Temtory, slavery
was excluded.
11. In 1802, the port of New Orleans was closed
against the United States. Spain having cec?ec? Louisiana
Louisia7ia to the French, the Spanish intendant an- %pain^
nounced that the citizens of the United States could ^ France,
no longer be permitted to deposit their merchan-
dise and effects in the port of New Orleans. The
western States apprehended the ruin of their com- the
merce ; and great agitation was excited. The right "1,^^
of deposit was subsequently restored ; but the alarm
had shown how important was the possession of the
waters of the Mississippi to the western States.
12. Negotiations were therefore set on foot, by
■which the United States purchased of France, for i§03.
the sum o/ $15,000,000, the whole territory of Lou-'^^^^
isian-a. This acquisition doubled the extent of the of Franc*
republic, adding the vast western section of the
basin of the Mississippi, and giving the United States
a western boundary on the Rocky Mountains.
9. What of exports and revenue ? — 10. What account can you
grive of Ohio? — 11. On what account were the western States
alarmed and agitated ? Was the right of deposit restored ! What
had this alarm shown? — 12. What negotiations were set on foot?
What purchase was made? For what consideration ? What may
be said of this acquisition ?
MAP N? 10.
Prhiclpal Seals of
the War of
1812, 13, 14.
Decatur firing the Philadelphia.
PERIOD II.
FSOH
TK
PUEOHASi: \ 1S03 ] OF LOXnBIAKA
TO
THB OESSION > IS 20* ] OF 7L0BIDA.
CHAPTER I.
War with Tripoli. — Troakles with England and France.
1, The Barbary Powers were nations of professed
pirates. They took and made slaves of American
citizens, as they did those of other countries ; ap-
propriating vessels and their cargoes. If any nation
would pay them annual tribute, they would not
take that nation's vessels. This was for several
years done by the United States, as it had long
been, by European nations. At length, the Ameri-
can republic determined to resist, and declared war
against Tripoli. This war is memorable, as it laid
the foundation of the American naval character and
Chapter L— 1. What were the Barbarjy Powers? What did
they with res|>ect to the citizens and vessels of the European and
American nations ? In what cas^e would they desist from their
piracy? What did the U. S. do? Why is the Tripolitan wa
memorable \
27y
FT. IT.
P'D. IL
CH. I.
1803.
Barbary
powers
piratical.
Are re-
sisted by
the Atner
leans.
280 TKIPOLITAN WAK.
FT. ly. discipline. Comjiodoue I'rkule, who coramaiuied
FD. iL the American fleet yent in 180;? to the Mediterra-
'^^ ^ nean, — was not only an able officer himself, but lie
possessed the talent of moulding others.
2. The frigate Philadelphia, commanded by Capt.
Bainbridge, was one of Pi'eble's squadron, and had
1 «oJ adventured too far into the hai'bor of Tripoli ; where,
Decatur'8 ignorant of the navigation, she grounded. Lieut.
exploit Stephen Decatuk, retook her from under the guns
of the Tripolitan battery. Her officers and crew
had been made captives, and, with other Americans,
treated with every indignity. Their suffi^rings went
to the hearts of their fellow-citizens; and, as an ex-
pedient to oblige the bashaw of Tripoli to release
them, the government authorized Capt. William
Eaton to unite with Hamet, an expelled bashaw,
to assist him to recover his former station.
3. Eaton was made genei-al of Hamet's forces,
Feb amounting to a few hundred Arabs. He marched
Eaton from Egypt to Derne, where the American fleet co-
takes o*' 1 _ ^ ^
Derne. Operated with him. He assaulted and took Derne.
The Tripolitans sent an army, which was defeated
in two engagements. The bashaw then sued for
Jnne 3. peace ; and Col. Lear, the American consul, nego-
yrith* tiated with him a treaty, by which the American
Tripoli, prisoners were set at liberty, $60,000 ransom being
paid. Support was Avithdrawn from Hamet ; but he
recovered his wife and children.
4. In July, 1804, occurred the death of Gen. Al-
1§04. exander Hamilton. He died in a duel, fought
ton Tiled ^^^^ Aaron Burr, vice-president oi the United
In a duel States. Burr was the challenger. Hamilton, not
""having the courage to brave the opinion which
would call him coward, met his antagonist against
his sense of right, and without desire or intention to
1. Who was tlie commander? What can you say of him? — 2.
•What d:iring exploit was performed by Decatur? How came the
Phihidclphla stranded ? Where were the captain and crew ? What
was William Eaton to do in this war? — 3. Give an account of his
movemi'nts. On what terms was peace conchided ? — 4. Give an
account of the death of Hamilton, and its cause.
FKEXCir DKCRKKS ANT) BRITISH ORDERS. 281
injure him. By tliis lameiitaLle weakness of mind, pt.it.
America lost one ot" lier most gifted sons. . . Mr. pi). il
Jefferson i-eceived l>is secoml presidential election ; *="• ^
and such was his ])0]jularity, that out of 176 votes, igyj,-
he received 162. George Clinton of New York,
was chosen vice-president.
5. Col. BuiT was a dark and subtle man. Neither
party, any longer, had confidence in him. He j[§07.
went to the West, and there set on foot some great
scheme, which he was carrying on, — when, becom-
ing suspected of treasonable designs against the Bnn-'s
govei'nment, he was seized and taken to Richmond "^abie"'
for trial. It was supposed that he intended to pos- project.
sess himself of the bank of New Orleans, and that
he was raising an army, with which he meant either
to subdue Mexico, or some other of the Spanish
provinces. Sufficient evidence of his guilt not ai>
pearing on trial, he was acquitted.
6. Although a neutral policy had been steadily
maintained, the American nation was now made to to
suffer in her commerce, by the measures which Eng- 1809.
land took, on the one hand, to humble France, by
keeping all neutrals from trading at her ports ; and ^^- *^*""'
1 11 11-11 merce
the counter-measures assumed, on tlie other hand, by injurea.
the Emperor Napoleon, to keep all neutrals from
the ports belonging to Great Britain.
7. The " decrees" made by France, and the " or-
ders in council" made by Great Britain, for these
purposes, were unjust, and contrary to the laws of I'^f;^™^
nations. The United States was not in right obliged and
to abstain from trading to the French ports, because ^^^^
the sovereign of Great Britain commanded it ; nor
to abstain from trading to Great Britain, because it
was so ordered by the French emperor. And when
these two nations proceeded — which on both sides
they did, to take, and condemn as prizes, American
5. "What farther account is given of Col. Burr? — 6. How did
America now suffer in her commerce? — 7. What may be said of
the decrees and orders in council as refjards the right of ti.e c;ise f
What did both nations with regard to the U. S. I
282 Madison's administration.
P'T. IV. vessels for disobeying their niilawfiil decrees^ they
P'D. iL both committed acts of war upon our nation.
CH. L g^ rpi^g American government by its agents at the
If^A? <^^^^'"^^ of Great Britain and France, remonstrated in
* decided terms. As the shipping of the country was
in Era- thus constantly exposed to seizure, Congrea^s laid
bargo. an embargo^ which deprived the nations injuring the
American commerce, of the advantages of their
trade. But the measure, in many cases, bore hard
on the American people, and was exceedingly un-
popular.
9. There were other causes of complaint against
^^^^^J"^®^ the English. In the exercise of what they termed
search, the right of search for British native-born subjects,
their naval officers entered and searched American
vessels on the high seas; and repeatedly took, not
only naturalized, but native American citizens. The
the '*ciies- -^^'^i'^^'^i a British ship of war, attacked and over-
ap«ake." powei'ed an American frigate, the Chesapeake, but a
few miles from the coast, and took from her ibur men.
10. This outrage, which happened before the em-
npon^e bargo was laid, was resented by the whole nation.
ohesa- j^y^ i\^q English government sent out Mr. Rose,
who made such explanations as satisfied the federal
1S09. party. ... In 1809, Mr. Madison was inaugurated
Madison president, and Mr. George Clinton of New York,
was re-elected vice-president. . . The embargo met
with the most violent opposition throughout the
IVon- country. The government repealed it, and substi-
Inter- tuted a law prohibiting all intercourse with France
course or Great Britain ; wath a proviso, that should either
tuted.' revoke her edicts, this non-intercourse law should
cease to be enforced, as it regarded that nation.
11. In April, a treaty w^as concluded with Mr.
Erskine, the British minister, which engaged that
8. What course was taken by the Am. government? — 9. What
other cause of complaint was ygiiinst England? What was done
by a British armed ship? — 10. What was the national feeling re-
specting this outrage ? Who were made president and vice-pres-
ident of the U. S.? In what \ear? Wliat law was subBtituted
for the embargo?
THE TWIN BROTHERS. 283
the orders in council, so far as they affected the P't. it.
United States, should be \vithdi"a\vn. The British pd. il
ministiy refuse<l tlieir sanction, alleging that their *"'• *•
minister, whom they recalled, had exceeded his pow- .saq
ers. His successor, Mu. Jackson, insinuated in a Mr.
correspondence with the Secretary of State, that the Erskine's
American ixoverninent knew th:it Mr. Erskine was ment
not authorized to make the arrangement. This accu- Ji*y"bo
sation was denied by the American Secretary, but re- ministry
peated by Mr. Jackson. The president then declined
any further diplomatic intei'course with England.
12. In 1810, France repealed her decrees; and
the president issued a proclamation on the 2d of .c^
jS'oyember, declarmg, that all the restrictions im- French
posed by the non-intercourse law, should cease, in repea^el
relation to France and her dependencies. . . The
population of the United States, by the third cen xwrd
BUS, taken in 1810, was 7,239,903. «*"»•*«•
13. An encounter took place off Cape Charles,
between the American frigate President^ command- -g, -
ed by Com. Rogers, and the British sloop of war, j^ay le.*
Little Belt^ commanded by Capt. Bingham. The Naval B.
attack was commenced by the Little Belt, but she President^
was soon disabled. This was a token that war was '^''r^?'^*
at hand, Br. l. 32.
14. The appearance of a hostile confederacy, had
been discoveied among the Indians on the western
frontier. At its head, -was the great chief Tecum- iosttk!
SEH, and his twin brother, Elskwatawa. Tecum-
seh, who was the master-spirit, took upon himself
the department of war and eloquence; while Elsk- Tecnmseh
watawa was to invest liiinself with the sacred and *w»tewa.*
mysterious~chai-acter of " Prophet." Pretending to
be favored with direct communications from the
Great Spiiit, he by tricks and austerities, gained be-
ll. What arrangement was made by Mr. Erskine ? What was
done by the British ministry ? What was Mr. Jackson's behavior,
and the consequence ?— 13. What was done by France ? What
by the presidiMit^ What was the population of the U.S.? Of
what year?— 13. What encounter took place? — 14. What two
reniarkal)le characters appeared among the Indians 1 Give au ac-
count of Tecumsfch. Of Elskwatawa.
284
PREPARATIONS FOR "WAR.
1811.
The Indi
Teciim-
seirs
move-
ments.
P'T. IV. lief. He then began a species of drill, the object of
P'D. II. which seems to have been to discipline the Indiuns
*="• ^ to obedience and union. He ordered them to kill
their dogs, and these faithful friends were instantly
sacrificed. They must not, he said, permit their
aiis led by iires to go out : and at once the lire of every wis-
their su- ■•
perrtition. wam was watchcd as by vestals.
15. While the Prophet thus manifested, that
priestcraft in its worst tbrm may inhabit the desert
as Avell as the city, Tecumseh was going from one
Indian confederacy to another, and, by his eloquence,
inflaming their minds against the whites.
16. Gov. Harrison, of the Indian territory, was
directed to mai'ch against them ^with a military
force. On the 7th of November, he met a number
of the Prophet's messengei-s at Tippecanoe, and a
suspension of hostilities was agreed upon till the
next day. Harrison formed his men in order of bat-
tle ; and they thus reposed upon their arms. Just
^'^C/^^ before dav, the faithless savaires rushed upon them.
Am. k." But the war-whoop was -not unex[)ccted. The
'J^ij*2\o"- Americans stood, repelled the shock, and repulsed
' the assailants. Tecumseh was at a distance, not
having expected that the whites would be prepared
to strike the first blow.
17. The French decrees being annulled, commerce
had beofun with France. Nine hundred American
vessels^ richly laden^ had been captured by the
British since the year 1803. The president recom-
mended to Congress, that the United States should
be placed in an attitude of defence. Provision was
Prepara- accordingly made to increase the regular army to
tions 35,000 men, and to enlarge the navy. The presi-
dent was authorized to borrow 811,000,000, and the
duties on imported goods were doubled.
18. Mr. Madison laid before Congress documents,
Nov. 8.
Am.
losses.
for war.
15. What was made manifest bj the Indian prophet? What
was Tecumseh doinof ? — 16. Wlio was sent atjainst the Indians?
Describe the battle of Tippecanoe. — 17. How many of the Amer-
ican vessels had the British taken? Since what year? What
measures ware taken to prepare for war ?
WAR, CONDITION OF THE COXJNTET. 285
which proved, that in 1809, the British government, pt. iv.
by its agent, Sir James Craig, governor of Can- p d. iiT
ada, had sent Joiijf Henry, as an emissary to the ™- '^
United States, to intrigue with tlie leading members jo^q
of the federal party, and lead them, if possible, to Henry-/
form the eastern part of the Union into a nation or ^'*<=ios»''*
province dependent on Great Britain, Henry pro- ^^g^^
ceeded through Vermont and New Hampshire to secret*
Boston ; but returned without effecting, in any de- niission.
grce, his purpose.
War I)K-
CLAEED.
CHAPTER II.
War of 1812. — Condition of the country. — IIiiU's surrender.
1. Ok the 18th of June, 1812, tear xoith (^feat mi^,
JBritam was fonnaUy declared. In 1775, the Araer- June is,
leans were comparatively a warlike people; they """""
bad now become enervated by a peace of moi'e than
thirty years. In 1808, the regular array consisted
of only 3,000 men ; but during that year, the gov-
ernment increased it to 9,000. The act to raise an Military
tore© 4*1
additional force was passed so short a time previous the u. s.
to the declaration of war, that not more than one- ^^^^^
fourth of the number were enlisted at that time ;
and those were, of course raw and undisciplined.
2. The state of the revenue in 1812, was extremely
unfavorable to the prosecution of an expensive war. Bad state
Derived almost solely from duties on merchandise reveime.
imported, it was abundant in a state of commercial
prosperity ; but in time of war and trouble, the ag-
gressions of foreign powers, while they produced an
increase of public expenditure, almost destroyed the
means of defraying it. The navy
3. The condition of the navyAvas better than that'comiuinn'
•of the army. The situation of the United States, as 'army"*
18. What disclosures were inside by tlie president?
Chaptek II. — 1. At what time w;us war declared? What was
Ihe condition of tlie army ?— 3. What was tiiat of the revenue ?
286 hull's lvvasion.
FT. IT. a maritime and commercial nation, had kept it pro-
P'D. IL vided with seamen. Tlie recent contest with Trip-
cH. IL q\[^ Y^r^tX given to the officers and men, some experi-
ence in war. ]>ut the navy was small. Ten frigates,
* ten sloops, and one hundred and sixty-live gun-boats,
was ail the public naval force, which America could
Geneiai Oppose to the thousand ships of Great Britain. . . .
Dearborn, IIe^^ky Deakbokx, a Surviving officer of the lievo-
der-in- lutiou, was appointed major-general and command
chief, er-in-chief of the American army.
4. The plan of the campaign was formed at Wash-
ington. It was intended to invade Canada, at De-
troit and Niagara, and that the armies from these
places should be joined, on the way, by the force
stationed at Plattsburg, and all proceed to Montreal,
The army destined for Detroit, was collected at
Army of J^<^yton, in Ohio, some time before the declaration
the north- of War. The forces consisted of three regiments of
^®**' volunteers, commanded by Cols. M'Arthur, Cass,
and Findlay, and 300 regulars under Col. Miller ; —
the whole under Gen. Hull, who had been, for some
time, governor of the Michigan Territory.
5. Gen. Hull, moving slowly through an unculti-
Tnneso. vated region, reached the rapids of the Maumee, —
Hull at and on the first of July sent off his hospital stores,
Kapids. his sick, and part of Ms baggage, in a vessel to go
by water to Detroit. This vessel, in which was his
^^^^l' trunk of private papers, containing accounts of the
placed, army, and plans of movements, was taken by the
British. Gen. Hull arrived at Detroit on the 5th,
and on the 12th, invaded Canada. At Sandwich
he issued a bold and imposing proclamation, invit-
ing the Canadians to join him. The British force,
which it was expected his army would attack, w^as
at Fort Maiden. He waited near it for artillery
from Detroit. A detachment of the army took a
3. What tliat of the navy? Who was made commander? — 4.
What was the plan of the campaign? Describe tlie army of tlie
Northwest.— 5. Doscribe Hull's "progress from Daytou to the
vicinity of Maiden.
CIL II.
1§12.
MACKINAW TAKEN. 28'
bridcre leadinor to the fort ; but be would not suffer pt. iv.
them to retain it. pd. ii.
6. As the British had the command of the waters,
the road from Ohio, by which Hull expected a party
under Capt. Brush, to bring provisions, was in-
fested by warriors, whom their shipping landed on vsn
the American side. Hull sent a detachment, under nome's
^ ' party a&»
Van Home, to keep open the road. Tecumseh and featM
his Indians, lay in ambush, and killed thirty of his cnmL^.
men, when the remainder fled to Detroit.
7. On the 17th, the important fortress of Macki-
naw was taken, by a party of British and Indians,
the small garrison being allowed the honors of war. Circnm-
The victorious party were now bearing down upon which
Hull. Nor was this all. Gen. Dearborn was drawn ^*^™
by the British, on pretence of treating for peace,
into an armistice, in which Hull's array was not in-
cluded. This set free the whole British army of
Canada to come against him, as nothing was to be
feared from any other quarter.
8. Gen. Hull took counsel of his fears, and against
the entreaties of his officers, returned to Detroit. Ans. ^
He sent immediately Col. Miller, with 600 ''^^t^-, guagjl.
to escort Capt. Brush. In the woods of Maguaga^ ^.m. l. »a
he routed, in a severe fight, Tecumseh and his In-
dians ; and then returned to Detroit, having learned
that Capt. Brush had taken another route. . . . Fifty qo. '
persons, mostly the garrison of Chicago^ were slain -^^ ^ ^
by a party of savages, as they were attempting to
pass from that place to Detroit.
9. On the 13th, Brock, the most able of the Aug. i5.
British generals, arrived at Maiden^ and took com- ^^r^Hch'^
mand. On the 14th, he moved the British forces Detroit
to Sandwich, and the next day sent a summons to
Hull to surrender ; threatening him that the In-
6. What happened to the first party sent by Hull to escort Capt.
Brush'— 7. What cireumstauces alarmed Gen. Hull?— 8. What
retrograde movement did he make ? What second party send out ?
W hat battle was fought ? What hapjpeued on the 15th of August ?
—9. Who took command of the British army? Describe th»
me*vements of Brock.
288
surrkni)i:k ok nicrRorr.
FT. IV. diaiis would be let loose upon Detroit unless he did.
P'l). II. On the morning of the 16th, Brock crossed to Spring
CH. UL '\Yells^ and moved towards Detroit. Gen. Hull
1S19 <3re\v' up his men in order of battle; then, while
* they were eager for the tight, ordered them to re-
tire to the fort. Tlie indignation of the army broke
forth, and all subordination ceased. They crowded
in, and without any order from the general, stacked
their arms, some dashing them with violence upon
the ground. Many of the soldiei's wept, — and even
the women were angry at such apparent cowardice.
10. Hull perceiving that he had no longer any
authority, and believing that the Indians were ready
to fall upon the inhabitants, was anxions to put the
Hull sur- place under the protection of the British. A white
renders flj^or wjjg hm^g out upon the walls of the fort. Two
Ais artny, , , o i
Am. Lu British officers rode up, and a capitulation was con-
pr. 800. c]u(jg(j \yj Hull, with the most unbecoming haste.
His officers were not consulted, and every thing was
left at the mercy of the British commander. . . Gen.
Hull was soon after exchanged, and brought to trial.
He was sentenced to death, for cowardice and unof-
ficer-like conduct ; but pardoned by the president,
as he had, in his youth, been a brave revolutionary
officer, and as there were strongly extenuating cir-
cumstances.
CHAPTER in.
Naval successes,
1. Three days after the disgraceful surrender of
Ang. 19. Detroit, occurred off the Grand Bank of Newfound-
Naval V. land, the capture of the British frigate Guerriere^
te'w! 63. under the command of Capt. Dacres, by the Amer-
Ani. L k. ican fi-igate Constitution^ commanded by Captain
9. What.wa.'^ dono by Ilnll ? Wliat was the conduct of tlie
army, when bid to retire to the foit? — 10. Wliat was then done?
What was the manner of the t;urrender? What sentence wjts
passed against Hull ? Was it e»-cuteil ?
Ch.\pter III. — 1. What iinportinit naval victory happened ^boiU
the time of Hull's snrrender i What was the loss on both sides?
OHIO AIJD KENTUCKY VOLUNTEERS. 289
K»*iJL,. Capt. Dacres had challenged any American pt. iv.
vessel of her class, and in various ways, manifested fd. ii.
his contempt of " the Yankees." In thirty minutes *^- ™-
after the tirst broadside of the Constitution, the |e««
Guerriere had her masts and rigging shot away, and
her hulk so injured, that she was in danger of sink- scptr.
ing, . . . Capt. Porter, of the United States fiigate ^^^l^-
Essex, captured, near the same place, the British sloop captures
of war Alert, after an action of only eight minutes, f^i^^^^'ert
2. On the 1 3th of October, the army stationed at
Lewiston, under Gen. Van Rensselaer, mostly
composed of New York militia, made an unfortunate
and unsuccessful attempt to invade Canada. A
part of the army crossed, and a battle was fought ^^^^ ^g
at Queenstown. During the battle, Gen. Brock was queens
killed, by a party headed by Capt. Wool. But^^^^^
Gen. Sheaffe coming up with 1,000 British and^o, ^- 1"***
Indians, while the militia on the American shore ^'"
refused to cross, the republican troops on the Can-
ada side were obliged to surrender.
3. Gen. Smyth succeeded Gen. Van Rensselaer,
and late in the season, made another abortive "^at- Last at-
tempt to cross an army into Canada. Capt. King, -^^^l ^V
with a party, had prepared the way, by gallantly Niagara,
storming a battery opposite Slack liock ; but the
army did not follow him, and he was made prisoner.
4. Ohio and Kentucky, had aroused at the call
of Hull, for assistance ; and an army, on its march
for Detroit, was in the southern part of Ohio, when
the news met them, of the surrender of that post, ^^^f
This rather stimulated than repressed their ardor, the west.
Kentucky put on foot 7,000 volunteers, Ohio nearly
half that number. Congress appointed Gen. Har-
KisoN to the command of these forces.
5. The Indians of the northwest had murdered
twenty-one persons at the mouth of White river ;
and had committed other atrocities. For the de-
1. What other naval victory occurred ? — 2. Describe the affair of
Qneenstown ? — 3. What account can you ffive of Gen. Smytli's
atteJiipt? — 4. Wliat troops had b?en raised in ihc West? Wlio
appoinied to conunaiid ? — 5. Wliat had been done by the Indians ?
13
290 NAVAL riCTOKIES.
FT. IV. fence of the Indiana and Illinois Territories, a large
P'D. IL number of mounted volunteers was collected, by
OH. m. Qqy, Shelby of Kentucky. Under Gen. Hopkins,
181 a ^^®y attempted an expedition against the Kickapoo
' and Peoria towns ; but being gentlemen-volunteers,
Hopkins' and feeling on an equality with their general, they,
essfoi ex- ^^^^ Several days' march, put it to the vote of the
pediUon. army, whether or not they would proceed further ;
and a majority of the troops voting against it, they
turned about, and, to the grief of the general, went
home.
6. Gen. Hopkins, at the head of another party, —
and after him Cols. Russell and Campbell, made
predatory incursions into the Indian towns. They
put the savages in fear, and protected the white in-
habitants. . . . Capt. Jones, in the American sloop
Oct la of war Wasp, captured, after a bloody engagement,
Naval V.g^ British warlike vessel, the Frolic. Two hours
Naval D after the battle, a British seventy-four took Capt.
" Jones and his prize. . . . Com. Decatue, in the frig-
Oct 25. ate United States, defeated and made prize of the
EnL^iwlBritishfrigate J/acec?omaw, Capt. Caeden. . . . The
Am. L. 12. fortunate frigate Constitution, commanded by Com.
Bainbeidge, captured, off" the coast of Brazil, the
Br. L i6i'. British frigate Java. Besides these public successes,
the American privateers took 250 British vessels,
and 3,000 prisoners.
v. The warmth of party feeling had not abated.
state of The enemies of the administration declared, that the
ledin^ iU-success of the war was owing to their inefficiency ;
while its friends attributed the failure, to the inter-
ference of the opposite party. Both were right in
a degree ; as the government, imused to war, had
doubtless failed of making judicious and seasonable
provisions : but all its difficulties were increased, by
an ungenerous and almost treasonable opposition.
8. The most alarming opposition was not, how-
5. Describe the expedition against them, headed by Gen. Hop-
kins.— 6. What officers made successful incursions? What naval
victory occurred Oct. 18th ? What on the 25th of Oct. ?— 7. Wha
was the state of party feeling ?
Madison's second teem. 291
ever, that arising from mere individual clamor, ft. iv.
The States of Massachusetts and ConneCT:iCut had pt). h.
refused their militia to the call of the general gov- *^ "^•
emment. They alleged that the State governments jgjg.
ought to determine when the exigencies of tiie nation Qnestion
require the sei-vices of their militia. They also declared °^^
that it was unconstitutional for the president to del-
egate his power to any officer, not of the militia, and
who was not chosen by the respective States. It was
probably owing to the disapprobation with which
the great body ojF the people viewed these opinions Mr. Madw
and measures of the opposition, that the result of n,»j'orftjr
the election of president was not only favorable to increa»e<L
Mr. Madison, but showed a diminution ol tne fed-
eral, and an increase of the republican pany. leio
9. Congress passed acts — authorizing the con- ^ongrMs
Btruction of four large ships of war for the increase make laws
of the navy on the lakes, — ^for increasing the bounty on'rtZ
given to recruits, — and for enlarging the regular ■^*'-
army. The previous law authorizing the employ-
ment of volunteers, as they had been found insubor-
dinate, was repealed. To provide for the revenue,
they authorized a loan of $16,000,000; and gave inangn
power to the president to issue treasury notes to the M»dison
amount of five millions. Mb. Madison received his ^^
second inauguration on the 4th of March, and El-
BEiDGE Geeey was, at the same time, made vice-
president.
CHAPTER rV.
, Campaign of 1813. — Massacra of Frenchtown.
1. The head-quarters of Gen. Haeeison, were, at ^^"^
this time, at Franklinton, in Ohio. Gen. Winches- his army;
8. What alarming symptoms of rebellion occarred in New
England ? What effect had the proceedings of the opposition on
the election ? — 9. What laws dia Congress make to carry on the
war? Who was made president and vice-president? What year?
Chapter IV. — 1. Wnere wai Gen. Harrison with the western
army? Whom did he detach?
292 INDIAN MASSACRE.
FT. IV. TER had been detached to proceed in advance of the
P'D. II. main party. Hearing that a party of the British
CH IV. ^yere stationed at Frenc/dotcn^ he attacked and dis-
persed them. But on the morning of the 22d, he
* was surprised and assaulted by the combined force
of the British and Indians, under the command oi
Col. Proctor. Gen. Winchester was taken ; and,
Jan. 22. being territied with Proctor's threat of an Indian
Massacre massacrc, he presumed, though a prisoner, to send
FRE'OH- a command to the troops still fighting, to surrender ;
aui^l" Proctor having promised them, in that case, protec-
k. 500, tion. They laid down their arms, and the scenes of
Br." L^^k. Fort William Henry were reacted. Proctor aban-
24, w. 158. doned them, now unarmed and defenceless, to the
savages. Five hundred were slain. They were most-
ly volunteers from respectable families in Kentucky.
2. Gen, Harrison removed his army to Fort
FT. ' Meigs. Proctor here besieged him with a com-
MEiGS. bined force of British and Indians. Gen. Clay,
with 1,100 Kentuckians coming to his assistance, a
plan was laid to attack the army of Proctor with
the combined forces of Harrison and Clay. A party
headed by Col. Dudlet, fell into an ambuscade, and
were slaughtered by Tecumseh and his Indians. But
Proctor was defeated and obliged to raise the siege.
3. Xhe Indians, as success failed, began to desert
their allies. But Tecumseh was faithful. The Five
.^ Nations now declared war against the Canadas. . . .
FT. STE-With. 500 men, Proctor attacked Fort Stephenson^
^so^' on the Sandusky river. Major Croghan, a youth
Br. L. 150. of twenty-one, defended the fort with 160 men; and
repulsed Proctor with the loss of 150.
Feb. 22. 4. On the 22d of February, the British attacked
Br. take Ogdensburg with 500 men. The Americans, infe-
DEif^s- rior in numbers, retired and abandoned their artil-
BUEG. leiy and stores to the British. Two schooners, two
1. What account can you give of the sliockinsr scenes of
Frenchtown ? — 2. Give a further account of the military opera-
tions near Lake Erie? — 3. What was now done among the liuli-
juDs? Give an account of the affair at Fort Stephenson. — 4. 0/
tlio invasion of Ogdensburg.
GENERAL PIKE. 293
gunboats, together with the barrack?, were comniit- ft. iv.
ted to the lianies. . . . On Lake Ontaiio, Commo- fd. ii.
DORE CiiAUNCEY, had by great exertions made ready ^"- ''•
a flotilla, to aid in the operations of the coining 1^13.
campaign. ^ . . . ' A-^fl;'?iiia
5. The first important service of the flotilla, was on Lake
that of transporting the army of Gen. Dearborn, ^"^'■"*-
from Sa^Jcett's Harbor to York, the capital of U'|>
per Canada. Gen. Pike, by whose advice the de- Ann! 27.
scent was made, defeated Gen. Sheafee at the ^"r^
landing, in a severe contest. In the moment of vie- 90! «•. 206,
tory, this excellent ofticer, with 100 Americans and ^^^^^j^
40 English, was killed by the blo\ving up of a mag- 100.
azine. The Americans took possession of the town.
After three days they recrossed the lake to SackeWs
Harbor, where they left their wounded.
6. On the 27th Gen. Dearborn re-embarked his
army and proceeded to attack Fort George. After ^7?^*
fighting for its defence, the British commander. Col. geo'ge.
St. Vincent, spiked his guns, and abandoned the t and w.
fort. The Americans took possession of Fort Erie, ^^j^- g2_
that having also been evacuated by the British.
Col. St. Vincent, had retired, with his army to JBur-
lington Heights, near the head of Lake Ontario. To
pursue him. Gen. Dearborn detached Gens. Chand-
ler and Winder. Col. St. Vincent, at dead of night. Affair of
stole upon them and attacked the camp. In the ci>£ek.
confusion and carnage whiijh ensued, Chandler and
Winder were both made prisoners. The Americans,
however, maintained their post, and forced the ene- „_ ,
my to retire. . . . Col. Bcerstler being sent against a ver
British force at the Beaver Dams, which proved much Am'^
larger than his own, surrendered his detachment. pr- 570.
7. The American fleet, now formed on Lake Erie,
was commanded by Com. Perrt. It consisted of
4. Who commanded the American marine on Lake Ontario?
"What had lie done?— 5. What was tlie first important service of
the flotilhi? Give an account of the battle at the landing. Oftiie
subsequent disaster. Of the further movements of the Ameri-
cans.—6. Give an account of the military movements at Fort
Erie. Of the atfair at Stony Creek. What was done at Beaver
Uaius? What loss in prisoners ?
294 DEATH OF tecumsp:h.
PT. rv. the Niagara and Lawrence^ each of twenty-five
PT). II. guns, and several smaller vessels, carrying two guns
<==• ^^- each. The enemy's fleet, of equal force, was com-
manded by Com. Barclay, a veteran officer. Perry,
Sept- 19* ^t twelve o'clock made an attack. The flag-ship be-
Na^l V. came disabled. Perry embarked in an open boat,
Br. i"1" and amidst a shower of bullets, carried the ensign
whole ^^ command on board another, and once more bore
fleet, down upon the enemy with the remainder of his
fleet. At four o'clock, the whole British squadron,
of six vessels, surrendered.
8. This success on Lake Erie, opened a passage to
the territory which had been surrendered by Hull ;
and Gen. Harrison lost no time in transferring the
war thither. On the 23d of September, he landed
his troops near Fort Maiden, but Proctor, despite
the spirited remonstrance of Tecumseh, an abler man
than himself, and now a general in the British army,
had evacuated Maiden, burnt the fort and store-
Sept 29. houses, and retreated before his enemy. The Ameri-
Detroit cans, on the 29th, went in pursuit, entered, and re-
recovere pQgggggg^ Detroit.
9. Proctor had retired to the Moravian vil-
lage^ on the Thames, about eighty miles from
that place. His army of 2,000, was more than half
Oct 5 Iii'iians. Harrison overtook him on the 5th of
THE October. The British army, although inferior in
Br. L. ' numbers, had the advantage of choosing their ground.
Ind'k,i20. ^®"- Harrison gained much reputation for his ar-
Am. L. 50, rangements, especially as he changed them with
judgment, as circumstances changed on the field of
battle. Col. Johnson, with his mounted Kentucki-
ans, was opposed to Tecumseh and his Indians. In
Tecum- the heat of the battle the chief fell, bravely fighting.
"«^- His warriors fled. Proctor, dismayed, meanly de-
serted his army, and fled with two hundred dra-
goons.
7. Describe the battle on Lake Erie. — 8. What good effect im-
mediately followed this victory? What movement was made by
Proctoi ' By the Americans? — 9 What account can yon givo of
the battle of the Thnmea I
NORTHERN ARSnT. 295
10. The Indian confederacy, in which were still pt. iv^
3,000 warrioi's, liad lost witli Tecuniseh their bond pd. ii.
of union ; and the Ottawas, Chippewas, Miamis, and *="• "^•
Potawatomies, now sent deputies to Gen. Harrison, 1§13.
and made treaties of alliance. Jj^'^^^
11. In the early part of this year, the hays o/'^*******
Ckesapeake and Delaware were declared by the
Biitish government to be in a state of blockade.
To enforce this edict, fleets were sent over under .
Admirals Warren, Cockburn, and Beresford.
Admiral Cockburn made his name odious by his
disgraceful behavior in the Chesapeake. He took
possession of several small islands m the bay, and
from these made descents upon the neighboring -^s^^e de
shores. Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Frederick- Giaee.&.t.
toio7i, Sampton, and Georgetown, were successively
the scenes of a warfare, of which savages would ^ui^^^
have been ashamed; and which did much to hurt ,^"f'^. ,
the cause of the British, by incensing the Ajneri- marines
cans, more and more, against them.
CHAPTER V.
Northern army. — Loss of the Chesapeake. — Creek "War.
1. On Lake Ontario, Com. Chaihstcey, encoun-
tered a fleet of seven sail, bound for Kingston with
troops and provisions. Five of the vessels he cap-jjaval V.
tured. . . . The general plan of the American gov- ^- <^ta-
ernment, was still to take Montreal. An army was Br. lost
at Sackett's Harbor, partly composed of the troops ^ '****^
from Fort George, of which Gen. Wilkinson took
the command. This army was embarked to pi'o-
ceed down the St. Lawrence, and w^as to be joined
by the army from Plattsburg, commanded by Gen.
Wade Hampton.
10. Did the death of Tecuniseh produce consequences of import-
ance?— 11. What happened in the vicinity of the Chesapeake?
Chaptkr v.— 1. What was done by Com. Chauneey? What
was still the plan of the Americans? What mov«meuts were
made, and by whom ?
29G "don't give up the snip."
P'T. IV. 2. A detachment of the army landed imdcr CrY.yt.
~FD. 11. Boyd, and engaged a paily of the British at Wil-
^■^- "^- liamsburg, and was defeated. , . . Gen. PIami'ton, in
1§13. attempting to move towards Montreal, had found
^wil- ''^^^'^i^ opposition from the British troops ; and he )"e-
LTAMS- turned to PlatUhuTg for the winter. He was s(»()n
Am. L.' succeeded in command by Gen. Izard. .
'IfVn ^' ^^^ George Prevost, no longer fearing an at
'tack on Montreal, sent Gens. St. Vincent and Drum
mond to recover the forts on the Niagara. Gen.
Nov. M'Clure, the American commander at Fort George^
^Newirk^' having too sinall a force to maintain his post, with-
Biiffitio,' drew his troops, but burnt as he retreated, the Brit-
'° Rock*^ ish village of Newark. The American government
burned, disowned the act ; but the British retaliated, by
burning the villages oi Buffalo and Black Rock.
4. Naval, Affairs. — Another naval victory, the
sixth in succession, now did honor to the sea-ser-
Naval V. vice. Captain Lawrence, in the Hornet.^ defeated
Am\^5 ^" ^^® ^^ ^^ February, the British sloop of war
Peacock., after an action of only fifteen minutes. . . .
Lawrence was promoted to the command of the
frigate Chesa2?eake. She was lying in the harbor of
Boston, ill-fitted tor sea. Her crew were in a state
Jnnei. of dissatisfaction from not having had their pay. The
Shamwm British, mortified at their naval defeats, had prepared
and Ches- the frigate Shannon, with a picked crew of officers
Am. l! and seamen. Capt. Broke, the, commander, sent
*^'Br^^'^ challenge to Lawrence, which he injudiciously ac-
haifthe cepted. The frigates met. In a few minutes every
numjer. Q^^.gj., and about half the men of the Chesapeake,
were killed or bleeding and disabled. Lawrence,
mortally wounded and delirious, continually raved,
" Don't give up the ship ! " The British boarded
her ; and they, not the Americans, lowered her colors.
5. Another naval disaster followed. The United
2. What happened at Williamsbiir? ? What was the loss ?
What further Kccount can you give of Gen. Wilkhison ? VVluit of
Gen. Hampton ? — 3. What wa.* now done on the Niagara frontier ?
— 4. Give an account of Capt. Lawrence's victory. Of his defeat
and death.
JACKSON AMONG THE CKEEKS, 297
States sloop of war Argus^ commanded by Lieut, ft. iv,
Allen, was captured, in St. George's channel, by px). il
the British sloop of war Pelican; Allen, mortally ^n. v.
wounded, died in England. . . . The Americans were 1S13.
again successful in an encounter between the brig.^"?-^^
JEnterjrrize^ commanded by Lieut. Burrows, and the Am L.40!
Britisli bi-ig Unxer. Buri'ows was mortally wounded. ^'"' ^ ^
6. Ci:ep:k War. — The Creek Indians had become
in a degree civilized by the eiforts of the govern-
ment, and those of benevolent individuals. Tecum-
seh Avent among them ; and by his feeling of the .P^^*^*
wrongs of their race, infused by his eloquence into bvTe-
their minds, he wrought them to a determination of ''°™*®'^
war and vengeance.
7. Without declaring war, they committed such
acts of violence, that the white families wei-e put in
fear, and fled to the forts for shelter. At noon-day, n^ggsacre
Fort Mlms was suddenlv surrounded bv the Creek at
warriors. They mastered the garrison, set fire to mtms.
the fort, and butchered helpless babes and women, 273
as well as men in arms. Out of three hundred per- ter^
sons, but seventeen escaped to tell the tale.
8. What, in such a case, could the American gov-
ernment do, but to defend its own population, by
such means as alone have been found effectual, with "^^p^n,^"
this terrible foe ? Gen. Jackson, probably the rioyd.
most efficient commander ever enffaijed in Indian
warfare, went among them, at the head of 2,500 bk'oa'
Tennesseeans. Gen. Floyd, the governor of Geor- -^^J^^
gia, headed about 1,000 Georgia militia. They laid eccak-
waste the Indian villages ; they fought with them '^'^r^^'
bloody battles, at Talladega, at Autosse, and at Ec-
cannachaca. topo-
9. Finally, at the bend of the Tallapoosa, was Yi^jl"
the last fatal field of the Creeks; in which they lost ^w.
600 of their bravest warriors. Then, to save thcM,"^. i5&
5. In what other case were the Americans nnsuceessful ? What
yietory was achieved? — 6. What was the state of the Creeks?
How were their minds excit&l ? — 7. Give an account of the mas-
iacre at Fort Mims.— 8. Who went against the Creeks ? At what
places were thej defeated ?— 9. Whdre was the final battle?
13*
298 ■WELLmGTON's VETERANS SENT OVER.
FT. IV. residue of their wasted nation, they sued for peace ;
P'D. IL and a treaty was accordingly made M'ith them. But
CH. Ti. while it remains, with the Indian nations, an allowed
custom to make war without declaring it, treaties
with them, are of no permanent value.
CHAPTER YI.
The Niagara Frontier. — Battles of Chippewa and Bridgewatei .
1. Various proposals to treat for peace having
been made since the commencement of the war, the
^onera'to American government sent Messrs. Adams, Gala-
treat for TIN, and Bayard, in the month of August, to Ghent,
meeTat the place of meeting previously agreed on. They
Ghent, were there met by Lord Gambier, Henry Gol-
BOURN, and William Adams, commissioners on the
part of Great Britain. On that of America, Henry
Clay, and Jonathan Russell, were afterwards
added to the delegation.
2. Congress met in extra session, — and with the
firmness of the days of the Revolution, taxed the
A*boid' people, regardless of popular clamor, for the neces-
congress. g^^^.^ expenditures of their government. They also
authorized a loan. ... At the regular session. Con-
gress, desirous of an efficient army, gave, by law,
124 dollars to each recruit.
1814 ^' C-^^PAiGiN OF 1814. — Gen. Wilkinson, having
' received orders from the secretary of war, detached
Gen. Brown, with 2,000 troops, to the Niagara
14000 a frontier, and then retired to Plattsburg.
Welling- 4. After the fall of Napoleon, a fonnidable array
v^eran ^f 14,000, wlio had fought under the Duke of W«l-
troops lington, were embarked at Bordeaux for Canada;
■en over. ^^ j^ ^^ ^j^^ same time, a strong naval force, was di-
9. What then occurred ? Kepeat the eonchiding' sentence.
Chapter VI. — 1. What persons were sent to treat for peace on
each side ? To wiiat place? — 3. W hut was done by Congress in
their extra session ? In the rejjular session ? — 3. What was dona
by Gen. Wilkinscjn ?— 4. What threatening mea.*urcs were now
taken by the British ? *
CHIPPEWA. BEIDQEWATER. 299
rected against the maritime frontier of the United ft. iv.
States, to blockade and ravage the whole coast from p'd. il
Maine to Georgia. ^"^ ^
5. In June, Gen. Browk marched his army from jgj*
Sackett's Harbor to Buffalo, expecting to invade
Canada. Here were added to his army Towson's
artillery, and a corps of volunteers, commanded by
Gen^. Porter, making, in the whole, about 3,500
men. On the 2d and 3d of July, they crossed the oen.
Niagara, and invested Fort Erie, where the garri- ?^^^
son, amounting to 100 men, surrendered without Ft Erie,
resistance. A British army, of the supposed invin-
cibles, and commanded by Gen. Riall, occupied a
position at the mouth of the Chippewa.
6. The two armies met at the battle of Chippewa,
in fair and open fight. The republican 8oldiei*s, ^^^•
headed by the able officers that had now come for- pewa.
ward, defeated, with inferior numbers, the veterans ®^^*
who had fought with Wellington. Soon after the »!».
battle. Gen. Riall fell back to Fort George, where
in a few days he was joined by Gen. Dkummond,
when his army amounted to 5,000 men.
1. Gen. Brown, being encamped at Chippewa, or-
dered Gen. Scott, with a brigade, and Towson's
artillery, to make a movement on the Queenstown
road, to take off the attention of the British from
his stores on the American side, which, he had heard,
they threatened. Instead of this, Gen. Riall was
moving towards the Americans with his whole force, g'^^'s
Gen, Scott passed the grand cataract, and then be- move-
came apprised of the enemy's presence and force. ™ b^id**
Transmitting an account to Gen. Brown, he instantly attack,
marched on, and fearlessly attacked.
8. His detachment maintained the fight for more
than an hour, against a force seven times their num-
5. What movements were made by Gen. Brown ? What addi-
tion was made to his army ? What was the position and streng^th
of the British army ? — 6. Wiiat account can you give of tho battle
of Chippewa ? What was now the amount of the force under Gen.
Riall ? — 7. Describe the commencement of tlie remarkable battle
«f Bridge water. — 8. What was done by Scott's detachment!
300
MILLER S BEAYEEY.
P'D. II.
CH. VI.
1814.
Gens. Rip-
ley and
Druin-
mond
wounded.
ber ; and it became dark before the main army of
the Americans, under Gen. Brown, came up. Gen.
Ripley then perceiving liow fatal to Scott's brigade
Avas a British battery of nine pieces of artillery, said
to Col. Miller, "Will you take yonder battery?"
"I'll try," said Miller; and at the"^ head of the 21st
regiment, he calmly marched up to the mouth of the
blazing cannon, and took them.
BRiDG'- 9- T^i® eminence on which they were planted, was
WATER, the key of the British position; and Gen. Ripley
Am. L following with his regiment, it was kept, — notwith-
^6'% standing the enemy, by the uncertain light of the
k. 11, waning moon, charged with the bayonet, till they
w. 66. ^ygre four times repulsed. About midnight they
8. When were they joined bythe main army? Whatwa.'s done
by Ripley and Miller? — 9. Was Miller'.s taking: the battery im-
portant to the success of the Americans ? Learn from the slJo-
nete what was the kiBs on both sides.
IS 14.
SCENES AT FORT ERIE. 301
ceased to contend. The roar of the cataract alone ft. iv.
was heard, as they retired, and left their position p'd. il
and artillery to the Americans. Gens. Brown and ^^ ^"•
Scott were both wounded ; and the command, after
the battle, devolved on Gen. Kipley.
10. The American army, now reduced to 1,600,
retired to M>rt Arie, and there entrenched them-
selves. The enemy, to the number of 5,000, fol-
lowed and besieged them. Col. Drumniond had An?. i5.
partially succeeded ; and was in the act of denying ^^Jig.
mercy to the conquered, who were begging forsr. l. 500.
quarter, w^hen a barrel of powder beneath him be--^'"-^*^
came ignited, and he and they were blown together
into the air.
11. Gex. Brown, observing that a portion of the
British army was divided from the rest, ordered a ^^/g'
sortie from the fort ; which was one of the best con- sortie.
ducted operations of the war. Gen. Porter herew..%dpr.
distinguished liimself, as did many others. But the ^^'"^'k.
loss w^as heavy for the wasting army of the Ameri-andw.so*
cans ; and the country became anxious for the fate
of those whose valor had shown the foe, that when
once inured to war, there are no better officers or
soldiers, than those of the American Republic. Gen.
Izard had been sent to their relief from Platts-
burg ; and now with 5,000 troops, he joined Gen.
Brown. The British, after this, retired to their en-
trenchments behind Chippewa.
CHAPTER Vn.
Washington taken by the British. — Baltimore threatened.
1. The British fleet in the Chesapeake was aug- ^ yj
mented by the arrival of Admiral Cochrane, who Cochr»a»
9. What happened at midnight 1 — 10. What was the condition
of the American army after the battle ? What the strength of the
British? What was done by each? What loss occurred ?— 11.
Describe the sortie from Fort Erie. What was the loss? What
feeling had the country now respecting this army ? What had the
array nhown ! W ho joined Gaik Brown f With what force ?
302 WASHINGTON TAKEN.
PT. IV. had been sent out with a large land force, cora-
P'D. II. manded by Gen. Ross, in pursuance of the resolu-
OH. VII. tion which had been taken by the British govern-
ment, "to destroy and lay waste such towns and
Army * districts upou the coast, as might be found assaila-
under blc." It was ou the 19th, that Gen. Ross landed at
"** Benedict, with 5,000 infantry, and began his inarch
to Washington, distant twenty-seven miles, keeping
Ah?. 22. along the right bank of the Pawtuxent. At Pig
Barney's' ^^^^^' ^^^^ Stationed an American flotilla, cora-
flotiiia. manded by Com. Barney. He blew up the boats,
and retired with his men.
2. The enemy's approach to Washington was by
^BLA^ the JBladensburg road. Here he was met by Gen.
^URa Stansbukt, with the militia from Baltimore, — by
Am. L. 80. Com. Barney's marines ; and, finally, by the small
Br. L. 249. army under Gen. Winder, to which had been as-
signed the defence of the capital. The British were
victorious.
An<' 25 ^' ^®°' Ross entered Washington at eight in the
GenrKoss evening. His troops burnt, not only the capitol,
'^pTua* which was in an unfinished state, but its extensive
hbrary, records, and other collections ; appertaining
not to war, but to peace and civilization. The pub-
lic oflSces and the president's house, were wantonly
sacrificed, together with many private dwellings.
This barbarous usage irritated, as it insulted the
American nation, and made the war popular with
all parties.
4. Admiral Cochrane having received on board
8ept 11 ^^^ ^®®^ ^^® elated conquerors, — the combined land
The Br." and sca forces moved on to the attack of Baltimore.
iwttoiore. -Ascending the Chesapeake, they appeared at the
mouth of the Patapsco, fourteen miles fi'om that
city. Gen. Ross, with his army, amounting to about
i Chapter VII. — 1. What barbarous resolution had been taken
( by the British government ? What sea and land forces had been
Bent out? — 3. What opposition did Gen. Ross meetl What was
the loss in the battle of Bladensburg ?^^. When did the British
enter Washington ? What did they destroy ? — 1. Where did tiiey
DflXt go?
peeyost's peoclamation. 303
6,000, debarked at North PoinU and commenced P*r. ly.
his march towards the city. p^d. il
5. Gen. Smith, commanded the defenders. He ^'^ ^^
dispatched 2,000 men, imder Gen. Stricker, who *o^»
advanced to meet the enemy. A skii-mish ensued, sept. 12.*
in which Gen. Ross was killed. Col Brooke, hav- SkirmUk
ing the instructions of Gen. Ross, contmued to move -^^^va of
forward. The Americans gave way, and Gen. Eoaat
Stricker retired to the heights, where Gen. Smith
was stationed with the main ai'my.
6. Col. Brooke could not draw Gen. Smith from
his entrenchments. His supporting fleet had not
been able to pass Fort McHenry ; and he removed Bept*i4
his troops in the night, and re-embarked at North The Br.
• • • • withdr&w
Point ; to the great joy of the inhabitants of Balti-
more.
7. The eastern portion of the coast of Maine, was
taken into quiet po.ssession by "^tfee British. The "^^J^^^
frigate, John Adams, had been placed in the Penob- Maiaa.
scot river, near Hampden, for preservation. On the
approach of the British, the militia who were there
stationed as a guard, blew up the frigate and fled.
8. A British fleet under Com. Hardy appeared Ang. 9.
before Stonington. The marines landed and attacked ^^^
at different points ; but were met by the militia with stoning-
much spirit. After bombarding the place for three conn!
days. Com. Hardy drew off his fleet.
9. The British army in Canada was augmented g . »
by another body of those troops, who had served sirs,
under Wellington. With such an army, 14,000 ^^^
strong. Sir George Peevost invaded New York at ch«n
by the western bank of Lake Champlain. From the ^^**°"
village of Champlain, he proclaimed, that his arms Hisproo
would only be directed against the government, and '^'^^
those who supported it ; while no injury should be the
done to the peaceful and unoffending inhabitants, ?*<>?•"• ^
5. "What steps were taken to defend Baltimore? — 6. Why did
Coi. Brooke withdraw? — 7. What happened in Maine? — 8. What
in Connecticut? — 9. What reinforcement had Sir G. Prevost re-
ceived ? What was his force ? How did he emplov it ? What
proclamation make at Champlain ?
304: A GREAT DAY AT PLATTSBCKG.
FT. IV. 10. The lire of genuine patriotism rekindled m
FD. 11. tlie breasts of the Americans, wlien they heard that
OH. viL an invading enemy had dared to call on l^.ie peo-
pie to separate themselves from their government.
They rise '^^^^ inhabitants of the northern part of New York,
to "op- and the hardy sons of the Green Mountains, without
invaders, distmction oi party, rose m arms, and hastened
towards the scene of action,
11. Sir George Prevost advanced upon Platts-
burg. His way was obstructed by the felling of
Skirmish ^^'^^^i ^^^ ^Y ^ party, who in a skirmish, killed or
wounded 120 of his men. But there was not a
force at Plattsburg, which, at that time, could have
resisted so formidable an army. Gen. Izard's de-
parture had left Gen. Macomb, his successor, not
more ihan 2,000 regulars. Volunteers were, how-
ever, hourly arriving.
12. Sir George ''waited, expecting that his navy
would get the control of the watei'S of Lake Cham-
plain. It was commanded by Com. Dowxie, and
force^if ^^'3,8 composed of the Conjiance^ a frigate of thirty-
L. Cham- nine guns, with several smaller vessels, mounting,
m the whole, ninety-five guns, and having 1,000
men. The American squadron, under Com. Mac-
DONOirGH, which was anchored in the bay, mounted
no more than eighty-six guns, and had only 820
men. It consisted of the Saratoga.^ of twenty-six
guns, three small vessels, and ten galleys.
13. Com. Downie chose his position and made the
Naval V. attack. The fleets engaged at nine in the morning.
GiTAsr- The eager crowds upon the shore, beheld the com-
Bnifk! bat nuder circumstances of intense and various
84, w. 110, interest. The powerful army of Prevost, was formed.
Am. L. k. in order of battle, to follow up the striking of the
52, w. 58. American flag, with an assault, which the Ameri-
10. What effect did it produce? — 11. What was now done by
Sir G. l^revost? What resistance was made by the Americans!
What force had Gen. Macomb ? — 12. Why did Sir George suspend
his attack ? What naval force had the Britisli on the lake ? Wha*
had the Americans?— 13. Describe tho naval batUe on Lfttt
C}iAui}>lain.
THK KS^KX CAITURED. 305
cans, wlio belield the fio-Jit, had reason to beliove pt. iv.
must be successful. But it was the British, not the pd. il
American tiag, which was struck. Great was the ^"- ''■*■
joy ol'the inhabitants. Sir George Prevost retreat- ,c| -
ed in such haste, that he left a quantity of stor<?s
and ammunition beiiind. He was pursued by the
Vermont vohmteers under Gen. Stroxg, wlio cut
off a straggling party. The whole of the British
fleet remained a prize to the Americans. •
14. Com. Porter, who sailed in the frigate Essex,
had cruised in the Pacific Ocean. He had greatly com. Por-
annoyed the enemy's commerce, having captured "^t;'"'^®
twelve armed whale-ships, M'hose aggregate force
amounted to 107 guns, and 302 men. One of these
prizes was equipped, — named the Essex Junior^
and c^iven in command to Lieut.- Dow?rES.
15. To meet the Essex, the British Admiralty
had sent out Com. Hti.lyar, with the Phebe frigate com. hiiu
and the Cherub sloop of war. Com. Porter finding {^""^^j
that this squadron was greatly his superior in force, him.
remained in the harbor of Valparaiso, But at
length the Phebe approached, when by a storm the
Essex had been partially disabled. Porter, how-
ever, joined battle, and fought the most severe naval xheEUx
action of the whole war. He did not surrender un- captured,
til all his officers but one were disabled, and nearly 22T.
three-quarters of his crew.
16. The sloop of war Frolic, was captured by a April 21.
British frigate. The American sloop of war Pea- Naval D.
cock, fought and took the brig Epervier. The Wasp,
in command of Capt. Blakeley, sailed from Ports- uaval V.
mouth, New Hampshire. She fought the brig Pebv-
deer, and was conqueror after a desperate battle.
Continuing her cruise, she next met, fought, and con-
quered the brig Avon. Three British vessels hove
in sight and the Wasp left her prize. She after- 'r|;«,^g"^
wards captured fifteen merchant-vessels. But the ats«a.
14. Where was Com. Porter? Wnat had he done ?— 15. Who
■was sent to meet him ? What was the consequence ? What was
the American loss? — 16. What naval actiona ocourrsd in April
and May? Give an account of the Wasp.
806 JACKSON AT MOBILK.
PT. IV. gallant ship was heard of no more ; and she prol)-
P'D. II. ably went down at sea.
CH. viiL 2 7_ q^j^p discontents of the opposition party, pro-
1S14. duced a Convention^ which met at Hartford. Del-
egates were appointed by the legislatures of three
States, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rliode Isl-
Ha^nford ^"^* This assemblage, and the resolutions which
conven- they passed, were considered by the people gener-
''°* ally, as tending to sepai-ate New England from the
Union, at least in degree ; and the convention Avas,
therefore, so unpopular, that of the leading men en-
■ gaged in it, perhaps no one was ever afterwards
elected to office. The committee by whom the res-
olutions were to be transmitted to the government,
met the news of peace on their way to Washington.
That conservative patriotism which, in monarchical
governments produces loyalty to the Sovereign, in
Amebica, becomes fealty to the Union.
CHAPTER Vin.
British invasion and defeat at New Orleans.
1. Aftee the treaty with the Creeks, Gen. Jack-
^uLTm* son had fixed his head-quarters at Mobile. Here
a hostile he learned that three British ships had entered the
^^ harbor of Pensacola, and landed about 300 men, un-
der Col. Nicholls, — together with a large quantity
of guns and ammunition, to arm the Indians.
La Fitto ^- ^^® JBarratarians were a band of pirates, so
and the called from their island of Barrataria. Col. Nicholls
attempted to gain La Fitte, the daring chief of the
band. He gave Nicholls to think that he would aid
17. On what occasion did a convention meet at Hartford?
Was this an affair of individuals acting in their private capacity,
or one in which State erovernments were implicated? Why was
it unpopular? Repeat tlie concluding sentence.
Chaptek VIII. — I. Where was Gen. Jackson after the peace
with the Creeks ? Wliat did he there leara had happened? — 2.
Give an account of the Barratarians.
Barrata'
rians.
INVASION AT NEW ORLEANS. 30T
him, until he had learned from him that the British pt. iv.
wei'e to make a powerful attempt upon New Orleans. prxTL"
La Fitte then went to Claiborne, the governor ol *'^ "^™-
Louisiana, and laid open the whole scheme. The -g,-
pirates were promised pardon, if they would now
come forward in defence of their country. These
conditions, they gladly accepted ; and they rendered
efficient service.
3. Gen. Jackson, seeing that the British were
using a Sj)anish port, for hostile acts against the n„t,. 7.
United States, went to Pensacola, and forcibly took Jackson
possession of the place. The British destroyed the sacoia.
the forts at the entrance of the harbor, and with
their shipping evacuated the bay.
4. There Gen. Jackson was informed, that Admi-
ral Cochrane had been reinforced at Bermuda, and
that thirteen ships of the line, with transports, and
an army of 10,000, were advancing. Believing New
Orleans to be their destination, he marched for that
place, and reached it on the 1st of December. D«ci.
5. The inhabitants were already preparing for in-
vasion, particularly Gov. Claiborne and Edward
Livingston. On Gen. Jackson's arrival, all agree- ^^
ing to put him at the head of aiFairs, he spared no Jackson
pains, nor forgot any possible resource to enable the fiJe'^hcad!
Louisanians to meet the coming shock. He had a
motley mass of persons under his direction ; and a
few days must decide the fate of New Orleans. To
direct their energies, and to keep them from favor-
ing the enemy, which he had reason to fear some
were inclined to do, he took the daring responsibil-
ity of proclaiming martial law.
6. The enemy passed into JLake JBorgne. They
then mastered a flotilla, which, commanded by Capt. Dec la
Jones, guarded the passes into Lake Pontchartrain.
Gen. Kean, at the head of 3,000 British troops,
landed at the head of Lake Borgne, and took post
Dec.9i
3. What course did Jackson take "Vv'itli respect to Pensacola ?
— 4. Wluit did he lieiir, and wliat do?— 5. What course did the
inhabitants of New Orleans take ? What bold measures did Geu.
Juckflon pursue?— 6. Describe the course of the enemy.
308 THE EIGHTH OF JANUARY.
FT. iv. on the Mississippi, nine miles below ISIew Orleans?,
FDriir 'J^'lie next day, late in the afternoon, Gen. Jackson
OH. VIII. attacked him; but the J3ritisli troo}>s stood tlieir
1814. ground. The Americans retired to a strong pt)si-
Dec 28 tioii which was tbrtitied with ijreat care and skill,
the and in a novel and effectual manner. Bags ot" eot-
^S/'p'pL ^^'^ ^ere used in making the breast-woi'k, wliicli
Whole received balls, like mounds of earth. The river
"do. ■ was on one side of the army, and a thick wood on
. ^""./^ the other.
unknown. 7. SiR Edward Packe^tham, the coiumander-in-
chief of the British force, accompanied by Major
Gen. Gibbs, arrived at the British encampment
with the main army and a large body of artil-
lery. . . . On the first day of the new year, both
1815. armies received reinforcements. That of the British
Jan. 1. now amounted to 14,000, while all that Jackson had
under his command were 6,000, — and a part of
these undisciplined.
8. On the 8th of January, the British made their
grand assault on the American camp, and were cn-
j^EW tirely defeated. They attacked three times with
^^^f" great spirit, and were three times repulsed by the
Br. L. well-directed fire of the American marksmen. Sir
Am. L. Edward Packenhani was killed, and the two gen-
k. 7, w. 6. erals next in command were wounded. The dis-
parity of loss, on this occasion, is utterly astonish-
ing. While that of the enemy was 2,600, that of
the Americans was but seven killed, and six wound-
ed. Completely disheartened, the British aban-
doned the expedition on the night of the 1 8th, leav-
ing behind their wounded and artillery.
6. What occurred on the 23d of Dec? What was the loss on
both sides? What can you say of the position wliere Gen. Jack-
Bon entrenched his army? Of his manner of fortification? — 7.
What was the numerical force of each army 5 --8. Desciibe the
remarkable battle of the 8lh of January ? What was the loss on
both sides \
PEACE. 309
CHAPTER IX.
Peack with England. — Naval combats. — War with Algiers.
1. Oisr the l7th of February, 1815, while the pt.iv.
Americans were yet rejoicing for the victory at po. ii.
New Orleans, a special messenger arrived from En- ^^- '^
rope, bringing a treaty of peace, which the com- 1§15.
missionei"s had concluded in the month of December, ^^^'- ^'•
at Ghent. This treaty, which was immediately rat- 1814.
iiied by the president and senate, stipulated that TWatv
all places taken dui-ing the war should be restored, ^f peace
and the boundaries between the American and Brit- at Ghent,
ish dominions revised. . . . The motives for the im-
pressment of seamen had ceased with the wars in
Europe; but America had failed to compel Eng- .
land to relinquish M^hat, by a pei*version of language,
she calls the " right of search."
2. On the 6th of April, a barbarous massacre was jsj.^.
committed by the garrison at Dartmoor prison^ in dart-
England, upon the defenceless Americans who were ^^[2!^^^^
there confined. The British government was not, t. oa.
however, implicated in the transaction.
3. The United States declared war against Al-
giers. The Algerines had violated the treaty of Aigilrs.
1795, and committed depredations upon the com-
merce of the republic. A squadron, under Coii. ..I^^^S'l
DECATirK, captured in the Mediterranean, an Alge- Jane \i
rine frigate ; and also a brig, carrjdng twenty-two ^^^ ^^'
guns. He then sailed for Algiers. The Dey, intira- rp_patv
idated, signed a treaty of peace, which was highly ^.jtij
honorable and advantageous to the Amencans. Algiers.
4. At the dose of the war, the regular anny of
the United States was reduced to 10,000 meu. For ^^l^^^
the bett-er protection of the country, in cas€ of an-
Chapter IX.— 1. Wliat news arrived on the I7th "^f February,
1815 ? At what time was the treaty coneJiided ? What were !?otne
<^f its Ktipiilatioiis? — 2. Wliat uh-ussiicre occurred ?— 3. Wliat war
wai* declared ? What squadron was sent outi Wliat was doao
by Decatur ? — 4. W hat was the number of the army ?
310 CXDTTON FACr01{II':S. — TARIFF.
P'T. IV. Other war, Congress appropriated a large sum for
P'D. II. fortifying the seorcoast and inland frontiers, and for
*^- ^^ the increase of the navy, . . . An act was passed
1816. by Congress, to establish a national bank, with a
A na'Jionai capital of $35,000,000. ... In December, Indiana
bank, was admitted into the Union as a State.
5, MANUFACTUKEa. — As early as the year 1790,
factories for the spinning of cotton, and manufactur-
ing of coarse cotton-cloths, were attempted in the
State of Rhode Island. They were first on a small
Progress scale ; but as the cloths found a ready market, their
factories number and extent gradually increased. The em-
*'^j'^*^^*'° barrassments, to which commerce was subjected
previous to the war, had increased the demand for
American goods ; and led the people to reflect upon
the importance of depending upon themselves, inde-
pendent of the manufactures of foreign nations.
6. During the war, large capitals were vested in
manufacturing establishments, from which the capi-
tali.sts realized a handsome profit. But at its close,
EevniBion the English having made great improvements in
*^'"^"^' labor-saving machines, and being able to sell their
goods at a much lower rate than the America nnian-
ufacturers could afford, the country was immedi-
ately filled by importations from England. The
American manufactures being in their infancy, could
not stand the shock, and many failed.
v. New Tariff. — The manufacturers then peti-
tioned government for protection, to enable them to
withstand the competition ; and in consequence of
this petition, the committee on commerce and man-
Mannfac- ufactures, in 1816, recommended that an additional
turesen- duty should be laid on imported goods. A new
^^^ tariff, or arrangement of duties, was accordingly
formed, by which a small increase of duty was laid
4. What was done to put the country in a state of defence?
What act was passed in April, ISlfil What State was admitted ?
— 5. Give some account of the progress, before the war, of manu-
facturing cotton cloth. — 6. How did the manufacturers .succeed
during the war? How after the war? — 7. What did the inunu-
factnrers then desire the government to do? What was accord-
ingly' done?
ROADS AND CANALS. 311
upon some fabrics, such as coarse cotton goods; ft. iv.
but from the strength of the opposition, it was not p'd. il
sufficient to afford the desired protection. '^^ ^•
8. Colonization Society. — A Society for colo- ^^^„
nizing free blacks was formed. Tlie society pur- First pro*,
chased hind in Africa, where they yearly removed p°**^*^
considerable numbers of the free blacks from Amer-
ica. The colony thus formed is named Liberia. . . .
On the 4th of March James Moneoe was inaugu- 1§]7.
rated president of the United States, and Daniel D. M'»'cL4.
Tompkins, vice-president.
9. A treaty was made with the chiefs of the r jj-_
Wyandot, Delaware, Shawanese, Seneca, Ottowa, rpp^jl^g^
Chippewa, and Potawatomie Indians. Each of
these tribes ceded to the United States, all lands to
which they had any title within the limits of Ohio.
The Indians were, if they chose, to remain on the
ceded lands, subject to the laws of the State and
country. . . . The Territory of Mississippi was this
year admitted, as a State, into the Union.
CHAPTER X.
Internal Improvements. — Seminole War.
1. The political feuds which had, since the Rev- ***'•
olution, occasioned so much animosity, were now jn^grnai
gradually subsiding. A. spirit of improvement was improve-
also spreading over the country. Facilities for ^^^^
travelling^ and conveying merchandise and produce^ Dewitt
were continually increasing. These improvements cuntou.
Avere, however, made by the State governments;
among which, the wealthy State of New York, at canaiTof
whose head was the illustrious De "VVitt Clinton, ^- ^•
8. What society was formed ? What is the African colony
called? Who were made president and vice-president of the U.
S. ?— 9. What treaty did the government make ? What Territory
was admitted as a State ?
Chapter X. — 1. What was at this time the condition of the
country ? By what authority were the improvements in roads,
canals, &c.,.made ? What State and what man took tlje lead ?
t§16.
312 8KMTNOI.K WAK.
FT. IV. took the lead. The fjreat v^estern canal^ connecting
r'D. Tl. Lake Erie with the waters of the Hudson ; and tlie
cu. X. northern canaL brin2:infr to the same river the waters
of Lake Chatnplain, were in 1823, fully completed.
2. Congress, however, V)y th6 consent of the leg-
islatures of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia,
The Cum- caused the great G umber la) id road to be made;
beriand conncctins:, throu2:h the seat of o^overnment, the
road. o? o o ?
eastern with the western States, and passing over
some of' the liighest mountains in the Union. 3Iil-
Itary roads were opened from Plattsburg to Sack-
ett's Harbor, and from Detroit to the rapids of the
Mauraee. Military posts were established in the
far West. One of these was at the mouth of the
Yellow Stone River.
3. Seminole War. — Outlaws from the Creek na-
TbeSemi-tion, and negroes, who had fled from their masters,
note war. j^^^ united with the Seminole Indians of Florida,
and massacres became so frequent, that the inhabi-
tants were obliged to flee from their homes for se-
curity. They were incited by an Indian prophet,
and by Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two English em-
issaries.
1817. '^' ^ detachment of forty soldiers, near the river
Dec. * Ajyalachicola, were fired upon by a body of Indians
8wu"and ^^^^^ ^^J ^" ambush, and Lieut. Scott, Mho com-
84 men mandcd, and all the party, except six, were killed.
The oifenders were demanded, but the chiefs re-
Generai fused to give them up. Gen. Jackson, with a body
Jackson Qf Tcnnessceans, was ordered to the spot. He soon
a short defeated and dispersed them. Persuaded that the
campaign, gpaniards furnished the Indians with supplies, and
were active in fomenting disturbances, he entered
Florida, took possession of forts St. Marks and Pen-
sacola, and made prisoners of Arbuthnot, Ambris-
ter, and the Indian prophet.
'Z. What great work was accomplished, and at what time?
"What road Wiis, however, made by C^n^ress ? What military roads
were made ? Wiiat post.s established ? — 3. What was the cause of
tlie Seminole war? By whom were the Indians incited? — 4. Re-
late the catastrophe of Lient. Scott and his party. Who was sent
against the Indians ? What did lie do?
A JTIST AND A HUMANE POLICY. 313
5. A court-martial was ordered by Gen. Jaekson, ft. iv._
for the trial of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. They pd. il
were found guilty of " exciting and stirring up the '"^ ^
Creek Indians to war against the United States," .g^iy
and also of supplying them the means to carry on two bad
the war. Gen. Jackson caused them both to be ex- ™®"-
ecuted.
6. Pensions. — The indigent officers and soldiers
of the Revolution had already been partially pro-
vided foi-. A more ample provision was now made, ^^ ^^j. ^^
by Avhich every officer, who had served nine months justice,
at any period of the Revolutionary War, and whose
annual income did not exceed one hundred dollars,
received a pension of twenty dollars a month ; and
every needy private soldier who had served that
length of time, received eight.
7. Indians. — This year the OhicJcasaws ceded to
the government of the United States, all their lands 1818.
west of the Tennessee river, in the States of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee. . . . The condition of those
tribes living within the Territories of the United- .,
o • /• 1 Provision
States, now attracted the attention oi the govern- made
ment, and a humane policy dictated its measures. {^^^^
The sura of 10,000 dollars was annually appropriat-
ed for the purpose of establishing schools among
them, and to promote in other ways their civiliza-
tion. Missionaries, supported by societies, went
among the Indians ; and success, in many instances,
ci'owned their efforts. . . . Alabama Territory was is 19.
this year admitted into the union of the States ; Alabama.
and the Territory of Arkansas separated from Mis-
souri Territory.
8. Female Education. — ^In December, 1818, De *f ^ut
Witt Clinton, then governor of New York, recom- ciiHton
mended in his message to the legislature of that.me^f,|rat.
■ — _____ — _ teiuion
to feiimlo
5. What did he order? "What was done in reference to Ar- cduratiou
hnrthiiot and Ambrister?— 6. What measure of justice did Con-
gress adopt?— 7. What tribe ceded their lands to the United
States ? Wiiat was done in respect to the Indian tribes ? What
State was admitted ? WIiml territory was made ?— 8. What State
patronized female education i Wlio reconiinende<.l it?
14
314 CESSION OF FLORIDA.
P'T. IV. State, some special attention to the education of fe-
P'B. II. males. The legislature passed an act, in the course
CH. X. Qf ^jjg session, which was probably the first act of
IS 19. any legislature, making public provision for the ed-
rpi,f^egj8.uGation of young women. It provides that acade*
lature mics for their instruction in the higher branches o1
acfac- learning, shall be privileged to receive a share oi
eordingiy. ^he literature fund.
9. Several of the States, especially among thos«
recently admitted, have since made provision foi
the same object. Religious denominations and
Large edi-^^^*^y parents of daughters, have also favored it;
flees, and throughout the country, female schools have
'^^lof**' sprung up. Large and handsome edifices are erect-
furbished, ed ; and adequate teachers, libraries, and apparatus,
are provided for the use of the students.
10. On the 23d of February, 1819, a treaty was
Iteaty negotiated at Washington, between John Quincy
with Adams, secretary of state, and Don Onis, the Span-
Spain ish minister ; by which, Spain ceded to the United
u^tedL States, East and "West Florida, and the adjacent
islands. The United States agreed, on their part,
to pay to their own citizens, what Spain owed them
1§20. on account of unlawful seizures of their vessels ; to
Eatifled. ^^ amount not exceeding five millions of dollars.
1821. The treaty was ratified by the Spanish government
^f" in October, 1820, and possession of the Floridas
given, given the following year.
8. What act was passed ? — 9. What has since been done in re-
gard to female education? — 10. What treaty was negotiated?
When ? What Territory was ceded ? What was the American
government to pay for it ? When was the treaty ratified ? When
was possession given 2
LIST OF PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
Geokge "Washington, of Virginia ;
(Two terms, 8 years) Ms first inauguration, April 30, 1789.
His second, March 4, 1793.
John Adams, of Massachusetts ;
(One term, four years), March 4, 179?.
Thomas Jbfpebson, of Yirginia ;
(Two terms), March 4, 1801.
James Madison, of Yirginia ;
(Two terms), March 4, 1809.
Tames Monroe, of Yirginia ;
(Two terms), March 4, 1817.
John Quinoy Adams, of Massachusetts ;
(One term), March 4, 1825.
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee ;
(Two terms), March 4, 1829.
Martin Yan Bueen, of Few York ;
(One term), March 4, 18S7.
♦William Henry Harrison, of Ohio ;
(Who dies after one month), March 4, 1841
John Tyler, of Yirginia;
Vice-president, becomes President, April 4, 1841.
James K. Polk, of Tennessee ;
(One term), March 4, 1845.
*Zaohary Taylor, of Mississippi ;
(Who dies after 1 year and 4 months), March 4, 1849
Millard Fillmore, of New York ;
Vice-president, succeeds, July 9, 185a
Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire ;
(One term), March 4, 1853.
James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania ;
(One term), March 4, 1857.
The presidents were all members of the national legislature
before their election, and had all studied law, except Wash-
ington, Harrison, and Taylor.
* Died in office. If from this list is copied the names of the presidents,
to place on the pillars of the American Temple of Time enlarged-to pr^
vent the drawing being crowded the two names marlteU with a star sboaia
be left off.
Osceola's Attack.
PERIOD III.
THB CESSION
THE CLOSE OF
FROU
TO
fl§48.-j
OF FLOEIDA,
THB MBXlOAIf ■WAR.
CHAPTER I.
The Vlissouri Question. — The Tariff. — Gen. Lafayette's Visit.
1. A QUESTION was now debated in Congress, P'T. iv.
which agitated the whole country. It had reference P'D. iil
to a subject, which, at this time, more threatens the '^^ ^
stability of the Union, and consequently the exist- ijaou
ence of this nation, than any other. This is slavery.
The question arose on a petition presented to Con- The
gress from the Territory of Missouri, praying for ^j^^^^
authority to form a State government, and to be
admitted into the Union. A bill was accordingly
introduced . for that purpose, but with an amend-
ment, prohibiting slavery Mdthin the new State. In
this form, it passed the house of representatives, but
was arrested in the senate.
Chaptkr I. — 1. What very important question was now debate<'
ill (jougress ? What was done in reference to it?
31"
318 IIONROe's SICOOND TKKM.
PT. IV. 2. After much discussion, a compromise was
PD. III. agreed on, and a bill passed for the admission ol
CH. L MissouKi without any restriction, but with the ^V^-
1821. hibition of slavery throughout the Territories of
mSed ^^® United States, north o/ 36° 30' north latitude.
without Maine was also received into the Union. . . . Mr.
restnc- j^oueou, by a vote nearly unanimous, entered upon
* Maine a ^^ sccond term of office. Mr. Tompkins was also
seiiarate continued in the vice-presidency. . . . By the fourth
census the number of inhabitants in 1820, was found
to be 9,625,734, of whom 1,531,436 were slaves.
Jackson 3. President Monroe appointed Gen. Jackson gov-
o^FroVidL <^™<5i' <5*' Florida in March, but it was not until
August that the reluctant Spanish officers yielded
up their posts. . . . The AUigator, a United States
1822. schooner, was sent against pirates in the West Indian
Allen's seas, and recaptured five vessels belonging to Amer-
"icans. She also took one piratical schooner; but
His death. Allen, the brave commander of the Alligator, was
mortally wounded in the engagement.
1§23. ^* ^y recommendation of the president the inde-
Eepubiics pendence of the South American Republics was
°^^-^- acknowledged, and ministers were appointed to
1824. ]].fQxico^ JBuenos Ayres, Columbia, and Chili. . . . Ar-
with tides were entered into, by the United States and
Gt. B. Great Britain, authorizing the commissioned officers
concern- Qf Q2ic\\. nation, to Capture and conderai? the ships of
'eiave- the Other, which should be concerned in the slave
*''^«- trade.
5. Notwithstanding the depression which suc-
ceeded the war, the manufacture of cotton had ulti-
mately proved successful. Domestic cottons almost
Manufae- supplied the country, and considerable quantities
begin to were exported to South America. Factories for
prosper, ppini^jug calicocs, had been erected in a few places ;
and in some instances the manufacture of lace had
2. What coinpromise was made ? What other State was admit-
ted at the same time ? What was the number of inhabitants in
1820? — 3. Wlio was made govertior of Florida? What was done
in the West Indian seas ?— 4. What was done in reference to tk
South Americun Republics ? In regard to t-he slave-trade ?
THE nation's guest. 319
boon attempted. The manufacturei*s and their p-t. tv.
friends, still wished the government to lay such fd. hi.
a duty on imported cotton goods, as must make '^"- ^•
tiiem so high in the market, that they could afford 1§24.
to undersell foreign goods of the kind. After much ^ pmtec-
discussion, a bill for a new tariff passed. It afforded tive t&nS.
the desired protection to cotton goods; but the
question was still agitated in favor of the manufac-
tures of wool, iron, &c. .
6. General Lapateite* arrived in New York,
in consequence of a special invitation, which Con-
gress had given him, to become tlie guest of Amer- A.ng. i5.
ica. His feelings were intense at revisiting again, arrives.
in prosperity, the country, which he had sought and
made his own in adversity. Esteemed, as he was,
for his virtues, and consecrated by his sufferings and
constancy, no good man of any country could view
him, without an awe mingled with tenderness ; but ^q^I^/^l'
to Americans there was besides, gratitude for his
services, and an associated remembrance of those
worthies of the Revolution, with whom he had
lived.
7. Thousands assembled to meet Lafayette at
New York ; who manifested their joy at beholding
him by shouts, acclamations, and tears. He rode,
uncovered, from the Battery to the City Hall, re-
ceiving and returning the affectionate gratulationsHisrecep.
of the multitude. At the City Hall, he Avas wel- ^"4"
comed by an address from the mayor. He then
met with a few gray-headed veterans of the Revo-
lution, his old companions in arms; and though
nearly half a century had passed since they parted,
his Ikithful memory had kept their countenances
and names.
* In the (lays of the Revolution, The Marquis de la Fayette was the style
by ■which the hereditary nobleman was known. Subsequently he renounced
all distinctions of this kind, and would receive no other title than that given
by his military rank. His address was then General Lafayette.
5. "What protection did the manufacturers still desire? Was a
new tariff formed which met their wishes ? — 6. What is here said
of Geii. Lafayette? — 7. How was he receis'ed in New York?
820 " THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING."
PT. IV. 8. He travoUed first cast ; then south and west,
P'i>. iiL "^'isiting all the princi])al cities, and every State in
^"- '• the Union. His whole progi-ess througli the United
„._, States was one continued triumph, the most illustri-
oftri- ons of any recorded in history. Nor w^as it merely
ninph. ]jonor, whlch the grateful republic gave to lier fo]-iner
_„5j_ defender. Congress voted him the sum of two hun-
Jainmi'y! dred thousand dollars, and a township of land iu
Florida.
9. During Mr. Monroe's administration, Amei-ica
1817 enjoyed profound peace. Sixty millions of her na-
1§25. ^i^"^^ debt were discharged. The Floridas were
peacefully acquired ; and the western limits of the
National Republic were — on account of the discoveries of
and peacl ^-^PT. Grey, of Boston, and the expedition of Clark
and Lewis, under Mr. Jeiferson — now acknowl-
edged to extend to the Pacific ocean. The voice of
party spirit had died away, and the period is still
spoken of, as the "era of good feeling."
10. Mr, Monroe's second term of office havinor
Four can- expired, four among the principal citizens were set
for presi- i^ip as candidates for the presidency — John Qr.incy
dent Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William
., , , H. Crawford. No choice being made by the elect-
by the ors, a president was to be chosen bv the house of
*eiecfors. representatives, from the three candidates whose
number of votes stood highest. These were Messrs.
Adams, Jackson, and Crawford. Mb. Adams Avas
chosen.
11. On the 4th of July, 1826, died John Adams
July 4.' and Thomas Jefferson. Their deaths occurring
on the same day, and that, the birth of tlie nation,
18*31. caused intense public feeling. . , . Another anniver-
Juiy 4 sary witnessed the death of Mr, Monroe.
12. A man by the name of William Morgan,
who M'as preparing to publish a book, purporting to
8. "What can you s:iy of his travels and proo:ress throusrh the
country? Of the gratitiule of our republic on this occasion ? — 9.
Wliat was now tlie condition of the country? — 10. What was tiic
course of tlie election? — 11. W)iat three ex-presiJents died uv
tb« 4th of July ? In what years ?
MOKGA:^ S ABDUCTION. 321
disclose the secrets of Free-masonrj, was taken, on ft. i^.
the 11th of September, under color of a criminal pd. hl
process, from Batavia, Genesee county, Xew York, — ^^ "-
to Canandaigua, in Ontario county, — examined and ,-gg,^
discharged; but on his leaving the pnson in the
evening, he was seized by persons unknown, forced (Supposed
into a carria<?e, I'apidiv driven out of the villasre, '^"^
1 11,- r -J • rp! ' to punish
and was never seen bv his mends acram, ... 1 ne bis re-
legislature of New York appointed a committee ofj^j^Y^^grftg
mvestigation, who reported that William Morgan of Free-
had been put to death. Morgan's abduction excited "he'^w^'
a strong prejudice against Free-masonry ; and a po- browned.)
litical party was formed, called the Anti-masonic, —
the time-honoi"ed institution of Masonry has, how- masonic
ever, in a great measure, recovered from the blow p*^-
which it
votaries.
which it thus received from a few of its misguided
CHAPTER n.
Black Hawk's war. — The cholera. — Xullification.
1. The tariff act was again amended and addi- i§2§.
tional duties were laid on wool and woollens, iron. Another
hemp and its fabrics, lead, distilled spirits, silk '"^'J^^*^*
stuffs, windo%y-glass, and cottons. The manufactur-
ing States received the law with warm approbation ;
while the southern States regarded it as highly preju-
dicial to the interests of the cotton planter. . . . Ges. 1§29.
Jacksox Avas inaugurated president, and Johx C. j^ckwi
Calhoun, of South Carolina, vice-president of the inansa-
United States. ~*'""
2. Though the tariff bill found but few friends in
the southern States, the citizens of most of them
were in favor of seeking its repeal by constitutional
12. What offence had William Morgan £ri%'en the Masonic so-
cieties ? Give an accouni of Moraran's abduction. "What w;is done
in consequence of Morgan's abduction ?
Chaptkr II. — 1. Wliat further was done in reference to the
tariff I In what vear was President Jackson's first inauguration I
Who was made vice-pre^ide^t ?
14*
ration.
322 ASIATIC CHOLERA.
P'T. IV. measures. In Soiith Carolina, however, a sjnall
P'D. III. majority, now first called tlie " State rights" party,
OH. iL jjj^^ afterwards the " nullifiers," were pre])ariiig
1 «ta themselves, by high excitement, for rasli measures.
3. The Winnebagoes, Sacs, and Foxes, inhabiting
April, the upper Mississippi, became hostile. Under their
iilwk's ^^^^6^5 Black Hawk, they scattered rapidly their
war. well-mounted war parties over that defenceless coun-
try, breaking up settlements, and killing whole fam-
ilies. Gens. Atkinson and Scott, were charged
with the defence of that frontier.
4. The Asiatic cholera made its appearance in
<!hoiM-a "at ^^'^^^^i on the 9th of June, among some newly ar-
Quebec. rived Irish emigrants. It proceeded rapidly along
the valleys of the St. Lawrence, Champlain, and
Hudson, and on the 26th several cases occurred in
At^New the city of ISTew York. A great proportion of the
York, inhabitants left the place in dismay ; but, notwith-
standing the reduction of numbers, the ravages of
the disease were appalling. It spread with great
Prosress rapidity throughout the States of New York and
cholera Michigan, and along the valleys of the Ohio and
*^the°'' Mississippi, to the Gulf of Mexico. From New
Uaion. York, it went south through the Atlantic States, as
far as North Carolina. It apparently followed the
great routes of travel, both on the land and water.
5. Gen. Scott, hastening to the seat of the war,
embarked a considerable force in steamboats, at
Qen°g^'„tt Buffalo. The season was hot, the boats were crowd-
and the ed, and the cholera broke out among the troops,
forthe Language cannot depict the distress that ensued,
Indian "both before and after their landing ; and, although
Gen. Scott watched over the sick soldiers with a
father's tenderness, yet many died, and many de-
serted from dread of the disease and perished in the
woods — either from cholera or starvation. . . . Gen.
2. What party now arose in South Carolina ?— 3. Give some
account of Blacli Hawk's war. — 4. At what time did the Asiatio
cholera make its appearance, and where ? What course did it
pursue ? — 5. By what cause waa Gen. Scott detained with his
troops ?
THE NULLIFYING OKDINANCE. 323
Atkinson came up with Black Hawk's army, near pt. iv.
the mouth of the upper Iowa, and routed and dis- p'd. iil"
persed them. Black Hawk, his son, and several '^^^^
warriors of note, were made prisoners.
6. The /State rights party, in /South Carolina,
held a convention at Columbia, from whence they j(foy jg^
issued an ordinance in the name of the people, in NnUifica*
which they declared that Congress, in laying pro- ^^^ ®^"
tective duties, had exceeded its just powers; and *"***
that the several acts alluded to, should, from that
time, be utterly null and void/ and that it should be
the duty of the legislature and the courts of justice
of South Carolina, to adopt measures to arrest their
operation, from and after the 1st of February, 1833.
7. The friends of the Union, in South Carolina,
also held a convention, at Columbia, They pub-
lished a solemn protest against the ordinance. Meet- ^^- ^
ings were held, and similar resolutions passed, in al- Unionisu
most every part of the United States. When the "^^''^f
legislature of South Carolina convened, Gov. Ham-
ilton, in his message, expressed his approval of the
ordinance. He recommended that the militia should Nov. 27.
be reorganized ; — that the executive should be au- thoruiM
thorized to accept of the services of 12,000 volun- approve,
teers ; — and that provision should be made for pro-
curing heavy ordnance, and other munitions of war.
8. On the 10th of December, President Jackson
published a proclamation, in which he said, " I con-
sider, then, the power to annul a law of the United President
States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the g^^,* "i^"^^
existence of the Union, — contradicted expressly by lamation.
the Constitution, — unauthorized by its spirit, — in-
consistent with every principle on which it was
founded, and destructive of the great object for
which it was formed."
5. What was done by Gen. Atkinson? — 6. "What convention
was held ? What was declared in the celebrated ordinance ? — 7.
What did the friends of the Union in S. C. ? What did the gov-
ernor?— 8. When did the President issue a proclamation? What
\ii;w did he take of the que-tion of a State's annulling the laws of
tlir< geatjral government?
324 A CRISIS MET Bi" GREAT MEN.
P'T. IV. 9. In conclusion, the president plainly said, — that
P'D. luTthe laws ot" the United States must he executed., — •
*"^ "'- that he had no discretionary power on the subject;
that those who said they might peaceabli/ prevent
their execution, deceived them ; that nothing but a
Shows the forcible opposition could prevent their execution,
nuiiiflers and tliat such opposition tnust be repelled ; for " dis-
their error . , -5-',. „ , • 1 tt ■ ^ i> x.'-
ana their uuion by armed lorce," he saul, "is treason," J^i-
danger. nally, he appealed to the patriotism of South Caro-
lina, to retrace her steps ; and, to the country, to
rally in defence of the Union.
10. This proclamation of Gen. Jackson was popu-
lar— with all ranks and parties. It was not, how-
ever, immediately followed by submission on the
part of South CaroUna; but preparations for war
went on, — both on the side of the general govern-
ment, and that of the opposing State.
-___ 11. On the 12th of February, Mr. Clay intro-
Feb. 12.* duced into the Senate his plan of compromise. The
Mr. Clay's }jii[ reduced the duties on certain articles, and lim-
mise ited the operation ot the tarift' to the 30th Septem-
Tanff bill, j^yj.^ 1842. Mr. Glay''s compromise bill was signed
by the president, and became a law on the 3d of
March. It gave content to the citizens of the Uni-
ted States ; for the Union is the life of the na-
March 4. ^i<^"- • ■ • GrEN. Jackson having been I'e-elected pres-
jackson ident, and Martin Van Buren, of New York,
*Buren.° choscu vice-president, they were, on the 4th of
March, inaugurated.
CHAPTER ni.
The aboriginal tribes of the Mississippi sent to the Far West.—
The Florida war.
1. Gen. Jackson, in his message, p-oposed that
an ample district, west of the Mississippi, and with-
9. What did he say in regard to tlie laws being executed? — 10.
Was this proclamation popular? Did S. C. immediately submit J
— 1 1. What was introduced into Congress ? How was it received I
What may be said of the Union? At what time was Gen. Jaok-
•on's second inauguration ? Who was made vice- president?
REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS. 325
out the limits of any State or Territory, should be P't. iv.
set apart and guaranteed to the remaininsr Indian pd. iil
tribes; each to have distinct jurisdiction over the cu. m.
part designated for its use, and free fiom any con- 1§30.
trol of the United States, other than miglit be p^o^.^es
necessary to pi-eserve peace on the frontier. Con- the
gress approved the plan, and passed laws authoriz- '^ofThe
ing the president to carry it into execution, Indians,
2. With the Chickasaws 2i.xidi Choctaws^ treaties -goi
were made by which they exchanged lands, and a ^ ^*
quietly emigrated to the country fixed on; which "riie
was the temtory west of Arkansas, The United ^^g^and
States paid the expense of their removal, and sup- cuoctaws
plied them with food for the first year, , . , When '^^"°^^'
Georgia ceded to the United States, April 2, 1802, i§03.
all that tract of country lying south of Tennessee, Georgia
and west of the Chatahoochee river, the government Alabama.
paid in hand to that State $1,250,000, and further
agreed, "at their own expense, to extinguish, tor
the use of Georgia, as early as the same could be
peaceably obtained upon reasonable terms, the In-
dian title to the lands lying within the limits of that
State,"
3. The CheroTcees^ in the meantime, exercised a
sort of independent dominion, within their i-eserva- <^«r°^«««
tions ; by which a retreat was furnished for runaway pendent
slaves, and fugitives from justice, who were ever ^^^
ready for violence. The legislature of Georgia, an-
noyed by their aggressions, extended its laws and
jurisprudence over the whole Indian territory. The
Indians, offended, appealed to the general govern-
ment for redress. The well-known policy of Presi- 1831.
dent Jackson, was to remove them ; and the Geor-
gians, thus encouraged, sought to make their posi-r'l^lf^Jutu
tion untenable. They put in prison two missiona- prison.
Chapter III. — 1. What did Gen. Jackson propose with regard
to the remaining Indian tribes? What did Congress ? — 2. What
tribes peaceably emigrated ? What contract was made between
the general government and Georgia?— 3. In what situation were
the Georgians placed ? What did their legislature ? W hat did the
ludians ? Wliat did Gen. Jackson ? Whut was done in refereaoe
tu tho inisaiouurieti f
326 THE FLOEIDA WAR BEOINS.
FT. lY. ries, whom they suspected of dissuading the Indians
P'D. III. against the removal. The president would do
™- '"• nothing to check these irregular proceedings.
1 fi^fi ^' ^ treaty was at length obtained by the agents
* of the general government, from a few of the chiefs,
Treaty ^^ which the removal of the tribes was to take place.
vith the The fairness of this treaty was denied; and the In-
Chero- dians were averse to leaving their pleasant land, and
kces. the graves of their fathers. But their removal was
at length effected without bloodshed.
5. Flokida "War. — The greatest difficulty was
Sept found with the Seminoles, inhabiting East Florida.
Ft. A treaty was made at Fort Moultrie, with their
Monltrie chiefs, by which they relinquished a large portion of
8em-* their lands, but reserved a part for the residence of
inoiea. their people. ... A further treaty was made at
Payne's Landing, in Florida ; by which they gave
May 9.* up all their reservations, and conditionally agreed to
Payne's remove. Subsequently, some of their chiefs made
I^*nding. this agreement absolute; but the transaction was
regarded by the Seminoles generally, as unfair and
treacherous.
6. President Jackson, in 1834, sent Gen". Wiley
G^ Thompson to Florida, to prepare for the emigra-
Thomp- tion. He soon found that most of the Indians were
eeirtto unwilling to leave their homes. On holding a con-
Fiorida. ference with them, Osceola, their favorite chief, a
jj^^^j^ man great in Indian talents, took a tone that dis-
pleased him. He put him in irons, and confined him
to prison for a day. Osceola seemed penitent, signed
the treaty to remove, and was released. But he
dissembled, and concerted with the Indians a deep
and cruel revenge.
7. The government ordered troops fi'om the south-
ern posts to repair to Fort Brooke, at Tampa Bay.
The command was given to Gen. Clinch, who was
4. What treaty was obtained ? And what was at length effec-
ted ? — 5. Where was the greatest difficulty found ? What treaties
were made with the Seminoles? At what times? — 6. Who was
Bent as government agent, and what were his fiwt measures ? — 7.
Wlio was appointed to the commaud?
A FATAL FIELD, 327
at Camp King. Major Dade, Avith 112 men, p-r. iv._
marched from Fort Brooke to join him. About p'd. iil
eighty miles of the toilsome journey had been ac- *''*• "^
complished, when, on the raorniuo: of the 28th, Ma- -co*
jor Dade rode m tront oi nis troops and cheered oade's
them with the intelligence that their march was ™'^''<=^
nearly at an end. A volley was tired at the mo- ^^^ ^^
ment, from hundreds of unseen muskets, The dadets
speaker, and those he addressed, fell dead. Thirty ^/^2:7>.
alone remained, when the Indians drew off. They^ni.L.82.
improved the respite afforded them, to construct a
breastwork of trees which they felled. While they
were thus engaged, where was Osceola ? It is sup-
posed that he went the twenty miles from Dade's
battle-field to Camp King, to perform a work there.
8. On that day. Gen. Wiley Thompson, with a
convivial party, was dining at a house within sight ot
the garrison. As the company sat at table, believing
themselves in perfect security, a discharge of muskets ^^ ,
was suddenly poured through the doors and windows, massa-
A part fell dead, and a part escaping from the house, ^^fj^p
were followed and killed in the bushes without. Of kino.
the latter was Gen. Thompson, who was scalped by
the revengeful Osceola. He and his mounted party
then returned triumphant, and completed the massa- of tbo
«,i • • J.-U- J • tragedy.
ere of the remainmg thirty survivors.
9. Gen. Clinch collected a force, and marched
from Fort Drane to the Withlacoochee. But he fol-
lowed a guide who was in league with the Semi- clinch's
noles. When the soldiers had in part crossed the ^j^^"|
Withlacooche, Osceola and his warriors rose from witb-
concealment and attacked them. They charged, ^chek
and drove the Indians, but met a considerable loss ; Am. L. it
and returned without effecting their object. ^' ^' '
10. Emboldened by success, the Seminoles ap
peared in the neighborhood of almost every settle-
ment in Florida. Houses were burned, crops de-
7. Where was he ? Who marched to join him, and with what
force ? What befell the paity ?— 8. What was done next by the
savages ?— 9. Give an account of Gen. Clindi's battle of the
Withlacoochee.
The last
scene
32S SICCOND BATTLE AT THE WrTHLACOOCHEE.
PT. IV. stroyed, negroes carried off, and families murdered
FD III. in every direction. Gen. Sooit, now invested with
uii. iiL ti^g chief command, ari-ived at /St. AtigusfAne. The
-__ savages having followed Gen. Clinch, his position
i?eb. 7. * at Fort Drane was critical. Gen. Scott sent troops
Scott to his reliefj and was preparing a plan of offensive
operations, when Gen. Gaines landed at Tampa
Bay, four days after Scott arrived at St. Augustine.
Aie brought a force from Ncav Orleans, and consid-
Feb. 11. ered it as his right to command in the peninsula.
^Y.oM 1^- Graines marched his troops to Fort Di-ane;
fromN.o. and taking from there four days' provisions, he set out
for the Withlacoochee, to seek the Seminoles. Hav-
ing reached that river, the Indians attacked him, and
a battle enaued. The Americans kept the ground,
thougii not without considerable loss. The Indians
then besieged them in camp. Gen. Clinch approached
Gaines'' with an army. Osceola contrived to amuse Gen.
of the ^^^^^^ w'\t\i a parley, until the Indian women and chil-
wiTH- dreu were removed to the south. There, among the
^chee' everglades and hammocks, the American troops vain-
ly sought the tribe through bogs and fens, — in dan-
ger from serpents and other venomous reptiles, — tor-
tured by poisonous insects, and often the victims of
the climate.
12. Gen. Jesup soon arrived to take the com-
mand ; Gen. Scott having been ordered to the coun-
ISSV. try of the Creeks. Osceola, under protection of a
Be^^ure of ^^^' ^^tii about Seventy of his warriors, came to the
Osceola. American camp. Gen. Jesup had reason to believe
him to be treacherous ; and he caused him with his
* jan^* escort, to be forcibly detained, and subsequently to
His death, be placed in a prison at Fort Moultrie, S. C., where,
a few months after, he died of a complaint in the
throat.
10. What was the conduct of the Indians ? Who arrived at St.
Angustine ? What did he do ? What was done by Gen. Gaines!
— 11. Where did he march? Describe Gen. Gaines' battle of the
Withlacoochee. What happened after the battle ? To what evUa
have the armv been subjected in search in? for thesse Indiana I
— 13. What clianffe of otncers occurred? What happeued wiUi
respect to Osceola 1
I,AKE OKEE-CHDBKE 329
13. Gen. Jesup, at first supposed tliat the war pt. iv
would soon be brouglit to a close, but finding him- p-n. hl
self mistaken, he directed Col. Zachary Taylou "^^ ^^
to act ottensively. This officer set out with a thou- --g„«,
sand resolute men, who marched four days through Dec. 20.'
wet, swampy grounds. On tl>e fifth, the Indians,
whom they sought, attacked them at the entrance
of tlie ICissimmee river into lake Okee- Chobee. The
troops engaged them with coolness. The brunt of 5^>^*
the battle fell at first on the sixth regiment. Co\..'chobes
Thompso:n^, their commander, mortally wounded, ^Jgated.
died, encouraging his men. The Indians were routed 100 pr.
and dispersed, and a hundred gave themselves up tOatTw.isi
be carried to the West. Gex. Worth had the honor
of bringrinor this hard and difficult contest to a close.
14. Creek Wak. — Early in May, the Creeks be- jeog
gan hostilities — setting fire to houses, and murder-
ing families. They attacked a steamboat which was oeek
ascending the Chatahoochee, eight miles below Co- outrages,
lumbus, — killed her pilot, woimded several others,
and burned the boat. Another steamboat was fired
at the wharf of Roanoke, and the passengers were
consumed in the flames. The barbarians then set
fire to the town, and destroyed it. The governor of
Georgia raised troops, took the field in person, and ^l^'
Gen, Scott arrived on the 30th of May. Their com- are over-
bin ed efforts quelled the Creeks, and peace was re- ^'^*"
stored early in the summer.
CHAPTER IV.
The Bank Question. — The Eevulsion. — Van Buren's Administra-
tion.— Harrison's Election and Death. 1S03
1. Mr. Rives, at Paris, negotiated with the min- ^'^^^'
ister of Louis Philippe, king of the French, a treaty ^^^^
13. What were the circumstances connected with the battle of ^J"^"***
Okee-Chobee ? Who brought the Florida war to a close ?— 14.
Give an account of the atrocious acts of the Creeks. How were
Ihey brought to terms ?
OaAPTEB IV.— 1. WliGt treaty was negotiated by Mr. Rives?
380 THE 01 ,D THTRTICKN, DOUBLED.
PT. IV. by which that nation ao:roed to give 25,000,000
P'D. III. francs to indemnify the United States for spoUations
OH. IV. on American commerce, made under the operations
of the decrees of Napoleon. The French, however,
had neglected to pay the money. Gen. Jackson
took such prompt measures and so decided a tone,
1S36. that in 18;^6 the demand was Hquidated agreeably
to the treaty. ... In September, 1835, Wisconsi7i
was made a Territory, and Arkansas a State. Mich-
1§3'7. iGAN was, in 1837, admitted to the Union, making
MtchS the twenty-sixth State ; the original number, thir-
a State, feen, being now exactly doubled.
2. Extravagance and luxuiy had prevailed, and
national adversity followed. The opponents of Gen.
ls<S7. Jackson attributed the revulsion to circumstances
connected with the overthrow of the national bank,
caused by his hostility. . . In 1832, the directors of
the bank apphed for a renewal of its charter. After
much debate. Congress passed, by a considerable
l<2Qo naajority, a bill granting their petition. This bill
The veto! Gen. Jackson defeated by the presidential veto. . . .
The funds of the government had been deposited in
1833. the national bank. In 1833, the president caused
drawai. ' them to be withdrawn. The public treasure, was
by act of Congress, placed in certain selected State
1§35. banks, known at the time as the "pet banks."
bankf "' Thcsc wcrc cncouragcd to discount freely, as it might
accommodate the people.
3. Mr. Jackson was succeeded by Martin Van
1837. BuREN, who, during the last four years, had, as vice-
Van*^Bu- President, presided with great ability in the Senate.
ren and RiCHARD M. JoHNSON, of KcntUCky, WaS made vice-
Johnson. . 1 , ' •' '
president.
4. After the public money went into the State
1. When was the money paid? What Territory and States
were organized? What can you say concerning the number of
States at this time? — 2. What had prevailed? What followed?
How was this change in public prosperity accounted for by the op-
ponents of Gen. Jackson? What happened in 1832? Where had
the national funds been deposited? Who caused them to be
withdrawn? Wliere were they then placed ? — 3. Who wa- made
president? In what year?
THE REVULSION. 331
banks, facilities too great before, were increased, pt. iv.
whereby men might, by pledging their credit, pos- fd. iil
sess themselves of money. The good old roads of "^^ '^•
honest industry were abandoned, while fortunes 1835
were made in an liour by speculation. This unnat- leoy
ural state of things had its crisis in 1837. Mania of
5. Before this ciisis, every one was making money, ^uiatioir*
Afterwards all were losing. Many had. contracted
large debts ; when some began to fail, others, who The
had depended on them, were obliged to fail also ; ^IJ^
and so the disaster went on increasing: its circle, un- causes
til the whole community felt it, in a greater or less distress,
desjree.
6. The banks now stopped specie payments.
Those where the public funds were deposited, shared
the common fate, and the questions arose how was Mr. van
the government to meet its current expenses, and <;(]^°e®"es
what next should be done with the public purse? a special
To decide these questions, Mr. Van Buren issued s^t'^
his proclamation, convening a special Congress.
7. In his message, the president recommended a
mode of keei^ing the public money, called the " sub- "S^b
treasury" scheme j which was rejected by Congress. "^bX"^
Treasury notes were ordered to be issued, and other
measures taken to supply the wants of the govern- '^JJ^^'^
ment ; but the majority contended, that, as to the
distresses of the people, the case did not call for the
interference of government, but for a reformation in
the individual extravagance which had prevailed,
and a return to the neglected ways of industry.
8. Among the causes of pecuniary distress, was a
destructive fire in the city of New York. Themer- ^f^**
cantile houses, on whom, with the insurance offices, 529
there fell a loss of $17,000,000, did not generally ^burn^
fail at the time ; for they were, -with commendable
4. What wa3 the state of pecuniary afifairs from 18-35 to '87 ?
— 5. How was it before the crisis ? IJowarter? — 6. How was it
with the banks? What was done by the president? When did
Congress meet? — 7. What did Mr. Van Buren recommend in hia
message? VVliat was his scheme called ? Did it succeed ? What
did Congress order? Why did they not attempt some relief to
the people ? — 8. Give an account of the great fire in New York.
332 VAN buren's admixtstration.
P'T. IV. humanity, sustained by the otliers. But the prop-
FD. III. erty was gone; and thouoh in a measure equuHzccl
*'H- ^^- at the time, at length the delicit allected all. ... On
1838. the 13th of August the banks resumed specie pay-
Aug.13. n-ients.
9. A party had been gradually formed in Canada
Canadiane^^'^^^ Were opposed to the Jjritish government, and
revolt who loudly demanded independence. Many Anu-r-
icans on the northern frontier, regarding their cause
as that of liberty and human rights, assumed the
name of patriots, and formed secret associations, for
the purpose of aiding the insurgents across tlie line.
10. In prosecuting this illegal interference in the
concerns of a foreign power, a party of adventurers
Navy° took posscssioH of Navy Island^ in the Niagara
Island, river, two miles above the falls, and lying within
the jurisdiction of Upper Canada. — The president of
the United States, and the governor of New York,
both issued proclamations enjoining strict neutrality.
11. A small steamboat, called the Caroline^ was,
however, hired to ply tor unlawful purposes, between
Dec. 'SO. Navy Island and Schlosser. At evening, a detach-
AflFairof meut of 150 armed men from the Canada side, in
Una. five boats, with muffled oars, proceeded to Schlosser,
drove the men who were on board the Caroline
ashore, cut her loose from her moorings, and setting
her on fire, let her float over the falls. A man
named Durfee was killed, and great excitement pre-
1840. vailed. ... A Bill to establish the sub-treasury scheme,
indepon- now Called the Independent Treasury, at length
Treasury P^sscd ; and although it was repealed early in Ty-
passed, ler's administration, it was afterward re-enacted and
June 30. 1 ,
became popular.
The 12. The census of 1840, gave as the number of
«««'is. inhabitants in the United States, 17,068,666.— The
8. When did the banks resume specie payments? — 1>. Give an
account of Canadian affairs as eounected with American. — 10.
What was done at Navy Island? What prochimations were
issued ? — 11. What were the circumstances of the burning of the
Caroline ? What important hill did Congress pass, in June, 18401
— 12. What number of inhabitants were there iji 1840?
harri8(^n's brief peesidenct. 333
presidency vvas, by a large majoiity, bestowed upon P't^tt^
Gen. Hakkison, wl)ose social and public virtues had ^^- ^^L
been rendered conspicuous by the various official
stations of a long and useful life. John Tyler, of Mfrfh*4!
Virginia, was made vice-president. inangii-
13, Fi-om the capital, Gen. Harrison went to HaJ?is<m
the presidential mansion — where thousands flocked a"^ Xyier
around him with congratulations and proffers of
service.* He expired just a month from the day of Aprils
his inauguration. Mr. Tyleei, by the Constitution, HairLon.
became president. He issued an able and patriotic
address, and appointed a day of public fasting.
CHAPTER V.
Mr. Tyler's administration. — Mobs. — Disturbances in Rhode
Island. — Auti-Kentism. — Mormonism, &c.
1. The Whig party were opposed to Mr. Van jo- j
Buren's independent Treasury, and in favor of a
National Bank, as a place of deposit for the publi^ National
revenue. They said it would be more convenient ^^"'^•
and econoraSeal to the government, — that it would „ . .
„.,. -. ,*=> '. -, Opinions
lacilitate busmess, and promote prosperity; and that of the
the attempt to bring back a specie circulation was a ^'''^•
dangerous experiment upon the currency. The
Democratic party, on the other hand, maintained opinions
that any connection of the government with banks, of the
or with the business affairs of individuals, was for- cratio
eign to its purposes, and a fruitful source of bribery P*""^-
and corruption. They believed that the govern-
ment should keep its own money, operating not
with paper currency, but with specie.
* Gen. Harrison was fatally overwhelmed with office-seeker^— as shortly
before his death, he told his friend, Mrs. Peter, of Ohio.
12. How did the presidential election terminate? — 13. How
long did President Harrison live to enjoy his new dignity ? Who
■R'as his successor?
•, Chaptke v.— 1. "What were the opinions of the Whig party in
regard to a National Bank? What on the other hand was main-
tamed by the Democratic party !
334: Tyler's administration.
FT. IV. 2. The majority of the voters adopting the views
FD. iiL of the Whigs, had chosen Messrs. Harrison and Ty-
CH. V. lei-^ -^yj^]^ j^u expectation that tliey would favor a
National Bank. General Harrison, aware of this,
' issued March 1 7th, his proclamation, calling an ex-
May 8t. tra session of Congress to convene on the 31st ol
Consress May, to Consider " simdry weighty and impoi'tant
matters, chiefly growing out of the revenue and
fin.inces of the country." When this Congress met,
Mr. Tyler was president.
Aug. 6. 3. Congress repealed the Sub-Treasury law on
theSub-T ^^^ ^^^ ®^ August. Three days earlier, the House
of Representatives had passed an act, establishing a
National Bank. Mr. Tyler, to the deep chagrin of
Aug. 16. the party which elected him, defeated the measure
firetveto. ^y the presidential veto. The mortified Whigs got
up another scheme for a bank, and passed it through
Congress under the name of a "Fiscal Corporation of
Sept 9. the United States." A second time Mr. Tvler de-
second, feated them by his veto. The able cabinet selected
by Harrison, had all remained in oftice up to the
a?i*reSgn P^^'iod of tliis sccond vcto, when all resigned, ex-
exceptMr. cept Daniel Webster, the secretary o|^.state. His
Webster. gQ^nti-y needed him in the office; and remaining, he
found occasion to render her essential service.
4. In the unwarrantable stretch of credit which
had existed. States over-zealous for internal im])rove-
revnision ment, had participated ; and Avhen the revulsion
whos?ef- came,* some of these found themselves unable, with-
fects were out direct taxation (to which their too timid rulei'S
several dared not promptly resoit), to meet their engage-
y?»'^ ments ; and the holders of their bonds, many of
Avhom were foreigners, could not obtain the interest
Eepndia- when due. These States were said to have repudi-
^°'^ ated their bonds, and this repudiation for a time
2. What views were adopted by the majority of the voters ? llow
manifested? What was done by Gen. Harrison? Wiiat chant^a
occurred before the meeting of Conffress ?— 3. Wliat was done by
Congress •v^ith regard to the Sub-Treasury? With regard to a
National Bank ? How were tlieir acts met by Mr. Tyler ? What
occurred immediately after his second veto? — 4. Give an account
of what was called repudiation.
DANGEPwOrS TENDENCIES TO AN^IRCHY. 335
cast disgrace upon the whole nation. With return- p'T. iv.
ing prosperity, however, nearly all of these States fd. itiT
resumed payment. ''"•^'
5. A disagreement between the United States «ejo
and En<2:land had lon^: existed in re«:ard to the
northeastern bomidary. Much excitement prevailed
between the inliabitants of Maine and New Bruns-
wick,— regions adjoining the disputed line, — and Aghijnr-
measures were taken on each side, which threatened tou
Avar. Lord Ashbukton was sent from England, as Treatyt
a special envoy, to settle this dispute ; and Mr. Web- Aug. 21.
ster, with great diplomatic ability, arranged with bv"tho
him tlie terms of a treaty, by which the important tJ. s.
question of a northeastern boundary is finally and ^"^^^^
amicably settled.
6. Dangerous Tendencies to Anarchy. — Seri-
ous riots occurred in the spring of 1844, in Phila-
delphia. They grew out of a jealousy on the part IS44.
of native American Protestants, that the foreign
Roman Catholic population intended to gain the con-
trol of the common-schools, and change the estab- -P^*^**-
lished order of instruction, especially in regard to Hots.
the use ofHle Scriptures. Thirty dwelling-houses, a ^l^\l'
convent, and three churches were burned. Four- w. 40.
teen persons were killed and forty wounded. These
disgraceful scenes were renewed on the 7ih. of June. k.and w.
The governor called out 5,000 of the miUtary. &o.
Years have passed, and these unhappy jealousies
have subsided.
T. Rhode Island now became the theatre of an un-
lawful attempt to set aside existing authorities. The **'*•*•
" suffrage 2:>art !/,'''' by whom it was made, did not, how-
ever, regard the matter in this light. They formed, ^prj, ,g_
though by illegal assemblies, what they considered a Dorr's
constitution for the State ; and then proceeded to "'*™p^
elect under it a governor — Mr, Dorr — and members
5. On what subject was there a disaofreement between the
United States and Great Britain ? How was it settled ? — 6. Give
an account of the riots in Philadelphia, remember nig to state the
times, and the numbers killed in the first and second riots.— 7.
What occurred in Khode Island?
38fi ANTI-RKNTKRS.
FT. IV for a leo'islaturc. Their upiionents, — called the " law
"fd. Ill and order" party, — acting- under existing autliorities,
cu. V. elected State officers, Mii. Kixg being made gov-
ernor.
8. On the 18th of May, Dorr went with an armed
* force, and took the State arsenal. No lives were
lost, as his directions to tire on those uho opposed
his progress, were not obeyed. Gov. Kixg, mean-
June 25. time, put himself at the head of the military. Sev-
Dorrat eral persons were arrested, and Dorr fled, lie atler-
cifeL* wards appeared at Chepachet, with some two or
1§44. three hundred men; but a force being sent by the
Dorr f>ont general government, they dispersed. Dorr after-
state's vvards returned, was tried, convicted of treason, and
prison, sentenced to the State's prison. Meantime a new
1845. constitution was by legal measures adopted. In
ie<ised. 1845 Dorr was released from prison.
9. An alarming tendency to anarchy has been ex-
^nti-rent perienccd in the anti-rent disturbances in the State
disturfw i -17-1 TT -1 1 -r>v 1
ances 01 JS ew lork. Under the Dutch government, cer-
tain settlers had received patents of considei'able
portions of land ; of which that of Vai^lensselaer
lierwyck, '^^^ ^^^ most extensive, — comprehendin^lhe gi-eater
4S m. long', part of Albany and Rensselaer counties. These
'^*"' '^ lands were divided into small farms, and leased in
perpetuity, on low rents, to be paid in a certain
quantity of wheat, a certain number of fowls, &c.
In process of time, the tenants began to consider
these legal conditions as anti-republican, — a relic of
feudal tyranny.
10. In the summer of 1844, the anti-rent disturb-
ances broke out with great violence in the eastern
1844. to^^'f^s of Rensselaer, and on the Livingston manor,
Anti- in Columbia county. Extensive associations were
disguised fomied by the anti-renters to resist tlie laws. They
•8 Indians, kept amicd and mounted bands disguised as Indians,
8. Give an account of the illefful proceedinsrs of Mr. Dorr, :ind
his punishment. When was lie released froui prison ? — O. flow
in the Slate of N. Y. was a tendeiicv to annrchy manifested ? Give
an ;iocount of tlie Dutch patents, with the conditions of rent.. How
in procesd of time had the tenants cunie to regard these couditioua I
IOWA AND FLOKIDA ADMITTED AS STATES. S37
gcouring the country ; — and the traveller-— as ho met ^"^- ^^-^
them issuing from some dark wood, with their hid- P'B- ni.
eous masks and gaudy calicoes, was required, on ™*^'
penalty of insult, to say, "Down with the rent." 1844.
11. These lawless rangers foi'cibly entered houses,
— took men from their homes, tarred and feathered,
or otherwise maltreated them. In Rensselaer coun-
ty, at noonday, a man was killed where about fifty (Smith
" Indians" were present, — some of whom were after- Qr^on")
wards arraigned, when they swore that they knew
nothing of the murder. Sometimes 1,000 of these
disguised anarchists were assembled in one body.
Similar disturbances occurred in Delaware county.
At length Steele, a deputy-sheriflE^ was murdered (Steele
in the execution of his official duty. Deivare.)
12. Meanwhile Silas Wright was chosen gov-
ernor of the State. Much does his country owe him
for the wisdom and firmness of the measures by
which public order was restored. On the 27th of
August he proclaimed the county of Delaware in a 1846.
state of insurrection. Resolute men were made Wright's'
sheriffs, and competent military aid afforded them, measures.
Leading anti-renters were taken, brought to trial,
and imprisoned. The murderers of Steele were con-
demned to death, — but their punishment was commu-
ted to that of perpetual confinement. The successor
of Mr. Wright, released from the State's prison the outrage
whole number, eighteen, who had been committed g^gi^n.)
for anti-rent offences. Fresh outbreaks followed.
13. In Congress, March 3d, 1845, an act "w^as
passed admitting two States into the Union, — Iowa, Mareh 3
its western boundary the river Des Moines, — and lowaand
Florida, comprising the east and west parts, as de- ^^""'^
fined by the treaty of cession.
14. MoRMONisM. — This is the most extraordinary
lO&ll. Whathappenedin the summer of 1844?— 12. What
is here said of Silas Wright ? What was done in regard to sher-
iffs ? What was done in regard to the leading anti-renters ? The
murderers of Steele? Were they suffered to remain in prison?
—13. At what time were two States admitted into the Union, aiid
what Stales ?
338 MORMONISM.
P'T. IT. imposture of the age. Its founder, Joseph SmitHj
P'D. iiL was an obscure, uneducated man, born in 1805, in
°^ ^- Sharon, Vermont. Under pretence of special reve-
lation, he produced the stereotype plates of the
" Book of Mormon" * by which he persuaded num-
bers, that he was the inspired founder of a new re-
ligion— which was to give to Mormons the same pre-
eminence over all other people, as, the Jews had over
the Gentiles. Mormonism gives its followers license
to commit eveiy crime which may be sanctioned by
the leading " prophet y" — especially does it, by al-
lowing polygamy, degrade and demoralize women.
15. Yet numbers of both sexes were found to join
I S*tS ^°^ ^^^ ^^^^ delusion — throwing their property into
' common stock. On their arrival at the Far West,
Oct 6. in Missouri, the Mormons were charged with vari-
^afFar'' ^^^ crimes ; among others, an attempt to assassinate
West Gov. BoGGS ; and they were finally expelled the
State by a military force commanded by Gen. Atkin-
son. They then purchased a large tract of land in Il-
linois, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi. There,
on a beautiftil slope, they built JVattvoo, and erected
*iSnc^°^ pompous temple. But murders, robberies, and
other secret crimes became frequent in their neigh-
borhood. The surrounding people were enraged.
The Mormon prophet and his brother were seized
1 S^e ^^ ^^^ State ofllcers, and confined in jail at Car-
te '48. ttiage. A hundred armed men, in disguise, broke in
Collect 8t and murdered them. The Mormons then sold their
*i^e.^* possessions at Nauvoo, and in 1846 migrated west-
ward to the Cheat Salt Lahe. Their settlement,
1S50. containing about 10,000 inhabitants, formed the nu-
^^t, cleus of the Territory of Utah.
Territory. * rpj^^ igg^_ -^^ Spalding -wrote the Book of Mormon, ss a work of im-
agination, founded on the Old Testament He died, after haT\ng placed the
manuscript in the hands of a publisher. Sidnky BiesoN, a young printer
of the office, thus became acquainted with it and he showed it to Joseph
Smith ; and they two concerted the plan of bringing it out as a new reve
lation. The plates found were called " the golden" plates.
14. Give some aceonnt of Mormonism, and its originators. (See
note.) — 15. Give a further account of the progress of Mormonism,
to the building of the temple — to the departure of th« Morniona
to California.
MEXICAN ANTIPATHY. 339
CHAPTER VI.
Texas. — Causes of Annexation and the Mexican War.
1. On account of the discovery oi La SaZle^ the pt. ly.
French claimed Texas to the Rio Grande, as form- fd. iil
ing a part of Louisiana. The Spaniards of Mexico *'^ "^
remonstrated, and sent thither an armed force, but 16S5.
the French had already dispersed. The first effec- ^^^1%
tual settlement in Texas^ was that of San Antonio Texas.
de Bexar ^ made by the Spaniards in 1692. But 1092.
the Mexican authorities seemed not so desirous to -^^*^
occupy this country, as to keep it a desolate waste, —
that thus an impassable barrier might be maintained
between them and their Anglo- American neighbors.
This desire to avoid contact by means of an inter-
vening desert, was so strongly felt by the Mexicans,
even in 1847, as to break off negotiations for peace,
when Gen. Scott was at the gate of their capital
with a victorious army. The aversion to the Anglo-
Americans thus manifested, the Mexicans at first
derived from their mother-country ; and it may be
marked as the first and predisposing cause of the
Mexican war.
2, After Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, had, in igio.
1810, fallen with the Spanish nation, under the power Mexico
of Napoleon, the Mexicans revolted. But the people '"^^"''^
were not united ; — and after the bloody war of eight e^J^
years, called the first revolution^ the royalists pre- prevaiL
vailed. The second revolution was begun in 1821, 1821
by the Mexican general Ituebide. Under him they — 24.
threw off the Spanish yoke. But he made himself (He'isshp*
a monarch. The people wished for a republic ; and *'.^"*
Chapter VI. — 1. On what account did the French claim Texas ?
How was this claim met by the Spaniards ? Describe the first
effectual settlement made in Texas. How did the Mexicans man-
ifest aversion to Anglo-Americans, at an early day, and again re-
cently ? Of what may this aversion be regarded as the first cause ?
— 2. When did the Mexicans revolt against the Spanish govern-
ment ? Give some account of the first revolution — of the second
— of Iturbide.
340 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN.
PT.iv. they deposed Iturbide, banished, — and, -on his re-
P'D. III. turn, condemned and executed luni. In 1824, a
federal Constitutiot} was foi-rned niuler the auspices
1§24. ^'^ ^ ^^^v leader, Santa Anna ; by which Mexico, .
Fe.ierai Hke our repubUc, was divided into States, with eacli,
tuti'm'of ^ legislature, and over the whole a general govern-
Mexico. juent.
3. In 1803, the United States, in purchasing Lou-
1»30. isiana of France, obtained with it a just claim to
Texas Texas ; but in 1820 they ceded it bv treaty to Spain
ceded t«)J ' cTir • -ni -i i • ' i Kt
Spaiu. as a part oi Mexico ; Jb londa being then granted by
that power to the United States. Two years there-
1§21. after, Stephen F. Austin led a colony from the
aI"!)*!!,. United States to Texas, and made a settlement be-
Texas tweeu the rivers Brazos and Colorado. The Spanish
""" * ■ authorities in Mexico, desirous of defence against
the destructive incursions of the fierce and hostile
Comanches, had, contrary to their ordinary policy,
made laws favoring American immigration ; yet on-
ly tinder the condition that the immigrants should
adopt the Catholic religion, and send their children
to Spa7iish schools.
4. Austin's enterprise being joined by others who,
like himself, sought to better their fortunes, his col-
Mexican ony soon flourished to such an extent, that it attract-
cier^gy ed the attention of the Mexican clergy. They found
' "'" that the law, which reqiured the settlers to make
oath that they were Catholics, and would establish
Spanish schools, had been disregarded. They felt
the utmost alarm ; desiring that those whom they re-
garded as foreign heretics, should either submit to
their national laws, and embrace their national re-
ligion, or be rooted out. I£ere were soion the seeds
2. What was done in 1824?— 3. "When had the United States a
claim to Texas? How obtained, and how and when was it relin-
quished ? W hen and by whom led, was the first American colony
of Texas? "Where establit<hed ? What motives had the Mexicans
in admitting these settlers, and what conditions did they require
of them? — 4. How did the Mexican clergy find that these condi-
tions had been met on the part of the settlers ? How did tl»a
clerjfy regard thein, and what appears to have been their desir*
respecting theui ? To what would such feelings naturally lead ?
alarmed.
TEXAN REVOLUTION. 341
of future war; for these supposed heretics were the pt. it.
brothers of American citizens, and though expatri- p'o. iil
ated, they were children born of the republic. ch.ti.
5. Texas, under the Constitution of 1824, was
united in one State with the neighboring province of .^^ ^ggg
Coahuila. The Spanish Mexicans of this province there were
outvoted, and pursued an oppressive policy against fo'ooo
the Texans. Stephen F. Austin was sent by them Amen-
to the city of Mexico to petition against these griev-jn Texaso
ances, and for the privilege of forming Texas into a
separate State. The Mexican Congress treated him
with neglect. He wrote a letter to the Texans ad-
vising them at all events to proceed in forming a
separate State government. The party in Texas
opposed to Austin, sent back his letter to the Mexi- ^ng^n
can authorities, — who made him prisoner as he was taken
returning, — sent him back to Mexico, and threw him ^at^Sai-
into a dungeon. *'"*'•)
6. Meanwhile, Santa Anna subverted the Consti-
tution of 1824, and in the name of liberty, made him-
self the military tyrant of Mexico. He sent Gen-
eral Cos into Texas, to place the civil rulers there
in subjection to the military. At this time, Austin
returned, and was placed at the head of a central Tex&n
committee of safety. Appeals were made through ^n^'
the press to the Texan people, and arrangements set i>egiM.
on foot to raise men and money. Adventurers from
the American States came to their aid. The object
of the Texans at this time, was to join a Mexican
party now in arms against the military usurpation
of Santa Anna, and thus to maintain the Constitu-
tion of 1824. ^^^^
1. Mexican forces had been sent to Gonzalez to gonza-
demand a field-piece. The Texans attacked andj^^^^f^p,
]^^0,
5. "With what Mexican province was Texas united, and how Tex. 600.
treated? For what was Austin sent to Mexico? How was he
there treated, and what course did he pursue? Why was Austin
thrown into a dungeon? — 6. What, in the mean time, was the
course of Santa Anna with respect to the constitution of 1824, and
with regard to the Texans? What measures indicating resistance
were taken by the Texans? What was now their object! — T
Where was the first blood shed ?
342 TEX All INDEPENDENCE.
FT. IV. drove them from the ground with loss. Santa Anna
FD. iiL had now caused the fortresses of Goliad and the
CH. Yi. Alamo, or citadel of Bexar, to be strongly fortified,
the latter being the headquarters of General Cos.
The Texans, on the 8th of October, took Goliad
100. ' with valuable munitions. On the 28th, they ob-
tained a victory near Bexar. — Texan delegates, No-
vember 22d, met in convention at St. Felipe, and
^"pro-^' established Si provisional govermnent. On the 11th
visional of December, their forces under Gkneral Burle-
st^Feiipe. SON, took, after a bloody siege and a violent strug-
gle, the strong fortress of the Alamo and the city
of Bexar; General Cos and his army were made
prisoners, and not a Mexican in arms remained.
But Santa Anna, ever active and alert, was gather-
ing his forces, and in February, 1836, was approach-
ing with 8,000 men.
8. Unhappily, divisions prevailed in the Texan
counsels, while the small and insufficient garrison of
the Alamo was attacked by this powerful army ;
1S36. headed by a man, who added to the smoothness of
u^^stcr' ^^^^ tiger, his fierceness and cruelty. Travis, who
of the commanded, had only 150 men. They fought all
^^^^•one bloody night, until he fell with all the garrison
k. 160. but seven ; — and they were slain, while crying for
quarter !
9. Meantime, a Texan convention had assembled
at Washington, on the Brazos, which, on the 2d of
March 2. March, DECLARED INDEPENDENCE. They had de-
declare in- Sired, Said the delegates, to unite with their Mexi-
^cnco.*^ can brethren, in support of the Constitution of 1824,
but in vain. Now appeahng to the world for the
necessities of their condition, they declared them-
selves an Independent Republic, and committed
their cause to the Supreme Arbiter of Nations.
10. Colonel Fanning commanded at Goliad.
He had besought the Texan authorities to reinforce
7. Give some iiccount of the battle of Gonzalez. "What wa? done
by the Texans under Burleson? — 8. Give some account of the
massacre of the Alamo. — 9. Of the Texan declftiation of iude-
pendence.
SAN JACINTO. 343
him ; and he had been directed hy them to abandon pt. iv._
liis post, and save his garrison by retreat.* Tliis he fd. iil
had attempted to do ; but tlie Mexicans, by their *"*• "^
superior force, overpowered him. He surrendered -.gng
on condition that he and his men should be treated
as prisoners of war. Santa Anna ordered their exe-
cution ; and four hundred unarmed and unresisting
men, unsuspicious of harm, were drawn out. One March 2T.
of the fated soldiers exclaimed, " They are going to MaMacre
shoot us ; let ns turn and not be shot in the back." ooliad
In another instant tlie fire was given, and the pris- k.™oo!"
onei's fell dead. Fanning was shot the next day ; —
and his body denied a burial. These men were
American-born. Fanning had been an officer in the
army of the United States. American hate and
sympathy kindled as tho shockmg massacre w^as
told. Annexation followed in time^ and the Mexi-
can war.
11. On the 21st of April, the main Texan army,
under General Houston, met the Mexicans, who
were double their number, near the San Jacinto. ApHi 21.
Furiously the Texans rushed to battle with the cry, ^q^^q'
" Remember the Alamo !" They fought at less than Mex. forc«
half-rifle distance, and in less than half an hour xe^Tss.
"wholly routed the Mexicans ; killing and wounding Mex. L.
a number greater than the whole Texan force, w. 20^
Among the prisoners taken after the battle, was^Jg^-^^^
Santa Anna himself. As supreme ruler of Mexico,
he, by a treaty, acknowledged their independence,
and allowed their western boundary to be the Rio
Grande. This treaty was, after his return, disa-
vowed by Mexico, — and by Santa Anna himself, on
the plea that it was made while he was a prisoner.
* Of this fact the writer was, in conversation, informed by Gen. Houston.
Fanning h.-id marched out of the fortress, met, and contended with the
Mexicans, w;is taken and carried back, so that the massacre was at Goliad,
10. Of the massacre of Goliad. Who were the men ma.'spacred
nt Goliad, and with what feelinars was their slauofhter heard of in
Atnerica? What followed? — 11. Give some aeeoiiiit of the battle
of San Jacinto. What treaty did Santa Anna make with the
Texans ? How was it observed ?
344 TKXANS INTADE MEXICO.
P'T^jv_ 12. AUlicmgh the United States, England, and
P'i>. iiL other powers acknowledged the independence of"
Texas; yet Mexico, thi-ough all lier clianges of
1S3T i"ultMs ever claimed the country, and occasionally
March 3. Sent troops to renew the war by ]>redatory excur-
^'"''-'''' sions. — The Texans, in 1841, sent under McLeod, a
Stotes
re
Bcogi.ize pai'ty of 300, who were mostly Americans, to take
in(ieit"n- possessioH of Santa Fe^ the cai)ital of New Mexico,
deuce, ^i^j^^ gi(_y lying OH the eastern side of the Rio Grande.
These were made prisoners by the Mexicans, and
treated with great cruelty.
13. General Woll, sent by Santa Anna to in-
vade Texas, took J)exar. A Texan army, having
driven him back, were full* of zeal to can-y the war
into Mexico. A party of 300 crossed the Rio
Sept. 11.' Grande, and proceeding to Mier, they attacked it;
'I'he and although opposed by five times their force, they
M^er. fought tiieir way into the lieart of the place, killed
and wounded double their whole number, when, al-
though they had lost only 35 men, they capitulated.*
These prisoners w-ere treated with great severity.
14. Texas early made application to be received
into the American Union. General Jackson object-
ed, and afterwards Mr. Van Buren, — on the ground
of existing peaceful relations with Mexico, and the
1§44. unsettled boundary of Texas. Mr. Tyler, by the in-
fluence of Mr. Calhoun, secretary of state, brought
president, forward the proposition. It was lost in Congress.
.IK. Polk, 13 tit the mass of the American papers were in favor
Vice-p.i of Annexation. The Whig candidates tor president
^^•.^"'"and vice-president, were Henry Clay and Theodore
Frelinghuysen, who were opposed to immediate an-
* They were, says General Green, in his Journal of the Expedition, be-
trayed into the surrender by Fisher, their leader, who had lost his uiliid by
a gunsliot wound. Green says this party of .300, killed and wouuded 800 of
the Mexicans at Mier.
12. Who acknowledged the Texan independence, and who did
not? Give some account of the attempt to take iSanta Fe. — 13.
The attempt of the Te.xans on Mier. — 14. Give a liistory of liitj
Annexation of Texas, to the close of tlie presidential election.
How IS it manifested by this account that the people were in favor
of annexation ?
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 345
nexation ; and the Democratic were, James K. Polk, ft. iv.
and George M. Dallas, who were pledged in its fd. iil
favor. The latter were elected ; and on the 4th of '^^ ^^■
Jilarch, 1845, they were duly inaugurated. 1845.
15. On the 28th of February — after the election Ynausut
and before the inauguration — Congress passed the rate^
■joi'it resoluti.o7i to annex Texas. By this act, addi- , .
tional new states, not excee^hng tour, may be oivUon
formed from this Territory icith slavery, if soi;th of^'l!?*^'^""
lat. 36-2, but if north, without. The Mexican min-
ister at Washington, Sexor Al^iOiVte, who had be- (March i.
fore announced that Mexico would declare war if uie'^^res^*
Texas were annexed, now gave notice, that since Went's
America had consummated " the most unjust act tifreo
recorded in history," negotiations were at an end.
16. Mexico had been to the Americans an unjust
and injurious neighbor. Such had been the unre-
dressed wrongs of person and property, to which
American citizens had been subjected in Mexico,
that had she not been a weaker nation and a sister
republic, war would have resulted during Jackson's
administration, Mr. Van Buren recommended
measures leading to war ; — when the Mexicans ne- i ?
gotiated ; and in 1839 a treaty was made, by which Treaty.
they agreed to pay large indemnities to American
sniferers. This treaty was modified in 1843, but its * *
stipulations the Mexican government had mostly modified,
failed to observe.
17. The assent of Texas, by which she became a *jaiyf *
part of the American Union, was expressed in the Tp^anor.
ordinance of July 5, 1845. Two days thereafter, 2i^Zl^ua
annexa-
14. Are presidents of the United States elected the same year *'***
in which they are inaugurated — Mr. Polk tor example i — 15.
When did Congress pass the joint resolution to annex Texas?
Whut condition was there respecting new States? VVliat had pre-
viously been announced as the determination of Mexico in case
the United Stales annexed Texas? What announcement was now
made by the Mexican minister? — 16. What had been the course
of Mexico towards American citizens ? W hat hindered war during
Jackson's administration ? What was done during Mr. Van Bu-
ren's administration respecting a treaty ? — 17. When did Texas
ov her own ordinance actually become a part of the American
ifnion?
13*
346 OREGON.
FT. lY. request was dispatched to President Polk to send an
P'D. III. armed force to protect Texas against the tlireatoned
CH. VL invasion of Mexico. The administration judiciously
-„._ chose, as commander of the forces to be sent, Col.
* Zachary Taylor. On the 30th of July, he was or-
(He is dered by the war department to move as near the ilio
made a Gri'^"*^^ as prudcncc would dictate. He took post at
brigadier.) Gorpus ChHsti. A Mexican force, in the mean time,
had collected on the western bank of the Ri»
Grande, near Matamoras.
18. The ancient aversion of the Mexicans had
been, by the annexation, wrought into jealousy and
fierce revenge ; and he who most vilified the Amer-
icans, and the loudest blustered for war, was most
the popular favorite ; and such was Paredes, by
whose party, Herrera, the president, and a wise
patriot, was denounced as a traitor for suspected
intercourse with the foes of the nation.
19. Treaty with China. — In 1845, the United
Jan. 16. States senate ratified a treaty with China, which
Chinese had there been negotiated between Mr. Cushing,
Treaty, the American envoy extraordinary, and the com-
missioner of the Chinese Emperor.
20. Oregon. — England and America both claim-
ed the extensive country north of the Columbia
river, to the Russian settlements. Columbia river
'(c^?* ^^^ ^^^ vicinity, belongs to the Americans by right
Grey, sail- of the discovcry made in 1792, by Captain Grey of
Cofumw^ -'Boston, and by the explorations made by Lewis
gives to and Clark, in the employ of the American govern-
tbenLme mcnt, made in the years 1804-5. John Jacob As-
Bhi^p) ^'-*^' ®^ New York, founded Astoria^ at the mouth
of the Columbia river, in 1811. The first house on
its waters, was, however, established on Lewis river,
by the Missouri Fur Company, in 1808.
17. What was doue two days thereafter ? Who was chosen to
command the military defenders of Te.xas? What orders did he
receive, and what do ^—18. How did the aversion of the Mexicans
now manifest itself? — 19. Give an account of the Chinese treaty.
— 20. Whiit part of Orejron was in dispute, and with whom ? On
what was the American chtim to the Columbia river and its vallej^
founded ? What were tlie first settlements in Oregon?
TAYLOK AT THE RIO GRANDE. 347
21. The difficulty with England became so seri- ft. iv.
ous as to threaten war. It was, however, compro- p'd. iil
mised by a treaty negotiated at Washington be- ^^ ^^^
tween Mr. Packenham, the British Minister, and --g-^
Mr. Buchanan, the American Secretary. This jnneis!
treaty makes the northern boundary of Oregon, the Treaty
line of lat. 49 deg. ; but gives to the British the«^^«sh.
whole of Vancouver's Island, and a right to the "'Si"°*
I'oint navigation of the Columbia river.
CHAPTER Vn.
Mexican War. — Army of Occupation.
1. Gen. Taylor was ordered by the secretary of
war, Jan. 13,1846, to take post at the mouth of the Rio Effect of
Ghrande. The effect of the order was to precipitate the oen. Xay.
collision of arms. Gen. Taylor accordingly moved }^^^.
from Corpus Christi on the 8th of March. On the Grande.
25th, the army reached Point Isabel, which, from the
nature of the coast, he must make the depot for his
stores. Leaving them with 450 men under Major ^^gg^j, ^
MuNROE, he advanced, and took post at the mouth Taylor
of the Rio Grande, opposite to Matamoras. Bat- opposite
teries were erected by the Mexicans, pointing at his Matamo-
camp. This he intrenched, and immediately com-
menced a fort, whose guns threatened the heart of
the city. Yet Gen. Taylor was strictly courteous to (April lo.
all. He had come, in peace, he said, to protect ^e^oaf
Texas, not to invade Mexico ; but if attacked, he from
should know how to defend himself. aioneTwi^
2. This attack he had hourly reason to expect, ^as^iiied
Paredes had put in requisition the best troops of ^n i»n-
Mexico, headed by her ablest generals, and they cheros.)
21. How was the difficulty with England settled ?
Chaptkb VII.— 1. What order did Gen. Taylor receive ? What
was its effect? Give an account of Gen. Taylor's march from the
mouth of the Nueces to that of the Rio Grande. What was here
done by the Mexicans ar d the Americans ? What was Geu. Tajr-
Iot'b course of conduct?
348 MUTUAL DECLARATIONS OF WAB
PT. IV. were gathering towards the Rio Grande. On both
"p^'ihT sides or' the rivei-, all was Avarlike action; — here,
on. viL mounting or relieving guards, — and there, planting
artillery. Gen. Aeista now arrived, and took the
command at Matamoras. The Mexican govern-
Aprii 24. ^6?i^ made a formal declaration of war on the 23d
no>tiiities of May. On the 24th, Capt. Thornton with sixty-
mem-e by three dragoous was sent by Gen. Taylor a lew
'^ton-s' "^^'^^'^ ^^P the river to reconnoitre. They tell into an
capture, auibuscade, and, finding themselves sui'rounded by
«^d w'le. '"^ far superior force, they attempted to retreat, cut-
ting their way ; but they were obliged to surrender,
with the loss of 16 killed and wounded.
3. Tlie American Congress and people were as-
Aston- tonished and agitated, when Gen, Taylor's account
^ K^T of this first bloodshed was received. Their army
anxiety, ^^g surrounded and in danger, fi'om the soldiers
who had committed the massacres of Goliad and the
y, ^- Alamo ! A kind of monomania pervaded the na-
Presi-' tion. The President announced to Congress that
extra ^'^^ Mexicans had " invaded our territory, and shed
message, the blood of our citizens upon our own soil." Con-
gress responded, that "war existed by the act of
Ac^ of Mexico," and in two days passed a law authorizing
Congress 50 000 volunteers to be raised for twelve months:
to raise ' . . . /. i
men and and appropriating, towards the carrynig on oi tne
money- yf2i\\ ten millions of dollars. Thus were the means
at once provided.
4. Declared war being upon the hands of the Ex-
Uw^Exec- ecutive, the plan for its prosecution and results ap-
utive. pears to have been, — to take for indemnity and as a
permanent acquisition, that part of the Mexican ter-
ritory lying between the Old United States and the
Pacific; and so to carry the war into the more vital
and richer parts of Mexico, that the people would
2. What was now the aspect of thingrs in re?ard to war? How
did hostilities actually comtnenee? When did the Mexicans de-
clare war? — 3. How wa.s news of the breaking out of the war re-
ceived in America ? and what was done by tlie President and by
Congreas ? — 4. What was tlae general plan of the AmerioaD £xeo-
utivd?
PLAJf OF THE CAMPAIGN. 349
be willing to receive peace and some needful funds, pt. rv.
tliuugh at the sacrifice of this territory, and the re- fd. iil
linquishment of Texas to the Rio Grande. <^"- '^"•
5. The American Executive,* aided by the head *e^«
of the war department, and by General Scott, now May is'
sketched out, in two days' time, a plan of a cam- *!J'y^^'
paign, exceediug, in the vastness of the spaces over Poik had
wiiich it swept lay sea and land, any thing of the %'glf^''jj,^'
kind known in history. Vessels were to pass round Benton,
Cape Horn to the coast of California, to aid those desired to
already there, in conquering that country. An ^J',"''^*''
" Army of the West" was to be assembled at Fort as Lient
Leavenworth to take New Mexico, and then pro- Mr."pofk
ceed westward to the Pacific, to co-operate with nomsna-
the fleet. An "Army of the Centre," to be col- but the'
lected from difierent and distant parts of the Union, ^1"^ ^^
was to rendezvous at San Antonio de Bexar, and conHnn.)
thence to invade Coahuila and Chihuahua. These
armies were mostly to be created from the raw ma-
terial. The existing regular force of the United
States, officers and men, did not exceed 9,000.
6. Gen. Taylor, whose force was called the
" Army of Occupation," now received intelligence by
Capt. Walker, that a large Mexican force in his rear,
was interposed between him and his stores at Point
Isabel. Walker had there been stationed by Major
Munroe, to keep open the communication ; and he
had fought fifteen minutes with his one company o*
Texan rangers (armed with revolving pistols), with Apni as.
1,500 Mexican cavalry, — killed thirty, and escaped ; ^at^f"
and subsequently he had found his way with six Mex. L. fc
men through the Mexican army to bring this in- *° ^'
formation.
7. Leaving his camp at Matamoras, with a gar- M«y i.
nson in command of the trusty veteran. Major '^jJ^I'nt**
Brown, Taylor marched with the main army, and Isabel
5. What military operations were now sketched out ? What is
in the side-note concerning Senator Benton ? — 6. What was now
received by Gen. Taylor? What was the first battle of tlie war ia
wliich Mexican blood was shed S — 7. Wiiat was now done by
General Taylor ?
350 VICTORIES OF I'HE KIO GRANDE.
P'T. IV. reached Point Isabel unmolested. The Mexicans at
P'D. III. Matamoras attacked the camp with their batteries,
OH. VII. ^^^ Major Brown opened his guns upon the city.
l$^4<> ^^^ firing was anxiously heard by Taylor, and a
jfay 7 to 9. messenger for aid reached him from Major Brown.
^a!]eoT "^^^ garrison at Point Isabel being reinforced by
Fort 600 men, supplied by Commodore Conner from
Brown, ^j^^ navy,sGen, Taylor announced to the war de-
7th. partment, " I shall march this day with the main
Taylor body of the army, to open a communication with
Isabel Major Brown, and throw forward supplies of ord-
nance and provision. If the enemy opposes my
march, in whatever force, I shall fight him."
8. The same evening he marched. The next day
at noon he came in full sight of the Mexican army,
drawn up in order of battle, and extending a mile
p^^j^Q across his way. Taylor halted his men, — bade them
ALTO, refresh themselves at the pools — then formed his
** Moa*^^ line. The Mexicans, although with choice of the
Am'. 2,800. ground, and more than double numbers, were forced,
ftnd^w.400. after five hours, to yield to the Americans the vic-
"l^w^o^ tory of JPalo Alto. Major Ringgold was here
mortally wounded.
9. At two o'clock the next day the army resumed
May 9. Its march. Having advanced about three miles, the
KESACA jyiexicans were discovered, skilfully posted, with ar-
p^ijf^. tillery, at Resaca de la Palma. At four o'clock
Moa^^the Americans came up. The field was fiercely
^Mex ' L.^' contested. It was here, that Capt. May, with his
600. dragoons, rode up to a Mexican battery, cut down
■^»™d^^ the men, and took Gen. La Vega, a& he was apply-
mortaiiy, ing a match to one of the guns. The Mexicans
were wholly routed. Their camp, its stores, equi-
page, and Gen. Arista's private papers, fell into the
hands of the Americans. The arrival at the camp
7. What cannonade was heard by him at Point Isabel ? What
determination did he announce? — 8. Give an account of the bat-
tle of Palo Alto, the numbers engaged, loss, &c. ; sea side-note.
LWhen the direction is, Give an, accotmt of a battle, let the side-notes
I studied as well as the text.) — 9. Give an account of the battle oi
Koaaca de 1» Palma. What had occurred at the oamp ?
1846.
thf: wak spirit. 351
of Taylor and his victorious army, carried joy to t'lie pt. iv.
wearied combatants. But the commander of tlie fd. iil
fort had been killed. Gen. Taylor named the place '^^ ^^
where he fought and fell, I^07't Broion.
10, Great were the rejoicings and illuminations in
the United States, ibr the victories of the Kio Grande.
The Mexican army now deserted Matamoras, and jfayia
the civil authorities suifered the Americans to take Taylor
quiet possession. Everywhere the young men of **Mau^
America were now ready, nay in haste, to go '""'^
forth to defend their brethren, tight the Mexicans,
and push for the "Halls of the Montezumas." * Gen. juiy.
Taylor was embarrassed and delayed by the ill-pro- ^'^f^y^
vided numbers Avho came. The towns on the lower by the
Rio Grande were taken and occupied by the Ameri- ^un^r-
cans. Camargo^ made the depot of provisions and nishod
stores, was garrisoned with 2,000 men under Gen. teera.)
Patterson.
11. The army being now 6,000 strong, its first di-
vision, under Gen. Wokth, marched for the interior
on the 20th of August. Gen. Taylor, with the rear
column, soon followed. On the 6th of September, ^^^p^
the several divisions were concentrated at Marin, at Marin.
Moving on, they encamped on the 9th, at Walnut wainut
Springs, three miles from the city of Monterey, a Springs
stronghold which they must capture. Here, on the
south and west towered the high peaks of the Si-
erra Madre, while before them stood the walls of
Monterey, bristling with cannon and surrounded by
fortresses. Around them was an unknown region —
an invaded country, with thousands of embittered
foes. Most of their troops were untried volunteers.
But their officers, mostly educated at West Point,
had no superiors. Especially had they a commander,
* Presofltt's very popular history, " The Conquest of Mexico," had Joit
appeared; and it had no little influence in producing this enthusiasm.
10. What efifect «n tho U. S. had the victories of the Eio
Grande ? What occurred at Matamoras ? What effect on Taylor'*
movements had the too great accession of ill-provided numbers?
— 11. Give an account of the movements of the army until reach-
ing Walnut Springs. What now was its oositionl
352 OAPTUEK OF MOJSTTEKEY.
FT. IV. cool and deliberate, — judicious to plan, and ener
P'p. in. getic to act.
CH. TIL 12. He perceived towards the southwest, that
the mountains were cleft by the small stream of the
1 fi /fl S^
San Juan, along which was the road from Saltillo to
Monterey. He thought if a new way could be
Sept 20. iTiade by which the Saltillo road could be reached,
Worth the enemy's line of supplies would be cut, and prob-
^olmp. '^ ably less formidable defences intervene. The skill
'i?.^*'-. i of the American engineers, under Capt. Mansfield,
Mes. L.' found out soich a way ; and Gen. Worth being se-
cJ'^May lected foi* the important service, led a column of
distin- 650 men on the 20th and 21st, by a difficult detour
^^^'^^ round to the Saltillo road.
(Forts 13. This road being gained, two batteries on a
Federa- \{i\\ were taken, and their guns turned on the third
Soidado and piincipal battery, called the Bishop's Palace,
carried.) gitviated On the Steep hill Independence. After hav-
Sept. 22. ing with hardship and loss taken this battery, and
A M. ' turned it against the city, the war-worn troops —
^a^^e* now three days from the camp, their numbers thin-
Btormed. ned by death, stood close upon the rear of Monterey.
14. Meantime, Taylor had sought to direct the
attention of the enemy from this, his real point of
Attack attack, by making a feigned one in front. But so
an Mon- fiercely was this movement conducted by Gen.
front Butler and Gen. Quitman, that the city was en-
tered, though with great sacrifice of life. On the
morning of the 23d, the defences of the opposite
side M ere carried by Gen. Worth.
15. The Mexican general, AMPUDiAj-oame with a
flag to propose capitulation and an armistice, on
(" Santa the ground that peace might shortly be expected, —
Anna's Paredcs being displaced, and Gen. Santa Anna now
dated May in powcr. General Taylor knew that in conse-
I6,i8i4.) quence of President Polk's hope of that wily Mexi-
12. What plan was formed for approaching Monterey in rear t
Who led the detachment? — 13. Give an account of the move-
ments of Worth's party until it reached the rear of Monterey. — 14.
Of those of Quitman and Butler. — 15. Oa what ground did Gea.
Ampudia propose an armistice ?
MtrSTKUING TlfE VOLUNTKFJKS. 353
can's favorable disposition, he had sriven an order to rr. it.
the fleet, vvliich Com. Conner obeyhis;, Santa Anna p^d^iT
had passed unmolested on his return from Cuba. ch. vm.
16. Gen. Taylor had not men suflicieht to guard ,„._
the Mexican soldiers, if he kept them as prisoners;
and his own unsupplied army needed all the pro-
visions to be found in Monterey ; and he wished to
spare, especially " non-combatants." With the ad- g^p,. gg.
vice of his officers, he therefore agreed to an armis- The
tice of eight weeks, on condition of the approval of """®'°*
the American government. This, on correspondence, its refpc-
was withheld ; and the war, after six weeks, was »*^°1,^T
-, ' ' ' Mr. Polk
renewed.
CHAPTER VIII.
Army of the Centre. — Gen. Wool's march. — Battle of Buena Vista.
1. To Ge:n^. Wool the administration confided
the principal share in mustering and preparing the
volunteers. His orders, dated May 29th, he re- May
ceived at Troy ; — left immediately for Washington, ^^
— from thence moved through the States of Ohio, order*
Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missis-
sippi ; — meeting the enlisted volunteers at desig- '^fl'^J^
nated places of rendezvous, and inspecting and ad- '^e^^s
mitting them, if suitable men, into the army. These miles tra
distances were accomplished, and twelve and a half^nTTIob-
regiments (two of cavalry), making about 12,000 men
men, were inspected, mustered into the service, and ™"®^'"®^
sent to their destined places, by the 16th of July.
2. About 9,000 of these recruits went to the Rio Aug. i.
Grande, to reinforce the army of Gen. Taylor, at ^Vaci
Those to form the "Army of the Centre" went by °^„^^«'
different routes to rendezvous at Bexar ; — some go- iJay).
15. What did Taj-lor know of Mr. Polk's course in regard to
Santa Anna? — 16. What farther do you learn concerning the
armistice of Monterey ?
Chapter Vlll. — 1. Give an account of Gen. Wool's movements
in mustering volunteers. — 2. How many of these went to Gen.
Taylor ? Where were those for the Army of the Centre to rendei-
voiis, and by what routes ?
354 GEN. wool's MARCn.
FT. IV. ing the far circuit of Little RocJc^ in Arkansas, and
P'D. inTsome by the Gulf through L<i V(fca. At Bexar be-
CH. VIII. g.^^ iiyj^i (ji-ill jind strict discipline of the volunteers,
1846. which made Gen. Wool's corps, whether resting or
Gen. moving, a camp of instruction ; and which, together
diTcMine ^^'it.h his great care that every article necessary to
(nnpopu- health and efficiency, should always be prepared and
his men at I'tsady, gavc to it the praise of being " a model army."
the time). 3, Gen. Wooi's destination was Chihuahua. His
„ „ , force, amounting to 500 rej^ulars and 2,440 volim-
Gen Wool ^ . ^ -
leaves tecrs, crossed the Rio Grande at Presidio^ on a fly-
crossesae^'^S bridge pi'epared for the purpose. From this
E. G. at fertile spot they marched Avestward 26 miles, to
Presidio, j^^^^^ ^ygj. g^ dead level, — without finding a drop
of water or a human habitation. The troops, in
crossing the Sierras of San Jose and Santa liosa^
encountered steep rocky ascents and deep mountain
gorges; and often before their 300 heavy-laden
wagons could pass, roads must be repaired or made.
Sometimes, as the army appeared, the ignorant peo-
ple of the country, taken by surprise, believed that
the robber bands of Mexico were upon them. The
shrieking women would run from their houses, and
embrace the crosses by the wayside, — probably
where some friend had been killed, whose fate they
expected to share.
GenMooi ^' "^^^ Gen. Wool protected the quiet and the
at Mon- weak against the lawless and the strong ; and as he
*'^"'^*" passed on through San Fernando and Santa Mosa
(Troops to Monclova, his advance was heralded as that of a
under friend. He there peacefully unfurled the American
ingthe"ar-flag ovcr the govemment-house of the province.
mistice; ^^ Monclova, Gen. Taylor communicated to him
they are ' , , •'
always the Capture and armistice of Monterey,
•"vuhouf 5 . On the 25th of November, Gen. Wool m arch ed
the cities upou Pai'TOS ,' Gcu. Tavlor having: advised him to
Slid vil- _^ ^ l^ ^
lages).
2. What gave to Gen. "Wool's corps the credit of being a
"model army?" — 3. Describe the army's niarcli. — 4. To wlioiii
did Gen. Wool afford protection 'i How was bis advance regarded
by the well-informed Mexicans? What did he learn at Monclova?
— 5. Why did he inarcli to Parras?
THE WOMKN OF PARKAS. S55
establish a post in that fertile region and collect ft. iv.
provisions, of which his army Avere in need, and pd. hi.
which the country about Montei'ey could not sup- <"'• "^in.
ply. At Parras, Gen. Wool was received with all tS46.
the courtesy due to a distinguished guest. TheNov.':8t»
strictness of his discipline was not only improving ^^%^
his army, but, by imparting the new feeling of se- ,froni
curity to a people, so long the victims or anarchy, to »'arra»
he was winning their affections, and giving them de-
sires for a better government. Stores came in
abundantly, and the necessities of the two armies
were fully supplied.
6. In the mean time Gen. Taylor had proceeded p^„^ ^4
to Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, expecting to Tampico
co-operate with Gen. Patterson and a naval force in without
the reduction of Tampico. But that place had sur- ^^^{'\^
rendered'to Commodore Conner on the 14th of No- thecour-
vember. Gen. Butler was left in command at Mon- ^^^^ "j*^^,
terey. Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila, of which ^Mks.
the Americans had taken peaceable possession on wTfeto
the IVth, was garrisoned and commanded by Gen. *^®^^
Worth.
7. The changeful Mexicans, having now displaced
Paredes, and given full power to Santa Anna, he
had concentrated a force of 22,000 at San Imis Po-
tosi. Gen. Worth, 60 miles in advance of Monte-
rey, and 200 from Taylor at Victoria, now received
the startling intelligence that this army was immedi- Dec. 17.
ately to be brought down upon him ; — he having but p^^" ^f^^
900 men. He sent a rapid express, entreating Wool ®«"-
to hasten to his aid with his whole force. In two Genl^wo^
hours Gen. Wool was in motion, only fourteen of his ^ea^es
soldiers being unable to march. Such Avas the grat- his rapik
itude of the protected people, that the ladies of Par- ™°^^
ras came forward and voluntarily took these sick
soldiers to their houses. In four days the army
5. What was the effect of his discipline ? — 6. Give an account of
Mie arrangements detailed in paragraph 6th. — 7. What do you now
•earn of Santa Anna? What ahirmed Gen. Worth, and what ex-
press did he send ? What was done by Gen. Wool ? What remark-
able proof of gratitude did he receive" from the ladies of Parras ?
856 INEQUA.LTTT OF FORCE.
FT. IV. marched 120 miles, to Agua Nueva^ twenty-one
FD. III. miles in advance of Saltillo.
'^'B-.^va. 8. Gen. Taylor, while at Victoria, learned that
the city of Mexico was to be approached by Vera
Cruz; and that Gen. Scott, appointed to conduct
Scott sn- ^jjj^ invasion, would, as his senior, supersede him in
Taylor, the Mcxican command ; and it was trom the forces
of Taylor and Wool, that Scott's army was, by tlie
T^yioV direction of the war department, mainly to be
and Wool drawn ; — they, "to stand on the defensive, till more
•tripped of could be scnt by government." Whatever might
forces. ^^^'*^ been their feelings, the two generals obeyed
the order ; and promptly detached many of their
best officers — Worth amojig the rest — with the
greater part of their regular troops and volunteers.
Yet, with the remainder, they met and bore back
the danger which then threatened them — the shock
of the most formidable array which Mexico had
ever sent to the field.
9. Gen. Taylor, in order to prepare for the com-
1847. ing crisis, left a small garrison at Monterey, and
advanced south with about 300 men to the camp of
Annaap- Wool, at Agua Nueva. Their whole force, officers
proaches. ^^^ men, was 4,690, and Santa Anna was approach-
Great in- ^"o ^^^^^ more than four times that number — be-
eqnaiitjr sides 3,000 regular cavalry under Gen. Minon, and
of force. J QQQ under Gen. Urrea, sent in advance, to turn
the American position, destroy their stores, and cut
off their retreat.
10. The army remained encamped at Agua Nueva
Santa tmtil the afternoon of the 21st of February; when,
Anna, Santa Anna being now near, the camp at Agua
Is drawn' Nueva was broken up; and Santa Anna, believing
Ms'ition ^^^^ ^is f*^^s were flying in dismay, eagerly pursued,
till he was drawn to the mountain-gorge of Angos-
7. What march was made by Gen. "Wool? — 8. What disagree-
able intellisreiice was received by Taylor? What was his conduct?
Was Gen. Wool atfected by the government order? What did the
two generals elfect with the remainder of their force ? — 9. Wliat
was now the position and force of the Mexican and American
armies ? — 10. What occurred on the aftarnoou of the 21st of iVl
ruary ?
Washington's birthday. 357
tura, previously cliosen by Gen. Wool, as the place pt. iy.
for the baitie. He was left by Taylor the active p'd. iil
commander at Buena Vista ; while, anxious for his '^^ "'™-
stores menaced by Minon, Taylor himself went to ^ g^*.
Saltiilo.
11. On the morning of the 22d, Gen. Wool drew
up the army for battle. The gorge was the key of Fpb. 22.
the position. Here was placed Capt. Washington's "^/J^^
battery. This was the birthday of the great Mexican
Washington, and the battle-cry was to be, " The app,!^
memory of Washington ! " From their positions the
troops looked out through the gorge to the south,
and beheld, issuing from clouds of dust, the long
array of the Mexican host, — glittering witl? bur-
nished arms, and gorgeous with many-colored dra-
peries.
12. About noon the Mexicans pushed forward ag^^i^j^j^
party to the heights on the east, or American left, p m^
At three o'clock began the battle. The Mexicans begfnl
made no impression upon the American lines, while ^^^^^'^
they suffered loss. Night came. The Americans more than
remained under arms. Two hours after midnight ^ff^L.
the Mexicans commenced the second day's attack, w. 4, k. a
13. No language can depict the penlous condi-
tion of the comparatively few Americans who fought,
and finally won the long and bloody battle of Buena
Vista. Some of the volunteers fled in the early part
of the day, and in endeavoring to rally them, Capt.
Lincoln lost his valuable life. Once the Mexicans
had turned the American left, and in that quarter
were gaining the field, when they were met and re-
pelled by Col. Jefferson Davis, with the unerring ^gn<Pt'he*
rifles of the Mississippi volunteers. Repeatedly the Mississip-
battle had been lost but for the flying-artillery, which ^'^^
changed rapidly from point to point as it w^as need-
ed. Twice Lieut. O'Brien checked masses of the *^"^"^"-
enemy with his small battery, remaining in their way -^^sh-
;so long that he co'ild only save himself by leaving ington.
11. What on the mornina: of the 22d?— 12. What were the
Military operations of the afternoon of that day?— 13. Kelate
jome of the earlier incidents of tho battle of Buena Vista.
858 BUENA VISTA.
PT. IV. part of his guns. Washington, though repeatedly
FD. III. attacked, maintained liis position.
oi. vuL 14.^ Once Mexican cavah-y found their way to the
rear of the Americans, and attacked their camp;
Camp ' but they were repelled. Col. Ykll here lost his life.
attacked. Then came a moment in wliich several thousand
Mexicans were in danger, when Santa Anna relieved
na'a base tlicm, and changed his batteries for a final assault,
-.-rif'i"*? hy the vile trick of sendinsr a flasr, as if for surren-
wiln a nag •' . o , . o'
of truce, der. This last assault was turiously made on the
American centre, commanded by Taylor in person.
-assniSntof -^^^ a few moments the volunteers were in danger
theMex- of being overwhelmed by numbers. Colonels
IlAKmN, Clay, and McKee, were killed. The bat-
teries of Bragg and Sherman arrived, and by
almost superhuman exertion, they saved the day.
15. Santa Anna was obliged to draw back his
^pj^^much diminished forces. The second night came
yiSTA. on. Officers and men were on the alert, and horses
k. and w. in harness. The field was strewed with the lifeless
i^^n "^cti^s of war. The American surgeons and their
4,000. assistants administered to the wounded, whether
k.™ wi^ friend or foe ; and Mexican women were there, to
w. 450. soothe the dying, or wail the dead.
16. At morning the Americans Avere prepared
to renew the contest. Outposts, by astonishing
marches, had reached the camp. Marshall, with his
mounted Kentuckians, and Prentiss with his artil-
■*^^®ty. lery, had travelled trom the Pass of Ilinconada —
35 miles of bad road — in one day. At dawn. Gen.
Wool, abroad to reconnoitre, discovered that the
enemy were in full retreat. Hastening with the
aews to the tent of Taylor, they embraced and
wept, — while the glad shouts of victory rang over
the battle-field.
IV. Santa Anna had promised his army, before
the battle, the lives and property of their foes, and
14. Of the later. — 15. What was the position of things whet
night came on? — 16. What preparation had the Americans
made to renew the contest? What was discovered at dawn of
day?
CAJ^IFOENIA.. 359
he had sent, besides regular troops, hordes of ran- ft. iv.
cheros, to lill tlie mountain-passes, so that not an fd. iil
American should escape with his life. By a body <"*• '^
of these troops, a wagon train Avas attacked at Ra- 1847.'
mas, and 45 wagoners killed. On the day of the ^^^J'^*^^^^*
battle, Gen. Minon, with 1,800 cavalry, was driven arntions to
from Saltillo by Capt. Webstek and those under the'whoie
his command. Am.army
1 8. The victory of Buena Yista dirtiinished, and
in a degree discouraged, the Mexican army, while it
gave animation and impetus to that of the Ameri-
cans— needful for them in the difficult enterprise to
be undertaken by Scott, and it left the Americans
in quiet possession of the northern provinces of
Mexico proper. Gen. Taylor returned to receive
the highest honors of his country. Gen, Wool was
left in c6mmand at Monterey ; where he so protect-
ed the conquered region, that its principal citizens
desired its annexation to the American Union.
CHAPTER IX.
Army of the "West. — Conquest of New Mexico and California.
1. A FLEET was already on the coast of Califor-
nia, when the war commenced. Commodore Sloat,
the commander, was advised by the navy depart-
ment, that war with Mexico might occur, in which
case he was, without further notice, to employ his 1846.
fleet for hostile purposes. Having been led to be- Monterey,
lieve that war existed, Com. Sloat took Monterey >^ Gall-
on the 7th of July, 1846. On the 8th, San Francisco^ tafeen'by
north of Monterey, was taken by a part of his squad- g^"^
ron, acting under the orders of Com. Montgomery.
2. At Sonoma the American flag had already been
17. What had Santa Anna promised and prepared to do?
What occurred at Ramas? At Saltillo? — 18. What ia here said
of G en. Taylor ? Of Gen. Wool ?
Chapter IX. — 1. Of what was Com. Sloat ad%'ised? What
j)lace.s in California were taken on the 7th and 8th of July, 1846?
360 THE BI<;AR KKVOLUTION.
FT. IV. planted by Col. P'kemoxt, — who, with 63 men
FD. HI. hud been sent out in 1845 by the government with
ou. IX. ^i^g ostensible object of making peaceful explora-
^^.^ tions. Fremont being threatened with destruction
June and by Db Castko, the Spanish commandant, went
July, uoitli and aroused the American settlers in the neigh-
oiui tiie borliood of Sonoma, and on the river Sacramento.
'^aiifor-"'^''^^y added to his force, and he swept out the Mex-
nians ican authorities from around the Bay of San Fran-
the^Span- cisco and further north. The Ameiican Californi-
ish gov- ans, July 5th, declared their independence, and placed
Fremont at their head. A few days after, a rumor
(Called came that war existed between the United States
lievofu-"^ and Mexico ; when the California colors were joy-
tion, from fully pulled down and the American hoisted.....
adopted) On the loth of July arrived, in a frigate at Monte-
rey, Commodore Stockto^t. Fremont, with his
, battalion, now increased to 160 — placed himself un-
der Stockton's command. Commodore Sloat leaving
the station.
3. Gen. Castro went south to Los Angeles^ the
seat of civil government. Stockton and Fremont,
with their combined land and naval forces, followed.
Aug. 17. The Mexicans withdrawing, they took peaceable
institute's posscssion ; and Com. Stockton assumed, by procla-
S^aat "nation, the style of governor. He and Fremont
Angeles, then going north, a Mexican force under Gen. Flo-
BES retook Los Angeles and the southern towns,
driving out the American garrisons. Fremont in-
creased his California battalion to 428, with which
in December and January he assisted in the final
^ the conquest of California.
West— 4^ Army of the West. — Immediately after the
856. ' opening of the war, orders were issued by the Exec-
Lt Art.' ^ti"^6 for organizing an "Army of the West," to be
250, commanded by Gen. Kearny ; — for the object of
^e^ietel" taking, — and placing under American laws. New
of ord.)
3. Give some account of Col. Fremont and his military opera-
tions in California. Wlio arrived ? What further is said of Fre-
mont?— 3. What ha{3pened at Los Angeles? — 1. What was the
object of the Army of the W est S
GEN. KEARXY'8 MARCH. 361
Mexico and California. The army began, .Tune 5th, pt. iy.
to appear at the rendezvous, which was Fort Zeav- p'd. m.
enworth. Here the volunteers chose their own olB- ^^- '^•
cers. The men elected by them liad entered their j«-^
ranks as piivates. Doniphan was chosen colonel of jnne is*
the first Mijssouri regiment. All were for twenty ^^'^'^f']"^"
days instructed by such of their officers as had been
West Point students; and thus the military arts
and sciences infused into this celebrated school, by
Col. Sylvanus Thayer and his associates and suc-
cessors, were rapidly transfused into the capable
volunteers of the West.
5. Gen. Kearny having sent forward his baggage,
and taken in convoy the annual train of merchants' "^""l.^^
%vagons, now numbering 414 (going to trade at Army
Santa Fe and Chihuahua), set out with his army on ^^^^ "
the last of June. They moved south-westerly across Reach the
the river Kansas and its southern branches, — along Kansas,
the Arkansas to Bent's Fort ; thence south and T^'Jlr-
southwesterly to Santa Fe. kansaa.
6. A great portion of the region moved over, was
prairie ; — one wide, wild, unmeasured level, or gently
undulating field; — sometimes green, as far as the
eye could reach, with tall, rank grass, — and sometimes
gay with unnumbered flowers, — perhaps blushing, scenes
far round with the varieties of the prairie rose, — or
tinged orange with the wild lily ; and sometimes
showing the pale green and delicate white and red
of the moccasin flower, the " belle of the praii-ie."
Along the Ai-kansas the troops found great herds of
buffalo ; and cheerily joined the hunt, and enjoyed
the feast.
7. But they had many hardships. The ground
was often so soft and spongy that the wagons sunk ; June to
and the strength of the men must be added to that ^^- ^**
4. What occurred with respect to election of ofl5cers and disci-
pline, and where?— 5. What is said of a wagon-train which Gen.
Kearny was to convoy? What course was taken by the army in
their march to Santa Fe?— 6. Describe the prairie scenery, and
the chief pleasure of the army. — 7. What disagreeable scenes had
they to encounter ?
16
362 NKW MEXICO TAKEN.
P'T. lY. of the horses to drag them forth. Again, chasms
FD. III. must be filled, and torrents bridged ; and sometimes
*^ *^ the volunteers must lie down at night in places in-
_ fested with serpents, horned frogs, lizards, and mos-
* quitoes. Often they made long marches without
Avater, and sometimes with scarcely any food.
Ans. 18. 8- Gren. Kearny having thus marched 900 miles,
Gen. peacefully entered the city of Santa Fe, containing
entere^ about 2,000 inhabitants. He occupied the govern-
SantaF6. Qj.5g palacc, and planted above it, August 18th, the
jjgpg^^^ standard eagle of Republican America. The day
lishes civil after he proclaimed himself governor of New Mex-
^ment" i^^- He next required the principal men to swear
allegiance to the laws and government of the United
States.
9. Gen. Kearny having taken possession of New
Mexico, and organized a government, — it next be-
Bept 25. came his duty to proceed to California. He made
Kearny Chaeles Bext, civil govcrnor of Santa Fe ; and ap-
|i*nto F6. pointed Col. Doniphan, as his military successor ;
with orders, however, that on the arrival of volun-
teers under Col. Price, Doniphan should leave him
in command, proceed with his regiment and some
additional forces to Chihuahua, and there report to
Gen. Wool.
10. Proceeding down the Rio Grande, Kearny
rnontls "^^s ™^* ^y ^^ express from Col. Fremont,* by which
^moted he learned that California was already conquered.
**t^'' Selecting 100 men as his escort, he ordered the re-
Bervices.) ijjyh of his main force to Santa Fe. Crossing the
Rio Grande in latitude 33°, he reached the river
Nov 22 ^i^^? ^t the copper mines, on the 20th of October ;
Kearny and foUowing its course, he arrived at its mouth on
moUhV^he 22d of November, in lat. 32°. From this point
the Gila, he kept along, or near the Colorado, forty miles N. ;
thence westerly sixty miles, through an arid desert.
8. What were some of the circumstances of Gen. Kearny's tak-
ing Santa Fe and establishing government? — 9. What was Gen,
Kearny next to do? Whom did )ie leave to succeed him? What
orders did he give ?— 10. What information met Gen. Kearny and
what was his course of action ? Describe the route of Gen. Kearny.
CALIFORNIAN BATILES. 863
11. On the 2d of December, Gen. Kearny reached T'T. iv.
Wamas village, the frontier settlement of California, ro. iil
By capturing a Mexican express, he had learned the ^^ ^
revolt, and had sent to Stockton at St. Diego ; by jg^g
whose orders he was met on the 5th by Captain
Gillespie, with thirty-six men. A corps of the
enemy were near. The next morning the gen-
eral momited his little party on the jaded beasts,
which they had ridden from Santa Fe, 1050 miles, Dec. 6.
and at day-dawn went forth to San Pascal, — where p^g^^
he eno:a2;ed 160 mounted Californians. The Amer- Mex.
icans were Adctorious; — but these more northem °"*
troops sold victory at a dearer rate, than the south-
ern Mexicans. Kearny was twice wounded. Cap-
tains Johnson, and Mooee, and Lieut. Hammond,
were killed; — indeed, more than half the officers
were either killed or wounded, with 1 9 of the men.
When the surgeon appeared, the commander di-
rected, "first dress the wounds of the soldiers;"
and then fell, — fainting with exhaustion. Happily,
his wounds were not dansrerous. He reached San
Diego on the 12th of December.
12. On the 29th of that month. Com. Stockton ^§417
and Gen. Kearny, at the head of 500 marines with Jan. 8.'
the land forces, marched to the vicinity of Ciudad "^J/f^*
los Angeles to quell the revolt of the inhabitants, — Am. l. 20.
met and defeated them at San Gabriel, on the 8th 70!
of January, and the next day took peaceable posses-
sion of Los Angeles. The Californians, still in force, Jan. la
knowing that Fremont approached, passed the city, <^apito-
marched twelve miles north, and surrendered to him J. '^^^
at Cowenga, on an honorable capitulation. This
proved the final pacification of California. jan. li
13. The following day the American parties ^^^n^g®*
met at Los Angeles. Who should be governor ? ies.°
Stockton said it should be Fremont. General Jan. 17.
Kearny claimed the office on account of his su- -Ift^^sto
perior rank, and the President's authority. But °^T-
1 1. Describe the battle of San Pascal.— 12. Of San Gabriel—
the capitulation.- -13. Kelate the dispute concerning the gover-
norship.
364 dontphan's expedition.
PT. lY. Kearny's written order, Fremont refused to obey,
FD. HI. until further dii-ected, from Washington. Kearny
*^"' *• left him in the gubernatorial mansion ; and marched
1S47. forth, with the poor lemains of his party, to San Di-
"Keaniy^s" ego. Here he was i-einfbrced by the Mormon bat-
nmrch to talion under Col. Cooke. Leaving them, he sailed
Feb's" ^^ Monterey; where in conjunction with Com. Shu-
At brick, he made a proclamation as governor ; — annex
onterey. -^ California to the United States.
March 1. i^ . i i i i -n» •
ProciHina- 14. Jb rcmont learnnior, at lentjth that the 1 resi-
dent would not sustain his course, rode on horse-
^r'-'s^^ back, 400 miles in three days and ten hours, to make
Fremont's his submission to Kearny, at Monterey. . . . Col.
'journey!' -^^-^SON- arrived with orders to supersede Kearny,
and permit Fremont to join his regiment, or pui-sue
Aug. 22. his explorations. He was forced, instead, to accom-
pany Kearny in his overland journey by the South
1848. P^ss; — arrested by him at Fort Leavenworth, tried
His at Washington by a court-martial, and finally sen-
sentence, ^gj^ggfj ^Q iQgg jjjg commission. The President
offered its restoration, but Fremont would not accept
it at his hands.
CHAPTER X.
Doniplian's Expedition to Chihuahua. — Eevolt in New Mexico.
1846. 1- Three days after Gen. Kearny's departure
Sept 28. from Santa Fe, Col, Price arrived with his recruits.
arrive"at Col. Doniphan was awaiting this event to commence
Santa Fe. j^jg march upon Chihuahua. But on the 11th of Oc-
Oct 11 tober, he received an order from Kearny, dated "near
Doniphan La Joya," to march with his regiment against the
gainst Navajo Indians, — their chiefs not having come to
the Nava- Santa Fe to hold a peace-council with those of other
joes, jjj^j^jj nations, as they had been invited, and as they
had promised to do ; — but instead of this, they had
13. What was Kearny's course? — 14. What was Fremont's?
What was the result ?
Chaptkk X. — 1. What was Gen. Kearny's order to Col. Doni-
phan?
Doniphan's march. 365
made war on "the inhabitants of New Mexico, un- pt. it.
der the protection of the United States." fd. hi.
2. Winter was approaching, and the abodes of ^^- ^
the powerful Navajoes, the "mountain-lords" of un- 1§46.
known regions, extended far to the west. The more ''ipwajor'
thoroughly to scour their country, Col. Doniphan Giipm
divided his regiment into three parties, — one under about 750
Major Gilpin, to take a northern route ; one under Y^^^'^^ng^*
CoL. Jackson, a southern, while Doniphan himself
was to take a central range. All were to meet at Nov. 22.
OJo Oso, or the Bear Springs, — bringing in the "Pif^^y^
chiefs to hold a council. Notwithstanding incredi- ^^^_*
ble hardships, this was done; and on the 22d of joes.
November a treaty of peace and amity was made
i^^*^^"^- . . Dec 14
3. From ya?yer^e. Col. Doniphan moved his army Doni-
in three divisions ; with baggage-wagons and mer- P^y*
chant trains in convoy. He now crossed, a dreary move
desert of ninety miles, called the " Jourrfey of the vaiverde.
Dead," wliere was neither water, food, nor fuel. At
Donanna the army found refreshment. Dec 22.
4. At JBracito on the Del Norte, they encoun- nann&,"60
tered a Mexican force, commanded by Gen. Ponce m- from
DE Leon, who sent an officer with a black flag, de- **"'
manding Doniphan to appear before him. On re- ^^J?'
fusal, he said in haughty de^ance, " We neither ask cito.
quarter, nor give it !" The Mexicans advanced, *^2nof*^
firing three rounds. The~ Missourians falling upon ^e^i^*^
their faces, were supposed to be dead; but suddenly 'Am.
rising, they delivered a fire so fatal, that the foe fled '"^^ ^^•
in confusion, leaving about 200 killed and womided. w.7. to
5. In the dehghtful valley of JEl Paso del Norte^
the troops were fully recruited. Their march from
El Paso was forth into unknown hostile regions.
And now they had learned that Gen. Wool was not
at Chihuahua. But fearlessly they pressed on. They
encountered as they went from the Del Norte a
2. Whiit dik'isions of liis force were made by Col. D. ? For
what object ? Witli what result ?— 3. Describe the army's march
from Vaiverde to Do anna.— 4. What occurred at Bracito?— 6.
I>«»cribe the march from El Paso to Laguna de los Palos.
3G6 PASSs OF SACRAMENTO.
FT. IV. desert of sixty-five miles in extent, in wliich the
P'D. 111. whole army were in danger of perisliing fi'om thir.st.
CH. X. jVJany animals, and some men gave out, and lay
down to die. Many officers and sohiiers threw all
(El Paso* aside, and were running witri their last strength to
noted for to reach a lake ten miles distant. But that Frovi-
delicioiis , I • 1 £• 1 • 1 ■ 1 •
wines.) cience which so otten saved our armies d\iring this
t • • •
t Feb. 8. war, relieved their sufferings by a shower so copi-
i^""ei ^^^^'> ^^^^ ^^^^ torrent-streams came dashing from tlie
p'aso. rocks, to refresh and save them. Having at length
16th. reached the lake (Laguna de los Palos), they re-
fressVrom™^"^'^^^ to rccruit, ouc day only, and on the 18th
thirst, resumed their march.
6. Col. Doniplian, as he approached Chihuahua,
SACBA- learned that an army of 4,000 men had been raised
MENTO. to oppose him by Dox A>'gel Tkias, governor of
4,120! t!ie province. He met this formidable force strong-
Mex^K" 'y posted, and fortified with lieavy ordnance at the
k. 800, Pass of SacranieritCK eighteen miles from the cai)ital ;
Am! L. k. 3.nd his little army of about a thousand brave men
1, w. is. here defeated quadru])le mimbers of their enemies.
7. The city and province of Chihuahua were now
„ , „ at the mercy of the coiKiueror. He entered the
Doniphan succeeding day, Alarch 2d, and planted the colors
Chihua- ®^" ^^^^ countiy over a city containing 40,000 inliabi-
hua. tants, and having in its vicinitv some of the richest
mines in !Mexico. His soldieis marched by Parras
It ' to Saltillo, where at length they met Gen. Wool.
Saitiiio. Their term of service expiixnl on the last of May.
!By Camargo and the Rio Gi'ande, they arrived at
!New Orleans on the loth of June; having marched
5,000 miles since they left the Mississippi.
8. In the mean time the New Mexicans had se-
cretly conspired against the American authority.
Massacre Oil the 1 9th of January, at Fernando de Taos^ were
Beiuan'd cruelly muiKlered Gov. Charles Bent, Sheriff !Lee,
Mothers, and four other persons. Massacres occurred at
other places. Col. Price, the military commander
6. Give some account of the battle of Sacraraento. — 7. Of the
eMrance of Col. Doniphan into Chihualiua. Of his army's return
— 8. What occurred in New Mexico on the 19t& of Jou., 1847 1
KKVOLT QUELLED. 367
at Santa Fe, received the startling intelligence on_PTViv^
the 20th ; when he learned, that a force, iiourly in- fd. in.
creasing, approached him. On the 23d he marched ^"- ^'•
with 350 men, — met the foe on the 24th, near the 1847.
small town of Canada., attacked and defeated him ; ^Jf coT
and asrain on the 29th, at the mountain-gorge called Price
the Pass of Mnhudo. cana-
9. The Americans next had a march over the ^■^■
Taos mountain, through snows two feet in depth, '^^/su-
with a degi-ee of cold so intense, that many froze do.
their limbs. At Pueblo de Taos they met the ene- abou'r*
my, stormed his fortitications, and drove him from J'^^^
his position. The valuable lives of Captaix Bur-
GuiN and other officers were here lost. Fifteen Feb. 5.
Mexicans were executed as conspirators, Peace j^g^L*^"^
was now restored, but a fear of secret conspiracy 200, w. 60
I'emained.
1S46.
CHAPTER XI.
Scott's Invasion. — Vera Cruz. — Cerra Gordo.
1. Since Mexico refused to treat for peace, the
American Executive determined to strike at her
capital through Vera Cruz. Gen. Scott, the tirst
officer in the American army, Avas properly selected
to conduct this perilous enterprise. He was, on the
18th of November, notilied by Secketary Marcy Nov.18.
of his appointment, and directed, as we have seen, orders
to draw his force chiefly from Gen. Taylor. Santa
Anna was lying with 22,000 men at San Luis Potosi.
It would have seemed probable that he would have
turned towards Vera Cruz, and uniting with forces
in that vicinity, oppose, as he might have done, wMth
an army of more than 30,000 the landing of Gen.
8. What were the two first victories of Col. Price?— 9. What
the third and most important? How many were executed ? Was
confidence restored as well as peace?
Chapter XI. — 1. Of what w-as Gen. Scott notified, ard what
directed to do? VVhat is here stated conceriiing Saut» Anna's
position and movements ?
368 VERA CRUZ TAKEN.
FT. IV. Scott : — ratlier than to march against Gen. Taylor.
P'l) HI. But (as Scott learned after landing) Santa Anna
OH. XL chose the latter, and was defeated at Buena Vista.
1847. 2. The rendezvous of tlie several corps, wliich
an^24^ Were to compose the invading army, was the island of
BUENA Lobos, 125 miles from Vera Cruz. It was on the Vth
VISTA, of j\j[;^j.<3}^^ ^liat Gen. Scott embarked on board the
March T. transporting squadron, commanded by Com. Connkr.
Scott Reaching Vera Cruz on the 9th, he debarked his
his army, army on the west side of the island of Sacriticios.
atti,— Having vainly summoned the garrison to surrender,
B^rfflctos ^*^*^^^' with the aid of his engineers, of whom Col.
isth — ToiTEX "w^as chiet^ planted his batteries, and on the
begins the night of the 1 8th, bombarded the city. The fleet
*^ade!° l^nt its aid, although exposed to the fire of the castle.
3. On the night of the 27th, Vera Cruz, with the
strong castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, — the principal
March 26 commercial port and the strongest fortress in Mex-
VERA ico, were surrendered, with 5,000 prisoners (dis-
ySxil "hissed on parole), and 500 pieces of artillery. Two
pr. 5,000. meritorious American officers, Captaixs Alburtis
A m T
^ ^2. 3,nd Vinton, with ten privates, w' ere killed, Capt.
Swift, one of the brightest ornaments of the ser-
vice, who had organized a company of sappei"s and
miners, — too eager in duty for his impaired health,
fainted at the head of his corps, from over-exertion,
and died in the hospital. The discipline of Gen.
Scott's army was strict, and no invasion of private
rights was permitted.
4. Com. Pekry succeeded Conner in command of
ccaptatn i\^q Gulf SQuadron. Alvarado on the south was
n Motor, ■\ 1 rn 1 1 n-il A
with vai- captured, and I aspan on the north. IheAmen-
disreM-ect <^'^" govei'nment about this time adoj)ted the policy
lo his of drawing a revenue fi'om the conquered ; — U'st by
100^1*1- too much lenity, in paying for all needed supplies,
varado.) i\^q ^yar sliould become a pecuniary advantage to
to the Mexicans, and thus peace be deferred. Ainer-
2. Give some account of the embarkation and hmdr.iw of Scott's
army. Of tiie attack on Vera Crnz. — 3. Of the surrender. Of
the loss of officers and men. — 4. What places were captured by tha
navy ? What was done in reference to collecting a revenue?
scorrs makch. 369
ioan revenue officers were appointed, and impost ft. iv.
duties collected in the captured ports. p'p m'
5. On the 6th of April, Gen. Scott, leaving a gar- ch. jx
rison in Vera Cruz, sent forward the advance of his
army under Gen. Twiggs, on the road to Jalapa. ^^^\ ^
At the base of the grand eastern chain of the Cor- Army
dilleras, the other division of the army came up, andyeraCrui
the commander established a camp at Plan del Rio.
There lay before him an arduous and difficult ascent ^g"J^*'
through a mountain-gorge. Across this way, and
on the hei^nts which commanded it, bristled the
artillery ot the invaded foe, 12,000 strong, com-
manded by Sauta Anna, who declared that he would
die fighting rather tiian " the American hosts should
proudly tread the imperial capital of Azteca."
6. Gen, Scott found that the Mexican position
was so comman«ied by the batteries of the lofty
height of CeiTo uordo that approach in front was
impracticable. But, aided by the skill of his engi-
neei's, Lee and Bea.ukegard, he turned to the left,
causing to be made a new road, by which — ascend-
ing along difficult slopes, and over deep chasms, his
army might reach the rear of the enemy's camp.
After three days of secret labor, the road was made.
Oil the 17th of April, the commander published a April u,
general order for the next day, — showing how the ^'^a^ie"^^*
battle was to be gained, — how the flying were to be order,
pursued, — and how the greatest advantage was to
be reaped from the victory. All was done as he
commanded.
7. About noon the steep ascent was won. The ^erro
heights of Cerro Gordo were stormed by Tvt'iofsr's.?*^'^^^^-
brigade, — and the enemy's camp by a party led by i2,-i(ki.
Col. Harney, Gen. Shields (severely wounded),— ^"'s'iol'*''
and by Col. Rilev. At two o'clock, p. m., the enemy Mex l' k.
were put to flight, — more than a thousand having *i"s(io"
■ — Am. L. k.
ff-i!..-.,!-!/-,^ ,. . and w.4t)0,
5. J.0 what point did Gen. Scott move, and what was bis posi-
tion in rcfrur.l to the Mexiean army ?— 6. \Vii;it great advantage
was liere gained by tlie American" skill in engineering, and the
sagacious foresight of tlie commander ? Wiiat was his general
order?— 7. Give a sketch ef tiie battle of Cerro Gordo.
16*
1S47.
370 PEROTK. — I'UKBLA.
FT. IV fallen. Santa Anna and a part of liis array had fled,
P'D. III. and the eager pursuit had commenced. Scott, in
CH. XL Y^[^ orders before the battle, liad directed that the
pursuers should each take two days' subsistence,
and that wagons with stores should immediately
follow, so that they need not return.
8. On the 19th, the pursuing squadrons entered
and took possession of Jalapa. On the 22d, having
now attained the summit of the eastern Cordilleras,
Ar)rii 22. General Worth displayed the American banner from
Worth lY^Q unresisting castle of Perote, the strongest for-
town and tress in Mexico, next to San Juan d'Ulloa. Thus by
Perote^ vigorously following up this remarkable victory, the
enemy were unable to recover in time to make a
stand in this, their strongest inland post ; and thus
other battles Were saved.
9, Three thousand prisoners were taken at Cerro
Gordo, amonor whom were four erenerals. General
Scott dismissed them all upon pai'ole, having neither
(M pieces food to sustain, nor men to guard them. Santa
an^r"^"- Anna's equipage and papers Avere secured. , . From
tars were Perotc the army passed onwards, through that great
Perote.) table-vallcy between the grand chains of the Cordil-
leras, called "Terras F'rias," or the cold country.
On the morning of the 15th May, the advance un-
irmy at *^®^ Worth, entered Puebla^ the second city of Mex-
Puebia. ico. Containing 80,000 inhabitants. Eagerly did the
Mexican men and women look out from their bal-
conies and from the roofs of their houses, to see their
mighty conquerors. War-worn, and habited in the
sober hue of the American army, the Mexicans, ac-
customed to a gaudy uniform, looked upon them
with disappointment, and could find no reason but
one for their success. " Their leaders," said they,
" are gray-headed men."
7. Of the pursuit of the flyiiifr. — 8. Of the places now occupied
by the Americans. — 9. What was taken at Cerro Gordo? What
is here related of I'ucbla?
THE VALLKY OF MEIICO. 371
CHAPTER Xn.
8vato of the army. — Its march. — Coutreras. — Churabusoo.
1 . The American Executive about this time, sent ft. iy.
Nicholas P. Trist, as an agent to make the ex- p'd. iil
periinent, whether Mexico would not treat for peace. ^^ ^°-
But the oUve-branch was again rejected. The in- ^
terrnption of the ai-niy's activity caused by this
unavailing effort for peace, was opportune. Its (von died
numbers were lessened by sickness; for the climate ^•^P*""?'®'
though pleasant, pro\'ed so unhealthy, that hundreds ' at one
were in hospitals, and many died. The time for j,^[pj^^"^j
which large numbei's of the volunteers were enlisted, PueWa,
expired, and many had deserted. Congress had, deserted
however, passed a law, February 11th, 1847, author- '" ''"'^
izing ten new regiments ; and these bemg raised, & year.)
leinforcements were sent by the way of Vera Cruz ;
and althousrh not in sufficient numbers to admit of
leaving such garrisons beliind as would keep open
his line of supplies, yet General Scott determined to
move forward.
2. On the 7th of August he marched from Pue-
bla with 10,728 men, leaving more than 3,000 in ^ng. r.
hospitals, and as a garrison under Col. Childs. mMch
Keepino: the several columns into which he had di- J'"°™
. , S ^ ... . T T Puebla
vided the army, withm supporting distance, and through
himself accompanying the van, General Scott moved ^l^j^"
forth with his little army ; — like a second Cortez, to
encounter the unknown numbers which would be
brought against him, at the coming death-struggle
of an infuriated nation.
3. The march of the Americans was now through
a beautiful and cultivated region, whose abundant
waters flowed pure and cool. Soon they began to
Chapter XII. — I. What experiinent was now made by the
American Executive? What was now the condition of the army?
—2. In wliat manner did Gen. Scott with his army go forth from
Puebla? — 3. Describe the march of the army and the appearance
of the country.
S72 AYOTLA. EL PKNON.
P'T. IV. ascend the gradual slope of the great Cordilleras of
P'D. III. A)iahu;ic, central between the eastern and western
CH. xn. oceans. On the third day, their toilsome march
wound up through steep acclivities. At length they
A„;r. 10* I'eached the summit; and three miles beyond 7t60
First view JP/y'o, burst ui,)on their i>-aze, all tlie olories of the
of" t!l6 . ^ .
prand grand valley of Mexico. Spreading far rt)und and
Valley, beneath, weie its mingled lakes, plains, cities, and
cloud-capped mountains. The giant peak of Popo
catapetl was far to tiieir left ; before tliem lay the
lake Tezcuco ; and beyond it, the domes and towera
of the city of the Montezumas.
4. On the 11th, the advance Commanded by Gen.
Twig<2:s, i-e.sted at Ayotla, north of lake Chalco^ and
fifteen niiies from the capital. The remaining corps
were soon concentrated at small distances ; some on
the lake's eastern border. The ground plot of the
Ang. 11. city had foiinerly been an island. What was once
Advance {Jn, \ix\ie o\\ which it stood, was nt>w an oozy marsh.
Long straight causeways, easily raked by artillery,
led througli the marsh to the several gates, from the
great roads by wliich the city was approached; and
much the lono-est was that connected with the road
from Vei-a Cruz. But before reaching tlie cause-
ways was an exterior system of strong defences.
5. By the Vei-a Cruz road, on which the army
w^ere, the city could not be aj/proached, without first
encountering; the strono-est of the exterior foititica-
tions, that of JSl Penan. " No doubt," says Gene-
ral Scott, " it might have been carried, but at a gi-eat
and disproportionate loss, and I was anxious to spare
the lives of this gallant army for a general battle,
which I knew we had to win before capturing the
city, or obtaining the great object of the campaign
— a just and honorable peace."
A'^^-15 6. The commander then moved his troops 27
ArinV miles ; they making a new road directed by the en-
°^from^ gineers, over such sharp rocks and deep chasms, as
to St Au- 4. Where did the army rest, and what was their position in re-
gustine. gard to the Mexican capital ? — 5. Why did Gen. Scott uot ap-
proach the city by tlie V era Cruz road ?
SCIEXCE, SKILL, AND ENERGY. 373
tlie foe had not dreamed could be passed ; when, — ft iv^
having turned the lakes Chalco and Jochmnilcho^ pd, iil
they encam}>ed at lit. Avqiistine., on the Acapulco <"i- ^^i-
road, eiglit miles south of Mexico. From the camp, ,e*»
looking toNvards the ciLy, the defences on this road,
were the fortress of Antonio, and a mile and a half
further north, the strongly fortified hill of Churu-
busco. These could be approached in front only by
a dangerous causeway. By making a detour to the
west, Avhere lay yet other dangers, they might be
reached from the left.
7. Two movements, ordered by the commander,
were simultaneously made. Woith with Harney's
cavalry, went to menace Antonio in front ; while to
the left. General Pillow's division, consisting of
the brigades of Generals Pierce* and Cadwalla-
DER, conducted by the engineers, Lee, Beauregard, igiig.
and others, made a road through craggy rocks of ^^°^
ancient lava; whose crevices shot up the thorn- Contrer«»
armed maguey, and whose deep chasms were filled
with water. To cover and support the working
party, was sent General Twiggs' division, made up
of the brigades of Generals Riley and Persifeb
Smith.
8. In the afternoon of the second day, after ac-
complishing nearly three miles of this difficult road,
the troops found themselves within cannon-range of (Xhe
the enemy's fortified camp at Contreras, command- troops
ed by General Valencia, with 6,000 men, sur- rlngeof
mounted by 22 heavy guns, and communicating by ^f^JJ*"
a good road with Mexico, and also with the main treras.)
camp of Santa Anna, which was lying two miles
nearer the city. Upon this road the American sol-
diers saw the Mexicans hurrying to the scene of
action.
* Gen. Pierce afterwards became President of the Union.
6. To what position did he remove his army, and by what
means ? What was now his position in reg'ard to the Mexican
city and army? — 7. What movements were next ordered and
eflfected ? — 8. Whut was now the position of the party sent to the
left?
874 CONTRKRAS.
P'T. IV. 9. FiG^htins: now bemns, in Avhich tlie divisions of
P'D. III. Twiggs and Pillow, especially Riley's brigade, are
CH. XII. engaged. They advance, though suiicering from the
-„.^ enemy's tire. About sunset, the commander, now
* on tiie field with fresh troops, gives to Col. Moii-
GAN of the regular infantry an order, which, aided
Viiifigeof by General Shields of the volunteers, he executes;
^ken* t'^^"'? ^^^^ village of Ansalda, Avhich lay on the
road from the fortified camp, to that of Santa Anna,
The enemy's line of reinforcements was now cut.
enofficprs ^^- ^i^'^t, — cold, dark and rainy, closed in.
sent by Comfortlcss was the condition of the troops, remain-
6u"ndmvn'^i"g without food OF slccp, upon the ground. The
to carry officers at Ansalda, in their perilous position, — sep-
notone arated as they were fi'om their commander by the
ki'^reach^ ^^"^^^^ impassablc* lava-ficld ; whose crags, on ac-
insAn- count of the rain-flood, were interspersed by tor-
jsng^rdf rents, — now found resources in their own genius,
the 19th. courage, and union.
11. General Pe;Ji^fer Smith proposed to set out
at midnight, surprise and storm the camp at Con-
treras. From that moment, dark forebodings passed
from the army, and each officer and man, as by spon-
taneous movement, fell into his proper place. Gen.
Shields extending his 600 men into a long line, and
keeping up fires, was interposed between the storm-
ing party and the camp of Santa Anna, with his
12,000 reserve. One messenger alone — Lee, the
engineer — found his dark and watery way over the
. ^ lava-rocks, and carried to the gratified commander
•f the 2orh the tidings of the gallant attitude of his troops, —
»r August. ^jj(j ^igQ ^j^g request of Gen. Smith, for co-operation.
Scott complied, by sending with the messenger the
force under Twiggs, to Contreras at five in the morn-
ing — to aid, by making a diversion in their front —
the storming party, approacliing the enemy's rear.
9. What wai? now done, and what advantage gained by the
Americans? — 10. What was the uigrht of the 19th of August, and
the condition of the troops? — 11. What plan was proposed, and
bv whom? What part had Gen. Shields? What was done by
Lee? Wliut by Soott?
cnuRTjBusoo. 375
12. A little past midnight, Generai Smith sets for- ft. iv.
ward, conducted by engineer Smith, — Col. Riley p'd. iil
leading the van. The rain continues to fall in tor- ^'^ ^"■
rents, and their progress is slow. So profound is ,e*«
the darkness, that the men must touch each other as co2r. '
they move, lest they divide, and some be lost, ^^^^ff^,f^
sunrise they storm the intrenchments, and precipi- T.ooo;
tate themselves upon the surprised Mexicans. Dis- nJore"?*
may and carnage prevail for seventeen minutes, sight
when the camp is carried. Eighty-eight officers eTg&dT
ftnd 3,000 men are made prisoners. Thirty-three ^'^^•
pieces of artillery are captured ; among which are too, p'r.
found two of those so honorably lost by O'Brien at^'l^.^'*''*
Buena Vista. They are received with shouts of joy Am. l. k.
by the victors of Contreras; in which the com-*°*^^'
mander, now present, heartily participates.
13. General Scott next directed a grand move-
ment upon Churubusco, to which the victory already
achieved, oj^ened the way. Moving northeasterly
by the road througii St. Angel, he keeps the centre
of the extended field, while General Worth on his Astonta
extreme right, is driving the now terrified garrison
from Antonia. General Shields, who at Contreras,
had kept for hours the whole army of Santa Anna
in check, was in command of the extreme left; still
charged with the dangerous duty of keeping olT the
grand Mexican army from tlie immediate object of
attack. In the centre, General Twiggs presses for- Augn^t
ward to Churubusco, and entering it from the west, ^^^^'^^
attacks one of its two strong defences, the fortified Busoe.
church of Sa)i Pablo. In the mean time. Worth, .
joined by Pillow and Cadwallader, comes in from
Antonio, and furiously carrying the stronger fort-
ress, called Tite du Pont, or Bridge's Head, he turns
its guns upon the citadel-church, which now surren-
ders.
1-4. Meantime, Shields, Piej-ce, and others, are^^""^
figliting a bloody battle with Santa Anna, with fear- -lioda.
12, DescriVj9 the approach to Contreras, and the storming of
the estmp. — 13. Describe the approaoh to Churubusco, and th«
assaalt.
870 . CLOSE OF A GREAT DAY.
_p-T\jv. ful odds against them. Scott sent successive regi-
¥'D. III. nients to tlieir aid. Churubusco was now taken, —
OH. xm. ^]^Q brave old General Kinoon, its conunander,
««--^ havinix surrendered. Santa Anna abandoned the
* field, Wortli and Shields pursued. Col. Hakney
with his dragoons dashed by tlieni, and one of his
officers, Captain Kearny, not liearing the call to
return, followed the flying Mexicans to the very
gate of the capital, in which the army of Santa Anna
was now inclosed.
CHAPTER XIII.
Armistice. — Molinos del Rev. — Chapultepec. — Mexico.
1. The commander, following up his victory,
6enere«« miorlit now have entered Mexico. But he was not sent
proceed- ^ , ^ il
lugs of to conquer the country, but to "conquer a i:)eace,"
Scott ^^^ p,y believed tliat the reduction of the capital
Aug 21 would delay, rather than accelerate this result. He
did not wish to drive the government away from
the city dishonored. " The army," says Scott in his
dispatches, "are Avilling to leave to this republic
something on which to rest her pi-ide, — and they
cheerfully sacrifice to patriotism the eclat that would
have followed an entrance, sword in hand, into a
great capital."
2. Tacnhaya now became the head-quarters of
24th. the American army. The general-in-chief occupied
*Ton-'°* the archbishop's palace, with its beautiful gardens.
eluded. Here he negotiated with Mexican commissioners an
armistice, as a step preparatory to a final peace.
byUiL- But the Mexicans Avould not agree to the terms
Mcxicnus. proposed ; and they, violating the armistice by
strengthening their defences, General Scott de-
claretl it at an end. The Mexicans then called on
14. (Tive a sketch of the closing scene of the victories of till*
"great day in war."
Chaitek Xlil. — 1. Wliat were the reasons why General Soot<
now fur 1)0 re to enter Mexico? — 2. What effort* wore now niada
tor peace, and how did they result?
EL MnLIja)S DEI, REY. u77
the prcA-inces to come to their aid in mass; and by ft. iv.
fire — or poison, — by any weapon, in any manner, to pd. iil
uijure and destroy the invader. *^"- *'"•
S. From Tacubaya, Mexico was in full view — lej^y
northeast, and distant three miles. North — bear-
ing a little east — distant a mile — ros© in beautiful gcott's
pi-ospect, the fortified hill of Chapultepec; its por- p^^'^''^J»
phyritic rocks abruptly descending on its southern to Mexico
and eastern sides, — while to the west, the hill fell defcni^
gradually, with a gentle, wooded slope, till it met
the fortified building of stone, called El Molinos
del Rey^ or the King's Mills. A quarter of a mile
west of the fortified mills stood another stone for-
tress called Casa Mata. These were the obstacles
which now barred the way of the Americans to the
capital ; and they constituted the supporting points
of the Mexican army, ranged behind them, headed
by Santa Anna, and amounting to fourteen thousand.
4. After reconnoiterinar, Scott gave the order for . , „
1 -Kt ^^ 1 IT-. • • • ' Bents.
an assault on Mohnos del Key, committmg its exe- m'oli-
cution to Worth. A terrible battle was fought, — ^f^l
and an important but melancholy victory was won. key.
The commanders had been deceiv.ed as to the ene- iLooo.*^
mv's strength, which was five times that of the as- A.'"- "'^o-
*"' \lt*X 1.1.
sailing party. In the heat of the action, Major severe but
Weight, assisted by Masox of the engineers, fell ""r^soo"'
upon the enemy's centre, and took his main field- 52 officers.
battery ; when so furiously did he charge to regain t! neT
it, that of fourteen American officers, eleven fell. .'*^:^^'
Among the number were Wright and Mason. One 49 officer*,
brigade lost its three senior officers, — Col. ]McIx-
Tosii and Major Waite, wounded, and Col. Mar-
tin Scott, killed. Casa Mata was blown up, and
El Molinos dismantled.
5. It was at the beautiful hill of Chapultepec^
where once arose the veritable " Halls of the Monte-
rumas." Here was now the military school of^Mex-
2. What call was made upon all Msxican citizens ? — 3. What
was tiie position of the city, regarded from the American hcad-
qaarters { — 4. Give an account of the battJa of Molinos del Key.
— 5. Wb«re were tho " Halls of the iloateaumasy
378 CHAPULTEPEC. MEXICO.
P'T.iv. ico, and the last exterior defence of the successors
P"D. III. of Cortez to that capital wliich he liad so iniqui-
cu. iiii. tQ^^-]y taken, shedding seas of blood, because " the
-„ _, Spaniards had a disease of the heart, which nothing
(* See * could assuage but gold." * The God of battles, who
^'■'^s'=|''^^'» had so signally made the Amei-ican armies the means
ofMex- of chastising the Spanish Mexicans for national cru-
'*^'^ cities, again led them to victory.
Sept 11. ^- ^^^ ^^® night of the 11th of September, Gen-
Four eral Scott caused to be erected four heavy batter-
erected.* ies, bearing on Chapultepec. On the 12th, the out-
works of that fortress began to give way. On the
ciiA- 13th was the battle. The officers and men were all
^PEC^' P^'oi'^ip^'y ill the places assigned them, by eight
(See Mex- o'clock in the morning.
ICO.) ^J^ ThQ cannonade ceases for a moment. It is the
signal for the assault. In an instant the assailants
^jj^ are in rapid motion. General Quitman hastens
fortress Ironi the south, General Persifer Smith from the
Btormed. southeast, and General Pillow, with Col. Clark,
from the wooded slope on the west. The batteries
throw shells into the fort over the heads of their
friends, as they begin the furious attack. The gar-
rison, though they fight M'ith desj^eration, are over-
powered. Some yield, and others attempt to j-etreat.
Sept IS. 8. Meantime the main force under Santa Anna,
MEXICO in the rear of Chapultepec, is attacked and defeated,
more than by Gcn. Worth. Directed by the commander, he
AmTIno P'^''sues the enemy as he flies to the city, pressing
Me.x. L. forward to enter, by a circuitous route, the San
"'^r'^y"'" Cosme gate on the northwest. Gen. Quitman, in
e.xcttpt the mean time, follows the flying foe to the city, by
c,V'o"k., a route direct from Cliapultepec.
de'^cVt'od ^* ^'^^^- Scott, meantime, advanced with Wortli
Aim. L. into the suburb of /Sa^- (7o5;«e, where oi»posing l)ut-
6ept^i2 ^^y^.JQg were takc.'n ; but he returned at night to Cha-
k. lit'- pultepec, to look with a father's care to the condi-
lO offii-ers; ^ __2
SS officers. 6. Relate the operations previous to the assiiult on Chapultepec.
— 7. Describe the assault — the defeat and fli;j'ht of tlie enemy,
— 8. The purtsult by Worth — by Quitman. — t). What was now the
•onduot or Gen. Scott?
MEXICO TAKEN. 879
tion of all, — the living, the v/ounded, and the dead. pt. iv.
Worth, as instructed, remained in the suburb until fd. iii.
morning. But General Quitman, accompanied by ^^- ^"^
Shields and Smith, rested that night within the city ; i a^.,
having changed the fuint which the commander or-
dered, into a real attack, by which they entered
(though Avith considerable loss) the Belen gate. "
They had not yet passed the formidable citadel.
10. At four o'clock on tlie inorning of the 14th, sopt 14
Gen. Scott iiavinsf returned to San-Cosme, the Mex- Mkxico
ican authorities sent him a deputation, desiring of
him terms of capitulation ; their army having tied a
little after midnight. Gen. Scott replied that the
Americans would come under no terms but such as
were self-imposed, and demanded by honor, by
the spirit of the age, and the dignity of the Ameri-
can character. Worth and Quitman, as directed, (The Am
moved cautiously forward, — Worth to the Alameda, ^^"^
aod Quitman to the Grand Plaza, where the victo- hoisted at
rious army reared above the National Palace of
Mexico, the stars and strijjes of the Republic of jfe'
America. ^
11. Three hours before noon, Gen. Scott made Sepki4.
his entrance, with escort of cavalry, and flourish of ^2/^
trumpets ; and as hia towering figure approached the entrauca
grand plaza, he was loudly and warmly cheered by
shouts, which arose from the hearts of his companions
in arms. . . . The troops for twenty-four hours now
sutfered from the anarchy of Mexico more than her
prowess had been able to inflict. Two thousand
convicts, let loose from the prisons, attacked them ^m^d
from the house-tops, at the same time entering houses destroj.
and committing robberies. The Mexicans assisting,
these felons were quelled by the morning of the loth.
12. Gen. Scott gave his army, on the day of his
entrance into Mexico, orders directing that compa-
nies and regiments be kept together, that "there be
_ 9. The position of Wortli ? of Quitman? — 10. What negotia-
tions now took phicc ? How did the two parties enter the city!
— 11. ^Vhat is said of Gen. Scoit'e entraace ? How did the troops
aow sutler!
380 OLOSK OF TirS WAR.
FT. IV. no disorders, no straofccling, no drunkenness. INFa-
P'D. III. rauders sluiU be punislied by courts-martial. Tlie
CH. iiv. honor of the army, the honor of our counti'y, eall
o ,, for the best behavior from all. The valiant must,
Scott en- , . , 1 . ,• /^ 1 T 1 • 1
joins to vvm the approbation or (jod and their country, be
br7rt"y,and^'^^'^''' Orderly, and merciful."
mercy. 13. On the 16th, he called on the army to return
public and private thanks to God for victory. On
the 19th, for the better preservation of order, and
suppression of crime, he proclaimed martial law.
Thus protected by the American army, the citizens
of Mexico were more secure from violence, and
from fear of robbery and murder, than they had
ever been under their own flag:.
CHAPTER XIV.
Treaty of Peace.
1. Mexico was now conquered; and if the Re-
1847'. public of America, like that of ancient Rome, de-
sired to subjugate neighboi-ing nations, nothing hin-
dered her taking possession of the whole country.
But American annexation — making equal States of
a race unfit for freedom — would have been a suici-
dal policy. To bring forward a Mexican govern-
ment, with which peace could be made, became at
this period, the difficult task of the well-meaning of
both nations.
ROZA- 2. The remaining occurrences of the war, were
i£'5. mostly confined to skirmishes of American soldiers
k. snfiw. marching to join Scott, and guerilla parties watch-
Anf l"20.^"& to cut them off. At the north, however. Gen.
(Gen p. Sterling Price, marching to the aid of Scott from
Mexican Ncw Mexico, fell in with a Mexican force, fought
couinian- —
derand 42 12. What were now the orders of Gen. Scott? — 13. What waa
officers.) done on the 16th of September ? on the 10th ?
Chapter XIV. — 1. Suppose America, like ancient Rome, haJ
desired to subjugate nei^hborinor nations'? What was now tl:e
desire and the ditScult task of tlie well-meaning' of both nations f
— 2. What may be said of the remaining circumstances of the war I
TKICATY OF PEACE. 381
and defeated it. This was, un fortunately, after tLe p't. it.
treaty of peace had been signed. fd. iil
3. Santa Anna, abandoned by his troops, resigned *^ ^"^•
his offices on the 18th of October, and soon became m*^
a fugitive. The supreme power passed into the
hands of Senor Pena y Pena, by virtue of liis office
as President of the Supreme Court. He forthwith
sent his circulars, calling on the several States in
pathetic language, to send deputies to Queretaro, to
ti"eat for peace. A Congress there assembled on kov. ii.
the 11th of November, which appointed four com- ^p^^^";^"
missioners, to arrange with Mr. Trist the plan of a appoint
treat3% Meantime, that gentleman had lost the ^l^aert
confidence of the American Executive, and his
powers had been revoked. Nevertheless, with Gen-
eral Scott's approbation, he presumed, in this emer-
gency, to act.
4. On the 2d of February, the treaty was signed ^^.a
by- Mr. Trist and the Mexican commissioners at the peb. 2.*
city of Guadalupe Hidalgo^ and twenty days after- Treaty
wards it was submitted by the President of the Uni- ®f p°*"
ted States to the Senate. That body adopted it j^ * "^^fi
with alterations. President Polk then appointed -'2(i.- L:tid
two gentlemen, Me. Sevier, of the Senate, and Mr. the seriate
Clifford, attorney-general, to proceed with the •'^^'^
modified treaty to Queretaro. There, on laying it
before the Mexican Congress, the President elo-
quently urged its acceptance, and it was ratified by
a large majority.
5. On the 21st of February, the beloved and ven-
erated patriot, John Quincy Adams, who, since his
presidency, had served his country in the national le- Feb. 23.
gislature, fell from his seat during the debates of the E^-presu
house of representatives, struck by a fatal paralysis, dent j. q.
Congress, in both its branches, suspended public ac- "'"^
2. What of the buttle of Eozales?— 3. What is said of Santa
Anna? What cliange in the supreme power now occurred in
Mexico? How was a congress called? When and where did it
assemble, and what do? — 4. When and where was the treaty of
peace signed? Wiiat action was taken upon the treaty in the
Uuited States? What commissioners were appointed ? — 5. What
occurred on the 21st of Febraarj- ?
382 TREATY STirULA'nONS.
P'T. IT. tion ; and its inembers were waiting as aronnd the
P'D. III. couch of a dying father. He expired, in Christian
OH. XIV. jiQpg and resignation, on the 2.'kl, saying: "Tliis is
1 SJ-fi ^^^ ^^^^ *-*^ earth."
6. Peace was declared to the American army in
May 29. Mexico, on the 29th of May, by General Butler,
Peace -^yj^Q ^yj^g^ i^y order of the government, left in com-
eiaimed in mand of the army by General Scott, he being about
M«rioo. ^Q i-eturn to the United States.
7. The treaty stipulated that all Mexico should
be evacuated by the American armies within three
months. Prisonei-s on each side \iiire to be released ;
and Mexican captives made by Indians within the
limits of the United States, were to be restored.
These limits, as they affect Mexico, were to begin
Bom da- ^^ ^^^^ moutli of the Rio Grande — thence to proceed
rie^ along the deepest channel of that river to the south-
ern boundary of New Mexico. From thence to
the Pacific, they were to follow the river Gila,
and the southern boundary of Upper California.
This boundary is now removed south, including a
Territory called Arizona.
8. Citizens of New Mexico and Upper California,
allowed a are allowed a year to make their election^ — whether
choice, they will continue Mexican citizens, and remove their
property (in which case they are to receive every
facility), or whether they will remain and become
citizens of the United States, The American govern-
ment, not sanctioning the right of conquest by war,
jj^jj^ is to pay to 3Iexico^ for the lands she receives yVom
paid for her, Jifteeti millions of dollars ^ and also to assume
^ready" ^^^''' ^ebts to American citizens, to the amount of
?lTi\ ^^''^6 7niUions and a half more. Three millions
were paid to Mexico in hand ; Congress having the
preceding winter placed that sum with the President,
6. Wlicn and by whom was peace proclaimed in the city of
Mexico? — 7. Jlention some oftlie stipulations of t!ie treaty? De-
scribe the bouiidurv between the United States and Mexico. — 8.
Wliat was stipulated respectincr Mexican citizens in the ceded
territory? Wh:;t money was paid, and wliat j'et remains to be
paid by tlie United States as a consideration for the territory
acquired ?
quered.
A CONTRAST, 383
in anticipation of sucli an event; — the reraainin'T ft. iv.
twelve millions to be ])aid in iiistalments. I'tTiiiT
9. The Territory of Wisconsix \s'as admitted into <^°- ^i''"-
the American Union as a State on the 29th of May, ,g,.g
1848. Tlie JMcxican treaty was brought home by May 29.'
]Mr. Sevier ; Mr. Clifford remaining in Mexico as
Anserican envoy. President Polk made his procla- -^''y *•
mation of peace on the 4th of July, 1848 ; the lirst pr<>.
day of our seventy-third national year. claimed.
1 0. The American armies have evacuated Mex-
ico. The remains of officers who died in the ser- p^^^^^^.^ ^^
vice of their country, have been brought home to the army,
be honored in deatli, and to find tlieir last repose
among their friends. And the soldiers too — they
who fought so bravely for their native land, — have
returned. Regiments that went forth full and fresh,
have returned, — smitten and scathed. Many is the
desolate heartli, to which the son, the husband, the
father, shall return no more. No kindred eye shall the*com-
weep at his grave. He is buried with the undis- "i"i
/ • • soldier
tinguishab}6 dead, who fell in the foreign battle-
field, OT^-^ied in the hosiDital. Thirty thousand Am. L. in
American lives, it is calculated, have been sacrificed ^^^IJ^p^-^j
in this war; and about seventy-five millions of ^meii.
money expended, — and we know that the sacrifice of donp'&
of Mexican life and'j)roperty, has been still greater.
11. Let the value of money be estimated by the 1847
good that it may be made to do, and we shall see 2^3^ ^^^,^^3
the magnitude of the evils which, in a pecuniary 'from
way, war inflicts. Ireland was visited with famine the" sioo'p-
in the winter of 1846-7, from the failure of crops, f-"^^^
especially that of the potato. The benevolent among town,
us were moved with compassion, and contributed Y^^^et
money and food to her relief. The government in she an-
• -^ , , 1 r I,- i. • • choredat
one mstance sent a public ship to carry provisions cork,
thus contributed.* The very heart of affectionate AprU22.)
9. What new State was added to the Union, and when ? When
did President Polk proclaina peace ? — 10. What is said concern-
ing tlie return of the army? — 11. How may the vahie of money
bo CBtimated? What was the condition of Ireland and what tli©
relief aontributed by this country 1
ii84 WHICN TO PKEVJCNT WAR.
P'T. lY. Ireland overflowed with gratitude; and England
P'D. III. and Scotland, themselves suflerers in a less degree
cii. XIV. fj.Q,^ ^iie same cause, felt and praised our liberality.
l§4y. Thus we blessed others, and were ourselves blessed
/nehi'ies ^^^. I'stum ; and the money which it cost us, wa3
soldiers' about half a million of dollars ; Avhereas, we paid
landStf three hundred millions,* to kill and distress the
widows' Mexicans, . . The time to act for the prevention of
pensions, ,. . . A . ,
&0.) war, as oi mcendiansm, is when none is raging ; and
those to move first in tlie cause of peace, should be
nations and men, of undoubted courage and ability
in war. The Mexican contest has placed our Re-
public in that position. No country has at any pe-
riod shown braver soldiers, or better ofiicers.
11. How is the expense of this good deed and that of ibe
Mexican war contrasted }
'?\VvYv'?>--?<.'=.r. ^~0 Lonpitude Ji7;st front Greenwich \VQ
vv!dsi
First dIscoTery of Gold In California
PEUIOD IV.
THK TBBATT OF
} 1§4§
OTJADALtrPB HIDAXOO,
TO
THE COMPBOMISE i IS SO* ] UEAS1TEES.
CHAPTER I.
Oregon. — American California. — Capt. "Wilkes' Exploring Ejqiedi-
tion. — Capt. Fremont's Explorations. — Discovery of Gold and
its Effects.
1. Oregox. — In the valley of the Walla- walla,
the worthy Pi-esbyterian missionary, Dr. Whit-
man, with his wife and twelve others, were barbar-
ously murdered by the Cayuse Indians. The peo-
ple petitioned Congress for protection and a Terri-
torial government. The northern members desired
that slavery should be prohibited; the southern,
that it should be recognized. The day before the
session closed, tlie Territorial bill was passed, with a
clause forbidding slavery ; this having been con-
FT. IV.
FD. IV.
CH. L
1847.
Nov. 2.
Murder of
Dr. Whit-
man and
familj".
1§4§.
Aus. 13.
Oeegox a
territory.
Chaptek T. — 1. What occnrred in Oregon? What petition
followed ? Ilow was the petition met in Congress ? What was
the final lesult of the petition?
388 AMKRlOAjSf CAIJF(.)JiNIA.
FT. lY. sented to by some southern members, and sanc-
FD. IV. tioncd by tbe pres^ident, on tlie ground that Oregon
.oiLL lies wholly north of latitude 36° 30'; that being the
line of the Missouri compromise.
2. Amepjcan California was called by the Mex-
icans New or Upper California^ in distinction from
the peninsula, which was named Old or Lower Cal-
s\T Vr&n- '^/o7'nia. It was discovered La 1579, by Sib Frak-
•^^^^Drake CIS Drake. He Called the country JVeto Albion^
NewCaii-and took possession of it for his sovereign, Elizabeth
fornia. of England. But the English lost the right imjiart-
ed by discovery, as they sent out no colonies.
3. The Sj^anish under Cortez had discovered Old
1<tO^ California. About 1603 Philip III. of Spain sent
ViscainVs Sebastian Viscaixo, wlio discovered and took pos-
discovery. gesion of the harbors of San Diego and Monterey.
Attempts of the Spaniards to colonize the country,
proved ineflfectual, on account of the hostility of the
natives, whom the emigrants provoked by ill-usage.
The Spaniards, however, frequented the coast, on
account of its valuable pearl fishery.
_, 4. Tlie first permanent settlement in New Cali-
First set- y''^^'^^^? ^<^* « Franciscan mission at San Diego.
tiementofXhe Spanish king had given to the priests leave to
cans. ' settle in the country, for the purpose of converting
the natives to Christianity. They selected the most
minions. ^^^^^^6 lands, and founded twenty-one missions,
each occupying about fifteen miles square. The
buildings were all contained in an inclosure made of
adobe or sun-dried brick. To the principal missions
^^and°^ was attached a, presidio, where was a quadrangular
presidios, fort of adobe. In this was stationed a company of
soldiers, to protect the missions from the natives,
and to aid in bringing their feeble and disorderly
tribes into subjection to the priests.
2. What was American California called by the Mexicans, and
why? When discovered ? and by whom ? Did it remain under
the English ? — 3. Give an account of the Spanish discoveries.
Of the results of tlieir first attempts to colonize. — 4. Where was
the first permanent settlement ? By whom made ? For what
object ? How many missions were there ? Describe thorn.
KEW MEXICO. 3S9
5. The order of things was not favorable to the P'T. iv.
increase of population. The missions were made np pd. I7."
of monks and nmis ; and to tliese were added the ^^ ^
soldiers of the presidios, not allowed by the priests The
to bring their wives into the country, A few, how- supl-tme.
ever, had taken with them their families, and a f §40
small number of towns had thus sprung up; the (The en-
largest of which were Z,os Angeles, Monterey, '^^^ '^'lauon of"
Diego, and San Francisco — neither of which con- California
tained, in 1840, a thousand inhabitants. mateVat
6. This country, during the Spanish rule, consti- f-^$^\
tuted a part of the viceroy alty of Mexico, or New 5,noi» are
Spain. When Mexico became a federal republic, "^^^'^*-)
not finding California sufficiently populous to form a (\^g^!
State, she established over it a Territorial govern- geies con
ment, of which Los Angeles and Monterey were the i,5t)o"in-
SeatS. habitants.)
1. New Mexico. — In 1581, a party of adventur-
ers from Mexico, under Fbaxcisco de Levya Bo-j^*^ grst
NiLLo, visited the country, and finding similar abo- explored,
riginal inhabitants, mines, etc., they gave it the name
of New Mexico. In 1594 the Count de Monteret, 1594,
then viceroy of Mexico, sent the gallant Juan de ^J'^.*^ <=?'<>■
Onate of Zacatecas, to take formal possession in
the name of Spain ; and to establish colonies, mis-
sions, and "presidios." The country then became
settled, and was divided into three parts, of which
Safita Fe was one. The Indians among whom they
settled, were far more civilized than the surround-
ing aborigines. In 1681 they drove out the Span- i6Sf.
ish inhabitants, who rallied at their southernmost Natives
town. El Paso del Norte, and at length regained ^"^
the whole country. 1824.
8. In 1821, the journal of Pike, a volunteer Pike's
explorer from the United States, inflamed curios- it^Icte
attentioi
5. Which were the largest of the small towns of Spiinish set-
tlers?— 6. What changes occurred in California with respect to
government? — 7. Give an account of the first party who visited
is'ew Mexico. Of the second. How was tlie country divided?
What Wiis done by the natives in 1681 ? Where did the Spaniards
rally ? — 8. What Explorer published a journal ?
.'JOO U. 8. EXrLOKfNO EXPEDITION.
P'T. IV. ity, and thus produced enterprise. Mexico had
PD. IV. now b^'coine indepeudent of S]>ain. Adventurers
CH. I. fi-Qi^^ Missouri, follovvinp; the track of Pike, opened
_„jj_ a ti'ade through Santa Fe to Chiluiahua on the
Congress soiith, and to the Gulf of Cnliioniia, on tlie west.
take tiie Tiicir annual caravans of tradiri<:!:-\va<j:ons beina; en-
under diuio'cred bv hostile Indians, Senator Benton, of
tgg[jj,'^^' Missouri, obtained of Congress, in 1825, an act to
keep open the way and afford them military prolec-
1846. tion. When Gen. Kearny went, in 1846, to con-
quer New Mexico, he convoyed the trains of mer-
chant wagons, amounting to 414, and travelled over
the rough way thus opened for the traders,
9. The American government, in 1838, sent out a
1S41. naval Miyloring Expedition^ under Capt. Charles
Captain WiLKES. lie prououuced the harbor of San Fran-
■Wilkes. qIsco to be " one of the finest, if not the very best in
(San the world." The inhabitants M-'ere few, and their
contaTned dwellings poor. The most prominent man in the re-
■Jli^*''' cion was Capt. Sutter, a Swiss bv biith ; but emi-
1,500 in- -^ . _.. .'. '. ' -_
habitants: grating irom Missouri. Having obtained irom Mex-
ismfd- ^^^ ^ grant of land, thirty leagues square, he located
1850,' his residence within it, and built a fort at the conllu-
' '' ence of the American river with the Sacramento.
1§42. ^^' In 1842, Lieut. Fremont, being ordered with
June 10. a party of about twenty, on an exploring tour, left,
tour ofex- J^J^^ 16, the mouth of the Kansas, — travelled along
pioration. itg fertile vallcy — struck off upon the sterile banks
Jio'^wiwra- of the Platte — ^tbllowed its South Fork to St. Vrain's
*«^^[^^'^Fort; — thence northerly to Fort Laramie, on the
line of North Fork of the same stream. Following up,
(Ku^Cal- fi'om this point, the North Fork, and then its afilu-
nwas ent, the Sweet Water river, he was conducted by a
guide.) .
sun
Bis
8. "When did New Mexico begin to be visited by Americans ?
What has been done by traders, and what by Concjress to en-
courage them ? Who obtained of Congress a military way ? Who
travelled over it ? When ? On what occasion ? — 9. Give an ac-
count of the naval exploring expedition. What said Capt. Wilkes
of the bay of San Francisco? Wiio was the most prominent man
in the eoantry ? What is said of his location ?-^10. Wliat is the
date of Fremont's first exploring tour? Describe his route.
(^Learri, ithj your Map.)
THE HAND OF PROVIDK-NCE. 891
gentle ascent, to that wonderful gateway iu the pt. iv.
Kocky Mountains, the South Pass. ^^dTTvT
11_^ The next year Fremont crossed the Rocky «». l
Mountains further south, — examined, and laid open, 1843.
by his report, the region of the Salt Lake. He ex-^^^^^ve^
plored Oregon, and travei-.seil, in winter, the terrible mouth of
snov.'s of tlie Sierra Nevada. The famished wander- kmLs.
ers emerged upon the waters of the Sacramento., Sept- ^■
and followed to Sutter's Fort its affluent, the Atner- sat Lake.
ican Fori ignorant of the golden treasures beneath ■^^}'J^\
, . „ ' ^ o lort Hall.
tllOir feet. - Nov. 4.
] 2. After tiif ir wants had been kindly supplied by ^l]\^l
Capt. Sutter, the party travelled south, and beheld Dec. lo.
and enjoyed the vernal beauties of the flowery valley ath Lake,
of the San Joaquin, By the southern extremity of the £844.
Sierra Nevada, they passed the arid wastes of the Jan- 10.
great Desert Basin. They had discovered and named, niid L^ke.
on their Avay, new rivers and mountain passes : and (Fremont
they had laid open regions which had heretofore, also many
except to the hunter and the savage, been but the "^^t^'of
hidden reces.ses of nature. They had explored Cal- import-
ifornia, and made known an overland route. rnunrai
13. When, in 1848, the Mexican treaty added to ^^^^'^[^^^
the American Republic vast tracts, of which the he re-
Californian portion had a frame- work of society ad- i^orTore
verse to our own, many patriots looked with appi'e- from En^-
hension for the result; knowing, that, ordinarily, the Germany.)
full river keeps the course first taken by the rivulet.
Would enough of our citizens go thither to turn 1§4§.
this course — to fuse this portion into the common The^treaty
mass? Providence presented a material to draw^ithMes-
them thither, so quickly, and in such ample numbers, at Gua<ia.
that they at once constituted the principal stream of '^^^„o^)"
Californian society, into which all minor currents, not
excepting the original, were merged ; and Gold, the
curse of other lands, was a blessing to this.
11. Describe his second tour from the Rocky Mountains to
Sutter"s Fort, observing the dates. — 12. From Sutter's Fort
hoinewarils. — 13. Wluit cause of apprehension liad the American
patriot? Wh;it queries naturally arose in his mind ? How were
these answered by a great Providential event?
393 GOLD.
F;T_rv^ 14, In February, 1848, a 20'>"(-vate discovery of
P'D. IV. gold teas made on the grounds of Capt. Suttei", by
*^"- "• a Mr. Marshall, then in his employ, ticenti/fce
MiTn'on niiles ?(p t/ie Atnerican Fork of the Sacramento.
ass^ayin^ It -,vas soon tbund in other localities. Rumors of
lornia' Californian gold soon readied the Atlantic States,
found'it "^^'liit^h "^^'ere converted to certainty by the president's
reiii.irka- nicssagc of December, 1849, accompanied by a let-
^'(Fnmi'^'^ter from Gov. Masox, who had been in person to
Dec. 1S49, visit the gold "diggings." As he passed along, he
iso'ol'ys found houses deserted, and iields of wheat going to
vessels ruin, their owners having: left them, to dis^ for gold.
from the o , T T 1 1 °- • /. 11° ^
u. States ;buch had been the quantities found, that every con-
KYort venience of life bore an enormous price. Capt. Sut-
29 froinj ter paid his blacksmith $10 per day; and he re-
land")^" ceived $500 per month for the rent of a two-story
o« "^'I's^D ^^o^^^^ within his fort. In a little gutter, two men
tobct, 'had found the value of $17,000.
''^year,"^ 15. Such werc the facts reported from unques-
arrived attiouablc sources ; and California at once became the
"ciscof^o'ie luminous point, to which all eyes were directed.
48,615 im-Xhere was a rush for the land of Q:old, not only from
hysea,andthe United States, but from Europe, Asia, South
^iand.)^ America, and the isles of the sea.
CHAPTER II.
Taylor's Inauguration. — Close of the 30th Consfress. — California
— Establishment of Civil Government. — Ditiiculty with Te.xus.
?§49. ^ Mixiv'ESOTA, adjacent to the head waters of the
March 4. . . . . ' •' , . rxy • i i
liiaugura- Mississippi, was crcctcd into a ierritorvon the od
i^i;;;:,:,;^ of March, 1349.
and'Fiii- 2. At the election in 1848, Gex. Zaciiauy T.\y-
moro.
14. When was gold discovered ? Where? By whom? When
first made known to the Atlantic Stutes? Whiit did Gov. il.ism
observe and relate? — 15. What was the conscHience of ihj
Bpread of these and similar fa^-ts ?
Chai'tkk II. — 1. \N'hat do we liere learn of Minnesota? — 2.
"What, ollices were filled by election? What persons elected!
When? When inaugurated?
A WISE MEASUKE. Z9d
\\'\R, the hero of the Rio Grande, was chosen presi- pt. iv.
dent; and Millard Fillmore, of New York, vice- fd. iy.
president. . , The increase of labor devolving on the ^^- "•
several departments of the government, in conse-^g._
quencc of the growth of the nation, caused Congress Newde-
to authorize a separate bureau, called " 27ie Depart- payment
ment of the Interior.'''' Thosias Ewii^g, of Ohio,
was appointed by the i^resident, its first secretary,
and John M. Clayton, of Delaware, was made sec-
retary of state.
3. With such exactness were tlie different parties --0*0
balanced in regard to the slavery question, that in to
the Congress of 1848-9, all that could be obtained 1§50.
for California was a law, by Avhich her revenue was
to be collected and placed in the cofiers of the re-^^^'g^*
public. Happily, the exemplary political conduct of estimate
California, under these trying circumstances, re- niat]^,nTf
lieved the anxious forebodings of American patriots, j^loo'ooln
that she might take Oregon for an ally, and set up
for herself To prevent any such disaster. Gen. l§49.
Taylor gave the Californians the timely assui-ance, ^^''g"^;
that " whatever can be done to afford the people of ciayton'a
the Territories the benefits of civil government, and ^^\_
the protection that is due them, will be anxiously Kine, who
considered and attempted by the executive." Hctocwor-
suggested to them the expediency of forming a ^j^'^'»p^y^._
State government for themselves, thereafter to be dent)
submitted to Congress.
4. These counsels tended to keep the leading pol- i§48.
iticians of California true to the Union; they loved (Ahet. t.
their native land, and confided in her ultimate jus- I'parnin?
tice ; but, while waitino; for future protection, tlie ex- tbe exist-
citing ])resent was upon them — the gathering thou- the treaty
sands, attracted from every land by the sovereign ^^"^j^pj^''^,
power of gold, — and government, in addition to that ers.)
2. What new department was created? Wlio was the first in-
cumbent \ Who President Taylor's secretary of state ^—3. What
"5vas the estimated population of California in lS,"iO ? (See side
note.) What was the'only action -of the Congress of 1843-9 re-
epeceini,' (.'alifjruia ? What did American patriots fear? What
did Gen. Taylor sugrrest by a letter of his secretary to his agent,
„ Thomas Bjitlcr King \
17*
39i WOXDEKFDL TRANSITION.
FT. ly. exercised by Gen. Mason, the military commandant,
FD. IV. the citizens found it necessary to organize among
<==• "^ themselves. At first it was informal ; and he who
1§40. was found guilty of high crimes, was put to death,
"^Ei'/^^' "^^it^ little ceremony or delay. Gen. Riley, who
encceeds succceded Gen. Mason, as military governor, estab-
Mason. ]i<5}^g(3 g^ specics of judiciary, at the head of which was
A^'Juiioi- phaced Peter H. Buexet. . . Delegates were chosen,
ta17r"d ^^^''^ ™'^^ ^^ Monterey, September 1st, 1849, and
g^ ^ ^ ■ there formed a constitution which excluded slavery.
At Monte- 5. The first legislature elected under it convened
"^e-ates" ^^ ^^^ JosL Pctcr H. Burnct, who was chosen
meet to govcmor, addrcssed to the senate and assembly a
8ta"te"gov- message of extraordinary interest. " How rapid,"
ernment. \^q. exolaims — " how astonishing have been the
Dec. 21. changes in California ! Twenty months ago, inhab-
josV first ited by a sparse j^opulation — a pastoral people, de-
Lesisia- riyinff a mere subsistence from their flocks and
ture meet , ^^ , ... /• i -i
^ herds, and a scanty cultivation oi the sou : — now
Govornor . ' ii- t i
Bnniefs inexhaustioie gold mines discovered, — our ports are
address.' fille<i with shipping from every clime ; oilr beautiful
bays and placid rivers are navigated by steam ; and
commercial cities have sprung up as if by enchant-
ment."
(Edward 6. The choice of senators to Congress fell upon
^V'l'-f'xr John C. Fremont and Vf illiam M. Gwin. The
and (}. 11. . . /. ^ ,-r. • 11 ■ • f. 1
Writrht, coustitution 01 CaliTornia, and her petition tor ad-
fg'^*Jf^Fgg®)mittance into the Union, were carried by them to
1850. ^^^ashington, and by the president transmitted to
Feb. 13.* Conofress, with a commendatory message. The
Tayior"^l3,use prohibiting slavery was, in Congress, as a
Bends to torcli applied to explosives ; some southern members
the clnsti- declaring that its adoption by Congress would be
c^fi/orniL ^'^^ cause of the immediate secession of the South.
4. What were the necessities of the Californians in regard to
civil government? ^Vho was Gen. Kiley? What was done by
him ? Wliat was done in conscqneii'.'e of hi.s proclamation ? How
was the t^hivery question disposed of? — 5. Where did the first
Leg-islatiire njeet { Wlio wus clmsen goverhor? Kehite his speech.
— 6. W bat st-iuiiors were t)ie first chosen ? What did they carry
to Wasliiiitrtoii < Vi'luit (.'tfert was produced in Congress by the
duusc proiiibitiuL; slavery J
TEXAS THEEATEKS NEW MEXICO. 395
T. Other subjects of appalling difficulty pressed ft. iv.
upon Congress ; — all, however, implicated in the one pd iv.
absorbing topic of slavery, Texas claimed that her °^ °-
tei-ritory extended to the Rio Grande ; but the New
Mexicans in and around Santa Fe, east of the Rio jan.
Grande, had never submitted, and were utterly Texas
averse to her rule. In January, 1849, her legisla- laws to
ture passed laws, dividing the disputed region into **pj4er"
counties. To organize in these counties a Texan over New
government, Gov. Bell, the executive, sent an agent, ® *^°'
Major Neighbours, to Santa Fe, who warned Col. i§50.
Monroe, the United States military commandant, April is.
against all "interference." Colonel Monroe finding ^^°^.
the New Mexicans enraged, called a convention, ^"i"^^
which framed a State constitution ; and, while Texas Texas and
was making preparations to seize this Territory by ^;jfg*nt^
force, the petition of New Mexico to be admitted ments in-
into the Union was introduced into Congress, terfere.
8. While New Mexico was petitioning Congress
for a government, another remarkable people were isso,
at their doors with the same request. These were Jan. i6.
the enterprising Mormons, who, under the lead of j,?f^,"g*^„.
their "• prophet," the able but unscrujiulous Brigham troduces a
YolTng, had found a resting-place on the borders of fhegov-
the Salt Lake. Itere collecting their scattered J''^^''^'^^'^
bands, they founded Salt Lake Citv, Provo, and —i. e.
other towns; and, sending out their emissaries to ^ •
foreign lauds, to return with proselytes, they had
now a riourishing settlement of about 25,000 inhab- (*i850.
itaiits.* Another exciting subject was a bill intro- Censut ■
duced by Senator Butler, of South Carolina, for a ^^qo^
new law, to enable the masters of fugitive slaves to
recover them from other States.
7. What other ditticult snbjuct is next mentioned as pressing
upon Coii-rress i What inuasures did Texas take in 1849 ? What
was done on the part of New Mexico? — 8. What is here said of
the MorinousS
396 DAJS'&EK NOBLY MET.
CHAPTER III.
Congressioaal Eloquence. — The Compromise. — Death of Taylor.
P'T. IV. 1, The first session of the tliirty-first Cong^ress
FD. IV. was the longest, the most stormy, and the most im-
CH. iiL poi-tmit i,^ i^g results, of any since the organization
1849 of the government; and in it, by tlie strife and
Q~'^^j^_ power of words, were settled more important issues
cress than those on any battle-field since the Revolution,
two^yelrll'^i^ scuate took the lead. Never had that body
There presented more powerful orators.
ei^ye'iTrs'^ 2. The two first northern senators who broke in
under the upon ^jjg suUeu gloom of uncharitableuess and dis-
constitu- ^ • 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 1
lion.) content, with which the southern members met the
northern, were Dickinsox, of New York, and
Phelps, of Vermont. The former, in the course of
his speech, solemnly assured his southern brethren
that the North, as a body, regarded the guarantees
1850. of the Constitution as sacred. " Sir," said he, "take
\r""D^^k ^ small number out of the northern and also out of
inson's the soutliem sections of the Union, or silence their
speech, damor, and this accursed agitation will be settled
in less than a week,"
3. In the speech of Senator Phelps, logical argu-
ment was mingled with wit. Without taking seri-
Jun 23 ^'^^s ground against the southern threat of secession,
epeech of he showed that the time had not yet come. The
Phelps, supi-enie judiciary of the United States were the
proper court to try constitutional questions ; and
unless the South, before proceeding to action, ap-
pealed to tliat tribunal, she would put herself in the
wrong. In so important a matter, slie should not
be hi too much haste, but take the proper steps, and
bide her time. As to what had been offensively said
at the North, this was a land of free speech ; and wiiat
CuAPTEK ill. — 1. ^\'!ly Wiij: this cMiled the olst roiij.Tess ? (See
side note. ) Wliut is suid of the first session of this Congress!
— 2. Give some account of the speech of Senator Dickinson. — 3.
Of that of Senator Piielps.
MR. clay's cxdmpeomise eesolutioxs. 397
was to be done with people who beheved themselves p't. iv.
charged with a mission, not only to amend the Consti- p-d. jy.
tution framed by the wisdom of our fathers, but also ch.™- '
to assist the Almighty in the correction of sundry -~_^
mistakes which they had discovered in his works?
The brows of the southern members unbent, and they
cordially greeted the orator \vhen the speech was end-
ed ; and an observer remarked, " He has thrown the
first bucket of water which has reached the fire."
4. On the 25th of January, Mr. Clay oftered his
memorable plan of compromise. On the 5th of Feb-
ruary, amidst such a crowd of both sexes as the
senate-<;hamber had never before witnessed, he came
forward to speak in their defence. He was now
venerable in years, but his intellect retained its
soundness, and his heart its deep well-spring of pa-
triotic feeling. His voice, his eye, his grace of action
and gift of words, which made him regarded as the
first orator who spoke the English tongue, were yet
preserved, that he might succor, and perhaps save,
his country, in this her hour of peril. In the pi'6- j^*"(;,^\
amble of his eight resolutions, he stated the reason eight
of their introduction to be, that it was "for the^j^^sg?^^
peace^ harmony, and concord of the Union to settle, lutions.
and adjust amicably,^ all exciting questions of con-
troversy between them arising out of the institution
of slavery, upon a fair, equitable, and just basis."
The compromise was substantially the same as that
which passed after months of debate, and is hereaf-
ter to be explained.
5. "Never before," said Mr. Clay, "have I risen Feb. 5.^
with feelings of such deep solicitude. I have wit-^ ^re&l
nessed many periods of great anxiety, of peril, and ^I'^ei^ii.
of danscer to the country : but never before have 1 ^""^ ^'*v'
, cj t/ j view (H
i-isen to address an assembly — so oppressed, so aj> the.im.-
})alled, so anxious." He attributed the danger of ^^"uuL
the countrv to the unprincipled selfishness of partv "^'""'"^
coiinirv.
4. What occurred on the 25th of Jnnnary, 1S50 ? On the 5th
of February? Wiiut is said of Mr. Clay's powers as an or^itor'
Wliut was tlie object of his eight resoiutioub ? — 5. Eeoite the in-
teoductory sentence of Mr. Clay's speech.
39S EVILS OF DISUNION.
P'T. IV. men. He dwelt on the ruin which would spring
P'D. ivT ii"oin a dissolution of the Union. War would be
CH. iiL inevitable ; and such a Avar, — so furious, so bloody,
so implacable, so exterminating, — could not be found
Of Uie * ^^^on the pages of history. He entreated members
conse- to pausc on the brink of the precipice, before tliey
'disuuton. took the fearful leap, into the yawning abyss ! But
if that direful event, the dissolution of the Union,
were to happen, he implored of heaven that he
might not survive to behold it !
b'. To similar effect was the eloquence of Daniel
March T. Webster. " Mr. President," he said, " I hear, with
Mr »V eb* • . •
6ter'3 pain and anguish and distress, the word secession
spe^*h tiilling from the lips of the eminent and patriotic.
(Its 't:i- Secession ! Peaceable secession ! The dismember-
Bubje.^t to meut of this vast country without convulsion ! The
rei'om- breaking up of the fountains of the great deep, with-
compro- out ruffling the surface ! . . . Peaceable secession !
mise.) \YJiat would be the result ? What would become
of the army, the navy, and the public lands ? Where
Mr Web- ^^ ^^® ^^^^ ^® ^® drawn ? What States are to be as-
ster on sociatcd ? What is to remain American ? Where
Becession. ^^^ I to he? Where is the flag to remain ? Is the
eagle still to tower? or is he to cower, to shrink,
and fall to the ground ?"
v. In the tempest, it is the lightning, not the thun-
der, which kills ; but as, peal by peal, the dangerous
Better element explodes, the atmosphere becomes cleared.
tone of Thus the impassioned eloquence and fiery declama-
■endmeut. tion of the capitol, ga\e wholesome vent to danger-
ous feeling, and inspired a healthier tone of public
seiuiinent; which, begiuuing at Washington, sjjread
thio.ighout the Union.
8. Mr. Clay had ably defended his plan of com-
promise. Skxator J3ell, of Kentucky, introduced
and advocated another. Senator Foote, of Mis-
5. To wlial did he attribute tlie danger of the country? What
did he say of tiiu dissolution of the Union?— 6. Keeite tlie sketch
given of tlie remarks of Mr. "Webster on secession, made in hia
great speech of March 7th, 1850. — 7. What beneficial effects were
produced by the stormy eloquence of the Capitol?
THE "OMXIBUS BILL." S99
Bissii)pi, made a motion, which was finally carried, P't. it.
for the appointment of a committee of the Senate, to p'd. iv.
be composed of six members from the North, six °^ "'•
from the South^ and a thirteenth to be chosen by the • g^Q
first twelve ; to whom should be referred the difier- April la!
cut plans for compromise ; — with directions, how- ^^™™f ''
ever, that the committee report, according to their Thirteen
own judgment, a plan of settlement for the different *^^^^*^
branches of the slavery question.
9. Of this honored committee, Mr, Clay was
chairman, by choice of the Senate ; and he made
their report to that body, on the 8th of May. Four
months of jarring debate ensued; much of which M«y8.
referred to the point, whether the several proposed Mr. ci^
laws should be voted for separately, or in one " Om-the^Om-
nibixs Bill." Seistator Benton urged the former ^^
course, on account of its fairness, and especially in be-
half of suffering yet dutiful California ; while Mr. Clay
maintained the latter ; urging that if the different
parts of the bill were presented together, both par-
ties would concede some things, for the sake of
gaining others.
10. Jn the mean time the Nashville convention,
which, had it assembled in January, mif^ht have led Jnne a.
■,o civil war and national destruction,* met harm- <>nven-
lessly on the 2d of June ; partaking of the country's t^^ii "•^
calmer mood and renewed devotion to the TJnion.
Judge Sharkie, of Mississippi, was made president of
the convention. In his initiatory address, he said,
that its members had met, " because the Constitu- jm\t»
tion, which gave equal rights to the South, had been ^^"^
violated." It was a slander of enemies, that they
* Mr. Calhoun had, before his death, prepared a constitution for the TJ. S.
South, which he advised should be adopted at the Nashville Convention.
"The Southern members conferred together, spoke together, and, at ono
time, woiiiil have been prepared to sink or swim in a common peril." — Se^
Senator Builer^a Speech, at the Charleston Convention, May, 1S51.
8. What motion was made and carried by Senator Foote f — 9.
What is said of tlie organization and action of the Committee of
Thirteen? Of tlie debate which ensued ?— 10. Of the Nashville
Convention? Who was made President of the Convection ? In
ills addrO)>« wVAf did lie sav f
1§50.
400 PASSAGE OF IHE COMPKOMISE.
FT. IV. had met to dissolve the Union. He hoped that "the
FD. IV. Union would be the last thing to perish amidst the
CH. iiL ^v'reck of matter."
11. Pending the debates on the compromise meas-
■es, the nation was called to deep and sincere
Dra^fh of 'Mourning for the loss of her beloved chief raagis-
tiie Prcsi- tratc. Gen. Taylor expired at the presidential man-
^''°'" sion on the 9th of July, and Millard Fillmore, of
Hon ofMr' ^©w York, immediately succeeded him in the pres-
Fiiimore. idcncy. -Mr. King, of Alabama, was chosen presi-
(+And was dent of the Senate.t The cabinet of Gen. Taylor re-
-^^g^'^*^^ signed. Mr. Fillmore appointed able successors, — •
the U.S.) Mr. Webster filling the department of state.
12. In the early part of September, the measures
The^com-^^po^t^^i by the committee of thirteen passed — sep-
promise aratelv : but they had been considered together,
measures. t * ■,'', , ■, . ^, '
and were agreed to, as mutual concessions and com-
utah(es- promises for the sake of the Union. By them, 1st,
popuf^ California, excluding slavery, was admitted as a State.
tion, 2d, the Great Basin east of California, containing
2o,ooo). ^YiQ Mormon settlement, was erected, without men-
NewMex-tio'^ of slavery, into a Territory, by the Indian name
ico (esti- Utah. 3d, New Mexico was also erected, without
popuia- mention of slavery, into a Territory ; Congress giv-
61 504) ^"§ Texas, for the relinquishment of her claims, ten
millions of dollars ; — Texas to pay with the money
(Afu"!- former debts, for which the United States were
tive-siave bound, not legally, but in honor. 4th, a law was
paSedfn passcd, abolishing, not slaveiy, but the slave-trade,
1793: but in i\xQ District of Columbia: and 5th, the fugitive-
foiin(i,''or slave law was passed ; whose object is, the more
dimo'iiuof^fl'^c^'i^^'y ^o secure the prompt delivery of persona
e.'^ecutioti, bound to service or labor in one State, and escajDing
b't-c(!nie i'lto another. The compromise measures proved,
obsolete.) {qy a time, the quieting of the fearful storm.
11. What melancholy event occurred July 9? What is said of
Mr. FiUtnore ? What change occurred in the cabinet? — 12.
What is said of the compromise measures? What is, in your
author's order of arran<remenr, tlie first of the compromise meas-
ures ? What the second? Tiie third, including tlie agreement
iN-ith Ttxas ? What is the fourth ? The fifth ?
Departure of Bed Leaf and bis self-devoied cumpatriots to delirer
themselves up for their country.
PERIOD V.
FROM
THK PASSAGE OF THX i- 1S50 -j OOHPBOUIBK MKAnrxa^
TO
1HB FBKSENT TIMS. > ].S60> -j (TO BB OONTUIUBD.)
CPIAPTER I.
Sketch of the Condition of the Aborigines. — Decree of Civiliza-
tion, Diversities of Character, Wars, &c.*
1. That the Indians are, and must be cojMidered,
subordinate to the whites, is a question of met, now
so entirely settled, that the officers of government
are no longer embarrassed by it ; but they regard
the aborigines as the wards of the nation, of whom,
they, as the representatives, are bound by law to
act as the guardians. The care of the Indians is
now confided to the Secretary of the Interior,+
whose office, containing the Indian Bureau, is at
* The names and locations of the principal Indian trihes may be found
on Map 13, wliicli includes the territory gained from Mexico in 1S4S. No
attempt will here be made to name them all, or describe their lecationa
That belongs to the geographer.
FT. lY.
P'D. V.
CH.I.
1858.
(tHon.
Jacob
Thomp-
son.)
Chapter I.-
tlie Indians?
Indians!
-1. Ilovv do the government of the TJ. S. regard
What office is now charged with the care of the
408
404 WHAT THE INDIAN POLICY HAS BEEN.
F'T. lY. Washington ; and this is presided over by a com-
P'D. vT niissioner, to whom are made the reports of the
^^-^ superintendents of the eiffht grand divisiotis, or
Indian superintendencies, into which the whole coun-
Hon. c. R try west of the Jfississip^n is divided ; and also of
Mix, Com- the three Indian agencies^ which remain east of that
river. The superintendents receive the reports of
the several agents, each within his own locality, —
about fifty in the whole. The entire number of In
Present ^^^^s now in the United States is computed at 350,-
numbers. 000 ; the number of distinct tribes at one hundred
and seventy-five. Several tribes are, however, some-
times comprehended under one generic name, as the
Sioux,- the Apaches, &c.
2. In all our earlier history, the right of the In-
dian tribes to the use of the lands on which they
dwelt, was acknowledged ; and, except in cases of
territory gained by conquest, as in the Pequot and
King Philip's wars, the lands of the Indians were
United obtained by treaties^ whicli Avere made with their
domain as chicfs. In this Way, by 393 separate ti-eaties, made
by^'i'nman^^^^^ 44 tribes, the United States have obtained
trenuea. from the Indians a domain of 581 millions of acres,
for which they have paid 50 millions of dollars. For
this land the federal treasury has already received
an amount of money, which exceeds the entire cost
of the a^uisition, by 100 millions of dollars. Many
treaty slipulations, of annuities in money, or in
other articles, are, however, yearly to be paid. The
whole expenses of the Indian Bureau were, in 1858,
about five millions of dollars.
3. The United States government has become
convinced, that for the time past it has committed
1. What subordinate officers are mentioned? Into what Indian
Buperintendencies and agencies is the Kepublic of America divid-
ed? How many tribes are there, and what is the whole imniber
of Indians? — 2. What was acknovvledj;Ced in our earlier history ?
How were Indian lands obtained ? How many treaties were made ?
How much land obtained? How much money has been paid}
What beyond tlie cost has the U. S. treasury received? Wliat ia
yet on their hands to pay ? What was in 1858 the expense of tak-
ing «ar« of th« ludiauii 1
WHAT THE INDIAN POLICY IS. 403
three capital errors in its Indian policy; — first, in the ft. iv.
removal of the tribes from place to place as the white pd. v.
population advanced ; second, in the assignment of *^=- ^
too great an extent of country to be held by each in ,o«q
common; and third, in having paid large sums of Three*
money as annuities. . . . The present policy of the ®[J^°i'?*'*
government is to oblige the Indians to settk, — giv- policy,
ing them only such reservations as they can cultivate
— and instead of giving the land to the whole tribe,
dividing it among the several families; that thus
they may gain the knowledge of private property in
land, and each learn, that his own efibrts will redound
to his own individual benefit.
4. In lieu of money annuities, the government is
now furnishing the Indians with facilities for learn-
ing agriculture, and Avith the means of beginning it; j^^j^^f
— such as stock-animals, and agricultural implements, the Unit-
In some instances a practical farmer shows them f^'' regard
how to till the earth, by cultivating, with their assist- *° ^^'^
ance, a model farm. Saw-mills and grist-mills are
made ; blacksmiths' and carpenters' shops are built
— and especially are schools established; the gov-
ernment now believing, that, if they would civilize
the Indians, they must begin with the young ; and
they must raise the condition of their women, from
that of mere drudges to minister to the indolence of
the men. A grand impediment to the success of
these experiments, is the laziness of the men, and mTnte^ti
their contempt of labor. Added to this, are their success,
habits of intemperance ; and other vices introduced
among them by unprincipled white traders, who,
contrary to law, carry them whiskey ; which is to
them, disease and death. The number of aborigines
is, on the whole, diminishing.
5. The Indians within our borders differ in natu-
ral character as well as in degrees of civilization.
3. What errors are the government convinced have been com-
mitted in their Indian policy ? What is the government's present
policy? — 4. What is done in lieu of giving money annuities?
{This questicn requires a full ansu'er.) What are the grand iinpe<^l-
imeuts Vj civiliznig the Indians?
406 DIVERSITIES OF INDIAN CHAKACTEK.
P'T. lY. They also differ in their feelings of dependence on
P'D. V. our government ; many of them having become
OH. L convinced that they have no way to escape extermi-
nation, but to obey the behests of their " Great
Father" at Washington, — for so they call the Presi-
dent of the United States, — and to order themselves
according to the advice of the agent which he send*
them, whom they call "Father." Some anxiously
seek to be instructed. " What do you want ?" said
Col. Wright to the Flat-Heads and Nez-Perces o{
the north. " Peace, ploughs, and schools," was the
, ,. noble reply of their chief. ... Of the three Indian
Indian . ^ •' ^ , -.,... . . . ,_. _^^
asency of agcncics cast oi the Mississippi, one is m J\ew YorAj
N.Tork. embracing the remains of the jSix JVations, who have
Of Mad- ^^^ reservations, — with churches, schools, and farms ;
n»c — one is at Macinac, ov«r a part of the Ottaicab^
Chippewas^ and Pottaxoator.des / and one at Green.
B«y.^° JSay, which, besides some of the same tribes, has
charge of the Menomenees, and also of removed por-
tions of the Six Nations, and of the StocJchridges..
Some of these Indians are intemperate and vicious.
6. Among the aborigines who are unsubmissive,
are the JVavaJoes of New Mexico. They have "vil-
lages in the fastnesses of their mountains, and live
Character by sallying foith to the plains and robbing the in-
tionsofthe habitants. We have seen how Col. Doniphan, as
Navajoes. ordered by Gen. Kearney, in 1846, sought them in
their mountain homes, collected their chiefs, and
made a treaty of peace with them at Hear Springs.
But, although the chief. Sandoval, and 400 of his
men were true to their engagement, yet the main
body of the nation paid no regard to the treaty ; but
_ went on robbing and murdering as before. The
Fort Defl- fii'st chcck which they received was in 1852, by the
«nc« buUL building of Fort Deliaice. Since then, able officers
have been sent against tiiem, and advantages gained;
but they are not yet 5nbdued.
5. What diversities are lound among the Indians? What ques-
tion and reply is related? Give the particulars concerning tin
first Indian agency mert^ced — of the second — of the third. — 6,
Give an account of the X<tvajo«s.
INDIANS WKONGED AND REVf:NGEPT)L. 407
1. " The Ajyac/ie,^'' says superintendent Bailey, ft. it.
"is the most rascally Indian on the continent, — "fixvT
treacherous, blood-thirsty, and thievish. He is the ^^ ^
depopulator of the fields of Chihuahua and Sonora."
By the treaty of 1848, the United States bound die a b^"
themselves to protect the Mexican inhabitants of li^^^
this border, — and heavy demands have been made
upon the ti'easury for their depredations, and those (From
of the Comanches, a fierce and warlike tribe, found l§i8
west of the Indian territory. In the mining State ^ JZf^
of California, the Diggers^ an inferior tribe of the The *
Apaches, were found by those who came thither to,'^?'^""'^
"* , *^ 06111'' coll"
endure hardship and gain fortime. Said a Califor- vuised on
iiian miner, "When we saw them prowling around, '^j'ectof*
we shot them down as we would wolves." This was Slavery-,
perhaps the origin of the horrible idea of attempting oAhe"
the extermination of the Indians, which seems in,^"'''*"^
.,,.', . have been
some measure to have pi"evailed in those regions. negiectuj
8. Settlers crowded into Oregon and took posses-
sion of the lands of the Jiiclians, before agents had
been sent to make treaties with them, and thus pre-
pare tlieir ^vay ; and there were then 42,000 in Or-
egon and Washington ; and some of them, as the
Walla -Wallas^ the Klamatlis^ and the Umquas,
near Rogue river, in Oregon, — and the Yakimas^
Spoka?ies, and others in Washington, have since igg,^,
shown themselves among the most subtle and war- Maj. h.
like of the American aborigines. Battles have been vakimM.
fousjht with various success. The war mth the -^"i- ff""ca,
'~ ill 'o
Yakimas was begun, by the bad treatment ot some Indians,
of their squaws by the miners. Major Haller, in ^•°"^*-
1855, going to meet them, found himself confronted ^^P^^^*
by a force much larger than his own, and he consid- toe. sim .
ered himself fortunate in escaping with a small loss, qjl^'fity ^f
The same Indians, united with others, iu 1858, sur- force.
7. What character is given of the Apaches? — of the Comanches ?
"Who are the Diartjers ? ami how are they treated by the miners f
To what horrible idea may this wrong doing have given rise 1 — 8.
Was tlie way here prepared for white settlers as formerly ?* How
many Indians were there in our Pacific territories? What tribes
who have proved subtle and warlike? What two fruicless expe-
tre related ?
Heiid aUo the side-note, abOTC.
408 THE TRIERS MOST CIVILTZKl).
FT. IV. rounded Col. Stkptoe, having three times his force
P'D.vT — f^iid obliged him to Hee. The Nez-Perces and
OH. L Flat-Heads succored the flying Americans and
saved them from total destruction.
9. At length, on the 1st of September, 1858, Col.
Sept 4. Wright, M'ith 300 men, met 500 Indians at the
The JFour Lakes hi Washinqfo?i : and without loss de-
1S5§.
LAKES teated them, killing seventeen of their number,
-itP'.''u^ — I^nt agents — though an unsufficient number — are
defeats amous^ the Indians on the Pacific; and reservations
the
natives
have been set apart, into which they are being gath-
ered, and there instructed. The Nez-Perces^ the
fh"best Pend d'' Oreilles^ and the Flat-Heads^ have always
of tiie been friendly to the whites, and are now anxious to
learn the arts of civilization. In Arizona, south of
the Gila, dwell the united tribes of the Pimas and
Maricopas^ who are already partially civilized, — liv-
ing in villages and subsisting mostly by agriculture.
The Pueblos and Moquis of New Mexico are peace-
able and partially civilized, — unique in their customs,
and retaining usages which they held before the
Spanish invasion.
10. The progress of civilization among the abo-
Cherokees rigines has nowhere been so marked as with the
^\\o'm Mobilian races. It began before their removal by
lino pu- the government from the Gulf States ; and their
Creeics Settlement in the Indian territory, west of Arkansas,
two man- has accelerated it. The CheroJcees are the most
uai labor ■,.... t , -i f> t t • a
schools.) numerous and civilized tribe oi Indians in America.
(t The The celebrated John Ross is their chief. Their cap-
higher ital is Talequah. The Creeks^ Ghoctaws^ and Chick-
for the asaws are also settled — dwell in houses, practise
^*i *^^.f agriculture and the mechanic arts, and have church-
are now c5 ... rT^^
Stopped es, common schools,' and higher seminaries. The
of 'funds') Greeks have lately been instrumental in bringing to
8. What friendly tribes aiforded succor? — 9. What success was
at length obtainecf ? Are there aorents and reservations ? Wliat
three tribes are friendly to the whites? What two, near the Gila,
are partially civilized? What two in New Mexico? — 10. What
races have made the greatest advances in civilization? What is
said of the Cherokoes ? (Examine the side note.) What other tribea
are mentioned vn the same connection ?
IMDIAN MAGNIFICENCE. 409
dwell besulc th(nii, a kindred tribe, the Se?ni?ioIes pt. iv.
from Florida ; the uovernraent giving them by treaty i'-d, y. '
$200,000 on condition of their performing this ser- <'"•'•
vice. These Indians are not permitted to sell their
reservations to the whites, and we hope they may
not be ; but that one place in the whole wide conti-
nent whi<;h belonged to their fathers, may still be
theirs. . . In Kansas were settled- a number of tribes, , ,. ,
1 -TV 7 -r. ■ CYJ 0 Indians of
as the JJetaicares, J^ottawatomies, bhawnees^ &c., Kansas
in the same manner as in the Indian Territory ; but
having been permitted to sell their lands, the conse- ^f^g*^^®^/
quence is that the whites overreach and dispossess okees and
them. Thus the presumption, that the Indian is the
white man's equal and can cope with him, would
soon be utter ruin to the race,
11. To find the best type of the Indian, who yet
lives by hunting and fishing, we must seek north of
the Upper Platte^ from tfie 3Iississippi to the base
of the Rocky Mountains. The whole southern part
of this large space, is occupied by various tribes ofxheSioux
the irreat Sioux or Dacotah nation, who have de- ^ '^\ .
,*',,., , . , ,', , Dacotahs.
veloped higher moral traits than belong to other
savages. The Yancton7iais are their most powerful The most
tribe.' Unlike other Indians, when they are dissat- j^itT/ un'
isfied with the U. S., government, they stand upon civilized
their dignity, and refuse to receive any presents.
The /Sioux, the Grows, and also the lilackfeet,^ a (t The
larffe and powerful tribe to the north, are regarded Randans
° ..',,, . r»-r T 1 also, but
as containing the finest specimens oi Indian beauty, the iribe
This they heighten by their dresses of buckskin, ^^^^^"^J
curiously wrought with beads of many colors — and,
when worn by a chief, surmounted by a coronet of
eagles' feathers, sometimes continuing down the
back almost to the feet. — The great want of these
10. What has been effected with regard to the Seminoles?
What is said concerning the selling of the reservations in the
Indian territory? What concerning Kansas and the Indian reser-
vations there ? — 11. Where must we now look for the finest type
)f the native Indian ? What nation occupy the southern part C>i
.his region ? What is its most powerful tribe ? What tribes are
regarded as the finest in personal appearance ? What is said of
tteir dresses ? What is tneir great want ?
18
410 HOW THK SIOUX WAK BEGAN.
FT. IV. Indians is a true and life-givinc^ religion. They have
P'D. V. a devout belief in a Supreme Being, whom they call
°^'- the "Great Medicine;" but of that immortality,
which is brought to light by the gospel, they have
never heard. Among them is no civilizing influence
— neither missionary, nor school.
12. The Sioux War. — In 1853 a hunting village
of the Conjoux-Sioux was established near Fort
Laramie, on the opposite bank of the Upper Platte
-a_« river. Two of the young braves having visited the
First step fort wcre improperly detained at the ferry. To
Sio^x ^^o^^ their displeasure, they discharged their guns,
War. but without actual or intended injury. For this
act, Lieut, Fleming was dispatched from the fort
with a small party to demand the young men. The
chief told him, and truly, that they were not in the
village ; but Lieut. Fleming, believing that they
were, fired upon the Indians, killed three, and took
two prisoners. Although the two hundred warriors
present permitted him to depart in safety, yet re-
venge was harbored, especially by the kindred of
the three who were shot. But Fleming's bold ex-
ploit gave him in the garrison such an enviable
reputation, that Lieut. Gbattan, lately arrived from
his graduating honors at West Point, expressed his
determination to seek a similar command.
13. In the summer of 1854, the same tribe of the
Sioux, with another, who were waiting to receive
IS^"*' from an expected agent their treaty annuities, were
near Ft encamped on the Platte, eight miles below the fort.
Laramie. rp|^Q united villages numbered 800 lodges. While
they deferred hunting, to wait for the agent, their
provisions failed, and hunger was upon them. At
Am 17 *^^^ time, a Mormon emigrant passed, who left
A lame behind him a lame cow. An Indian, straying from
•ow shot ^j^g camp, shot the animal, and his hungry compan-
11. What belief have they ? What has never been taught them !
—^12. Kelate the opening circnmstance of the Sioux war. What
was done by Lieut. Fleming? How did it afi'ect the minds of the
Indians? How that of Lieut. Grattan? — 13. Where were tnosa
Indiana in the siunmer of 1854:? Ifow many lodges?
THE MASSACRE OF GKATTAN AND HIS PAETY. 41.1
ions soon devoured her. The shooting of an animal ft. iv.
belonging to an emigrant, was reported at the fort. fd. t.
The venerable " Bear Chief" was in the encamp- *'"• ^
ment of the Sioux; and he went himself to make ^^^j
explanations to Lieut. Fleming, now commandant Aug. la*
of the fort; who, notwithstanding, insisted that the J^l'^j.^^^^J
offending Indian must be given up. The chief plead Laramie
for time, that he might persuade the irritated braves.
14. The next morning, the Indian not having been
sent, young Grattan obtained from Lieut. Fieming
an order to proceed with a detachment of seventeen
men to the Indian camp. Grattan increased the
party by volunteers until it amounted in all to
thirty-one, — well armed, and carrying two how-
itzers. There were 1,500 warriors in the lodges.
The offender not appearing at his demand, Lieut.
Grattan went into the camp, and there gave his men
the order to fire, notwithstanding the old chief
cried to his braves not to fire on the whites.* The
next moment, he fell mortallv wounded. The in-
furiated Indians rushed to revenge his blood, — and, ^ ^^
in five minutes, Grattan and all his men lay dead Massacre
upon the field. Thus, suddenly, had occurred a^^^™^"
fatal event, totally undesigned, and unlocked for, parv
by either party. "The news spread with the ra-
pidity of lightning, and struclc a terror as if a thun-
derbolt had fallen from a cloudless sky ;" and the
country was agitated with false and exaggerated
accounts. The secretary of war called on Congress
for four new regiments, and all the Indian traders
left their posts and fled.
15. Immediately after the massacre, the Indians
removed from the Platte to the head-waters of the
White and Cheyenne rivers. The whole nation of
• My ftathority for this, and other of these particulars, is Major Twiss ; who, rebidinsr.
immediately after, as Indian a^ent at Fort Laramie, took pains to collect and write out th»
eircumstjtnces of this war; and be has favored me with tlie use of bis mjnuscript,
13. What led the Bear Chief to visit Fort Laramie ? and what
was the result? — 14. Kelate the circumstances of Lieut. Grattan's
invision of the Indian camp. Of the death of the Bear Chief,
and of that of Grattan and his party. Were these events either
designed or expected ? What was done by the secretary of war?
412 Q'Eii. HARNKY DEFEATS THE SIOUX.
FT. IV. the Sioux were vegarded by the goveniment as par-
FD. V. ticipants in the outrage; and they, knowing that
.^^^ the army of the United States was to move against
them, beHeved, that ntter extermination awaited
(8«e the* t^^'6^1" whoIe race. The kindred of the mm-dered
Bee. report chief borc among the tribes the dishonor of not
-1S550 having shed white blood in revenge; the wail of
mourning was still heard in the lodges, and would.
only cease when the manes of the dead were thus
appeased. " While we yet live," they said, " let us
bravely avenge his death." Then, Red Leaf, his
oldest brotlier, with a younger brother, and others
Nov. 21. Qf their kindred went forth. The first white per-
oftiie sons they met, Avere a party guarding the mail, —
p^^ty. ^nd they killed them all. ... In September, 1855,
Gen. Harney having been ordered on the service,
1§55. met the Sioux with a powerful force,— fought them
%^//J' ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Uilis, on the North Fork of the Platte,
SAJ^D and fjained a complete victorv.
L. or the 16. In the mean time. Major Twiss had been
Siou.x._k. appointed to the agency of the Upper Platte, at
Ain.L. Fort Laramie. After Gen. Harney's victory, a part
^- ^- of the tribes of the Sioux appeared friendly. The
agent informed the chiefs, that all who made their
lodges south of the Platte should be regarded by
him as friends. Large villages soon collected, among
which were friends of the murderers of the mail
party. That five of their number, including Red
Leaf, should be given up, was the condition on
which Gen. Harney had promised peace to the
whole nation. Major Twiss sent some of these
friends to Red Leaf and his party, with such a mes-
sage, as soon brouglit them to the fort. He then
wrought upon thein, until, with the self-devotion of
the six burghers of Calais, they determined to yield
15. Kelate the movements and the state of mind of the Sioux.
"What reproacli was east on tlie kindred of the murdered cliief ?
What was then resolved and executed? Who was sent agains-t
the Sioux? and with what result? — 16. Who was agent at Fort
Laramie? What course did he take regarding the Sioux ? Wliat
terms of peace had Gen. Ilurney given them ? How did Major
TwiM send -vrord to Red Leaf and his party ?
nVE NOCLil IKUIAXfl. 413
themselves a sacrifice to save their nation. The pt. iv.
chief and his party wished first to go and hunt the fd. v.
buffalo, that their wives and children need not be *="• '•
hungry; but they promised to return in ten days. ^^-^
Major Twiss believed them; and within the time Deed of
they came, mounted and prepared to go to F't.'^''^"'^j!^^°'
Leavenworth, and there surrender themselves to and four
the officers of justice. They were accompanied by (^'^/no-
many of their tribe ; and before they bade them adieu, blest tiait
they rode slowly around their camp — gorgeously history'.)
arrayed — and solemnly chanting their death-song.
17. After their departure. Major Twiss wrote to
the President of the United States, ui-ging that they
should not be put to death. The remainder of their
history may be known by the following letter from
the Indian bureau to the superintendency which
included the Sioux. After speaking of the volun-
tary surrender of the five Indians who killed the
mail party, the letter adds, "The President has been
pleased to act in accordance with the recommenda-
tion of Major Twiss, and has pardoned them. The
war department will have them taken back within
the limits of their country, where Major Twiss will
receive them at the hands of the military, and take
measures to place theiti among their friends," — all
of which was done — the five having been six months
absent. They were joyfully received, and ])eace ,e«fi
was established. "We desire," said one of their peb. 4.*
aged chiefs to Maior Twiss, "that our Great Father ^^^^^^L
will send us a man of God to teach us how to do w. Many-
good, and also a teacher for our children, that they ^'^^pYn^j^n
may learn to think and act like the white men. We v.ureau,
Avish to turn our minds and the minds of our chil- cumuiTng,
dren from the war-path. We are anxious to do ^"p'-
right, but how can we know the right [jath from
the wrong, when we are not taught?"
10. What noble j*acriiice did they dL'tcnuiiie to make to save
tliuir nation ? Kelatu the remaining circunistancesi of tlie para-
graph.— 17. llow were they saved from death ? What letter is
mentioned? Give its date. What directions from the President
did it contain? and what happened in oonsequence? ]ftecJte th*
epteah of tho aged chief.
il4. mVASION OF CUilA.
CHAPTER II.
Second Era oT pood fecliriEr. — Invasion of Cuba. — Evidences of
Progret-s m the World — in the Repiibhc of America.
rr. IT. 1. At no period of Amencan Histovy had the Re-
FD. V. public occupied so comiiiandinu- a position, in regard
cu. iL iQ foreign nations, as that wiiich followed the bril-
^„__ liant successes, the military fame, aiid the large ac-
to cessions of territory gained in the Mexican War.
1854. The compromise measures had quieted the danger-
foreign ous strite between the North and South ; and a
position, second, though brief period of domestic " good
domestic feeling" was enjoyed by the nation. . . . On the lOtli
peace, ^f j)^.^^^ jgsQ^ ^jjg National Assembly of Switzer-
_„_ land, in open session at ]5erne, ratified a treaty of
S>vi«s * 'i^^ity and commerce between America and Switzer-
Treaty. land. . . . Postal arrangements having already been
made, by which facilities were given fi)r foreign cor-
1S51. res})ondence, Congress passed a law diminishing the
^iiree-' postagc of or(bnary letters, to all parts of the Union
cent except the Pacitic Coast, to three cents; and to that
postage. j.ggJQj^^ ^^^ twelve and a half cents each.
2. Notwith.standing a proclamation of President
Fillmore, forbidding a violation of the neutrality
laws, a military force of 600 men under Lopez, a
May 18. Cuban, sailed from New Orleans — pretended emi-
Lopez at nrrants — in vessels cleariniz; for ChasTres. They land-
Cardenas. O ^ T 1 ^- 1 T ,. /-( 1 A f
ed at Cardenas, on the island oi Cuba. Alter a
bloody skirmish, and the burning of a few houses,
the party re-embarked, the officers intending to ef-
t May 22. fect another landing ; but their men com})elled them
Eey^Westto go to Key West,+ the nearest port on the Ameri-
with 400 can coast. But Lopez, aided by intiuential citizens
™ ' of the South, again sailed, with 500 men, from New
Chapter II. — 1. At what time did the American Eepublic at-
tain its most commanding position among foreign nations ? and
what was the .state of things within the nation? What was done
on the 16th of Dec., 1850? What on the 3d of March, 18511—2.
Relate the first e.^pedition against Cuba.
CLAY, V/EBSTER, AND CALnOUI'f. 415
Orleans. In nine days he debarked at PlaytPcS, on pt. ly.
the nortliwestern coast of Cuba. Takmg 300 of his fd. vT
men, he marched 10 miles inland to Las Fozas, leav- *^- '^•
mg 100 -vvith the cliivalric Col. Crittenden. As he |e<if
was conveying to Lopez, stores and ammunition from Aug. a*
the sliip, he was met bv 500 Cubans, not to be hailed ^"?.^^
as a liberator, but to be fought as a piratical invader. ^^^ ^^
Crittenden m%de a gahant defence, but he was over- Debarks,
powered, taken prisoner, and shot. Lopez, defeated,
lied to the mountains, where his party were pursued, criften-
hu'.ited bv doirs, taken, and ])ut to death. Lopez ^^o ^1^°^
suiiered as a malelactur by tlie garotte. garotted.
3. The Hungarian patriot, Kossuth, having been
brought from Turkey in a national vessel, was re-
ceived in Xew York with an enthusiasm unknown ^^^5^^^
since the reception of La Fayette. He pathetically arrives in
plead the cause of his " down-trodden Hungary," and ■^' ^"
collected for her use " material aid," in the several
cities of the United States. . , , Durino: the adminis-
tration of Mr. Fillmoi'e, Mr. Clay, — his vital energies
exhausted by his last great services to his country, — June 29.
declined, and peacerully expired at "Washington, at^vfih^
He was mourned, by the whole nation, with a tilial ingt..n,
sorrow. . . At the approach of the presidential election, ^'"' '' '
the convention of the Whig party gave the nomina- oct. 21.
tion to Gen. Scott, believino^ that his great militarv Webster
^ ^ *" ui6S at
services would insure him the election. Mr. Web- Marshf id.
ster soon after fell into a decline, and died. John
C. Calhoun, the compeer of Clay and Webster, had^^soof^'
Ijreceded them to an honored grave by only two Joim b.
years. Edwaed Evereit, of Boston, was appointed a\e»'&i^
by Mr, Fillmore, to succeed Mr. Webster in the de- .^^'i*"S
•' . ' ton. Both
partment 01 state. age<i la
4. The Democratic party nominated for president
2. Give an account of the proceedings of Lopez in the second
invasion of Cuba. Of Col. Crittenden. What was the fate of
Lopez and his men? — 3. What is here said of Kossuth? Of Mr.
Clay ? Who was at this time nonunated for President by the
Whig party? Give the time and place of the death of the three
great American statesmen, Clay, Webster, and Calhoun. What
was the age of each? (See the sidi-notes.) Who succeeded Mr.
Webster as secretary of state 1
416 EYTDKNCES OF PEOGRESS.
FT. IV. Gex. FEA:NrKLix Pierce, of Xew Hampshire, beloved
P'D. V. 3'S a citizen, and known to tlie public as a member
CH. iL of Congress, and an officer in the Mexican War.
Gen. Pierce and "VVm. R. King of Alabama, were
Marci'4 chosen Pi-esident and Vice-President. Gen. Pierce
i"-."f was inaugurated, March 4th, 1853; but Mr. King
Pierce, was then in the West Indies, vainly seeking relief
from a fatal malady. Gex. Atchison, of Missouii,
being chosen president of the Senate, became, ex-
qfficlo, Vice-President of the United States. Gen.
Pierce's chief secretary was the able statesman,
William li. Marcy.
5. An important event in the world's progress, Avas
*851. the " Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all
"World's Nations," opened at London, by Queen Victoria,
(t Made of ^'^^ lield in the immense " Crystal Palace ;"+ itself a
glass and Avonder of art. A similar exhibition was inaugurated
iron.) ^y Pi-esident Pierce in New York, where a Crystal
■- g-« Palacet was erected, — much less extensive, but equal-
t July* ly beautiful. . . . This period is distinguished for prog-
'^^paiacT*' ^"^^^ ^^ popular education. States made liberal pro-
vision ; normal schools were established, and teachers,
associating for mutual improvement, met cordially,
1S55. in county, state, and national associations. In July,
,^"'y-, 1854, a '-World's Educational Convention" met in
»\ Olid 3 '
Ed.Con. at London, under the auspices of a society, at the head
Lo'^'ion. of ^hich was Prince Albert.*. . .For the gallant de-
fence of the rights of Martin Koszta, a native of
Hungary, but an' adopted citizen of the_ United
States, then in Smyrna, Capt. Ingkaiiaxi was much
applauded, and Congress, in token of their appro-
bation, voted him a sword.
* The Society met in St. Martin's Hull, where were exliibiied Mnps Charts,
School-books, models of Scln>ol-horses, witii tlieir needful furniture. &c. The
writer whs pre.-^eut. Lt'Ciures were daily ^iven, »ind tliei'e were frequent retniions.
wliere spe^tkers from diffeietit iiuiions were called upon to describe the nieihods of
their own country. Ours had an aljle representative in Henry Harnard, now Chan-
cellor of the Uinversity of Wisconsin.
4. Wlio WHS at this time the nominee ofthe Deinoenitic party';
What persons were chosen [iresideiit uiid vice-president^ WlKt
is said of the inaiii^uration ^ Of tlie actiu<; vice-president^ — .5.
Give an account ofthe tirst World's Fair. Wlien aiul wliere v.-as
the second ? What was done in this decade to show favor tc tho
cause of education ? What is said of Martin Koszta ?
J.Gnfy;!iulc- I i"^ I'm ill ihxeiiii'ica i)5
3;)
^■'■?ot.JoK,ev!Ji
Platte C7:
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^V> IDOUGLAS I ^
■^' '■ .Prairie V,y.° "Pa'iiiiyrA-)
Oxford
R4Ki4S.
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539
O^
Ft.srotr""^'
Maniiatoiio
;»y r. t ,
AMEEICA RESPECTED ABKOAD.
417
Commodore Perry going to deliver the President's Lett«.*
CHAPTER m.
Bril.iant diplomacy. — Commodore Perry and the Japan Expedi-
tion.— China.
1. The Japan Expedition should be made a promi-
nent feature in Aoicrican history. It opened to the
brotherhood of nations an empire of thirty millions import-
of iiiliabitants ; it gave to America a consideration, the Japan
not only in that emjiire, but in China, — as late events ^^^q*""
li:;ve ]M-oved ; and it has shown, to every part of our
confederacy, tlie advantage of belonging to a great
and pov/erfal nation. " We have seen," said the
Japanese Commissioner to Commodore Perry, "the
map of your country ."f
2. After the Paciiic coast "was added to the Ameri-
can llc'pubHc, the important object of obtaining for
* Engraving copied from Dr Ilawke's aceoant of Perry's Japanese Ex
peditioii.
t Tlie Map of this noble country is assumed as the background of the
Ameriitau Tt'inple of Time. Its name is America; its inJiabitants are
Ainoricans. If it were diviiled as Poland is, there would no more be an
America for Americans, than there is a Poland for the Poles.
Chapter III. — 1. Why should the Japan ExpeditioN be made
prominent in American iii.storv '
'l8*
4.18 FIKMNESS WITH COUKTKSY.
FT. IV. it the trade of the opposite shores of the ocean, led to
P'D. V. using the power and resources of the nation in littiug
CH. nL out the Japan Expedition. Com. Perry, younger
Matthew ^I'other of the victor of Lake Erie, had given much
Perry, study to the history and character of the Japanese ;
and, like Columbus, he was inspired with a passion
The Pres*- to make a great attempt. The president, Mr. Fill-
identand morc, — his first secretary, Mr. Webster, and his sec-
favorCom. ond, Mr. Everett, all gave the scheme their earnest
Perry, guppoj-t • and a noble armament was prepared, con-
-„_~ sisting of four war-steamers, one seventy-four gun
May 24* ship, four sloops of War, and three armed store-ships.
Hesaiia. Commodore Perry sailed from Norfolk, May 24,
1852, and made the southern ports of China on his
April T.' way ; thus gaining important information, and in-
A 'Honjt- spiling the Chinese with a high idea of the power
°' and dignity of his nation.
3. Com. Perry was going among a proud, cere-
monious, and exclusive people ; and he won their
confidence by beating them at their own game. The
squadron, on reaching Japan, Avhere its arrival was
July 8. not unexpected, proceeded up the JBay of Yeddo;
Com. Per- 2c(\A in cjallant trim, cast anchor in the harbor of
rv nrri ves ' c7 ?
at the Bay Uvaga. Hundreds ofguard-boats came around the
of ^^^^I'lo- squadron, as had been customary with other foreign
vessels, the people expecting to come on board to
gratify their curiosity, and receive refreshments.
But the Americans \\ere not to be thus unceremoni-
ously treated ; and their approaches were repelled
by swords and cutlasses — flashing in their faces, but
not woundinor them. Next came a boat alonfjside
the flag-ship in which was an officer. But he M'as
only the vice-governor of Uraga ; and the high
2. What led to using the power and resources of the govem-
ment in fitting it out ? What is here said of the person who com-
mandetl tlie E.xpedition? Who gave the phm tliuir earnest sup-
port? Give an account of the armament prepared. (Compare thia
armament with that of Cohimhiis when lie sailed to discover
America. How k)Dg l)efore 0 What port did Com. P. sail from?
Wlien? What ports did he touch at on liis way'^ — 3. WMiat kind
of people was Com. P. going auiong ? How did he wiu thcii
•onliiience !
AN IMPOETANT NEGOTIATION 419
coinmandei of the American squadron, who came ft. rv.
to bring a letter from the President of the Great p-d. v.
Republic of America to the Emperor of Jap;ui, would <==• J"-
not confer with any one below his own rank. The ,„„
governor himself soon came ; and he was courteously ^p„r thew
leceived on board the flag-ship, and sumptuously ^'^^^ ""^
entertained. preceding
4. But Commodore Perry could only deliver his ^If'^l''
ktter to the emjoeror in person, or to one of his high- Hawkes'
est officers of state. Couners passed and repassed "^^^"^^^^
to the Emperor's court at Yeddo, and tlie Prince of
Idzu was appointed, w^ho wished to come for the let-
ter on board the flag-ship ; but that would not be
duly respectful to the President of the United States.
It could only be delivered on land, and near the capi-
tal. Then a temporary building was erected at
Uraga ; and on the appointed day, the ships which
moved with steam (a novel sight to the Japanese),
approached and anchored near. Then appeared juiy-jx.
Commodore Perry with great pomp, attended by Com. p.
five hundred officers and men, the two boxes of rose- "delivers
wood and gold, containing the president's letter, and ^''^^p^,^*^-
the treaty-making credentials of the commodore, — letter
carried by negroes richly dressed, all passing through
the floating draperies arranged on each side, — while
thousands of eager eyes were gazing wdth admira-
tion. Tlie Prince of Idzu received the letters to be
taken to the Emperor. All was done in form and
in silence.
5. The commodore and his officers were then feast-
ed by the governor of Uraga. In the letters which
the emperor received, he was addressed by Mr. Fill- ^f t^V*
more as his " Great and good Friend." His coun- PreM-
try, he told him, extended from ocean to ocean, and leuer.
a portion of it, rich in gold, lay on the shares of the
I*acific, opposite to Jajjan. In eighteen days a steam-
3. Kelate the circnrnstances by wliich Com. Perry impressed
the .lajiaiiese witli a high idea of liimself and his nation. What
letter hud he broutrht ? — 4. Describe the circumstances atteudiu,^
tlie delivery of the Pres.' deut's letter.— 5. Kelate the couteuts of
tlie President's letter.
420 A GPwKAT SUCCT-PS.
FT IV. ei' might pass from one country to the other; and it
PT). V. was his wish to open with liim such commerce us
CH. lit. -would be mutually beneficial.
6. Commodore Perry left Japan, to return in the
spring and receive the answer to the president's let-
ter. The emperor's letter, in answer to that of the
president, was expressed in terms of high courtesy.
March 8L '^ ''^ couimodore prevailed still further, and at length
japaoese obtained a treaty, by which the Americans received
Trtaty privileges not then granted to any otlier nation.
Kanag- Besides Hagasaki^ — Simoda and Hakodade were
awa. opened to the Americans, — and Napha in Lew
Chew. After the treaty was settled, the presents
sent by the president were forwarded to the emper-
or, and others returned to be carried to him. Mu-
(Sept. i.o! tual entertainments were given ; and the Japanese
Mr. Wnni, were especially delischted with the exhibition of a
our mm- . . ^ -i -i i i i -\t m
isterin mmiaturc railroad and telegraph. Mr. Iownsend
sent a Harris, Ictt as cousul at Simoda, did much towards
frisate to Cultivating, in the minds of the Japanese, the good
their oom- wiU and respect established by Commodore Perry.*
oiissioneraiie has lately been appointed resident-minister, and
the ii.'"s.) has gained advantages for his country by a new
treaty.
1§45. 7, Since the treaty made with China by Mr. Cush-
Chlncsc ^"o' American ministers Iwive been maintained in
Treaty that country. Mr. Reed, "who succeeded Mr. Cush-
maiiewithingr as minister to China, was there when Canton
c^l^lnni;. was taken by the English and French ; but he wisely
1§5§. ke])t his diplomacy distinct from theirs, still main-
j^,""** ^^- tabling friendly relations with all parties. Mr. Ward,
Treaty. ^''^ ssiccessor, has had similar trials. In company
Dec 15, '^^'i^'' ^^^^ French and English ministers, he yet pur-
leaves * ^^^ •MX'nerl a school where he taught nine young men of the nobility,
the U S "^^^ gained Ws love by their affectionate and cheerful respect to liiui, and
Mi"V 2S their extreme politeness to each other — all risking to bow low, when, a*
* li^Q ' rarely happened, any one entered after tlie exercises had begun.
unvee.
6. When did Com. P. <jo to Japan for an answer? What di,d
he succeed in obtaining? Kelate all tliat is said of the treaty.
Wliat bet.t pleasc-d tlie Japanese? What is said of Mr. Harris?
— 7. Who succeeded Mr. Cusliing' as our minister to China?
Wliiit conrse did he pnrsiu"; ? Wlio was Mr. Reod's suoo«asor ?
MA^^ NOT AN OBJKCT OF WORSHIP. 421
sued a separate course. They, attempting to force pt. it.
tlieiv way up the Peiho, were arrested by the Chinese fd. v.
forts, and after a bloody battle+ were defeated and *^"- ''^
turned back. Mr. Ward, with his suite, was sent »o^n
overland to Pekin. There he met three of the im- 1 june'sji
perial commissioners, and the wish was mutual that^*^^^"
he should see the emperor. But according to custom, lose 684.
the emperor must receive the divine honors of the jffb-
tow from all who approached his person, — regarded j/° ^aii
by the Chinese as sacred. To perform the Ko-tow «rrive8
was to kneel three times, and nme times to knock the
head against the floor. Mr. Ward could not pay
divine honors to any man. The commissioners said,
since he represented " a great and equal nation," he
might be excused with one kneeling and three knock-
ings. But Mr. Ward could not conscientiously sat-
isfy the Chinese custom ; so he neither saw the em-
peror, nor could he obtain in Pekin the ratification
of the treaty which he had brought from America ;
but it was done at Peitsang.
in Pekin.
CHAPTEU IV.
Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — First settlement of Kansas. — Invasion of
the Polls. — Ketaliatory Measures. — Provisional Government. —
Topeka Constitution.
1. Unhappilt, the repose of the Union was broken 1^54.
in the winter and spring of 1854, by the heated dis- May so.
cussion and final passage of the Kansas-Nebraska ^^^^"'
bill. The incorporating of these extensive tracts 6««-N«-
into territories, was made the occasion of abrogating .'^.*,.
, -,_. . ' „ • * -vr T 1 ^ ,C>TThislin«
the Missouri line of coinpromise,^ JN. L. 36^, as thewasestab-
northern limit of slavery. This line passing south ]S3o.*^''e».
•' ^ affirmed
7. What was his conduct in regard to the French and English ? in 1850.
What happened to them? Where did the Chinese send Mr.
Ward ? Who met liim in Pekin, and what was wished on both
sides ? Why could not Mr. Ward see the Emperor ? What waa
the consequence ? Where was the treaty ratified ?
Chaptek IV. — 1. How and when was the repose of the Union
broken 1 What was the incorporating of Kansas and Nebraska
made t}ie ocpn«ion of? What was the line of coraproiuise?
422 sp:ti'lement of Kansas?.
FT. IV. of Kansas, that territory had been regarded by the
P'D. V. North as devoted to freedom ; but by this act, the
cu. IV. gouth claimed it as having been granted to them for
IS '51 slavery. To this the whole North was opposed;
* and Congress was flooded with petitions against it,
May 30. Hot Only froni all classes of individuals, including the
"^sover-"^' -^ ^^^ England clergy, but also from several of the
eignty"es- State legislatures. Senator Atchison, of Missouri,
*by'the'^ was regarded as the author of this part of the bill.
Kansas- But without another portion, of which Senator
*biu. ** Douglas, of Illinois, was the author, it could not
have ]iassed. Under the idea of preventing any fu-
ture dangerous excitement in Congress concerning
slavery, the Kassas-Nebraska bill took from that
body ]»owers formerly exercised over the territories,
and left it to the people themselves, "to regulate
their own afl^iiirs, in their own way," especially in
regard to slavery.
2. The North and South were now contestants, —
M'^^lnd ^^® ^^^^ determined that Kansas should not have
June, slavery, the other that it should. On each side,
madrnew Combinations were early formed The most efficient
Indian of those On the part of the Free States, was the New
England Emigrant Aid Society, of which the secre-
tary, Thomas H. Webb of Boston, was the active
agent ; and two societies in New York, of which
Theodore Dwight, Esq., the president of both, was
the acting manager.* On the pro-slavery side, the
princijjal weie the " Blue Lodges," which were most-
ly conducted by Missourians of the border counties.
(rbeir * According to testimony taken before the Investigating ComTnittee, tha
travelling i;migrant Aid Society sent out, first and last, 1,300 settlers. According to
fiire was a letter tVoiii Mr. Dwight to the author, the two New YorJc Societies so^t
diinin- out 8,000. Neither of these Societies furnished money or arms to the emi-
ishfd grants; though individuals afterwards sent both.
»bout six •
dollars.)
1. How, in view of the new l;iw, did this line of compromise
affect Kansas? IIow did the Southern view of tlie case anect the
Nortli? Who were regartled as the autliors of the Kansas-Ne-
braska hill ? Under what idea were the powers formerly exercised
by Conu'rcss, taken away ?— 2. On what point were the North and
South ronte.stants i What wc-re the principal combinations formed
on the North or anti-.'^lavcry side of the question? Wliat on the
South or pru-slavcry side? ,
CH. IV.
1854.
THE " INVASIOX." 423
They collected much money, and held in their em- ft. iv.
ploy numerous bodies of men. "p'o/vT
3. In the summer and fall of 1 854, three companies
of emigrants, headed by Branscomb, Robinson, and
PoiiEKOY, were sent to Kansas by the Emigrant Aid jSy**.*
Society, and founded Lawrence. Other companies ^'■"^'^ p"*
came the following spring. . . . Andrew H. Keeder, B'n. (i50
of Pennsylvania, appointed as governor by President fl^t^Lar^
Pierce, arrived in the territory on the 9th of Octo- 4(io the '
ber.* According to his prescribed duty, he first took spring.)
the census ; finding in the territory 8,501 inhabitants,
of whom, 2,905 were voters ; and he then ordered
an election, to take place on the 30th of March, of 1855.
members to form a territorial legislature. On that -"^Tiie '
dav, armed bands were sent into Kansas fi'oni thei";;;^'™"
border counties of Missouri, — who took forcible pos-were shoo
session of the polls, and themselves voted for pro- „ l"'""',.
1 T 1 i> I • n / votes Chat
slavery candidates, some or whom were residents oi
Missouri : and they kept from voting, free-state resi-
dents ; and thus, they, and not the settlers of Kan-
sas, elected a lecjislature. Gov. Reeder instead of was one
declaring the whole election illegal, gave the sanction ^"n'^feg®.
of his office, by certificates of lawful election, to a e<i Ht
majority of those elected. He caused new elections ton."imt
in six precincts ; but on assembling, the majority 'le was
voted out this newly-elected minority, and gave thcoutof th«
seats to the membei* first chosen.t legisPture.
4. This legislature met by direction of Governor j^^,^^
Reeder at Pmonee. They chose Dr. B. F. String- t Legisfa-
FELLOW^ their speaker, and then adjourned, by a^'^^^p^f*
two-thii-ds vote over the governor's veto, to Shawnee nee.
* Nov. 29th. Reeder. before taking the census, ordered an election of del-
egate to Congress. Wliitfield was chosen, mostly by illepil votes, tlie Mis-
souriaiis or this day, making their first invasion, though not in so great
ciinbors ai on the 30th of March.
3. What companies were sent out, and when, by the Einiofrant
Aid Society? What place did they found? When did other com-
panies arrive? How many eacli year? (See note.) Wliom did
^resident Pierce appoint sovernor, and when did he arrive ? What
did lie first do? IIow many inhabitant'*, and of them how many
voters were there? What election did the governor order, and
when? Describe what took place on the dav. What was done
by (jov. Keeder, and with what result ? — 4. \^ieQ and where did
the lojfislaturc first meet? What did they do?
424 A WRONG LEGISLATURE AND LAWS.
7'T. i\. 3fission. Reeder then repncliated tlieir proceedings,
P'D. V. and withdrew from them, Tliey, liowever, proceeded
*"• ^^- to enact a code of laws for Kansas, — mostly copying
-o-« those of Missouri, but adding otliers, arbitrary and
July 6.' unconstitutional. In establishing slavery, they made
t^*sb"w- criminal any opposition, — either by deeds or by
nee words, — spoken, written, or printed, under penalties
Mission, of gtate-prison, or, in extreme cases, of death. No
(The term ii^^^i could be a juror, or vote, or hold any office,
ft^e-fM was unless he first took an oath upholding slavery. Ev-
thisLeiri^ery officer was, either directly or indirectly, appoint-
latiire andg(j }jy tbemselves ; and there was to be no further
laws.) election of a legislature until October, 1857, — the
members to meet March 4th, 1858.
5. In the mean time, immigration was going on,
as in similar cases of settling new territories ; usu-
ally from the nearer States, and by free laborers.
All the hona-fide settlers, including those who came
as friends to slavery, as well as the opposite party,
were indignant at "the invasion" of the 30th of
»
Aue 15 ^Is^^'ch ; and greatly excited by the subsequent pro-
Meeting ccediugs of the usurping legislature. Tht;ir lirst
"state^ measure, inaugurating a series of measures,- -which
settlers at ^vere revolutionai'v as re<j:arded the territorial leajis-
(Kenioviii'hiture, — was to hold a meeting in Lawrence, and
"!• ^'*'!n''.''a(k)i)t a memorial to Conorress. This set forth, that
annouiicd notwithstandmg they were entitled, both by gen-
Bameauy'.) ^'"•■il I'ight, and by special law, to self-government,
and in this confidence had left their homes, — yet this
right was now wrested from them : — and they called
(tocts. f^,i' relief^ — on Conijress, and on all their fellow-citi-
wa-s .'leot- zens of every State. They resolved to nominate
e,i \\i'it-l|e('der, now removed from office, for their deleuate
sifci^.i t,y in Congress ;+ and finally, they made formal arrange
siaxc'ry 'i^<^'iits for a meeting of delegates fi-oni all the actual
party.) scttlers to assemble at Big Springs.
4. Whiit course did Koedur pursue? Give <in accriuiit of the
hiws wiiioli tlicy enacted. — 5. llow was iiiiiiiiirration j^o'm<r on ?
Who were indij^naut at " the iiivu.-iian ?" and what else excited
them ? What was their first measure? Wlioiii did they noniiiiate,
and for what \ For what future meeting did they make arrnuge-
lucnts ?
THE TOPEKA CONSTITUTIOIT. 425
6. A large meeting, at Big Springs,^ denounced ft. ir.
tlie legislature, and declared they would never sub- fd. v.
mit to its enactments, but "all other means failing, ch. it.
resist them to a bloody issue." They decided that «g-_
all the hona-Jide settlers should be invited to choose ^.g^pt*^
delegates to a convention at TojoeJca. There they ^ J^j?
organized a pi'ovisional government,! and placed "-P""^
Ja.mes II. Lane as first on its executive commit- j sept. 19
tee ; and they resolved that a convention should hCp,?"^^^^!^
called to f()rm a State constitution. The committee pekVcon-
accordingly issued their mandate, and members were ^^^t'''^-
elected. The conventic^i met at Topelca^ ^"<^§0ct. 28.
formed a constitution^ which was, on the 15th of Second
December, approved by the people; and was placed '"or^s^a
in the hands of Ileeder to carry to the House of Constim-
Representatives, with their petition to be admitted
as a State.
7. These proceedings enraged the pro-slavery
party. They met at Leaven worth! and denounced i Nov. 1 4.
them as revolutionary, — took the style of the "law ^^^'
and order" ]^arty, — made arrangements for stopping meeting
aiul turning back eastern emigrants on the Missis- enwonh!
sippi river, oi'ganized a committee in Leavenworth
to see that none opposed to slavery either remained
there, or passed into the territory to settle. Ar-
ranorenients wei-e here made to brinsf a force against
Lawrence ; which they rightly con.sidered as the
head-quarters of the opposers of slavery.
8. To serve as an excuse for this predetermined
foray, Siieuiff Joxks, of Douglas county, wrote to Nov. 27.
Gov. SiiAxxox, the successor of Reeder, that Law- mau^a
rence was in rebellion : and he called on him to '■':<i"'*i-
send all "hiw-abuung citizens" to his aid m execut- Gov.
iiig a legal process in which, he said, he had been
forcibly resisted. Shannon sent out his mandate,
0. Give an account of tlie meetinff at Bi» Sprhiffs. Oftlie first
Topcka ("niivention. How was the second, or constitutional To-
iH'ka Convention culIetH Wlien did it meet, and wlmt do? — 7.
What ert'ect had tliese iiroceedinjrs on the Pro-Shivery party, and
what did tliey do? For wliat did tliey inuke arrangements? — 8.
Ucserilio the introduction of the foray against Lawrence, ca'led
the Wakcrusa War.
Sbannoa
Bhannon
at
4-26 WAKERUSA WAK.
p-T. IV. and nearly 2,000 men appeared, havinir armed them
P'l). V. selves by forcibly breaking open the United Statea
cu. IV. Arsenal at Liberty. By their leaders they were
encamped on tlie Wa/cerasa river, six miles from
* Lawrence. But Robinson and the other principal
men there, were careful that no pretence to attack
■D,,c 6. should be given to the invaders. It was probably
Bari.er [n i\^q hopc to obtain this, tliat, in seemino' wanton-
fiho*" bv G. ^ , . ^
w.'ciark.' ness, the blood of tlie unoffending Barber was shed,
two miles from the city.
9. Shannon, now resolved to visit Lawrence. As
he entered the hotel, he shuddered at beholding the
corpse of Barber, and hearing the shrieks of his
widow. — An agreement was signed, in which the
leaders promised that they would be submissive to
Lawrence, the laws ; though they would not bind themselves
with respect to those made by tiie territorial legis-
lature. Shannon then wrote to the camp, that he
was satisfied, that Sheriff Douglas could, without re-
sistance, execute any process in Lawrence ; and he
therefore ordered the army to disband, — which was
done. He commissioned Robinson and Lane to
organize their own military force for defence. Law-
rence was fortified.
10. These operations .against tlie emigrants were
reported in the Free States — with exaggerations;
and the north indignantly aroused. A new party
M'as now formed in the KortlKMii States, into which
Thirty- Others were merged, called the Republican, whose
fourth watchword was Kansas : and congressional elections'
begins, were controlled by it. Wlien Congi-ess met, the in-
^[®gj j,','"'tense feeling of the different parties manifested itself
Bpeaker, in the House of Representatives, by a more heated
contest for Speaker than had ever before occuri-ed.
The South nominated Mr. Aikin of South Carolina,*
• Mr. Aikin had been governor of South Carolina. The respect in which
he was iield in every pait of the Union, was increased by his beliavior <li:r-
Ing that memorable canvass. When at length Mr. Banks was elected, Mr.
Aikin conducted tiim to his seat
9. What .happened on the visit of Gov. Shannon to Lawrence!
— 10. Where and liow were these proceedings reported^ Wlial
new party was formed !
TOPKKA AT WA.SHINGTON. 427
the North, Mr. Baxks of Massachusetts. There pt. iy.
was a tie between them, and not a member would p-o. v.
change, until after nine long weeks of voting, when ^'h. iv.
by the absence of one southern man, Mr. Banks ob- ^^-^
tained the chair. Then came Reeder from Kansas peb. %
with the Topeka coustitution. Hisrh words and^r. Banki
fierce debate ensued. At length a majority of the Speaker.
House voted to accept it, and receive Kansas as a
State; bi\t the Senate rejected it.
11, In the mean time, the Kansans chose a
legislature under the Topeka constitution, making /^^gg^^j^^
Charles RoBioS'SOisr, governor. The members met Ledshi-
in March, took the oath of office, chose a committee atTopek^^
to prepare a code of laws, — and then adjourned to
meet on the 4th of July. The Missouri party, hav-
ing missed their object by the measures of Gov.
Shannon, again planned to break up the settlement ^o^^^^*
at Lawrence; and they wished to effect it before son's mes-
the arrwal of the large Spring emigration, which ^^^-^
they were aware the Free States were preparing to
send. They had made frequent appeals to the
South not to leave them with all the trouble and ex-
pense of maintaining the common cause ; but to
send them men and money, — and these calls had
been responded to. Col. Buford had arrived with 4^J^\y»
a regiment from Alabama, Major Titus with men from the
from Georgia, and Captaijs" Wilkes, from South
Carolina.
12. Samuel D, Lecompte was chief justice, and
J. B. DoxALDsoN, marshal of the United States District
court in Kansas. They were of the pro-slavery ^^"^^^^
party, and ready to do whatever might facilitate its Lecomp-
designs against Lawrence. A grand jury was formed ^"'
at Lecompto7i, by which Robinson and others, who
10. How was Congress affec ed? and what happened in reojard
to the choice of Speaker ? What in regard to the Topeka consti-
tution ? — 11. What in the mean time was done in Kansas by the
Anti -Slavery party ?■ What by the Missouri party? What was
the result of their appeals to the South ? — 12. Where in Kansas
was tlie U. S. District Court located ? What officers are meu-
tiourtd ? What action was taken by this court ?
428 THE liS^'ESTIGATIXG COitMI'lTEE.
FT. IT. had accepted office under the Topeka constitution
P'D. V. were indicted for treason ; and a further indictment
was found, by Avhich the presses of the two free-
state papers in Lawrence, and the best building
there, — indeed, tlie best in tlie territory — tlie hotel
of the Emigrant Aid Society, were pronounced to
be nuisances, and thus condemned to destruction.
OH. V.
CHAPTER V.
Civil war in Kansas. — Sacking of Lawrence.
1S56. 1. The House of Representatives chose from their
'5^*^j^^-'^- number Messrs. Howard of Michigan, Sherman of
tee ap- Ohio, and Oliver of Missouri, as a committee of
pointed; investigation to proceed to Kansas, with powers to
8i?IlVin examine persons and papers. Reeder and Whit-
Kausaa. field, delegates elected from the two opposite par-
ties in Kansas, were sent back to aid them in their
published arduous dutics. By perseverance, they succeeded,
CTess^n'a •'^Ithough bitterly opposed by the pro-slavery party,
volume of in getting together a body of evidence by which
pageslandthe preceding history of Kansas is fixed.t Reeder
inchHies a ^vas wronsrfullv subpoenaed from their court bv
in 1 n on t v ^^ ^
as woii as order of Judge Lecompte. Refusing to (jbey the
y'"*j^^[|!y summons, he was made to know that iiis life was in
danger ; and he escaped, and tied down the Missouri
Mays, river in disguise. Robinson, attempting to go to
token?" the East to hasten on the expected emigration, was
made prisoner at Lexington, in Missouri.
2. On the 21st of May, occurred the "sacking ot
May 21. Tjawrence" by about 700 men acting under the orders
Lawrence, of Atchison and the southern officers. The hotel
Chapter V. — 1. Who were chosen by the House of Eepreseiik-
atives — when — and for wliat purpose? What hindrances and au
anoyances had they? What did they accomplisli? What is said
of Keeder? Of Sobinsoii ? — 2. What occurred on the 21st of
Mav 1 Bv whom? Wiii%t w.w done at the sacking of Lawrence 5
a
" BLKKDING KANSAS." 429
of the Emigrant Aid Society, and the two printing ft. iv.
presses were destroyed; and stores and private fd. v. *
houses were rifled. The liotel, a verv liigh buiklinor, *'"■ ^'
and also Gov. Robinson's house standing on an emi- ie,r«
nence,+ were burned just at evening. The flames (+ c'aiied
slione far over the country, and seemed to madden q^J^-^^.
the ])eo})le. They could no longer be restrained, and .-^ gj
tlioy rose up, and without authority formed them- Three
selves into guerilla parties — John Brown, a native » father
of Connecticut, being the principal leader. At ^nri his
-i~» . • A ^ '71 , 1 <• 1 sons, nnil
Fottawatonne Creek, they took nve pro-slavery men twoothen*
at night, and after a mock trial shot them. munieredj
3. The troops from the South w'ere placed in dif-
ferent parts of Kansas, in four fortified camps, — to
get their living, by depreilating on the anti-slavery
people, M'ho, they had been taught to believe, had
no riijht to be there, since Congress had ijiven
Kansas to be a Slave State. The guerilla parties
under John Brown and others, were abroad to
meet them; and they held that it was right to
take the property of all who favored their enemy.
Tlius was it that civil war was produced in Kansas ;^°'^ '"'^^
I . ' war was
and indescribable were the suftermgs of the peace- produced,
ful settlers — es})ecially the women. Their husbands
being in the war, they weie left alone, or with their
helpless infants, in their solitary homes ; while, on
either side, murderers, thieves, and house-burners
were abroad.
4. It was the object of the guerilla parties -to
break up the fortified camps of the invaders. The
Missouiians, who had called the Southerners from
their homes, felt bound to protect them ; and Capt,
I\vTK, (tkx. Keu), and others, came with armed
bands and took part in the contest. Numerous
2 What effect had the burning upon the people? Who was
the leader of tlie ffut-rilla hands' What was their first exploit?
— 3 How were tlie southern troops disposed ot'i Ami how were
tliej to tret tlieir livinji; ? What enemy was m the lield to meet
thiiu? Wliut was ppxluoed i What was tlie eti'ect of civil war?
— 4. What was the orTiect of the gnurilla parties? Whj did the
Missouiians feel bound to protect the Southerners! What was
done hy them ?
430 EIVFBARKASSMKNT OF THK EMIGRANTS.
FT. IV. skirmishes occurred. Tlie one best deservinir the
o
P'D. V. iiiime of a battle was at Ossawatomie, and Joha
*^ ^- Brown, whose home was near, and who had had one
ifi'SA ^^^^ tortured to insanity, and another just killed,
OSSA-' was the hero of the battle. With 40 mounted men
^^^^^- he attacked 300 under Pate and Reid— killed 31,
/. lirown. wounded 32, and escaped with the loss of only two
,^ . . , 5. Durinff this period, emiarrants, coming: up the
begin tj Missouri rivcr to Arkansas, were loi-cibly turned
lo^va'and ^^ck ; their property, especially their arms, taken
Nebska.) from them, and their families distressed. In Leav-
(tMay 25. enworth a "vigilance committee" turned out of the
Phillips ^^^y ^^^ ^^^^ assumed independence of opinion on the
•was shot slavery question.t
worthj^by 6. Men, money, and " Sharp's rifles," were now
Captain gent, by northern people, to Kansas,^ through Iowa
Bloody and Nebraska. . .""President Pierce ordered the mil-
Monday.) itary, under the command of Col. Sumner at Fort
($Arm8 Leavenworth, to interpose: and he marched onto
er sent by the battle-grounds, and partially put a stop to the
*^r ^h^ ^^^'- • • When, on the 4th of July the free-state
N.Y. legislature met at Topeka, he, with a company of
Bocie les.) -[jnited States dragoons, forcibly dispersed them. . .
LanJ at I^^wrence sent a military force of 300 mounted men
Lecoinp- to Lccomptou, Under Lane — who liberated Robinson
"oi/bai^^and his fellow-prisoners confined there.
^°d*th°° ^' ^^^' Shannon had resigned, and the worthy
other pris- Gov. Geary was appointed to succeed him. Trav-
onors. filing with his secretary. Dr. Gihon, up the Missouri,
.(§ Se® he met Shannon, who was fleeing for his life. Says
and Kan- Dr. Gihon,§ " his description of the country was
jSinN frightful and horrible." "A civil war," he said,
Gihon,'
Becrctary
of Gov. 4. What personal provocation nad John Brown? Eelate the
Geary.) battle of Ossawatomie. — 5. Relate some of the acts of violence by
which the free-state eraigrantw sntfered ? — 6. How were the Free
States affected by these proceedings? What new way had the
emigrants found? What action was taken by the rresident?
What in consequence was done by the U. S. troops ? What other
military force is mentioned ? VV hat was done by it ? — 7. W hat
is said of the two governors ? What account of Kansas was ^ven
by Shannon?
LKMIT IN A DARK Pf.ACE. i:31
" was vnginir in Knnsas; murder ran rampant ; and PT. lY.
the roads were cverywliere strown Avith the bodies V'c v.
of slanghtei-ed men." The new governor passiii'i- oh- "^•
on^vards to Lecompton, saw the ravages of war, in -g,-^
the blackened ruins of burned houses, and in fields
laid waste ; and he chanced to witness the dying j„iy lo.
struggles of poor Buffum,t exclaiming, " Oh, it "^^''"i!^ i^^^a*^,^"^
a foul murder !" and he resolved that he would objected
bring the murderer to justice. ,n,.iMni«r-T-T> ^^^is°
8. Geary was sent to settle differences and make horse to a
peace. . The influence of public opinion on the ap-"'*'^'^"
proacliing presidential election demanded it. The
United States' forces — now about to be transferred
to the command of Gen. Persifer F. Smith, were to
be used at his discretion. Arrived at Lecompton, sept ii.
he issued his proclamation, commanding all military ^^eary's
^ ^ , . TIT T proclama-
orofanizations oi the territory to disband. Lane Uon at Le-
immediately disbanded his forces, and went east to *^'*"'P'^°°-
hurry on the approaching emigrants. Meantime
2,700 men, mostly from Missouri, had collected,
with five pieces of artillery, and encamped within
four miles of Lawrence. The inhabitants fearing
instant destruction, appealed to the governor. He gept. 14.
came to their relief with 300 United States dra- Geary at
goons ; and found men, with women and some chil-
dren, armed, and preparing to resist. Gov. Geary,
after taking them under his protection, proceeded
to the camp ; and conferring with Atchison and the
other leaders, persuaded them to disband their
troops. They returned to their homes, and, aware
of the vastly superior numbers of their opponents,
they, from this time, abandoned the contest ; leav-
ing it to new leaders, less violent, but less honest.
7. What was seen by Gov. Geary ■— 8. Why was Gov. Geary
Bent? What is said concerning the U. S. troops? What procla-
mation was made? By whom was it promptly obeyed? What
caused a delay at Lawrence 3 and what was the final result I
432 GOV. GEARY ILL-TREATED.
CHAPTER VI.
Geary's tronbles. — Piesidential election. — Walker's govemorahip
FT. IT. 1 . Exultant at his success, Gov. Geary proclaimed
FD. V. that peace was restored to Kansas. But applying
cu. VI. himself to organize a legislature and a judicial tvi-
___ bunal, under which the inhabitants could live in
Oct. 10.* peace, with any prospect of equal justice, he found
240 emi- }je had undertaken what he could not accom-
arrested. plish. ... A party of emigrants advancing under
Oct 14. the lead of Gen. Pomeroy through Iowa, were ar-
disin^ied I'ested on entering Kansas*. They satisfied Gov.
by Gov. Geary, that they came as hona-fide settlers ; and he
^"^' sent them in peace to their several destinations. . . .
ISST. The legislature, called together by the governor,
Lecomp- and assembled at Lecompton, were furiously opposed
*°]atur?^^® his measures. On the floor of the house the
asseinbi'd. most shocking and profane abuse was heaped upon
Attempt him; and on occasion of his visiting the legislature,
^aat^Gor" ^^ attempt was even made upon his life.
Geary ' 2. This Outrage produced a reaction, and the pro-
gTws slavery settlers united with the others in publicly
book), denouncing it.+ The free-state men would then
(tAprenthave Submitted to the usurped government, had
wM*he"id Geary been allowed to administer it. They told him
at Le- their troubles, and he tried to help them. No mur-
to°s^mpa-der of a free-state man, they said, had ever been
"jV'g®^^'^'' punished by law. The murderer of Buffum, Geary
. had discovered, but he could not have him appre-
murdered hcnded. Until he sent, at his own expense. Major
«iffer»a Titus, with a military party. Hay, the murderer,
toMcapa was then indicted ; but was dismissed, by Judge
Chapter VI. — 1. Under what state of feelinff did Gov. Geary
proclaim peace ? How was he disappointed? Eelate what hap-
pened to a party of emigrants. How came the legislature to
assemble ? What were their feelings and conduct respecting tho
fovernorl — 2. What were the feelings and conduct of the people I
>eBcribo, by the case of the murderer of Buffum, the condition of
the U. S. Court.
THE DRED SCOTT DECISION. 483
Lecompte, on nominal bail. Gov. Geary sent long pt. it.
accounts of these affairs to Washington ; but art- fd. v.
ful counter-statements were also forwarded by Le- ^^- "^^
compte and others. Secretary Marcy sent them to ,-=,«
Geary — coolly remarking, that he desired to call his Marcy's*
attention to the discrepancies between those state- '||t«>" ^
ments and his own, of which he expected an expla-
nation. Thus did artful misrepresentations avail to
poison the minds of the authorities at Washington
against tlieir own cliosen officers. Lecompte was
sustained in office. Geary tendered his resignation, Geary
to take effect on the 4th of March. '■^'^■■
3. On that day, James Buchanan of Pennsylva- j^^^^^,, 4
nia, long known and well-beloved by his fellow-citi- inan^nr*
zens, was inaugurated President of the United States, Buchanan
and John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, Vice- * Breck-
president. There had been tAvo other candidates in
the field — Mr. Fillmore, who was selected by a
comparatively small party, called "the American," 1S56.
whose motto was, "Americans must rule America ;" J°"«^s-
— and John C. Fremont, the candidate of the Re- m'eet at*"
publican party. He lost his election because con- Pt'ia^'a-
servative men of the North feared that the success ^^^^ ^
of a party, bounded, as this was, by a geographical Dem-Cn.
line, — all the slave-holding States being opposed to clndnu
it, — might endanger the perpetuity of the Union,
and thus the very existence of the nation.
4. On the day succeeding the inauguration, a ma- 1857.
jority of the Supreme Court of the United States, in pred"
the celebrated case of Dred Scott, made the decis-Scott wm
ion — that the territories, acquired by the United suiiTgf!!!-
States, being for the common benefit of all its citi- ^'^^^^^
zens, all were equally entitled to go and make their
2. What did Gov. Geary ? How was lie counter-worked ?
Which was upheld at Washington, tlte governor or tlie judge?
Wliat was the consequence ?— 3. Wlien was the inauguration,
Rud wlio was inaugurated ? How many, and what candidates
had been in the iield ? Of what party was John C. Fremont
the candidate? Why did he lose his election? What was the
motto of the American party ? Who their candidate ? — 4. WJiat
decision was made by the Supreme Court in ths Dred Scott
case?
19
1857.
434 WAT.KKR AND STANTON".
PT. IV. homes there, — carrying Avith thorn wliatever waa
P'D. V. allowed by the Constitution to be their propei-ty,
cu. VI. and that included their slaves. This decision was
not acceptable at th.* North.
5. The first care of the new president was to make
Eobert J. •T' judicious Selection of a governor and secretary for
Walker Kaiisas ; and Robert J. Walker and Frederick P.
'stanton,' Stanton, botli men of distinction, and Southerners,
anT"'"-'^ were pievailed upon to accept these offices. Stan-
retary of ton preceded Walker by six weeks. He was, when
Kansas, j^^ went into the territory, as he says, "a real bor-
Apni 15. ^^^''" niffian"t regarding the territorial legislature as
atanton a legal power, and all those who opj^osed it, as rebels
Kansas, •'^"d encuiies to the public jjeace. His first official
duty, however, led him to understand its character,
<J^"*")®bv the unfair arranfrements which it had made, in
Dv which * . ^ .
Missouri- preparing for the election of members to form a
ga^edln "^^^ constitution. No one could vote unless his
this con- name was found on a registry of voters made ex-
picased pressly for the occasion ; and to obtain this registry,
'ii^i) a new census had been taken by its officers. The
census-takers had left ont just one-half the coun-
ties, and in the other half, omitted many of the free-
May"^ state party, — who, thus situated, refused to go into
"Walker the election ; — although assured by Gov. Walker,
who had then arrived, that the constitution, when
June 15. formed, should be submitted to the people. The
Election rgguit of this election showed a small vote, but it was
oi mem- • n /• i i i • i
bers to the 01 coursc m favor of the pro-slavery party ; which
ton'con- was, therefore, the maker of the Lecompton con-
•titutfon. stitution.
6. The scene now changes, and the people of
Kansas, for the first time obtain their right of self-
government. Mr. Buchanan had given stringent or-
4. Was this acceptable at the North? — 5. What was the first
care of the new President? Who were appointed ? Give an ac-
count of Stanton and his first proceedings. What did he learn in
the exercise of his first official duty? What unfair ^rranffcinents
were made by the legislature for a convention to frame the con-
stitution, afterwards called the Lecompton constitution? What
course was taken by the froe-8tate party? What was the resui*
o'the election? — 6. What change now occurs?
FRAUD ANTl FOLLY. 4:i^
dv- i-s that the polls should be guarded from violence ; pt. TV_^
aud to this end had 23laced 2,000 United States troops p'd. v,
under the command of Gov. Walker. He assured *'•' "^
the people, that if they would vote in the election «g,^,y
which was to take place (by decree of the first legis- oct.9.'
latnre, on the 9th of October) for a new legislature, ^'^J^*
that the polls should be protected. The free-state lature
men, believing him, voted, and carried the election, f^^^l^
But they came near to losing it, by a stupendous state
fraud, committed under a new and crafty set of ^^^*^'
leaders, of whom the surveyor-general John Cal- gppt s.
HOUN, was at the head.* He was made president of Lecomp-
the convention for forming the constitution, which assemble
assembled at Lecompton on the 5th of September, (K«^«»-
The constitution was to be submitted to the people Nov.V>
on the 21st of December, — when they were to vote T>ec*i.
in the words " for the constitution with slavery" or people to
"for the constitution without slavery;" but a sched-^"^'^ ^°^-
ule was appended, not to be voted on, niakmg hered- any w»f.
itary slavery permanent, and providing, that the
constitution should not be altered till 1864, and
then only by a two-thirds vote.
7. To the president, Mr. Calhoun, the returns of
this voting were to be made, as also of another elec-
tion,— that of members to a State legislature, to be
held under it, on the 4th of January, 1858,+ the day^f^^^J^^
that the free-state legislature (thus to be superseded) territorial
was by law to meet. The free-state people were *^* ''^^
fiercely indignant. Gov. Walker had left the terri-
* From the precinct of Oxford, where were 43 voters, and from McGee 1.S38*
county, where no poll was opened, returns were sent to Stanton — from Ox- Jan. 4.
ford, containing 1.600 votes, and from McGee county, 1,200. These returns. Import-
it is said, were made out by copying the names from an old Cincinnati di- ance of
rectory. Wlien Stanton received them, in a great roll of papers pasted to- this dato
gather, he unrolled it, upon the floor of his office, and it stretched to the in the
length of 40 feet annals of
— — Kansasi.
6. How did Mr. Buchanan take the first step in prodiicinof this
change? What part had Gov. Walker in its What ditt'creiK-e
wa.s there in this election and tliat of Marcli 30, 1855 ? How did (-f- a very
the free-state people come near to losing a declared majority^ ditferent
What do you learn of John Calhoun?! In what form of' words man fiotu
was the Lecompton constitution to be submitted to the people? ^"^" ^-
—7. How was a legislature to be chosen to supersede that chosen Calhoun.)
by the froo-stoie pooole f
436 THE LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION.
FT IV toi'Y on a \nsit to Washington, and they persuaded
P'D. V Secretary Stanton to antedate the meeting of tlie
cu. Ti. legislature to the 19th of December. Tl)e tirst day
___ of tlieir session, they remonstrated to Congress
Dec. 19* against the Lecompton constitution, declaring it a
MeetiMKofj|j.m.p;^tion to which they would never submit; and
state*^ they appointed tlie succeeding 4th of January, to
'^^if^*,^'^y take a vote of the people, whether they would or
Stanton, would not accept it.
fortyiiays. §• Ou the 2 1 st of December, the vote had been
taken, " Constitution Avith slavery," or without, and
1857. Calhoun reported 6,226 votes for " Constitution
^te,Con-with slavery." These votes being afterwards ex-
Btitntion amiucd by a committee of investigation, which this
■without vz? '
«kvery. legislature appointed, 2,700 of them were shown to
be fraiuiulent.* The vote of the people, as cast on
the Lpcompton constitution, by tlie law of the free-
state legislature, was the largest ever polled in
Kansas, there being a majority of 9,512 against it.
^lanan' ^' '^^^^ Lccomptou Constitution was now by Mr.
eouid not, Calhoun carried to Washington. He placed it — no
Wmejiave^o^^^^ with his owu vcrslon of affairs — in the hands
known of of the president ; who, impressed with the belief
frauds) that its adoption by Congress Avould quiet Kansas,
1858 ^"^ restore harmony to the nation, sent it to the
Feb. 2.* House of Representatives, with a special commend-
me^^e ^^ory message. A stormy debate ensued, in which
(t These ^ number of his friends in the House, at the head of
are now whom was Mr. Hickjian, took decided ground
Anti^Le- against his message.t jMk. Douglas, in the Senate,
*^^^'?""took the same ground. Congress having made sev-
* Capt. Walker, the sheriff, demanded the votes at the oflBce of Calhonn,
Frand of °d * warrant from the committee. "They »re not hert'," he wa.s told.
the " l)el- "Search the office." " I shall not search the office, but the wood-pile," said
aware the sheriff; and there he soon uneiirthed a caiuUe-hox, containing tlie mi^-
Crossing," ing votes. Thus was this fraud, which was chiefly that of the '■Dclawaro
and dis- Crossing," brought to light.
covery of
the can- 7. How by the aid of Stanton did the ^ree-state legislature come
die-box. together, before the 4th of January ? (the day Calhoun meant their
power should cease.) — 8. What report did Calhoun make coneern-
■..ng the people's vote on the Lecompton constitution? How were
his frauds detected ? {See note.) — 9. Who placed the Lecompton
constitution in the hands of Mr. Buchanan? What did he think,
and wluit do ? How wa.s Mb message rocorvedf
MA6SACKE OF THE MAKAI8 DKS CTGNE8.
era! attempts to agree on some plan of settlement, p'T. it.
finally adopted the "English bill." This, in an.indi- i-d. vT
rect manner, referred the constitution to the people *^"- "^'-
of Kansas. If they accepted it, they Av^ere immedi- -^-^
ately to become a State; otherwise, they were not May 4.*
again to apply to Congj-ess till they had a number of "^.''e 'K"^
inhabitants (93,423) suthcient to entitle them to one So called
representative in that body. On the 9th of August, a*{]^^or^
by the large majority of 11,300 to 1,788, the people member
of Kansas rejected the Lecompton constitution. n. r^
10. While tiie English bill was pending, Capt. An?. 9.
Hamilton, with two (^f his brothers, to intimidate the ^^^^
„ 1-1 T 1 T 1 T KansHns
iree-state people, raised an armed band, who rode reject uie
at noonday into the small town of Trading JPost, ^fn c™n-
and seized eleven of the unsuspecting people; one, an stitutum.
old man, one, a youth from behiud the counter, and
one a minister of the Gospel. They then took them Massacre
about three miles, to a ravine near a small stream "raiffi^s""
called the 3farais des Ci/c/nes, and there shot tliem, CyKnea.
Some by feigning death, saved their lives. The ^^'
people aroused, and under the brave old partisan
leader, James Montgomeky (a cousin of him who
fell at Quebec), they pursued the murderers with
200 men. But failing to overtake them, they sought
in lawless ways, to right esksting wrongs, — especially j,^^^ 99.
at Marmaton and Fort Scott. ... Gov, Denver, (Conven-
who had succeeded Walker, visited the region ; and Eaysvuie
persuading Montgomery to lay down his arms, i"e- Q^'""p|^„.
stored quiet to the country. Gov. Medaky hasver's visit
succeeded Denver. The Kansans have recently so'i?theit
formed at Wyandotte a constitution to be oifered of Kausas.)
for acceptance to Congress. They have elected un-
der it a legislature, and again chosen Robinson
governor,
9. What was done in Congress respecting it? In wliat manner
did the Englisli bill refer tlie Lecompton constitution to the peo-
ple of Kansas? What was the result?— 10. Relate the massacre
of the Marais des Cygnes (prfmounc^d mara-da-seen). What fol-
lowed? Who succeeded Walker as governor? What was done
by him? Who was his successor? What constitution is now
fonr.ed ? Who ckoson governor under it?
4:c{8 THE 60UNJ DUES.
CHAPTER VII.
The Sound Dues. — Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition. — Walker the
Filibuster — Mormon War. — JDlie Revulsion. — Paraguay. — Eng-
land and America.
PT. IV. 1. Having continued unbroken the chain of in-
P'D. V. terior history, during the years in which it turned
OIL viL upon that of Kansas, we now give our attention to
„__ such other matters of the last decade, as lie Avitinn
April u! our province to record. . . . The " Sound Dues"
Notice of v\'ei-e a premium claimed by Denmark from the
the Ainer- i .-' • i j ^
icaii srov- SMips 01 every nation passmg Jier islands to enter
To^Den- ^^'^ Baltic sca. By the treaty of 1826, America
mark, had agreed to pay this tribute ; but with the re-
sei'ved right of abrogating the treaty after ten
years, on a year's previous notice being given. Mr.
Marcy, the American Secretary, gave this notice to
the Danish government on the 14th of April, 1855,
March u — ^^^^^^ his exceptions to the Sound Dues, as an ex-
Treaty tor action, unreasonable, and behind the spirit of the
tionof"h'o^o6. Other nations united in the remonstrance,
sound thus sct ou foot by the American government : and
fected the affair was settled, by the final abolition of the
Sound Dues, and the sulDstitution of a specific sum
of money. Thus this grand highway is now free to
all nations.
2. In the search after Sie John Franklix (a Brit-
ish navigator, lost in the Arctic seas), among those
who were moved by the pathetic appeals of his wife,
1S50. Lady Jane Franklin,* was Mr. Henry Grinnelt.,
Grimieii '1 Wealthy merchant of New York, He fitted out,
Expedi- i,j 1850 an expedition with two ships, the Advance
non under -, rt ■ ■ ^ i -r -r^
DoHaven and liescue, giving the command to Lieut. De
* Thla noble woman came to America, in 1S46. She spent a day in
examining the regulations, and learning the studies and uiodea of teaching
in the Female Seminary at Troy.
Chapter VII. — 1. What was meant by the "Sound Dues?"
What \\\rc the conditions of the treaty ot''l826 ? What was done
in April, 18.';o ^ \Vhut was the result ?— 2. Who was Sir John
franklin? Wliat is said of lieiiiy Grianeli? Give an accoiiut
•f tlie tirst Gnunell Expeditiuu.
DR. KANe's arctic EXPEDITION. 439
Haven. He, failing to obtain any traces of the lost pt. it.
navigatoi-, Dr. Elisiia Kent Kane of Philadelpliia, p-D. r.'
encouraged by Mr. Grinnell and otliers, proceeded ch. vh.
witli the Advance to renew the search. In hiojh
northern latitudes he encountered a terrific storm, Mav 30.*
■which obliged him to find anchorage for his vessel, in Dr". k.
■M-~* o ' sails.
Rensselaer Harbor,+ where his party fitted up their
cabin, — which became their home for two winters, caile^'by
Their bold explorations — travelling in various direc- Dr. K.)
tions with dog-trains — extending their observations (Ansr. 20.
north two deii-rees bcvond the eig-htieth, and the''^ storm.)
indications tliey there found of an open polar sea — -rl^.T^
their sufferings and adventures among the barbarous tennineto
Esquimaux — have made this one of the most tamousp^^Jn'^^"^,*'^
voyages on record. Attempting to return, after Harbor.)
the second winter, they were met on the coast of i§55,
Greenland by Lieut. Haetstein, who had been sent (<^'.*- ^'•
,, •' ., , ,.,.,. arrive in
by the government with two vessels to tlieir rehei. n. y.)
3. In 1853, William Walker, who had been the
editor of a paper at San Francisco, set on foot an 1853.
expedition, which sailed with 53 men from that waiker
poit. The object was to prevail on the people of ^**'^
Old California and SonoraXo declare independence,
and then raise the American flag. After a* series of
operations, which at first seemed to promise suc-
cess, and drew others from California to join him,
he was finally reduced to distress by the hostility of 1854.
the inhabitants, and prevented from receiving rein- ^^I^^^IJ
forcements, by Gen. Wool, who had been sent out aiui 40
by the government with special ordei'S to put a stop ^reiu've.r
to such violations of the neutrality laws. Finally, by Gen.
Walker, with the miserable remnant of his party,
were taken from Ensenada, by a vessel dispatched ,(Jj|^"j','[^?,
by Gen. Wool, and carried to San Francisco. invasion.)
4. This enterpi'ising filibuster, soon sailed again
/rom the same port with 65 men ; having been
2. Of the sccoud, sent out under Dr. Kane. Of his explora-
tions and return. — 3. Wlien, witli what object and \vliat foree, did
William Walker .sail t'roni San Francisco \ What was his course,
and its final result? F<v.- what wus Gen. Wool sent to the Padlio
CO!\st, aiid wiiat did lie d<^ \
4:40 WALKER, THE FILIBUSTER.
F'T. IV. tempted by the splendid offers of vast qnantitie.^ of
P'D. V. land, made by one Chamorro, a rebel against tlie
CH. TIL government of Nicaragua. When there, Walker
IS '^4^ played his game so artfully that he raised himself to
May 17.* the head of the government. This drew to his
'^.^"^/'' standard, hundreds of his deluded countrA^men.i"
sails lor ~-~^ ^ -vx* •
Nicar'gua. Jiut a stroug party 01 ^icaraguans were m arms
(+ Of 3000 against him, and they obtained military aid from
iTwedor Gosta Mica. Although Walker was sometimes vio
joined torious, yet his army was wasting, not only by war,
but 600 but by diseases of the climate quickened by intem-
returned.) perance. The maimed and sickly remnant of his
forces, was at length carried from Nicaragua;
June 28* partly by British, and partly by Ameri'^an govern-
First ment vessels,*, . . The governments of Nicaragua and
brought Costa Rica, on the 11th of May, 1858, made an ap-
byCom P®^^ *^ ^^^ great Powers of Europe to protect them,
Paulding, against lawless invasions fi'om the United States.
5. After Utah was made a Territory, President
3^^, * Fillmore unfortunately appointed Brigham Young,
Yoling governor ; thus apparently adding the sanction of
Grn'ornor ^^^ General Government to his already despotic
of Utah, powers, as " prophet, seer, and revelator of the
Mormon clmrch." Such of the judges and other
officers appointed, as were not Mormons, soon found
that neither the laws of the land, nor the usages of
*i^"' civilized society, could be there maintained. The
whole community was bound to their chief, either
as accomplices in ciime, or as fanatical dupes, — be-
lievinsr that his will and word were those of God.
* All who returned were brought home by American vessels. June 2S,
1857, Commodore Paulding brouglit to New York, in the Wabash, 121 of
Walker's men; August 3, the frigate Roanoke brought 204; and, Ansrust
18, tlie steamer Ttntiessee, 275 — making in all, COO. Commodore Paulding
took Walker from Kicaragua; for which, tliat government officially re-
turned Lim their thanks.
4. What was Walker's ne.\t attempt? How had he been
tempted, and enabled to tempt otliers? Relate liis conrse in
Kicaragfiia. What was the final result? By whom were he and
his men taken from Niearai,nia? How many Americans followed
or joined him, and how iiumy returned ? (Cunsulttlie notes.) — 5.
What etfcet liad the ai>poiiitiiiir of Brigliam Young a? governor of
Utah? What was found by ntiicer.s not Mormons to be the con-
dition of that ilc-lirkd people?
THE MORMON WAR. 44:]
The Danites, a secret military organization, wet e P'T. iy.
his avenging spirits, — ready to take off, by poison or fd. v.
otherwise, any man whom his spies should report as *'°- ^^^
about to escape, or any woman, who should dare
refuse to marry or join a harem, at his dictation.
These secret murders no Mormon may or will dis-
close.. Impannelled as a grand jury, they will not (t Also
indict; as a petit jury, they will not convict. At gfrnctimi
length, the wholesale murder of an emigrant train "f Lieut,
of eiglity persons, at Mountain Meadows^ charged wuh an
upon tlie Indians, but believed (now known) to ^^"^^^^^^
have been the work of the Mormons, aroused the 8.)
countiy.
6. Mr. Buchanan removed Bri^ham Youngr and ^„,^
appointed Mr. Gumming, of Georgia, his successor. Brisham
He, with other officei's, set out for the Territory ^^"^"^
under the escort of a detachment of U. S. troops. ®™°^^
When Brigham Young leai'ned these measures, he sept is.
issued a treasonable proclamation, — openly assumed ^ngham
1 1 • 1 T-r • 1 Youngs
sovereign powers, and prepared to resist the U nited prociama.
States authority by force of arms. Congress em- '^"^
powered the President to send against him an addi-
tional and competent force. In the spring of 1858, j,,ne
the troops intended for this service were detained Army be
on account of the troubles in Kansas, till it was too ^marcL
late before the army of Utah began their march
across the plains. Gen. Johnson, their able leader,
would, however, have had them comfortably fed, as ^l^j
well as sheltered, at Fort JBridger^ but that the goes into
Mormons burnt and wholly destroyed, on Green ''^pP*'
Rloer. a provision train of eighty wagons. This Bridger.
left the army to diminished rations, and the fear of
starvation, before suiDplies could be obtained in the
spring.
7. In this condition, one of the officers, Captain
Ma ROY — well-chosen by the commander — with 65
5. Who were the Daiiites I What is said of their secret murders ?
Wiiat terrible massacre aroused the country? — 6. What was done
by Mr. Buchanan? What by Brigham Youno; ? What by Con-
gross >: How wore the troops employed in 1858 ? Describe the
turtiier progress of the army, what happened at Green River, and
the conseijuences.
19*
eioners
Mint
4*2 CAPT. MARCT'S ENTERl'KISK.
P'T. IV. men, heroically undertook one of the most perilous
P'T). V. euterjM-ises on rec-oi'd. He ci-osscd at the dead of
CH. viL winter, the drifted, pntliless pjains and inoiuitains,
from Foit Biid<j;er to the towns of New Mexico —
Nov. 24* obtained provisions, and, though believed to have
Captain perished witii his little army, he eraeri^ed from the
htf^riiis his waste or snows, — liavmg in three montlis marclied
march* ^^^^^ miles, and bi-ought supplies, to the great
relief of the suffeiing army. Gex. Garland, in
1858. command at New Mexico, had made every exertion
^^Marcv^' ^^ assist him, and furnished him on his return with
arrives, a guard of mounted rifles. This is another instance,
jievesThe ^^ which American officers and soldiers have done
•rmy. great honor to the nation.
8. In April, Mr. Buchanan, wishing to save a
bloody conflict, sent two commissioners, Messrs.
CommiV Powell and McCulloch, to treat with the Mor-
mons. Brigham Young, liaving found, that, in the
near vicinity of 2,500 U. S. troops, his militia were
not to be relied on, negotiated and made fair prom-
ises. The army peacefully passed through Salt
Lake City, and forty-five miles southwest, they en-
camped in Cedar Valley, — built houses of adobe, and
called the place Camp Floyd. But the farce of the
Mormons voluntarily submitting themselves is al-
most at an end ; the insecurity of life and property,
and the degradation of woman continues. Brigham
Young, with his Danite guard, is the same lawless
tyrant now as before.
1857. 9. In the summer of 1857, occurred one of those
J^."s'^^-, sudden and far-spreading seasons of business calam-
Failure of. i • i i ^ • ? i c cl i • ..
the Life ity, which has received the name oi ' revulsion."
ComJany'The first great failure was that of the "Life and
Trust Company" of Cincinnati, which occurred on
1858. the 24th of August, 1857. . . . Our affairs with Spain
BaiiTs have been comi)licated with the filibustering expedi-
re-^utue tions fitted out in American ports against her island
payment.)
7. Describe Captain Marey's march and return. — 8. What
measures were next taken by tlie government and the army?
Where did the army make a fortified camp ? — 9. What happened
ic 1857 ?
DTFFICCLTIKS WITH SPAIX AND PAJIAGUAT. 443
of Cuba. The English and French proposed to our pt. iv.
government to enter into a tri-partite treaty^ nnitu- "fdTvT
ally to defend for Spain her possession of tliat island. '^^- ''^
Mr. Everett, then Secretary of State, promptly de- ig^o
clined any such " entangling alliance." An Amer- Tn-par*
ican steamship, the Black Warrior^ was seized in **^'|.J^^*'7
Havana, and declared confiscated. The 17. S. min-
ister in Spain was instructed to demand immediate 1S54*
satisfaction ; but in the mean time the Cuban author- Feb. 23.
ities released the vessel on the payment of 6,000 wamor
dollai's, made by the owners under protest. The seized,
subject of purchasing Cuba of Spain, has been much no"™''-
agitated ; but the offended pride of that ancient offered
nation, refuses the most tempting offers. '"' Cuba.)
1 0. Intercommunication with South America has
increased. There has, however, been a difficulty
with the Republic of Paraguay. Lopez, the supreme
ruler (called President), had not only refused to ratify
a treaty formerly negotiated, but he had refused to igsy,
an American government vessel, the Water Witch, Likct.
the privilege of sailing through Paraguay, — ordering th^w]w,
one of his forts on the Parana to fire upon her ; by insulted,
which one of her men was killed. Congress em-
powered the President to send a force competent to 1858.
bring the offending nation to terms ; and Mr. Bu- Congrese
chanan sent out a squadron of nineteen vessels under outrage.
Commodore Shubrick. At Monte Video, the Amer-
ican Commissioner, Mr. Bowlin, come on board
the flag-ship Fulton, in which he piocceded up the
Parana, leaving the other vessels behind to be called
into action, if necessary.
11. At the city of Parana, the capital of the Ar- 1859.
gentine Confederation, Mr. Bowlin was warmly -^^^'^i^^,
received by the gallant Gen. Ukquiza, its dictator, Mn at l%
Avho generously preceded the American squadron ^"'"i'^"*
9. How were our affairs with Spain complicated? What pro-
posal is here related i How was it met by the government ? Re-
late, the affair of the Black Warrior. What is said of the piireha.«e
of Cuba from Spain?— 10. With what country of S. .\;}ieriea lias
there been a diilicuity? What was tiie cau.sc ? What was done
by roni;-res>^ What by the l'r*isi«lent ? Describe the course of
ilifc t!X|itdiuoti up the i'araua.
444 TEEATIES.
P'T. IV. to Assumptio7i^ the capital of Paraguay, ami used
P'D. V. I'is iiitiueiice witli Lopez to jjersuade him to a
cii. viL tVieudly scttleniout. Lopez tlien prepared to re-
_„^ ceive the embassy in state; and as tlie American
A grand Commissioner, attended by all the officers of tiie
recoption. fi-ig^te, was received by the President of Paraguay,
with his high officers in attendance, and in the
presence of the Dictator of the Argentine Confeder-
acy,— a novel scene was passing in the heart of
„ , ,„ South America, which may be hailed as the harbin-
Feb. 10. ,.1 • • •!• • T 1 1
Treaty g^''' oi advancmg civilization. In three weeks, a
Avitli satisfactory treaty of amity and commerce was ne-
Para- gotiated, due apologies were made, and ten thousand
gnay* dollars given as an indemnity to the family of the
slain mariner.
1 2. Disa2:reements between England and America
1§'54. have repeatedly occurred within the last ten years,
The Re- ^^^^ they have, thus far, had a peaceful termination.
ciprocity'^he Reciprocity treaty respected Canada, and was
Treaty negotiated by Lord Ei.gix, the governor-general,
*r\v^K--'h- ^"'^ Secretary Marcy. By it, duties formerly paid,
ingion. were on each side remitted, and thus traffic on the
border much facilitated. ... In the summer of 1854,
Great Britain, being engaged in war with Russia,
opened a recruiting service in Canada, intending to
receive volunteers from the United States. In car-
rying it on, the British Minister, Mr. Crampton,
* Mr ^^^^ ^^^'^ of the British Consuls in the United States,
Crampton violated national law ; and so offended the American
recalled goY(3,-mTient, that the recall of Mr. Crampton was
requested by Secretary Marcy, and peacefully ob-
tained by Mr. Buchanan, — then resident minister in
LoiHk)n, — And here we record a remarkable act of
British magnanimity, which seems to show the im-
proved monvl tone of the world. British vessels
having attenii)ted to search American, Secretary
11. What is said of Gen. Urquiza? Relate the reception at As-
Bumption. The result of the neirotiation. — 12. What lias been the
state of our relation.s with G. Britain] What is said of the Reei-
procity treaty? Describe the atfair in which Mr. Crainptou waa
implicated.
QUEEN VICTORIA VISITS THE KESOLUTE. 4:45
Cass made complaint, -writing to Mr. Dallas, then P't. iv.
minister at London, boldly and ably on the subject, pd. v.
Parliament voluntarily took up the question, and ^^- "^"■
frankly abandoned, what they acknowledged had 1858.
been falsely called — the British right of search. the'
13. A dispute is now pending concerning the S'?btof
ownership of the island of St. Juan, in the straits of aban-
Fuca. Gen. Scott was sent thither by Mr. Buchanan, *^°°®*^
Gen. Harney having, it was feai'ed, endangered the « §50
peace of the country, by excluding the British from Sept '
a joint occupation of the island, — to which, though ^„f^**
it may be found contrary to treaty stipulations, stJuan.
they had been accustomed. Gen. Scott has returned,
having restored the mutual occupancy, leaving the
right to the island to be decided by the civil powers.
14. Many pleasing maritime incidents have occur-
red, which have shown that the tie of blood and lan-
guage is especially felt between the seamen of the
two countries, — and the governments have lost no
opportunity to foster this feeling of kindred. An
example occurs in the finding, by Americans, of the
British Arctic discovery ship Resolute, which had ^ea
been abandoned by the crew — her purchase andTheRe»<>-
fitting up, by the American government — and their J* j|ngrl
sending her to Great Britain by Lieut. Hartstein,
The Queen, to whom she was delivered, came on
board of her ; and received from American seamen
the homage due to virtue, still more than to rank.
The officers received on shore many hospitable at-
tentions from the neighboring nobility and gentry.
12. What was done in Parliament concerning the right of
aeaich?-- '13. Kelate the dispute concerning the island of St.
J'lan. What has been done concermng it! — 14. Between what
cl issies is the ti« of blood and language telt I Belate the exampl*
g; yen.
446 TWO NEW STATES.
CHAPTER Vin.
Temtoriss. — Rontcs of travel in the Pacific. — Canses of the Dim-
in iitioii of Foreign Immigration. — Eiots. — Disasters by sea and
land. — Benefactions. — Mount Vernon Association.
FT- IV. 1 . Ix the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a mistake
P'D. V. was made in describing the southern boundary of
en. VHL ^Yie ceded territory, — in consequence of the incor-
l§i§ ^^ctness of the map after which the description was
Feb. 2.* made. From this arose the long dispute concerning
Treaty of the Mesilla Valley, and the subsequent treaty made
Gaada- j^ Mexico by the American envoy, Mr. Gadsden ;
Hidalgo, ^y which the government quieted its title to the
valley, and obtained another small territory south
1854. of the river Gila; both amounting to 160,000 acres,
Purchasl ^^^ dearly paid for, by ten millions of dollars. The
made, territory is called Arizona, and is for the present ap-
pended to New Mexico.
2. Gold mines have recently been discovered at
1§58 JP Ike's jPeak, on the Rocky Mountains, west of Kan-
-^« sas ; and a considerable population has thus been
found at attracted thither. Oregon and Minnesota were ad-
^^^^ mitted to the Union as States in May, 1858. Wash-
ington was made a territory in 1853, The Union
1S58. now, — 1860, — numbers thirty-three States, and five
May. incorj'Orated territories, exclusive of the District of
and Min- Columbia. . . . One of the most prominent objects of
admitted ^^ present decade has been the establishment of
as States, routes of travel, to connect together the eastern and
western parts of the republic. The Gadsdgn Pur-
p.'Hfic^'^ii chase was made, because it afforded an eligible route
K. t(i pass for a Southern Pacific railroad, to begin in Texas
the GUa and ])ass south of the Gila. Another, and more
route, northern route is needed; and several have been
surve} ed by order of Congi-ess.
Chatter VIII. |^—1. What caused the dispute concerning tlia
Mesilhi Valley % Wliat new treaty was made, and what wim gained
and wl;at iriven ?— 2. Wliat is said of Pike'.'* K-ak ? What two States
were aci'nHted ? Wliat Territory e.'^tablished ? How many States and
Territories in 18G0? What is here said of railroads to the PacLSel
THE ISTHMUS RAILROAD. 447
8. Tlie important step, in tlie world's commercial ft. iv.
progress, of cai-rying a railroad across the Istlimus of fd. v.
Darien, was accomplished in 1854, — b}' a company «». vul
of New York merchants, of whom Mr. Aspinwall ,q<-o
was chief; the right of way having previously been jan. 2a.'
secured by the government, in a treaty with New."^*?^^"'
■' ~ ' * train over
Grenada, On the 22d of January, 1858, the road the isth-
was opened from Aspinwall to Panama; and the ^"^^^^^^^^^
rude inhabitants of the Isthmus forests, saw for the « Pana-
first time the fire and steam of the wonderful self- ™^^
moving engine, with its train of travelling and mer-
cantile apartments. , . , An overland mail-route has
been established, by which regular weekly commu-
nication is kept up between St. Louis and San
Fi'ancisco. The telegraph wir^s to accompany it
are already laid along a considerable part of the
way. . , . Foreign imraigi-ation has greatly dimin-
ished. In Ireland the condition of the laborer is (in isso,
improved ; and, no doubt, America lias been re- ^50,000
poited in Europe, in consequence of the Kansas grams ; m
civil war, and other disorders, as having fallen into 1^**^^)
anarchy, and no longer a desirable country to reside
in. As about three-quarters of all the crimes com-
mitted in the country have been by foreigners, we
hope our state-prisons may hereatter have fewer
inmates.
4, Disorders tending to anarchy. — In Sept.
1858, the Quarantine buildings^ on Staten Island, 185§.
were burnt in the night; the sick were carried out,^^''^Jj'^***
laid on the grass, and otherwise exposed. Gov. Quurrm-
KiNG of New York, proclaimed the transaction to ^"'^,|ll^'"*"
be a lawless outrage ; and called out the militia to destroyed.
guard the remaining property. The citizens who
3. What was done in 1S54? By whom? How was the rii,'ht oi
way obtained? Wliat is said of the opening of this railn>ad ?
y\ hat coinniunication was in 1860 established! Wl>-it is said of
fi 'reign inunij^ratiou? What reasons are ji^ivcu wli\ Tewt-r people
conie over from Ireland, and from the rest of Europe I What
l^'ioportion of the crimes committed in the D. S. have beep by
tdVcifj^ners ? What then m^v he honpri and exnecred if fewer
foreigners come to our country ?^4. Which la tlie first meutioued
of tlie disorders tending to anarchy?
448 LAWLESS PKOCEKinNGS.
P'T. IV. committed this act had long remonstrated against
~pr>. V. the location of the Quar;uitine buildings, as en-
OH. VIII. dangering the health of their families. Expense
accrued, which the State, it is supposed, will collect
of the county. . . In 1854, men and women, at Erie, —
Di^*^^- ^t Harbor Creek, and other places on the Erie rail-
M rfoLs on road, made a series of attacks upon the trains, —
E. K.'* tearing up the rails and destroying the bridges.
They were dissatisfied with an arrangement, by
which the passengers were not obliged to stop on
their part of the road,
5. " Vigilance Committees" in St. Francisco have
taken several prisoners from the hands of the law
1§56. and hung them. These committees were too strong,
(Vijuance ^nd had too much cause for their measures, to be
Ooniniit- pn^ down Or punished, although the governor resist-
Francisco cd their action, and appealed to the President of
^"inenT" ^^^ United States for aid. This shows the im-
portance, if we would avoid anarchy, to maintain
an independent and able judiciary. . . . Baltimore, the
capital of Maryland, was infested, till recently,* with
organized bands, committing occasional murders,
1 S60 ^ unlawfully interfering to control elections by
* New* force and fraud. A set of these ruffians, calling
'uii'tumr themselves " Plug Uglies," went to Washington on
lour the 1st of June, 1857, to control, by force, an
^col"lX^ election tliere. They overpowered the police, —
Dies guard whcu, at the Fcqucst of tlic mayor, the marines
"^ *^' ^' were ordered out. Five of the invaders were killed
1S57. ^^^ seventeen wounded, before they could be quelled.
'Plus- In New York, in Louisville, and in other places,
fvash-'" there have been occasional riots ; — but when we
6 kfi'iedlT ^^"^ *^^'^^ ^^"^ broad country, and behold its num-
woaiid'ed. bers of happy families, and reflect that nowhere else
has mankind ever enjoyed so much liberty and
prosperity, with so great a degree of security, we
4. What that happened in 1854:? — 5. What lawless proceedinga
occurred in San 1 rancisco ? Why were they not put down and
punished^ What is thus shown? What is .«aid"of the city ot
of Baltimore ? What happened on the 1st of June, 1857 ? Have
there been riots in other places ? But what, on the whole, may
be said of the state of the country t
AOCTDENTS AND DISASTEE8. 44&
are led to bless our Almighty Preserver that so ft. iv.
great a degree of peace and safety has been enjoyed, fd. v.
6. Accidents ajhd Deaths, — It is computed that '^^ "^™-
the deaths by railroad accidents, during the year
1859, were 1,000. Of those which occurred during
the last ten years, the most fatal, and — in regard to f g^^,
the timeless fate of several children of a Sunday- JniyT.
scliool excursion — the most aifecting, occurred a ioS,n*ear
shoit distance out of Philadelphia, on the N. Pennsyl- Pi'i'adei-
vania Railroad. Sixty were killed and seventy-eight 60, w. ri
wounded. Accidents at sea have been still more
fatal. The steamer San Francisco sailed from l**^**
New York with 700 on board, a part of whom were L,4"of tiie
United States soldiers. She foundered at sea, and J^^/''*^-
240 were lost. The ship Powhatan^ from Havre to perished.
New York, having on board 311 emigrants, went
ashore in a gale, on the coast of Long Island, and -n,e"pow.
every soul perished. The " Collins" line of American g^^f*"- ,
steamers, plying between New York and Liverpool,
were celebrated throughout the world for the ele-
gance,— even to supei"fluity, — with which these
" Heating palaces" were finished and furnished. One
of them, the Arctic^ Capt. Luce, on her way to New sept. 27.
York, — when near Cape Race, came in collision (the "[^^ ^22'
fog being dense) with the French screw-steamer perished.
Vesta. The bows of the Arctic stove in, and she
went down with 322 of her crew and passengers.
The Pacific^ another of these splendid steamers, left **^„^'
Liverpool with 400 persons, and was never heard 01 Pacific
more. The Central America, Caft. Herndex, on pg^^^j^^,^
her way from Aspinwall to New York, with 579 400-
persons on board, was destroyed by a terrific storm.
After a part of her passengers had been washed *fpf ^*
overboaid, a small American brig, the Marine, ap- TheCon-
peai-ed. The gallant Hernden, with great exertion, "a. ^-p^j.
sent aboard her all she could take, — preferring the "s^ed, 425
6. How many lives were lost in the year 1859 from accidents on
raihoads? Which hai^ been the most fatal of these accidents
duriuir tlie last decade? Give an account of the San Francisco.
Tiie Powhatan. What account can vou give of tlie Collins'
Btciuners? Of the Arctic? The Pacific? The Central America I
450 TirE ruKoiiASE of Washington's home.
FT. lY. women arid children, — and himself went down with
p'D. V. the remainder of his passengers, in the wreck of hia
CH. IX. Q's^yi^ Sllip.
7. This country continues to be distinguished for
the benefactions of wealthy individuals, to public
objects. George Peabody, the enterprising and
Ft'b. * wealthy American banker of London, has given
Mr. Pea- lialf a million of dollars to the city of Baltimore, to
to 25 lound and endow a literary and scientinc mstitution
foMiftfu- <^^" a l^igh order The " Mount Vernon Associ-
111. >iv, ation," a Society of American women, of which
siibse- ' PaiMela Cunningham, of Georgia, is the head,
r'uuutio' ^^^^ purchased the estate of Mount Vernon, the
' home of Washington. This Society, beginning at
the South, has found a warm co-operation at the
North, — not from the women only, but from, at least,
one honored man : Edwaud Evekett, by his lec-
IQ'5S t'^ires and writings, made for this express purpose.
Mount* has raised the sum of sixty-nine thousand dollars, —
bmteht of which he has given to aid in paying the two hundred
J. Wash- thousand, for which the estate has been purchased
ington. ^£ John Washington, the proprietor.
CHAPTER IX.
Harper's Ferry.
1. On Sunday night, the 16th of October, 1859,
IS59. the inhabitants of the village of Harper's Ferry were
Oct. iG. alarmed, by learninsr that their brid2:e over the
Harper's Potouiac was in the possession of armed men, wdio
Ferry, jjg^^j stoppcd the train of cars coming in from the
west, — but, after a parley, had permitted them to
7. For what does America continue to be distinguished ?
Wlio is George Peubody ? What act of liberality is mentioned ?
What society is liere mentioned ? Wliat lady is at its head i Wli:it
nas this society done i What has Edward Everett done to aid
this patriotic object i
Chapter IX. — 1. As what happened at Harper's Ferry it* an
important event, give the day and date. What happened at
Harper's Ferry that Sunday night?
ALARM AT HARPEk's FERRY. 451
go on, giving them notice, that no more trains from ft. it.
either direction would be allowed to pass. A negro, pd. v.
one of the employees of the train, who, on the *^ ^
bridge, had left it to reconnoitre, was shot; as also a jo«q
negro porter in the town, who refused to yield him-
self to their direction. The people soon found that
their unknown foes had possession of the arsenal,
and held — there imprisoned — some Of its officers,
whom they had surprised and taken ; as also some
of the neighboring planters, among whom was Col.
Lewis Washington. Horses, carriages, and wagons
M^ere seized — the wagons to carry arms. All the
negroes who could anywhere be found wei'e pressed
into their service.
2. The inhabitants, made prisoners in their own
houses, were excited to the highest pitch. Whence
these murderous iiivaders — what their object, or
their numbers, none knew. But from their bold
and successful measui'es, they judged there must be
several hundreds — the report of their numbers as
sent forth, varying from two hundred to seven.
But relief was approaching. Although the insur-
gents had cut the adjacent telegraph wires, the peo-
ple had found means to send out to the neighbor-
hood, where they were sound, — and the governor
of Virginia, at Richmond, was notified. The west-
ern train having gone on to Baltimore, had tele-
graphed in advance.
3. At one o'clock on Monday morning, Mr. Ger- oct. it.
RiTT, the able director of tlie raili-oad, telegraphed ?^""^*^
to the Secretary of War, at Washington, and the a. m..
President of the United States himself replied, that ^gj|^^;^-j,j
orders had gone on to Old Point Comfort, and {nun Uai-
several companies from there would soon be on the
way. The Baltimore volunteers, under Gex. Stuart,
1. What were the two first murder.-? cominitt''*d ? What <lid the
peiiple Icani conecrniiiir tlie arsenal and those imprisoned in it?
— 2. What was the eondition and what were the feelinirs of the
pe.ipli; ot' Ilarjier's Ferry? Wliut cireaiiistances indicated ap-
proc;cl>iuor rtdief' — 3. How early on Monday morninijr was \lr.
Gf.rritt (haviiitr been telc^^craphed) enabled "to tele?|rapk to tiie
governmeut at Wushingtou? How was he answered J
452 bkown's object and fokce.
rr. lY. were ready for the train which left that city in thb
P'D. V. afternoon ; and they found at the Relay House,
OH. IX. -where the Washington train met them, a company
-jg__ of marines, sent forward by the Secretary of War ;
* — and the two proceeded together. Col. Lee was
soon to follow, charged with the chief command.
In the meantime, by the governor's orders, the
militia throughout the State were rising. Those in
the neighborhood of Harper's Ferry were first at
the scene of action. From more distant parts, as
t(8che- the alarm spread, aid was offered.t Gen. Wool,
"^'^'i^j^^'* chief commander of the U. S. army, in the absence
offered' of Gen. Scott, was on his way from Troy, when tele- '
^^Jg^^*)"' graphed that his services would not be needed.
4, On Monday evening, the neighboring militia
took the bridge. The insurgents fought desperately
to defend it, but were defeated. Nine on both sides
were killed, and two prisoners of the rioters were
taken. The militia then entered the town, relieved
the inhabitants from their fears, and were there to
receive the marines and Baltimore volunteers, who
arrived about midnight. The Martinsburgh militia
had, in the mean time, stormed the workshop of the
arsenal, and set free the workmen ; who, as they
came, on Monday morning, to their daily labor, had
been seized and there confined. It was now known,
by the prisoners taken, that the leader of this as-
tounding invasion was John Brown, the hero of
Ossawatomie. It was proved, too, that his object
was to raise the negroes, and set tliem against the
masters;— that his present party was small, number-
ing only seventeen white men, and five negroes ;
but he had arms, including those in the arsenal,
sufficient for arming thousands more ; and it seemed
obvious, that he must be expecting aid, or he would
3. What of the Baltimore volunteers? Of the marines from
Washington? Whn was to have the chief command? Whc were
first at the scene of action ? As the alarm spread, what was done f
— 4. Eelate the events mentioned in the first part of parag-raph
4th. What was known by the prisoners taken? Wiiac was
learned of John Brown's ohject? — of his force? — of his means tc
arm the negroes, suppose they had rison?
A DAEING INVASION QUKLLIJJ. 453
not have ventured on a measure so bold and daring, ft. it.
Not a negro was found Avilling to join him. fd. v
5. Brown had now retreated to the engine-house, ^^- '^
the strongest building of the arsenal, and there, j^^^q
with his prisonei's and the remains of his party, he
stood hke a stag at bay. At seven o'clock on Tues-
day morning, Col. Lee sent him a summons to sur- oct. is.
render ; but he demanded such terms as could not Tuesday.
be granted. The soldiers had brought artilleiy ; but
to cannonade the building would be to endanger the
hves of Col. Washington and other of their friends.
The hundreds of troops who had arrived were
stationed around, so that no prisoner should escape,
and none be maltreated by the infiiriated crowd.
The marines were then ordered to the attack, —
Capt. liussel leading them on. They rushed to the
large double doors of the engine-house, striking gine-
them with huge sledge-hammers, — but they resisted Jj"'^^^
the blows. Then twenty men brouglit a heavy lad- by the
der, which, after raising, they let fall against the ™"'°^
door. At the second stroke a part of it fell. The
marines rushed through the breach. A brisk firing,
— a momentary death-scuffle, — and the strife was
ended. John Brown, bleeding from nine wounds, was
brought forth and laid upon the grass, with live of
his tbllowers beside him, — two of whom were his
sons. One was dying, the other had been killed the
day before.
6. These, with two prisoners taken, and a party
of three,+ who had escaped to Pennsylvania, were all (t of this
which now remained of a terrific foe, whose invasion ^^■o^k''/\'i,j
had brought and was bringing together, a force iii?i»:st in
more than sufficient to have crushed them, had each '^■^nieT
of its twenty-two mea been a thousand. ^""'"J"'
The planters kept by Brown as hostages were leader.)
4. Bid the negroes show any favor to John Brown or his
project? — 5. Where was John Brown early on Tuesday morning,
the 18th? What summons did he receive, and wiiat answer re-
Uirn J What hindered t)\e cannouadnig of the Engine Hou.se?
IldW were the troops stationed S Give an account of the onset,
und its result. — 6. What now remained of Brown's party of 22?
What la said of the force which tlie alarm had raised against th«m?
454 AN TMAOTNAUY KMPTRT5.
PT. IV. nnhnrt. Col. Washington was not more rejoiced
P'D. V. at recovering his personal liberty, than in the resto-
CH. IX. ration of two precious relics,+ which attested his con-
-~__ nection with tlie Father of our country; one was a
(t Taken ciirious antique sword, presented to him by Frederic
amuh'' the Great of Prussia; and the other, a pair of ])istols,
party who f)resented by La Fayette. The wounds of Brown,
Co'"w.j though supposed mortal, being carefully tended,
healed by degrees.
7. Gov. Wise arrived in season to secure the
Theffov. prisoners for trial. The militarv then proceeded to
of Va . -I
arrives, scarcli the neighborlioo<l for concealed arms and
papers. Brown had hired a farm in the vicinity,
six months before; and, under the assumed name
of Smith, he had caused to be brought thither, as
miners' tools, 200 ritios, 200 revolvers, and 1000
pikes. On the pi'emises, besides these arms, were
found important papers, — by which it appeared,
Brown's that Brown was actinof as commander-in-chief of a
provision- ... '^ ,■ i • i i i
ai eov- '" provisional government," the plan ot winch had
eminent, j^ggj-^ concocted, not in any American State, but in
that part of the British ))rovince of Canada in-
habited by runaway negroes, going thither by the
so-called " underground railroad."
8. For the nation or state, which was to be thus
provisionally governed, there was found a printed
ex^°e^t"d constitution, made at Chatham, the negro ca{)ital.
•mpire, as Where the country lay, which was to form the
fin ( ) w n */ J '
from his grouud-plot of this new empire, is not expressly
'^"tion''*' st^^sd in the constitution ; but it speaks of a " con-
quered territory" — of an " enemy" from whom great
spoils were to be taken — the property, which had
been earned by the members of the organization,
but soon to be wrested from those who wrongfully
held it. These circumstances point unmistakably to
Brown's expectations of overcoming the territory of
6. What is here said of Col. Washington ? What of Brown ?
— 7. What is said of the arrival of the governor of Virginia?
Where had Brown concealed arms? IIow many and wliat i What
besides arms were found by the military? lii" wliat capacity wad
John Brown acting ? — 8. Where did he expect to make liis new
empire \
TRIAL OF JOUN liROWN. 455
the slaveholders, and there setting up his empire of . /V.
freed slaves. "p-i
9. Brown, after he was taken, said he only meant ^^ '■-'
to set the slaves at liberty; it was not his wish or -e-^
intention to kill the owners. In what sense he *^*^'
meant this, is thus explained in the thirty-second in what
article of his constitution. " No person, after having s'^se jt
surrendei-ed himself or herself a prisoner, and who ^Tiia't"^
shall properly demean himself or herself as such, to f:^^'Z"t
any officer or private connected with this organiza- intend to
tion" (probably meaning tlieir own slaves then to ^''^
become their masters), " no such person afterwards
shall be put to death," &c. . . , Valuable lives had
been lost among the inhabitants of Harper's Ferry,
especially that of Mr, Turner. All was yet indig-
nation and excitement, when these disclosures added
fuel to the fire. The measures of Gov. Wise were
such as might have been expected. He called on -nje
Vii-ginia to arm and defend herself; he called on mpasnres
the President of the United States to defend her ; °wis&'
and he collected troops to guard the prison at
Charlestown, to prevent a rescue, which he feared
would be attempted.
10. At that place, in November, John Brown
was tried, convicted of murder and treason, — and
condemned to be executed on the 2d of December, rj-^",^^.
Five thousand soldiers, on that day, surrounded the -Xohn
gallows, forming two squares; between the inner q''J,°^'
and outer of which, were thousands of spectators ; town.
who could see the brave old criminal mount to the ^
Bcalfold with unflinching steps, — but were too distant Executi^on
to hear his last words. This was the only circum- "^ Brown,
stance in his treatment of which he complained. He
had played a deep game. If he had succeeded he
would now have been at the head of an empire. He
had lost the game, — and with the fortitude worthy of
9. Brown said he did not mean to kill the masters, but only to
free the slaves : how do we learn what he meant by this ? What
wiis the state of feelino^ among the people of Harper's Ferry?
VVliat can you say of the measures of Gov. Wise ? — 10. When and
where was 'John Brown's trial ? Of what was he convicted S When
executed ? Kelate the-circmmstances.
456 GRANDEUR OF POSITION.
P'T. IV. a martyr, he paid the forfeit. Of the remainder of
PD. V. Brown's party, two white men and two negroes
CH. IX. ^gi-e executed, at the same place, a fortnight later.
1S59. ir. There is yet an unsolved mystery in this trans-
"^Cook^' action, which we hope the committee of investigation
Coppic, appointed by the U. S. Senate, of which Senator
anTGre'en Mason, of Virginia, is at the head, will bring to
hung at jigiit. It is not Only to be shown whence came the
town, considerable sums of money, but whence came the
able combinations of mind, by which a man so defi-
Mine"he ci^^^ i'^ comprehensiveness of intellect, as to believe
money ? in the possiblc ultimate success of such a mad scheme,
thede^ took such judicious measures, as to effect so much.
caicuia- g^it ijy whoever this " infernal machine" of Harper's
rons? and _, •' . it i i at
for what? r QYVj was dcviscd, we believe that the same Al-
{♦1860. mighty Power, who overruled the oppressions of
July, jjjjjjj — gj.g^^ ^Q ^^g settlement, then to the independ-
T.hlSC0m- „ , . . •^^ 1 • -r- 1
miiteo enee oi this country — will overrule its terrmc explo-
reported. siou for the good of the nation. We believe that it
They have -will form the crisis of that fearful slavery agitation
theaiT which has so long threatened the destruction of
Brown -yy^jjat is, to the patriot's heart, nearest to his God —
must have . ' .^t; ' .
received, his country. Without the preservation oi the union,
manTr ^^c American has no country; with it, the noblest
»™t°i!i! % ^^® ^^^° shines on. Though the sea heaves from the
""""" recent storm, and the waves run highest after it is
over, yet it " rocks itself to rest."
12. America, now a continent in extent, an island
in security, has, by successive acquisitions, reached
a geographical and commercial position, superior
to that of any other nation, ancient or modern. And
this grandeur of position having been attained at
the very time in the world's progress, when intelli-
11. What committee was appointed by the Senate? What tw«
things in the John Brown raid seem mysterious ? In what re
spects has the Almighty heretefore overruled the events of Amer
ican history to the good of this nation ? In what present even*
do we hope for the same Divine protection ? What does thi
author say concerning the fearful slavery agitation? What differ
ence does it make to an American whether the Union is pre-
Berved, or whether it is not?— 12. What is said of the geographi
cal and commercial position of the Republic of America?
▲merios.)
CONCLUSION. 467
gence travels by lightning, and men by steam, vast- P'T. iv.
ness of extent no longer offers an impediment to a'po. vT"
union of States, under one general government ; — ^^- ^^
and such is here established, by a constitution which
embodies in its theory the perfection of political
wisdom. By it the American people, unlike those Europo.
of Europe, whenever they see that corruption and »"* s>^^'fe
party tyranny have enthralled them, can rise in their by revoiu-
might, and, without revolution, gain all that they "^.'^r*!!.'^
have lost, and return to the first principles taught Amori-
them by their fathers. Their nationality will never ^.he".aii^
be lost by disunion, while Washington, in the majesty ^^^
of his peerless fame, yet lives in their hearts. It
augurs well for the fortunes of the Republic, that
though her sons are too often disobedient to the
injunctions of his " Farewell Address," yet, not one
has yet been found, disloyal to his memory. His
birth-day is our national festival, — and his mansion
is made, by the united daughters of the nation, a
common home for the children of the Father of
our great country — the undissevered Republic of
America.
12. And what is remarkable concerning the time when this
grandeur of position was attained? What is its bearing on the
question of a union under one government of States so far sepa-
rated? What is said of the theory of the American constitution?
In what respect is the condition of the American people difterent
from those of Europe ? What is said of our nationality in its oonr
nection witji Waslmigton?
20
THS
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Framed during the year 1787, iy a convention of delegate*^
who met at Philadelphia, from the States of New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut^ New York, Neto Jer
fey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia^ North
Carolina^ South Carolina^ Georgia.
"We, the people of the United States, in order to forin a
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran-
quillity, provide for the conitnon defence, promote the
fre«mbie. general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our-
selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con-
stitution for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I.
- . ^^^.^ Sect. I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be
powen vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall con-
sist of a senate and a house of representatives.
Sect. II. — 1. The house of representatives shall be com-
posed of members, chosen every second year by the people
lu source, of the Several states, and the electors in each state shall
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of tlie state legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative, who sliall not have
KiiKibiiity attained to tlie age of tweuty-tive years, and been seven
••"nmrvea. y^ars a citizen of the United States, and who shall not,
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he
shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned
Manner ^'nong the several states which may be included within
»nd ratio thls UnioH, accordiug to their respective numbers, which
iii"m"and shiiU be determined by adding to the whole number of free
taiHiio... persons, including those l)ound to servitude for a term of
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, ihree-fiftlis of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall bo made
CONSTITUTION. 450
within three years after the first meeting of the congress
of the United States, and within every subsequent terra of
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.
The number of representatives shall not exceed one for
every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least
one representative: and, until such enumeration shall be
made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to
choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Prov-
idence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six,
New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mary-
land six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina
five, and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from yacande*
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs
of election to fill such vacancies.
5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker, speaker,
and other ofiicers; and shall have the sole power of im- ^"^ntg'''
peachraent.
Sect. III. — 1. The senate of the United States shall be
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the f^o'f.'om
legislature thereof, for six years: and each senator shall e^cu sww.
have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in conse-
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally
as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the Armnye-
second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the ™hoi/eof
fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the one-third
11 1 . 1 11 1 every se«-
Bixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second ondj-ear
year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise,
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the
executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill
such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have
attained to the age of tliirty years, and been nine years a ~.^. ...
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when io'^ci?
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall
be chosen.
4. The vice-president of the United States shall be presi- p^^ij,
dent of the senate, hut shall have no vote, unless tliey be officer,
equally divided.
5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also
president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president,
or wlien he shall exercise the office of president of the
United States.
460 CONSTITUTION.
6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all ira-
Powerof peachments. When sittinsj for that purpose, thej' sliall be
trial in on oatli, Or affirmation. When the president of the United
BMitrond States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside: and no person
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirda
of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from office, and disqualitication to
penalty. ^^^^^ ^^d enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under
the United States; but the party convicted sliall, neverthe-
less, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment,
and punisliment, according to law.
Sect. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding
. ^ elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed
■ in each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress
may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations,
except as to the places of choosing senators.
f ^- '^'^® congress shall assemble at least once in every
cOTigrfss. year, and such meeting shall be on the first, Monday in
December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a diffijrent
day.
Sect. V. — 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elec-
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and
Their or- ^ majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ;
ganiiation. but a Smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and
may be authorized to comjjel the attendance of absent
members, in such manner and under such penalties as each
house may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings,
BdIm, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the
concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such
parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the
yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any
question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present,
be entered on the journals.
4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall,
•d^onrn- without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than
ment. three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two houses shall be sitting.
Sect. VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall
receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained
Compen- hy Jaw, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.
privUege*. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach
of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
CONSTITUTION. 461
at the sessioa of their respective houses, and in going to
and returning from the same; and for any speech or
debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any
other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, during the time
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office
under the authority of the United States, which shall have
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been of office*,
increased during such time; and no person, holding any
otlice under the United States, shall be a member of either
house during his continuation in office.
Skot. VII. — 1. All bilk for raising revenue shall originate ori&in of
in the house of repre.sentatives ; but the senate may propose '''"*•
or concur with amendments, as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of rep-
resentatives and the senate shall, before it becomes a law,
be presented to the president of the United States ; if he
api)rove, he shall sign it, but if not, he sliall return it, with
liis objections, to that house in which it shall have origi-
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
oiirnal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recun-
jideration, two-tliirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and co'l'rse'ia
if a[)proved of by two-thirds of that house, it shall become becoming
a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall
be dc-tennined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per-
sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the
journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
returned by the president within ten days (f-'indays ex-
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same
shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in
"which case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
currence of the senate and house of representatives may be
necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be
presented to the president of the tJnited States; and ApproT«i
before the same shall take eflfect, shall be approved by him ; powwi.
or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-
thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according
to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Sect. VIII. — The congress shall have power —
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises;
to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and
general welfare of the United States; but all duties,
462
CONSTTTDTION.
imposts, and excises shall be uniform thronghont the
United States.
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States.
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and
among the several states, and with the "Indian tribes.
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout
the United States.
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of
foreign coin, and tix the standard of weights and measures.
6. To provide for thfe punishment of counterfeiting the
securities and current coin of the United States.
7. To establish post-offices and post-roads.
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts,
by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors,
the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis-
coveries.
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court.
Of the da- 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies commited
ties^Hiid (jji tiie liigh seas, and oflEences against the law of nations,
•ongress. 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal,
and make rules concerning captures on land or water.
12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two
years.
13. To provide and maintain a navy.
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of
the land and naval forces. "'
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute
the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel
invasions.
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
the militia, and for governing suph part of them as may ba
employed in the service of the United States, reserving to
the state?, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and
the authority of training the militia, according to the dis-
cipline prescribed by congi-ess.
17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatso-
ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square),
as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance
of congress, become the seat of the government of the
United States, and to exercise like autliority over all jilaces
purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in
which the same sliall be, for the erection of forts, maga-
zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings:
— and
OON-STITUTION. 463
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into execution the fcregoing powers, and all
otiier powers vested by this constitution in the govern-
ment of the United States, or in any department, or office
thereof.
Skot. IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such
persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper
to admit, shall not be proliibited by the congress, prior to Sxe^"
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax
or duty may be im[)osed on such importation, not exceed-
ing ten dollars for each person.
2. Tlie privilepre of t lie writ of habeas corpus shall not Right a
be suspended, unless wlien, in cases of rebellion or invasion, "'"'•
the ])ublic safety may require it.
3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post facto law, shall be Attainder,
passed.
4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, "'iless^ .,g,jp^
in i)roi)orti(>n to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore
directed to be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported
from any state. No j)reference shall be given, by any ^^^
regulation of commerce <^ revenue, to the ports of one ciai
state over those of another; nor shall vessels, bound to or "'"''""
from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.
6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular Treaimr/.
statement and account of the receif>ts and expenditures of
all public money shall be published from time to time.
7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States ; and no person holding any office of profit or ti'ust interd;*
under them, shall, without the consent of congress, accept j^j^"^
of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Sect. X. — 1. No state shall enter into any ti-eaty, al-
liance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and
reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing non of
but gold and silver coin a tender in i)ayment of debts; ves^7a
pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impair- ^^« vmoB.
lug the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of
nobility.
2. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay
aiiy imposts or duties on imports or ex[«)rts, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Funhei
laws: and the ner produce of all duties and imposts, laid ^'^^^*>^
by any state on imports and exjsorts, shidl be for the use
mer-
al
reveuues.
4:64. CONSTITUTION.
of the treasury of the United States, and all each lawfc
shall be subject to the revision and control of congress.
No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any
duty on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of
peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
Btate, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, uiilesa
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not
admit of delay.
ARTICLE II.
Sect. I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a
president of the United States of America. He shall hold
» iBtrate. his office during the term of four years, and, together with
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as
follows :
2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis-
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to
Ti' man- ^^^^ whole number of seiiators and representatives to wnich
na ifhis the State may be entitled in the congress; but no senator
or representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an
elector.
3. The electors shall meet in tJieir respective states, and
vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall
p^oi-JftT; iiot be an inhabitant in the same state with themselves.
And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and
of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall
sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of govern-
ment of the United States, directed to tlie president of the
senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence
of the senate and house of representatives, open all the
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The
person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
president, if such number be a majority of the whole num-
by the ber of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one
represent- who have such majority, and have an equal number of
aUves, votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately
choose, by ballot, one of them for president: and if no
person have a majority, tlien from the five highest on the
list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the presi-
dent. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be
taken by states, the representation from each state having
one vote; a quorum for this purjjose shall consist of a
member or members fr(;in two-thirds of the states, and a
majority of all the stales shall be necessary to a choice.
In every case, after the choice of the president, the person
CONSTITUTION. 465
having tlie greatest number of votes of the electors, shall
be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or »"'5oft^«
more wlio liave equal votes, the senate shall choose from '^"'den "
them, hy ballot, the vice-president.
4. The congress may determine the time of choosing
the electors, and the day on v^hich they shall give their
votes : which day shall be the same throughout the United
States.
5. No ])erson, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen
of the United States at th-e time of the adoption of this
cor.stirutiim, shall be eligible to tlie office of president, ment'for
neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who °®''®*
shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and
been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve
on the vice-president; and the congress may, by law, pro- Proviso in
vide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, d^th°or
both of the president and vice-president, declaring what removal,
officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi-
dent shall be elected.
7. The president shall, at stated times, receive* for his
services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased
nor diminished during the period for which he shall have compen-
beeii elected, and he shall ni>t receive, within that period, »a"on, and
any other emolument from the United States, or any
of them.
8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he
shall take the following oath, or affirmation:
'' I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully
execute the office of president of the United States, and o»thof
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and °****"
defend the Constitution of the United States."
Sect. II. — 1. The president shall be commander-in-
chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the
miliria of the several states, when called into the actual
service of the United States ; he maji require the oi)inion,
in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive ^^j, j„y^
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and he shall have power to grant re-
prieves and pardons for offences against the United States,
except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and
"■onsent of tlie senate, to make treaties, provided two-
90*
4^6 coNBTiTUTrojr.
»nd powers thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nffmi-
treaties"^ fiJ'te, and by and with tlie advice and consent of the senate,
shall ap])()int anil)as.<adors, other i)ublic ministers, and
consids, jinlfres of the supreme court, and all other ofBcers
of the United States, whose aj)pointmcnts are not herein
otherwise [)r()vided for, and which shall be established by
law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment
of snch inferior othcers as they tliink proper in the
president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
depnrtmeMts.
3. The president shall have power to fill t5p all vacancies
aningva- that may happen during the recess of the senate, by grant-
"^and"^' ing commissions, which shall expire at the end of their
next session.
Skot; III. — He shall, from time to time, give to the con-
gress information of the state of the Union, and recommend
to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary oc-
casions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
•ODTening J t ■, , . i i
ofcou- case or disagreement between them, with respect to the
gress. ^jiijg of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as
he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of
the United States.
Sect. IV. — The president, vice-president, and all civil
officers of the United States, shall be removed from office
fronToffice. <>" impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or
other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III.
Sect. T. — The judicial power of the United States shaH
be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts
as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and estab-
eiaiy and lish. The judgcs, both of the supreme and inferior courts,
"fnveifti"^ shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at
ture. stated times, receive for their services a compensation,
which shalUnot be diminished during their continuance in
office.
Skot. IT. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all
cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution.
Their the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which
powers. j;li;i]l \)Q made, under their antboritv to all o.f\.:^f^M .lifi^cring
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to flll
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to contro-
COlfSTITUTIOIf. 46T
rersies to which the United States shall be a party; to
controversies between two or more states, between a state
and citizens of another state, between citizens ot" different
states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands
under grants of different states, and between a state, or the
citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis-
ters, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a
])arty, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction.
In all other cases before mentioned, the supreme court ^Jj^
sliall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the
congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury ; and such trials shall be held in the state
where the said crime shall have been committed; but
when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at
such place or places as the congress may, by law, have
directed.
Sect. III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall
consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person ^^^^jf
shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of and
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
open court.
2. The congress Shall have power to declare the punish-
ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work howpna-
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of
the person attainted.
ished.
ARTICLE IV.
Sect. I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each
state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings onamntj
of every other state. And tlie congress may, by general of state
laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and
proceedings sliall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Sect. II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to ^
all the privileges and immuuilies of citizens in the several izauon.
states.
2. A person, charged in any state with treason, felony,
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be f'otuwl in
another state, sludl, on demand of the executive ant'iority ^}^^J*
of the state from which lie fled, be deliveivl up, to
be removed to the state having the jurisdicJoa of the
Clime.
rigats,
and eqiml-
quikuii
46S C0N8TTTUTI0W.
3. No person, held to labor or service in one state,
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in
and sur consequence of any law, or regulation therein, be discharged
"° "' from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
Skct. III. — 1. New states may be admitted by the con-
gress into this Union, but no new state shall be formed or
Xa^ erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any
lutes, state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or
parts of states, without the consent of the legislature of the
states concerned, as well as of the congress.
2. The congress shall have power to dispose of and
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terri-
■nd public ^^'"^i ^^ Other property, belonging to the United States;
laada. and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular state.
Sect. IV. — The United States shall guarantee to every
Protection State in this Union, a republican form of government, and
of form of sJiall protect each of them against invasion; and on appli-
meut. .cation of the legislature, or of the executive (when the
legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V. .
The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con-
stitution, or, on the application of the legislature of two-
thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for pro-
men*8 of posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid,
*\uUon'' ^^ ^^^ intents and purposes, as part of this constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourtlia of the
several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof,
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed
by the congress: Provided, that no amendment, which
may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
with pro- and eight, shall, in any manner, aflfect the first and fourth
^•°'- clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no
state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal
suffrages in the senate.
ARTICLE VI.
tion of 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into,
*Ja«taJr^ before the adoption of this constitution, shall he as valid
Ooaattts-
tk».
CONSTITUTION. <^69
against the United States under this constitution, as under
the confederation.
2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States
wliich sliall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the sasii of
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and ^f^'^.
the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing soudated.
in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding.
8. The senators and representatives before mentioned,
and the members of the several state legislatures, and all
executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and obii-
and of the several states, shall be bound by oath, or affir- i^'^aJei
mation, to support this constitution ; and no religious test
shall ever be required, as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution, between
the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention hy the unanimous consent of the states
present^ the seventeenth day of September^ in the year of
our Lord^ one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven^
and of the Independence of the United States ofAmerica^
the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto stib-
scHied our names.
The Constitution, although formed in 1787, was not
adopted until 1788, and did not commence its operations
until 1789. The number of delegates chosen to this con-
vention was sixty-five, of whom ten did not attend, and
sixteen refused to sign the Constitution. The following
thirty-nine signed the Constitution : —
Ifew Hampshire. — John Langdon, Nicholas Gelman.
Massachusetts. — ^Nathaniel Gorham, Eufus King.
Connecticut. — "William Samuel Johnson, Koger Sher-
man.
New Torlc. — Alexander Hamilton.
New Jersey. — William Livingston, David Brearley, Wil-
liam Patterson, Jonathan Dayton.
Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffliiu
Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared
lugQrsoU, James Wilson, Gouverueur Mowis.
TlaMeC
470 OONS'llTUTION.
Delaware. — George Read, Gunning Bedford, jr., John
Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.
Maryland. — James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jeni-
fer, Daniel Carroll.
Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, jr.
North Carolina. — William Blount, Richard Dobbs
Spaight, Hugh Williamson.
South Carolina. — John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinkney,
Charles Pinkney, Pierce Butler.
Qeorgia. — Wilham Few, Abraham Baldwin.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, Freaident.
WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.
AMENDMENTS,
To the Constitution of the United States., ratified aecord-
ing to the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the forego-
ing Constitution.
Beiigioni Akt. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an
toleration, establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
ihe%res», prcss ; ov the rights of the peojile peaceably to assemble,
petition, an^ to petition the government for a redress of grievences.
Aet. II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to
mUitia. the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep
and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
Aet. III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar-
tered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor
in time of war; but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Aet, IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
■warrant scarches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no war-
•eS^es. rants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
i»re«ent- Aet. V. — No pcrson shall be held to answer for a capi-
"*rand^ tal, 01" Otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment
iuries. or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the
land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ser-
'^e-'^ vice, in time of war, or public danger; nor shall any
guaids. person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of hie or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any
CONSTITUTK.^N. 4T1
criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without doe process
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use
without just compensation.
Aet. VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial t^^^-
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have Jmy.
been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- and -wiu
nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain- "es"»i
ing witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of
counsel for his defence.
Aet. VII. — :In suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial regulate
by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by jury, shall ^J^JJ"'
be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Aet. VIII. — ^Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments ^*^
inflicted.
Aet. IX. • — The enumeration in the Constitution, of Lineb*.
certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage sutuSi^"
others retained by the people.
Aet. X. — The powers not delegated to the United States ^^d stat*
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are rights
reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. '^
Aet. XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity. Limitation
commenced or prosecuted against one of thp United States, ofjudiciu
by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of ^^'^
any foreign state.
Aet. Xn. — ^The electors shall meet in their respective
states, and vote by ballot, for president and vice-president,
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the
same state with themselves; they shall name, in their
ballots, the person voted for as president, and, in distinct
ballots, the person voted for as vice-president ; and they
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president,
and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government
of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. m?"t!»
The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the ^^ ii^
senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates,
and the votes shall then be counted. The person bavhig
472 OONSllTUTION.
the greatest number of votes for president, shall be th*
president, if such number be a majority" of the whole num-
ber of electors appointed ; and if no person have such a
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers,
not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as presi-
dent, the house of representatives shall choose immediately
by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the president,
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from
each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose
ihall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of
-jT^a**"' '^® states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary
**" X) a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not
choose a president, whenever the right of choice shaU
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next
following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as
in the case of the death, or other constitutional disability
of the president.
The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-
president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and
if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest
numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-presi-
dent— a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds
of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice.
But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the ofSca
of president, shall be eligible to that of vioe-prflsident of tbt
Unitod States.
RECOMMENDATIONS
ov
FARKEE & WATSON'S READERS.
♦ *»
from Peof. Febbkeick 8. Jewell, o/ffi« New York State Normal Schook
It gives me pleasure to find in the National Series of School Headers ample rtToni
for commendation. From a brief examination of them, I am led to believe that w«
kave none equal to them. I hope they will prove as popular as they are excellent.
From Hon. Theodoee Frelinghutskn, President ofBviger^ College, N. J.
A cursory examination leads me to the conclusion that the system contained tfl
.these volumes deserves the patronage of our schools, and I have no doabt that it will
(become extensively used in the education of children and youth.
from, N. A. Hamilton, President of Teachers' Union, Whitewater, Wis.
The National Eeaders and Speller I have examined, and carefully compared with
others, and must pronounce them dftcidedly superior, in respect to literary merit,
style, and price. The gradation is more complete, and the series much more desirable
for use in our schools than Sanders' or McGufifey's.
From PEor. T. F. Thickstdn, Principal of Academy and NormM School,
MeadnUle, Pa.
1 am much pleased with the National Series of Eeaders after having canvassed
their merits pretty thoroughly. The first of the series especially pleases me, because
!t aflfords the means of teaching the '■'■ tcord-methoW in an appropriate and natural
manner. They all are progressive, the rules of elocution are stated with clearness,
and the selection of pieces is such as to please at the same time that they instruct.
From ^. W. Schermeehorn, A. B., Principal Coll. Institute, Middletovm, N. J.
I consider them emphatically the Eeaders of the present day, and I believe ths.t
their iLtrlnsic merits will insure for them a full measure of popularity.
From Petee EotrGKT, Principal Public School No. 10, Brooklyn.
It gives me great pleasure to be able to bear my unqualified testimony to the excel
lence of the National Series of Eeaders, by Parkbe and Watson. The gradation of
the booI<s of the series is very fine ; we have reading in its elements and in its highest
style. Tlie fine taste displayed in the selections and in the collocation of the pieces
Reserves much praise. A distinguishing feature of the series is the variety of th«
subject-matter and of the style. The practical teacher knows the value of this charac-
teristic for the development of the voice. The authors seem to have kept constantly
in view the fact that a reading-book is designed for children, and therefore they have
succeeded in forming a very interesting and improving collection of reading-matter,
highlv adapted to the wants and purposes of the school-room. In short, I look upon
the National Series of Eeaders as a great success.
From, A. P. Haerinoton, Principal of Union School, Marathon, N. Y.
These Eeaders, in my opinion, are the best I have ever examined. The rhetorical
exercises, in particular, are superior to any thing of the kind I have ever seen. I have
had better saccess with my reading classes since I commenced training them on these
than I ever met with before. The marked vowels in the reading exercises convej' to
the reader's mind at once the astonishing fact that he has been accustomed to mispro-
Bonnce more than one-third of the words of the English language.
From Charles S. Halset, Principal CoUegiate Institute, Newton, N. J.
In the simplicity and clearness with which the principles are stated, in the appro
priaU'n(;8s of the selections for reading, and in the happy adaptation of the different
part" or the series to each other, these works are superior to any other text-books on
this subject which I have examined.
From, William Travis, Principal of Union School, Flint, MicK
I biv-e examined the National Series of Eeaders. and am delighted to find it so fai
III advance of most other series now in use, and so well adapted to the wants of the
tjhi^t Schools. It is unequaled in the skillful arrangement of the material used
bcijtifiil typography, and the general neat and inviting appearance of its severs)
bo<,ks I predict for it a cordial welcome and a general introduction by many of oui
Diust piiterprising teu-hers.
RATIONAL SEBIES OF STAKSABI) SCEOOL-BOOES.
PARKER & WATSON'S READING SERIES.
niE NATIONAL ELEMENTARY SPELLER
IHE NATIONAL PRONOUNCING SPELLER. 188 pages.
A full treatise, with words arranged and classified according to their Towal
Boands, and reading and dictation exercises.
tHE NATIONAL SCHOOL PRIMER; or, " PRIMARY •WORD-BXTILDER.*
(Beautifully Illustrated)
rHE NATIONAL FIRST READER; or, "WORD-BUILDER."
(Beautifully Illustrated) 118 pages.
XHE NATIONAL SECOND READER 224 pages.
Containing Primary Exercises in Articulation, Pronunciation, end Panctnatioiv
(Splendidly Illustrated.)
THE NATIONAL THIRD READER 288 pages.
Containing Exercises in Accent, Emphasis, Punctuation, &a. (Illustrated.)
IHE NATIONAL FOURTH READER 405 pages.
Containing a Course of Instruction in Elocution, Exercises in Beading, Declam*-
tion, &c.
THE NATIONAL FIFTH READER 600 pages.
With copious Notes, and Biographical Sketches of each "Writer.
These Beadebs have been prepared with the greatest caro and labor, by Bicharo
6. Parker, A. M., of Boston, and J. Madison Watson, an experienced Teacher oi
New York. No amount of )abor or expense has been spared to render them as nea»
perfect as possible. The Illustrations, which are from original designs, and tb»
Typography, are unrivalled by any similar works.
The First Header, or " 'Word-Euilder," being the first issued, is alreadj
In extensive use. It is on a plan entirely new and original, commencing with wordt
(if one letter, and building up letter by letter, until sentences are formed.
The Second, Third, and Fourth Readers follow the same inductiv«
plan, with a perfect and systematic gradation, and a strict classification of subjects
The pronunciation and definition of difi&cult words are given in notes at the bottom
of each page. Much attention has been paid to Articulation and Orthoepy; anc
Exercises on the Elementary Sounds and their combinations have been so introduceo
BS to teach but one element at a time, and to apply this knowledge to immediate U8«^
until the whole is accurately and thoroughly acquired.
The Fifth Reader Is a full work upon Reading and Elocution "I no works «
mnny authors, ancient and modern, .bave been consulted, and more than a hundic*
standard writers of the English language, on both sides the Atlantic, laid under con
tiibutien to enable the authors to present a collection rich in all that can inform th«
understanding, improve the taste, and cultivate the heart, and which, at the sanu
time, shall furnish every variety of style and subject to exemplify the principles *
Ehetorical delivery, and form a finished reader and elocutionist Classical and bis
torical allusions, so common among the best writers, have in all cases been explaineil
■nd concise Biographical Sketches of autliors from whose works extracts have leeu
■elected, have also been introduced, together with Alphabetical and Chronolo<dc9
libtM of the Names of Authors ; thus rendering this a convenient text-book for Stu
takta in English and American Literature.
A. S. BARNES & BURR, Publishers,
61 & 53 Jotin Street, New York
NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS
D AV IE S'
Complete Course of Mathematics.
Slementars Course.
DAVIE8' PRIMARY ARITHMETIC AND TABLE-BOOK ^
DA VIES' FIRST LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC ,.
DAVIES' INTELLECTUAL ARITHMETIC
DAVIES' NEW SCHOOL ARITHMETIC
KEY TO DAVIES' NEW SCHOOL ARITHMETIC i
DAVIES' NEW UNIVERSITY ARITHMETIC •:
KEY TO DAVIES' NEW UNIVERSITY ARITHMETIC '
DAVIES' GRAMMA'R OF ARITHMETIC
DAVIES' NEW ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
KEY TO DAVIES' NEW ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
DAVIES' ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY....
DAVIES' PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS _
^UbanceTi Course
DAVIES' UNIVERSITY ALGEBRA
KEY TO DAVIES' UNIVERSITY ALGEBRA
DAVIES' BOURDON'S ALGEBRA
KEY TO DAVIES' BOURDON'S ALGEBRA
DAVIES' LEGENDRE'S GEOMETRY
DAVIES' ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING
DAVIES' ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
DAVIES' DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS
DAVIES' ANALYT-ICAL GEOMETRY AND CALCULUS
DAVIES' DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
DAVIES' SHADES, SHADOWS, AND PERSPECTIVE
DAVIES' LOGIC OP MATHEMATICS
DAVIES' MATHEMATICAL DICTIONARY
Da vies' Mathematical Chart (Sheet)
This Series, combining all that is most valuable in the various methods of Europeah
instruction, improved and matured by the suggestions of nearly forty years' experienca,
now forms the only complete consecutive Course of MaUiematios. Its methods,
harmonizing as the work of one mind, carry the student onward by the same analogies
and the same laws of association, and are calculated to impart a comprehensive knowl-
e<lge of the science, combining clearness in the several branches, and unity and propor-
tion in the whole. The higher Books — in connection with Prof. Ohurch''s Calcufw*
and Analytical Geometry— are the Test-books in the Military Academies of the
IJniled States. The Superintendents of Public Instruction in very many States
have officially recominended this Series. It is adopted and in successful use ia tbe
Normal Schools of New York, Michigan, Connecticut, and other States, and in a
largB proporti;i of the best Schools, Acadeniie-s, and Colleges of the Union. The
Revised E<litions of the Aritlmietics eiribody all the latest and most approved pro-
•esses of imparting a knowledge of the science of numbers.
A. S. Barnks & Burr have tlie plea.«nre of announcing an kntieelt New Work,
y Professor Davib8, entitled
*:LEMENTS of analytical GT^OMETRY. and of the DIFFE71
ENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS, —forming a compend of the tw
larger volumes by Prof. Davies on the respective branches treated of. It
complete in itself, and contains all that is necessary for the general student.
Also recently issued —
NEW ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA,
UNIVERSITY ALGEBRA,
Forming, wi/Ji the Author's Bourdon's Algebra, a complete and ocBSOcatiTa
coarse.
A. S. BARNES & BURR, Publisher,
61 and b'-i Johu Street. New York
BECOMMENDATIONS OF DAVIES' MATHEMATICS.
Da vies' Course op Matheila.tics are the prominent Texl-BooJcs in moH
of the Colleges of the United States, and also in the various Schocls and
Academies throughout the Union.
ToEK, Pa., Aug. 2S, 185S.
DitriMs^ Series of Mathematics I deem the very best I ever saw. From a numb«i
of amliors I selected It, after a careful perusal, as a course of study to be pursued by
the Teachers attending the sessions of the York Co. Normal School — believing it also
to be well adapted to the wants of the schools throughout our country. Already two
hundred schools are supplied with Davies' valuable Series of Arithmetics ; and I
ftilly believe that in a very short time the Teachers of our country en masse will be
•ngaged in imparting instruction through the medium of this new and easy method
of analysis of numbers. A. R BLAIR,
Principal of York Co. UTormal School,
Jackson Union School, Michigan, Sept. 25, 185S.
Mkssrs. a. 8. Barnes & Co. : — I take pleasure in adding my testimony in favor ol
Davies' Series of Mathematics, as published by you. We have used these works in
this school for more than four years ; and so well satisfied are we of their superiority
over any other Series, that we neither contemplate making, nor desire to make, any
change in that direction. Yours truly, E. L. KIPLEY,
New Bkitain, Jxme 12iA, 1858.
Messrs. A. 8. Barnes <& Co. :— I have examined Davies' Series of Arithmetics
■with some care. They appear well adapted for the different grades of schools for
whfch they are designed. The language is clear and precise; each principle is
thoroughly analyzed, and the whole so arranged as to facilitate the work of instruc-
tion. Having observed the satisfaction and success with which the different books
have been used by eminent teachers, it gives me pleasure to commend them to others,
DAVID N. CAMP, Principal of Conn, State Ji'ormal School.
I have long regarded Davies' Series of Mathematical Teat-Boohs as far snperloi
to any now before the public. We find them in every way adapted to the wants of
the Normal School, and we use no other. A unity of system and method runs through*
out the series, and constitutes one of its great excellences. Especially in the Arith-
metics the author has earnestly endeavored to supply the wants of our Common and
Union Schools: and his success is complete and undeniable. I know of no Arith'
metics which exhibit so clearly the philosophy of numbers, and at the same time lead
the pupil surely on to readiness and practice. A. 8. WELCH.
From Pkof. G. W. Plympton, late of the State Normal School, N. Y.
Out of a great number of Arithmetics that I have examined during the past year, 1
find none that will compare with Davies'' Intellectual and Davies' Analytical and
Practical Arithmetics, in clearness of demonstration or philosophical arrangement.
I shall with pleasure recommend the use of these two excellent works to those who
go from our institution to teach.
From, C. Mat, Jr., School Commissioner, Keene, N. B.
I have carefully examined Dalies'' Series <f Arithmetics, and Higher Mathe-
matics, and am prepared to say that I consider them far superior to any with which
I am acquainted.
From John L. Campbbll, Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and
Astronomy, in Wabash, College, Indiana.
Wabash Collksb, June 22, 1858.
Messes. A. 8. Barnes & Co. : — Gentlemen: Every text-book on Science properly
consists of two parts — the philosophical and the illustrative. A proper combination
of abstract reasoning and practical illustration is the chief excellence in Prof. Davies"
Mathematical Works. I prefer his Arithmetics, Algebras, Geometry, and Trigonom-
etry, to all others now in use, and cordially recommend them to all who desire th«
advancement of sound learning, Yours, very truly, JOHN L. CAMPBELL.
Pkofbssoes Mahan, Bartlett, and Chitrch, of the United States Military Academy,
West Point, saj oi Dames' University Arithmetic : —
"In the distinctness with which the various definitions are given, the clear and
strictly mathematical demonstration of the rules, the convenient form and wcU-choscD
mrttt*r of the tables, as well as in the complete and much-desired application of all to
the biipiness of tlie ■ nnury. Ihp Cuirfiftity Arithmetic of Prof. Davies is s\ perior to
»ny other work of the kind with which wu are acquainted "'
NATIONAL SERIES Or STAITDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS,
raOIVTEITH AND McNAtLY'S
DEL .^. *£> I^ X :E3 S.
MONTEITH'S FIRST LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY
MONTEITH'S INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHr.
MONTEITH'S NEW MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY
M«NALLY'S COMPLETE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY
Monteith's First Lessons in Geograpliy— Introduction to Man-
ual of Geography— an<l New Manual of Geograpliy, are arranged on
the catechetical plan, which has been proven to be the best and most successful
method of teaching this branch of study. The questions and answers are models ol
brevUy and adaptation, and the maps arc simple, but accurate and beautifuL
McTsTally's Geograpliy completes the Series, and follows the same geneial
plan. The maps are splendidly ensrraved, beautifully colored, and perfectly accurate;
and a profile of the country, showing the elevations and depressions of land, is given
at the bottom of the maps. The order and arrangement of map questions is also
peculiarly happy and systematic, and the descriptive matter just what is needed, and
nothing more. No Series heretofore [.nhlished has been so extensively introduced in
»o short a time, or gained such a widr-siinad popularity.
These Geographies are used more extensively in the Public Schools of Nesv York,
Brooklyn, and Newark, than all others.
53^ A. B. Clark, Principal of one of the largest Public Schools in Brooklyn, says
" I have used over a thousand cojiies of Monteith's Manual of Geography since itf
^dojition by the Board of Education, and am prefiared to say it is the best wo / tyt
tdnior and intermediate classe.<t in our schools 1 have ever seen."
77ie Seriei, in whole or in pari, has been adopted in the
Public Schools of New York.
New York State Normal SchooL
New York City Norm.al School.
New Jersey Stale Normal Schosl.
Kentucky State Normal School.
Indiana State Norma! SchooL
Ohio State Normal School.
Micliisan State ,\iiriMal School.
York County ( I'a ) Normal Schoo..
Biooklyn I'olyi.echnic Institute.
Cleveland Female Seminary.
Public Schools of Miiwaiikie.
Public Schools of Pittsburgh.
Public Schools of Lanca.ster, Pa.
Public Schools of New Orleans.
Public S<;lioo!s of Brooklyn, L. L
Public Schools of Now Haven.
Public Schools of T.>ledo, Ohio.
Public Schools of Norwallc, Conn.
Public Schools of Richmond, Yl
Public Schools 'jf Madison, Wis.
Public Schools of Indianapolis.
Public Schools of Springfield, Mass.
Public Sclioi'ls of Columbus, Ohio.
Public Scho.>ls of Hartford, Conn
Public Schools of Cleveland, Ohio.
And other places too numerous to
mention.
They have also been recommended by the State Superintendents of iLi.isoa
KDiAKA, WiscoNsi.N. MiKSouui. NoRTii Caiioi.ina, ALABAMA, and by numerotu
Teaot-^ra' Association.s and In.-tiiiites thmnsrhout the country, and are in .succejisful
oee 1»» mnlUtuc's of I'uMic an<l Privnte ScIdoIs throughout the United States.
A. S BARNES & BURR, Publishers,
51 & 5? John Stiset, New Yo
nONTEITH AND McNALLFS GEOGRAPHIES
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL SERIES EVER ISSUED.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
A. B. Clark, Principal of one of the largest Public Schools in Brooklyn, wjrs;—
•"I have used over a thousand copies of Monteith's Manual of Geography Bince iti
adoption by the Board of Education, and am prepared to say it Is. the best woik foi
Junior and intermediate classes in our sciiools I have ever seen."
The Series, in whole or in part, has been adopted in th«
New York State Normal School.
New York City Normal School.
New Jersey State Normal School.
Kentucky State Normal School.
Indiana State Normal School.
Ohio Srate Normal School.
Michigan State Normal School.
York County (Pa.) Normal School.
Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.
Cleveland Female Seminary.
Public Schools of Milwaukio.
Public Schools of Pittsburgh.
Public Schools of Lancaster, Pa.
Public Schools of New Orleans.
Public Schools of New York.
Public Schools of Brooklyn, L. I.
Public Schools of New Haven.-
Public Schools of Toledo, Ohio.
Public Schools of Norw'.ilk, Cona.
Public Schools of Richmond. Va.
Public Schools of Madison, Wis.
Public Schools of Indianapc'is.
Public Schools of Springlield. Mass.
Public Schools of Columbus. Ohio.
Public Schools of Hartford. C<>nn.
Public Schools of Cleveland, Ohio.
And other places too numerous to
mc'ution.
They have also been recommended by the State Superintendents of Illinois,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri. Noutii Carolina, .\labama, and by numerous
Teachers' Associations and Institates throusrhout the country, and are in successful
use in a multitude of Public and Private Schools throuchout the United States.
From Prof. Wm. F. Phklps, A. M., Principal of the New Jersey State
Normal School. .
Trento;^, Jime 17. iSfiH.
Mkssrs. A. S. Barnks & Co. : — Gentlkmf.n : It gives me much pleasure to state
that McNally's Geography has been used in this Institution from its orgaiiizarion in
1855, with great acceptance. The author of this work has avoided on one hand the
extreme ot being too meager, and on the other of going too much into detail, whilj
he has presented, in a clear and concise manner, all those leading fucts of Descriptive
Geography which it is important for the young to know. The maps are accurate and
well executed, the type clear, and indeed the entire work is a decided success. I most
cheerfully commend it to the profession throughout the country.
Very 'ruly yours, WM. F. PHELPS.
From W. V. Davis, Principal of High School, Lancaster, Pa.
Lanoastkr, Pa., June 26. 1858.
Dkar Sirs: — I have examined your National Geogrcjphioal Ser^ien with much
care, and find them most excellent works of their kind. They have been used in the
various Public Schools of this city, ever since their publieauon, with great success and
satisfaction to both pupil and teacher. All the Ge()gra[)hies embraced in your series
are well adapted to school purposes, and admirably calculated to impart to the i)U[>il,
in a very attractive manner, a complete knowledge of a science, annually becoming
more useful and important. Their maps, illustrations, and typography, are unsur-
passed. One peculiar feature of McNally's Geography — and whi< h will recommend
it at once to every practical teacher — is the arrangement of its maps and lessons;
each map fronts the particular lesson wliich it is designed to illustrate — thus enabling
thfe scholar to prepare his task without that constant turning over of letr\'es. or refrr-
enc« to a separate book, as is necessary with most other Geographies. Yours. &c.
Messrs. A. S. Barnes A Co., New York. V. W. DAVIS.
From Charlbs Babnks, late Preaident State Tfacherx' Jsnociatimi, avd Snperin-
tendent oftho Public Schools at New Alhany, Iitdiaim.
Mkrsrs. A. S. Barnes <fe Co.: — Dear Sirs: I have examined with considerable
caro the Series of Geosraphies published by you, anil have no hesitation in saying
that it is altogeihf-r the best with wtich 1 am acquainteii. A Iria! of more tliaii a
year in thci Public Schools of this city has demonstrated tliat Cornell, is utterly unflt
for the school-room. Yours, ifec C. B.\RNE8.
HATIONAl SERIES OF STAUDAED SCHOOL-BOOKS
ENGLISH GRAMMAE,
BY S. W. CLARK and A. S. WELCH,
CONSISTING OF
CLARK'S FIEST LESSONS IN ENGLISH GEAMBIAE
CLARK'S NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR
CLARK'S GRAMMATICAL CHART
CLARK'S ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
WELCH'S ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE
A more Advanced Work, designed f/r Higher Classes in Academies and Norma)
Schools. By A. S. "Welch, A. M., Principal of the State Normal Schoo.
Michigan, at Ypsilanti.
The First Lessons in Grammar are prepared for young pupils, and ns «i>
sppro;iriate introduction to the larger work. The elements of Grammar are her*
presented in a series of gradual oral exercises, and, as far as possible, in plain SasoTi
words.
Clark's 'Nevr Grammar, it is confidently believed, presents the only trns
and successful method of teaching the science of the English Language. The work l«
Ihorouglily progressive and practical; the relations of elements happily illustrate*'
and their analysis thorough and simple.
This Grammar has been officially recommended by the Superintendents of Publfo
Instruction of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Missouri, and is the Text-book
♦dopted in the State Normal Schools of New York, and other States. Its extensiv*
■circulation and universal success is good evidence of its practical worth and super*
ority.
Fiofessor F. S. Jbwbix, of the New York State Normal School, says:
" Clark's System of Grammar is worthy of the marked attention of the friends cl
Education. Its points of e.xcellence are of the most decided character, and will nc<
ioon be surpassed."
" Let any clear-headefL independent-minded teacher master the system, and then
give it a fair trial, and there will be no doubt as to his testimony."
"Welcli's Analysis of tlie English Sentence.— The prominent featnrei
of this work have been presented by Lectures to numerous Teachers' Institutes, and
nnanimously approved. The classification, founded upon the fact that there are bu*
three elements in the language, W very simple, and, in many respects, new. Th/
method of disposing of connectives is entirely so. The author has endeavored -t
•tndy the language as it is, and to analyze it without the aid of antiquated rules.
This work is hishly recommended by the Superintendents of Public [nstruction o
Michigan, Wisconsin, and other States, and is being used in many of the best scbool»
Uironghout the Union. It was introduced soon after publication into Oberlin Col-
lej^e, and hia met with deserved success.
A. S BARNES & BURR, Publishers,
51 & 53 John Street. New YorJr
KECOMME.NDATIOITS
OF
CLARK'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
"We cannot better set forth the merits of this work than by quoting a part of a com-
munication from Prof. F. S. Jewkll, of the New York State Nonual School, in whick
tcbool this Grammar is now used as the text book on tiiis subject: —
"Clark's Systkm op Grammar is worthy of the marked attention of the friends Ot
education. Its points of excellence are of the most decided character, and will not
B<K>n be surpasseiL Among tliem are —
1st "The justness of its frronnd principle of classification. There is no simple, phil
osophical, and practical classiflc.ition of the elements of language, other than ttiHt lniill
on their use or office. Our tendencies hitherto to follow the analogies of the clnssica;
Unguages, and classify extensively according to forms, have been mischievous and ab-
surd. It is time we corrected them.
• 2d: " Its thorough and yet simple and transparent analysis of the elements of the
language according to its ground principle. Without such an analysis, no bri>ad and
comprehensive view of the structure ami power of the language can be attained. The
absence of this analysis has hitherto precipitated the study of Grammar upon a surface
of dry details and bare authorities, and useless technicalities.
3d. " Its happy method of illustrating the relations of elements by diagrams. Tliese,
however uncouth they may ai)pear to the novice, are really simple and philosophical.
Of their utility there can be no question. It is supported by the usage of other sci-
ences, and has been demonstrated by experience in this.
4th. "The tendency of the system, when rightly taught and faithfully carried out,
to cultivate habits of nice discrimin.ition and close reasoning, together with skill in
illustrating truth. In this it is not excelled by an}-, unless it be the mathematical sci-
ences, and even there it has this advantage, that it deals with elements more within
the present grasp of tlie intellect On this point I speak advisedly.
5tn. " Tlie system is thoroughly progressive and practical, and as such. American in
Its character. It does not adhere to old usages, merely because they are veiierat .y
musty; and yet it does not discard things merely because they are old, or are in nn-
importani ininutiai not prudishly perfect It does not overlook details and technicali-
ties, nor does it allow them to interfere with plain philosophy or practical utility.
"Let any clear-headed, independent- minded teacher master the system, and then
give it a fair trial, and there will be no doubt as to his testimony."
A Testimonial ffom the Prineipals of the Public Schools of Rochester, y. Y.
"We regard Clark's Grammar .ts the clearest in its analysis, the moft natural and
logical in its arrangement, tlie most conciiie and accnrate in its definitions, the mos*.
systematic in design, and the best adapted to the use of schools of any Grammar with
which we are acquainted.
c. c. mksp:rve, wm. c. fkglks.
M. D. KOWLEY, OlIN ATWATF.R.
C. K. BUUKICK, EDWAKD WEBSTER,
J. K. VOSBUKG, S. W. STARKWEATHER,
K R. ARMSTRONG PIIILIl' OURTISS.
Lawrenck Instititte, Brooklyn. Jan 15, 1S.59.
Messrs. A. S. Baruks k Co: — Having used Clark's New Grammar since its publiea-
tfoii, i do most unhesitatingly recomniend it as a work of superior merit By the use
of no other work, and I have used several, have I been enabled to advance uiy pupils
BO rapidly and thoroughly.
The author has, by an "Etymological Chart and a system of Diagrams, made Gram
soar the study that it ought to be, interesting as well as useful.
MARGARET S. LAWRENCE, PrinoipaL
WELCH'S ENGLISH SENTENCE.
From Pbof. J. K Boise, A. M., Profeitfsor of the. Latin and Oreek Languageg and
Literature in the University of Michigan.
This work belongs to a new era in the grammatical study of our own language. We
hazard nothing, in expressing the opinion, that for severe, searching, and exhaustive
analysis, tlie work of l'rofe?*sor Welch is second to none. Ili.t book is not intended foi
tusginners, but only for advanced .students, and by such only it will bo uud«rst*od and
appreciated.
KATIOHAL SEEIES OF STANDAHD SCKOOL-BOOKS.
SPELLING AND DEFINING.
THE JUVENILE DEFINER: A Collection »nd Classification of Familiai
WoBDS and Nambs, correctly Spelled, Accented, and Defined. By W. W. Smith,
Principal of Grammar School No. 1, New York.
This is an invaluable book for young children : instead of long columns of t<> thfin
incomprehensible and meaningless words, the lessons are formed of those worrls wliicJi
they hear and use almost every day, but of which they have formed only imi>i'ilect
ideas. The words are grouped with reference to similar signifloation or use — as the
several kinds of Buildings compose one class; — the kinds of Vessels another; —
Vehiclks another; — Cloths another, &c., &c. ; experience having shown that tb
knowledge of one word of a class produces in the pupil a strong desire to know Am
belonging t« that class, with their various shades of meaning, application, <fec. The
principal words used in the definitions are also defined, and the arranjremeut is such
that almost every word in the book is defined at the time or before ltd employmeiiu
THE GRAMMAR-SCHOOL SPELLER; or, SPELLER'S NEW MANUAL.
Containing Rules for Spelling, with numerous Examples to illustrate the Appli-
cation of each Knle; together with a large Collection of the most Difficult Words
In the English Language, correctly Spelled, Pronounced, and Defined. Arranged
In Easy Lessons for Jiitertnediate Classes.
This book is designed for those pupils who have studied through the Jcventlk
Definer. The Kules for Spelling are in simple language, having numerous examples
of familiar words attached to illu.strate the intent of each. These Kules teach the
formation of the great majority of the derivatives, and consequently embrace the
greater portion of the words of the language.
Tlie .essons consist of words grouped with reference to the sameness of sound o(
certain syllables differently spelled ; as authorise, exercise, analyze, sact-i/ioe- the
pronunciation of each of these terminations has in it the sound of fee, though ex-
pressed by a different combination of letters. Again : burrow, borough, hergamot,
Dourgejfis, birchen, have the sound oibur in thefirst syllable of each, while each is
spelled differently: the same may be said nt chrysalis, crispy. Christian, crystal —
all commencing with the sound of Arrts— and many others.
The words of the lessons have also the pronunciation (in italics), and a short
definition of each attached^the whole comprising the most difficult words in the
language. To which are added copious Exercises in False Orthography — the words
to be written correctly by the pupiL It can also be used ad a dictation exercise.
THE SPELLER AND DEPINER'S MANUAL; Being a DICTIONARY ana
SPELLING-BOOK combined, in which the most Useful Words in the English
Language are Spelled, Pronounced, and Defined, and arranged in Classes; to-
gether with Rules for Spelling, Prefixes and Suffixes, Rules for the Use of Capi-
tals, Punctuation Marks, Quotations from other Languages used in English Cura-
posltion, Abbreviations, &c, <fcc. To which is added a Vocabulary of Reference.
In this book, designed for the highest class, we have, 1st, A dissertation on th«
Bounds of the Vowels and Consonants, their uses and powers. 2d, Rules for Spelling.
Bd, Prefixes and Suffixes, with tlieir meanings. 4th, Punctuation marks, and hew to
use them — Rules for the use of Capitals, Rules for Letter and Note writing, with
diagrams, &c. In the body of the work there are about 14,000 of the i)rincipai words
In the language — arranged in classes according to their derivation, — correctly spelled,
pronounced, and defined — the pronunciation" having the vowel sounds marked by
figures which refer to a Key easily understood and applied. By this arrangement,
the knowledge of one word of a class will give some idea of the others.
There are also Questions at the bottom of each page, which, to be correctly a«-
iwered, require the pupil to keep constantly in his mind the Rules for Spoiling, their
4)plication, &c
This book can also be used with great advantags as a Dictionabt. As the worili
tr« not in alphabetical order for obvious reasons, an alphabetical Vocabulary is plaood
it the end, \>i which means any word in the book can be found.
A. S. BARNES & BURR, Publishers,
51 D; 53 John Street, New York.
NATIONAL SEBIES OF STAHBARB SCHOUL-BOOKS
HISTORY AND MYTHOLOGY.
MONTEITH'S CHILD'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
(Designed fob Public Schools: copiously illustbated.)
WILLAED'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES .^.
(With Mafs and Enobatinos.)
WILLAED'S LAKGE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
(With Maps and Enobayinos.)
WILLAKD'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
(In Spanish Language.)
WILLARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE .
(With Maps and Enqeavings.')
BICOED'S ROMAN HISTOEY
(With Engravings.)
DWIGHTS GEECIAN AND EOMAN MYTHOLOGY
(School Edition.)
D WIGHTS GEECIAN AND EOMAN MYTHOLOGY .,
(University Edition.)
MILLS' HISTOEY OF THE ANCIENT HEBREWS
Monteith's History of the United States is designed for younir scholars,
on the catechetical plan, with Maps and Engravings. It has also Biograpuical
Sketches of the most prominent men in early history.
"Willard's Histories are nsed in a large proportion of the High Schools,
Academies, and Female Seminaries throughout the United States, and have been
recommended by several State Superintendents. The History of the United States
Is so highly e.steemed, as accur&te, reliable, and complete, that it has been translated,
and published in the German, Spanish, and French languages.
The large vfork is designed as a Text-book for Academies and Female Skmina-
EiEs; and also for Distuiot Schools and Family Libraries. The small work being
an Abridgement of the same, is designed as a Text-book/or Comtnon Schools. The
originality of the plan consists in dividing the time \nU> periods, of which the begin-
nings and terminations are marked by important events ; and constructing a seriet
of maps illiistrating the progress qfthe Settlement o/the country, and the regula,
advance of civilization. K fall Chronological Table will be found, in which ali
the events of the History are arranged in the order of time. There is appended to
the work the Constitution of the United States, and a series of Questions adapted to
each chapter, so that the work may be used in schools and for private instruction.
Dwight's Mythology is peculiarly adapted for use as a Class-book in High
Schools, Academies, and Seminaries, and is indispensable to a thorough acquaintance
with Ancient History, and to a proper appreciation of the classical ollnsions constantly
KK-arring in the writings of the best authors. It Is also very valuable for private
eading and study.
Eicord's Roman History is also designed as a Text-book for Schools, and
<«• private reading and reference. It is the most complete and condensed Hi?t()ry ol
ihe TJonians before the public, and will be found exceedingly interesting, and very
raluabie to all, especially to those wishing to be familiar with the classics.
A. S. BARNES & BXJER, Publishers,
51 & 53 John Street, New York.
NATIONAL SEEIES OF STANDARD SCHOOI-BOOKS.
POLITICAL ECONOMY.
THE TOTHfG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. Explaining the Duties of District,
Town, City, County, State, and United States OflBcers. Together with Eules toi
Parliamentary and Commercial Business. Designed for Schools. By Elisha. P.
HOWK.
MANSFIELD'S POLITICAL GRAMMAR OF THE UNITED STATES; or
A Complete View op the Theobt and Practiob of the General and Stats
Governments, with the Relations between them. Dedicated to the Young
Men of the United States. By Edward D. Mansfield, late Professor of Consti-
tutional Law in Cincinnati College. A new and revised edition, with the latest
authorities. Adapted to the use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools.
^To boy's education is completed till he understands the theory of a government «t
which he is to form one of the administrators.
BOTANY.
WOOD'S NEW BOTANY.
WOOD'S FIRST BOOK IN BOTANY. By Alphomso Wood, A.M., formerly
Pnncipal of the Female Seminary at College Hill, Ohio, and now Principal of the
Female Seminary at Terre Haute, Ind. In press.
WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. A new edition. Price I 00. In press.
Prof. "Wood is now engaged in re-writing his celebrated Class- Book of Botany,
and preparing also an elementary text upon the same science. These works, em-
bracing all the recent improvements, will be unequaled by any now published.
The First Part of this work is just issued,
GEOLOGY.
EMMONS' MANUAL OF GEOLOGY; Designed for the use of Colleges and
Academies. By Ebenezer Emmoks, State Geologist of North Carolina. Lp.te
State Geologist of New York, Professor of Natural History and Geology .u Will-
iams College, etc. Illustrated with numerous engravings.
A work that really requires nothing more than the name and reputation of the
author to recommend it. Its intrinsic merit is such as must entitle it to a prominent
position among kindred text-books. It is destined to inaugurate a new er^ iu
Waching the science. The only really gystemaiieed work yet published.
A. S. BARIVES A BURR, Publishers,
61 and 53 John Street, New York.
"NATIONAL SEEIES OF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS
ELOCUTION.
NOETHEND'S NEW SERIES.
L THE LITTIiE OSATOB ; or, Pbixabt School Sfeakeb. By Chabues Nobt»
XKD, A.M.
A judicious selection of simple and attractire pieces for the use of beginners i&
the study of Elocution.
2. NOETHEND'S NATIONAL OBATOS.
Including about one hundred and seyenty choice pieces, happily arranged,
imong which are many favorite productions of our best classical scholars, oraton,
and statesmen.
i. NOETHEND'S ENTEETAINING DIAIOGUES.
A choice variety, with many new selections.
AIDS FOR THE TEACHER.
SCHOOL EECOBDS.
NATIONAL SCHOOL DIARY.
Designed for weekly report to Parents or Guardians.
TRACY'S SCHOLAR'S RECORD OF ATTENDANCE, DEPORTMENT,
AND SCHOLARSHIP.
For individual record of daily proficiency.
TRACY'S SCHOOL RECORD. Designed for keeping a simple but exact record
©f Attendance, Deportment, and Scholarship. Containing also a Calendar and
an extensive list of Topics for Compositions and Colloquies, Themes for Short
Lectures, etc.
Valuable both as aconvenient form of blanks for record and for manifold pur-
poses of reference.
TRACY'S TEACHER'S POCKET RECORD.
Being a smaller edition of the School Becord, convenient for the pocket
BROOKS' TEACHER'S REGISTER.
One of the handsomest and most convenient records made.
DEYOTION.
BBOOKS' SCHOOL MANUAL OF DEVOTION, or Eeligious Exercises for thf
Morning and Evening of each Day. By N. C. Bbooes, President of Baltimore
Female College.
Containing for each day a Hymn, selections from Scripture, and an appropriate
form of Prayer.
BROOKS' SCHOOL HARMONIST.
Comprising Psalm and Hymn Tunes in general use, and designed more especially
lo accompany Brooks' Manual of Devotion.
A. S. BARNES & BURR, Publishers,
61 and 53 John Street, New York.
t"
END
TIT