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LlbHAHY
OF THE
WNIVtRblTY OF ILLINOIS
HISTORICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
ILLINOIS
EDITED hY
NEWTON BATEMAN. LL. D. PAUL SKLHY, A. M.
AND HISTORY OF
EVANSTON
EDITED BY
HARVEY B. HUKD, LL.D. ROBERT D. SIIEPPAKD, D.D.
VOLUME I
ILLUSTRATED
CH ICAGO:
MUNSE1.1. PUBLISHING COMPANY
PUBLISHERS.
1906.
Entered wrninllui! to A.-t ul Coiiuran.
in the year* 1HW. !. 1'JOO ulnl I'JUB hy
W I L L I A M
ill thi- .iffire.if the LilH.u 1.1
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WASHINCiTHN
M U X s t L L .
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THe
ILLINOIS RIV6R
BASIN.
TERRITORY DRAINED BY THE ILLINOIS RIVER.
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLfNOK
-
(
-
PREFACE.
Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant ench an
undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to huv
indnced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should
receive attention.
In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there ia
abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi-
nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the
Ohio River the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early
French population brought in contact with the aborigines its political, military, and educa-
tional prominence its steadfast loyalty and patriotism the marvelous development of its
vast resources the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has
furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on
the Slavery question.
This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its
essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most
carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi-
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible
s to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com-
pactness. and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information
within the smallest practicable space.
And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief
that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or f ur-
' - n is bed the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of
' Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those end*,
; the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity,
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers.
^~ The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources
1 connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to
| scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school,
tb flffice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and
3
I 075228
PREFACE.
Why publish this book? There should ho many and strong reasons to warrant such an
undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations ;ire weighty enough to have
induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it. is fitting they should
receive attention.
In the first place, -rood State Histories arc of great imjwrtance and value, and there i*
abundant and cheering evidence o[ an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi-
nois, for the following, among many other reasons: Because of its great prominence in the
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of thi
Ohio Kivcr the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early
French jx>pulation brought in contact with the aborigines its political, military, and educa-
tional prominence- its steadfast loyalty and patriotism the marvelous development of it*
vast resources the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it ha*
furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on
the Slavery question.
This is tin 1 magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its
essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume,
devoted to that end. Its material lias been gathered from every available source, and most
carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi-
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite, inaccessible
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com-
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of informatiou
within the smallest practicable space.
And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief
that it was iiretlvil; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur-
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends,
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity,
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers.
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources
connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to
scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school,
the 'iffice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at. line writing, no labored, irrelevant and
4 PREFACE.
long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words
for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity
and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity.
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment and there are
many of this character it is handled accordingly.
As a rule, the. method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological,
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass
from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and
order to complexity and confusion.
Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since,
in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.
Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of
mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov-
ernmental, financial, social, religions, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili-
tary, judicial or otherwise ; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be
disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book.
Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than
the selection of names for this part of the work.
While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not
loomed beat to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.
And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully
iissumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their
uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have to generously and helpfully promoted
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis-
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services ; to
Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act,
encouraged us in this enterprise with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers,
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State,
for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found
instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
PREFATORY STATEMENT.
Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief,
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.
As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form,
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State,
under the title, "Illinois, "supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras
in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti-
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of
State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each ; the
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and
educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which
have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa-
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.
While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been
wholly lacking or few in number and those already in existence have a present and con-
stantly increasing valne they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and
particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon
the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring
patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is
still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.
The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable
feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or
5
PRE F ATO R Y S T A T K M K N T .
Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman. who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief,
has. passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.
As explained by Dr. liateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form,
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival nf the earliest Frencl.
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This lias included an outline history of tlie State,
under the title, 'Illinois,'' supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras
in State history: changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans liav-
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1St51-G5, and the War of is'.iswith Spain: lists of
State officers, I'nited States Senators and -Members of Congress, with the terms of each : tin-
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable anil
educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises whirl;
have marked the progress of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or ircneral State character
all arranged under topical heads, anil convenient for ready reference by all seekin:; informa-
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.
While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have n:>t been
wholly lacking or few in number and those already in existence have a present, and con-
stantly increasing value they have been limited, for the most part, to s]wial localities and
particular periods or classes. Itich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor U|K)n
the State and the Nation, there has l>een hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring
patient and laborious research; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they In-longed, it it
still believed that what has been accomplished will lie found of permanent value and be
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.
The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable
feature of the work: consequently there ha-s been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or
6
PREFATORYSTATEMENT.
e.aboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise
form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages.
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement.
In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor-
dinary development of tho State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given
to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has
been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population.
In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I
should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John
M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ;
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum,
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin-
cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been
attained in the work.
In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay tliis final tribute to the memory of my friend and
associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1897, was
deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Enox College, his former pupils and
immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State.
Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time
prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of
the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he
brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara-
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con-
nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its
merit.
With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara-
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer one whose abilities commanded uni-
versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart
won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my
privilege to count aa a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PACK
Abraham Lincoln (Frontispiece) 1
Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84
Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237
Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartonville 85
Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3
Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277
"Chenn Mansion," Easkaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315
Chicago Academy of Sciences 394
Chicago Drainage Canal 94
Chicago Historical Society Building 394
Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88
Chicago Public Buildings 395
Chicago Thoroughfares 89
Chicago Thoroughfares 93
Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246
Comparative Size of Great Canals 95
Day after Chicago Fire 92
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171
Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois The Vineyard 13
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois Orchard Cultivation 13
First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314
Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246
Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247
Fort Dearborn (1853) 247
General John Edgar's House, Easkasia 315
Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246
House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315
House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Easkaskias (1893) 314
Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236
Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438
Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504
Illinois State Capitol (First), Easkaskia 240
Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240
Illinois State Capitol (Third) , Spring6eld 240
Illinois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241
Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601
Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306
Illinois State Penitentiary Cell House and Women's Prison 307
Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493
7
8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAOK
Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300
Interior of Room, Kaakaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banqnet was held in 1825 314
Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301
Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayetto was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1893) 314
La Salle (Portrait) 246
Library Building, University of Illinois 334
Library Building Main Floor University of Illinois 335
Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120
Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276
Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 '. 600
Map of Illinois Following Title Page
Map of Illinois River Valley " " "
McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207
Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151
Newberry Library, Chicago 394
Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402
Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314
Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315
Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314
Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315
Scenes in South Park, ( 'himijo 604
Selby, Paul (Protrait) 5
Sheridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 1'J I
Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 43(
Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 50">
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 4'J'i
University Hall, University of Illinois 150
University of Chicago 363
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541
View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281
View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315
Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91
Views of Drainage Canal 90
Views of Drainage Canal 97
War Eagle (Portrait) 24
Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403
World's Fair Buildings 605
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.
.
ABBOTT, ( l.inii..(,ov.) Edward, a British
officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the
time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas-
kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at
least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois
Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas-
kaskia. Colonel Clark, having learned that
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the
village, took advantage of his absence to send
Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi-
nois, to win over the people to the American
cause, which he did so successfully that they at
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri-
can flag was run up over the fort. Although
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of
the British for a time, the manner of its occupa-
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as
that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the
completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark,
Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov-
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more
humane character than the mass of British
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly
against the employment of Indians in carrying
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier,
on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was
a detriment to the British cause, although he
'was overruled by his superior officer, Colonel
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap-
ture Vincennes.
A BI NGDON, second city in size in Knox County ,
at the junction of the Iowa Central and the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10
miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con-
nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks,
electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile
works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks,
three weekly papers, public library, fine high
school building and two ward schools. Hedding
College, a flourishing institution, under auspices
of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population
(1900), 2,022; (eat. 1904), 3,000.
ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer
and companion of La Salle, who came to the
"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied
Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois
River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St.
Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They
were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis-
covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to
Green Bay. (See Hennepin.)
ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President
and financier, was born in New York City, Jan.
29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary
ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker-
man, having served as Captain of a company of
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with
"Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his
father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the
War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu-
cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in
mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk
in the financial department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of
the Company in 1860, he successively filled the
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer,
until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi-
dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency,
voluntarily retiring from this position in August.
1883, though serving some time longer in the
capacity of Vice-Presiilent. During the progress
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
(1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago
under the administration of Mayor Hopkins
10
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
;
(1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago
Historical Society, and has rendered valuable
service to railroad history by the issue of two bro-
chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail-
roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois
Central Railroad."
ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan-
thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18,
1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught
for several years in his native place, in Plain-
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An-
< lover. Mass., remaining there twenty -three
years. In addition to his educational duties he
participated in the organization of several great
charitable associations which attained national
importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy
in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, I1L, where,
four years afterward, he became the third Prin-
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining
six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri-
can Sunday School Union, in the course of the
next few years founding several hundred Sunday
Schools in different parts of the State. He re-
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in
1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The
subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian
clergyman of New York and for seven years ( 1873-
80) President of Union Theological Seminary.
ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was
born at Londonderry, N. II. , March 11, is;; I, the
son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap-
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and
Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the
Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham,
He., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to
New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry-
goods house at $150 a year. He next entered the
office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers,
and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the
house of Morris K . Jessup & Co. He thus became
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of
Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams &
Westlake Co., have done a large business in the
manufacture of railway supplies. Since the
death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi-
pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing
business.
ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu-
cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806,
and educated at Bowdoin College, where he
graduated in both the departments of literature
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a
physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the
chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and
Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro-
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the
Medical Department of the same institution, and,
during his connection with the College, gave
instruction at different times in nearly every
branch embraced in the college curriculum,
including the French and German languages.
Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour-
age in his adherence to principle, he was a man
of singular modesty, refinement and amiability
in private life, winning the confidence and esteem
of all with whom he came in contact, especially
the students who came under his instruction. A
profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a
refined and exalted literary taste, which was
illustrated in occasional contributions to scien-
tific and literary periodicals. Among productions
of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer-
ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in
his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the
"Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte
and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and
"Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be-
tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander,"
1875). His connection with Illinois College con-
tinued until his death, April, 1877 a period of
more than thirty-eight years. A monument to
his memory lias been erected through the grate-
ful donations of his former pupils.
ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, born at Keene, N. H , June 18, 1840;
was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane
Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the
former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi-
cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher
in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the
practice of his profession. His first post of pub-
lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to
which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was
chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth
Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in
1884, '86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi-
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry.
He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry
Library.
ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego
County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to
Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate
in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex-
tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected
a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
11
bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843.
ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county
of the State, situated about midway between its
northern and southern extremities, and bounded
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was
organized in 1825 and named in honor of John
yuincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given
to the county seat. The United States Census of
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula-
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile
and well watered, the surface diversified and
hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and
its climate equable. The wealth of the county is
largely derived from agriculture, although a
large amount of manufacturing is carried on in
Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058.
ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at
Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12.
1822; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa.,
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth,
which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr.
Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville,
Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek.
In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from
Stephenson County, serving continuously in that
body by successive re-elections until 1870 first as
a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865
lie established the Second National Bank of Free-
|K>rt, of which he continued to be the president
until his death, August 17, 1881. Miss Jane
I \<Uams). philanthropist. the founder of the "Hull
House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.
ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of
Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School
and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and
public school Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614.
ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju-
tant-General for the State of Illinois was first
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865.
Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in-
cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's
Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small
importance. Those who held the office during
the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex-
ander. Aftej the admission of Illinois as a State
up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis-
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819 21 ; Elijah C.
Berry, 1821 28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses
K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61.
In November, 1861, CoL T. S. Mather, who had held
the position for three years previous, resigned to
enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller
was appointed, remaining in office until January
1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of
1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office
until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869.
taking into consideration that all the Illinois
volunteers had been mustered out, and that the
duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi-
ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the
department and curtailed the appropriation for
its support. Since the adoption of the military
code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has
occupied a more important and conspicuous posi-
tion among the departments of the State govern-
ment. The following is a list of those who have
held office since General Haynie, with the date
and duration of their respective terms of office:
Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins.
1873-75; Hiram Billiard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot,
1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren-
dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N.
Reece, 1897 .
AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an
agricultural State. A large area in the eastern
portion of the State, because of the absence of
timber, was called by the early settlers "the
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge
beginning in Jackson County and running across
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of
Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are
of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen-
tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn,
and the southern and southwestern to the culti-
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of
the entire State some 42,000 square miles is up-
land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals.
In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the
States, that for 1891 being 831,106, 674, with 3,068,-
930 acres under cultivation. In the production
of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census
(1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation,
and the value of the crop being estimated at
$86.905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh,
although the annual average value of the crop
from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than $29.000.-
000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value ot
horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc-
tion of swine ($30,000, 000), third in cattle-growing
($32,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the
value of milch cows being estimated at $24,000,-
000. (See also Farmers Institute.)
12
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
IMlId I.Tl III.. DEPARTMENT OF. A
department of the State administration which
grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri-
cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the
Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from
the State treasury for its maintenance was $1,000
per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of
mechanical and agricultural arts." The first
President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon
County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was
the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott
of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John
Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some
thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover-
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri-
culturists. The department has well equipped
offices in the State House, and is charged with
the conduct of State Fairs and the management
of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the
collection and dissemination of statistical and
other information relative to the State's agri-
cultural interests. It receives annual reports
from all County Agricultural Societies. Tin-
State Board consists of three general officers
(President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one
representative from each Congressional district.
The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for
the prosecution of its work, besides which there
is a considerable income from receipts at State
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between $20,000 and
$25,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to
competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some
$10,000 divided among County Agricultural
Societies holding fairs.
AKERS, Peter, D. It. , Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu-
cated in the common schools, and, at the age
of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical
course in institutions of Virginia and North
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling
in that State, he began the study of law and was
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he
began the publication of a paper called "The
Star," which was continued for a short time. In
1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist
church, and a few months later began preaching.
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year
spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon,
remaining during 1833-34; then established a
"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which
he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to
1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding
Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In
the latter year he was again appointed to the
Presidency of McKendree College, where he
remained five years. He was then (1857) trans-
ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year
later was compelled by declining health to assume
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois
about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but
was again compelled to accept a superannuate!)
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where
he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc-
Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib-
lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many
previous years of his life, and which gave evi-
dence of grat learning and vast research. Dr.
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten-
sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit
orator and logician he probably had no superior
in the State during the time of his most active
service in the denomination to which he belonged.
AKIN, Edward ('., lawyer and Attorney-Gen-
eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, ami
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann
Arbor, Mich. For, four years he was paying and
receiving teller in the First National Bank of
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 ami
has continued in act! ve practice since. In 1887 )
entered upon his political career as the Republi-
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although
the city was usually Democratic. The follow-
ing year he was the candidate of his party for
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again
elected, leading the State and county ticket by
800 votes being re-elected to the same office in
1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nomine*
for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a
citizen's- ticket headed by a Republican, was
elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci-
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was
in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General
on the Republican State ticket by a plurality
over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a
majority over all com]>etitors of 111,255. His
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high
order, while his personal popularity is indicated
by his uniform success as a candidate, in the
face, at times, of strong political majorities.
ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo-
cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago.
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island
branch). Population (1890), 611 ; (1900), 621.
ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County,
on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS.
U;RKt LTIRK. IIMMKTMKM OF. A
deiiartrnent of tin- State administration which
grew out of the organiy..ition of the Illinois Agri-
cultural Society mcr|iorated by Act of the
Legislature in IKilJ. The iirst appropriation from
the State treasury for its maintenance was SI.IHKI
per annum, "to he expended in the promotion of
mechanical and agricultural arts." The first
President was James X. Brown, of Sangamon
County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was
the first Recording Secretary; John A. Kennicott
of Cook. Iirst < 'orresjKinding Secretary ; ami John
Williams of Sangamon, Iirst Treasurer. Some
thirty volumes of reports have In-en issued, cover-
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri-
culturists. The department has well eipiipped
offices in the State House, ami is charged with
the conduct of State Fairs and the management
of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the
collection and dissemination of statistical and
other information relative to the State's agri-
cultural interests. It receives annual rejiorts
from all County Agricultural Societies. Tin-
State Hoard consists of three general ollicers
(President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one
representative from each Congressional district.
The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for
the prosecution of its work, besides wliich there
is a considerable income from receipts at State
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between S-'ll.lHMl and
$3-~i,(HK) per annum is disbursed in premiums to
coni]>eting exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some
$1(1, (100 divided among County Agricultural
Societies holding fairs.
AKF.RS, Peter, 1>. I)., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu-
cated in the common schools, and, at the ag
of Hi, began teaching, later pursuing a classical
course in institutions of Virginia and North
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling
in that State, he began the study of law and was
admitted to the liar in 1817. Two years later hi'
liegan the publication of a pajier called "Tin-
Star," which was continued for a short time. In
1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist
church, and a few months later liegan preaching.
In 18:i2 he removed to Illinois, and. after a year
spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed tlie
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon,
remaining during tKKl!t-l; then established a
"manual laljor school" near Jacksonville, which
he maintained for a few years. From 1H:)7 to
1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding
Kliler at Springlield. Qiiincy and Jacksonville. In
the latter year he was again appointed to tin-
Presidency of McKendree College, where In
remained live years. He was then (1857) trans-
ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year
later was compelled by declining health to assume
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois
alioiit 181'hi, lie served as Presiding Elder of tin
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but
was again compiled to accept a sii]>eraiinuatcii
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where
he died, Feb. 21, IHSIi. While President of Mc-
Kendree College, he published his work on "Hil-
lical Chronology," to which he had devoted nmn\
previous years of his life, and which gave evi-
dence of gn-at learning and vast research. I'v
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten-
sive learning and gmit eloquence. As a pulpit
orator and logician he probably had no superior
in the State during the time of his most acti\<-
service in the denomination to which he belonged.
\k!N, Edward f., lawyer and Attorney -Gen-
eral, was l>orn in Will County. 111., in If. 13, und
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Aim
Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying ami
receiving teller in the First National Bank f
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 un<l
has continued in active practice since. In 18H7 In-
entered upon his (Hilitical career as the Itepubli
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although
the city was usually Democratic. The follow-
ing year he was the candidate of his party f< it-
State's Attorney of Will County, and was agaii
elected, leading the State and county ticket b\
MOO votes l>eing re-elected to the same ollice ii
1H92. In 189.~> he was the Republican noiniiiii-
for Mayor of Joliet. and, although opjioscil by a
citizen's ticket headed by a l{e|ib!ican, wa-
elected over his Democratic competitor by adeci
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was
in 18!Hi, when he was elected Attornev-CIeneral
on the Republican State ticket by a plurality
over his Democratic- opjtonent of lo'J.^IH and a
majority over all competitors of 1 1 1 , L'.Vi. His
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high
order, while his personal jntpularity is indicated
by his uniform success as a candidate, in tin-
face, at times, of strong political majorities.
ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo-
cated on the .Mississippi River and the ( 'hicago
Milwaukee & St Paul Railway (Rock Island
branch) Population (189(1), (ill ; (1900), 031.
ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County,
on Southern Hallway, midway between St. Louis
KXPEKIMENT KAKM (THE VIKEVARU) UNIVERSITY OK ILLINOIS.
EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULTIVATIONl UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In-
stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified
shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery,
flouring mills, and is important shipping point
for live stock ; is in a rich fruit-growing district ;
has five churches and splendid public schools.
Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,600.
ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol-
conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and
held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi,
including member of the Legislature in each;
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven-
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service,
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of
the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two
years later elected United States Senator, serving
until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.
ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con-
gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago
in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi-
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse-
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877,
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago.
Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a
member of the Board of County Commissioners
of Cook County, serving as President of that body
during the reform period of 1887; was also a
member of the County Board of Education and
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee,
appointed from the various clubs and commer-
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for-
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional
District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the
close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he
was appointed to a position in connection with
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at
Washington.
ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress-
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820.
His early common school training was supple-
mented by private tuition in higher branches of
mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 2>'>
years he was engaged in farming and teaching,
but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin,
where, in addition to merchandising, he engage'!
in the manufacture of furniture and wooden war.
and where he also held several important office-
being Superintendent of Schools for three years.
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla-
ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he
embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in
1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in
Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878.
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis. ,
Dec. 3, 1885.
ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal
region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also
extensively carried on, and large quantities of
these commodities are shipped here; has two
newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081.
ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia.
Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six
years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of
the richest stock-farms in the State. After the
war he became the owner of the celebrate<l
"Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in
Champaign County, to which he transferred his
stock interests, and although overtaken by re-
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 187(i.
ALEXANDER, Hilton K., pioneer, was born in
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812.
serving under the command of General Jackson
until the capture of Pensaoola, when he entered
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County
111. , and engaged in mercantile and agricultural
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the
County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to "37
In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles.
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois
State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov-
ernor Reynolds, and, in!832, took part in the Black
I:\I-KKI.MKVI i AI:M nil-: vtxi-:v.\i;iii IM\I-:I:SITV
i:xri:i:i \ii-vr i AI;.M II>I;CIIAI:H ri'i/nx \TION. i MVI-:I:SITV !' II.I.IMHS.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA >K ILLINOIS.
and Ixiuisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In-
stitute; h:is plant for manufacture of vitrified
shale paving brick, two newspapers, -creamery,
flouring mills, and is irn]>ortant shipping point
for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district;
has five churches and splendid public schools.
Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500.
ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol-
conda, 111., Nov. 4. 1816; early went South and
held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi,
including niemlx-r of the Legislature in each;
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven-
tions of 1851 and 1801, and by the latter appointed
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service,
hut refused a commission by Jefferson Davis
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of
the first to accept the reconstruction policy; was
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in
1805. hut not admitted to his seat. In 180!) he
was chosen Governor as a Republican, anil two
years later elected United States Senator, serving
until 1877. Died. Dei-. 20. 1894.
M.HKICII. .1. Frank, Congressman, was lx>rn
at Two Kivers. Wis . April G. 18.1:!. the son of
William Aldrieh. who afterwards became Con-
gressman from Chicago; was brought to Chicago
in 1801. attended the public schools and the Chi-
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse-
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877.
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago.
Becoming interested in politics, he \v;is elected a
memlier of the Board of County Commissioners
of Cook County, serving as President of that body
during the reform |n-riod of 1887; was also a
memlier of the County Board of Education and
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee,
ap|x>inted from the various clubs and commer-
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for-
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From
May 1. 1891. to Jan. 1. 1893, he was Commissioner
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned
his oilice, having l>een elected (Nov., 1892) a
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional
District; was re-elected in 1894. retiring at the
close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he
was appointed to a position in connection with
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at
Washington.
ALHRICH, William, merchant and Congress-
man, was l>orn at Greenfield, N Y.. Jan. 21), 1820.
His early common school training was supple-
mented by private tuition in higher branches of
mathematics and in surveying, and by ; term in
an academy. Until he had renched the age of 2'i
years he was engaged in farming and teaching
but. in 1H4(>, turned his attention to mercantile
pursuits. In 18.">1 he removed to Wisconsin,
where, in addition to merchandising, he engage. I
in the manufacture of furniture and wowlenwarc.
and where he also held several ini[iortanl oflico
being Su|>erintendent of Schools for three yoan-
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisor^
one year, liesides serving one tenn in the 1/egisla-
ture. In 1H(!0 he removed In Chie.-igo, \\liern lie
embarked in the wholesale grocery business In
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and. in
1870, chosen to represent his district (the First) in
Congress, as a Republican, being re elected in 187s
and again in 1880. Died in Fond ilu I -v, WL-
Dec. 3. 1885.
ALEIM), county-seat of Mercer County; is in
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous <-oal
region; fruit-growing and stock raising are alsc
extensively carried on. and large quantities ot
these commodities are ship|ted here: has tw-
newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula-
tion (1890), 1.C01; (1900), 2.081.
ALEXAMIEK, John T., agriculturist and
stock grower, was born in Western Virginia
Sept. 15. 1820; removed with his father, at si\
years of age. to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1K}-
Here he liought a tract of several thousand ac-re-
of land on the Wabash Railroad. 10 miles east ol
Jacksonville, which finally develo|ied into one ol'
the richest stock farms in the State. After tin
war he became the owner of tht lehratol
"Sullivant farm." comprising some 2(MHH) acrev
on the Toledo. Peoria & Western Railroad in
Champaign County, to which hi- transferred hi--
stock interests, and although overtaken by n-
verses. left a large estate. Died. August 22. 1871'.
AI.KX \ MM'.K. Milton K., pioneer, was liorn in
Elliert County. Ga., Jan. 2:!. 17(M1; emigrate.)
with his father, in 1801. to Tenne-see. and, while
still ahoy, enlisted as a soldier in tin- War of IS12
serving under the command of General Jackson
until the capture of Pensaeola. when he entered
upon the campaign against the Scminoli--- it
Florida. In |82:t he removed to Edgar Countv
111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Post mast' -i
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of th.
County Commissioners' Court from l s 'Jf> to ''"
In 1821! he \vascomn\issioned l.y Governor <>>le*
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois
State Militia, in 18:iO was Aide-de-Camp to Gov
ernor Reynolds, and, in 1832, took part in the Black
'
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second
Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of
the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was
elected by the Legislature a member of the first
Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856.
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer,
(tame to Southern Illinois previous to the organi-
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time,
while practicing his profession as a physician,
acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of
America, which was located on the Ohio River,
on the first high ground above its junction with
the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat
of Alexander County, which was organized in
1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find
him a Representative in the Second General
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later
Representative from Alexander County, when he
became Speaker of the House during the session
of the .Third General Assembly. Later, he
removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South,
where he died, though the date and place of his
i leath are unknown.
ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern
i -i puuty of the State, being bounded on the west
by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the
Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230
square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,-
563. The first American settlers were Tennessee-
;i MS named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave
it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of
the Civil War < 1861-65), had been transferred to
the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio.
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and
Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer-
ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818
Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G.
( 'omyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres
in the central and northern part of the county,
and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In
1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the
Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J.
IJaker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for-
feited bank tract and the title thereto became
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase,
extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The
county was organized in 1819; the first county-
seat being America, which was incorporated in
1830. Population (1900), 19,384.
ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located
at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the
management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic
order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was
originally opened in a small frame building, but a
better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de-
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following
year, through the aid of private benefactions and
an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re-
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas-
ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor
male patients are admitted, and these are received
without reference to nationality or religion, and
absolutely without charge. The present medical
staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur-
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra-
mural transit line having rendered the building
unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com-
pany purchased the site and buildings f or $250,-
000 and a new location has been selected.
ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the
Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of
north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple-
ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses.
Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915.
ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes.
Originally their territory extended from about
latitude 37 to 53 north, and from longitude 25
east to 15 west of the meridian of Washington.
Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in
Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in
New England and by Catholic missionaries in the
great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin-
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the
Illinois Indians, who were found within the
State by the French when the latter discovered
the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes
of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory
was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois,
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi-
nally dwelt within the -present limits of Illinois,
were the. Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees,
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of
life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the
chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers
of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize.
Various dialects of their language have been
reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire
Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about
95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United
States.
ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born
June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir-
ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
15
infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South-
ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be-
came a Judge and member of Congress. After
reading law with his father and at the Louisville
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853)
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County.
In 1855 he was appointed United States District
Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re-
sumed private practice as partner of John A.
Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit
Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he
declined a re-election. He was a member of the
Constitutional Conventions of 1862 and 1869, serv-
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of
Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to
every National Democratic Convention, being
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and
twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai
policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven-
detta" which had broken out among his former
neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear-
less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886,
Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901.
ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who
removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and
engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep-
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly,
and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841,
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District,
and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar.
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On
March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three
months later. His son, William Joshua, suc-
ceeded him in the latter office.
A LLERTON", Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and
capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in
Dutchess County, N. V , May 26, 1829. His
youth was spent with his father on a farm in
Yates County. X Y . but about 1*52 he engaged
in the live-stock business in Central and Western
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago
Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts
burg Stock-Yards, also becoming interested in
yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and
Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and
a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago,
a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City
Railway (the first cable line in that city), the
owner of an extensive area of highly improved
farming lands in Central, Illinois, as also of large
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable
and productive mining properties in the Black
Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a
liberal supporter of the measures of that party,
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can-
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to
Carter H. Harrison.
ALLOCEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called
"The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in
1658, and later explored the country around
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the
mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. ,
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green
Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi,
and was the first to communicate the informa-
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at
Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in 1677, where he
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690.
ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County,
Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend-
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert
Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New
London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his
early education in a country school, supple-
mented by access to a small public library, from
which he acquired a good degree of familiarity
with standard English writers. In 1837 he
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown,
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist
and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im-
mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass.,
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school,
16
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the
Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi-
pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at
East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island
also serving the same year as a Visitor to West
Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859
lie filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the
State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac-
<*;ptod the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female
College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863)
becoming President of McKendree College at
Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874.
That position he resigned to accept the Presi-
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University
at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894.
ALTAHONT, Effingham County, is intersecting
point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois,
Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads,
being midway and highest point between St.
Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in
1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit-
growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank,
two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a
large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac-
tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,044, 11900), 1,335.
ALT6ELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Oov-
ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy-
hood accompanied his parents to America, the
family settling in Ohio. At the age of 10 he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war.
Hia legal education was acquired at St. Louis and
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that
State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional
district, and in 1886 was elected to tha^ bench of
the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned
in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven-
tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and he
was elected the following November, being the
first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the
history of the State, and the first Democrat
elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent
factor in the Democratic National Convention
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi-
dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to
the office of Governor, but was defeated by John
tt. Tanner, the Republican nominee.
ALTON, principal city in Madison County
and important commercial and manufacturing
point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of
St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French
trading-post about 1807, the town proper being
laid out by Col. Ruf us Easton in 1817 ; principal
business houses are located in the valley along
the river, while the residence portion occupies
the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising
to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has
extensive glass works employ'ng (1903) 4,000
hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac-
tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min-
ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides
several banks, numerous churches, schools, and
four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu-
ment to the memory of Elijah P. Lovejoy, who
fell while defending his press against a pro-slav-
ery mob in 1837, was erected in Alton Cemetery,
1896-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the
State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890),
10,294; (1900), 14,310.
ALTON PENITENTIARY. The earliest pun-
ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi-
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs,
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The
inadequacy of such places of confinement was
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of
any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000
acres of saline lands was made to the State by
Congress, and a considerable portion of the money
received from their sale was appropriated to the
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton.
The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831,
an additional appropriation of $10,000 was made
from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was
ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the
State determined upon building a new peniten-
tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern
Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were
transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison
was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn
plan" associated labor in silence by day and
separate confinement by night. The manage-
ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur-
nished supplies, employed guards and exercised
the general powers of a warden under the super-
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State,
and who handled all the products of convict
labor.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
17
ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejog, Elijah Pttr-
rish.)
ALTON A., town of Knoz County, on C., B & Q.
K. R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an
endowed public library, electric light system,
cement sidewalks, four churches and good school
system. Population (1900), 683.
ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See
Chicago A Alton Railroad.)
AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at
junction of Illinois Central and C. , B. & Q. Rail-
roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago ; has
artesian water with waterworks and fire protec-
tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric
lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two
newspapers, seven churches, graded and high
schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric
Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; extensive bridge
and iron works located here. Pop. (1900), 1,826.
AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio,
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State
University, where he joined the M. E. Church.
In 1838 he left college and became Principal of
the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards
became McKendree College. While there he
received a license to preach, and, after holding
various charges and positions in the church, in-
cluding membership in the General Conference
of 1840, '44 and '53, in the latter year was elected
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred
in Baltimore, April 35, 1879.
ANDERSON, tialnsha, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y. , March 7, 1833 ;
graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville,
Wig., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in
Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, remaining eight years, when he again be-
came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after
assumed the Presidency of Denison University,
Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago
University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds.
ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress-
man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va. , March
11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re-
ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880.
In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the
Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without
opposition. The following year he was the suc-
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which
was his last public service. Died at Quincy,
Jan. 31, 1896.
ANDERSON, James C., legislator, was born in
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on
a farm, and -after receiving a common-school
education, entered Monmouth College, but left
early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County,
was elected Representative in the General
Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on
the Republican "steering committee" during the
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at-
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and
was a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra.
ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800;
came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and,
at an early age, began to devote his attention to
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk
War as a Lieutenant in 1833, and the same year
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth
General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Govemor on the
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after
the close of his term entered the United States
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida.
Still later he served under President Polk as
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary
at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857.
William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding,
was bom at Mount Vernon, M., April 30, 1830;
attended the common schools and later studied
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre-
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856
he was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he
entered the volunteer service as a private, was
promoted through the grades of Captain and
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the
close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70.
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty
18
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In
1883 General Anderson was appointed by Presi-
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con-
tinuing in that position four years, when he
retired to private life.
AMMtt'S, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County,
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but
graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in
1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the
Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of
which he became a Professor; later re-entered
the ministry and held charges at Beardstown,
Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington,
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and
temporary President of Quincy CollegX In 1867
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from
1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni-
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis,
Jan. 17, 1887.
ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois
Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center
of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district,
and largest shipping-point for these commodities
on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice
plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks
and two newspapers. The Southern (III) Hos-
pital for the Insane is located here. Population
(1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (est. 1904), 3,000.
ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New
England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga
County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis-
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years
were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course
of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in
1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in
1850. The next year he began the study of law,
at the same time giving instruction in an Acad-
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve-
land as one of his pupila. After admission to the
bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop-
ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A
Digest of Illinois Reports" ; in 1858 was elected
City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the
Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony
served in two State Constitutional Conventions
those of 1862 and 1869-70 being chairman of the
Committee on Executive Department and mem-
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter.
He was delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a
Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was
re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he
resumed the practice of his profession, being
chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge
Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo-
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago
Public Library; also served as President of the
State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered
several important historical addresses before that
body. His other most important productions
are volumes on "The Constitutional History of
Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and
"Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of
his last term upon the bench, he spent several
months in an extended tour through the princi-
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred,
atyer a protracted illness, at his home at Evans-
ton, Feb. 24, 1898.
ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN-
TION, a political body, which convened at
Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion
of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper
published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for-
mulating a policy in opposition to the principles
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors
were in attendance, as follows : Charles H. Ray
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of
"The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The
Rock Island Advertiser" ; T. J. Pickett of "The
Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The
Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga-
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E.
C. Daughertyof "The Rockford Register"; E. W.
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J.
Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul
Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " PaulSelby
was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre-
tary. The convention adopted a platform and
recommended the calling of a State convention
at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing
the following State Central Committee to take the
matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M.
Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J.
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William
H. Herndon, Springfield; K. J. Oglesby, Deca-
tur; Joseph Gilleapie, Ed wardsville ; D. L. Phil-
lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and
Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. A bra-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ham Lincoln was present and participated in the
consultations of the committees. All of these
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer-
ner, the two former declining on account of ab-
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac
C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven-
tion of 1856.)
APPLE RIYER, a village of Jo Daviess
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880),
626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576.
APPLINttTON, (Maj.) /enas, soldier, was bom
in Broome County. N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol-
lowed successively the occupations of farmer,
blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally
becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the
session of 1859, was one of the members of that
body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip
fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of
the earnest supporters of the Government in its
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The
latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned
Major, being some time in command at Bird's
Point, and later rendering important service to
General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10.
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862,
while obeying an order to charge upon a band of
rebels concealed in a wood.
APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of
the counties of the State into Districts for the
election of members of the General Assembly
and of Congress, which will be treated under
separate heads:
LEGISLATIVE. The first legislative apportion-
ment was provided for by the Constitution of
1818. That instrument vested the Legislature
with power to divide the State as follows: To
create districts for the election of Representatives
not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty-
six in number, until the population of the State
should amount to 100,000; and to create sena-
torial districts, in number not less than one-third
nor more than one-half of the representative dis-
tricts at the time of organization.
The schedule appended to the first Constitution
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena-
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen
oounties were allowed fourteen Senators and
twenty-nine Representatives. Each county
formed a distinct legislative district for repre-
sentation in the lower house, with the number of
members for each varying from one to three;
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in
one Senatorial district, the other counties being
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion-
ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47.
Before an election was held under the last, how-
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect,
and considerable changes were effected in this
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy -
five, until the entire population should equal
1,000,000, when five members of the House were
added and five additional members for each 500,-
000 increase in population until the whole num-
ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter
the number was neither increased nor dimin-
ished, but apportioned among the several coun-
ties according to the number of white inhabit-
ants. Should it be found necessary, a single
district might be formed out of two or more
counties.
The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis-
tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight,
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen-
atorial districts remained unchanged, but their
geographical limits varied under each act, while
the number of members from Representative
districts varied according to population.
The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im-
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its
adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of
State upon the basis of the United States Census
of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made,
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was
divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre-
sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem-
bers varying from one to ten for the several
districts, according to population. This arrange-
ment continued in force for only one Legislature
that chosen in 1870.
In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor-
tion the State in accordance with the principle of
"minority representation," which had been sub-
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu-
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This
provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and
three Representatives. The ratio of representa-
tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid-
ao
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing the entire population by 153 and each county
to be allowed one Representative, provided its
population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun-
ties having a population equivalent to one and
three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two
Representatives ; while each county with a larger
population was entitled to one additional Repre-
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated
in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments
were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93.
Members of the lower house are elected bienni-
ally; Senators for four years, those in odd and
even districts being chosen at each alternate
legislative election. The election of Senators for
the even (numbered) districts takes place at the
same time with that of Governor and other State
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter-
mediate periods.
CONGRESSIONAL. For the first fourteen years
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show-
ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831
(by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into
three districts, the first election under this law
being held on the first Monday in August, 1832.
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun-
ties, which were apportioned among the districts
as follows: First Gallatin, Pope, Johnson,
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry,
Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin-
ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second White,
Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash,
Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery,
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw-
ford; Third Greene, Morgan, Sangamon,
Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer,
McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike,
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.
The ^apportionment following the census of
1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the
first election of Representatives thereunder
occurred on the first Monday of the following
August. Forty-one new counties had been cre-
ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number
of districts was increased to seven as follows:
First Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe,
Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington,
Madison; Second Johnson, Pope, Hardin,
Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne,
Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards,
Marion; Third Lawrence, Richland, Jasper,
Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont-
gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles, Clark, Clay,
Edgar. Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth Lake,
McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page,
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois,
Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean,
Bureau; Fifth Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike,
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully
organized), Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria,
Macoupin; Sixth Jo Daviess, Stephenson,
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry,
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson,
Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh
Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell,
Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon.
The next Congressional apportionment (August
22, 1852) divided the State into nine districts, as
follows the first election under it being held the
following November: First Lake, McHenry,
Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car-
roll, Ogle; Second Cook, Du Page, Kane, De
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island ; Third
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle,
Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham-
paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth Fulton,
Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer,
Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth
Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc-
Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth Morgan,
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom-
ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey;
Seventh Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar,
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing-
ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette;
Eighth Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond,
Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar-
ion; Ninth Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union,
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack-
son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton,
Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash,
The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861,
created only thirteen districts. This was com-
pensated for by providing for the election of one
Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts
were as follows: First Cook, Lake; Second
McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and
Kane; Third Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White-
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth Adams, Han-
cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island;
Fifth Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam,
Bureau. Henry; Sixth La Salle, Grundy, Ken-
dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh
Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie,
Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois,
Ford; Eighth Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc-
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
21
Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough,
Schuyler, Brown; Tenth Bond, Morgan, Cal-
l >un. Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian,
Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh Marion, Fay-
ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford,
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Eftingham,
Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth St. Clair, Madison,
Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph;
Thirteenth Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry,
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope,
Hardin, (iallatin. Saline, White, Edwards,
Wabash.
The next reapportionment was made July 1,
1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol-
lows: First The first seven wards in Chicago
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the
county of Du Page; Second Wards Eighth to
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third Wards
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder
of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth
Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne-
hago; Fifth Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll,
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth Henry, Rock Island,
Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh La Salle, Ken-
dall, Grundy, Will ; Eighth Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth Mercer,
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock,
Schuyler; Eleventh Adams, Brown, Calhoun,
Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth Scott, Morgan,
Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth
Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four-
teenth Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles,
Vermilion; Fifteenth Edgar, Clark, Cumber-
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence,
Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth Montgomery,
Cuvette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion,
Clay; Seventeenth Macoupin, Madison, St.
Clair, Monroe; Eighteenth Randolph, Perry,
Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex-
ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash,
.Saline, Gallatin. Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin,
Hamilton.
In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis-
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound-
aries determined as follows: First Wards First
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen
towns in Cook County; Second Wards 5th to
"th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third Wards
!>th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth
The remainder of the City of Chicago and of
the county of Cook; Fifth Lake, McHenry,
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth Winnebago,
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;
Seventh Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau. Put-
nam; Eighth La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Du
Page, and Will ; Ninth Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton; Eleventh Rock
Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock.
McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth Cass, Brown.
Adams, Pike, Scott. Greene, Calhoun, Jersey :
Thirteenth Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga-
mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth McLean.
De Witt, Piatt. Macon, Logan; Fifteenth
Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign;
Sixteenth Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay,
Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards,
Wabash ; Seventeenth Macoupin, Montgomery,
Moultrie, Shelby. Effinghara, Fayette; Eight-
eenth Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash-
ington; Nineteenth Marion, Clinton Jefferson,
Saline. Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har-
din ; Twentieth Perry, Randolph, Jackson,
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope,
Pulaski, Massac.
The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit-
led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap-
portionment, however, was made until June,
1893, two members from the State-at-large being
elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con-
gressional districts are as follows: The first
seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis-
trict; Eighth McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du
Page, Kendall. Grundy; Ninth Boone, Winne-
bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee;
Tenth Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry,
Stark, Knox ; Eleventh Bureau, La Salle.
Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth Will, Kanka-
kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth Ford. Mc-
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four-
teenth Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton,
Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth Henderson, War-
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown,
Schuyler; Sixteenth Cass, Morgan, Scott,
Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey;
Seventeenth Menard, Logan, Sangamon. Macon,
Christian; Eighteenth Madison, Montgomery,
Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti-
eth Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed-
wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin.
Hardin; Twenty-first Marion, Clinton, Wash-
ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry;
Twenty-second Jackson, Union, Alexander.
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope,
Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. }
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ARCHER, William It., pioneer, was born in
Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken-
tuck; at an early day, where he remained until
1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally
settling in what is now Clark County. Although
pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became
one of the most prominent and influential men in
that part of the State. On the organization of
Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former
office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he
was elected to the lower branch of the General
Assembly, and two years later to the State
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor;
was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a
member of the first Board of Commissioners of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was
returned a second time to the House of Repre-
sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the
same body. Two years later (1848) he was again
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and
in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate
for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen.
Although Allen received the certificate of elec-
tion, Archer contested his right to the seat, with
the result that Congress declared the seat vacant
and referred the question back to the people. In
A new election held in August, 1856, Archer was
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public
office of importance after this date, but in 1856
was a delegate to the first Republican National
Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was
on enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln,
whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the
office of Vice-President. He was also one of the
tictive promoters of various railroad enterprises
in that section of the State, especially the old
Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected
southward from the City of Chicago. His con-
nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was
the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue,
si somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago
He was of tall stature and great energy of char-
acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com-
municated itself to others. A local history has
rv-ti.i of him that "he did more for Clark County
than any man in his day or since," although "no
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever
given him for his services. " Colonel Archer was
one of the founders of Marshall, the county -seat
of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ-
ated with him in the ownership of the land on
which the town was laid out. His death oc-
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the
age of 78 years.
AKCOL A , incorporated city in Douglas County,
168 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois
Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail-
road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing
region in the world; has city waterworks, with
efficient volunteer fire department, electric light*,
telephone system, grain elevators and broom-
corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers,
nine churches, library building and excellent free
school system. Pop. (1890). 1,733; (1900), 1,995.
AREN'Z, Francis A., pioneer, was bom ac
Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein.
Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education
and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile
business in his native country. In 1827 he cauu>
to the United States and, after spending two
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where
he was engaged for a short time in the lead
trade. He took an early opportunity to become
naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few
months later, went into merchandising and real
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing
supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk
War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous
and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi-
cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois
Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's
Ferry on the Sangamou, for which he secured a
special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times
prevented the beginning of the work and it was
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to
a tract of land near the Morgan County line
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the
present village of Arenzville now stands. This
became the center of a thrifty agricultural com-
munity composed largely of Germans, among
whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming
the mercantile business here, he continued it
until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable
part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was
elected as such to the lower branch of the Four-
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan
County, and during the following session suc-
ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which
a strip of territory three miles wide in the north-
ern part of Morgan County, including the village
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
i' Arenrville, and which had been in dispute,
was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cans
County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native
land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as
bearer of dispatches to the American legations at
Berlin and Vienna. " He was one of the founders
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853,
and served as the Vice- President for his district
until his death, and was also the founder and
President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci-
ety. Died, April 2, 1856.
ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92
miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447;
(1890), 486; (1900), 400.
ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a
village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North-
western Bail way, 22 miles northwest of Chicago;
is in a dairying district and has several cheese
factories, besides a sewing machine factory,
hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and
one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890),
1.434; (1900), 1,380.
ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of
Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock-
bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832.
After receiving the benefits of such education as
the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out
across the Plains to California, where he re-
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc-
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon
after embarked in the commission business in
Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc-
tion with his brothers H. O. Armour having
already built up an extensive grain commission
trade in Chicago he organized the extensive
packing and commission firm of Armour &
Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed
to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875.
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me-
thodical business man, giving as many hours
to the superintendence of business details as the
most industrious day-laborer, the result being
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive
and prosperous firms in the country. Mr.
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon-
strated in a munificent manner by his establish
merit and endowment of the Armour Institute
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost
of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour
Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased
brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901.
ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in
Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of
a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent
his childhood and early youth. His father was a
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob
Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and
dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now
Marshall) County, all finally removing to La
Salle County, where they were among the earli-
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834,
where he continued to reside over fifty years,
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk
War, has been a prominent and influential fann-
er, and, in the later years of his life, has been
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of
the State Grange. 4}eorge Washington (Arm-
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn)
Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9,
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory
Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family
to Illinois, locating a few months later in La
Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, waa
identified with the early steps for the construc-
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be-
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica,
where he resided several years. He then returned
to the farm near the present village of Seneca,
where he had located in 1833, and where (with
the exception of his residence at Utica) he has
resided continuously over sixty -five years. In
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower
branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly,
also served in the Constitutional Convention of
1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen
Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as
Representative from La Salle County, he served
in that body by successive re-elections until 1888,
proving one of its ablest and most influential
members, as well as an accomplished parliamen-
tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original
promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad.
William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this
family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct.
25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the
24
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County
until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms
as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was
appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the
county-seat of the newly-organized county of
Qrundy, finally becoming one of the founders and
the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy
later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor-
ris, of Quincy. Ill, at that time one of the Com-
missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the
office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex-
tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that
he was popularly known as "The Emperor of
Grundy." Died. Nov. 1, 1850. Joel W. (Arm-
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood
to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as
County Recorder, was member of the Board of
Supervisors for a number of years and the first
Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871.
Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of
this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick-
ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La
Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for
acquiring an education in a new country were
limited, but between work on the farm and serv-
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a
short term in an academy and as a teacher in
Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself
for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson-
ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was
compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col-
legiate education and returned home at the end
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies,
meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter
and working on his mother's farm during the
crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor-
ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and
was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub-
lic position of some sort ever since he reached his
majority, including the offices of School Trustee,
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor.
County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as
Representative in the General Assembly (1863-64
and 1873-74). During his last session in the Gen-
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of
1870, framing some of the most important laws
on the statute book, while participating in the
preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell
to his lot to draw up the original charters of the
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He
has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and
Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the
first named order in the State and being the old-
est 33d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive
years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do
some literary work, as shown by his history of
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num-
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat-
ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one
of which is the story of his first trip from
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he
accompanied his oldest brother (William E.
Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox-
team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that
there were but three white families in Chicago
at that time, but a large number of Indians
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian
origin.
ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman,
was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813,
being descended from one of the companions of
Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources
at an early age, he was largely "self-made."
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted
to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837,
but resigned before the close of the year and was
admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon
established a reputation as a lawyer, and served
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla-
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on
the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan-
sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free-
soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by
which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865.
While in Congress he prepared and delivered an
exhaustive argument in support of the right of
confiscation by the General Government. After
the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr.
Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided
until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol-
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of
repute. Among his best known works are his
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of
Benedict Arnold."
ARRINGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C.,
September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem-
ber of Congress from that State. In 1839 he was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
received on trial as a Methodist preacher and
became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1833-33
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much
celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the
study of law, and having been admitted to the
bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas,
where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844,
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec-
tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served
as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to
Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago,
where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom-
plished scholar and gifted writer, having written
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The
Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature
of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the
mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.
ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County,
on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles
east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and
stock region; has one newspaper. Population
(1890). 420; (1900), 317.
ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas
Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi-
nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia
Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two
banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900),
858; (est. 1904), 1,000.
ASA Y, Edward 6., lawyer, was born in Phila-
delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private
schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the
South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part
of his time to mercantile business in New York
City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov-
ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up
a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker
and became eminent, especially as a criminal
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris
and others during their trial for conspiracy in
connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No-
vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex-
tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen
months, making a second visit in 1882. His later
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898.
ASlil'K Y, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri-
son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10,
1810; came to Illinois iu 1834, making the jour-
ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy.
where he soon after began the study of law with
the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the
bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col.
Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's
Bluff in 1863. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land
Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of
President Lincoln (who was his close personal
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis-
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain,"
by which he was widely known among his
friends. Later he served for several years as
Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky
Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders
of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co-
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams,
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham
Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre-
spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and
Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the
credit of having suggested one of the famous
questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas
which gave the latter so much trouble during
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued
to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.
ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of
a rich agricultural region, and is an important
shipping point for grain and stock. It has a
bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper.
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880),
609; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,201.
ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at
intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville &
Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of
St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit-growing
region; has some manufactures, electric light
plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953.
ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Rail-
way, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper
and considerable local trade. Population (1890),
446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520.
ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi-
cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880),
648; (1890), 680; (1900), 776.
ASPINWA1L, Homer F., farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Stephenson County, 111. , NOT. 15,
1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and,
in early life, spent two years in a wholesale
notion store, later resuming the occupation of a
farmer. After holding various local offices, in-
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis-
ors of Stephenson County, in 1893 Mr. Aspinwall
was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in
1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish-
American War in 1898, he was appointed by
President McKinley Captain and Assistant
Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but
before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu-
tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro-
visional Regiment. When it became evident that
the regiment would not be called into the service,
he was assigned to the command of the "Mani-
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried
some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with-
out a single accident. In view of the approach-
ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly,
it being apparent that the war was over, Mr.
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was
refused, a 30-days' leave of absence being granted
instead. A discharge was finally granted about
the middle of February, when he resumed his
seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and
operates a large farm near Freeport.
ASS I'M PI' I ON, a town in Christian County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 33 miles south by
west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana.
It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min-
ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a
public school, two weekly papers and coal mines.
Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702.
ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock
Island & St. Louis Division C., B. & Q. R. R. ;
has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele-
phone exchange, three large grain elevators,
pressed brick works; six churches, two banks,
two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good
schools: is in a coal region; business portion is
built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684.
ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL-
WAT COMPANY. This Company operates three
subsidiary lines in Illinois the Chicago, Santa
Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail-
road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a
through line between Chicago and Kansas City,
with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav-
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of
which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and
income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were
$1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed
charges amounted to $2,360,706. The accumu-
lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30.
1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali
zation of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251.
The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the
name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in
1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873.
The largest number of miles operated was in
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present
name), which succeeded by purchase under fore-
closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran-
chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers
of the system (1898) are:
Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board,
New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C.
M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago;
E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 3d Vice-Presi-
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas-
urer, Topeka; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary,
New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer,
New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel,
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller,
New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor,
Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka;
H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka;
W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E.
Hodges, General Purcliasing Agent, Chicago;
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi-
cago; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ;
John Player, Superintendent of Machinery,
Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car
Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. 8. Hobson, Signal
Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent
of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General
Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight
Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General
Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General
Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General
Baggage Agent, Chicago.
ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal-mining
town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
37
& St. Louis R. K. , north by northwest of Spring-
field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri-
cultural and stock-raising district, and large
numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi-
cago market. The place has an electric lighting
plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain
elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good
schools. Athena is one of the oldest towns in
Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535.
ATKINS, Smith I)., soldier and journalist, was
born near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 1886; came with
his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm
till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna
Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he begt.n
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing a 1 ;
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served
:ts a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same
rank for three years and took part in the capture
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv-
ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut.
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col-
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June,
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army
of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher-
man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the
war, by special order of President Lincoln, was
brevetted Major-General. Since the war, Gen-
eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for
uearly twenty-four years, he served as Post-
master of that city. He took a prominent part
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol-
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza-
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois,
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka-
mauga and Chattanooga Military Park.
ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles
east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 762.
ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of
Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie
and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as-
well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais-
ing district. It has a water-works system, elec-
tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a
weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is
the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So-
ciety established in 1860. Population (1900). 1,870.
ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of
Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on
the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in-
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William
Ross and four brothers, who came here from
Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or
early in 1820, making there the first settlement
within the present limits of Pike County. The
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1833, and the
next year the county-seat was removed thither
from Coles Grove now in Calhoun County but
which had been the first county-seat of Pike
County, when it comprised all the territory lying
north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis-
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line.
Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when
the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield.
During a part of that time it was one of the
most important points in the western part of the
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy.
It now has only a postoffice and general store.
The population, according to the census of 1890,
was 52.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a
list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the
Territorial and State Governments, down to the
present time (1899), with the date and duration of
the term of each incumbent:
TERRITORIAL Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De-
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-18;
William Mears, 1813-18.
STATE Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14,
1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock-
wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George
Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-84; Ninian
W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F.
Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick-
liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn. 1840-43;
James Allen McDougal, 1843-46 ; David B. Camp-
bell, 1846-48.
The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for
the continuance of the office, and for nineteen
years it remained vacant. It was re-created,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and
on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby
appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis-
charge the duties of the position, which he con-
tinued to do until 18C9. Subsequent incumbents
of the office have been: Washington Bushnell,
1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart-
ney, 1881 85 ; George Hunt, 1885-93 ; M. T. Moloney ,
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 . Under the
first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney-
General was filled by appointment by the Legisla-
ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already
stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made
a constitutional office to be filled by popular
election for a term of four years.
AT WOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and
partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati,
Hamilton & Dayton R. It., 27 miles east of Deca-
tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow-
ing; the town has two banks, an excellent school
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 530; (1900), 698.
AT WOOD, Charles B., architect, was bora at
Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full
course in architecture at Harvard Scientific
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for
public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and
a number of other cities, besides furnishing
designs for some of the finest private residences
in the country. He was associated with D. H.
Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian
Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's
Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro-
ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri-
style," the "Terminal Station" and other
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his
highest successes as an architect, at Chicago,
Dec. 19, 1895.
AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of
Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and
farm implements, besides tile and brick works,
two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks,
several churches, a graded school and a weekly
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281.
AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The
Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri-
torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16;
Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April
to August), 1817; ElijahC. Berry, 1817-18. Under
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature,
without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu-
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made
elective by the people for a term of four years.
The following is a list of the State Auditors
from the date of the admission of the State into
the Union down to the present time (1899), with
the date and duration of the term of each:
Elijah C. Berry, 181831; James T. B. Stapp,
1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields,
1841-43; William Lee D. Ewing, 1843-46; Thomas
H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64;
Orlin H. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott,
1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P.
Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David
Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 .
AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township,
Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy.
Wagons and brick are the principal manufac-
tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks,
three churches and a graded school. The sur
rounding country is a fertile agricultural region
and abounds in a good quality of bituminous
coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral
paint are obtained here. Population (1890),
1,077; (1900), 1,149.
AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran
denomination, located at Rock Island and founded
in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de-
partments, a theological school is connected with
the institution. To the two first named, young
women are admitted on an equality with
men. More than 500 students were reported in
attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being
women. A majority of the latter were in the
preparatory (or academic) department. The col-
lege is not endowed, but owns property (real
and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a
library of 12,000 volumes.
AURORA, a city and important railroad cen-
ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south-
west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine
water-power and many successful manufactories,
including extensive boiler works, iron foundries,
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat-
ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage
factories, stove and smelting works, establish-
ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops,
and wood-working machinery. The city owns
water-works and electric light plant; has six
banks, four daily and several weekly papers,
some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and
handsome public library building; is connected
by interurban electric lines with the principal
towns and villages in the Fox River valley.
Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County.
It is accessible from that city by either the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street
railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a
graded school is supported (including a high
school department) and there are numerous
churches, representing the various religious
denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890),
4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899.
AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing-
ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers
and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98162
males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000
volumes and reports property valued at $37,000.
AUSTBALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for
popular elections, thus named because it was
first brought into use in Australia. It was
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in
1891, and is applicable to the election of all public
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct-
ors, members of Boards of Education and officers
of road districts in counties not under township
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec-
tion of cfficers (except those just enumerated)
are required to be printed and distributed to the
election officers for use on the day of election, at
public cost. These ballots contain the names,
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted
for at such election, such names having been
formally certified previously to the Secretary of
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be
voted for by electors of the entire State or any
district greater than a single county) or to the
County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding
officer and secretary of the convention or caucus
making such nominations, when the party repre-
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen-
eral election. Other names may be added to the
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the
legal voters under certain prescribed conditions
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of
the official ticket by one of the judges of election,
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer-
ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for
his use, by making a cross at the head of the col-
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the
same party, or by a similar mark before the name
of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in
case he desires to distribute his support among
the candidates of different parties. The object of
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic-
tation or interference by others in the exercise of
his right of suffrage.
ATA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated
as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad
(Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south-
southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and
two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984.
AVON, village of Fulton County, on C., B & Q.
R. R., 20 miles south of Galesburg; lias drain-
pipe works, two factories for manufacture of
steam- and hot- water heaters, two banks and two
newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu-
ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1.000.
ATER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in
Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1825, graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Manchester.
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp-
shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney
for Hillsborough County, in 1857 he came to Chica-
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised
city charter. After the close of his official career,
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of
Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the
firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general
practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company,
and is at present its General Counsel and a potent
factor in its management.
AVERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823.
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in
1830, and was educated there, graduating from
Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr.
Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col-
lege he became the partner of his father (David
B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel-
phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi-
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers
succeeded to the management of the business,
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands
coming under his charge. In December, 1852,
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank-
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack-
sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which
finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been
continued ever since, being recognized as one of
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In
1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York
capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after-
wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia
;ind Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the
Jacksonville Southeastern. Rail way, though Mr.
Ayers has had no connection with it for several
years. Other business enterprises with which he
has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com-
pany (now including an electric light and power
plant), of which he has been President for forty
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture,
coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a
body of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County,
known as "Broadlands. " from John T. Alexander,
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become
heavily involved during the years of financial
revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr.
Alexander's debts, which aggregated $1,000,000,
were discharged within the next two years. Mr.
Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the
organization of that party and, during the war,
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise
funds for the support of the operations of the
Christian Commission in the field. He has also
been active in Sunday School, benevolent and
educational work, having been, for twenty years,
a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has
)>een an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married
to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John
Alien, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father
of four sons and four daughters, all living.
BABCOCK, Amos ( ., was born at Penn Yaii,
N. Y., Jan. 20, 1828, the son of a member of Con-
gress from that State; at the age of 18, having
lost his father by death, came West, and soon
ufter engaged in mercantile business in partner-
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti-
N'ebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine-
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following
session, took part in the election of United States
Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman
Trumbull. Although a personal and political
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter
of policy, cast his vote for his townsman. William
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis-
trict, until it was apparent that a concentration
of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was
necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat.
In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned.
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in
the Republican National Convention of 1868,
which nominated General Grant for the Presi-
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of
the Republican State Central Committee, also
conducting the campaign two years later. He
identified himself with the Greeley movement in
1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his
party and restored to his old position on the State
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among
business enterprises with which he was con-
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the
erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex.,
which was undertaken, in conjunction with
Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, 4bout
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm
received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which
continued to be his home until his death from
apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899.
BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at
Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1880;
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to
Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili-
tary company called the Springfield Greys, com-
manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of
which he was First Lieutenant. This company
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi-
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded
him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi-
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant-
Colonel, and, in March, 1862, lieing promoted to
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service
rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was
compelled to resign on account of impaired
health. His home is at Springfield.
BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born
at Madison, Ind. , Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to
Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and.
in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County ; in 1879
was admitted to the bar and held various minor
offices, including one term as State's Attorney.
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but
finally removed to Aurora, where he died. July
6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized
ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death
of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy
on the deceased statesman
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
31
BA6BY, John C., jurist and Congressman, was
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas-
sing through the common schools of Barren
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at
Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he
read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845.
In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111.,
confining himself exclusively to professional work
until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874,
by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In
1883 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896.
BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist,
was born at Middlebury, Wyoming County, N. Y.,
June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.)
University in 1854, and was admitted to the
bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he
removed to Freeport, 111. , where he soon built up
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a
Representative in the Twenty-fifth General
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis-
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and
re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January,
1878, and again in June, 1879. he was assigned to
the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding
Justice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from
June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in
office, Oct. 16. 1895.
ItAII.HAf HE, John, pioneer journalist, was
born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after
gaining the rudiments of an education in his
mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl-
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek
and Latin in an academy near his paternal home,
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice.
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat-
ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a
half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe
(then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga-
zette" and consolidated the two papers under the
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean-
time engaging temporarily in the banking busi-
ness, also serving one term in the Legislature
(1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the
Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In
1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge
of "The Ohio State Journal." served one term as
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour-
nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom-
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The
Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted
alone or in association with various partners until
1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the
book and job branch of the business. He served as
Representative from Madison County in the Thir-
teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man
and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the
highest respect, and did much to elevate the
standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele-
graph," during the period of his connection with
it, being one of the leading papers of the State.
His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the
result of injuries received the day previous, by
being thrown from a carriage in which he was
riding. Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of
the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio,
August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton,
HI., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College,
and learned the printing trade in the office of
"The Telegraph," under the direction of his
father, afterwards being associated with the
business department. In 1855, in partnership
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the
proprietors and business manager of "The State
Journal'' at Springfield. During the Civil War
he received from President Lincoln the appoint-
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster,
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank
of Major. After the war he returned to journal-
ism and was associated at different times with
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig,"
as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ;
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur,
Receiver of. Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M.,
remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi-
dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been
engaged in newspaper work, and, under the
administration of President McKinley, has been
a Special Agent of the Treasury Department
Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was
born in Coluiubus. Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi-
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing-
ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the
interest of sanitary and hospital service. At
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position
at the headquarters of the United States Marine
Hospital Service in Washington. Arthur Lw
(Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
12. 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was
employed in the State commissary service at
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of
disease and exposure in the service.
BAKER, David Jeirett, lawyer and United
States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. ,
Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy-
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in
1816, and three years later was admitted to the
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac-
tice at Kaskaskia, where be attained prominence
in his profession and was made Probate Judge of
Randolph County. His opposition to the intro-
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres-
sive that his life was frequently threatened. In
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of
Senator McLean, but he served only one month
when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson,
who was elected by the Legislature. He was
United States District Attorney from 1833
to 1841 (the State then constituting but
one district), and thereafter resumed private
practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869.
Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10,
1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt-
leff College. Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin-
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father,
Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an
Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the
subsequent session of the General Assembly, was
one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose
uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Truin-
bull resulted in the election of the latter to the
United States Senate for the first time the others
being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards
United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor-
man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the
Secretaries of the Republican State Convention
held at Bloomington in May, 1856, was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865,
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving
until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the
Republican National Convention of the same
year and was an unsuccessful candidate for
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison.
Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver
the address on occasion of the unveiling of the
statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the
capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888.
About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at
Alton, March 5, 1897. Edward L. (Baker),
second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt-
leff College in 1847 ; read law with his father two
years, after which he entered Harvard Law
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in
the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph,"
and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr.
Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until
1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States
Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until
the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received
the appointment from President Grant of Consul
to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of
the most capable and efficient officers in the con-
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of
June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a
railway train already in motion at the station in
the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars,
receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu-
tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8,
following. His remains were brought home at
the Government expense and interred in Oak
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu-
ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres
and foreign representatives in that city express-
ive of their respect for his memory. David
Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jowett
Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834;
graduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was
admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of
that year he removed to Cairo and began prac-
tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and,
in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act
of March 28) having divided the State into
twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the
Twenty-sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878,
he resigned to accept an appointment on the
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese,
deceased, but at the close of his term on the
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
served for several years on the Appellate Bench.
In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by
resignation and was elected a Justice of the
Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again,
in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to
Chicago and engaged in general practice, in
partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He
fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13,
1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty
years almost continuously on the bench, and had
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and
a jurist.
BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and
United States Senator, was born in London,
Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while
yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville,
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to
Sangamon County, the last of which he repre-
sented in the lower house of the Tenth General
Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned
in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in .the
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in
command of the brigade, when the latter was
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected
to Congress from the Galena District; was also
identified with the construction of the Panama
Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1832, but
later removed to Oregon, where he was elected
to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861.
BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was
born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re-
ceived bis early education in the common schools
and at McKendree College. Although he did
not graduate from the latter institution, he
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M.
in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time
he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the
study of law. From 1861 to 1805 he was Master
in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to
1869 he represented the Belleville District as a
Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and
from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term
of sen-ice acting also as Consul-General. Return-
ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886)
from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated
for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman.
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified
himself with the Free Silver Democracy and
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from
the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy,
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3,
1899. He is the author of an annotated edition
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of
tin' Romans."
BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla-
tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March
8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun-
try school, continuing this occupation for several
years during the winter months, while working
on his father's farm in the summer. He then
started a store at New Milford, which he man-
aged for three years, when he sold out on account
of his health and began farming. In 1833 he
came west and purchased a considerable tract of
Government land in La Salle County, where the
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing
thither with his family the following year. He
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con-
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La
Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected
as a Republican to the House of Representatives,
was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His-
tory of La Salle County," which contains much
local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18,
1895.
BALDWIN', Theron, clergyman and educa-
tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801;
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two
years' study in the theological school there, was
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or
"Western College Society," of which he was Cor-
responding Secretary during most of his life. He
was settled^ as a Congregationalist minister at
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro-
curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its
organization to his death. He served for a
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in
1838, became the first Principal of Monticello
Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con-
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April
10, 1870.
34
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No-
vember, 1823. He located at La Porte, 1ml..
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California,
remaining two years, when he returned to La
Porte; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard
served several years as one of the Commissioners
of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder-
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the
latter office, 1894-90.
BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba-
varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges
of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St.
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University,
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin-
istration was successful, but regarded by his
priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer-
ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance
of clergy and laity. His most important literary
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first
edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and
enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886.
BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN
RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two
principal divisions, the first extending across the
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend-
ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total
mileage of the former (or main line) is V;7
miles, of which 147)4 are in Illinois, and of the
latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The
main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It
was constructed by two companies, the section
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State
line being known as the Eastern Division, and
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but
reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco,
were the principal financial backers of the enter-
prise. The line was completed and opened for
traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the roail
became financially embarrassed; the Eastern Di-
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in
1860. while the Western Division was sold under
foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois
Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East-
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in
November of the same year, the two divisions
were consolidated under the title of the Ohio &
Mississippi Railway. The Springfield Division
was the result of the consolidation, in December.
1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern
and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad each
having been chartered in 1867 the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name
the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In
1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; iu
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March
1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876,
the road was again placed in the hands of a
receiver, but was 'restored to the Company in 1884.
In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was
consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad, which was the successor of the
Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad,
the reorganized Company taking the name of tin-
Baltimore & /Ohio Southwestern Railway Com-
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as
organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several
branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go
to increase the aggregate mileage, but bein
wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ar-
count in this statement.
BALTIMORE & OHIO it CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in
Illinois. The principal object of the company's
incorporation was to secure entrance for the
Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital
stock outstanding exceeds $1,000,000. The total
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt)
is $20, 329, 166 "or $76,728 per mile. The gross
earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were
$3,383,016 and the operating expenses $2,493,452.
The income and earnings for the portion of the.
line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208
and the expenses $208,096.
BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin
County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy-
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after
a year in an institution at Rochester, came l
Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return-
ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for
two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent
a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111.,
meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. Ik
1851 he began practice, was elected a Judgt
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
35
of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session
as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap-
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired
term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875,
was appointed by President Grant United States
District Attorney for the Northern District,
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State
Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854;
in 1862 presided over the Congressional Conven-
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress
for the first time ; was one of the charter members
of the "Union League of America," serving as its
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the
National Convention which nominated General
Grant foi President for the first time. After
retiring from the office of District Attorney in
1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still
(1898) engaged in the practice of his profession.
BAMiSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis-
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver %
Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently
removed to Washington County. He was a Col-
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In
1822 he was elected to the State Senate from
Washington Ceunty, serving four years, and at
the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted
against the Convention resolution which had for
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub-
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in
1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin.
BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set-
tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol-
lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist
church within the limits of the State. Five
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem-
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several
causes, among them a difference of views on the
slavery question, resulted in the division of the
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps
the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission-
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John
M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1822 until
his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown,
until it had some 350 churches, with about 7,500
members. These were under the ecclesiastical
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years
later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first
Baptist society in what was then an infant set-
tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations
had grown to forty, with 1010 churches, 891
ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo-
logical Seminary was for some time supported at
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity
school of that institution. The chief organ of the
denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub-
lished at Chicago.
BABBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County,
N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which
State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu-
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law
School, and was admitted to practice. After
serving one term as District Attorney of his
county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant
Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in
the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878,
was elected to Congress by the Republicans of
the old Second Illinois District. His home is in
Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County.
BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7
miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper.
Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.
ItAKNSB.Vt k, George Frederick Jnlins, pio-
neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came
to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken-
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or
three years later visited his native country, suf-
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ;
returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until
1809, when he removed to what is now Madison
(then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in
the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until
1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he
bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo.
Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery,
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois,
locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he
resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor
of Madison County. Julius A. (Bamsback), his
son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May
14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy,
Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in
1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun-
teers (100-days' men); also served as a member of
the Twenty -fourth General Assembly (1865).
36
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BABNUH, William II ., lawyer and ex-Judge,
was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 18,
1840. When he was but two years old his family
removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed
his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa-
tion was obtained at Belleville, 111-. Ypsilanti,
Mich., and at the Michigan State University at
Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last
named at the end of the sophomore year, he
taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas-
sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office
at Chester, where, for a time, he held the oilier
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago
in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi-
ration of his term he resumed private practice.
BARRERE, (iranville, was born in Highland
County, Ohio. After attending the common
schools, he acquired a higher education at Au-
gusta, Ky. , and Marietta. Ohio. He was admitted
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac-
tice of law in Fulton County. 111., in 1856. In
1872 he received the Republican nomination for
Congress and was elected, representing his dis-
trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton,
111., Jan. 13. 1889.
HARRINGTON, a village located on the north-
ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake,
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern
and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 32 miles
northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper,
and several cheese factories, being in a dairying
district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162.
BARROWS, John Henry, D. !>., clergyman
and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July
11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in
1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and
Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas,
where he spent two and a half years in mission-
ary and educational work. He then (in 1872)
accepted a call to the First Congregational
Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel,
visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a
part of the time supplying the American chapel
in Paris. On his return to the United States he
spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and
East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a
world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman
of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec-
turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships
in connection with the University of Chicago en-
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these,
established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on
alternate years with a similar course at the Uni-
versity. Courses were delivered at the University
in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes
of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it
necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in
the spring of 1896. After spending the summer
in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round-
the-world tour began at London in the latter part
of November, 1896, ending with his return to the
United States by way of San Francisco in May,
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere,
the tour embracing Visits to the principal cities
of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India
during the winter of 1898-97. After his return to
the United States he lectured at the University
of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of
the country, on the moral and religious condition
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered
the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in
1899.
HARRY, city in Pike County, founded in
1:!6, on Hi.' Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of
1 1. inn II i-il. Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy.
The surrounding country is agricultural. The
city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and
poultry establishments, etc. It has two local
papers, two banks, three churches and a high
school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,392; (1890), 1,854; (1900), 1.648.
BARTLETT, Adolphns Clay, merchant, was
Ixjrn of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford,
Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated
in the common schools and at Danville Academy
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y. , and, coming
to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment
of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co.,
now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which,
a few years later, he became a partner, and later
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi-
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and
the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being
identified with various other business and benevo-
lent associations.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
37
BASCOM, (Bev.) Flavel, 1). D., clergyman,
was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent
his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean-
while attending the common schools; prepared
for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824,
entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan,
Conn., he entered upon the study of theology
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter-
ary department of the college. Then coming to
Illinois (1883), he cast his lot with the "Yale
Band," organized at Yale College a few years
previous; spent five years in missionary work in
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi-
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society,
exploring new settlements, founding churches
and introducing missionaries to new fields of
labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First
Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation
continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv-
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church, he
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when
he took charge of the Congregational Church at
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider-
able period as a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society;
was also prominent in educational work, being
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College,
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. T>.
in 1889. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111.,
August 8, 1890.
BATAYIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox
River and branch lines of the Chicago & North-
western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago: has water
power and several prosperous manufacturing
establishments employing over 1,000 operatives.
The city lias fine water-works supplied from an
artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric
street car lines with interurban connections, two
weekly papers, eight churches, two public
schools, and private hospital for insane women.
Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est), 4,400.
BATKMAX, Newton, A. M., LI,. I)., educator
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo-
|mdia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J.,
July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an-
cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in
1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa-
tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois
College at Jacksonville in 1843. supporting him-
self during his college course wholly by his own
labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris-
tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane
Theological Seminary, but was compelled to
withdraw on account of failing health, when he
gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his
life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal
of an English and Classical School in St. Louis,
remaining there two years, when he accepted the
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col-
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack-
sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the
principalship of the main public school of that
city. Here he remained seven years, during four
i if them discharging the duties of County Super-
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the
fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville
Female Academy, but the following year was
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, having been nominated for the office by the
Republican State Convention of 1858, which put
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United
.States Senate. By successive re-elections he con-
tinued in this office fourteen years, sen-ing con-
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years
(1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election
in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but
was not formally nominated by a State Conven-
tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com-
mon school system was developed and brought to
the state of efficiency which it> lias so well main-
tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of
biennial reports, portions of which have been
republished in five different languages of Europe,
besides a volume of "Common School Decisions,"
originally published by authority of the General
Assembly, and of which several editions have
since been issued. This volume lias been recog-
nized by the courts, and is still regarded as
authoritative on the subjects to which it relates.
In addition to his official duties during a part of
this period, for three years he served as editor of
"The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com-
mittee of three which prepared tlie bill adopted
by Congress creating the National Bureau of
Education. Occupying a room in the old State
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi-
dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860. a
I
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
close intimacy sprang up between the two men,
which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin-
coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an
insight into the character of the future emanci-
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time,
and of which he gave evidence by his lectures
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent
appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr
President." A few months after his retirement
from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate-
man was offered and accepted the Presidency of
Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893,
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation.
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon
the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed
him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental
and Moral Science, under which he continued to
discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his
health enabled him to do so. During his incum-
bency as President of Knox College, he twice
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State
University and the Chancellorship of two other
important State institutions. He also served, by
appointment of successive Governors between 1877
and 1891, as a member of the State Board of
Health, for four years of this period being Presi-
dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate-
man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his
part, received from President Hayes an appoint-
ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and
test the fineness and weight of United States
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the
act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged
the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia.
Never of a very strong physique, which was
rather weakened by his privations while a stu-
dent and his many years of close confinement to
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr.
Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble
which finally developed into "angina pectoris,"
or heart disease, from which, as the result of a
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales-
burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the
most profound sorrow, not only among his associ-
ates in the Faculty and among the students of
Knox College, but a large number of friends
throughout the State, who had known him offi-
cially or personally, and had learned to admire
his many noble and beautiful traits of character.
His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on
Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of
sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per-
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of
matter for this volume, in which he manifested
the deepest interest from the time of his assump-
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the
time of his death he had the satisfaction of know-
ing that his work in this field was practically
complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married,
first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville,
who died in 1857, and a second time in October,
1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts
(but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville
Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878.
Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville,
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and
later from the law department of Columbia Col-
lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his
studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally
becoming Professor of Administrative Law and
Government in Columbia College a position
especially created for him. He had filled this
position a little over one year when his career
which was one of great promise was cut short by
death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate-
man survive all the wives of clergymen. P. S.
BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann
Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first
book in 1868; the next year married Morgan
Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for
juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems,
some of the most popular among the latter being
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and "JEsop's Fables" in
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model
library for children, for the World's Columbian
Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895.
BATES, Uraslns Newton, soldier and State
Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29,
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May-
flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by
his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after-
ward died. For several years he lived with an
uncle, preparing himself for college and earning
money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu-
ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and
commenced the study of law in New York City,
but later removed to Minnesota, where he served
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857.
In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com-
menced practice there in August, 1862; was com-
missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois
Volunteers, being successively promoted to the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen
months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from
Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later
exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
39
ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office
under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving
until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis,
Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring-
field.
BATES, George (.'., lawyer and politician, was
born in Canandaigua, N. Y . and removed to
Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United
States District Attorney for that State, but re-
moved to California in 1830, where he became a
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee"
at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving
two years, in 1878 ^ removing to Denver, Colo.,
where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an
orator of much reputation, and was selected to
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas,
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug-
las conspiracy in November, 1864 a duty which
he performed in an address of great eloquence.
At an early day he married the widow of Dr.
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ-
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white
settler of Chicago.
BATH, a village of Mason County, on the
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St.
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu-
lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330.
BATI.IS, a corporate village of Pike County,
on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles
southeast of Quinsy ; lias one newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340.
BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public
Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last
two years of the Civil War, and graduated from
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting
himself during his college course by work upon a
farm and teaching. After serving three years as
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange
County, linl . in 1874 he came to Illinois and
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the
northern part of the State. He served for some
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of
Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the
Township High School at Streator, where he was,
in 1898, when he received the nomination for the
office of Ptate Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, to which he was elected in November follow-
ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent
of nearly 70,000 votes.
BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the
city of Bean 1st own, 111.,. was born in Granville,
Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed
to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of
the present city of Beardstown. and later estab-
lished there the first ferry across the Illinois
River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch
March of Morgan County, he entered the land on
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at
Beardstown, in November, 1849.
BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the
Illinois River, being the intersecting point for
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of
Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town wag
named, settled here about 1820 and soon after-
wards established the first ferry across the Illi-
nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by
Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted,
and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it
became a principal base of supplies for the Illi-
nois volunteers. The city has six churches and
three schools (including a high school), two banks
and two daily newspapers. Several branches of
manufacturing are carried on here flouring and
saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac-
tory, two button factories, two stave factories,
one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others
of less importance. The river is spanned here by
a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000.
Population (1B90), 4,226; (1900), 4,827.
ItV.U HIKN, Jean Baptiste, the second per*
manent settler on the site of Chicago, was born
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil*
waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ha
visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre ot
1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram-
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became
agent of the American Fur Company, having
charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else*
where. After 1823 he occupied the building
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear*
born, which had belonged to the Government,
but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840.
Out of the ownership of this building grew his
claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five
40
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn
reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land
Office officials and sustained by the State courts,
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the
United States after long litigation. An attempt
was made to revive this claim in Congress in
1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a
Senate Committee of which the late Senator
Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien
was evidently a man of no little prominence in
his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens
to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed
by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for
Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned
Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash-
ville, Tenn.. and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. Mark
(Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien,
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in
1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in
which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which
was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he
kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer-
chandising, but was not successful, ran the first
ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago
River, and served for many years as lighthouse
keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans-
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on
the Calumet, for which, some forty years after-
wards, he received a patent which had been
signed by Martin Van Buren he having previ-
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was
married twice and had a family of twenty-two
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881.
Madore II. (Beaubien), the second son of
General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born
on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined
his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist
Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands;
was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831,
but failed as a business man; served as Second
Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was ;\.
white woman, from whom he separated, after-
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi-
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at
Council Bluffs and. later, in Kansas, being for
many years the official interpreter of the tribe
and, for some time, one of six Commissioners
employed by the Indians to look after their
affairs with the United States Government.
Alexander (Beaubien). son of General Beau-
bien by his white wife, was born in one of the
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,
1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago
in 1862, and for years past has been employed on
the Chicago police force.
BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born
in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught
school at North Bend, the home of William Henry
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ;
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a
Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out-
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago
County, 111., where he had purchased a large
body of land. He was a man of uncompromising
loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln
and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam-
paign which resulted in Grant's first election to
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873.
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon.
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and,
during the World's Columbian Exposition,
Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's
Fair Commissioners.
BECKER, Charles St. >., ex-State Treasurer,
was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought
to this country by his i>arents at the age of 11
years, the family settling in St. Clair County. 111.
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea
Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was
found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In
1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County,
and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several
terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888
he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican
ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891.
BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was
l>orn in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi-
dence, R. I. , and Wrentham, Mass. He read law
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt.,
where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton. who had
resigned. On retiring from the bench he re-
sumed private practice. Died, August 1H, 189(1.
BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and
author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5. 1H33.
Mr. Beckwith's father. Dan W. Beckwith, a pio-
neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of
Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
41
his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York,
one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming
massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith,
iu company with his brother George, descended
the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County,
III. A year later he removed to the vicinity of
the present site of the city of Danville. Having
been employed for a time in a surveyor's
corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and,
on the organization of Vermilion County, served
for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of
the Governor, and was also employed by the
General Government in surveying lands in the
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian
reservations in that section of the State being
set off by him. In connection with Guy W.
Smith, then "Receiver of Public Moneys in the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the
ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion
County was located, and it took the name of Dan-
ville from his first name "Dan." In 1830 he
was elected Representative in the State Legisla-
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar,
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that
section of the State between Crawford County
and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835.
Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left
fatherless at less than three years of age, received
only such education as was afforded in the com-
mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he
began the study of law in the Danville office of
Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice
in 1854, 'about the time of reaching his majority.
He continued in their office and, on the removal
of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr.
Lamon who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis-
trict of Columbia was distantly related to Mr.
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his
profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty
years a zealous collector of records and other
material liearing upon the early history of Illinois
and the Northwest, and is probably now the
owner of one of the most complete and valuable
collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also
the author of several monographs on historic
themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer-
gus Series." besides having edited an edition of
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the
same firm) , which he has enriched by the addition
of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed
a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago
Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by
Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library,
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894,
and was re-appointed to the same position by
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being
chosen President of the Board.
BEECHEB, Charles A., attorney and railway
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y.,
August 37, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years.
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County,
and began the study of law in the office of his
brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac-
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail-
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood
on the Illinois Central in Effingham County.
This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest-
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois
Southeastern, under which name it was con-
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This
line which Mr. Beecher served for some time
as Vice- President now constitutes the Beards-
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was
appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time,
had control of its operation as agent for the bond-
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became
General Counsel of the controlling corporation,
so remaining until 1888. Since that date he lias
been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore
& Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin-
nati, although for over a quarter of a century he
has been prominently identified with one of the
most important railway enterprises in Southern
Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been
a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne
County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for
Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of
the Republican State Central Committee of
Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve
vears.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BEECHER, Edward, D. I)., clergyman and
educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I.,
August 27, 1803 the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated
at Yale College in 1832, taught for over a year at
Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in
1826 was ordalhed pastor of the Park Street
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830
he became President of Illinois College at
Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as
pastor of the Salem Street Church in that
city until 1856, also acting as senior editor of
"The Congregationalist' ' for four years. In 1856
he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con-
gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing
until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where
he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885-
89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre-
gational Church. While President of Illinois
College, that institution was exposed to much
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken
opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa-
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti-
Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of
the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his
brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family,
and. in connection with his able associates in the
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give
that institution a wide reputation as a nursery
of independent thought. Up to a short time
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his
productions (besides editorials, reviews and con-
tributions on a variety of subjects) including
nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor-
tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles
and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837);
"A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the
Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages"
(1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal
Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number
of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery
topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895.
BEECHER, William H., clergyman oldest
son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of
Edward and Henry Ward was born at East
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An-
dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman,
occupying pulpits at Newport. R. I., Batavia,
N. Y.. and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in
his later years, dying at the home of his daugh-
ters in that city, June 23. 1889.
BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist
Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham
County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in
1805, but remained there only two years, when he
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed
but poor educational advantages here, obtaining
his education chiefly by his own efforts in what
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he
entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, during the next ten years traveling
different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to
Plainfleld. Later he traveled various circuits in
Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated,
occupying his time thereafter in writing remi-
niscences of his early history. A volume of this
character published by him, was entitled "Pages
from the Early History of the West and North-
west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895,
in the 95th year of his age.
BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of
German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov.
27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at
Springfield, where he carried on the grocery
business for five years, then removed to Chicago
and engaged in the lumber trade in connection
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large
lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon,
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in-
vesting largely in west side real estate in the city
of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value,
making him one of the most wealthy real estate
owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. Jacob
(Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but
later engaged in the grocery business with his
brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four
years later, when they engaged largely in the
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business
in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate
investments. He was a liberal contributor to
religious, educational and benevolent institutions.
Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898.
BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in
the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served
in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten-
ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth
Iowa Cavalry, still later lieing upon the staff of
Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a
prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed
under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston.
Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal
in various public schools, including the North
Division High School. He was one of the earli-
est advocates of manual training, and, on the
establishment of the Chicago Manual Training
School in 1884, was appointed its Director a
position which he has continued to occupy.
During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by
appointment of the Government, to investigate
the school systems in European countries.
BELKNAP, Hugh Reid, ex-Member of Congress,
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre-
tary of War under President Grant. After
attending the public schools of his native city,
he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy,
Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, where he remained twelve years in
various departments, finally becoming Chief
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired
from this position to become Superintendent of
the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago.
He never held any political position until nomi-
nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth
Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis-
trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed
a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic
opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun-
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously
awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected
from a District usually strongly Democratic,
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was
defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir-
ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re-
ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army
from President McKinley, with the rank of Major.
BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence
County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel
and Indiana State University at Bloomington,
graduating from the law department of the
latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited
"The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52
becoming joint owner and editor of the same
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu-
ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne
County, but. in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B.
Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County
Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the
same office in 1894. He was also President
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company
until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes
Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St.
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the
Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and
secured the construction of the division from
Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited
California as Special Agent of the Treasury
Department to investigate alleged frauds in the
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878
was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same
year, a member of the Republican State Central
Committee for the. State-at-large, and, in 1881,
officiated by appointment of President Garfield,
as Commissioner to examine a section of the
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico.
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known
in the southeastern part of the State as the
"Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash."
BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest
towns in the State, having been selected as the
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies
in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear-
ing district and contains numerous factories of
various descriptions, including flouring mills, a
nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has
five newspaper establishments, two being Ger-
man, whicb issue daily editions. Its commercial
and educational facilities are exceptionally good.
Its population is largely of German descent.
Population (1890). 15,361 ; (1900). 17,484.
BELLEVILLE, CEMTRALIA & EASTERN
RAILROAD. (See Louisritle, Eransrille * St.
Louis (CimsoliJuti'd) Kailroad.)
BELLEVILLE A- CARONDELET RAILROAD,
a short line of road extending from Belleville to
East Carondelet. 111. , 17. 3 miles. It was chartered
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883.
The annual rental is $30,000, a sum equivalent to
the interest on the bonded debt. The capital
stock (1895) is 500,0(10 and the bonded debt $485,-
000. In addition to these sums the floating debt
swells the entire capitalization to $995,054 or $57,-
317 per mile.
BELLEVILLE i ELDORADO RAILROAD,
a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle-
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22.
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,
L.
44
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton &
Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and
has since been operated by that corporation in
connection with its Belleville branch, from East
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and
the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis &
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville
& Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital
stock (1895) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt
$550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville.
BELLEVILLE * ILL1NOISTOWN RAILROAD.
(See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Ruilroail.)
BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run-
ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles
in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and
completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital
stock is $1,692,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,-
000. The corporate office is at Belleville.
BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9
miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624.
BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO,
THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and
the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago &
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66-
pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol-
lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull-
man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles;
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles.
The cost of construction has been 524,549; capi-
tal stock, $1,200,000. It has no funded debt.
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895,
were $556,847, the operating expenses $378,012,
and the taxes $51,009.
BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau-
kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest
of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con-
nected with the latter city by electric railroad.
The city has twelve churches, five graded schools,
and three banks (two national). Two daily and
two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel-
videre also has very considerable manufacturing
interests, including manufactories of sewing ma-
chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large
milk-condensing factory and two creameries.
Population (1890), 3,807; (1900), 6,937.
BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter-
section of main line and Chicago Division of
Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and
166 miles south -south west of Chicago; in agri-
cultural and stock-raising district; has three
grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec-
tric-light plant, four churches, two bunks and
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1BOO), 1,484.
lit! VI V M I V Renhen Moore, lawyer, born at
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June
29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am-
lierst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart-
ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst
and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham
Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in
shaping the provisions of the new Constitution
relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen
County Judge of McLean County, by repeated
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when
he resumed private practice. For more than
twenty years he lias been connected with the law
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ;
is also the author of several volumes of legal
text-books.
BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic
Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by
special charter and opened in the autumn of
1868. Its first sessions were held in two large
rooms ; its faculty consisted of seven professors,
and there were thirty matriculates. More com-
modious quarters were secured the following
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871,
in which all the college property was destroyed.
Another change of location was made in 1874.
In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a
new college building, in connection with a hos-
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city.
A free dispensary is conducted by the college.
The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen
professors, with four assistants and demonstra-
tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal
terms with men.
BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi-
cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family,
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where,
two years later, he became an apprentice to the
printing business in the office of "The Whiteside
Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
45
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100-
ilsvys' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank
of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca-
tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the
office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he
learned his trade, and has since been the editor of
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged
in writing a "History of Whiteside County."
He is a charter member of the local Grand Army
Post and served on the staff of the Department
Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal
Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for White-
side and Carroll Counties, serving four years.
Other positions held by him include the office of
City Alderman, member of the State Board of
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also
been a member of the Republican State Central
Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88.
HKXTO>, county-seat of Franklin County, on
111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric-
light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac-
tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick
and tile works (projected), four churches and
three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939;(190U), 1,341.
HKKIIAN, James, lawyer and County Judge,
was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu-
ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His
father, James Berdan, Sr , came west in the fall
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York
Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited
the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville,
111., but died soon after his return, in part from
exposure incurred during his long and arduous
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well-
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle
and sound culture, with pure literary and social
tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities,
his refinement of character and dislike of osten-
tation made him seek rather the association and
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he
was elected County Judge of Morgan County,
serving by a second election until 1857. Later
he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of
construction), serving until it was merged into
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad,
now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di-
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad: also
served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov-
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge
Berdan was the ardent political friend and
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti-
mate friend and frequent correspondent of the
poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent,
during a long period of his life, of a number of
other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving,
the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving,
was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson-
ville, August 24, 1884.
BERGEN, (Rev.) John <;., pioneer clergyman,
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 179(1;
studied theology, and. after two years' service as
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of
a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the
erection of the first Protestant church in the
central part of the State, of which he remained
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield. Jan.
17, 1872.
BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United
States at Hi years of age and located at Oneida.
Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales-
burg; held various offices, including that of
Sheriff 01 Knox County (1873-81), State Senator
(1881-89) serving as President pro tern, of the
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State
penitentiary at Joliet. 1HHK-91. He was for many
years the very able and efficient President of the
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and
is now its Treasurer.
BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He
labored among the Tamaroas. bei ng in charge of the
mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710.
BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was
born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852:
early left an orphan and, after working for some
time on a fann, removed to Carthage, Hancock
County, where he read law and was admitted to
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the
State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a
prominent part in securing the enactment of the
compulsory education clause in the common
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention of 1H96, the same year was
a candidate for re-election to the State Senat*.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic
competitor, who was declared elected by 164
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly,
the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of
State affecting the vote of his opponent.
IlKHKY. (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and
educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and,
at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky. ,
being married two years later to Miss Georgie
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the
Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in
the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his
service, receiving four wounds. After the close
of the war he was offered the position of Gov-
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining
not to go further west than Illinois, declined.
For three years he was located and in practice at
Winchester, 111. , but removed to Quincy in 1874,
where he afterwards resided. He always took a
warm interest in politics and, in local affairs,
was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com-'
inander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ-
ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he
believed that the young minds should take an
active part in politics. He was one of the com-
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois,
and, after spending six months inspecting vari-
ous sites offered, the institution was finally
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox
College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was
frequently urged by his party friends to run for
public office, but it was so much against his
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy,
much regretted, May 6, 1895.
BESTOK, George C., legislator, born in Wash-
ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu-
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight
years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in
real estate business at Peoria; was twice ap-
pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861)
and three times elerted Mayor; served as finan-
cial agent of the Peoria & Oqua wka ( now Chicago,
Burlington & Quinoy Railroad), anda Director of
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the
Whig National Convention of 1852; a State
Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14,
1872, while prosecuting a claim against the
Government for the construction of gunboats
during the war.
BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula-
tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477.
BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on
Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south-
east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news-
paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American
born. (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900.
BETT1E STUART INSTITUTE, an institu-
tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111. , founded
in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con-
ducted it for some twenty years, until her death.
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct-
ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at
$23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the
preparatory and classical branches, together with
music, oratory and fine arts.
BEVERIDOE, James H., State Treasurer,
was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828;
served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as
Secretary of the Commission which built the
State Capitol. His later years were spent in
superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich,
De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896.
BETERIDOE, John L., ex-Governor, was born
in Greenwich. N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi-
nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary,
went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching
while studying law. Having been admitted to
the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat-
ing at Sycamore, but three years later established
himself in Chicago. During the first year of the
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi-
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap-
tain and still later Major; two years later
became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry,
which he commanded to the close of the war,
being mustered out, February, 1866, with the
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war
he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate,
and, in the following year. Congressman-at-large
to succeed General Logau, elected to the United
States Senate; resigned this office in January.
1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor.
and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern-
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the
United States Senate. In 18H1 he was appointed.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
47
by President Arthur, Assistant United States
Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve-
land's first election. His present home (1898), is
near Los Angeles, Cal.
BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Mojne, Sieur
de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680,
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the
time the Illinois country was included in that
province. He had several brothers, a number of
whom played important parts in the early history
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi-
ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in
1698, their object being to establish a French
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699,
and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was
succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined
by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven-
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of
the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov-
ernment the expediency of trading off the copper-
colored aborigines for negroes from the West
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva-
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant-
Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's
first expedition arrived (see Company of the
West), and brought a Governor's commission for
Bienville. The latter soon after founded New
Orleans, which became the seat of government
for the province (which then included Illinois), in
1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned
to France to answer charges; was removed in
disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given
the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari-
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians,
he was again superseded in 1743, returning to
France, where he died in 1768.
BltKJS, William, pioneer, -Judge and legislator,
was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe-
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe
County) soon after the close of the war. He was
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas. He also represented his
county in the Territorial Legislatures of In-
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County,
in 1827.
HI<;i;S YILLE. a village of Henderson County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a bank and
two newspapers; considerable grain and live-
stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358;
(1890), 487; (1900), 417.
Bid MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson
County. It runs south and southwest through
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower.
Its length is estimated at 140 miles.
BILLIN6S, Albert Merrltt, capitalist, was
born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated
in the common schools of his native State and
Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor
for a time of the mail stage-coach line between
Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out,
invested his means in the securities of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St jp-.iul Railway and became
identified with the bjfsfness interests of Chicago.
In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi-
cago, of which he served as President from 1859
to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively
interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr.
C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro-
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis,
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early
life he had been associated with Commodore
Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River
steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his
other business enterprises; he was principal
owner and, during the last twenty-five years of
his life, President of the Home National and
Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7,
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions
of dollars.
BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway,
Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege at twenty years of age, and began the study
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, wa*
admitted to the bar two yean later and practiced
there some two years longer. He then removed
to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at
Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851,
and the first Judge of the newly organized City
Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years.
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison
County to the State Constitutional Convention of
48
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
.
1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses-
sion, on April 19, 1870.
BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born
in England about 1763 or 1763, emigrated t<>
America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County,
111. He purchased a large tract of land and in-
duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers
and fanners to settle upon the same, founding
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un-
compromising opponent of slavery, and was an
important factor in defeating the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824.
but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile
Legislature having refused to confirm him. A
strong writer and a frequent contributor to the
press, his letters and published works attracted
attention both in this country and in Europe.
Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a
Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in
1825. aged about 63 years. (See Slavery ami
t<li i iv Law*.)
BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov-
ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown,
N. Y. , on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at
Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short
time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon-
roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre-
sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law
and practiced in Belleville. St. Clair County, be-
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved
distinction at Buenu Vista. He represented Illi-
nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first
elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pax-
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo-
cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on
the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was
challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter-
change of heated words respecting the relative
courage of Northern and Southern soldiers,
spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge,
naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's
friends objected, and the duel never occurred.
Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860.
BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier,
born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight
years of age came with his widowed mother to
Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind.,
in April, 1861. enlisted in the Union army, serv-
ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15,
186o, when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he
retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ;
was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic-
ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885
was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving
until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as
Congressman-at-large ( 1893-95), and U. S. District
Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal
Legion and of the (}. A. U. (Department of
Illinois), was elected Commander-in-Chief of the
Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903.
Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M.
from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox
College: in January, 1904. wax appointed by
President Roosevelt member of the U. 8. Civil
Service Commission, and chosen its President.
BLACKBURN I MVKKSI1 Y, located at Car-
linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to
the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having
induced friends in the East to unite with him in
the purchase of Illinois lands at N Government
price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust
for the founding of an institution of learning,
intended particularly "to qualify young men for
the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville
donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty
acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was
included in the deed of trust. The enterprise
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until
1857 that the institution was formally incorpo-
rated, and ten years later it was little more than
a high school, giving one course of instruction
considered particularly adapted to prospective
students of theology. At present (1898) there
are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as
preparatory and collegiate departments. The
institution owns property valued at $110,000, of
which $50,000 is represented by real estate and
$40,000 by endowment funds:
BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of
Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia
in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on
Rock River, as well as within the present limits
of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people
had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com
monly known as the Black Hawk War. His
Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify-
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but
susceptible to flattery, and while having many of
the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral
force. He was always attached to British inter-
ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
substantial sort. After his defeat he was made
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which
humiliation of his pride broke his heart He died
on a rest- rv.itinn set apart for him in Iowa, in
1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been
exhumed nine months after death, and his articu-
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved
in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical
Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire.
(See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.)
BLACKSTONE, Timothy ][.. Railway Presi-
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28,
1829. After receiving a common school educa-
tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring
academy, at 18 he began the practical study of
engineering in a corps employed by the New
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and
the same year became assistant engineer on the
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus
employed he applied himself diligently to the
study of the theoretical science of engineering,
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified
to accept and fill the position of division engineer
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen-
tral Railway. On the completion of the main
line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief
Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later
becoming financially interested therein, and
being chosen President of the corporation on the
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the
Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black-
stone then became a Director in the latter organi-
zation and, in April following, was chosen its
President. This office he filled uninterruptedly
until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also
one of the original incorporators of the Union
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from
1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con-
spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted
success of his management of the enterprises
entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for
the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated
by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8% per cent ,
per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- '
quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora-
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his
stock aggregating nearly one-third of the whole
which would hare netted him $1,000,000 in
excess of the amount received, because he was
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage
over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900.
BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born
at Belleville, 111., in 1828. He belonged to a
prominent family in the early history of the
State, his father, David Black-well, who was also
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819,
having been a member of the Second General
Assembly (1830) from St. Clair County, and also
of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was
appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State,
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. after-
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had
just received from President Monroe the appoint-
ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the
Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois
Intelligencer." which liad been removed from
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert
Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of
the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" after-
wards "The Intelligencer" at Kaskaskia, in
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounte,
being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer,"
and served as Auditor until the organization of
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry
were chosen State Printers after the removal of
the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell
located at Vandalia and served as a member of
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. the son of David,
and the younger member of this somewhat
famous and historic family whose name stands at
the head of this paragraph, attended the common
schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early
manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law
with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning
practice at Rushville. where he was associated
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he
removed to Chicago, having for his first partner
Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme
Court, still later being associated with a number
of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de-
scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an
eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar."
"Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen. has been
accepted by the profession as a high authority on
that branch of law. He also published a revision
50
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract
of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had
reached the third or fourth volume at his death,
May 16, 1863.
BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at
Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818,
being descended through five generations of New
England ancestors. After attending school in
the town of Cortland, which became his father's
residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ-
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years
later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge
of a branch store which the firm had established
there. The next year he purchased the stock and
continued the business on his own account. In
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he
established the earliest and one of the most
extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that
city, with which he remained connected nearly
fifty years. During this period he was associated
with various partners, including C. B. Nelson,
E. O. Hall, O. \V. Belden, James H. Horton and
others, besides, at times, conducting the business
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common
with other business men of Chicago, but promptly
resumed business and, within the next two or
three years, had erected business blocks, succes-
sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired
from business in 1888. He was a Director of the
Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its
organization in 1865, as also for a time of the
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of
Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago,
Hay 10, 1899.
BLAKELY, Oarid, journalist, was born in
Franklin County, Vt., in 1884; learned the print-
er's trade and graduated from the University of
Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical
family which, under the name of "The Blakely
Family," made several successful tours of the
West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester,
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of
State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools,
serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago
Evening Post," with which he was connected at
the time of the great fire and for some time after-
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and
became one of the proprietors and a member of
the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press."
In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also
conducting a large printing business in New
York, which was his residence. He was manager
for several years of the celebrated Gilinore Band
of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing
the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was
manager up to the time of his decease in New
York, Nov. 7, 1896.
BLAKEMAN, Curtis*, sea-captain, and pioneer
settler, came from New England to Madison
County, III, in 1819, and settled in what was.
afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of
which he was one of the founders. This settle-
ment, of which the present town of Marine (first
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name
from the fact that several of the early settlers, like
Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre-
sented Madison County in the lower branch of
the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution.
A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent-
ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth
General Assemblies from Madison County.
Ill, A \C H A RI>, Jonathan, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19,
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832;
then, after teaching some time, spent two years
in Amlover Theological Seminary, finally gradu-
ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati,
in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor
of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city.
Before this time he had become interested in
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a
delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, serving as the American
Vice- President of that body. In 1846 he assumed
the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg,
remaining until 1858, during his connection
with that institution doing much to increase its
capacity and resources. After two years spent in
pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency
of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill
until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer-
itus, remaining in this position until his death,
May 14, 1892.
BLAYDINSVILLE, a town in McDonongh
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail-
road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and
64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship-
ping point for the grain grown in the surround-
ing country, and has a grain elevator and steam
flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two
weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu-
lation (JWV 877; (1900), 996.
%
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
51
BLANEY, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician,
born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu-
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at
Philadelphia when too young to receive his
diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel
Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at
Chicago, f6r a time filling three chairs in that
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of
Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest-
ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur-
geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the
army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of
Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the
Government to pay off medical officers in the
Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,-
000; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874.
BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wick.-. 1.I..I)..
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater,
N. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel
Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from
England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan-
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion
College, Ma, finally graduating at Illinois College,
Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat-
ing, he was employed for several years in the law
offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford,
New York. For considerations of health he re-
turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi-
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St.
Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the
late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch-
ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established
in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After
a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch-
ford taking the Chicago business, which has
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co to the pres-
ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably
declined political offices, he has been recognized
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few
men have been in more frequent request for
positions of trust in connection with educational
and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer-
ous positions of this character which he has been
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North-
western Branch of the United States Sanitary
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he
devoted a large part of his time; Trustee of Illi-
nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven-
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of
the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its
incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees
of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John
Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago
Manual Training School; life member of the
Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty
years President of the Board of Directors of the
Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi-
dence in Chicago an officer of the New England
Congregational Church; a corporate member of
the American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice-
President; a charter member of the City
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational
Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago
Union League, the University, the Literary and
the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he lias
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was
married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter
of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children
four sons and three daughters have blessed this
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's
life lias been one of ceaseless and successful
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time
and money for Christian, educational and benevo-
lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to
success.
BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New-
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799;
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y.,
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820.
He finished his theological course at Princeton,
N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes-
sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge-
port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend-
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and,
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he
remained until compelled by failing health to
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi-
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently
assuming the Presidency. The institution having
been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847,
to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the
remainder of his life. His death occurred in St.
Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful,
acceptable and successful performance of his
ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to
Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes,
Esq. , of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y.
BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law-
yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky. , Nov. 9, 1809;
graduated at West Point Military Academy in
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib-
son, Indian Territory, -retired from the army in
1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon
College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav-
ing studied theology, he served for several years
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838
he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac-
tice of law, remaining several years, when he
removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became
Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the
University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the
University of Virginia. He then entered the
Confederate service with the rank of Colonel,
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of
War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material
for a work on the Constitution, which was pub-
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore,
where he began the publication of "The Southern
Review, " which became the recognized organ of
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later
he became a minister of the Methodist Church.
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence
during his residence in Illinois, and was the
author of a number of works on religious and
political subjects, the latter maintaining the
right of secession; was a man of recognized
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died
at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877.
BLOD6ETT, Henry William*, jurist, was born
at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10
years he removed with his parents to Illinois,
where he attended the district schools, later
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years
1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he
began the study of law at Chicago, being
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac-
tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued
to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as
an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the
State Senate, in the latter serving four years.
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being
employed at different times by the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named
road he was one of the projectors, procuring its
charter, and being identified with it in the sev-
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi-
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois. This position he
continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign-
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi-
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators
at Paris, which was his last official service.
BL001HINGDALE,a village of Du Page County,
30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population
(1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235.
BLOOKINQTON, the county-seat of McLean
County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59
miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri-
cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car
shops and repair works employing some 2,000
hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur-
naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous
in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much
attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wee-
leyan University, has fine public schools, several
newspapers (two published daily), besides educa-
tional and other publications. The business sec-
tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been
rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin-
cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con-
nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of
the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or-
phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900). 23.880.
BLOOMINGTON CONTENTION OF 1856.
Although not -formally called as such, this was
the first Republican State Convention held in
Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub-
lican organization in the State. A mass conven-
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska
Convention") was held at Springfield during the
week of the State Fair of*1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5),
and, although it adopted a platform in harmony
with the principles which afterwards became the
foundation of the Republican party, and appointed
a State Central Committee, besides putting in
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer the
only State officer elected that year the organi-
zation was not perpetuated, the State Central
Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington
Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call
issued by a State Central Committee appointed
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held
at.Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Editorial Convention.) The call did not
even contain the word "Republican," but was
addressed to those opposed to the principles of
the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing
Democratic administration. The Convention
met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven-
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun-
ties of the State at that time. Consequently
representation was very unequal and followed no
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties
into which the State was then divided, only
seventy were represented by delegates, ranging
from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty
counties (embracing nearly the whole of the
southern part of the State) entirely unrepre-
sented. Lee County had the largest representa-
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele-
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and
Sangamon had five. The whole number of
delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous
record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi-
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates,
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B.
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards
became prominent in State politics. The delega-
tion from Cook County included the names of
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich. George
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and
Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization
was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams
County in the chair, followed by the election of
John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent
President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi-
dents John A. Davis of Stephenson; William
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H.
Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren;
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith
of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M.
Rugglesof MasonjG.D.A. Parks of Will, and John
Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries Henry S. Baker
of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John
Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La
Salle. and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State
ticket was put in nomination consisting of
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama-
tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County,
for Lieutenant-Governor ; Ozias M. Hatch of
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of
Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean,
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria.
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff-
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi-
dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew,
and his place was subsequently filled by the
nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat-
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges Of
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A
delegation was appointed to the National Con-
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17,
following, and a State Central Committee was
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County;
Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B.
Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the
occasion, before the convention or in popular
meetings held while the members were present in
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown-
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out
the policy of the administration for making
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has
been universally regarded by those who heard it
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house-
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858.
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo-
cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta-
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by
the power of his argument, the intense irony of
his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded,
the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after
cheer told how deeply their hearts had been
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous
enthusiasm." At the election, in November
following, although the Democratic candidate
for President carried the State by a plurality of
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in
nomination at Bloomington was successful by
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the
several candidates.
BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and
the Illinois Central Railways. 15 miles south of
54
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works.
Population (1890), 2,521; (1900), 6,114.
BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96
miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois;
capital stock $25,000; operated by the Illinois
Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt
(1895) was 100.000 and its floating debt. 83,779.
BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on
the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De-
catur;! in rich grain and live-stock region; has
three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714.
BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of
the Wabash Railway, S3 miles west of Spring-
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 162; (1890), 421: (1900), O39.
BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis-
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was
brought by his parents to Ohio when five years
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at
Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862,
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the
Board of Enrollment for that District, he re-
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by
Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville,
remaining in the latter position seventeen years
under the successive administrations of Gov-
ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever-
idge the last five years of his service being
President of the Board. He was also President
of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890,
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the
late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years
Representative in Congress from the Eighth
District.
BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the
State Government, created by an act of the Legis-
lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed
by the Executive and is composed of three mem-
bers (not more than two of whom can belong to
the same political party), one of whom must be
an employer of labor and one a member of some
labor organization. The term of office for the
members first named was fixed at two years;
after March 1. 1897, it is to be three years, one
member retiring annually. A compensation of
91,500 per annum is allowed to each member of
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be
a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,200 per
annum. When a controversy arises between an
individual, firm or corporation employing not less
than twenty -five persons, and his or its employes,
application may be made by the aggrieved
party to the Board for an inquiry into the
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is
required to visit the locality, carefully investi-
gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci-
sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once
made public. If the application be filed by the
employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula-
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out
for the space of three weeks after its date. In
like manner, complaining employes must promise
to continue peacefully at work, under existing
conditions, for a like period. The Board is
granted power to send for persons and papers and
to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions
are binding upon applicants for six months after
rendition, or until either party shall have given
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case
the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists
between employes and an employer having less
than twenty -five persons in his employ, and that
a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is
made the duty of the body to put itself into
communication with both employer and employes
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement
between them by mediation. The absence of any
provision in the law prescribing penalties for its
violation leaves the observance of the law, in its
present form, dependent upon the voluntary
action of the parties interested.
BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ-
ized under act of the General Assembly, approved
March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five
members, one from each Senatorial District.
The first Board was appointed by the Governor,
holding office two years, afterwards becoming
elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the
law was amended, reducing the number of mem-
bers to one for each Congressional District, the
whole number at that time becoming nineteen,
with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who
usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted
of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was
increased to twenty-two. The Board meets
annually on the second Tuesday of August. The
abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in
the several counties of the State are laid before
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
55
it for examination and equalization, but it may
not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase
it more than one per cent. Its powers over the
returns of the assessors do not extend beyond
equalization of assessments between counties.
The Board is required to consider the various
classes of property separately, and determine
such rates of addition to or deduction from the
listed, or assessed, valuation of eacli class as it
may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre-
scribe rules for determining the value of all the
classes of property enumerated personal, real,
railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the
capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other
corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the
Board. Its consideration having been completed,
the Board is required to summarize the results of
its labors in a comparative table, which must be
again examined, compared and perfected.
Reports of each annual meeting, with the results
reached, are printed at the expense of the State
and distributed as are other public documents.
The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis-
tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J.
McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon. (4) Andrew Mc-
Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin.
(7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers.
(9) Charles A. Works. (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11)
Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13)
Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15)
J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17)
Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19)
Richard Cadle. (20) Charles Emerson. (21) John
W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the
Auditor of Public Accounts as ex officio member
the District members being divided politically
in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four
Democrats.
BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, u State
Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in
1869, upon the recommendation of Governor
Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the
Commissioners supervisory oversight of the
financial and administrative conduct of all the
charitable and correctional institutions of the
State, with the exception of the penitentiaries,
and they are especially charged with looking
after and caring for the condition of the paupers
and the insane. As originally constituted the
Board consisted of five male members who em-
ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made
for the appointment of a female Commissioner.
The office is not elective. The Board has always
carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various
State charitable institutions, and. under its man-
agement, no charge of peculation against any
official connected with the same has ever been
substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and
only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to
inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and
almshouses has been careful and conscientious,
and lias resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers
and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the
year 1898, consisted of the following five mem-
bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren-
thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence
(1899). Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal
houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor-
bus was President and Frederick H. Wines.
Secretary.
BOGARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841. and
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated
in the common schools, began working in a store
at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service
as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori-
ous service" before Petersburg. While in the
service he participated in some of the most
important battles in Virginia, and was once
wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located
in Ford County, 111., where, he lias been a success-
ful operator in real estate. He has been twice
elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and
'86) and three times to the State Senate (1888,
'92 and '96), and has served on the most important
committees in eacli house, and has proved him-
self one of the most useful members. At the
session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern.
of the Senate.
BOG6S, Carroll C., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County,
111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native
town: has held the offices of State's Attorney,
County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of
the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit,
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In
.1 une. 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J.
Baker, his term to continue until 1906.
BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am-
herst, Mass.. Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst
College in 1853. While in college he taught
school every winter, commencing on a salary of
$4 i>er week and "boarding round" among the
scholars. After graduating he taught in acad-
emies at Limerick. Me., and at Pembroke and
56
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Deny, N. H., and in the high school at Law-
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner
for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 he went
into the service of the Sanitary Commission in
the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the
close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered
in. After the close of the war he was employed
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111.,
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ-
ized the first township high school ever organized
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He
afterwards organized the township high school at
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which,
in 1883, he organized and took charge of the
township high school at Evanston, where he has
since been employed in his profession as a teacher.
Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State
Board of Education and has served as President
of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher
he has given special attention to English language
and literature, and to history, being the author
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller
and "Topical Outlines of General History,"
besides many contributions to educational jour-
nals. He has done a great deal of institute work,
both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known
somewhat as a tariff reformer.
BOND, Lester L.. lawyer, was born at Raven-
na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829 ; educated in the common
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring
in local factories ; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to
Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly
to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr.
Bond served several terms in the Chicago City
Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in
1868, and served two terms in the General Assem-
bly 1866-70.
BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the
State, was born in Maryland, and, after being
liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory.
He served as a member of the first Territorial
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in
Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State,
in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas-
kia, April 13, 1832. Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was
elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and,
in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly
organized Territory of Indiana.
BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north-
east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square
miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The
first American settlers located here in 1807, com-
ing from the South, and building Hill's and
Jones's forts for protection from the Indians.
Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The
county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin
was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The
county was organized in 1818, and named in
honor of GOT. Shadrach Bond. Its original
limits included the present' counties of Clinton,
Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge.
Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county
contains good timber and farming lands, and at
some points, coal is found near the surface.
BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re-
former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4,
1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled
in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the
avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was
admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi-
cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in
practice; served, as President of the National
Law and Order League in New York in 1885,
being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as
well as a member of the American Bar Associa-
tion. Among the reforms which he has advo-
cated are constitutional prohibition of special
legislation; an extension of equity practice to
bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv-
ice pensions ; State Boards of labor and capital,
etc. He has also published some treatises in book
form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing
a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arlington,
with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi-
dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893,
Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of
that very interesting and important feature of
the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
BOONE, Lev! I)., M. D., early physician, was
bom near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 a
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re-
ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania
University and came to Edwardsville, 111. , at an
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
57
early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of
a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and
engaged in the insurance business, later resuming
the practice of his profession; served several
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in
1855 by a combination of temperance men and
Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by
operations in real estate. Died, February,
1882
BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north-
ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290
square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791.
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the
principal products are oats and corn. The earli-
est settlers came from New York and New Eng-
land, and among them were included Medkiff,
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had
evacuated the country), came the Shattuck
brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard,
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H.
C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families.
Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and
organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken-
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the
county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy
built soon after. The first Protestant church
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. King.
BOURBONN AIS, a village of Kankakee County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of
Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900). 595.
BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14,
1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in
1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth
General Assembly and was one of the "103" who,
in the long struggle during the following session,
participated in the election of Gen. John A.
Logan to the United States Senate for the last
time. At a special election held in the Sixth
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was
elected Representative in Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred-
ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over
his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719
over all.
BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was
born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut,
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed
in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards
became a partner, in the manufacture of car-
wheels and railway castings. Later he became
associated with the American Bridge Company's
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the
Union Car Works, which ho operated until 1863.
He then became the head of the Union Foundry
Works, which having been consolidated with
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired,
organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr.
Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant
Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois
Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment)
from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga.
BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County,
Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18;
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted
to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where
he practiced until 1856. when he removed to Illi-
nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he
held the position of Captain. At the close of the
war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and,
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a
Republican Representative from his District in
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses
(1877-81). Died,.at Lewistown, May 28, 1897.
BRACEVILLE, a town In Grundy County, 61
miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining
is the principal industry. The town has two
banks, two churches and good public schools.
Population (1890), 2,150; (1900). 1,669.
BBADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda
and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region
and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel-
lent high school building, fine churches, good
hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773.
HRAItSBY. William H., pioneer and Judge,
was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787.
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the
first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ington), the first school-teacher and the first
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the
time of his death he was Probate and County
Judge. Besides being Clerk qf all the courts, he
was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus-
tody of all the county's money. For several
years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor,
and in that capacity surveyed much of the south
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay
Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21,
1839.
BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and
editor, was born at Lougliborough. England, April
16. 1888, and brought to America in infancy, his
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In
1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the
following year removed to Wheeling, Cook
County, settling on a farm, where the younger
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His
first schooling was obtained in a country log-
school-house, but. later, he attendeil the Wilson
Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo-
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a
course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a
manual-labor school, supporting himself by work-
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood,
etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra
Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem-
phis, Tenn.. the same year, where they engaged
in teaching a select school, the subject of this
sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to
reading law. He was admitted to the bar there,
inn after a stay of less than two years in Mem-
phis, returned to Chicago and began practice.
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook
County, and re-elected four years later, but
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of
his term occurring during the progress of the
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering
some vigorous decisions which won for him the
reputation of a man of courage and inflexible
independence, as well as an incorruptible cham-
pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the
lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in
1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by
many believed to have been honestly elected,
though his opponent received the certificate. He
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of
the Committee on Elections reported in his
favor ; but he was defeated through the treach-
ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit-
ical friend. He is the author of the law making
women eligible to school offices in Illinois and
allowing them to become Notaries Public, and
has always been a champion for equal rights for
women in the professions and as citizens. 'He
was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and
Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided
over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa-
tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been
President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi-
cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years,
the Historian of the latter; one of the founders
and President of the Union League Club, besides
l*ing associated with many other social and
business organizations. At present (1899) he is
editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by
his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has
been identified in a business capacity from its
establishment. Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife
of Judge Bradwell. was born at Manchester, Vt.,
Feb. 12, 1831 being descended on her mother's
side from the Chase family to which Bishop
Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter
Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought
to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she
was twelve years of age, when her family re-
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha.
Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being
engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately
going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assist-
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school
for some time, also teaching in the public schools,
when they returned to Chicago. In the early
part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their
families at home, becoming President of the
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in
1865. After the war she commenced the study
of law and, in 1868, began the publication of
"The Chicago Legal News," with which she re-
mained identified until her death also publishing
biennially an edition of the session laws after
each session of the General Assembly. After
passing a most creditable examination, applica-
tion was made for her admission to the bar in
1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered
by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court
of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as
was also done by the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1873, on the latter occasion
Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally
admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was
the first lady member of the State Bar Associ-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ation. Other organizations with which she was
identified embraced the Illinois State Press
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol-
diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian
Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of
the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the
World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although
much before the public during the latter years of
her life, she never lost the refinement and graces
which belong to a true woman. Died, at her
home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894.
BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo-
rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal-
mining point, and in the heart of a ricli
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890). 4,641 ; ( 1900), 3,279.
BRANSON, Nathaniel W.. lawyer, was born in
Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in
the private and public schools of that city and at
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in
1857; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi-
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was
admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after
establishing himself in practice at Petersburg,
Menard County, where he has ever since resided.
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District a po-
sition which he held thirteen years. He was also
elected Representative in the General Assembly
in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth
General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois
to the National Republican Convention of 1876.
and served for several years most efficiently as a
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the
Board. Politically a conservative Republican,
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po-
sitions which he has occupied have come to him
unsought and in recognition of his fitness and
capacity for the proper discharge of their duties.
BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The
Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838
and became editor of "The Louisville Adver-
tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in
Springfield, 111., and the following year was
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity
he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was
appointed to revise the statutes of the State.
Later he devoted much attention to railroad
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central
Railroad. 1851-53; then projected the construe
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com-
pleted before the war, and almost wholly de-
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered
the service as Major of the Twenty -ninth Illinois
Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh;
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con-
duct at the latter, and for a time served as
Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler-
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep-
teml>er, 1862, at the close of the war receiving
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the
close of the war he devoted considerable atten-
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the
South; edited "The Illinois State Journal,"
187273; removed to Wisconsin and was ap-
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four
years, after which he returned to Ripon, WLs.
Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895.
BRKESK, a village in Clinton County, on
Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of
St. Louis; lias coal mines, water system, bank and
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890). 80S. (1900), 1,571.
BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was
born at Whitesboro, N Y.. (according to the
generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800.
Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult
to secure authentic data on the subject; but his
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at
Union College, and his admission to the bar in
1820, have induced many to believe that the date
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier.
He was related to some of the most prominent
families in New York, including the Livingstons
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas-
kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator.
Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas-
kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State,
and, in December, 1820, superintended the re-
moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia.
the new State capital. Later he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position
from 1822 till 1827, when he became United
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court,
issuing its first volume of decisions; served as
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the
60
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Black Hawk War (1832); in 1835 was elected to
the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to
the Supreme bench, serving less than two years,
when he resigned to accept a seat in the United
States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as
the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating
Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter
for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he
served as Chairman of the Committee on Public
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the
construction of a transcontinental railway to the
Pacific. He was also one of the originators and
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the
Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again
became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to
the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than
one term as Chief Justice, the last being in
1873-74. His home during most of his public life
in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred
at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878.
II R K\T \ >"( , Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim,
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov.
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities ol
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of
I.L.I)., and attaining high honors, both profes-
sional and political. He was successively a
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and
of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became
President of the Provisional Republican Gov-
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced
to find an asylum in the United States. He first
settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer,
but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the
field of journalism, becoming editor and part
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He
held various public offices, being elected to the
Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a
Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and
United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen-
eral amnesty having been granted to the
participants in the revolution of 1848), and
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891.
BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County,
on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad,
14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank
and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487.
BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of
the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the
center of the large slaughtering and packing
industry.
BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.)
BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined
here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691;
(1890), 697; (1900), 660.
BKIM FIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of
Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief
industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank.
Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 677.
BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was born
in Orleans County, N. Y. , Jan. 4, 1851; came
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost
his father at 12 years of age, spent the following
years in various manual occupations until about
nineteen years of age, when, having been con-
verted, he determined to devote his life to the
ministry. Through the aid of a benevolent lady,
he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc-
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans-
ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching
at various points, meanwhile continuing his
studies at the University until 1877. After com-
pleting his course he served as pastor of some of
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi-
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans-
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington
' City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E.
Church, attended by President McKinley. Dr.
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator
of recognized ability.
BROA DWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born
in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu-
cated in the common schools and at McKendree
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing
health to leave college without graduating ; spent
some time in the book business, then began the
study of medicine with a view to benefiting his
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about
1850, commenced the study of law in the office of
Lincoln & Heradon at Springfield. Having been
admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at
Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield,
where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of
Representatives from Sangamon County, serving
in the Twenty -second General Assembly. Other
offices held by him included those of County
Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
61
field, to which last position he was twice elected
(1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was
one of the most genial of men, popular, high-
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died,
in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893.
BROOKS, John Flavcl, educator, was born
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801;
graduated at Hamilton College, 1838; studied
three years in the theological department of Yale
College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min-
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service
of the American Home Missionary Society.
After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of
the. celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly,
Morgan County, but three years later removed to
Springfield, where he established an academy for
both sexes. Although finally compelled to
abandon this, he continued teaching with some
interruptions to within a few years of his death,
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus-
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to
his death.
BBOSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus-
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav-
ing previously developed his physical strength
by much hard work upon the Delaware and
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For
five years after graduating he was a teacher, and
settled in Chicago in 1848. Th sre he first engaged
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism.
His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a
religious paper, which was discontinued after
two years. In 1852, in connection with John L.
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press,"
which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in
1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the
new concern. He was always an ardent free-
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of
Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi-
astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as
an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten-
ant-' Jovernor. This was his only official position
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common
Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken
from his decisions. After quitting public life he
devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver-
ing lectures in various parts of the country.
Among his best known works are a brief "His-
tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas,"
and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27.
1890.
BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13.
1789 the son of a commissary in the army of
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu
ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed
to New York, later studying law at Albany,
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in
practice at Cooperstown ; in 1816 was appointed
Judge of Herkimer County, -remaining on the
bench until about 1834. He then resumed prac-
tice at Cooperstown. continuing until 1836, when
he removed to Chicago. The following year he
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two
years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney
of Cook County. During this period he was
engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which
was published in New York in 1844 This was
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and
best digested work on Illinois history that had as
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the
Presidency of the Chicago Lyceum, he delivered
an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and
Future," which is still preserved as a striking
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi-
nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848.
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849.
BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in
Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1,
1833 his father being a member of the Legisla-
ture and Selectman for his town. The son was
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu-
ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861
was elected County Superintendent of Schools
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two
years later and assuming the editorship of "The
Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died,
Feb. 13, 1896.
BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1,
1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833,
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged
extensively in farming and stock-raising. He
served as Representative in the General Assem-
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he
was chosen the first President, being re-elected in
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
era of blooded cattle in the State and did much to
introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an
earnest and influential advocate of scientific
education for the agricultural classes and an
efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con-
gress, in 1862. of the law granting lands for the
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which
grew the Illinois State University and institu-
tions of like character in other States. Died,
Nov. 16, 1868.
BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born
June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par-
ents emigrating to this country when he was
eight years old, and settling in Western New
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock-
ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1852
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four-
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1837, was chosen
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to
Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su-
preme Court, and was re-elected successively in
1873, in '79 and .'85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15,
1891.
BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier,
was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and,
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock-
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee-
town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas-
kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the
United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He
then removed to Chicago to accept the position of
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank
of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many
years. He served the city as School Agent for
thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's
school fund through a critical period with great
discretion and success. He was one of the group
of early patriots who successfully resisted the
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24;
was also one of the projectors of the Chicago &
Oalena Union Railroad, was President of the
Chicago Historical Society for seven years and
connected with many other local enterprises.
He was an ardent personal friend of President
Lincoln and served as Representative in the
Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62).
While making a tour of Europe lie died of paraly-
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867.
BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western
part of the State, with an area of 300 square
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951 ; was cut
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David
Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker,
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus apd
Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness.
Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and
Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is
farming, although there is some manufacturing
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois
River. Population (1900), 11,557.
BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author,
was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the
son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a
teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun-
dred Years to Come." In childhood he was
brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts,
where he attended the public schools and learned
the printing trade in his father's newspaper
office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862.
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army
of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi-
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches-
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the
University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning
his intenton of entering the legal profession,
removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in
journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869
and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly, "
when he became literary editor of "The Alliance. "
but, in 1880, he established and assumed the
editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub
liration which has gained a high reputation, and
of which he has remained in control continuously
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary
adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub
lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his
journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num-
ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain"
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden
Poems by British and American Authors" (1881) ;
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose"
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand-
ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
63
the "World's Congress Auxiliary held in con-
nection with The Columbian Exposition in
1893.
BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in
Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to
Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch
of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16)
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law-
yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of
Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the
Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously
until the reorganization of the Supreme Court
under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character
and abilities have been differently estimated.
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is
represented by the late Judge John D. Caton,
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever,
accustomed to argue questions in the conference
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen-
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con-
siderable ability and had clear and distinct views
of his own. An attempt was made to impeach
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of
capacity to discharge the duties of his office,"
but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He
was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup-
porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne
was one of the four candidates for Governor in
the final returns standing third on the list and, by
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of
the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and
Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of
his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga-
lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law,
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran-
cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later
probably about 1856 or 1858.
BROWNING, Orvillc Hlckman, lawyer, United
States Senator and Attorney-General, was born
in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv-
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served
in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843,
was a member of the Legislature, serving in both
houses. A personal friend and political adherent
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization
of the Republican party at the memorable
Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate
to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the
Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Yates United States Senator to till Senator
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap-
pointment of President Johnson, also for a time
discharging the duties of Attorney-General.
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which
was his last participation in public affairs, his
time thereafter being devoted to his profession.
He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10,
1881.
BRYAX, Silas Lillanl. legislator and jurist,
born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov. 4, 1822; was
left an orphan at an early age, and came west in
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy,
Mo. The following year he came to Marion
County, 111., where he attended school and
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later
was admitted to the bar. supporting himself
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem
111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to
the State Senate, in which lx>dy he served for
eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial
Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge,
he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc-
cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley
ticket)in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.
William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding,
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early-
life of young Bryan was spent on his father's
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to
attend the public school in town : later spent two
years in Whipple Academy, .the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted
two years to the study of law in the Union Law
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and
studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman
Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he
soon entered upon the practice of his profession
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P.
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent
Republican of that city. Four years later (1887)
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has
since been his home. He took a prominent part
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State
for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and
in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for
Congress in a district which had been regarded
as strongly Republican, and was elected by a
large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected
by a reduced majority, but two years later
declined a renomination, though proclaiming
himself a free-silver candidate for the United
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of
"The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he
received the nomination for President from the
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on
a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited
coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver
(in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later
was nominated by the "Populists'" at St. Louis
for the same office ling the youngest man ever
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his-
tory of the Government. He conducted an
active personal campaign, speaking in nearly
every Northern and Middle Western State, but
was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj.
William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and
fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual
compass and power, and is recognized, even by
his political opponents', as a man of pure personal
character.
BRYAN, Thomas Harbour, lawyer and real
estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va.,
Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal
side from the noted Barbour family of that
State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the
age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex-
tensive . real estate interests and built Bryan
Hall, which became a popular place for en-
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator
Douglas, when that statesman returned to
Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861.
During the progress of the war he devoted his
time and his means most generously to fitting out
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and
wounded. His services as President of the great
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some
$300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were
especially conspicuous. At this time he became
the purchaser (at $3.000) of the original copy of
President Lincoln's Emanci]>ation Proclamation,
which had been donated to the cause. He also
rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871,
though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was
a leading factor in securing the location of the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago ip 1890,
later becoming Vice -President of the Board of
Directors and making a visit to Europe in the
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan
resided in Washington for some time, and, by
appointment of President Hayes, served as Com-
missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing
refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done
much for the encouragement of literature and
art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban
village of Elmhurst. Charles Page (Bryan), son
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister,
was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law
School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and
the following year removed to Colorado, where
he remained four years, while there serving in
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he
returned to Chicago and became a member of the
First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard,
serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby
and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the
State Legislature from Cook County, being re-
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of
the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return
serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis-
sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Minister
to China, but before being confirmed, early in
1898, was assigned to the United States mission to
the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon.
E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been
appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans-
ferred to Pekin.
BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of
William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in
Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy,
N. Y. ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari-
ous offices in Bureau Comity, including that of
Representative in the General Assembly, to which
he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A
practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi-
fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society
in its early history, as also with the movement
which resulted in the establishment of industrial
colleges in the various States. He was one of the
founders of the Republican party and a warm
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a
member of the first Republican State Convention
at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector
of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
65
years later was identified with the "Independent
Reform" party, but has since cooperated with
the Democratic party. He has produced two
volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855
and 1885, besides a number of public addresses.
His home is at Princeton, Bureau County.
BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu-
ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con-
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his
death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the
endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College
at Jacksonville Died at Decatur, 111., August
23, 1892.
lit' lA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc-
tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush-
ville branch of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of
the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest
of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of
Chicago: has excellent water-works, electric-
light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches,
graded school, a bank and one newspaper
Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a
good-sized creamery is located here. Population
(1890). 990; (1900), 873.
BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and
soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan.
13, 1807 ; graduated at West Point Military Acad-
emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant
of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then
resigned his commission, and, after some service
as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky,
established himself as an iron-founder and banker
at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861
he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of
the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various
points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as
also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena,
Ark., where he was in command from Septem-
ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by
promotion, he attained to the rank of Major-
General by brevet, being mustered out in August.
1865. He subsequently held the post of Special
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs
(1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific
Railroad (1807 -09). Died. March 28, 1883.
BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born
at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 2:?,
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3
years of age, where he remained until 17, attend
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and
working on a farm in the summer. His family
then removed to Illinois, finally locating at
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the
preparatory department of Shurtleff College at
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was
immediately made Principal of the preparatory
department, remaining two years, when he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a
church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of
one year he was again called to a professorship
in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of
Church History and Church Polity, which he
continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years;
also serving for a time as Acting President dur
ing a vacancy in that office. During this period
he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod-
erator at General Associations of the Baptist
Church, and he became widely known, not only
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899.
BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, III, was born
in Hartford, Conn,, March 21, 1819, being the
eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the
party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from
the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in
1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means,
but soon after secured a position with Judge
Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the
county offices, being Clerk of the County Com-
missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court,
Recorder, Judge of Probate. Notary Public and
Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk
made himself acquainted with the people of the
county (at {liat time few in number), with the
land-system of the country and with the legal
forms and methods of procedure in the courts.
He remained with Judge Snow over two years,
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol-
lars per month, and. for the second, ten dollars
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's
family. He next accepted a situation with
Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the
most prominent mercantile houses of the city,
remaining through various changes of the firm
until 1844, when he formed a partnership with
66
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II.
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware
and crockery, which was the first attempt made
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business
into different departments. Disposing of their
business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull
embarked in the private banking business, which
they continued in one location for about thirty
years, when they organized the State Savings
Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the
position of President until 1898, when he retired.
Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the
improvement and growth of the city , was one of
the five persons who built most of the horse rail-
roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years,
President of the Company. The Quincy water-
works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself
and his son. He has never sought or held political
office, but at one time was the active President of
five distinct business corporations. He was also
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois
College at Jacksonville. He' was married in 1844
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr.
Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they
have five children now living. In politics he is a
Republican, and his religious associations are with
the Congregational Church. Charles Henry
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1822. and removed
to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced
business as a clerk in a general store, where
he remained for seven years, when he entered
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull,
in the hardware and crockery business, to
which was subsequently added dealing in
agricultural implements. This business was
continued until the year 1861. when it was
sold out, and the brothers established them-
selves as private bankers under the same firm
name. A few years later they organized the
Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which
was mainly owned and altogether managed by
them. Five or six years later this bank was
wound up, when they returned to private bank-
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when
it was merged in the State Savings Loan &
Trust Company, organized under the laws of
Illinois with a capital of $300,000, held equally
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J.
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi-
dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with
J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as
President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull
was one of the parties who originally organized
the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com-
pany in 1869 a road intended to be built from
Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to
Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now
(1898) the President, the name having been
changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City
Railway. He was also identified with the con-
struction of the system of street railways in
Quincy, and continued active in their manage-
ment for about twenty years. He has been
active in various other public and private enter-
prises, and has done much to advance the growth
and prosperity of the city.
BUNKER HILL, H city of Macoupin County, on
the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago Jt St. Louis
Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis: has
electric-lighting plant, telephone service, cxwl
mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other
manufactories, two lianks, two newspapers, oj>era
house, numerous churches, public library, a mili-
tary academy and fine public schools, ami many
handsome residences; is situated on high ground
in a rich agricultural anil dairying region and an
important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1J279.
Itl N \. Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was
born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came
to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards
added that of private banking, continuing until
1878. During a part of this time his bank was
one of the best known and widely regarded as
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in
the State. Though crippled by the financial
revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in
depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar.
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed
charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in
which he was a large stockholder, and of which
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be-
tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in
"The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of
'The Inter-Ocean''), and was one of the bankers
who came to the aid of the State Government with
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil
War. Died at Springfield. Oct. 16, 1S97. John W.
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor
to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, lias
been a prominent business man of Springfield,
and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural
Board from 1858 to 1898. and of the Illinois Uni-
versity from its establishment to 1893.
BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa-
tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Ger-
many, Fell 18, 1794, and educated in his native
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
city and at Berlin University; while still a
student took part in the Peninsular War which
resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum-
ing his studies in 1816. graduated three years
later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank-
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when,
having been implicated in the republican revolu
tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country,
locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair
County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in
the public schools, served in the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847, was elected School
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having
removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a
private school for the instruction of teachers
while discharging the duties of his office-, later
was appointed a member of the first State School
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Urn
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher,"
and, for several years prior to his death, served
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without
compensation. Died, November, 1872.
BUBCHARD, Horatio C., ex -Congressman, was
born at Marshall, Oneida County. N. Y., Sept. 22,
1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in
1850, and later removed to Stephenson County,
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes-
sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to
1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson
County ; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa-
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a
Republican, for the first time as the successor of
E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress,
he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the
United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked
ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in
charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum-
' ing the practice of his profession at Freeport.
BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and
humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa. , July
80, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life,
where he was educated in the public schools. In
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh
Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the
war ; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed
upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers
of that city. Later he became associated with
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor-
ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been
published, but in recent years he has devoted hi;
attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional
contributions to the literary press.
BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam
County in 1837, near the center of the northern
half of the State, Princeton being made the
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834,
there being considerable quantities mined at
Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor-
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale
as early as 1835. and by 1844 had been nearly all
sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890.
contained a population of 3,396. The county has
an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the
census of 1900, a population of 41.112. The pio-
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the
first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was
soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward.
Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers came
in rapid succession, among the earliest being
Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall.
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard
Roth, Bull x ma and John Dixon. Serious
Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of
the settlers, some of whom never returned. In
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large
influx of immigrants. Among other early set-
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers
of the poet, William Cullen Bryant.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab-
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation
and discontent among the laboring classes, which
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of
five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal
compensation, their term of office being two
years. They are nominated by the Executive
and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires
that three of them shall be manual laborers and
two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is
charged with the collection, compilation and
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi-
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer-
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary
conditions of the working classes. The Com-
mission is required to submit biennial reports.
Those already published contain much informa-
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines,
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock-
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage
indebtedness, and kindred topics.
BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at
Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
from Brown University in 1838 and from the
General Theological Seminary (New York) in
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842. and
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele-
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various
parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. V , and at
Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses
of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the
General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year,
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine,
he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc-
ceed him but declined When the diocese of
Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first
Bishop, and consecrated ut Christ Church, Spring
field, Mass . on May 15, 1N78. Besides publishing
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the
author of several Sunday-school question books,
carols and hymns, anil lias been a contributor to
periodical church literature. His residence is at
Peoria.
IM'lt I. KV. Arthur (iiliiiHii, merchant, was born
at Exeter, N. H.. Oct. 4. 1K12, received his edu-
cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came
West, locating in Chicago. For some two years
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing
store of John Holbrook. after which he accepted
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale,
the proprietor of the first book and stationery
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings
in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business
career which was continued uninterruptedly for
nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley
huilt up a business which, for its extent and
success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West.
His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a
member of the firm in 1832. the business there-
after being conducted under the name of Burley
& Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the
Company until his death, which occurred, August
37, 1897. Augustus Harris (Hurley), brother of
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March
38, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native
State, and, in his youth, was employed for a
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman
in the book and stationery store of his half-
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a
partner, and, on the retirement of Mr Gale a
few years later, succeeded to the control of the
business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and
stationery business, and about the same time
became one of the founders of the Merchants'
Loan and Trust Company, with which he has
been connected as a Director ever since. Mr.
Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart-
ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the
numerous public positions held by him may be
mentioned, member of the Board of Public Works
(1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park
(1869), Representative from Cook County in the
Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72), City
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor
Medill (1872-73), and again undar Mayor Roche
(1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82).
Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub-
lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense
Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and
was a delegate from the State aMarge to the
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in
1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency a second time.
BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was
l>orn at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to
Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private
schools and the Chicago High School, after which
he spent two years at Waltham. Mass.. receiving
special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867.
he was afterwards associated with various firms.
About 1873 he formed a business connection with
J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham
& Root furnished the plans of a large number of
the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi-
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con-
nection with the construction of buildings for the
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr.
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of
Construction and, later Director of Works. In
this capacity his authority was almost absolute,
but was used with a discretion that contributed
greatly to the success of the enterprise.
BURR, Albert 6., former Congressman, was
born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829:
came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read
law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time,
following the occupation of a printer. Here he
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen-
eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1862. Having removed to Carrollton.
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and
1868). serving until March 4. 1871. In August,
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
69
vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882.
BUBBELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with his
parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing
up on a farm near Carmi; received a common
school education; in 1850 went to California,
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a
company of cavalry, of which he was elected
Captain, and which became a part of the First
Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County
Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth
District, composed of counties which formerly
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth
District, and which had uniformly been repre-
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a
candidate for re-election in 1896.
BUBROU6HS, John Curtis, clergyman and
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7,
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and
Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After
five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church
of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi-
dency of the Chicago University, then just
established, having previously declined the
presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton.
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu-
cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super-
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving
until his death, April 21, 1892.
IM'SF.V, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16,
1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to
Urbana, III., where he was educated and has
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61
attended a commercial college and read law. In
1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned
to enter the Union Army, being commissioned^
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted
to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the General Assembly on the
Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of tho State
University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was
Mayor and President of the Board of Education
of Urbana. In 1867 lie opened a private bank,
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif-
teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can
non. Republican, by whom he was in turn
defeated for the same office in 1892.
BCSHNELL, a nourishing city and manufac-
turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles
northeast nf Macomb. at the junction of two
branches of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy
with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has
numerous manufactories, including wooden
puni|>s. flour, agricultural implements, wagons
and cariiages, tank and fence-work, rural mail-
boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry
packing houses: also has water-works and elec-
tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several
churches, graded public and high schools, two
newnpai>ers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 2,490.
HI SIINKI.I.. Nrhemiah, lawyer, was horn in
the town of Westbrook, C'onn., Oct. 9, 1813;
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in
December of the same year to Quincy, 111. , where,
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig"
of that city, later forming a partnership with
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken
until his death. In his practice he gave much
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract" ;
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North-
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales-
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington ft
Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In
1872 he was elected by the Republicans the
"minority" Representative from Adams County
in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but
died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873.
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public
and private life.
BCSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor-
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y.,
Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on
a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough-
keepsie. N. Y.. was admitted to the bar and
established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111.
The public positions held by him were those of
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and
Attorney -General (1869-73) ; was also a member
of the Republican National Convention of 1864,
liesides being identified with various business
enterprises at Ottawa. Died. June 30, 1885.
70
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born
in A. lair County, Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the
war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the
messenger of the Governor of Kentucky, carrying
dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in
the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in
1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In
1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds"
charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it
was largely through his influence that the pro-
ceedings of that body were subsequently pub-
lished in an official form. During the same year
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer
to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of
James Miller, and he was elected to the same
office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently
befriended in the early struggles of the latter
in Springfield. He died in Springfield, Jan. 11,
1876.
BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was
born at Keene, N. II . in 1790. He studied at
Williams College, and was admitted to the bar
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y. , he removed to New Orleans, where
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in
his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed
by President Harrison United States District At-
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by
President Taylor Commissioner of the General
Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the
latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis-
tinction he probably owed to the personal influ-
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State,
of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he
rendered valuable service to the State in securing
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the
Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas-
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith,
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin-
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin
his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to
address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur-
rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party
of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of
the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if
he was opposed to the war with Mexico, he
replied. "I opposed one war" meaning his
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25,
1855.
BYFORD, William II., physician and author,
was born at Eaton. Ohio, March 20, 1817 ; in 1830
came with his widowed mother to Crawford
County, 111., and began learning the tailor's
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at
Vincennes and practiced at different points in
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he
assumed a professorship in a Medical College at
Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal.
In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac-
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two
years later became one of the founders of the
Chicago Medical College, where he remained
twerty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush,
assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col-
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the
Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death,
May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical
works which are regarded as standard by the
profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S.
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical
Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical
Journal and Examiner," the successor of the
former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the
general public and his professional associates.
BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur-
esque region on Rock River, at junction of the
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north-
west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy-
ing district: has two banks and two weekly
papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900). 1,015.
CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock
Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal
industry, but there are also tile works, a good
quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being
found in abundance. Population (1880), 572;
(1890), 1,276; (1900). 697.
CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician,
was born in Georgetown. Scott County, Ky..
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
71
August 11, 1853. When he was three years old
his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111.,
where he has since resided. After passing
through the Rock Island public schools, he matric-
ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating
in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ;
is also an active Democratic politician, and influ-
ential in his party, having been a member of both
the National and State Central Committees. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public
office.
CABLE, Ransom R.. railway manager, was
born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834.
His early training was mainly of the practical
sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was
actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he
removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention
to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock
Island. Later he became interested in the pro-
jection and management of railroads, being in
turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi-
dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His
next position was that of General Manager of the
Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His
experience in these positions rendered him famil-
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad
management, while his success brought him to
the favorable notice of those who controlled rail-
way interests all over the country. In 1876 he
was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with
this company he has held, successively, the
offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi-
dent, General Manager and President, being chief
executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock
Island (fc Pacific Railiray.)
CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle-
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times,
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis-
.sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas
here in 1700, to which they gave the name of
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a
fejv months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were
jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County,
when that county was organized by Governor St.
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph
County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was
continued as the county-seat of the parent
county, so remaining until the removal of the
seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor-
tance until, in 1890. its population was estimated
at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers
make up a considerable portion of the present
population. The site of the old town is on the
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
road, about four miles from East St. Louis.
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia
Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound-
Builders, Works of the.)
CAIRXES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, III,
which was embraced in Lawrence County on the
organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes
was a member of the House for Crawford County
in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and
for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven-
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence
County to some point on the Mississippi River in
1826, but further details of his history are un-
known.
CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County,
and the most important river point between St.
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob-
tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad
rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John
G. Corny ges and others, who incorporated the
"City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered
about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Corny-
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The
forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney
Breese and others, who later transferred it to the
"Cairo City and Canal Company,?' a corporation
chartered in 1837, which, by purcliase, increased
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is
said to have erected the first house, and John
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois
Central Railroad has erected around the water
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur-
ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base
for military operations. Its population, according
to the census of 1900, was 12,568. (See also Alex-
ander County.)
CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of
modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River,
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being
thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in
Scotland. The work of construction was begun.
July 1. 1S87, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for
twenty -seven months, being completed, Oct. 29.
iss'.i The first train to cross it was made up of
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky
shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and
one span of 106 !^ feet. AH these rest on cylin-
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally
1 supported by piles driven within the cylinders.
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar
general construction. The total number of spans
is twenty -two twenty -one being of 150 feet each,
and one of KM>' + feet. The total length of the
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet,
including that of the bridge proper, which is
4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through
.spans and three deck spans. The through spans
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic
foundations. The total length of the bridge,
including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet about
3# miles. [Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle
work has been filled in with earth, while that on
the southern shore has been virtually replaced by
an embankment since the completion of the
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in
the clear above low water, and from the deepest
foundation to the top of the highest iron work is
248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has
been (1895) between $3,250,000 and $3,500,000.
CAIRO, VINCEOES & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from
Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with "a branch nine
miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin-
rennes, Ind. It 'a.s chartered as the Cairo &
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872,
placed in the hands <>f a receiver in 1874, sold
under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some
time operated as the Cairo Division of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889,
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the
Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and,
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known
as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago <t St. Louix Railway.)
CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St.
Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail-
teay. )
CAIRO \ VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See
Cairo, Vincennes <t Chicago Railroad.)
CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell
and Caldwell in the early records), was born at
Wethersfield, Conn.. Feb. 21, 1773, and received
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro-
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of
Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11),
and was elected the first Delegate in Congress
from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking
his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi-
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory,
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp-
stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's
family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger
(see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party
locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldweil
and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in
the American Bottom. The former finally
located on the banks of the Mississippi a few
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his
profession and held various public offices, includ-
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison
County after the organization of the latter. He
served as State Senator from Madison County
in the First and Second General' Assemblies
(1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties
the latter at that time embracing all the northern
and northwestern part of the State, including
the county of Cook. During the following ses-
sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent
of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. Hi.s
home in Morgan County was in a locality known
as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826.
(See Slavery and Slave Lam.) Dr. Caldwell (or
Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded
a high degree of respect among early residents of
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," says of him: "He was
moral and correct in his public and private life.
. . . was a respectable physician, and always
maintained an unblemished character."
CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor,
was born at Watertown, X. Y., April 14, 1HOX;
learned the printing trade and practiced it in his
native town, also working in a type-foundry in
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper,
and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago
Democrat" the first paper ever published in that
city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of
the paper three years, transferring it in Novem-
ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it
until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July,
4861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as
agent of the Illinois Central Railroad in procur-
ing right of way for the construction of its lines.
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859.
( A I.IIOl" N , John, surveyor and politician, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to
Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County
Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his
appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon
County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent-
ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated
in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the
following session. He was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful
candidate for the nomination for Governor in
1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51).
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In
1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after-
wards Governor and United States Senator) , as a
candidate for Congress, but two years later was
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General
of Kansas, where be became discreditably con-
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out
the policy of the Buchanan administration for
making Kansas a slave State especially in con-
nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con-
vention, with the election of which he had much
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St.
Joseph. Mo., Oct. 25, 1859.
CALHOUX, William J., lawyer, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. .5, 1847. After residing at
various points in that State, his family removed
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864,
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of
the war. He participated in a number of severe
battles while with Sherman on the march against
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash-
ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the
war he served in Texas, being mustered, out at
San Antonio in that State, though receiving his
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the
war he entered the Poland Union Seminary,
where he became the intimate personal friend of
Maj William McKinley, who was elected to the
Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the
seminar^-, he came to Arcola, Douglas County,
111 . and began the study of law, later taking a
course in a law school in Chicago, after which he
was admitted to the bar (1875) and established
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of
the Hon. Joseph B. Maun. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch
of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during
the following session, proved himself one of the
ablest members of that body. In Hay, 1897, Mr.
Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a
special envoy to investigate the circumstances
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat-
uralized citizen of the United States who had
died while a prisoner in the liandsof the Spaniards
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba.
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter-
State Commerce Commission to succeed William
R. Morrison, whose term had expired.
CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their
junction. It has an area of 260 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized
in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi-
nally, the county was well timbered and the
early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering,
which tended to give the population more or less
of a migratory character. Much of the timber
has been cleared off, and the principal business
in later years has been agriculture, although coal
is found and mined in paying quantities along
Silver Creek. Tradition lias it that the aborig-
ines found the precious metals in the bed of this
stream. It was originally included within the
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the
veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con-
formation of the county's surface exhibits some
peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some-
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of
both rivers, while through the center of the
county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds.
The side valleys and the top of the central ridge
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very
rich, but are liable to inundation. The county-
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula-
tion (1890) of 311.
CALLAHAN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator,
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829;
came to Crawford County, III., in 1849, where he
farmed, taught school and edited, at different
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall
Telegraph." He early identified himself with
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the
Republican candidate for Congress in his dis-
T4
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
trict ; became a member of the first State Board
of Equalization by appointment of Governor
Oglesby in 1867 ; served in the lower house of the
General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91,
'93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee
to revise the State Revenue Lawd. He was also
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888.
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past
30 years of age, and was President of the State
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson.
CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main
body of which is formed by the union of two
branches which come together at the southern
boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows
into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc-
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with
the Little Calumet from the west, :i .',2 miles from
the mouth of the main stream. From the south-
ern limit of Chicago the general course of the
stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf
Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth,
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy
draught, and is a shipping and receiving
point of importance for heavy freight for
the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace
Car Works and other manufacturing establish-
ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as
a navigable stream, and lias been dredged by the
General Government to a depth of twenty feet
and 300 feet wide for a distance of two miles,
with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder
for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal
in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream
was known to the early French explorers as "the
Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by
them with the Chicago River.
CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line,
4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook
, County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is $68,700.
It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of
$116,357, making a total capitalization of 165,087.
This road extends from One Hundredth Street in
Chicago to Hegewisch. and was chartered in 1883.
(See Pennsylvania Railroad.)
CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry
County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago,
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ-
ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to
agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con-
siderable grain market and has some manufac-
tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public
library, two newspapers, three banks, good
schools, and handsome public (county) buildings.
Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States
census report, 940; (1900), 1,345.
CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian
minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in
1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled
in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have
located where the town of New Salem (after-
wards associated with the early history of Abra-
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also
said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann
Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's
name- has been tenderly associated by his biog-
raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed
successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and
to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter
State, about 1878.
CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp
established at Chicago early in the War of the
Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest
Avenues. It was [originally designed and solely
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits.
Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine-
ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For
plot to liberate the latter, together with other
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas
Conspiracy.)
CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed
in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas),
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be
but a preliminary step in the execution of a
design long cherished by the Confederate Gov-
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov-
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy,
through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib-
erty." (See Secret Treasonable Societies. ) Three
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C.
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent
conferences with leaders of the treasonable
organizations in the North, including Clement L.
Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one
Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement
in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that
city and scattered throughout the States. The
general management of the affair was entrusted
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur-
ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col.
Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger
Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to
carry out the military program. Hines followed
out his instructions with great zeal and labored
indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis-
seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by
the use of argument and money, both he and his
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter.
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for
July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him-
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the
distribution of funds and the purchase of arms.
The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate
the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when
the National Democratic Convention was to
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was
expected the city would be so crowded that the
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would
not excite comment. The program also included
an attack on the city by water, for which pur-
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana-
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman.
There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring-
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago,
who would be largely reenforced. With these
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus
formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring-
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused,
and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of
infantry and a battery. The organization of the
proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and
the great majority of those who were to compose
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the
latter reported for service to justify "an attack,
and tlie project was postponed. In the meantime
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy,
and which contemplated the release of the rebel
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis-
guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was
on the point of putting in execution a scheme for
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at
Snndusky. and putting on board of it a Confeder-
ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected
to carry out the Chicago scheme the day of Presi-
dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre-
liminaries were arranged, except that no water
attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged.
Detachments were designated to apply the torch,
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack
banks. But representatives of the United States
Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and
his associates were well known to the authori-
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com-
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the
most valuable service in running down the con-
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T.
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby
getting in communication with the leaders of the
plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith-
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On
the night of Nov. 6 or rather after midnight on
the morning pf the 7th General Sweet caused
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at
their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not
captured, but the following conspirators were
taken into custody: Captains Cant rill and Trav-
erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them,
and in whose barn and house was found a large
quantity of arms and military stores: Cols. St.
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T.
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke,
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir-
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted:
Anderson committed suicide during the trial;
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to
be hung, although his sentence was afterward
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu-
gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been
known. The British Government had made
-
re
i
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother
of his being a General in the British Army.
Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap-
tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under-
going brief terms of imprisonment, were
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson,
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While
in prison he had been detailed for service as a
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of
General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made
the acquaintance of a young lady member of a
loyal family, whom he afterwards married.
After the exposure of the contemplated uprising,
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of
$1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he
was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi-
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered
by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency
shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con-
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and
the whole nation, and was recognized by the
Government in awarding him a commission as
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet,
Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies. )
CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con-
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814.
After obtaining a limited education in the com-
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ-
ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon
rose to the position of superintendent, managing
iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis-
souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois,
settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and
1 853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented
his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly
(1859). He was also a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served
one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress,
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1*78, was
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes,
Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend
of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed
liberally to the expenses of the latter in making
the tour of the State during the debate with
Douglas. He broke with the Republican party
in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for
him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His
death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898.
CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111.,
in 1838; was appointed Master in Cliancery for
Sangamon County in IM'.i. and, in 1861, to a
similar position by the United States District
Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868.
CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol-
dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4.
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers
in that section of the State; was educated at
Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ;
in 1878 purcliased "The McLeansboro Times."
which he has since conducted ; was elected to the
lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and
again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and
re-elected in '92. During his twelve years'
experience in the Legislature he participated, as
a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison
contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and
assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer
to the Senate in 1H91. At the close of his last
term in the Senate (1.H96) he wad elected to Con-
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub-
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the
second call for troops issued by the President
during the Spanish- American War, Mr. Camp-
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in
as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of
which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson-
ville, Flu. Although his regiment saw no active
service during the war, it was held in readiness
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba
in December, 189H, it became a part of the army
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro-
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con-
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in
1898.
CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State
and Congressman, was born in Chester County,
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg.
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed
to Galena. 111., where he had acquired some min-
ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in
1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1S47; in 1850 was elected as a
Democrat to Congress from the Galena District,
but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B.
Washburne. He was then appointed by President
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land
grants by the Mexican Government in California,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
77
removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this
ixjsition about 1855 to engage in general practice.
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe
with his family, and, on his return, located in
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate
for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin-
ridge ticket ; in 1861 returned to California, and,
on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a
zealous champion of the Union cause, by his
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the
destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali-
fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864,
was a member of the Baltimore Convention
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse-
quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub-
lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868.
CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi-
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When
he was two years old his father removed to
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing
through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp-
bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for
two years, after which he studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he
was in active practice and attained prominence
at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State
Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all
eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85
he was chosen President pro tempore of the
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten-
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant-
Go vernor Hamilton to the executive office to
succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected
United States Senator. In 1888 he represented
the First Illinois District in the National Repub-
lican Convention, and was the same year chosen
a member of the Republican National Committee
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years
immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing
Company of Chicago.
CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at
the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east-
northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has
one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a
pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a
high school, and one newspaper. Population
(1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260.
CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen.
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had
been associated with the construction of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845.
had his attention called to a check purporting to
have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839,
which, upon investigation, he became convinced
was counterfeit, or haj been fraudulently issued.
Having communicated his conclusions to Hon.
Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of
the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund
Commissioner a position attached to the Gov-
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary
which developed the fact that a large amount of
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken
up through that office and bonds issued therefor
by the State Auditor under the laws for funding
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery
that, in May and August, 1839, two series of
canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the
work of construction the sum aggregating
$269,059 of which all but $316 had been redeemed
within a few years at the Chicago branch of the
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified
that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after
redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults
without cancellation until settlement was had
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in
boxes and turned over to the Board. After liav-
ing lain in the canal office for several years in
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the
officer in charge was now called) having come
into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk
and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then
Governor, to be taken by him *o Springfield and
deposited there. Nothing further was known of
these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the
scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund
Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond
issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and
1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis-
lative investigation was instituted, it was found
that bonds to the amount of $223,182.66 had been
issued on account of principal and interest.
With the exception of the $300 first presented, it-
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been
presented by Governor Matteson, either while in
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the
bonds issued therefor delivered to him although
none of the persons in whose names the issue was
made were known or ever afterward discovered.
The developments made by the Senate Finance
Committee led to an offer from Matteson to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
indemnify the State, in which he stated that he
had "unconsciously and innocently been made
the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon
the State had been attempted." He therefore
gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying
bond for the sum shown to have been funded by
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured
judgment for $255,000, although the property on
being sold realized only $238,000. A further
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed
the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar
scrip had been made amounting to $165,340, for
which the State never received any compensa-
tion. A search through the State House for the
trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor
Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation
was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened,
but the box was never found. The fraud was
made the subject of a protracted investigation
by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May,
1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to
"ignore the bill."
CANBY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in
(ireen County, Ohio. Sept. :!(), 1808; was educated
at Miami University and admitted to the bar,
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney,
member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49)
in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois,
locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873.
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge
C'anby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by
the Modocs in California in 1873.
CANNON, Joseph G., Congressman, was born
at Guilford, N. C., May 7, 1836, and removed to
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver-
milion County. By profession he is a lawyer,
and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally,
he is conducting a large banking business at
. Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican
to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis-
trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever
( since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey.
his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898)
serving his twelfth term as the Representative
for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has
been re-elected for a thirtepnth term in the Fifty-
sixth Congress ( 1899-1901 ) . Mr. Cannon has been
an influential factor in State and National poli-
tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair-
man of the House Committee on Appropriations
during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Congresses.
CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County,
12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me-
tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties
in the "corn belt"; also lias abundant supplies
of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes.
There are coal mines within the municipal limits,
and various manufacturing establishments.
Among the principal outputs are agricultural
implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar
boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire-
arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted
by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de-
partment, a public library, six ward schools and
one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula-
tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564.
C.VPI'S, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London,
England, Sept. 9, 1796 ; came to the United States
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819.
For a time he taught school in what is now
called Round Prairie, in the present County of
Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original
name of a part of the city of Springfield), having
among his pupils a number of^ those who after-
wards became prominent citizens of Central
Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part-
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the
original county-seat of Logan County, where he
continued to live for the remainder of hia life,
and where, during its later period, he served as
Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as
Recorder of Logan County four years. Died,
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age.
CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County,
founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway
center here. The chief industries are coal-min-
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and
lumbering. It has two preserving plants, 'eight
churches, two weekly papers, and four public
schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois
Normal University. Pop. (1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318.
CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL-
ROAD, a short line 17 V miles in length, ex-
tending from Marion to Carbondale. and operated
by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the
Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867 :
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale &
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31,
1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St.
Louis Southern, through which it passed into the
hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became
apart of the Illinois Central System (which see).
CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town
of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of
Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in
1857, and the Supreme Court of the United
States, on motion of Hon. Lyinan Trumbull, in
1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo
Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans
in that body for temporary presiding officer;
was elected to the next General Assembly (the
Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses-
sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis-
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno
County, Kan. The first office fteld by Judge
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred
upon him through the influence of John A. Raw-
lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff
during the war, and later Secretary of War
although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi-
dence is in Chicago.
CARUN, Thomas, former Governor, was born
of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July
18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served
as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain
in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu-
cated, he was a man of strong common sense,
high moral standard, great firmness of character
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in
Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ;
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis-
ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in
1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never-
theless commanded the respect and good-will of
his political opponents. Died at his home in
Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852.
CARLIN, William Passmoro, soldier, nephew of
Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods,
Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili-
tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was
attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as
Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian
fighting, he was ordered to California, where he
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to
recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was
commissioned Colonel of the Thirty -eighth Illi-
nois Volunteers. His record during the war was
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen.
Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21,
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis-
souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under
Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with
marked distinction ia Kentucky and Mississippi ;
took a prominent part in the battle of Stone
River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign,
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission-
ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis-
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at
Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made
Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori-
ous service at Bentonville, N. C., and Major-
General for services during the war. Colonel
Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier-
General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton.
CARLINYILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin
County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles
northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of
Springfield. Blackburn University (which see)
ia located here. Three coal mines are operated .
and there are brick works, tile works, and one
newspaper. The city has gas and electric light
plants and water-works. Population (1880),
8,117, (.1890), 3.293; (IflOO), 3,502.
CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County.
48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas-
kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and
public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and
manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for
young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public
library connected with the high school. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874.
CARMI, the county -seat of White County, on
the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St.
Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur-
rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals
and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac-
turing, including the making of staves, are the
chief industries, though the city has brick and
tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula-
tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939.
CARPENTER, Hilton, legislator and State
Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as
80
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Representative in the Nintli General Assembly
(1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes-
sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841)
he was elected by the Legislature to the office of
State Treasurer, retaining this position until the
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was
chosen his own successor by popular vote, but
died a few days after the election in August,
1848. He was buried in what is now known as
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" a burying
ground in the west part of the city of Springfield,
long since abandoned where his remains still lie
(1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone.
CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug-
gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary
ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27,
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. ,
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he
established himself in the drug business, which
was later extended into other lines. Soon after
his arrival, he began investing in lands, which
have since become immensely valuable. Mr.
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev.
Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851,
withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the
attitude of some of the representatives of that
denomination on the subject of slavery, identify-
ing himself with the Congregationalist Church,
in which he had been reared. He was one of the
original founders and most liberal benefactors of
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in
!'<|iiests after his death, sums aggregating not
fur from $100,000. One of the Seminary build
ings was named in his honor. "Carpenter Hall."
He was identified with various other organiza-
tions, one of the most important being the Relief
and Aid Society, which did such useful work
after the fire of 1871. By a. life of probity, liber-
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all
classes, dying, August 7. 1S^fi.
CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio-
neer teacher, born in Fredonia. X Y., Sept. 1,
1813: at the age of 13 she began teaching at State
Line. N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents
(Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and
soon after began teaching in what was called the
"Yankee" settlement." now the town of Lockport,
Will County. She came to Chicago the following
year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran-
ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to
have been the first teacher paid out of the public-
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell
(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach-
ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833.
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom
she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County,
Jan. 10, 1897.
CARPE>"TER8VIU,E, a village of Kane
County iiml manufacturing center, on Luke Ge-
neva branch of the('liioHgo& Northwestern Rail-
road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48
miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754 ; (1900), 1,002.
CARR, Clark ., lawyer, politician and diplo-
mat, was horn at Boston, Erie County. N. Y..
May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his
father's family to Galesburg, 111. , where he spent
several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu-
ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- '
ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his
affiliations being uniformly with the Republican
party. His first office was that of Postmaster at
Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi
dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for
twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued
assistant of Governor Yates during the War of
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter
with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore
in 1864. which renominated Lincoln, and took an
active part in the campaigns of that year, as well
as those of 1868 and 1873. In 1869 he purchased
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited
and published for two years. In 1880 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the
Republican National Convention, from the State-
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus
nomination for United States Senator, which was
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was
defeated in the Republican State Convention as
candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In
1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister
to Denmark, which post he filled with marked
ability and credit to the country until his resig
nation was accepted by President Cleveland,
when he returned to his former home at Gales-
burg. While in Denmark he did much to
promote American trade with that country,
especially in the introduction of American corn
as an article of food, which has led to a large
increase in the annual exportation of this com-
modity to Scandinavian markets.
CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie
County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at
West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles.
Until 1861 he was stationed in the Far West, and
engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
81
tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he
entered upon active service under General Lyon,
in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage-
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek,
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In
September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times
wounded, he remained on the field seven hours,
and materially aided in securing a victory, for
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of
Volunteers. In the summer of 1862 he was
promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com-
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River,
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in
the United States Army. He also distinguished
himself for a first and second assault upon taking
Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862. com-
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at
Corinth. In December of that year he was
transferred to the Department of Arkansas,
where he gained new laurels, being brevetted
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock,
and Major-General for services during the war.
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv-
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and
has since resided in New York.
CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born
,\t Cliarlestown, N. II. . and educated at Marlow
Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary. Vt. :
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi-
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum,
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he
visited a large number of the leading hospitals
and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel
received the appointment of Su]>erintendent of
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to
till until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to
Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect
July 1 of that year. Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel).
wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof.
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected
a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub
lican ticket in 1896. receiving a plurality of 148,03!)
over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor.
CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo
Daviess County, but set apart and organized in
1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The
first settlements were in and around Savanna,
Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first
County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor
den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held
their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In
1843 the county -seat was changed from Savanna
to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town
ships were first organized in 1850, and the
development of the county has steadily pro-
gressed since that date. The surface of the land
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur-
esque. The land is generally good for farming.
It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis-
sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles;
population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant,
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000
inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public
and private schools.
CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene
County, situated on the west branch' of the Chi-
cago & Alton and the Quincy. Carrollton & St.
Louis Kailroails. 33 miles north-northwest of
Alton, and H4 miles south by west from Jackson-
ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and
wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour
mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and
two weekly newspa|>ei-s. Population (1890),
2,258; (1900). 2,335.
CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky.. March
12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois
College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated
from the Law Department of the University of
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in
practice at Quincy, where he lias since resided
He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty-
second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in
June, 1N94. was elected to the seat on the Supreme
Bench, which he now occupies
CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1854;
in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his
father locating at Pana, where he was educated
in the public schools; was employed in farming,
railroading and teaching several years, then
studied law and was admitted to the bar. and. in
1882, removed to Helena. Mont., where he en-
gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from
Idaho and the first Representative from the new
82
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
State: was Commissioner of the General Land
Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the
United States Senate for the term ending in 1901.
In 1892 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub-
lican National Committee, serving until the St.
Louis Convention of 1896.
CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County,
10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min-
ing is t in' principal industry. It has a bank, five
churches, a public school, ami a weekly news-
paper. Population (ISSO), 092; (1890), 969; (1900),
1,749; (1904, est.), 2,000.
CARTHAGE, a city nml the county-seat of
Hancock County, lii miles east of Keokuk, Iowa,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wa-
basli Railroads; lias water-works, electric lights,
three banks, four trust companies, four weekly
and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a
Lutheran College. Pop. (1890). 1.654; (1900), 2,104.
CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage. Hancock
County, incorporated in 1871; has a teaching
faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils
sixty-eight men and ninety women for 1897-98.
It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment
of $32,000. Instruction is given in the classical,
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart-
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898
this institution reported a property valuation of
$41,000, of which $35,000 was in real estate.
CARTHAGE & BURLINGTON RAILROAD.
(See Chicago, Burlington <t Quincy Railroad.)
CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa,
Deo. 1, 1842 {he son of a frontier Methodist
clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi-
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating
from the latter in 1867; began practice in 1870 at
Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel-
late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected
Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in
1897.
CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va.,
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom-
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to
Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and
unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill
was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee,
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un-
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane
Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious
impressions. A few months later he abandoned
his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured
gambling. He began preaching immediately
after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly
received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, although only 18 years old. In
1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon
County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and
again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature,
where his homespun wit and undaunted courage
stood him in good stead. For a long series of
years he attended annual conferences (usually as
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous
supporter of the Government during the Civil
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by
Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher,
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the
lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity,
together with his inexhaustible fund of personal
anecdotes, insured an interested audience
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess
in overcoming unruly characters whom he had
failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the
church he was equally fearless and outspoken,
and his strong common sense did much to pro-
mote the success of the denomination in the
West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains,
Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal
published works are "A Controversy with the
Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart-
wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher"
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism.
CARY, Engene, lawyer and insurance manager,
was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 20,
1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile
attending a select school or academy at intervals ;
studied law at Sheboygan, Wis. , and Buffalo,
N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv-
ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland,
and the last two years as Judge- Advocate on the
staff of General Rousseau. After the war he
settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883,
was the High-License candidate for Mayor in
opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
K3
many to liave been honestly elected, but counteil
out by the machine methods then in vogue.
CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy-
sician , was born in Wantage Township, Sussex
County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Summerfield,
111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas
Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his
wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early
settlers of Sussex County. He was descended
from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name
being originally Cossart, the American branch
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who
emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663.
At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site
of the present city of Dayton, where some of his
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's
father and grandfather having been patriot sol-
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in
the War of 1*12, being a member of Captain
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re-
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St.
Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered
the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia
and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon,
where he taught school. Later he studied medi-
cine and attained considerable prominence as a
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was
one of the founders of McKendree College and a
liberal contributor to its support; was also for
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at
Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St.
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands.
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ-
ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda
Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see).
CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter-
section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago &
Ohio River Railroad. *j miles southwest of Terre
Haute. Population (1890). 844; (1900), 1,500.
CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman,
was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the young-
est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing
with him his widowed mother, and settling in
the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon,
in Jefferson County, where he acquired great
prominence as a politician and became the head
of an influential family. He began preaching at
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally
through his political career. In 1819, he took a
prominent part in the organization of Jefferson
County, serving on the first Board of County
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected
Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years
later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv-
ing until 1830, when lie was elected Lieutenant
Governor, and during his incumbency took part
in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept
a seat as one of the three Congressmen from
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few
months previous, being subsequently re-elected
for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was
again a candidate, but was defeated by John A.
McClernand. Other public positions held by him
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem-
blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former.
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4.
1862. During the latter years of his life he was
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis-
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South-
western. He commenced life in poverty, but
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor
of the ground upon which the Supreme Court
building for the Southern Division at Mount
Vernon was erected. Dr. Newton R. (Casey),
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson
County, III, Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri-
mary education in the local schools and at Hills
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842
entered the Ohio University at Athens in that
State, remaining until 1845, when he com-
menced the study of medicine, taking a course
of lectures' the following year at the Louisville
Medical Institute; soon after began practice,
and, in Ib47, removed to Benton,-IU., returning
the following year to Mount Vernon. In
185C-57 he attended a second course of lectures at
the Missouri Medical College. St. Louis, the latter
year removing to Mound City, where he filled a
number of positions, including that of Mayor
from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election.
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi-
nois to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C., and, on the establishment of
the United States Government Hospital at Mound
Citv. in 1^61. actol for some time as a volunteer
84
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In
1866, he was elected Representative in the
Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in
1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M.
Cullom; also again served as Representative in
the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74).
Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has
given his attention to the practice of his profes-
sion! Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was
born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832,
educated in the common schools and at McKend-
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of
A.M. from the latter; studied law for three
years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860,
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth
Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out
May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part
in the battle of Stone River and other important
engagements in Western Tennessee. By this
time his regiment, having been much reduced
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was
again elected State's Attorney, serving until
1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in
1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir-
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of
liis term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where
he died, March 1. 1891.
CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the
center of the State, with an area of 360 square
miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 named
for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed
to have made the locality of Beardstown their
headquarters about the time of the discovery of
the Illinois country. The earliest permanent
white settlers came about 1820, and among them
were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John
as at present laid out, was at one time sold by
Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The
county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The
principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand-
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county-
seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants.
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated
.until 1842.
CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at
Jericho, Vt, July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison
University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor
there, and, for several years, had charge of the
public schools of Zanesville. Ohio. In 1858, he
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and
Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper
Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31,
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of
LL.D. from Denison University in 1877.
< ATHKU WOOD, Mary Hartwcll, author, was
born (Hartwcll) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844,
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio,
where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was
married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she
resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the
author of a number of works of fiction, which
have been accorded a high rank. Among her
earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881),
"Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days"
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The
Romance of Dolld" and "The Bells of St.
Anne" (1889). During the past few years she
has shown a predilection for subjects connected
with early Illinois history, and has published
popular romances under the title of "The Story
of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of
Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase
of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French
in the New World."
CATO>, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist,
was born in Monroe County, N. Y. , March 19,
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 182^_J**2. Left to the care of a widowed mother at
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in
1827, M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest
preachers, and among the pioneers may be named
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing,
Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins.
Beardstown was the original county-seat, and
during both the Black Hawk and Mormon
troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made
his first political speech. The site of the town.
an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty
and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a
trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to
abandon it. After a brief attendance at an
academy at Utica, where he studied law between
the ages of 19 and 21. in 1833 he removed to
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to
Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by
Judee Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected
Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in
1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme
Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav-
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Burgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In
18(j<>, he was elected Representative in tlte
Twenty-lifth General Assembly and re-elected in
1888, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Sneaker in o|i|H>sition to Hon. S. M.
Cullom; also agaiu served as Representative in
the Twenty-eighth Cent-rat Assembly (1*72-7-1).
Sincn retiring from public life Dr. Casey has
given his attention to the practice of his profes-
sion. Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son. was
horn in Jefferson County. 111.. April C, 18:!2,
educated in the common schools and at McKend-
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of
A.M. from the latter; studied law for three
years, being admitted to the liar in 1S.TJ; in I860,
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth
Judicial District, in Septemlier. 1802, was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out
May Ifi, 180!!. having in the meantime taken part
in the battle of Stone River and other important
engagements in Western Tennessee. By this
lime his regiment, having Ix-en much reduced
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 18G4, he was
again elected State's Attorney, serving until
I8IW; in 1870. was chosen Representative, and. in
1872. Senator for the Mount Vernon District for
a term of four years In 1N70. he waselected Cir-
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to
\p|M-llate Court duty, soon after the expiration of
his term, in 1885. removing to Springfield, where
he died, March 1. I8!H.
C.VSS rOl'NTV, situated a little west of the
center of the State, with an area of UGll square
miles anil a |>pulation (t'JOO) of 17,222 named
for (Jen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed
to have made the locality of Bcardstown their
headquarters alioul the time of the discovery of
ihe Illinois country. The earliest |iermanent
white settlers came about 1821), and among them
were Thomas Hear, I. Martin I.. Lindslev. John
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821
there was a horse mill on Indian Creek, and. in
1*27. M : Limlsley conducted a school on the
hlulN. I'eter Cartwright. the noted Methodist
missionary and evangelist. w;ts one of the earliest
l>rc tellers, anil among the pioneers may be named
Messrs Robertson, Toplo. McDonald, Downing,
Davis. Shepherd, Penny. Bergen and Hopkins
Hear.lstown was tl riginal county seat, ami
during both the I 'In I. Hawk and Monuon
troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous
for troops. Here also Stephen A Douglas made
his lirst i>litical S|M h The site of the town
as at present laid out. was at one time sold by
Mr. Downing for twenty live dollars. The.
county was set off from Morgan in lb:!7. The
principal towns are Beardstown. Virginia. Chaiul-
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county-
seat, formerly at ISeardstovnC was later removed
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was
incorporated in 18:i7, with about "(Ml inhabitants.
Virginia was platted in 18:jG, but not incorporated
until 1842.
CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison
University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor
there, and, for several years, had charge of the
public schools of Zanesville. Ohio. In 18.'i8. he
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and
Belles-Lettres in Shurtletf College, at Upjier
Alton, 111., remaining until his death. Jan. 31,
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of
I.L. D. from Denison University in 1H77.
C.VTHERWOOD, -Mary Hartnrll, author, was
born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio. Dec. 1<>, 1844.
educated at the Female College, Grunville. Ohio,
where she graduated, in 1808. and. in 1887, was
married to James S. Catherwood. with whom she
resides at Hoopeston. III. Mrs. Catherwood is the
author of u number of works of fiction, which
have l>een accorded u high rank. Among her
earlier productions are "Craime o'-Doom" (1881).
"Rocky Fork" (1882). "Old Caravan Days"
<IMM.|I "The Secrets at Roseladics" (!***!. "Tim
Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St.
Anne" (IHM'J). During the |ist few years she
has shown a predilection for subjects connected
with early Illinois history, anil has published
popular romances under the title of "The Story
of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady nf
Fort St. John." "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase
of Sant Cast in and other Stories of the French
in the New World."
('ATOM, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist,
was Uirn in Monroe County. X. V.. March 1!).
1*12. I. ell to the care of a widowed mother at
an early age. his childhood was sjent in jMivertv
and manual lalior. At l-"i he was set to learn a
trade, but an inlirmity of sight coni|iclled him to
abandon it After a brief attendance at an
academy at I'tica, where lie studied law U-tween
the ages of III and 21. in IS:!:) he removed to
''liicago. and shortly afterward, on a visit to
I'ekin. was examined and licensed to practice by
. In. lire Stephen T. Logan In |s:tt. he was elected
.Instiee of the I'eaee. served as Alderman in
|s:',7 :!M, and sat up.;, the bench of the Supreme
Court from |X|2 to l^il when he resigned, hav
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
85
ing served nearly twenty-two years. During
this period lie more than once occupied the posi-
tion of Chief -Justice. Being embarrassed by the
financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year
he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and,
taking his family with him, began farming.
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he
l>ecame interested in the construction of telegraph
lines in the West, which for a time bore his name
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West-
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted
himself for the remainder of his life to his private
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer
of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel-
lanies," and "Early Bench and 'Bar of Illinois."
Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895.
CAT ABLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis-
lator; was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793;
served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in
1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards-
ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene
County. Here he was elected Representative in
the Fifth General Assembly (1826), and again to
the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis-
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi-
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven-
tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was
prominent both in his profession and in the
Legislature while a member of that body. In
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876.
CENTERYILLE (or Central City), a village in
the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near
Coal City. Population (1880), 673; (1900). 290.
CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE,
established under act of the Legislature passeil
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor-
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix.
who addressed the people from the platform and
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first
patient was received in November of that year.
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins,
who served less than two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist-
ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as
Acting Superintendent for several months, when
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr.
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his
administration continuing until 1870, when he
resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr.
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and,
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr.
F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin-
tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge
of the institution. The original plan of construc-
tion provided for a center building, five and a
half stories high, and two wings with a rear
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an
increase in the number of wards, and as the
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri-
ations have been made for the erection of addi-
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings
have been erected within the past few years, and
the capacity of the institution greatly increased
"The Annex" admitting of the introduction of
many new and valuable features in the classifica-
tion and treatment of patients. The number of
inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to
1,400. The counties from which patients are
received in this institution embrace: Rock
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar-
shall, Stark, Kno.x, Warren, Henderson, Hancock,
McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan,
Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike,
Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon,
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and
Jersey.
CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of
Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It
forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt"
of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines,
a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries,
railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and
an ice plant; also has water- works and sewerage
system, a fire department, two daily papers, and
excellent graded schools. Several parks afford
splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890),
4,763; (1900), 6.721; (1903, est.). S.OOO.
CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD.
(See Central ia & Cliextrr Rnilnmil)
CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail-
way line wholly within the State, extending
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the
Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from
the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles)
.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing served nearly twenty-two years. During
this period lie more than once occupied the posi-
tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the
linancial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year
he entered a tract of land near Plainlield, and.
taking his family with him, began farming.
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he
became interested in the const met ion of telegraph
lines in the West, which for a time l>ore his name
ami were ultimately incoqiorated in the "West-
ern Union." laying the foundation of a large
fortune. On retiring from the l>encli. he devoted
himself for the remainder of his life to his private
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer
of America," "A Summer in Norway." "Miscel-
lanies," ami "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois."
Died in Chicago. Jufy 30, 1H95.
OAVARLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis-
lator was lxni in Connecticut, Sept. 1~>, 17!*:!;
served as a soldier in the War of 1S12. and. in
IX'.'i. came to Illinois, tirst settling at Edwards-
ville. and soi>ii afterwards at C'arrollton. Greene
County. Here he was elected Representative in
the Fifth General Assembly (l*2li). and again to
the Twelfth (1S4D) , also served ;is Senator in the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies
( IS|-J-4S), acting, in 1X4.1, as one of the Commis-
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1X14. hi* was
chosen a Presidential Klector, and, in IX-l'i, was a
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi-
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven-
tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was
prominent lx>th in his profession and in the
Legislature while .> inemher of that Univ. In
IM.V!. he removed to Ottawa, where he resided
until his death. Oct. 'J.".. IHTti.
CF.XTERVILLE (or Central City), u village in
.the coal-mining district of (irundy County, near
Coal City Population (ISSO). li?:t; (190ft). iSH).
CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE I\SAXE,
c-taMished under act of the Legislature passed
March 1. 1*17, and located at .lacksonville. Mor-
gan < 'oiinty. Its founding was largely due to the
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Di.\
ho addressed (lie jieoplc from the platform anil '
appeared Imfore the General Assembly in U-hall
of this class of unfortunates Construction of
the building was begun in l*|x. Ity I"-""! two
wards were ready for occupancy, and the tirst
patient was received in Novemlier of that year.
The ti?-st Superintendent was Dr. .1 M. Higgins.
whoserved less than two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had lieen Assist-
ant Superintendent Dr. Jones remained as
Acting Sii]>erintPndent for several months, when
the place was tilled by the appointment of Dr.
Andrew McFurland of New Hampshire, his
administration' continuing until 1*7U, when he
resigned on account of ill health, lieing succeeded
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of -New Jersey Dr.
Carriel tendered his resignation in IN&!. and.
after one or two further changes, in 1SH7 Dr.
F. C. Winslow, who liai lieen Assistant .Superin-
tendent under Dr. Carriel. was plaivd in cliarge
of the institution. The original plan of construc-
tion provided for :t center building, live and a
half stories high, and,two wings with a rear
extension in which were to be the chajiel. kitchen
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these
wings were greatly enlarged. |-rmiiting an
increase in the mmilier uf wards, and its the
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri-
ations have been made for tjhe. erection of addi-
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings
have been erected within the past few years, and
the cajiaeity of the institution greatly increased
"The Annex" admitting of the introduction of
many new and valuable features in the classifica-
tion and treatment of |>atieiits. The number of
inmates of late years has ranged froin 1,20(1 to
1.40O. The counties fron. which (taXients are
received in this institution embrace: Rock
Island. Mercer. Henry. Bureau. Putnam, Mar
shall. Stark. Knox. Warren. Henderson. Hancock.
McDonough. Fulton. Peoria. Tazewell. Logan.
Mason. Menard, Cass, Schuyler. Adams, Pike.
Calhoun. Brown. Scott. 1 Morgan. Sangamon.
Christian. Montgomery, Macotipin. Greene and
Jersey
CENTHAI.IA, a city and railway center of
Marion County. ''~> mile- south of Chicago. It
forms a trade center for t lie famous "fruit belt"
of Souther:. Illinois; has a nnmlier of coal mine-
a glass plant, an envelope fai t"iy. iron foundries,
railroad repair shep^. tlntirand i< MiKg mills, and
an ice plant : also has \\ater-\\ irks and M'weragc
systi-in. a tire department. : v. o daily |iapers. and
excellent gnuled s;-lni-U Several (rarks atTord'
splendid pleasure ivii>. !'. pulation (1- S 1K)). .
4,7lj::. (I'.MHO. ".:.'!: i ;!-!. est. ) N.IIINI
4'KM'RAIJA X Al.TAJIOM' KUIHoMi.
iSee ( ', jilrolix <*' '/,..</. , /.'.ii//..ii./
TEMKAI.IA .V CHKSTHK It A ll.KO A II. a mil-
wax line wholly wilhin the State, extending
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the
Mississippi liiver ((II li inilesi. with a livteral
branch from Sparta to Roxlwnnigh <" miles.', ami
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from
the branch junction to Centralia (J !t miles)
86
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December,
1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in
1889, and consolidated the same year with the
.Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta-
uiont Railroads (projected); line completed
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The
branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia
to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98.
The road was placed in the hands of a receiver,
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension
and equipment made under authority granted by
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's
certificates. The total capitalization is $2,374,-
841, of which $978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in
bonds.
CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD.
(See Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad.)
CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12
miles by rail east-northeast of Uecatur. The crop
of cereals in the surrounding country Is sufficient
to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which
lias also a tl Hiring mill, brick and tile factories,
etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a
bank and two newspaper offices. Population
(1890), 939; (1900), 1,008.
CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa-
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and
reports 127 students 70 male and 57 female in
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart-
ments in literature, science and the classics,
instruction is given to classes in theology, music,
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It
has property valued at $110,000, and reports an
endowment fund of $8,000.
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist
and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept.
25. 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin,
in 1866: took a course in Michigan University
(1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu-
tions, also discharged the duties of State
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at
Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu-
cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna-
tional Exposition of that year during his visit
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers.
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he
became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer-
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is
also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- '
ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a
number of volumes on educational and scientific
subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian
University, all on the same date (1887).
CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign
County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83
miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting
point of three lines of railway and connected
with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county-
seat, by an electric railway. The University of
Illinois, located in Urbana. is contiguous to the
city. Champaign 1ms an excellent system of
water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by
both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun-
try is agricultural, but the city has manufac-
tories of carriages and machines. Three papers
are published here, besides a college weekly con-
ducted by the students of the University. The
Murnham Hospital ami the Garwood OKI Ladies'
Home are located in Champaign. In the resi-
dence portion of the city there is a handsome
I/ark, covering ten acres and containing a notable
piece of bronze statua ry . and several smaller parks
in other sections. There are several handsome
'hurches, and excellent schools, both public and
private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900). 9,098.
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern
half of the central belt of the State; area. I, IK is
square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The
county was organized in 1833, and named for a
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the
heart of what was once called the "Gram!
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal
underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands
interfere with their operation. The Sangamon
and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this
region, and several railroads cross the county.
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow
clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in
1900) is the county -seat. Other important points
in the county are Champaign (9,000), Tolono
(1,000), and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the
Illinois State University extend into each corpo-
ration, being largely situated in Champaign.
Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel
and quicksand of the drift formation are found
beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CHAMPAIGN, HAT ANA WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (Soo Illinois Central Railroad.)
CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at
West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt.. and,
in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now
Peoria), III, but was stopped at Beardstown by
the "Black Hawk War." finally locating on the
Sangaraon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848.
he laid out the town of Cliamllerville Abraham
Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted
the town. Here he gained a large practice.
which he was compelled, in his later years, par-
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries
received while prosecuting his profession, after-
wards turning his attention to merchandising
and encouraging the development of the locality
in which he lived by promoting the construction
of railroads and the building of schoolhouses anil
churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ-
ence for good extended over a large region.
Died, April 7, 1879.
CHANDLER, Hcnrj B., newspaper manager,
was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1886 ;
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of
the business department of "The Detroit Free
Press" ; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F.
Storey and became business manager of "The
Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey
and retired from newspaper business. Died, at
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1806.
CHANDLERTILLE, a village in Cass County,
on the Chicago. Peoria * St. Louis Railroad, 7
miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in
1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by
Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery,
four churches, a weekly newspaper, u flour and a
saw-mill. Population (1H90), 910; (1900), 940.
CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the
intersection of the Wabasli and the Chicago.
Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 10 miles west of
Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 314'.
CHAPPELL, Charley H., railway manager,
was born in Du Page County, III, March 3, 1841.
With an ardent passion for the railroad business.
\t the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight
brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, being steadily promoted through the
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher,
until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed
General Agent of the Eastern Division of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad
positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are:
Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific
(186U-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of
its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent
of the Missouri. Kansas. & Texas (1874-76);
Superintendent of the Western Division of the
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted tl-
position of Assistant General Superintendent of
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in
the next three years through the grades of
General Superintendent and Assistant General
Manager, to that of General Manager of the
entire system, which he has continued to fill for
over twelve years. Quietly and without show or
display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge
of his duties, assisting to make the system with
which he is identified one of the most successful
and perfect in its operation in the whole country.
CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles
County, an incorporated city and a railway junc-
tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies
in the center of a farming region, yet lias several
factories, including woolen and flouring mills,
broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry
and a canning factory. Three newspapers are
published here, issuing daily editions. Population
(1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State
Normal School was located here in 1895.
CHARLESTON, SfEOGA A ST. LOUIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis <t A'anwut City
RailrtHitl. )
CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavicr dr.
a celebrated French traveler and an early
explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France.
Oct. 29. 16H2. He entered the Jesuit Society,
and while a student was sent to Quebec'
( IBU5). where for four years he was instructor in
the college, and completed his divinity studies
In 1709 lit- returned to France, but came again to
Queliec a few years later. He ascended the St
I i iviirr. sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie,
and dually reached the Mississippi by way of the
Illinois Uiver. After visiting Cahokia and the
surrounding county (1720-81), he continued down
the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to
France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some
works on religious subjects, he was the author of
histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo
His great work, however, was the "History of
New France," which was not published until
twenty years after his death. His journal of his
American explorations appeared about the same
time. His history has long been cited by
scholars as authority, but no English translation
was made until 1865, when it was undertaken by
Shea. Died in France. Fol> 1 17fil
.
--.
88
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775,
and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although
reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary
in Northern and Western New York. In 1805,
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven,
Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio,
organizing a number of parishes and founding an
academy at Worthington; was consecrated a
Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon
College and Gambler Theological Seminary,
named in honor of two English noblemen who
hftd contributed a large portion of the funds.
Differences arising with some of his clergy in
reference to the proper use of the funds, he
resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency
of the college in 1831. and after three years of
missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to
England, he succeeded in raising additional
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a
charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop
from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept.
' 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen,
the most important being "A Plea for the West"
(1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography,
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in
the Author's Life" (1848).
CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of
Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), 62fl,
CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County,
on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail-
ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and
stock-raising district ; has two banks, three grain
elevators, five churches, a graded school, two
weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved
streets, cement sidewalks, btick works, and other
manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827; (1900), 1,038.
CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee
Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64
miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place
has two banks and one newspaper. Population
(1880). 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555.
CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at
Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after
ordination he became rector of Christ Church.
Chicago, and was prominent among those who,
under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum-
mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza-
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church,
Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873.
CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian,
was bom at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848,
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt..
where he grew up and received his primary edu-
cation. He acquired his academic training at
Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy,
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the
same institution. Having studied law, he was
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts
and New York; but meanwhile having written
considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly"
(now "Century Magazine"), while under the
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining
until 1894, when he accepted the position of
Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago,
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased.
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney
is the author of numerous essays on literary
subjects. His published works include "Thistle-
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems
(1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That
Dome in" Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen,"
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem
(1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild,"
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Canton Club's
edition of Derby's Phoenixiana.
CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo,
Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail-
roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast
of Bioomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago.
Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur-
rounding region. The city also has an electric
light plant, water-works, canning works and tile
works, besides two banks, seven churches, a
graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone
systems connecting with the surrounding coun-
try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,512.
CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer,
was born in Baltimore, Md. , July 6, 1813 ; at the
o
I
o
>
a
c
CA
88
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>K ILLINOIS.
CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop, was Ixirn in Cornish, Vt., Dec II. ITT'i,
and graduated at J'artmouth in 17'J">. Although
reared as a Congregationalist, lie adopted the
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary
in Northern and Western New York. In 1N<>.">,
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in
isll, spent six years as a rector at New Haven.
Conn. , then engaged in missionary work in Ohio,
organizing a number of parishes and founding an
academy at Worthington; was consecrated a
Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon
College and (iambier Theological Seminary,
named in honor of two English noblemen who
had contributed a large jxirtion of the funds.
Differences arising with some of his clergy in
reference to the proper use of the funds, he
resigned both the Pishopric and the Presidency
of the college in 1H31. ami after three years of
missionary labor in Michigan, in 183.1 was chosen
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to
England, he succeeded in raising additional
funds, and. in 1S3S. founded Jubilee College at
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a
charter was obtained in 1^17. He was a man of
great religious zeal, of indomitable [icrseverance
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop
from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept.
20, 18ri2. Several volumes appeared from his pen,
the most important lieing "A Plea for the West"
(182G), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography.
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in
the Author's Life" (ISIS).
CHATHAM, a village of Sanganum County, on
tin? Chicago & Alton Railroad, 11 miles south of
Springliulil. Population ( IN'.MIJ, lvj : ( l'.ino>, c.j'.i..
CHATSWOKTH. town in Livingston County,
on III. Cent, and Toledo. Peoria & Western Rail-
ways. 7'J miles east of Peoria; in farming and
stock raising district: has two banks, three grain
elevators, live churches, a graded school, two
weekly pa|>ers. water works, electric lights paved
streets, cement sidewalks, biick works, and other
manufactories. Pop. (IN'.HI), N,'7; (1!MJ), 1.03H.
t'HKISAXSK. a town in Iro<|iiois and Kankakpe
Counties. OTI the Illinois Central Railroad. l>4
miles south southwest from Chicago; the place
has two lianks and one newspaper. Population
(18SO), 72*: (1*U(>). lilli; (111011,), .VVi
CIIKXEV, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Kpiscopal Church, was liorn in
Cauandaigua. N. Y. . Feb. 12. 1830; graduated at
lloliart in 1*">7. and licgaii study for the ministry
of the Protestant Kpiscopal Church. .Soon after
ordination he became rector of Christ Church.
Chicago, and was prominent among those who.
under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum-
mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis
copal Church in 1*7:). He was elected Missionary
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza-
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church.
Chicago. Pec. 14. 1873.
CHKXEY, John Vance, author and librarian,
was born at (iroveland. N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848,
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt..
where he grew up and received his primary edu-
cation. He acquired his academic training at
Manchester. Vt.. and Temple Hill Academy,
Genesee. N. Y., graduating from the latter in
ISO,"), later liecoming Assistant Principal of the
same institution. Having studied law, he was
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts
ami New York; but meanwhile having written
considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly"
(now "Century Magazine"), while under the
editorship of Dr. J. CJ. Holland, he gradually
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining
until 1*94, when he accepted the jiosition of
Librarian of the Newlxsrry Library in Chicago,
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased.
Besides tw< Mir three volumes of verse. Mr. Cheney
is the author of numerous essays on literar\
subjects. His published works include "Thistle-
Drift." poems (1KS7); "Wood-Blooms, " poems
(JSSS), "Golden Guess," essays (1S92); "That
Dome in Air," essays (1 S 'J">); "Queen Helen,"
jmem (ls!(.")) and "Out of the Silence," |MKMII
(1*!>7). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild."
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1S!I2), and Caxton Club's
editiiin of Derby's Pin eni. \iana.
CHEXOA, an incorporated city of McLean
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo.
Peoria A: Western and the Chicago A- Alton Kail-
roads, 4M miles east of I'eoria, 23 miles northeast
of liloomington. and I o2 miles south of Chicago.
Agriculture, dairy fanning, fruit-growing and
coal-mining an* the chief industries of the sur-
rounding region. The city also has an electric
light plant, water works, canning works and tile
works, liesides t\vo banks, seven churches,- a
gradeil school, two weekly pajiers. and telephone
systems connecting with the surrounding coun-
try. Population (IS'JO). 1.22ii; (KM'). l.-">12
CHESBROrciI, Ellis S)lvostor,civil engineer,
was Ixirn in Baltimore. Md., Julvfi, 1813; at the
&
n
^i3-> - "I 1
~d 3Sfc\- 4 - . j,I .
SSSsfc-S^f: 1 ^
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
age of thirteen was cbainman to an engineering
party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being
later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con-
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles-
ton Railroad, and, in 1848, Chief Engineer of the
Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com-
missioner of the Water Department of that city.
In 1855, he became engineer of the Chicago Board
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity
designed the sewerage system of the city also
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the
office of Commissioner of Public Works of
Chicago in 18T9. He was regarded as an author-
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con-
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston,
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died,
August 19, 1886.
CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken-
tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A.
was educated principally in his native State, but
came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H.
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until
1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Clies-
nut was associated with many local business
enterprises, was for several years one of the
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same
place, and was Supervisor of the United States
Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880.
Died, Jan. 14, 1898.
CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph
County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal,
and is a prominent shipping point for this com-
modity; also has quarries of building stone. It
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890),
2,708; (1900), 2,832.
CHETLA1N, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue-
not stock his parents having emigrated from
Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba.
Having received a common school education, he
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first
to volunteer there in response to the call for
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in
1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers,
which General Grant had declined; participated
in the campaign on the Tennessee River which
resulted in the capturs of Fort Donelson anil the
battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at
Corinth, where he remained in command until
May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi-
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in
charge of the organization of colored troops in
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being
bre vetted Major-General in January, 1864. From
January to October, 1865, he commanded the
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla-
dega, Ala., until January, 186C, when he was
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain
was, Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District
of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United State*
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his
return to the United States establishing himself
as a banker and broker in Chicago.
CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County,
chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in
population in the United States.
SITUATION. The city is situated at the south-
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of
the extreme southern point of the lake, at the
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash-
ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis.
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles.
Latitude 41 52' north; longitude 87 35' west of
Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles.
TOPOGRAPHY. Chicago stands on the dividing
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence
basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its
highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi-
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,*
dividing into north and south branches about a
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering
science and skill have done much for it in the
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal
terminates at a point on the south branch of
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those
of the Illinois River.
COMMERCE. The Chicago River, with its
branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for
the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber,
stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the
i IIIC.XCi i TIM >K< >l (iHKAKtS
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS.
age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering
jiarty on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, lieing
later employed on other raids. In 18:57, he was
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con-
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles-
ton Railroad, and, in 1840, Chief Engineer of the
Boston Waterworks, in 18.>0 Incoming sole Com-
missioner of the Water Department of that city.
In 18."i."i. lie became engineer of the Chicago Board
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity
designed the sewerage system of the city also
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the
office of Commissioner of Public Works of
Chicago in 187!). lie was regarded as an author-
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con-
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston,
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died,
August 19, 18S6.
CHESM'T, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken-
tucky, Jan. 19, 1810, his father being a native of
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A.
was educated principally in bis native State, but
came to Illinois in 18110, read law with P. II.
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the
bar in 1S:J7, ami practiced at Carlinville until
18~>5, when he removed to Springfield and engaged
in real estate and banking business. Mr. I 'lies-
nut was associated with many local business
enterprises, was for several years one of the
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same
place, anil was Supervisor of the United States
Census for the Si.xth District of Illinois in 18SII.
Pied, Jan 11, 18HS.
CIIKSTF.K, the county-seat of Randolph
County, situated on the Mississippi Hiver, 70
miles south of St. Louis. It is the. scat of the
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the Slate
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal,
ami is a prominent shipping ]x>int for this com-
modity: also lias quarries of building stone. It
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (189(1),
-',708. (1900), 2,8:w.
CIIETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was liorn
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 20, 18-21, of French Hugue-
not stock his parents having emigrated from
Switzerland in 182:!, at lirst becoming members
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba.
Having received ,i common school education, he
became a merchant at Galena, and was the lirst
to volunteer there in response to the call for
troops after the Ixwnbardmeut of Fort Suinter, in
1*01, being chosen to the captaincy of a company
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers
which (ieneral Circuit had declined; participated
in the cam|Kiign on the Tennessee River which
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson anu the
1 t tie of Sliiloh. meanwhile being commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at
Corinth, where he remained in command until
May, i80:i, and organized the first colored regi-
ment raised in the West. In December, 18C-'i, he
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in
charge of the organization of colored troops in
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being
brevetted Major-General in January, 1804. From
January to Octolier, 18G."i, lie commanded the
jxjst at Memphis, and later the District of Talla-
dega, Ala., until January, 1800, when he was
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District
of Utah (1807-09). then appointed United States
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his
return to the United States establishing himself
as a banker and broker in Chicago.
CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County,
chief city of Illinois anil (1890) second city in
IKipulation in the United States.
SITUATION. The city is situated at the south-
west liend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of
the extreme southern jKiint of the lake, at the
mouth of the Chicago River; T15 miles west of
New York, T>!KI miles north of west from Wash-
ington, and 2fi() miles northeast of St. I -oil is.
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles.
Latitude 41 52' north: longitude s7 :!.">' west of
Greenwich. Area (1 *!>-<) , 1M> square miles.
TOPOGRAPHY. Chicago stands on the dividing
ridge lietween the Mississippi and St. Lawrence
basins. It is M'2 feet alnive sea-level. a:jl its
highest jMiint is some 18 feet ill Hive l^tke Michi-
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,
dividing into north and south branches about a
half-mile west, of the lake. The surrounding
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering
science and skill have done much for it in the
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan '.'anal
terminates at a point on the south branch of
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those
of the Illinois River.
CIIM.MKKI !:. The Chicago River, with its
branches affords a water frontage of nearly Gil
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for
the shipment and unloading of grain. ImnU-i
stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anfther navigable
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi-
cago River, with its branches, navigable for
vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been
widened and deepened. Well constructed break-
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the
port is ae safe as any on the great lakes. The
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels
arriving there exceeds that of any other port in
the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,309,443,
while 9,301 cleared, representing a tonnage of
7.185,324. It is the largest grain market in the
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity
of 33,550.000 bushels.
According to the reports of the Board of Trade,
the total receipts and shipments of grain for
the year 1898 counting flour as its grain equiva-
lent in bushels amounted to 333.097,453 bushels
of the former, to 289,930.028 bushels of the latter.
The receipts and shipments of various products
for the year (1898) were as follows:
Receipts.
Shipments.
Flour (bbls.) .
r).316,195
5,032,23H
Wheat (bu.) . .
35.741,555
38,094,900
Corn " . . . .
127.428,374
130,397,681
Oats "....
110,293,647
85,057,636
Rye " . . . .
4.935.30H
4.453.384
Barley " . . . .
Cured Meats ill.- ) .
18,116.51)4
UMMJM
6,75T>.247
923.627.722
Dressed Beef " . .
110.286,652
1,060,859.808
r.ive-stock Hogs
9.360.968
1.334.76H
Cattle
J. 480. 632
864.408
Sheep .
3,502,378
545,001
Chicago is also an important lumber market,
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being
1.562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork-
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount
of its products, there having been 93,459 cattle
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank
clearings and general mercantile business it
ranks second only to New York, while it is also
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu-
facturing establishments, with a capital of $292,-
477,038; employing 303,108 hands, and turning
out products valued at $632,184,140. Of the out-
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter-
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting
to $203,825,093; men's clothing came next ($32,-
517,226) ; iron and steel, $31,419,854; foundry and
machine shop products, $29,928.616; planed
lumber. $17,604.494. Chicago is also the most
important live-stock market in the United States.
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of
the city) are connected with all railroad lines
entering the city, and cover many hundreds of
acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049
animals (of all descriptions) , valued at $148,057,-
626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides
and leather, the production and sales being both
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac-
tured leather (notably in boots and shoes)
exceeds that of any other market in the country.
Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also
brick-making, distilling and brewing.
TRANSPORTATION, ETC. Besides being the chief
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to
no other American city as a railway center. The
old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad,
was operated in 1849, and within three years a
substantial advance had been scored in the way
of steam transportation. Since then the multi-
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing
through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In
1895 not less than thirty -eight distinct lines enter
the city, although these are operated by only
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of
railroad track are laid within the city limits.
The number of trains daily arriving and depart-
ing (suburban and freight included) is about
2.00U. Intramural transportation is afforded by
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four
tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches,
and numerous bridges connect the various divi-
sions of the city.
HISTORY. Point du Sable (a native of San
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of
Chicago other than the aborigines. The French
missionaries and explorers Marquette, Joliet,
La Salle, Hennepin and others came a century
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673.
After the expulsion of the French at the close of
the French and Indian War, the territory passed
under British control, though French traders
remained in this vicinity after the War of the
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed
Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc-
ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who
came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land
acquired from the Indians by the treaty of
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne
in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa-
cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement
established around it. The first Government
survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were
the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather
aided in developing the resources and increasing
r
<*>
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA ol-' ILLINOIS.
corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi-
cago River, with its branches, navigable for
vessels of deep draft. The harlMir lias also been
widened and deei>ene<I. Well constructed break-
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the
port is of safe as any on the great lakes. The
'ity is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels
arriving there exceeds that of any other |>ort in
the United States. During 1*97. 9. I'M vessels
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7.209, H2.
while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of
7.1S.">.:i24. It is the largest grain market in the
world, its elevators (in I s 97t having a capacity
..I':!2..'>r>0,oo0 bushels.
According to the reportsof the Hoard of Trade
the total receipt* and shipments of grain for
the vear 1HOH counting llonr as its grain equiva-
lent in bushels anioiuited ti> 383.007,4331 bushels
.if the former, to 2*9.920 ir,>s bushels of the latter.
The receipts and shipments of various products
fni the year (|M!ls> were as follows.
Receipts.
Shipments
Hour I bbls. )
5.311!, 195
5,0:12.230
U'heat (bu 1
35,74I..Vi5
:> 11:11 '.mil
i orn "...
127. t2H,:t7l
i:lo,:l'.i7.(isi
Oats "....
IIJ.2!Kt.B47
S5.057.IKM>
Hye
1 935.30N
1.453.3*1
ISarley "
-'is, 1111. .V.I 1
li. 755. 24 7
i 'tired Meats i Mi- i
229.iMl5.2Hi
923. 027.722
1 >ressed lieef
lin.2Nt!.li.V.'
I.ii(in.s5!i,sns
l.ive-stock Hogs
!).3lill.<HiN
1.331 ,7(i*
Cattle
'.'. t*o.i:tv.'
H<i4. IOS
Sheep
:j.502.37H
515.00!
< 'hicago is also an important lumber market,
the receipts in 1*95, including shiiiRles, lieinj;
I VW.527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork-
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount
of its products-, there having been 92.459 cattle
aud 7(50,. 114 hogs packed in 1 HIM -95. In bank
. hearings and general mercantile business it
ranks second only to New York, while it is also
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the
country. The census of IS<NI shows il.959 manu-
facturing establishments, with a capital of $29'-' -
177,03*; employing' 203.1118 hands, and turning
out products valued at $(KI2. IM4. 140. Of the out
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter
ing and mcat-|>acking establishments, amounting
to :ji203.s'.>5.<l92; men's clothing came next ($32.-
"i|7.22(i) ; iron and steel. *:>!. H9.R54: foundry and
machine shop products. s.".i !i"s r,ir, planed
lumber si; i;n| |<u Chicago is also the most
important live-stock market in the I'nited States.
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of
the city) are connected with all railroad lines
entering the city :iti.| .-iixfi- many Imndre.ls <>]'
acres. In 1N!I4. there were received S.7S8.049
animals (of all descriptions), valued at 148,057,-
02(5. Clm-ago is also a primary- market for hides
and leather, the production and sales lieing l)oth
of large pro]>ortious. and the trade in manufac-
tured leather (notably in lioots and shoes)
exceeds that of any other market in the country.
Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also
brick-making, distilling and brewing.
TRANSIIIKTATIOX. ETC. Besides U-ing the chief
|irton the great hikes. Chicago ranks second to
no other American city as a railway center The
old "(ialena <k Chicago Union," its tirst railroad,
was ojierated in 1H49. and within three years a
substantial advance had lieen scored in the way
of steam transportation. Since then the multi-
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing
through Chicago has lieen rapid and steady. In
1S9.1 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter
the city, although these are ojierated bv nnlv
twenty-two com|>anics. Some 2.WMI miles of
railroad track are laid within the city limits
The number of trains daily arri\ ing ami depart
ing i suburban ami freight included i is alxmt
'.'nun liitnnmiial trans|x>rtation is allorded by
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines Four
tunnels under the ( 'hicago River and its branches,
and miiiieniiis bridges connect the various divi-
sions l( f the city.
HlsToiiV I'oint du Sable la native of San
Doming*)) was admittedly the tirst resident of
Chicago other than the aliorigines. The Kreiich
missionaries and explorers Martjuette. Joliet.
I -i Salic. Mennepin and others came a century
earlier, their explorations l>eginning in 1673
After the expulsion of the French at the close of
the French and Indian War. the territory passed
under Itritish control, though French traders
remained in this vicinity after the War of the
Revolution One of these named I,e Mai followed
I'oint du Sable al>ut 17!6. and was himself suc-
ceeded by .John Kin/.ie, the Indian trader, who
came in IMS. Fort Deurlwrn was built near the
mouth of the Chicago Itiver in IH01 on land
aconircd from the Indians by the treaty of
(ireemille. concluded by (ien. Anthony Wavne
in ITil'i but was evacuated in 1*12. when most of
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa-
cred by the savages (See Fort Dmrliorn . ) The
fort was rebuilt in IMfi, and another settlement
established around it The lirst (iovernment
survey was made. |H^1.:JO. Karly residents were
the Kin/ies. the Wolcotts. the Mcuuhiens and the
Millers The Black Hawk War (!H#>) rather
aided in developing the resource* and increasing
o
u
V
u
5
I 2
U* *-*
Q
z
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
91
the population of the infant settlement by draw-
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of
mutual protection. Town organization was
effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial
crisis of 1837. ' During May of that year, how-
ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became
a city. The total number of votes cast at that
time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st
of July of that year showed a population of 4,180.
The following table shows the names and term
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to
1899:
Yu.
MA yon
CITY ri IKK
CTV ATTOBMBY.
CITY TRKAnmica.
1837
1S38
1839
1840
1M1
1842
1843
1844
1845
I84<
1847
1841
1849
1860
1851
1852
1833
1854
18U
IS58
1857
18S8
1859
I860
18S1
1862
1863
1864
18M
ItMM
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
187S
1876
1877-78
1879-80
1881-82
1863-84
1881-86
1887-98
1 1)89-90
1S91 92
JB9 W
18H-98
1ST7-1W
18
I. N. Arnold, eo. l>avt> , i
Oeo. Dav!a
Wm. H. Brackett
Thomas Hoyna
Thomas Hoyno
J. Curtis
N B Judd
Hiram Pearsons.
Hiram Pearsons.
Ueo. W. Dole.
W.8 Ournee, N.H. Boll*s(2)
N. H. Bolles.
F. C. Sheriuan.
Walters, yurnee.
Walters. Uurnee.
Wm. L. Church.
Wm. L. Church.
Andrew Uetzler.
Wm. L. Church.
Wm. I. Church.
Edward Manierre.
Edward Manierre.
Kdward Manierre
Edward Manierr*.
Uriah P. Harris.
Wm. F De Wolf.
0. J. Rose
C. N. Holden.
Alonzo Harvey.
Alonzo Harvey.
Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6;
W. H. Rice.
F. H. Cutttnc. W. B. Rlce(7)
David A. Gage
David A. Gage.
A. O. Throop.
A. O. Throop.
Wm. F. Wentworth.
Wm. F. Wentworth.
Wm. F. Wentworth.
David A. Gage.
David A. Gage.
David A. Oag*.
David A. Gage.
Daniel O'Hara.
Daniel O'Hara.
Clinton Brlggs.
Chas. B. Larrabee.
W. C. Selpp.
Rudolph Brand.
John M. Dunphy.
Wm. M. iwvme
C. Herman Plautz.
Bernard Roeelng.
Peter Klolbaaaa.
Michael J. Bransneld.
Adam Wolf.
Ernst Hummel.
Adam Ortaeifen.
N.B. Judd
Samuel I,. Smith
Mark Skinner
G*o. Manterre.
Henry Brown
u Manierre. Henry BrowniS)
Henry W. Clarke
Henry W. Clarke
Alexander Lloyd
F. C. Sherman
Ben). W. Raymond
Aug.Qarrett,Alson S.8hermaut 4>
Aug.Qarrelt.AlsonS.8herman<4l
John P. Cbapln
JamesCurtlai
Junta H. Woodworth
E. A. Rucker
K. A. Hncker, W in S. Hnm II. . r . 1
Henry B. Clark*
Henry B. Clarice
Patrick Ballinffall
(Jilea Hprinc
O R W Lull
Henry W. Zlmmermaa
1 Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
John Wentworth
H. Krelaman
H. Krelsman
Abraham Kohn
A. J. Marble
A. J. Marble
Oeo. F. Crocker
John Wentworth
JuIlanS. Rumeey
F. O. Sherman
Ira W. Buel
Oeo. A.Meecb
Daniel It. Driscoll
Daniel 1>. Driscoll
Jolin B. Hi.-e
Albert H. Bodman
Albert H. Bodman
Albert H. Hodman
Charles T. Hoichklsa
Charles T. Hotchkiss
Charles T. Hotchkiss
Haihrouck Davla
Israel N Stiles
R.B. Mason
R.B. Mason
JoiephMedlU
Joseph fitadllL
Israel stiles
Israel N Stiles
Harvey D. ColTln
Harvey D. Oolvln
Monroe Heath. (9> H. D. ColTln.
Jos. K.C. Forrest
Jo. K.C. Forrest
Egbert Jatuteeon
R.S. Tuthlll
Carter H. Harriaon
Carter H. Harrison
P. j. Howard
P. J. Howard
John a. NeameUter
C. Herman Plauiz
D. W. Nlckerson
Julius H. UriiiiH'll
Julius R. Orinnell
Julius 8. Orinnell
Hempstead Wasbburne
Hempstead Washburne
Carter H. Harriaou
John A. Roche
Hempstead Washburne
Carter H. Harrison. Oeo. B.
Swlft.dll John P. Hopkins ill I
Oeo B Swift
James B. B. Van Cleave
Chaa. D. Gastfield
Jamen K. B. Van Cleave
William Lofffler
William Lot-flier ..
Jacob J. Kern.a.A.TrudeUO)
i J'-i A. Trude
Carter H. Harriaon. Jr
Carter H. Harriaon, Jr. ...
MllesJ. Devine
Andrew J. Ryan . .
(10)
lit)
It I. N. Arnold resigned, and Oeo. Davis appointed, October, 1837.
2i Uurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor April 1840
3i Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 18.
K) Election of Uarrett declared Illegal, and Sherman elected at new elerii..n. lield April, 1844.
1 5 1 Brown appointed to flu vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker.
(6) Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to till vacancy.
7i Cutting having failed to qualify. Rice, who was already In office, held over
IB) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in offlca at beginning of lv remaining in t
to December o: that year.
|9| City organized under general Incorporation Act In 1873, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order (or a new
election omitted tbe office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council
then in office refused to canvass this vote, but Its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected
Oolvln, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest
for tbe office, which reaulted In a decision by the supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new
election was ordered by the City Council. July 12, 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term.
City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Oeo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the
term.
Mayor Harrison, baring been assassinated. October 28. 1893, tbe City Council at it neit meeting (November 6, 18931
elected <ie<>. R Swift (an Alderman from the Eleventh Ward I Mayor ad tnUrim At a special election held December 19,
13*3, John F. Hopkins was elected to flu out tbe unezplred term of Mayor Harrlann.
.
UISTUKU AL ENCYCLOPEDIA n|-' ILLIMU.v
the population of the infant settlement by draw-
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of
mutual protection. Town organization was
effected on August 10. 1S32. the total number of
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial
crisis of 137. During May of that year, how-
ever. :i charter was obtained and Chicago became
a city The total number of votes cast at that
time was UK'. The census of the city for the 1st
of July of that year showed a population of 4.180
The following table shows the names and term
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to
CITV Cl.KKft.
C'TY ATTHKMK\
OT\ TKK4MCHKK
IH37
1838
1939
It40
1841
1*42
IK43
1-44
-;'.
IMf>
1*47
tx48
i-rt
IH.W
IM.M
1852
IMM
lH. r ,4
IH55
IS.W
1K47
1H.V*
l*alt
1x60
ivtl
1-wiJ
1N3
IVrl
isrtS
1-'.'.
It7
IHtM
iHtia
1S70
IH72
1*73
1*74
1175
1876
1H77-78
1871* HO
iHCtf-M
ISK5 Hti
1VC-HH
iyi ;
iy in
iMtt -fi
i-:*7 if*
X. It. Judd
Hiram Pearsons.
Hiram Pearsons.
W.S <iurnee. N. H. BUm 2}
N. H I:-M. s
K. C. Sherman.
Walters. ,.?-,.
Walters ..'-.
Wm. L. Clnirch
Win. I. Church.
Wm. 1.. Church
Wm 1.. Church.
Kdwartt Manierre.
Kilwrtril Manierre.
! >! :ml Manierre
Kdward Manierre.
t'riah P. Harris.
Will. K lie Wolf
0.1 Rose
C N HoMen.
Alonzo Harvey.
Alonzo llarve>-
Alunzo Harvey . C. W Hunt (*
W II R-e.
F. II. CiHtiUK. W .11 Bice,?
l>avitl A.Uave
David A. UaKe
A.ti.Thr-Kip
A. O. Throop.
Wm F. Wentworth.
Win F. Wentworth.
Wm F Wentworth.
David A.tiatfe.
David A.dajce.
David A Oa^e.
David A Oatre.
Itaniel (I'Hara
Daniel o'Hjtn*.
Clinton Briifh*s
Chas. It Ijtrrahee.
W. C Seipp
Rn.lolph Bran.l
John M. lUinphv.
Win M. Irvine
(' Herman I'lautr..
ftenmril Uoesing
IVter Kmltiustia.
Michael J HransheM
Adam Wi.lf
Krnst Hummel
Win. H. Bracken
Bt-nj. W. Raymond
Augustus Garret t
AIIR < larretl.AIson S.ShermMn 4
Auy.Garrett. Alarm S.Hhermain4
John 1* Clmpin
James Ctirliss
James H. Woudworlh
James II. Wundwurth
.1 :uu.- Curtis*
Walters. Uurnee
J. Curtis
James M. Lowe
K. A. Rucker
Henrv Brown. .. ... .
tj Miimerre. Henrv llmwn ;d
ll.-nrv W.( larke' ...
Henry W. chirk*-
t 'harlrs H Lurrattee
Pairir-k BnllmKall.
Giles Spring
It W. Lull
Henry 11. Clark
Henry II. Clark
Arnu VOSH
Amu \ oss -
Patrick Bal!liif[*ll
K. A. Rucker.Wm s. Brown,:.
Henrv K. Clurke
Henrv It. Clarke..
Sidney AbeJ
Sidney A bell
Sidney A bell
Henry W. Zimmerman .
Henry W. Zimmerman .
Henry W. Zimmerman ..
Henry W. Zimmerman
Charles M. Gray
Henrv W. Zimmerman .. .
J K Marsh
Klhott Ai'tlio>
Albert H. Rodman
.Uhert II. Bodman
Albert 11 Bodmun
Alhert H. Rodman
\|!>ert H. Bodman
Charles T Holchkiss
Charles T. Hotchkiss
Charles T. Hotchkiss.
Charle* T Hotchkis
Jos K. C. Forrest
Jos. K. C Forrest
Daniel I>. Driscull..
Daniel It Driscoll
llashroiK-k liavia .
Hashrourk I>avis...
llasdroiu-k Imvis
Israel X- Stiles
Israel N. Stiles
Israel N snlf-
Israel N. Htiles
j L'>. - p Janiiesuti
Kffheri Jumieaoit
R S Tuthill
U.S. "I iin. Ill
i MI mi s. tirinnell
JuliiiM S. Orinnell .
Julius K Orinriell .
Hempatead Waiihhiirne
Hempstenil WanhhuriK-
JncohJ Kern, (i A Trudr.lOi
(lr. A. Trinle.
R..VO. West..
Mti-s.l. Ihxn.e .
A mlrew J. H> MII
JollU It Kir.- -
R B. Mason
R It Mason
Juteuh Medill
Joseph Medill
Harvey It. Ctvin
Harvey It. Colviu
Monroe Heath.. *> 11 1>. C..1vn
Ttnm.ua Hoyne, .
Monroe n .-.> :-
Carter H. Harmon
faspar Bill/. . .
P J Howard
Carter H. Harris* MI .
P. J Howard
Carter 11 Harrison. .
Curler H Harrison
John A Roche
Dewitt C Creuier
Hi-mpstcmt Wa*hhurne
Carter H Harrison <leo. It
Swift. 11. John P Hopkins 11
<leo. B. swift
Carter 11 Harrison Jr
Car|,-r II. Hurri*on,.1r
Joint . Neumetster
C. Herman Plautz .....
II. W. Xickerson
James It H. Van Cleave
Chan I' <!a*t!ield
James It. 11 \ HII Ch-ave
William l...-m.-r
Willmm I ...-ill.T
: Uiirnee resiKiieil. liullctt appointi>i| Ins successor April 1*40
Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his nuccevwir J"l.v. IM.:
41 Election of Oarrett decl r .-<| nie^til and Sheriimn eledeil al ne .-
. .-11 Brown appmnfd t. till vacancy causal by resiicnnlion ..f Rucker.
fii Harvey rt-siifned an<l Hunt ap|ointi-d to fill vacancy.
7> CuttiiiBhavituffaileil t..,,ualiry. Rice, who wa* already in nHbi- hi
N. LeK'slatur rhauged date >f election from April lo Novemlwr. the i
to L>ecember u.' that year
offlre HI lK-1,'11
City i-rK'ni.' t -(1 under
election omiltetl UK
then in ofUce refused to ca
Incornoriitioti Act in i-" 1 -. ai
Hi. -i- of Mayor, yet a popular vute wan tak<
ass tins vote, but its successor, at its first meeting-
A* hi
I April. H
mytoThu
;lid s.t. decta
> Tl r>
NH il .
HoytM
r fr a
TheC..
duly f*li->
i. i
.-.I
Colvin. the mcuinl>erit, refused lo surrender the ollice. ciaiimnc the rn;hi to " h..ld over." Hoyne then tuade'i
for the office which resulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying ! he claims of bi.th runte-
election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. lH7(i. at which Monroe" Healh was electetl serving out the term.
City Attorney Kara, having resigned November ji ii ' ' Geo A Trudc wan ai>|Hint>><l serve , ( 'j- me remainder of the
term.
Mayor Harrison, having been assassinatfHl October '>. 1*!<3. the Cn> Council at it" nezi meeting i Vvetnler 1892)
l*cl*>.KIeo. B Swift <an Alderman from the Kleventh War-1 . Ma>urM-I ...'.-,-.* \t rs(M-.-ial eie.-n,in l.el-i ii* -ember W,
IWS. Joha P Uupkiui was let<l to nil uut the utn-tpireil I.T f Ma>r Ilftrrin-Mi
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
THE FIRE OF 1871. The city steadily grew m
beauty, population and commercial importance
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the
"great fire" the story of which has passed into
history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt,
when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration,
although by no means so disastrous as that of
1871. The city's recuperative power was again
demonstrated, and its subsequent development
has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement
shows its growth in population :
1837
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
4,179
4,470
28,269
112,162
298.977
503,185
1,099,850
1,698,575
Notwithstanding a large foreign population and
a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago
has witnessed only three disturbances of the
peace by mobs the railroad riots of 1877, the
Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of
railroad employes in 1894.
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION. Chicago long
since outgrew its special charter, and is now
incorporated under the broader provisions of the
law applicable to "cities of the first class," under
which the city is virtually autonomous. The
personnel, drill and equipment of the police and
fire departments are second to none, if nov supe-
rior to any, to be found in other American cities.
The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the
city into three principal divisions, known respec-
tively as North, South and West. Each division
has its statutory geographical boundaries, and
each retains its own distinct township organiza-
tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how-
ever, both assailants and defenders.
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. Chicago has a fine
system of parks and boulevards, well developed,
well improved and well managed. One of the
parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The
water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction
new and better facilities are being constantly
introduced, and the existing water system will
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri-
can city.
ARCHITECTURE. The public and office build-
ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some
instances classical, but generally severely plain.
Granite and other varieties of stone are used in
the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build-
ings, as well as in many private residences. In
the business part of the city, however, steel,
iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most
largely employed in construction, the exterior
walls being of brick. The most approved
methods of fire-proof building are followed, and
the "Chicago construction" has been recognized
and adopted (with modifications) all over the
United States. Office buildings range from ten
to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the
largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000
occupants, including tenants and their employes.
In the residence sections wide diversity may be
seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about
equally popular. Among the handsome public,
or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the
Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of
Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the
railroad depots.
EDUCATION AND LIBRARIES. Chicago has a
public school system unsurpassed for excellence
in any other city in the country. According to
the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar
schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over
236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The
total expenditures during the year amounted to
$6,785,601, of which nearly $4,500,000 was on
account of teachers' salaries. The city has
nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings.
Besides pupils attending public schools there are
about 100,000 in attendance on private and
parochial schools, not reckoning students at
higher institutions of learning, such as medical,
law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical
schools, and the great University of Chicago.
Near the city are also the Northwestern and the
Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten-
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer-
ence purposes, maintained by public taxation,
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000
volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there
are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society
and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries the last
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by
public-spirited and liberal citizens all open to
1MY AFTER CHICAGO FIRE.
:.2 IIISToIMy.U, KNCYCI.
TIIK FIIH: OF 1*71. The city steadily grew HI
beauty, population and commercial im]iortance
until 1*71. On Oct. !l of that year occurred the
"great h're" the story of which has passed into
history. l!ecu|>eration was s|>eedy, and the 2. UK)
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt,
when, in 1*74. occurred a second conflagration,
although by no means so disastrous as that of
1*71. The city's recuperative power was again
demonstrated, and its subsequent development
has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement
shows its growth in imputation :
1837
IH40
|sr,o
4. 17!)
4.470
2N.S09
112,102
!)S 1)77
1ST! I
IHSO
IX'.NI
19UU
Notwithstanding a large foreign population and
:t constant army of unemployed men. Chicago
has witnessed only three disturbances of the
peace by mobs the railroad riots of 1N77, the
Anarchist disturliance of 1**G. and a strike of
railroad c'lnployes in 1*94.
Mrxicii'AL ADMIXISTUATIOX. Chicago long
since outgrew its s|cial charter, and is now
incor|>orated under the broader provisions of the
law. applicable to "cities of the lirst class," under
which the city is virtually autonomous. The
personnel, drill and equipment of the |M>lice and
lire depart ments are second to none, if noi supe-
rior to any, to IH- found in other American cities.
The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the
city into three principal divisions, known resjiec-
tively as North, South and West. Kach division
has its statutory ideographical boundaries, and
each retains its own distinct 'township organiza-
tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how-
ever, Ixitli assailants and defenders.
I't'iil.ic iMlMtnVKMKXTS. Chicago has a line
system of parks and boulevards, well developed
well improved and well managed. One of the
parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the
site ipf the World's Columbian K.\ posit ion. The
water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction
new and better facilities are lieing constantly
introduced, and the existing water system will
compare favorably with that ol any other Ameri-
can city.
AUCIIITKCTUHK. The public ami ollice build-
ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some
instances classical, but generally severely plain
iPKIHA OF ILLINOIS.
(iranite and other varieties of stone are used in
the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of
Trade structure, and in a lew commercial build-
ings, as well as in many private residences. In
the business part of the city, however, steel,
iron, brick and lire clay are the materials most
largely employed in construction, the exterior
walls l>eing of brick. The most approved
methods of tire-proof building are followed, and
the "Chicago construction" has lieen recognized
and adopted (with mod ilicat ions) all over the
Cnited States. Ollice buildings range from ten
to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the
largest will each accommodate 3.000 to .~>.000
occupants, including tenants and their employes.
In the residence sections wide diversity may In-
seen; thechaste and the ornatestyles lieing alxmt
equally popular. Among the handsome public,
or semi-public buildings may lie mentioned the
Public Library, the Newlierry Library, the Art
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of
Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the
railroad dejiots.
Eni'i'ATinx AMI LIIIHAHIKS Chicago has a
public school system unsurpassed for excellence
in any other city in the country. According to
the report of the Board of Education for ISJIH. the
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar
schools, liesides fourteen high schools, employing
.1.20* teachers and giving instruction to over
2311.000 pupils in the course of the year. The
total e 
