A treatise on cow-pox. In which the existence of small-pox, or varioloid in any form, subsequent to vaccination, is shown to arise from some imperfection in its performance, and not the result of inefficacy on the part of the vaccina to shield the system entirely from these diseases

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A TREATISE

COW-POX.

IN WHICH

THE EXISTENCE OF SMALL-POX, OR VARJOLOID IN ANY rORH,

SOBSEQUENT TO VACCINATION, IS SHOWN TO ARISE FROM

SOME IMPERFECTION IN ITS PERFORMANCE, AND NOT

THE RESULT OF INEFFICACY ON THE PART OF THE

VACCINA TO SHIELD THE SYSTEM ENTIRELY

FROM THESE DISEASES.

BY

DAVID R. HIBBARD, M.D.

LATE VACCINE PHYSICIAN TO THE NEW-YORK DISPBH6ABV.

K

NEW-YORK:
PRINTED BY HARPER & BROTHERS,

NO. 82 CLIFF-STREET.

183 5.

[Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835, by
David R. Hibbard, in the Clerk's Office of the Southern Dis-
trict of New-York.] I

TO

JOSEPH M. SMITH, M.D.,

professor of the theory and practice of physic

in the university of the state of new-yobk,

physician of the new-york hospital, etc.

Sir,
To you I respectfully dedicate this small work, as a
testimony of gratitude for the many acts of kindness
and attention shown to me while under your preceptor-
ship ; and also as a tribute of respect due to your dis-
tinguished talents, your persevering industry, and un-
wearied exertions for the advancement of the noble
science of which you are so bright an ornament.
Sir,
Your much obliged and sincere friend,
David R. Hibbard.

TO THE PUBLIC.

The opportunities which the author has enjoyed
for nearly six years past as vaccine physician of
the New- York Dispensary, have enabled him to
examine the subject treated of in the following
pages with advantages a private station could not
possibly have afforded him. Through the liberal-
ity of the city authorities, aided by the zeal of the
trustees of the Dispensary, he has likewise been
furnished with additional means for establishing
many important facts connected with the nature
and origin of this wonderful prophylactic. Upon
three several occasions during the last few years,
the Corporation of this city have generously pro-
vided for the keeping of cows, in order that pure
and efficient vaccine virus might be procured from
them. Thus supplied with the requisite means
for investigating this subject, the author deems it
his duty to present the public with the following
statement, as the result of his experiments.
a2

ADVERTISEMENT.

Seventeen cows were inoculated by him with
the Small-pox virus, each a number of times, in
order to excite, if possible, the Cow-pox in this
way, and thus to establish the identity of the two
diseases, — an opinion entertained and warmly ad-
vocated by a number of respectable physicians.
However, he was not able to produce the slightest
effect in the cow by means of that virus.

Another opinion at one period also prevailed —
that the Cow-pox originated from a disease affect-
ing the heels of horses, termed grease. To test
the validity of this, three cows were inoculated
with matter derived from this source, but without
effect.

By the use of Cow-pox virus he was more suc-
cessful, it having in several instances excited the
affection to all appearances precisely similar to
what is observed to mark it in the human species ;
although this experiment has not been attended
with uniform success. Last winter five cows were
carefully vaccinated by him, in two and sometimes
three places each, and at six different periods ; and
all without effect. Three of these were also inocu-
lated with the virus of Small-pox, and with the same
result.

The success which has attended him in his efforts
upon former occasions prompts him, notwithstand-

ADVERTISEMENT. 7

ing the disappointments attendant upon these recent
trials, to further efforts in this interesting field of in-
quiry. The fact that instances of Varioloid or mod-
ified Smali-pox are increasing, both in number and
severity, demands that vigorous efforts be made
to calm the apprehensions of the public on this
subject, and to inspire a proper confidence in the
efficacy of Covk'-pox. In the hopes of effecting
this, the author proposes to establish an institution
to be denominated the

"UNITED STATES VACCINE INSTITUTION

FOR THE

EXTERMINATION OF SMALL-POX;"

the immediate design of which will be to carry
into effect measures which shall tend most to the
accomplishment of this object.

Among the reasons which have led to this un-
dertaking, the following may be enumerated:—

1st. The little attention which the profession
generally pay to the subject of vaccination.

2d. The immense difficulty which physicians
experience to meet the demand for vaccine virus,
especially during the existence of Small-pox.

3d. The fact that, to have the vaccine virus
always pure, fresh, and genuine, the greatest pes-

8 ADVERTISEMENT.

sible attention should be given both to its insertion
and abstraction.

4th. That re-vaccination, to be at all satisfac-
tory, should in every instance be performed with
perfectly genuine and recent virus.

5th. The probability that Varioloid has arisen
from a deterioration of the vaccine virus, in con-
sequence of not returning sufficiently often to the
GOV? for a fresh supply (that nowr in common use
having been obtained by Dr. Pearson, of London,
as early as 1799), is one reason why vigorous and
persevering efforts should be made to procure the
virus again from its original source.*

6th. No physician, unless he devotes his exclu-
sive attention to the subject, can vaccinate more
than a very limited number of persons ; he is con-
sequently compelled frequently to resort to others

* During the year 1823 the Board of the National Vaccine
EstabMshment made numerous inquiries, through their extensive
correspondence with practitioners in all the dairy counties of
England, and no tidings could be received of the disease in the
cow ; whence it may fairly be considered as having been lost,
during a certain interval ; and were it not for the generosity of
government, supported by the laudable and active zeal of the
gentlemen who form the Board, the nation might have been alto-
gether deprived of the advantages derived from this happy dis-
covery. — John Marshall, M.D., vaccinator to the National Vac-
cine Estahlishment, London.

ADVERTISEMENT. »

for a supply of the virus. Is it not probable that,
conducted in this manner, the efficacy of the vac-
cine virus will become impaired, and that the dis-
ease thus imparted will not, at all times, be entirely
perfect and genuine ?

7th. The fact tliat no institution exists in Amer-
ica, having for its object the careful preservation
of the vaccine virus in sufficient quantities to be
able instantly to meet the demands which may be
made for it from all parts of the country, and thus
furnish the means for the immediate arrest of
Small-pox wherever it shall appear ; that the
institutions which pretend to pay attention to the
subject are charitable, and therefore but partial
and inefficient in their operations.

Finally. The certainty that entire immunity can
be afforded by vaccination against Small-pox as
well as Varioloid (the latter becoming, as it now
does, so frequent and alarming as to destroy in
some instances all confidence in the efficacy of
Cow-pox), an institution lilce the one now pro-
posed is deemed actually necessary to remove the
prejudices which exist and are increasing against
this, the most innocent and, at the same time, the
most perfect safeguard to Small-pox which has
ever yet been offered to mankind.

Such are some of the reasons which have led

10 ADVERTISEMENT-

to the adoption of the plan now in contemplation.
The author, having been engaged for several years
past as vaccine physician of the New-York Dis-
pensary, and having had ample opportunities of
qualifying himself for the undertaking, trusts that
the universal satisfaction he has given in that capa-
city will be a sufficient guarantee to the public
that the duties upon which he is now about to
enter will be faithfully and ably performed.

With these qualifications, he proposes to devote
his exclusive attention to this important branch of
his profession ; to resort to the cow frequently for
the virus, and to keep on hand a constant, gemiine,
&nd fresh supply of it.* By these means he hopes
to inspire confidence in the public in the efficacy

* A (letprioration of th© varcinR virus is not the only misfor-
tune which may be apprehended from inattention to this subject ;
that now already in use may be lost unless proper exertions be
made for its preservation.

In the summer of 1832, while the cholera spread desolation
and dismay throughout all ranks in this city, vaccination was
totally disregarded and neglected ; and for the space of probably
two months not an instance of that affection occurred in the
whole city. Immediately after that period, I made a general
inquiry among physicians for the virus, and received from some of
them vaccine scabs, which, being imperfect, proved ineffectual.
At last I obtained 6ne that succeeded ; and all the vaccine virus
now in use in New-York and the surrounding country has pro-
ceeded from it.

ADVERTISEMENT. 11

of vaccination, and the perfect protection against
Small-pox whicii it is calculated to afford ; and thus
to arrest the spread of one of the most loathsome
and direful diseases that ever infected the human
race.

The Institution will be located in the Bowery, a
few doors above Rivinyton-street.

A physician will be in attendance at all hours to
vaccinate those who apply for that purpose. All
who may wish to be vaccinated at their dwellings
will be visited by Dr. Hibbard.

The vaccine virus used in the Institution will be
carefully selected by Dr. Hibbaud, and the public
are assured that no efforts will be spared to render
it effective and worthy their confidence.

Physicians, in any part of the country, by trans-
mitting their orders, can be supplied with genuine
and recent vaccine lymph, or scab, upon the shortest
notice.

It is scarcely deemed necessary to say any thing
with regard to the immense importance of vacci-
nation. The late and present extensive prevalence
of Small-pox and Varioloid in this city and its
vicinity, should be a sufficient warning to all not
to neglect so mild, so safe, and so certain a pro-
phylactic, requiring for its performance no material
change in habits or mode of living, and which can

12 ADVERTISEMENT.

be performed with equal success at every age, and
at every season of the year. The striking dimi-
nution of mortality (especially among children)
wherever it has been practised, even in its present
imperfect manner, should be sufficient to convince
every one of its importance. The general intro-
duction of vaccination in the way now proposed
will undoubtedly lay the basis for the extermina-
tion of the Small-pox, — the greatest foe to beauty
and to human life with which mankind has ever
been afflicted.

To his professional brethren he can look with
confidence for support, as they must be aware of
the feeble and ineffectual method in which vaccina-
tion has hitherto been conducted in this country.

TREATISE

COW-POX.

LITERARY HISTORY OF THE COW-POX.

At what time the Cow-pox was first ascertained
to afford protection against the Small-pox is not
known. The fact, however, was for a long period
of years familiar to the inhabitants of Gloucester-
shire and Derbyshire, England, and also to those
of some parts of Switzerland. Authentic evidence
exists of inoculation for Cow-pox having been
performed as early as 1774, and immunity from
Small-pox thereby afforded ; but, it seems, such
was the extreme prejudice against this affection at
that time, on account of its origin, that very few
could be found who would submit to its inocula-
tion, notwithstanding the vast benefits which it
promised. To Dr. Edward Jenner we are in-
debted for the promulgation of the fact of the

14 TREATISE ON

antivariolous properties of the Cow-pox, when
communicated by inoculation. He was the first
to institute experiments, and examine the facts
connected with this important subject, and to pub-
lish them to the world. His first experiment was
instituted on the 14th of May, 1796 ; and Mr.
Moore, in his History of Vaccination, observes, —
" Such have been the results of what was done on
that day in an obscure country hamlet, that at this
moment the discovery has gone abroad over the
whole inhabited world ; and the name of Jenner,
or in strange languages a sound imitating his name,
is now articulated throughout the world by every
kindred, tongue, and nation."

Very shortly after Dr. Jenner had announced
the peculiar properties of the Cow-pox, in his " Ob-
servations on the Variolas Vaccinas," Drs. Pearson
«

and WooDviLLE, two eminent physicians of Lon-
don, entered with zeal and boldness into this new
field of investigation.

The latter of these gentlemen was physician to
the London Small-pox Hospital; and the advan-
tages afforded by the situation enabled him to
establish many of the important truths connected
with this subject. The reports to the public which
were made by these gentlemen attracted very
general attention, and the great benefits of the

COW-POX. 15

Cow-pox became thereby gradually more and
more extended.

Dr. Jenner pointed out clearly the following
facts; that a vesicular disease affecting the teats
and udders of the cow could be transferred by in-
oculation to the human subject ; that it might, by
the same means, be transmitted indefinitely from
one person to another; that when once the human
frame had felt its full influence, it was for ever
afterward shielded from the Small-pox. The truth
of these propositions subsequent experience has
i'ully confirmed.

The first announcement of Dr. Jenner's discov-
eries gave rise to the most violent and dishonour-
able opposition from those whom wanton malignity
or hopes of pecuniary emolument prompted to assail
him, — a wonderful testimony of the obduracy and
stubbornness of man ! For, while the protective
mantle of vaccina was thrown around thousands,
obviously shielding them from tlie searching influ-
ence of a most direful pestilence, there were still
those, claiming the suff'rage of mental integrity,
and holding the responsible station of guardians
to public health, who aimed at this aegis of Jenner
the most rancorous and piercing shafts. An un-
controlled animosity and determined recklessness
alone characterized their opposition ; and no Ian-

16 TREATISE ON

guage was too harsh, no falsehood too glaring, no
act too hostile. As illustrative of this I offer the
following quotation from a work by Ferdinand
Smyth Stuart, a grandson of Charles the Second,
who had represented in the frontispiece Dr. Jen-
NER and his coadjutors, cornuted and caudated,
feeding a monster with baskets full of infants. To
illustrate the plate he gives us the following: —

" A mighty and horrible monster — with the horns
of a bull, the hind hoofs of a horse, the jaws of the
krakin, the teeth and claws of a tiger, the tail of a
cow, — all the evils of Pandora's box in his belly, —
plague, pestilence, leprosy, purple blotches, fetid
ulcers, and filthy running sores covering his body, —
with an atmosphere of accumulated disease, pain,
and death around him — has made his appearance
in the world, and devours mankind, especially poor
helpless infants, not by scores only, or hundreds,
or thousands, but by hundreds of thousands."
Again — " The Cow-pox mange, or farce. Cow-pox
ulcers, with pus-green, green as grass, clearly de-
monstrating their bovine origin. Cow-pox evil, or
abscess Cow-pox mortification, is nothing in com-
parison to the brutalization of the noblest work of
the creation.

" Among the numerous shocking cases of Cow-
pox which I have heard of, I know not if the most

COW-POX. 17

horrible of all has yet been published, viz. — of a
child in Peckham, who, after being inoculated with
the Cow-pox, had its former natural mild dispo-
sition absolutely changed to the brutal, so that it
ran on all-fours like a beast, bellowing like a cow,
and butting with its head like a bull. For my
part," he adds, with philosophic skepticism, " I can
scarce think it possible, having had no time to
ascertain the truth."

Dr. MosELY, also, pretended to believe in the
brutalizing influence of vaccination, which has
drawn down upon him the following spirited and
humorous stanza : —

" Oh, MosKLY ! thy books, nightly fantasies rousing,

Full ofl make me quake for my heart's dearest treasures,
For fancy in dreams oft presents them all browsing

On commons, just like little Nebuchadnezzars.
There, nibbling at thistles, stand Jim, Joe, and Mary ;

On their foreheads, oh, horrible ! crumpled horns bud ;
Here Tom with a tail, and poor William all hairy.

Reclined in a corner, are chewing their cud."*

* Even in this enlightened day, and after the beneficial effects
of vaccination have been such as almost to banish the Small-pox
from various parts of the world, is it not a little astonishing that
a man so enlightened as William Cobbett should be found to ad-
vocate the abolition of Cow-pox inoculation from society, merely
<m account of its origin ? The day has long passed when the idea
B 2

18 TREATISE ON

Notwithstanding the villanous jests which it met
with on the one hand, and the gross misrepresenta-
tions and calumnies it encountered on the other,
the practice of vaccination continued to gain the
confidence and favour of the community. The
thousands and tens of thousands whom it enabled
to resist the Small-pox, the total extinction of that
pestilence in whole countries, and the security
against its importation which they enjoyed in
consequence of their inhabitants being effectually
shielded by vaccination from its malignant attacks,
compelled a subsequent class of opponents to as-
sail the doctrines of Jenner in a more subtle and
specious manner. Mr. Thomas Brown urged, that
though vaccination imparted protection /or a short
time, the security gradually decayed, and was at
length completely exhausted. This hypothesis
was brought forward with much parade and pre-
tention, and the sensation produced by the vaunt-

of the brutalizing influence of vaccination existed : nor does Cob-
bett rest his objection in any degree upon this ; no — his squeam-
ish antipathy to its source is all he has to urge : and what does
this amount to ? Suppose he should discover that the decompo-
sition of snakes in one part of Africa had created a pestilence,
and that this pestilence was the Small-pox ; would he still main-
tain that this scourge was "a manly disorder'!" — FidcGoBBETT's
Advice to Young Men, p. 198.

COW-POX. 19;

ing advertisements in the public papers of this
gentleman's book, induced the managers of the
Edinburgh Vaccine Institution to publish in oppo-
sition a report of facts, which we here tran-
scribe : —

" With regard to the facts which have occurred
in the practice of the surgeons of the Vaccine In-
stitution, which tend to confirm or confute the doc-
trine of the mere temporary protection afforded by
vaccination against Small-pox, the reporters beg
leave to state that the result of their experience is
in strict accordance with that of Dr. Jenner and
the other advocates of vaccination. They have
lately inoculated with Small-pox children who
were vaccinated eight or nine years ago, and find
that they completely resist the disease. They
have not been able to produce on them any more
than a local inflammation, which disappeared in
four or five days; they have almost every year
visited numbers of children who were vaccinated
during the first years of this institution ; and this
they have again done within these three months.
In this investigation they have found a great many
of those who were vaccinated in the year 1801 and
1802, that is, seven and eight years since, who have
been frequently and freely exposed, and especially
within these last six months, to the contagion of

20 TREATISE ON

the natural Small-pox, by playing, sleeping, and
otherwise mixing with children in all the different
stages of that disease without being infected." —
Pages 32 and 33.

There are abundant facts on record which prove
that the antivariolous powers of Cow-pox are per-
manent, or at least that they suffer no diminution in
the course of half a century.

Benjamin Jesty, a farmer of Downshay, Isle of
Purbeck, visited London in 1805, and afforded de-
cisive evidence of his having vaccinated his wife
and two sons in the year 1'774, who were thereby
rendered unsusceptible of Small-pox, as appears
from the frequent exposure of all the three parties
to that disorder during thirty-one years; and from
the inoculation of the two sons for the Small-pox,
fifteen years before.

Dr. Jenner has recorded cases of persons who
had been affected with Cow-pox, and had resisted
Small-pox upwards of fifty years ; and in a very
excellent report of the medical faculty of Kiel,
upon Cow-pox in the duchies of Schleswig and
Holstein, there is the remarkable case of a woman
then alive who had the Cow-pox when a year and
a half old, and had remained secure against Small-
pox infection for sixty years ! In another case the
protection had then lasted fifty-six, and in many

COW-POX. 21

forty, thirty, and twenty years !* The experience,
then, of our predecessors, as well as our contem-
poraries, decidedly prove that the antivariolous
powers of Cow-pox do not decrease or wear out
by length of time.

I cannot, however, pass over this part of my
subject without noticing the attempt of the late
celebrated and highly-gifted Dr. Geouge Gkegory
to elucidate the subject of the origin of Varioloid
by deductions from this erroneous hypothesis : —
" When," says the doctor," the arm of a vaccinated
child exhibits a small vesicle with an imperfectly
formed areola, the whole process being completed,
and the scab falling off within fourteen days, I am
always induced to state to the parent, who may
express a feeling of anxiety that her offspring pos-
sesses any susceptibility to Small-pox — that the
process of vaccination will give a temporary secu-
rity to the child, that for a certain number of
years the child will not be susceptible of Small-
pox ; but that, at some future period, revaccination
will be necessary in order to complete that satura-
tion of the system with the vaccine influence,
which circumstances at present preclude it from
receiving."! Upon what grounds Dr. Gregory

* Medical Repository. 1 London Medical Gazette.

32 TREATISE ON

could hold up this view of the subject as an essen-
tial feature in the theory of vaccination, I am at a
loss to conceive. He evidently assigns to it a tem-
porary security only, and that, too, in proportion
to the regularity with which the vaccine disease
had progressed. This is admitting two proposi-
tions which experience is certainly opposed to:
1st, that even an irregular vesicle vii'iW fully shield
the system for any length of time ; 2d, that the
vaccina loses its protective powers by age.

The frequent appearance after vaccination of
Varioloid, in one or other of its Protean forms,
entitles it to much consideration in the following
pages. I expect to present conclusive evidence to
prove that its occurrence at any time subsequent
to vaccination is a consequence of some imperfec-
tion in the process of vaccinating, and not a failure
of power on the part of vaccine to shield the system
against the Small-pox. It was the remark of the
immortal Jenner, that when once the system had
felt the full influence of the Cow-pox, it was never
after assailable by Small-pox. This is a clearly
established truth, and, as I hope to show, merits
the utmost confidence of the community.

COW-POX. 23

ON THE SOURCE AND CAUSES OF COW-POX.

When Dr. Jenner first directed his attention
to the nature and effects of the Cow-pox, he con-
ceived that it took its origin from the disease affect-
ing the heels of horses, called grease. It is said,
however, that after much attention to this subject,
he finally came to the conclusion that it was an
affection springing up spontaneously in the cow,
and in every respect peculiar to her.

This point has given rise to a great diversity of
opinions, and the origin of Cow-pox is at the present
day a grave subject of speculation. Some imagine
that the disease, as it exists in the cow, is actually
the Small-pox, modified simply by the peculiar con-
stitution of that animal ; others regard the affection
as springing originally from some other order of
the animal creation, and appearing in the cow in
the form of the mild vaccina. Both these hy-
potheses are purely conjectural ; but as the first
has created some considerable speculation, it may
be well to examine cursorily its merits.

24 TREATISE ON

In the first place, cows have been many times
inoculated for the Small-pox, but have uniformly
resisted its influence. If the Cowr-pox in the cow
be originally derived from the Small-pox in man,
how is it possible that that animal should not have
been subject to the disease in any other regions ex-
cept two or three counties in England, Switzer-
land, and America ; while, on the contrary,
Small-pox has ravaged every part of the habit-
able globe ?

Again ; if the Small-pox in man will excite in
the cow the affection we term Cow-pox, we ought
to conclude, from what we know of the laws govern-
ing these diseases, that the Cow-pox in the cow
would, if transferred to man, reproduce in him the
Small-pox, and nothing milder or different. The
mildest Small-pox we behold in man, when it
amounts but to a few scattered sores, does not
communicate to others the disease a whit less
malignant on account of its own mildness. More-
over, Small-pox is communicable through the
atmosphere in the most subtle and disguised
manner ; Cow-pox, on the contrary, is never
communicated but by actual inoculation. Small-
pox excites a general eruption of sores upon the
surface, while the Cow-pox excites a sore only
where the virus is inserted. Finally, the vesicles

COW-POX. 25

themselves are different: they differ very con-
siderably in shape ; do not exhibit the same ap-
pearances, when compared together from day to
day, during their progress ; do not possess the
same internal structure, nor are the scars which
they leave of the same peculiar aspect and feature.
From whence it may be inferred, conclusively,
that notwithstanding the two affections rgsemble
•each other in some few of their general features,
— such as the period each requires to complete its
course ; the size, shape, and colour of the vesicles ;
the scars they produce, as well as the insensibility
each creates in the system, not only to its own recur-
rence,but to the recurrence of the other, — they are,
nevertheless, two separate and distinct diseases,
each governed by its own peculiar laws. There-
fore, from the pre'sent state of our knowledge, we
must conclude that the Cow-pox is a disease origin-
ating spontaneously in the cow, — is peculiar to that
animal, — " and never appears in her but once."*

The strongest evidences I have met with in sup-
port of this opinion, I obtained some time since
from a very intelligent gentleman residing in the
vicinity of New-York, who keeps quite an exten-
sive rfaiVy. He remarked that it is customary

* Dr. George Pearson, p. 27.
C

26 TREATISE ON

for him, early in the spring, to procure a number
of cows from the country ; they are taken directly
from their simple food and common fare, brought
to his stables, and fed high upon some warming,
stimulating mess which he prepares; and by this
process their usual quantity of milk is vastly in-
creased in a very short time. The consequence
is, that.the cow will sometimes refuse to eat for
several days, and manifest evident signs of being
unwell. During this period a vesicular eruption
will appear upon her teats and udder; the little
vesicles will increase in size and fulness for several
days ; and, finally, if not irritated and rubbed, dry
away into scabs. As this process is going on, the
cow gradually recovers her appetite. To satisfy
himself of the nature of these eruptions, he in-
formed me, that upon one occasfon he took matter
from one of these little vesicles, with which he in-
oculated himself, and that it produced the Cow-
pox in the most perfect and genuine form. He
has since been repeatedly vaccinated, but has thus
far remained entirely insensible to its action. The
scar which resulted from the inoculation I have
examined, and can attest to its bearing every mark
of a genuine vaccination.

COW-POX. 27

OF THE COW-POX IN MAN.

From a day aWd a half to two daj-s after the
vaccine virus has been inserted, a small red point
may be perceived to mark tlio spot, which, being
pressed gently, and the fingers at the same time
drawn carefully over it, will yield a sensation like
that from a very small hard body situated beneath
the surface of the skin. The redness, likewise,
will be perceived to vanish during the pressure,
but to return instantly upon its removal. This is
the first evidence of the action of the vaccina.
The inflamed point now slowly and gradually
enlarges. Towards the fifth day it takes on that
peculiar action of secretion which is one of the
most grand and beautiful features of this affection.
A particle of clear and transjiarent virus may be
perceived to have formed during the course of the
day, and to be deposited at the very extreme cir-
cumference of the yet incipient vesicle ; the cuticle
around the centre begins to be raised and separated
from the structure beneath, under which clear and
watery lymph is deposited. The lymph continues
gradually to increase, filling out the extreme edges

28 TREATISE ON

of the vesicle, while the centre remains unaltered
and in its natural state.

As the affection progresses the secretion of the
virus continues, and the surrounding edges become
more full, and more prominently elevated above
the centre.

On the eighth day the vesicle continues to in-
crease in diameter and elevation ; its circular
margin becomes more prominent and distended,
from the continued formation of the virus, while
the depression of the centre becomes proportion-
ably deeper. The vesicle is now fully formed ;
and if at this time punctured with a lancet, the '
clear and transparent virus will flow out in small
crystalline drops upon its side. At this time the
virus is perfect, and fit for use, — and at this time
only. A few hours later an important change
takes place in the vesicle, which renders the lymph
quite unfit for the purposes of vaccination. I
allude to the formation of the areola. This was
regarded by the immortal Jenner as a sacred
boundary, which should never be passed over in
procuring the virus ; and nothing more clearly dis-
tinguishes this great man as an accurate observer,
than the importance which he has attached to this
point. The areola commences very soon after the
vesicle has reached its height, generally towards

COW-POX. 29

the evening of the eighth day. It consists of a circle
of inflammation around the vesicle of a deep florid
colour, commencing from its base, and gradually
extending, as it were, by irradiation, for about two
inches. The structure beneath becomes at the
same time hard, tumid, and painful ; and this con-
tinues until the redness around the vesicle begins
to disappear, or from the eighth until the eleventh
day of the affection, during which period the indi-
vidual sometimes experiences slight symptoms of
general indisposition. As the areola advances,
the inoculated part becomes tender to the touch ;
an obtuse pain is frequently felt, extending from
it along the inside of the arm to the axilla. The
axillary glands swell and become painful, par-
ticularly on moving the arm. With these local
symptoms the whole system more or less sympa-
thizes ; and restlessness, chilliness, languor, a dis-
inclination for food, headache, and stifiiiess of the
joints, sometimes supervene.

As soon as the areola, or inflamed circle around
the vesicle, commences, the fluid within the vesicle
begins also an important change. Hitherto it had
been pearly, and clear as the morning dew ; how-
ever, as the areola advances, it may be perceived
to assume a slightly yellowish tinge ; and as the
centre of the vesicle becomes darker and darker
c 2

30 TREATISE ON

in its gradual conversion into a scab, this change
of the virus becomes more and more perceptible,
until, in the latter stage of the affection, it is in
every respect perfectly formed pus.

During the course of the ninth day, the areola,
or efflorescence, around the vesicle increases, and
the parts immediately beneath become hard, tumid,
and painful. The vesicle itself becomes more dis-
tended with the lymph, so that it now projects con-
siderably above the swollen surface, while the de-
pression in the centre of the vesicle is, at this
period, very striking. A light yellowish point in
the centre marks the commencing formation of the
scab. The fluid contained within the vesicle may
already be perceived, by careful attention, to have
changed slightly both in its consistency and colour.
The change in these respects must necessarily be
considerable, to enable the eye to distinguish it thus
early. The free motions of the arm begin at this
time to be more particularly restrained.

On the tenth day the vaccine tumour reaches its
height. The arm feels sore, stiff, and heavy. The
areola around the vesicle measures two inches in
diameter, the pock itself about one-quarter of an
inch ; the fluid contained within the pock has now
become of a yellowish colour, and of a slightly
viscid consistence. A scab at this time of a

COW-POX. 31

darkish yellow, or light mahogany colour, occu-
pies all the central part of the pock.

On the eleventh day the redness around the vesi-
cle begins to fade away, as also the swelling and
hardness of the vaccine tumour. The fluid con-
tained within the vesicle increases in thickness and
viscidity; the pain in the armpit, and soreness and
stiffness of the whole limb, which have been hither-
to experienced, are now very considerably dimin-
ished. The process of desiccation has still further
advanced, and the pock gradually assumes a darker
hue, although at its circumference may yet be seen
the yellowish viscid fluid within.

On the twelfth day the pain and stiffness of the
limb are no longer felt ; the redness around the pock
has nearly disappeared, as also the swelling of the
part. A light mahogany-coloured scab now covers
almost its whole surface, which is by degrees turn-
ing darker, and becoming more hard and concrete.
Underneath the scab the yellowish matter is still
retained, but is gradually becoming more and more
consistent, and hardening into a scab.

After the twelfth day the soreness of the arm.
entirely disappears, the crust, or scab, continuing
from day to day to dry away, and assuming a more
compact form, until it completely hardens into a
crust. A few days after this its edges begin to be

32 . TREATISE ON

loosened and slightly raised, till, finally, about the
twenty-first day it drops off, leaving the surface
beneath covered with the remains of the dried
cuticle. " Such are the peculiar symptoms and
features which mark the rise, progress, and termi-
nation of the vaccina."

Ifjduring the action of the vaccina upon the sys-
tem, other affections supervene, as whooping-cough,
derangement of the bowels, a fever from worms,
or the irritating process of teething, the general
irritability of the system will be increased, and all
the symptoms attendant upon the vaccina will be
proportionably augmented.

CAUSES WHICH MODIFY THE REGULAR ACTION
OF THE VACCINA.

The most ample opportunities have been af-
forded me at the New-York Dispensary for ob-
serving the progress of the vaccina, under all the
varied forms which it can assume ; yet, in entering
upon this important part of the subject, I am con-
strained to say, that so great is its diversity of ac-

COW-POX. * 33

tion, and so numerous are the causes modifying its
regular progress and perfect development, that I
cannot disguise from myself the difficulty I en-
counter in portraying them satisfactorily.

Idiosyncrasy, however, appears in this, as in all
other diseases, to hold its rank among the modify-
ing causes. Many writers on this subject have
mentioned cases not susceptible of Cow-pox ; seve-
ral have fallen under my own observation, which,
although vaccinated under the most favourable cir-
cumstances possible, have, nevertheless, been in-
capable of being affected by it.

One case, among the many, I would mention, of
a young man who, having been vaccinated in in-
fancy without effect, applied to me for the purpose
of having it repeated ; being at the time exposed
to the contagion of Small-pox. As children were
daily returning to the institution, with regularly
formed Cow-pox vesicles on their arms, ample
opportunity was afforded me for effectually test-
ing its powers in the present case ; but, although
the lymph was employed in a liquid state, from
vesicles seven, eight, and nine days old, and no
less than twenty-three times in succession, in neither
instance did it produce the slightest effect; nor
did the individual experience any evil consequence
from his exposure to the Small-pox. I have like-

34 * TREATISE ON

wise, after repeating the vaccination in a careful
manner, and for a sufficient number of times, to do
away with any apprehension of fault in the process,
inoculated the Small-pox virus several times, but
without exciting any more than a slight redness
of the part, which disappeared in three or four
days.

I have met with other cases no less remarkable
in the opposite extreme ; and having instituted re-
vaccination, or super-vaccination (as Dr. Gregory
calls it), to a very great extent — probably upon
more than five thousand persons, — I was thus fur-
nished with a criterion by which to estimate the
comparative number of those who were unsuscep-
tible, as well as those extremely predisposed to this
disease ; and I would state, as a curious fact, that
the ratio is almost numerically the same. The
most susceptible exhibit upon a re-vaccination the
disease in almost a perfect form. There may be
some slight difference between the vesicles pro-
duced by a Jirst vaccination and by that of the
second; but it would be so trifling as not to excite
the attention of an ordinary observer. The only
difference would consist in its being smaller, and
not attended with so extensive inflammation ; but
it is accompanied by a greater degree of itching,
and the earlier formation of a scab. Persons ex-

COW-POX. 35

tremely predisposed to Cow-pox will be, upon a
first vaccination, affected by it in a magnified form.
The vesicle produced will be much larger, seated
upon a more tumefied and inflamed base, accompa-
nied by a greater soreness in the armpit, and a
greater degree of general irritability.

If, after these appearances have been manifested,
a re-vaccination be instituted, a vesicle will be
produced, possessing all the characteristics of the
genuine Cow-pox, with this difference only, that it
will run its course some days sooner.

I vaccinated in April, 1834, Miss M., aged
thirteen years. She had not been previously vac-
cinated. Eight days after, a vesicle resulted of a
very large size. On the ninth day the areola mea-
sured one inch and a half in diameter. On the
tenth day it extended from the shoulder to the
elbow. On the eleventh it reached below the
elbow ; the arm was much tumefied ; she expe-
rienced great pain in the armpit, and stiffness of the
whole limb, attended with considerable fever; the
vesicle itself was very much elevated, and over an
inch in diameter, perfectly circular, having a small
brownish scab in its centre.

On the twelfth day the fever abated. The in-
flammation around the vesicle faded nearly away, a
general yellowish hue taking its place. The sore-

36 TREATISE ON

ness and tumefaction had also quite disappeared, the
scab covering almost the whole vesicle. On the
sixteenth the scab was perfectly formed ; on the
twenty-lhird it dropped off. The scar resulting
was large, superficial, and presented an unusual
number of small indentations or cavities on its
surface.

I again vaccinated Miss M. in May. The eighth
day after, a vesicle was produced, with its margin
distinctly elevated above its centre. The vesicle
was clear and pellucid, — the areola just commenc-
ing. On the tenth the areola measured two inches
in diameter ; the centre of the vesicle was de-
pressed, and the circumference elevated above it ;
the vesicle itself being one-third of an inch in diam-
eter. On the thirteenth the areola quite disappeared.
On the nineteenth the scab dropped off.

On the twenty-third of June I again repeated the
vaccination. A vesicle was formed on the sixth
day, with edges elevated above the centre, though
not in so marked a degree as in the preceding in-
stances, nor was the areola so extensive, nor the
arm so stiff and sore. A more disagreeable itching
was, however, manifested. The redness and tu-
mefaction continued until the ninth day, when they
disappeared, and the whole terminated in a small
conical scab, which fell off on the thirteenth day.

COW-POX. 37

I repeated the vaccination in this case three times
afterward, and discovered that in each instance it
produced a marked and decided effect, although
each subsequent inoculation was less than that
which preceded it. Thus I succeeded six different
times in exciting a disease by re-vaccination, more
or less resembling that of a first vaccination. It
now remained to test whether there still existed
any susceptibility to the further action of Cow-pox
virus. I therefore instituted re-vaccination, and
repeated it from time to time with every possible
care, and under the most favourable circumstances,
but not the slightest redness of the part could be
excited by the virus.

It only remains for me to add, that I have vacci-
nated upwards of one thousand persons, repeat-
ing, in the above manner, one inoculation after an-
other, and met universally with the result I have
mentioned.* I have also, after having first fairly

* It is a fact worth noticing, that the vaccine virus, when in-
serted into the arm of a person who has previously been vacci-
nated, or has had the Small-pox, will excite an inflammation
much more quickly than when inserted for the first time. The
spot to which it is applied will, if it produce any effect what-
ever, exhibit the appearance of a small pimple, resembling very
much that caused by a moscheto bite, attended by more or less
surrounding inflammation. This will itch very considerably for
a day or two, according to the extent of the inflammation pro-
P

38 TREATISE ON

satisfied myscU' that the individual was no longer
susceptible of the action of the vaccine virus, in-
serted the virus of the Small-pox ; but in no case
has it excited more than a redness of the part,
which passed off by the third or fourth day. From
these facts it follows incontcstabjy that by a single
operation of the vaccina upon the system, its full and
complete energy is not in every instance exerted,
and that some persons are so constituted by nature
as to be affected by the Cow-pox several times
before that sensibility or predisposition to it is
entirely eradicated.

Small-pox will sometimes supervene during the
action of the Cow-pox upon the system : under
such circumstances, the severity of the farmer will
be mitigated in proportion to the length of time
which the latter has progressed prior to its appear-
ance. When both commence their career at the
same time, the severity of the Small-pox is les-
sened but in a slight degree ; and, at the same
time, the irregularity of the Cow-pox is much more
considerable: on the contrary, when the Small-
pox does not manifest itself until the twelfth or
fourteenth day after the Cow-pox has commenced

duced, and Ihen quickly die away, leaving, probably, a small
amber-coloured scab, having its_ edges slightly coiled upon itself.

COW-POX. 39

its course, it will appear in tlie form of the vario-
loid, and be mild or severe according as the indi-
vidual is more or less naturally predisposed to this
particular disease.

Cutaneous diseases not only disturb the regu-
larity of the vaccina, but interfere extensively with
its prophylactic influence upon the system. Those
eruptions on the skin which arc more immediately
connected with disturbance of the digestive organs,
have a much greater influence upon the vaccine
process than those which are unattended by any
such derangement. It is important that the effects
which these various classes of diseases are capable
of producing, should be duly estimated by those
who superintend the vaccination.

Chronic aflections of the skin, especially those
of long standing, as porrii^o, or scald-head, appear
to exert but a very trilling influence over the pro-
gress of the vaccina. However, it is extremely
probable that the protecting influence of :hc vacci-
nation in these cases will fail to shield the system
entirely from S mall- pox ; therefore, it is important
that re-vaccination be instituted as soon as the in-
dividual shall become exempt from these aflections,
in order that the full effects may be afforded.

The presence of itch (scabies) does not appear
to influence in any marked degree the regular ac-

40 TREATISE ON

tion of the Cow-pox. I have repeatedly known
them to exist together, and, notwithstanding, the
Cow-pox has passed through its various stages
without any appreciable imperfection of its char-
acter.

The more aggravated form of this disease has a
much greater control over the vaccine process,
and will sometimes prevent its action altogether.
Whenever vaccination is performed under these
circumstances, it should always be regarded as
affording but a partial immunity; and a re-vacci-
nation should always be instituted, whenever the
individual becomes exempted from it.

Many other causes prevent the'vaccina from im-
parting its full influence to the system, which re-
quires, on the part of the physician, the most criti-
cal attention. Among these may be enumerated
worms, the irritating process of teething, diarrhoea,
or other affections of the bowels, — colds, whooping-
cough,* ophthalmia, scrofula, &c. ; and although
circumstances may render the vaccination at the

* Whooping-cough is often very much lessened in its severity
by vaccination, particularly if it be so contrived that both arrive
at their height simultaneously. In order that the full benefit of
vaccination ma/tie obtained, it is necessary that the operation be
performed in two or three places upon both arms. When thus
managed, its effects upon the system is considerably augmented.

COW-POX. 41

time advisable, still a perfect exemption from
Small-pox should never, under tliese circum-
stances, be expected ; on the contrary, after the
system has become freed from these affections, a
re-vaccination should promptly be instituted, as
they tend to preclude that full and perfect influ-
ence of the vaccina upon the system which is
necessary to completely shield it from Small-pox.
The existence of Small-pox after vaccination
will not be esteemed so surprising an event, when
we consider how often the vaccina is forced upon
the system when it is least fitted to receive it. In
former times, when inoculation for the Small-pox
was in vogue, the utmost care was taken to pre-
pare the system beforehand for its reception. For
this purpose one or two weeks were spent in diet-
ing and taking medicine. This had a twofold
effect : the Small-pox was rendered more mild and
safe, and the system being thus clear from other
affections, it received its first impression so fully

Its tendency is to shorten the paroxysms as well as mitigate the
severity of the cough; and also to abridge the duration of the
disease itself. The period of the cough at which vaccination
would be most likely to prove beneficial, is when it has become
perfectly established, or about the second week from its coni-
mencement.

u2

42 TREATISE ON

and perfectly as never after to be susceptible of its
recurrence. *

In inoculating for Cow-pox nowadays, we wit-
ness quite a different practice. Suppose a phy-
sician has half a dozen children to vaccinate, — the
fdllowing are the steps taken for its accomplish-
ment : — He begs of his brother physician a point
of vaccine virus, with which he inoculates one of
these children. Eight days after, he calls to ex-
amine the state of the disease. He finds it ad-
vanced sufficiently far to enable him to procure
from it the necessary quantity of virus wherewith
to inoculate the others, who are then, of course, all
vaccinated, taking for granted that nothing extra-
ordinary affects them at the time. Any slight de-
rangement of the system is necessarily overlooked,
for this does not constitute a sufficient impediment
to the immediate introduction of the vaccine virus,

* The practice of vaccinating only in a single place, and thus
producing but one vesicle, has likewise been the cause of much
disappointment in imparting security from Small-pox. The
risk of the vesicle's being irritated by the clothing, or some other
cause, or of its even being broken open by an accident, and above
all, the probability of its being intruded upon designedly, and
robbed of its lymph, teaches us the importance of vaccinating in
more than one place. Therefore, in order to derive the full
benefit of vaccination, at least one vesicle should be suffered to
pass through its various stages, unirritated and unmolested.

COW-POX. 43

which is now at hand, and the inoculation cannot
be foregone. The children are therefore all vac-
cinated. What now is the result ? Does the phy-
sician return sufTiciently often to observe the pro-
gress of the disease he has excited, to enable him
to judge whether it be in every particular perfect
and genuine ? Or are there any witnesses com-
petent to pronounce that security from Small-pox
has resulted from the vaccination? If the physi-
cian sees the children afterward, it may be because
he wishes to procure a further supply of the vac-
cine virus ; or, perhaps, he entertains a particular
partiality for the family, and would pay them a
special attention. But even in that case how
often docs he return ? Is it sufficiently often to
be assured that the Cow-pox progressed unmo-
lested, arrived at maturity, faded away, and with-
out the intervention of any cause, throughout its
whole progress, calculated to interrupt its regu-
larity and thwart its beneficial effects upon the
system ? And if in any case a marked irregu-
larity has taken place, is a re-vaccination carefully
instituted ?

The opposite of tliis is too well known to need
any special notice here. Children arc often vac-
cinated who at the time are labouring under some
derangement of the system, which is sulRcient to

44 TREATISE ON

interrupt tlie regular progress and perfect develop-
ment of the disease. Re-vaccination was not, until
very lately, practised to any considerable extent ;
and the consequence is, that very many persons
are at this moment suflering from the Small-pox,
in a milder or more aggravated form, owing,
doubtless, in a great measure, to that want of
proper attention and care above alluded to in the
conduct of vaccination.

EVIDENCES OF A PERFECT CONSTITUTIONAL
AFFECTION.

The responsibility of the physician is never
greater than when he assumes the guardianship of
his patient from that loathsome and direful pesti-
lence the Small-pox ; and consequently it becomes
of the highest importance to ascertain the period
when vaccination has afforded entire immunity
from this terrific disease. The effect of vaccina-
tion varies so materially in different individuals,
that, unless we are almost constantly observing its
action, we may sometimes forget the standard by
which we judge of its perfection. The evidences

COW-POX. 45

that the constitution had become fully impressed
■with the vaccine influence were, agreeably to Dr.
Jenner, derived from the appearances of the vesi-
cles themselves. It cannot be denied, that by a
careful attention to the progress of the vaccina, a
pretty accurate judgment may be formed in this
respect; but in the multitudes that are vacci-
nated, so imperceptible are the shades which sepa-
rate the perfect from the imperfect vaccination,
that an exact estimate of the point where one
terminates and the other commences cannot be
obtained.

An opinion has prevailed that the Cow-pox may
in some instances exist merely as a local affection,
without imparting to the system generally any of
its prophylactic virtues, though at the same time it
may present every appearance of being perfectly
genuine.* With regard to this opinion, I must
confess I have never met with sufficient proof to

♦ If Ihe Cow-pox can exist locally, pass through its various
stages, secrete virus capable of propagating itself in other indi-
viduals, without imparting any of its protecting powers to the
system, why may it not exist in the same perfect manner in those
who have previously had the Small-pox, or who had been vacci-
nated 1 And yet such an occurrence has never been even alluded
to by any of the writers and experimenters on this subject. But
ou^ht not such a circumstance to occur equally well after Small-
pox or Cow-pox as before it 1

46 TREATISE ON

satisfy myself of its correctness. If, however,
the fact be as stated, how much greater care is
required in propagating this afTection !

"It is well known," says Dr. Bryce, in his ex-
cellent Treatise on the Coiu-pox, " that the human
constitution will resist the contagion of Small-pox
at one time, even although the person has not for-
merly been afi'ected by that disease ; and at another
time suffer severely from its attacks. Similar
causes may exist in the constitution, and render a
person unsusceptible for a time of the particular
action of Cow-pox ; and these causes, or others,
may so act as to render the inoculation of Cow-
pox, though, with regard to the local inflammation,
it may appear parjectly regular, merely a local
affection. Instances of this kind have already
been detailed above ; and it is thought that inat-
tention to this circumstance, viz. that the action of
the virus of Cow-pox may be often merely local,
has been a fruitful source of error and disappoint-
ment in conducting the new inoculation. These
instances of the mere local action of the virus of
Cow-pox, which have been mistaken for the regu-
lar constitutional affection, very forcibly point out
a desideratum, viz. a test of a constitutional affec-
tion, in conducting the inoculation of Cow-pox."
To avoid this source of error, Dr. Bryce recom-

COW-POX. 47

mends that about the end of the fifth day after the
individual has been vaccinated, the operation be
repeated on the opposite arm ; and if both succeed,
and arrive at maturity at the same time, it will
prove that the affection has been constitutional.
" In this way," says Dr. Bryce, " a clear and well-
defined mark of a constitutional aflxjction may be
obtained."

In treating of those affections which modify the
action of the Cow-pox, it will be perceived that I
have mentioned instances in which that disease has
been excited several times in the same individual ;
and that, as the vaccination was repeated, a less
and less regular effect was produced, until, finally,
by its continued action the system became alto-
gether incapable of being affected by it. Tiiesc
cases cannot be attributed to the mere local action
of the vaccina, inasmuch as upon a re-vaccination
it was found that, although the disease was excited
in almost a regular form, and was closely allied in
appearance to the first affection, it nevertheless
exhibited certain signs of having been modified by
it. From these facts, it follows incontestably,that,
by a single operation of the vaccina upon the sys-
tem, the full and complete energy of the vaccina is
not in every instance exerted, and that some per-
sons are so constituted by nature as to be in-

48 TREATISE ON

fluenced by the Cow-pox several times before
that sensibility or predisposition to it is entirely
destroyed.

Dr. George Pearson was the first who announced
the fact, that bothSmall-pox andCow-pox produced
in the system an insensibility, not only to its own
recurrence, but also to the recurrence of the other.
However, the practical advantages resulting from
this discovery do not appear to have been adopted
by him.

Much uncertainty as to the effects of a re-vacci-
nation appears hitherto to have prevailed among
medical men. The following remarks by Dr. John
Bell, in his excellent Treatise on Small-pox, pub-
lished in the New- York Medical and Physical
Journal, vol. iv. No. 4, evidence how little was
known of the laws regulating the action of the
Cow-pox. The doctor observes —

" Would it be unreasonable to suppose that the
greater or less degree of influence which the
Kine-pox has previously exerted upon the system,
graduates, if the expression be admissible, the
severity of the Small-pox ? That, in the first in-
stance, the system is not wholly under the in-
fluence of the vaccine disease, but its susceptibility
lessening, with every repetition, till at length,
coming fully under its control, it is able com-

COW-POX.

49

pletely to resist its subsequent introduction? That
the power which the constitution possesses of re-
sisting the action of Small-pox, depends upon the
degree of perfection with which the Kine-pox has
run its course ? This opinion is far from being
chimerical, — for we have every gradation in the
varioloid, from a close resemblance to the Small-
pox in its confluent form down to a mild disorder,
attended by few and scattered tubercular erup-
tions, so slight as not to prevent the individual
from attending to his ordinary concerns."

The importance depending on these peculiari-
ties of constitution, and of repeating the vaccina-
tion wlienever there is manifested an extreme sus-
ceptibility to the vaccina, have never hitherto been
attended to in propagating this affection ; but, on
the contrary, if there resulted from the vaccination
an exceedingly sore arm, it is notorious that a more
perfect security is thereby anticipated from it ; and
yet that very extreme soreness, if it result solely
from the action of the vaccina upon the system, is
in itself a conclusive reasonfor repeating the vacci-
nation. Small-pox never attacks an individual
the second time, when in the first instance it was
mild and little felt ; it revisits, on the contrary,
those who upon the first occasion had it in its most

50 TREATISE ON

terrible and dangerous form :* and so with Cow-
pox ; if, in its primary action, it excites but a small
vesicle, and that unattended by any considerable
soreness, the necessity of repeating the vaccination
is of less importance ; and, indeed, it will uni-
versally be found less capable of producing any
inflammation or soreness of the part.

The sore produced by a re-vaccination has been
heretofore regarded as spurious, and as entirely
without benefit to the system. The term spuri-
ous, however, which Dr. .Tenner first applied at
random, to designate all aberrations from the ordi-
nary appearance of the vaccine disease, has been
the fruitful source of much contention. It was in
truth an unfortunate term.f Of late it has been

* " This affection,'' says Cazenave, speaking of Small-pox,
" may be diviJed into primitive and secondary ; the violence of
the latter being much less than that of the former." — Page 138.

t " The term spurious Cou--pox,to my conception, either conveya
an erroneous notion, or has no definite meaning: for I am un-
able to perceive that it can mean any thing but a particular and
specific disease, or else mean any local aflfection whatever, pro-
duced by inoculating animal matter or other substances, or by the
mere puncture. Now, first, a specific local affection which is
characterized by a distinguishing set of appearances, occasioned
by animal matters of the kinds alluded to, has not, as far as I
know,, fallen under observation and description. Second, the
local affections produced by so many different kinds of animal or

COW-POX. 51

employed by some to express any deviations from
the regular appearance of the vaccine vesicle ; but
in this sense it surely ought not to be employed.
The effect produced by a second vaccination differs
very considerably from that of the first ; still they
are both genuine, both result from the inoculation
of real Cow-pox virus, although one should appear
so much more perfectly vesicular than the other.
To apply, therefore, the term spurious to designate
the secondary action of the vaccina upon the sys-
tem, is utterly without authority; and as it con-
veys no definite, but rather an erroneous idea, it
had better never have been employed.

The only evidences, then, which can be appealed
to with confidence that the vaccina has produced
a perfect constitutional effect upon the system, and

other extraneous matter, or by mere punctures, not yet discrimi-
nated by specific phenomena, cannot have notions of them ex-
cited by the words spurious Cow-pox; because their just import
is what is defined in the mind. Here then is a gross violation of
the laws of philology, well calculated for producing confusion,
mistakes, and disputes. According, then, to this representation,
in order to disabuse the public from the errors of the terms spuri-
ous Cow-pox, it appears to me we should substitute the phrase
' local affection,' not having the distinguishing characters of the
Cow-pox, and excited by an agent intended to produce the Cow-
pox." — An Examination of the Report of the Committee of the
Houseof Commons, iyGEOEGE Fe^rso.v, M.D., F R.S., &c. &c.,
p. 110. 1802.

'53 TEEATISE ON

thereby shielded it from Small-pox, is to be derived
from the insensibility of the system to its further
action.

The inoculation for Small-pox has been here-
tofore regarded as the only satisfactory test of the
efficacy of the vaccination ; but that afforded by
re-vaccination is, in every sense, and under every
circumstance, equally valuable and equally certain.
For the correctness of this statement I appeal to
the future experience of others, perfectly conscious
from my own experience of its indubitable au-
thenticity.

I have lately seen a notice of the results of a
series of experiments performed by Dr. Heim in
the royal army of Wiirtemberg, which go to estab-
lish conclusively the necessity of a re-vaccination.
Previous to the doctor's appointment to the army,
it was the practice of the surgeons to vaccinate all
those of the recruits who had not what was es-
teemed good vaccine scars (the scar being regarded
as a satisfactory evidence that the first vaccination
was perfect), or who had never been inoculated
for Small-pox. These measures not having been
found sufficient to stay the progress of the Small-
pox, which raged with much violence among them,
an order was issued directing the indiscriminate

COW-POX. 53

vaccination of all recruits, without reference to the
vaccine scars.

The number of recruits, from 1829 to 1833,
upon whom re-vaccination was performed, was
4802, and the following were the results : —

With perfect success . . 1208

With modified or imperfect suceess . . J56

With 8ucces3, but not accurately specified . 914

Without any effect ..... 1724

4802

From this it seems that over one-half of these
recruits had not in the first instance been vacci-
nated in a perfect manner, and consequently were
not protected from Small-pox. The report goes
on to state, what is certainly the most interesting
circumstance, " that re-vaccination passed in a few
weeks through all the regiments of the garrison ;
and that the spreading of the epidemic Small-pox
was set real bounds to by it." Thus much in
favour of a perfect vaccination !

e2

54 tUeatise on

OF THE VIRUS PROPER TO BE EMPLOYED IN
PROPAGATING THIS AFFECTION.

The most important part of the whole process
of inoculating for the Cow-pox is involved in the
obtaining pure and genuine virus. Those who
have been long engaged in this inoculation, — who
have witnessed the result produced by virus de-
rived from different sources, — will fully sustain me
in the assertion, that in obtaining a supply of this
fluid vastly more caution is necessary, and more
trouble and anxiety are experienced, than in all
the other processes required in propagating this
affection ; for it often occurs in the development
of this disease, that after the vesicles have nearly
arrived at maturity, some causes interfere suffi-
cient to disturb their perfect regularity, and render
the virus they contain unfit and improper for the
purpose of inoculation. These causes, moreover,
are only to be known and estimated by experience
and careful attention.

The use of improper virus not only proves inef-
fectual in protecting the system from Small-pox,
but is capable also of engendering a variety of

COW-POX. 55

anomalous affections, particularly eruptions upon
the skin, ■which ai;e both tedious and distressing in
their cure.

Dr. Bryce has afforded ample testimony, in his
work published as early as 1806, of the inefficacy
of the virus when improperly selected. He ob-
serves, that " An opinion is too commonly adopted
that the conducting of the inoculation for Cow-pox
is of so trifling a nature as scarcely to deserve the
attention of medical men ; and that the affection,
as being more safe and easy for the patient than
the inoculated Small-pox, may be given by any
one, has also tended much to bring discredit upon
the efficacy of this new inoculation. From this
circumstance, persons little acquainted with the
affection have yet engaged to conduct the'inocula-
tion of Cow-pox, and have brought disappointment
and misery to all concerned.

" I have lately been informed, that the greater
part of the children in two parishes in Scotland
■were inoculated in this way (certainly with the
best intention on the part of the operators), but the
result was, that the Small-pox came among them
soon afterward, and every one thus inoculated
became affected with that dreadful disease ; while
those few who had been inoculated by persons
acquainted with the appearances in Cow-pox, en-

56 TREATISE ON

tirely escaped. Altliough, therefore, the inoculated
Cow-pox may, indeed, as a disease, be regarded as
trifling, and little deserving the attention of medi-
cal men, yet, as a certain preventive of one of the
most loathsome and fatal distempers which affect
the human race, it is of much importance, and
highly deserving of the most minute attention
from those who undertake to superintend its pro-
gress."*

In procuring the vaccine virus for the purpose
of inoculation, it is absolutely necessary to be
assured of the health of the individuals from whom
it is taken, and of their freedom from all hereditary
diseases, as scrofula, &c. In general, a perfect
and regular vaccine vesicle will not be formed
where other affections already exist in the system.
However, instances sometimes occur where the
Cow-pox co-exists with other diseases, and with-
out becoming in any appreciable degree influenced
by them. The rule in these cases advocated by
some, that " a perfect vesicle is all that is required
to produce a perfect vesicle," is both dangerous
and fallacious ; it having been abundantly proved
that Cow-pox becomes altered and changed in its

* " Practical Observations on the Inoculation of Cow-pox," by
James Bryce, M.D , page IGS.

COW-POX. 87

character, by the influence of other diseases ope-
rating at the same time upon the system.

Dr. Heim of WiJrtemberg observes, that virus
taken from adults possesses a greater efficacy in
its operation upon adults, than virus taken from
infants or children. The truth of this remark
needs further proof The virus taken from chil-
dren has never, within my observation, ftiled to
shield adults from Small-pox, when the operation
has been properly conducted through all its stages.
Children being usually more quiet and inactive
than adults, the vaccine vesicles are not so liable
to become irritated and inflamed, and consequently
the affection proceeds in a more regular form.
Hence there is a decided advantage (independent
of that derived from the greater purity of their
blood, and the more healthy state of their systems
generally) in the virus derived from infants over
that of adults.

Much has been said with regard to the period
of the affection at which the virus should be ob-
tained, and there still exists a diversity of opinions
on this subject. If, however, attention be paid to
the development and progress of the vaccine vesi-
cle, it will be perceived first to commence with a
slight redness and elevation of the point to which
the virus was applied, which continues for the

58 TREATISE ON

space of eight days to enlarge, and finally to
assume the most perfectly vesicular appearance.
Thus far there has been no redness, inflammation,
or hardness around the pock ; nor has it been at-
tended by any particular feeling of soreness. The
virus within the vesicle has also been clear and
pellucid, and at this period only should it be pro-
cured for the purpose of inoculation. After the
eighth day a decided change takes place, which is
manifested by a swelling and inflammation around
the vesicle, together with a painful feeling and
stiffness of the whole limb. This change is a con-
sequence of the general action of the system,
caused by an effort to relieve itself from the action
of the vaccine virus, and may be regarded as a
common inflammation, in contradistinction to the
specific inflammation excited by the vaccina. Its
effects upon the pock are to excite a more profuse
secretion of the fluid within it, and at the same
time render it more yellowish and viscid. Al-
though this change is not completed under two or
three days, yet at a very early period it may be
perceived to have commenced. If virus be taken
from the vesicle after this change has commenced,
for the purpose of inoculating others, it will be
found to communicate an irregular Cow-pox, which,
instead of being clear and pellucid, will be opaque

COW-POX.

50

and turbid, — being accompanied throughout its
whole course by an irregular circle of inflamma-
tion around it, and a great degree of itching. The
pock, likewise, will not present that marked and
beautiful depression in its centre which is one of
its most striking features. Moreover, the impres-
sion it will produce upon the system will not be
such as to shield it perfectly from Small-pox. No
fact more clearly evidences the importance of
paying strict attention to the propagation of the
vaccina.

Dr. Jenner regarded the efflorescence, or
areola, which is formed around the vesicle, about
the evening of the eighth day, as a sacred boun-
dary which should never be passed over in pro-
curing the virus. In districts where there is no
regular supply of the lymph, physicians are com-
pelled to transgress this important rule; but some
I have known to select it even after it had become
turbid, without the plea of necessity to offer in de-
fence of the practice. Unquestionably much of
the inefficacy on the part of the vaccina to shield
the system from Small-pox which is at present
manifested, may be attributed to this circum-
stance. Dr. Bryce remarks on this subject,
that he has " inoculated with virus which was

60 TREATISE ON

taken at the end of the eleventh day from the in-
oculation, and after the areola had been completely
formed, and with it had produced the affection
regular in all its stages ; but I have observed,"
continues the doctor, " that the virus, when taken
at this stage of the affection, was less certain of
taking effect, and that it frequently happened that
although the appearances were favourable for the
first three or four days, yet that they would then
gradually die away, and no vesicle be produced ;
at other times virus of this description has pro-
duced a pustule of considerable size, and one
having a considerable degree of redness around
the base, but which was, nevertheless, easily dis-
iinguished from Cow-pox. This pustule has an
elevated centre, which gives it more or less the ap-
pearance of a common phlegmon ; there is little
or no hardness around its base, and the contained
fluid quickly runs into suppuration, so as by the
sixth day to contain well-formed pus. After this,
it quickly dries into an opaque crust, very dif-
ferent from that described as the common termi-
nation of the Cow-pox vesicle. It must he con-
fessed, however, that there is often considerable
difficulty in distinguishing between an affection of
this kind and that of the Cow-pox, as the former

COW-POX. 61

frequently exhibits almost every variety of appear-
ance, from that wished for to that of a common
phlegmon."*

The crust, or scab, has also been used lo a con-
siderable extent in propagating the Cow-pox.

Dr. Bryce was the first who discovered that
the scab was capable of exciting the vaccina in
a perfect manner; and since that period it has
been in general use throughout the world.

The remark has been made, that "since the
genuine vaccina may be produced by the use of
the concrete scab, why may not the virus be taken
from the pock for this purpose, with equal pro-
priety, at any period of its existence ?" To this
Dr. Bryce has given a very satisfactory answer in
his work before mentioned, and which is here pre-
sented : —

" With regard to the formation of the crusts, at-
tention to the progress of the affection will show
that a vesicle is formed about the fourth day, and
that on the fifth or sixth a crust is formed in the
centre of this vesicle, which can be nothing else
than the limpid fluid concreted. By degrees the
size of the vesicle increases, more cells are formed,

• " Practical Observations on the Inoculation of Cow-pox,"
by Jambs Bryce. Page 117.

F

63 TREATISE ON

and more fluid effused into them ; and in propor-
tion as this takes place at the margin of the vesi-
cle, the size of the central crust is also increased.
The central crust, therefore, is not formed from a
fluid which has been in a stagnant state during the
whole course of the affection, and which might be
supposed on this account to have undergone some
change, or to have been converted into purulent
matter, unfit for propagating the aflection ; but, on
the contrary, is formed from the most active virus,
secreted from the fourth day until the time of the
vesicle having attained its greatest size ; for this
virus is every hour hardening into these crusts, in
■which state it seems incapable of further change,
at least for a very considerable time." — Brycb,
pages ISO and 131.

In order that the scab may possess all the effi-
cacy of the recent lymph, it is necessary that the
vesicle, from which it is formed, pass through its
various stages unharmed, and that no virus be
taken from it. If the vesicle be suffered in this
way to dry into a scab, it will be of considerable
thickness, usually circular, and of a light mahog-
any colour ; its upper surface will be shining
smooth, with a circular elevation around its mar-
gin, while its under surface will be unequal and

COW-POX. 63

rough, retaining upon it the remains of the dried
cuticle.

Several processes have been devised for inocu-
lating with the scab : among the most deserving of
notice is an instrument consisting of a small silver
tube, sharpened at one end, like a pen, having a
moveable wire so adapted as to fill up the barrel.
In using it, the scab is first pulverized, and a por-
tion of the powder is placed within the hollow-
pointed end of the tube. It is then inserted under
the cuticle, and the wire gently pressed down upon
the contents, which are thus deposited under the
cuticle.

Very young children can scarcely be vaccinated
in this way, on account of the delicacy of their
skins and their incessant motions ; besides, the
operation is attended by considerable pain.

An easier method, and one probably equally
certain, is that of scarifying a small place on the
arm, in the way recommended for using the recent
lymph, and applying the scab, after having first
converted it into a kind of paste by means of
water.

64

TREATISE ON

AGE MOST SUITABLE FOR VACCINATION.

Cow-pox is a disease which, although very mild
and safe in its operation, is, nevertheless, not so
well borne by very young infants as by children
from ten to ffteen weeks old. The presence of
those affections peculiar to early infancy, and the
delicacy with which they should be treated, consti-
tute a sufficient objection to their very early vacci-
nation. If, however, the child be in any way
exposed to the contagion of Small-pox, vaccina-
tion ought not to be one moment delayed. Infants
have repeatedly been vaccinated when less than a
week old, without the least unfavourable circum-
stance resulting.

As early, often, as the third or fourth month the
irritating process of teething commences, which,
being attended by more or less constitutional dis-
turbance, evidences how unsuitable that period is
to the operation of the vaccina. I am, moreover,
fully persuaded that if the vaccination be instituted
at this period, although it may, to ordinary ob-
servers, manifest its usual regularity, it will, never-

COW-POX. 05

theless, fall short of emancipating the system en-
tirely from the influence of Small-pox.

In general, then, the most proper period for the
vaccination of children is when they are from ten
to fifteen weeks old.

The health and vigour of the child should also
be attended to in communicating this affection.
All diseases, however mild or unimportant in
themselves, so long as they produce any effect
upon the general system, tend to impair the bene-
ficial influence of the vaccina.

Now, it unfortunately happens that children arc
vaccinated when it is most convenient for the
family or the physician, rather than when it is
most suitable for the child ; and the numerous in-
stances of Small-pox after vaccination, or vario-
loid, may be in a great measure attributable to in-
attention to the proper condition of the child for its
reception.

■ PROCESS OF VACCINATING.

Various methods have been adopted for in-
oculating for Cow-pox. Some prefer introducing
r2

66 TREATISE ON

the virus immediately under the cuticle, by first
raising it with a lancet, and then inserting under it
a piece of quill pointed for that purpose, and armed
with the virus. In some instances this is cut off
quite short, and retained under the cuticle for
acme time by means of a piece of court-plaster,
where it is suffered to remain until the arm begins
to feel sore.

The objections to this method are, that it causes
much pain, particularly in children, is not so
readily performed, and applies the lymph neces-
sarily to a very small surface. The advocates for
the practice say, that it produces a less flow of
blood, which, it is well known, if considerable, so
much dilutes the virus, and at the same time tends
to remove it so far from the part as to prevent its
action altogether. No process, however, can be
adopted which, without proper care, can guard us
from that source of failure.

Pieces of thread have also been used, charged
with the virus, and then applied to a delicate
scratch or incision in the arm. This process is
attended with less pain than the former, though
not with so general success.

The process most approved is that of scarifying
minutely a small spot just sufficiently to cause
blood, and applying the virus in such a manner as

COW-POX. 67

to commingle it with the blood produced; it is
then suffered to dry as speedily as possible, that it
may be retained immediately within the scarifica-
tions.

If too much blood flows, the virus will be carried
away, and, consequently, no effect will be pro-
duced. A very small portion of blood only is
required, just sufficient to wash off the virus
placed on the instrument. The advantages which
this process possesses over the former are, that it
is less difficult to perform, occupies less time, and
creates less pain.

However, success in vaccinating depends more
upon tiie dexterity with which the operation is per-
formed than upon any peculiar process wiiich may
be adopted, the object being merely to bring the
vaccine virus in contact with the absorbent ves-
sels, and there sull'ering it to remain.

68 TREATISE ON

A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NATURAL SMALL-
POX AND COW-POX. By John Addinoton.

NATURAL SMALL-POX.

History, general Character, and Mortality.

For twelve centuries this disease has been known to continue
its ravages, destroying in every year an immense proportion of the
whole population of the world!

A contagious disease, in some instances mild, but for the most
part violent, loathsome, painful, and dangerous to life.

One in six who have the disease dies. In former times, at
least half mankind had it ; consequently one in twelve of the
human race perished by one disease. In Great Britain alone
40,000 died annually of this disease.

Circumstances independent of Contagion and Mortality which
attend Small-pox.

1st. One in three has the Small-pox in a dangerous form.
2d. It produces eruptions, numerous, painful, and disgusting.
3d. Occasions confinement.

4th. Loss of time ; and,

."jth. Expense ; often ruining the prospects of families, affect-
ing likewise the prosperity of towns, particularly those of a com-
mercial nature.

6th. Renders every precaution to prevent its spread unavailing.

7th. Medical treatment necessary both "during the disease and
afterward.

8th. Leaves pits, scars, seams, &c., disfiguring the skin,
especially the face ; and,

9th. Is followed by scrofula, in every form, diseases of the skin,
glands, joints, &c., blindness, deafness, &c. &c.

COW-POX. 60

COW-POX.

Not contagious; and, when properly conducted, uniformly mild,
inoffeTisive, free from patn or danger, and an infallible ■prevcntite
of Small-Pox. Never fatal.

During a long series of years, the Cow-pox has been considered
as a preventive against Small-pox. Many persons have had the
disease, accidentally, from the cow before the inoculation with
vaccine virus was known, and remained unsusccptihk of Small-
pox, notwithstanding every effort was made to excite that disease,
and that, too, &t frequent and distant intervals.

Circumstances which characterize the Caw-pox.

1st. It is attended by no danger.

2d. Produces a pustule on the part inoculated only.

3d. Occasions neither confinement,
4th. Loss of time, nor,

5th. Expense. '

6th. Demands no other precaution than such as respects the
conduct of the inoculation.
7th. Requires no medicine.

8th. heaves no deformity nor disfiguration; and,
9th. Excites no subsequent diseases.

New- York, April, 1835.

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heathen writerj, and throws new light on Ihe
manners anJ custonns of Ihe Hebrews by fre-
quent references to the pages of the oldest
travellers.

LETTERS ON DEiMON-
OLOGY AND WITCH-
CRAFT. By Sir Waltkk
Scott, Bart. 18mo. With an
Engraving.

This 19 a very eurinus and interesting wnrk,
containing as it does tlie results of much thought
ind grent rescArch up^n one of Ihe most exciting
opics of human inquiry. Most of Sir Walter
Icolt's unrivalled noiels bclrsy the predilectiou
or the supernatural with which his mind was
'inged, and the extent of his reading in works
which treat of " the history of that dark chap-
ter of humin nature" to which this volume is
d^voled. Id it he has laid open ihe stores of his
memory-, and strikingly condensed and eluci-
dated the subject ; in many cases explaining, by
most ingenious theoiits, iceurrcnccs which
•ecm lo lie beyond the boundaries of natural
action.

HISTORY OF CHIVAL-
RY AND THE CRUSADES.
By G. P. R. J.\.\]Es, Esq. 18mo.
With Engravings,

No modern ivrilfr i^, perhips, si well quali-
fip/J to write upon this subiect as the author of
" Richelieu," and of the "" Life and Times of
Charlemagne," unquest onablv. sii.ce Ihe de-ath
of Sir Waller Scott, Ihe bes'-irifornied his'oncal
antiquary of <he age. The present work con.
tains, in a small compass, a cl-ar and concise
account of Ihal celebrated ins'i'ulion which,
in proc-ss <■{ time, became Ihe foundation
of ine niojirn European sy^lems of govern-
ment and junsprndencp, wiih a vivid descrip-
tirn of th'ne aifazmg ebullitions of laliunal en-
thusiasm '■vliich |iour(-d such imn.cnse multi-
tudes of warlike pilgriras upon 'he plains of
Asia, and pr->duced such extraordinary ch^n^es
in Ihe condi ma of mankind. The work' is
eir.ineaily curious, inlerestios, IcAmeJ, and
phlUMophical.

NARRATIVE OF DIS-
COVERY AND ADVEN-
TURE IN AFRICA. From
the Earliest Ages to the Pres-
ent Time. With Illastrations
of its Geology, Mineralogy,
and Zoology, By Professor
Jameson, and James Wilson
and Hugh Murray, Esqrs.
iSmo. Map and Engravings.

Ill this volume is recoriied ever}' Ihing that is
known of the interior of Ihal dangerous conli-
nent. which has been for so many i,ges a tarn
incognita, and proved the grave of so many en-
ter])nfiing travellers, excepi what has lieen re-
vealed lo us by the recent investigations of John
and Richard Lander. The pian of the work
ConsH's of condensed abstracts of the narralivea
of all the mfidern African travellers, in which
every Ihing important or interfS'ing is pre-
served, while Ihe unessential details have lieen
so abbreviated as lo bring Ihe substance of each
account wiihin convenient limits.

NARRATIVE OF DIS-
COVERY AND ADVEN-
TURE IN THE POLAR
SEAS AND REGIONS. With
Illustrations of their Climate,
Geology, and Natural History,
and an Account of the Whale-
Fishery. By Professors Les-
lie and Jameson, and Hugh
Murray, Esq. 18mo. Waps,&c.

No person's education can be considLTcd com-
plete without a certain degree of attention to
Ihe most recent improvements and discoveries
in every branch of scicore. In none have
greater advances been made, in the present
century, than in geography and the knowledjfc
of the earth which we inhabit ; the Polar Scaa
and Regions have been most fertile in resulti
through the enterprise and perseverance of a
Ross, a Franklin, and a Parry, and this work,
in which Iheir inveitigationi are described, ii
one of most interesting and instructive character.

PALESTINE, OR THE
HOLY LAND. From the
Earliest Period to the Present
Time. By the Rev. M. Rus-
SFLL, LL.D. 18mo. With a
Mfip and Engravings.

The earlv History of that moat intereiling
portion of rhe globe— the theatre of thoie won-
derful events from which our religion is dtrlved
—as well as its present state, is dccrihed in this
volume with the greatest accuracy. The places
of many of the inciden s recorded in Ihe Bible
are pointed out, and the changes thTt have oc-
curred in the laiiie of a^es are carefuHy delin-
ea'eil. The work m.ay be reid wi h alvan'aga
in connexion wfih the Sajy-ed History', which it
coofirnu) and illustrates, '

Works Published by liarper 4" Brothers.

A VIEW OF ANCIENT
AND MODERN EGYPT.
With an Outline of its Natural
History. By the Rev. M. Rus-
sell, LL.D. l8mo. With a
Map and Engravings.

Id Ihia vnlunje is con'aio'-d a distinct and
wkII arranged account of all tliat is known with
certainty respccting-lhe ancient history, as well
as the jjregent coudilion, of that extraordinary
country, wht*e autiquil> baffles the research of
the nir>»t pcmevcring explorerg, and 1o «hich
both Rome and Greece were inilebted for at
least the rudiments of thme arts and Rcit-ncea
which were brought in Iheni losuch perfection.
The stupendous remains of Egyplian architect-
ure, ana the treasures of knuwledge that still
remain locked up in the far-famed liieroglyphii-B,
have loug enifaged the atienlion of the most ac-
coniplished scholars, .■\nd every thing relating
to them and the lantJ in which they exist is in
the liigheil degree iDleresling to the inquiring
mind.

HISTORY OF POLAND.
From the Earliest Period to
the Present Time. By James
Fletcher, Esq. With a Nar-
rative of the Recent Events,
obtained from a Polish Patriot
N-obleman. 18mo. With a
Portrait of Kosciusko.

The recent unsuccessful ctfurt nf the gallant
ind unforiunate Poles to break Iheir yoke of
bondage has fixed the attenlioo and awakened
the sympathies of every lover of freedom and
every friend to humanity. Thewriier of this
history has broufjht to his undertaking much
learning, great industry and patience in re-
search, ana the mo^t unbiassed candour The
Toluniy is full of interest and useful informa-
tion, drawn fi^m an imuiense variety of sources,
many of which are not accessible to the mass
of readers, parlicularly in America.

FESTIVALS, GAMES,

AND AMUSEMENTS. An-
cient and Modern. By Hoit.^-
Ti-o Smith-, Esq. 18mo. With
Additions, by Samuel AVood-
WORTH, Esq., of New-York.

" Law's institutions, empires paw away and
are forgotten, but the diversions of a people,
being comninnl\ interwoven with some immu-
Uble element of the general feeling, or perpelu-
aletl by circumstances of climate and locality,
will frequently survive when every other n-i-
lional peculiarity has >*orn itself out and (alien
into oblivion." This extract shows the spirit
in which this captivating volume uitn de-
signed, aud its pretentions to utility The in-
iormation imbodied in its pages is curious and
extensive, ind not the least attractive por ion is
die account of the amusements, &c peculiar to
ditTerenl sections of tbe I'uiled Slates, added by
Mr. Woudwortb.

HISTORY OF THE BI-
BLE By the Rev. G. R.

Gleig. In 2 vols. 18mo. With
a Map of Palestine.

These volutTiM dii cot, as from tbe title oca
Diighl imagine^ contain merely an account o(
tl.p origin and contents of tbe Sacred Volume ;
the oliject of the writer his extended far be-
yond this. He has produced, ^rhapt, tbe
most elal>orate and able examinaNou ol the vb-
rious olijectioiiB urged agamsl the Scriptures
thai has ever I'een wri ten ; and, at the same
lime, one r.f the clearest and most satisfactory
expositionsof the whole Bible, not onlywthe
foundation of our faith, but also as a history.
Ill the performance of his task, Mr Gleig has
exhibiteid equal piety and learning, and his wcrW
is calculated to [acllilaie to a remarkable decree
both the comprehension and enjoyment of Ibo
iaspircd wrilinga.

HISTORICAL AND DE-
SCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF
BRITISH INDIA ; from the
most Remote Period to the
Present Time. Including a
Narrative of the early Portu-
guese and English Voyages, the
Revolutions in the Mogul Em-
pire, and the Origin, Progress,
and Establishment of the Brit-
ish Power ; with Illustration**
of the Zoology, Botany, Cli-
mate, Geology, and Mineral-
ogy. By Hugh Mlirr.w, Esq.,
J.^MES Wilson, Esq., R. K.
Grevillk, LL.D., Whitelaw
AiNsLiE, M.D., Wm. Rhind,
Esq., Prof.J.A,MEsoN, Prof. Wal-
lace, and Captain Clarkncs
Dalrymple. In 3 vols. 18mo.
With a Map and Engravings.

A history of India in a convenient form, and
in an easy and familiar style, has long h^n con-
sidered a desideratum. This work commenco*
with the early annals of the Hindoos, (race* the
progress and decline of the Mohimmedaa
power, and hrings the history of the Britivh do-
minion in Inoia down to the lime of ihe penna-
neiil establishment of the India Company and
the fouiid:L>ion of that stupendous einpire. It is
divided into departments comprising the his-
tory, literature, arts, and manners of the Hin-
do<«, and a deM;ripiion of the country, its cli-
mate, soil, diseases, pruduciions, and natuntl
features ; these departments have been cod;-
Qiitted indistinct writersof eminence. and futlr
qualified to treat of them with distinEiiishMl
at'ilily, and Ihe result h,\s l»een ibe produclioB
of a body of accurate and complete informatioo,
snch as is not to be found collected in any olber
work in the English language.

Works Published by Harper «|- Brothers,

SACRED HISTORY OF
THE WORLD, as displayed
in the Creation and subsequent
Events to the Deluge. At-
tempted to be philosophically
considered, in a Series of Let-
ters to a Son. By Sharon
Turner, F.S.A. 18mo.

To exb'bit the Divine Mind in connexion
with Ibe produclinnand preservAiion, xaA with
the laws and agencies of visible naturp, and to
lead the inquirer to perceive Ihe clenr and uni-
versal disliiiction winch prevails between the
material and imniaterial aubsianccs !□ our
vrorld, both in their phe-nonieDa and thf ir prin-
ciples, II Ihe main object of this admirable vol-
ume. In it religious And scientific iniTuclioa
ire skillully aod strikingly blended, and factii
and principl&s are so niadK lo illustrate each
Other ih,"it ihe mind and heart arc equally ia>-
fjroved by its perusal, ami the cause uf science
II, ^as it wer^ identified wiih that of relieion.
Ttle ioformation contained in it chiefly relates
to Natural History, and it is extremely copious,
accurate, and interesting, v>'hile the rellections
are emiaent Cor llieir depth, wisdom, and
piety.

HISTORY OF IRELAND.
From the Anglo-Norman Inva-
sion till the Union of the Coun-
try with Great Britain. By W.
C. Taylor, Esq. With Ad-
ditions. By WiiLLiAM Samp-
son, Esq. In 2 vols. 18mo.
With Engravings.

Before its republicalion, tbli work wm sub-
milted fnr exaiiiinalian to several f;i;iitlemtn
resident in New -York, natives, or the descend-
ants of native-', of Ihe countr? whose history it
contains, and dishO'uishcd for Ihcir alt.icbmenl
to the unhappy land to which they trace their
origin, and tor their tak-nis and acquircmeu's.
Their opinion was unanimous, and highly
favourable, and each of them expressed in
■trong teriiiB ihe ple.-isurc il wnuld afford him to
■ee republished in the United States a work so
fair, 10 copious, and so accurate. The public at
lar^e tias cunhrmed their senlcnce, and stamped
this history wjib the seal of approba'ion, The
value of the history as originally published has
been greatly enhanced by the additions ol' Wil-
liam Sampson. Esq , whose reputaijon is too
well kno" n in Ihe country of his adoption to
require eulogy.

HISTORICAL VIEW OF
■THE PROGRESS OF DIS-
COVERY ON THE MORE
NORTHERN COASTS OF
NORTH AMERICA. From
■the Earliest Period to the Pres-
ent Time. By P. F. Tytler,

Esq. With Descriptive Sketch
es of the Natural History of
the North American Regions.
By Professor Wilson. 18ma
With a Map and Engravings.

Among the most reniarkable occurrenceif of
the nineteenth century are the various expedi-
tions of discovery lo the norlhern coasts of Iha
western continent, so iinportuit, although not
perfectly satisfactory in their results. In no
other portion of the earth's surface has the navi-
g;\tor to contend with such formidable difficul-
tien, and iii none does he behold so peculiar au
aspect of nature, — it follows, therefore, of
course, that expeditions to no other part of Ihe
world furnish to the historian such ample and
interesting materials. The present volume ex-
hibits a full and accurate view of all that is im-
portant in modern knowledge of the most re-
mote territories of North America, and may be
considered as terming a sequel to the " Polar
Seas and Regions," and as furnlihiDs; all that
WAi wanting to a complete account of the whole
series of northern discoveries by laud .'uid
water.

HISTORY OF CHARLE-
MAGNE. To which is pre-
fixed an Introduction, compris-
ing the History of France from
the Earliest Period to the Birth
of Charlemagne. By G. P. R.
Jamks, Esq. 18mo. With a
Portrait.

The age of Charlemaijne may be considered
as ihe period to which the origin of most of Ihe
nalitins of Europe, as th^y at present exist, can
alone be traced with sufficient certainly,— be-
yond this epoch, the researches of the historian
are often fated lo end in disappnintmenl and
obscurity. In tracing the fortunes of the seve-
ral powers into which that continent isdivided,
fc'ini the earliest attainable facts to the present
lime, it is li dispensable that the inquirer should
possess a clear and accurate understandtug of
the actual slate as well of France as of Ihe sur-
rounding countries, at Ihe period when, by the
successes and achievements of that remarkable
m'lnarcti, his kingdom became the dominant
pfiwcr of the European contineDt. Unlil the
appearance of Mr. James's History, this clear
and accurate understanding wa* of exceedingly
difficult attainment, — the materials from which
it was lo he drawn were scattered through va-
rious historical wurks, and all the labour of
arrangement, condensalioD, and comparison was
to be performed by the student himself. Such
is no longer the case. — light has been shed upon
the darkncM of that remote age,— and the world
of Science is indebted to Mr. James for Ihe
means of readily act^ulrine a complete and sat-
isfactory knoivlcdgc in all its details, of ihe first
great epoch in Eunipcan history. In the nu-
merous commendations of this work that have
appeared in the Riiviews and periodicals both
of England and ine United Stales, the highest
terms of eulogy have been employed,— and all
have no'icerl wrh strong expressions of praise,
the singular perspicuity of the style, and Ifaa
remarkable absence of prolixity aod coofusioa
in the progress of the narrative.

Works Published by Harper 4" Brothers.

SKETCHES FROM VE-
NETIAN HISTORY. By the
Rev. E. Smedley, M.A. In 2
vols. I8mo. With Engravings.

Few have Ihe knowledge, the liine, or the
mcani lo eiplore Tor tbemselvea Ihe treasures
of the Ir^lian chronJcleg. The author i>f this
work hM laid oprn thtir stores fur the benefit
of thoie lo whom ihe language in which Ihey are
written renders them a sealed book— gleaning
from Ihem the most characlenstic inciden's,
amusing lionet, and anecdotes, while, at the
lame lime, he ha« suslained all the dignity or
historical research ; passing lightly over events
of minor importance, and reserving himhelT for
those mnmenloni and interesting transactions
which require lo be more Tully displayed The
beauty of Ihe style has been very generally no
ticcd, and has gained the appkuse of the moat
competent judges.

NUBIA AND ABYSSI-
NIA. Comprehending their
Civil History, Antiquities, Arts,
Religion, Literature, and Natu-
ral History. By the Rev. M.
Russell, LL.D. 18mo. With
a Map and Engravings.

There is no counlry in Ihe world more inler-
estiog than thai which was known lo the an-
cients as 'J Ethiopia above Egypt," Ihe Nuhia
and Abyssinia of the present day. It wu uni-
versally reganJed by the poets and philosophers
of Greece as the cradle of those arlS which at a
later period covered Ihe kingdom of Ihe Pha-
raohs wilh so many wonderful nionuments. as
also of those religious rites which, after being
slightly modified by the priests of Thebes, were
adopted by the ancestors of Homer and Virgil
as ine bams of Ihi-ir mytholog>-. A description
of this reninrkable tiilion, therefore, by the
well-known author of the " View of Ancient
and Modern Egvp'," cannot be otherwise than
liistruclive and hi<Iily in'eresling.

MEMOIRS OF CELE-
BRATED FEMALE SOVE-
REIGNS. By Mrs. Ja.meson.
In 2 vois. lSmo\

The intenlion of thi* work is to illustrate Ihe
influence which a female government has hatf
generally on men and na'inns, and that which
the possession of power has had individually on
the female character. The diJ»clic form of
hlilnry or biogriphy has not always been ad-
hered to,— incidents and characters are treated
rilher in a moral th.tn in a political or histori-
cal point of view, — and public alTairs and na-
tioDal events are not dwelt upon, exctpl as con-
nected wilh the destiny, or emanann; from the
pauions or prejudices of the indiiiduil or sovt-
reign. The Lives form an admirable illustra-
tion of Ihe female ch.irac'er, and the lessons
Ihey furnish abound wilh inslruclion, while the
incidents recorded are interesting, not only in
themselves, but as aulhentir delails of remarka-
ble personages whom circumstances or persom!
qualities have invested with claims lo our
altcDlioD.

LIFE OF MARY QUEEN
OF SCOTS. By Henry
Glassford Bell, Esq. In 2
v-ols. 18mo. With a Portrait.

It is now generaily admitted that great injus-
tice has been done to Ihe character of Mary,
and that there is good reason lo believe her, to
say the least, guiltless of the dark offence*
charged agaiost her. Mr. Bell has undertaken
her vindication, and, having investigated the
facts with uncommon industry and patience, he
lias succeeded in establishing a conviction of
her entire innocence. The sympathy eicHeJ
by the story of her beauty and her mi>loriunes
is now heightened by the awurancc of her
wrongs. Mr. Bell's is considcrad Ihe mo^t
affecting, as well as Ihe most impartial life of
Mary ttial tias been wrillen.

MEMOIRS OF THE EM-
PRESS JOSEPHINE. By
John S- Memes, LL.D. 18mo.
With Portraits.

Amid the turmoils, Ihe vast achievemenin, the
ambitious aspirings, and Ihe coniiilicaied io-
Irigiiea which mark Ihc era of Napok-onS treat-
ness, il is refreshing to pursue the elcgani indgirn-
tle course of Josephine, whose alVcetn.n i')r the
conqueror and native goodness-of nearl were so-
often made the instruments of mercy, and who§«
persuasive voic*i was ever ready to mleqiose
between his wrath and ill trembling ob|PCI.
Placid in silualions peculi.xrly tnioe, Jn»epliine
preserved her character unsullied, and Ihe
story of her life abounds with occasions for Ihe
respect and admiration of the nadrr. The
author has perf'irmeJ his la^ik wiih emf aljil-
ity, and the public is inJebtcd to him for one
of Ihe mosi delightful biographies.

THE LIFE OF NAPO-
LEON BONAPARTE. By
J. G. LocKHART, Esq. In 2
vols. 18mo. With Portraits.

This celebrated work contains an epitome of
all that has been fyrovid to be true conc< rniuj
the character and acOons of ihe most estraordi
nary man of the last thousand years. The Eng-
lish lanijuage possesses no oihrr authentic epil-
ome of his history, — and. notwithstanding the
smallness of the limits wilhm which il A com-
pressed, the n.arralive Ihmuehout ii clear, dis-
tinct, and copious. The life of Napoleon,
doubly iaieresiing when relieved of the tedious-
ness of useless de<ail, h.vs never been bellerlold.
The work is wntfeo with cimmendahlfl impar-
tiality, and Ihe au'hor h.is been careful to inter-
wea\e with his narr^itive all the new illustra-
tions and aneclot« furnished by BoumennK,
and other French writers, whose mcimirs have
appeared since the publicitioii of the great
wi.rk of Sir Waller Scoti, from whirh a Urge
portion of his materials was derivi^l. At an
evidence of the amaimg popuiiriiy of Ihis His-
tory, it IS sUled that more than 27000 copief of
it have been disposed of in GrcAt BnUia
alone.

Works Pullished ly Harper <?■ Brolhirs.

THE LIFE OF NELSON.
By Robert Southey, LL.D.
18mo. With a Portrait.

This Biography ha* been pronounced one of
the Laureate's most succtssful efforts,— the en-
tbufciasiic and romantic chrirac'er of Nelson
furnished a congenial subject, and he has treated
it with consutnmalc abili'y. The errors of the
fortunate and gallant admiral are f;>irl> and
fearleijaly exposed, — while the nobler elemeols
of hia mind, his heroic fouraje, his perseve-
rance, and hii insatiable appeiiie for glory, as
well as the 5real acliors in which Ihey are dis-
played, are described and illustrated with a
bappy choice of language and most felicitous
effect.

THE LIFE OF FREDE-
UIC THE SECOND, King
of Prussia. By Lord Dover.
In 2 vols. ISino. With a Por-
ir^it.

Frederic II. lived in an a/re among the most
remarkable in the annats of tlie world. He was
one of those men who conslituie an epoch, —
who, by their paramimnl influence upon Ihe
events of a particular period, impn-K it, in a
degree, with characlerislica resulting from their
owu peculiar sentinienls. habits, and proceed-
ings, — who may be considered mnnumen's on
th(; road of ages to designale cerlain divisions
ftl time. Bu', aparl from Ihe character of Fred-
eric, Ihe gre-it incidents in the midst of which
he lived and moved, and in which he was a
irromineni actor, rcruJerlhis period of Enripesn
history one of Ihi: most iulercitius; and impir-
Unt,— and ii has betn ably delineated by Ihc
modern histori.iD of Ihe Prussian monarch.
Lord Dover has long been favourably kno'vn as
Ibe Hon. Mr. EIMh, ami his Li'e of Frederic
has much enhanced his repu'ation. It is hon-
ourable to him, consid^rine the irreligmua
character of Frcilenc, (bat he haa nowhere
rendered vice altraciive, and Ihat his page-i are
eludiously qiinrded from Ihc slightest contami-
nation ol iiilidclily.

THE LIFE AND AC-
TIONS OF ALEXANDER
THE GREAT. By Rev. J.
Williams. I81110. With a
Map.

This volume fills a blank in ihe histoncal
library, and fiirnishes an excellent majiual for
the Kludeiit. It is not confined lo the mere ei-
jil-iits and adveniuTt* of Hie Macedonian ben,
Klthou;h Ihey cnuHUliite the Iciding lopic, but
contains a misierlv view of Ihe times in which
be lived, and of Ihe manners, arts, and sciences
of the Greeks Persians, FBr>piian8, Arabs, and
Indians, and o'ber nations whom lie visited or
conquered. The story is well aild ele^an'ly
told, and conveys a more dislincl and accura'e
idea of Ibe ancie/t( .Vapolccni than is lo be found
in any other history. Ed the perusal, the curi-
osity of the reader is gratified u well aa slimu-
Inteit, and his miod it moved to profitable re-
Dection.

LIFE AND TIMES OF
GEORGE THE FOURTH
With Anecdotes of Distin-
guished Persons of the last
Fifty Years. By Rev. George
Croly. 18mo.

The regency ?nd reign of Ihis monarch occu-
pied oire of the most eventful and m'eresting
perioils of English hi>tory, not only from the
magnitude and impnrlai'ce of Ihcir political oc-
currences, bill also from the v isl improvements
in science and Ibe arts by which Ihey were dis-
tingui'-hed, and the number of eminent individ-
uals who flnurisiied at Ibis epoch The charac-
ter of George himself was not Ihe teasi reni.Trk-
able among Ihose of Iheprincipal per-^nnages of
the time, and il has been haiidleil by Mr. Croly
with a just and fearles.*, but nor uncharitable
spirit. His perceptions are close, keen, and ac-
curate, and bis language siiigubrly ter«e and
energetic. His work >vil| be of Ihe highest
value lo the future historian.

LIFE OF SIR ISAAC
NEWTON. By Sir David
Brewster, K. B., LL. D.,
F.R.S. ISmo. Engravings.

This is the only extended Life of Ihc greatest
of English pliilobophers ever given lo the public.
In atiempiiiig to supply a v.icancy in philo-
sophic and Hcientihc literature, Sir David Ilrew-
ster, himself one of the most profound and emi-
nent savfnis of the age, has nol only souftllt
out from resourcei hilherlo unknown and inac-
cessible lo previous writers every fresh and
novel pirlicularof Neivlon's life, but has^ivcn
Ihe most lucid esplanatinns of hi.i greal discov-
eries, and Ihe s'eps by which they were accom-
plished ; and h.is been remarkably succcMful m
rendering ttiesc iaielligible to all clansci of
readers.

THE LIVES OF THE
MOST EMINENT BRITISH
PAINTERS AND SCULP-
TORS. By Allan CuNMNCr
HAM, Esq. In 5 vols. 18mo.
With Portraits.

The author has collceled, in these rimall vol-
ames, a histop)' of arl in Engl.ind, and llie
lives, characters, and wnrk^of ils most eniineni
professors.— the materials of which were pre-
viously scallercd through many volume.-, iiMC-
cessibic and uninviting to llie mas* of readers.
The ccllical observations profusely scaltrred
through ihise biographies will ri^nler iheiii
useful to the s'udeni, while the personil anec-
dotes with which Ihey abound nnkc them
equally allurin" lo the ordinary reader. The
l.iboun and struggles of cenius, Ihe success of
perseverance, and ihe iDutility of talent iin^lliM
to prudence, as exemplified in these narrAlivet,
affirda useful moral lcss<jn. while the incileuls
which illustrate them become Ihc source ni
plea:>ure and eQlcrlaiDmcot.

Works Puhlishca btj Harper cj- Brothers.

LIFE OF LORD BYRON.
By J. Gai.t, Esq. ISmo.

The splendour of Lnnl Byron's f.yne, and Ibe
JDlerest attendant upon rhe story of his eventful
life and early death, li.ive combined to reiiJer
hia biography a wnrk of more than uiual at-
traction. Mr. Gait enjoyed ihe advaniaRes
consequent upon a long and inlmiale acquaint-
iiice wiih Ihe noble pwt. and h.\a given a strik-
ing and satisfactory description of his character
Oneof Ihe greatest merits of the work is its strict
imparlialiry ; ihs writer is evidently free from
prejudice cither favourable or adverte In his
subject, and tells what he knows or believes to
be Ihe iruih, without auy bias from envy, ill-
will, or idection.

THE LIVES OF CELE-
BRATED TRAVELLERS.
By James Augustus St. John.
lu 3 vols. 18mo.

Every man whose nund can sympathize with
bumain nature under all its v.-iriuui aspects, nnd
can detect passions, weaknesses, and virtues like
bis own through the endlens (Iis-;uiseien*ccletl
by strange religions, policies, manners, or cli-
nules. must peruse the relations of ver^ctuus
travellers with silisfaction and advantage. The
author of these volumes has, with gre.it indus'ry
and judgment, compiled a series of highly inter*
eOiug mtrrativcs, containing Ihe most striking
incidents in the lives and tvandenugs of all the
celebrrvtei] tr-wellers th.it h.ive flourished within
the lati ei^hl centuries, taking them u|i in their
regular order of snccesMion, prescii'in; only ihi!
alTraclive porlioii:i, and omitting all useless and
tinneci-ssftry details. The reader will fin'l in
these \nlumes the subilance of many pnmlerous
tomes, moit of which are rare, and only to be
(bund m the extensive Luropcau libraries.

LECTURES ON GENE-
RAL LITERATURE, PO-
ETRY, &c. Delivered at the
Royal Institute in 1830 and
1831. By James Montgom-
ery. 18ino.

The graceful beauty nf t^e style, the abun-
dance and felicity of illuslralion, and the skilful
ex|)Osiliiin of the principle!! and elements of the
divine art, imbudied in these interesting lec-
tures, have called forth Ihe warmest expressions
of ileliiflit, and seiured fur them a most exteo-
t'wu pojnibrity.

THE HISTORY of ARA-
BIA. Ancient and Modern.
Containing a Description of the
Country — An Account of its
Inhabitants, Antiquities, Politi-
cal Condition, and Early Com-
merce — The Life and Reli-
gion of Mohammed — The Con-
quests, Arts, and Literature of
the Saracens — The Caliphs of
Damascus, Bagdad, Africa^ and

A3

Spain — The Civil Government
and Religious Ceremonies of
the Modern Arabs — Oiigiii and
Suppres.sion of the Wahabees
— I'he Institutions, Character,
Mariners, and Customs of the
Bedouins ; and a Comprehen-
sive View of its Natural His-
tory. By Andrew Ckichton.
In 2 vols. 18mo. With a Map
and Engravings.

All ihe liisloncal works in the Family Li-
bnry are much and justly esteemed ; but t'her*
is none that lias been more generally and highly
approved tlun this. Ih-^re is sametbing ib
marketl and distinct io Ihe character of Ihe peo-
|de whose history it gives, and llic pari they
have played in the great theatre nf the world
has becu so striking and imporUni, llial their
aiiuaU cannnt be read without the highest inter-
est. Theireiuteiice asa nation is traced to th»
remotest ajesof which we have any knowledge;
and the n.irntive embraces those sidendid pe-
riods in "hich ihc Saracenic emiiir"* m the
East, and \ht MrMinsh dominion in S|Dm. were
Hie most gorgefius and imposing spcct.icles Ihe
world ever eahiliilcd, so rich in every thing that
has power to excite the imagiDation or capti-
vate Ihe nund. Unc of Ihe most oirioui and
remarkable parts of the narrative is the account
of tile famous heresy of Ihe WahaUtn. which
at one time threatened lu subvert liic whnl«
Mohammedan empire. An accmnt so full, M
clear and .iccunle, does not nist" in any oitiur
single historical work in the English language.

THE PRINCIPLES OF
PHYSlOLf K;Y, APPLIED-
TO THE IMIESERVATIOX
OF HEALTH, AND TO
THE IMPROVEMENT OF
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
EDUCATION. By Andkew
Combe, M.D. ISm'o.

Puldic opinion is un.Tuii'inus in assi^ing to
this volume of the Family Libmrv- a jilace
among Hie first and most v.i1u:tble ivirrks of Ihg
Age, t)oth in utility and interest. It is. literally,
a guide la the most successful development nf
iniellect, to the pn-servaliou of health, and Ihe
atiainincnt of longevi'y. ll treats in plain, fa-
niiii.-<r,and perfectly inlellieilde langui'c. not
nf disease in its ten ihousaiiil painful or appal-
ling forms, but of (he apparently trivial ci,-
cumslances in w hich di<e.w Ins its unsuspected
origin ; ami shows hnw it is to be avni.led. by
preventing or repairing the loo often unrejnrlei]
imprudences and neglects which, trifling as they
seem, are yet, in jfmost every c.i>e. .he reit.
though remote, agents in pnxiucing illnes. The
matlcrs set forth are of Ihe highest interest
among all worldly objects, to e*ery rational be-
ing, inasmuch as Ihcy rela e to the erealeil du-
ration a.nd enjoyme'nl of life ; anJ they are so
exhibited that no mctical know le-Ut;, no pecu-
liar strength of intcllecl. nothing nmre, in short,
than plain common sense, is requisilc foe then
complete apprectatioQ.

Ifr

Works PiihUshed hy Ifariper tSf- Brothers.

MEMOIR OF THE LIFE
OF PETER THE GREAT.
By John Barbow, Esq. ISrao.
With a Portrait.

This is unanimously considered one of the
most pleasant volumes in the Family Lihrary.
AJthou^h it Rives all the promineni incidenls
ID (he life of Peter the Urejt, and in their proper
order, yel it is rather a collection of anecdoies
Ihan a methodical biography, and iis object is
more to illustrate the character of Ihe man
than Ihe history of the monarch. Most of Ihe
anecdotes are entirely new, having hitherto ex-
isted only in manuscript live$, memoirs, and
memoranda, of which a great number are still
existing, unpublished, and in various languages,
scatterM among the principal libraries of Eng-
land, France, Holland, and Russia. It is from a
careful examination of these documents that the
author haa chiefly cnllecled his malerials ; and
his work, both curious and entertninirg in a
high degree, at the same time gives Ihe besi and
most graphic idea of the great Czar that is to be
found in any language.

THE NATURAL HISTO-
RY OF INSECTS. With
aumerous Engravings. ISmo.

The study of Natural History is at all times,
and to almost everv person, eminently pleasing
and inslnictive: liie object in Ibis admirable
volume has been to render it doubly caplivaling
by the plain and simple st^te in which it is
treated, and by the numerous engraving? with
v/hich Ihe text is illiislraied There is no
branch of this delightful science more pleasing
than tlial which exhibits Ihe wonderful goodness
and wisdom of the Creator, .is they are dis-
played in the endless varieties of insect life —
their forms, habits, cap.\cilies, and works— and
which investigates the nature and peculinrilies
of thesediminulivc Inbesof animated existence.

A POPULAR GUIDE TO
THE OBSERVATION OF
NATURE ; or, Hints of In-
ducement to the Study of Na-
tural Productions and Appear-
ances, in their Connexions and
Relations. By Robert Mo-
pie. ISmo. With Engravings.

The author is an aiilpot lover of nature, and
,T dose observer of Ihe works of Ihe Cr«»lfir,
and hit aim has been to twaken in his readers
a spirit kindred to his own, and to point out to
the student the true path of inquirj' ; that which
alone can lead to the just perceyilion and full
enjoyment of the innumerable charms that lie
scattered so lavishly around us in every form of
animate and inanimate existence. In the .ac-
complishment of his undertaking, he ha-s pro-
duced a work not more remarkable for its ori-
ginality and for Ihe eWenI and accuracy of the
information it cmveys, than for Ihe novelty of
iti views, the infinite variety and wisdom of its
reflections, and the sinrular inleres' with which
it fills the mind of Ihe delighted reader. To the
tyro Ibis guide is of incalculable vilue. and to
the accomplished sctiplar it recommends itself
by the new and s'rikiog features with whi-h il
ioveaU the exhaustless subject of which il treats.

HISTORICAL AND DF-^
SCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT of
PERSIA, from the Earliest
Ages to the Present Time :
with a Detailed View of its
Resources, Government, Popu-
lation, Natural Histor)', and the
Character of its Inhabitants,
particularly of the Wandering
Tribes : including a Description
of Afghanistan and Beloochis-
tan. By James B. Fraser,
Esq. 18mo. With a Map and
Engravings

The account of Persia contained in this vol-
ume is both historical and descriptive, and is
Ihe best exiant, with Ihe single excepii6n, per-
haps, of Sir John Malcolm's great work, which
is too large and too expensive for general utility.
The author resided many years in the country,
and visited every province in his search for ma-
lerial ; and his volume conlains, not onlji the
re<ulls of his own invesligalions, but also evenr
inriporlant fact to be found in Ihe works of M.il-
colm, Ouseley, Porter, Jonei, and others of his
predecessors. Neither of those productions have
ever been republished in America ; and llieprc»-
onl is lherrtor»r the only complele and authentic
History of Persia that is generally accessible on
this side of the Atlantic. From the abundance
of anccdo'e and agreeable description of anli-
quities, ciislonis, and clianicler, it is not leas
enlerlaining than valuable.

COURT AND CAMP OF
BONAPARTE. AVith a Por-
trait of Talleyrand. ISmo.

This volume has been carefully prrpared asa
suitable and indispensable companion to the
Life of Napoleon. U contains the subsianceof
the many hundred volumes of Mcmnirs, Lives,
Narratives, anerdoles, ic. connected with the
career of Napoleon, with vhich the press of
France has been so prolific during Ihe last fif-
teen years. It presents rapid but vigorously
drawn sketches of Ihe emperor's bmlhers,
wives, sisters, minis'ers, marshals, and generals ;
and those who wish to gain a competent know-
ledge of " Nayohan and his times'' will find
no w(trk in any language which conveys so
much information in so little spa«e, or in a
more lively aud agreeable manner.

FULL ANNALS OF THE
REVOLUTION in FRANCE,
1830. To which is added, a
Particular Account of the Cel-
ebration of said Revolution in
the City of New- York, on the
25th November, 1830. By
Myer Moses. I2mc>-

Works Ptthlishcd by Harper ^ Brothers.

n

LIFE OF MOHAMMED ;
Founder of the Religion of Is-
lam, and of the Empire of the
Saracens. By Rkv. G. Bush,
A.M. 18mo. With an En-
graving.

The obiecta of the wriler in Ihe preparalion
of this volume have been condt^nution, cltrar-
Des9, and accuracy. II was wriiten expressly
for Ihe publishers by an Americin aii'hor. ana,
in addition tn the nunierous and highly flatler-
ing cnmiTicndationB bestowed upon it by the

firess, it has received Ihe testimonial of repub-
ication in England. In one reBpcct, the pinn
adopted by ihe author prfsents an improvement
upon preceding memoirs of the ereal inii»ostor,
in Ihe careful collocaMon of ihe chapters of the
Koran with Ihe cvenin of the narrative. — a
nielhod by which Ihe history ia illus'raied in a
remarkable degree. The appendix, containing
a series of proplictic invf8lij;a:ion», ia peculiarly
curious, learned, and valuable.

LIFE OF OLIVER CROM-
WELL. By Rev. M. Rus-
sell, LL.D. In 2 vols. 18mo.
With a Portrait.

These volumes contain a popular History of
one who, il ia allowed, was, in msny respects,
the most exlraordinary min that England h.-vs
bver produced. It has been 'he sludy of the
author, while he availed himself of the l.ibours
of all of his predecesson, to give an unbiaxd
view of Cromwell's conduct; in his early liie;
at hia first entrance upon public business^ in
hia Hchievenicnta aa a soldier ; in his rise to po-
lilical power; and, finally, in his government
of Ihoae kingdoine which he was Ihe first to con-
iiuer. The reverend Kentleman is ctrtainly en-
tl'li^ to the most unrpialilicd praise fur his eif-
crtionw, and' for Ihe new, curious, and important
information which he has collected and ar.
ranged ; and those who peruse his work will
He rewarded by much valuable information.

INDIAN BIOGRAPHY ;

or, an Historical Account of
those Individuals who have
been distinguished among the
North American Natives as
Orators, Wai'riors, Statesmen,
and Other Remarkable Charac-
ters. By B. B. Thatcher, Esq.
In 2 vols. 18mo. With a Por-
trait.

The extensive popnlarily of these Biogra-
phies is one of Ihe slrongesi evidences of their
merit : wlihin a very few months afler the piib-
iicalion a large edilinn was disposed of, and I he
work was at once established as a standani. —
Uolil its appearance there was no au'henlic
or satisfactory account of the Indians; notices
of a few of Ihe most disliogiiished among ihcm
io earlier times were to be found sc:\ltered
Obough the pages of various historical works,
but Ihe number was very limilr-d, and i' might
be said Ihat all knowledge of Iheir true charac-
terv«nd of llie traila forwliich tb^ w«t re-

markable, was locked yp in manuscripta or in
obscle'e publicaMons, 'file wri'er of these vol-
umes has, with great induslry and perseverance,

explored these almost unknown store* of in-
formation, and produced a work of ilie highest
character for candour, extent, and accuracy. It
has been truly wid, lh:»t until Mr. Tha'cher
look upon himself !he office of their historian,
full justice had never t>een done to the chanc-
lera and actions of the aborigines.

THE TRAVELS and RE-
SEARCHES OF ALEXAN-
DER VON HUMBOLDT;
being a condensed Narrative
of his Journeys in the Equinoc-
tial Regions of America, and
in Asiatic Russia : together
with Analyses of his more im-
portani Investigations. By W.
Macgim.ivrav, A.m. I8mo.
With Engravings.

TTie celebrity enjoyed by P.Tmn HumboH*,
earned by a life of laborious inveatignlion anj
perilous enterprise, and by Ihe mont extensive
conlributinns to science, rerdrrs hit name fami*
liar Io every person whose ^tilrn'inn li« been
drawn to siaiisiics or natural philowphy ; and
hia works are rvnkiJ amnne ihe verv fir»t for
the aplenrtid pictures of «cener\- which they
contain, the dlverKifieil informallnn which they
alTord pespeciing otijecM of univcr'al ititcrcst,
and the graceful atirjctions wiih which he haa
invi-sled Ihe majestv of science. The present
volume contains an abridged account of all Iha
travels and reaearches of this eminent observer
of nature, in which nothing is omiited thai cao
be either tnlere«iing or ufeful to the general
n-.-idt-r, while the several narratives are suflr
cienlly condensed to brinr lliem within the
compass of a convenient volume.

LIVES AND VOYAGES

OF DRAKE, CAVENDISH,
AND DAMPIER; including
an Introductory View of the
earlier Discoveries in the South
Sea, and the History of the Buc-
aniers. IStno. With Por-
traits.

The relation of tHe voyrffts, discoveriea, and'
advenlurei of early and celebrated Ensliah n.ivi-.
ga'ors is, in bo far, a history of ihe rise of her
naval power. In this volume are contained the
lives of three of Ihe most eminent ; and, from
the very natore of the subject, it presents much
curious and valuable Information, gleaned
from many sources, and in every instance veri-
fied by scrupulous examination and reference
to original documents. Early Spanish niscoc-
ery in the Sonth Seas, and the lint circum*
navigation of the elobe by Magellan, form a
subordin.-rte bul appropriate branch of the work ;
and the subject is completed by llie History
of Ihe Bucanien. — IhoM diring rovers whOM
wild adventures afford so much to charm the
youthful mind, and form one of the mnit inter-
esiine chapien in the aonals of oiaritime eote^
priic and ailventure.

1:4

Works Published hy Hurpcr 4 Brolha'S.

A HISTORY OF THE
CHURCH, from the Earliest
Ages to the Reformation. By
the Rev. George Wadding-
ton, M.A. 8vo.

This elaborate txtd extremety valuable work
CODlatiis the history of tht^ Lhrislian ReligtOD
from Ihe eslahlishnient of the tint Christian
cliurcti, soun af'er the reaurrcction and ascension
of ila Uivine Founder, to the Lulherao Retornia-
lion ; a period of fifteen centuries. Il Is com
Liiled fmni the most aulhenlic materials, — anJ
in all disputed questions, the study of the wruer
has been (o gi\c Ihal account which at once ap-
pears the most pmbableand unite* the suffn^es
Cf Ihe ^ivateil numlier of auihonlies. It is
recngnised eenerally l)y theologians aa the most
cle.ir, accurate, and coniprchi'n-ive ; and Ihe
arran^eniuiit is esteemed p.irlicularly judicious.
1 be advantages to be derived from the study
et EcclesiMiicaJ History arc loo great &rtU
(Mimcrouit lo be even alluded to in this brief
notice ; It is enough to meiition that not Ihe
least among theiD is the tnculratinn of a chan-
labie spirit, necessarily resutiing fmm the con-
victmii forced upon the miod of Ihe reader,
tlial frr>m the \fcaknest of our nature, diversity
•f upinicin seems lo be inseparable from reli-
(jous belief, and h.\3 never proved dangerous to
Oie happiness of society, except when bigotry
%iid i>o\\ er have endeavoured tr> restrain it, and
enforce couforniity by violeuce and persecu-
lioo.

wood (or Broule) Rivers, in'
1832; under the direction of

H-ENRY R. SCHOOLCBAFT. Ih

1 vol. 8vo.

Tins volume coD'ains a narrative of 'he third
alleiirpi made by the Govenimeni of the L'ni'cd
Slates to disfovtr the sources of the Mississippi
River. — prepared by Mr Schcwlcraft, uuder
whose command Ihe expedition was placed.
Ihe journey ivas commenced early iu l!i^32,
and the main object was eirected,oy Ihe dis-
covery of the real source, in July of Ihi; s.->nie
year. But in connexion wiih ttiis object, Mr-
Schooicraft was directed to visit ihc nuiiiernus
tribes of Indians iiihabiling ihe remole North-
western Territory,— and the remainder of that
and part of the next year were devoted to the
accomplishment of this secondary object. The
details given of these hitherto almost unknown
Inhes are minute, very interesting, and unques-
tionably authentic. The whole Narrative is
exircmely enlert.-iiniiig, aadfuU of ciirious and
useful mfornkaiion.

MEMOIR OF THE LIFE
OF WM. LIVINGSTON;

Member of Congress in 1774,
1775, and 1776 ; Delegate to
the Federal Convention in 1787,
and Governor of the State of
New-Jersey from 1776 to 1790.
With Extracts from his Corre-
spondence, and Notices of Var
nous Members of his Family.
By Theodokb Sedgwick, Jun.
6vo. With a Portrait.

Tliis work emtnces a clear and interesting
tr^'^uui of the lite and character of an eminent
■ od excellent man, distinguished for learning
ai>d talenis. and the most exemplary and patri-
O'ii; devotion to Ihe litierties and independence
of his cfiunlry. It IS written in an unpreltnd-
ii>g manner, and w ilh a commendable freedom
fn-m Ihc Sin of exagseratma, w hich is so apt to
te«et biographer., -mJ is highly valuable as an
ftcqui;iiii->n to our revolutionary anuals.

NARRATIVE OF AN
EXPEDITION THROUGH
THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI
TO ITASCA LAKE, the ac-
tual Source of this River ; em-
bracing an Explanatory Trip
through the St. Croix and Burnt-

ESSAYS ON THE PRIN-
CIPLES OF MORALI'i'Y,
AND ON THE PRIVATE
AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
AND OBLIGATIONS OF
MANKIND By Jonathan
DvMOND. With a Preface, by
the Rev. George BusHj M.A.
In 1 vol. 8vo.

The highest encomiums have been lavished
upon this work, hoih here and iu England, and
iis reputation has advanced with great rapidiiy,
although two or three years elapsed after its
first publication liefore it began to aUract much
notice. The writer was a member of Ihe So-
ciety nf Friends, and engaged during his short
life in mercantile jnvsiiiis. The Ks5r>y4 were
not published until after his death, ^nJ ihe tal-
ents and learning of their author were perteclly
imknown beyond the circle of his immediate
friends and intimates. Hia views in the diffi-
cult and iropor;ajit science of Ethics are much
admired for their depth, consistency, and uni-
form sul'iection tu the principles oT religious
truth ; ihey are the doctrines of a philosopher,
of a Christian philostifjher, in the slric'i^t
meaning o/ the term. His strictures ujion Ihe
opinions of o'her nietaph)siCians, tliMu;^h ex-
pressed with great force and boldness, arerc-
mark-ible for the calmness and chanty of Ihc
language in which they are conveyed.

LETTERS AND JOUR-
NALS OF LORD BYRON;
with Notices of his Life. By
Thom.\s Moore, Esq. In 2
vols. 8vo. With a Portrait.

By unbiased critics Byron's Letters liave been
pronounced equal, if not superior, in point of
vigour, interest, variety, and liveliness, to any
that have yet adorned this branch of our litera-
ture. The present edition is pnntejl on largo
type and good paper, ami in a convenient form..

Works Published by Harper <f Brothers.

A DIGEST OF THE LAWS
OF ENGLAND RESPECT-
ING HEAL PROPERTY. By
William Gkuise, Esq. With
Notes, &.C., by Thomas Hun-
TiNGTOX, Esq. A New Edi-
tion. Ifi 3 vols. 8vo.

In thii V3.lualjlt: legal L>ouk oT reference, all
the deciiions iq the Bti;;lMli Cour s of King's
Beach iqiI Coninion Pteao, froai Ihe time of
Clurki ttie Seciiiid, are collecled and ctrefuily
arnagol under proper headii. Numerous edi-
tions have been published in taglind, and
Mveral in lhi» counlry,— but this, the l.ilest of
all, is aJso ihe nimt cujunlele and useful, as i'
conrxine, ill additmn l-^ the En>;1ish (tcci->ii>nN,
fhoM) in our own Cnurls, by which ihe aiilhoriiy
of the former is eilher modilied or allngelher
annulled. The form, loo, is more convenient
than thai of any previous edition, and ihe price
considerably less. Cniinc's Ui!;ial is an in-
diRpen>able iieiii in every lawyer's library;
and aft. a book of reference, from Ihe tlcarnesj
and judiciuus inellwJ of iis arran^rmeni, ihe
siviagof lime in a HinKle yeir is- worth much
more than ih<! cosi of ihe voIudics.

ENGLAND AND AMER-
ICA : a Comparison of the
Social aad Political State of
both Nations. In 1 vol. 8vo.

This is unquifslinniblv one of Ihe mosl pow.
Cfful and ciciiiiis hooks th.it h.ivc evrr been
writlen iipnii Ihe mnr.il and sijciil condition of
mankind as actually exis'itig in any CounlricA.
b is a comparison, rinse, vigoroui, and search-
ing, between two of ihu niosi powcrlul nationwif
tne world, in whtch all IhaWis great and noble
and iniposing in holh is delineated with ex-
ceeding feliciiy, while Ihe faults, the vices, and
the misei7 which exist in each, hut happily in
widely difrTenlproporl ions, are exhibileff, with
slarlling eft'trcl nf cnnttiut, -not only in Ibeir fea-
tures, hut their causes Th*- p^^liiical eviU of
En^l'ind, ils dis|irn|rf>rMonale wraith and hope-
leAs povcriy, ils splendour anri its crime, its
brilliant achievemen's in science and lileraiurc
OD the one hin 1, and Ihe dreadful ignorance of
a large portion nf ils population on Ihe olher.
ftre described with thrilling juiwer. The book
bas been severely alacked in Kn-land for Us
motives, but its facts have njuver been disputed.

15

, THE LIFE OF JOHN JAY :
I with selections from his Cor-
respofidence and Miscellaneous
Papers. By his Smi William
Jay. In 2 vols. 8vo. With a
Portrait.

Ii v\ould be doins injustice !o the American
puhlic lu suppusr that they do not lake an in-
terest in kiiu»ing the characiers and aciions
of those to wtoni ihcy are lodcbied lor ihe lib-
erty and prispeniy ibcj now enjoy, Mr. Jay,
it will be rcnicnibercd. itniKl higb among those
who devoted iheiiiseUci to the service of Ibeir
country, and ar>[uircd a ti'le In rs ^latitude.
The present work, Cisiing much nctt and valu-
able light on our early hisKTt, and being. In
all renpecli, worthy of I's great subject, cannot
therf'ire fail to prove highly intcri^iiog and
\3luablt-; and such, tn fici. it has been pro-
nounced by all who h-tve [tenised il.

LIFE OF THE REV. ROB-
ERT HALL By Olinthus
Gregory, LL.D. &;c. 8vo.
With a Portrait. (Embraced
in the third volume of Hall's
complete works )

Dr. Gregory has traced Mr. Hall from child-
hood to miturity, from maturity tn hi* death,
and, (hrouifhoul, has presenled a plain, simple,
accurate, and full account of him. He has
alw traced him in his sociiil and moral rela-
tions, and has showed how his fine talents and
acquirements hecamf subordinated to the power
gf Divine grace, and devoted to Ibe promotion
af the glory ofGod and the liappinesj of man.

SKETCHES OF TURKEY
IN ISai AND '32. By an
American. 8Vo. With nu-
merous Engraving*.

'■ We do not hemtaie tn recommend il as nnt
of Ihe mosl rnlcnaining ^Klok^ o( Irjvdi wliich
have f-illeo in our way fur ali'og liuic." — JV K.

"This II truly a work of a superior order,
which ni.iy be tranmiulted Xv. Enrupe wilb con-
fidence.'' — The Sat'onal UazUlr.

"A most entertaining aiil inttniclive work,
written with spirit and eue, and, we doubt
not, with perfect c.inlour. Such a buok was
much waiiteil."— .V. V- Sla-idard.

'• We are happy tn tee thii the high opinion
«e expi^ssed of this work is mnrr ihan con-
hrnird by the united voice nf Ihe pres^ a» well
as by the mulniude of its rcaderi."— rtT. )'.
Trnvdln^

A DICTIONARY of THE
HOLY BIBLE. Containing
an Historical Account of the
Persons ; a Geographical and
Historical Account of Places-;
a Literal, Critical, and System-
atical Description of other Ob-
jects, whether Natural,. Artifi-
cial, Civil, Religious, or Mili-
tary ; and an Explanation of
the Appellative Terms men-
tioned in the Old and New
Teslaments. By the Rev. John
Brown, of Haddington. With
a Life of the Author, and an Es-
say on the Evidence of Chris-
tianity Complete in one vol-
ume, 8vo.

It may not be improper to inform the public
that the prcstnl is ihc only "feifcct edilioo ot
this work published id the United SlAiet.

re

Wbiks Published' by Harper cf Brolltcrs-.

THE BOOK OF NATURE.
By John Mason Good, M.D.,
F.R.S. To which IS now pre-
fixed, a Sketch of the Author's
Life. Complete in one volume,
8vo.

" This work is certainly the best philoso]^-
icaJ digest of the kiud which we have seeo." —
Monthty Review.

ENGLISH SYNONYMES,
with Copious Illustrations and
Explanations, drawn from the
best Writers. A New Edmon.
By G. Ckabb. 8vo.

No person « bo has not seen Mr. Crabb's
worit can conceive Ihe Dumber of s\nonyn<efl
ra the Boglish langinge. Every scholar, and
kU profesiional and public nicnniifjhi to po»ess
themselves of this work. Indeed, ri'i ptrson
c*n read or write understand icgly wiihout be-
in; familiar tuih (he legitimate JetiuitioD of
these iDDumerable synonymes.

"A work of such eener*! credit among
■choUrs needs no word of commendation iviih
reference to its design ajid execiKion." — U. S.
Gaulle.

MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE
AND CORRESPONDENCE
OF MR;s. HANNAH MORE.
By William RoBERTSr Esq.
In 2 vols. 12rao. With a Por-
trait, from the picture by Opie.

These Memoirs present a m.ws of literarr
correspondence to which, since Ihe publication
of Haylty't Lift of Cowpcr, nr Bosioclia Lift
of Joh7U07i, there h.\s been no paralkl. The
narrative is principally. carried on by the me-
dium of this correspondence. The letltrs of
Mrs. More herself, of "hich there are more than
ttireehundied, are inlervvoven with letlers by
Mrs. Monta-u. Sir W. W. Pepys. Lord Orfnrd,
Dr. Langhnme, Mr. Rarrick, Mra. Bosrawen,
Fiihop Pnrteus. Archbishop Magee, Rev. J.
Newlr.n, Rev. R. Cecil, Mr. Stephen. Mrs.
Kennicotl. Bishop Home, Ihe Duehens of Glou-
cester, Lady Crcrnorne, l/trd Teignmouth, Lord
Barham, BrNhf>p Walson, Biship Bamnjion,
Dean Tucker, Mrs. Chapone, Mrs. Carler, Mrs.
Birbauld. Mrs. Sidrlons. the Rev. T. Gisborne,
Sild many oiher well known public characters.
In point of incident, it is equally well stored ;
passing in review all the leadm; events of
the last half-century, and giving delails which
are full of intcresi, of the last days nf Garrick.
Dr. Johnson, Dr, Kennico't. Fishop Home,
Bishop Porleos, ami oiher distingniihed and in-
limate friends of Mrs. More.

TRAVELS AND RE-
SEARCHES IN CAFFRA-
RTA : describing the Charac-
ter, Customs, and Moral Con-
dition of the Tribes inhabiting

that portion of Southern Af-
rica. BvStephkn Kay. 12mo.
With Maps and Plates.

It has oflen been remarked, how much the
Ciuse of science as well as Ihai orrt:ligioii is lu-
deliied lo Ihe zeal and courage and persevering
labour of Ihe Missionaries. The valuable and
interesting work of Mr. Ellis on the Polyne-
sian Islands waaastnking illuvlration of this
fact, and ihe pfiducnon ol Mr. Kay, another
Mis.Monar>-, is not less woriliv of admiration.
He residrd for many years far id ihe inienor 9f
Cafirana, making himself f.^miliar with the
character, hisiory, manners, and condition of
Ihe natives, while at Ihasaniu lime ac ively tii-
ganed in imp.arun? lo ihem the light of the
Chns'ian Reviilalion. His dascriinioii of Ihe
country in which lie laboured, and its ii»habit-
ants, is copious, minule, and accurate, and the
personal mrraiive wilh which il is connected is
such as very daeply to engage (he reader's inter-
eti and feelings.

POLYNESIAN RE-
SEARCHES during a Resi^
dence of nearly Eight Years
in the Society and Sandwich-
Islands. By William Ellis.
In 4 vols. 12mo. Engravings.

" This is Ihe most interesting work, in all its
parls, we have ever perused."— Quarter/y lUv.

"Theiimplicily ol ihenarralive, the graphio
beauty of many of the (tescriptmns, and Ihe
moral grandeur of Ihe whole subject of ihese
volumes, are calculated lo pr<>duce the most
nowerfnl and salutary impression on every re-
ligious and culti\Btcd mind." — Orme't Du-
courst on the South Sea Misxion. ^

"Mr. Ellis's volumes are replcle with the
most interesting delails, illus'raiive as well of
(he former condition and history as of Ihe pres-
ent slate of Ihe Sou'h Sea Islanders- They com-
prise a masa of curious and highly enteri&ining
informaiinn respecting iheir manuen, customs,
aud trad itjoDs.*>— Eclectic Review.

THE COMFORTER; or,
Extracts selected for the Con-
solation of Mourners, under the
Bereavement of Friends and'
Relations. By a A^illage Pas-
tor. 12mo*

This work is intended to sugeest topics of re-
ligious consolation to the alllicled ; ami the
Christian commiinily are asvuredly under great
obligations lo the" Village Paslor" for his suc-
cessful attempt lo exhibit to them at once Ihe
comforts which flow in upon the bert-aved and
distressed believer. In the happy selections he
has made, he has had particular regard lo Ihe
writings of such men as were experienced ii>
the w.ays of affliction, and over whom it has
shed ils sanctifying influence. It his been
warmly recommended by clergymen of differ-
ent deoominations, aa well as by the religious

Classical Works Fkblishcd'hy Harper <f Brothers. 17<

XENOPHON (Anabasis,
translated by Euvvard Spel-
MAN, Esq., and Cyropaedia, by
the Hon. Maurice A. Coopek)
In 2 vols. 18mo. Portrait.

" Spelman'B Aoabajis is one of Ihe most
aecurare and elegani Iranslalious Ibal any lan-
gu.i-c has produDi."— G1/-/.0/1.

"A very la.lhful and u*t-ful veraion."—
Clarhe.'! BiUiographical M\K-Alany.

THE ORATIONS op DE-

MOSTHENES. Translated by
Thomas Lf.land, D.D. In 2
vols. 18mo. With a Portrait.

" In Ihc Iranalalinn of Dtmnvlhenen Lcland
unites tin; m^n or lasle wilh the mail of lesrn-
me, and nhows himself lo hive po^Bewe^l, not
only a conipe)enl kaowlctgc of (he lin^k lan-
Suaj;e, bul Itiat clearneu inliixown conceptions,
and tti.it aniniaiinii in his feelings, ntticli ena-
bled him to calch Ihe real tneaointr, and In pre-
lerve Ihe genuine npirir, of ThB most perfecl ora-
tor Athens ever pro<luced." — Parr.

SALLIJ.ST. Trnnslatud by
William Rose, M.A. With
Improvements and Notes. In
1 vol. l8mo. Portrait.

The IranBlaiinn of Salluil h> Dr. Rijf- his
beet) rccommeniJed in Ihe Hiblio<nphical Mis-
cellany, as "a very fatlliful, accurale, and ex-
celleni version." 'I he ackiiowleilemcWs of the
Editor are jusllydue to Ihe liberality of Sir
Henry Sleuarl, Barl., by whom he hai teen per-
mitted lo avail himself nf hi- ele^nl Tran»(a-
lioa of Ihe Roman Hiiiorian, wilh many learned
notes; a aeleciion from which haa served (o
enrich Ihc present edition.

CESAR. Translated by
William Duncan. In 2 vols,
18mo. With a Portrait.

_ The above translalion of Caesar's Commenta-
ries is taken from the ci-lebrated edition of Ihc
late Dr. Clarke, printed for J. Tonson in 1712.
All possible care has been taken to render it ex-
a<l, and I" preserve Ibo dislinctness and pcrtpi-
cuiiv of expresaioD for which the original ii to
justly famous.

VIRGIL. The Eclogues
translated by Wrangham, the
Georeics by Sotheby, and the
i^neid by Drvhes. In 2 vols.
18mo. With a Portrait.

" Vireil is 1" less admired as a virtuous, in-
genious, and judicious author, than as an in-
comparable poel and ncclliiit philosopher.
His works, wtiich are rrpleie with riehn!.-ss of
wntiineni, elejrince of exoression, and a happy
internnx'ure of useful and eiilert.tinins precepts
and descriptions, will be read and esleemed as
long as sol id iudemenl »nd claoical taste remain
unong mankind." — Melmcth,

'''UrydcD'i vcmoaof tbc £iu:>d w lbs most

noble and spirited translatioD I know in any
lanfuage." — Pope.

1 he translation of the Ecto^es has been re-
vised and correcied by Archdtacon Wranghanir
who has also supplied many valuable notesf-
Chiefly collected from Mariyn, Penn, ice. The
ficnrgics are reprinted from Ihe last edition of
Mr. Sotheby's excellent translation, of which
the Edilor of Ihe Bibliographical Miscellany
speaks in terms of Irigh CQomiendalion.

CICERO, The Orations
translated by Duncan, the Of-
fices by CocKMAN, and the Cato
and Laehu3 by Melmoth. In 3
vols. 18mo. With a Portrait.

" Duncun's CictTO is well ki.OMn is an ele-
gaiil Irinsl.iiion of more Ihaa ordiiury meril."
—Mtnithly Jicvtew.

^SCHYLUS. Translated
by the Rev. R. Potter, M.A.
In 1 vol. 18mo.

" The tranilalor has happily preserved that
dii^nity of style, Ittat bold and descnptive im-
a^iry, for which ihe author ispccoJiarly dislin-
C'Jiihed."— Cndcoi Jtevxno.

SOPHOCLES. Translated
Thomas Francklin, D.D.
ISino. With a Portrait.

"This tranihlioD is reniaikably cI»t«c ajfd
concise^ and Ihe langu.tee is easv and natural,
and suited to Ihe teulinicnts. In a word, Ihe
Bnelish poH seems lo have preserved ll.at ele-
Knnce and simplicily, for which the Grecian ia
sii deservedly admired."— Aft/tttAiy Revtcw.

by

EURIPIDES. Translated
by the Rev. R. Potteb, M.A.
In 3 vols. IBmo. Portrait.

" A correct translation, always faithful,
somciimes citnled."—BiLliographtcal Ml**
cdlaiiy.

HORACE AND PH.E-
DRU8. In 2 vols 18mo. In
which are introduced Transla-
tions of ditferent parts of Horace
by Dr^'dcn, Pope, Swift, Por-
soii, Bentley, Milton, Cowper,
Cowley, Johnson, Chatterton,
Addison, Lord Bvron, Croly,
Barry Cornwall, Ralph Beriial,
A. Wrangham, C. A. Wheel-
wright, H. Hall Joy, Sir J. C.
Hobhouse, R. Montgomery, J.
Merivale, Rev. J. Milford,Leigh
Hunt, &c. &c. With a Por-
trait of Horac»

18 Jiwcnile Works Published btj Harper cj- Brothers.

LIVES OF THE APOS-
TLES AND EARLY MAK-
TYKS OF THE CHURCH.
By the author of " The Trial
of Skill." ISmo.

The style is beautifully simple, and Ihe nar-
Talive IS uitersiitrstStTwiili onimuiiti>aiid rellec-
tmns renizrkabli; [qt Ilit;ir devout spirit, and for
the clearness With nhicli Ihey eluciJalewhaiev-
trmishlappear to Ihe mind either contndiclory
or uaiateiligible. ll is impiHsiblti Tor any chilcl
to Ttnid ihe»e atfec in; histories wiiboul hecom-
iaz itileresled: and the interest is sn directed
and improved as to jnij)! int and foster Ihe
purest principles of religion and mnnlity.
The nosl esieemed rdi.^ious publications
Ihrou^houi the I'liion have joined inconliaJ ex-
|)res:iious 01 prai»e to tins work.

THE SWISS FAMILY
ROBINSON ; or, Adventures
of a Father and Mother and
Four Sons on a Desert Island.
The Progress of the Story form-
ing a clear Illustration of the
first Principles of Natural His-
tory, and many Branches of
Science which most immedi-
ately applv to the Busineds of
Life. In 2 vols. 18mo. With
Engravings-..

The purpose of this pleasin? story is to con'
Vey insiruciion in the arts and Natural nistory,
and, at the same lime, lo inculcate by eximplc

Rrinciples which tend lothe promotion of social
appiness. Lvery one has heard of Robinson
Crusoe, and the uonvalled ani Ioiie; continued
popularity of that admjrahle narralivc, proves
that the taslet>and feelings to which it addresies
itself are amonf the strongest and most univer-
sal which tielong lo hvimnn nature The ad-
Tenlures of Ihe Swist family are somewhat sIm.
ilar in character, and, of course, in interest : ami
they illustnte, in ihc iimsi forcible and pleasing
nianner, the efficacy of piety, industry, inge-
nuity, and giod-temper, in smoothing difficul-
ties and procuring enjoyments under Ihe most
adverse circumstances. The story abounds with
insiruciion and enteriammeni, and well deserves
the nigh encoiriiuai that ha^ bcun passed up)D
it, of being oue of the best children's bo-iks

THE ORNAMEMTS DIS-
COVERED. By Mrs. Hughs.
l8mo: Engravmgg.

The reputation of Mrs. Hu^hs {of Philadel-
phia) as an agreealjle nnJ instructive writer is
already firmlv established, ^be has done much
fnryouth, and the present volume will add lo
Ihc obligations theyowe her. It is writien with
plaiiiDt'ss, yel elei;aoce ; and Ihe story, while it
inculcates useful lessons io^moraliiy and religion,
Kill be found exceedingly interesting.

SUNDAY EVENINGS, or,

an easy Introduction to the
Reading of the Bible. [De-
signed (or Sunday Reading and
Sunday-School Libraries.] 3
vols. ISmo. With Engrav-
ings.

'Ihe title of this excellent little work luffi-
cienlly explains its object. As an intr>ductiiiD
10 the knowledge of Scripture History, and an
incentive lo the sludy of ihe Sacred Voluuie. it
is calculated to produce the most happy ettecls
upon Ihe minds of children; and the simplicity
ol the taiignage preserves to the story all those
charms which are inherent in Ihe narrative, but
arc 30iiii:tinte3 lost to very youthful readers by
their want of a perfect understanding of the
words they read. Besides a developed and
connected view, in e.asy language, of the Scrip-
ture Blory iiself, the author has endeavoured to
intersperse in Ihe narr.ilive sudi notices of Ihe
couniries spoken of, together with such rtfer-
ences lo the New 'jes'anienl ami pracliaal re-
oiark.^, as would tend to make Ihc bo-ik either
more inrercsling, more intellectually improving,
or more valuable in a moral and religious light :
and it cannol Tail of olilaiiiing the approbalioa
of all Judicious and pious parents, and of prov-
ing, by the blessing of God, an assistance to the
Christian mother, in giving tn her children an
early knowledge and love of his Sacred Word.

THE SON OF A GE-
NIUS. A Tale, for the Use
of Youth. By Mrs. Hofland.
l8mo. Engravings.

This admirable siory has been loo Ion; fami-
liar 10 Ihe public— at least In that porlion of it
which has advanced beyond the period of child-
hood—to require either eulogy or description
It has for many years maintained its place
among Ihe best and most esteemed juvenile
works in the Engii-h language ; and its popu-
larity is cosily accounted for by Ihe touching in-
terest of the incidents, and the purity of thu
principles it inculca'es both of wisdom and re-
ligion. The publishers were induced to reprint
it, partly by the advice and solicitations of
their friends, and their oA-n knowledge of i:s
mcrils, and partly by the coniidcralion Ihal it
Ins long been out of jinnt, and that it waa very
difficult to procure a copy.

NATURAL HISTORY;
or, Uncle Philip's Conversa-
tions with the Children about
Tools and Trades among the
Inferior Animals. 18mo, With
numerous Engravings.

This work has dcst-rvedly receivfd the hinh-
est encomiums, n^il only for Ihe extent, utility,
and intere^iiing nature of Ihe inforiiiaiion it on-
veys, but also for the skill with which Ihe ideas
and language are adapted to the tastes as well
as the capacities of youthful readers. Rut
these are not its only or i's greatest merils : ils
highest claims to praise are the tone of sincere
and earnest piety which perv.ides the converwj
lions, and the excellence of Ihe precepts diawa.
from the wonden tbey diadoie..

JuxeyiiU Works Published hy Harper ^ Brothers. t9

THE YOUNG CRUSOE;
or, the Sliipwrecked Bov. Con-
taining an Account of his Ship-
wreck, and Residence for Seve-
ral Months ^ne upon an Unin-
habited Island. By Mrs. Hok-
UNO. 18rno. Engravings.

INDIAN TRAITS; BE-
ING SKETCHES OF THE
MANNERS, CUSTOMS
AND CHARACTER of the
NORTH AMERICAN NA-
TIVES. ByB.B.THATCHKti,
Esq. In 2 vols. 18mo. With
numerous Engravings.

The appcinince. cliiMCter, ntid Iiabiti nf the
Norlh Aitiirncan lndi,ins have Ino^ been a fi-
vouriie an<l rrrlilc ilir-me tar writers as well
u reiders. and accurals devTipliuos of I hem
•re equally luslruciivti and a^Tdcjldc. Thc»c
form 111.- AuhjccI of the [irestti' vo umi:i, and
they are adiiiitled lo contain much cnrrcct and
interesting inrnrinnlioD. A Uri^r worit. 1^' iliu
■inie auhor. enuikd "Indian Rioiraphy,"
IreatB of the hiainry or thow rtiinrkahle mcm-
tent of ttic hiiiiiiii fumily : tha wnrh now under
Cf>n»idcra inn inalc-s no prereriiinns In Ibit
chanwicr, hut is enlirt:|v dtsscr-piive ; Mid ji is
enliiled lo hieh praise, nut only as Luim the
fini alleinpi to rendtrr Ihe siihjecl altrjctive to
general re.ulen, hut aU> for the ability with
which the ubjecl is accoiiipli^he<I.

* TALES FROM AMERI-
CAN HISTORY. By the
Author of " American Popuhir
Lessons." In 3 vols. 18mo.
With Engravings.

The writer of these T.^les has had in view
two chief pnrpoHes, — the one lo cnnva^ In the
juvenile ri^der a general i'ti-a of llie incideniN
connected with the discnvi-ry and subHcqucnl
hiitlory of the American anilinenl ; Ihe other rn
excite an in'crt-si in tlie 8iibjt--ct which «hall
create adesire for m'>re itiinme andexieuiive
.'nforniaion. TIk'i* purp'Hei luivv been elb-ct-
ed with much succes<i,and the volumes »'il| be
lound inA'Pictive mid eiilertaining. In the mn-
joritj' of lu'^'ancis, 'he Tales have been selecle-l
with refermce to ihe illnslralion of some ni'iral
priiicijile: and the fr<^qiient npporliiotliej af-
fordeil for ihc inirod».c:ifin of rt-lleclinnf leading
In Ihe ciillivaiioiiol piety and iclii^ion have been
»bly and zealously improved. As a schnnl b'wik.
this collection of Hi^'oric;il Tales ii cilcula'eii
lo be emiticnhy terviceable ; and there r.m be
no doiibi tliat their inlroduclion into seniinanci
VxW be allendcd with both pleasure and advan-
Uee to the scholar*

EVIDENCES OF CHRIS-
TIANITY ; or. Uncle Philip's
Conversations with the Children
about tlie Truth of the Chris-
tian Religion. 18mo. With
EngraviHp^s.

In this exi:eTlenl liltle work a very diHicult
task hw been undertaken, and snccesifnMy ae-
cnmpli'lie'l ; that of making both attractive and
inienii;ibl< lo the minds of the youns. Ihe ijr^at
and (trikirtir eviih-nreshy which ihc truth of our
divine re'i^lon is esablish-d. The manner in
which the siibjfC i"j treated iS both nivel and
iDMnioi:a ; and so much of nirrative is niiniled
with Ihe argument as to mike it uolouly iui>
I^etuve, but bigbly mlerestms.

Mr", hofland, ihe admirthfe m'hor ..f tha
" Son nfa Gemua,"and oU.er ncclle >t juvenile
pr duc'ions, IS also the ivrilcr of this pleasing
story. In ils plan and (dijeco it itvmir'^tui simi-
lar to ih'- Swim h'xmily R ibins'in ; and, like it,
Witt be read wtth deli};h< hy every Im e t>oy or
Ijirl who c»o *yinpaihiz-: in the nii»f >r nnes. or
rri'iicem ihecoiTiron^andco}nymeiiiii>(aiif> her.
The style, the inciJenI*, and ilie (lervading sp.nl
are all m the high<-ii decree cxcFlli^ni,— .u, in-
deed, arc all the writinKi of <hi* arojniplistied
and ami ible author. The culture of the )ou(h-
fid mind re(|uirei talents of a prruliar charac*
ter i and, when acdrnplished w > h abili v. re-
llrcts Ihe highest crnlii uji-in the oiccenful
teacher None have been ii.ore succewlul than
Mr.. Ilof1:ind; and her name alone is a *u(fi-
cieiit warrant for ilie menl» of any book to
vvliich I' I- appended.

PERILS OF THE SEA;
being Authentic Narratives of
Remarkftble and Affecting Dis-
asters upon the Deep. With
Illustrations of the }*o\ver and
Goodness of God in wonderful
Preservations. 18ino. Engv"g=.

This C'llectiiinof remarkable disaOen and
preservations h.u been rompiled «i'li ^real
Cire from au'hentic sources. In ni*kiii; Ihe
seleclmn allenii'o *iis been paid to ihi.- oimLi-
nalinn of interes', i.ith iilu«tr*tion«nf piety aaj
forti'ude in sullrrrng, and of ihe (M»er&ud
giKxlne^ of Prutidence m revrumc from d©-
sirticlion when, lo alt appearanre. ib.re trcrc
no means or prospect of ddtiemice. The dd-
lection embracti nirra'nes of ihc lois of the
ICcoi, til* Empress, the L^dy Hobari, the Ca-
sex, Ihe fJalkewill Kast ludiainin. Hie steam-
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\

Accession no.

HC
Author
Hibbard, D.R.
A treatise on
cow-pox.

Call no.

INOCUUTIOM

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