The physical effects of smoking : preliminary experimental studies

T BRAKY
Ch ,o Avenue
Evans ton, 111

Harvey Cushing / John Hay Whitney
Medical Library

HISTORICAL LIBRARY

Yale University

The Physical Effects
of Smoking

PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES

By
GEORGE J. FISHER, M.D., M.P.E.

Senior Secretary, Physical Department. International Committee
of Young Men's Christian Associations, New York City

and

ELMER BERRY, B.S., M.P.E.

Professor of Physiology. International Young Men's Christian
Association College, Springfield, Mass.

ASSOCIATION PRESS

Nbw York: 347 Madison Avbnub
1922

#c

Copyright, 1917, by

The International Committee of

Young Men's Christian Associations

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Printed in the United States of America

Dedicated To

A. A. HYDE

Whose Canddd Desibe fob
the Truth Called Forth,
and Whose Loyal Support
Made Possible, these Re-
searches and Theib Pre-
sentation to the Public

1 5 31

INTRODUCTION

I have long felt that the influence of tobacco
on physical and mental efficiency should receive
careful scientific study. I therefore welcome the
following essay, as representing important and
almost pioneer work and hope that it will be
followed by numerous physiological studies
throughout the world.

The recent growth of the tobacco habit has
been extremely rapid, especially since the cigar-
ette has come into use. The great war has in-
creased the use of tobacco, though it has de-
creased the use of alcohol. Women are begin-
ning to smoke. A fashionable New York hotel
has opened a special smoking room for women.
Producers of cigarettes are advertising them
more widely than ever before. In China, taking
advantage of the elimination of the opium traffic,
the producers of tobacco are making a special
effort to substitute the tobacco habit.

While those who profit commercially by the
sale of tobacco are thus seeking to increase the
use of it, very little counter-influence has, as yet,
been exerted. This has been partly due to indif-
ference, but partly also to the fact that the ques-

vi INTRODUCTION

tion of the harmfulness of tobacco has not been
fully investigated.

It is a common opinion among medical men
that smoking in "moderation" is harmless, or
even beneficial. The public has a right to know
whether this opinion is based on correct observa-
tions or is an unconscious concession to popular
custom and prejudice.

The following essay would seem to indicate
that smoking is more injurious than we have sus-
pected. It will give pause to those who smoke or
contemplate smoking, if they value their physical
and mental alertness.

Irving Fisher,
Yale University.

CONTENTS

Page
FOBEWORD IX

General Method xv

Part I. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure. . . 1
Part II. Return of Heart Rate to Nor-
mal after Exercise 43

Part III. Neuro-Muscular Precision 79

Part IV. Accuracy in Baseball Pitching. . . . 125

Part V. General Summary 173

Bibliography 181

vn

FOREWORD

About four years ago I was giving a course of
lectures on physical training and hygiene sub-
jects at the Summer School of the Young Men's
Christian Associations of the West at Estes Park,
Colorado. In the course of one of my addresses
I was asked several questions regarding the
physical effects of smoking. I found the ques-
tions very difficult to answer, because there was
so little reliable data available. Most of the ma-
terial on this subject is based upon opinion and
not upon research and is, therefore, not reliable.
The fact that students who smoke in colleges are
poorer in their studies than those who do not is
not proof necessarily that smoking produces poor
scholarship. There may be many other factors
involved. I am sure there are. The same may be
true of the delinquent boy who smokes. He is
not necessarily delinquent because he smokes ; he
may smoke because he is delinquent. The fact of
the matter is, very little research has been at-
tempted. Upon making a statement of this char-
acter at the aforesaid place, I was approached
by Mr. A. A. Hyde of Wichita, Kansas, a well-
known philanthropist, who asked whether some

x FOREWORD

experiments of a scientific character could not be
made really to determine, at least to some extent,
what effect smoking had upon the heart and nerv-
ous system. He volunteered to stand the expense
of such experiments.

I gave the matter considerable thought and
tried to arrive at some method by which we could
eliminate other factors and actually determine
the effects of smoking on the physical organism.

A little later I came across a study made by
Prof. Lombard, who stated that in making ex-
periments upon himself he had discovered that
the smoking of a single cigar had caused a rise
in the heart rate. Following this Mr. B. D.
Brink of Boston made an experiment on an in-
dividual and found the same result.

These experiments of course were too limited
to be of value, but they gave direction to my
thinking. In the summer of 1912, Mr. Elmer
Berry and Mr. G. B. Affleck, of the faculty of the
Eastern Young Men's Christian Association
Summer School, made some physical tests of
students attending the school, but we found our
technique so faulty that we believed the results
to be inaccurate and worthless.

I then requested Prof. Berry to elaborate the
method, stating that I would take care of the ex-
pense, but I did not reveal the name of the indi-
vidual who was furnishing the funds.

FOREWORD xi

Mr. Berry and I worked out a method which
we believed isolated the factor of smoking in its
physical results, so that we could determine the
physical effects. Mr. Berry describes this method
elsewhere. After the first experiments, we were
led to take up the subsequent ones. We are still
continuing the work of experimentation. We
hope to include tests to determine the effects of
smoking upon endurance and upon mental
concentration.

Our method may be open to considerable criti-
cism. We have, however, tried to be honest in
our attempts to get at actual facts. We are per-
fectly dispassionate in the matter. We have
not tried in them to establish any preconceived
idea of the effects of smoking. We are hunting
for the truth. We would like to know what to
say to young men, when they inquire of us what
effect smoking will have upon them if they in-
dulge themselves. Smoking has become an
almost universal habit. It seems to be growing
in extent. Furthermore, many men smoke a great
many cigars in a day. A large number buy them
by the box. We should surely know what the
effects are of a habit which is so universal. If
there are no bad effects then we need not, on
physiological grounds, be concerned. On the
other hand, if smoking is injurious we should
surely know of it. This is the attitude taken

xii FOREWORD

throughout these tests. Both smokers and non-
smokers were used in the experiments. In the
first and the last tests the students who directed
the experiments were smokers. In the other tests
they were non-smokers, so that any psychological
influence was neutralized.

The results of the experiments were a surprise
to all of us who had any part in them. I did not
imagine that the smoking of a single cigar would
have such demonstrable effect, especially in such
general movements as are used in baseball
pitching.

We do not, by any means, claim that these ex-
periments are conclusive. They are not published
as such. They are simply announced for what
they are worth. They are presented as tentative
and preliminary, and with the hope that others
will repeat the experiments and announce their
results.

Two things we would have the reader keep in
mind. First, that these tests were made upon an
exceptional group of men, mostly physical direc-
tors in more than the average physical condition
and between the ages generally of 21 and 25
years. Perhaps if boys in the late teens had
been used for experiment, or men of maturer
years, the results would have been greater in
degree. Perhaps, too, if men who were inveterate
smokers had been tested, the evils would have

FOREWORD xiii

been shown to be greater. Furthermore, the room
in which the experiments were made was well
ventilated, which is unlike most of the conditions
under which men smoke, and which if they had
obtained might have accentuated the results.

In the second place, the results obtained were
consistent in each of the four tests. This con-
sistency is a considerable factor in emphasizing
the results. It compels us to believe that smok-
ing does affect the heart rate; does interfere
with its return to the normal, delaying the
process; and does affect neuro-muscular control.
However, we wish the reader to come to his own
conclusion after reviewing the tests.

If it is evident that the smoking of a single
cigar interferes with an individual's efficiency,
we believe that many men knowing this will
greatly modify their habits — in fact, will give
up smoking, which many have indulged in
because they believed it to be physically bene-
ficial; in fact, doctors have prescribed smoking
because they have believed the results to be of
value. We believe these experiments will stimu-
late many others to repeat them. This is our
hope. We believe also that the results discovered
should cause smokers to inquire carefully into
their own experience and to act accordingly.

George J. Fisheb, M.D.

GENERAL METHOD

The material here brought together represents
an effort to secure definite experimental data re-
garding the effects of smoking. The original sug-
gestion that such a series of experimental studies
should be prosecuted came from Dr. George J.
Fisher. The studies were made possible by Dr.
Fisher through the interest and assistance of a
friend.

The work has been done as graduation theses
at the International Young Men's Christian As-
sociation College, Springfield, Mass., under the
direction and general supervision of the writer.
The entire theses, as presented by the students,
bound in typewritten form, may be found in the
library of the College. The material is published
in its present form with the consent and approval
of the faculty. The work here presented covers
the researches conducted along this line during
the years 1914-1916. Additional studies are now
in process.

This material is presented entirely as prelim-
inary and tentative work and with the idea of
being suggestive and stimulative, rather than be-
cause of any belief that anything is as yet defi-

xv

xvi GENERAL METHOD

nitely proven. Many physical directors in Young
Men's Christian Associations, schools, and col-
leges, and many physicians and physiologists are
in a position to conduct such researches and
secure evidence along similar or related lines.
These studies should be repeated and verified or
disproven by other observers. There is tremen-
dous need of definite facts regarding the effects
of smoking. A host of careful studies are needed
to establish the fundamental truths underlying
the whole problem.

While this work is preliminary and tentative
and is offered rather because of its suggestive
than its absolute value, nevertheless the writer
believes that the results are reliable. Very little
other definite experimental data is available on
this subject, and it seems that the public should
be put in possession of the material at hand.
The work has been done in every case in a care-
ful scientific spirit. Every effort has been made
so to plan and conduct the experiments as to shut
off all other influences except that of smoking.
No preconceived theories were set up to be
proven. Two of the studies were conducted by
smokers — one of whom has since ceased to smoke
because of the results which he secured — and two
by non-smokers. The students undertook the
studies rather expecting that no particular
results would be shown, and they were assured

GENERAL METHOD xvii

that such an outcome would be quite as satisfac-
tory, so far as the thesis was concerned, as the
most striking results either for or against smok-
ing. The men who served as subjects were all
normal, healthy, athletic fellows between the ages
of 21 and 25, either non-smokers or moderate
smokers. They, too, for the most part expected
no results and were kept as far as possible in
ignorance of the progress of the experiment.
There was no incentive to beat anybody or any-
thing. They gave their time to aid the investiga-
tion largely as a personal accommodation to the
student who was conducting the study, and be-
cause of a general interest in the problem. Most
of them were decidedly surprised and excited
by the results of the experiments when they were
made known.

A surprising feature is the remarkable uni-
formity and persistency of the results. The aver-
ages secured are not due to one or two big freak
exceptions, but to the small, regular, persistent
effects recorded by nearly every subject in almost
every case. The individual tables for each study
are given in an appendix following each part,
largely so that this particular feature may be
studied by those interested. It is one of the fac-
tors which give the writers the greatest confi-
dence in the value and reliability of the studies.

The exact method of procedure is given for

iviii GENERAL METHOD

each study in each part. For the purposes of
these and similar studies a room was set aside
in the third story of the gymnasium at the Young
Men's Christian Association College at Spring-
field as a smoking laboratory. This was comfort-
ably and cheerfully equipped with chairs, tables,
etc., so that the subjects could read, write, or
study while smoking. The scientific apparatus
for making the desired tests was placed in this
room. All of the studies so far have been con-
ducted in the early evening after a light supper.
The men came to the laboratory, went through
the preliminary tests, smoked, repeated the tests
and left. The willingness of the men to serve in
this way is worthy of special commendation. All
were students at the college. None of them
would be classed as really heavy smokers. Inter-
esting and valuable studies might be made of
what the effects would be on men long accus-
tomed to heavy smoking, on middle-aged business
men, on young boys, and on those in poor condi-
tion of health, and also with different forms of
tobacco (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). The same
brand of a strong cigar was used throughout
these studies. A partial study, using cigarettes,
was made in one case.

The studies are arranged in chronological order,
as each was suggested by or grew out of the pre-
vious study. The general method of presenting

GENERAL METHOD xix

them is to state the objective and purpose of the
thesis, give the conditions of the experiment and
method of procedure, present one to three in-
dividual detailed tables as examples, then give
the general average or summary tables, and fol-
low with the final summary and conclusions.
Following this appears an appendix, giving all of
the detailed individual tables from which the
average and summary tables were compiled.
Throughout the book the letters A to M used in
referring to the subjects of the experiments in-
dicate non-smokers; the letters N to Z indicate
smokers. Elmer Bbeey.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE READER

This book is intended both for popular reading
and also for thorough study.

The material is so arranged that a general
survey of each experiment can be quickly and
readily made. It is also arranged so that those
who would study the tests in careful detail have
all the tables available for scrutiny.

The book is arranged in four parts. Each part
contains the results of a special research. Each
part in turn is presented in two sections, namely,
a general statement with one or two typical
tables and general summary, and an appendix
containing a large number of tables giving the
details in full. If the tables in the several ap-
pendices are passed over the first time, it will
make the reading very simple and give a compre-
hensive survey of the studies. Then the tables
can be returned to and studied in careful detail.

PART I

THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON
HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Experimental Work by

J. W. PAYNE

International Young Men's Christian Association College,

Springfield, Mass., 1914

The Effects of Smoking on Heart Rate and
Blood Pressure

The object of this study was to determine the
effect of smoking upon heart rate and blood
pressure.

The room in which the tests were taken was
the smoking laboratory previously mentioned,
and while the conditions were not ideal, they did
not vary from day to day.

The ventilation was direct and no effort was
made to control the humidity. The temperature,
however, was kept as nearly as possible at 68
degrees F.

The subjects were young men, leading active,
healthy lives, none of them smoking oftener than
twice each day, so that they may be classed as
moderate smokers. They had supper at six p. M.
and came to the room, which was a short dis-
tance from the dining hall, as soon as possible
after they had eaten. In addition to walking
this distance, there were two nights of stairs to
climb, but if these were climbed in a leisurely
manner, there was very little effect on the heart

3

4 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

rate. If it was thought that a man had hurried,
he was made to sit quietly, for a longer period
than usual, or until conditions were normal.

Irrespective of the amount of exertion previous
to entering the room, the subject was seated
quietly for not less than five minutes. From
where he was seated to where the horizontal
tests were taken was not more than ten feet, but
to obviate any effect which the rising from the
chair, etc., might cause, he was allowed to lie for
at least three minutes before the pulse rate was
taken.

An ordinary watch having a second hand on
the dial was used. The radial pulse was taken
in the horizontal position, in three periods of a
quarter second each, with a five-second interval
between. Immediately after this the blood pres-
sure was taken. The subject then rose to a stand-
ing position and time varying with the individ-
ual was allowed for cardiac adjustment. The
pulse rate was again taken as in the horizontal
position and this was followed by the blood pres-
sure record.

The palpitation method was used to determine
the blood pressure and the instrument used was
a Stanton Sphygmomanometer, a modification of
the Kiva-Eocci instrument. Any change less
than three millimeters was not considered. Pres-
sure was applied until the pulse was obliterated

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 5

and then released, allowing the mercury to fall
not more than 5 mm. at a time until the pulse
reappeared. The mercury was again raised a
few millimeters, obliterating the pulse, and low-
ered slowly until the pulse again reappeared and
this reading was taken.

The so-called normal tests (i. e., without smok-
ing) were taken to determine what effect the
environment would have on the men.

To get this the heart rate and blood pressure
were taken according to the procedure already
described and again at the end of 30 minutes, and
except for the fact that the men did not smoke
every other condition was the same.

The subjects, whether smoking or not, were
allowed to study, read, or write letters as they
wished. It was observed, however, that more
attention was given to the cigar than to the task
they had set themselves and it is believed that
the physical element did not enter into the tests
to any great extent.

After smoking, the heart rate and blood pres-
sure readings were taken again as before.

Illustrations of the individual tests on Mr. P.
follow :

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

NORMAL TESTS (Without smoking)
Mr. P.

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 1/15 7:00 72 109 84 118

7:30 76 109 84 114 4 0-4

II. 2/2 6:40 72 123 84 123

7:25 64 109 80 120 -8 -14 -4 -3

III. 2/6 7:05 80 111 96 117

7:40 72 109 80 111 -8 -2 -16 -6

IV. 2/6 7:15 80 101 92 105

7:50 72 100 88 110 -8 -1 -4 5

V. 2/11 7:40 76 106 84 108

8:15 66 105 76 107 -10 -1 -8 -1

CIGARETTE TESTS
Mr. P.

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.b. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p.

I. 2/9 7:05 88 114 92 116

7:50 .92 109 96 115 4-5 4-1

II. 2/12 7:10 76 114 88 116

7:55 76 115 88 117 10 1

III. 2/18 7:20 84 111 90 113

7:45 72 109 92 117 -12 -2 2 4

IV. 2/19 7:05 76 104 84 103

7:35 76 108 88 113 4 4 10
V. 2/25 7:10 76 106 88 109

7:40 80 110 88 113 4 4 4
VI. 3/2 7:15 80 108 100 110

7:45 76 104 92 106 -4 -4 -8 -4

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 7

II

III

IV

CIGAR TESTS
Mr. P.

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

14

Date.

Time

H.B.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

. 1/22

7:00

80

112

94

117

7:40

88

112

96

124

. 1/26

7:00

84

106

88

113

7:40

90

108

102

114

. 1/30

7:20

72

103

84

114

8:00

72

108

84

110

, 3/3

7:20

80

108

92

112

8:10

76

110

88

110

3/4

7:05

76

119

84

122

8:00

72

122

88

127

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HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 11

The curves in the diagrams for Mr. P. show
that under the conditions of the experiment with-
out smoking there was a tendency for the heart
rate and blood pressure to drop. With smokiug
the heart rate and blood pressure were generally
raised.

Ten men were studied, 6 smokers and 4 non-
smokers.

One hundred and nineteen experiments were
made, 44 normal, 33 with cigarettes, and 42 with
cigars.

Observations on the change in heart rate and
blood pressure were recorded 236 times, approxi-
mately half of them in the horizontal position
and half in the vertical position. Of these 88
were normal, 64 with cigarettes and 84 with
cigars.

A summary of all the tests follows which shows
the number of times in which the heart rate and
blood pressure increased, remained the same, or
decreased, both in the horizontal and vertical
positions and the per cent which each forms of
the total number of observations. This is indi-
cated for the normal individual where no smok-
ing was done, after smoking cigarettes, and after
smoking cigars.

12 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

SUMMARY OF TABLES

Normal Cigarettes Cigars

Heart Per Per Per

Rate Hor. Vert .Tot. cent. Hor. Vert. Tot. cent. Hor. Vert. Tot. cent.

Decrease 23

25 48 54.5

8 6 14 21.8

4

6 9

10.7

Same 18

12 30 34.1

12 11 23 35.9

8

5 13

15.5

Increase 3

7 10 11.4

12 15 27 42.2

30

32 62

73.8

Blood

Pressure

Decrease 17

19 36 41

7 9 16 25

1

13 14

16.7

Same 21

16 37 42

16 14 30 46.9

12

16 28

33.3

Increase 6

9 15 17

9 9 18 28.1

29

13 42

60

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 13
Percentage of Change in Heart Rate

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14 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING
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10

..Normal

■Cigarettes

.Cigars

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

1. The conditions under which the normal tests
(without smoking) were taken favored a de-
crease in heart rate and blood pressure. In heart
rate 54.5 per cent decreased, 11.4 per cent in-
creased. In blood pressure 41 per cent decreased,
17 per cent increased.

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 15

2. Some subjects were affected more than
others.

3. Cigarette smoking caused an increase in
heart rate and maintained a blood pressure which
otherwise would have dropped.

4. Cigar smoking caused a considerable in-
crease in heart rate and blood pressure.

5. In a number of instances in the cigar tests,
the heart was unable to maintain in the vertical
position the increased blood pressure found in
the horizontal position, showing a disturbance of
vaso-motor control.

6. The effect noted in conclusion 5 was more
pronounced in tests taken on non-smokers.

In addition to these effects, there were some
general impressions created, which are not stated
in the conclusions from the tables of the tests.
These impressions are given with a full realiza-
tion that there are no figures from this study
to substantiate them, and are as follows :

Before smoking, or during the tests taken to
determine the effect of the environment, the time
necessary for cardiac readjustment, as evidenced
by the heart rate in changing from the recumbent
to the vertical position, was usually from thirty
to forty seconds. After smoking, it was often
necessary to wait for a minute and a half
or longer for the heart to resume its normal
rhythm.

16 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The reader should keep in mind in his sum-
mary of these experiments the following points :

1. The conditions under which the tests were
taken favored a slowing down of the heart rate
and a lowering of the blood pressure.

2. Instead of a slowing down, there was in
most instances an actual increase in the heart
rate and a rise in blood pressure.

3. Only a single cigar was used in each test.
This should be kept in mind. It was surprising
to find that such a minimum amount of smoking
would reveal such measurable results.

4. The fact that the heart was not only accel-
erated, but took some considerable time to return
to normal was significant— more so than that the
heart simply rose in rate.

If a single cigar will disturb the rhythm of the
heart to the extent that it will take some con-
siderable time for it to return to the normal, then
for a man to smoke several cigars a day would, in
the course of a day, produce considerable dis-
turbance in this important organic function.

It will pay the reader to read the detailed
accounts of each experiment in the appendix to
Part I, which follows.

INDIVIDUAL TABLES
For the reader who wishes to follow the first
experiment in detail.

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 17

APPENDIX TO PART I

NORMAL TESTS (Without Smoking) Mr. P.

Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p.

I. 1/15 7:00 72 109 84 118

7:30 76 109 84 114 4 0-4

II. 2/2 6:40 72 123 84 123

7:25 64 109 80 120 -8 -14 -4 -3

III. 2/5 7:05 80 111 96 117

7:40 72 109 80 111 -8 -2 -16 -6

IV. 2/6 7:15 80 101 92 105

7:50 72 100 88 110 -8 -1 -4 5

V. 2/11 7:40 76 106 84 108

8:15 66 105 76 107 -10-1-8-1

CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. P.

Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 2/9 7:05 88 114 92 116

7:50 92 109 96 115 4-5 4-1

II. 2/12 7:10 76 114 88 116

7:55 76 115 88 117 10 1

III. 2/18 7:20 84 111 90 113

7:45 72 109 92 117 -12 -2 2 4

IV. 2/19 7:05 76 104 84 103

7:35 76 108 88 113 4 4 10

V. 2/25 7:10 76 106 88 109

7:40 80 110 88 113 4 4 4

VI. 3/2 7:15 80 108 100 110

7:45 76 104 92 106 -4 -4 -8 -4

CIGAR TESTS Mr. P. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 1/22 7:00 80 112 94 117

7:40 88 112 96 124 8 2 7

II. 1/26 7:00 84 106 88 113

7:40 90 108 102 114 6 2 14 1

III. 1/3 7.20 72 103 84 114

8:00 72 108 84 110 5 0-4

IV. 3/3 7:20 80 108 92 112

8:10 76 110 88 110 -4 2 -4 -2

V. 3/4 7:05 76 119 84 122

8:00 72 122 88 127 -4346

18 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. P.

The heart rate of this subject is higher than is
usually found in the men here. The blood pres-
sure, however, is well within the normal range.

Apparently the conditions under which the
tests were conducted did not affect the subject.
In only one experiment, 1/15, did the heart rate
increase and the same is true of the blood pres-
sure, there being a rise of 5 mm. of Hg. in experi-
ment 2/6. With these two exceptions, there is a
uniform drop in both heart rate and blood
pressure.

In the tests taken to determine the effect of
cigarette smoking, the heart rate in the horizon-
tal position shows a rise in two experiments, a
drop in two, and in two it remained the same
after smoking as before. The greatest change
occurred in experiment 2/18. Here the heart de-
creased 12 beats per minute after smoking. This
decrease might be taken as an indication of the
soothing effect of tobacco smoking, but the range
in heart rate between the horizontal and vertical
positions is more likely to be an indication of car-
diac disturbance. There is a possibility, how-
ever, that the fatigued condition of the subject
had something to do with the change. In the ver-
tical position, there is a more general tendency
of the heart rate to increase except in test 3/2, in

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 19

which it will be noticed that the heart rate before
smoking was exceptionally high.

In the horizontal position, the blood pressure
shows an increase in three readings and a de-
crease in three readings. These gains, or losses,
however, do not exceed 5 mm. In the vertical
position, there is a decrease in but one experi-
ment, 3/2, the other records showing at least the
same if not an increased blood pressure after
smoking.

In view of these tests, there seems to be little
cause for alarm over the moderate use of cigar-
ettes, as far as heart rate and blood pressure is
concerned, and the most that can be said in con-
clusion is that the smoking in a number of cases
maintained a heart rate and blood pressure that
otherwise would have fallen.

Cigars affected the subject but little more than
the cigarette. The decrease in heart rates in both
horizontal and vertical positions is slight, but
the rise, where there is one, is more decided and
the same is true of the blood pressure. However,
the number of negative changes is smaller than
was found when cigarettes were used, and it
does not seem to be an exaggeration to say
that cigar smoking caused a slight increase in
heart rate and blood pressure.

20 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

NORMAL TEST
Mr. R.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.n. b.p.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I. 1/15 7:00

60 113

68 122

7:30

60 119

76 123

6

8 1

II. 2/12 7:45

72 123

92 119

8:15

68 101

84 105

-4 -22

-8 -14

III. 2/16 7:10

72 123

88 118

7:40

60 112

88 111

-12 -11

-7

CIGARETTE TEST

Mr. R.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.R. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I. 2/8 6:55

50 128

60 135

7:S0

68 129

72 128

12 1

12 -7

II. 2/11 7:30

72 122

80 122

8:05

68 119

84 120

-4 -3

4 -2

III. 2/13 3:00

64 122

84 124

3:30

70 123

92 128

6 1

8 4

IV. 2/20 6:40

60 119

84 114

7:20

64 119

84 116

4

2

V. 2/25 6:30

*64 125

80 123

7:05

72 140

88 135

8 15

8 12

* Three cigarettes.

CIGAR TEST

Mr. R.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I. 1/21 8:10

62 116

72 115

9:00

62 123

76 122

7

4 7

II. 1/23 7:00

64 133

92 129

7:40

72 134

88 123

8 1

-4 -6

III. 1/28 7:45

72 134

88 124

8:25

72 133

88 125

-1

1

IV. 3/4 6:40

60 123

76 121

7:20

72 127

80 123

4 4

4 2

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 21

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. R.

Mr. E. could not give the time necessary for the
completion of the tests and they are unsatisfac-
tory on that account. The first experiment, 1/15,
was taken the first time the subject came to the
room and he was, therefore, not used to the con-
ditions. The rise in heart rate and blood pres-
sure could very easily be attributed to some excit-
ing factor, though a careful consideration failed
to reveal anything out of the ordinary.

In the other two tests there is a decided de-
crease in both heart and blood pressure, except in
test 2/16, in which case the heart rate in the
vertical position remained the same. In view of
the decided change in these two tests, it is fair to
say that the heart rate and blood pressure
dropped.

The cigarette tests show a general increase in
heart rate, except in test 2/11, in which there was
a decrease of 4 beats per min. in the horizontal
position, and in test 2/20 it remained the same in
the vertical position.

However, the increase of over four beats in
almost every other instance proves that cigarette
smoking caused the heart rate to increase.

The blood pressure shows no great changes.
In test 2/8 the increase in heart rate and tbe
change of seven in pressure between the vertical

22 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

and the horizontal positions before smoking, as
contrasted with a lack of change after smoking,
might be considered an indication of loss of vaso-
motor control. In test 2/25 the subject smoked
three cigarettes and the result shows that the
effect was much greater. From this it would
seem that only the smoking of a third cigarette
would produce definite changes.

The general effect on this subject seems to be
to increase the heart rate and maintain a blood
pressure which would otherwise have decreased.
Smoking a cigar apparently did not affect this
subject as much as cigarette smoking. This in all
probability is due to the fact that the subject
inhaled in the latter case and this would permit
of greater toxic effects.

According to Dr. Crampton, the blood pressure
indicates poor condition, inasmuch as the pres-
sure in the vertical position is less than in
the horizontal position. There is little proof
that this poor condition is accelerated to any ex-
tent by the smoking of a cigar. In test 1/23 the
heart rate is brought to a more nearly normal
condition, but the blood pressure condition is
aggravated and this is also true in test 3/4. How-
ever, in test 1/28 the condition is improved.
This is not enough evidence to prove that smok-
ing is either beneficial or harmful in this sense.
The survey of the cigar tests fails to bring out

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 23

any striking changes. In only one case did the
blood pressure show a marked decrease and in
that test it also showed a striking decrease in the
pressure change between the horizontal and ver-
tical position. The indication here is that the
vaso-motor control is affected. Apart from this,
the heart rate and blood pressure were main-
tained, but the effect of tobacco smoking in this,
as in all the other tests, should be measured in
terms of the decrease which would have been
present if the subject had not smoked.

NORMAL TESTS

Mr. S. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.h. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 1/22 7:00 72 122 84 123

7:30 72 118 76 115 -4 -8 -8

II. 2/2 7:00 80 133 88 135

7:30 76 134 88 138 -4103

III. 2/5 6:40 80 112 88 116

7:20 78 110 80 110 -2 -2 -8 -6

IV. 2/11 7:45 76 126 88 122

8:20 76 120 80 121 -6 -8 -1

V. 4/7 8:05 76 119 88 122

8:35 76 120 80 120 1-8-2

CIGARETTE TESTS

Mr. S. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. fj Vert.

Date Time h.b. b.p. *h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 2/9 7:25 76 125 96 127

8:00 76 119 96 121 0-6 0-6

II. 2/11 8:15 76 120 78 121

8:40 76 121 84 117 16-4

III. 2/12 7:15 76 119 92 125

7:40 72 113 86 113 -4 -6 -6 -12

IV. 2/17 7:30 76 114 92 111

8:00 72 115 88 116 -4 1-4 5
V. 2/19 7:30 76 124 92 124

8:05 76 132 92 128 8 4

24 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

CIGAR TEST

Mr. S. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 1/15 7:00 60 113 68 122

7:40 60 119 76 123 6 S 1

II. 1/18 2:45 72 114 80 122

3:30 76 114 88 122 4 8

III. 1/19 7:25 72 116 80 116

8:05 76 122 80 127 4 6 11

IV. 1/22 7:40 72 118 76 115

8:25 72 131 72 127 13 -4 12

V. 1/26 7:05 76 123 82 125

7:50 76 129 94 126 6 12 1

VI. 1/27 6:45 74 128 84 125

7:05 78 132 94 126 4 4 10 1

VII. 1/29 7:00 68 130 80 124

7:40 76 130 84 127 8 4 3

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. S.

The heart rate in the horizontal position re-
mained the same or was slightly lower. In the
vertical position there is a more decided change.
In only one instance, test 2/2, was the heart rate
the same, a uniform decrease of eight beats being
the result in the other tests.

In the test in which the heart rate remained
the same, there was a slight increase in the blood
pressure in the vertical position. With this ex-
ception, the pressure was decreased or the same.
The burden of the tests then would be to prove
that under the conditions of the test the heart
rate and blood pressure would decrease.

The results of the cigarette tests are not defi-

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 25

nite in showing either a beneficial or deleterious
effect. While it is true that the negative results
are not as frequent as in the normal tests and
that in tests 2/11 and 2/19 the blood pressure
condition is slightly changed, it might be argued
from tests 2/12 and 2/17 that the effect really im-
proved the subject's condition, since in the first
test both heart rate and blood pressure were ma-
terially reduced and in the latter case the condi-
tion was more nearly normal. In view of these
facts, it may be said that the cigarette smoking
did not affect the smoker.

In the tests taken to determine the effects of
a single cigar, there is a record of but one de-
crease, and that of four beats per minute in the
heart rate in the vertical position, test 1/22. In
a few cases, the heart rate remained the same,
but the greater number of records show a definite
increase.

The blood pressure records show that there
were no negative changes, the pressure remaining
the same in six tests and showing a rise of from
3mm. to 13mm. of Hg. in eight.

The relative changes, i. e., the difference be-
tween heart rate and blood pressure in the hori-
zontal and vertical positions, remained practi-
cally unchanged after smoking.

It is evident that although there were no abnor-
mal conditions resulting from smoking a cigar,

2G PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

there is a tendency on the part of the heart rate
and blood pressure to increase.

NORMAL TESTS

Mr. T.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

E.B.

B.P.

E.B.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I. 2/2 7:05

62

105

88

110

7:35

62

104

80

114

-1

-8 4

II. 2/11 7:25

64

110

80

115

8:00

56

107

68

110

-8

-3

-12 -5

III. 4/6 7:25

68

114

84

114

8:00

68

114

80

116

-4 2

IV. 4/9 7:15

68

106

88

108

7:55

68

108

88

112

2

4

V. 4/13 7:25

72

114

88

115

8:10

68

112

80

114

-4

-2

-8 -1

CIGAR TESTS

Mr. T.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.R.

B.P.

H.R.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I. 1/18 7:30

64

108

88

114

8:10

74

114

88

120

10

6

6

II. 1/19 8:00

64

109

92

119

8:45

68

111

96

120

4

2

4 1

III. 1/20 8:30

66

109

88

117

9:10

70

109

80

112

4

-8 -5

IV. 1/21 7:30

68

110

84

122

8:15

72

109

88

117

4

-1

4 -5

V. 4/6 7:20

68

113

84

116

8:15

72

113

92

115

4

8 -1

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. T.

A study of the normal tests taken on Mr. T.
shows a decided drop, or at least a maintenance
of a fairly low heart rate.

The blood pressure was maintained in the hori-

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 27

zontal position, except in one case in which there
was a slight decrease. In the vertical position
the blood pressure increased in two experiments,
was maintained in two and decreased in one. It
is, therefore, the conclusion that there is a slight
tendency of the blood pressure to rise. The
changes are so slight as to be almost negligible
and the most that can be said is that there is a
slight drop in the heart rate.

The odor and taste of a cigarette were objec-
tionable and it was possible to secure but one
test, which is given here.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor. Vert.

Date Time

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P.

H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P.

3/4 7:30

72 102

84 105

8:05

68 115

88 117

-4 13 4 12

According to this, there is a decided increase
in blood pressure, but the effect on the heart rate
is of no account. The change in the blood pres-
sure may be due to the cigarette smoke, but a
part of it is probably due to the psychical dis-
turbance, since the subject made known his dis-
like for this form of smoking during the entire
period.

While the cigar tests show no alarming
changes, the action of the heart is at least definite
in its increase, except in test 1/18, in which it

28 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

remained the same and in test 1/20 in which
there was a decrease of 8 beats per min. In this
latter case, however, the heart was irregular in
its rhythm when the subject assumed the vertical
position, and this would militate against the use
of tobacco by this subject.

The blood pressure in the horizontal position
was maintained except in one case, 1/18, in which
it was increased. In the vertical position in this
same test there was also an increase. In two
tests there was a decrease in blood pressure in
the vertical position and in the remaining two
tests it remained as before smoking.

The conclusion is that cardiac and vaso-motor
control were disturbed to a slight degree by
smoking.

NORMAL TESTS
Mr. U.

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.k. e.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.k. b.p.

I. 2/20 7:25 76 118 96 116

7:55 70 122 96 119 -6403

II. 3/2 7:00 *80 130 100 116

7:30 72 127 100 122 -8-3 6

III. 4/7 7:15 76 135 92 128

7:55 76 135 88 137 0-49

IV. 4/9 7:25 76 130 88 126

80 129 88 123 4-1 0-3

V. 4/14 7:30 f76 129 92 125

72 124 84 127 -4 -6 -8 2

* Bad cold.
t Indigestion.

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 29

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.B.

B.P.

H.R. B.P.

I.

2/12 7:30

76

131

98 123

8:00

76

126

96 117

II.

2/14 7:00

84

120

88 123

7:25

80

123

100 128

III.

2/25 7:15

88

124

100 120

7:45

88

132

100 122

IV.

3/4 6:40

76

127

96 119

7:20

76

127

100 118

V.

3/30 7:05

*76

134

100 130

7:45

72

132

100 124

!

* Three cigarettes.

CIGAR TESTS

CIGARETTE TESTS

Mr. U. Difference

Hor. Vert.

-5 -2
-4 3 12

8

4 -1

-4

Date Time

H.R.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

I.

3/31

7:10

84

129

110

130

8:10

80

116

108

116

II.

4/3

6:35

84

124

100

124

7:05

88

136

112

130

III.

4/6

3:05

76

128

88

125

4:10

68

128

88

125

IV.

4/8

6:55

80

129

100

122

7:40

92

135

108

116

V.

4/13

7:05

76

130

88

129

7:55

76

140

96

128

Mr. U. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P.

-4 -13 -2 -14

4 12 12 6

-8000

12 6 8-6

10 8-1

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. U.

A study of the normal tables of Mr. U. shows
that the heart rate remained the same or de-
creased, except in one instance in which there was
an increase of 4 beats per min. in the horizontal
position. It will be noticed, however, that the
heart rate in the vertical position is higher than

:50 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

is usually found in men who are taking regular
exercise.

The blood pressure shows that the man, accord-
ing to Dr. Crampton, was in poor condition,
although he laughed at the suggestion.

In the horizontal position there is a slight drop
in two tests, a rise in one and no change in the
remaining two. In the vertical position there is
a rise in three tests, a drop in one and no change
in one. The evidence, therefore, would seem to
be in favor of a slight rise in blood pressure in
the vertical position.

A close study of the table reveals the fact that
the heart rate is extremely high, with a difference
of 20 beats or over between the horizontal and
vertical, except in test 4/9, where there is a dif-
ference of 12. A second fact to be observed is
that the blood pressure in every instance was
lower in the vertical than in the horizontal posi-
tion when the first tests were taken. The tests
taken at the end of the rest period show a change
in condition for the better: in two the relative
difference was the same and in one the fault was
accentuated.

The heart rate shows an improvement in car-
diac control in three tests and in two it is aggra-
vated, because of a lower rate in the horizontal
position.

While there was not a uniformitv in the

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 31

changes, there does not seem to be evidence
enough to warrant a belief that the test condi-
tions affected the subject unfavorably.

The tests taken after the subject had smoked
the required number of cigarettes, when com-
pared with the results before smoking, show no
changes that, taken as a group, can be used to
prove anything one way or another. The relative
differences, however, show changes that give one
a clearer idea of the effects.

In the normal tests the balance of the results
was in favor of an improved condition, but in this
table the opposite is true. In every instance in
which the blood pressure was lower in the ver-
tical than in the horizontal position the range
was increased. The heart rate was affected in
the same way in two instances, and in the three
remaining tests there was no change in the rela-
tion. In view of these facts, it may be said that
cigarette smoking affected the subject unfavor-
ably in that there was a slight loss of vaso-motor
control.

The changes that take place after the subject
had smoked a cigar are more decided than in
either the normal or cigarette tests, but they are
not at all uniform. It will be necessary, there-
fore, to consider each test on its own merit.

In test 3/31 the blood pressure has been re-
duced to a more nearly normal level, but an ex-

32 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

i

tremely high heart rate was not appreciably
affected.

In test 4/3, an already high heart rate is in-
creased. The blood pressure is also increased
and in addition the relation between the horizon-
tal and vertical is disturbed.

Test 4/6 shows no change except a decreased
heart rate in the horizontal position.

The next experiment, 4/8, shows a considerable
increase in heart rate. The blood pressure in the
recumbent position is also increased, but there
is a decrease in the vertical position. These re-
sults point to a loss of vaso-motor control.

Test 4/13 is practically the same as the pre-
ceding one and although the blood pressure in
the horizontal position borders on the abnormal,
the relative difference is not quite as great.

It is evident from these results that cigar
smoking caused a loss of vaso-motor control.

NORMAL TESTS

Mr. V. Differenoe

Hor. Vert. . Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.e. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p.

I. 1/21 7:00 68 123 80 133

7:30 68 123 84 131 4 -2

II. 2/5 6:55 68 129 80 130

7:30 68 123 84 125 0-6 4-5

III. 4/8 7:25 76 122 84 124

8:00 76 127 84 128 5 4

IV. 4/14 7:25 68 123 84 125

7:55 68 121 76 127 0-2-8 2

V. 4/16 6:55 72 120 80 129

7:25 76 128 80 128 4 8 0-1

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 33

CIGARETTE TESTS

Mr. V. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.k. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p.

I. 2/12 6:45 *76 127 88 136

7:30 86 130 104 138 10 3 16 2

II. 2/18 7:00 68 118 80 125

7:30 76 122 92 124 8 4 12 -1

III. 2/20 7:15 76 115 80 117

7:45 72 113 92 116 -4 -2 12 -1

IV. 2/21 7:45 72 123 84 123

8:15 76 122 88 125 4-142

V. 4/5 7:05 *76 131 84 134

7:40 80 129 92 124 4-2 8 -10

* Three cigarettes.

CIGAR TESTS

Mr. V. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.
Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.
I. 1/20 7:00 68 123 84 132

7:40 88 136 108 146 20 13 24 14
II. 1/21 7:30 68 123 84 131

8:10 84 134 92 142 16 11 8 11

III. 1/22 7:10 72 129 78 132

7:55 84 139 96 132 12 10 18

IV. 1/23 6:45 72 118 84 126

7:30 90 129 100 132 12 11 16 6
V. 4/3 7:30 80 129 88 130

8:20 88 132 96 133 8 4 8 3

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS ON MR. V.
In considering the results of these tables, it
should be kept in mind that this man apparently
was able to concentrate on the work which he
had elected to do while he was in the room. De-
spite the psychical stimulus which was undoubt-
edly present, there are not enough increases in
either heart rate or blood pressure to permit the
statement that the conditions affected him un-
favorably.

34 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The cigarette tests are consistent in the action
on the heart, which is increased in every instance
except in test 2/20, in which there was a decrease
of 4 beats, but in this case the relative change
should be considered.

The blood pressure was hardly affected and the
most that one can say is that the blood pressure
was maintained. In the preceding statement,
test 4/5 was purposely left out of the considera-
tion, because in this case as in test 2/12, three
cigarettes were smoked. The effect in test 2/12
was to increase the heart rate greatly. In test
4/5 the effect is on both the heart rate and blood
pressure, increasing the former and disturbing
the balance in the latter.

The effect then of cigarette smoking, plus a
psychical element, not measurable, is to increase
the heart rate, and once where three cigarettes
are smoked, to disturb the vaso-motor control.

The cigar smoking, on the other hand, made a
most decided impression. The heart rate in-
creased as many as twenty-four beats and the
blood pressure, except in one instance, registered
an increase in arterial pressure. In the one in-
stance mentioned, test III, there was no change
in the vertical pressures before and after smok-
ing. However, it will be observed that the heart
was unable to maintain the high pressure found
in the horizontal position.

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 35

The conclusion from these experiments is that
the heart rate is increased slightly from cigarette
smoking and both blood pressure and heart rate
are materially increased when a cigar is smoked.

NORMAL TESTS
Mr. A. — Non-Smoker

II.

III.

IV.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.R. B.P.

H.R. B.P.

H.R. B.P.

H.R. B.P.

2/9 7:00

64 123

72 119

7:50

60 117

88 115

-4 -6

16 -4

2/17 7:10

68 130

96 125

7:40

68 117

88 111

-13

-8 -14

2/18 7:30

68 114

88 112

8:00

68 115

88 113

1

1

3/3 7:35

68 124

80 122

8:05

64 117

88 115

-4 -7

8 -7

SMOKING TESTS— i

3IGAR

Mr. A.

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date

Time

H.R.

B.P.

H.R.

B.P.

I.

3/30

7:20

*76

116

88

116

7:55

88

123

96

119

II.

3/31

7:20

72

110

84

120

8:00

80

120

96

116

III.

4/6

7:00

*76

118

88

114

7:40

84

124

100

104

IV.

4/7

7:05

*60

118

84

120

7:50

72

126

92

110

V.

4/13

7:00

*80

122

88

122

8:05

80

128

96

116

H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P.

8 10 12 -14

6 12

-10

12

8 -10

* Headache after smoking.

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. A.

The normal tests of Mr. A., a non-smoker, show
two rises of heart rate which cannot be accounted
for, otherwise the heart rate was decreased.

V

• ilk

36 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Except in the test taken on 2/17, in which it
did not change, the blood pressure decreased.

The smoking of a single cigar caused the heart
rate to increase in all except in the horizontal
position in test 4/13. The blood pressure in the
horizontal position increased from 6 to 10 mm.
of Hg., but the heart was unable to maintain the
rise in the vertical position, with the result that
there is not only a decrease in the blood pressure
in the vertical position, as compared with the
horizontal position, but also it is lower than the
pressure in the vertical position before smoking,
except in test 3/30. This proves conclusively
that there was a loss of vasomotor control.

In addition to the heart rate and blood pres-
sure changes registered in the tables, it is proper
that mention should be made of the fact that the
subject suffered from a headache which lasted
the greater part of the evening.

NORMAL TESTS

Mr. B.-

-Non-Smoker

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.E. B.F.

H.K. B.P.

U.K. B.P.

11. R. B.P.

I.

3/31

7:15

76 114

88 110

7:50

76 112

92 110

-2

4 C

II.

4/1

0:55

70 115

88 115

7:45

70 110

84 111

-5

-4 -i

III.

4/3

7:40

*76 110

92 114

8:15

68 116

88 109

-8 6

-4 -I

IV.

4/7

7:10

80 122

92 124

7:40

76 124
♦Cold

88 124
in head.

-4 2

-4 C

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 37

CIGAR TESTS

Mr. B. Difference

Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p.

I. 4/6 3:45 76 122 88 117

4:40 80 131 100 116 4 9 12 -1

II. 4/14 7:00 72 120 96 121

7:40 88 133 104 123 10 13 8 2

III. 4/15 7:15 76 122 96 124

8:05 88 126 108 116 12 4 12 -8

IV. 4/16 6:45 80 121 88 122

7:20 88 129 104 124 8 8 16 2

CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. B.

The normal chart of Mr. B. shows a general
decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. In
the third test of this series the subject complained
of having a cold, which may account for the re-
sults shown here. In view of this fact, it may be
well to leave this record out of the consideration.

The result of the tests taken during the smok-
ing period show results similar to, but not as
severe as those of Mr. A. The effect on the heart
was to accelerate an already high rate, and in the
horizontal position the blood pressure shows an
increase. In the vertical position the blood
pressure is the same or lower after smoking.

Comparing the blood pressure in the vertical
position with the blood pressure in the horizon-
tal, it is found that there is a decided drop, the
greatest being 16mm. in the first test, which was
taken on the afternoon of April 6th, soon after
dinner.

38 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

If the deduction used throughout this test —
that there is a lower blood pressure in the ver-
tical position than in the horizontal — be true,
the effect of smoking was to aggravate an already
poor condition.

In all the tests the increase in heart rate and
the lower pressure in the vertical than in the
horizontal position, would argue that there was
a loss of vaso-motor control.

This subject felt no ill effects from the
smoking.

NORMAL TESTS

Mr. C —

-Non- Smoker

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.B. B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I.

3/31 7:10

60 114

76

114

7:40

56 112

76

116

-4

-2

2

II.

4/2 7:10

64 111

72

113

7:40

60 110

64

109

-4

-1

-8 -4

III.

4/3 7:35

64 115

76

114

8:10

60 112

76

115

-4

-3

1

IV.

4/6 4:10

60 115

76

114

4:40

60 111

88

110

-4

12 -4

SMOKING

TESTS

Mr. C-

-Non- Smoker

Difference

Hor.

Vert.

Hor.

Vert.

Date Time

H.H. B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B.

B.P.

H.B. B.P.

I.

4/6 7:35

*68 113

84

114

8:30

72 116

92

105

4

3

8 -9

II.

4/9 7:05

t68 116

84

110

7:35

72 119

84

109

4

3

-1

III.

4/13 7:15

$64 114

84

118

7:55

64 111

84

112

-3

-6

IV.

4/15 7:40

J64 118

88

120

8:10

64 116
* One cigai

80

127

-2

-8 7

t Two cigarettes

J Three cigarettes.

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 39

CONCLUSIONS PROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. C.

Mr. C.'s blood pressure and heart rate re-
mained the same or decreased during the time he
stayed in the room but did not smoke. I cannot
account for the increase in heart rate in the ver-
tical position, test 4/6, unless perhaps it was due
to the subject having to stand for a longer period
than was usual, while I was opening the door of
the room to admit another subject.

The first cigar this subject smoked so nau-
seated him that he refused to continue the tests
unless he was permitted to smoke the milder cig-
arette, and for this reason a complete series of
cigar tests could not be obtained.

The one test taken, in which the subject
smoked a cigar, shows all the characteristics of a
dilation of the vessels of the splanchnic area,
viz. : increased heart rate, horizontal and vertical,
and increased blood pressure in the horizontal
position, followed by a sharp drop in pressure on
resuming the vertical position. The sum of the
result is that there was a loss of vaso-motor
control.

The cigarettes apparently did not affect the
subject to a noticeable extent, except to cause a
slight headache.

In discussing this thesis with this subject,
some time after the tests were taken, he remarked

40 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

that the tests should have been taken again,
within an hour after he had left the experiment
room. Apparently the full effects did not take
place until some time after he had stopped
smoking.

NORMAL TESTS
Mr. D. — Non- Smoker

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.k. b.p. h.b. b.p. b.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 3/30 7:10 72 122 84 120

7:45 68 120 88 115 -4 -2 4 -5

II. 4/2 7:15 68 123 80 119

7:45 60 116 76 117 -8 -7 -4 -2

III. 4/3 7:00 64 122 80 120

7:45 60 118 68 111 -4 -4 -12 -9

IV. 4/6 3:35 60 114 84 114

4:20 60 120 84 118 6 4

SMOKING TESTS
Mr. D. — Non-Smoker

Difference
Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert.

Date Time h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p.

I. 4/6 7:40 *76 124 92 120

8:25 84 131 100 116 8 7 8 -4

II. 4/9 7:10 f76 120 92 116

7:40 84 120 96 118 8 4 2

III. 4/15 7:20 |68 123 88 126

7:55 68 124 88 124 10 -2

IV. 4/16 6:25 J64 124 76 127

6:40 64 122 76 128 0-201

* One cigar. Nauseated-headache.

t Three cigarettes.

J Two cigarettes. Nauseated-headache.

CONCLUSIONS FKOM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. D.

The tendency of the results of the normal tests
is to show a decrease in heart rate and blood
pressure. The exceptions occur in test 3/30, in

HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 41

which the heart rate in the vertical position in-
creased 4 beats and in test 4/6, in which the blood
pressure increased in both the horizontal and
vertical positions. According to this the condi-
tions were favorable to the subject.

If, however, the greater range of heart rate and
blood pressure are considered, the conditions are
unfavorable, since in test 3/30 there is a greater
difference in heart rate and blood pressure at the
end of the period and in test 4/3 the difference
in blood pressure is greater.

This subject also objected to the cigar test be-
cause of nausea it caused, and after the test taken
on 4/6 cigarettes were used.

The one cigar test taken shows the rise in heart
rate and the rise in blood pressure in the hori-
zontal position, followed by a fall of pressure in
the vertical position, which is characteristic of
the tests taken on the other novices.

As in the case of the other non-smoker, on
whom cigarette tests were made, there were no
changes of a serious character.

PAET II

EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE RETURN

OF THE HEART RATE TO NORMAL

AFTER EXERCISE

Experimental Work by

GLENN A. DOWLING

International Young Men's Christian Association College

Springfield, Mass., 1916

II

Effects of Smoking on the Return of the
Heart Rate to Normal After Exercise

As a result of his experimental work, Mr.
Payne concluded that the control of the heart
was seriously impaired by smoking. This was
shown by a higher heart rate in smokers, but
Payne also noticed, though he had no figures to
establish his observation, that the smokers' hearts
seemed more irregular and more subject to dis-
tracting influences than those of the non-smokers.
This suggested that the smoker's heart might be
more affected by exercise than the non-smoker's
heart, and that it might not return to normal
after exercise as quickly as that of the non-
smoker. Mr. Glenn A. Dowling addressed him-
self to a definite study of this problem.

Fifteen men were chosen for this work, seven
of whom were non-smokers and eight classed as
smokers, although smoking only three or four
times per day. These latter we would then class
as moderate smokers.

These men were all young and healthy, taking
vigorous exercise each afternoon. Having supper

45

46 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

at six, they came to the smoking laboratory a
short time after they had eaten. They were asked
to rest for several minutes after arriving in the
room, in order to produce normal conditions of
the heart rate after the exercise of coming to the
laboratory.

With the non-smokers the heart rate was taken
for a full minute by palpitation on the radial
artery at the wrist. Immediately, they took 20
jumps over a bar 18 inches from the floor at the
rate of 80 jumps per minute, a metronome being
used to beat time. This was to insure a similar
dosage for each subject. After this exercise the
heart rate was again taken, but only for 15 sec-
onds. Following this the heart rate for the first
15 seconds of each succeeding minute was taken,
or until the heart rate had returned to normal.
The number of minutes, namely 15, for extending
the taking of the heart rate was entirely arbi-
trary. It was impossible for students having
several hours of studying to do in the same even-
ing, to remain longer than an hour and twenty
or thirty minutes, which was usually the time
taken to smoke two cigars and complete the ex-
periment. This procedure for the non-smokers
continued through five or more experiments, in
order to get a normal return of the heart rate
after a controlled amount of exercise had been
given. Then the same procedure was repeated

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 47

with non-smokers for at least five experiments,
in most cases ten, except that they were required
to smoke two cigars after their normal heart rate
had been taken.

With the smokers we proceeded as in the latter
half of the non-smokers' tests, i. e., normal heart
rate for full minute, smoke two cigars, heart rate
for first fifteen seconds of each succeeding min-
ute, or until heart rate returned to normal.
When these men had smoked for ten tests they
discontinued all smoking for a period of two
weeks or longer, after which the same procedure
was followed as at first with the non-smokers,
i. e., normal heart rate etc., without the smoking
of two cigars.

With these conditions of the test, comparisons
may be made between smokers and non-smokers,
between the condition of smokers when they
smoked and when normal, between conditions of
non-smokers when they smoked and when
normal.

For this work a good quality ten-cent cigar of
medium color was used throughout.

An outline of the procedure is here given, in
order to show more graphically what was done.

As before, the first letters of the alphabet, A,
B, C, etc., represent the non-smokers and the
later letters represent smokers.

48 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE

Non-Smokers

Without Smoking. For five tests.

1. Arrival at laboratory.

2. A rest of several minutes.

3. Horizontal heart rate for full minute.

4. Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor.

5. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min-
ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate
returns to normal.

Smoking. For five to ten tests.

1. Arrival at laboratory.

2. Rest for several minutes.

3. Normal heart rate taken.

4. Smoke two cigars.

5. Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor.

6. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min-
ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate
had returned to normal.

Smokers

Smoking. For five to ten tests.

1. Arrival at laboratory.

2. Rest of several minutes.

3. Normal heart rate taken.

4. Smoke two cigars.

5. Twenty jumps over bar 18 iuches from floor.

6. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min-

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 49

ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate

returned to normal.

Without smoking. For five tests.

After discontinuing smoking for two weeks.

1. Arrival at laboratory.

2. Best of several minutes.

Normal heart rate taken.

Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor.

Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min-
ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate
returned to normal.

3.
4.
5.

The series of observations taken on Mr. B., a
non-smoker, follow as an example of the data col-
lected. The complete collection of individual
tables will be found in the appendix to Part II.

Mr. B.

Date
1-14-15
1-18-15
1-30-15
2- 2-15
2- 4-15
2- 8-15

Condi-
tion
Good

Hr. of ex-
periment

7.15

8.15

8.00

8.00

8.10

7.25

Normal
H. R.
84
82
72
81
82
96

Time in H. R. for
min. taken 1st 15 sec.
to smoke of 1st min.
35
34
36
32
36
36

Average

82.6

34.8

2-19-15

7.10

80

69

39

3- 8-15

7.20

78

68

32

4-15-15

7.00

74

50

33

4-21-15

7.00

80

54

32

4-23-15

1.15

98*

59

39

Average 82 60

* Had been exercising quite vigorously half hour before.

35

50 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes

Min. H.R. re-

turned normal.

2

3

4

5

6

7 8 10 11 12 13 14 16

2e

21

25

24

20

21 7

22

20

20

21

20

3

30

19

18

18

18

4

22

21

20

20

20

4

19

21

22

22

21

21 3

27

26

25

24

24

24 6

Average 5 . 2

21 18 20 20 20 20 4

22 21 20 21 21 21 19 20 19 19 8
25 25 24 24 23 24 23 23 24 23 23 24 23 *
24 22 23 23 22 25 23 22 21 22 22 21 22 23 *
30 28 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 *

Average 11.4

* Heart rate had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

The above table may be made visible by averag-
ing the rate for the first 15 seconds of each suc-
cessive minute and plotting as in the following
chart.

HEAET RATE AFTER EXERCISE 51

8

8

r NORMAL H.R.
flFOR 15 SEC;

ss

1

1

I

*

"" "

2

7}

•

V

3

O

a

en

A

5

1
r

6

m
o

•

o

\

i
\

7

i

i

8

m

1
i
■

9

>
o

I

CO

i

i
i

IO

i
i

II

c

n
o

\

12

m

i

i
i

13

<

m

\

14

s

1

V

!?

z

•

52 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

In this manner 193 experiments were con-
ducted on 15 men as indicated in the following
table :

NUMBER OF TESTS TAKEN

Smoking
10
5

Non-Smokebs
A
B

C
D
E
F
G

Without Smoking
5
6

10

10

5

5

5

37

SO Total 87

Smokers

X

5

10

Y

5

10

Z

6

10

M

5

10

N

5

10

s

2

2

T

6

6

W

5

10

38

68 Total 106

193
The general tables of averages and comparisons will show the
results.

TABLES OF AVERAGES AND COMPARISONS
Table I. — When men did not smoke

H. R. average of
Average of individual man

individual for 1st 15 sec.

man's H. R. of 1st min. after

exercise.

A

80.8

36

B

82.6

34.8

C

79.2

, 38

D

90.5

37.2

E

72

34

F

71.2

33.6

G

73.8

34.4

Average

78.6

35.1

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 53

H. R. average of

Average of

individual man

individual

for 1st 15 see.

man's H. R.

of 1st min. after
exercise.

X

88

35

Y

80

35.8

Z

78.8

36.6

M

71.4

35.4

N

73.8

34.6

S

88

40

T

85.8

32

W

85.8

34.8

Average 81.5 35.5

Table I shows the average heart rate of all the
men when normal, that is, not smoking.

The average normal heart rate for non-smokers
is 78.6 beats per minute, while for the smoker it
is 81.5 beats per minute, demonstrating that the
heart rate of smokers is higher than that of non-
smokers.

This conclusion verifies conclusion 4 of J. W.
Payne's study of 1914, to the effect that cigar
smoking increases heart rate.

The average heart rate for the first 15 seconds
of the first minute after exercise when not smok-
ing, for non-smokers is 35.1 beats, for smokers is
35.5 beats. There seems to be no decided dif-
ference between non-smokers and smokers when
not smoking, as to the height of increase of heart
rate for the first minute after exercise.

54 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Non-Smoke E8

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

TABLE II.— When men smoked

Nor. average Time in min.
H. R. before taken to
smoking smoke

83.8

82

81.8

87.3

64.2

84.2

73.8

63.6

60

59.5

59.9

68.4

61.2

60.2

H. R. for 1st
15 sec. of 1st
min. after
exercise

34.9

35

39.8

39.4

33.8

33.9

33.2

Average

79.6

60.4

35.7

Smokers

X

79.7

62.2

36.6

Y

78.9

61.2

34.5

Z

72.2

59.1

38.3

M

76.5

59.2

35.2

N

80.2

60.4

39.2

S

88.5

60

44

T

89.2

60.2

37

W

86.6

60.7

35.3

Average

81.5

60.4

37.5

Table II shows the average heart rate of all the
men when they smoked.

During this period of time, when the non-
smokers smoked, we find an increase of heart
rate of one beat per minute as compared with the
period when they did not smoke. This also
proves that smoking increases the heart rate. We
also find the heart rate of non-smokers lower than
that of the habitual smoker.

The average length of time for both groups to
smoke two cigars was 60.4 minutes.

The heart rate for the first 15 seconds of the

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 55

first minute after exercise for smokers was 1.8
beats higher than for non-smokers. Multiplying
this rate by four to get the rate for a whole min-
ute in order to compare with normal heart rate,
we find that the heart rate for the first minute
after exercise in relation to the normal heart rate
is correspondingly greater by 5.5 beats for
smokers than for non-smokers. Therefore the
statement can be made that the heart rate of
smokers after exercise is higher than non-
smokers.

TABLE III

Time required for heart rate to return to normal after exercise.

Non-
Smoke es

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

Without Out of the 86 experiments

Smoking, i.e Smoking from which these figures

Normal are taken — 49 tests with

6.8 6.9 smoking— in 37 of the tests

5.2 11.4 with smoking, the heart

4.4 15 rate did not return to nor-

6.7 13.9 mal, but inasmuch as H. R.
4 15 was taken only until the
4 15 15th minute, the number

3.8 13.2 15 was used in averaging.

Average

5

12.9

Smokers

Xj

6.2

15

Out of 103 experiments —

Y

5.6

7.4

65 smoking, in 39 H. R.

Z

5.4

14.4

did not return to normal in

M

4.2

9.5

15 minutes, so 15 was taken

N

5.4

11.2

for averaging.

S

6

15

T

6.16

13.5

W

4.6

10

Average

5.2

12

56 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Table III shows a comparison of the minutes
at which the heart rate returned to normal when
men did not smoke and when they did smoke.

Out of IIS experiments when the men smoked,
the heart rate in 74 increased and failed to return
to normal after exercise within 15 minutes. This
is a percentage of 62.72.

Non-smokers smoked 50 times. Out of this
number 36 increased in heart rate and did not
return to normal in 15 minutes. This is a per-
centage of 72.

Smokers smoked 68 times. Out of this number
38 increased in heart rate and failed to return
to normal in 15 minutes. This is a percentage of
55.80.

For non-smokers not smoking, the average re-
turn of the heart rate to normal after exercise
was 5 minutes. With smoking the average return
to normal was 12.9 minutes, averaging X as 15
minutes (X indicating that heart rate had not
returned to normal within 15 minutes, which was
as long as experiment was continued).

For smokers not smoking the average return
of the heart rate to normal after exercise was 5.2
minutes, which is but slightly longer than for
non-smokers. When smoking, the average return
to normal was 12 minutes.

With non-smokers the difference, when smok-
ing and not smoking, of the average minutes that

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 57

the heart rate returned to normal, was 7.9 min-
utes. With the smoker the difference was 6.8
minutes. This shows that smoking caused the
heart to work longer to accomplish a given
amount of work.

The fact that there was a difference of 6.8 min-
utes with smokers in the average return of the
heart rate to normal after exercise when smoking
and not smoking, shows that a man has become
habituated to tobacco smoking psychologically,
yet physiologically his system never becomes ac-
customed to it, to the extent that it is not
affected.

TABLE IV

This table shows a comparison of the average normal H. R. and
the average increased H. R. for the 15th minute in all those cases
of smoking where the heart rate after exercise had not returned to
normal at 15th minute.

. a ~ ■> -„S ~S Z iS-SJsa

lis, !j «r§ 2| *J %pl

Ills ll <§i Ssl 31 llw?

A 2 10 75 21 84 9

B 3 5 84 23.3 93.4 9.4

C 10 10 81.8 23.9 95.6 13.8

D 7 10 85 23.3 93.4 8.4

E 5 5 64.2 20.2 80.8 16.6

F 5 5 84.2 23 92 7.8

G 4 5 72.7 21.7 86.8 14.1

Total 36 50

Average 78.1 22.4 89.4 11.3

58 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

pjo-9 o o.gn o 5 o S«oo

W|| 1 «|1 «-. -2-9 * fe, g

n| . ** wis «° « a |Ss«

Ills II $li 3s1 41 Igw-s

X 9 10 79.2 22.8 91.2 12

Y 2 10 76 20.5 82.0 6

Z 9 10 72.2 20.1 80.4 8.4

M 3 10 71.3 19.7 78.8 7.5

N 4 10 76 22 88 12

S 2 2 88.5 24.5 98.0 9.5

T 5 6 87.4 28.2 112.8 25.4

W 4 10 80.7 22.5 90 9.3

Total 38 68

Average 78.9 22.5 90 11.1

Total 74 118

Table IV shows after exercise that the average
heart rate for the 15th minute in 72 per cent of
the tests when non-smokers smoked was 11.3
beats per minute higher than normal.

In 55.8 per cent of the cases when smokers
smoked the average heart rate in the 15th minute
was 11.1 beats per minute higher than normal.

In this comparison of normal heart rate and
increased heart rate after exercise there seems
to be but little difference between smokers and
non-smokers. Out of 118 tests when both
smokers and non-smokers smoked, the heart rate
increased in 74 tests or f>2.72 per cent and at the
15th minute had not returned to normal.

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 59

This average increase at the 15th minute was
11.2 beats per minute higher than at normal.

The total general effect of smoking in delaying
the return of the heart rate to normal after exer-
cise may be shown by averaging the heart rate
for each 15 seconds for each man and then getting
the grand average for each group. This is done
in Table V and the general result is visualized by
plotting for the groups as was done in the case
of Mr. B.

The table and chart for smokers would be
almost identically the same as the above and is
therefore omitted. It should be noted that this
curve hardly portrays the true significance of
the delayed return since the averages before
smoking are often taken from individual cases.
These individual cases are frequently nearly as
high as after smoking. The true picture of the
situation lies in the few cases that failed to return
to normal after seven minutes before smoking
and the large number that failed to return to
normal after fifteen minutes after smoking.

CONCLUSIONS

I. Smokers have a normal heart rate higher
than non-smokers.

II. Smoking causes a delay in the return of the
heart rate to normal after exercise. As evi-

60 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

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HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 61

8

a

B
"1
O
SO
H

Oi

o

0, NORMAL H.R.
Ui FOR 15 SEC.

*

1

2

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14

15

62 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

denced in this study, this delay is 7.9 minutes
for non-smokers and 6.8 minutes for smokers.

III. Equilibrium of heart rate is not estab-
lished in habitual smokers, i. e., the body does
not become accustomed to smoking, for there is
but a slight difference in the length of time of the
return of the heart rate to normal between
smokers and non-smokers.

IV. To the writer the most important con-
clusion as shown by the work is that : —

(a) In 74 tests out of 118 smoking tests,
or 62.72 per cent, the heart rate was
increased and did not return to normal
at the 15th minute. In 72 out of 74
tests without smoking, 97 per cent of
all the tests taken, the heart rate re-
turned to normal in less than fifteen
minutes, the average time being only
five minutes.

(b) The average heart rate at the 15th
minute was 11.2 beats greater than
the average normal heart rate.

These experiments are exceedingly convincing.
They are also exceedingly original. They show
that the smoker apparently does not become
habituated to the use of tobacco, that exercise
disturbs him more than the non-smoker, that
physical work causes more of a disturbance in
organic function in those who smoke than in

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 63

those who do not. Apparently, therefore, ath-
letic coaches have been wise in asking their ath-
letes to give up smoking when training. We
would imagine also that the non-smoker, other
things being equal, would make the better work-
man, for he can work with less disturbance to
organic function.

The individual detailed tables are given in the
appendix, so that those desiring to do so can fol-
low absolutely every detail of the experiment.
Attention is called to the general uniformity and
consistent results shown by the tables.

64 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

APPENDIX TO PART II

Tables op Individual Data with Explanations Mr. A.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal

mins. taken

1st 15 sec.

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st min.

1-21-15

Good

6.30

90

42

1-22-15

"

6.30

68

30

1-28-15

11

7.15

74

40

1-26-15

"

7.00

88

33

1-30-15

"

6.50

84

35

Average

80.8

36

2- 4-15

"

6.30

70

58

32

2-10-15

11

6.30

68

61

28

2-16-15

"

6.30

98

63

35

2-17-15

"

6.50

92

71

36

2-19-15

"

6.30

90

70

32

2-24-15

"

6.40

80

68

37

2-25-15

'■

6.40

84

52

40

3- 2-15

"

6.40

89

63

39

3- 3-15

"

6.40

83

68

35

3- 4-15

"

6.40

84

62

35

Average

83.8

63.6

34.9

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

8 9

Min. H.R.
10 11 12 13 14 15 returns
to normal

20 23 23 23 22 23 22 6

19 21 20 19 20 19 20 19 19 20 18 19 19 20 *

21 22 21 24 21 20 22 21 19 19 19 19 18 19 10
23 19 22 22 22 4

20 22 21 21 21 4_

6.8

t

7
4
4
3
3
tt
6
8
4

Average 6 . 9

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute,
t Became nauseated. ft Felt rather sick, a little bit dizzy.

20

19

20

21

20

21

20

20

17

17

19

19

18

17

17

'SI

25

24

24

22

23

23

23

23

21

22

22

22

22

20

21

20

20

24

23

25

25

25

24

24

23

20

21

22

22

23

22

21

23

21

22

23

20

21

24

21

21

21

19 18 18 20 19 19

23 23 23 23 23

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 65

Mr. B.

See tables on page 49

Mr. C.

Time in H.R. for

Condi- Hr. of Ex- H.R. mins. taken 1st 15 sec.

Date tion periment Normal to smoke of 1st min.

1-14-15 Good 6.30 82 37

1-19-15 " 7.10 84 40

1-21-15 " 7.00 80 36

1-23-15 " 6.30 72 36

1-27-15 " 7.15 78 41

Average

79.2

38

1-28-15

(I

6.30

76

58

45

2- 2-15

"

6.30

78

61

38

2- 4-15

"

6.30

80

63

36

2- 8-15

Hard Cold

6.35

88

59

41

2-11-15

Good

6.30

72

60

42

2-16-15

"

6.30

90

58

41

2-17-15

*'

6.30

74

56

38

2-24-15

'*

6.40

84

60

38

2-25-15

*'

7.00

84

58

38

3- 2-15

"

7.00

92

62

41

Average

81.8

59.5

39.8

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 15

returned to
normal

28 22 21

21

21

21

4

26 21 21

21

21

3

24 21 20

20

4

23 21 20

'•21

21

20

19

19

8

26 19 18

18

18

3

Average

4.4

25 25 25

25

25

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

22

*

23 22 22

23

23

23

23

23

22

22

24

21

24 23

*

26 24 22

22

22

23

23

22

23

22

23

23

24 23

*

25 26 25

26

25

25

24

24

24

26

25

25

24

*

21 22 23

22

23

21

23

24

23

22

23

23

24 23

*

26 27 26

27

26

26

26

26

25

26

25

25

25 25

*

22 21 23

25

24

24

24

24

23

25

24

24

23 24

*

25 25 24

25

25

26

25

26

20

26

25

26

25 25

*

24 23 24

25

26

25

24

25

25

20

25

25

24 25

*

26 23 23

25

25

25

25

24

25

25

26

25

25 25

*

Average

* H. R. bad not returned to normal at the 15th minute.

* or 15 min.

00 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. D.

Time in H.R. for

Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec.

Date

tior

i

periment

H.R.

to smoke of 1st min.

1-14-16

Goc

6.30

88

32

1-19-15

"

7.15

89

38

1-22-15

"

7.00

96

42

1-27-15

"

7.30

94

34

1-28-15

"

7.00

96

42

1-26-15

"

7.15

80

35

Average

90.5

37.2

1-30-15

"

6.30

80

61

34

2- 2-15

"

7.00

81

60

42

2- 4-15

"

6.30

84

63

40

2- 8-15

"

6.45

80

58

42

2-10-15

it

6.30

104*

56

40

2-11-15

"

6.35

94

51

41

2-16-15

"

6.40

90

62

39

2-17-15

ii

6.30

88

70

37

2-25-15

"

6.35

82

61

40

3- 2-15

"

6.40

90

57

39

Average

87.3

59.9

39.4

* Normal H.

R.

was

taken several times and at intervals of three

to five minutes for three or four times without

a decrease in H.R.

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes'.

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9 10

11 12

13

14 15

returned to

normal

19 20 22

22

22

22

4

20 24 21

22

21

22

6

23 23 27

26

25

24

24

7

22 19 22

23

23

24

23 23

8

27 22 23

25

26

28

23 24

24

10

18 17 19

19

20

20

6

Average

6.7

23 20 21

22

19

18

21 21

21

20 20

11

22 22 23

23

23

23

22 23

23

22 23

21

21 22

*

23 22 23

23

22

23

23 24

25

24 24

23

24 24

*

21 20 25

23

22

22

22 22

24

21 21

21

22 22

*

22 23 24

24

23

24

24 24

24

23 24

24

23 24

t Decrs.

20 23 22

23

22

22

24 23

23

23

9

23 26 26

24

24

25

24 24

25

25 24

24

24 24

•

21 24 24

25

25

25

24 25

24

25 24

25

24 25

•

22 24 23

23

24

23

23 25

24

23 23

23

23 23

*

21 21 24

24

25

24

25 24

25

25 25

25

25 25

*

Average 13 . 9

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.
t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R.

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 67

Mr. E.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal

mine, taken 1st 15 sec.

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st min.

1-19-15

Good

6.30

56

33

1-27-15

'*

6.30

70

31

1-28-15

11

7.00

76

35

1-26-15

"

7.10

72

35

2- 9-15

7.00

86

36

Average

72

34

2-11-15

14

6.30

70

50

34

2-17-15

"

7.30

64

59

34

3- 3-15

11

7.00

60

63

31

4- 2-15

'*

7.00

61

58

31

4- 6-15

"

1.35

66

62

39

Average 64.2 58.4

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

33.8

Min. H.R.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned

to normal

15 14 15 16 14 14 6

16 18 17 18 4
19 19 19 3
24 21 18 18 4
16 21 21 3

Average 4

19 18 18 20 21 21 21 21 22 19 20 20 20 20 *

15 17 19 19 19 19 20 Bl 19 21 20 20 20 20 *

17 19 20 20 21 20 22 22 22 21 22 21 22 22 *

15 16 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 *

16 18 20 20 20 20 19 21 19 21 20 20 20 20 *

Average * or 15

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

68 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. F.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal

mine, taken

1st 15 Bee.

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st min.

1-21-15

Good

7.30

69

39

1-22-15

"

7.00

72

36

1-26-15

11

7.00

72

30

2- 9-15

**

6.30

65

31

2-10-15

"

6.35

78

32

Average

71.2

33.6

Smoking

2-17-15

(i

7.30

86

68

33

3- 3-15

"

7.15

80

62

35

3- 4-15

"

7.00

77

54

32

4- 2-15

"

6.40

92

52

36

4- 6-15

"

6.30

86

70

33

Average

84.2

61.2

33.9

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

2 3 4 5 6 7

19 18 17 17 16 17

19 18 18 18
18 18 18

18 14 16 16

20 21 20 20

Min. H.R.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to

normal
17 4

3
3
4

Average 4

17 22 24 22 22 24 24 23 23 24 23 24 23 24 *
27 20 23 23 24 23 22 25 23 22 22 23 22 23 *
25 20 19 21 20 21 20 21 20 22 21 20 21 21 *
27 24 26 25 25 25 25 24 25 24 24 24 25 24 *

18 23 24 22 22 23 24 23 24 23 24 23 24 23 *

Average * or 15

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE

69

Mr. G.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi

.

Hr. of Ex-

Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec.

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st min.

1-22-15

Goo

7.00

77

36

1-28-15

(i

6.45

64

30

1-26-15

"

6.30

72.

32

2- 2-15

"

6.30

84

38

2- 2-15

it

6.45

72

36

Average

73.8

34.4

2- 8-15

■i

6.30

78

60

36

2-11-15

"

6.30

78

67

32

2-17-15

Slight cold

6.30

69

56

32

3- 3-15

Good

6.30

67

59

33

3-30-15

6.30

83

65

33

Average

73.8

60.2

33.2

H.R. for first 15 Beconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13

14 15

returned to
normal

19 19 19

3

17 16 16

3

17 15 16

16

17

18

18

7

22 21 21

3

22 18 18

18

3

Average

3.8

23 25 23

24

24

23

23

6

19 21 21

21

21

21

21 21

21

21 21

21

21 21

*

20 20 22

23

21

21

23 22

22

22 21

21

21 21

*

21 20 21

21

21

20

21 21

21

20 22

21

21 21

*

24 24 22

24

24

21

24 24

25

24 24

24

24 24

*

Average

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

13.2

70 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. X.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec.

Date

i

bion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st min.

1-18-15

Goo

6.50

70

65

40

1-19-15

"

6.30

59

62

40

1-21-15

"

6.30

88

68

39

1-22-15

"

6.40

92

65

36

1-26-15

ii

6.30

84

61

33

1-28-15

i<

6.30

96

62

36

1-30-15

"

6.30

79

58

36

2- 2-15

"

6.30

73

56

35

2- 4-15

"

6.30

78

62

35

2-10-15

"

6.40

78

63

36

Average

79.7

62.2

36.6

3- 2-15

ii

7.00

80

35

3- 3-15

11

*6.35

92

34

3- 8-15

11

6.30

86

39

3- 9-15

'*

6.30

90

40

3-10-15

11

7.00

96

34

Average

88

36.4

* Had worked hard.

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13

14 15

returned to
normal

21 22 20

22

19

21

22 21

19

23 20

21

19 19

19 19 23

21

21

22

20 22

22

22 22

22

22 22

23 26 25

24

25

24

25 24

25

25 25

25

25 25

24 26 28

26

29

26

26 26

25

25 26

26

26 25

28 24 23

20

19

20

20 20

20

20 20

22

21 21

♦Decrs

32 28 28

24

24

25

24 26

26

26 26

26

25 25

32 28 28

24

24

24

24 24

26

26 26

26

26 24

20 24 24

22

22

22

22 20

24

23 21

25

23 22

19 22 22

22

22

22

22 22

22

22 24

21

22 21

23 25 24

22

22

25

23 24

23

24 23

23

23 23

Average

15

19 20 21

21

21

21

20 21

21

20 20

5

25 21 22

23

23

5

21 23 23

21

21

5

23 19 23

22

5

23 22 24

24

4

Average

* Not used in averaging for increase of H.R.

5.2

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 71

Mr. Y.

Date
1-18-15
1-19-15
1-20-15
1-21-15
1-26-15
1-28-15
2- 2-15
2- 4-15
2-10-15
2-12-15

Condi-
tion
Good

Hr. of Ex-
periment

7.50
♦7.15

7.00

7.00

7.05

7.10
t7.00

7.10

7.20

7.00

Normal
H.R.
68
64
79
79
78
80
95
88
78
80

Time in H.R. for

mins. taken 1st 15 sec.

to smoke of 1st min.

63
66
62
68
69
62
55
59
56
62

34
31
35
39
34
31
35
40
35
31

Average 78 . 9

4-20-15 " 1.00 81

4-23-15 " 1.15 73

4-26-15 " 6.30 82

4-27-15 Stomach-ache 6.30 79

4-28-15 Good 6.30 85

61.2

34.5

32
32
39
37
39

Average

*Up until 1.00 a. m.

80
t Swimming hard.

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

2 3

6 7 8

10 11 12 13 14

22
22
23
20
26
22
23
23
19
23

19
21
19
21
23
19
24
24
20
17

17
17
19
21
21
19

24 23

25 23
19 19
17 19

17
17
19
21
20
19
24
24

35.8

Min. H.R.
15 returned to
normal
4

17
19
20

18
19
2.°,
23

18 17 17 18 17 19 17 17

20
19
19

19
19

20 20

23 24 24 23 24 24 23 24

20 19 20

Average

18 19 19 21 20 21

19 18 21 18 18

20 23 21 21

24 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 22 22 23

23 21 21 21 22 22 21 22 22 21 22 21

7.4

6
5

4

*

4

Average

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.'

5.6

72 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. Z.

Time in

H.R. for 1st

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal mins. taken 15 sec. of

Date

i

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

1st 15 min.

1-19-16

Good

6.30

57

62

33

1-21-16

"

6.50

72

65

36

1-22-15

"

8.00

70

58

46

1-26-15

"

6.30

62

62

36

1-28-15

41

6.30

73

56

42

1-29-15

II

6.30

72

61

35

2- 2-15

"

6.35

71

53

39

2- 4-17

It

7.00

81

58

41

2-11-15

"

7.00

88

62

40

2-16-15

"

6.25

75

61

36

Average

72.5

1

59.1

38.3

3- 8-15

II

6.30

78

36

3- 9-15

"

6.30

85

42

3-10-15

**

6.30

74

36

4-20-15

"

1.15

76

34

4-21-15

14

1.00

80

36

4-22-15

"

1.15

80

35

Average

78. h

36.6

H.R. for 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14 15

returned
to normal

22 18 20

20

20

20

19 19

19

20

20

20

20 19

*

17 17 17

17

18

19

19 18

18

18

6

23 21 21

19

21

21

20 21

20

1!)

21

20

20 20

*

16 18 20

19

19

19

19 19

19

20

19

20

19 19

*

21 20 21

20

20

20

23 20

20

20

20

20

20 20

*

18 21 21

19

19

19

20 20

19

19

20

10

17 17

*

22 20 20

21

21

22

20 20

20

21

22

22

22 19

*

22 19 23

24

23

23

23 23

23

23

21

22

21 21

*

21 22 20

22

20

22

20 23

21

23

21

21

21 21

*

23 20 22

21

21

21

22 22

23

22

23

23

24 23

*

Average

14.4

22 20 20

20

19

20

6

20 21 21

21

3

21 18 20

20

19

19

6

20 20 19

19

4

21 19 22

20

20

5

21 19 20

20

3

Average

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

5.4

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 73

Mr. M.

Time in

H.R. for

Condi-

Hr. of Ex-

Normal

mins. taken

1st 16 sec.

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

of 1st 15
min.

1-18-15

Good

7.15

78

61

29

1-19-15

**

7.00

79

67

33

1-21-15

"

7.10

92

58

40

1-22-15

■i

7.00

78

55

36

1-27-15

"

7.00

80

60

34

1-28-15

•1

7.00

80

65

34

1-29-15

"

7.00

66

62

35

1-30-15

ii

6.50

74

53

36

2- 4-15

11

7.00

74

60

40

2- 8-15

"

7.00

74

51

35

Average

76.5

59.2

35.2

3- 2-15

"

7.00

71

31

3- 3-15

"

7.00

78

39

4-20-15

«i

6.30

68

38

4-18-15

ii

1.00

72

35

4-21-15

"

6.35

68

34

Average

71.4

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

3 4

6

9 10 11 12 13 14

35.4

Min. H.R.
15 returned to
normal
5

26 22 20 19 20 18 19

28 27 24 22 21 19 19 19 19 7

30 26 27 25 23 23 23 6

25 21 21 21 20 20 19 20 19 19 8

23 20 21 20 19 18 21 20 20 20 9

22 21 22 22 20 20 6

23 22 20 22 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 *

25 18 21 23 21 19 19 18 19 18 19 18 19 9

26 20 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 *
22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 *

Average

18 18 19 18 18
23 20 19 20

20 17 18 17 17

19 21 18 18 18

21 17 17 17

9.5

5
4
5
4
3

Average 4.2

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the fifteenth minute.

74 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. N.

Date
1—18—15
1—19—15
1—28—15
1—26—15
1—22—15
1—30—15
2— 4—15
2—19—15
2—21—15
2—25—15

Condi-
tion
Good

Hr. of Ex-
periment

7.30

7.30

7.00

7.10

6.60

6.45

7.10

7.00

7.30

6.45

Normal
H.R.
78
80
80
88
79
79
74
71
84
89

Time in
mins. taken
to smoke
61
66
50
60
61
57
62
65
63
59

H.R. for

1st 15 sec.

of 1st 15

min.

40

35

46

31

38

35

46

45

42

34

Average

80.2

60.4

39.2

4—19-

-15

h

1

.15

48 (?)

31

4—26—15

"

1

.30

90

37

4—28—15

"

1

.30

73

34

4—29-

-15

"

1

.30

76

35

5— 2—15

"

1

.30

82

36

Average

73.8

34.6

H.R.

for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12 13

14

15

returned to
normal

25 28

21

21

22

21

20

18

19

10

23 21

19

21

18

19

21

20

9

24 23

23

23

25

22

23

23

23

23 24 23

23

23

*

18 19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20 20 20

20

20

tDecra

23 20

20

21

19

19

19

18

19

9

22 28

27

23

24

24

23

24

23

22 24 25

26

25

*

16 17

22

21

23

21

21

21

21

21 24 25

24

22

*

16 17

22

21

22

21

23

21

21

23 21 22

21

22

*

17 18

17

22

20

20

21

21

8

20 22

21

20

22

21

22

21

22

6

Average

11.2

13 12

12

12

4

21 24

24

23

23

5

19 18

18

18

18

3

23 17

20

21

19

19

6

19 20

21

20

21

21

4

Average

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R.

5.4

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 75

Date
2-2-15
2-4-15

Mr 8.

H.R. for
Time in 1st 15 sec.
Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken of 1st 15
tion periment H.R. to smoke min.

Good 7.00 93 58 45

7.00 84 62 43

Average

88.5

60

44

3-4-15
3-8-15

6.40
6.40

84
92

45
35

Average

88

40

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to

normal

20 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 25 26 24 23 24 24 *

21 23 23 26 26 25 25 25 26 24 23 24 26 25 *

Average

*or 15

25 22 24 22 21 21
35 23 22 23

Average 5

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.

76 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. T.

Date
1-18-15
1-27-15
2- 8-15
2-10-15
2-16-15
2-19-15

Average

Condi-
tion
Good

Hr.'of Ex-
periment
7.30
7.00
6.45
6.30
6.30
6.40

Normal
H.R.
78
89
88
92
96
92

R.H. for

Time in 1st 15 sec.

mins. taken of 1st 15

to smoke
65
60
63
65
60
67

mm.

31

36

31

40

34

42

Average

89.2

60.2

37

3- 3-15

6.45

82

28

3- 8-15

7.30

100

42

3-10-15

7.00

92

32

3-20-15

1.00

75

28

3-21-15

6.30

80

30

85.8

32

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

2 3

5 6

8 9 10 11

Min. H.R.
12 13 14 15 returned to

26 25 25 21 20 20 19 20

22 28 31 28 30 30 30 27 26 25 32 30 .28 29

28 25 24 24 23 26 26 26 24 24 24 24 26 24
34 33 32 31 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
34 28 27 29 32 31 30 31 31 30 30 30 29 29

29 27 28 28 28 27 30 28 29 28 27 28 27 26

normal
6

*
*

*t

*

Average

23 21 22 22 20 21 20 21

30 27 26 28 25 25

25 25 25 25 23 23

23 19 17 18 19 19

22 21 21 21 20 20

13.5

6
6
7

6
6

Average 6 . 2

* H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute,
t This was continued for 27 minutes and the rate for any 16 Bee.
did not drop lower than 28 beats.

HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 77

Mr.W.

H.R. for

Time in

1st 15 sec.

Condi

Hr. of Ex-

Normal

mins. taken of 1st 15

Date

tion

periment

H.R.

to smoke

min.

1-22-15

Good

7.00

82

65

32

1-28-15

'•

7.00

70

60

35

2- 8-15

11

7.00

98

67

40

2- 4-15

"

6.40

80

61

36

2-10-15

"

6.30

86

56

33

2-11-15

"

7.10

95

62

42

2-17-15

"

7.00

84

58

38

2-19-15

11

7.00

100

63

28

2-24-15

"

6.30

82

68

34

2-25-15

"

6.40

89

57

35

Average

86.6

60.7

35.3

3-30-15

"

6.45

91

36

3-31-15

"

7.00

83

34

4- 1-15

"

7.00

92

32

4- 2-15

"

6.45

83

34

4- 4-15

11

7.00

80

36

Average

85.8

34.8

H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes:

Min. H.R.

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13

14 15

returned to
normal

18 17 19

20

20

20

20 20

20

20 20

20

20 20

♦fDecrs

18 17 19

20

20

20

20 20

20

20 20

20

20 20

*

26 24 26

24

24

24

4

26 22 22

21

21

21

21 21

21

21 21

22

21 21

*

22 19 21

21

22

21

5

24 24 24

26

24

4

27 23 22

23

25

26

26 25

25

25 25

25

25 25

*

23 23 25

24

23

25

25

4

18 20 21

22

23

21

21 21

8

24 24 23

23

24

24

23 25

24

24 24

24

24 24

*

Average

10

24 23 22

22

22

23

22 23

22

4

21 20 20

21

20

5

21 22 23

23

4

17 18 19

21

21

21

21

5

18 19 22

20

20

5

Average

* H.R. had not returned to normal in fifteen minutes.

t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R.

4.6

PART III

THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON
NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

Experimental Work by

G. WESLEY BLICKLEY

International Young Men's Christian Association College,

Springfield, Mass., 1915

Ill

The Effects of Smoking on Neuro-Muscular
Precision

The experiments extended over a period of
four months with conditions as nearly uniform as
possible.

The problem of precision tests and methods of
determining physical accuracy and neuro-mus-
cular control is a very broad one. Discussions of
this and allied subjects may be found in
Whipple's "Manual of Mental and Physical
Tests" and in other publications. The most prac-
tical test which presented itself for use in this
study for the finer coordinations was that fur-
nished by the Columbia University Psychological
Blanks No. 10. For the larger muscle groups it
was decided to use lunging at a target with a
fencing foil.

These tests were taken before and after smok-
ing two cigars, and a system of scoring was
adopted which would indicate the results of each
man's performance. In this way exact figures
show the score made by each man, with the per
cent of loss or gain in physical precision regis-

81

82 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

tered for each individual experiment and aver-
aged for the whole test.

The subjects for the work of this study were
all young men leading healthy, active lives, taken
from all classes in the college and varying in
age from 19 to 24. For the sake of comparison
seven smokers and seven non-smokers were se-
lected. The smokers were men who perhaps
never smoked more than twice in a day at
the most, and would be classified as moderate
smokers; and who, furthermore, discontinued
even this amount of smoking during various
seasons on account of training. On the other
hand, many of the non-smokers had never used
tobacco and took up the experiment merely from
a personal interest in the subject. Owing to the
unpleasant results, some found it impossible to
finish the complete set of ten experiments. Prac-
tice teaching also interfered with some.

The room in which the tests were held was the
smoking laboratory mentioned in the previous
studies. It was well heated, well ventilated, and
well lighted. There was plenty of ventilation,
although it was our aim not to allow too much
ventilation, as it was desired to have as nearly
as possible the conditions of the club room, or
the smoking car with the heavy cloud of smoke.

The men came for their experiments on even-
ings best suited to them, so that at any time when

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 83

they were not feeling well they were not required
to come. In this way the experiments were ob-
tained when the men were in the best of spirits,
and at least when they were most likely to be
normal. The subjects, whether smoking or not,
were allowed to study, read, or write letters as
they wished. It was noted, however, that the
time was usually spent in conversation.

The cigars used were the same as in the pre-
vious tests. The men were required to smoke two
cigars for each experiment, which took on the
average from fifty to sixty minutes and more, the
men setting their own pace.

The tests were two in number and were con-
ducted as follows: Smokers— after a period of
rest and after conditions had returned to their
normal, and the normal heart rate had been taken
by Mr. Dowling, each man was required to fill in
two of the five lines on the Psychological Blank,
which consisted in drawing a zigzag line between
two other printed lines 3/16 of an inch apart.
The object of the test is to keep the third line
from touching either of the other two lines. A
fountain pen was used to draw these lines, and a
metronome was used to time the men, 17 seconds
for each line. A copy of the blank follows :

84 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

o

a
z

■<
j

m

j

•<

o

5
o
j
o

M

H^MiaJ

►" 5

£ ■§

33 2

« a

E s.

.5 *

HI

s

s

o
O

r3J 3

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 85

Every time this zigzag line touched either line
the subject was marked an error. An average of
the errors registered in the first two lines were
recorded as the score of this test before smoking.

Then followed the target test. This consisted
of five thrusts with the foil in true fencing style —
arm straight and with the lunge — at a target
about fifteen inches in diameter, which is placed
on the wall about shoulder high. A bull's-eye was
registered as 6; for each succeeding concentric
circle five, four, three, two, and one. The averages
of these five scores were then taken and recorded
as the score for that individual before smoking.

The subject was then allowed to smoke his two
cigars, after which he filled in the remaining
three parallel lines on the blank. The average,
under the same conditions of scoring as before,
was taken, and this recorded as the individual's
score after smoking. The target test was then
repeated and the average of the five thrusts re-
corded as the score after smoking.

Ten such experiments were taken and the
scores totaled and averaged, after which each
man was requested to refrain from smoking to-
bacco in any of its forms for a period of two
weeks. A series of five experiments were then
taken, similar to the ten above, with this excep-
tion that the scores were taken after exercise ; the
particular form of exercise used was twenty

86 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

jumps over a stick about eighteen inches high.
This experiment was taken simply to satisfy a
desire on my part to know the effect of exercise
on neuromuscular control. The scores were then
totaled and averaged and the conclusions drawn.

Non-smokers — The tests on the non-smokers
were much the same as those conducted with the
smokers, except that the five experiments to
obtain the normal and the effects on neuro-mus-
cular control after exercise were taken first. The
smoking tests were then taken after the normal
had been recorded.

As there were but one or two trial experiments
before the actual tests were started and as the
men were not fully accustomed to the tests, we
find that in most cases the non-smokers show an
increase in physical precision in the normals
taken immediately before smoking, and in the
normals found for the first five experiments. But
this is generally more than balanced by the per-
centage lost after smoking.

There are of course many outside influences
which could have an effect upon the scores and
which really should be considered. Chief of these
is the fact of general improvement which the men
show as a result of greater experience with the
apparatus. There is also a difference in the
scores registered by the different men as a result
of their varied previous experience with the foil,

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 87

but this would not in any way affect the final
percentages. With the smokers there is also a
chance for decrease in efficiency during the two
weeks' interval without smoking, due to lack of
practice.

These are some of the considerations which
must be taken into account in studying the re-
sults in the following tables. With these in mind,
we can readily see why it is that the best one can
hope for from the results obtained, is that they
may be suggestive and a stimulus to further
study.

Samples of the individual detailed tables
follow and the complete set of detailed tables will
be found in the appendix.

Mr. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Befoke Smokino

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

4,8

12

6.0

12,15,12

39

13

1/19

14,4

18

9.0

13,11,14

38

12.66

1/21

3,9

12

6.0

10, 8,12

30

10.00

1/22

6,6

12

6.0

6, 4, 9

19

6.33

1/26

5,6

11

5.5

7, 3, 8

18

6.00

1/28

6,1

6

3.0

1, 2, 3

6

2.00

1/30

4,3

7

3.5

4, 5, 7

17

5.66

2/2

2,6

8

4.0

5, 5, 6

16

5.33

2/10

3,2

5

2.5

1, 2, 3

6

2.00

2/11

2,4

6
97

3.0
48.5

4, 5, 3

12
201

4.00

Totals

66.98

Averages

9.7

4.85

20.1

6.70

In this series of experiments Mr. P. lost in
physical precision in eight out of the ten trials.
In the trials of Jan. 28th and Feb. 10th a slight

88 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

increase was registered. The final average of
4.85 before smoking and 6.7 after smoking shows
a decrease of 1.85 in the respective scores. This
gives Mr. P. a loss of 38.13 per cent in physical
precision.

Mb. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Normal

After Exercise

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Trials Total Av.

3/2

7,3

12

6

5,6,7 21 7

3/3

5,4

9

4.5

4,3,2 9 3

3/8

4,4

8

4.0

4,6,2 12 4

3/9

3,4

7

3.5

5,3,3 11 3.66

3/10

4,4

8
44

4.0
22.0

6,4,2 12 4.00

Totals

65 21.66

Averages

8.8

4.4

13 4.33

By a comparison of the figures in the above
tables we find that after exercise Mr. P. showed
a slight decrease in physical precision in two of
the trials, an increase in one, and no change in
two trials.

In the totals the differences were so small as
to be almost nil, the loss being but 1.59 per cent.

By a comparison with the previous tests on Mr.
P. we find that the normal here of 8.8 shows
about 10 per cent increase in precision during
interval of two weeks without smoking.

This would tend to intensify the results in
the smoking tests, which showed a loss in pre-
cision of 38.13 per cent immediately after
smoking.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

89

Mr. P. SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After

Smoeii

ro

Ind.

Ind.

Data

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

6,4,3,5,3

21

4.2

4,2,4,4,5

20

4.0

1/19

3,3,3,3,4

16

3.2

3,4,3,4,3

17

3.4

1/21

6,4,4,5,4

23

4.6

3,4,3,4,3

17

3.4

1/22

4,2,2,3,6

17

3.4

4,3,3,4,3

17

3.4

1/26

4,6,4,6,4

24

4.8

4,4,4,4,3

19

3.8

1/28

4,4,5,5,5

23

4.6

4,4,2,3,4

17

3.4

1/30

2,3,4,4,4

17

3.4

3,6,5,5,2

21

4.2

2/2

5,5,4,5,5

24

4.8

4,4,4,4,4

20

4.0

2/10

4,4,5,5,4

22

4.4

4,4,4,5,5

22

4.4

2/11

3,4,4,5,5

21

4.2

4,4,3,4,5

20
190

4.0

Totals

208

41.6

38.0

Averages

20.8

4.16

19

3.8

A study of this table shows that in six out of
the ten experiments Mr. P. showed a loss in
physical precision, in two experiments ( 1/19 and
1/30 ) a slight increase and in the other two tests
there was neither a gain nor a loss. The final
average of 4.16 before smoking and that of 3.8
after smoking shows a difference of .36 or a loss
of 8.65 per cent for this test.

Mr. P. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Normal

After Exercise

Date

Trials Total

Av.

Trials Total Av.

3/2

4,4,4,5,5 22

4.4

6,5,5,5,4 25 5.0

3/3

3,4,4,4,5 20

4.0

4,4,5,5,5 23 4.6

3/8

4,4,5,4,4 21

4.2

4,3,4,5,5 21 4.2

3/9

5,4,3,5,4 21

4.2

5,5,4,4,4 22 4.4

3/10

5,4,6,4,5 24

4.8

4,5,6,5,4 24 4.8

Totals

108

21.6

115 23.0

Averages 21 . 6

4.33

23 4.6

From this table we discover that exercise had
no bad results with the target test ; in fact, as in-

90 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

dicated in the totals, the efficiency in the thrust
was increased 6.23 per cent.

Not in any of the trials was loss shown, but an
increase in three trials and no change in two.

These results may be due to the fact that the
best response is obtained only after a certain
amount of "warming up," in all tests involving
the larger muscle groups.

When compared with the previous tests, which
showed a loss in physical precision of 8.65 per
cent after smoking, this may also tend to increase
the importance of the results to those interested
in physical training.

Tables follow giving a summary and average
for each individual and the averages for the
groups. This is followed by a statement table
and then is given a final table, bringing together
the averages of the groups for comparison, par-
ticularly with regard to the effect of smoking.

SUMMARY OF TABLES

Table I.

Smokers — Blank Test

Results of smoking experiment

Name

Average before

Average after

Difference

Per Cent

smoking

smoking

Diff.

Mr. P.

4.85

6.7

-1.85

-38.13

Mr. R.

5.25

5.86

- .61

-11.61

Mr. S.

5.6

8.2

-2.6

-46.42

Mr. T.

4.5

5.1

- .6

-13.33

Mr. X.

6.05

6.61

- .56

- 9.25

Mr. Y.

8.5

12.65

-4.15

-48.82

Mr. Z.

13.17

15.22

-2.05

-15.56

Totals

47.92

60.34

-12.42

Averages

6.854

8.62

- 1.77

-25.96

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

91

Table II. Smokebs — Blank Test with Exebcibh
Results after two weeks interval

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Differenoe

Cent

exercise

exercise

Diff.

Mr. P.

4.4

4.33

+ .07

+ 1.59

Mr. R.

5.2

5.66

- .46

- 8.84

Mr. S.

5.0

5.93

- .93

-18.6

Mr. T.

4.9

6.135

-1.335

-25.02

Mr. X.

4.1

4.6

- .50

-11.19

Mr. Y.

5.1

7.00

-1.9

-37.25

Mr. Z.

15.3

16.4

-1.1

- 7.18

Totals

44.00

50.055

-6.125

AverageB

6.285

7.150

-0.875

-13.92

Table III.

Smokebs — Tabget Test

Results of smoking experiment

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent

smoking

smoking

Diff.

Mr. P.

4.16

3.8

-0.36

- 8.65

Mr. R.

3.7

3.56

-0.14

- 3.78

Mr. 8.

4.12

3.66

-0.46

-11.15

Mr. T.

3.84

3.66

-0.18

- 4.68

Mr. X.

3.68

3.3

-0.38

-10.32

Mr. Y.

4.075

3.725

-0.35

- 8.58

Mr. Z.

4.1

3.66

-0.44

-10.73

Totals

27.675

25.365

-2.31

Averages

3.953

3.623

- .33

- 8.35

Table IV. Smokebs — Taroet Test with Exebcisb

Results after interval of two weeks

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent

exercise

exercise

Diff.

Mr. P.

4.16

3.8

-0.36

- 8.65

Mr. R.

4.36

4.12

-0.24

- 5.52

Mr. S.

4.04

4.08

+0.04

+ .00

Mr. T.

4.16

3.64

-0.52

-12.5

Mr. X.

3.72

3.88

+0.16

+ 4.30

Mr. Y.

3.84

3.68

-0.16

- 3.31

Mr. Z.

4.00
28.28

3.76

-0.24

- 6.00

Totals

27.776

- .69

Averages

4.04

3.965

- .098

- 2.41

92 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Table V. Non-Smokers — Blank Test with Exercise
Results of non-smoking experiment

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent

exercise

exercise

Diff.

Mr. A.

8.0

8.465

- .465

- 5.81

Mr. B.

5.2

5.266

- .066

- 1.27

Mr. C.

10.4

12.665

-2.265

-21.77

Mr. D.

7.7

6.132

+1.568

+20.36

Mr. E.

9.9

11.86

-1.96

-19.84

Mr. F.

5.3

4.066

+1.234

+23.28

Mr. G.

8.2

8.4

-0.2

- 2.04

Totals

54.7

56.854

-2.154

Averages

7.814

8.122

- .308

- 3.94

Table VI.

Non-Smokers-

-Blank Test

Results of smoking experiment

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent

smoking

smoking

Diff.

Mr. A.

7.35

8.77

-1.416

-19.25

Mr. B.

5.45

5.56

- .11

- 2.02

Mr. C.

8.25

9.63

-1.38

-16.76

Mr. D.

7.1

8.132

-1.032

-14.53

Mr. E.

5.8

7.932

-2.132

-36.75

Mr. F.

3.8

3.8

0.00

0.00

Mr. G.

6.9

10.4

-3.5

-50.72

Totals

44.65

54.226

-9.570

Averages

6.38

7.747

-1.367

-21.43

Table VII. Non-Smokers — Target Test with Exercise

Results of non-smoking experiment

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent

exercise

exercise

Diff.

Mr. A.

3.56

3.60

+0.04

+1.12

Mr. B.

3.8

3.74

-0.16

-4.21

Mr. C.

4.16

3.76

-0.40

-9.61

Mr. D.

4.84

4.4

-0.44

-9.09

Mr. E.

3.92

4.0

+0.08

+2.04

Mr. F.

4.8

4.48

-0.32

-6.66

Mr. G.

4.44

4.04

-0.40

-9.01

Totals

29.520

28.02

-1.60

Averages

4.217

4.

- .229

-5.43

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

93

Table VIII. Non-Smokees — Target Test
Results of smoking experiment

Average

Average

Per

Name

before

after

Difference

Cent
Diff.

Mr. A.

4.5

3.92

- .58

-12.88

Mr. B.

4.59

4.22

- .36

- 7.86

Mr. C.

4.4

3.76

- .64

-15.38

Mr. D.

4.72

3.56

-1.16

-24.57

Mr. E.

3.68

3.22

- .46

-12.5

Mr. F.

4.64

4.2

- .44

- 9.47

Mr. G.

4.32

3.8

- .52

-12.03

Totals

30.85

26.68

-4.16

Averages

4.405

3.811

- .59

-13.48

The results of the above tables may be briefly
shown by the following curves :

Average Percentage of Loss in Precision

Smoking

Without Smoking
With Exebcise

6

10

15

20

25

50

1

CO

5C
Z
<

CO

b
S
3

1 y

i

*"•--<

s

\

A

r ^^^

s

/

■Non-Smoker8 After Smoking
bSmokebs After Smoking

94 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUALS

Smokers

Results after smoking

Results after exercise

Name

Blank Test

Target Test

Blank Test

Target Test

Mr. P.

Marked

Loss

Slight Loss

Improved

Improved

Mr. R.

Slight

it ii

Loss

Loss

Mr. S.

Marked

ii ii

"

Improved

Mr. T.

Slight

■t ii

it

Loss

Mr. X.

"

ii ii

Improved

Improved

Mr. Y.

Marked

ii ii

Loss

"

Mr. Z.

Slight

ii ii

11

Losb

Non-Smokebs

Mr. A.

Marked

Loss

Slight Loss

Improved

Improved

Mr. B.

Slight

*'

ii K

"

"

Mr. C.

Marked

"

Marked "

Loss

11

Mr. D.

"

41

ii ii

Improved

ii

Mr. E.

"

"

Slight "

"

'*

Mr. F.

No difference

ii ii

11

"

Mr. G.

Marked loss

"

Marked Loss — over 15 per cent.
Slight loss — under 15 per cent.

Improved — means over previous results, not always in actual per
cent.

CONCLUSIONS

1. All smokers showed a loss in physical pre-
cision immediately after smoking.

2. Five of the seven smokers showed improve-
ment during the interval when not smoking.

3. Smokers showed a greater lack of neuro-
muscular control after exercise than non-
smokers.

4. Non-smokers showed the greatest loss in
physical precision after smoking.

5. Non-smokers showed slight gain in precision
during smoking tests. This, in the mind of the

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 95

writer, is probably due to greater experience
with the apparatus.

6. All non-smokers showed improvement in
neuro-muscular control after exercise.

7. Some of the subjects in both classes were
affected more than others. This was more pro-
nounced in the tests taken with non-smokers.

8. General effect of smoking on the non-
smokers also produced other serious results, in
some cases physical discomfort.

For those who desire to study the details of the
experiments, the individual records are brought
together in the appendix.

96 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

APPENDIX TO PART III

MR. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST
For tests on Mr. P., see preceding tables, page 87

MR. R. SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoi

:inq

Afteb Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

1/19

3,8

11

5H

9,12,13

34

11.33

1/21

8,12

20

10

7, 5,12

24

8

1/22

7,5

12

6

6, 6, 4

16

5.33

1/26

5,4

9

4K

6, 8, 4

18

6

1/28

6,4

10

5

4, 4, 7

15

5

1/30

6,2

8

4

4, 7, 7

18

6

2/2

6,4

10

5

3, 2, 8

13

4.33

2/4

5,7

12

6

4, 4, 4

12

4

2/11

5,3

8

4

2, 5, 6

13

4.33

2/16

2.1

3

2y 2

4, 3, 6

13

4.33

Totals

105

52.5

176

58.65

Averages

10.5

5.25

17.6

6.86

Results from this table indicate a difference
of .61 in the average scored, or a loss of 11.61 per
cent after smoking.

MR. R. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Befoee Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

3/8

8,7

15

7.5

8,8,7

23

7.66

3/10

7,3

10

5

3,7,8

18

6

3/19

5,5

10

5

6,3,4

13

4.33

4/20

6,4

10

5

5,6,7

18

6

4/28

5,2

7
52

3.5

2,5,6

13

85

4.33

Total

26

28.33

Average

10.4

5.2

17

5.66

The average score of 5.66 after exercise as
compared with 5.2 before shows a loss of 8.84 per
cent in precision, which is nearly equal to the

loss after smoking.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 97

The normal here after a two weeks' interval
without smoking is 5.2 as compared with 5.25
while smoking ; which would show that smoking
with this man had very little injurious effect,
less than 1 per cent.

MR. R. SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

Afteb Smoking

Date

Ind. Score

Tot.

Av.

Ind. Score

Tot.

Av.

1/19

2,3,3,4,4

16

3.2

2,2,3,4,2

13

2.6

1/21

4,4,2,3,5

18

3.6

2,3,3,4,4

16

3.2

1/22

3,3,3,3,3

16

3.0

4,2,3,4,3

16

3.2

1/26

3,2,3,4,3

16

3.0

4,4,4,3,4

19

3.8

1/28

5,5,5,3,4

22

4.4

3,3,4,5,4

19

3.8

1/30

3,3,3,3,3

15

3.0

4,6,3,4,3

20

4.0

2/2

3,4,5,4,4

20

4.0

5,3,6,3,3

20

4.0

2/4

3,4,5,4,4

20

4.0

2,4,4,3,4

17

3.4

2/11

5,5,4,4,5

23

4.6

3,4,4,4,3

18

3.6

2/16

4,4,4,4,5

21
185

4.2
37

3,4,5,5,3

20
178

4.0

Total

35.6

Averagt

18.5

3.7

17.8

3.56

The difference in scores before and after smok-
ing in this test shows a loss of but 3.78 per cent
in precision.

MR. R. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Date

Ind. Score Tot.

Av.

Ind. Score

Tot.

Av.

3/8

5,4,5,4,5 23

4.6

3,4,4,5,4

20

4.0

3/10

4,6,4,4,5 23

4.4

4,4,5,5,4

22

4.4

3/19

4,6,4,4,5 23

4.6

4,4,5,5,4

22

4.4

4/20

4,4,5,5,4 22

4.4

3,3,4,4,3

17

3.4

4/22

4,3,4,4.4 19
109

3.8

4,4,5,4,5

22
103

4.4

Total

21.8

20.6

Averaf

;e 21.8

4.36

20.6

4.12

The difference in scores here shows a loss of
5.52 per cent after exercise, which is greater than
the loss after smoking.

08 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

But the normal of 4.3G shows an increase in
precision during two weeks without smoking of
15.34 per cent, which would indicate that smok-
ing after all prevented the best performance and
for our purpose was harmful for Smoker E.

MR. S. SMOE

:er-

BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

1/18

1,4

6

2.5

7,10, 5

22

7.33

1/19

7,10

17

8.5

8, 9,14

31

10.33

1/21

6,6

12

6

10,12,11

33

11

1/22

10,6

16

8

5, 6,12

23

7.33

1/26

6,8

14

7

7, 8, 9

24

8

1/27

4,5

9

4.5

5, 9,10

24

8

1/28

4,2

6

3

7, 8, 6

21

7

1/30

6,4

9

4.5

1, 5, 6

12

4

2/4

8,8

16

8

10, 7,12

29

9.66

2/8

3,5

8
112

4

6,10,11

27
246

9

Total

56

81.65

Average

11.2

5.6

24.6

8.16

With two very small exceptions on Jan. 22 and
30, we find that Mr. S. showed a marked loss in
this test. The differences in this table in the
total scores show a loss of 46.42 per cent for
after smoking, as compared with the tests taken
before smoking.

MR. S. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

3/2

3,6

9

4.5

11,9,4

24

8

3/3

10,5

15

3

6,3,6

15

6

4/15

3,3

6

7.6

8,7,2

17

6.66

4/20

9,3

12

6.0

3,7,6

16

5.33

4/21

6,2

8
60

4.0
25

6,5,7

17
89

5.66

Total

29.66

Average

10

6

17.8

6.93

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 99

The scores here indicate a loss of 18.6 per cent
after exercise.

The normal for this series of five experiments,
taken after a two weeks' interval without smok-
ing, shows an improvement of 10.7 per cent over
the normal taken while still using tobacco.

MR. S. SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

1/18

2,4,3,4,3

17

3.4

2,2,3,3,4

14

2.8

1/19

6,4,5,5,3

23

4.6

4,3,4,4,2

17

3.4

1/21

4,4,4,4,4

20

4.0

4,3,3,4,5

19

3.8

1/22

5,5,5,3,5

23

4.6

4,5,5,2,4

20

4.0

1/26

4,3,5,4,4

20

4.0

4,0,4,4,3

15

3.0

1/27

5,5,4,4,4

22

4.4

5,3,4,6,5

23

4.6

1/28

3,4,4,4,3

18

3.6

4,3,4,3,2

16

3.2

1/30

5,4,4,3,4

20

4.0

4,6,4,3,5

22

4.4

2/4

4,4,5,5,3

21

4.2

4,3,5,3,3

18

3.6

2/8

6,4,3,6,4

22

4.4

3,3,5,3,3

19

3.8

Total

206

41.2

183

36.6

Average

20.6

4.12

18.3

3.66

The difference in scores before and after smok-
ing in this test shows a loss of 11.15 per cent in
physical precision.

MR. S. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exebcisb

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

3/2

5,3,4,6,5

23

4.6

5,4,3,5,5

22

4.4

3/3

4,4,4,4,4

20

4.0

4,5,5,5,5

24

4.8

4/15

4,5,4,4,4

21

4.2

5,4,3,4,3

19

3.8

4/20

5,4,3,2,4

18

3.6

4,4,4,3,4

19

3.8

4/21

3,4,3,4,5

19
101

3.8

20.2

3,4,3,3,5

18
102

3.6

Total

20.4

Average

20.2

4.04

20.4

4.08

NCE

100 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The difference in scores after exercise shows
a small gain of less than 1 per cent, which for all
practical purposes can be neglected.

The normal score of 4.04 without smoking also
shows such a very small difference (1.91 per
cent) from that taken while smoking, that we
conclude the only evil results in this test to be im-
mediately after smoking.

MR. T. SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Befoee Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot. Av.

1/22

6,3

9

4.5

7,6,3

16 5.33

1/28

7,4

11

5.5

4,7,7

18 6.0

1/30

4,6

10

5.0

6,8,8

22 7.33

2/4

1,6

7

3.5

3,3,5

11 3.66

2/8

4,6

10

5.0

1,4,7

12 4

2/10

6,5

11

6.5

1,5,3

9 3

2/11

1,3

4

4

6,4,5

15 5

2/17

5,5

10

5

5,6,5

16 5.33

2.24

3,3

6

3

3,7,5

15 5

2/25

6,3

8

4

7,4,8

19 6.33

Total

90

45

153 51

Average

9

4.5

15.3 5.1

In this series of experiments Mr. T. lost in
physical precision eight out of the ten trials. In
the trials of Feb. 8th and 10th a slight increase
was registered.

The final average of 5.1 after smoking shows
an increase in the number of errors of 13.33 per
cent when compared with the average of 4.5
before smoking.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 101

MR. T. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

3/30

4,7

11

5.5

7,5,5

17

5.66

3/31

3,7

10

5.0

5,9,8

22

7.33

4/2

5,8

13

6.5

7,6,8

21

7.00

4/6

3,4

7

3.5

9,4,2

15

5.00

4/9

5,3

8

4.0

6,4,7

17

5.66

Total

49

24.5

92

30.65

Average

9.8

4.9

18.4

6.13

The results here show an increase in the num-
ber of errors, or a loss of 25.02 per cent in pre-
cision after exercise.

By comparison with the previous test we find
that there is a loss of 8.88 per cent in precision
during interval without smoking, which cannot
be accounted for.

MR. T. SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Tot.

Av.

Score

Tot.

Av.

1/22

5,3,2,2,3

15

3.0

2,2,3,4,4

15

3.0

1/28

5,2,5,5,4

21

4.2

4,3,3,2,3

15

3.0

1/30

2,4,4,4,3

17

3.4

4,5,5,4,5

23

4.6

2/4

5,3,4,3,5

20

4.0

3,3,4,6,3

19

3.8

2/8

4,5,4,3,4

20

4.0

3,3,4,4,5

17

3.4

2/10

5,4,3,5,3

20

4.0

3,3,5,4,4

19

3.8

2/11

4,3,5,4,4

20

4.0

6,2,3,2,3

16

3.2

2/17

5,3,5,2,4

19

3.8

4,4,3,4,5

20

4.0

2/24

5,3,5,4,3

20

4.0

4,3,2,6,5

20

4.0

2/25

3,5,4,4,4

20
192

4.0
38.4

4,4,4,3,4

19

3.8

Total

183

36.6

Average

19.2

3.84

18.3

3.66

The averages here show a loss of 4.68 per cent
after smoking, with the results in the individual

102 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

scores before and after smoking showing a slight
loss in six out of the ten trials.

Mb. T. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Smoking

After

Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

3/30

4,7,2,4,4

21 4.2

3,5,4,4,4

20

4.0

3/31

4,3,4,6,4

21 4.2

4,4,6,3,3

20

4.0

4/2

4,4,4,5,4

21 4.2

2,3,4,3,3

15

3.0

4/6

4,4,4,5,3

20 4.0

3,4,3,3,5

18

3.6

4/8

4,3,5,4,5

21 4.2
104 20.8

4,3,4,3,4

18
91

3.6

Total

18.2

Average

20.8 4.16

18.2

3.64

The results here show a loss of 12.5 per cent
after exercise.

The normal of 4.16 after two weeks without
smoking shows an increase of 8.33 per cent over
the normal taken during smoking experiments.

Mr. X. SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoki

NO

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

3,9

12 6

12,6,12

30

10

1/19

9,9

18 9

11,12,18

41

13.66

1/21

7,11

18 9

19,9,15

43

14.33

1/22

6,5

10 5

1,4,2

7

2.33

1/26

5,9

14 7

4,4,7

15

5

1/27

9,5

14 7

9,6,7

22

7.33

1/28

4,6

10 5

2,2,5

9

3

2/2

2,4

6 3

3,5,4

12

4

2/4

3,3

6 3

108 54

8,5,1

14

4.66

Total

193

64.31

Average

12 6

21.4

7.14

Mr. X. showed a loss of 19.16 per cent in pre-
cision after smoking tests. The individual scores

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 103

show a slight gain in four of the tests which was
more than counteracted by the losses in the other
six tests.

Mb. X. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Date

4/20

4/23

4/26

4/27

4/28

Total
Average

Before Exercise
Ind.

Total Av.

4 2.0

6 3.0

12 6

10 5

9 4.5

Score
4,0
2,4
6,6
6,5
4,5

After Exercise

Ind.

Score Total Av.

11 3.66

17 5.66

14 4.66

10 3.33

17 5.66

3,3,5
6,6,5
4,3,7
3,2,5
3,8,6

41
8.2

20.5
4.1

69
13.8

23
4.6

Here we find a loss of 12.19 per cent in the
total averages after exercise.

The normal of 4.1 made after the interval of
two weeks without smoking shows a gain of 32.33
per cent in physical precision, showing the de-
cided evil effects on this individual.

Ms.

X. SMOKER—

TARGET TEST

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

3,4,3,4,5

19 3.8

3,2,3,3,3

14

2.8

1/19

3,2,3,4,3

15 3.0

4,3,4,3,6

20

4.0

1/21

3,4,4,3,3

17 3.4

3,4,2,3,3

15

3.0

1/22

5,3,3,4,4

19 3.8

2,3,4,4,3

16

3.2

1/26

4,3,3,4,6

20 4.0

3,2,5,2,3

15

3.0

1/27

2,3,3,4,3

15 3.0

3,2,5,2,3

15

3.0

1/28

3,3,5,3,5

19 3.8

3,4,3,3,4

17

3.4

2/2

4,3,4,5,4

20 4.0

4,4,4,4,3

19

3.8

2/4

4,3,5,4,4

20 4.0

5,4,4,4,3

20

4.0

2/10

3,3,3,3,4

19 3.8

3,2,4,2,3

14

2.8

Total

184 36.6

165

33

Average

18.4 3.66

16.5

3.3

The averages in this table also show a loss of

104 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

10.32 per cent in precision for Mr. X. after
smoking.

Mr. X. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

'Date Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total Av.

4/20 4,3,5,3,3

18

3.6

3,4,4,4,3

18 3.6

4/23 3,4,4,4,4

19

3.8

3,4,6,3,4

20 4.0

4/26 6,3,4,2,4

19

3.8

5,4,4,4,4

21 4.2

4/27 4,4,3,4,5

20

4.0

4,4,4,4,4

20 4.0

4/28 3,4,4,3,3

17
93

3.4

18.6

3,4,5,3,3

18 3.6

Total

97 19.4

Average

18.6

3.72

19.4 3.88

The trials after exercise in the target test show
an increase of 4.30 per cent for Mr. X., as for
most of the other subjects in this test.

The normal of 3.72, taken after smoking had
been discontinued for two weeks, shows an in-
crease of only 1.08 per cent, which in itself is not
much, but when considered with the results in
the Blank Test tends to confirm the decided evil
effects found in that test.

Mr. Y. SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/18

4,5

9 4.5

17,22,19

68 19.33

1/21

16,12

28 14

14,14,12

40 13.33

1/27

7,15

22 11

11,11,11

33 11

1/28

11,13

24 12

10,7,18

35 11.66

1/30

6,7

13 6.5

13,10,17

40 13.33

2/4

2,8

10 5

9,12,14

35 11.66

2/19

8,6

14 7

6,10,19

34 11.33

2/25

6,10

16 8

8,8,12

28 9.33

Total

136 68

303 100.97

Average

17 8.5

37.88 12.62

\

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 105

Owing to normal work only eight smoking ex-
periments could be completed. On Mr. Y., with
the exception of one time, the trials in this test
show a decided loss, the general averages show-
ing a loss of 48.52 per cent. Mr. Y. was perhaps
the most consistent of all the smokers.

Mb. Y. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Befobe Exebcise

Afteb Exebcise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

4/15

7,9

16 8

11,9,8

28 9.33

4/26

3,3

6 3

7,13,7

27 9

4/28

4,4

8 4

6,9,6

20 6.66

6/3

7,5

12 6

5,7,5

17 5.66

6/4

6,3

9 4.5

8,1,4

13 4.33

Total

61 25.5

105 35

Average

10.2 6.1

21 7

The trials after exercise show a loss of 37.25
per cent, which would tend to show the unstable
condition of the neuro-muscular system, even
after smoking had been discontinued for two
weeks.

The normal at this time has greatly improved,
as is shown by the 40 per cent increase in physi-
cal precision registered during the test.

These differences of 48.52 per cent loss directly
after smoking with an improvement of 40 per
cent after exercise are the greatest recorded on
any of the smokers.

106 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Me.

Y. SMOKER-

TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

3,3,4,4,3

17 3.4

4,4,4,4,3

19

3.8

1/21

6,4,5,4,3

21 4.2

3,3,5,3,4

18

3.6

1/26

3,4,5,4,3

19 3.8

3,4,5,5,3

20

4.0

1/28

4,5,4,5,3

21 4.2

3,3,4,5,4

19

3.8

1/30

6,3,5,3,5

22 4.4

3,5,5,3,3

19

3.8

2/4

4,5,5,4,4

22 4.4

4,2,4,4,3

17

3.4

2/19

3,4,4,4,5

20 4.0

3,4,3,4,4

18

3.6

2/25

4,3,5,5,4

21 4.2

3,5,4,4,3

19

3.8

Total

163 32.6

149

29.8

Average

20.38 4.075

18.65 3.725

The loss in physical precision registered after
smoking in this test was 8.58 per cent as com-
pared with the normal.

Mb. Y. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

4/15

3,4,4,2,4

17 3.4

3,4,4,4,3

18

3.6

4/26

4,3,4,4,4

19 3.8

4,3,3,3,3

16

3.2

4/28

5,5,3,4,3

20 4.0

4,3,4,4,4

19

3.8

5/3

4,5,5,4,3

21 4.2

6,5,4,4,3

22

4.4

5/4

4,3,4,3,5

19 3.8

4,4,3,3,3

17
92

3.4

Total

96 19.2

18.4

Average

19.2 3.84

18.4

3.68

This test also shows a loss of 4.16 per cent after
exercise, which tends further to show the un-
stable condition of the neuro-muscular system.

The normal after these two weeks without
smoking has also decreased and shows a further
loss of 3.31 per cent.

When considered together, the results found

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

107

ia this set of tables show the most decided losses
in physical precision found among any of the
smokers. As has been stated Mr. Y. was also the
heaviest of the regular smokers.

Mr. Z. SMOKER-

-BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

6,10

16

8

16,14,18

48

16

1/27

10,10

20

10

12,15,12

39

13

2/8

13,12

25

12.5

13,15,16

44

14.66

2/10

16,18

34

17

16,15,15

46

15.33

2/16

19,16

35

17.5

16,16,19

51

17

2/19

15,13

28

14

14,16,16

46

15.33

Total

158

79

274

91.33

Average

26.33

13.166

45.66

15.22

Outside engagements also interfered with Mr.
Z.'s tests, and but six experiments could be com-
pleted. The average number of errors, 13.166
before smoking and 15.221 after smoking were
the highest recorded against any man. The per-
centage of increase after smoking was 15.6.

Mr. Z. SMOKER— BLANK T

EST WITH ]

EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

3/2

13,21

34 17

21,23,20

64 21.33

3/8

20,12

32 16

19,14,17

50 16.66

3/10

18,15

33 16.5

20,14,14

48 16

4/20

13,15

28 14

16,13,15

44 14.66

4/21

12,14

26 13
153 76.5

14,16,10

40 13.33

Total

246 82

Average

30.6 15.3

49.2 16.4

After an interval of two weeks without smok-

108 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

ing, these records increased to 15.3 normal and
16.4 after exercise. The percentage of increase
after exercise was 7.18.

The increase in the normal after two weeks in-
terval to 15.3 shows a loss of 15.44 per cent over
the normal of 13.166 while smoking.

In this case the high total number of errors,
with a further increase after smoking had been
discontinued, was probably due to the normal
neuro-muscular control rather than the influence
of the tobacco.

Mr. Z. SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Date

Ind. Score

Total

Av.

Ind. Score

Total Av.

1/18

3,4,4,4,4

19

3.8

1,4,4,5,5

19 3.8

1/27

4,3,4,4,3

18

3.6

4,4,3,3,4

18 3.6

2/8

4,4,5,4,5

22

4.4

4,3,4,5,4

20 4.0

2/10

5,4,4,4,3

20

4.0

4,3,4,3,3

17 3.4

2/16

6,4,4,6,3

23

4.6

4,3,5,3,3

18 3.6

2/19

3,5,4,4,4

20
22

4.0

4,3,4,3,4

18 3.6

Total

24.4

110 22

Average

20.5

4.06

18.33 3.66

The averages for this test show a loss after
smoking of 10.73 per cent in physical precision.

Mb. Z. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Date

Ind. Score

Total

Av.

Ind. Score Total

Av.

3/2

3,5,4,3,4

19

3.8

3,3,4,3,5 20

4.0

3/8

4,4,3,6,4

21

4.2

5,3,3,4,5 20

4.0

3/10

4,3,5,6,4

22

4.4

3,4,4,4,4 19

3.8

4/20

3,4,4,4,4

19

3.8

3,4,4,2,3 16

3.2

4/21

4,4,3,3,5

19
100

3.8

20

3,4,3,4,5 19
94

3.8

Total

18.8

Average

20

4

18.8

3.76

NEURO MUSCULAR PRECISION 109

The averages in this test of 3.76 for trials after
exercise show a further loss in muscular control
of 6 per cent over normal taken immediately
before.

The normal taken after two weeks without
smoking shows practically no improvement over
that taken while smoking, so that when con-
sidered with the results in the Blank Test these
differences would appear to be due to a lack of
neuro-muscular control rather than the imme-
diate effects of smoking. Mr. Z. had never been
a very heavy smoker at any time of his life.

Mr. A. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/18

4,11

15 7.5

4,12,7

23 7.66

1/21

9,13

22 11

11,13,10

34 11.33

1/26

8,12

20 10

10,9,11

30 10

1/27

6,4

9 4.5

7,5,6

18 6

1/28

6,8

14 7
80 40

7,8,7

22 7.33

Total

127 42.33

Average

16 8

25.4 8.46

With all non-smokers five experiments were
first taken to obtain a normal score under ordi-
nary conditions in both tests, without smoking
and with exercise, which could be compared with
tests taken after smoking.

The normal average for Mr. A. was 8.00. The
average taken after exercise was 5.465, the dif-
ference being so slight as to be nil for all prac-
tical purposes.

110 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/28

12,10

22 11

10,11,14

35 11.66

2/2

7,8

15 7.5

9,9,12

30 10

2/4

8,8

16 8

10,7,7

24 8

2/8

6,4

10 5

10,8,10

28 9.33

2/11

10,5

15 7.5

11,5,8

24 8

2/16

5,9

14 7

5,8,7

20 6.66

2/17

5,6

11 5.5

8,8,9

25 8.33

2/4

6,6

12 6

6,5,4

15 5

2/25

7,9

16 8

10,7,13

30 10

3/2

8,8

16 8
147 73.5

13,8,11

32 10.66

Total

263 87.66

Average

14.7 7.35

26.3 8.76

In the case of the non-smoker this becomes the
smoking test — ten experiments.

In seven out of the ten experiments, a decided
loss, in two a slight gain, and one with no change
are the results obtained after smoking.

The total averages show a loss of 19.26 per
cent in physical precision after smoking.

Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After

Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

1,4,3,2,3

13 2.6

2,2,3,3,3

13

2.6

1/21

4,2,1,3,4

14 2.8

3.2,4,3,3

15

3

1/26

4,4,4,3,4

19 3.8

2,3,5,5,5

20

4

1/27

4,3,4,5,5

21 4.2

4,5,4,4,4

21

4.2

1/28

4,4,5,5,4

22 4.4

89 17.8

4,3,5,5,4

21
90

4.2

Total

18

Averaj

Ifi

17.8 3.56

18

3.60

We also find in the target test that the differ-
ence between the normal of 3.56 and the test

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 111

taken after exercise, 3.60, is so small that for all
practical purposes it can be neglected.

Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

Aftbb Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/28

4,5,4,3,4

20 4

3,4,4,3,3

17

3.4

2/2

7,8,2,2,3

22 4.4

4,4,4,4,3

19

3.8

2/4

5,3,4,6,6

24 4.8

5,4,5,5,4

23

4.6

2/8

4,6,5,4,4

23 4.6

4,3,3,3,4

17

3.4

2/11

6,6,4,4,4

23 4.6

6,3,4,5,4

22

4.4

2/16

4,4,4,4,4

20 4

3,6,5,3,3

20

4

2/17

5,5,4,4,4

22 4.4

3,4,3,4,3

17

3.4

2/24

5,3,6,5,5

24 4.8

4,5,5,4,4

22

4.4

2/25

6,5,4,5,5

25 5

3,2,4,4,4

17

3.4

3/2

4,6,3,5,4

22 4.4
225 45

4,5,6,4,4

22
196

4.4

Total

39.2

Averag

e

22.5 4.5

19.6

3.92

In this test we also find a great improvement
in the normal taken first, when compared with
that taken during the smoking test, which is
also due to greater experience in handling the
foils.

When compared with the average made after
smoking, this shows a loss of 12.88 per cent in
physical precision.

Mb. B. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exebcibe

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/22

8,6

14 7

2,8,3

13 4.33

1/27

6,2

7 3.5

3,7,5

15 5

1/28

4,5

9 4.5

3,6,6

15 5

1/29

4,4

8 4

4,5,9

18 6

1/30

7,7

14 7

6,6,6

18 6

Total

52 26

79 26.33

Average

10.4 6.2

15.8 5.266

112 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The normal here of 5.2 when compared with
the average after exercise, 5.266, shows prac-
tically no difference, and in this case can be
neglected.

Mb. B. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smokino

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

2/11

1,9

10 5

10,5,6

21 7

2/16

6,6

12 6

4,6,4

14 4.66

2/17

3,5

8 4

9,5,3

17 5.66

2/19

3,5

8 4

5,2,6

13 4.33

2/24

3,7

10 5

2,5,3

10 3.33

2/25

9,3

12 6

6,4,9

19 6.33

3/2

10,6

16 8

5,8,8

21 7

3/3

3,3

6 3

3,2,4

9 3

3/4

6,6

12 6
94 47

3,3,9

15 5

Total

139 46.33

Average

10.4 5.2

15.4 5.15

In this series of experiments Mr. B. made an
actual increase in his four out of the ten trials
after smoking, and one was without change. The
difference in the averages was very small, show-
ing a loss of only 2.12 per cent in physical pre-
cision after smoking.

Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/22

3,4,4,3,4

18 3.6

6,2,4,3,3

17 3.4

1/27

3,2,2,3,5

15 3.

4,3,2,4,3

17 3.4

1/28

5,4,2,2,4

17 3.4

4,4,4,3,3

18 3.6

1/29

4,3,4,3,4

18 3.6

3,5,4,4,3

19 3.8

1/30

4,5,5,6,6

25 5.
93 18.6

4,5,5,4,3

21 4.2

Total

91 18.4

Average

18.6 3.72

18.2 3.68

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 113

In this test the percentage of loss after exercise
is barely more than 1 per cent and can be neg-
lected.

Mr. B. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smokimg

I

Date

Ind. Score

Total

Av.

Ind. Score

Total

Av.

2/4

6,5,5,5,4

25

5.0

6,6,5,4,3

24

4.8

2/11

4,4,4,4,4

20

4.0

3,4,3,5,5

20

4.0

2/16

5,5,6,6,5

27

5.4

5,3,4,4,5

21

4.2

2/17

5,4,4,4,3

20

4.0

3,4,5,4,4

20

4.0

2/19

5,5,5,5,4

24

4.8

2,4,4,3,4

17

3.4

2/24

5,4,3,5,4

21

4.2

5,5,5,5,5

25

5

2/25

4,5,5,4,3

21

4.2

4,4,3,3,4

18

3.6

3/2

4,4,5,5,4

22

4.4

5,4,4,6,5

24

4.8

3/3

4,4,5,5,5

23

4.6

5,4,4,6,5

24

4.8

3/4

4,4,4,6,5

23
229

4.6

5,4,5,6,3

23
211

4.6

Total

45.2

42.2

Average

22.9

4.52

21.1

4.22

The normal in this case also shows an increase
of 20.52 per cent over that found in the five ex-
periments, due no doubt to greater experience in
handling the foil.

The average after smoking of 4.22 shows a
small loss of 7.86 per cent in precision. All
results considered, smoking seemingly had very
little effect on precision in the case of Mr. B.

Mr. C. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/19

11,11

22 11

17,13,14

44 14.66

1/21

9,12

21 10.5

15,18,13

46 15.33

1/22

16,12

28 14

14,9,10

33 11

1/26

10,6

16 8

16,9,10

35 11.66

1/27

10,9

19 9.5
106 53

10,9,13

32 10.66

Total

190 63.33

Average

21.2 10.6

38 12.66

114 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The results here show a normal of 12.665, an
average number of errors after exercise of 21.77
per cent, showing an increase of 20.36 per cent
in precision after exercise.

Mb.

C. NON-SMOKER-

-BLANK TEST

Befoke Smoking

Afteb Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/28

6,6

12 6

7,5,14

26

8.66

1/30

9,7

16 8

9,8,6

23

7.66

2/2

4,3

7 3.6

9,11,7

27

9

2/4

7,11

18 9

12,7,14

33

11

2/10

10,8

18 9

10,8,7

25

8.33

2/11

12,12

24 12

7,9,14

30

10

2/16

10,9

19 9.5

13,7,6

26

8.66

2/17

7,11

18 9

6,6,12

24

8

2/25

8,10

18 9

6,13,10

29

9.66

3/2

9,6

15 7.5
165 82.5

12,12,22

46
289

15.33

Total

96.33

Average

16.5 8.25

28.9

9.63

The normal of 8.25 shows an increase in pre-
cision of 20.67 per cent over normal, which is
probably due to greater experience with the foil
rather than any effect of the tobacco.

The result of the averages taken directly after
smoking shows a loss of 16.76 per cent. In this
test Mr. C. appeared very erratic, showing a
gain in five of the experiments and a loss in the
other five, the losses exceeding the gains by 1.383.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 115

Ms. C. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

Afteb Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

1/19

3,4,4,4,5

20

4

3,3,4,2,4

16

3.2

1/21

4,4,3,5,4

20

4

4,4,4,3,3

18

3.6

1/22

3,3,4,6,4

20

4

3,4,3,4,4

18

3.6

1/26

3,3,4,6,5

21

4.2

3,4,5,5,4

21

4.2

1/27

6,3,5,4,5,

23
104

4.6

4,4,4,5,4

21
94

4.2

Total

20.8

18.8

Averaj

;e

10.4

4.16

18.8

3.76

The normal here is 4.16 and the average after
exercise 3.76, showing a loss in physical precision
of 9.61 per cent.

Mr. C

. NON-SMOKER-

-TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/28

4,3,4,5,5

21

4.2

6,4,3,3,4

20

4

1/30

4,3,4,4,4

19

3.8

3,6,5,5,4

23

4.6

2/2

4,5,6,4,5

24

4.8

2,3,5,5,4

19

3.8

2/4

4,5,6,6,6

27

5.4

2,4,4,3,4

17

3.4

2/10

4,4,4,4,4

20

4

3,4,3,3,5

18

3.6

2/11

4,4,4,5,3

20

4

1,3,4,2,2

12

2.4

2/16

4,4,3,5,5

21

4.2

3,3,5,4,4

19

3.8

2/17

6,4,4,3,4

21

4.2

3,4,4,4,5

20

4

2/25

6,3,4,6,5

24

4.8

2,4,5,4,3

18

3.6

3/2

4,5,4,6,4

23
220

4.6

4,5,4,4,5

22
188

4.4

Total

44

37.6

Average

22

4.4

18.8

3.76

In this test the normal, 4.4, shows an increase
in precision over the normal of 5.76 per cent. The
individual experiments, with one exception, show
a loss in every case, the average being 3.76, giv-
ing a loss of 15.38 per cent after smoking.

116 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mb. D.

NON-SMOKER-

-BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/22

12,14

26

13

6,10,5

21

7

1/26

4, 5

9

4.5

6,6,5

17

5.66

1/28

4, 4

8

4

5,4,6

15

6

2/2

8, 6

14

7

4,6,7

17

5.66

2/4

10,10

20

77

10

10,6,6

22
92

7.33

Total

38.5

30.66

Average

15.4

7.7

18.4

6.132

The results here show a normal of 7.7 and an
average number of errors after exercise of 6.132,
showing an increase of 20.36 per cent in pre-
cision after exercise.

Mr. D.

NON-!

3MOKER-

-BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/8

9,7

16

8

11,6,7

24

8

2/11

9,9

18

9

9,7,8

24

8

2/17

7,6

13

6.5

8,8,13

29

9.66

3/3

7,7

14

7

9,7,7

23

7.66

3/30

3,7

10
71

5

12,4,6

22

7.33

Total

35.5

122

40.66

Average

14.2

7.1

24.4

8.13

With the exception of the first experiment we
find a decided loss in accuracy throughout this
test. The average of 8.132 after smoking shows a
loss of 14.53 per cent in physical precision.

Mr. D. seemed to enjoy the first cigar, but gen-
erally found that the second was too much.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 117

It may be significant to note that no loss in
precision was registered until the second smoking
experiment on Feb. 11th.

Mb. D. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Befohe Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/22

6,5,5,5,5

26

5.2

6,5,4,4,5

24

4.8

1/26

3,6,4,5,6

24

4.8

6,4,5,4,4

23

4.6

1/28

4,5,4,4,5

22

4.4

3,3,4,4,5

19

3.8

2/2

6,4,5,4,4

23

4.6

3,5,4,5,4

21

4.2

2/4

6,5,4,5,6

26
121

5.2

5,6,5,3,4

23
110

4.6

Total

24.2

22

Average

24.2

4.84

22

4.4

The average of 4.4 after exercise shows a loss
of 9.09 per cent over the normal of 4.84.

Mr. D.

NON-SMOKER-

-TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/8

2/11

2/17

3/3

3/30

5,4,4,6,4
4,6,6,5,4
5,3,4,5,4
4,3,5,6,3
4,6,5,6,5

23
25
21
23
26

4.6

6

4.2

4.6

5.2

4,4,4,4,4
2,5,4,4,4
3,3,3,4,3
3,3,5,4,4
3,3,3,4,2

20
19
16
19
15

89
17.8

4

3.8

3.2

3.8

3

Total
Average

118
23.6

23.6

4.72

17.8
3.56

In this test Mr. D. showed a decided loss in
every experiment. The average of 3.56 after
smoking shows a loss of 24.57 per cent in physical
precision.

118 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mb. E. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

Afti

SB EXERCISE

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/18

10,20

30

15

15,21,20

56

18.66

1/30

13,10

23

11.5

13,15,12

40

13.33

2/2

6,12

18

9

10,12,10

32

10.66

2/4

10,8

18

9

8,10,16

34

11.33

2/8

6,4

10
99

5

7,4,4

15

5

Total

49.5

178

59

Average

19.8

9.9

35.6

11.80

The tables here show a normal of 9.9 and an
average loss of 19.19 per cent in physical pre-
cision.

Mr. E.

NON-SMOKER-

-BLANK TEST

Before Exebcise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/19

6,8

14

7

13,7,4

24

8

3/8

12,6

18

9

6,13,8

27

9

4/16

4,5

9

4.5

5,9,9

23

7.66

4/21

8,6

14

7

8,10,11

29

9.66

4/24

1,2

3

58

1.5

3,6,7

16
119

5.33

Total

29

39.65

Average

11.6

5.8

23.6

7.93

The normal of 5.8 in this table shows an im-
provement of 31.31 per cent over normal, prob-
ably due to greater experience.

Each individual experiment shows a loss in
physical precision and the average score of 7.932
gives a loss of 36.75 per cent for the entire test.

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION

119

Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total Av.

1/18

2,3,3,4,4

16

3.2

2,4,3,5,3

17 3.4

1/30

5,5,4,4,4

22

4.4

4,5,4,3,5

21 4.2

2/2

4,4,4,4,6

22

4.4

4,2,6,4,5,

21 4.2

2/4

4,4,4,4,7

23

4.6

5,5,3,4,4

21 4.2

2/8

3,3,3,3,3

15
98

3

6,3,4,3,4

20 4.0

Total

19.6

100 20

Averai

»es

19.6

3.92

20 4

We here have a normal of 3.92 with an average
score 4.0 after exercise, showing an increase of
2.04 per cent for the test.

Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smokino

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/19

3,3,3,4,4

17

3.4

3,2,4,3,2

14

2.8

3/8

2,2,5,4,4

17

3.4

4,3,3,4,3

17

3.4

4/16

3,3,4,5,5

20

4.0

2,3,2,3,3

13

2.6

4/21

4,4,3,3,3

17

3.4

3,5,6,3,3

20

4

4/24

3,4,4,6,4

21
92

4.2

3,6,3,2,3

17
81

3.4

Total

18.4

16.2

Average

18.4

3.68

16.2

3.24

The results here give a normal of 3.68 and an
average score after smoking of 3.24. The loss in
physical precision for this test is 12.5 per cent.

Mr. F. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/19

4,5

9

4.5

7,5,4

16

5.33

1/27

9,7

16

8

5,4,4

13

4.33

1/28

7,6

13

6.5

4,2,3

9

3

2/9

3,3

6

3

2,5,4

11

3.66

2/10

4.5

9

4.5

4,3,5

12

4

Total

53

26.5

61

20.33

Average

10.6

6.3

12.2

4.066

120 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

The result of observation in this test gives a
normal of 5.3 and an average of 4.066 for number
of errors after exercise. This gives an increase
in precision of 23.28 per cent after exercise.

Mb. F. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/11

3,4

7

3.5

4,3,5

12

4

2/17

2,3

5

2.5

3,3,1

7

2.33

3/3

3,1

4

2

1,3,4

8

2.66

4/2

4,4

8

4

6,5,4

15

6

4/6

7,7

14

7

3,3,9

15

5

Total

38

19

57

19

Average

7.6

3.8

10.4

3.8

The tables here show the score before and after
smoking to be the same, which means that there
was no immediate change directly after smoking.
But this normal of 3.8 when compared with the
normal of 5.3 in Form I, taken the week before
Mr. F. started to smoke, shows a decrease in pre-
cision of 28.30 per cent.

Mr. F. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/19

4,3,5,5,4

21

4.2

4,4,4,3,4

19

3.8

1/27

6,3,6,6,6

27

5.4

4,4,5,5,5

23

4.6

1/28

5,4,3,4,5

21

4.2

5,4,5,5,6

25

5

2/9

5,5,5,6,6

27

5.4

3,4,6,5,5

23

4.6

2/10

6,4,5,5,4

24
120

4.8
24

5,6,4,3,4

22

4.4

Total

112

22.4

Average

24

4.8

22.4

4.48

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 121

We here have a normal of 4.8 with an average
score of 4.48 after exercise, showing a loss of 6.66
per cent for this test.

Mb. F. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Exercise

Afteb Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/11

5,4,5,5,5

24

4.8

4,5,4,5,4

22

4.4

2/17

5,4,5,5,5

24

4.8

4,4,5,5,4

22

4.4

3/3

4,5,5,5,4

23

4.6

4,5,4,6,4

23

4.6

4/2

5,4,4,5,4

22

4.4

4,3,3,4,3

17

3.4

4/6

4,5,6,4,4

23

4.6

4,4,3,5,5

21
105

4.2

Total

116

23.2

21

Average

23.2

4.64

21

4.2

The tables here give a normal 4.64 and an aver-
age after smoking of 4.2, resulting in a loss of
9.47 per cent.

Mb. G

, NON-SMOKER-

-BLANK

TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exebcise

Afteb Exebcise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

1/21

13,14

27

13.5

12,13,12

37

12.33

1/22

10,12

22

11

9,4,8

21

7

1/26

6,6

12

6

10,8,12

30

10

2/9

4,7

11

5.5

8,6,7

21

7

2/10

4,6

10

82

5
41

3,6,8

17

5.66

Total

126

42

Average

16.4

8.2

25.2

8.4

The normal here of 8.2 and average score after
exercise of S.4 shows an increase of 2.04 per cent
after exercise.

122 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mb. G. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/17

8,2

10

5

10,10,8

28

9.33

3/3

2,8

10

5

5,8,7

20

3.66

3/31

7,8

15

7.5

9,8,8

25

8.33

4/2

13,8

21

10.5

16,15,13

44

14.66

4/6

6,7

13

69

6.6
34.5

13,13,13

39

13

Total

156

49

Average

13.8

6.9

31.2

9.8

Every individual observation here shows a
marked decrease in precision. The total average
of 9.8 after smoking when compared with the
normal of 6.9 shows a decrease of 42.03 per cent.

After the first experiment Mr. G. refused to
smoke more than one cigar, owing to the nauseat-
ing effect they produced.

Mr.

G. NON-SMOKER-

-TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE

Before Exercise

After Exercise

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av. Score

Total

Av.

1/21

1/22

1/26

2/9

2/10

4,4,3,6,5
3,4,4,5,5
6,3,5,4,5
5,5,4,4,4
4,4,4,6,5

Be

22
21
23
22
23

4.4 3,3,3,4,2
4.2 4,3,4,5,4
4.6 3,5,4,4,5
4.4 5,4,4,3,5
4.6 5,6,6,4,3

15
20
21
21
24

3
4

4.2
4.2

4.8

Total
Avera

111
22.2

22.2
4.44

101
20.2

20.2
4.04

The normal here of 4.44 when compared with
the average of 4.04 registered after exercise shows
an increase of 9 per cent in precision. * -

NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 123

Mb. G. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Ind.

Ind.

Date

Score

Total

Av.

Score

Total

Av.

2/17

4,5,4,4,4

21

4.2

4,3,4,3,4

18

3.6

3/3

4,5,4,6,4

22

4.4

6,5,4,4,4

22

4.4

3/31

3,6,4,6,4

22

4.4

5,4,3,3,3

18

3.6

4/2

5,4,3,5,6

23

4.6

3,5,4,3,4

19

3.8

4/6

4,4,4,4,4

20

4

3,4,3,4,4

18
95

3.6

Total

108

21.6

19

Average

21.6

4.32

19

3.8

With one exception where there was no change,
a loss was registered in each experiment. The
results give a normal of 4.32 and an average after
smoking of 3.8, showing a loss of 12.03 per cent
in physical precision after smoking.

These results would further tend to intensify
the evils found in the Blank Test, especially since
they are produced after the use of only one cigar.

PART IV

THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON
ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING

Experimental Work by

WILLIAM A. LANG

International Young Men's Christian Association College,

Springfield, Mass., 1916

IV

The Effects of Smoking on Accuracy in Base-
ball Pitching

The results of the precision studies by Blickley
suggested the desirability of studying other gross
muscular coordinations. If the accuracy of lung-
ing at a target with a fencing foil is disturbed by
smoking, then many of our muscular coordina-
tions in practical and industrial life, as well as
in our sports, must be affected. We are particu-
larly interested, however, in boys and there is
probably no activity dearer to the American boy's
heart than throwing a baseball. This study was
of peculiar interest to Mr. Lang, as he was him-
self a baseball pitcher and a smoker. It may at
least be said that he was not anxious to secure
the results which developed.

The smoking was done in the smoking labora-
tory used for the other experiments, and the
throwing was done in the gymnasium beneath.
Twelve men were chosen, smokers and non-
smokers, for the experiments, all of them ball
players. Official league baseballs were used. The
target was a padded block, five feet square, with

127

128 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

a bull's eye one foot in diameter, surrounded by
concentric circles six inches apart. This was
suspended at such a height that the bull's eye
would be approximately at the height of an ordi-
nary man's shoulder. The distance of the throw
was sixty feet. An outline of the method of
procedure for each test follows :

OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE
Test A (One Cigar)

1. Arrival at the gymnasium about 6 :30 p. m.

2. Three trial throws at the target, not re-
corded.

3. Record ten throws at the target, distance
60 ft.

4. Retire to a special room to smoke.

5. Smoke one cigar in thirty minutes.

6. Return to gymnasium about 7 :15 p. M.

7. Three trial throws at the target, not re-
corded.

8. Record ten throws at the target, distance
60 ft.

Test B (Two Cigars)

1. Same as in Test A.

2. No trial throws at the target.

3. Same as in Test A.

4. Same as in Test A.

5. Smoke two cigars in sixty minutes.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 129

6. Return to the gymnasium about 7 :30 P. M.

7. No trial throws at the target.

8. Same as in Test A.

Test C (No Smoking)

1. Arrival at the gymnasium about 6 :30 p. m.

2. Three trial throws at the target, distance
60 ft.

3. Record ten throws at the target.

4. Thirty -minute interval.

5. Three trial throws at the target.

6. Record ten throws at the target.

Method of Scoring Balls Thrown at the Tar-
get

1. 5 points if the ball hits the bull's-eye.

2. 4 points if the ball hits the inner circle.

3. 3 points if the ball hits the middle circle.

4. 2 points if the ball hits the outer circle.

5. 1 point if the ball hits outside the outer
circle.

6. No points if the ball fails to hit the target.

Style of Throwing the Ball at the Target

1. Fast straight balls are requested.

2. Any windup or delivery may be used.

3. Mat used to prevent slipping while throw-
ing.

The following is given to illustrate the rec-
ord of the tests taken on one day, for Test A. The
complete set of daily records will be found in the

130 THYSTCAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

appendix to Part IV. A sample is also given
of the records of each individual man. These
also appear in the appendix.

TEST A— (One cigar)
Monday April 10, 1916
Throws
5 6 7

1

Mr. M. 1
Mr. E. 4
Mr. P.
Mr. F.
Mr. A.
Mr. B.
Mr. C.

9 10 Totals
3 4 27

29
30
36
35
27
31

The above scores were made before smoking.

The following scores were made after smoking one cigar.

Mr. M.

Mr. E.

Mr. P.

Mr. F.

Mr. A.

Mr. B.

Mr. C.

8 9 10 Totals

26
33
20
30
28
28
18

The average scores made before smoking are
The average scores made after smoking are
There is a decrease after smoking of

30.71

26.14

4.57

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. M.— GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Date Test Before Smoking After Smoking Loss Gain

4-10-16

A

27

26

1

4-11-16

A

32

25

7

4-12-16

A

34

25

9

4-13-16

A

26

27

4-14-16

A

35

27

8

4-17-16

B

35

30

6

4-18-16

B

33

27

6

4-20-16

B

35

25

10

4-21-16

B

34

23

11

4-24-16

B

30

27

3

4-25-16

B

39

29

10

4-26-16

B

31

27

4

4-27-16

B

25

24

1

4-28-16

B

32

27

6

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 131

Before Delay

After Delay

5-1-16

C

26

28

2

6-2-16

C

30

31

1

5-3-16

C

30

36

6

Mr. M. is a baseball player, having had consid-
erable experience as a pitcher. He smokes from
ten to twenty cigarettes a day and in our com-
parisons is therefore termed a smoker. During
these experiments he was requested to refrain
from using cigarettes at any time, and to use only
the cigars prescribed.

The graphic record of each man's performance
before and after smoking follows. Notice that in
Test C where the broken line (after smoking)
usually run above the solid line ( before smoking )
there was no smoking in the experiment — merely
a wait of 30 minutes. This indicates that from
the conditions of the experiment it would be fair
to assume that, except for the smoking, the
broken line would always be above the solid line.
The last chart gives the group averages before
and after smoking.

132 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. A.

Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

Test B Test C

Test A

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ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 133

Mr. B. Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

Test A Test B Test C

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134 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mr. C. Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

vp.

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.Before Smoking .«._.» _After Smoking

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 13;

Mr. D. Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

Test A Test B Test C

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.Before Smoking _____ _. After Smoking

136 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Me. M. Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking
' Test A Test B Test C

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ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 137

Mb. P. Chart Showing Totals Before and
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138 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Mb. R.

Test A

Chabt Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

Test B Test C

.Before Smoking

.-.—.After Smoking

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 139

Mb. S. Chart Showing Totals Before and
After Smoking

Test A Test B Test C

tf£L

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.Before Smoking

«__ After Smoking

140 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Chart Showing Group Averages Before and
After Smoking

w

10

Test A

11 12 13

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20

Test B

21 24 25

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Bin?r.nir! Smoking __ ___ .After Smoking

Chart shows result of 113 individual experi-
ments. Experiment consists of throwing ten
baseballs at a target before smoking and after
smoking. 1,130 baseballs thrown before smok-
ing and 1,130 thrown after smoking.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 141

COMPARISON OF AVERAGES BETWEEN SMOKERS AND
NON-SMOKERS

Test A

Smokers

Non-Smokers

Before

After

Before

After

Smoking

Smoking

Smoking

Smoking

Mr. M.

30.60

26.00

Mr.

A.

31.20

27.00

Mr. P.

32.20

27.20

Mr.

B.

29.20

28.20

Mr. R.

36.50

26.00

Mr.

C.

31.40

24.20

Mr. S.

34.00

29.50

Averages

33.30

29.68

30.60

26.47

You will notice that the smokers have a higher
average both before and after smoking, which is
not an indication, however, that it is due to the
fact that they are smokers. You will also notice
that the average is a little lower after smoking
for the non-smokers than for the smokers, prob-
ably because they were affected more by the smok-
ing, yet the difference is so slight that we can
say that both smokers and non-smokers are af-
fected to the same degree, a conclusion also
reached by Dowling. In addition, the smokers
are rated as better ball players, which has some
bearing on the score averages.

The average of the smokers is lower after smok-
ing by 3.62 points, and the average of the non-
smokers is lower by 4.13 points for this test. This
is a very significant fact and thus far it seems as
if the smoking positively did affect the throwing
of these men.

The above averages are the results of thirty-

142 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

one individual experiments during which 310
baseballs were thrown at the target, both before
and after smoking.

Test B

Smokebb

Non-Smokebs

Before

After

Before After

Smoking

Smoking

Smoking Smoking

Mr.

M.

32.66

26.55

Mr. A.

32.66 30.33

Mr.

P.

31.50

29.25

Mr. B.

32.44 27.77

Mr.

R.

39.87

33.62

Mr. C.

32.00 25.20

Mr.

S.

34.55

26.55

Mr. D.

39.20 28.80

Averages 34.64 28.99 34.04 28.03

The average of the smokers both before and
after smoking is higher than that of the non-
smokers, as it was in test A. The average of the
non-smokers is affected, after smoking, a little
more than the smokers' averages.

The average of the smokers is lower after smok-
ing by 5.65 points and that of the non-smokers
by 6.01 points. During this test the men smoked
two cigars before throwing the second set of ten
balls at the target, and the averages both before
and after smoking show a wider difference than
in test A, during which only one cigar was
smoked. This seems to show that the greater
amount of tobacco smoked before the tests causes
a greater lack of control when pitching.

The above averages are the results of sixty-one
individual experiments during which 610 base-
balls were thrown both before and after smoking.

Smokers

Non-Smokbbs

Before

After

Before After

Delay

Delay

Delay Delay

28.66

31.66

Mr.

A.

31.00 31.67

31.66

34.33

Mr.

B.

31.66 34.66

32.67

38.33

Mr.

C.

32.33 38.67

31.33

32.00

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 143

Test C (Without Smoking)
Smokers
Befor
Delai
Mr. M.
Mr. P.
Mr. R.
Mr. S.

Averages 31.08 34.08 31.66 35.00

During this test there was no smoking. Each
of the men would throw ten baseballs at the tar-
get, wait about thirty minutes, which is equal to
the time taken in smoking a cigar, and then
throw ten more baseballs at the target. The aver-
ages of the smokers and non-smokers are about
the same, but, unlike the other tests in which
there was smoking, the averages after the delay
were actually increased, probably due to the ab-
sence of the effects of smoking.

The above averages are the results of twenty-
one individual experiments during which 210
baseballs were thrown at the target and after a
delay of 30 minutes 210 more.

GROUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST A
On April 10, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok-
ing one cigar and two men made better scores.

On April 11, 1916, eight experiments were
conducted. Five men made lower scores after
smoking one cigar, two men made better scores,
and one man tied his score.

144 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

On April 12, 1916, eight experiments were con-
ducted. All of the men made lower scores after
smoking one cigar.

On April 13, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Six men made better scores before smok-
ing one cigar and one man made a better score
after smoking.

On April 14, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Two men made lower scores after smok-
ing one cigar, four men made better scores after
smoking, and one man tied his score.

During the five days that the experiments were
conducted eleven men took part. In all thirty-
seven scores were made before smoking and the
same number after. The number of scores that
were bettered after smoking was nine, two tied,
and twenty-six made lower scores after smoking.

The group averages for each day show that on
four days the average score was lower after smok-
ing than before, and one day the average score
was better after smoking than before.

Average Scores

Average Scores

\veraj

Date

Before Smoking

After Smoking

Loss

4-10-16

30.70

26.14

4.56

4-11-16

24.75

24.12

0.63

4-12-16

34.28

28.42

5.86

4-13-16

34.00

28.14

5.86

4-14-16

32.28

32.84 gain—

0.56

The average score before smoking for the week is 31.20.
The average score after smoking for the week is 27.73.
The average loss after smoking for the week iB 3.47.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 145

GROUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST B

On April 17, 1916, eight experiments were con-
ducted. All of the eight men made lower records
after smoking.

On April 18, 1916, eight experiments were con-
ducted. Seven men made lower scores after
smoking the two cigars and one man did better.

On April 20, 1916, six experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok-
ing and one man made a higher score.

On April 21, 1916, eight experiments were con-
ducted. All of the eight men made lower scores
after smoking.

On April 24, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Three men made lower scores after
smoking, three men made higher scores after
smoking and one man tied his score.

On April 25, 1916, six experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok-
ing and one man made a higher score.

On April 26, 1916, six experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok-
ing and one man made a higher score.

On April 27, 1916, six experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok-
ing and one man made a higher score.

On April 28, 1916, six experiments were con-
ducted. All of the six men made lower scores
after smoking.

J46 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

During the nine days that the experiments
were conducted eight men took part. In all
sixty-one scores were recorded before smoking
and sixty-one after.

Eight scores were higher after smoking.

One score was tied after smoking.

Fifty-two scores were lower after smoking
than before.

Date

4-17-16

4-18-16

4-20-16

4-21-16

4-24-16

4-25-16

4-26-16

4-27-16

4-28-16

The average
is 34.05.

The average
is 28.92.

The average
5.13.

Average Scores Average Scores

Before Smoking
36.25
34.00
34.66
35.87
34.70
32.50
33.50
30.83
34.17

After Smoking
29.87
30.25
26.33
26.37
32.86
28.16
29.83
27.17
29.47

Average
Loss
6.38
3.75
8.33
9.50
1.84
3.34
3.67
3.66
4.60

score before smoking for the above nine experiments
score after smoking for the above nine experiments
loss after smoking for the above nine experiments is

GEOUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST C
On May 1, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made better scores following
the thirty-minute interval during which there
was no smoking, and two men tied their first
scores.

On May 2, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Five men made better scores following
the thirty-minute interval during which there

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 147

was no smoking, and two men made lower
scores.

On May 3, 1916, seven experiments were con-
ducted. Six men made higher scores and one
man made a lower score following the thirty min-
utes during which there was no smoking.

During the three days that the experiments
were conducted seven men took part.

In all twenty-one scores were recorded before
and after a thirty-minute interval, which time is
equivalent to that occupied in smoking a cigar.

Sixteen scores were higher after the 30-minute
delay. Three scores were lower following the 30-
minute delay. Two scores were tied following
the 30-minute delay.

Average Scores
Date Before Thirty

Minute Interval
6-1-16 32.28

5-2-16 32.43

5-3-16 30.65

The average score before the thirty minute interval is 31.79 for
the above three experiments.

The average score following the thirty minute interval is 34.47
for the above three experiments.

The average gain after the thirty minute interval is 2.68 for the
above three experiments.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS

In test A, during which one cigar was smoked,
the smokers showed a loss of eleven per cent in
accuracy when pitching a baseball, after smoking.

In test A, during which one cigar was smoked,

Average Scores

Average

After Thirty

Gain

Minute Interval

35.14

gain-

- 2.86

34.14

gain-

- 1.71

34.14

gain-

- 3.49

148 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

the non-smokers showed a loss of thirteen per
cent in accuracy when pitching a baseball at a
target, after smoking.

The non-smokers show an increase of two per
cent over the smokers in loss of accuracy, after
smoking.

The average loss in accuracy during test A for
both smokers and non-smokers is twelve per cent,
after smoking.

In test B, during which two cigars were
smoked, the smokers showed a loss of eleven per
cent in accuracy when pitching a baseball at a
target, after smoking.

The non-smokers in test B showed a loss of
eighteen per cent in accuracy when pitching,
after smoking.

The non-smokers show an increase of seven per
cent over the smokers in loss of accuracy after
smoking.

The average loss in accuracy after smoking
during test B, for both smokers and non-smokers,
is fourteen and one half per cent.

In test C, during which no cigars were smoked,
the smokers showed an increase in accuracy of
nine per cent after a delay of thirty minutes,
equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar.

In test 0, the non-smokers showed an increase
in pitching a baseball accurately, without smok-
ing, of ten per cent.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 149

The non-smokers showed a gain of one per cent
over the smokers in accuracy of pitching.

The average gain in accuracy of pitching dur-
ing test C, for both non-smokers and smokers, is
nine and one half per cent.

1. The foregoing experiments have proven con-
clusively that smoking does actually reduce a
man's accuracy in pitching a baseball.

2. The smoking of a single cigar will affect a
man's accuracy in pitching, and two cigars in-
crease this effect.

3. In tests during which there was no smoking,
the men improved in accuracy of pitching.

The individual tables are given in the appendix
to enable the interested person to follow the ex-
periments in detail.

150 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING
APPENDIX TO PART IV

TEST A
Monday, April 10, 1916
For this table, see page 130

TEST A
Tuesday, April 11, 1916

12 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M. 4 2

5

3

5

1

4

4

4

32

Mr. E. 4 4 3

1

3

3

4

3

4

2

31

Mr. P. 3 2 4

3

3

5

1

21

Mr. P. Discontinued

Mr. A. 1 3 3

3

3

1

1

3

5

23

Mr. B. 1 4 3

4

4

2

2

3

5

1

29

Mr. C. 2 2 2

1

4

3

3

4

2

5

28

Mr. R. 1 5 4

1

1

2

5

5

4

2

30

Mr. I. 3 4 2

1

3

4

4

2

23

The above scores were i

made before smoking.

The following scores were made after smoking

one

cigar.

12 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M. 5 1 1

1

4

1

3

5

1

3

25

Mr. E. 4 3 3

4

3

3

4

2

5

29

Mr. P. 2 3 5

2

2

1

3

1

3

3

25

Mr. F. Discontinued

Mr. A. 3 3

2

1

3

3

2

4

2

23

Mr. B.

3

3

3

3

5

3

1

21

Mr. C. 2 1 1

4

1

4

1

2

16

Mr. R. 1 3 3

3

5

2

1

4

2

5

29

Mr. I. 3 4 1

4

1

1

5

3

3

25

The average score

before smoking is

27.12

The average score

after smoking

is

24.12

There is a decrease after smoking of

3.

TEST A

Wednesday

, April 12, 1916

12 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M. 2 4 4

4

5

5

1

4

4

1

34

Mr. E. Discontinued

Mr. P. 3 5 4

3

3

4

5

5

4

5

41

Mr. A. 1 3 5

3

2

o

3

4

1

5

29

Mr. B. 2 4 5

3

2

3

4

2

4

3

32

Mr. C. 5 4 5

2

3

5

2

5

3

1

35

Mr. R. 4 4 4

4

3

5

6

3

3

4

39

Mr. I. Discontinued
Mr. J. 4 4 2

1

The above scores were made before smoking.

30

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 151

The following scores were made after smoking one cigar.

123466789 10 Totals

Mr. M. 1 2 2 5 2 4 6 4 25

Mr. E. Discontinued

Mr. P. 5 4 5 4 4 5 1 1 3 32

Mr. A. 4 1 3 4 2 4 2 3 1 2 26

Mr. B. 4 2 1 5 5 2 4 1 1 1 26

Mr. C. 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 2 1 3 25

Mr. R. 4 5 3 2 4 3 4 4 2 5 36

Mr. I. Discontinued

Mr. J. 13 4 4 14 4 4 13 29

The average score made before smoking is 34 . 28

The average score made after smoking is 28 . 42

There is a decrease after smoking of 5 . 86

TEST A
Thursday, April 13, 1916
3456789 10 Totals

Mr. M.

1

2

4

1

3

1

3

6

5

25

Mr. P.

4

5

4

4

4

4

3

4

3

3

38

Mr. A.

3

4

2

5

4

3

5

5

3

34

Mr. B.

3

4

4

1

4

2

4

3

2

3

30

Mr. C.

3

3

4

5

3

2

4

4

3

4

35

Mr. R. 4 3 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 41

Mr. J. Absent

Mr. S. 5 2 4 4 4 1 2 5 3 5 35

The above scores were made before smoking

The following scores were made after smoking one cigar.

123466789 10 Totals
Mr. M. 1 3 1 2 5 6 2 4 4 27

Mr. P. 5 3 2 1 3 1 6 2 2 2 26

Mr. A. 1 3 2 2 1 3 5 2 3 22

Mr. B. 3 4 1 2 3 2 4 2 4 1 26

Mr. C. 3433553233 34

Mr. R. 4252351444 34

Mr. J. Absent
Mr. S. 1353344104 28

The average score made before smoking is 34 . 00

The average score made after smoking is 28.14

There is a decrease after smoking of 6.86

152 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

TEST A-

-Friday,

ArtUL U

:, 1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

3

4

5

4

3

2

1

5

5

3

35

Mr. P.

2

4

3

1

3

4

4

4

5

1

31

Mr. A.

5

4

1

5

5

5

3

1

3

3

35

Mr. B.

3

2

4

3

2

2

4

3

2

3

28

Mr. C.

3

3

2

3

1

4

2

4

2

4

28

Mr. R.

3

2

3

3

5

2

5

4

5

4

36

Mr. J.

Absent.

Discontinued

Mr. S.

4

3

4

3

3

4

2

4

2

4

33

The above

scores were

made before smoking.

The following i

scores were made after smoking

one

cigar.

Mr. M.

3

5

1

2

5

4

4

2

1

27

Mr. P.

2

2

4

5

3

3

5

4

5

33

Mr. A.

5

4

1

5

4

4

2

5

5

1

36

Mr. B.

2

3

4

3

4

4

3

3

2

2

30

Mr. C.

4

3

3

3

3

5

2

5

28

Mr. R.

4

5

5

4

5

3

4

5

5

5

45

Mr. J.

Absent.

Discontinued

Mr. S.

3

5

3

2

2

3

5

5

1

2

31

The

average score

made before smoking is

32.28

The

average score

made after smoking is

32.86

There ia an increase after smoking of

0.68

TEST B—

Monday,

April 17

, 1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

I

Mr. M.

3

4

2

1

5

5

4

4

3

4

35

Mr. P.

1

5

3

4

4

3

4

4

3

4

35

Mr. A.

2

4

4

3

4

3

5

3

3

3

34

Mr. B.

4

4

3

4

1

5

5

2

3

4

35

Mr. C.

4

2

4

2

5

2

3

4

1

2

29

Mr. R.

4

5

5

4

4

4

5

5

5

3

44

Mr. S.

4

1

4

5

3

4

4

4

3

5

37

Mr. D.

5

5

5

4

3

4

4

4

3

4

41

The above

scores were

made before smoking.

The following

scores were n:

iade after

smoking two cigars.

Mr. M.

4

4

2

3

2

1

4

3

2

5

30

Mr. P.

4

2

2

3

1

2

3

4

5

3

29

Mr. A.

3

5

1

4

4

3

2

2

4

1

29

Mr. B.

2

3

4

1

5

2

2

3

4

26

Mr. C.

2

1

4

3

1

3

2

2

3

4

25

Mr. R.

4

4

3

3

3

3

4

3

3

1

31

Mr. S.

1

3

3

2

3

4

3

2

5

24

Mr. D.

1

4

3

4

3

4

1

3

2

26

The

average score

before smoking is

36.25

The

average score

after smoking

is

27.37

The

re is a

deci

reasi

2 aft<

:r sm

okini

? of

8.88

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 153

TEST B— Tuesday, April 18, 1916

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

1 3

1

2

5

5

3

5

3

5

33

Mr. P.

2 1

4

2

4

4

3

4

5

4

33

Mr. A.

5 2

4

4

3

5

3

1

3

5

35

Mr. B.

2 3

4

2

4

2

5

1

4

3

30

Mr. C.

4 5

3

4

1

4

4

3

1

3

32

Mr. R.

4 5

4

4

4

5

3

3

4

3

39

Mr. S.

1 5

5

3

3

1

3

3

4

4

32

Mr. D.

3 3

3

5

4

4

3

5

5

3

38

The above scores were

made before smoking.

The following i

scores were made after

smoking two

cigars.

Mr. M.

3 4

3

3

3

2

5

3

1

27

Mr. P.

3 4

2

5

3

4

4

5

3

5

38

Mr. A.

4

3

4

3

4

4

4

3

29

Mr. B.

4 3

1

5

3

3

1

5

3

1

29

Mr. C.

5 3

4

5

3

1

3

4

2

30

Mr. R.

5 5

3

5

1

3

5

3

4

2

36

Mr. S.

4 4

1

2

3

2

4

3

2

2

27

Mr. D.

3 3

3

4

1

3

3

3

1

2

26

The

average score

before smoking is

34.00

The

average score

after smoking

is

30.25

There is a decrease

■ after smoking of

3.75

TEST

B—

•Thursday, April 20,

1916

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

5 4

2

4

3

3

5

3

5

1

35

Mr. P.

Absent

Mr. A.

2 2

2

2

4

4

4

4

2

2

28

Mr. B.

5 5

5

4

3

4

2

3

3

3

37

Mr. C.

5 5

1

4

3

5

1

5

29

Mr. R.

Absent

Mr. 8.

3 2

3

3

3

4

5

3

4

5

35

Mr. D.

5 4

5

5

2

5

4

5

5

4

44

The above scores were :

made before smoking.

The following scores were made after

smoking two

cigars.

Mr. M.

3 4

2

1

1

4

5

4

1

25

Mr. P.

Absent

Mr. A.

4 1

4

4

3

5

5

1

4

31

Mr. B.

2 5

3

2

3

5

3

3

2

28

Mr. C.

3

5

1

3

4

1

1

2

20

Mr. R.

Absent

Mr. 8.

5 3

2

3

5

2

5

2

3

30

Mr. D.

4 3

2

3

1

2

4

1

4

24

Note. — April 19, Patriots' Day, being a holiday, no experiments were conducted.
The average score before smoking is 34 . 66

The average score after smoking is 26 . 33

There is a decrease after smoking of 8.33

154 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

TEST B— Friday, April 21, 1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

3

2

5

4

2

3

2

5

4

4

34

Mr. P.

3

6

4

4

2

3

4

3

4

3

35

Mr. A.

1

3

5

4

3

2

4

3

5

4

34

Mr. B.

4

1

3

1

5

4

5

4

4

4

35

Mr. C.

4

5

4

4

3

2

5

4

3

4

38

Mr. R.

5

4

4

3

2

4

4

5

5

4

40

Mr. S.

4

4

3

3

5

4

4

2

1

5

35

Mr. D.

3

4

2

5

5

4

4

3

3

3

36

The above scores were

made before smoking.

The following

scores were made after smoking two

cigars.

Mr. M.

5

1

2

4

2

3

1

2

3

23

Mr. P.

4

5

1

3

2

2

3

1

4

2

27

Mr. A.

2

1

4

3

5

4

1

2

3

25

Mr. B.

4

1

2

1

3

2

4

2

5

24

Mr. C.

4

4

3

4

1

3

2

3

2

26

Mr. R.

3

4

3

4

2

3

4

1

3

2

29

Mr. S.

3

2

2

3

4

1

5

4

2

26

Mr. D.

3

3

4

3

3

2

4

2

3

4

31

The

average score

before smoking is

35.87

The

average score

after

smoking

is

26.37

There is a

decrease after smoking of

9.50

TEST

B—

■Monday.

April 24, 1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

3

2

4

4

3

5

3

5

1

30

Mr. P.

4

3

3

3

1

2

1

3

5

3

26

Mr. A.

5

2

5

5

3

4

2

1

2

5

34

Mr. B.

5

5

1

5

4

2

1

2

4

3

32

Mr. C.

Discontinued

Mr. R.

4

5

4

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

45

Mr. S.

4

5

4

5

4

3

1

4

4

5

39

Mr. D.

4

4

4

3

4

4

2

4

4

4

37

The above

scores were made before smoking.

The following i

scores were made after

smoking two

cigars.

Mr. M.

5

2

1

1

3

1

5

1

4

4

27

Mr. P.

4

1

1

4

5

1

2

5

1

2

26

Mr. A.

5

2

4

4

3

4

3

3

5

4

37

Mr. B.

5

1

4

5

3

4

4

2

5

33

Mr. C.

Discontinued

Mr. R.

4

2

4

4

5

3

2

5

3

5

37

Mr. S.

1

3

4

4

3

3

3

4

2

5

32

Mr. D.

3

5

3

3

4

4

4

5

2

6

38

The

average score 1

before smoking

is

34.70

The

average score after smok

ing is

32.86

There is a

decrease after

smoking of

1.84

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 155

TEST B
Tuesday, April 25, 1916

123466789 19 Totals

Mr. M. 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 4 3 6 39

Mr. P. 3 4 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 5 27

Mr. A. 3 3 3 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 30

Mr. B. 3 1 3 3 3 5 2 5 3 28

Mr. R. 4 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 4 3 36

Mr. S. 2 4 5 4 3 5 3 3 4 33
Mr. D. Discontinued

The above scores were made before smoking.
The following scores were made after smoking two cigars.

Mr. M. 3 4 2 4 5 3 2 1 5 29

Mr. P. 2330043252 24

Mr. A. 4 1 5 3 1 4 3 5 5 3 34

Mr. B. .1134232352 26

Mr. R. 4 3 1 5 2 5 2 1 3 4 30

Mr. S. 3 5 2 2 2 3 4 2 12 26
Mr. D. Discontinued

Note. — Mr. D. discontinued because of an accident to
his ankle.

The average score before smoking is 32.60

The average score after smoking is 28 . 16

There is a decrease after smoking of 4 . 34

TEST B

Wednesday

, Apkil 26, :

1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

4

2

6

2

1

5

3

1

4

4

31

Mr. P.

5

2

1

4

2

3

4

3

4

5

33

Mr. A

4

2

3

2

4

1

5

2

4

3

30

Mr. B.

5

4

1

5

4

4

3

4

5

3

38

Mr. R.

5

4

4

4

4

3

2

4

3

2

35

Mr. S.

4

3

4

5

3

1

3

2

5

4

34

The above

scores were

made before smoking.

The following

scores were made after

smoking two

cigars.

Mr. M.

5

2

1

4

2

3

3

4

1

2

27

Mr. P.

1

3

4

2

3

5

3

2

4

3

30

Mr. A.

5

3

4

1

2

3

2

4

4

3

31

Mr. B.

2

4

4

3

2

1

3

4

5

3

31

Mr. R.

4

4

3

3

4

4

5

2

1

3

33

Mr. S.

3

3

2

4

2

1

4

3

3

2

27

The

average score

before smoking is

33.50

The

average score

after smok

ing

is

29.83

Thei

e is a

dec:

■east

; afte

r smo

king

:of

3.67

156 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

TEST B

Thursday,

April 27, 1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

2

3

5

2

2

4

1

3

3

25

Mr. P.

4

3

2

1

5

5

2

4

1

3

30

Mr. A.

4

3

3

5

4

3

4

3

5

2

36

Mr. B.

5

1

1

1

4

1

5

4

3

2

27

Mr. R.

4

3

5

4

5

4

4

4

5

2

40

Mr. S.

3

5

3

4

2

5

2

1

2

27

The above

i scores '

were

made before smoking.

The following

scores were made after

smoking two

cigars.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

4

1

3

2

5

2

3

2

2

24

Mr. P.

3

3

3

2

4

5

3

4

1

3

31

Mr. A.

3

3

4

3

5

2

1

2

4

27

Mr. B.

4

3

3

5

2

1

3

3

24

Mr. R.

4

3

5

4

3

3

4

4

4

3

37

Mr. S.

1

3

1

3

2

1

3

4

2

20

The

average score

before smoking is

30.83

The

average score

after smoking

is

27.17

There is a

decrease after smo

king

of

3.66

'1

'EST

B

Friday,

April 28,

1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

2

3

2

5

4

2

1

4

5

4

32

Mr. P.

3

4

4

1

2

5

4

2

4

4

33

Mr. A.

3

4

5

5

4

4

3

2

3

33

Mr. B.

4

2

1

3

2

5

5

4

4

30

Mr. R.

5

4

4

3

2

4

3

4

5

4

36

Mr. S.

4

3

4

5

4

3

4

5

2

5

39

The above

scores were made before smoking.

The following

scores were made after smoking two

cigars.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

1

5

4

3

2

4

2

2

2

3

27

Mr. P.

5

2

4

1

3

4

2

5

3

29

Mr. A.

5

4

4

3

2

1

4

2

3

2

30

Mr. B.

2

5

3

4

2

1

4

3

3

2

29

Mr. R.

4

4

3

4

5

5

2

2

3

4

38

Mr. S.

4

4

3

2

5

1

5

2

1

27

The

average score before smoking is

34.17

The

average score

after

smoking

is

29.47

There is a

decrease aftei

■ sm

okiiifi

;of

4.60

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 157

TEST C

Monday,

May 1,

1916

1

2

3

4

6

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

1

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

1

26

Mr. P.

5

4

3

2

4

1

2

5

4

4

34

Mr. A.

4

5

2

3

3

3

4

4

1

4

33

Mr. B.

4

4

2

2

2

5

2

5

3

4

33

Mr. C.

6

4

3

2

2

3

4

4

3

3

33

Mr. R.

6

5

5

2

3

4

5

3

2

3

37

Mr. S.

3

5

2

2

5

3

2

3

2

3

30

The above

scores were made

upon arrival at the gymnasium.

The

following

scores were

made thirty

minutes

after the

above scores.

No

smoking

in these

experiments.

Mr. M.

3

4

6

5

1

2

1

5

2

28

Mr. R.

4

2

5

5

3

5

4

1

5

34

Mr. A.

4

5

6

4

5

2

3

4

2

34

Mr. B.

5

3

4

5

4

5

2

5

4

37

Mr. C.

4

4

2

3

5

5

1

5

4

4

39

Mr. R.

4

5

3

5

4

4

5

4

5

5

44

Mr. S.

4

5

4

4

1

2

3

2

2

3

30

The

average score

following 30 minutes' delay

is

35.14

The

average score

before the 30 minutes'

delaj

' is

32.28

There is an increase after the delay ol

2.86

TEST C

Tuesday

, May 2,

1916

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Totals

Mr. M.

2

4

5

1

3

4

3

2

1

5

30

Mr. P.

1

5

5

4

2

3

5

4

1

2

32

Mr. A.

4

2

2

3

4

1

3

2

5

4

30

Mr. B.

2

4

5

5

4

2

2

4

5

33

Mr. C.

3

4

4

2

3

1

5

5

3

2

32

Mr. R.

4

4

3

4

5

1

3

4

4

3

35

Mr. S.

3

4

4

3

3

5

2

5

4

3

36

The above

scores were made

upon arrival at the gymnasium. N

The

following

scores were

made thirty

minutes

after the

above scores

No smoking

in these experiments.

Mr. M.

4

1

3

2

4

4

2

1

6

6

31

Mr. P.

3

4

4

3

4

3

2

5

5

2

35

Mr. A.

4

4

a

5

4

1

2

3

2

28

Mr. B.

4

1

2

4

6

4

5

3

3

3

36

Mr. C.

4

5

4

3

3

3

4

5

4

4

39

Mr. R.

6

5

1

5

4

3

2

4

5

3

37

Mr. S.

4

3

4

2

1

4

4

3

4

5

34

The

average following the delay

is

34.14

The

average score

before the delay is

32.43

There is an increase after the

del

ay of

1.71

158 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

TEST C
Wednesday, May 3, 1916

Mr. M.
Mr P.
Mr. A.
Mr. B.
Mr. C.
Mr. R.
Mr. S.

10
3
2

4
5
2
4
3

Totals
30
29
30
29
32
36
28

The above scores were made upon arrival at the gymnasium

The following scores were made thirty minutes after the

above scores. No smoking in these experiments.

Mr. M.
Mr. P.
Mr. A.
Mr. B.
Mr. C.
Mr. R.
Mr. S.

10
3
4
4
3
2
4
4

Totals
36
34
33
32
38
34
32

The average score following the delay is
The average score before the delay is
There is an increase after the delay of

34.14

30.65

3.49

For individual record of Mr. M., see page 130.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. E., GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Before After

Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain

4-10-16 A 29 33 4

4-11-16 A 31 29 2

Mr. E. discontinued the experiments at this
point, claiming that the effect produced by the
smoking of the cigars caused a continual head-
ache, which on the third evening had not gone
away. This man was an abstainer from the use
of tobacco in any form and it is regretted that he
could not continue, in order that his records
might be compared with those of smokers.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 159

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Me. P., GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

Gain

4-10-16

A

30

20

10,

4-11-16

A

21

25

4

4-12-16

A

41

32

9

4-13-16

A

38

26

12

4-14-16

A

31

33

2

4-17-16

B

35

29

6

4-18-16

B

33

38

5

4-20-16

B

Absent

4-21-16

B

35

27

8

4-24-16

B

26

26

5-25-16

B

27

24

3

4-26-16

B

33

30

3

4-27-16

B

30

31

1

4-28-16

B

33

Before
Delay

29

After
Delay

4

5- 1-16

C

34

34

*

5- 2-16

C

32

35

3

5- 3-16

C

29

34

5

Mr. P. is a catcher and has played semi-profes-
sional baseball. At present he is catcher of a
college varsity team. He smokes cigarettes regu-
larly, consuming from one to two packages daily.
He, too, was requested to stop smoking cigarettes
during these experiments and use only the cigars
prescribed.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. F., GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Before After

Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain

4-1-16 A 36 30 6

Mr. F. discontinued the experiments after the
first one, because the effects of the cigar made
him very sick. He became quite pale, showed

160 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

signs of dizziness and hurried home to bed. The
next day he complained of a sick headache. This
man had never smoked a cigar before this one
during his whole life, and saved the stub as a
reminder. While in high school he pitched for
the team.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. A., GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

Gai

4-10-16

A

35

28

7

4-11-16

A

23

23

4-12-16

A

29

26

3

4-13-16

A

34

22

12

4-14-16

A

35

36

1

4-17-16

B

34

29

5

4-18-16

B

35

29

6

4-20-16

B

28

31

3

4-21-16

B

34

25

9

4-24-16

B

34

37

3

4-25-16

B

30

34

4

4-26-16

B

30

31

1

4-27-16

B

36

27

9

4-28-16

B

33

Before
Delay

30

After
Delay

3

5- 1-16

C

33

34

1

5- 2-16

C

30

28

2

5- 3-16

C

30

33

3

Mr. A. is a ball player with ability as an out-
fielder, and at present is playing on the college
varsity baseball team. Mr. A. is not a user of
tobacco in any form, and will therefore be termed
a non-smoker in making comparisons.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 161

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF M». B., GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

Gain

4-10-16

A

27

28

1

4-11-16

A

29

21

8

4-12-16

A

32

26

6

4-13-16

A

30

26

4

4-14-16

A

28

30

2

4-17-16

B

35

26

9

4-18-16

B

30

29

1

4-20-16

B

37

28

9

4-21-16

B

35

24

11

4-24-16

B

32

33

1

4-25-16

B

28

26

2

4-26-16

B

38

31

7

4-27-16

B

27

24

3

4-28-16

B

30

29

1

6- 1-16

C

33

37

4

6- 2-16

C

33

35

2

5- 3-16

C

29

32

3

Mr. B. is a non-smoker and it was with consid-
erable persuasion that he finally went through
with the experiments without discontinuing. At
present he plays baseball three times a week on
a college class team and has but average ability.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. C, GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Gain

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

4-11-16

A

31

18

13

4-12-16

A

28

16

12

4-13-16

A

35

25

10

4-14-16

A

35

34

1

4-15-16

A

28

28

4-17-16

B

29

25

4

4-18-16

B

32

30

2

4-20-16

B

29

20

9

4-21-16

B

38

26

12

162 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking
Before
Delay

Smoking
After
Delay

Lost

6- 1-16

C

33

39

6

6- 2-16

C

32

39

7

5- 3-16

C

32

38

6

Gain

Mr. C. has been pitching college baseball four
years and has had considerable experience in
semi-professional circles. At present he works
out every day with the squad. Last year he
smoked cigarettes moderately, but has not
smoked any since last June (1914). He claimed
they interfered with his digestion and ceased
using them. For purposes of comparison Mr. C.
will be termed a non-smoker.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. R.

, GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

Gain

4-11-16

A

30

29

1

4-12-16

A

39

36

3

4-13-16

A

41

34

7

4-14-16

A

36

45

•

4-17-16

B

44

31

13

4-18-16

B

39

36

3

4-20-16

B

Absent

4-21-16

B

40

29

11

4-24-16

B

45

37

8

4-25-16

B

38

30

8

4-26-16

B

35

33

2

4-27-16

B

40

37

3

4-28-16

B

38

36

2

6- 1-16

C

37

44

7

6- 2-16

C

35

37

2

6- 3-16

C

36

34

a

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 163

Mr. R. habitually chews tobacco and smokes
a pipe moderately ; with his system thus inocu-
lated with the effects of tobacco, he will be
termed a smoker. He has played third base on a
college team and has considerable experience in
playing professional baseball. At present he
works out with the college squad every day.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. I., GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Before After

Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain

4-11-16 A 23 25 2

It seems as though the smoking of strong
cigars does not agree with abstainers from the
weed. Such was the case with Mr. I., who
claimed that he could not stand the effects of the
tobacco. He said it caused a very undesirable
feeling in the region of the stomach. Had he not
experienced this feeling, he would have continued
with the experiments.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. J., GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Before After

Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain

4-12-16 A 30 29 1

Mr. J. is an abstainer from the use of tobacco
in any form, and it was hoped that he would con-
tinue with the experiments, but like some of the
other men that dropped out, the effects of the
smoke were too much for him. Headache,
stomach-ache and other unpleasant feelings fol-

164 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

lowed the first cigar and he could not be per-
suaded to take another chance.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. S., GIVING TOTALS ONLY
Before After

Date Test Smoking Smoking Lobs Gain

4-13-16 A 35 28 7

4-14-16 A 33 31 2

4-17-16

B

37

24

13

4-18-16

B

32

27

5

4-20-16

B

35

30

5

4-21-16

B

35

26

9

4-24-16

B

39

32

7

4-25-16

B

33

26

7

4-26-16

B

34

27

7

4-27-16

B

27

20

7

4-28-16

B

39

27

12

5- 1-16

C

30

30

5- 2-16

C

36

34

2

5- 3-16

C

28

32

Mr. S. smokes cigars and a pipe regularly and
is therefore termed a smoker. He is a ball player
of average ability and has played first base. At
present he plays baseball three days a week with
a class team.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. D., GIVING TOTALS ONLY

Gain

Before

After

Date

Test

Smoking

Smoking

Loss

4-17-16

B

41

25

16

4-18-16

B

38

26

12

4-20-16

B

44

24

20

4-21-16

B

36

31

5

4-24-16

B

37

38

Mr. D. discontinued at this point because of
an accident to his ankle. He did not use tobacco
in any form and is therefore termed a non-

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 165

smoker. His ability as a ball player is not above
the ordinary, yet it was good enough for him to
make the class team as a pitcher.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. D. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made
an average score of 39.20 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made
an average score of 28.80 after smoking two
cigars, out of a possible 50.

During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made
a lower average after smoking, by 10.40 points.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. M. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score before smoking of 30.60 out of
a possible 50 points.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score after smoking one cigar of 26.00
out of a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. low-
ered his average after smoking by 4.60 points,
probably due to the effects of smoking.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score before smoking of 32.66 out of
a possible 50.

166 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score after smoking two cigars of
26.55 out of a possible 50.

During test B ( 9 experiments ) Mr. M. made a
lower average after smoking by 6.11 points.

During test (3 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score before an interval of 30 minutes,
which is equal to the time occupied in smoking
a cigar, of 28.66.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. M. made
an average score after the 30-minute delay of
31.66.

During test C (three experiments) Mr. M.
made a higher average after the delay by 3.00
points. No cigars were smoked in this test and
probably the increase in score after the delay was
due to the absence of the effects of smoking.

INDIVIDUAL EECORD OF MR. P. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made
an average score before smoking of 32.20 out of
a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made
an average score after smoking one cigar of 27.20
out of a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made
a lower average after smoking by 5.00 points.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 167

an average score before smoking of 31.50 out
of 50.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made
an average score after smoking two cigars of
29.25 out of a possible 50.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made
a lower average after smoking by 2.25 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made
an average score before an interval of 30 minutes,
which is equal to the time taken to smoke a cigar,
of 31.66.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made
an average score after the 30-minute delay of
34.33.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made a
higher average after the delay by 2.67 points.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. A. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made
an average score of 31.20 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made
an average score of 27.00 after smoking one cigar,
out of a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made
a lower average after smoking by 4.20 points.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made

168 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

an average score of 32.66 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made
an average score of 30.33 after smoking two
cigars, out of a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made
a lower average after smoking by 2.33 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made
an average score before an interval of 30 min-
utes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking
a cigar, of 31.00.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made an
average score after the 30-minute delay of 31.67
points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made
a higher average after the delay of 0.67 points.

No smoking during test C.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. B. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made
an average score of 29.20 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made
an average score of 28.20 after smoking one cigar,
out of a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made a
lower average after smoking by 1.00 point,

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 169

an average score of 32.44 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made
an average score of 27.77, after smoking two
cigars out of a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made
a lower average after smoking by 4.67 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made
an average score, before interval of 30 minutes,
which is equal to the time taken in smoking a
cigar, of 31.66.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made
an average score after the 30-minute delay of
34.66 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made
a higher average after the delay of 4.67 points.

This increase following the delay was probably
due to the absence of the effects of smoking.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. C. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made
an average score of 31.40 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made
an average score of 24.20 after smoking one cigar,
out of a possible 50.

During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made
a lower average after smoking by 7.20 points.

170 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made
an average score of 32.00 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made
an average score of 25.20, after smoking two
cigars, out of a possible 50.

During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made
a lower average after smoking by 6.80 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made
an average score, before an interval of 30 min-
utes, whicb is equal to the time taken in smoking
a cigar, of 32.33.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made an
average score after the 30-minute delay of 38.67
points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made a
higher average after the delay by 6.34 points.

Thus far the conclusions seem to indicate that
the smoking has some effect on the scores
produced.

INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. R. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (4 experiments) Mr. K. made
an average score of 36.50 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test A (4 experiments) Mr. K. made an
average score of 36.00 after smoking one cigar,
out of a possible 50.

ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 171

During test A (4 experiments) Mr. R. made a
lower average after smoking by 0.50 points.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made
an average score of 39.87 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made
an average score of 33.62 after smoking two
cigars, out of a possible 50.

During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made
a lower average after smoking by 6.25 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made
an average score before an interval of 30 minutes,
which is equal to the time taken in smoking a
cigar, of 32.67 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made
an average score after the 30-minute delay of
38.33 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made
a higher average after the delay by 5.66 points.

INDIVIDUAL RECORDS OF MR. S. GIVING
AVERAGES ONLY

During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score of 34.00 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score of 29.50 after smoking one cigar,
out of a possible 50.

172 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made
a lower average after smoking by 4.50 points.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score of 34.55 before smoking, out of
a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score of 26.55 after smoking two
cigars, out of a possible 50.

During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made
a lower average after smoking by 8.00 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score before an interval of 30 min-
utes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking
a cigar, of 31.33 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made
an average score after the delay of 32.00 points.

During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made a
higher average after the delay by 0.67 points.

Smokers and non-smokers alike have made
lower scores after smoking than before and have
increased their scores after the 30-minute delay
experiments in which there was no smoking.

PART V
GENERAL SUMMARY

General Summary

It is unnecessary to repeat here the definite
conclusions reached by each study. The experi-
menters have returned results remarkable for
their uniformity and general consistency, show-
ing that smoking raises the heart rate and blood
pressure, that it markedly delays the return of
the heart rate to normal after exercise and that
it impairs the neuromuscular control as indi-
cated by delicate finger exercises and gross mus-
cular coordinations. We have repeatedly stated
that these results are preliminary and tentative.
The results seem hardly believable. On the other
hand we are forced to accept them. There is no
escape from the firm, steady, scientific insistence
of the figures. If these results are true and accu-
rate, it is high time that our young men be aware
of the truth. If such results are produced on
healthy vigorous young men in prime condition
by moderate smoking, what is the effect of the
wide-spread use of tobacco upon the manhood of
our land?

The significance of these results should not be
175

176 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

lightly tossed aside. An increased heart rate of
only 5 beats per minute means that a man's
heart does 2074 kilogram-meters (approximately
15,000 foot pounds) more work per day. In fifty
years this means 272,471,000 foot pounds of
unnecessary work. Does that mean, other things
being equal, five years less life? Does it mean
less margin of safety, less recuperative power,
more danger in v case of extreme need, in the crises
of disease or accident? But if the blood pressure
is also raised, even these figures do not represent
the whole truth, for the unnecessary work of the
heart is even greater. What connection is there
between this increasing pressure and arterioscle-
rosis? Can smoking be one of the great causes
of this increasing malady among our middle-aged
business men?

More significant than the actual heart rate is
the reduced nervous control of the heart. We
know the "smoker's heart" of the physician's
clinic, but here is definite evidence of the exact
effect of minute amounts of smoking. Failure
to return to normal after exercise within a rea-
sonable time is sufficient reason for denying
athletics and heavy exercise to a would-be athlete.
A strong, slow, regularly beating heart which
returns quickly to normal after moderate exer-
cise is taken by athletic trainers as one of the
surest indications of condition and physical fit-

GENERAL SUMMARY 177

ness. Here is an influence which quickly and
definitely upsets this condition, even in those
known to be in prime athletic trim. Athletic
trainers have long refused to permit men in
training to smoke. They knew clinically that it
was bad. Evidently they are eminently justified
in their position. One does not mistreat the deli-
cate mainspring of an expensive watch. How
much more foolish to subject one's heart to any
unnecessary harmful influence. The effect upon
neuro-muscular control again emphasizes the
trainers' clinical experience. What about the
army of skilled mechanics, artisans working on
delicate tasks, and surgeons with life and death
in their hands? To all of these, clear eyes, steady
nerves, and muscles capable of accurate response
are absolute essentials. These do not go with
smoking. If the neuro-muscular control is af-
fected, what about fatigue? These studies throw-
no definite light upon that question. It should
be definitely studied at the earliest possible
opportunity.

A remarkable result of these studies is the ap-
parent indication that the body does not become
habituated or immune to these effects. Is this
true? Non-smokers showed but little more bad
effects in these studies than the smokers. But is
it possible that our smokers were really too mod-
erate smokers to become immune? This must

178 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

be determined. Or does the business man who is
a heavy smoker really suffer tremendously, with-
out knowing it, in these various ways? In the
baseball experiment, the more our men smoked
the more marked were the results. Here lies a
field for further valuable research on a most vital
point.

What are the actual comparative effects on
boys, young men, and middle-aged men? Is it
possible that boys are badly affected, young men
somewhat so, and mature men free? Some would
like to think so ; some practice that theory. There
is little in these studies to comfort them. Never-
theless the facts should be determined.

What are the relative effects of cigarettes,
cigars, and pipes? These studies used cigarettes
but very little, and the results were not conclu-
sive. It would be well if definite information
could be secured.

Does smoking have definite effects upon mental
and psychic processes? The neuro-muscular ap-
paratus is one machine. It is hardly likely that
one side of it is so definitely affected without
some effects at least on the other side. Definite
experiments ought to attack this phase of the
problem.

It is evident that a mere beginning has been
made upon this tremendous problem. The sur-
face has merely been scratched. Even the work

GENERAL SUMMARY 179

already done should be repeated by other ob-
servers and the results checked. We are dealing
with a deep-rooted human habit. Facts are
needed in discussing it, not theories, sentiments,
or prejudices. If smoking is as definitely harm-
ful as these studies have indicated it to be, we
cannot establish the fact soon enough. If smok-
ing is not harmful but beneficial, it ought to be
possible to prove it. We have presented this work
in the hope that it may stimulate others to the
collection of definite facts along these lines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following bibliography does not presume
to be at all complete. It is here presented in the
hope that it may be helpful. As will be noted,
articles are arranged alphabetically according
to authors, and where the author is not given,
alphabetically according to the publication in
which the article is found.

Amerson, .Sullivan, S. S.
Poison in Cigarettes.

Kentucky Medical Journal, Aug. 1907.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, Aug. 17, 1907, 625.
Arnold, M. B.
Effect of Tobacco Smoke on Pathogenic Micro-
organisms.
Lancet, May 4, 1907.

Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, June 1, 1907, 1904.
Bailey, T.
Tobacco — Its Effects.
Journal Iowa State Medical Society, 1911-12,
I 55-65.
Beyer, Henry G.
Direct Action of Nicotine upon Mammalian Heart.
In "Contributions to the Science of Medicine

by Pupils of Wm. Henry Welch."
Pub. by the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
1900, 110-133.

181

182 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Bamberger, J.

Hygiene of Cigar Smoking.
Miinchner Medicinische Wochenschrift, Vol. I,

No. 30.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, Sept. 3, 1904, 706.
Bose, A.
Different Technics for Experimental Besearch on
Effects of Tobacco Smoke.
Reforma Medica, Aug. 2, 1909, Vol. 25, No. 31.
Bram, I.

Is Tobacco a Modern Necessity?
Dietic and Hygienic Gazette, July 1912, Vol. 28,
936.
Brink, B. D.
Tobacco — Its Effect upon Blood Pressure and

Heart Kate.
Physical Training, 10 : 64-6, Dec. 1912.
Bruce, J. W.
Effect of Smoking upon Blood Pressure.
American Journal of Physiology, 24 : 104-16,
April 1909.
Chilcott, W. L.
Effects of Tobacco.
Journal of Kansas Medical Society, March 1908.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, May 2, 1908, 1459.
Clarke, E. L.

Effect of Smoking on Clark College Students.
Clark College Record, 4 : 3191-8, July 1909.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 183

Clerc, A., and Pezzi, C.
Action de la nicotine sur le coeur isole de quelques
mammiferes.
Compt. rend. Societe de Biologie, 1912, Vol. 72,
316-318.

CORNWALL, EDW. E., M.D.

Chronic Tobacco Poisoning and the Circulation.
American Medicine, Feb. 1914, 100, Vol. 9, No. 2.
Danis.

Traitement de l'amblyopie nicotinique par le
lecithine.
Progres Med. Beige, 1912, Vol. 14, 11.
Delie.
Tobacco and Audition.
Revue Hebdomadaire de Laryngologie.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, May 13, 1905, 1551.
Fagan, B.

Cigarette Smoking among Boys.
Indiana State Board of Health Bulletin, 15 : 99,
Aug. 1912.
Ferran.

De l'Action de Tabac sur l'Audition.
Revue Medecal Normandie, 1911, 363-369.
Fink, Bruce : Tobacco.
Fisher, H. W.
What Instruction in Health do Men need?
Physical Training, S : 18, June 1911.
Foster, M. L.

Toxic Amblyopia Due to Tobacco.
Archives Ophthalmology, July 1913.

184 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Francis, D.

Tobacco Amblyopia.
Friedmann, A. C. H.
Tobacco Poisoning.
Interstate Medical Journal, March 1903.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
ciation, April 11, 1903, 1023.
Garner, W. W.
Relation of Nicotine to Quality of Tobacco.
U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Plant Industry, Bulletin 141, Part I.
Gilfillan, J. S.
Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular
System.
St. Paul Medical Journal 14, July 1912.
New Evidence in the Tobacco Question.
Journal American Medical Association, Nov. 16,

1912, 1798-9.

What Happens When You Smoke.
Harper's Weekly, May 26, 1906, 751.

GOODHART, S. P.

Amnesias of Tobacco and of Malarial Origin.
Journal American Medical Association, Dec. 27,

1913, 2297.
Hart, E. L.

Effect of Tobacco on Health.
Journal of Hygiene and Herald of Health, 43 :
287, Nov. 1893.
Heflanbower, R. C.
Eclectic Medical Journal, Cincinnati, 1912, Vol.
72, 167-175.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

Hershberg, L. K.
Cigarette Smoking.

Harper's Weekly, Aug. 11, 1905, 1148.
Truth about Tobacco.

Harper's Weekly, 57 : 12-3, Jan. 4, 1913.

HUBBELL, C. B.

Cigaret Habit.
Independent, 56 : 375-8, Feb. 18, 1904.
John, H.
Uber die Beeinflussung des systolischen und dias-
tolischen Blutdrucks dureh Tabackrauchen.
Zeitschrift fiir experimentische Pathologie und
Therapeutik, 1913, Vol. 4, 352.
Larrabee, R. C.

Tobacco and the Heart.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Associa-
tion in Soc. Reports, July 4, 1903, 50.

LlDSWELL, H. J.

The Tobacco Habit.
Martin, E. S.
Use and Abuse of Tobacco.
Harper's Weekly, 44 : 631, July 7, 1900.

Marvin, D.
Tobacco — Its Use and Abuse.

Vermont Medical Monthly, 7, July 1912.
Meylan, Geo. L., M. D.

Antiseptic Properties of Tobacco.

Scientific American, May 3, 1913, Vol. 108, 401.
Disintoxication of Tobacco.

Scientific American, Apr. 12, 1913, Vol. 108, 347.

186 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Effects of Smoking on College Students.
Popular Science Monthly, Aug. 1910, Vol. 77,

170.
Popular Science Monthly, Apr. 12, 1913, Vol. 77,
347.
Moriguand, G. and Bouchut, L.
Angina Pectoris and Tobacco.

Archiv. des Maladies du Coeur, Oct. 1912.
Effect of Tobacco on the Heart.
Journal American Medical Association, Mar. 15,

1913, 828.
Journal American Medical Association, May 10,
1913, 1473.
Nicolai, G. F., and Staehelin, R.

Ueber die Einwerkung des Tabackgiisses auf die
Circulationsapparate.
Zeitschrift fur experimentische Pathologie und
Therapeutik, 1908, Vol. 8.
Pack, F. J.

Smoking and Football Men.

Popular Science Monthly 81 : 336-44, Oct. 1912.
Harmless Smoking.

Harper's Weekly, Aug. 3, 1912, Vol. 56, 24.
Pease, C. G.

Is Tobacco Smoking an Evil?
Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette 29 : 205-7, May
1913.
Richardson, B. W.
How Tobacco Interferes with the Growth
Processes of the Young.
Good Health, Sept. 1913, Vol. 48, 466.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 187

Tobacco — Physical Phenomena and Disease.
"Diseases of Modem Life," 273-323.
Stiles, C. W., and Altman, S. B.
Snuff and Tobacco (Use of by School Boys and
Girls).
Public Health Report, 1913, Reprint No. 118, 6.
Taylor, C. K.

Boy and the Cigarette.
Psychological Clinic, 4 : 54-5, Apr. 15, 1910.
Tract, Jas. L., M.D.
Psychology of the Tobacco Habit.
American Medical New Series, 4 : 359-72, July,
1909.
Von Frankl-Hochwart, L.

Die Nervosen Erkrankungen der Tabakraucher.
Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift, 1911,
Vol. 37, 2273-2321.
White, J. A.

Some Effects of Tobacco.
Birmingham Medical Journal.
Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso-
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Wiley, Harvey, W., M.D.
The Little White Slaver.

Good Housekeeping, Vol. 62, No. 1, Jan. 1916, 91.
Against the use of tobacco, especially cigarettes.
Woodhull, A. A.

Personal Hygiene, 163-182.
Cigarette Smoking.
American Physical Education Review, Vol. 9,
1904, 73.

188 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Abstract of London Lancet, Jan. 2, 1904, 43.
Injury of Tobacco.

Century 83 : 766-72, March 1912.
State Regulation of Cigaret Traffic.

Chautauquan 32 : 358, Jan. 1901.
American Cigarettes Analyzed.

Current Literature 27 : 163, Feb. 1900.
How Tobacco Interferes with the Growth Processes

of the Young.

Good Health 48 : 466-73, Sept. 1913.
Incidents and Effects of Smoking.

Harper's Weekly 48 : 314, Feb. 27, 1904.
Effects of Tobacco on Body and Mind.

Journal American Medical Association, Oct. 1,
1910, 1206.
The Pharmacology of Tobacco Smoke.

Journal American Medical Association, Jan. 30,

1909, 386.
Tobacco-smoking and the Circulation.

Journal American Medical Association, Feb. 7,
1914, Vol. 62, No. 6, 461.
The Use of Tobacco.
Journal American Medical Association, July 2,

1910, 32.
Anti-Cigarette Crusade.

Outlook, 67 : 607, Mar. 16, 1901.
Anti-Cigarette Law Sustained.

Outlook, 66 : 863, Dec. 8, 1900.
Cigarettes — Indiana Legislation.

Outlook, 76 : 611, Mar. 11, 1905.

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