PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Biological Society of Washington
VOLUME XVI
1903
WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
1904
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
WILLIAM P. HAY, Chairman
GERRIT S. MILLER, JR. DAVID WHITE
CONTENTS.
Officers and committees for 1903 v
Proceedings vii-xi
A New Sauropod Dinosaur from the Jurassic of Colorado, by J. B.
Hatcher 1-2
Description of a New Species of Gecko from Cocos Island, by
Leonhard Stejneger 3-4
Review of the Classification of the Cyrenacea, by William H. Dall . 5-8
A New Cocklebur from New Mexico, by T. D. A. Cockerell ... 9-10
A New Name for the Hawaiian Bird Genus Oreomyza, by Leon-
hard Stejneger 11-12
Description of a New Quail-Dove from the West Indies, by J. H.
Riley . 13-14
A New Cliff Swallow from Texas, by Harry C. Oberholser . . . . 15-16
Description of a New Vireo, by Harry C. Oberholser 17-18
Psilostrophe, a Neglected Genus of Southwestern Plants, by Aven
Nelson 19-24
Two New Spermophiles from Alaska, by W. H. Osgood 25-28
Two New Plants from New Mexico, by Aven Nelson 29-30
Descriptions of Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer, by Gerrit S.
Miller, Jr 31-44
Three New Plants from New Mexico, by Aven'Nelson and T. D. A.
Cockerell '. 45-46
Two New Wood Rats (Genus Neotoma) from State of Coahuila,
Mexico, by C. Hart Merriam 47-48
General Notes 49-52
Three fishes new to the fauna of New Mexico, T. D. A. Cock
erell, 49 ; Note on Phoca nigra Pallas, J. A. Allen, 49 ; A new
name for Mas atratus Miller, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., 50 ; A new
name (Hoplias) for the genus Macrodon of M tiller, Theo. Gill,
50 ; The technical name of the Indian Flying Fox, Gerrit S.
Miller, Jr., 50 ; A note on the Florida Phoebe, Reginald Heber
Howe, Jr., 51 ; A new subgenus for Nyctaginia cockerdlse,
T. D. A. Cockerell, 52 ; On the name of the common American
Eel,- Austin H. Clark, 52.
A New Reithrodontomys from Western Nebraska, by Merritt Gary 53-54
A New Genus and Species of Dragonfly from Brazil, by James G.
Needham 55-58
A New Species of Flying Lizard from Sarawak, Borneo, by Thomas
Barbour 59-60
Two New Species of Chamaeleon, by Thomas Barbour 61-62
Mammals of Mt. Katahdin, Maine, by B. H. Dutcher 63-72
Eight New Mammals from the United States, by C. Hart Merriam 73-78
Four New Mammals, Including a New Genus ( Teanopus) from
Mexico, by C. Hart Merriam 79-82
The Short-mouthed Snake (Eutainia brachystoma Cope) in South
ern Michigan, by Hubert Lyman Clark . . . 83-88
Description of a New Neotoma from Mexico, by Outram Bangs . . 89-90
The Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin, by J. H. Schuette . . 91-98
(iii)
iv Contents.
General Notes 99-102
The proper name of the Redwood Chickaree, Outram Bangs,
99; A new name for the Dinosaur Haplocanthus Hatcher,
J. B. Hatcher, 100 ; Corrections to the nomenclature of the
Eocene fossil corals of the United States, T. Wayland
Vaughan, 101; Note on the generic name Hylophilus,
Harry C. Oberholser, 101 ; The Short-leaved Sundew in Vir
ginia, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., 102.
A New Landshell from California, by Paul Bartsch 103-104
Descriptions of New Genera, Species, and Subspecies of North
American Birds, by Kobert Ridgway 105-112
The North American Forms of Astragalinus psaltria Say, by
Harry C. Oberholser 113-116
A New Species of Habenaria from Cuba, by Oakes Ames .... 117-118
A New Nataline Bat from the Bahamas, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. . 119-120
A New Pigmy Squirrel from Central America, by E. W. Nelson . 121-122
A New Hognose Snake from Florida, by Leonhard Stejneger . . 123-124
General Notes 125-128
Earliest name for the American Crow, Charles W. Richmond,
125; Relationships of the Madagascar genus Hypositta Newton,
Robert Ridgway, 125 ; Note on Sciurus mollipilosus Audubon
and Bachman, J. A. Allen, 126 ; The Nodding Pogonia in the
vicinity of Washington, Charles L. Pollard, 127 ; A new Violet
from Kentucky, Charles L. Pollard, 127 ; Scolecophagus pre
occupied, Charles W. Richmond, 128 ; On the name Eniconetta,
Charles W. Richmond, 128.
A New Species of Large Iguana from the Bahama Islands, by
Leonhard Stejneger 129-132
On Species of South American Delphinidse Described by Dr. R. A.
Philippi in 1893 and 1896, by Frederick W. True 133-144
A New Hare from Greece, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr 145-146
A New Squirrel from Lower Siam, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr 147-148
Description of a New Telmatodytes, by Harry C. Oberholser . . . 149-150
Descriptions of New Birds from Southern Mexico, by E. W. Nelson 151-160
Descriptions of Two New Mole Rats, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. . . 161-164
A Second Specimen of Euderma maculaium, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. 165-166
Diagnoses of Nine New Forms of American Birds, by Robert
Ridgway 167-170
Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks from the Santa Barbara
Channel, California, by William Healey Dall 171-176
Descriptions of Some New Tree Hoppers from the United States,
by Elmer D. Ball 177-182
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
For 1903
(ELECTED DECEMBER 27, 1902)
OFFICERS
President
B. W. EVERMANN
Vice- Presidents
WM. H. ASHMEAD T. S. PALMER
F. H. KNOWLTON WILLIAM P. HAY
Recording Secretary
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
Corresponding Secretary
T, W. STANTON
Treasurer
DAVID WHITE
COUNCIL
WILLIAM H. DALL* CHARLES L. POLLARD
THEODORE GILL* GEORGE M. STERNBERG*
L. O. HOWARD* H. J. WEBBER
FREDERICK V. COVILLE* M. B. WAITE
A. F. WOODS LESTER F. WARD*
C. HART MERRIAM* CHARLES A. WHITE*
J. N. ROSE
STANDING COMMITTEES-1903
Committee on Communications
V. K. CHESNUT, Chairman
VERNON BAILEY A. B. BAKER
A. F. WOODS MARCUS W. LYON, Jr.
Committee on Publications
WILLIAM P. HAY, Chairman
GERRIT S. MILLER, Jr. DAVID WHITE
* Ex-Presidents of the Society.
(V)
VOL. XVI, PP. vii-xn. APRIL 18, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
PROCEEDINGS.
The Society meets in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club on alternate
Saturdays at 8 P. M. Brief notices of the meetings, with abstracts of the
papers, are published in Science.
January 10, 1903 364th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 54 persons present.
Walter Evans spoke of a forest reserve which was about to be established
in northeastern Porto Rico.
The following communications were presented :
L. O. Howard : Exhibition of Lantern Slides Illustrating Yellow Fever
Investigations in Cuba.
S. E. Meek : The Geographic Distribution of the Fresh-water Fishes of
Mexico.
O. P. Jenkins : Rate of the Nervous Impulse in Certain Invertebrates.
January 24, 1903 365111 Meeting.
The President in the chair and 27 persons present.
William Palmer exhibited specimens of Camptosorus rhizophyllus, showing
irregularities in the form of the base.
T. D. A. Cockerell recorded three species of fish new to the Territory of
New Mexico.
The following communications were presented :
A. D. Hopkins : Work of Forest Insects.
0. F. Cook : An Ordinal Character in the Diplopoda.
O. F. Cook : Evolution, Cytology, and Mendel's Laws.*
*Pop. Sci. Monthly, LXIII, pp. 219-228, July, 1903,
(vii)
viii The Biological Society of Washington.
February 7, 1903366111 Meeting.
The President in the chair and 37 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
Vernon Bailey : The Goodnight Herd of Buffaloes and Cataloes in Texas.*
T. H. Kearney : Further Observations on the Effect upon Seedlings of
Sodium and Magnesium.
Frank Bond : Irrigation Methods and Machinery.
February 21, 1903 367111 Meeting.
The President in the chair and 34 persons present.
Carleton R. Ball exhibited specimens of 5 species of grasses of the genus
Elymus, illustrating differences between those grown in open and in shady
places.
The following communications were presented :
D. E. Salmon : The Recent Outbreak of the Foot and Mouth Disease in
New England. f
H. J. Webber: Egyptian Cotton in the United States. J
W. E. Safford : The Fauna of the Island of Guam.g
March 7, 1903 368th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 42 persons present.
F. A. Lucas exhibited lantern slides showing the famous fossil-bearing
quarries of Solenhofen, Bavaria, and also views of colonies of iguanas on
the Galapagos Islands.
The following communications were presented :
F. W. True : Attitudes and Movements of Living Whales.])
0. F. Cook : Biological Notes from Liberia.
March 21, 1903 36gth Meeting.
The President in the chair and 31 persons present.
T. D. A. Cockerell exhibited specimens of cockleburs intermediate be
tween Xanthium commune and Xanthium commune intermedium.
B. W. Evermann spoke of shad from Pensacola, Florida, found to be
identical with the Alabama shad.
The following communications were presented :
T. S. Palmer : The Preservation of Pelican Island as a Breeding Ground
for Birds.
Walter H. Evans : The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.
Vernon Bailey : Desert Life of Western Texas.
Paul Bartsch : Notes on the Herons of the District of Columbia.^
* Forest and Stream, LX, p. 325, Apr. 25, 1903.
1 19th Ann. Kept. Bur. Anim. Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric., pp. 391-408, 1903.
j Trans. New Eng. Cotton Manuf. Assoc., No. 74, pp. 202-216, 1903 ; Proc. 7th Ann.
Conven. So. Cotton Spinners' Assoc., pp. 127-141, 1903.
Birds of the Marianne Ids., The Osprey, N. S., 1, pp. 39-42, March, 1902 ; pp. 65-70,
April, 1902.
U Smithsonian Misc. Col., XLV (quarterly issue), pp. 91-94, pis. xxiv-xxvi, Dec. 9, 1903.
If Smithsonian Misc. Col., XLV (quarterly issue), pp. 104-111, Dec. 9, 1903.
Proceedings. ix
April 4, 1903 syoth Meeting.
Vice-President Ashmead in the chair and 39 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
H. J. Webber : Bud Sports and Bud Variation in Breeding.
R. H. True : The Manufacture of Tea in America.
W. C. Kendall : The Fishes of the Rangely Lakes.
April 18, 1903 37ist Meeting.
The President in the chair and 25 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
W. J. Spillman : Agrostological Problems in the United States.
B. H. Dutcher: The Mammals of Mount Katahdin, Maine.*
V. K. Chesnut : Notes on the Dissemination of Sedum douglassi by
Proliferous Shoots.
May 2, 1903 372nd Meeting.
Vice-President Hay in the chair and 25 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
F. V. Coville: Wocas: An Aboriginal Cereal (Nymphaea polysepala}.-\
J. W. T. Duvel : Vitality of Seeds. J
G. H. Shull : Geographic Distribution of the Sugary Quillwort (Isoetes
saccharata). \
May 16, 1903 373rd Meeting.
The President in the chair and 30 persons present.
F. V. Coville exhibited a monstrous specimen of the grape-hyacinth.
Frank Baker announced that the collection at the National Zoological
Park had recently been increased by three specimens of the echidna and
by the birth of a tapir.
The following communications were presented :
C. W. Stiles: The New American Hook-worm and its Medical Im
portance. ||
F. V. Coville : Location of the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carne
gie Institution.^
October 17, 1903 374th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 1.7 persons present.
L. 0. Howard spoke of the length of silk in single cocoons of the silk
worm, stating that in 15 cocoons actually measured the length varied from
880 to 1,102 yards.
* Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, pp. 63-72, May 29, 1903.
t Ann. Kept. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1902, pp. 725-739, March, 1904.
t To be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture.
g Botanical Gazette, XXXVI, pp. 187-202, Sept., 1903.
|| Bull. No. 10, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub. Health and Marine Hosp. Serv., pp. 1-121, fig. 1-86,
1903.
\ Carnegie Inst., Wash., Pub. No. 6, 1903.
x The Biological Society of Washington.
The following communications were presented :
T. S. Palmer : Indexing Scientific Names, with Special Reference to the
Genera of Mammals.*
0. F. Cook : Central American Mutations of Coffee.
W. P. Hay : Terrapin Culture in the United States.
October 31, 1903 375th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 37 persons present.
Walter Evans exhibited a copy of a circular of directions for the destruc
tion of mosquitoes to be distributed in the Hawaiian Islands and printed
in all the languages commonly used there.
L. 0. Howard stated that the larvae of Anlhrenw varians of the family
Dermestidae, had been observed to prey upon the eggs of the tussock
moth.
The following communications were presented :
K. P. Currie : A Recent Entomological Expedition to British Columbia.
M. A. Carleton : Geographic Distribution of the Oat Plant.
Ch. Wardell Stiles : The Dwarf Tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana), a Newly
Recognized and Rather Common Parasite of Man in the United States.f.
November 14, 1903 376th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 41 persons present.
Lester F. Ward spoke of the description, in 1840, by C. G. Ehrenberg, of
14 hypothetical species of Diatomaceae, 10 of which were after ward actually
discovered and recognized.
W. H. Dall discussed the existence of a dorsal keel toward the tail in
porpoises.
G. K. Gilbert exhibited photographs showing a remarkable development
of heliotropism in the trunks of Pinus balfouriana in California.
The following communications were presented :
Lester F. Ward : The Dresden Cycad (Oycadeoidea reichenbachiana).
F. A. Lucas : The Making of a Whale.
November 28, 1903 377th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 37 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
H. F. Moore: The Artificial Fattening of Oysters.
F. H. Hillman : The Comparative Effects of the Seed Midge and of
Brucophagus funebris on the Structure of Clover Fowers and Fruits.
Charles Hallock : Sea Trout Where No Rivers Are.
0. F. Cook : The Vegetative Vigor of Hybrids and Mutations.
* Index Generum Mammalium, N. Am. Fauna, No. 23, pp. 1-984, Feb., 1904.
t N. Y. Med. Journ. and Phila. Med. Journ. (consolidated) (1301), Vol. 78 (19), pp. 877-881,
figs. 1-5, Nov. 7, 1903.
Proceedings. xi
December 12, 1903 378th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 31 persons present.
L. A. Fuertes exhibited a painting showing the life colors of the soft parts
of the California condor and another showing a hybrid between two genera
of quail, Lophortyx and Oreortyx.
H. E. Van Deman exhibited specimens of the " Grimes Golden " apple.
The following communications were presented :
W. H. Ashmead : Remarks on Japanese Hymenoptera.
V. K. Chesnut and Harry T. Marshall : Some Observations on " Locoed "
Sheep.
Charles Hallock : The Bison as a Factor in the Distribution of Aboriginal
Population in Mid-Continental America.
VOL. xvi, PP. 1-2 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
or THS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SAUROPOD DINOSAUR FROM THE
JURASSIC OF COLORADO.
BY J. B. HATCHER.
The remains upon which this paper is based were discovered
and collected by Mr. W. H. Utterback in the lower Jurassic,
in the quarry long worked by the late Professor Marsh, and
situated some eight miles north of Canyon City, Colorado.
Haplocanthus priscus, gen. et sp. nov.
The type (No. 572, Carnegie Museum Collection) of this genus and
species consists of the two posterior cervicals, ten dorsals, five sacrals
with the ilia, ischia and pubes and the nineteen anterior caudals, two
chevrons, a nearly complete series of ribs, and a femur, all in an excel
lent state of preservation.
The present genus and species can be distinguished from the known
genera and species of the Dinosauria by the following characters: Neural
spines of posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals absolutely simple instead of
deeply bifurcated as in all other known genera of the Sauropoda. Sacrum
composed of five vertebrae firmly coossified by their centra and func
tioning as sacrals. Sacral ribs and diapophyses greatly expanded trans
versely so as to appear proportionally low and broad. Neural spines of
sacrals very short, only moderately expanded transversely, the three
anterior coossified forming a long bony plate. Pubes massive and united
by an extended cartilaginous pubic sj r mphysis which is interrupted
1 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (1)
2 Hatcher New Dinosaur from Colorado.
medially by an elongated foramen. Pubic foramen large and situated
some distance from the supero-internal border of the bone. Neural
arches in dorsal vertebrae extremely high as compared with depth of
centra or height of neural spines. Cervicals strongly opisthocrelus, and
dorsals only moderately so and becoming almost platycoslus in the pos
terior dorsal region. Transverse processes of dorsal vertebrae extending
obliquely upward and outward from summits of neural arches. Caudal
centra short and somewhat amphicrelous with neural spines simple, low,
and much compressed. Transverse processes of caudals each consisting
of a simple, slender process which in the anterior caudal springs from
the side of the neural arch. Posteriorly the transverse processes rapidly
decrease in size and assume a more inferior position, so that in the twelfth
caudal they are reduced to a rounded knob of bone on the side of the
centrum, and in the succeeding caudals they have disappeared altogether.
The centra of the anterior caudals are subcircular in outline, but in the
posterior caudals the vertical diameter much exceeds the transverse.
The femur is rather longer than one might expect, considering the
size and proportions of the individual vertebrae, but does not differ
materially from that bone in other genera of the Sauropoda.
Haplocanthus may be regarded as the most generalized member of the
Sauropoda yet discovered in America. That it is a member of the
Sauropoda is clearly shown by the structure of the pelvis and by
the characters exhibited by the cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae.
The comparatively simple structure of the individual vertebrae from the
various regions of the spinal column form a striking contrast to that
complicated system of laminae and buttresses found in the vertebrae of
Diplodocus, Brontosaurus, Morosaurus, and other Saur&pods, and indicates
that Haplocanthus was a more primitive form than any of the latter
genera. Its affinities are clearly with the Morosauridce and in size it is
comparable with the smaller forms of Moromurus. Its principal skeletal
features will be fully described and illustrated in a forthcoming Memoir
of the Carnegie Museum.
VOL. XVI, PP. 3-4 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THK
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GECKO
FROM COCOS ISLAND.
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Professor P. Biolley, naturalist of the Museo Nacional, San
Jose*, Costa Rica, visited Cocos Island, off the western coast of
Costa Rica, in 1902, and has sent me specimens of two species
of lizards for identification. One is the Anolis townsendi de
scribed by me recently (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXVI, No.
6, p. 163, Nov., 1900) from the same island. The other is a
new gecko of the genus Spkcerodactyltt* which has its center of
distribution in the West Indies but of which several species are
also known from Central America and northern South America.
Sphanrodactylus pacificus, sp. nov.
Diagnosis. Dorsal scales very small, juxtaposed, keeled; ear-opening
same size as digital disc; large supranasals separated by two scales, a
third median scale anterior to them in the posterior cleft of rostral;
scales on top of head keeled.
Tijpe.V. 8. National Museum, No. 31057; Cocos Island; Prof. Biolley,
collector.
Habitat. Cocos Island, Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Costa Rica.
Description of type specimen. Adult; U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 31057.
2 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. <J)
4 Stejneger New Species of Gecko,
Snout moderately pointed, longer than the distance between the eye and
the ear-opening, about once and two-thirds the diameter of the eye; ear-
opening small, not larger than the discs of the fingers, pear-shaped, hori
zontal; rostral moderately large with a cleft in the posterior margin, in
which is a small median scale; nostril between rostral, first supralabial,
a rather large supranasal, and a small poslnasal; supranasals separated by
two flat hexagonal scales on a line behind the rostral and the small
median scale; four large supralabials to below the center of the eye,
followed by two small ones, first very long; three large lower labials
corresponding to the four large supralabials, followed by two smaller
ones, first being as long as the first two supralabials combined; mental
large, truncate posteriorly; behind the mental and adjoining the lower
labials, large flat scales decreasing in size posteriorly and passing gradu
ally into the granules of the throat; upper surfaces covered with small
juxtaposed, granular scales slightly smaller than those on the flanks and
keeled, those on the occiput being exceedingly small; the scales on the
frontal region somewhat elongate, those on the snout considerably larger,
irregularly polygonal, flat but distinctly keeled; a pointed horn-like
scale on the superciliary edge a little anterior to the center of the eye;
ventral scales rather large, imbricate; tail cylindrical, tapering, covered
above with irregular flat scales somewhat smaller than the ventrals,
with scarcely any indication of verticels; tail below with a median series
of dilated shields except at base which is covered by large flat imbricate
scales.
Color (in alcohol) brownish; a pale band extending from the nostril
through the upper part of the eye and backwards along the side of the
neck communicating with that of the other side in two places across the
upper neck; this band can be traced as a very irregular series of pale
marblings along the sides of the body; a fairly well-defined dusky band
borders this pale one below and across the upper neck, and is in turn
bordered below by a pale line on the temples; top of head with ill-defined
longitudinal pale marblings the continuation of which may be traced as
an irregular pale median dorsal band; tail similarly colored; underside
pale, indistinctly mottled with darker brownish.
Dimensions (in millimeters). Type: total length, 82; snout to ear-
opening, 11; width of head, 6.5; snout to vent, 47; vent to tip of tail, 35;
fore limb, 14; hind limb, 18.
Variation. The four additional specimens sent (U. S. N. M. 31058-61)
agree in structural characters very well with the above, except that in
none of them is the underside of the tail covered with enlarged cross
plates. In No. 31061 the tail is also somewhat longer than the distance
from snout to vent. The coloration is also essentially alike, except that
in 31059 the longitudinal bands are better defined and more regular,
especially on the posterior portion of the body; the underside in all is
uniformly pale.
Remarks. This species seems to be most nearly related to Sphcerodac-
tylus lineolatus from Central America, from which it differs, among
other things, in having the upper head scales keeled.
VOL. XVI, PP. 5-8 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
REVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
CYRENACEA.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
In working over the Cyrenacea for the Memoir on the Ter
tiary Fossils of Florida, in course of publication by the Wagner
Institute of Science, it was found that both the nomenclature
and the classification were in a state of deplorable confusion.
While the details are reserved for that memoir, it was thought
that a synopsis of the arrangement adopted might be of use to
the students of the group, and it is herewith presented.
Family Cyrenidtt.
Genus Miodontopsia Ball (nov.). Type Cyrena media Sowerby. Juras
sic. This is Miodon Sandberger, 1870, not Carpenter, 1865.
Genus Loxoptychodon Sandberger, 1872. Type Cyrena intermedia De-
shayes. Lower Eocene, France.
Genus Plesiastarte Fisher, 1887. Type P. crenulata Deshayes (as
Cyrena). Lower Eocene, France.
This is Anomala Cossmann, 1886, not Hubner, 1816.
Genus Ditypodon Sandberger, 1872. Type Cyrena suessii C. Mayer.
Lower Pliocene of Italy.
?Genus Donacopsis Sandberger, 1872. Type Cyrena acutangularis De-
S-PROC. BIOL. Soo. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (6)
6 Dall Revision of Cyrenacea.
shayes. Eocene of France. I suspect this to be merely a subdivision
of Cyrena.
Genus Cyrena Lamarck, 1818. Type Cyrena bengalemis Lamarck.
Recent. India.
Section Polymesoda Rafmesque, 1820. Type Cyclas caroliniana Bosc.
Recent. South Carolina. Cyprinella and Dioclus Gabb, and Leptosiphon
Fischer are synonymous.
Section Pseudocyrena Bourguignat, 1854. Type Cyrena maritima
D'Orbigny. Cuba. Anomala Deshayes, not Hiibner, Egeta H. and A.
Adams, and Cyrenocapsa Fisher are synonymous.
Section Geloina Gray, 1844. Type Cyrena coaxans Gmelin (C. zeylan-
ica Lamarck). Recent. Ceylon.
Section Egetaria Morch, 1861. Type E. pullastra Morch. West coast
Central America.
Section Isodoma Deshayes, 1858. Type 7. cyprinoides Deshayes.
Eocene of France.
Subgenus Leptesthes Meek, 1872. Type Corbicula fracta Meek.
Eocene of Nebraska
Genus Corbicula Megerle, 1811. Type TelUna jluminalis Miiller.
India.
Section Veloritina Meek, 1871. Type Corbicula durkeei Meek. Cre
taceous of Wyoming.
Section Corbiculina Dall (nov.). Type Corbicula angasi Prime. Aus
tralia. Smaller and more delicate than Corbicula s. s. and viviparous.
Section Tellinocyclas Dall ^nov.). Type Cyrena tellinella Deshayes
Parisian Eocene. Small, heavy, elongate and acute, with short distant
lateral teeth.
Section Cyrenodonax Dall (nov.). Type C. formosana Dall. Recent.
Formosa. Like Donacopsis but inflated, without radial sulcation and
having an entire pallial line.
Subgenus Cyanocyclas Ferussac, 1818 (restricted). Type Corbicula
limosa Maton. South America.
Genus Vittorita Gray, 1833. Type V. cyprinoides Wood. Indo China
and Japan. The name was spelled Velorita by Gray in 1842.
Genus Batissa Gray, 1853. Type B. tenebrosa Hinds. Australia.
Genus Egeria Roissy, 1805. Type Venus paradoxa Born. Rivers of
West Africa. Galatea Bruguiere, Trigona Schumacher not Jurine,
PotamopJiila Sowerby, Oalateola Fleming, and Megadexma Bowdich are
synonymous.
Section Egeria s. s. Type E. paradoxa Born.
Section Profischeria Dall (nov.). Type Fischeria Delesserti Bernardi.
West Africa. This is Fischeria Bernardi, 1860, not Robineau Desvoidy
1830.
Doll Revision of Cyrenacea.
Family Sphriid.
Genus Spharium Scopoli, 1777. Type Tellina cornea Linne". North
Europe. Cyclas Lamarck not Link, Cornea Megerle, Amesoda Rafin-
esque, Cycladites Kruger, Puum Bourguignat not Megerle, and Corneola
Clessin, not Held, are synonymous.
Subgenus Sphasrrium s. s. Type 8. corneum Linne".
Section Cyrenastrum Bourguignat, 1854. Type 8. solidum Normand.
France.
Section Sphceriastrum Bourguignat, 1854. Type 8. rimcola Leach.
England.
Subgenus Musculium Link, 1807. Type Tellina lacustru Muller.
Denmark. Catyculina Clessin is synonymous.
Subgenus Eupera Bourguignat, 1854. Type Pisidium moquinianum
Bourg. Brazil. Limosina Clessin is synonymous.
Genus Corneocyclas Ferussac, 1818, (restricted). Type Tellina puilla
Gmelin. Germany.
Subgenus Corneocyclas.
Section Corneocylas s. s. Type C. pusilla Gmelin.
Section Phymesoda Rafinesque, 1820. Type Tellina virginica Gmelin.
Virginia.
Section Pisidium C. Pfeiffer, 1821. Type Tellina amnica Muller.
Denmark.
Section Cyclocalyx Dall (nov.). Type Pmdium schoUzii Clessin. Ger
many. The umbones high and constricted below the nepionic shell,
otherwise like Corneocyclas s. s.
Subgenus Cymatocyclas Dall (nov. ). Type Pisidium compressum Prime.
Cambridge, Mass. Nepionic valves flat, transversely undulated, sharply
marked off from the rest, of the disk, otherwise as in Corneocyclas,
Subgenus Tropidocyclas Dall (nov.). Type Pisidium henslowianum
Sheppard. England. Nepionic valves with an oblique, elevated, radial
keel and distinctly delimited from the rest of the disk. Fossarina Cles
sin, 1873, not Adams, 1863, is synonymous.
Notes.
Pera Leach and Euglesa Leach, 1852, are synonymous with Corneo
cyclas s. s. Oalileja Costa; EugUsia Leach, 1840; Pimm Gray, 1847, not
Megerle, 1811; Cordula Leach; Fluminina Clessin; Cycladina Clessin;
and Ritulina Clessin; are not separable from Pisidium s. s., if judged by
their types; most of them are based on perfectly worthless characters.
The specific determinations of Westerlund in the 'Fauna der Palsearcti-
8 Dall Revision of Cyrenacea.
schen Region' have been accepted in determining the synonymy of the
types.
It may be of interest to state here that the group Cyclas, a name ap
plied by Bruguiere, in 1798, to a heterogeneous assembly, and afterward
used by Lamarck for species of the prior genus Spharium, was first
properly divided by Link in 1807, who segregated Musculium and took
the largest and first species of Bruguiere as a type for the genus Cyclas.
This was the Venus islandica of Linne*, to which, subsequently, the
names of Cyprina Lamarck, 1812; Arctica Schumacher, 1817, not Moeh-
ring, 1758; and Cypriniadea Rovereto, 1900, were applied. These be
come synonyms of Cyclas (Bruguiere) Link, whose only species and type
is Venus islandica L.
VOL. XVI, PP. 9-10 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THK
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW COCKLEBUR FROM NEW MEXICO.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
My work on the plants of the region about Las Vegas has
brought to light the interesting form of Xanthium commune
Britton, described below. The first specimens collected were
referred to Prof. E. O. Wooton, who was then working at Col
umbia University. He found that nothing of the kind was
represented in the Columbia herbarium and concluded that the
species was new. Upon his return to New Mexico I urged him
to publish it, but he delayed, and after a couple of years we
both became doubtful of the validity of the species, observing
that nothing but the burs would separate it from X. commune
(then called by us X. canadense). Later our doubts were con
firmed when I found at Las Vegas a pair of burs, one of each
kind, growing on the same twig. This specimen is now in the
herbarium of the Agricultural College at Mesilla Park. Among
hundreds of plants since observed, I have not seen another like
it, nor have I seen a plant which could not at once be referred
to one or the other form.
Xanthium commune wootoni, sp. nov.
Similar in all respects to X. commune Britton, but the burs more slen
der (greatest transverse diameter about 6 mm., beaks and prickles about
4~paoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1803. (9)
10 Cockerell New CocMebur from New Mexico.
5| mm.), and the prickles much less numerous (about 25 to the bur) and
mostly stouter basally. Collected by the writer at Espanola, N. M. and
Las ,.Yegas, N. M. It occurs abundantly, always growing with X.
commune.
Specimens of -X". c. wootoni have been sent to Prof. E. L. Green and to
Dr. P. A. Rydberg. The former said it was unknown to him, the latter
considered it a new species.
It is, in fact, a species in the De Vriesian sense, of more than ordinary
interest.
Las Vegas specimens sent to the U. S. National Herbarium may be
regarded as the types (No. 404186). Other specimens showing leaves
and flowers as well as burs, are in the Herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden and the Herbarium of the New Mexico Agricultural
College.
VOL. XVI, PP. n-12 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW NAME FOR THE HAWAIIAN BIRD GENUS
OREOMYZA.
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
In 1887 I established the genus Oreomyza for a Hawaiian
bird then described for the first time, viz. Oreomyza bairdi.
It now appears that in the same year Pokorny gave the identi
cal name to a genus of Tipulid insects. Fortunately it is pos
sible to settle beyond a doubt the question which of the two
has priority, since Pokorny's name was published on February
28 and mine not until July 2, thus:
Oreomyza Pokorny, Wiener Entomol. Zeitung, 1887, Feb.
28, p. 50.
Oreomyza Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, July 2,
p. 98.
The latter, therefore, must give way, and in order to cause
as little change as possible I propose to substitute the word
Oreomystis
for the bird genus. The following species are now included
in this genus:
1. Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger (type).
2. Oreomystis mana (Wilson).
3. Oreomystis perkinsi (Rothschild).
4. Oreomystis flammea (Wilson).
5. Oreomystis newtoni (Rothschild).
6. Oreomystis maculata (Cabanis).
7. Oreomystis montana (Wilson).
5 PBOC. BIOL. Soo. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (11)
VOL. XVI, PP. 13-14 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW QUAIL-DOVE FROM THE
WEST INDIES.
BY J. H. RILEY.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
While examining some doves labeled Geotrygon mystacea I
was struck by the variations exhibited by specimens from the
different parts of its range. My material has not been sufficient
to work these out satisfactorily, but the following species is so
very distinct that I take this opportunity of describing it.
My thanks are due to Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American
Museum of Natural History, Mr. Charles B. Cory, of the Field
Columbian Museum, and to Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, for the loan of specimens.
Geotrygon sabre, sp. nov.
Type. Adult female, No. 80,982, U. S. National Museum, Saba Island,
W. I., collected by F. A. Ober.
Characters. Differs from Geotrygon mystacea in being darker above,
in having the breast light hazel passing into vinaceous-rufous (vinaceous-
cinnamon in mystacea}, the belly cinnamon-rufous, the lining of the
wings darker, and the tail darker and more strongly edged with a darker
shade of brown.
Measurements. Wing, 170; tail, 89; exposed culmen, 21 mm.
6 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (13)
]4 Riley New Quail- Dove from the West Indies.
Remarks. Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, 1873, 164) gives the
type of Temminck's Columba mystacea as coming from the Island of
Hayti. I know of no recent record of the bird from that island. Tem
minck's plate represents a bird without the dark rictal stripe and with
lighter underparts than any specimen I have been able to examine.
The U. S. National Museum possesses a specimen from Culebra Island
(reported from here for the first time) that comes nearer the plate of
mystacea than any other specimen in the series before me. I take it to
represent true mystacea and have compared the Saba bird with it. The
type of sabce, though a female, is so very different from any of the other
specimens before me that I am unable to explain these differences on
account of sex. The dark color of the breast serves to distinguish it at
a glance from mystacea.
VOL. XVI, PP. 15-16 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW CLIFF SWALLOW FROM TEXAS.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
Mr. Ridgway has called my attention to certain differences
characterizing the cliff swallow of southwestern Texas, which
differences seem to warrant its subspecific separation. It may
therefore be known as
Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina, subsp. nov.
Chars, subsp. Similar to Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, but decid
edly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead of cream color.
Description. Type, adult male, No. 168,271, U. S. N. M., Biological
Survey Collection; Langtry, Texas, April 26, 1901; H. C. Oberholser.
Upper surface dark steel green, the forehead ochraceous, the rump
rufous, the hind neck with a narrow collar of light brownish gray,
succeeded anteriorly by an imperfect one of chestnut; wings and tail
fuscous, with a greenish gloss, the innermost secondaries (tertials) and
primary coverts with margins of pale grayish; chin, cheeks, and auricu-
lars, continuous with the collar, chestnut; center of throat steel green;
breast, and sides of throat and neck behind the chestnut, dull light
brownish, the first with a strong ochraceous tinge; remainder of ventral
surface white, with the sides and lower tail-coverts pale fuscous, the
anal region ochraceous.
Length of wing (type), 104 mm. ; tail, 45 mm. ; exposed culmen, 7 mm. ;
tarsus, 11.5 mm.
Although seemingly most like true P. lunifrons, the bird above de
scribed is intermediate between lunifrons and melanogastra, approaching
7 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1803. (16)
16
Oberholser A New Cliff Swallow from Texas.
in size very close to the latter. In respect to the color of the forehead,
as well, its aberration from lunifrons is in the direction of melanogastra,
with which also it may be found to intergrade. After due allowance
has been made for individual variation which, however, does not exist
to an unusual degree, the characters exhibited by this new race seem to
be very constant, at least in the considerable series available for exam
ination.
Apparently all the breeding cliff swallows of southwestern Texas
ought to be referred to tachina, the range of which extends thence into
eastern Mexico as far at least as Vera Cruz.
The following average measurements of the three forms of Petrocheli-
don here concerned have been kindly furnished by Mr. Ridgway. They
relate to males, and are in millimeters.
No. of
Speci
mens
Name
Wing
Tail
Exposed
Culmen
Tarsus
Middle
Toe
17
Petrochelidon
7
lunifrons lunifrom
Petrochelidon
108.6
49.4
7.2
12.6
12.2
lunifrons tachina
102.1
45.3
7.6
12.1
12.1
8
Petrochelidon
melanogastra
103.
46.4
6.8
12.
11.
VOL. XVI, PP. 17-18 FEBRUARY 21, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VIREO.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
The vireos of the bellii type from southwestern Texas, though
in certain respects intermediate between Vireo bellii bellii and
Vireo bellii pusillus seem to be sufficiently distinct from either
to require a name. In view of this they may be called
Vireo bellii medius, subsp. nov.
Chars, subsp. Similar to Vireo bellii bellii, but paler, more grayish
above; paler and much less extensively yellow below.
Geographical distribution. Southwestern Texas, and immediately ad
jacent portion of Mexico.
Description. Type, adult male, No. 168275, U. S. N. M., Biological Sur
vey Collection; Boquillas, Texas, May 24, 1901; H. C. Oberholser. Head
and nape brownish gray; back and scapulars dull grayish olive green, the
rump rather brighter; wings and tail fuscous, margined exteriorly with
olive, the former crossed by two distinct dull white bars; lores grayish
white; sides of head and neck pale brownish gray; underparts white,
washed with yellowish across the breast; flanks and sides of body pale
olive yellow; under tail-coverts yellowish.
The differences between this race and true bettii are most evident in
the much more grayish head, the decidedly darker back, and in the
restriction of the yellow of the flanks and sides the middle of abdomen
and breast being almost pure white. In size there appears to be no
material difference. From Vireo bellii pusillus it may be distinguished
by its darker, less uniform upper surface, the back being distinctly olive
8 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. iyi)
1 8 Oberholser Description of a JVew Vireo.
green in contrast to the head and nape; the much more yellowish flanks
and sides; the rather less purely white under surface; and the decidedly
shorter tail.
Specimens to the westward in the range of Vireo bellii medius indicate
intergradation with pusillus, and taken in connection with hardly typi
cal examples of the latter from extreme western Texas, show pretty con
clusively that to pusillus there belongs a trimomial name.
Average millimeter measurements of five specimens of each of these
three forms are as follows:
Vireo bellii bellii (Kansas and Illinois): wing, 55.6; tail, 45.8; exposed
culmen, 10; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 9.8.
Vireo bellii medius (Texas): wing, 54.1; tail, 46.3; exposed culmen, 9.7;
tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 9.4.
Vireo bellii pusillus (California): wing, 54.6; tail, 49.6; exposed culmen,
9.3; tarsus, 18.9; middle toe, 9.9.
VOL. XVI, PP. 19-24 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
: ' ../
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
PSILOSTROPHE, A NEGLECTED GENUS OF
SOUTHWESTERN PLANTS.
BY AVEN NELSON.
The collections of Mr. Leslie N. Goodding, a student in the
University of Wyoming, made in southern Utah and Nevada
in the spring of 1902, are bringing to light some exceedingly
interesting xerophytic plants. Among these is a shrubby
Psilostrophe (Riddellici), the study of which led to an inves
tigation of the whole genus.
The species f ormerly recognized are only three and one vari
ety, and in spite of the remarkably heterogeneous mass of
material found in the genus, the three names have been made
to do duty for all that have been collected. The material found
in the Rocky Mountain herbarium seemed to indicate some
novelties, but to confirm these, Dr. J. N. Rose, Assistant
Curator, U. S. National Herbarium, made it possible for me
to examine the much larger series of specimens in that collec
tion. For this favor I wish here to express my hearty thanks.
9 Paoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903.
~
MAR JQJ?)
20 Nelson The Genus Psilostrophe.
Key to the species of Psilostrophe.
Pubescence of the stem white and densely pannose. - 1. P. Cooperi.
Pubescence of the stem villous or loosely floccose-lanate.
Akenes and pappus arachnoid-villous. - - 2. P. gnaphalodes.
Akenes and pappus glabrous.
Pappus scales lanceolate, acute.
Floral structures ceriferous; rays small.
Moderately lanate; perennial - 3. P. cerifera.
Inordinately lanate; biennial - 3a. P. cerifera biennis.
Floral structures free from wax; rays large.
Fastigiately branched - 4. P. tagetina.
Simple stemmed - 4a. P. tagetina lanata.
Pappus scales oval, obtuse, denticulate. - 5. P. pumila.
Pubescence of stem scanty, softly hirsute. - - 6. P. sparsiflora.
I. Psilostrophe Cooperi (Gray) Greene.
Biddellia Cooperi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:358. 1868.
PsilostropJie Cooperi (Gray) Greene, Pitt. 2:176. 1891.
This species needs further study. The series of specimens examined
shows much variation and yet not one that tallies closely with the origi
nal description. I rather suspect, however, that the original specimens
by Cooper were undersized and not typical of the species as now repre
sented; that the description should be expanded to take in more truly
shrubby forms, with leaves 4-7 cm. long, larger rays often 5 in number
and with more numerous disk corollas (12-20). The pappus seems often
to be of nearly entire lanceolate scales and the peduncles are far from
filiform. Such amplified characters would take in all of the following,
though the description as drawn by Dr. Gray excludes at least the first
half of the series that follows:
L. N. Goodding, No. 752, Bunkervill, Nevada, 1902; M. E. Jones, No.
3891, Yucca, Arizona, 1884; Dr. Smart, No. 278, Arizona, 1867; J. W.
Tourney, No. 6396, Tucson, Arizona, 1892; W. F. Parish, Lowell, Ari
zona, 1884; Coville and Funston, No. 292, Pahrump Valley, Nevada,
1891; Dr. Palmer, No. 246, S. Utah, 1887; T. S. Brandegee, Arizona,
1892; Lt. Wheeler, Nevada, 1872; Dr. Palmer, Arizona, 1869; J. W.
Tourney, No. 639c, Castle Creek, 'Arizona, 1892; C. A. Purpus, No. 6125,
Pahrump Valley, Nevada, 1898; Dr. Vasey, Tucson, Arizona, 1886.
2. Psilostrophe gnaphalodes DC.
Psttostrophe gnaphalodes DC. Prod. 7:261.1838.
Biddellia arachnoidea Gray, PI. Fendl. 94. 1849.
This specif s is fairly uniform, though species so ticketed in the herb-
The Genus Psilostrophe. 21
aria are often something else. As observed by Dr. Gray, the foliage is
not essentially different from P. tagetina. One might suspect that some
distributors believe the specific name refers to the pubescence of the
leaves. It seems to be confined to Texas and adjacent Mexico.
Chas. Wright, No. 380, Western Texas, 1849; C. G. Pringle, No. 9040,
Jaral, Mexico, 1900; F. S. and E. S. Earle, No. 446, Devil River, Texas,
1900; Mex. Bound. Surv., No. 628; L. H. Dewey, College Station, Texas,
1891; V. Havard, No. 45, Stockton, Texas, 1881; M. E. Jones, No. 3718,
El Paso, Texas, 1884.
3. Psilostrophe cerifera, n. sp.*
Stems few to several from the enlarged crown of a ligneous taproot,
or more rarely the crown raised on a short simple caudex; the stems
simple or sparingly branched, 1-2 dm. long, floccose-tomentose; leaves
lightly lanate, entire, lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse or acute at apex, the
tapering base scarcely petioled; inflorescence corymbose, the rather
small heads congested on the tips of the branches of the corymb; bracts
of the narrow involucre broadly linear, in one series, rigid and closely
connivent, the waxy or resinous particles with which they are sprinkled
obscured by the lanate pubescence but extending to all parts of the
flowers, the akenes, and even to the leaves of the plant; rays usually 3,
the ligule 3-4 mm. long and nearly twice as broad, its slender tube
equalling the ligule and almost equalled by the linear pappus-scales;
disk flowers 10 or fewer, slightly articulately enlarged at the summit of
the tube proper; akenes glabrous, not striate, somewhat 4-angled; pap
pus linear, nearly as long as the disk corollas.
The type is Mr. M. A. Carleton's No. 201 (in Ry. Mt. Herb.), from the
Cheyenne Country, Indian Territory, June 1891; distributed by the U.
S. National Herbarium. Wholly typical are Mr. Paul J. White's speci
mens, Woods County, Oklahoma, June 29, 1900. Mr. Hitchcock's No.
741, from the Gypsum hills of Barker County, Kansas, is undoubtedly
the same, though, on account of age, the leaves are largely wanting. A
specimen by Prof. Kellerman, from Kansas, 1888, is more floccose woolly
and has the appearance of being merely biennial, and this may be true
of Mr. Hitchcock's specimens (the number cited) also.
A very abnormal form is found in Mr. B. B. Smyth's specimens,- No,
140, from Crooked Creek, Meade County, Kansas, which tends to con
firm the suspicion that in more northern localities this species is alto
gether biennial. These may be designated:
3a. Psilostrophe cerifera biennis, n var.
Larger than the species, mostly single-stemmed from the crown, often
freely and intricately branched above, densely and permanently floccose
*A paratype of Psilostrophe cerifera A. Nelson is in the National Herb-
rium under the herbarium number 26,577.
22 Nelson The Genus Psilostrophe.
throughout; crown leaves and lower stem leaves wanting at the time of
flowering.
Type of the variety, as cited above, in the National Herbarium (No.
26,577).
4. Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene.
RiddeUia tagetina Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 7:361. 1841. Gray,
Syn. Fl., 317, probably in part only.
Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Pitt., 2:176. 1891.
Even after segregating the species indicated as new in this paper the
specimens at hand show considerable variation and may still be an
aggregate, but to the writer the difference seems to be vegetative and
not congenital. Judging by the specimens the center of distribution is
New Mexico.
Specimens examined. New Mexico: E. O. Wooton, 1894; id, No. 6,
1897; F. 8. and E. S. Earle, No. 374, 1900; A. A. and E. G. Heller, No.
3739, 1897; J. G. Smith, No. 25, 1897; G. R. Vasey, 1881; A. Fendler,
No. 461, 1847; J. T. Rothrock, No. 463, 1874. Arizona: Walter Hough,
No. 115, 1896; Comanche Plains, J. M. Bigelow, 1853.
Somewhat aberrant and mostly distributed as Riddellia arachnoidea,
are the following from Texas: L. H. Dewey, 1891; G. W. Letterman,
No. 25, 1882; Newberry, 1859; Mex. Bound. Surv., No. 628.
Still more aberrant and probably worthy of a varietal name are some
other Texan specimens which may be called:
4a. Psilostrophe tagetina lanata, n. var.*
Larger than the species, simple-stemmed or divaricately branched,
long-lanate, floccose-woolly at the crown; leaves simple or pinnatifid and
some of the stem leaves (often nearly all of them) sometimes deeply pin-
nately lobed; the lobes oblong-linear, entire or toothed; rays usually
larger than in the species.
Specimens examined. Texas: G. R. Vasey, 1881 (type); Mex. Bound.
Surrey, No. 629 (paratype); W. L. Bray, No. 416, 1899; (?) J. Reverchon,
1879. Type and paratype in National Herbarium.
5. Psilostrophe pumila (Jones) n. comb.
RiddelKa tagetina pumila, Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2) 5:700, 1895.
Psilostrophe Bakeri Greene, PI. Baker. 3:29. 1901.
This perfectly valid species is certainly the handsomest one in the
genus. That Mr. Jones' variety is the same as Dr. Greene's species
*The type and paratype of Psilostrope tagetina lanata A. Nelson are in
the National Herbarium under the herbarium numbers, respectively, of
156,585 and 26,581.
Nelson T7te Genus Psilostrophe. 23
admits of no question. The following series of specimens, some distrib
uted as one and some as the other, are remarkably homogeneous, as
might be expected, since most of them are from type locality, which is
the same for both. A fine example of this by Mr. Osterhout shows that
the species under favorable conditions is not unusually low.
Specimens examined. Grand Junction, Colorado, M. E. Jones, 5474
(type), June, 1894; id. May, 1895; C. F. Baker, No. 106; S. G. Stokes,
1900; D. A. Saunders, No. 405, 1893; C. F. Baker, No. 14, Montrose;
J. H. Cowen, No. 276, Hotchkiss; G. E. Osterhout, Rifle, Colorado.
6. Psilostrophe sparsiflora (Gray) n. comb.
Riddellia tagetina sparsiflora Gray, Syn. PI. 1:318. 1886.
Stems 1-3 dm. high, singly from the several crowns of the woody root,
noticeably striate, green but with a sparse hirsute pubescence which
extends to the leaves; leaves alternate, linear, often narrowly so, rarely
with one or two lateral teeth, 3-5 cm. long; the lower usually subspatu-
la'te and decurrent upon the long slender petiole; heads corymbose on
the slender pedunculate uppermost branchlets; ray flowers 3, the ligule
7-8 mm. long and noticeably broader, sprinkled with minute resin or
wax particles, the tube very short and only partially closed, the style
protruding from the fissure; disk flowers 10 or fewer, tubular, fully
twice as long as the unequal, acute or more or less lacerate-tipped pap
pus paleae; akenes angled, not perceptibly striate.
This seems to be a singularly good species. I take as probably typical,
of the plant that Dr. Gray so named as a variety, the form that occurs
in Utah. That is truly with few heads. The Arizonan form is more
freely flowered and with more numerous and more fascicled stems, but
in all essentials they are the same. The green almost glabrous aspect,
the regular alternation of the slender axillary branches and the almost
umbellately-clustered slender-peduncled heads are characters quite
peculiar to this species.
Specimens examined. Utah: M. E. Jones, No. 5296, Pahria Canyon,
1894; Dr. Palmer, No. 246-J, Southern Utah, 1877. Arizona: J. B. Lei-
berg, No. 5624, 1891; L. F. Ward, 1891; D. T. MacDougal, No. 229, 1898;
H. H. Rusby, 1883; F. H. Knowlton, Nos. 182 and 272, 1889; M. E. Jones,
Nos. 4038 and 6050a, 1884 and 1894; J. W. Tourney, No. 638, 1892.
I place here somewhat doubtfully Mr. Jones's No. 5291i, Pahria, Utah,
1894.
VOL. XVI, PP. 25-28 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SPERMOPHILES FROM ALASKA.
BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.
In the light of recently secured material two forms of the
well-known Alaska ground squirrels or spermophiles appear
to be undescribed. Specimens of both forms have been in the
National Museum for some years, but the lack of material from
Hudson Bay and other important localities has heretofore
made it difficult to determine their relationships. For the
opportunity of describing these new forms and for the freedom
of the Biological Survey and National Museum collections I am
indebted to C. Hart Merriam and Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.
Ci tell us* plesius ablusus, subsp. nov.
Type from Nushagak, Alaska. No. 119,815, United States National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection, $ ad., September 16, 1902. W.
H. Osgood and A. G. Maddren. Original No. 2043.
Characters. Similar to C. plesius\ but larger; adult in fall with the
hairs of the tail with at least two and often more annulations of black;
skull larger and heavier than that of plesius and slightly different in de
tailed characters; somewhat similar to C. parryi and C. barrowensis but
*For use of the name Citettus instead of SpermopMus Cf. Allen, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XVI, pp. 375-376, 1902.
f Specimens now available indicate that C. plesius is entirely distinct
from C. parryi and the several long-tailed forms related to it.
10 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (35)
26 Osgood Two New Spermophiles from Alaska.
tail much shorter; somewhat similar to C. kodiacensis but molar teeth
actually and relatively larger; color less mixed with dusky.
Color. Type (fall moult nearly complete): Sides of head, neck, and
to a great extent, shoulders and nape, pale gray darkened in places by a
blackish slate undercolor; eye-ring and subauricular spot pure white;
forehead and crown burnt umber; middle of back and rump vandyke
brown spotted with distinct quadrate grayish white spots from one-fourth
to one-half an inch apart; underparts dull grayish white overlaying
blackish slate except on middle of belly, where vestiges of an earlier
pelage show creamy buff; under side of tail dark tawny medially, lateral
hairs of new pelage with three to four black or dusky annulations each
and a broad grayish white tip, hairs of pencil with one or two narrower
dusky annulations and a broader black subterminal section about 27
mm. in width; tip of tail grayish white; feet creamy white.
Skutt. Similar to that of C. plesius but larger and heavier; nasals
longer, relatively narrower, and more constricted posteriorly; molar
teeth actually about as in plesius, therefore relatively small; molar
teeth much smaller than in barrowensis but larger than in kodiacensis.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 394; tail vertebrae, 103; hind foot,
60. Average of seven adult males from the type locality: Total length,
374 (359-394); tail vertebras, 102 (95-108); hind foot, 59 (56-61). Skull of
type: Basilar length of Hensel, 49; occipito-nasal length, 57.5; zygomatic
breadth, 38; length of nasals, 21; alveolar length of molar series, 13.3.
Remarks. Spermophiles from the naturalized colony at Unalaska and
from points on the Alaska Peninsula have in late years been tentatively
referred to SpermopJiilus empetra, representing the form which will now
be known as Citellus parryi, as in the absence of specimens from other
localities this was the only safe course. The colony at Unalaska was
stocked some years ago by Mr. Samuel Applegate, a Signal Service ob
server, who took the live squirrels from Nushagak, then called Fort
Alexander, and liberated them at Unalaska. During the past year I
secured good series of Spermophiles from Nushagak and the region of
the base of the Alaska Peninsula. /These of course agree with others
from Unalaska and are easily separable from plesius aud kodiacensis, the
only forms with which they need close comparison.
Citellus nebulicola, sp. nov.
Type from Nagai Island, Shumagin Ids., Alaska. No. 59, 145 United
States National Museum, 9 ad., June 24, 1893. C. H. Townsend.
Characters. Similar to Citellus kodiacensis but smaller, shorter-tailed
and apparently paler colored; skull small and light with relatively nar
row braincase and basioccipital.
Color. Similar in general to that of C. kodiacensis but paler, the black
and black-tipped hairs being much less numerous and the dusky about
the nape and sides of head being much reduced; tail also with less
black than in kodiacensis. No. 16,424, yg. $ , buff phase: Underparts
Os good Tico New Spermophiles from Alaska. 27
chiefly ochraceous, including chest, belly, forelegs, sides of face and
neck; under side of tail tawny margined with buff and submargined
with black for its distal half; forehead and crown mars brown; back
nape, rump, etc. uniformly and closely spotted with creamy white
quadrate spots on a ground of mixed black and russet.
Skull. Similar to that of C. kodiacensis but smaller and lighter; molar
teeth actually about as in kodiacensis, decidedly smaller than in ablusus;
nasals rather narrow and elevated along the median suture as in kodia
censis; basioccipital much narrower; audital bullae higher and fuller;
braincase narrower.
Measurements. Type (dry skin): Total length, 340; tail vertebrae, 82;
hind foot, 53. Skull of type: Basilar length of Hensel, 42; occipito-nasal
length, 49; zygomatic breadth, 32; length of nasals, 18; alveolar length of
molar series, 12.
Remarks. The small series of five specimens of C. nebulicola which I
have seen contains but one skin in good pelage and this is unaccompanied
by a skull. The others, including the type, are rather worn and unsat
isfactory for comparison but are paler than kodiacensis in similar worn
condition. The one skin showing fresh pelage is in a very ochraceous
phase and shows much less mixture of blackish than kodiacensis in the
same phase or stage of pelage. It is probable then that nebulicola
will prove to be well characterized as far as color is concerned, at
least in contrast with kodiacensis. The northern spermophiles of this
group may be subdivided into two groups, one containing the large long-
tailed forms with heavier teeth-^parryi, barrowensis, and osgoodi and
another containing the smaller shorter-tailed forms with lighter teeth
plesius, ablusus, kodiacensis, and nebulicola. In the second group kodia
censis and nebulicola fall together on account of their smaller molar
teeth as contrasted with plesius and ablusus. According to reports which
I received from natives at Kodiak, the spermophiles were first brought
there some years ago from North Semidi Island which lies a short dis
tance west of Kodiak and between Kodiak and the Shumagin Islands.
The relationship shown between C. kodiacensis and G. nebulicola is thus
quite in accordance with their geographic positions.
VOL. XVI, PP. 29-30 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO.
BY AVEN NELSON.
Mr. and Mrs. Cockerell in their many collecting trips within
the confines of New Mexico secure numerous specimens of great
interest because of their limited representation in the herbaria
or because of the fuller knowledge gained of the limits and
variation of the species. As might be expected, in so large
and even yet imperfectly understood a field as New Mexico,
novelties are secured from time to time. The collectors have
permitted the writer to study many of their numbers. Two of
these are now proposed as new species.
Nyctaginia Cockerellae, n. sp.
Perennial, decumbent-spreading, with assurgent branches, 3-5 dm.
high; stems and branches somewhat furrowed or angular, rough glandu
lar-pubescent especially upward; leaves triangular-hastate, 4-9 cm.
long, somewhat fleshy, rough-pubescent or glabrate, mostly acute at
apex, the margin irregular, abruptly contracted to the rather stout peti
ole which is about half the length of the blade; involucre 8-12 flowered;
its bracts linear-lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; calyx about 28 mm. long,
trumpet-shaped; its long slender tube pale-green, clammy glandular-
hairy; its limb of 6 short plicate emarginate crimson-scarlet lobes; sta
mens usually 6 (rarely 8), exserted some 12-13 mm. ; the slender fila
ments united with the tube from the throat down; style exceeding the
stamens and like them magenta colored; fruit lightly ribbed.
11 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. <29)
30 Nelson Two New Plants from New Mexico*
A most distinct species, differing from N. capitata Chois. in its larger
and subhastate leaves; in its calyx which has 6 emarginate lobes in
contrast with 5 entire ones; in having 6 or 8 stamens which are united
with the tube, in contrast with 5 nearly free ones; also in color and prob
ably in duration.
The type (No. 59) was collected by Mrs. Wilmatte P. Cockerell (in
whose honor the species is named) near Roswell, New Mexico, August,
1902. Mrs. Cockerell is an industrious student of the New Mexican flora
and has found many interesting forms. It has also been collected near
the same place by F. 8. and Esther S. Earle, in 1900, No. 324. Type in
Rocky Mountain Herbarium.
Cryptanthe dicarpa, n. sp.
Stems few to several from a very slender taproot, 8-15 cm. high,
slender, moderately pubescent with rather long white softly-hispid
widely-spreading hairs; leaves linear or very narrowly oblanceolate,
2-4 cm. long; ipikes at length loosely-flowered; calyx-lobes distinct to
the base, narrowly linear, almost reduced to the distinctly thickened
midrib, the nutlets showing between them, about 3 mm. long in fruit;
corolla white, its tube slightly dilated near the middle where the anthers
are situated; nutlets grayish-white, only two maturing, these dissimilar,
one larger more persistent and scabrous-roughened under a lens, the
other minutely roughened-papillose.
In a general way related to C. crassisepala and its allies but slender-
stemmed and quite distinct in its fruit characters. The type is No. 30,
collected by T. D. A. Cockerell, at Mesilla Park, N. M. (Middle Sonoran
Zone), and is deposited in the Rocky Mountain Herbarium.
VOL. XVI, PP. 31-44 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF ELEVEN NEW MALAYAN
MOUSE DEER.
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
The United States National Museum contains about two hun
dred Malayan mouse deer, most of which have been collected
and presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott.* Two specimens of un-
*See the following papers by the author of the present article:
Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Islands in the South China
Sea. <Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., II, pp. 203-246. August 20, 1900 (T.
rufulus, p. 227).
A new Mouse Deer from Lower Siam. <Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XIII, pp, 185-186, December 21, 1900 (T. canescens, p. 185).
Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Pulo Lankawi and the
Butang Islands. <Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, pp. 187-193. De
cember 21, 1900 (T. umbrinus, p. 191).
Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Natuna Islands.
<Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., Ill, pp. 111-138. March 26, 1901 (T.
bunguranensis, p. 113, T. pallidus, p. 116).
Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the region of the Indragiri
Rivor, Sumatra. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, pp. 143-159.
June 11, 1902 (T. pretiosus, p. 144, T. nigricollu, p. 145).
Two new Malayan Mouse Deer. <Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV,
pp. 173-175. August 6, 1902 (T. ravus, p. 173, T. b&rneanus, p. 174).
Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the coast and islands of
Northwest Sumatra. <Proc. U. S. National Museum, XXVI, pp. 437-484.
February 3, 1903 (T. amcenus, p. 439, T. jugularis, p. 440, T. brevipes,
p. 443, T. russeus, p. 444).
12 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (31)
32 Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer.
usual interest have, however, been recently obtained through
the kindness of Mr. B. S. Rairden, United States Consul at
Batavia, Java. Study of this material as it was received has
already led to the discovery of thirteen new forms. To this
number eleven are now added, none of which appears to have
hitherto been described and named.
Tragulus lutescens, sp. nov.
Type. Adult male (skin and skull) No. 115,507 United States National
Museum. Collected on Pulo Sugi Bawa, Rhio Archipelago, September
2, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Orginal number 2011.
Characters. A member of the napu group somewhat resembling Tra
gulus canescens of the Malay Peninsula, but not as large, and color much
more yellowish; dark nape stripe present but not sharply denned; dark
throat stripes heavily shaded with black.
Color. Type: Back orange-buff, heavily clouded with blackish brown,
but latter color not in excess of former. On sides the orange-buff fades
rather abruptly through straw yellow to cream color, the black clouding
at the same time becoming less noticeable and producing a finer grizzle,
but this region is not distinctly contrasted with the back. Coarse fur of
shoulders, neck, and nape orange-buff, of a tint somewhat lighter and
duller than that of backs, and everywhere mixed with -blackish hairs.
Along median line these are so much in excess as to produce a broad
dark stripe slightly speckled with yellowish and fading without sharp line
of demarkation into color of sides of neck. Elsewhere the black produces
a mere inconspicuous grizzle in the orange-buff. The dark nape stripe
is continued forward between ears and eyes nearly to muzzle. Pale
superciliary stripe well defined, concolor with cheeks and sides of neck.
Over middle of eye it is about 10 mm. in width. Throat pattern normal,
the two dark stripes with only a little more yellow than in nape band. Collar
narrow but distinct, concolor with sides of body, therefore noticeably
lighter than longitudinal dark bands. A clear orange-buff line extends
forward from side of neck at level of front of dark throat stripes nearly
to naked chin area where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. In a
second specimen this line is rather wider than the white throat stripes
and the two unite to form a broad patch extending back 30 mm. from
naked chin area. Chest, belly, and inner surface of legs white, the
chest with a narrow brownish median line, the belly faintly washed
with yellow. In a second specimen this wash is much more extensive
and many of the hairs producing it are tipped with blackish, causing a
distinct clouding. Outer surface of legs like sides but slightly more
yellow, the hind legs brightening to ochraceous above heel. Tail white
beneath and at tip, dull orange-buff above, very slightly grizzled by a
few blackish hair tips.
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. S3
Skull and teeth. The skull and teeth, except for their markedly
smaller size, do not differ appreciably from those of Tragulus canescens
and T. napu.
Measurements, External measurements of type: total length, 563;
head and body, 488; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 131 (117); ear from
meatus, 33; ear from crown, 28. Measurements of an adult female from
the type locality: total length, 600: head and body, 510; tail vertebra?,
90: hind foot, 131 (117); ear from meatus, 34; ear from crown, 30.
Cranial measurements of type: greatest length, 105(110)*; basal length,
96.4 (105); basilar length, 90 (99); occipito-nasal length, 96 (99); length
of nasals, 32 (29); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 10 (12); dias-
tema, 9 (9.6); zygomatic breadth, 44 (49); least interorbital breadth, 26
(30); mandible, 82 (89); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 34,6 (40); maxil
lary premolars (crowns), 17.4 (20); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 39 (46);
mandibular premolars (crowns), 18 (22).
Weight. Type, 2.5 kg.; adult female from type locality, 3 kg,
Specimens examined. Two, both from Pulo Sugi Bawa.
Remarks. This napu is so readily distinguished from all previously
known species by its small size, normal throat pattern and strongly yel
lowish color that it needs no special comparison with any. The two
specimens are closely similar to each other except that the female is, as
usual, the larger. Some trifling variations in color have already been
noted.
Tragulus flavicoHis, sp. nov.
Type. Immaturef female (skin and skull) No. 115,505 United States
National Museum, Collected on Pulo Sugi, Rhio Archipelago, August
24, 1902. by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number 1957.
Characters. Much like Tragulus lutescens but yellower; nape stripe
absent, and dark throat stripes very slightly shaded with black.
Color. The general color is essentially as in Tragulus lutescen*, but
the tawny element is everywhere more distinctly yellow, this most
noticeable on cheeks and neck. On nape the sprinkling of blackish
hairs is as inconspicuous as at sides of neck, so that there is no trace of
a dark median stripe. Throat pattern normal, the dark bands very
slightly more sprinkled with black than sides of neck. Collar very
narrow. The anterior yellowish bands are only about 15 mm. in length,
leaving the entire throat from chin to main throat stripes pure white.
Underparts as in the female specimen of Tragulus lutescens, but with
less blackish clouding.
Skull and teeth. I can detect nothing to distinguish the skull and
teeth from those of Tragulus lutescens.
^Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male Tragulus
canescens from the Endau River, Johore. (No. 112,583.)
fUterus contained a small embryo. Milk premolars still in place,
though much worn.
34 Miller Eleven .New Malayan Mouse Deer.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 600;
head and body, 520; tail vertebrae, 80: hind foot, 132 (117); ear from
meatus, 37; ear from crown, 34. Skull: greatest length, 105; basal
length, 98; zygomatic breadth, 44.
Weight. 3 kg.
Specimens examined. One, the type.
Remarks. In the character of its neck and throat markings Tragulu*
flamcollis agrees with the small, bright T. rufulus of Tioman Island and
represents the opposite extreme from Tragulus annce, in which the en
tire region is clear black. It only remains to discover species with the
white of the throat obliterated by the encroachment of fulvous on the
white bars to complete the possible variations of this pattern.
Tragulus formosus, sp. nov.
Type. Adult male (skin and skull) No. 115,511 United States National
Museum. Collected on Pulo Bintang, Rhio Archipelago, August 19,
1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number 1907.
Characters. A member of the napu group similar in general appear
ance to Tragulus pretiosus of Linga Island, but with dark nape stripe
less defined, fulvous of neck and throat more red, and underparts usu
ally more washed with yellowish. Premolars larger than in T. pretiosus.
Color. Type: Upperparts bright orange-ochraceous darkening to och-
raceous-rufous on neck and outer surface of legs and lightening to orange-
buff on sides of body, the hairs everywhere drab at base and black at
tip. The black tips are most conspicuous over middle of back, where
they produce a heavy dark shading a little in access of the orange-och
raceous. On sides of body they are slightly less noticeable, and on
sides of neck and head and outer surface of legs would readily escape
observation. Crown and median line of neck black, both heavily
sprinkled with ochraceous-rufous, the nape stripe so much so as to form no
striking contrast with surrounding parts. Superciliary stripe distinct,
about 7 mm. wide above eye, concolor with cheeks and sides of neck.
Muzzle and ears blackish. Throat markings normal, the hairs of the
dark bands blackish at base and heavily annulated with bright ochra
ceous-rufous. Collar narrow but distinct, its color intermediate between
that of neck and sides of body. Underparts much like sides, but with
a drab cast, except a pure white area on chest and another on hypogas-
tric region, the former partly divided by a narrow brownish median
line. The posterior white area is continued down inner side of hind
legs, but that on chest is separated from white of inner surface of front
legs by a narrow yellowish drab line. Tail ochraceous-rufous above,
pure white below and at tip.
Skull and teeth. I cannot see that the skull differs from that of
Tragulus pretiosus. The permanent premolars both above and below,
are, however, distinctly larger than in the related animal.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 600;
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. 35
head and body, 530; tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 137(124); ear from
meatus, 39; ear from crown, 36. Average of four adult males from the
type locality: total length, 613(600-631); head and body, 536(530-546);
tail vertebree, 77 (70-85); hind foot, 140 (137-142); hind foot without
hoofs, 125.5 (124-127). Average of three adult females from the type
locality: total length, 654 (620-693); head and body, 566 (535-593); tail
vertebrae, 88 (80-100); hind foot, 141 (137-144); hind foot without hoofs,
126 (122-129).
Cranial measurements of type: greatest length, 106 (108)*; basal
length, 99 (101); basilar length, 94 (95); occipito-nasal length, 97 (99);
length of nasals, 33 (33.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 10.6
(11.6); diastema, 10(11); zygomatic breadth, 47 (49); least interorbital
breadth, 27 (29); mandible, 86.4 (88); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 37
(36); maxillary premolars (crowns), 19 (18); mandibular toothrow
(alveoli), 42 (42); mandibular premolars (crowns), 19 (18.4).
Weight. Type, 3 kg. Average of four adult males, 3.5 (3-3.7). Aver
age of three adult females, 4 (3-4.3).
Specimens examined. Nine, all from Pulo Bintang.
Remarks. Though rather closely related to Tragulus pretiosus the
napu of Bintang is readily distinguishable from that of Linga by its
more intense color, particularly of the throat markings and neck, and by
the larger premolars,
Tragulus f ocalinus, sp, nov.
1777. "Animalculus ex Java acceptus" Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, fasc.
XII, p. 18, footnote under Antilopepygmaa, No name.
1788. Moschus javanicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., XIII ed., I, p. 174. Based
on Pallas. Not Cervus javanicus Osbeck, 1765, or Tragulus javani-
cus of most recent authors.
1858. Tragulus pelandoc Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXVII, p.
277, Not Moschus pelandoc H, Smith, 1827.
1864. Tragulus javanicus A. Milne Edwards, Annales des Sciences Nat-
urelles, 5e se>., Zoologie, II, p. 157. Not Cervus javanicus Osbeck.
1902. Tragulus pelandoc Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila
delphia, pp. 131, 132, June 4, 1902. Not Moschus pelandoc H. Smith,
1827.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) No'. 120,574 United States Na
tional Museum. Collected near Buitenzorg, Java, in October or Novem
ber, 1902. Received from B. S. Rairden, U. S. Consul at Batavia.f
Characters. A member of the kanchil group distinguished from all
* Measurements in parenthesis are those of the type of Tragulus
pretiosus.
t Under date of November 17, 1902, Mr. Rairden writes: " I have had
considerable difficulty in obtaining these animals, and am indebted to
Dr. van Romburgh of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg for assistance."
36 Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer.
others now known by the great width and distinctness of the tawny
superciliary stripes, and by the grizzled gray neck strikingly contrasted
with tawny body and head; no dark nape stripe; throat markings
normal.
Color. Type:. Back raw-sienna, fading laterally through buff to the
cream-buff of sides, the hairs everywhere ecru-drab at base and blackish
at tip. The black tips produce a faint dark median area along back,
but at sides the buff and cream-buff predominate. The grizzle pro
duced by the dark and light colors is everywhere very fine and incon
spicuous. Entire neck coarsely grizzled gray, the individual hairs
black, each with a buffy white band 2-4 mm. in width at tip or just be
low. The gray area begins immediately behind cheeks and ears and
continues to front of shoulder. At each end it passes abruptly into color
of neighboring region. Anteriorly it shows a tendency to darken in the
median line, but not enough to produce a dark nape band. Crown
blackish, the hairs with dull inconspicuous tawny annulations. Cheeks
and superciliary stripe dull orange-buff, a little speckled by dark hair
tips, the superciliary stripe nearly as wide as the median dark area. Throat
markings normal, the transverse bands united in front, and nearly con-
color with neck, though slightly buff tinged. Collar like sides of body,
but more strongly grizzled. Underparts and inner surface of legs pure
white. Outer surface of legs raw-sienna, much brighter and more
tinged with red on thighs. Tail raw-sienna above, pure white below
and at tip. A second specimen from the type locality (immature male,
No. 120,573) is in all respects similar except that the light annulations on
neck are almost pure white, and the median line of chest and belly is
washed with orange buff from just behind axillae to level of thighs.
Skull and teeth. The skull closely resembles that of Tragulus kanchil
except that the rostrum is shorter and the audital bullae (in the two
skulls examined) are narrower. Teeth as in Tragulus kanchil.
Measurements. External measurements of type (from well made
skin): total length, 410; head and body, 360; tail vertebrae, 50; hind
foot, 105 (05); ear from meatus, 33; ear from crown, 26. Measurements
of an immature male from the type locality (from well made skin): to
tal length, 410; head and body, 365; tail vertebrae, 45; hind foot, 110
(100); ear from meatus, 30; ear from crown, 25.
Cranial measurements of type: greatest length, 88 (90);* basal length,
81 (82); basilar length, 77(76); occipito-nasal length, 82(82); length of
nasals, 21 (21.6); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 12 (12); dias-
tema, 10 (8.8); aygomatic breadth, 41 (39); least interorbital breadth, 26
(26); mandible, 65(69); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 32.4 (30.2); maxil
lary premolars (crowns), 16.2 (16.8*); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 36
(35); mandibular premolars (crowns), 16 (17f).
Specimens examined. Two, both from the type locality.
* Measurements in parenthesis are those of the immature male already
referred to.
fMilk teeth.
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. 37
Remarks. The gray neck and broad, yellowish superciliary stripe im
mediately distinguish Trag-ulm foeattnus from all other known members
of the genus.
Through the kindness of Mr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of Nat
ural Sciences of Philadelphia, I have before me the Javan specimen
recorded by Stone and Rehn as Tragulus pelandoc. It is an adult male
(permanent dentition in place, but unworn) with colors somewhat faded
from long exposure to light. In color pattern it exactly agrees with the
male of Tragulus focalinus, except that the transverse throat stripes do
not meet in front, a character which is doubtless individual. In size, how
ever, it so much exceeds either of the specimens of T. focalinus (hind
foot, 116; greatest length of skull, 95) as to suggest that it represents a
distinct form.
The specific name pelandoc has been twice applied to a gray-necked
Trayulus, by Blyth in 1858, and by Stone and Rehn in 1902. It was
originally based, however, on the "Pelandok" of Raffles (Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, XIII, p. 263, 1822) an animal which cannot be positively
identified, but which is, so far as Raffles' account* and our present
knowledge are concerned, not different from the Tragulas kanchil of
Sumatra,
Tragulus virgicollis, sp. nov.
Type. Adult male (skin and skull) No. 83,941, United States National
Museum. Collected at altitude of 3000 feet on Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
Borneo, in June, 1895, by Ernest Hose and Charles Hose.
Characters. Largest known member of the kanchil group (hind foot
about 130), General color lighter and more yellow than in Tragulus
kanchil; nape stripe clear black, narrow, and very sharply defined.
Color. Type: General color above buff-yellow, heavily clouded with
black on back, slightly on sides, where the ground color becomes paler.
Cheeks and neck clear orange-buff, the former somewhat bleached and
grizzled. Nape stripe clear black, sharply defined, only about 12 mm.
in width. Crown brownish, faintly grizzled with yellowish. Supercili
ary stripe narrow and obsolete, though faintly visible in certain lights.
Throat pattern normal, the oblique stripes united in front. Both collar
and oblique stripes are essentially concolor with sides of neck, though
the latter are rather heavily clouded with dark brown. Underparts and
inner surface of legs white. Median line with a dull buff-yellow stripe,
narrow and tinged with brownish anteriorly, about 35 mm. wide at mid
dle of belly. Tail dull yellowish brown above, pure white below and
at tip.
tikutt and teeth. The skull is similar to that of Tragulus kanchil ex-
* "The Pelandok is the least of the three [the others are the napu and
the kanchil] in point of height, but has proportionably a larger and
heavier body: it has also a larger eye." The context indicates that this
statement rests on the authority of native accounts of the species.
38 Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer.
cept that it is larger and the rostral portion is more elongate. Teeth
essentially as in the Sumatran animal, Chough the premolars appear to
be less robust.
Measurements. External measurements of type (from well made skin):
total length, 560; head and body, 470; tail vertebrae, 90; hind foot, 31.4
(19); ear from meatus, 35.6; ear from crown, 29.
Cranial measurements of type: greatest length, 98 (92)*; basal length,
90 (86); basilar length, 86 (79); occipito-nasal length, 92 (88); length of
nasals, 30.6 (30); greatest breadth of both nasals together, 13.8(13.4);
diastema, 11 (7); zygomatic breadth, 42 (40); least interorbital breadth,
27 (26); mandible, 75 (70.6); maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 32 (31); max
illary premolars (crowns), 15.4 (16); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 36.4
(36); mandibular premolars (crowns), 16 (16.4).
Specimens examined. Three, the type from Mount Dulit, an adult
male from Kinabatigan River and a female from the neighborhood of
Sandakan.
Remarks. The two specimens from British North Borneo have been
so injured by the action of a preservative fluid that their color cannot
be compared with that of the type. The color pattern is r however, the
same. In general color the Bornean kanchil is not unlike Tragulus
ravus of the Malay Peninsula, but the back is more heavily clouded
relatively to the sides, and the nape stripe is of a very different charac
ter. In Tragulus kanchil the black clouding on both back and sides is
noticeably in excess of the light element in the color, while in the
Bornean animal this is true of the back only and even here to a distinctly
less degree than in the Sumatran form.
Tragulus natunre, sp. nov,
1894. Tragulus javanicus Thomas and Hartert, Novitates Zoologicse,
I, p. 660. September, 1894. Not Cervus javanicus Osbeck.
1895. Tragulus javanicus Thomas and Hartert, Novitates Zoologies^
II, p. 492. December, 1895. Part, included T. paUidus.
1901. Tragulus javanicus Miller, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., Ill, p.
115, March 26, 1901.
Type. Adult female (s-kin and skull), No. 104,614 United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Bunguran Island, North Natunas, July 9,
1900, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 555.
Characters. In general similar to Tragulus kanchil T but smaller (hind
foot of females 112-118 mm.) and more yellow.
Color. The color pattern in all its details exactly resembles that of
Tragulus. kancJiil but the ground color of upperparts is bright tawny-
ochraceous instead of yellowish buff, and the black clouding is not in
excess of the ground color. Nape band, broad and conspicuous, slightly
* Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male Tragulu
kanchil from Tapanuli Bay, Sumatra (No. 114,426).
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. 39
speckled by the yellowish annulations of some of the hairs, its lateral
boundaries not very sharply defined. Crown dull brown, distinctly not
as dark as in T. kanchil, and with most of the hairs noticeably annulated.
Throat markings normal, the transverse dark bands united anteriorly.
Both transverse bands and collar are ochraceous, but the former are
distinctly clouded with a darker brown, much less so, however, than in
Tragulus kanchil. Underparts with the usual yellowish markings;
these not as dark as in T. kanchil and showing more of a tendency to
spread laterally.
Skutt and teeth. The skull closely resembles that of Tragulus mrgi-
collis, having a more elongate rostrum than in T. kanchil. This is par
ticularly noticeable when the skulls are viewed from the side. The teeth
do not, apparently, differ from those of the related species, but in the
single male skull the premolars, both above and below, are remarkably
heavy, and the first maxilliary tooth is strongly imbricated over the
second.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 523;
head and body, 460; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 118 (106); ear from
meatus, 31 ; ear from crown, 26. Average of five adult females from the
type locality: total length, 524 (520-532); head and body, 468 (460-482);
tail vertebrae, 58 (50-70); hind foot, 116 (112-118); hind foot without
hoofs, 103 (100-106). Skull of type: greatest length, 97; basal length,
92; zygomatic breadth, 43; diastema, 12.
Weight. Type 1.8 kg. Average of five females from Bunguran
Island, 2 (1.8-2.3).
Specimens examined. Five skins and one extra skull, all from the type
locality.
Eemarks. Although Tragulus natunce approaches the Bornean T. vir-
gicollis in its elongated rostrum and yellow color it is readily distin
guishable by its small hind foot and broad, not sharply defined nape
stripe. The bright color alone is enough to separate it from Tragulus
kanchil. With Tragulus pallidus of Pulo Laut, North Natunas it needs
no comparison.
Tragulus subrufus, sp. nov.
1902. Tragulus javanicus Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 143. June 11, 1902. Not Cervusjavanicus Osbeck.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) No. 113,119 United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Sinkep Island, South China Sea, Septem
ber 5, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1285.
Characters. Similar to Tragulus kanchil but color above slightly more
yellow; and underparts much more extensively washed with fulvous.
Color. The color above is slightly more yellow than that of Tragulus
kanchil but not as bright as in T. natunae. Ground color orange buff,
slightly paler on sides, and everywhere clouded with black, though less
than in the Sumatran animal. Neck and outer surface of limbs tawny-
40 Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer.
ochraceous a little grizzled by blackish hair tips. Upper surface of tail
ochraceous-rufous washed with dark brown. Nape band broad arid
distinct but not sharply defined at sides, black with a few yellowish
specks. Crown dark brown, faintly grizzled. Throat markings normal,
slightly darker than in Tragulus kanchil. Underparts strongly \vashed
with orange-buff along median line, this wash usually spreading toward
sides and often separating white of chest from that of inguinal
region. While there is some variation in this character the suffusion is
always more extensive than in the Sumatran animal, so that when series
are compared the difference is very noticeable.
Skull and teeth. The skull and teeth do not differ from those of
Tragulus kanchil.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 540:
head and body, 470; tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 125 (113); ear from
meatus, 32; ear from crown, 28. Measurements of an adult male from
the type locality: total length, 528; head and body, 450; tail vertebra 1 ,
78; hind foot, 120 (108.5). Skull of type: greatest length, 97; basal
length, 90; zygomatic breadth, 42.6; diastema, 10.8.
Weight. Type, 2.27 kg. Adult male from type locality, 1.8 kg.
Specimens examined. Nineteen: five from Sinkep Island and fourteen
(three in alcohol) from Linga Island.
Remarks. In a certain degree this species is intermediate between
the dull, dark, Tragulus kancJiil of Sumatra, and the very bright T.
natuim. It is readily distinguishable from both of the related species.
Tragulus rubeus, sp. nov.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) No. 115,522 United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Pulo Bintang, Rhio Archipelago, August
20, 1902, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 1914.
Characters. Similar to Tragulus subrufus but with slightly larger
skull and teeth and brighter colors.
Color. Upperparts deep ochraceous-rufus, fading to tawny-ochrace-
ous on sides and brightening to tawny on neck and outer surface of
limbs. The back and sides are heavily clouded with black, about as in
Tragulus kancliil. Underparts as in T. subrufus except that the fulvous
is everywhere brighter and more red, very nearly approaching the och
raceous-rufous of Ridgway.
Skull and teeth. The skull and teeth resemble those of Tragulus sub
rufus except that both average slightly larger.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 543;
head and body, 478; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot, 125 (113); ear from
meatus, 36; ear from crown, 32. Two adult males from the type locality
(Nos. 115,519and 115, 521) measure respectively: totallength, 545 and 522;
head and body, 465 and 457; tail vertebrae, 75 and 65; hind foot, 120
(108) and 118 (106). Skull of type: greatest length, 99; basal length, 91;
zygomatic breadth, 41.
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. 41
Weight. Type, 2.4 kg. Adult male (No. 115,519) 1.8 kg.
Specimens examined. Five, all from the type locality.
Remarks. This species differs from all other known members of the
kanchil group in its dark, rich color and broad but inconspicuous nape
stripe. Its characters are in every way parallel with those of the napu
of the same island.
Tragulus ravulus, sp. nov.
1900. Tragulus javanicus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII,
p. 192. December 21, 1900. Part, specimens from Pulo Adang.
Not Cervus javanicus Osbeck.
Type, Adult female (skin and skull), No. 104,717, United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Pulo Adang, Butang Islands, December
16, 1899, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 161.
Characters. Similar to Tragulus ravus of Trong, Lower Siam, but
smaller, the neck paler, and the nape stripe more ill defined.
Color. The color so closely resembles that of Tragulus ravus* as to
need no detailed description. The back and sides are light ochraceous-
buff clouded with black, the two colors almost equally mixed, though
the black is a little in excess on back. Throat markings and under-
parts as in T. ravus. Neck a lighter shade of ochraceous than in the
mainland animal, and nape stripe ill contrasted with surrounding parts.
Skull and teeth. The skull is not distinguishable from that of Tragulus
ravus, but the teeth, particularly the upper premolars, appear to be
more robust. The material at hand, however, is not extensive enough
to prove that this character is constant.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 525;
head and body, 450; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 113 (103); ear from
meatus, 32; ear from crown, 27. Measurements of an adult male from
the type locality: total length, 518; head and body, 455; tail vertebras,
63; hind foot, 112 (102). Skull of type: greatest length, 96; basal length,
89; zygomatic breadth, 41.8; diastema, 11.
Weight. Type 1.8 kg. Adult male, 1.6 kg.
Specimens examined. Two, both from Pulo Adang.
Remarks. Although closely related to Tragulus ravus the kanchil of
Pulo Adang appears to be sufficiently distinct to need recognition by
name, though relative unfamiliarity with the group led me in 1900 to
place it with the mainland form.
Tragulus lancavensis, sp. nov.
1900. Tragulus javanicus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, p.
192. December 21, 1900. Part, specimens from Pulo Lankawi.
Not Cervus javanicus Osbeck.
*See Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 173. August 6, 1902.
42 Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull), No. 104,412 United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Pulo Lankawi, off west coast of Malay
Peninsula (about 75 miles north of Penang), December 7, 1899, by Dr.
W. L. Abbott. Original number, 132.
Characters. Similar to Tragulus ravus but general color slightly more
yellow and underparts extensively washed with orange-buff.
Color. The color is very similar to that of Tragulus ravus, but the
ochraceous-buff of the upperparts is noticeably brighter and more
yellow, particularly that of back and sides. Chest and anterior half of
belly strongly washed with dull orange-buff along median line, this suf
fusion tending to spread at sides so as to separate white of inguinal re
gion from that of front part of chest. While this character is not wholly
constant, it is sufficiently prevalent to impart a very different aspect to
series of specimens of the two species.
Skull and teeth. The skull and teeth do not differ appreciably from
those of Tragulus ravus, though they probably average somewhat
larger.
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 520;
head and body, 455; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot, 117 (105); ear from
meatus, 34; ear from crown, 29. Average of six adult females from the
type locality: total length, 521 (505-545); head and body, 456 (435-480);
tail vertebra, 65 (65-65); hind foot, 118 (115-119); hind foot without
hoofs, 105.5 (102-107). Skull of type: greatest length, 99; basal length,
94; zygomatic breadth, 42; diastema, 12.
Specimens examined. Thirteen, all from Pulo Lankawi.
Remarks. The more extensive material now at hand brings to light
differences between this animal and the mainland from which passed
unnoticed when I examined the island series in 1900. The yellowish
suffusion on the underparts suggests that of the bright colored species
from Sinkep, Linga, and the Rhio Archipelago, but is much less intense.
Tragulus lampensis sp. nov.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull) No. 104,429, United States Na
tional Museum. Collected on Pulo Lampee or Sullivans Island, Mergui
Archipelago, February 4, 1900, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number,
299.
Characters. Similar to Tragulus lankavensis, but yellower throughout,
particularly on underparts.
Color. The color is in general like that of Tragulus ravus and T. lan-
cavensis, but is more strongly yellow than in either. The wash on the
underparts is of the same extent as in T. lancavensis, but is a bright
orange-buff.
Skull and teeth. I cannot see that the skull and teeth differ from those
of the related species.
Miller Eleven New Malayan Mouse Deer. 43
Measurements. External measurements of type: total length, 515;
head and body, 460; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot, 118 (108); ear from
meatus, 33; ear from crown, 27. Two other adult females (Nos. 104,430
and 104,431) measure respectively: total length, 500 and 540; head and
body, 435 and 470; tail vertebrae, 65 and 70; hind foot, 113 (104) and 118
(108). Skull of type: greatest length, 97; basal length, 91; zygomatic
breadth, 42; diastema, 10.
Specimens examined. Three, all from Sullivans Island.
VOL. XVI, PP. 45-46 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THREE NEW PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO.
BY AVEN NELSON AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The material on which this paper is based has already been
described in a general way in the preceding article. It was
collected by Mr. and Mrs. Cockerell and has been studied
conjointly by Professor Nelson and Mr. Cockerell.
Humulus Lupulus neomexicanus, n. var.
Leaves divided or sometimes parted, the segments varying from
broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, acuminate, freely sprinkled with
resin particles on the lower face; fruiting bracts ovate-lanceolate, usu
ally acuminate, finely pubescent.
The hop indigenous in New Mexico seems to possess these characters
in variance with the usual and more widely distributed form and may
probably best stand as a variety. The type of the variety is No. 14,
T. D. A. Cockerell, Beulah, N. M. (Canadian Zone) August, 1902. It is
also abundant on the Vall6 Ranch, Pecos, N. M., and was collected by
Professor Wooton in the White Mountains of that State (No. 294).
Polemonium pterospermum, n. sp.
Low, 1-2 dm. high, glabrate below, glandular-puberulent above and
in the inflorescence; stems several, spreading or decumbent at base,
terete but for a few acute longitudinal ridges, very leafy, especially
13 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (45)
46 Nelson and Cockerell New Plants from New Mexico.
above; leaves broadly oblong in outline, 4-6 cm. long; the segments
oblong, acute, 8-12 mm. long; the lower distinct and subpetiolate, the
terminal crowded and slightly confluent; the petiole short or in the
uppermost leaves wanting; flowers terminal or from the uppermost
axils, in congested corymbs; calyx-lobes about equaling the campanu-
latetube; corolla purple, campanulate, 10-12 mm. long, quite as broad,
the tube short, its lobes broadly ovate, moderately obtuse; filaments
narrowly margined, shorter than the corolla, somewhat incurved, glab
rous but involved in dense fine pubescence at the insertion; style fili
form; the stigmas narrowly linear, exserted; ovules few, apparently
only 2 or 3 maturing; the seeds narrowly wing-margined and subcon-
cave ventrally.
This species has for its nearest allies P. filicinum Greene and P. Arch-
ibaldae A. Nelson, but it is a much smaller plant than either, with larger
corolla and very different seeds. Collected at Cloudcroft, Sacramento
Mountains (Canadian Zone), N. M., by T. D. A. Cockerell, September,
1900. Type in Rocky Mountain Herbarium.
Mertensia caelestina, n. sp.
Low and leafy, 5-15 cm. high, perfectly gabrous except for the ciliate-
scabrous edges of the leaves and the calyx-lobes; leaves 2-3 cm. long,
elliptic-oblong, tapering to both ends, subacute, the basal short-petioled;
flowers congested in terminal clusters; pedicels short, slender; calyx
cleft nearly to the base; calyx-lobes linear, subacute, about 5 mm. long;
corolla dark-blue about 12 mm. long, tube a little longer than the calyx
and the limb, the lobes broadly or truncately obtuse, the pubescence of
the ring at the base coarse and conspicuous, appendages of the throat
yellow; filaments dilated, as broad as or broader than the anther.
Collected by Mrs. Wilmatte P. Cockerell, No. 40, Truchas Peaks,
N. M., above timber line (Arctic-Alpine Zone), 1902. Type in Cockerell
Herbarium.
VOL. XVI, PP. 47-48 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS -
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW WOOD RATS (GENUS NEOTOMA) FROM
STATE OF COAHUILA, MEXICO.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Among the mammals collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A.
Goldman in Coahuila, Mexico, in the spring of 1902, are two
new species of Neotoma^ which may be characterized as follows.
Neotoma navus, sp. nov.
Type from Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila, Mexico. No. 116,895, 9 ad.,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. April 26, 1902.
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 15,130.
Characters. Size medium; tail rather long; ears medium. Similar to
N. mexicana but tail decidedly longer; frontals expanded posteriorly un
like the previously known members of the mexicana group; anterior lobe
of first upper molar cut in two by deep notch on inner side, as in mexi
cana. ^
Color. Ground color of upperparts buffy ochraceous, moderately,
evenly, and rather inconspicuously lined with black hairs; sides of face
buffy ochraceous, the color reaching forward to nose (not stopping under
eye as in mexicana); fore feet from wrists and hind feet from ankles
white; head grayish; tail sharply bicolor, narrowly dusky above, broadly
white below; underparts white, the plumbeous underfur showing
through posteriorly; axillae salmon.
Cranial characters. Skull and teeth rather slender, about as in N.
mexicana, which appears to be its nearest relative; bullae small; pre-
maxillae exceeding nasals. The skull differs from that of mexicana in
14 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (47)
48 Merriam Two ^New Wood Hats.
having the f rentals expanded posteriorly, forming supraorbital shelves;
anterior root of zygoma more slender, with smaller antorbital notches;
bullge decidedly smaller and less inflated anteriorly.
Measurements. Type ( 9 ): Total length, 350; tail vertebrae, 164; hind
foot, 34. Adult male from same place: total length, 330; tail vertebrae,
152; hind foot, 36.
Skull of type. Basal length, 37; zygomatic breadth, 21.5; palatal
length, 21.5; diastema, 12; upper molar series on alveolus, 8.5.
Neotoma goldmani, sp nov.
Type from Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. No. 116,894, $ yg. ad., U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. April 18, 1902. E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 15,101.
Characters. Size small; tail rather short, sharply bicolor; ears rather
large; color grayish, becoming buffy ochraceous on flanks. Skull small,
similar in general to that of desertorum but much smaller, with strik
ingly smaller bullae; anterior lobe of first upper molar single and with
out anterior notch.
Color. Upperparts buffy grayish, becoming buffy ochraceous on
flanks; back well sprinkled with black tipped hairs, most abundant on
posterior half; head and face gray, washed with buffy ochraceous on
cheeks; underparts and feet white; tail above dark brown (nearly black
in fresh pelage); below white or nearly white.
Cranial characters. Skull small, light, and smoothly rounded, even
in old age; frontalsflat interorbitally, broad anteriorly and not expanded
posteriorly (much as in mexicana but relatively broader and flatter);
nasals narrowly wedgeshape, truncate behind; premaxillaa reaching far
beyond nasals and somewhat expanded posteriorly; interparietal subtri-
angular, long transversely, strongly convex anteriorly.
Remarks. Neotoma goldmani is a very small species with a peculiar
combination of cranial and dental characters. It does not require close
comparison with any known species.
Measurements. Average of four from type locality: total length, 279;
tail vertebrae, 128; hind foot, 30.
Skull of an adult male from type locality: basal length, 33; zygomatic
breadth, 19; palatal length, 18.2; diastema, 11; interorbital breadthj 5.5;
upper molar series, 7.
VOL. XVI, PP. 49-52 MARCH 19, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
Three fishes new to the fauna of New Mexico.
When in the Pecos Valley last August, I obtained three species of
small fishes, which have been very kindly identified by Dr. B. W. Ever-
mann, and appear to be new to the fauna of our Territory.
Etheostoma kpidum (Baird and Girard). Dimmit Lake, near Roswell.
The lake is small but very deep, at the base of the gypsum bluffs which
skirt the Rio Pecos.
Notropis macrostomus Girard, and
Tetragonopterus argentatus Baird and Girard, both from North Spring
River, just north of Roswell. T. D. A. Cockerell
Note on Phoca nigra Pallas.
In a recent paper on ' The Hair Seals (Family PhocidcB) of the North
Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea' (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1902,
pp. 459-499), I suggested (L c., p. 483, foot note) that as Pallas's name
Phoca nigra (1811), based on a young fur seal from the Kurile Islands,
has priority over Callorhinus curilensis Jordan and Clark (3899), the Kurile
Islands species would have to stand as Cattotaria nigra (Pallas). I over
looked the fact, however, that Phoca nigra Pallas is preoccupied by
Phoca granlandica var. nigra Kerr (1792). Consequently the Kurile Fur
Seal will stand as Callotaria curilensis (Jordan and Clark). J. A. Alien.
IB-PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903.
50 General N~otes.
A new name for Mus atratus Miller.
The name Mus atratus which I recently applied to a rat from the
Nicobar Islands (Proc. U. S. National Museum, XXIV, p. 767, May 28,
1902) is preoccupied by Mus atratus Philippi (Annales del Museo Na-
cional de Chile, Entrega 14, p. 57, 1900). It may therefore be replaced
by Mus atridorsum. Oerrit 8. Miller, Jr.
A new name (Hoplias) for the genus Macrodon of Muller.
The name Macrodon was given by Johannes Muller in 1842 for a well-
known genus of ErytJirinoid or Characinoid fishes. Although univer
sally adopted since that time, it must be abandoned for the genus in
question, inasmuch as it had been given as early as 1822 by Schinz, as
a substitute for Ancylodon of Cuvier (1817), another preoccupied name
(1811). The new designation Hoplias is proposed instead, and Hoplias
tareira (Macrodon trahira Muller) or malabaricus is the type. Theo. Gill.
The technical name of the Indian Flying Fox.
Pteropus medius, the current name for the flying fox of India, is not
tenable. It dates from 1827, the year in which Temminck issued the
first volume of his ' Monographies de Mammalogie ' (the name is pro
posed on page 176), and, although earlier than Hodgson's Pteropus leu-
cocephalus and McClelland's Pteropus assamensis, assuming that all three
refer to the same animal, is itself antedated by the Vespertilio gigantea of
Brunnich. This name was published at Copenhagen in 1782, on page
45 of a little-known book, a small quarto volume containing seventy-six
pages and seven plates, entitled: "Dyrens Historic og Dyre-Samlingen
udi Universitetets Natur-Theater. Forste Bind."* Although the bat is
not among the species figured the description is detailed and accurate.
The fact that the account was based on a stuffed specimen from Bengal,
while Temminck's animal was collected at Calcutta, removes the last
element of doubt as to the equivalence of the names. The common
flying fox of India must therefore be known as Pteropus giganteus.
Oerrit S. Miller, Jr.
* This work, of which only the first volume appears to have been pub
lished, was brought to my attention by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger. The
new names that it contains are not mentioned by Fischer, Dobson, or
Trouessart, but are all cited by Sherborn.
General Notes. 51
A note on the Florida Phoebe.
Through the kindness of Mr. Outram Bangs of Boston, and Mr. C. J.
Maynard of West Newton, and through information received, in Utteris,
from Mr. William Palmer of Washington I am able to adjust so far as it
is possible, with all the data that there is any prospect of obtaining, the
relationships of the Florida Phoebe mentioned in "Notes on Various
Florida Birds" (Contr. N. Amer. Ornith., Vol. I., May 21, 1902, p. 30).
In February, 1846, John Gundlach observed near Cardenas, Cuba, a
pair of Phoebes, probably, though he does not state so, shooting both
birds, as in his description he mentions peculiarities of both sexes. In
1850, Juan Lembeye, in his "Aves de la Isla de Cuba" (p. 41), included
the species Muscicapa fusca Gmel., describing carefully both plumage
and habits, evidently from the notes of Gundlach made in 1846 (see 'Pro-
logo,' p. 6), and from a specimen No. 169 in the "Col. of Gundl." Later
in 1852, Gundlach, in the Boston Journal of Natural History (Vol. VI,
p. 314), described, evidently from the same specimen or specimens, an in
sular race, Muscicapa lembeyei, giving as careful description and measure
ments as did Lembeye himself.
It is evident therefore that Lembeye and Gundlach knew of only one
pair of Phoebes to have visited Cuba, and although that island has had
little extended ornithological investigation yet, recent collectors have
failed to record the species. Mr. Palmer writes me that on his late visit
to Cuba he saw a specimen of the Phoebe in the Gundlach museum [prob
ably the same No. 169] but that the "Gundlach cases were so made that
it was impossible to get at the birds."
To recapitulate: It is evident from Lembeye's and Gundlach's de
scriptions that the specimen or specimens they had were either strag
glers from Florida or that the bird is a rare resident of Cuba, and for the
resident southern Florida Phcebe there is no alternative but to use Gund
lach's name, provided it is thought the form deserves to be recognized
at all.
When I first examined Mr. Maynard 's series of specimens from Enter
prise, which show the brownish cast of plumage so often characteristic
of the peninsular birds, I thought the race one decidedly worth recog
nizing, but a further examination of specimens from Miami and else
where proves that this coloring is not constant, and careful measure
ments also show that the greater size of the Florida bird does not always
hold true.
It may be well to mention now while the subject is under discussion,
that the type of Gundlach's lembeyei is without much doubt No. 169 in
the Gundlach museum in Cuba, an example probably taken at Cardenas
in February, 184Q. Reginald ffeber Howe, Jr.
52 General Notes.
A new subgenus for Nyctaginia Cockerellae.
By the characters mentioned, Nyctaginia Cocker cll<te A. Nelson (Proc.
Biol. Soc., Washington, XVI, p. 29), seemed to me to differ gencrically,
but I am willing to follow Professor Nelson's decision to the contrary.
JV. Cockerellae forms, however, at least a distinct subgenus or section,
which may be called Roswellia.T. 1). A. Cockerdl
On the name of the common American Eel
The name of the common American eel is now generally conceded to
be Anguitta chrytypa Rafinesque, and the reference is given as " The
American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, Vol. II, p. 120 (Dec.,
1817)," the article in which it is contained being entitled "First Decade
of New North American Fishes, by C. S. Rafinesque. 7 '
Messrs. Jordan and Evermaun, in the "Fishes of North and Middle
America " (Bulletin 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. I, p. 348, 1890), give the
derivation as from ^pvtfo'S, gold, and vrto, below. But on referring to
the original article, we find that Rafinesque spells the word "chr-isypa,"
the derivation for the word in this form being Y.pi6i<-, (from xpi** 1 ) mean
ing an anointing, a besmearing, and viro, below. In his account of the
eel, he gives the vernacular names, referring to it as "Gold-Eel, Silver-
Eel, Lake-Eel, Gold-Breast, etc." It is from this last mentioned name
that the confusion doubtless arose.
Although there is no way of ascertaining which of these derivations is
correct, whether Rafinesque really meant to turn the name "Gold-
Breast " into Greek and made a slip, or whether he intended to refer to
the slimy character of the fish, it seems best to retain the original spell
ing as given by him, as it is just as plausible as that adopted, and we are
not now in a position to make really certain which idea he entertained,
as all that he has left us is the name chrisypa.
As regards the name bostoniensis of Le Sueur, on looking up the refer
ence (Jour. Phil. Acad. I, p. 81) we find that it was given in a paper en
titled "A short description of five (supposed) new species of the genus
Mura&na discovered by Mr. Le Sueur in the year 1816," which was read
before the society on August 19th, 1817. As Rafinesque's name is dated
in his article December, 1817, bostoniensis would seem to have priority
over chrisypa. But we find that Le Sueur 's name was not published un
til 1821, whereas Rafinesque's appeared in 1817.
Therefore, the name of the common American eel should stand as
Anyuilla chrisypa, Rafinesque. Austin H. Clark.
VOL. XVI, PP. 53-54 MAY 6, 1903
* .
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW REITHRODONTOMYS FROM WESTERN
NEBRASKA.
BY MERRITT GARY.
Among some mammals collected by me in the Sand Hill re
gion of Nebraska, in the spring and fall of 1901, is a well
marked species of Reithrodontomys which has hitherto remained
undescribed. It may be known from the following description:
Reithrodontomys albescens sp. nov.
Type from 18 miles northwest of Kennedy, Nebraska, $ adult, No. 116,-
358, United States National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Col
lected October 31, 1901, by Merritt Cary. Original number 411.
General characters. Size small; tail short (ratio of length of tail to
total length 45); colors extremely pale; pelage long, full and soft; ears
small, with two distinct black spots.
Color. Sides pale buffy gray; dorsum darker and plain gray, or with
a tinge of buff; lateral line, between the pinkish buff and cream buff of
Ridgway, continuous from cheeks to thighs; sides of nose, lower portion
of cheeks, throat, forelegs and rest of underparts pure white; tail well
haired, sharply bicolor, the dark line on upper surface narrow; upper
surfaces of feet white.
Cranial characters. Compared with nebraeensis from the same type
locality the skull is much smaller (averaging 1.62 mm. shorter, and 8
mm. narrower across mastoids, in a series of 5 adults), with relatively
shorter rostrum and narrower interparietal; nasals less ^deeply concave
above.
ifl PROC. BIOL,. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (53)
54 Gary New Reithrodontomys from Nebraska.
Measurements. Three adult specimens from type locality average:
total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 53.5; hind foot, 16.6. Type: Total
length, 124; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 16.5. Skull of type: Basal
length, 15.7; occipito-nasal length, 19.7; nasals, 17.4; zygomatic breadth,
10.5; mastoid breadth, 9.
Specimens examined. Total number 18, from the following localities:
Nebraska: Neligh 11, Kennedy 5, Cody 1. South Dakota: Belle
Pourche River (15 miles from mouth) 1.
Distribution. Sand hill region of central and western Nebraska, and
western South Dakota. Limits of range unknown.
Habits. This species, so far as at present known, occurs only in sand
hills, or on sandy land, where it appears to subsist to a large extent on
seeds of various grasses. Near Kenned} r , in October, I secured several
specimens by overturning millet shocks in a sandy field. When un
covered the little fellows would scurry to their nest for refuge.
The nests were compact little balls of fine grass, and were either on or
just beneath the surface of the ground under the shock. A small open
ing on one side led into a little cavity in the interior, in which was a
store of millet seeds.
At both Kennedy and Neligh, in sand bur and weed patches in the
sand hills albescens and nebracensis were about equally abundant, but
traps set in meadows or marshy tracts secured only nebracensis.
Remarks. This handsome little species requires no close comparison
with any described Reithrodontomys.
From nebracensis it differs in much smaller size and paler coloration,
entirely lacking the strong fulvous suffusion. The ears are relatively
much shorter, and the rusty hairs at their bases are scarcely noticeable,
or entirely wanting. The tail is much more sharply bicolor and the
black stripe is confined to the upper fourth.
One October specimen from Kennedy, and two November specimens
from Neligh, are pale ashy gray, with no trace of the buff. Whether or
not this is the normal winter pelage is yet to be determined.
A June specimen from Belle Pourche River, South Dakota, consid
ered by Allen (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. VII, p. 123, 1895,) a
pale specimen of nebracensis, seems to be referable to albescens.
VOL. XVI, PP. 55-58 MAY 6, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF DRAGONFLY
FROM BRAZIL.
BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM.
Having used a figure of the wings of this species in a paper
soon to be issued in the Proceedings of the U. S. National
Museum, I herewith make public the full description of both
genus and species.
Cyanocharis gen. nov.
Allied to Heliocharis: Fam. Calopterygidae of Odonata. Nodus mid
way between base and apex of wing. Two hypertrophied antenodal
crossveins, the straight arculus situated just beyond the first of these.
Extra half antenodal crossveins in the basal subcostal space, but no
crossveins traversing the space before the arculus. Quadrangle divided
by a single crossvein. Subquadrangle open, longer than the quadrangle,
but hardly more than half as wide. Anal margin coincident with the
anal vein almost as far as the subquadrangle. Vein Mi_ 2 separating
from vein M 3 just beyond the quadrangle by a stalk so transverse it ap
pears as a crossvein, and then fused in one or two places with vein R.
Vein M 2 separating from vein M x a space beyond the subnodus. Stigma
large, very oblique at its proximal end. A single long interpolated
sector between veins M x and M 2 . The radial sector stronger than ad
jacent veins and slightly bent forward bej'ond the nodus. Vein Cu 2
forked with two rows of cells included in the fork. Legs very long and
slender, with numerous exceedingly short spines, the femora arcuate.
Claws minutely bifid at extreme apex. Superior abdominal appendages
of the male simple, curved; the inferiors rudimentary.
Type, Cyanocharis valga sp. nov.
17 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (55)
56 Needham New Genus and Species of Dragonfly.
This genus is intermediate in a number of characters between He-
liocharis and Dicterias of the same region, but seems allied to the for
mer by more important characters. It differs, however, from Helioch-
aris in the separation of vein Mj_2 from vein M 3 close beyond the quad
rangle, and in its subsequent fusion with the radius, and in the con
dition of its antenodal crossveins.
It differs utterly from Dicterias in the arrangement of its interpolated
sectors, in the remoteness of the nodus from the base of the wing, in the
form and position of the posterior branch of the cubitul vein, and in
type of coloration.
Cyanocharis valga sp. nov.
Length, 62 mm; abdomen, 44 mm; hind wing, 35 mm.
Colors greenish-blue and black. Head blackish, with the labrum, the
post-clypeus, and the occiput behind the eyes greenish. Antennae
black, the second joint twice as long as the first and but half as thick,
the remaining five joints together but little longer than the second, each
of them a little shorter than the one before it. Mouth strongly pro
jecting, the squarely cut post-clypeus being horizontal, the ante-cly-
peus vertical and the labrum sloping. Median ocellus large, lying in a
wide longitudinal furrow; lateral ocelli smaller, each confined to the
outer aspect of a conical vertical spine. A [-shaped sulcus behind the
ocelli sharply defines the occipital crest, which is thinly fringed with
tawny hairs.
Prothorax blackish, fenestrate with green, three greenish patches on
either side, a twin spot of paler green upon the middle, and a broad
greenish crescent lying transversely upon the rather prominently elevat
ed, black bordered posterior lobe. Thorax with blackish carinae.
Ground color greenish blue (turquoise blue), with narrow stripes of
brown on all the sutures, thefmiddorsal one divided by the black of the
carina. There is also a well developed, isolated, antehumeral stripe of
brown.
Legs excessively long and slender, appearing bare by reason of the
minuteness of their numerovis spines. Hind and middle femora slightly,
and fore femora and tibiae strongly curved. Claws with a very minute
tooth so near the tip that it appears bifid, hardly distinguishable in the
front tarsus. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with brown at the extreme
tip: stigma brown. Antenodal crossveins 18 in the fore wing and 15 in
the hind wing, with 4-5 half antenodals additional in the basal subcostal
space: 17 and 14 postnodals in the fore and hind wing respectively.
Stigma long, covering 5-6 cells, and reaching nearly to the wing apex,
there being but three minute crossveins in the space beyond it. Bet
ween veins M x and M 2 are five interpolated sectors, only the middle one
being of more than a few cells length: between Rs and M 3 are four sec
tors, the third longest: there are two sectors bet ween M 2 andRs, two bet
ween M t and Cu^ and two behind Cu 2 , the second of these appearing as
Needham New Genus and Species of Dragonfly. 57
a branch: there is a single row of cells, except at the extreme margin
between M 3 and M 4 , and between Cu l and Cu 2 . The fusion of veins
Mj.2 with the radius occurs just before the second hypertrophied ante-
nodal crossvein.
Abdomen cylindric, greenish blue dorsally, with dagger-shaped mark
of black upon the dorsum of each segment, the color and markings be
coming obscured apically in the type specimen (perhaps from fading).
Segments 3-7 of equal length: segments 8, 9 and 10 each successively
one-third shorter than the preceding segment. Superior appendages a
little longer than the 10th segment, simple, depressed beyond the base,
a little arcuate with the tips slightly convergent, rounded without, but
with a fine longitudinal carina within, and armed with minute prickles
dorsally and toward, apex: color black, with the extreme apex yellow.
Inferior appendages rudimentary.
Poco Grande, Brazil, January 13, 1898, Mr. Adolph Hempel, collector.
The type is in the Cornell University Collection.
VOL. XVI, PP. 59-60 MAY 6, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SPECIES OF FLYING LIZARD FROM SARA
WAK, BORNEO.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.
The following species which does not appear to have been
previously characterized is one found among a considerable
number of Reptiles and Batrachians collected in Borneo.
Draco gracilis, sp. nov.
This species approaches Draco cornutus in its general proportions; but
it differs from the latter in coloration, squamation, and number of
labials.
Description. Habit slender. Head moderate; length of snout about
equal to orbital diameter. Nostril lateral, directed outward. The
hind limb pressed forward reaches the fore limb pressed backward
at a point about half-way between wrist and elbow. Tympanum naked,
with scales encroaching somewhat from the margins; smaller than eye
opening. A prominent tubercle on the posterior part of the supraciliary
region. A rather small nuchal crest, consisting of a single row of
triangular scales. Crown scales, dorsals, and ventrals keeled. The
nuchals and scales on temple are very slightly or not at all carinate.
There is a row of triangular spinelike scales along each side of the body,
just at the base of the wing membrane. The gular pouch is longer than
head, and of the thirteen upper labials the last is the largest.
Color (alcoholic specimen). Dorsal surfaces light greyish brown. Ven
tral regions light gray. Neck and throat specked with rather dark
brown. Forehead dark brown. A number of blackish spots at the base
18 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (59)
60 B arbour New Species of Flying Lizard.
of the gular pouch. Upper surfaces of the wing membranes dark orange
with irregular black bands; under surfaces whitish, barred with rich
brown or black. On the upper surfaces of the body the metallic lustre
is decidedly noticeable on the spots in front of the shoulders and along
the ribs on the wing membranes. The bases of the latter are very thickly
spotted with metallic specks, each covering a single scale. There is a
strong light yellowish serration along the inner surfaces of the femur and
tibia; this is formed by a single series of enlarged, flat, triangular scales.
Another specimen verifies all the specific characters shown by the type;
but this second example shows the femur-tibia fringe to an even greater
extent. It is also lighter in color on the forehead. The specimens were
collected in Sarawak, Borneo, by TV. T. Hornaday, Esq., Director of the
New York Zoological Park.
Type 6713, (adult $ ) ; of the Reptilian Collection in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology.
Measurements: Length of head, 15 mm.; width of head, 9 mm.;
length of body, 57 mm.; length of forelimb, 27 mm.; length of hind
limb, 30 mm.; length of tail, 109 mm. Total length, 177 mm.
VOL. XVI, PP. 61-62 MAY 6, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHAMAELEON.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.
An examination of the large collection of Chamaeleons in the
Museum at Cambridge, Mass, discloses two species apparently
hitherto undescribed. Remarks on their characters follow.
Chamaeleo angusticoronatus n. sp.
Near Chamaello dilepis, but differing in the peculiar narrowness of the
casque, the squamation of the body and the prominence of the dorsal
tubercular crest.
Specific characters. Casque well raised posteriorly; the lateral crests
decidedly marked from their origin on the snout to a point about half
way from the eye to the extremity of the casque; at this position they
quickly become indistinct and disappear. Above the casque narrows
suddenly to a very acute point, beginning to show the compression just
where the lateral crests vanish. The surface of the body is very finely
granular, and the dorsal crest is hardly noticeable except for a short
distance directly behind the casque. The tail is slightly longer than the
head and body.
Type. An adult female from Zanzibar, No. 6712, of the Reptilian
Collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Measurements. Total length, 226 mm.; length of mandible, 24 mm.;
tip of snout to extremity of casque, 33 mm.; greatest width between
lateral cranial crest, 13 mm. ; width of head, 18 mm. ; depth of skull, in
cluding mandible, 27 mm. ; length of head and body, 110 mm.; length of
tibia, 21 mm.; length of tail, 116 mm.
19-PROc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (61)
62 Harbour New /Species of Chamaeleon.
Chamaeleo macrorhinus sp. nov.
Specific characters. Casque not elevated posteriorly. A single large
dermal fold, unnotched and undivided on the median line, borders the
casque from shoulder to shoulder. There is neither a lateral nor a
parietal crest on the casque, nor dorsal, ventral nor gular crest on the
head and body. The whole surface of the body is covered with rather
small, subequal, polygonal, granular tubercles. On the snout there is
a large oblong dermal process covered with round granules. At a little
more than half way between the eye and the dermal process there is, on
each side, an excrescence composed of a number of elongated tubercles
partially fused. The tail is of about the same length as the head and
body.
Type. An apparently adult female from Madagascar, No. 5988, of the
Reptilian Collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Measurements. Total length, 85 mm. ; length of mandible, 11 mm. ; tip
of snout to extremity of casque, 16 mm. ; greatest width between lateral
cranial crests, 6 mm.; width of head, 9 mm.; depth of skull, including
mandible, 12 mm.; length of head and body, 43; length of tibia, 8 mm.;
length of tail, 42 mm.
VOL. XVI, PP. 63-72 MAY 29, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
MAMMALS OF MT. KATAHDIN, MAINE.
BY B. H. DUTCHER.
In the summer of 1902, I spent from July 10 to September 5
in an attempt to determine the mammalian fauna, and in general
the faunal zones of Mt. Katahdin in north central Maine. This
mountain was chosen because, as far as I know, no mammal
work had ever been done in its vicinity, and because of its
height and isolated position.
The old idea of Katahdin, printed even in geographies, was
that of an extinct volcano, an assumption very excusable in
those whose views of the mountain were from a distance, for the
"basins" or heads of the old glacial valleys on the eastern side,
with their wide encircling walls on the north and south, give
the appearance of a great crater blown out on one side. A
closer examination reveals the fact that the mountain is in reality
a granite ridge of very irregular outline with its major axis
lying north and south, flanked by precipitous buttresses, the
glacial retaining walls, that project out to the east, west, and
north, and drop rapidly away in slopes of high degree on face
and point. On the east, north, and west are a number of smaller
ridges, timber covered, nestling under the shelter of the greater
mountain, and separated from it by valleys and basins. These
minor ridges, Hunter Mountain, Traveler Mountain and the
20-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (63)
64 Dutcher Mammals of Mt. Katalidin, Maine.
Four Brothers, vary from about 2000 feet to 3000 feet in height.
Katahdin itself reaches 5200 feet.
The top of this great ridge is an undulating plateau, shaped
in a very general way like an hour-glass. Its lowest point,
which is at the waist, is about 4200 feet, whence the sur
face slopes gradually upward to the north and south. The
highest elevation is reached in the south peak, 5200 feet. The
two northern peaks, merely somewhat elevated points in the
general surface, reach to about 4700 feet. The plateau surface
measures probably four miles from north to south, and a mile
in width at the north and south expansions. The ground is
rock strewn and grassy, with an extensive area of fir scrub
krummholz near the constriction, and on the northwestern
promontory. From the plateau edges, the mountain falls rapidly
away. On the east, the north and south spurs, with precipitous
rock walls, enclose two great basins the ''north" and the
''great" separated by a long sloping ridge that comes down
from the saddle. The more southern of these two basins is
itself imperfectly divided into the "south" and the "middle"
basins by another and smaller spur. The head of the middle
basin is inclined sufficiently to support vegetation, and by a
slide at its head affords easy access to the saddle by the old
Appalachian Trail. The only other trails to the .top are the
Abol Trail up the steep south wall of the southwest promon
tory, and an old unused trail up the crest of a long promontory
that leads north and helps enclose a deep glacial basin on the
north face of the mountain. The western slopes are somewhat
less precipitous, and lead down to a wide flat valley, mountain-
locked by Katahdin and its daughter hills on the west. The
country surrounding the mountain is comparatively level, almost
completely forested, and dotted with lakes, ponds, and sphagnum
bogs. The only forest denudation has been by fire.
The floor of the great basin, in which I had one of my
camps, slopes from about 3400 feet at its head to 2400 feet at its
eastern edge. A small glacial lake, Chimney Pond, occupies
part of the south basin. The floor of the north basin is about
3500 feet above sea level, is more extensive than either the
south or middle basins, and has elevation enough to render it
devoid of high timber. Its floor is in places free from tree
growth, and in places along its lower edge, covered by scrub
Dutcher Mammals of Mt. Katahdin, Maine. 65
firs. Its eastern edge is marked by a very small glacial pond in
the moraine. The middle basin is covered to its head with a
forest of balsams, which climb 100 feet above it, to 3500 feet
in suitable localities.
The entire mountain is composed of white and pink granite.
The plateau is covered with rough granitic masses that are be
ing disintegrated by frost. This leveling action of the frost
has in places evenly carpeted the surface with small granite
flakes, varying from the size of the hand to three or four times
as large.
The rainfall is so great on the mountain top that its entire
surface is moist at all times, and there are at least four perennial
seepage springs on the tableland. Two of these are in the
fir scrub, which has been cleared for a short distance around
them by the gathering of animals to drink in times gone by.
The water does not flow out on the surface, but is found sub-
terraneously in little depressions among moss-covered rocks. At
one of these springs, at an altitude of 4500 feet, I camped for
four nights, while attempting to secure specimens of the native
microtine.
Trapping was done at various localities from the base camp,
at the union of the Wissataquoick and East Branch Penobscot
Rivers, at 450 feet, to the tableland, at 4500 feet.
The following 36 species of mammals are recorded from Mt.
Katahdin.
Rangifer caribou (Gmel). Woodland Caribou.
The caribou is an animal of the past in the Katahdin region. Today
all that remains is its bones in the porcupine dens. From accounts re
ceived, there have been two migrations of caribou from northern Maine,
within the memory of inhabitants now living. The last of these oc
curred about six years ago.
Unfortunately the awakening of public sentiment in regard to the im
portance of game preservation did not take place while the animals
were still abundant, and their absence now can in part at least be at
tributed to wanton destruction.
Alces americanus (Clinton). Moose.
The recent protective legislation has in the opinion of the natives, re
sulted in allowing a very considerable increase in the numbers of moose.
66 Dutcher Mammals of Mi. Katahdin, Maine.
Judging by the sign observed, they are comparatively abundant on the
base of, and near the mountain. They range up to timberline in favor
able localities. Man is practically the moose's sole destructor, and if the
killing in defiance of law that takes place to feed the lumber camps
were prevented, there would be a still greater increase. It is very dif
ficult to secure evidence against these malefactors. The lumber camps
are so isolated that all the persons in them, and in their vicinity, are to
a certain extent beneficiaries directly or indirectly, from the fresh
meat secured, and are hence particeps criminis. The danger of detec
tion in a camp of sixty men, where one animal can be entirely con
sumed in a short time, is very small, and evidence is not easily obtained.
Odocoileus virginianus borealis (Miller). Northern Virginia Deer.
Deer are really abundant in the Katahdin region. It was not unusual
to see as many as five in the course of an afternoon's walk. They some
times prove a nuisance by destroying unfenced gardens.
One was seen near Chimney Pond, at an altitude of about 3000 feet.
They are not common at this altitude however. In spite of the illegal
hunting that takes place they appear to be on the increase.
Sciurus Hudson icus loquax (Bangs). Southeastern Red Squirrel.
Red squirrels are abundant throughout the region, extending even to
the treeless tableland of the mountain^ where I saw one at close range,
August 28. Another was seen by one of our cooks in the same
locality.
At Chimney Pond camp, altitude 3000 feet, they were abundant.
Only four specimens were secured, though had I foreseen the difficulty
of determining their proper designation with respect to the published sub
species of Sciurus liudsonicus, I would have taken a large series.
The measurements and colors of my specimens correspond with the
description of 8. 7i. loquax, described as the upper austral and transition
race. But these animals were taken at 3000 feet elevation on the 46th
parellel north, and almost within sight of the type locality of 8. li. gym-
nicuSy the boreal race of the same species, though 2000 feet above it.
A careful examination of the material in the Biological Survey Col
lection and in the American Museum of Natural History, leaves me
totally unable to harmonize the descriptions of the two races with speci
mens from their respective faunal stations, or to appreciate constant
differences as described in individuals from transition and boreal
regions.
A comparison of dimensions shows nothing conclusive, and I am led
to the belief that the differences on which these two forms are separated
are not of sufficient degree or constancy to justify their separation. I
propose therefore to call the Red Squirrel from the Katahdin region
Butcher Mammals of Mi. JCatahdin*, Maine. 67
iS. Ji. loquax, as it most closely corresponds to this form in color and size,
doubting very much whether the consideration of more material from
the regions involved will not show that the two forms are in reality not
entitled to separate names, and that S. h. gymnicus should be retired. I
am the more inclined to this belief after reading Mr. Preble's description
of typical Sciurus hudsonicus^*
Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson). Northeastern Chipmunk.
Chipmunks were common on the hardwood ridges of the low ground,
but I saw none at the higher elevations where the deciduous trees were
not so abundant.
One specimen taken at 500 feet altitude is typical lysteri.
Arctomys monax (Linn.). Woodchuck,
Fairly common on the lowlands.
Sciuropterus sabrinus macro tis (Mearns). Canadian Flying Squirrel.
A living specimen was kept in the lower camp. These squirrels are
common on the hard wood ridges. As usual however, unless trapping
for fur, one does not secure them.
Castor canadensis (Kuhl). Beaver.
The beaver is now protected during all seasons in Maine. I heard of
a few colonies, on rather poor authority, but the 'animal no doubt exists
in secluded localities.
Mus musculus (Linn.). House Mouse.'
Common in dwellings.
Peromyscus canadensis (Miller). Canadian White-footed Mouse.
Nine specimens were taken that correspond perfectly with specimens
of typical P. canadensis in the Biological Survey Collection. They were
secured from the lowest to the highest trapping grounds, one individual
being taken under a rock on the tableland, but they are not abundant
animals.
*North American Fauna No. 22, p. 45, 1902.
68 Dutcher Mammals oj Mt. Katalidin, Maine,
Synaptomys cooperi (Baird). Cooper Lemming Mouse.
Two species of the genus Synaptomys, representing both subgenera
occur in the Katahdin region.
Of the subgenus Synaptomys, one specimen was taken August 3,
in a small grassy clearing in the woods at an altitude of about 500 feet,
that seems, on comparison with material in the Biological Survey Col
lection, to be intermediate between 8. cooperi and S.fatuus, but which
from its habitat I refer to the former.
Synaptomys sphagnicola (Preble). Preble Lemming Mouse.
Of the subgenus Mietomys two examples were taken, August 28, and
August 30, respectively, under some balsam scrub by a spring on
the table land, at an altitude of 4500 feet.
A thorough and painstaking search was made of the entire top of the
mountain, and a line of nearly ninety traps was carefully set, baited,
and tended, but the only microtines secured were these two lemmings.
Strange to say the entire top of the mountain was covered with old sign,
without doubt of this species.
Fiber zibethicus (Linn.). Muskrat.
Exceedingly abundant. While canoeing one day, I paddled up
within a few feet of one asleep at the water's edge. While we
were watching him he half opened his eyes, apparently looking directly
at me, and leaning down lapped the water at his feet, then closed his
eyes and relapsed into slumber. If his eyes had seen, his cerebrum had
not interpreted, and he did not recognize his dangerous position. A
slight noise sent him to the bottom like a flash.
flicroius pennsylvanicus (Ord.). Meadow Mouse.
Contrary to expectation the meadow mice were rather scarce.
When I arrived on July 10, the meadow lands available for their
homes were many inches under water, and a search of the higher land,
revealed but few signs of any kind. A few were found along the rivers,
one at 1500 feet, and one at Chimney Pond, at 3000 feet.
Evotomys gapperi (Vigors). Redbacked Mouse.
Fairly common in the higher woods, up to 3500 feet, and probably on
the lower levels too, though none were caught there.
Dulcher Mammals of Mt-, Katahdin, Maine. 69
Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann). Meadow Jumping Mouse.
Found in all suitable localities from 500 feet to 3000 feet altitude.
Napseozapas insignis (Miller). Woodland Jumping Mouse.
f
About as common as, and found in the same meadows with Zapus.
Erethizon dorsatus (Linn.). Canadu Porcupine.
Very common from the river to the summit of Katahdin. Their dens
in the fir scrub and rock heaps were filled with caribou bones, that were
deeply chiseled by their incisors.
Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan). Southern Varying Hare.
The varying hare occurs on the tableland, where I trapped one in an
old caribou trail in July. It corresponds with specimens obtained at
1500 feet, and all are comparable with other examplesof L. a. virginianus
in the Biological Survey Collection.
Lynx canadensis (Kerr). Canada Lynx.
Rather a common animal, if the accounts of guides are correct.
Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest). Red Fox.
Quite common throughout the lower parts of the region, where they
are often seen on roads.
Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Otter.
Quite common along the lower streams and ponds where fish abound.
Gulo luscus (Linn.). Wolverine.
The trappers all denied having seen or heard of the wolverine in the
region, though they were acquainted with the animal by repute.
flustela pennant! (Erxleben). Fisher.
From the accounts of our cooks the fisher is one of the commonest
and most valuable of their fur bearing catch.
70 Butcher Mammals of Mt. Iatali(lin y Maine*
Jlustela americana (Turton). Eastern Marten.
Common up to timber line.
Lutreola vison (Schreber). Mink.
|
Mink are common and range up to timber line. On August 2C, I
caught an adult specimen at an altitude of 3200 feet, 1700 feet above,,
and five miles beyond, the upper limit of fish-inhabited waters. Heavy
rains had filled a usually dry water course in the upper part of the-
middle basin, and he had probably followed this up.
Putorius cicognani (Bonaparte). Small Brown Weasel. '
Very common in the woods in the south basin, and occurring at all)
altitudes. I caught one on the tableland in a caribou runway leading
to a spring, and three at Chimney Pond. All these specimens are
peculiar in the deep rich yellow of the under parts, which varies from
sulphur to rich saffron, differing thereby from all the specimens that I
examined in the Biological Survey and American Museum Collections,
? Mephitis mephitis (Schreber). Skunk.
Very common along the streams, where they are said to be increasing
rapidly.
Procyon lotor (Linn.). Raccoon.
Common along streams at the lower levels.
Ursus americanus (Pallas). Black Bear.
Still quite common. Several are killed each year.
Condylura cristata (Linn.). Star-nosed Mole.
Two specimens were caught in the grassy clearing of my base camp,
at 500 feet, but no signs of them were observed elsewhere.
Blarina brevicauda (Say). Short-tailed Shrew.
The short-tailed shrew is by far the most abundant mammal near
Katahdin. In the clearing around the base camp, and in the adjacent
Dutcher Mammals of Mt. Katahdin, Maine. 71
woods they swarm. I caught one in my hands in some diapensia turf
just below the edge of the tableland, and trapped one on the tableland
at 4500 feet. They seem to take oatmeal bait as readily as flesh.
Sorex albibarbis (Cope.). Water Shrew.
Two specimens of this rather scarce shrew were caught, one at 2400
feet, the other at 3000 feet, but assiduous trapping failed to secure others.
A comparison of the two with the type in the National Museum shows
them to be perfectly typical.
Sorex personatus (I. Geoffrey). Northern Masked Shrew.
One specimen was secured near a spring in the fir scrub on the table
land at 4500 feet.
Conclusions.
That the flora of the north basin of Katahdin, of the slopes above
timber line, and of the tableland is Hudsonian is evident from the oc-
curence there of such plants as Savastana alpina, Phleum alpinitm, Poa
laxa, Carex bigelovii, Scirpus ccespitosus, Juncus trifidus, Salix uva-ursi,
Salix herbacea, Polygonum vimparum, Arenaria groenlandica, Cardamine
bellidifolia, Saxifraga comosa, Empetrum nigrum, Betula glandulosa,
Rhododendron lapponicum, CJiamcecistus procumbens, Cassiope hypnoides,
Phyllodoce ccerulea, Mairania alpina, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium
caespitosum, Diapensia lapponica, Veronica alpina, Nabalus nanus,
Nabalus boottii, Solidago alpestris, Onaphalium svpinum, all of which
were recorded by the New England Botanical Club party of July, 1900
(Rhodora, Vol. 3, No. 30, January 1901), and many of these are rather
Arctic than Hudsonian.
From the species of mammals found it is evident that the entire Katah
din region is covered by the Canadian mammalian fauna, with the possible
exception of Synaptomys sphagnicola Preble. The first recorded specimen
of this species was taken in the Canadian zone near the foot of Mt.
Washington, the second and third, the only others, in territory that so
far as altitude and temperature are concerned should surely be con
sidered as Hudsonian. From the evidence at hand the occurence of
this animal with Hudsonian plants, with indications of a colony of some
size, at a very recent date, and its absence from surrounding Canadian
territory it seems probable that it is a Hudsonian form, and that it oc-
cured in the lower zone on Mt. Washington, as Mr. Preble has suggested,
a wanderer from its native belt.
V-
VOL. XVI, pp. 73-78 MAY 29, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
EIGHT NEW MAMMALS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Among the recent additions to the mammal collection of the
Biological Survey are a cougar from the desert region border
ing the Lower Colorado, below Yuma, Arizona, presented by
Herbert Brown; and a large gray fox from New Hampshire,
presented by Abbott H. Thayer. Both of these animals appear
to be new. In publishing brief diagnoses of them, the oppor
tunity is taken to describe several other unnamed mammals that
have been for some years in the collection of the Biological
Survey.
Felis aztecus browni subsp. nov.
Type from Lower Colorado River 12 miles south of Yuma, Arizona.
No. 125,719 $ ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
February, 1903. Collected by Herbert Brown.
Characters. Similar to aztecus but slightly smaller and paler, with
much smaller and lower audital bullae, and smaller lateral teeth, partic
ularly the canines and carnassials. The incisors are the same size as in
aztecus, but the canines are much more slender, and the premolars (ex
cept the rudimentary upper one) and carnassials are very much smaller.
The upper carnassial measures only 20.5 mm., while in aztecus of the
same sex ( $ ) it measures 24 mm. The bullse are essentially of the same
length as in aztecus but are narrow and low, lacking the usual inflation.
21 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (73)
74 Merriam New Mammals from the United States.
They measure in transverse diameter, from meatus to front of foramen
lacerum posticus, only 16 mm., while those of aztecus usually measure
20 mm. or more. The difference in height is equally striking. In color
the animal is very much paler and grayer (less red) than aztecus.
Remarks. The small size of the bullse seems to indicate that the Colo
rado Desert Cougar finds his prey more by sight than hearing; and the
slender canines and small lateral teeth indicate that he preys on smaller
animals than the deer-killing Cougar of the uplands.
Measurements (in flesh). "Tip of nose to tip of tail 7 ft. 4 in. ; tail 28| in.
Weight 170 pounds."
Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis subsp. nov.
Type from Marlboro, 7 miles from Monadnock, New Hampshire. No.
119,725 $ ad., U. 8. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
November, 1902. Abbott H. Thayer.
Characters. Similar to cinereoargenteus but decidedly larger, with
marked skull and tooth differences. Skull larger and heavier; nasals
longer and more slender posteriorly; palate broader; pterygoid fossa
much broader, with sides more flaring (less vertical); teeth (particularly
the upper molars and last lower premolar, pm ? ) slightly larger and de
cidedly thicker; last upper molar conspicuously larger (outer side 10 mm.),
with heel broader and heavier. The 4th lower premolar is larger than
in any known member of the genus.
Cranial measurements. (Type specimen $ ad.): Basal length 126;
basilar length of Hensel 118.5; zygomatic breadth 73; palatal length 63;
postpalatal length 55; front of canine to back of last upper molar 56.
Urocyon catalinre sp. nov.
Type from Catalina Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California. No.
45,228 $ ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Geographic distribution. Catalina Island, California.
Characters. Similar to littoratis, but tail much longer, throat purer
white; white of underside of thigh and upper side of hind foot greatly
restricted; dusky patch at base of whiskers well denned.
Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of littoraUs, but nasals nar
rower and not constricted in the middle; rostrum longer and more slen
der; anterior ascending arm of jugal thicker; bullse more inflated and
less flattened anteriorly. Urocyon catalince agrees with littoraUs and
differs from all the others in having the nasals broad posteriorly and
obliquely truncate, and the frontal spines short.
Measurements. Male: Total length 795; tail 298; hind foot 112.
Female: total length 720; tail 270; hind foot 112. Two specimens
weighed in the flesh: $ 5 Ibs. ; 9 4-J Ibs.
Merrlam N~ew Mammals from the United States. 75
Urocyon elements^ sp. nov.
Type from San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California.
No. 92,034 $ ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection,
Geographic distribution. San Clemente Island, California.
Characters. Similar to littoralis, but dusky patch at base of whiskers
much blacker and more sharply defined, with a clean white area between
it and base of nose-pad, as in santacruza; throat clearer white; underside
of thigh and upperside of hind foot whitish, in some cases nearly pure
white.
Cranial characters. Skull similar to littoralis^ but smaller; nasals
more tapering posteriorly and broadest in the middle (instead of con
stricted in the middle); rostrum more slender; frontal spines rather long;
anterior ascending arm of jugal very broad; bullae smaller and more in
flated; upper carnassial narrower. U. element differs from catalince, its
neighbor in the southern group, as follows: size smaller; nasals broader
in the middle and more tapering posteriorly; bullae more inflated (especi
ally anteriorly); carnassial and molar teeth smaller.
Measurements. Average of 6 specimens: total length 688; tail 250;
hind foot in dry skin 100.
Urocyon littoralis santacruzae subsp. nov.
Type from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California. No.
ffrff 9 a d., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Geographic distribution. Santa Cruz Island, California.
Characters. Similar to littoralis, but fulvous areas slightly more ex
tensive and more intense; dusky patch at base of whiskers larger and
darker; whitish area on underside of thigh and top of hind foot suffused
with buff> fulvous; nasals slender and tapering posteriorly.
Cranial characters. Similar to littoralis, but skull slightly smaller;
nasals much narrower, slender and tapering (instead of expanded) poste
riorly, and not constricted in the middle; frontal spines long; rostrum
narrower; anterior ascending arm of jugal broader; bullae smaller, more
inflated posteriorly, narrower anteriorly; basioccipital narrower; upper
carnassial narrower.
Measurements. Average of 3 specimens: total length 708; tail 266;
hind foot 109.
76 Merriam New Mammals from the United States.
Cranial measurements of Island Foxes.
|
I
1
1
\
3
3
1
1
a
9 ad.
$
9
$
9
$
9
Basilar length.
93.5
96
90
94
91
98
95
Palatal length.
49
53
49
50
48
53
50
Postpalatal length.
44
43.5
40.5
43.5
43.5
45
44.5
Zygomatic breadth.
57
57.5
55
56.5
55.5
60
57.5
Breadth of nasals at apex
of premaxillje.
7
5.5
5.5
7.5
7
6.5
7
Upper series of teeth (ca
nine to last molar).
43.5
44.5
43
45.5
44
47
44
Putorius streatori leptus subsp. nov.
Type from Silverton, Colorado. No. 56,800 $ yg. ad., U. S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. October 20, 1893. J. Alden
Loring. Original No. 1185.
Characters. Similar to streatori but smaller; black tip of tail very much
shorter (projecting only 15 mm. beyond white hairs): Teeth about same
size as in streatori, but skull disproportionally smaller; frontals and
rostrum more depressed; bullae smaller and narrower.
Winter pelage. White all over except short black tip of tail. White
without yellowish tinge. (Two males from Colorado the type from
Silverton, and another from Crested Butte collected February 17, 1902
by E. R. Warren).
Summer pelage. Upperparts uniform drab brown (or between drab
brown and hazel, but lacking the reddish of hazel); end of tail black;
underparts white throughout with straight line of demarcation along
sides, the white reaching down on underside of legs to wrists and ankles;
rest of legs and feet brown like back; toes of forefeet white on upper
side; toes of hind feet mixed brown and white. (Young female from
Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada, near Henry House, July 21, 1896,
J. Alden Loring).
Remarks. The animal is nearly as small as rixosus, from which it is
easily distinguished by the longer tail and black tip, and slightly larger
skull and teeth.
Merriam New Mammals from the United States. 77
Measurements. Type specimen ( $ yg. ad.): total length 243; tail
vertebrae 64; hind foot 31. Skull: basal length 31.5; basilar length of
hensel 30.5; zygomatic breadth 17.5; interorbital breadth 7.5; palatal
length 13; postpalatal length 18; toothrow from front of canine to back
of last molar 9.
Eutamias canicaudus sp. nov.
Type from Spokane, State of Washington. No. f-it 9 ad., U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. April 11, 1891. C. P.
Streator. Original No. 639.
Characters. Size rather large; ears medium or rather small; tail
rather long; general color in spring pelage buffy gray, tail grizzled gray
decidedly grayer (less red) than in neighboring species; outer pair of
light stripes strikingly white.
Color. Spring pelage (=lef t over winter pelage) : upperparts, includ
ing middle pair of light stripes vinaceous gray, with enough admixture
of white-tipped hairs to produce a hoary effect; median, dorsal and lat
eral pair of black stripes (5 in all) pure black, the outer pair slightly
washed with fulvous; upperside of tail grizzled gray, edged with whit
ish; underside with a median buffy band bordered with black and edged
with whitish. Post-breeding pelage: neck, sides and edges of stripes
washed with ochraceous or light fulvous.
Remarks. This handsome new species with showy white side stripe is
at all seasons easily distinguished from its neighbors, felix and ajfinis by
the color of the tail, the general tone of which is gray. Both of the
others have strikingly red tails, the underside and edges being intense
fulvous or ferruginous. The geographic range of the gray-tail chip
munk so far as now known is the ponderosa pine forest of the -Transi
tion zone in northern Idaho and the adjoining eastern edge of the State
of Washington.
Measurements. Type (9 ad.): total length 228; tail vertebrae 98;
hind foot 32. Average of 6 adults from type locality: total length 229;
tail vertebrae 104; hind foot 34.
Citellus grammurus utah subsp. nov.
Type from foot of Wasatch Mountains near Ogden, Utah. No. f ff f
9 ad., Merriam Collection. October 10, 1888. Vernon Bailey. Orig
inal No. 291.
Characters. Similar to grammurus but smaller, ears larger, back
much redder; head in late summer pelage much more reddish brown;
tail darker; nasal bones anteriorly averaging broader, more inflated and
more truncate; also slightly longer and projecting posteriorly behind
premaxillre; fronts of incisors paler yellow (in grammurus more orange).
VOL. XVI, pp. 79-82 MAY 29, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FOUR NEW MAMMALS, INCLUDING A NEW GENUS
(TEANOPUS), FROM MEXICO.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
E. W. Nelson, and his able assistant E. A. Goldman, in their
explorations in Mexico for the Biological Survey of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, still continue to discover new spe
cies of mammals. Four of these are here described. One is a
large ground squirrel quite unlike any hitherto known; another
is a wood rat for which I am reluctantly obliged to erect a new
genus; still another is a new member of the rare and little
known genus Nelsonia^ while the last is a large pocket gopher
from Mt. Patamban.
Citellus adocetus sp. nov.
Type from La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
No. 126,129 9 ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
March 17, 1903. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 16,183.
Characters. Unique; not like any known species. Allied to Citellus
annulatus but much smaller and without trace of the rings on the tail.
Pelage hispid; ears short; tail rather long; color uniform grizzled
grayish or butty without markings.
Color. Upper parts strongly grizzled grayish and black, changing
with season to dull ochraceous brown; top of head usually darker (in
22 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (79)
80 Merriam Four New Mammals from Mexico.
some specimens blackish); stripe from side of nose passing over eye pale
buffy, sometimes washed with or bordered above by pale fulvous; short
band under eye (rarely reaching to ear) buffy; cheeks grizzled, washed
with fulvous; underparts buffy or yellowish buffy, sometimes becoming
fulvous on throat and chin; fore legs and feet and hind feet dull pale
fulvous, the fulvous, in the brown pelage, extending over thighs; sides
of neck washed with fulvous; tail coarsely grizzled black and buffy,
bordered on terminal half with subapical black band and edged with
buffy fulvous; median line of distal half of underside usually pale
fulvous.
Cranial characters. Skull about the size of that of Citellus mexicanus
but frontal region very much broader, anterior upper premolar decidedly
smaller, and front of incisors intense chestnut instead of pale yellowish.
Compared with its nearest relative, C. annulatus, the skull is only about
three-fourths as large, rostrum fore-shortened, jugal broader, coronoid
and angular processes of jaw longer; the bullse are large, the frontal
shield broad, the postorbital processes long and strongly decurved.
Measurements. Type ( 9 ad.): total length 350; tail vertebrae 156;
hind foot 48. Average of 10 specimens from type locality: total length
341.6; tail vertebrae 158.7; hind foot 46.9.
Cranial measurements. Topotype ( $ ad.): basal length 41; palatal
length 24; postpalatal length 17; zygomatic breadth 26; interorbital
breadth 13; length of tooth row on alveolus 8.25; on crowns 7.5.
Nelsonia gold man! sp. nov.
Type from Mt. Tancitaro, Michoacan, Mexico. No. 125,818 $ ad.,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. February 25,
1903. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 16,021.
Characters. Similar to Nelsonia neotomodon but darker and grayer
(much less fulvous), and with hind feet dusky instead of white. Tail
well haired toward and at tip, as in neotomodon.
Color. Upperparts dark slate gray, lightly washed, especially on
sides, with pale ochraceous; underparts white, the plumbeous underfur
showing through. Tail dusky. above, becoming gradually paler beneath
not sharply bicolor as in N. neotomodon. Young dark slate color, very
different from the buffy grayish young of N. neotomodon.
Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of N. neotomodon but more
angular; flatter between orbits and over front of braincase; anterior base
of zygoma with vertical lamella well marked, forming a spine when
viewed from above [absent in neotomodon]; nasals narrower; rostrum
more constricted at base by better defined antorbital fossa.
Measurements. Average of 3 specimens from type locality: total
length 248; tail.vertebrse 122; hind foot 29.
Merrlam Four New Mammals from Mexico. 81
Genus Teanopus nob.
Type, Teanopus phenax gen. et. sp. nov.
Characters. Size of a middle-sized wood rat (Neotoma), which it
greatly resembles, though externally still more like Hodomys vetulus;
ears large and nearly naked; tail long and densely covered with short
hairs; soles of fore and hind feet, between pads, completely scutellate
everywhere covered with small tubercles. Skull in general like that
of Neotoma and Teonoma, but audital bullae enormously inflated verti
cally, subwheel-shaped, blunt anteriorly, nearly parallel, almost ex
actly as in Xenomys; antorbital slits very large and broadly open; sphe
noid vacuities open; braincase without temporal shield. Lower jaw
with distinct prominence over root of incisor; angle elongate, its lower
border strongly inflected and upturned, forming a long shallow trough as
in Teonoma, but less extreme; infracondylar notch deeper than in either
Neotoma or Teonoma. Last lower molar with reentrant enamel loop on
inner side passing obliquely forward in front of its mate on outer side,
thus approaching the condition in Hodomys.
Teanopus phenax sp. nov.
Type from Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora. No. 95,841 9 ad., XL S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. November 4, 1898. E. A. Gold
man. Original No. 13,258.
Characters. Size and general appearance of Hodomys vetulus; tail
rather long and black or dusky all round; upperparts buffy gray; under-
parts yellowish white anteriorly, underfur showing through posteriorly;
top and sides of nose dusky; cheeks pale grayish; outer side of foreleg to
wrist grayish dusky, sharply contrasted with white of underside; hind
foot soiled whitish above; ankles and sides of heel dusky on both sides,
bordered with white below.
Dental characters. Molars (except the last lower, described in the gen
eric diagnosis) with enamel folds as in the albigula group of Neotoma.
Measurements. Type specimen, 9 ad - : total length 352; tail vertebras
172; hind foot 37.5. Average of 3 from type locality: total length 365;
tail vertebrae 183; hind foot 37.7.
Platygeomys tylorhinus angustirostris subsp. nov.
Type from Patamban, Michoacan, Mexico. No. 125,688 9 ad., U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. February 2, 1903.
Nelson and Goldman. Original No. 15,850.
82 Merriam Four New Mammals from Mexico.
Characters. Similar in size and general characters to P. tylorhinus but
color paler and more fulvous, grizzled on back with black-tipped hairs;
slaty plumbeous of underparts much paler and washed on tips with pale
fulvous. Skull slightly smaller; rostrum, nasals, and incisors decidedly
narrower; nasals narrow and strongly arched anteriorly; the posterior
half very narrow and of even breadth (sides parallel for posterior half) ;
jugal and pterygoids as in tylorhinus; molars smaller. Under jaw much
smaller.
Cranial measurements. Skull of type specimen: basal length 53. 5; zygo-
matic breadth anteriorly 38; breadth of rostrum anteriorly 10; breadth
of nasals anteriorly 6; at middle 3. The flesh measurements have not
yet come in from the field.
VOL. XVI, pp. 83-83 JUNE 25, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE SHORT-MOUTHED SNAKE (EUTAIN1A BRA
CHYSTOMA COPE) IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN.
BY HUBERT LYMAN CLARK.
In 1892, Cope described, under the name Eutamia brachy-
stoma y a small garter-snake from Franklin County, Pennsyl
vania, which had been sent to him in alcohol, the distinguishing
feature being the small number of labial plates in both the
upper and under jaws. Since the description was published no
other specimens have been taken and the validity of the species
has been openly questioned. It is therefore a matter of consid
erable interest that the species has been found in the vicinity of
Olivet, Michigan, on several occasions, during the spring of
1903. The first specimens taken were a male and female col
lected April 20, beside a rail fence crossing an open but very
wet pasture. The fence ran close beside a pool of water where
there was a growth of willow and alder bushes, and it was under
the shelter of these bushes that the snakes were found. On
April 23, careful search in the same locality revealed a second
female and April 29, another female was taken at the same spot.
On May 7, still another female was captured beside the same
fence but some sixty yards from the bushes. On May 12, a
fifth female was taken in a very wet swamp on the margin of a
lake, half a mile or more from the above mentioned pasture.
23-PRoa BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (83)
84
Clark The Short- Mouthed Snake.
The following table will bring out clearly tlie characters of the
species and the individual peculiarities of the Olivet specimens:
^
n
5
&
CA
r-,42
~
"3
&
1
g
fl
<s>
I 5
2
Is
8
R
O
00
5
s
o
t>J
i-5 ^
1
J
9
M
p
S
O
R L
R L
R L
Cope's
type.
1892
2
286
132
72
66
88
33
1
April 20, 1903
$
472
1351
61
66
88
33
2
April 20
9
556
J33J
58
66
88
22
3
April 23
9
485+
137
7
66
88
22
4
April 29
9
420
136
52
66
89
2-3
5
May 7
9
411
141
54
77
88
22
6
May 12
9
460
140
58
66
88
3-3
It will be noticed at once that only one of the five females is
perfectly normal, all of the others having a reduced number of
postocular plates. It is also apparent that the type specimen is
not an average representative of the species, since the number of
gastrosteges is exceptionally small, while the number of uro-
steges is unusually large. In Nos. 1 and 2 there were incom
plete gastrosteges, which have been counted as half plates. In
No. 3, nearly one-half of the tail was missing, so that the uro-
steges could not be determined.
The new material makes it possible to state more definitely
the specific characters, and to correct one or two of Cope's mis-
statements, which were due to his having only one specimen,
and that an alcoholic. In general appearance, the short-mouthed
snake is somewhat like the common garter snake (Eutania sir-
tails) but the head is so much narrower and the tail tapers so
much more abruptly that even a very casual glance will suffice
to note the difference. In coloration, moreover, there is a very
Clark The Short-Mouthed SnaJce. 85
striking difference between the two species, as indicated by Cope,
but his description of the color of brachystoma is very mislead
ing, owing to the changes produced by the alcohol. In life, brachy
stoma is very dark brown above, many of the scales being al
most black, as are portions of the skin; in some specimens, when
the skin is stretched, these black areas appear as a more or less
complete double series of squarish spots on each side of the dor
sal region; the mid-dorsal row of scales and the inner half of the
scales in the row on each side of it are bright yellow anteriorly,
gradually becoming duller posteriorly and losing their distinct
ness on the tail; a similar stripe occurs on each side of the body
and includes all the scales of the third row, the lower half of
most of those in the fourth row and the upper half of many in
the second row; these lateral stripes fade away on the tail but
are very bright anteriorly, where they expand so that the entire
sides of the neck are very yellow; on this yellow area are several
prominent black spots; the first row of scales and the outer ends
of the gastrosteges are deep brown, the latter with a dusky
yellowish tinge; the ventral surface is dull light olivaceous,
darkest near vent, sparsely speckled with black (the exact shade
varies considerably, No. 6 having the whole lower surface dark,
becoming almost black in front of vent); there is a narrow black
spot on the anterior margin of the outer end of the gastrosteges;
the head is brown, with a greenish tinge anteriorly; labials yel
low, chin white and throat yellowish; parietal spots yellow, very
evident. Gastrosteges 132141 (average 136+); urosteges 61-72
in <? , 52-58 in 9; upper labials 6; lower labials 8; postocu-
lars 3; scale rows 19.
The question which naturally arises is: What is the relation
of brachystoma to sirtalis f Had Cope's type remained unique,
it might well have been regarded as a sport, merely an unusual
ly aberrant sirtalis, and the discovery of a single specimen in
Olivet or elsewhere would not necessarily have disproved the
correctness of this view. But in the light of the evidence fur
nished by six specimens of both sexes, taken at various times in
several places, such a view is certainly incorrect and there can
be no doubt of the distinctness of the two species. The differ
ence in color is constant, in spite of the extraordinary variety
shown by sirtalis; in the latter the lateral stripes are mainly on
the second, partly on the third, row of scales instead of on the
86 Clark The Short- Mouthed Snake.
third and fourth as in brachystoma; while .the deep brown band
below these stripes is wanting in sirtalis. The difference in
form is equally noticeable, though less easily stated; brachy-
stoma is more stocky and tapers towards both ends rather
abruptly. As regards the number and arrangement of scales,
the two species are equally distinct, although individuals occur
combining the characters curiously. Thus No. 5 has 7 upper
labials on each side, the normal number for sirtalis, while No. 4
has 9 lower labials on the left side; out of 320 specimens of sir-
tolls examined this spring, 6 have 6 upper labials on one side
but none have that number on both sides, while 1 2 have 8 upper
labials on one side, and 2 have that number on both sides; as re
gards the lower labials, 268 of the 320 have the lower labials 10
on each side, 9 have 9 on each side, 4 have 1 1 on each side, and 2
have only 8 on each side, while the remainder have 9 or 11 on
one side or the other, except 3 which have 8 on one side. The
most interesting case in this connection is a small male sirtalis,
which has the upper labials 67 and the lower 88; however, as
it has 152 gastrosteges and 75 urosteges and is a perfectly nor
mal sirtalis in coloration, it cannot be regarded as in any sense
a connecting link with brachystoma. In the number of gastro
steges the difference between the two species is striking, brachy- .
stoma ranging from 132 to 141, with an average of about 136,
while the 320 specimens of sirtalis range from 142 to 159 and
average about 151; and it should be added that of the 320, only
one has 142, two have 143, and two 144 gastrosteges. In the num
ber of urosteges the two recorded male brachystoma are far apart,
61 and 72, an average of less than 67, but male sirtalfe range
from 64 to 79, with an average of more than 71, and further,
only 9 of 163 specimens have less than 67 urosteges; the female
brachystoma range from 52 to 58 with an average of more than
55, while female sirtalis range from 57 to 73, with an average
of more than 63, and only 4 out of 157 have less than 59.
Cope's statement that "the number of urosteges remains as in"
sirtalis requires, therefore, some modification, as it is clear that
the number is normally decidedly less than in the common gar
ter-snake.
In regard to the habits of brachystoma^ Cope's statement that
"it is one of the forms * * * which * * * have
adopted a terrestrial life and more or less burrowing habits" is
Clark The Short-Mouthed Snake. 8Y
open to question. Though not aquatic, this species likes the
water and has been found only in its immediate neighborhood.
Several specimens have been kept alive, under as natural condi
tions as possible, and they show considerable readiness to take
to the water when alarmed, nor is there any evidence of burrow
ing or of retreating to holes. Indeed the habits are very much
like those of the common garter-snake, except that brachystoma
is not at all pugnacious, making no attempt to strike when
seized or handled.
VOL. XVI, PP. 89-90 JUNE 25, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW NEOTOMA FROM MEXICO.
BY OUTRAM BANGS.
The collection of mammals made in Mexico by Mr. S. N.
Rhoads and his wife, in the winter and spring of 1899, was pur
chased soon afterwards by my brother and myself, and is now in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Mass.
When identifying the species, a year or two ago, I was much
puzzled by a Neotoma from Texolo, Vera Cruz, that I could not
place with any described form, and showed it to Mr. E. W.
Nelson, who at once declared it a species he had never taken or
even seen, and suggested I send it to Dr. Merriam for compari
son with the series in the Biological Survey Collection. This
I accordingly did, and Dr. Merriam has most kindly compared
it for me with all known forms to which it might be related,
and pronounces it a very distinct species, with, apparently, no
near ally among the known members of the genus. This new
Neotoma^ of which Mr. Rhoads took five examples, all at the
same place, may be known as:
Neotoma distincta sp. nov.
Type from Texolo, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Old adult $ No. 9819, Bangs
Collection. (Collection Museum of Comparative Zoology.) Collected
March 8, 1899, by S. N. Rhoads.
24 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (89)
90
Bangs A New Neotoma from Mexico.
Characters. A very distinct species, with a wholly black tail as in
N. tenuicauda, but much larger than that animal, and differing from it
markedly in skull characters; much like N. fulviventer in color, except
the tail, which is bicolor in that species, but rather darker; much larger
than N. fulviventer and with a much larger and more massive skull; ros
trum and nasals longer; rostrum more swollen over roots of incisors; ant-
orbital fossa correspondingly more pronounced; zygomata more spreading
posteriorly (in N. fulviventer the sides are parallel); superciliary ridges
more elevated and more pinched in over orbits; incisors and molars much
larger and heavier.
Color. General color of upperparts mummy brown, the back much
darkened by the thick sprinkling of brownish-black tipped hairs; sides
paler, more russet; sides of nose and upper lips dull grayish brown; chin,
upper throat and narrow belly stripe dull gray; a wide pectoral collar,
ochraceous-buff; lower middle belly and ventral region yellowish white;
feet and hands dull grayish brown; toes and fingers white; ears rather
small, nearly naked, dusky; tail unicolor, black; whiskers mixed black
arid colorless.
Measurements.
No.
Sex
Total
length
Tail
vert.
Hind
foot
Ear
9819
Type
$ old ad.
417
206
41
23
9818
Topotype
$ old ad.
370
165
41
23
9821
Topotype
$ old ad.
395
185
40
26
9820
Topotype
9 ad.
377
190
40
20
9822
Topotype
$ young ad.
370
165
41
23
Skull, old adult $ , type: basal length, 43; occipito-nasal length, 48;
xygomatic width, 25; mastoid width, 19.4; interorbital width, 5.2; length
of nasals, 19; width of nasals, 5.6; length of palate to palatal notch, 22.2;
length of palatal slits, 10.6; length of upper molar series, 9.4; length of
single half of mandible, 29.6.
VOL. XVI, PP. 91-98 JUNE 25, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE HAWTHORNS OF NORTHEASTERN WISCONSIN,
BY J. H. SCHUETTE.
The genus Crataegus is variable and has always given trouble
to field botanists. As a result of deficient material and imper
fect observations there is a confused treatment, even in leading
manuals, and this may be the cause of the excessive splitting of
species in recent years. There are six distinct species or rather
groups in northeastern Wisconsin each including forms which
are not entitled to specific rank although exhibiting some con
stant differences. These variant forms should be considered
only as subspecies. Hawthorns, like roses, willows, oaks and
many other woody plants furnish valuable material for research
to evolutionists, who have hitherto turned their attention chiefly
to the animal kingdom. The variability and polymorphism are
due to the influence of the evironment and soil, the climate, ef
fects of age and injury, crossing, and progressive heredity. In the
region of Green Bay, where the retiring waters of bay and lake
left distinct evidences of former higher levels in Pleistocene and
Recent geological time, variation due to changed environment is
illustrated especially by the wild roses. Thus individuals grow
ing on the younger formations of moist and wet sand, or near
the surf, present characters plainly different from those of others
of the same species growing on the higher alluvial or Pleisto
cene ridges. Crataegus like JRosa is very susceptible to such
25-PRoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (91)
92 Schuette Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin.
influences. Therefore no expert author should venture to base
a new species on a single specimen or a single or slight character.
The definitive characters should be constant and direct. Our
attention is first of all attracted by the external differences in
plants. Form, aspect, and habit, therefore, are all important in
the discrimination of variations and in the elevation of subspecies
to species, at least for popular recognition. Plants like the
hawthorns require observation and investigation under different
conditions of environment before being subjected to further
specific or subspecific differentiation.
After hunting for years for Crataegus crus-galli I found on
the peninsula between Lake Michigan and Green Bay, on Wash
ington Island, the next island north of Death Door, Wisconsin,
a group of nice trees with shining, thick leaves and rather long
thorns. I believed I had at length found the desired species or
a variety of it, but later discovering my mistake I called this
form C. punctata decipiens, and reached the conclusion that
C. crus-galli does not occur in our northwest. This view is
supported by a specimen received in exchange from the National
Herbarium labelled "Crataegus crus-galli" and collected in
Minnesota. Although I have not seen the buds and fruits I
regard it as C. tomentosa. The error, due to the meagre and
misleading descriptions given in current manuals, is very ex
cusable.
Finally, mention should be made of some interesting obser
vations on the effects of the cold and moist atmosphere near
Lake Michigan. At the outset the entire vegetation on the
peninsula between Green Bay and the lake is delayed 3 or 4
weeks as compared with that of the surrounding region. Sec
ondly, the atmospheric conditions due to the proximity of the
water appear to produce variations and freaks in species, even
shrubs seeming to be changed into trees. Near Kewaunee,
Wisconsin, on an elevated plain, I met with a cluster of trees,
each about- 30 feet high and 10 inches in diameter, with the
characters of Acer spicatum, the well known shrub% All but
one of these trees have since been exterminated by clearing. Qn
the southern grassy slope of this plain is a little grove of Cra
taegus trees, 1218 feet high and 35 inches in diameter. I am,
however not certain as to their specific identity since I have
not seen the buds and flowers.
Schuette Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin. 93
Since the nomenclature of Crataegus seems to be somewhat
unsettled, I have employed the familiar names while embodying
my own views in the following descriptions. A series of speci
mens, including the types of the new forms, has been presented
to the Biological Society of Washington, and by the latter
turned over to the United States National Museum.
Artificial Key to the Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin.
I. Fertile shoots of the current season pubescent.
1. Leaves cordate, truncate or rounded at base, tomentose beneath;
petioles not margined, tomentose 1. C. subvillosa Schrader.
2. Leaves acute or acuminate at base; petioles margined.
a. Sepals (calyx lobes) toothed (glandular in No. 3).
* Anthers red; petioles and outer surface of sepals pubes
cent; flowering two weeks later than No. 1
2. C. tomentosa L.
** Anthers white; sepals glabrous outside (sometimes
hairy at base) - 3. C. macracantha Lodd.
b. Sepals entire, glandless, their outer surface glabrous in the
upper half 4. C. punctata Jacq.
II. Fertile shoots of the current season glabrous.
1. Corymb and calyx pubescent; sepals deeply (almost fimbriately)
toothed; petioles not more than one-sixth as long as the blade,
margined, groove hairy and impressed.
a. Anthers red; stamens 12-20; calyx cup hairy; leaves hairy
beneath, especially on the nerves 5. C. pyrifolia Ait.
b. Anthers white in bud, gradually turning brown; stamens
8-12 (rarely more), calyx cup and leaves beneath usually
glabrous - - 6. (7. pyrifolia sylvestris subsp. nov.
2. Corymb and calyx cup glabrous* ; sepals slightly dentate or en
tire; petioles at least one-third as long as the blade, glabrous
beset with few glands.
a. Anthers white; sepals toothed and conspicuously gland
ular; petioles margined, blade acute at base, its teeth
more or less obtuse if the small terminal gland is re
moved - - - - l.C. caliciglabrp, sp. nov.
b. Anthers red; sepals with few gland-tipped teeth or entire
and glandless; petioles marginless by tightly inrolled
edges, filiform, usually more than one-half as long as the
blade - * - ... 8. C. cocdnea L.
(For subspecies see below, description No. 8).
* In some forms of C. cocdnea slightly scattered with soft hairs, but
glabrate.
94 Schuette Hawthorns of Northeastern "Wisconsin.
Descriptions of species and subspecies.
i. Crataegus subvillosa Schrader.
A tree with gray, ascending branches, 20-30 feet high and 6-9 inches
in diameter. It is easily distinguished by the generally large, densely
villous-tomentose leaves with mostly cordate, truncate or even acute
bases and slender marginless petioles. The corymbs and flowers are
large; sepals hairy both within and without, teeth and glands none or
obscure; stamens 12-20 with whitish, later brownish, anthers; the
disk with mostly 3-4 styles. The dull red fruits vary in size up to that
of cherries and are globose, ovoid or obconical. Thorns few, black,
slender, or short and stout. Flowering in the second half of May. Not
rare; on banks, slopes, and in moist soil.
2. Crataegus tomentosa L.
A slender, crookedly bent but upright, gray tree with few short
branches, 8-10 feet high and as thick as a heavy walking stick. The
leaves are ovate or obovate (often somewhat oblong or roundish), acute
at top, acute or acuminate at base, the blade decurrent on the short,
tomentose petiole almost to the end; marginal teeth cuspidately tipped,
the blade pubescent beneath, glabrous above; the bracts of the buds are
large and red, of the flowers linear-lanceolate, brownish, obscurely
toothed and glandless. The compound corymb, the calyx cup, and the
usually irregularly toothed and glandless or minutely glandular sepals
are finely tomentose. Stamens 12-20; anthers red; pistils 2 or 3; fruits
small, somewhat pear-shaped, oblong when young, bulged at the middle
like a cask, and quite red when ripe. Not rare in fertile soil or clay,
which it prefers. It is unmistakably distinct and easily recognized by
its late flowering, about June 10-25, two weeks later than the species
last described.
3. Crataegus macracantlia Lodd.
This species is distinguishable from the last by the white anthers. It
is a thorny, spreading, gray shrub, 6-10 feet high. Leaves generally
round-ovate, acute or acutish at each end, obscurely lobed and
toothed (teeth tipped with a small gland, obtuse or obtusish if this
gland is removed), hairy beneath; petiole usually rather slender,
mostly with few glands, margined and hairy. Bud scales reddish;
stipules and bracts lance-linear, quite glandular; corymbs compound,
hairy, as are the calyx cups; sepals glabrous outside, toothed, and gland
ular on the short teeth. Stamens 8-10; pistils 4 (3-5); fruits red, ovoid
or globose, as large as big peas. Thorns dark brown, shining, rather
Schuette Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin. 95
long and numerous, as are the flowers and fruits. Flowering the latter
half of May. Common. Prefers moist soil on banks and slopes (Com
pare No. 7, below).
4. Crataegus punctata Jacq.
A large shrub or usually a small tree, -12-25 feet high and 4-6 inches
in diameter, with numerous, nearly horizontal, far-spreading, gray
branches and few gray, slender thorns. Leaves obovate to spatulate, acute
at apex, cuneate at base, decurrent on the hairy or tomentose, short petiole
(in some forms the latter only margined), entire in the lower, irregularly
toothed in the upper part, the teeth obscurely glandular or glandless,
the nerves hairy underneath. Bud scales brown, but involucral leaves
rather large, obovate or spatulate, greenish, brown, or whitish. Stipules
and bracts chiefly linear, slender, brown and glandular on the margins,
of various forms in sterile shoots. Corymbs compound, with profuse,
large flowers. Calyx cup densely hairy or tomentose; sepals entire and
glandless, glabrous outside in the upper half. Stamens 12-20; anthers
at first whitish, later brown and dark; pistils 3; fruits usually large,
globose, reddish or yellowish-green with whitish dots. This conspicu
ous tree with a handsome top is densely covered with white flowers at
the end of May and the early part of June. It prefers calcareous and
open clay-soil pastures. Common, especially on the peninsula between
Lake Michigan and Green Bay.
Variations from the type are occasionally observed in the form and
size of the leaves, the sepals, the glands, degree of pubescence, etc.
The variety with shining, thick leaves and with more numerous, rather
larger thorns is C. punctata decipieiis subsp. nov. (type specimen, No.
431,497, U. S. National Herbarium), C. crus-galli is not found in the
region under consideration.
5. Crataegus pyrifolia Ait.
A tree with gray ascending branches forming a rather close, somewhat
obtuse top. Shoots of the preceding season brown and shining, those of
the current year green, later brown; bud scales coriaceous, brown; in
volucral leaves obovate to spatulate, red with a green zone along the
margins, glandular: stipules and bracts very fugaceous, mostly filiform
or linear, and glandular; leaves broadly elliptic but acute at each end
(or ovate or obovate), dull, hairy on the nerves on both faces, the pubes
cence extending down on the upper side of the longitudinal groove of
the otherwise glabrous, glandless, margined, short petiole which rarely
exceeds one-sixth the length of the blade; teeth of blade glandless or
obscurely glandular. Corymb compound, pubescent; calyx cup hairy;
sepals almost fimbriately toothed and glandular, glabrous outside; sta
mens usually 12 to 20; anthers red; pistils 2-3; fruits the size of peas,
96 tSchuette Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin.
globose or globular, red. Thorns generally short and stout, straight,
dark brown and shining, gray on older branches. Flowering toward the
end of May. Not rare on rich and moist soil.
6. Crataegus pyrifolia sylvestris subsp. nov.
This plant, probably a woods-living form, is closely allied to the last.
It is, however, distinguished by having usually 10 (7-12) stamens; anthers
white becoming yellow, then brown; the sepals outside glabrous or near
ly so, in general less hairy on the corymb; bracts narrowly lanceolate to
linear or filiform; the petioles slightly longer, often one-fourth as long
as the blade; the upper involucral leaves sometimes uniform whitish or
approaching the last with greenish or yellowish margins, usually slender,
longer, often bent, numerous on shrubs, fewer on trees. A slender tree
(8-15 feet high) with slender branches, occurring not rarely in wet, moist,
shady woods. Flowering with the last. Type specimen, No. 431,500 r
U. S. National Herbarium.
7. Crataegus caliciglabra sp. nov.
A low, spreading, thorny shrub on borders of open fields and in groves,
similar in general to No. 3, but distinguished by the following characters:
shoots of the current year glabrous; calyx, except the upper side of the
sepals absolutely glabrous; the whole plant otherwise glabrous; the peti
ole obviously marked with 3-5 glands; the uppermost involucral leaves
green with a reddish midnerve, spatulate; the lanceolate, slender sepals
usually longer than the cup when flowering. This species is distinguished
from C. pyrifolia and C. coccinea by its white anthers and the more obtuse
teeth of the blade. Flowering with the last. Type specimen, No. 431 ,498,
U. S. National Herbarium.
8. Crataegus coccinea L.
A polymorphous shrub, nearly every individual exhibiting some vari
ation. The young plants vary from the old ones, the solitary individuals
from those in groups. According to the environment characters disap
pear, are added, or fail to present a distinct appearance. For these rea
sons the following description includes several forms recently regarded
as species.
The typical form is only a shrub, 3 to 10 feet high. The branches are
gray, ascending, more or less divergent, roundish, striate or irregularly
angular, and somewhat undulately-bent; the twigs yellowish or brown
ish; the fertile shoots of the season glabrous; the thorns short and stout
or long and slender, brown (gray on old twigs), mostly black at top and
brown-red below, sometimes with a slightly silver-gray cover: petioles
Schuette Hawthorns of Northeastern Wisconsin. 97
filiform, slender, marginless, usually as long as or longer than half the
length of the blade, beset with few glands. The blade is broad-ovate in
outline, acute at the top, obscurely protracted at the cordate, truncate
or rounded base, lower face soon glabrous, teeth sharply acute, slightly
glandular-tipped or glandless. Bud scales obovate, red; stipules like
the bracts linear to narrow-lanceolate, reddish or yellowish, soon decid
uous, lined on the margins with brown or yellow glands. Corymbs com
pound, glabrous, sometimes thinly scattered with deciduous or fugaceous
soft hairs. Calyx cup glabrous; sepals glabrous outside, slightly hairy
or smooth inside, either with a few or more basal glandular teeth or
entire and glandless. Stamens in some forms 12-20, usually not ex
ceeding 12; anthers red; pistils 3-5; fruits ovoid, red, the size of large
peas. Flowering from the end of May. Frequent on dry soil.
In the type, cordate and truncate leaves are prevalent; the sepals more
or less toothed and glandular, hairy inside; the stamens rarely more
than 12, and the thorns usually slender. Crataegus coccinea eglandulosa
subsp. nov. (type specimen, No. 431,494, U. S. National Herbarium),
on dry, exposed soil, has entire (or nearly so), glandless sepals,
being glabrous within or obscurely hairy: usually 5-8 stamens; 3 or 4
styles; and usually stout and short thorns. C. schuettei Ashe, close to
the type and perhaps only a variety, is distinguished by the toothed and
glandular, ventrally hairy sepals, the mostly 12-20 stamens, the petioles
with a deep, hairy, longitudinal groove. It is of slightly higher growth
and prefers somewhat moist soil.
VOL. XVI, PP. 99-102 JUNE 25, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
The proper name of the Redwood Chickaree.
In the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (Vol. XI,
pp. 281-282, December 30, 1897), I described as a new subspecies a form
of Sciurus (Tamiasciurus} douglasi, that inhabits the costal strip of
northern California west of the Coast Range, calling it Sciurus Jmdson-
icus orarius. A few months later Dr. J. A. Allen published a review of
the subgenus Tamiasciurus* and to my astonishment substituted Audu-
bon's and Bachman's name, Sciurus mollipilosus for this animal.
As I cannot agree with Dr. Allen on this point of synonymy, it seems
well to point out why, in my opinion, the animal in question should be
known by my name and not that of Audubon and Bachman.
Sciurus mollipilosus was first described by Audubon and Bachman in
theProc. Acad. of Nat. Sci., Phila., October, 1841, p. 102, from speci
mens said to have come from the "Northern parts of California." A
little later the species was figured and again described in Quad, of N.
Am., Vol. I, pp. 157-158, pi. XIX, by the same authors who changed the
locality to "The northern part of California near the Pacific Ocean."
The figure and both descriptions indicate an animal very rusty brown
above and grayish below, the underparts being said to be "Cinereous,
lightly tinged in some places with rufous." The tail was described as
"brown, twice annulated with black; a few of the hairs are tipped with
gray." None of these characters agree in the least with the colors of
the Redwood Chickaree, which is very dark and distinctly olivaceous
above, without reddish brown shades, except sometimes a little at base
of tail and on rump, and varies in color below from pale ochraceous-buff
*Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, pp. 249-298, July 22, 1898.
26-PBOC. BiOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (99)
100 General Notes.
to strong ochraceous and has the tail deeply fringed with white at all
seasons.
True Sciurus douglasi, the nearest relative of 8. orarius, was perfectly
well known to the distinguished authors of the Quadrupeds of North
America, having been, in fact, first described by Bachman himself, but
they make no mention of their Sciurus mollipilosus being at all like it,
comparing the latter with the eastern Chickaree, 8. hudsonicus.
At the time I wrote my description it seemed to me so perfectly evi
dent that 8. mollipilosus was a member of the hudsonicus and not the
douglasi group that I did not mention that species though I carefully
compared specimens of the new form with the descriptions and the plate.
Going over the ground again, even more carefully, I am still emphati
cally of the same opinion.
As to the origin of the specimens (there were said to be specimens)
upon which the name Sciurus mollipilosus was based the only ground
Dr. Allen gives for using the name to supplant my 8. orarius a word is
sufficient. When Audubon and Bachman knew the exact source of their
material they always stated it in detail, and such, in those days, little-
known and indefinate regions as "Northern parts of California" and
"Northern part of California near the Pacific Ocean" means merely
northwest coast of North America, and is analogous to "that part of
California that adjoins Mexico" of the same authors.
To sum up: In my opinion Sciurus mollipilosus Audubon and Bach
man may have been based on the animal now called Sciurus hudsonicus
vancouverensis Allen, with which the plate and descriptions agree very
closely, or possibly it may have been Sciurus hudsonicus streatori, but
whatever it was, it was a member of the hudsonicus group and has noth
ing whatever to do with the Redwood Chickaree which belongs to the
douglasi group, and should be known as Sciurus ( Tamiasciurus) douglasi
orarius (Bangs). Outram Bangs.
A new name for the Dinosaur Haplocanthus Hatcher.
Dr. C. R. Eastman has very courteously called my attention to the fact
that the generic name Haplocanthus recently proposed by me for a new
Sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic deposits near Canyon City, Colorado,*
is essentially preoccupied, Agassiz having employed the name Haplacan-
thus for a genus of fishes. I would therefore propose the name Haplocan-
thosaurus for this genus of dinosaurs with simple median spines on the
anterior dorsals and posterior cervicles. J. B. Hatcher.
*Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, XVI, pp. 1-2, February 21, 1903.
General Notes. 101
Corrections to the nomenclature of the Eocene fossil corals of
the United States.
Since the publication of my Eocene and Lower Oligocene coral faunas
of the United States in 1900, as Monograph XXXIX of the U. S. Geologi
cal Survey, I find it necessary to make several changes in the names
there used.
Aldrichiella nom. nov. for genus Aldrichia Vaughan (op. cit. p. 70).
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell has called my attention to the fact that
Coquilett applied this name in 1894* to a genus of Bombylid flies. Type
species of Aldrichiella, A. elegans Vaughan.
Endopachys Lonsdale, 1845. My genus Rhectopsammia (op. cit. p. 183,
pi. XXI, figs. 11-13) was based on the young of EndopacJiys maclurei
(Lea), but I discovered my mistake after the publication of the Mono
graph. The genus Endopachys has been characterized as showing no
evidence of attachment. My Rhectopsammia is the attached young of
Endopachys. These young individuals often attain a height of 6 mm.,
then the upper portion of the corallum becomes separated from the
pedicel. Indications of the detachment scar may frequently be seen
quite late in the life of some specimens. Usually it is ultimately com
pletely obliberated by the deposition of calcareous substance over it by
the edge zone of the coral extending downward, enveloping the base.
It may be well to call attention to an apparent duplication of the name
Paracyathus granulosus. On page 107, pi. VIII, figs. 15 to 15b, in my
memoir already cited, I have described and figured a species from Woods
Bluff, Alabama, under the name given above. Professor Verrill in the
Kept. U. S. Fish Com., Pt. XI, in the Vol. for 1883, pub. 1885, p. 535.
uses the name Paracyathus granulosus, but the name is not accompanied
by any description. I have made a careful search for a published de
scription of the species referred to, but have not been able to find any.
I have written to Professor Verrill for information regarding the matter.
He says that some nornina nuda escaped his attention in preparing the
lists for the Fish Commission, although he endeavored to eliminate all
of them. Therefore my name Paracyathus granulosus will stand, and
when Professor Verrill publishes the description of his coral it will be
necessary for him to give it another name. T. Wayland Vaughan.
Note on the generic name Hylophilus.
The presently accepted rules of nomenclature render necessary the re
jection of the generic term Hylophilus for the group of Vireonidae to
which it has been commonly applied. This name Hylophilus (Tem-
minck, PL Col., 1823, pi. 173, fig. 2) is preoccupied by Hylophila Hubner
(Verz. Schmett., 1816, p. 396), used for a genus of Lepidoptera. The
*Trans. Amer. Entomolog. Soc., Vol. XXI, p. 93, 1894.
102 General Notes.
proper name for the avian genus is Pachysylma Bonaparte (Consp. Avium
I, 1850, p. 309); and the following species are current:
Pachysylvia olivacea (Tschudi), Pachysylma flampes (Lafresnaye),
PacJiysylvia viridiflava (Lawrence), PacJiysylvia pallidifrons (Dalmas),
Pachysylvia acuticauda (Lawrence), PacJiysylvia griseipes (Richmond),
Pachysylma, brunnea, (Allen), Pachysylma semicincrea (Sclater and Salvin),
Pachysylvia luteifrons (Sclater), Pachysylvia ferrugindfrons (Sclater),
PacJiysylvia rubrifrons (Sclater and Salvin), PacJiysylvia ochraceicep*
(Sclater), Pachysylvia brunneiceps (Sclater), Pachysylvia aurantiifronx
(Lawrence), Pachysylma fuscicapilla (Sclater and Salvin), Pachysylma
fiaviventris (Cabanis), PacJiysylvia semibrunnea (Lafresnaye), Pachysylvia
flaveola (Wied), Pachysylvia amaurocephala (Nordmann), Pachysylma pce-
cilotis (Temminck), Pachysyhia sclateri (Salvin and Godman), Pachysylvia
muscicapina (Sclater and Salvin), Pachysylma decurtata (Bonaparte),
Pachysylma pectoralis (Sclater), Pachysylvia thoracica thoracica (Tem
minck), Pachysylma thoracica griseiventris (Berlepsch and Hartert).
Harry C. Oberholser.
The Short-leaved Sundew in Virginia.
During the second week of May, 1903, 1 found the short-leaved sundew
common in a low moist field near the shore of Hampton Roads about
three miles west of Hampton, Virginia. The situation was open, and
rather less wet than those generally occupied by the more northern
members of the genus, since the Drosera was closely associated with such
plants as Houstonia ccerulea and Potentilla canadensis rather than with
characteristic bog species. During the early hours of the day the plant
was conspicuous on account of its large whitish flowers, exceeding in
size those of either of its companions; but by noon the corollas closed,
and the slender scapes and small rosettes of reddish leaves were not easily
detected among the grass.
This record extends the northward range of Drosera brevifolia from
southern North Carolina,* and adds another to the list of lower austral
plants known to reach the region of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Gerrit
S. Miller, Jr.
*See Kearney, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., X, p. 454, August 1, 1900.
c
VOL. XVI, PP. 103-104 JUNE 25, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW LANDSHELL FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY PAUL BARTSCH.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Mrs. H. L. T. Walcott, of Dedham, Mass., during a recent
visit to Palm Springs, San Diego County, California, collected
a small lot of land shells which are believed to be an undescribed
species of Sonorella. The shells are mostly dead and bleached,
and were found in the crevices of rocks, filled with sand. A
few individuals however still have part of the animal within
them and it may be presumed that the color of these specimens
is that of the living shell. This species may be known as:
Sonorella walcottiana sp. nov.
Shell moderately elevated, rather thin, polished, of light isabelline
color, with a moderately broad dark chestnut band encircling the whorls
somewhat posterior to the periphery. This band is bordered on each
side by a narrow zone a trifle lighter than the general color of the shell
and is usually almost completely covered in all the whorls except part
of the penultimate and the last volution. Nuclear whorls one and one-
27 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (103)
104 Bartsch A New Latidshell from California.
half, marked by many microscopic, subspirally arranged, elongate-oval
papillae. Post-nuclear whorls four and one-half, well rounded, some
what inflated, marked by fine irregular lines of growth and a few minute
scattered papillae. Sutures very distinct. Last whorl strongly deflected,
the summit falling halfway between the dark spiral band and the base
of the columella; slightly constricted behind the fairly well devel
oped and somewhat reflected peristome. Columella obliquely curved,
much expanded and decidedly reflected at the base where it almost con
ceals the umbilicus. Aperture large, oblique, rounded.
The type, number 170,007, United States National Museum Collection,
measures: maj. lat., 23.5; min. lat., 18.5; alt., 15.5; aperture, maj. lat.,
14; min. lat., 12.7 mm.
VOL. XVI, PP. 105-112 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA SPECIES AND
SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
BY ROBERT RIDGWAY.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
The following new forms are included in Part III of "Birds
of North and Middle America,"* now mostly in print, the
further printing and publication of which has been postponed
until after June, 1904. In consequence of this long delay it is
obviously desirable that these novelties be published in advance.
Budytes flavus alascensis, new subspecies.
Similar toB.f. Uucostriatus but slightly smaller, especially the bill;
coloration duller, the yellow of underparts paler and less pure, the chest
more distinctly clouded or blotched with grayish, the olive-green of
rump, etc., less pronounced.
Western Alaska.
Type, No. 73,231, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, St. Michael,
Alaska, June 1, 1877; L. M. Turner.
^Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 50.
28 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (105)
106 Ridgway New American Birds.
Alopochelidon*, new genus.
Tail less than half as long as wing, slightly emarginate, all the rectrices
broad and rounded at tip; wing-tip little if any longer than distance from
bend of wing to end of longest secondaries; above dull grayish brown.
Similar to Stelgidopteryx but differing in less adhesion between toes (in
this respect agreeing with Pygochelidori), and in entire absence of re
curved tips to barbs -of outer web of outermost primary.
Type, Hirundo fucata Temminck.
Orochelidonf, new genus.
Differing from Atticora, Neochelidon and NotiocJielidon in having the
subbasal phalanx of middle toe entirely free from the outer toe; from
Diplochelidon in having the tail much less than two-thirds as long as
wing, and forked for less than one-fourth its length (nearly even in one
species), and nasal fossae occupying at least basal half of maxilla.
Type, Petrochelidon murina Cassin (=Hirundo cinerea Gmelin?).
Diplochelidon +, new genus.
Nearest QrocJielidon, but differing in having the tail more than three-
fourths as long as wing, forked for one-half its length, the lateral rec
trices attenuate; nasal fossae very small, occupying much less than basal
half of maxilla.
Type, Hirundo melanoleuca Maximilian.
Lamprochelidonf, new genus.
Nearest TacJiycineta and Cattichelidon but nasal operculum entirely
feathered, the feathering of the frontal antiae extending to the anterior
end of the nasal fossae and partly hiding nostrils.
Type, Hirundo euchrysea Gosse.
fox-like; x^id&v, a swallow.
f "OpoS, a mountain; x ^ l d> v > & swallow.
IdtitA-oot, double; x h l $&> v > a swallow; with reference to its resem
blance to swallows of two different types.
\Aafj.7tp6$ t shining; x fa$< v > a, swallow.
Ridgway New American Birds. 107
Stelgidopteryx salvini, new species.
Similar to S. serripennis but pileum distinctly darker than back, ter-
tials conspicuously margined with white (except in worn plumage), and
chin and upper throat pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff.
Southwestern Mexico (State of Jalisco) to Chiriqui.
Type, No. 30,716, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Duenas, Guate
mala, October 17, 1859; O. Salvin.
Vireosylva gilva brewsteri, new subspecies.
Similar to V. g. swainsonii but larger (adult male averaging: wing, 73;
tail, 52.5; exposed culmen, 11.2; adult female, wing, 71.7; tail, 50.3;
exposed culmen, 10.8 mm.).
Mountains of Chihuahua, northwestern Mexico.
Type, No. 21,811, Coll. William Brewster, adult male, Bravo, Chi
huahua, July 24, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.
Vireosylva Joseph costaricensis, new subspecies.
Similar to V. j. josephce but pileum paler sooty, wing shorter and tail
longer.
Highlands of Costa Rica.
Type, No. 41,269, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., San Jos6, Costa Rica; J. Car-
miol.
Vireo huttoni cognatus, new subspecies.
Similar to V, h. stephensi but underparts without yellowish tinge, the
chest not shaded with olive-buff; rump and upper tail-coverts less
strongly olive-green.
Cape district of Lower California.
Type, No. 15,527, Coll. William Brewster, adult male, Sierra de la
Laguna, Lower California, May 5, 1887; M. Abbott Frazar.
Vireo huttoni mexicanus, new subspecies.
Similar in coloration to V. h. huttoni but size decidedly larger (adult
male averaging: wing, 67.3; tail, 51.9; adult female, wing, 65.4; tail,
51.2 mm.).
Southern portion of Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala.
Type, No. 143,442, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
adult male, Mt. Orizaba, Puebla, April 26, 1893; E. W. Nelson.
108 Ridgway New American Birds.
Vireo belli! arizonae, new subspecies.
Similar to F. b. pusillus but more strongly tinged with olive above, the
sides and flanks more strongly tinged with yellowish olive. (Intermedi
ate between F. b. pusillus and F. b. medius, and bearing to the former
the same relation that F. b. bellii does to the latter.)
Extreme western portion of Texas to Arizona, and southward into
northwestern Mexico.
Type, No. 98,790, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Tucson, Arizona,
March 21, 1884; E. W. Nelson.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus, new subspecies.
Similar to P. o. ochraceiceps but chest pale buffy olive instead of light
ochraceous-brown.
Southern Honduras to Chiriqui.
Type, No. 47,396, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Angostura, Costa
Rica, JulyS, 1867; J. Carmiol.
Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps, new subspecies.
Similar to F. p. verticalis but entire pileum, together with upper part
of hindneck, green.
Veragua to Panama Railway.
Type, No. 40,148, Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult female, Panama:
J. McLeannan.
Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi, new subspecies.
Similar to L. 1. mexicanus but smaller, with larger bill.
San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, California; Santa Marga
rita Island, Lower California.
Type, No. 134,781, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult female, San Clemente
Island, California, August 27, 1894; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U. S. A.
Aphelocoma unicolor coelestis, new subspecies.
Similar to A. u. unicolor but larger and the blue color decidedly lighter
(cerulean instead of cobalt).
Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas.
Type, No. 144,685, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
adult male, San Cristobal, Chiapas, September 24, 1895; Nelson and
Goldman.
Hidgway New American Birds. 109
Baeolophus inornatus rest rictus, new subspecies.
Similar to B. i. inomatm but darker, especially the underparts, the
young conspicuously less brownish.
Vicinity of San Francisco Bay, California.
Type, No. 163,569, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Oakland, Cali
fornia, March 24, 1896; Dr. J. Hornung.
Bceolophus inornatus murinus, new subspecies.
Similar to B. i. inornatus but larger, upperparts much grayer, under
parts darker and grayer; similar to B. i. griseus but decidedly darker.
Southern California, in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego
counties; northern Lower California.
Type, No. 133,812, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Nachoguero Valley,
Lower California, June 4, 1894; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U. S. A.
Psaltriparus minimus saturatus, new subspecies.
Similar to P. m. minimus but darker in corresponding plumages; young
with color of pileum duller, more grayish sooty.
Vicinity of Puget Sound.
Type, No. 136,372, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
Mount Vernon, Washington, December 11, 1895; C. P. Streator.
Chamaea fasciata rufula, new subspecies.
Similar to O. f. pTicea but paler; the back clearer sepia brown, the
underparts lighter vinaceous-cinnamon.
Central coast district of California, in Marin, San Francisco, and Santa
Clara counties.
Type, No. 82,620, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Nicasio, Marin County, Cali
fornia, December 8, 1876; C. A. Allen.
Polioptila nelsoni, new species.
Similar to P. ccerulea mexicana but adult male with forehead and
crown (within the U-shaped black mark) blackish slate, distinctly glossed
110 Ridgway New American Sir ds.
with greenish blue; adult female similar to that of P. c. ccesiogaster but
upperparts duller slate-gray and underparts white medially.
Southeastern Mexico (States of Oaxaca and Chiapas).
Type, No. 142,695, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
adult male, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, June 21, 1894; Nelson and Goldman.
Polioptila bairdi, new species.
Similar to P. albiloris but smaller, and with lores not entirely white,
but crossed with a black line (in adult male) from rictus to anterior
angle of eye. ;
Western Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Type, No. 89,693, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, San Juan del Sur,
Nicaragua, January 6, 1883; C. C. Nutting.
Polioptila superciliaris magna, new subspecies.
Similar to P. s. superciliaris but decidedly larger (except length* of
tarsus), the wing much longer; coloration darker, the pilcum, in adult
female (adult male not seen!) nearly slate-black, the underparts pale
gray (between french gray and cinereous), only the abdomen, hinder
flanks, anal region and under tail-coverts being white.
Adult female. Wing, 47.5; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 12.5 mm.
Highlands of central Costa Rica.
Type, No.. 189,563, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult female, Cartago, Costa
Rica, April, 1886; J, J. Cooper.
Telmatodytes palustris iliacus, new subspecies.
Similar to T. p. palustris but paler and much more refescent, the
flanks and anal region conspicuously tawny bun* or buffy cinnamon.
Mississippi Valley and Great Plains region, north to Alberta, east to
Indiana, south in migration over greater part of Mexico (except north
western portion) and along Gulf coast to western Florida, occasionally to
middle and southern Atlantic coast.
Type, No. 90,199, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Wh,eatland, Knox
County, Indiana, April 30, 1883; R. Ridgway.
This form equals T. p. dissceptus Bangs in part; but the type of the
latter, now before me, is from Wayland, Massachusetts, and, together
with a large series from the same portion of the country, seems to me
inseparable from T. p. palustris.
Hidgway N"ew American Birds. Ill
Heleodytes nelsoni, new species.
= Campy 'lor 'hynchus megalopterus and C. pattescens of authors, not of
Lafresnaye.
Similar to H. megalopterus (Lafresnaye)* but smaller, paler, and more
brownish; bands on back dull brownish white or pale brownish buff;
spots on underparts grayish brown instead of blackish.
Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau.
Type, No. 13,659, Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Jalapa, Vera Cruz, J. Montes
de'Oca.
*=H. alticola Nelson, which Mr. Nelson was misled into naming as
new through an error of mine in identifying Lafresnaye's type.
VOL. XVI, PP. 113-116 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS OF ASTRAGALINUS
PSALTRIA (SAY).
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
Six geographical races of Astragalinus psaltrla (Say) were
recognized by Mr. Ridgway in his recent treatment of the
genus*, as follows:
Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Lower California and southwest
ern United States from Texas and Colorado to California.
Astragalinus psaltria arizonce (Coues). Northwestern Mexico and
southwestern border of the United States from Texas to California, north
to Colorado.
Astragalinus pmltriq mexicanus (Swainson). Mexico, except extreme
southern and northwestern portions; north to Texas, New Mexico and
Colorado.
Astragalinus psaltria croceus (Jouy). Southern Mexico to Panama,
casually to Colombia and Ecuador.
Astragalinus psaltria jouyi (Ridgway). Yucatan.
Astragalinus psaltria columbianus (Lafresnaye). Costa Rica to Vene
zuela and Peru.
*Birds of North and Middle Amer., I, 1901, pp. 114-121.
29-PBOC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (113)
114 Oberholser Forms of Astragalinus Psaltria (Say).
With the last three we have no present concern, but the
others will bear further elucidation. In the first place, the
status of Astragalinus p. arizonce, as currently accepted, has
been very properly challenged by Mr. Brewster* and Mr. Grin-
nellf , as well as by Mr. RidgwayJ. Furthermore, the occur
rence of all three forms psaltria, arizonce and mexicanus in
Colorado during the breeding season is alone sufficient to arouse
suspicion.
The type locality of psaltria is the Arkansas River, near 105
west longitude (between Pueblo and Canon City), Colorado^;
and a series of summer males from Colorado Springs, Colorado,
which for purposes of comparison may be considered practical
topotypes, exhibits all gradations from the green-backed to the
black-backed forms, representing thus psaltria, arizonce, and
mexicanus all breeding at the same place! These differences
are, however, in this case, quite certainly the result of age; and
this conclusion is fortified by the occurrence of similar varia
tions well within the range of the so-called black-backed form
mexicanus, \\ in Texas, New Mexico, and even Mexico. Males
breed in the green-backed plumage which probably is the condi
tion of the first year; and one or two, possibly three, more
seasons are required to complete the fully adult black dress.
Say's psaltria was based on one of these immature green-backed
specimens which are indistinguishable from individuals of the
constantly green-backed form found in California; but notwith
standing this, the name must be used for the black-backed
Colorado bird. Fully adult individuals from this latter state,
that is, those with the black upper surface, seem, however, not
to be proportionately so common, at least in collections, as the
similar plumage of the Mexican bird, and moreover, have usu
ally some slight mixture of olive green on the upper parts,
though by far the greater number of Mexican birds have a simi
lar trace of olive; but both these apparent differences may be due
either to fortuitous selection in collecting specimens as, for in
stance, appears to be the case with adult males of Sporophila
*Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLI, 1902, p. 136.
fCondor, 1902, pp. 115-116.
JBirds of North and Middle Amer., I, 1901, p. 116.
Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, p. 40.
ISwainson, Philos. Mag., N. 8., I, 1827, p. 435 (Real del Monte, Hi
dalgo, Mexico).
Oberholser Forms of Astragalimis Psaltria (Say). 115
morelleti from the Lower Rio Grande or to a tendency toward
intergradation with the green-backed form found farther to the
westward. Moreover, there seem to be no other characters to
separate the birds of Colorado (psaltria) from those of Mexico
(mexicanus). From these facts it therefore is apparent that
Astragalinusp. mexicanus is the same as Astragalinus p. psaltria.
The name arizonce* was based on New Mexico birds in the
parti-colored immature plumage, and is undoubtedly a synonym
of psaltria. The type (No. 37,091, U. S. Nat. Mus.) came from
near Fort Wingate, New Mexico; and another specimen taken
at the same" time (June 28) is almost pure black above. In
treating this form, Mr. Ridgway curiously enough overlooked
the type and the two other specimens taken simultaneously by
Dr. Cones, stating that none of these were in the collection of
the United States National Museumf . New Mexico, with the
exception of its extreme southwestern corner, seems to be in
habited solely by the black-backed bird psaltria.
All adult males from Lower California, California, Nevada,
Arizona, together with those we have seen from Utah have the
back olive green, apparently never assuming the black plumage
of true psaltria; and rarely have even a mixture of black in the
back or auriculars, such individuals indicating probably, as Mr.
Brewster suggests, merely an aberrant tendency of this green-
backed form. True intermediates doubtless do occur, however,
in northwestern Mexico.
From what has been said in the foregoing paragraphs it may
be premised that there are but two forms of Astragalinus
psaltria in North America north of southern Mexico, and that
one of these is unnamed. They may be distinguished as
follows:
Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say).
Fringilla psaltria Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, p. 40.
Carduelis mexicana Swainson, Philos. Mag., N. S., I, 1827, p. 435.
Fringilla melanoxantha Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, p. 2.
Fringilla texensu Giraud, Sixteen Species North Amer. Birds, 1841,
pl. 5, fig. 1.
*Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, pp. 82, 83.
t Birds of North and Middle Amer., I, 1901, p. 116, footnote.
116 Oberholser Forms of Astragalinus Psaltria (Say).
Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris) mexicanus var. arizonce Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, pp. 82, 83.
Subspecific characters. Upper parts, including wings and tail, black,
the wings with broad white edgings, the tail with most of its feathers
extensively white basally; entire under surface yellow.
Geographic distribution. Mexico, excepting the northwestern and ex
treme southern portions; Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado.
Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus, subsp. nov.
Astragalinus psaltria Auct., nee Say.
Subspecijic characters. Similar to Astragalinus psaltria psaltria, but
ear-coverts, sides of neck, with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult
plumage, olive green instead of black.
Geographic distribution. Southwestern United States and northwest
ern Mexico, from California and Lower California to Utah, Arizona, and
extreme southwestern New Mexico.
Description. Type, adult male, No. 139,158, U. S. National Museum
(Biological Survey Collection); San Bernardino, California, December 28,
1890; Dr. A. K. Fisher. Pileum, and upper tail-coverts black, the latter
with olive green edgings; remainder of upper parts olive green with
narrow dusky or blackish shaft, streaks; tail black, the inner webs of the
three outer pairs of rectrices largely white, and all the feathers narrowly
margined externally with pale grayish; wings black, with a large white
speculum at the base of the primaries, the tertials broadly bordered with
white, the other quills narrowly edged with grayish and olivaceous;
lesser and median wing-coverts edged with olive green; greater coverts
broadly margined with greenish white; sides of head and neck olive
green; entire under surface deep primrose yellow, paler on the crissum,
whitish on the abdomen, and shaded with olivaceous on sides and flanks;
lining of wing mixed gray, white, and black. Length of wing, 65.5; tail,
43; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 15; middle toe, 10 mm.
VOL. XVI, PP. 117-118 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SPECIES OF HABENARIA FROM CUBA.
BY OAKES AMES.
This species is closely allied to Habenaria odontopetala,
Rchb. f. (Fig, 2.) of peninsular Florida, Mexico, Central Amer
ica and Cuba. It grows in rich hillside woodlands, usually
where there is considerable shade, flowering during the winter
months. On November 9, 1902, I discovered a single specimen
in bloom in the Province of Pinar del Rio, near Cayajabos, a
town which was destroyed in the Cuban war; and on a second
expedition to the same locality made in January, 1903, with
Robert G. Leavitt, I found numerous plants, both in flower and
in fruit. Habenaria odontopetala was common here though its
season of bloom was practically at a close. However, many
flowers were still in good condition, and made possible a care
ful comparative study of both species in the field.
Habenaria Sanbornii, sp. nov. (Fig. 1).
Plants 2-8 dm. tall; roots fleshy, tubers short, elliptical or nearly
so; leaves six to eight, quite rigid, dull gray-green, never glossy above,
5-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, lower ones
often obtuse, upper ones acute; cauline bracts lanceolate to lance-ovate,
acuminate, acute; floral bracts similar, lower ones longer than the
30 PEOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH, VOL, XVI, 1903. (117)
118 Ames A New Species of Hdbenaria from Cuba.
FIG. 1. Habenaria Sanbornii Ames
(axlft, & and ex 3).
ovaries; racemes 6-30 cm. long, loosely or densely flowered, flowers few
or many (twelve to sixty), pedicels short, nearly erect; lateral sepals
greenish, strongly deflexed, falcate,
spreading, elliptic-oblong, mostly
3-nerved, 7 mm. long; upper sepal
similar in color, nearly orbicular,
3-nerved, 4 mm. long; petals 4 mm.
long, greenish-yellow, oblong, some
what quadrangular, the angles ob
tuse, rounded, at the summit of
each petal the main nerve termin
ates in an abrupt denticle, anterior
basal angle slightly protuberant;
lip 5 mm. long, yellowish, oblong-
linear, pointed, quite straight, de-
flexed, margin rather revolute, base
on either side obscurely obtuse
angled, otherwise the lip is entire
and regular; spur 10-12 mm. long,
slender, straight; stigmatic glands somewhat globular; ovary 11-12 mm.
long, cylindrical, tapering to both ends.
Cuba: In vicinity of Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio. Type in Author's
Herbarium, No. 519. January 29, 1903 (Leavitt and Ames).
Habenaria San
bornii, does not ap-
pear in Wright's
collections of Cub
an plants so far as
I have been able to
ascertain, and up
to this time I have
not succeeded in
identifying my ma
terial with any spe
cies of Habenaria
hitherto described.
Typical specimens
have been placed
in the Gray Her
barium of Harvard
University.
The name of Ed-
w i n L . Sanborn,
Jr., through whose FIG. 2. Habenaria odontopetala Rchb. (a x 1}4, & and c x 3).
kindness and hos
pitality I was enabled to make a considerable collection and study of
Cuban orchids, is associated with this species.
VOL. XVI, PP. 119-120 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW NATALINE BAT FROM THE BAHAMAS.
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
While accompanying the Bahama Expedition of the Geo
graphical Society of Baltimore, Mr. J. H. Riley obtained four
specimens of a nataline bat easily distinguishable from the
species hitherto known. They were taken in a cave near Sandy
Point, at the southwest corner of Watlings Island. The animal
may be known as:
Chilonatalus tumidifrons, sp. nov.
Type. Adult male (in alcohol) No. 122,024 United States National
Museum. Collected on Watlings Island, Bahamas, July 12, 1903, by
J. H. Riley. Original number 157.
Characters. Not as small as Chilonatalus micropus and C. brevimanus,
but forearm of about the same length as in the related species. Frontal
gland extending from middle of forehead nearly to end of muzzle, and
rising 5 mm. above level of eye. Skull and teeth essentially as in Chilo
natalus micropus, but much less diminutive in size.
External form. Except for the slight difference in size, the external ap
pearance of Chilonatalus tumidifrons is closely similar to that of C. mi
cropus. The forearm, however, is relatively shorter, and the ears are
more evenly rounded off above. Lips and muzzle as in the related spe-
31 PROC. BIOL. Soo. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (119)
120 Miller A New Nataline Bat from the Bahamas.
cies, except that projection above nostrils is narrower. Penis less than
half as long as foot, and readily concealed by surrounding fur. Mem
branes in no way peculiar. Frontal gland at least four times as large as
in CJiilonatalus micropus, much longer and'higher than wide. It extends
from a point on forehead nearly level with middle of proencephalon to
within 3 mm. of nostril, a distance of about 8 mm. Its greatest width
is 3.8 mm.; and its height, measured from corner of eye is a little over
5 mm. Its surface is finely rugose, and naked except for a sprinkling of
minute hairs. /.
Color. The fur is everywhere cream-buff, that of the belly clear and
unmixed with brown, that of the back clouded with broccoli-brown.
Ears light yellowish brown, darkening at edges. Membranes dark
brown.
Skull and teeth. Except for their greater size the skull and teeth do
not differ appreciably from those of Chilonatalus micropus.
Measurements. Type: total length, 87; head and body, 40; tail, 47;
tibia, 18; foot, 7; forearm, 32; first digit, 5; second digit, 34; third digit,
65; fourth digit, 48; fifth digit, 49; ear from meatus, 14; ear from crown,
11; width of ear, 16; skull, greatest length, 15.8; basal length, 14; bas-
ilar length, 13; zygomatic breadth, 7.4; greatest breadth of braincase,
6.6; mandible, 11.4; maxillary toothrow exclusive of incisors (alveoli),
6.8; mandibular toothrow exclusive of incisors (alveoli), 7.
Specimens examined. Four (two skins), all from the type locality.
VOL. XVI, PP. 121-122 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW PIGMY SQUIRREL FROM CENTRAL
AMERICA.
BY E. W. NELSON.
Although several squirrels belonging to the subgenus Micro-
sciurus have been described they have all been based upon a
very limited number of specimens. The rarity of these
animals in recent collections from the region in which they
occur makes it appear that they are either rare or extremely shy.
Collectors visiting Central or northern South America should
make special effort to obtain small squirrels, since the few speci
mens of Microsciurus already in existence show an unexpectedly
large number of species with apparently rather restricted
ranges. I am indebted to the generosity of Mr. Oldfield
Thomas, Curator of Mammals of the British Museum, for the
opportunity to describe the following species.
Sciurus (Microsciurus) boquetensis, sp. nov.
Ohiriqui Pigmy Squirrel.
Type* Adult female, No. 3.3.3.38, British Museum. Collected at
Boquete (alt. 6000 ft.), Chiriqui, Panama, May 7, 1903, by H. J. Watson.
Original number 93.
32 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (121)
122 Nelson A New Pigmy Squirrel
Distribution. Known only from type locality.
Specific cJiaracters. Pelage soft, thick and woolly; tail slender, flat
tened; upperparts olive brown; breast rusty rufous; rest of underparts
mainly grizzled bistre brown; tops of feet and toes washed with rusty.
Size about that of S. alfari.
Color. Upperparts including sides of body and upper surface of legs
uniform olivaceous brown with a dull yellowish shade; sides of head
and neck slightly paler and more yellowish; tops of feet and toes washed
with rusty reddish; tail dull tawny olive finely washed and tipped with
black and thinly edged with pale yellowish tips of hairs; chin and throat
dingy rusty; underside of neck and breast rusty rufous shading back
into dull grizzled brown; underside of tail dull tawny olive narrowly
bordered with black and thinly edged with pale yellowish tips of hairs.
Measurements. Measurements of type from dried skin: total length,
257; tail vertebrae, 116; hind foot, 37.
Cranial characters. Premolars f . Skull longer and proportionately
narrower than in 8. istfimius; this character specially marked in rostrum;
interorbital width narrower; brain-case narrower and more highly arched,
lower jaw heavier with angle stronger and more broadly expanded;
molar series longer and heavier. The skull of type measures: palatal
length, 15.5; interorbital breadth, 14; length of upper molar series, 7.
Specimens examined. One; from type locality.
General notes. The soft thick pelage of this species indicates that it
is a resident of a comparatively cool and probably humid climate.
The measurements of the apparently slightly over-stuffed type show
that it is about the same size as S. alfari. It may be at once distin
guished from S. isthmius, S. alfari, and 8. similis by the rather pale, al
most grayish, olivaceous color of upperparts, which entirely lack the
warm reddish brown suffusion characteristic, in varying degree, of the
three species named.
VOL. XVI, pp. 123-124 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW HOGNOSE SNAKE FROM FLORIDA.
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Mr. E. J. Brown collected in 1901, near Lemon City, two
liognose snakes lacking the azygos shield between the inter-
nasals. Fearing that they might be freaks only, I waited until
the receipt of a young specimen in all essential features like the
others. I propose to name this new form after its discoverer:
Heterodon browni, new species.
Diagnosis. Maxillary teeth, 8 + 2; no azygos shield between inter-
nasals or pref rentals; rostral narrower than distance between eyes; scale
rows, 25; ventrals, 114-127; anal divided; subcaudals, 47-53 pairs.
Habitat. Southern Florida.
Type. Immature female, No. 32,089 United States National Museum;
Lemon City, Florida; E. J. Brown, collector.
Description. Adult male: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 31,926; Lemon City,
Florida; E. J. Brown, collector. Rostral slightly recurved, the under
side much wider than high, the upper portion about equalling its distance
from frontal, the posterior projection less than half the suture between
the internasals; rostral keel sharp; internasals broadly in contact, with
no azygos shield between them, their mutual suture longer than that be
tween the pref rentals; pref rentals undivided, large, in contact with each
other, with frontal, supraoculars, upper preorbital, loreal and posterior
nasals; frontal one and one-half times as long as broad, as long as pari-
etals; nostril in suture between two nasals, opening backwards, the pos-
33 Paoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (123)
124 Stejneger A New Hog nose Snake from Florida.
terior nasal being hollowed out as is also the loreal though to a less ex
tent, the two nasals and the loreal subequal in size; eye large, its hori
zontal diameter as long as its distance from anterior nasal, the vertical
diameter greater than its distance from the edge of the lips; eye sur
rounded by a ring of 10 (or 11 on one side) shields including the supra-
oculars; temporals 2 + 3; 8 supralabials, sixth and seventh largest;
mental very small; 9 lower labials, first pair large, broadly in contact
behind mental, first, second and third in contact with chin-shield; only
one pair of large chin-shields, in contact behind with four scale-like
shields, the outer pair of which, which represent the posterior chin-
shields, scarcely more developed than the others; 25 rows of scales
around the middle of the body, 19 rows a head-length anterior to the
vent, outer row smooth, the next very feebly carinated, the keeles in
creasing in distinctness towards the back; 114 ventrals; anal divided;
52 pairs of subcaudals. Color above sepia brown darker on the median
line becoming paler on the sides, the back with 15 whitish cross-bands
which widen on the sides where they enclose a roundish brownish-black
spot; tail with nine whitish cross-bands without lateral spots; head with
a brownish-black band across the pref rentals, with an anterior projection
on the suture between the internasals, this prefrontal band extending
obliquely backwards through the eyes to the angle of the mouth; a simi
lar band running parallel with it from the parietals to the sides of the
neck joining a large oblong blackish patch on each side of the neck; be
tween these, on the nape, an elongate median blackish spot; a brownish
black symmetrical figure of irregular outline on fronto-supraocular-
parietal suture; a pale irregular band spotted with dusky across middle
of frontal and supraoculars; underside clouded with brownish gray,
leaving the middle of the ventrals more or less uniform pale.
Dimensions. Total length, 398 mm.; tail, 88 mm.
The young specimen (U. S. N. M. No. 32,089), apart from slight devia
tions in the scale formula, which may be seen in the subjoined table,
agrees completely with the two large specimens. Its ground color is less
brownish, inclining as it does to purplish gray, and there is an additional
lateral row of irregular blackish spots below the ocelli of the dorso-
lateral cross-bands.
Scale formula.
U. S.
Sex
.
Ul
i
OJ
o
13
11
?
^
0!
E
?2
N. M.
and
Locality.
"S
a
"3
E
"3
o>
<J
^
s
<D
No.
age.
S
02
EH
30925
$ ad.
Lemon City, Fla.
25
117
2
53
8
10
2 + 3
30926
$ ad.
Lemon City, Fla.
25
114
2
52
8
10 (11)
2 + 3
32089
9JUV.
Lemon City, Fla.
25
127
2
47
8
10 (11)
3 + 3 (4)
VOL. XVI, PP. 125-128 SEPTEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
Earliest name for the American Crow.
Corvus americanus, in general use for the American Crow, dates from
Audubon, 1834 (Orn. Biogr., II, p. 317), but C. L. Brehm fully described
and named the species in 1822 (Beitrage zur Vogelkunde, II, 1822. p. 56),
as Corvus brachyrhynchos. As there can be no question about the appli
cability of Brehm's name, it will become necessary to adopt it for the
Common Crow. One subspecies will be affected by this change, viz:
Corvus brachyrhynchos pascum (Coues). Charles W. Richmond.
Relationships of the Madagascar genus Hypositta Newton.*
The genus Hypositta has by common practice been placed in the family
Sittidw, but possesses so many pronounced and unique structural char
acters that I believe it to be entitled to rank as a distinct family, which
may be characterized (in part) as follows:
HYPOSITTID^E, new family.
Small ten-primaried acutiplantar Oscines, related to Sittidce, but with
maxilla uncinate at tip, its tomia distinctly notched subterminally;
hallux (without claw) nearly as long as middle toe (without claw); outer
toe very nearly as long as middle toe, and united to the latter for the
whole of its basal and half its subbasal phalanges; inner toe only about
half as long as outer; acrotarsium booted; tail three-fourths as long as
wing. Robert Ridgicay.
*By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
34 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (125)
126 General Notes.
Note on Sciurus mollipilosus Audubon and Bachman.
In a recent note entitled 'The proper name of the Redwood Chickaree',
published in these Proceedings (Vol. XVI, pp. 99, 100, June 25, 1903),
Mr. Bangs objects to my identification of Sciurus mollipilosus Aud. and
Bach, with his later described Sciurus hudsonicus orarius, which he now
says "should be known as Sciurus (Tamiasciurus} douglasi orarius
(Bangs)." His objection seems to be mainly that when the original
authors of the name said: "This species was secured in Upper California,
near the Pacific Ocean," and, "Our specimens were obtained in the
northern part of California, near the Pacific Ocean," they did not really
mean California at all but, "merely northwest coast of America, and
is analogous to 'that part of California that adjoins Mexico' of the same
authors." As to this 'analogous' expression, it originated with Bennett
in 1833 (P. Z. S., 1833, p. 39), and, correctly quoted is: "that part of Cali
fornia which adjoins to Mexico," and is not in any sense Audubon and
Bachman's. As ' 'the northern part of California, near the Pacific Ocean' '
was at the time Audubon and Bachman wrote an unsettled wilderness
belonging to Mexico, they could hardly have more definitely indicated
the home of the Redwood Chickaree than by the phraseology they
employed.
The coloration, as indicated by their figure, can be given little weight,
when we recall the extravagant and unnatural tints that disfigure so large
a part of their illustrations in the work to which reference is made, but
the mention of white-tipped hairs in the tail, and lower parts "lightly
tinged in some places with rufous" will apply very well to winter speci
mens I have seen of Mr. Bangs's orarius, far better than to any other
known form of the subgenus Tamiasciurus,
Mr. Bangs says that the only ground I gave "for using the name
[mollipilosus'] to supplant my [his] S. orarius" was the supposed origin
of the specimens. As a matter of fact, the case seemed so clear to me
that no argument or discussion of the matter appeared necessary. Nor
is my opinion changed by Mr. Bangs's presentation of the case.
It will be noticed that Mr. Bangs now considers that S. mollipilosus
belongs to the hudsonicus group and not to the douglasii group, and is of
the opinion that it should be referred to either S. h. vancouverensis or
S. h. streatori, both from British Columbia. Baird, however, in 1857,
said: "I have no doubt that the Sciurus mollipilosus of Audubon and
Bachman is the same animal in the cinereous pelage ascribed to the
above species [S. douglasii] * * * From the remark that the cinere
ous of the underparts is in some places lightly tinged with rufous, I
infer that the specimen described of S. mollipilosus was in a transition
state between the summer and winter pelage" (Mamm. N. Amer., 1857,
p. 277).
Mr. Bangs is, therefore, the first to question the correctness of the al
leged locality. /. A. Allen.
General Notes. 127
The Nodding Pogonia in the vicinity of Washington.
In August, 1903, while examining the woodland near the alluvial bot
toms on the north side of Plummer's Island, I came unexpectedly upon
several clumps of the Nodding Pogonia, TripJiora trianthophora (Sw.)
Rydberg. This orchid is credited with a range extending from Vermont
to Florida, and westward to Wisconsin and Kansas, but it is everywhere
rare and local except in certain portions of the Alleghenies. Certainly
its discovery at this point furnishes another important addition to the
flora of Washington and vicinity. Plummer's Island, in the Potomac,
is located about nine miles from Washington, and belongs geographically
to Montgomery County, Maryland. The central portion is high, rocky,
and well timbered, the soil being a fine leaf mold. The basal portions,
on the other hand, are level and often flooded when the river is at its
higher stages.
This orchid has been very generally placed in Pogonia by modern
authorities. In Britton's Manual, however, the genus TripJiora, which
Xuttall established for it, is restored. In the field the plant is certainly
conspicuously different in appearance from other Pogonias. This is due
mainly to the axillary inflorescence. The only other character of im
portance on which TripJiora is based is the absence of a crest on the lip
of the corolla. Charles L. Pollard.
A new Violet from Kentucky.
VIOLA PRICEANA n. sp. Acaulescent, erect, about 1.3 dm. high, from an
oblique rootstock; leaves succulent, glabrous, rather dark green, cordate-
ovate in outline, somewhat cucullate, the apex abtuse, the margin regu
larly crenate; scapes equalling or surpassing the foliage; flowers very
large (3 cm. broad) pale lilac, shaded with purple near the base of the
petals and conspicuously purple-veined; lateral petals copiously bearded
with white hairs; petals broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, the keel
petal narrower and deeply channeled, the spur large and blunt; cleis-
togamous flowers on horizontal or slightly ascending peduncles.
In rich soil, various stations around Bowling Green, Kentucky. The
description is drawn from a clump of plants in my garden, sent to me in
May, 1901, by Miss Sadie F. Price; these flowered rather sparsely in April,
1902, but more freely in 1903, and were conspicuous when in bloom on
account of the contrast between the purple margins and pale ground
color of the corolla. Miss Price reported it as very constant in its char
acters, and as easily distinguishable from other violets with which it
grew.
A herbarium specimen taken from these living plants and deposited in
the United States National Herbarium, is the type. I take pleasure in
naming the species in honor of the lady whose recent decease has de
prived us of a valuable field worker and intelligent collaborator. Charles
L. Pollard.
128 General Notes.
Scolecophagus preoccupied.
Scolecophagus Swainson, 1831, commonly used for a genus of North
American birds, is preoccupied by Scolecophagus Geoffrey, 1795. For the
genus of birds known as Scolecophagus the term Euphagus may be em
ployed. The latter was used by Cassin in 1866 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, p. 413) for Psarocolius cyanocepJialus Wagler. The two spe
cies will thus stand as: Euphagus carolinus (Muller), and Euphagus cyano-
cephalus (Wagler). Charles W. Richmond.
On the name Eniconetta.
Polysticta Eyton, 1836, as the generic name for Steller's Duck, has long
since been rejected in favor of Eniconetta Gray, 1840, because of an al
leged earlier Polysticte Smith, 1836 (sometimes erroneously quoted
"1835"). It can be said, however, that Ey ton's Polysticta was published
in April, 1836 (Catal. Brit. Birds, p. 58), while Smith's Polysticte ap
peared not earlier than June (Smith consistently quotes it "June, 1836''
in his Illustrations of South African Zoology), and possibly even later.
Smith did not return from his expedition into the interior of South
Africa until the middle of March, 1836, after which he prepared his
"Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa," published at
Cape Town. The date cited by Smith may mean that of the completion
of his MS. In any event Ey ton's name Polysticta is prior to Polysticte
Smith, and should be used for Anas stelleri Pallas. Charles W. Richmond.
VCM.. XVI, PP. 129-132 NOVEMBER 12, 1503
PROCEEDINGS
or THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SPECIES OF LARGE IGUANA FROM THE
BAHAMA ISLANDS,
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER,
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Mr. J. H, Riley, of the United States National Museum,
while attached to the Bahama Expedition of the Baltimore Geo
graphical Society, during the summer of 1903, collected a good
series of a large iguana belonging to the genus Oychira on
Watlings Island. He also secured a fine specimen of ^Cyclura
bceolopha Oope on Andros Island, the type locality of this well-
defined species. Two specimens collected by Mr. William
Palmer in 1900 on the Isle of Pines, which I have regarded as
typical of Qyclwra cyclura^ have furnished material for com
parison, with the result that the Watlings Island specimens are
here described as a new species. It will be noted that -a large
iguana from Cat Island has been recorded under the name of the
Cuban species (Cope, Proc, U. S, Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 437), but
in view of the close proximity of Cat Island to Watlings, it is
probably nearer to the iguana described below, if not actually
identical with it, than to the form inhabiting Cuba, The third
species peculiar to the Bahamas is Cyclura carinata from Turk's
Island, the most peculiar of them all.
35 PROC. BIOI* Soc. WASH, VOL XVI, 1903.
10 Stejneger A New Species of Large Iguana*
Cyclura rileyi, sp. nov.
Diagnosis:. Combs on second and third toes; scales on muzzle large;
no median protuberances anterior to eyes; verticils on tail feebly devel
oped; a large patch of tubercular scales on side of throat below angle of
mouth; a small shield in contact with nasal between supranasal and
postnasal; dorsal crest represented by about 75 (71-79) enlarged strongly
keeled scales.
Habitat. Watlings Island, Bahamas.
Type. United States National Museum, No. 31,969; Watlings Island,
Bahamas, July 13, 1903; J. H. Riley, collector.
Description. Adult female; United States National Museum, No,
31,969; Watlings Island; July 13, 1903; J. H. Riley, collector. Rostral
wide, much wider than mental, broadly in contact with nasal; nasal
very large, larger than any other shield on the head, broadly hexagonal,
forming a long suture with its fellow; nostril nearly ovoid, large, near
the upper posterior corner of the nasal; nasal in contact with a large
elongate supranasal, and two postnasals, the upper one small and squar
ish, the lower larger, both this and the nasal separated from the anterior
supralabials by two or three rows of small shields; supranasals broadly
in contact on the middle of the snout, each followed by two pairs of pre-
frontals, one behind the other, both larger than supranasals, and the
posterior pair larger than the anterior; the pref rentals are separated on
the median line by a few small and irregular shields; top of head behind
prefrontals covered by small irregular polygonal shields, those on outer
and anterior portion of supraocular region being smaller, but otherwise
without a clearly recogniza>ble arrangement into supraorbital semi-circles
and supraocular disks; all cephalic shields and scales smooth or slightly
tuberculate; occipital somewhat larger than the adjacent scutes; no dis
tinctly differentiated superciliary shields, only two of the anterior ones
adjoining the canthus rostralis being somewhat enlarged and elongated;
four small shields on canthus rostralis behind postnasals; shields cover
ing the loreal triangle numerous, flat, elongate, irregularly polygonal and
varying in size, anteriorly wedged in between the nasals and the supra
labials, two to three rows separating the latter from the postnasal; a
series of enlarged keeled suboculars separated from the supralabials by
about seven rows of small elongate hexagonal scales; scales covering the
temporal: region irregular in size and shape, some almost granular; a
group of larger tubercular shields or scales in front of the upper edge of
the tympanum, one being particularly prominent, and a single series of
similar ones along the anterior edge of the tympanum ; tympanum ovoid, its
vertical diameter less than diameter of eye; supralabials low and elongate,
six to under the center of the eye; lower labials higher than the supra
labials, but smaller than the malar shields; the three anterior malars in
contact with the lower labials, the posterior ones separated from them
by one and two rows of elongate polygonal shields but no granules or
small scales; the posterior malars with a blunt tubercle or keel at the
Stejneger A New Species of Large Iguana. 131
lower edge; throat covered with small uniform juxtaposed scales; on
each side below the angle of the mouth a patch of larger, more rounded
tubercles separated by scales corresponding to the other throat scales; a
strong transverse fold across the lower neck joined by numerous longi
tudinal folds on the sides of the neck and a high (about 25 mm.) dewlap
on the median line; back covered with small uniform squarish scales in
tolerably regular series, 10-12 scales in the long diameter of the tym
panum; a curved nuchal crest consisting of about 20 spines, the longest
about 25 mm. high and slightly falcate; a series of 79 enlarged, elongate,
keeled scales forming a slight crest on the median line of the back;
scales on underside similar to those on back, those on upper side of arm,
especially forearm, somewhat larger, those on hind legs even more so
(about 6 in the long diameter of the ear) and with indication of keels; a
single series of about 20 femoral pores; inner side of second toe with one
"comb," of third toe with two "combs," each consisting of three lobes;
tail compressed, covered with obliquely keeled scales in vertical rows
forming but faintly indicated verticils, about five rows of the larger
scales to a verticil where such can be made out; tail surmounted by a
series of enlarged, pointed, triangular scales forming a strongly serrated
edge.
Color, which according to Mr. Riley has not changed materially in the
preserving fluid, dull "smoke gray, "on the upper surface irregularly
and obscurely marked with variously anastomosing blotches and mar-
blings of "tawny-olive."
Dimensions. Total length (tail regenerated), 597 mm. ; tip of snout to
vent, 272; tip of snout to orbit, 24; tip of snout to ear, 51; width of head,
35; fore limb, 106; hind limb, 161; vertical diameter of tympanum, 9.
In No. 31,966 which has the tail complete the dimensions are as fol
lows: Total length, 558 mm.; tip of snout to vent, 208; vent to tip of
tail, 350. The tail is consequently more than 1-J times the length of
head and body.
Variation. The individual variation displayed by the seven specimens
collected is surprisingly small. The scutellation is essentially as in the
type specimen described above, with here and there an additional
small shield intercalated where two sutures meet, the only greater devi
ation being that of No. 31,970 in which the anterior prefrontals are
devided transversely. The anterior superciliaries are also better defined
in some of the specimens than in the one described, and the arrange
ment of the supraorbital ridge is also occasionally better defined. The
number of enlarged keeled scales forming the dorsal crest, or rather
ridge, varies between 71 and 79, one each having these numbers, one
each having 73, 76 and 77 and two 75 scales. The color is also fairly
uniform throughout the series.
Remarks. This new species, though probably nearest related to the
Cuban C. cyclura, shows certain leanings towards C. cornuta in the small-
ness of the scales covering arms and legs and the undeveloped condition
of the caudal verticils. The similarity to the other Bahaman species is
132 Stejneger A New Species of Large Iguana.
not remarkably close, and altogether the new form may be easily identi
fied by the characters pointed out in the diagnosis.
Field notes by Mr. Riley. This species is very common on two small
keys in the large salt-water lake on Watlings Island, but is very rarely
found on the main part of the island, probably caused by the large num
ber of cats that are said to be running wild. The iguanas must have
reached the keys by swimming. The large key is locally known as
Iguana Cay. It is several hundred yards long and fifteen or twenty
broad. Mangroves grow around the shore, but the center is covered
with a large cactus tree. The key, of course, is nothing but coral rock.
The ground under the cactus is bare and here most of the iguanas are
found. They have a habit of running very swiftly and then suddenly
stopping, unless very much frightened when they go into holes in the
rock, with which their domain is abundantly supplied. They have a
lumbering gait that carries them over the ground very rapidly. They
also climb trees to some extent, and one of those shot was about five feet
up in a mangrove. Two of the females opened were heavy with eggs,
one of them containing five, about the size of turtle eggs.
VOL. XVI, PP. 133-144 NOVEMBER 12, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ON SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN DELPHINIUM
DESCRIBED BY DR R. A. PHILIPPI
IN 1893 AND 1896.
BY FREDERICK W. TRUE.
In 1893 Dr, R. A. Philippi, Director of the National Museum
of Chili, described several new species of porpoises and com
mented on various South American forms previously known.
In 1896 he supplemented this by a second paper on the same
subject.*
These two papers constitute a valuable contribution to the
knowledge of the Delphinidce of South American seas, but, on
account of lack of access to recent literature, or for some other
reason, many of the different forms are assigned to genera to
which they can at present hardly be considered to belong. As
I have given the family Delphinidce considerable study and have
examined the types of the majority of the species described by
Gray and oth^r cetologists, I venture to express below my
opinions as to the probable affinities and correct scientific names
of the various forms described or mentioned by Dr. Philippi.
*Philippi, R. A., Los Delfinos de la Punta Austral de la America del
Sur. <Anal. Mm. Nac. Chile, Sec. 1, Zool., No. 6, 1893, pp. 1-18, pis. 1-5.
Philippi, R. A., Los Crdneos de los Delfines Chilenos. <0p. cit., No.
12, 1896, pp. 1-20, pis. 1-6.
36-PBOC. BIOL, SOC. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (133)
134 True On South American Delphimdce*
For the sake of brevity I have cited the earlier paper by it's*
date, 1893, and the later one by 1896, adding the proper page-
number.
"Delphinus? supercifiosus Lesson-" (1803, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 2).
Dr. Philippi copies Lesson's figure of this species and makes
a few remarks regarding it, but mentions no new material. It
seems hardly probable that the species belongs to the genus*
Delphinus* The shape of the snout would rather indicate
Lagenorhynchus y though the coloration is not characteristic of
that genus,
" Delphinus earuleo-albus Meyen'" (1898, p, 6, pi. l r fig, 1).
This species, the type-skull of which I examined in 1887, be
longs to the genus Prodelphinus. (See Bull. 36, 1L S. Nat,
Mus., p. 62.)
"Delphinus amphitriteus Philfppi" (1893, p. 7, pL 1, fig. 3),
The osteological characters of this species are not given, nor
is the skull figured, and it is uncertain, therefore, whether it
belongs to the genus Delphinus or Prodelphinus. The proba
bilities are much in favor of the latter. Dr. Philippi compares
it with cceruleo~albu9, but points out differences of color and
proportions by which it may be distinguished from that species.
In this he is no doubt justified, though as cceruleo-albus is a
South American species and its range of color variation is un
known, later observations may show that there is a closer rela
tionship between these two forms than can now be made out.
It is interesting to note the resemblance between amphitriteus
and the Delphinus marginatus of Pucheran, which I consider
identical with Prodelphinus euphrosyne (Gray); also between
the former and the Delphinus later alis of Peale, which is like
wise probably a Prodelphinus (See Bull. 36, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
pi. 15, figs. 1 and 3).
True On /South American DelpliimdcB. 1B5
*Phocaena (Hyperoodon?) albiventris Perez in lit." (1893, p. 8,
pi. 2, fig. 3).
"Tursio (Phocsena) aHbiventrts Perez 1 ' (1S9C, p. 15, pi. 4, fig, 3: pi. 5,
fig. 3; pi. 6, fig. 3?).
Why the generic name Hyperoodon should have been used in
connection with this species is far from clear, as nothing about
it suggests that genus in any way. The use of the generic name
Tursio is much more easily justified, for Gray, in 1866, in-eluded
under it one species, Tursio eutropia, which is probably closely
related to, or identical with, Dr. Perez Canto's albiventris. The
original type of Gray's Tursio in 1844, however, was the species
now generally known as Tursiops tursio, which is certainly not
congeneric with eutropia. The point is of no special import
ance as the generic name Tursio was used by Fleming and by
Wagler prior to the date at which Gray first employed it.*
The proper name for Delphinus eutropia Gray is Cephalo-
rhynchus eutropia. Whether P. albiventris of Perez Canto is
really identical with that species is not entirely certain, though
there is a strong probability that such is the case. I was at
first inclined to associate albiventris with LagvnorhyncJius ob-
scurus (Gray) which it certainly resembles in proportions,
though not exactly in color. Dr. PhilippPs figures of the skull,
however, show that his species is a Cephalorliynvhus, and his
measurements agree well with those of the type-skull and other
specimens of C. eutropia, except that the beak appears to be a
little longer. Dr. Perez Canto's description and figure of the
exterior show that the color-pattern resembles that of other spe
cies of Cephalorhynchus except that the posterior lateral white
mark is not divided by an anteriorly-directed arm of black, to
form a trident. ^ The shape of the pectoral fins is that of a
CephalorhyncJms. As the exterior of C. eutropia has remained
unknown hitherto, this identification, if correct, is of much in
terest. The type and another specimen of C. eutropia in the
British Museum are from the coast of Chili, and the skull in the
United States National Museum is also believed to be from that
locality.
Trouessart cites albiventris under the genus Cephalorhynchus,
*See Palmer, T. S. Notes on three genera, of Dolphins. <Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, p. 23,
336 True, On /South American DelpMnidve.
with a mark of interrogation,* After Dr. Perez Canto had sent
a description of the species to Dr. Philippi, he published one
himself in the Actes de la Societe Scientifiqne du Chili, 5, p. 22*7,
1896, under the name of Phoctena albiventris.
"Phocaena philippii Perez in lit." (1893, p. 9, pi. 3, fig. 2).
"Acanthodelphis (Phocaena) phiiippii Perez Canto" (1896, p. 8,
pi. 3, fig. 2.)
The description of this species published by Dr. Philippi in
1893 was accompanied by a figure of the exterior (pi. 3, fig. 2).
This figure was replaced in 1896 by a rather better one from
another individual, showing the tubercles on the dorsal fin, etc. ;
figures of the skull were also added (1896, pi. 2, fig. 2; pi. 3 y
figs. 1-5
From the latter it is obvious that Dr. Perez Canto was cor
rect in referring the species to the genus Phoccena. It seems
scarcely advisable to give generic rank to the later name, Acan
thodelphis, which Gray established in 1866 as a subgeneric name
for Burmeister's Phoccena spinipinnis, since the characters on
which the distinction is based are those of proportions and of
the dermal tubercles. In cranial characters spinipinnis does
not differ from Phoccena.
Dr. Philippi's figures of philippii show (as he himself recog
nized) that this species is most closely allied to spinipinnis.
He considers that it should be regarded as distinct on account
of the shape of the head, the size of the mouth and the shape of
the caudal margins; also because of certain differences in the
details of the skull. So far as the external characters are con
cerned, the shape of the head is the only one which would seem
to me likely to be of importance. The shape of the caudal
peduncle in Burmeister's figures is probably due to an artist's
misconception. It will be noticed that it is followed in all
Burmeister's figures without regard to what genera and species
*Trouessart, Cat. Mam., 1898-99, p. 1041.
True On South American Delphinidce. 137
they represent.* Dr. Philippics figures go to the other extreme,
and show the caudal region as an elongated cone. It is not
likely that a photograph would substantiate either of these
forms, so that this character is hardly worth insisting upon.
The dimensions of the body appear to be quite alike in the two
species. The excellent figures of the skull P. philippii show
that it is very closely allied to spinipinnis. The differences in
detail which Dr. Philippi points out seem to me individual
rather than specific. It is to be remembered that P. spinipinnis
is a South American species, though from the Atlantic instead
of the Pacific.
On the whole, I am inclined to the opinion that spinipinnis
and philippii are specifically identical.
Trouessart cites philippii under the genus Cephalorhynchus,
with a mark of interrogation,-)- but I am unable to find any war
rant for that association.
After Dr. Perez Canto had sent the description of this species
to Dr. Philippi, he decided to publish an account of it himself,
which he did in the Actes de la Societe Scientifique du Chili,
5, p. 227, 1896, under the name of Phoccena philippii.
"Phocama posidonia Philippi" (1893, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 1).
The skull of this species is not figured or described, but judg
ing from the shape of the head, it should be assigned to the
genus Lagenorhynchus. There is nothing about it which sug
gests a Phoccena. Dr. Philippi compared it with L. fitzroyi,
which he very properly considers as closely allied to it, having
*Beddard (Book of Whales, 1900, p. 251) regards the caudal ridges
shown in Burmeister's figure of P. spinipinnis as "the most remarkable
character," and views it as a survival of an embryological character. I
cannot subscribe to this opinion for the reason given above. It is true
that Ball's figure of Phoccena dallii, which I copied in Bull. 36, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., pi. 37, fig. 1, shows similar ridges, but I believe this to be an
inaccuracy also. It appears to be a matter of special difficulty to make
a correct graphic representation of the caudal region of a cetacean.
Some artists exaggerate the thinness of the superior and inferior mar
gins, while others give this region the shape of a truncate cone, and do
away with the ridges altogether.
f Trouessart, Cat. Mam., 1898-99, p. 1041.
138 True On South American Delphmidce.
the same form and an equal number of teeth. He considers,
however, that it is distinguishable by the color and the shape
of the head. So far as the latter is concerned, it will be seen
by consulting Bull. 36, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 88, where the out
line of the head of the type of L. fitzroyi is given, that Water-
house's figure is not likely to be correct in this particular. The
difference in color is considerable and constitutes a sufficient
reason for regarding L. posidonia as a separate species, though
it could be wished that the sketch of L. fitzroyi had more the
appearance of accuracy. It should be noted that L. posidonia
and L. fitzroyi are from localities on the coast of Chili separated
by about 450 miles.
"Phocaena d'orbignyi Philippi" (1893, p. 10) "(Delphinus cruciger
D'Orb. non Quoy et Gaim.)."
Dr. Philippi regards it necessary to rename the Delphinus
cruciger of d'Orbigny (1847) on account of its being preoccu
pied by D. cruciger Quoy and Gaimard (1824). As I explained
in 1889,* Quoy and Gaimard's species was one of those founded
on porpoises "vus en mer et dessines a distance." I do not
consider it, therefore, as having any validity. Such being the
case, it seems to me that D. cruciger d'Orbigny and Gervais
may be allowed to stand.
"Phocaena lunata (Delphinus) Lesson" (1393, p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 3).
This name was applied by Lesson f to a kind of porpoise seen
in the bay of Concepcion, Chili. He remarks: "We were un
able to kill a single individual." In view of this statement, it
seems to me that the species has no status.
"Phocaena cruciger (Delphinus) Quoy and Gaimard" (1893, p. 11, pi. 3,
figs. 4 (bivittata) and 5).
This species, and the D. bivittata of Lesson, which Dr. Phil
ippi cites in the same connection, are among those "vus en mer
*Bull. 36, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 91.
|- Voyage of the Coquilk, Zoology, I, 1826, p. 182.
True On South American Delphinidce. 139
et dessines si distance." They do not appear to me to merit seri
ous consideration. F. Cuvier very justly remarks regarding
these and other similar species:
These dolphins having been seen by trained men, by obser
vers whose experience is the result of long practice, promise
some day to really enrich natural history; but until they have
been found again and their skins have been collected, so that
their principal parts can be studied, we can only regard them
as probable types of species destined to be established at some
time more or less near.*
The object of assigning this species both to Phoccena and to
Delphinus, or what is intended thereby, is not clear. In the
index it is cited under both genera.
"Phocsena obtusata Philippi" (1893, p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 1).
This remarkable species is quite unlike any porpoise with
which I am acquainted, especially as regards coloration. As no
part of the skeleton is figured or described, it is impossible to
decide whether the species really belongs in the genus Phoccena.
Certainly the pattern of coloration is very different from that
of any other species of the genus. The shape of the fins and
head suggest relationship with Cephalorhynchus, but the color-
pattern does not agree. Further information regarding this
species will be received with much interest. The size of Dr.
Philippi's specimen would suggest that it was not fully adult.
"Delphinapterus leucorrhamphus (Delphinus) Pron" (1893, p. 15,
pi. 4, figs. 2 and 3).
Dr. Philippi quite properly inquires why Lacepede changed
the name leucorrhamphus in Peron's manuscript to peronii. So
it was, however, and the latter name under rules now generally
adopted is binding. The generic name Delphinapterus , how
ever, was originally applied by Lac6pede to the white whale or
beluga. Later, Lesson transferred it to leucorrhamphus or
*Hist. Nat. des Ce"tac6s, 1836, p. 225.
140 True On South American Delpldnidffi,.
peronii, which was not correct. The latter must take the next
valid generic name which is Lissodelphis. The proper name of
the species under consideration, therefore, is Lissodetyhis
peronii (Lac.).
Dr. Philippi gives an excellent figure of the species, from a
specimen taken east of Patagonia, which is the exact counter
part of the figure published by Gray and copied in Bull. 36,
U. S. Nat. Mus., pi. 21, fig. 1.
The opinion is expressed by Dr. Philippi that the animal re
ferred to this species by Lesson* really represents a separate
species to which he gives the name Delphinapterus lessonii (op.
cit., p. 17). My own opinion in the matter was expressed in
1889, in Bull. 36, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 79, as follows:
"Lesson's figure (Voyage of the CoquiUe, pi. 9, fig. 1) repre
sents a dolphin with white flukes and an elongated beak, which
characters are also mentioned in the text. This may be a dis
tinct species, though it is more than probable that the figure is
inaccurate."
The measurements of Lesson's and Philippics specimens show
more agreements than discrepancies.
"Globiocephalus globiceps (Delphinus) Cuv." (1893, p. 17).
"Globiocephalus chilensis Philippi" (1896, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 3 and 4).
Dr. Philippi had two skeletons from the coast of Chili, which
in 1893 he regarded as belonging to Globicephala globiceps
(==Gr. melas), but in his paper of 1896 he describes them as a
new species, under the name of G. chilensis.
The figure and measurements of the skull given by Dr. Phil
ippi indicate that chilensis is a separate species of the group of
which melas is typical. In this group of blackfish the premax-
illse do not cover the maxillae completely in the anterior portion,
and there is a large sagitate white mark on the inferior surface
of the body. Dr. Philippi does not describe the color of
* Voyage of the Coquille, Zoology; I, pt. 1, p. 180.
True On South American Delphinidce. 141
chilensis, but the skull presents the character just mentioned.
The measurements indicate that the rostrum of the skull is
longer relatively than in melas, and the cranium narrower. In
Dr. Philippi's two skeletons the number of vertebras was 54
and 57 respectively. If the specimens were complete, this would
indicate a specific difference, as in G. melas there are 59 or 60
vertebrae.
Globiocephalus grayi Burmeister, with which Dr. Philippi
compares his specimens, does not belong to that genus, but is
identical with Pseudorca crassidens Reinhardt.
"Delphinus chilensis Philippi" (1896, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 3).
This species is founded on a foetus 24.6 cm. long. It is
probably either a Delphinus or a Prodelphinus, but one can
hardly hazard an o.pinion without knowing something of the
characters of the skull, which is neither figured nor described
by Dr. Philippi. It seems undesirable to found species on foe
tal specimens in this difficult group of animals. The uncertain
ties are already sufficiently formidable, and ought not to be
added to.
"Eutropia dickii Gray" (1896, p. 11).
An examination of the type of this species which I made in
1884, convinced me that it belonged to the genus Cbphahrhyn-
chus. The correct name is C. eutropia. (See Bull. 36, U. S.
Nat. Mus., p. 112.)
"Tursio? panope Philippi" (1896, p. 14, pis. 4-6, fig. 2).
I confess that I am unable to determine even the genus to
which this singular species belongs. The quite thin orbital
edges, the (apparently) separate pterygoids and straight man
dible suggest Lissodelphis, but the small number of teeth and
above all the extraordinary curviture of the expanded proximal
142 True On South American Delphinidce.
end of maxilla, do not accord with that genus. Indeed the
character last mentioned is not present in any genus of the Del
phinidce with which I am acquainted. If the drawings of the
skull are correct in this particular, the species probably repre
sents a genus not hitherto known. Further study of the type-
specimen can alone resolve the problem.
"Tursio platyrrhinus Philippi" (1896, p. 16, pi. 4, fig. 1; pi. 5, fig. 1;
pi. 6, fig. 1?).
I am of the opinion that this species should be assigned to
the genus Cephalorhynchus, and that in spite of the differences
in the skull shown by the figures, it is probably the same as the
albiventris Philippi, which I consider identical with C. eutropia
(Gray). Dr. Philippi remarks of it:
The nasal bones are very peculiar, are flat and do not ex
tend out at all; they do not touch the intermaxillse as in the
foregoing species (albiventris) but only the maxillae, and each
exhibits a large oblique cavity, which occupies the middle of
the bone, The beak is a little narrower than in the preceding
species, and I should have referred the two skulls of T. platyr
rhinus to that species, if I did not believe that the different
form of the nasals is a distinguishing character of the greatest
importance.*
In view of the great amount of individual variation in the
form of the nasals in all species of the Delphinidce, it does not
seem probable that this character alone is sufficient for the sep
aration of species.
It will be noted that the shape of the beak in T. platyrrhinus
as given on pi. 4, fig. 1, is very different from that in albiven
tris, but by examining the contour of the same skull shown in
pi. 5, fig. 1, it becomes obvious that the outline in the former
case is incorrect. I cannot help suspecting also that figure 3,
plate 6, is intended to represent platyrrhinus, and figure 1 of
the same plate, albiventris.
The species mentioned or described by Dr. Philippi and their
probable identity as indicated above are as follows:
*0p. cit., p. 16.
True On South American Delphinidce.
143
Name of species mentioned or
described by Dr. Philippi.
Dflphinusf superciliosus Lesson.
Delphinus cceruleo-albus Meyen.
Delphinus amphitriteus Philippi.
Phoccena (ffyperoodon) albiventris]
Perez Canto.
Tursio (Phoccena) albiventris Perez j
Canto.
Phoccena philippii Perez Canto.
Acanthodelphis (Phoccena) philip-
pii Perez Canto.
Phoccena posidonia Philippi.
Phocanad'orbignyiPhilippi (=D. \
cruciger d'Orbig., non Quoy >-
etGaim.). )
Phoccena lunata (Delphinus) Lesson.
Phoccena cruciger (Delphinus) Quoy
and Gaimard.
Phocana obtusata Philippi.
DelpMnapterus leucorrhampJius (Del
phinus) Peron.
Olobiocephalus globiceps (Delphin
us) Cuv.
Globiocephalus chilensis Philippi.
Delphinus chilensis Philippi.
Eutropia dickii Gray.
Tursio? panope Philippi.
Tursio platyrrhinus Philippi.
Probable identity.
Lagenorhynchus? superciliosus (Les
son.)
Prodelphinus cceruko-albus (Meyen).
Prodelphinus amphitriteus (Philip-
Dm I*
Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray).
Phoccena spinipinnis Burmeister.
Lagenorhynchus posidonia (Philip-
pi).
Lagenorhynchus cruciger (d'Orbigny
and Gervais).
Not based on specimens.
Not based on specimens.
Cephalorhynchus? obtusata (Philip-
pi).
Lissodelphis peronii (Lace*pdde),
Globicephala chilensis Philippi.
Based on a foetus.
Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray).
New genus?
Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray).
VOL. XVI, PP. 145-146 NOVEMBER 12,
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW HARE FROM GREECE,
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,]
A hare from Mount Parnassus, Greece, recently procured by
the United States National Museum, differs conspicuously from
all of the forms related to Lepus europceus that have been
recognized during the past few years. As no name has as yet
been applied to the Grecian hare the animal may be known as:
Lepus parnassius, sp. nov.
Tgpe. Adult male (skin and skull), No. 122,093, United States National
Museum. Collected at Agorianni, north side of Lyakura (Parnassus)
Alts., Greece, September 10, 1895. Received from Wilhelm Schluter,
of Halle, on the Saale, Germany.
Characters. Intermediate in size between British specimens of Lepus
occidentalis, and Swiss examples of L. europceus, but nearer the latter.
General color less yellow than in the related forms; ears grayish instead
of yellowish, and with much more extensive black area at tip; rump
scarcely different from back. Skull with rostrum much less heavily
built than that of Lepus europaus.
Color. Hairs of dorsal surface, with four color bands. Beginning at
the base there are (1) whitish smoke-gray, 12 mm., (2) black, 7 mm., (3)
pinkish-butt', 5 mm., (4); black, 5 mm. The general effect is a coarse
grizzle of black and pinkish-buff, the latter very slightly in excess, much
37 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH, VOL. XVI, 1903. (145)
146 MiUer A New Hare from Greece.
less so than the light, clear buff of the corresponding region in
europmus. Sides and neck not noticeably different from back, but the
grizzle less distinct, owing to the replacement of the sub-basel black by
hair-brown. Rump essentially like back, but with a slight grayish cast
due to the light gray bases of the hairs. The exact shade of this under
eolor is about Ridg way's gray No. 10 at base of hairs, darkening to gray
No. 7 near surface. Cheeks like sides, but more finely grizzled, and
with a faint blackish wash below ear. An indistinct grayish-buff eye
ring and loral stripe. Crown and face like back but more finely grizzled,
and the bases of the hairs wood-brown. Ears light silvery -gray (the
exact color not given by Ridgway) except for the following markings: a
very finely grizzled stripe essentially concolor with top of head extend
ing up anterior outer surface almost to tip, and about 20 mm. wide at
middle; a similar area 45 mm. long by 12 mm. wide near middle of
posterior inner surface; a black apical patch 40 mm, long by 30 mm,
wide on posterior outer surface, extending downward along posterior
outer rim as a band 4 mm. in width to about middle of ear, and spread
ing over both surfaces at tip and along upper fourth of anterior margin,
the black apical area on inner surface about 10 mm. wide; a clear
ochraceous-buff area 10 mm. in width between apical black and general
gray of inner surface; a whitish line 3 mm. in width along inner anterior
margin from base to above middle. Feet, outer surface of legs, flank
patches, and throat, dull ochraceous-buff. Underparts and. inner sur
face of legs white, this color much suffused with ochraceous-buff on
front legs. Tail missing.
Skull and teeth. The skull differs from that of Lepus europ&us in
smaller size and much less robust form. This is particularly noticeable
in the rostral portion of the skull, both depth and width of which are
reduced, but is also very evident in the form of the braincase. Supra-
orbital processes smaller than in Lepus europaus. Teeth as in the re
lated species.
Measurements External measurements of type (from well made skin),
head and body, 600; hind foot, 150 (140); ear from crown, 130. Cranial
measurements of type: greatest length, 96 (99)*; occipito nasal length:
94; diastema, 32.6 (30); greatest (oblique) length of nasals, 44 (45);
length of nasals along median suture, 37.6 (40); breadth of both nasals
together at middle, 16.6 (20); greatest breadth of both nasals together
posteriorly, 21 (23.6); least interorbital breadth behind supraorbital pro
cesses, 14.4 (12); zygomatic breadth, 44 (48); breadth of braincase
below roots of zygomata, 31 (34); palatal depth 24.6 (28); mandible,
75 (76); maxillary molar series (alveoli), 15.4 (18.6); mandibular molar
series (alveoli), 18.4 (20.4).
Specimens examined. One, the type.
*Cranial measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult female
Lepus europo&us from Werdenberg, Switzerland (No. 105,831).
VOL. XVI, pp. 147-148 NOVEMBER 12, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SQUIREEL FROM LOWER SIAM.
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Five small lineated squirrels collected by Dr. W. L. Ab
bott in Trong, Lower Siam, differ markedly from the Burman
Sciurus barbei. So far as can be judged from descriptions they
are identical with the Malaccan Sciurus macclellandi leucotis of
Bonhote*, though without actual comparison of specimens this
question must remain open. They are, however, very doubtfully
the same as the Tamias leucotis of Temminckf; and the name
adopted by Mr. Bonhote is certainly invalidated by Gapper's
earlier use of Sciurus leucotis for an American squirrelj. The
animal occuring in Trong may be known as:
Sciurus novemlineatus, sp. nov.
Type. Adult male (skin and skull), No. 84,403, United States National
Museum. Collected at 1500 ft. elevation in heavy forest among the hills
of Trong, Lower Siam, February 19, 1897, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Characters. Externally similar to Sciurus barbei Blyth, but ear smaller
and with the hairs of the \yhite tuft scarcely, if at all, blackish at base.
*Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., V, p. 53, January, 1900.
fEsquisses Zoologiques sur la Cote de Guine", p. 252, 1853. "Peninsula
of Malacca."
JZool. Journ., V, p. 206, 1830. Ontario.
38-PBOC. BIOL, Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (147)
148 Miller A New Squirrel from Lower Slant.
Skull smaller than that of the Burman animal, the rostrum relatively
shorter, and region between anterior zygomatic roots proportionally
broader.
Color. Type: sides of body and outer surface of legs hair-brown
faintly tinged with yellowish, particularly on flanks. Back with nine
longitudinal stripes as follows: a median black stripe 3 mm. in width is
succeeded by a slightly broader stripe of dull ochraceous-buff; beyond
this lies a black stripe 7 mm. wide followed by one of clear bufl 7 of
similar width; this in turn is bordered on the outer side by a black line
about as broad as the median stripe, extending from shoulder to rump.
Except this short outermost band and the buff stripe, these longitudinal
markings extend from middle of neck to rump. The buff stripe is con
tinued forward along side of neck and under ear to cheek, where it
spreads so as to surround eye, muzzle and lips. Behind eye there is a
faint dusky line, and still more faint dusky wash extends over lower
part of cheek and along side of neck between buff stripe and the darker
color of the underparts. Ears tawny-ochraceous internally, black extern
ally except for the conspicuous white tuft at tip; many of the hairs of
this tuft white to extreme base. Whiskers black. Feet dull ochraceous.
Underparts and inner surface of legs clear ochraceous-buff, slightly more
yellow than that of Ridgway, the hairs slaty at base. Hairs of tail black
at base and at extreme tip, the intermediate region occupied by a broad
band of dull ochraceous, another of black, and a narrow subterminal area
of yellowish-white. Pencil black slightly grizzled by numerous small
yellowish annulations.
Skull and teeth. The skull is smaller than that of Sciurus barbei, the
diameter of the orbits and audital bullae is less, and the rostrum is shorter.
On the other hand, the interorbital width is fully as great as in the larger
animal, and the lachrymal breadth is distinctly greater. The increased
breadth of the region between the anterior zygomatic roots contrasted
with the shorter rostrum gives the skull a very distinctive appearance as
compared with that of Sciurus barbei. Teeth as in the Burman animal,
but smaller throughout.
Measurements. Measurements of type: total length, 210; head and
body, 115; tail vertebrae, 95; hind foot, 30 (28); ear from meatus, 12; ear
from crown, 8; width of ear, 8; skull, greatest length, 31 (33)*; basal
length, 25(27.8); length of nasals, 8 (9.4); interorbital breadth, 12 (12);
lachrymal breadth, 16 (15.6); mandible, 17.4(19).
Specimens examined. Five, all from Trong, Lower Siam.
Remarks. That this is not the same as the Tamias leucotis of Tem-
minck is shown by the stress laid in the original description of the
Malaccan animal on the presence of only one black longitudinal stripe.
In one of Temminck's specimens the underparts were white slightly
washed with reddish; in the other they appear to have been essentially
as in the species found in Trong.
*Cranial measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male Sci
urus barbei from Yado, Burma (No. 36,044).
VOL. XVI, PP. 149-130 NOVEMBER 12, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TELMATODYTES.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
Two long-billed marsh wrens recently collected by the writer
at Sabine, Texas, were at first referred, with a query, to Telma-
todytes palustris palustris. In light of material, particularly
from Louisiana, which Mr. Ridgway has brought together for
use in connection with his work on the genus, these two speci
mens prove to belong to the new race which is here described.
Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus, subsp. nov.
Subspecific characters. Similar to Telmatodytes palustris mariana, but
much paler, more grayish brown above, the pileum with much less
black, often with almost none, the upper tail-coverts obsoletely or not at
all barred; chest not spotted.
Geographical distribution. Coast region of Louisiana and eastern
Texas.
Description. Type, male adult, No. 184,769, United States National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection; Sabine, Texas, September 3,
1902; H. C. Oberholser.
Pileum sepia brown, laterally and posteriorly with a slight admixture of
blackish; remainder of upper surface mummy brown, the back with an
irregularly triangular area of black streaked with white; tail brown, with
black bars that on many of the feathers are confluent; wings fuscous,
barred with black, brown, and buff; a white superciliary stripe that is
extended posteriorly in a chain of white streaks encircling the hind
39-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (149)
150 Oberholser Description of a New Telmatodytes.
neck; postocular streak dark brown; sides of neck brown like the crown,
but paler; cheeks and lores mixed white and brownish; lower surface
white, the sides and flanks brownish ochraceous, also the breast tinged
with this color; crissum brownish ochraceous, terminally whitish, and
narrowly barred with dusky; lining of wing white.
This new form is most closely allied to Telmatodytes palustris palustris,
from which its range is, however, widely separated, but it may be distin
guished by its decidedly inferior size (being apparently a little smaller
than even T. p. mariance), duller, less reddish brown upper parts, besides
having the brownish of sides and flanks spread over the breast and other
wise more extended. The type of thryophilus is in perfectly fresh
autumn plumage, the condition which seems most nearly to resemble
palustris, for summer specimens are paler, more grayish, and present a
stronger contrast to palustris of even corresponding season.
The subjoined millimeter measurements of males of the three forms
concerned in this comparison were taken by Mr. Ridgway, and he has
courteously offered them for inclusion here.
*0 to
n s
tf-H
02
o5
Is
Name.
'3
s
s
E
rr"S O
S'3
SI
*
EH
W o
5
^
S
10
Telmatodytes palustris palustris
49.9
41.2
15.
20.4
12.9
4
Telmatodytes palustris tliryophilus
47.4
40.4
13.1
20.1
13.6
7
Telmatodytes palustris mariance
48.7
39.2
14.5
20.3
11.8
VOL. XVI, PP. I5H60 NOVEMBER 30. 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW BIRDS FROM SOUTHERN
MEXICO.
BY E, W. NELSON,
The birds described below, with three exceptions, were ob
tained by Mr. Goldman and myself during our expedition in the
interest of the Biological Survey, to southwestern Mexico, in the
winter of 1902-1903. For favors extended during the prepara
tion of this paper, I wish to express my appreciation to Mr.
Robert Ridgway and Dr. Chas. W. Richmond, Curator and
Assistant Curator of Birds, in the National Museum.
Geotrygon albifacies rubida, subsp. nov.
Guerrero Quail Dove.
Type. No. 185,510 $ ad., U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
Worn Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 19, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Heavily forested slopes on coast side of the Sierra Madre
of Guerrero (above 5,000 feet).
Subspecific characters. Generally paler than G. albifacies, with under-
parts more uniformly buff.
Description. Generally similar to O. albifacie*, but chestnut of upper-
parts paler, with a more yellowish cast; underparts nearly uniform buffy,
* little darker on sides of body, with scarcely a trace of the ashiness on
breast so commonly present in G. albifacies.
40-pRoc. BIOL. Soa WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903, (151)
152 Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico.
Dimensions of type. Wing, 160; tail, 113; culmen, 16; tarsus, 43.
Remarks. This form is based on eleven specimens all from the type
locality.
Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei, subsp. nov.
Yucatan Long-toed Grouse.
Type.'So. 167,737, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Apazote, Campeche, Mexico. Collected December 31, 1900, by E.
W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. The Peninsula of Yucatan, including the States of Cam
peche and Yucatan (below 1,000 feet).
Subspecific characters. Smaller than D. thoracicus; white area on ab
domen larger; color of breast, flanks, top of shoulders, back and upper
surface of wings paler; cheeks and superciliary stripe of type deeper and
richer cinnamon rufous and top of head richer and brighter chestnut
brown than in any male seen of other races of this species.
Dimensions of type. Wing, 122; tail (?); culmen, 16; tarsus, 35.
Remarks. In the Biologia, Vol. Ill, p. 309, Dr. Sharpe first called at
tention to the small .size and paler colors of these grouse from Yucatan.
Three specimens in our collection from Campeche agree with the Yuca
tan birds in these characters, and evidently represent a recognizable geo
graphic race peculiar to the arid peninsula of Yucatan, which I take
pleasure in dedicating to Dr. Sharpe.
In this connection I wish to record the confirmation of the validity of
Dactylortyx demus, Nelson, by a series of 13 specimens taken by Mr.
Goldman and myself at Omilteme, Guerrero, during May, 1903. It is al
together probable that specimens from intermediate territory will show
that this is merely a well-marked geographic race of D. thoracicus.
Syrniutn occidentale lucidum, subsp. nov.
Mexican Spotted Owl.
Type. No. 185,269, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll,
From Mt. Tancitaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Collected February 27, 1903,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Known only from the forested mountains about the
southern end of the Mexican tableland (above 6,500 feet).
Subspecific characters. Darker and with much less yellowish buffy suf
fusion throughout than in S. occidentale; white markings larger and
clearer white.
Description of type.- Light markings as in S. occidentale but larger,
clearer 'white and much more distinct; main color on top and sides of
head, neck, body and underparts dark sepia brown, contrasting strongly
Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico. 153
with the duller mummy brown of typical 8. occidentale; the suffusion of
yellowish-buffy, so marked in the latter, mainly absent or much reduced
in present form; face dingy gray with scarcely a trace of buffy; legs.
feet and toes whiter and more thickly spotted with brown; size about as
in S. occidentale.
Dimensions of type. Wing, 330; tail, 214; culmen, 35; tarsus, 63.
Remarks. This form is based on a single specimen, but the National
Museum has received another from the State of Guanajuato, Mexico,
which is not at present accessible.
The shade of brown of 8. o. lucidum approaches more nearly to that of
8. o. caurinum than to that of typical occidental*, yet owing to the greater
intensity of the buffy suffusion and the small size of the white spots on
both upper and under parts of 8. o. caurinum it is much more distinct
from lucidum than is occidentale. The white spots throughout in S. o.
lucidum average about twice as large as those in 8. o. caurinum; while
the gray face and general suppression of buffy in the Mexican bird show
strongly on comparison with caurinum.
Xiphocolaptes emigrans omiltemensis, subsp. nov.
Omilteme Wood-hewer.
Type. No. 185,530, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 19, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Oak forests on south slope of the Sierra Madre of central
Guerrero, near Omilteme (above 6,000 feet)..
Subxpecific characters. Most like X. emigrans sclateri from which it
differs in the duller, dingier shades of brown above and below, lacking
most of the yellowish mixture so conspicuous in sclateri white throat
patch smaller, and white shaft lines on neck and breast narrower, fewer
and more obsolescent posteriorly; white on throat and shaft streaks on
upper and lower parts dingier white than in sclateri and less sharply
contrasted with other colors. Size about as in sclateri, including length
and proportions of bill.
Remarks. The authors of the "Biologia" (Vol. II, pp. 183-184), have
treated Xiphocolaptes sclateri as a synonym of X. emigrans. With eight
specimens of the latter before me, two specimens (including type) of
sclateri and four of omiltemensis, the specimens of seiateri may at once be
distinguished from the series of emigrans by their longer and more slender
bills, they also have the whitish area on the chin and throat less
streaked, while the whitish shaft streaks on crown and breast are rather
broader and more strongly marked.
154 Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico.
Cyanolyca mirabilis, sp. nov,
Ornilteme Jay.
Type.T&o. 186,545, $ ad., U. 8, Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Col?,
From Ornilteme, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 22, 1903, by E. W,
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Known only from type locality in the oak forests on the
Sierra Madre of Central Guerrero (above 7,000 feet).
Specific characters. A narrow band of silvery white extends across
forehead and back over eyes and behind ear coverts, to unite with large
white area covering chin, throat r and under side of neck; rest of head,
neck and upper breast black; rest of upper parts and under side of body
blue.
Description. A band of silvery white, 2 to 3 mm. broad, extends across
forehead between fore part of orbits and thence back over eyes, along
sides of crown and down behind ear coverts, to unite with a large silvery-
white area covering throat and under side of neck; rest of head, neck
and fore breast uniform black; back, including upper surface of wings
and tail and under side of body, dull indigo blue; under side of wings
dark hair brown; under siie of tail brownish black.
Dimensions of type. Wing, 110; tail, 118; culmen, 23; tarsus, 34.
Remarks. The discovery of this remarkable species, the handsomest
and most strikingly marked one of the genus, was one of the unexpected
results of our visit to the rich bird district about Omilteme. So many
rare and interesting species were taken during our brief stay that it is
evident this locality would repay more careful work. The Omilteme
jay, of which our collection contains 8 specimens, is so different from
any of its known congeners that no comparison between them is needed-
Its size is very similar to that of C. pumilo.
Aphelocoma gtierrerensis, sp. nov.
Guerrero Jay.
Type. No. 185,539, $ ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, from Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 19, 1903,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Humid oak forest on west slope of the Sierra Madre of
central Guerrero, Mexico (above 7,000 feet).
Specific characters. Head and body uniform rich dark blue (between
hyacinth and Berlin blue of Ridgway). Size larger than Aphelocoma
unicolor.
Description. Entire head, body, with upper surface of wings and tail
rich dark blue (of a shade between hyacinth and Berlin blue of Ridg
way); inner web and under surface of quills brownish black, a little
darker than in A. unicolor; under side of tail coal black (much darker
than in A. unicolor'), with faint wash of blue in certain lights.
Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico. 155
Measurements of Aphelocoma guerrerensis and A. unicolor.
Name.
Wing.
Tail.
Culmen.
Tarsus.
Type of Aphelocoma guerrerensis.
Apheloroma unicolor, $ ad., No.
172
174
33
42
144,679, U. S. N. M., Jico, Vera
^
Cruz, Mex., July 14, 1893.
170
161
29 .
42
Remarks. The distribution of color in Aphelocoma guerrerensis and A.
unicolcr is the same, but the differences in size, proportions, and intensity
of color between our series of the two forms are very constant. This
being the case and in view of the isolation of the habitat of A. guerreren-
$is, it appears best to treat this form as a distinct species although evi
dently derived from A. unicolor.
A. guerrerensis is based upon a series of 11 specimens.
Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani, subsp. nov.
Goldman's Shrike Vireo.
.^Q. 186,309, 9 ad., U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico. Collected June 10, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Oak forest on south slope of the mountains bordering
south side of Valley of Mexico, in States of Mexico and Morelos (7,000 to
9,000 feet).
tfubspecific characters. Larger and generally paler than typical V.
melitophrys with heavier black stripe on sides of throat?: chestnut-rufous
band across breast only, this color replaced along sides by wash of dull
buffy.
Description of type. Forehead dingy gray shading back into darker
more slate gray on nape, back and sides of neck; gray of neck shading
into color of back on shoulders without any definite limit between two
areas; back, top of wings and rump light olive green; tail, slate gray
washed above with color of rump; superciliary stripe lemon yellow be
coming white posteriorly; broad stripe extending through eye and back
over ear coverts, dark slate gray; broad white malar stripe extends back
across cheeks to unite with area of same color covering chin, throat and
underside of neck; this area overlaid with a faint wash of buffy. Well
defined black stripe (heavier than in true melitophrys}, extends from
angle of lower mandible back along sides of chin and throat, thus out
lining white malar stripe; band across forepart of breast light ferrugin
ous chestnut; sides of body dull grayish; middle of breast, abdomen and
156
Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico.
under tail coverts dull white with a strong wash of buffy along each side,
and a much lighter suffusion of same over middle of white underparts;
tail below slate gray with narrow white tips to feathers.
Measurements of Vireolanius melitophrys and V. m. goldmani.
Wing.
Tail.
Culmen.
Tarsus.
Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani.
Ad. 9 type.
85
73
18
25
Ad. 9 from "near City of Mexico."
84.5
73
19
26
Yg. $ from type locality.
86
72.5
16
26
Vireolanius melitophrys.
Ad. $ from Jico, near Jalapa, Vera
Cruz.
81
69
20
25
Remarks. The family to which Vireolanius belongs is distinguished
by the identity of the sexes in color, and for this reason I have felt suf
ficiently confident that the well marked differences in color between the
female specimens, from the mountains south of the Valley of Mexico,
and our typical male from near Jalapa, Vera Cruz cannot well be con
sidered due to sex. This conclusion is supported by the well marked
differences of size the three specimens of goldmani (including an imma
ture male) are all larger than the typical male of melitophrys, and have
shorter bills.
In the "Biologia" (Vol. I, p. 209), the authors describe a female of F.
melitophrys from the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, as different from the
male from the same locality. The distinguishing characters of the
female in this description so closely parallel the characters, in which the
immature male of V. m. goldmani differs from the females, that it ap
pears a fair inference that the Volcan de Fuego female is an immature
bird, and the differences due to immaturity and not to sex.
Geothlypis chapalensis, sp nov.
Chapala Yellow-throat.
Type. No. 186,409, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Ocotlan, Jalisco, Mexico. Collected June 26, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and B. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Fresh-water marshes along lower Lerma River and
eastern border of Lake Chapala (from near La Barca to Ocotlan), Jalisco,
Mexico.
Nelson New JBirds from /Southern Mexico.
157
Specific characters. Pattern of coloration as in G. melanops, but black
mask extends higher upon forehead; light area bordering black mask
yellow; upperparts darker olive-green; underparts richer yellow; culmen,
tail, and tarsus longer.
Description. A broad black mask covering front and sides of head in
cluding orbits; black mask bordered posteriorly by a yellow band extend
ing about to middle of crown and down on sides of neck; rest of crown
and nape bistre brown overlying and concealing yellow bases of feathers;
rest of upperparts dark olive green; underparts bright gamboge yellow
most intense on neck and breast; flanks washed with olive brown.
measurements of three species of Geothlypis.
Name.
Wing.
Tail.
Culmen.
Tarsus.
Type of G. cJiapalensis, ad. $ .
61
63
14
23
G. melanops, ad. $ .
62
61
13
22
G. flamceps, ad. $ .
57
56
15
22
Remarks. In fresh plumage the brown on crown and nape hides the
basal yellow of the feathers, but as the plumage becomes worn the brown
gradually disappears and the yellow band on crown broadens until in one
of our series of eleven specimens the crown and nape are entirely yellow
much as in G. flaviceps. The differences in size and proportions serve at
once to distinguish the two species and the same holds good in regard to
another closely related species, G. flavovelatus.
The female of G. chapalensis has a dull brown forehead and dull olive
green crown, contrasting strongly with the yellow forehead and lighter
green crown of this sex in G. flaviceps.
This species is based on eleven specimens.
Thryophilus sinaloa russeus, subsp. nov.
Russet Wren.
Type.^o. 185,893, ad. $, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Acahuizotla, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 9, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Known only from type locality, but probably occurs in
brushy foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur throughout most of its ex
tension in Guerrero.
Subspecific characters. Witters from T. sinaloa mainly in the much
brighter, more russet brown of upperparts of head, body, and wings;
upper tail coverts and tail brighter, more cinnamon rufous; dark bars on
158 Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico.
wings and tail and under tail coverts blacker and more strongly con
trasted with the brown; size about as in typical sinaloa.
Remarks. This subspecies is based upon five specimens. Typical T.
sinaloa is exactly intermediate in coloration between russeus and cin-
ereus.
Troglodytes brunneicoJHs nitidus, subsp. nov.
. Zempoaltepec Wren.
Type. No. 143,058, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Mt. Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Collected July 8, 1894, by E.
W. Nelson and E A. Goldman.
Distribution. Humid forests on Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, and
adjacent parts of the Cordillera in northeastern Oaxaca (above 6,500
feet).
Subspecific characters. Both adults and young differ from typical T.
brunneicollis in the deeper, or darker, reddish bistre-brown of upperparts,
and the darker and richer buffy-cinnamon on neck and breast; size about
the same.
Remarks. This subspecies, based on two adults and one young of the
year, from the very humid forest on Mount Zempoaltepec, shows the in
fluence of the environment in its darker colors compared with T. brun-
neicottis, the type of which was taken in the more open and arid pine and
fir forest of the mountains at La Parada near Oaxaca City, central
Oaxaca.
Henicorhina leucophrys f estiva, subsp. nov.
Guerrero Wren.
Type.$o. 186,596, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico. Collected May 23, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Heavy oak forested mountain slopes of the Cordillera of
western Michoacan and central-southern Guerrero (above 7,000 feet).
Subspecific characters. Intermediate in coloration between H. leuco
phrys mexicana (Nelson) and //. leucophrys capitalis Nelson, but most like
the former from which it differs mainly in having crown, top of neck
and fore part of shoulders bistre brown; rest of back and rump slightly
duller shade of rusty rufous; bill longer.
Remarks. The color of crown and top of neck in this form contrasts
more strongly with the rusty rufous of the rump than in mexicana, and
like the latter it shows no sign of the darker line on the sides of the crown
of H. I. capitalis.
Nelson New Birds from Southern Mexico. 159
Hemiura leucogastra musica, subsp. nov.
Palenque Wren.
Type. No. 166,306, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Collected March 20, 1900, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Humid forests along base of Cordillera from Tabasco to
northern Guatemala.
Subspecific characters. Darkest of the subspecies of H. leucogastra ;
most like H. I. brachyura from which it differs in darker shade of red
dish brown on upperparts, flanks and under tail coverts, and the obso
lescence of bars on tail and under tail coverts, as in typical leueogastra.
Sialia mexicana australis, subsp, nov.
Southern Bluebird.
Type. No. 185,183, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.
From Mt. Tancitaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Collected February 26, 1903,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Wooded mountains on southern border of the Mexican
tableland; From Mt. Orizaba, Puebla, west through Puebla (Tochimilco),
Mexico (Mt. Popocatapetl), Morelos (Huitzilac), Michoacan (Mt. Patam-
ban and Mt. Tancitaro) to the Sierra Nevada de Colima in southern
Jalisco. Breeds above 6,000 feet.
Subspecific characters. Most like 8. m. occidentalis but larger (largest
of the subspecies of S. mexicana). Males with rufous areas lighter, more
cinnamon colored, and blue of upperparts richer or more intense than in
occidentalis (nearly as in true mexicana); females with top of head, neck
and rump deeper blue, rest of back and shoulders darker brown.
Dimensions of type. Wing, 112; tail, 68; culmen, 13; tarsus, 22.
VOL. XVI, PP. 161-164 NOVEMBER 30, 19(53
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW MOLE RATS.
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
Among the Old World rodents in the United States National
Museum are two forms of Spalax, which I am unable to iden
tify with any of the species recently characterized by Nehring
and Satunin. One is from northern Dobrudscha, the other from
Beyrout, Syria. They may be described as follows:
Spalax dolbrogeae, sp. nov,
Type. Adult male (skin and skull), No. 122,109, United States Na
tional Museum. Collected at Malcociu, Dobrudscha, Rumania, March
20, 1903. Received from Wilhelm Schliiter of Halle, a. S., Germany.
Characters. A medium sized species nearly as large as Spalax micro-
phthalmus, which it resembles in the form of the molar teeth, but from
which it differs conspicuously in the much larger parietal bones.
Color. Back, sides, and posterior half of head ochraceous-buff, slightly
paler than that of Ridgway, the fur everywhere slate-gray beneath sur
face. Underparts and legs slate-gray, the color of sides extending as a
distinct wash across middle of body. Face, cheeks, and region about
mouth silvery drab-gray, the two lines of bristle-like hairs extending
back from muzzle whitish in rather marked contrast.
Skutt. In general form the skull rather closely resembles that of
tipalax microphthalmus as figured by Nehring, but the lambdoid ridge is
almost straight, and each parietal bone is nearly as broad as long, and in
size fully equal to the two together in the skull of the larger animal.
41 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL, XVI, 1908, (161)
162 Miller Descriptions of Two New Mole Hats.
Anteriorly the two bones form a single point, and the latero-anterior
border is continued backward almost to lambdoid crest, so that the out
line of the bone is very nearly a right triangle. Sagittal crest well de
veloped. Anterior margin of frontal straight.
Teeth. The teeth agree with those of Spalax microphthalmus, as describ
ed by Nehring*, except that each of the first and second upper molars has
an enamel island in the anterior loop, making the pattern an exact re
versal of that in the first and second lower molars of Spalax hungaricus.\
Ln all of the teeth the pattern is essentially alike, arid consists of a single
narrow reentrant fold on each side. The inner reentrant is placed a little
in advance of the outer, and is curved forward, while the outer curves
back. In the maxillary teeth the folds are all open, but in the lower
jaw those of the inner side are closed. The anterior faces of the incisors
both above and below are finely roughened by minute longitudinal
wrinkles, but there are no distinct grooves.
Measurements. Head and body, 230; hind foot 29 (25); skull, greatest
length, 52; basal length, 45; basilar length, 42; occipito-nasal length
(from inion), 41; palatal length, 26; diastema, 19; length of nasals, 19;
breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 7; breath of both nasals to
gether posteriorly, 2.6; greatest breadth of rostrum, 11.4; zygomatie
breadth, 38; mastoid breadth, 26; least interorbital breadth, 6; palatal
breadth between middle molars, 2; depth at middle of palate, 18.4; least
depth of rostrum behind incisors, 7: mandible from condyle, 31; mandi
ble, from root of incisor, 32; depth of mandible through coronoid pro
cess, 18.8; upper molars, alveoli, 7.6; upper molars, crowns, 6.6; width
of second upper molar (crown), 2.8 ; lower molars, alveoli, 7 ; lower
molars, crowns, 6.6 ; width of upper incisor at alveolus, 3 ; width of
lower incisor at alveolus, 3.4.
Specimens examined. One, the type.
Remarks. This is probably the same animal as the Rumanian Spalax
hungaricus recorded by Matschie, in 19014 I* is readily distinguishable"
from the Hungarian species, however, by its much larger size and by
the presence of an inner reentrant enamel fold in the posterior molar
both above and below. Spalax dolbragece is apparently more closely re
lated to S. microphthalmus.
5 pa! ax berytensis, sp. nov.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull), No. fffff, United States Na
tional Museum. Collected at Beyrout, Syria, April, 1878, by W. T. Van
Dyck.
*Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1897, p. 165.
f In the posterior loop of the left middle lower molar there is a very
minute enamel island whose presence may be abnormal.
J Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1901, p. 237.
Prundu, Rumania.
Miller .Descriptions of Tivo New Mole fiats. 163
Characters. A medium sized species, not as large as Spalax dolbroaea.
Face of incisors without distinct grooves. Enamel pattern essentially
as in Spalax kirgisorum; posterior upper molar with no reentrant enamel
fold on inner side, posterior lower molar with a deep fold on each side.
Skull broad and robust, without special elongation of rostrum.
Color. In color the type resembles that of Spalax dolbrogece so closely
as to require no special description. In two half grown young the
mouse-gray of the muzzle is extended back over most of head, while in
an old, much abraded male the light tips of the hairs are so much worn
away that the whole animal is a dirty plumbeous brown.
Skull. The skull of an old male with much worn teeth rather closely
resembles that of Spalax dolbrogece, but is not as large. The more notice
able details of form in which it differs from the Dobrudschan animal are
as follows: The rostrum is not distinctly swollen at roots of incisors; the
anterior zygomatic roots flare less abruptly; the posterior margin of ant-
orbital foramen is extended further backward, so that the foramen
appears larger when skull is viewed from above; the anterior outline
of the frontals is conspicuously angular-emarginate ; the parietal is
rhomboid, its length under lambdoid crest nearly double that of anterior
margin; the basioccipital is narrower in proportion to its length; the
tubular portion of the audital bulla is better developed. In the type the
same characters are apparent, except that the interparietal is wider
along anterior suture.
Teeth. Enamel pattern of molars similar to that of Spalax kirgisorum
as figured and described by Nehring,* but with angles less sharp-pointed.
First upper molar with well developed reentrant fold on inner side and
two rather deeper folds on the outer side, the inner and the anterior
outer almost meeting. Second upper molar with a deep fold on each
side and a large enamel island opposite point of inner fold. Third upper
molar entire on inner side, cut on outer side by two reentrant folds, of
which the anterior is minute and inconspicious, the posterior deep and
provided with a short posterior and long anterior curved off-shoot, the
two off-shoots together forming a crescent parallel with inner edge of
tooth: Each lower molar has a single deep reentrant fold on outer side.
The first has two folds on inner side, the outer abruptly bent forward,
the posterior slightly curved backward. The second has one reentrant
angle on inner side. The third is provided with a deep anterior and a
minute posterior fold. A large enamel island lies in posterior loop of
second lower molar. Anterior faces of incisors finely roughened by
minute, irregular, longitudinal folds. They show no trace of definite
grooves, but the Tolds tend to form barely perceptible longitudinal ridges,
three or four in number.
Measurements. External measurements of type (from skin): Head and
body, 130; hind foot, 24 (21). External measurements of old male from
type locality: Head and body, 190; hind foot, 28 (24).
*Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1897, p. 177,
fig. 4 (p. 175).
164 Miller Descriptions of Two New Mole fiats.
Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, (49*); basal length.
(44.4); basilar length, (40.4); occipito-nasal length (from inion).
30.4 (39); palatal length, 22 (29.4); diastema, 12 (17); length of nasals, 15
(20); breadth of both nasals together anteriorly, 5.2 (6.8); breadth of
both nasals together posteriorly, 1.8 (2.8); greatest breadth of rostrum.
7.4 (10); zygomatic breadth, 27.2(35); mastoid breadth, 22 (26); least
interorbital breadth, 7 (6.4); palatal breadth between middle molars, 1.8
(2.4); depth at middle of palate, 13.4 (18.8); least depth of rostrum be
hind incisors, 5 (7); mandible from condyle, 24.8 (31) ; mandible from
root of incisor, 24.6 (30); depth of mandible through coronoid process,
12.8 (17.6); upper molars, alveoli, 7.8 (8); upper molars, crowns, 8 (7);
width of second upper molar (crown), 2.2 (2.8); lower molars, alveoli, 7.6
(7); lower molars, crowns, 6.4 (7); width of upper incisor at alveolus, 1.8
(2.6); width of lower incisor at alveolus, 1.8 (2.6).
/Specimens examined. Four, all from the vicinity of Beyrout.
Remarks. In dental characters this species appears to be much like
8palax kirgisorum, an animal from which it differs very conspicuously in
the large size and robust form of the skull. From its near geographic-
allies, Spalax ehrenbergi and Spalax intermedms it is also readily distin
guishable ; from the former by the absence of a reentrant fold on the
inner side of the third upper molar and by the presence cf only one fold
on inner side of middle lower tooth ; from the latter by the longer parie-
tals (7 mm. instead of 5 mm. along sagittal crest), and by the absence of
distinct grooves on the face of the incisor teeth.
* Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male (much older
than the type) from the same locality (No.
VOL. XVI, pp. 165-166 NOVEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A SECOND SPECIMEN OF EUDERMA MACULATUM.
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
One of the most remarkable of North American bats, the huge-
eared, black-and-white Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen), was
wholly unknown before 1890, and, after its discovery, it eluded
detection again for thirteen years. The original specimen, now
in the American Museum of Natural History, was captured by
Mr. Thomas Shooter, on a
fence at the mouth of Castac
Creek, near Piru, Ventura
County, California, in March,
1890. It remained unique un
til a second individual was
found dead in the Biological
Laboratory of the New Mexico
College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, at Mesilla
Park, New Mexico, in Septem
ber, 1903. This specimen,
correctly identified, was pre
sented to the United States
National Museum, by Professor
E. O. Wooton. It is an adult
male preserved in alcohol, and
bears the number 122,545. The history of this species is a
42 PBOC. Biou Soc. WASH. Voi* XVI, 1903. (165)
FIG. 1. Skull of Euderma maculatum
1 66 Miller ~ Specimen of Euderma Maculatum.
striking illustration of the uncertainty that attends the study of
bats. The animal occurs in a region that has recently been the
field of the most systematic biological explorations ever carried
on in any country, yet only two individuals have been taken, and
both of these were procured by persons not specially interested
in mammals. All that trained collectors have added in more
than a decade to our knowledge of Euderma is the vague second
hand report that the Vegas Valley, Nevada, is visited during hot
weather by a large bat with jackass ears and white shoulder
stripes.*
Through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Allen, I have been enabled
to compare the Mesilla Park specimen with the type. In every
way the individuals closely agree, even to minute details of
size. The measurements of the two are as follows, those of the
type in parenthesis: Total length, 107 (110); head and body, 60
(60); tail, 47 (50); tibia, 19.6 (21); foot, 9.8 (9); forearm, 49.6
(50); thumb, 9 (6.8); second digit, 42 ( ); 'third digit, 86 (91);
fourth digit, 72 (76.2); fifth digit, 64 (67.3); ear from meatus,
41 (34); ear from crown, 43 ( ); width of ear, 25 (22); tragus,
14 (13); greatest width of tragus, 5 (5); skull, greatest length,
18.8 (19); basal length, 18; basilar length 16 (16.5); zygomatic
breadth, 10.4 (10.9); greatest breadth of braincase above roots
of zygomata, 9.4; greatest diameter of audital bulla, 5.8 (5.8);
mandible, 12.6 (12.7); maxillary toothrow, exclusive of incisors
(alveoli), 6; maxillary toothrow, including incisors (alveoli), 6.8
(6.8); mandibular toothrow, exclusive of incisors (alveoli), 6.4;
niandibular toothrow, including incisors (alveoli), 7.2 (7.6).
The species has been so thoroughly described that there appear
to be no further important characters to note. The skull, how
ever, has never before been figured, and that of the type is lost.
*North American Fauna, No. 13, p. 49. October 16, 1897.
VOL. XVI, PP. 167-170 NOVEMBER 30, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DIAGNOSES OF NINE NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN
BIRDS.
v
BY ROBERT RIDGWAY.
[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
The following new forms are included in Part III of "Birds
of North and Middle America" and are additional to those al
ready published in these "Proceedings," pages 105 to 111, Sep
tember 30, 1903.
Thryophilus pleurostictus ravus, new subspecies.
Similar to T. p. pleurostictus but smaller, color of back, etc., m9re ru-
fescent, secondaries less distinctly barred, and median underparts more
broadly white.
Western Nicaragua; western Costa Rica?
Type, No. 89,701, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male; San Juan del Sur,
Nicaragua, January 17, 1883; C. C. Nutting.
Thryophilus modestus pullus, new subspecies.
Similar to T. m. modestus but darker and browner.
State of Chiapas, southern Mexico; Guatemala.
43-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. (167)
168 Ridgway New Forms of American Birds.
Type, No. 142,928, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
adult male; Huehuetan, Chiapas, February 29, 1896; Nelson and Gold
man.
Salpinctes obsoletus notius, new subspecies.
Similar to 8. o. obsoletus but smaller, with larger bill and feet.
Southern Mexico.
Type, No. 142,868, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Collection),
adult male; Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico, December 8, 1892; E. W.
Nelson.
Henicorhina leucophrys castanea, new subspecies.
Similar to H. 1. cottina (Bangs) but back darker chestnut, flanks
brighter chestnut, and bill smaller (exposed culmen 13.5 instead of
14.5-16).
Eastern Guatemala.
Type, No. 39,563, Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Lawrence Collection);
Guatemala.
Henicorhina leucophrys berlepschi, new subspecies.
Similar to H. I. leucophrys but pileum sooty brown with black lateral
margin, instead of black slightly washed with sooty medially; black
postocular stripe narrower.
Western Ecuador (Chimbo; Pedregal).
Type in Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Chimbo, western Ecuador, No
vember, 1882; F. de Siemiradzki.
^Henicorhina hilaris Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1884, 284, part (specimen from Pedregal).
= Henicorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) Ber
lepsch and Taczauowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 539 (Chimbo,
western Ecuador; crit.).
Henicorhina hilaris bangsi, new subspecies.
Similar to H. h. anachoreta (Bangs) but darker and duller brown above,
the pileum and hindrieck sooty brown instead of olive; tail darker brown,
more narrowly and less regularly barred with dusky; bill larger (exposed
culmen 14-16, instead of 12.5-14).
Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia, 3000-8000 ft. altitude.
Type, No. 163,791, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male; San Francisco,
Province of Santa Marta, Colombia, June 1, 1898; W. W. Brown, Jr.
(Received from Outram Bangs.)
Ridgway New Forms of American Birds. 169
T=HenicorMna leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) : Bangs,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, 160, 181 (Pueblo Viejo, San Francisco,
Palomina, and San Miguel, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, I,
1899, 83, 84 (crit.; descr.). Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900,
180 (Valparaiso and El Libano, Colombia).
Cistothorus polyglottus lucidus, new subspecies.
Similar to C. p. elegans but coloration brighter, more rufescent; adults
with white streaks on back broader, more purely white; young with
general color more strongly rufescent (the rump and upper tail-coverts
dull russet or cinnamon instead of wood brown, the sides, flanks, and
under tail-coverts cinnamon or deep buffy cinnamon, instead of pale
wood brown) ; tail larger.
Isthmus of Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui).
Type, No. 8624, Coll. E. A. and O. Bangs; adult male, Boquete, Chiri
qui, Panama, April 25, 1901; W. W. Brown, Jr.
= Cistothorus polyglottus elegans (not C. elegans Sclater and Salvin)
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, III, 1902, 53 (Boquete).
Salpinctes obsoletus exsul, new subspecies.
Similar to 8. o. pulverius Grinnell but coloration darker; differing from
S. o. obsoletus in having lateral rectrices more extensively barred with
cinnamon-buff, shorter wing, longer tail, and larger feet.
San Benedicto Island, western Mexico.
Type, No. 117,502, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, San Benedicto
Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico, March 10, 1889; C. H.
Townsend.
Salpinctes tnaculatus, new subspecies.
Similar to S.fatciatus Salvin and Godman but flanks barred with dark
brown, instead of black, the bars narrower.
Northern Guatemala.
Type, No. 150,904, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. f adult male; Toyabaj, De
partment of Quich6, northern Guatemala, May 7, 1892; Heyde and Lux.
. X\H, PP. 171-176 BECENSBER 31, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
OK TCTO
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM
THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL, CALIFORNIA,
BY WILLIAM HEALEY.DALK
Daring the past summer Mr. Herbert N. Lowe and Mr. John
H. Paine, with the aid of a gasoline launch, did some dredging
in the Santa Barbara Channel near . Avalon, Catalina Island,
The depth of water was from 40 to 60 fathoms.
The result of this work, by two enthusiastic young -collectors*
has been very interesting, two genera not before known to in
habit the coast having been discovered, represented by two
species, both new, one of which, Metzyeria californica, has al
ready been described elsewhere by the writer.
The following species, from among those sent to the writer
for identification, appear to be new, and diagnoses of them are
now provided. The presence of so many novelties gives some
idea of the richness of the molluscan fauna of this region, and
indicates that many more forms probably remain to be discov
ered in the same vicinity. When not otherwise stated the
locality is as above mentioned, and all except Mitra dolor osa^
are represented in the collection of the gentlemen named.
Mrs. Lydia Emerson Fancher and Mrs. Lillie J. Sawin as
sisted in the search for mollusks and at the request of Mr. Paine
two of the species have been named in honor of these ladies.
44 PHOC. Biou Soa WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903. <m)
172 Dull Diagnoses of New Species of MollusJcs*
Actaeon (Rictaxis) pairs ei sp. nov.
Shell with one smooth, polished nuclear and three or more subsequent
strongly sculptured whorls; apex sinistral, immersed; spire very short
and blunt; body sto*t, ovate, slightly peripherally flattened; sculpture
of strong, subequal, spiral riblets, covering the whole shell, separated by
slightly narrower, coarsely punctate channels; outer lip sharp; pillar
obliquely subtrurtcate in front, twisted, vertical, with a prominent plait-
like edge, and a moderately prominent plait about midway of the ex
posed portion; body with a very thin wash of callus; color of the shell
yellowish subtranslucent white. Length -of shell, 8.0; of aperture, 7.25;.
max. breadth of shell, 5.0 mm.
This is immediately distinguishable from A. punctocoelata Cpr., by
its short spire, stouter form, and absence of the blackish color bands.-
The specimen described seems not quite mature. It is No. 10^,301, IL-
8. National Museum,
Clathuretfa fowef sp. nov.
I
Shell translucent white, with a brownish-pink flush on the spire and'
base; nucleus smooth, polished,, rounded, aird rather inflated, of onr
whorl; subsequent whorls, five (or more), sculptured with (on the penul
timate whorl 13) short axial rib-lets, slightly oblique with narrower inter
spaces, the riblets confined to the peripheral part of the whorl and sepa
rated from the suture behind by the spirally striated anal fascicle; spiral
sculpture covering the whorl, of slender ffattish threads with wider in
terspaces, one thread at the shoulder more prominent than the rest, form
ing a wavy keel over the riblets; suture inconspicuous, closely appressed:
aperture narrow, canal short, anal snlcus shallow, close to the sutures-
outer lip prominent, thickened, the edge sharp and incurved; canal short,
slightly recurved, pillar lip smooth. Length of shell, 7.7; of last whorl r
5.0; max. diameter of shell, 3.3 mm. Another specimen is 9 mm. long.
This species resemble* Glyphostoma but has, in the specimens seen, no
sculptured callus on the pillar lip. It is not closely like any of the
species hitherto known from the eoast. It is possible that still older
specimens might show some granulation on the inner lip. The type ifr
No. 109,302, U. S, National Museum.
N,.
Mangilia fancherae sp. nov.
Shell slender, elongate, of a dark reddish-brown when fresh; nucleus
.tome what swollen, smooth, of about two whorls; subsequent whorls about
six or seven, similarly sculptured: axial sculpture of numerous low
slender flexuous riblets with wider interspaces, extending from the suture
to the periphery and obsolete on the base of the shell ; these are crossed
Dall Diagnoses of New Species of MblZusks. 173
(between the sutures) by from four to six spiral subequal threads, of which
those on the periphery are somewhat more prominent, and all are slightly
nodulous where they over-ride the riblets; on the base there are about
15 of these threads with somewhat wider interspaces; aperture rather
narrow, outer lip sharp, flexuous, the anal sulcus wide and shallow, half
way between the suture and the periphery; pillar lip smooth, canal
rather long, straight, and open. Length of shell, 10.5; of last whorl, 6.0;
max. liameter of shell, 3.0 mm.
The sculpture of this shell recalls "Drillia" cancellata Carpenter of the
northern fauna, but this species is smaller, more slender and more deli
cately ornamented and there seems to be no operculum. The type is No.
109,303, U. S. National Museum.
Mitra lowei sp. nov.
Shell of a warm yellow-brown with a whitish apex; nucleus subtrochi-
form, smooth, solid, of about three conical whorls; subsequent whorls
(in the type specimen) about four, rapidly increasing in diameter; those
which immediately succeed the nucleus marginated in front of the
suture by two or three fine spiral grooves, the interspaces of which stand
up like threads, but these gradually become less pronounced and hardly
noticeable on the fourth whorl where the sculpture becomes on the peri
phery fine, very inconspicuous, and widely separated grooves, only
noticeable under a lens, but minutely punctate; they become somewhat
stronger on the base and canal; aperture rather wide and semi-lunate;
pillar with three nearly horizontal plaits; the canal very short and wide.
Length of shell, 5.5; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter 2.5 mm.
This species is of the type of M. falgurita Reeve, but of markedly dif
ferent proportions, the nucleus is very distinct from that of the type of
M, barbadensiit. etc. The only specimen seen is clearly immature, but it
is not the young of any of the species known to inhabit the coast and is
sufficiently characteristic to be easily recognized. The type is No. 109,-
305, U. S. National Museum.
Mitra dolorosa sp. nov.
Shell smooth, slender, solid, acute; whorls six without the nucleus
(which has been lost); the apical whorls show a few (5-7) punctate spiral
grooves, which diminish with growth to two or one, and become obsolete
on the last whorl; the surface is covered with an olivaceous periostracum;
there is in front of the suture a broad ill-defined white band, which does
not reach to the periphery; the anterior part of the whorl is dark oliva
ceous brown; aperture long and wide, canal hardly differentiated, outer
lip thin, not lirate; inner lip smooth, with a mere glaze on the body, the
pillar solid, with three rather oblique plaits, diminishing forward, th
174 Dall Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks.'
most anterior quite feeble. Length, 20; last whorl, 14; max. diameter,
7 mm.
T . Dredged on the west side of the Gulf of California in latitude 31 05',
in 12 fathoms, muddy bottom.
. This species has the gloomy color of Strigatella tristis but not tho shell
characters. The type is No. 109,009, U. "S. National Museum.
Murex (Oeinebra?) painei sp. nov.
Shell small, rotund, whitish with five or six whorls; nucleus small,
smooth, polished; subsequent whorls strongly sculptured; axial sculpture
of numerous (on the penultimate whorl 15) sharp longitudinally wrinkled
varices extending from the suture to the canal with wider interspaces and
somewhat angular or spinose at the shoulder of the whorl; these varices
are usually confluent at the suture with those of the preceeding and fol
lowing whorl; spiral sculpture of strong elevated rounded threads, with
A Smaller thread in the interspace, somewhat crenulating but not over
riding the varices: aperture ovate, the peristome thin, simple, continu
ous, projecting; there are no lirations in the aperture, the siphonal
fasciole is well marked, the canal short and closed over in front of the
aperture, with no discarded canal-spines. Length, 15; length of last
whorl, 11; max. diameter 8 mm.
This pretty little species resembles one of the Austral Trophons in
miniature. It cannot be confounded with any other species of the coast.
The type is No. 109,306, U. S. National Museum.
Lunatia draconis sp. nov.
Shell depressed, solid, cream color, sometimes with a ferruginous or
livid tinge, with six whorls: nuclear whorls very small, smooth; later
ones with an obscure, nearly obsolete spiral sculpture like flattened-out
threads, over which run microscopic, close-set, spiral striae; suture with
the whorl in front of it feebly channelled and the excavation bounded by
an obsolete thread; top of the whorls flattened, part of the base bordering
the umbilicus also flattish, the remainder of the whorl rounded, turgid;
umbilicus wide and deep, its walls excavated and closely spirally striated
aperture oblique, semi-lunate, outer lip thin, base rounded; the angle
where the lip meets the body filled with a smooth white callus, the an.
terior angle of the pillar lip also thickened. Height of shell, 51.0; of last
whorls 49.0; of aperture, 44.0; max. width of shell, 50.0 mm.
This species has no close resemblance to any of the other species of
the region. The pillar lip is somewhat thickened with a small purplish-
brown callus in the perfect shell. The sculpture and the depressed form
seem characteristic. From L. lewisi Gould, it is easily separated by its
Doll Diagnoses of New Species of Mottusks. 175
smaller size, depressed form and wide umbilicus pervious almost to the
apex of the shell.
Specimens have been obtained from Drake's Bay in 20 fathoms, Mon
terey in 15 fathoms, off the Farallones Islands in 37 fathoms, and off Ava-
lon, Catalina Island, in about 50 fathoms As Drake was long known to
the Spaniards as "El Draco,'* I have named the species draconis in
his honor. The type is No. 172,859, U. S. National Museum.
Macro mphaltna calif ornica sp. nov.
Shell small, elevated, with a wide umbilicus and whitish color; whorls
two and a half, the last much the largest, rounded above with a promi
nent suture, below with a wide funicular umbilicus bordered externally
by an obtuse carina; surface sculptured axially with numerous coarse
oblique threads separated by narrower interspaces and crossed by fine
partially obsolete spiral striation; aperture semi-lunate, entire, very
oblique; the pillar lip straight, but the whole peristome simple and thin-
Height, 5.5; of aperture, 3.5; max. diameter, 5.5 mm.
The single specimen is not in the best condition, but sufficiently good
to show the specific characteristics. The Atlantic species M. depress*
Seguenza, is much more delicately sculptured and the shell is of a
smaller size. M. califumica is more like M. duplinensis Dall, from the
miocene of North Carolina, but the latter is less elevated. The type is
No. 109,307, U. S. National Museum.
Scala sa wince sp. nov.
Shell small, elongate, sub-acute, with ten or more whorls; nucleus of
three smooth polished whorls; subsequent whorls smooth, with about
19 low, sharp, slightly reflected varices which entirely cross the whorl;
at the shoulder these are slightly spinose; aperture rounded ovate, entire,
with a small spine at the shoulder angle and a less conspicuous one at
the inner base of the aperture; there is no trace of a basal cord or disk,
and no spiral sculpture. Length, 10.5; diameter of aperture, 2.5; max.
diameter of last whorl 4.0 mm. A broken specimen with three more
whorls seems to have measured 24 mm. in total length when perfect, and
8 mm. in diameter.
This species has been found off the Coronado Islands in 34 fathoms
and near Avalon in about 50 fathoms. The type is from 16 fathoms off
the isthmus harbor on the south side of Catalina Island, where it was
dredged by W. H. Dall, in 1873. It is No. 109,309, U. 8. National
Museum.
1 76 Dall Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks.
Ischnochiton biarjuatus sp. nov.
Animal about 18 mm. long and 7 mm. wide (in the dry state); girdle
narrow, with very small, close-set, more or less imbricating, brownish
scales; valves rounded evenly above, only the lateral areas distinct; an-
1 terior valve with 7 or 8, median with 1, posterior valve with 11 slits; in
terior of valves rose-pink; exterior ashy, marbled with lilac and brown,
an obscure lilac median line on the medial valves; sculpture of undivided
central areas formed by two sets of arcuate radiations crossing each
other obliquely and with the inter-reticulations impressed or punctate,
so that an irregularly zigzag effect is produced by the arrangement of
the punctations; lateral areas irregularly concentrically vermiculate, the
' spaces between the elevated ridges deeply minutely punctate, with some-
what of a zigzag effect here also; the sculpture of the anterior valve re
sembles that of the lateral areas; of the posterior valve the mucro is low,
sub-central and inconspicuous, the central area sculptured like that of
the medial valves, the posterior area like the anterior valve; the sutural
plates are quite short and the sinus smooth and wide. There is no notice
able mucro to the medial valves.
The peculiar sculpture of this species separates it from those already
described from this region. In a general way it recalls the very young
of /. magdalenensu Hinds. The type is No. 10J.308, U. 8. National
Museum.
VOL. XVJ, PP. 177-IS2 DECEMBER 31, 1903
PROCEEDINGS
or TUB
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW TREE HOPPERS
FROM THE UNITED STATES.
BY ELMER D. BALL.
In studying the life histories and food plants of the Mem-
bracidce it was discovered that in a number of cases two or more
different species of Telamona were being confused under one
name in collections. In order to remedy this and to bring the
genus up to date the following species are described and food
plants noted,
Telamona pruinosa, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 7, 7a, and 7b.
Size and form of ntonticola, nearly, but with a more upright hump and
prominent humeral angles. Testaceous powdered with white. Length
10 mm; width 6 mm.
Pronotum rising perpendicularly above the lateral angles in front,
tipper margin at first convex, then slightly sloping and angled with the
posterior margin which inclines a little, forming a large and almost r
angular hump on the anterior half. Humeral angles prominent, a
half longer than the eyes.
Color. Pale testaceous washed with pale cream or green ish/white
especially on anterior half of pronotum and face. This gives th/ whole
insect a powdered appearance. fT J?
Described from five females from Illinois and Iowa. The lowat'speci-
raens collected ' by the "th- fr^**^ y^""f sycamore tree. Th
45-PROO, BlOi. SOC.
178 Ball Descriptions of New Tree Hoppers.
powdered greenish- color harmonizes well with the young branches oav
which they were resting.
Telamona viridia, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 3, 3a, and 3b.
Resembling pyramidata in size and form but with less of a hump,,
Grass green, the male with some fuscous on posterior half of hump and
again at apex of pronotum. Length 9 11 mm., $ 9 mm ; width 9
5.3 mm.
Pronotal hump in the shape of an obtuse pyramid one-third the dis
tance back from eye to apex of pronotum, a slight angle on posterior
margin just below apex especially marked in the male. Height of hump
slightly less than one-third the pronotal length. Humeral angles broad,
slightly rounded, a trifle longer than eye.
Color. Female, grass green slightly mottled with yellow, carina light
except at apex of hump and at tip where it is tawny. Male grass green,
carina light interrupted with tawny; a fuscous band runs obliquely back
ward from apex of hump and fades out before reaching the pronotum
proper or sometimes connects with a tawny spofc on lower margin, whole
apex of pronotum tawny.
Described from eleven specimens from Colorado and Iowa, collected
by the author, and one from Illinois. This species occurs on the cotton-
wood (Populus monilifera), where its green color and rounded form imi
tates the larger terminal buds that form in the fall. The larva? are of a
mottled gray and hide in the rough bark.
Telamona obsolete, sp. nov. Plate, I figs. 2, and 2a.
Resembling irrorata but smaller and with a smaller and more round
ing hump. Length 9 10mm., $ 9 mm. ; width 5 mm.
Dorsal hump low and much inflated; it scarcely narrows from the
base to just before the apex where it rounds in to form a carir>a. An
terior margin rising just back of the humeral angles and extending from
there half way to the apex of the pronotum. The height is about equal
to the whole length and it rounds down to the pronotum proper at both
extremities. Front much elevated above the level of the eyes so that
the ocelli are farther from the base of front than from each other.
Color. Yellow with the punctures fuscous, sometimes coalescing into
brownish fuscous spots giving the whole insect an irrorate and mottled
appearance with little regularity of pattern, Usually there is a semicir
cle of lighter shade back of the humeral angles and a light spot on
middle of hump. There is a pair of large straggling black marks above
and within the eyes, some brown on the inner nervures of corium, and a
smoky brown cloud at apex.
Described from six specimens collected by the author at Ames, Iowa,
and one from Onaga, Kansas (F. F. Crevecoeur). This species occurs on
the elm, both larvae and adults being found in the crevices of the bark
Sail Descriptions of New Tree Hoppers. 179
df the trunk or large branches, where their mottled gray color renders
them very difficult to detect.
Tclamona extrema, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 1, la, and Ib.
Form of unicolor nearly, smaller and with a still longer hump.
Greenish testaceous. Length 9 10mm., $ 9mm.; width 5 mm.
Pronotal hump very high, almost quadrate, occupying the anterior
three-fifths of pronotum, anterior margin rising perpendicularly from
face, crest highest just back of the well-rounded anterior angl from
which it slopes slightly to the almost perpendicular posterior face.
Humeral angles moderate, as long as the eyes.
Color. Greenish testacious; a spot above each eye and the median
carina back to the posterior angle of hump fuscous; posterior face of
hump broadly marked with creamy white which narrows to a line on
the carina posteriorly in the female, and disappears entirely in the male.
The lower margin of the humeral angles is sometimes marked with fus
cous.
Described from two females collected by the author at Anres, Iowa,
and a pair collected in Marion County, Kansas, by F. M. McElfresh.
The two Ames specimens were beaten from a patch of second growth
oak.
Telamona lugubris, sp. nov.
Form of redwata nearly, slightly shorter and stouter built and with a
lower and longer hump and lacking the markings of that species. Ob
scurely greenish brown. Length 9 11mm, $ 9.5mm; width 5.5 mm.
Dorsal hump of moderate size, arising just back of lateral angles; an
terior margin sloping back, forming a right angle with tl?e inclined
crest, posterior margin perpendicular or slightly overhanging. Base of
hump occupying a little over two-fifths of distance from humeral anglei
to apex of pronotum. Humeral angles blunt and obtuse, about two-
thirds as long as the eye.
Color. Pale yellow, the more or less darkened punctures giving the
insect a general grayish cast with still darker shad ings on the lateral
faces of the hump and sometimes on the apex of pronotum.
Described from six specimens from Ames, Iowa, collected by tha
author, and one from Onaga, Kansas, collected by F. F. Crevecoenr.
The larva of this species was found quite commonly on the trunks of
the scrub oak, feeding on the little sprouts and hiding in the crevices of
the bark. The adults were found on the small limb*.
Telamona decorata, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 6, and Ca.
Smaller than lugubri*, with a shorter and more rounding hump. Yel
lowish fusoous with the hump deep testaceous brown. Length 9 mm.,
width 4.5 mm.
180 Ball Descriptions of New Tree Hoppers*
Dorsal hump sloping up from both front and rear, crest rounding
highest just in front of the middle, hump occupying scarcely two-fifths
of the pronotum from the humeral angles back. Humeral angles short
and blunt, about two-thirds the length of the eye.
Color. Face and pronotum pale yellow very slightly washed with brown
in the female, and with a definite brown shade in the male, median
carina alternately light and dark before the hump. Hump rich testa
ceous with a few light spots on the sides, a definite light mark at the
base in front, which may extend up onto the carina, and the whole pos
terior margin light. This latter light spot extends down on to the pro
notum and connects with an irregular transverse light band about half
way to aptr. Each side of this band is an irregular testaceous band,
the anterior one connected with the testaceous hump. A pair of spots
above the eyes and the apex of elytra brownish fuscous, 1 :
Described from six specimens from Ames, Iowa, collected by the
author, one from Onaga, Kansas (Crevecoeur), and a pair from Arkansas
(McElfresh). The Iowa specimens were all taken from the smaller
'branches of the red oak.
Telamona compacts, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 5, and 5a.
A small, compact, testaceous-and white species with a low almost quad
rangular hump. Length 8-9 mm.; width 4.3 mm. ,
Dorsal hump sloping up from.above the humeral angles, highest just
back of the rounding'ariterior angles, crest straight or nearly so, sloping
posteriorly, the .posterior margin very slightly sloping and subangulate
with the 'crest. Hump extending slightly more than half the distance
from file 'Numeral 'angles to the' very short' and 'blunt apex. Humeral
angles short .and blunt, about (wp-thirds the length of the eye.
Color.. ftich testaceous mariiea l< with creamy wh'ite, as follows: a num
ber of small spots Jusfaboyert-lie face, an angular or stellate spot in front
of the hump,! 't^e posterior tnargin| of hump 'and a transverse band half
way between there arid apex_6f pronotum. Usually a spot or two on
lateral face of hump and one on margin below hump. Elytra smoky
testaceous with a hyaline band across the base of the apical cells.
Described from a pair from Ames, Iowa,, collected by the author, and
two females from Arkansas collected by F. M/feElfresh'. .The pai?
from Iowa were taken from a patch of mixed oaks.
."' : '>S ;:;,<;'>.
telamona ehrhorni, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 4 ! ,'ancl 4a'. "
Form of aVnwdtfa n'early but smaller. Dark fuscous brown prettily 'or
namented with light: 'Length J^ 8 mm.; width 4.5 mm.
Dorsal hump long, rather high, rising on a line with the humeral angles,
anterior margin, straight, inclined. backwards, crest roundingly angled in
front, sloping posteriorly, slightly emarginate on the posterior half. Pos
terior margin short, inclined, rounding'to th pronotum. Hump occupy
ing nearly three-fifths of the distance from the humeral angle to apex of
pronotum.
JBall Descriptions of New Tree Hoppers* 181
Color. Deep brownish fuscous, face and lower margin of pronotum
mottled with creamy yellow, a reniform yellow mark with a dark center
in front of the hump, a large yellow crescent on each side extending from
the middle of the humeral angle nearly half way to the apex and enclos
ing a few irregular dark spots, an inverted crescentic line extends from
a point below the middle of crest. The posterior face of hump is light
and this light area connects posteriorly with a transverse light band.
Described from one male taken at Flagstaff, Arizona, by E. M. Ehr-
horn, who is doing good work in the scale insects, and who has sent me
many fine Homoptera from lower California,
Telatnona pulchella, sp. nov, Plate I, figs, 9 and 9a.
Resembling coryli but much smaller and with a lower, longer hump.
Length 5.5-0 mm.; width nearly 4 mm.
Dorsal hump arising in front of the lateral angles but still back of the
face and pronotal line, anterior face perpendicular, crest slightly sloping
posteriorly, both angles slightly rounding, posterior margin sloping and
rounding into a very marked carina on the apical portion of pronotum.
Besides this there are three well marked lateral carinse on the posterior
half of the pronotum. Humeral angles long and acute, nearly twice as
long as the eye.
Color. Pale creamy yellow, the lateral angles pale testaceous, the
lower margin lined with white which is again margined internally with
black. Hump testaceous, omitting the lower half of each margin and
an irregular light stripe on the median third. This stripe usually nar
rows on the middle and then expands into a crescent below. The testa
ceous on the posterior part of hump extends down io the margin of
pronotum and there are a few irregular markings towards the apex.
Described from three specimens collected by the author in southern
Colorado. Taken on the scrub oaks of the foot hills.
Telamona brevis, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 8 and 8a.
Form of obsoleta nearly, much smaller and shorter. Smaller and
darker than pulchella, dark fuscous brown mottled with pale. Length
5 mm.; width nearly 3 mm,
< Dorsal crest low, rounding from the anterior margin of pronotum to *
point more than half way back from the humeral angles, from here it
slopes quickly into the curve of the pronotum. Humeral angles large,
stout, half longer than eye.
Color. Fuscous brown, variable, hump darker, omitting the posterior
margin and a crescent on each side. An oblique band runs down from
the posterior half of hump to the lower margin of pronotum.
Described from three females collected by the author in southern
Colorado. Taken from oak along with the preceding species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
PIG. 1. Telamona exttema sp. nov., lateral view. la. Anterior view?
Ib. Dorsal view.
FIG. 2. Telamona obsokta sp. nov., lateral view. 2a. Anterior view.
FIG. 3. Telamona viridia sp. nov., lateral view. 3a. Anterior view?
36. Dorsal view.
FIG. 4. Telamona ehrhorni sp. nov., lateral view.
FIG. 5. Telamona compacta sp. nov., lateral view.
FIG. 6. Telamona decor ata sp. nov., lateral view.
FIG. 7. Telamona pruinosa sp. nov., lateral view.
76. Dorsal view.
FIG. 8. Telamona brevis sp. nov., lateral view. 8a. Anterior view.
Fi<j. 9. Telamona pulchdtla sp. nov., lateral view. 9d. Anterior view
4a. Anterior view.
5a. Anterior view
Ga. Anterior view
7a. Anterior view
INDEX
New names are printed in heavy type.
Page
Acanthodelphis philippii 136
Actseon painei 172
Alces americanus 65
Aldrichia 101
Aldrichiella 101
Allen, J. A. Note on Phoca nigra ... 49
Note on Sciurus moilipilosus . . 126
Alopochelidon 106
Ames, Oakes. A new species of Habe-
naria from Cuba 117-118
Amesoda 7
Anas stelleri 128
Anguilla bostonensis 52
chrisypa 52
Anolis townsendi 3
Anomala 5, 6
Aphelocoma coelestis . ...... 108
guerrerensis 154
Arctica 8
Arctomys monax . 67
Ashmead, W. H. Remarks on Japan
ese Hymenoptera xi
Astragalinus arizonae 113
columbianus 113
croceus 113
hesperophilus 116
jouyi 113
mexicanus 113
psaltria 113, 115
B
Bseolophus murinus 109
restrictus 109
Bailey, Vernon. The Goodnight herd
of buffaloes and cataloes in Texas . viii
Desert life in western Texas . viii
Baker, F. Announcement of the ac
quisition of interesting animals by
the National Zoological Park . . . ix
Ball, C. R. Exhibition of grasses be
longing to the genus Elymus . . . viii
Ball, K. D. Descriptions of new species
of tree hoppers from the U. S. . 177-182
Bangs, Outram. Description of a new
Neotoma from Mexico 89-90
The proper name of the red
wood chickaree 99
Barbour, Th. A new species of flying
lizard from Sarawak, Borneo . . 59-60
Two new species of Chamse-
leon 61-62
Bartsch, Paul. Notes on the herons of
the District of Columbia viii
A new landshell from Cali
fornia 103-104
Batissa tenebrosa . . .6
Blarina brevicauda 70
Bond, Frank. Irrigation methods and
machinery viii
Brucophagus funebris x
Budytes alascensis 105
Callorhinus curilensis 49
Callotaria curilensis 49
nigra 49
Calyculina 7
Carey, M . A new Reithrodontomys from
western Nebraska 53-54
Carleton, M. A. Geographic distribu
tion of the oat plant x
Castor canadensis 67
Cephalorhynchus 135
eutropia 143
obtusata 143
Chamsea rufula 109
Chamseleo angusticoronatus 61
macrorhinus 62
Chesnut, V. K. Notes on Sedum doug-
lassi ix
and Marshal, H. Some observ
ations on " locoed " sheep xi
Chilonatalus tumidif runs 119
Cistothorus lucidus 169
Citellus ablusus 25
adocetus 79
nebulicola 26
Utah 77
Clark, A. H. On the name of the com
mon American eel 52
Clark, H. L. The short-mouthed snake
(Eutainia brachystoma Cope) in
southern Michigan 83-88
Clathurella lowei 172
Cockerell, T. D. A. Note on three fish
new to New Mexico vii, 49
Exhibition of cockleburs . . . viii
A new cocklebur from New
Mexico 9-10
A new subgenus for Nyctaginia
cockerellse 52
and Nelson, Aven. Three new
plants from New Mexico .... 45-46
Condylura cristata 70
Cook, O. F. An ordinal character in
the Diplopoda vii
Evolution, Cytology, and Men
del's laws vii
Biological notes from Liberia . viii
Central American mutations of
coffee x
The vegetative vigor of hybrids
and mutations x
46 Pnoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVI, 1903.
(183)
184
The Biological Society of Washington.
Corbicula durkeei
fracta
limosa
Corbiculina
Cordula
Cornea
Corneocyclas
Corneola
Corvus americanus
brachyrynchos
pascuus
Coville, F. V. Wocas (Nymphsea poly-
sepala), an aboriginal cereal . . . .
Exhibition of a monstrous spec
imen of Grape Hyacinth
Location of the Desert Botan
ical Laboratory of the Carnegie In
stitution
Cratsegus caliciglabra
coccinea
decipiens
eglandulosa
macracantha
punctata
pyrifolia
schuetti
sylvestris
subvillosa
tomentosa
Cryptanthe dicarpa
Currie, R. P. A recent entomological
expedition to British Columbia . .
Cyanocharis
volga
Cyanocyclas
Cyanolyca mirabilis
Cycladina
Cyclatitus
Cyclas
Cyclas caroliniana
Cy clocaly x .
Cyclura baeolopha
carinata
cyclura
rileyi
Cymatocyclas
Cyprinella
Cypriniadea
Cyrena
acutangularis
bengalensis
coaxaus , . . .
crenulata
intermedia
maritima
media
suessii
tellinella
zeylanica
Cyrenastrum
Cyrenidae
Cyrenocapsa
Cyrenodonax
formosana ....
7
7
7
7
125
125
125
ix
ix
x
55
56
6
154
7
7
7
7
7
129
129
129
130
7
Dactylortyx sharpei 152
Call. W. H. On the existence of a
dorsal keel toward the tail in por
poises x
Review of the classification of
the Cyrenacea 5-8
Diagnoses of new species of
shells from the Santa Barbara
Channel, California 171-176
Delphinapterus leucorrhamphus ... 139
Delphinus amphitriteus 134
cseruleo-albus 134
chilensis 141
cruciger 138
superciliosus .... 134
Diodus 6
Diplochelidon 106
Ditypodon 5
Donacopsis 5
Draco gracilis 59
Drosera brevifolia 102
Dutcher, B. H. Mammals of Mt. Ka-
tahdin, Maine ix, 63-72
Duvel, J. W. T. Vitality of seeds . . . ix
Egeria 6
Egeta 6
Egetaria pullastra 6
Endopacnys 101
Eniconetta 128
Erethizon dorsatus 69
Etheostoma lepidum 49
Euderma maculatum 165
Euglesa 7
Euglecia 7
Eupera 7
Euphagus carolinus 128
cyanocephalus 128
Eutamias canicaudus 77
Eutainia brachystoma 83
sirtalis 85
Eutropia dickii 141
Evans, W. H. The International Cat
alogue of Scientific Literature . . viii
Exhibition of a circular of in
structions for destruction of mos
quitoes x
Evermann, B. W. The Florida shad . viii
Evotomys gapperi 68
Felisbrowni 73
Fiber zibethicus 68
Fischeria delesserti 6
Fluminaria 7
Fossarina 7
Fuertes, L. A. Exhibition of color
drawing of birds xi
Galatea ................ 6
Galateola ............... 6
Galileja ................ 7
Geloina ................ 6
Geothlypis chapalensis ...... 156
Geotrygon mystacea ......... 13
rubida .............. 151
sabse .............. 13
Gilbert, G. K. Exhibition of photo
graphs of Pinus balfouriana . . . . x
Gill, T. N. A new name (Hoplias) for
the genus Macrodon of Muller ... 50
Globiocephala chilensis ........ 143
Globiocephalus chilensis ...... 140
globiceps ............ 140
Guloluscus ............. 69
Habenaria odontopetala ........ 117
sanbornii ............ 117
Hallock, Chas. Sea trout where no
rivers are . . . . . x
Index.
185
Hallock, Chas. The bison as a factor in
the distribution of aboriginal popu
lation in mid-continental America . xi
Hatcher, J. B. A new Sauropod Dino
saur from the Jurassic of Colorado 1-2
A new name for the Dinosaur
Haplocanthus Hatcher 100
Haplocanthus 1, 100
priscus 1, 100
Haplocanthosaurus . 100
Hay, W. P. Terrapin culture in U. S. . x
Hele9dytes nelsoni Ill
Hemiura musica 159
Henicorhina bangs! . . . . 168
berlepschi 168
castanea 168
festiva 158
Heterodon browni 123
Hillman , T. H . The effects of the seed-
midge and Brucophagus funebris
on clover x
Hopkins, A. D. Work of forest insects . vii
Hoplias 50
Howard, L. O. Measurement of silk
from cocoons of the silk worm . . ix
Yellow fever investigations in
Cuba vii
On the destruction of the Tus
sock Moth by Anthrenus varians . . x
Howe, R. H. Jr. A note on the Florida
Phoebe 51
Humulus neomexicanus 45
Hylophilus 101
Hypositta 125
Hyposittida; 125
Ischnochiton biarcuatus 176
Isoderma cyprinoides 6
Jenkins, O. P. Rate of nervous
pulse in certain invertebrates
K
im-
vii
Kearney, T. H. On the effect upon
seedlings of sodium and magne
sium salts viii
Kendall, W. C. The fishes of the
Rangeley Lakes ix
Lagenorhynchus cruciger 143
posidonia 143
superciliosus 143
Lamprochelidon 106
Lanius tnearnsii 108
Leptesthes 6
Leptosiphon 6
Lepus parnassius 145
yirginianus 69
Limosina 7
Lissodelphis peronii 143
Loxoptychodon 5
Lucas, F. A. On the quarries of Solen-
hofen Bavaria and on Iguanas of
the Galapagos Islands viii
The making of a whale .... x
Lunatia draconis 174
Lutra canadensis 69
Lutreola vison 70
Lynx canadensis 69
flying
M
Macrodon 50
Macromphalina californica 175
Mangilia fancherae 172
Marshal, H. and Chesnut, V. K. Ob
servations on "locoed" sheep . . . xi
Meek, S. E. The geographic distribu
tion of the fresh-water fishes of
Mexico vii
Megadesma 6
Merriam, C. H. Two new wood-rats
(Genus Neotoma) from the State of
Coahuila, Mex 47-48
Eight new mammals from the
United States 73-78
Four new mammals, includ
ing a new genus (Teanopus) from
Mexico 79-82
Mertensia easiest! na 46
Mephitis mephitis 70
Metzgeria californica 171
Microsciurus boquetensis 121
Microtus pennsylvanicus 68
Miller, G. S. Jr. Eleven new Malayan
mouse deer 31-44
Technical name of the Indian
fox 50
new name for Mus atratus
Miller 50
The short-leaved sundew in
Virginia 102
A new Nataline bat from the
Bahamas 119-120
A new hare from Greece . 145-146
A new squirrel from lower
Siam 147-148
Two new mole rats .... 161-164
A second specimen of Euderma
maculatum 165-166
Miodon 5
Miodontopsis 5
Mitra dolorosa 173
lowei 173
Moore, H. T. The artificial fattening
of oysters xi
Murex painei 174
Mus atratus 50
atridorsum 50
musculus 67
Muscicapa fusca 51
lembeyi 51
Muscilinum 8
Musculium 7
Mustela americana 70
pennanti 70
N
Napseozapus insignia 69
Needham, J. G. A new genus and
species of dragonfly from Brazil . 55-58
Nelson, A. Psiloslrophe, a neglected
genus of southwestern plants . .19-24
Two new plants from New
Mexico 29-30
and Cockrell, T. D. A. Three
new plants from New Mexico . 45-46
Nelson, E. W. A new pigmy squir
rel from Central America . . . 121-122
Descriptions of New Birds from
Southern Mexico 151-160
Nelsonia goldmani 80
Neotoma distincta 89
goldmani 48
navus 47
Notropis macrostomus 49
Nyctaginia cockerellae 29,52
186
The Biological Society of Washington.
Oberholser, H. C. A new cliff swallow
from Texas .... 15-16
Description of a new Vireo . 17-18
Note on the Generic name
Hylophilus 101
The North American forms of
Astragalinus psaltria (Say) . . . 113-116
Description of a new Telmato-
dytes. . . 149-150
Odocoileus borealis 66
Oreomystis 11
bairdi 11
flammea 11
mana 11
maculata 11
montana 11
newtoni 11
perkinsi 11
Oreomyza 11
Orochelidon 106
Osgood, W. H. Two new spermophiles
from Alaska . . . 25-28
Pachysilvia 102
pallidipectus 108
Palmer, T. S. On the preservation of
Pelican Island as a breeding place
for birds viii
Indexing scientific names . . . x
Palmer, Wm. Exhibition of specimens
of Camptosorus rhizophyllus .... vii
Paracyathus 101
granulosus 101
Pera 7
Peromyscus canadensis 67
Petrochelidon lunifrons 15
tachina 15
Phoca nigra 49
Phocsena albiventris 135
bivittata 138
cruciger 138
d'orbignyi 138
lunata 138
obtusata 139
philippii 136
posidonia 137
spinipinnis 143
Phymesoda 7
Pisidium \ 7
compressum .'!.'." 7
henslowianum " 7
moquinianum . . 7
scholtzii | 7
Pisum 7
Platygeomys angustirostris '. ' 81
Plesiastarte 5
crenulata 5
Polemonium pterospermum . ' 45
Polioptila bairdi ... ! .' 110
magna ! .' ! 110
nelson! 109
Pollard, C. L. The nodding pogonia
in the neighborhood of Washington 1 27
A new violet from Kentucky 127
Polymesodon 6
Polysticta ... ' IOB
stelleri {g
Polysticte . ' IQS
Potamophila . .
Procyonlotor ..... '70
Prodelphinus amphitriteus ... , ' 143
cseruleo-albus ... '143
Profischeria 6
Psaltriparus saturatus 109
Pseudocyrena 6
Psilostrophe 19
biennis 21
cerifera 21
cooperi 20
gnaphalodes 20
lanata 22
pumila 22
sparsiflora 23
tagetina 22
Pteropus assamensis 50
gigantt
leucoce
teus . .
leucocephalus
medius . . .
Putorius cicognani
leptus ....
Rangifer caribou 65
Reithrodontomysalbescens 53
nebrascensis 54
Rhectopsammia 101
Riddellia 19
Richmond. C. W. Earliest name for
the American crow . 125
On the name Eniconetta .... 128
Scolecophagus preoccupied . . 128
Ridgway, R. Descriptions of new
genera, species and sub-species of
American birds 105-112
Relationships of the Madagas
car genus Hypositta Newton ... 125
Diagnoses of nine new forms
of American birds 167-170
Riley, J. H. Description of a new
quail dove from the West Indies . 13-14
Rivulina . . 7
Roswellia
Safford, W. E. The fauna of the Island
of Guam viii
Salmon, I). E. The recent outbreak of
the foot and mouth disease in New
England viii
Salpinctes exsul 169
tnaculatus 169
notius 168
Shull, G. H. Geographic distribution
of the Sugary Quillwort (Isoetes
saccharata) ix
Scala sawinas 175
Schuette, J. H. The hawthorns of
northeastern Wisconsin 91-98
Sciuropterus macrotis 67
Sciurus boquetensis 121
douglasi 99
hudsonicus 100, 126
leucotis 147
loquax .66
mollipilosiis 99, 126
novemlineatus 147
orarius 99
vancouverensis 126
Scolecophagus 128
Sedum douglassi ix
Sialia australis 159
Sonorella walcottiana 103
Sorex albibarbis 71
personatus 71
Spalax berytensis 162
dolbrogeas 161
Spermpphilus empetra 26
Sphseriastrum 7
rivicola ' 7
Sphaeriidse , 7
Index.
187
Sphaerium . . . 7
corneum 7
solidum 7
Sphserodactylus lineolatus 4
pacificus 3
Spillman, VV. J. Agrostological prob
lems in the United States ix
Stiles, C. VV. The new American hook
worm and its medical importance . ix
The dwarf tapewprm (Hymen-
olepis nana) in the United States . . x
Stejueger, L. Description of a new
species of gecko from Cocos Island 3-4
A new name for the Hawaiian
bird genus Oreomyza 11-12
A new hognose snake from
Florida 123-124
A new species of large Iguana
from the Bahama Islands . . . 129-132
Stelgidopteryx salvini 107
Synaptomys cooperi 68
sphagnicola 68
Syrnium lucidum , . 152
Tamias leucotis 147
lysteri 67
Tamiasciurus douglasi 99
Teanopus 81
phenax 81
Telamona brevis 181
compacta 180
decorata 179
ehrhorni 180
extrema 179
iugubris 179
obsoleta 178
pruinosa 177
pulchella 181
viridia 178
Tellina amnica 7
cornea 7
fluminalis 6
lacustris 7
pusilla 7
virginica 7
Tellinocyclas 6
Telmatodytes iliacus 110
marianse 150
palustris 150
thryophilus 149
Tetragonopterus argentatus 49
Thryophilus pullus 167
ravus 167
russeus 157
Tragulus flavicollis 33
focalinus 35
formosus 34
lampensis 42
lancavensis 41
lutescens 42
natunse 38
pelandoc 37
ravulus 41
rubeus 40
subrufus 39
virgicollis 37
rona .
Triphora trianthophora 127
Troglodytes nitidus 158
Tropidocyclas 7
True, K. H . The manufacture of tea in
America ix
True, F. W. Attitudes and movements
of living whales viii
The species of South American
Ddphinidse described by Dr. R. A.
Philippi in 1893 and 1896 . . . 133-144
Tursio albiventris 135
panope 141
platyrrhinos 142
u
Urocyon boreal is 74
catalinae 74
elements 75
santacruzse 75
Ursus Americanus 70
Van Deman, H. E. Exhibition of spec
imens of " Grimes Golden " apples . xi
Vaughan, T. W. Corrections to the
nomenclature of the Eocene fossil
corals of the U. S 101
Velorita 6
Velortina 6
Venus islandica 8
paradoxa 6
Vespertilio gigantea .50
Villorita 6
cyprinoides 6
Viola priceana 127
Vireo arizonse 108
bellii 17
cognatus 107
medius . 17
mexicanus 107
Vireolanius gold man i 155
viridiceps 108
Vireosylva brewsteri 107
costaricensis 107
Vulpes fulvus . 69
W
Ward, L. F. The Dresden Cycad (Oy-
cad&idea reichenbachiana) x
Note on the hypothetical species
of Diatwnacese described by Ehren-
berg xi
Webber, H. J. Egyptian cotton in U.
S .viii
Bud-sports and bud variation in
breeding ix
Xanthium commune 9
wootoni 9
Xiphocolaptes omiltemensis 153
6 Zapus hudsonius
f
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Biological Society of Washington
VOLUME XVII
1904
WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
1905
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS
WILLIAM P. HAY, Chairman
GERRIT S. MILLER, JR. DAVID WHITE
CONTENTS
Officers and committees for 1904 y
Proceedings . .../.. vii-xi
Synopsis of the Genera, Subgenera and Sections of the Family
Pyramidellidae, by William Healey Dall and Paul Bartsch . . . 1-16
A New Lizard from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, by Leonhard
Stejneger -. . . . ." 17-20
A Revision of the North American Mainlan d Species of Myiarchus,
by E. W. Nelson ".. 21-50
A New Batrachian from Sarawak, Borneo, by Thomas Barbour . 51-52
Hapl&mylomys, a New Subgenus of Peromyscus, by Wilfred H. Os
good ' ' ... 53-54
Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus from Mexico and Guate
mala, by Wilfred H. Osgood . . ' 55-78
Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico, by E.A.Goldman 79-82
The Vegetative Vigor of Hybrids and Mutations, by O. F. Cook . 83-90
New Plants from Nevada, by Aven Nelson . . 91-98
A Decade of New Plant Names, by Aven Nelson 99-100
General Notes . . . . 101-102
Sonorella wofcottiana a correction, by Paul Bartsch, 101; The
species of Geum occurring near Washington, by Gerrit S. Mil
ler, Jr., 101 : Spelerpes porphyrificns in New Hampshire, by
Reginald Heber Howe, Jr., 102 ; Nnnnorchilus, new name for
Hemiura, preoccupied, by Robert Ridgway, 102; A preoccu
pied crab name, by Mary J. Rathbun, 102.
Descriptions of Seven New Rabbits from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson 103-110
Notes on Tetraneris tinearifolin, by T. D. A. Cockerell 111-112
Two New Subspecies of Tropical American Tyrant Birds, by Out-
rain Bangs 113-114
Additions to the Orchid Flora of Florida, by Oakes Ames . . . 115-118
Three New Orchid Species, by Oakes Ames 119-120
Description of a New Species of Blind Eel, of the Genus Anguilla,
by Hugh M. Smith 121-122
Four New Grasshopper Mice, Genus Onychomys, by C. Hart Mer-
riam 123-126
Two New Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus, by Wilfred H.
Osgood 127-128
Two New Squirrels of the Aberti Group, by C. Hart Merriam . . 129-130
Jack Rabbits of the Lepnx campestris Group, by C. Hart Merriam . 131-134
Unrecognized Jack Rabbits of the Lrpus texianus Group, by C. Hart
Merriam .... . . 135-138
New and Little Known Kangaroo Rats of the Genus Perodipus,
by C. Hart Merriam 139-146
Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson . 147-150
Descriptions of Four New Birds from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson . . 151-152
Four New Bears from North America, by C. Hart Merriam . . 153-156
A New Coyote from Southern Mexico, by C. Hart Merriam . . . 157-158
A New Sea Otter from Southern California, by C. Hart Merriam . 159-160
(iii)
IV
Contents.
Descriptions of Three New Species of American Crabs, by Mary J.
Rathbun 161-162
A New Cottoid Fish from Behring Sea, by Hugh M. Smith . . 163-164
General Notes 165-168
(Ji/rostachys simplex in Virginia, by \Vm. Palmer, 165 ; Zostrro)'S
flaviaxima McGregor, preoccupied, by R. C. McGregor, 165 ; A
correction of Barrows' record of Coccyzus pumilus from Con-
cepcion del Uruguay, by Outram Bangs, 165 ; On a supposed
continental specimen of Solenodon, by Outram Bangs, 166; On
the habits of Cambarus uhleri Faxon, by W. P. Hay, 167 ; A
new bob-white from the United States, by Reginald Heber
Howe, Jr., 168.
Some Changes in Crustacean Nomenclature, by Mary J. Rathbun . 169-172
Plantae Andrewseae, by Aven Nelson 173-180
FIGURES IN TEXT.
P. 24. Outer tail feathers of American mainland Myiarchux.
P. 53. Upper molars of Peromyscus felipensis and P. (tfaplomylomys)
calif ornicvs.
P. 122. Comparison of type of Anguilla caeca Smith with specimen of A.
enrvtypa Raf.
P. l64.Thecopteni8 aleutlcus Smith, new genus and species.
ERRATUM.
Page 55, line 1 (in head), instead of Vol. XVII, p. 55-77, read Vol. XVII,
pp. 55-78.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
For 1904
(ELECTED DECEMBER 26, 1903)
WiM. H. ASHMEAD
F. H. KNOWLTON
OFFICERS
jftvsictewl
B. W. EVERMANN
Vice- Presidents
T. S. PALMER
WILLIAM P. HAY
Recording Secretary
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
Corresponding Secretary
MARCUS W. LYON, JR.
Treasurer
DAVID WHITE
COUNCIL
WILLIAM H. DALL*
THEODORE GILL*
L. O. HOWARD*
FREDERICK V. COVILLE*
A. F. WOODS
F. A. LUCAS*
C. HART MERRIAM*
A. D. HOPKINS
GEORGE M. STERNBERG*
H. J. WEBBER
M. B. WAITE
LESTER F. WARD*
CHARLES A. WHITE*
J. N. ROSE
STANDING COMMITTEES-1904
Committee on Communications
VERNON BAILEY, Chairman
A. F. WOODS A. B. BAKER
A. D. HOPKINS MARCUS W. LYON, Jr.
Committee on Publications
WILLIAM P. HAY, Chairman
GERRIT S. MILLER, Jr. DAVID WHITE
Ex-Presidents of the Society.
VOL. XVII, PP. VII-XH JANUARY 20, 1905
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
PROCEEDINGS.
The Society meets in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club
on alternate Saturdays at 8 P. M. Brief notices of the meetings,
with abstracts of the papers, are published in Science.
January 9, 1904 3801*1 Meeting.
The President in the chair and 57 persons present.
F. A. Lucas noted the occurrence of Mustela pennanti as a
fossil in Pennsylvania.
B. W. Evermann exhibited a collection of labels used by the
canners of the Pacific coast for labeling canned salmon.
The following communications were presented :
F. V. Coville : Desert Plants as a Source of Drinking Water.*
V. K. Chesnut: Death Gulch of the Yellowstone Park.
O. F. Cook : An Exogenous Palm from Guatemala.
January 23, 1904 38151 Meeting.
The President in the chair and 36 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
E. W. Nelson : A Winter Trip in Mexico. t
B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall : An Interesting Fish
from the High Mountains of Central Ecuador.
* Ann. Kept. Smithsonian Inst. for 1903, pp. 499-505, figs. 1-4, pis. l-n, 1904.
fNat. Geog. Mag., XV, p. 341, Sept., 1904.
(Vii)
viii TJie Biological Society of Washington.
February 6, 1904 38and Meeting.
The President in the chair and 105 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
Ernest T. Seton : A Study of the Pocket Gophers, the Fertil
izers of the West.*
Ernest T. Seton : Scars on the Quaking Aspen.
March 5, 1904 383rd Meeting.
The President in the chair and 85 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
A. K. Fisher : The Birds of Laysan Island. t
J. N. Rose : Revision of the North American Crassulaceae . t
March 19, 1904 384th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 45 persons present.
C. E. Waters exhibited series of common ferns showing gra
dations from sterile to fertile fronds.
The following communications were presented :
B. W. Evermann : A Series of Colored Drawings of Hawaiian
Fishes.
W. P. Hay : The Life History and Economic Importance of
the Blue Crab.
Walter H. Evans : An Evident Case of Parthenogenesis in
Begonia.
0. F. Cook : Natural Selection in Kinetic Evolution.
April 2, 1904 385th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 46 persons present.
F. A. Lucas exhibited lantern slides showing photographs of
living animals taken by flashlight.
The following communications were presented :
H. W. Oldys : The Use of Our Musical Scale by Birds.
W. H. Osgood : ^Th^Caribou of Alaska.
* Century Magazine, LXVIII, pp. 300-307, June, 1904.
tSee W. K. Fisher, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1903, pp. 1-39, pis. I-X.
tSee Britton and Rose, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden, III, No. 9, Nov. 11, 1903, and Smith
sonian Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLVII, pt. 2, pp. 159-162, p*l. XX, 1904.
I To be published by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Proceedings. ix
M. W. Lyon, Jr. : Classification of the Hares, Rabbits and
Pikas.*
M. C. Marsh : The Gas Disease in Fishes. t
April 16, 1904 386th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 25 persons present.
Carleton R. Ball exhibited specimens of Lamium amplexicaule
showing cleistogamous flowers produced in early spring.
The following communications were presented :
W. R. Maxon : Some Jamaican Termite Nests.
Vernon Bailey : A Simple Method of Preserving Tracks.
E. L. Morris : The History and Reproduction of the Bush
Morning-Glory .t
E. S. Steele : The Globose Headed Laciniarias.
April 30, 1904 sSyth Meeting.
The President in the chair and 30 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
C. L. Marlatt : Individual and Specific Characters in Minute
Insects as shown under the Microscope.
E. W. Nelson : Notes on the Habits of Two Remarkable Fish
from Southern Mexico.
Geo. T. Moore : The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen by
Bacteria.
May 14, 1904 388th Meeting.
Vice-President Palmer in the chair and 8 persons present.
No program presented.
October 22, 1904 38gth Meeting.
Vice-President Hay in the chair and 23 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
E. A. Schwarz : The Insect Catching Grass of Cuba.||
* Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLV, pp. 321-447, pis. LXXIV-C. June 15, 1904.
t To be published by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries ; see also Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc.,
p. 192, 1904.
t Plant World, VII, pp. 109-113, pis. V-VI, May, 1904.
\ Bacteria and the Nitrogen Problem, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric ., pp 333-342, 1903.
|| To be published in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., VII, No. 1, Jan., 1905.
x The Biological Society of Washington.
J. N. Rose : A Very Curious Plant from Mexico.
Theo. Gill : The Segregation of Freshwater Fishes.
A. B. Baker : Exhibit of Living Animals at the St. Louis
Exposition.
November 5, 1904 agoth Meeting.
Vice-President Hay in the chair and 46 persons present.
Ch. W. Stiles spoke briefly of the meeting of the International
Committee on Zoological Nomenclature in Berne.
The following communication was presented :
Gen. T. E. Wilcox : The Flora of the Western United States
and Alaska.
November 19, 1904 3gist Meeting.
The President in the chair and 34 persons present.
B. W. Evermann spoke of the abundance of waterfowl at
Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, about November 5, 1904.
The following communications were presented :
E. L. Greene : A Chapter in the Evolution of Generic Nomen
clature.
David White : A New Seed-bearing Fern.*
December 5, 1904 3g2nd Meeting.
.
The President in the chair and 35 persons present.
G. K. Gilbert exhibited photographs and specimens of the
bark of the aspen tree showing marks made by the claws of
bears and other animals.
The following communications were presented :
H. W. Oldys : Some New Bird Songs.
W. H. Dall : The Relations of the Non Marine Mullusk Fauna
of Alaska. t
B. W. Evermann : A Trip to Mount Whitney.
*The Seeds of Aneimites, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLVII, pp. 322-331,
pis. XLVII-XLV1II, 1904.
t To be published in Popular Science Monthly.
Proceedings. xi
December 17, 1904 393rd Meeting.
The President in the chair and 38 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
E. L. Greene : The Earliest Systematic Book of Botany.
A. B. Baker : Animals Recently Received at the National
Zoological Park from Ahyssinia and South America.
Hugh M . Smith : The Japanese Dwarf Salmon and the Fish
ing Therefor with Trained Cormorants.*
December 31, 1904 394th Meeting.
The President in the chair and 24 persons present.
The annual reports of the Recording Secretary and the Treas
urer were read and accepted. The following officers were elected
for the year 1905 :
President : Frank H. Knowlton.
Vice-Presidents : E. L. Greene, W. P. Hay, E. W. Nelson,
T. S. Palmer.
Recording Secretary : Wilfred H. Osgood.
Corresponding Secretary : Edward L. Morris.
Treasurer : David White.
Councillors: A. K. Fisher, A. D. Hopkins, J. N. Rose, L.
Stejneger, H. J. Webber.
The President announced the appointment of the following
standing committees for the year 1905 :
Committee on Publications: W. P. Hay, David White, W. H.
Osgood, E. A. Goldman, C. A. McKnew.
Committee on Communications : Vernon Bailey, A. B. Baker,
A. D. Hopkins, J. N. Rose, H. M. Smith.
:
* To be published by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries ; see also Trans. Amer. Fisheries
p. 101,1904.
VOL. xvll, PP. 1-16 FEBRUARY 5, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA, SUBGENERA AND SEC
TIONS OF THE FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID/E.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.
The Pyramidellidse, a family of Mollusks mostly of small
size and world-wide distribution, occur fossil first in the Creta
ceous, are numerous in the Tertiary, but perhaps are most fully
developed in the existing faunas. Very numerous names have
been applied to them, sometimes under the impression that the
pillar is not plicated in a particular group, a mistake which, by
grinding down the whorls, can be corrected; the missing plica
tions being present but falling a little short of reaching a point
in the aperture where they are visible externally. In all the
forms of which the soft parts are known the external anatomy
is very similar. In examining a large series of forms, as noted
by Fischer, intermediate types appear until it becomes a matter of
great difficulty to decide where, if anywhere, the generic lines
can be drawn, and it is not surprising that some authors have
fallen back on the expedient of regarding most of the species,
notwithstanding the contrasting extremes, as belonging to a
single genus. Where a group is composed of such a multitude
of species it seems more convenient in practice and leads more
efficiently to clear thinking, to take the other view, and subdi-
1 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (1)
2 Doll and Bartsch The P \jramidellidw.
vide the groups sufficiently to make it reasonably clear where a
given species belongs in the series.
In the absence of anatomical characters it has been necessary
to fall back in large part on the. form, ornamentation, and pli
cations of the pillar, as distinctive characters, even while we
admit that between the different sections some intermediate
forms may occur. So many names have been applied to mem
bers of the group that in most cases it has not been necessary
to coin new denominations. The synonymy, which is very in
volved, is reserved for another paper in which the species of
the west coast of America will be moriographically treated. It
was thought best to put on record the classih'cation adopted, so
that before the paper referred to appears the authors may have
the benefit of criticism from other students. Many of the
specific names given in the past have been repeatedly used for
different species, rendering it necessary in many cases to give
new ones. In all cases the synonymy adopted has been based
on researches which have begun with the typical species of the
original authors, which in some of the most anciently named
forms has involved no little labor. Wherever any doubt ex
isted in regard to the characters the specimens have been
ground down until the pillar has been made visible over a
great part of its extent, and in all cases the characters recorded
are the result of microscopic study. Only a few of the many
named forms have been inaccessible, as the collection of the U.
S. National Museum is remarkably rich in species of this group.
The senior author thinks it only just to state that by far the
greater part of the work is due to his associate, who has for
several years given unwearied attention to these minute and
difficult objects of study. The facilities of the National Mu
seum have been constantly at the disposition of the writers,
and most of the types are contained in its collection, though
thanks for material lent for study are due to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the authorities of Amherst
College, the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, and numerous
private students to whom a fuller acknowledgment will be made
in the monograph already alluded to, which is nearing its com
pletion.
The name Obeliscus appeared in the Museum Calonnianum in
1797, without a diagnosis or figure. This work is anonymous,
J)<dl and Jhtrtsch The PyramideUidw. 3
and this has been regarded as a sufficient reason for rejecting
this and other names contained in it, as it is known that Hum
phrey, who was an auctioneer and dealer, usually credited with
the authorship, is not the author, and the work itself is of no
scientific value.
Family Pyramidellidae.
Gastropods with the radula absent or obsolete; the operculum ovoid,
paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the
proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of
the pillar when prominent; foot short, moderately pointed behind, with
a small operculigerous lobe above and sometimes a small tentacular ap
pendix on each side, in front feebly auriculate or undulate; mantle fee
bly canaliferous on the right upper margin; a single branchia; verge
sub-cylindric, elongate; head with two flattened subtriangular or elon
gate tentacles, connate, grooved or auriform in the larger forms, the
t'unicles with a ciliated area; below the tentacles an oral orifice from
which extends a long retractile subcylindric proboscis, but there is no
muzzle like that of Scala; below the oral orifice is an organ named by
Loven the men-turn, which is usually more or less medially grooved or
fissured, and hence, at its anterior end, more or less bilobate, and exten
sile or retractile before or behind the front margin of the foot. The
shell is turrited, with a plijate axis; the outer lip frequently internally
lirate: in the larger forms the aperture is obscurely channelled in front;
the larval shell is sinistral the adult dextral, the former frequently set
at an angle to the adult axis, or more or less -immersed in the adult
apical whorls; it is usually helicoid and smooth; the sculpture varies
from nothing to ribbed, spirally sulcate or reticulate; the coloration
when present usually reddish, brownish or yellow. The eggs are num
erous and deposited in a lenticular mass. The distribution is world
wide, but the larger forms are mostly tropical.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF PYRAMTDELLID^E.
Pyramidella Lamarck.
Shell elongate-conic, whorls usually inflated and regularly increasing;
the pillar with from one to three folds; the outer lip entire; the shell
usually larger than in Turbonitta. Type, Trochus dolabratus Linne".
Turbonilla Risso.
Shell cylindro-conic, many whorled, generally slejider; columellar
fold single, varying in strength, outer lip entire; shell usually smaller
4 Dall and Bartsch The Pyramidellida?.
than in Pyramidella and larger than in Odostomia. Type, Turbonilla
typica D. & B.= Turbonilla plicatula Risso not Turbo plicatulus Scacchi.
Odostomia Fleming.
Shell usually short, few whorled, subconic or ovate; columellar fold
single, varying in strength, outer lip entire. Type, Tiirbo plicata Mont.
Murchisonella Morch.
Shell minute, cylindro-conic; outer lip with an anal sinus behind the
periphery of the whorl; pillar with the plait obsolete or internal, whorls
numerous and inflated. Type, Murchisonella spectrum Morch.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBGEXERA OF PYRAMIDELLA.
A 1 Columellar folds three
Shell umbilicated
Basal fascicle absent, surface polished, marked by extreme
ly faint lines of growth and microscopic spiral striations
Subg. Pyramidella Lamarck, s. s., 1799.
Type, Trochus dolabratus L.
Basal fasciole present, surface less polished than in Pyramidella
s. s., marked by lines of growth and microscopic spiral
striations
Milda subg. nov.
Type, Obeliscus ventricosus Quoy.
Shell not umbilicated.
Surface polished, marked only by fine lines of growth and
microscopic spiral striations
Periphery sulcate
Subg. Longchseus Morch, 1875.
Type, Pyramidella punctata Chem.
Periphery not sulcate
Voluspa subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella auricoma Dall.
Surface sculptured
Basal cords absent
Periphery sulcate
Shell marked by strong axial ribs which terminate
at the periphery, and microscopic spiral striations
Subg. Pharcidella Dall, 1889.
Type, Pharcidella folinii Dall.
Dall ami 7>V/vW> The Pyramidellidce. 5
Shell marked by strong spiral keels and weak axial
riblets
Callolongchaeus subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella jamaicensis Dall.
Periphery not sulcate
Shell marked by strong axial ribs, intercostal spaces
strongly spirally striated, aperture auricular
Subg. Otopleura Fischer, 1885.
Type, Pyramidella auris-cati Chem.
Basal cords present
Shell marked by strong spiral ridges, moderately
strong axial ribs and two basal cords
Subg. Triptychus Morch, 1875.
Type, Triptychus niteus Morch.
A 2 Columellar folds two
Shell umbilicated
Surface polished, marked by very fine lines of growth and mic
roscopic spiral striations
Subg. Tiberia Monterosato, 1875.
Type, Pyramidella nitldula A. Ads.
Surface polished, marked by fine lines of growth and strong
spiral striations
LJIfa subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella (Ulfa) cossmanni nom.
nov. = Syrnola striata Cossmann.
Surface marked by strong axial ribs, intercostal spaces spirally
pitted; early post-nuclear whorls sculptured differently from
the later ones
Tropaeas subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella subulata A. Ads.
Shell not umbilicated
Surface polished, marked by very faint lines of growth and
microscopic spiral striations
Basal fasciole present
Vagna subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella paumotensis Tryon.
Basal fasciole absent
Subg. Eulimella Forbes, 1846.
Type, Eulimella crassula Fbs., =E. scillw
Scacchi.
6 Dall and JSartsch The Pyramiddlidw.
Aperture subquadrate
Sect. Eulimella Fbs, ss.
Aperture suboval
Cossmannica sect. nov.
Type, PyramidelUi dandestina Desh.
A 3 Columellar fold one
Shell umbilicated
Surface polished, or with fine lines of growth and microscopic
. spiral siriations
Peripheral sulcus absent
Subg. Orinella nom. nov.
Type, Orina pinguicula A. Ads.
Peripheral sulcus present
Su I co rin el la subg. nov.
Type, Pyramidella (Sulcormella) dodo no,
sp. nov.
Shell not. umbilicated
Large, heavy, elongated shells
Surface spirally lirate
Subg. Actaeopyramis Fischer, 1885.
Type, Monoptygma atriata Gray.
Slender, medium sized shells
Surface polished, marked by fine lines of growth and mi
croscopic spiral striations
Postnuclear whorls increasing slowly in size at first,
then rapidly, lending the shell a mucronate appearance
Subg. Styloptygma A. Adams, 1860.
Type, Monoptygma sty Una A. Ads.
Postnuclear whorls increasing regularly in size
Subg. Syrnola A. Adams, 1860.
Type, Syrnola gracillima A. Ads.
Aperture suboval
Sect. Sjrnola A. Adams, s. s.
Aperture subquadrate
Sect. Stylopsis A. Adams, 1860.
Type, Stylopsis typica A. Ads.
Surface spirally striated
Iphiana subg. nov.
Type, Syrnola demistriata Garrett.
Surface axially and spirally striated with a strong spiral
keel at the summit of the whorls
Syrnolina subg. nov.
Type, Syrnola rubra Pse.
Dall and Bartsch 77ie Pyramidellidce. 1
The status of Agatha viryo A. Adams 1860, [Menestho, 1861, Myoma,
18(51, Am at his 1861], is not known to us. From the meager description
we are inclined to believe that it is allied to Act&opyramis Fischer.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBGENERA OF TUKBONILLA.
A 1 Shell without basal keel
B 1 Ya rices absent
Spiral sculpture absent, or if present consisting of micro
scopic striations only
Surface of the early post-nuclear whorls marked by
feeble axial ribs, later ones smooth
Subg. Prycheulimella Sacco, 1892.
Type, Pyramidella pyramidata Desh.
Surface marked by strong axial ribs which terminate at
the periphery of the whorls, intercostal spaces ex
cavated between the sutures.
Subg. C'hemnitzia Orbigny, 1839.
Type, Melania campanettce Phil.
Surface marked by strong axial ribs and intercostal
spaces which extend over the periphery to the umbili
cal region
Subg. Turbonilla Risso, 1826.
Spiral sculpture present, always stronger than microscopic
striations
C 1 Axial sculpture consisting of well developed ribs
Spiral markings consisting of many very fine spiral
striations
Aperture subquadrate
Subg. Strioturbonilla Sacco, 1892.
Type, Strioturbonilla alpina Sacco.
Aperture suboval
Subg. Pyrgolampros Sacco, 1892.
Type, Pyrgolampros mioperplicatulus
Sacco.
Spiral marking absent between the sutures, base
strongly spirally lirate
Subg. Sulcoturbonilla Sacco, 1892.
Type, TornateUa turricula Eichw.
Dall and Bartsch The Pyramidellidce.
Spiral markings consisting of strong striations
Summits of the whorls strongly shouldered
Subg. Pyrgisculus Monterosato, 1884.
Type, Melanin acalaris Phil.
Summits of the whorls not strongly shouldered
Subg. Pyrgiscus Philippi, 1S41.
Type, Melania rvfa Phil.
Spiral markings consisting of one or two strong
punctate cords in the intercostal spaces be
tween the sutures; whorls slightly shouldered
Subg. Pyrgolidium Monterosato, 1884.
Type, Pyrgolidium roseum Mont.
Spiral markings consisting of one or two strong
cords; whorls somewhat overhanging
Subg. Tragula Monterosato, 1884.
Type, Odostomia fenestrata Fbs.
Spiral markings consisting of three to six raised
threads between the sutures and lirations on the
base; whorls strongly shouldered
Subg. Dunkeria Carpenter, 1857.
Type, Dunkeria paucilirata Cpr.
C 2 Axial sculpture consisting of faint riblets
Spiral markings consisting of strong raised threads
Subg. Cingulina A. Adams, 1860.
Type, Cingulina circinata A. Ads.
Spiral sculpture consisting of depressed lirations,
sculpture granulose
Subg. Saccoina nom. nov.
Type, Spica monterosatoi Sacco.
C :{ Axial sculpture consisting of lines of growth only
Spiral markings consisting of many subequally
spaced striations; sculpture finely reticulated
Subg. Careliopsis Morch, 1874.
Type, Monoptygma ( Careliopsis} sty-
liformis Morch.
C 4 Axial sculpture absent
Spiral markings consisting of a broad strong fold
at the summit of the whorls, separated from the
rest of the whorl by a deep, broad, rounded sulcus
Visma subg. nov.
Type, Eulimella tenuis Sby.
Dull and JBartsch The Pyramidellidce. 9
/'.
B 2 Varices present
Surface marked by axial ribs and strong spiral
striations
Subg. Mormula A. Adams, 1864.
Type, Mormula risaoina A. Ads.
Surface marked by axial ribs and strong spiral lira-
tions, sculpture granulose
Subg. Lancella nom. nov.
Type, Tarbonilla (Lancea) elongata
Pse.
A 2 Shell with basal keel
Axial sculpture consisting of strong ribs
Spiral sculpture absent
Asmunda subg. nov.
Type. Chemnitzia turrita C. B. Ads.
Spiral sculpture present
Spiral sculpture consisting of strong ridges
Subg. Peristichia Ball, 1889.
Type, Peristichia toreta Ball.
Spiral sculpture consisting of two tumid ridges
one at the periphery the other at the summit
of the whorls and many fine striations in the
intercostal spaces
B ildra subg. nov.
Type. Turbonilla (Baldra) archeri
sp. nov.
Axial sculpture consisting of lines of growth only
Spiral sculpture consisting of faint lirations
Discobasis Cossmann, 1888.
Type, Aciculina demissa Besh.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBGENERA OF ODOSTOMIA.
; '
A 1 Postnuclear whorls sculptured similarly throughout
B 1 Varices absent
C 1 Axial ribs present, rounded
Spiral markings, when present, consisting of mere micro
scopic striations
Shell inflated
Summit of the whorls slightly shouldered
Subg. Elodiamea Be Folin, 1884.
Type, Elodia elegans Be Fol.
.
' ,
10 Doll and Bartsch The PyramidelKdce.
Shell not inflated
Summit of tlie whoyls not shouldered-
S-ubg. Odostomiella Bwcqvioy, Dautzenberg-
and Dollfusy 1883.
Type 1 , Rixtoa doliolum Phil,
Summit of the whorl* tabulate) I
Subg. Salassia De Folin, 1885.
Type, Salasyia earinata De Fol,
Spiral markings- consisting of a strong, broad, raised cotcl
at the summit of the whorls, separated from the remain
ing part by a strongly impressed spiral groove
Vilia smbg. nov.
Type, Odofitomia ( Vitia) piMryi
s>p. IM>V,
Spiral mrrkings consisting of two tumid rfclges, one at the
periphery and one at the summit of the whorls> with
many striations on the base
Folinella subg. nov.
Type, Amour a angulifereng De FoL
Spiral markings consisting of several to many raised threads
in the intercostal spaces, always less strongly developed
than the axial ribs
Intercostal spaces crossed by equally spaced, raised
spiral threads, sculpture reticulated
Snbg. Trabecula Monterosato 1884.
Type, Odottomia jeffreysiana Monter.
Intercostal spaces crossed by several raised spiral
threads, base not spirally marked
Subg. Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg
and Pollfus, 1883.
Type, Turbo interstinctus Montagu.
Intercostal spaces crossed by several spiral threads, base
spirally striated
Bes'a subg. nov.
Type, Chrysallida convexa Cpr.
Spiral markings consisting of strong, raised threads or cords,
equal to, or even stronger than axial ribs
Spiral cords equally spaced, and equally well developed
between the sutures and on the base; sculpture nodu
lose throughout
Subg. Mumiola A. Adams, 1864.
Type, Monoptygma spirata A . Ads.
Dull and Bartsch The Pyramiddlidce. . 11
Spiral cords subequally spaced between the sutures,
where the sculpture is nodulose; base spirally lirate
And axlaily .striated
Subg. Chrysailida Carpenter, 1850.
Type, Chemnitzia communis
C. B. Ads,
Spiral markings consisting of impressed lines
Spiral st nations subequally spaced, present between
the sutures and on the base of the whorls
Subg. Pyrgulina A, Adams, 1864.
Type, Chrysullida ccwta A. Ads,
Spiral striations on the base only, periphery deeply sul-
cated, axial libs extending to the umbilical region
Egila subg. nov.
Type, Chryxallida lacunata Cpr.
Spiral striations on the base only, axial ribs terminat
ing at the periphery, which is not sulcated
Subg. Spiralinella Chaster, 1901.
Type, Turbo tfpiralis Montagu,
C 2 Axial ribs present, lamellar
Spiral markings lamellar
Ribs and spiral lamellae moderately strong, subequally
spaced between the sutures and on the base; sculp
ture cuspidate
Haldra subg. nov.
Type, Chrymllida pJuotis Cpr.
Ribs and spiral lamellae few, very strong
Ividia subg. nov.
Type, Parthenia armata Cpr.
C 3 Axial ribs present but very feeble, usually only indicated near
the summit of the whorls
Spiral markings consisting of several strong, broad, tumid
cords, one or more of the posterior cords crenulated
Subg. Miralda A. Adams, 18G4.
Type, Parthenia diadema A. Ads.
Spiral markings consisting of many subequally spaced lira-
tions
Whorls tabulated at the summit
Subg. Ivara Dall and Bartsch, 1903.
Type, Odoatomia (Ivara} turricula I). & B.
12 Dall and Bartsch The Pyramidellidaz. .
Whorls not tabulatPd
Evalina subg. nov.
Type, Odoxtomia (Evalina) americana
sp. nov.
C 4 Axial ribs usually reduced to mere lirations, frequently only
present between the spiral ridges
Spiral markings consisting of moderately well developed
cords usually equally spaced and present between the
sutures and on the base; axial ribs indicated by faint
threads between the spiral sculpture
Shell umbilicated
Subg. lolaea A. Adams, 1867.
Type, lole scitula A. Ads.
;
Shell not umbilicated
Subg. Menestho Moller, 1842.
Type, Turbo albulus Fabr.
Spiral markings consisting of strongly raised lamellae; axial
ribs indicated by raised threads
Subg. Odetta De Folin, 1870.
Type, Odortomia (Odetta} callipyrga
nom. nov. = Odetta elegans De Fol.
C 5 Axial ribs absent; axial sculpture represented by lines of
growth only
Spiral markings consisting of many, usually subequally and
universally distributed impressed lines
Shell elongate-conic
Subg. Evalea A. Adams, 1860.
Type, Evalea elegans A. Ads.
.. ,
Shell short, subglobose ,
Subg. Oda Monterosato, 1901.
Type, Odostomia dolioliformis Jeffr.
C 6 Axial sculpture absent, shell polished
Spiral markings consisting of two tumid ridges, one at the
periphery and the other at the summit of the whorls
Subg. CycFodostomia Sacco, 1892.
Type, Cyclodostomia mutinensis Sacco.
Spiral markings consisting of a more or less conspicuous
tumid ridge on the summit of the whorls
Subg. Doliella Monterosato, 1880.
Type, Odostomia nitens Jeffr.
Dall and Bartsch The PyramiddlidcK. 13
Spiral markings consisting of a strong peripheral keel
Subg. Scalenostoma Deshaycs, 1803.
Type, Scalenovtvmu carinatu Desh.
Spiral markings consisting of a peripheral sulcus
Subg. Jordaniella Chaster, 1898.
Type, Turbo nivosa Montagu.
Spiral sculpture absent or indicated only by extremely fine
microscopic lines of growth or striae; surface polished
Summits of the whorls with a strongly tabulated
shoulder
Subg. Spiroclimax MCrch, 1874.
Type, Spiroclimax tsealari* Morch.
Summits of the whorls not tabulated
Columellar fold present
Peritreme discontinuous, aperture not rissoid
Shell inflated, very large
Subg. Amaura Holler, 1842.
Type, Amaura Candida Moller.
Shell not inflated
Subg. Odostomia Fleming, 1817.
Shell of medium size
Sect. Odostomia Fleming, s. s.
Type, Turbo plica ta Mont.
Shell rather large
Sect Stomega nom. nov.
Type, Odostomia conspicua Aid.
Shell small
Sect. Brachystomia Monterosato,
1884.
Type, Odoxtomia rissoidea Hani.
Peritreme continuous, aperture rissoid
Heida subg. nov.
Type, Syrnola caloosaemis Dall.
Columellar fold obsolete
Shell umbilicated
Subg. Myxa Hedley, 1903.
Type, Myxa exesa Hedley.
Shell not umbilicated
Peritreme continuous, aperture rissoid
Subg. Pseudorissoina Tate and May,
1900.
Type, Stilifer tasmanica Ten-Wood.
14 Datt and JBartsch The Pyramidellidce.
Peritreme not continuous, aperture not
rissoid
Subg. Liostomta $. Sars., 1878.
Type, Rissoella? eburnea
Stimpson.
B 2 Varices present
Shell smooth, axial sculpture indicated by a few varices, spiral
sculpture wanting
Subg. Oceanida De Folin, 1870.
Type, Oceanida gradata De Fol.
A 2 Early postnuclear whorls sculptured differently from the later ones
Early post nuclear whorls loosely coiled, plain; later ones closely
. coiled with a spiral keel at the periphery and one at the summit
of the whorls; base spirally lirate
Lysacme subg. nov.
Type, Chryxallida dausiliformis Cpr.
Early post nuclear whorls axially ribbed, succeeded by one or
two strongly spirally and faintly axially lirate whorls; the rest
of the whorls are marked by a reticulated sculpture consist
ing of raised axial and spiral cords
Subg. Obtortio Hedley, 1899.
Type, Rissoa pyrrhacme Melville
and Standen, 1899.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES THAT ARE TYPES OF
SUBGENERA DEFINED IN FOREGOING SYNOPSIS.
Pyramidella (Sulcorinella) dodona sp. nov.
Shell small, elongate-conic, milk-white. Nuclear whorls one and one-
half, smooth, obliquely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl. Post-
nuclear whorls flattened, moderately shouldered at the summit, having
a strong spiral sulcus at the periphery. Base of the last whorl well
rounded and strongly umbilicated. The summits of the whorls fall a
little anterior to the peripheral sulcus of the preceding whorl and cause
the part of this, exposed between the sulcus and the summit of the
next whorl, to appear as a narrow raised spiral band. Entire-surface of
the shell crossed by many axial lines of growth and numerous subequal-
ly and closely spaced spiral striations. Sutures subchannelled. Aper
ture ovate, posterior angle obtuse, outer lip thin, columella somewhat
curved and reflected having a strong oblique fold a little anterior to its
insertion; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.
Doll and Bartsch The Pyranridellidce. 15
The type, number 136,023 U. S. National Museum collection, is a
fossil, coming- from the Oligocene deposit at Oak Grove, Sta. Rosa Co.,
Florida. It has six and one-half postnuclear whorls which measure:
long., 3.1 mm.; diam., 1.4 mm.
Turbonilla (Baldra) archeri sp. nov.
Shell small, elongate-conic, turriculated, milk-white. Nuclear whorls
two and one-half, helicoid, about one-fourth immersed in the first post-
nuclear whorl, having their axis at a right angle to the axis of the later
whorls. Postnuclear whorls moderately well rounded, having cuspidat
ed tabulated shoulders and a spiral ridge at the summit and the peri
phery. Axial ribs prominent, narrow, tlexuose, about one-third as wide
as the intercostal spaces, sixteen occur upon the first, eighteen upon
the fourth and the penultimate whorls. Intercostal spaces decidedly
depressed between the spiral ridges, crossed by many subequally
spaced microscopic spiral striations. Suture channelled. Periphery
of the last whorl angulated, rendered somewhat crenulated by the
axial ribs which extend feebly over the base to the umbilical region. A
broad, depressed tumid ridge extends across the anterior half of the
base, and the space between the posterior termination of this ridge and
the peripheral ridge appears somewhat concave. Entire base finely and
closely spirally striated. Aperture suboval, posterior angle obtuse,
outer lip thin, angulated at the shoulder and periphery; columella
straight, slightly reflected; columellar fold obsolete or internal; parietal
wall covered by a thin callus.
The type and another specimen are registered as number 58,016 in
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. They
were collected by S. Archer, at Singapore. The type has seven postnu
clear whorls and measures: long., 3.3 mm.; diam., 1.3 mm.
Odostomia (Villa) pilsbryi sp. nov.
Shell slender, milk white. Nuclear whorls two and one half, helicoid,
a little more than one-third immersed in the first postnuclear whorl,
having their axis almost at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls.
Postnuclear whorls flattened, or even slightly concave in the middle, be
tween the sutures; contracted near the summit, the posterior portion
appearing as a strong, rounded, spiral keel, separated from the rest of
the whorl by a spiral groove. Axial ribs prominent, scarcely indicated
on the spiral keel but beginning strong at the groove in front of the
keel and extending to the umbilical region, gradually diminishing in
strength from the periphery to the anterior termination. These ribs are
broadest and strongest at this posterior boundary, just anterior to the
groove and lend the shell a coronated appearance at this place. About
sixteen of them appear on the second and twenty upon the penultimate
whorl. Periphery and base well rounded. Sutures well impressed.
16 Dall and Bartsch The Pyramidellidce.
Aperture subovate, outer lip [fractured], showing five internal, spiral
lirations the middle one of which is stronger than the rest; columella
short, twisted and revolute, having a strong oblique fold near its insertion.
The type is number 58,015 of the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and was collected by 8. Archer at
Singapore. It has six and one half postnuclear whorls and measures:
long., 2.7 mm.; diam., 1.1 mm.
Odostomia (Evalina) americana sp. nov.
Shell elongate-conic, subdiaphanous to milk-white. Nuclear whorls
quite large, at least two, about three-fourths obliquely immersed. Post-
nuclear whorls rather broad between the sutures, well rounded, faintly
shouldered at the summit, ornamented with depressed, rounded, rather
broad axial ribs about eighteen of which occur upon the second, twenty
on the third and eighteen upon the penultimate whorl. The ribs are best
developed near the summits of the whorls and scarcely extend to the peri
phery. Spiral lirations low, rounded, subequal, about twelve occur be
tween the sutures upon the third and the penultimate whorls. These
spiral lirations like the axial ribs appear strongest near the summits of the
whorls. Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the latter
ornamented by about eleven lirations which are similar in character to
those between the sutures but much less strongly expressed. Aperture
rather broad, suboval, somewhat effuse anteriorly, posterior angle acute;
outer lip thin; columella short, somewhat curved, strongly revolute an
teriorly, having a weak oblique fold near its insertion.
The type, No. 168,718 U. S. National Museum collection, and nine
specimens come from San Pedro, California. It has five postnuclear
whorls and measures: long., 2.9mm.; diam., 1.3mm. Another specimen,
168,719, comes from San Diego, and two others, No. 168,720, from Sta.
Catalina Id., California. Ten were determined for Mrs. Oldroyd from
San Pedro.
VOL. XVII, PP. 17-20 FEBRUARY 5, I9C4
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW LIZARD FROM THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY,
TEXAS.
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
{By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]
During the various collecting trips made by the field natur
alists of the Biological Survey into western Texas, a series of
lizards belonging to the genus Sceloporus were collected, which
clearly belong to an undescribed species. It forms part of the
small section of the genus characterized by the minuteness of
the lateral scales, of which, thus far, only two species have been
taken within the United States, viz., S. variabili-s and S. couchii.
I wish to associate with this very distinct species the name of
the originator and chief of the Biological Survey, who has done
such an immense work in increasing our knowledge of our
vertebrate fauna,
Sceloporus merriami sp. nov.
Diagnosis. Lateral scales minute, granular; 55 to 56 femoral pores in
a continuous series across the preanal region; 56 to 66 scales between the
shielded part of the head and the base of the tail; 14 to 18 dorsal scales
corresponding to the shielded part of the head; head shields smooth.
Habitat. Rio Grande Valley, western Texas.
Type. United States National Museum, No. 33,039; East Painted Cave,
2 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH, VOL. XVII, 1904. (17)
18 Ftejneger A New Lizard from Texas.
near mouth of Pecos River, Texas, September 2, 1890; W. Lloyd, col
lector, U. S. Biological Survey.
Description. Type: Adult male. Head-shields smooth; two canthal
scales, between the posterior of which three larger prefrontal shields
across the snout; frontal shield divided transversely; posterior frontal
separated from interparietal and parietals by two pentagonal frbnto-
parietals which are broadly in contact; interparietal larger than the two
parietals together, trapezoid, the width anteriorly somewhat less than
posteriorly, the length equalling the greatestwidth; five large transverse
supraorbitals separated from the frontals and parietals by a single series
of small scales, and from the superciliaries by a double series; six supra-
labials, separated from the nasal and from the long subocular by a single
series of scales, fourth supralabial under the center of the eye; about five
elongate pointed scales at anterior border of ear-opening; dorsal scales
small, though nearly twice as large as the ventrals, rounded behind,
keeled, forming nearly parallel longitudinal lines; 61 scales along the
middle line of the back from the shielded part of the head to the base of
the tail; 14 scales in the middle of the back corresponding to the shielded
part of the head; lateral scales, including abroad area above the foreleg,
minute, granular, in strong contrast to the dorsal and ventral scales; ven
tral scales smaller than dorsals, smooth, often deeply nicked; scales on
throat as large as ventrals, those across the lower neck even larger, more
pointed and with the terminal portion more free; sides of neck with strong
longitudinal folds joining posteriorly an oblique fold in front of the
shoulder, which meets the one of the other side across the lower neck;
about 114 scales (and lateral granules) round the middle of the body;
adpressed fore limb reaches the groin; adpressed hind limb reaches the
center of the eye; tibia a trifle shorter than distance from tip of snout
to ear-opening 1 ; scales covering upper side of limbs larger than the
dorsals, especially those on tibia, each with strong keel ending in a
point; 51 femoral pores in a nearly continuous line across the preanal
region, only one scale interrupting the series on the middle line; tail
covered with keeled scales larger than dorsals, sharply mucronate; well-
developed postanal plates.
Color (in alcohol) above, very pale clay color with ill-defined obscure
dusky spots on the median portion of the back, and numerous, closely
set, whitish dots which are most plainly seen above the insertion of the
foreleg; a vertical, narrow, bluish-black line, bordered posteriorly with
white, in front of the insertion of the foreleg; underside, white; the
throat with indistinct, pale bluish-gray lines and a somewhat ill-defined,
large, bluish-black, horseshoe-shaped spot on the lower neck; sides of
belly pale blue, with a broad crescentic inner edge of bluish-black leav
ing only about four scale rows on the middle line of the belly white.
Dimensions. Total length, 130 mm; tip of snout to vent, 55; tip of
snout to ear, 13; width of head, 11; fore leg, 28; hind leg, 42.
Variation. The scutellation is fairly constant in the series of eight
specimens examined by me. The head shields show some variation in the
size and number of those covering the snout, but otherwise they aresur-
Stejneger A New Lizard from Texas. 19
prisingly uniform, especially the three large prefrontals, the frontals,
fronto-parietals and interparietals. In one specimen, No. 33,040, the an
terior frontal is semi-divided longitudinally, and in a few there is an extra
fron to-parietal due to the division of the fronto-parietal or the separation
of the anterior portion of the parietal. The fold across the fore neck is very
variable, mostly absent or merely indicated. The variation of propor
tion and size of scales, femoral pores, etc., will be seen from the sub
joined table, but it should be remarked that the great diversity in the
scales round the middle of the body is probably due to the difficulty in
exactly counting the lateral granules.
The males have well-developed postanal scutes which are lacking in
the females.
The variation in color is chiefly confined to the degree of distinctness
of the dusky markings above. Thus, No. 33,035 has several series of
blackish dorsal spots edged behind with smaller whitish spots; leg, (in
cluding digits) arid tail, are cross-barred with dusky; there is also a
well-marked dusky vertical line from eye to edge of lip and a less dis
tinct line between eye and ear. From this specimen there is a complete
gradation to the nearly uniform color of the type. There are no indi
cations of longitudinal pale bands on the back, or of any dark band on
the sides.
The females lack the blue, black-edged side patch underneath, and
also the horseshoe mark on the fore neck; but there are faint bluish
marblings on the throat, and the vertical blackish mark in front of the
shoulder is indicated.
ilabitat. Thus far only found in the Rio Grande Valley from the
mouth of Pecos River to Boquillas. This species, therefore, seems re
stricted to the Rio Grande Canon.
Remark*. This exceedingly distinct species needs no detailed com
parison with other species of this difficult genus. By its continuous line
of femoral pores across the preanal region it recalls Sceloporus scalaris,
but the latter has large lateral scales and is also otherwise very dif
ferent. The species to which this novelty is most nearly related is prob-
Sceloporus couchii, in which the femoral pores, however, are restricted to
the thighs, but the relationship is not near enough to make any further
comparison necessary,
It will be noted that the type is described as having a distinct cross-
fold under the neck, which is the character attributed by Cope to his
genus Lysoptychus, based on a single specimen, from southern Texas.
This character is absolutely valueless, as it is absent in most of the
specimens, and there is nothing else to separate them from the genus
Sceloporus, As a matter of fact Cope's LysoptycJius laternlis is nothing
but a specimen of Sceloporus couchii, with the types of which I have
carefully compared it. I may here correct a mistake in the original
description of the latter (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1858, p. 254), in which the
number of femoral pores is given as 25. In none of the type speci
mens (8) is there more than 19 pores on one side. The number varies in
the lot between 15-15 and 18-19.
20
Stejneger A New /Azard from Texas.
1
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VOL. XVII, PP. 21-50 MARCH 10, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MAINLAND
SPECIES OF MYIARCHUS.
BY E. W. NELSON.
The present paper covers all of the species and subspecies of
Myiarchus known to occur on the mainland of North America
north of the Isthmus of Panama. In addition I have included
the birds of Cozumel Island near the coast of Yucatan, and the
Tres Marias Islands off the coast of Tepic, western Mexico.
The recently accumulated material in this group, especially
the Mexican series in the Biological Survey collection, serves
to throw much light upon the characters, relationships and
distribution of several obscurely known species. In addition
to the large series of specimens available in the Biological Sur
vey and National Museum collections, Mr. William Brewster
and Mr. Outram Bangs have kindly sent me material from their
collections that has been of great value in filling gaps and
enabling me to reach definite conclusions in some otherwise ob
scure questions.
The genus Myiarchus appears to reach its greatest develop
ment in the American tropics, including the West Indies, with
a limited number of forms ranging well up into temperate
North America. These most northerly representatives of the
genus are cinerascens which reaches the northern border of the
Upper Sonoran zone on the west coast in Oregon, and crinitus
3 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (21)
22 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
which crosses the Transition zone of eastern America to south
ern Gtinada and New Brunswick. M. laicrencei and its sub
species is the most widely distributed of the North American
species, with a breeding range, extending from the Isthmus of
Panama to southern Arizona and the Tres Marias Islands. The
species of most limited distribution is probably M. yucatanen-
sis, found only on the peninsula of Yucatan and on Cozumel
Island.
The North American species of Myiarchus appear to have
but one moult a year and this occurs immediately following the
breeding season, from August to September or perhaps October.
The birds are much darker or more richly colored for a short
period following the assumption of the new plumage than at
any other period. This extreme intensity of coloration quickly
passes into a duller condition which continues with but little
change through the winter months. In spring the colors grad
ually fade or become bleached by the sun until in the breeding
season the original shades of greenish, olive and gray of the
back and the yellow of the under parts are almost lost in the
dingy browns and yellows of the frayed plumage. The upper
parts especially bleach to a dingy grayish brown so nearly alike
in several species that there is but little color difference be
tween summer specimens, and identification of birds in this
condition depends largely on size and tail pattern. This condi
tion becomes most marked in species living under the
brilliant sun of the Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical regions
and is much less noticeable in species like crinitus which live in
regions of greater humidity and cloudiness.
The general resemblance in color between many of the sub
species and even between some of the species would render a
description of faded spring or summer birds misleading in the
apparent uniformity of coloration, while the most richly
colored condition that is found immediately after the moult in
late summer or fall is so evanescent that it can scarcely stand to
represent the average characters. For this reason in the fol
lowing descriptions I have taken, when available, the unworn
winter birds which represent the typical colors of the various
species from soon after the fall moult until the wear and fading
of the spring and summer begin to destroy the distinctive
shades of color. I have designated this as the 'fresh' plumage. In
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 23
some specimens the winter condition of the colors remains until
late in spring or early summer, but ordinarily they are much
faded at this season. The sexes are alike in color, but the fe
males are usually smaller than the males, as shown by the meas
urements.
In most of the published descriptions of the rufous-tailed
species described in the present paper, little or no range of va
riation in distribution of the dusky pattern on the tail feathers
has been mentioned. This has given the erroneous impression
that these markings are rather constant and has led to the iden
tification of female individuals of cinerascens from Arizona as
nuttingi. By the examination of several hundred specimens of
the various species it has been demonstrated that the dusky pat
tern on the inner webs of the outer. tail feathers (and to a simi
lar degree on the inner tail feathers) of cinerascens^ mexicanus,
crinitus, and nuttingi with their subspecies have a wide range
of variation in extent, though usually preserving a character
istic outline, although at times this also disappears. Thus we
have the dusky area practically gone on the inner web of the
outer tail feather of some of the females of cinerascens, pro
ducing a pattern exactly as in nuttingi. One specimen of
otherwise typical cinerascens from Guanajuato has the dusky
line along the shaft as in typical inquietus, and a specimen of
nuttingi from Honduras has the dusky shaft line of inquietus.
M. crinitus may or may not have a dusky shaft line on inner web,
while in mexicanus this line varies greatly in width. The
rufous border to inner webs of tail feathers in yucatanensis also
varies much in width and may or may not be present on the
outer feather. The considerable amount of individual varia
tion thus shown renders it difficult to make a key that is ser
viceable in identifying more than average specimens of some
species.
In the cases of cinerascens and nuttingi the differences in
dimensions are decisive and almost equally diagonostic between
these two and inquietus.
The first plumage of the young in all of the species is char
acterized by a much greater amount of rufous on the wings and
tail than in the adult. This is especially marked on the tail, in
which the characteristic dusky pattern of the adult is not ap
parent. The extension of the rufous on the tail usually includes
24 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
d
FIG. 1. Outer tail feathers of American Mainland Myiarchus.
a. Myiarchus cinerascens. c. Myiarchus n. inquietus.
b. Myiarchus nuttingi. d. Myiarchus mexicanus.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 25
both middle and outer pair of feathers and effects a generalized
pattern.
Even the young of M. nigriceps which is without rufous in
the adult plumage has it strongly marked on the wings and tail
of the young. Among the great number of winter specimens
examined I have not found a single individual in this tirst
plumage, so it appears that the young moult this plumage within
a short time and assume the dress of the adult.
It is with some hesitation that I add further to the discussion
concerning the application of Kaup's Tyrannula mexicana and
T. cooperi, a matter which has already been the subject of much
difference of opinion; but the case appears to be still unsettled,
and my notes may help toward its definite determination.
In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for
1851, p. 51, Kaup described two species of Myiurckus in such
a brief and unsatisfactory manner that the application of his
names has given rise to much controversy. From recent study
of the matter it appears to me that Prof. Baird was right in
his disposal of the names (Birds of North America, 1858, p.
180) and that their present use by American ornithologists is
wrong. The matter cannot be absolutely settled until Kaup's
types are examined, but the present evidence in support of
Prof. Baird's conclusions are of interest. He recognized
Kaup's error in applying Nuttall's Musicapa cooperi (= Tyran
nula cooperi Kaup, a synonym of Nuttallornis borealis), to a
Myiarchus, and then proceeded to make a new use of the name
(loc. cit.), describing in detail as Myiarchus cooperi a specimen
from "Mexico" (No. 9100 U. S. National Museum). Baird's
type is still in the Museum collection and is the bird from
eastern Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley commonly known to
ornithologists as Myiorchus mexicanus mexicanus. In case, as
I believe, the latter name belongs elsewhere, then Baird's name
cooperi becomes available for this species. Baird identified
Kaup's Tyrannula mexicana as Lawrence's Tyrannula cineras-
cens (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V., Sept. 1851, p. 121) and
gave it priority over the latter name on the strength of the
dates on which the two papers were read; Kaup's paper having
been read on February 11, 1851 and Lawrence's in September,
1851. According to Sclater (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 439) the part
of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society containing Kaup's
26 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
paper was not actually published until October 28, 1852, while
the American Journal of Sciences and Arts, 2d Series, XIII,
No. 38, p. 303 for March, 1852, contains a notice of Lawrence's
paper, thus giving cinerascens at least six months priority.
The reasons for believing that Kaup's mexicana is the same as
cinerascens are as follows: Kaup states that the type of T.
mexicana was sent from Mexico by Mr. Wollweber but men
tions no definite locality. Mr. Wollweber sent various birds
to the Darmstadt Museum in addition to the type of mexicana,
among which were the types of Pitanyus derbiarnis and Parus
wollweberi both of which were recorded from Zacatecas. I
have seen no other locality mentioned for any of Wollweber's
specimens and it is not unreasonable to suppose the type of
mexicana came from the same district. Zacatecas lies on the
west side of the Mexican tableland remote from the range of
the so-called M. mexicanus mexicanus of eastern Mexico, but
within the range of cinerascens which is common in parts of
this State. Furthermore Kaup, in his description of T. c&operi,
says, "with shorter wings than mexicanus but with longer bill
like crinita, throat and over breast light gray," and mentions
the broad black stripe along inner web of outer tail feathers,
all of which applies to the bird we now call mexicanus. In the
description of mexicana he says, "breast light ash-gray; above
lighter," which is certainly applicable to cinerascens. Meas
urements of a large series of the bird we now call mexicanus
and of cinerascens show that a considerable percentage of
males of cinerascens have longer wings than many of the
specimens of "mexicanus" from eastern Mexico, while the dif
ferences between the size of bill and color mentioned by Kaup
are exactly applicable to these two birds. It is true that Mr.
Sclater compared Kaup's type of mexicana with certain speci
mens in the British Museum and found them to be similar and
that they were the same as Baird's M. cooperi (fide Ridgway,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II, pp. 90-91); but in the Biologia II,
p. 91, Salvin and Godman, apparently with the same specimens
before them which Sclater found to be similar to Kaup's type
and pronounced to be the same as M. cooperi Baird, come to ex
actly the opposite conclusion and pronounce these specimens to
represent cinerascens, and state that Baird's conclusions as given
above regarding the application of Kaup's names were correct.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 27
The authors of the Biologia however, in place of using. Baird's
name cooperi unite the birds of eastern and western Mexico
under Ridg way's mayister, which is a distinct subspecies from
cooperi and should not be confused with either of Kaup's
birds.
The color terms in this paper are based on Mr. Ridgway's
'Nomenclature,' and all measurements are given in millimeters.
I have again to thank Mr. Robert Ridgway and Dr. Chas.
W. Richmond, of the National Museum, for their continued
courtesies.
KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
Bill rounded, with depth at angle of gonys nearly or quite equal to
width at same place (subgenus Myiarchus)
Wing and tail feathers without rufous or cinnamon area on either web;
crown olive brown; back greenish olive - panamenais p. 29.
Wing and tail feathers with distinct rufous or cinnamon area on one
or both webs
Inner web of outer tail feather usually entirely rufous (except in
some specimens a narrow dusky line along shaft mainly near
tip)
Bill small and proportionately slender (exposed culmen usually
less than 19 mm.)
Size small, wing usually less than 86 mm. - nuttingi p. 37.
Size larger, wing usually more than than 93 mm. ( 9 's in part)
cinerascens p. 33.
Bill stout and proportionally heavy (exposed culmen usually more
than 19 mm.)
Underside of neck and breast pale ashy gray braehyurus p. 40.
Underside of neck and breast dark gray
Exposed culmen not over 20 mm. - - crinitus p. 29.
Exposed culmen over 20 mm. * residuus p. 30.
Inner web of outer tail feather partly or wholly dusky
Inner web of outer tail feather wholly dusky yucatanemis p. 41.
Inner web of outer, tall feather partly dusky
Inner web of outer tail feather with well defined dusky band
along shaft, rufous along inner border to tip
Bill long and heavy (usually 20 mm. or over); dusky band on
inner web of outer tail feather usually broadest in mid
dle.
Size smaller, wing usually less than 105 mm. mexicaniLs p. 31.
Size larger, wing usually more than 105 mm. magister p. 33.
Bill small and slender, exposed culmen usually less than 18
mm.; dusky band on inner web of outer tail feather
broadening gradually from base, widest at tip
28 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
Inner webs of tail feathers mainly rufous inquietus p. 38.
Inner web of tail feathers mainly dusky yucatanensis p. 41.
Inner web of outer tail feather usually entirely rufous on basal
two-thirds, with outer third more or less broadly tipped
with dusky
Bill smaller, slenderer; color darker - cinerascens p. 33.
Bill larger, broader; color paler - pertinax p. 36.
Bill flattened with depth at angle of gonys decidedly less than width at
same place (subgenus Onychopterus]
Tail feathers usually distinctly edged on one or both webs with rufous
or cinnamon
Tail feathers distinctly edged on both webs with rufous or cinnamon
Crown conspicuously darker than back (black or blackish)
Crown sooty black - - nigricapillus p. 44.
Crown clove brown - later encei p. 42.
Crown appreciably darker than back (usually between olive and
sepia brown) - querulus p. 47.
Tail feathers not at all or but slightly edged on inner webs with
rufous or cinnamon
Back greenish or greenish olivaceous
Back greenish, crown intensely black bangsi p. 45.
Back greenish olivaceous, crown bistre brown
platyrhyncJms p. 45.
Back grayish olivaceous or hair brown
Back grayish olivaceous; inner webs of tail feathers usually
not edged with rufous olivascens p. 48.
Back hair brown; inner webs of tail feathers usually slightly
edged with rufous - tresmarice p. 49.
Tail feathers not edged on either web with rufous; no rufous edgings
on wings; crown dull black - nigriceps p. 49.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
Genus Myiarchus Cabanis.
1845. Myiarchus Cabanis, in Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845, p.
152. Type Muscicapa ferax Gmelin.
Typical Myiarchus is characterized by a rounded and proportionately
deep bill; the depth at angle of the gonys nearly or quite equaling its
width at the same place. It includes the majority of the species in
this paper, viz., M. ferox panamensis, M. crinitus, M. c. residuus, M. mex-
icanus, M. m. magister, M. cinerascens, M. c. pertinax, M. nuttingi, M. n.
inquietus, M. brackyurus, and M. yucatanensis.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 29
Myiarchus ferox panamensis (Lawrence).
PANAMA FLYCATCHER,
1860. Myiarchus panamensis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.
VII, p. 284. May, 1860.
Type locality. Lion Hill, Panama. Type in American Museum of
Natural History (Lawrence collection).
Breeding range. From nearly or quite to the southern border of Costa
Rica (specimens examined from David, Chiriqui) through Panama
(including San Miguel Island) into northern Columbia at least to Santa
Marta. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Humid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Larger than ferox; upper parts paler, more
greenish olive.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown olive, usually a little darker than
back but often the same color; back greenish olive; upper tail coverts
vary from hair brown to broccoli brown; tail coverts and outer webs of
tail feathers edged with drab or Isabella color; outer web of outer tail
feather hair brown or drab, distinctly paler than inner web: rest of tail
feathers plain dusky, slightly paler at tip; wing coverts, edges of
secondaries and tertials hair brown (palest on tertials) and commonly
tinged with slight shade of greenish; chin, throat and breast, ash gray;
abdomen and under tail coverts sulphur yellow.
Measurements. Averages of seven adult males from Panama and
Chiriqui: Wing, 93.1 (87-96); tail, 90.3 (85-93); culmen, 19.1 (18-20);
tarsus, 23.4 (22.5-24.5).
Averages of five adult females from Panama and Chiriqui: Wing,
91 (89-93); tail, 89 (87-91); culmen, 19.4 (18-21); tarsus, 23.7(23-24.5).
General Notes. My iarclius ferox was described from Cayenne, Guiana,
and the few specimens at hand from that and adjacent sections of South
America appear to show that it is smaller with a smaller bill than pana
mensis, and the upper parts browner and less greenish. Birds from
Chiriqui average a little larger than those from Panama. The series in
the Bangs Collection from San Miguel Island, Panama, are not distin
guishable from mainland birds in the same condition of plumage. Like
M. nigriceps the present species is South American and only enters the
area included within the limits of this paper at the northern extremity
of its range. It has no near relative in North America.
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus).
GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
1766. Muscicapa crinita Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., I, 12th ed., p. 325. Based
on the Muscicapa cristata, ventre luteo of Catesby, Car. I, p. 52,
t. 52.
Type locality. Catesby says "It breeds in Carolina and Virginia" and
30 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
gives no more definite type locality; but as in the case of most of
Catesby's species the Carolina birds probably served for his description.
Breeding range. Throughout eastern North America from New
Brunswick and Manitoba south to northern Florida and to Bexar
County, Texas.
Migrates through eastern and southern Mexico and Central America to
Panama and the Santa Marta Mountains in Colombia.
Zonal distribution. Upper and lower Austral and Transition (in breed
ing season).
Specific characters, Size large; under side of neck and breast rather
dark olive-gray; back distinctly greenish olive; inner web of outer tail
feather mainly or entirely rufous.
Description of fresh plumage. Top of head olive with a brownish
shade; back greenish olive; upper tail coverts hair brown margined with
tawny-ochraceous; wing coverts pale grayish drab, sometimes tinged
with greenish yellow; tertials edged with dull grayish white, sometimes
tinged with greenish yellow; basal part of outer web of all but outer
primary edged with deep cinnamon rufous; outer webs of tail feathers
thinly margined on basal half with tawny ochraceous; inner webs of tail
feathers, except middle pair, mainly or entirely bright cinnamon-rufous
(almost orange-rufous) with a more or less distinct but narrow line of
dusky along shaft in the majority of specimens; chin, throat and breast
olive gray; abdomen and under tail coverts clear bright yellow between
naples yellow and sulphur yellow of Ridgway.
Description of young in first plumage. Crown dull olivaceous-sepia
brown; back dingy greenish olive; upper tail coverts hair brown broadly
bordered and tipped with russet-cinnamon; tail as in adult but with inner
webs of middle pair of tail feathers mainly cinnamon-rufous; wing
coverts light buffy cinnamon; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged
with cinnamon-rufous; tertials bordered with dull yellowish white,
slightly tinged with buffy cinnamon; chin, throat and breast french
gray; abdomen and under tail coverts primrose yellow.
Myiarchus crinitus residuus Howe.
FLORIDA GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
1901. Myiarchus crinitus residuus Howe, Cont. N. Am. Orn., I, p. 30.
May 21, 1902.
Type locality. Ishtopoga Lake, Florida. Type No. 1233, adult male,
Howe-Shattuck Collection.
Breeding range. Peninsular part of Florida. Probably not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Lower Austral.
Subspecific characters. Wing averages a little shorter and bill much
larger than in M. crinitus.
Nelson North American Mainland My iar elms. 31
COMPARATIVE AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS OF MYIARCHUS CRINITUS AND M.
CRINITUS RESIDUUS.
Name
Sex
No. of
specs
Wing
Tail
Culinen
Tarsus
M. crinitus
$
10
106.1 (103-1 14)
92.7 (89-97)
19.3 ( 18- 20)
21.7^21-22)
<.
9
10
P8.7 ( 98-102)
86.9 (83-93.
19.1 ( 18- 20)
il 4(21-22,
M. c. residuus
$
5
102 4 101-105)
91.8 (90-93
21 3 (20.5-22.5)
21.7(20-23)
General Notes. As first pointed out by Mr. Bangs, the Great Crested
Flycatchers of southern Florida are readily distinguished from birds
occupying other parts of its range by the much greater size of
their bills. This character appears so constant and is so marked that it
seems to be worthy of recognition by name, although not accompanied
by any other equally well marked differences. Unfortunately the birds
from the Carolinas are most like those from New England, so that Mr.
Bangs in his Myiarchus crinitus boreu* (Auk, XV, p. 179, April, 1898)
renamed the type form. The name afterwards given by Mr. Howe to
the bird of southern Florida must therefore be recognized. The amount
of variation in color of this species aside from that due to seasonal
wear and fading is not great, though occasional specimens have a lighter
or more yellowish green shade on the back. The main variation is in
the tail markings. Only sixteen out of sixty-six specimens of true M.
crinitus have the inner web of the outer tail feather entirely rufous. The
other fifty specimens have a narrow dusky line along the inner side of
the shaft, varying from a thin barely appreciable line to a well marked
band covering one-fourth the width of the web. This dusky line on in
side of shaft of outer tail feather is present in seven out of eight of the
birds from southern Florida. There appears to be no geographic sig
nificance in this marking, as it occurs throughout the range of the
species and also in both sexes.
Myiarchus mexicanus (Kaup)*
MEXICAN CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
1852. Tgrannula mexicana Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, p,
51. Published October 28, 1852.
Type locality. "Mexico." Type sent to the Darmstadt Museum from
*As explained in the notes under Myiarchus cinercuscen^ the name mexi
canus is probably a synonym of cinerascens but is used here in conformity
with present custom until the type can be examined.
In case mexicanus proves to be a synonym of cinerascens then Myiarchus
cooperi Baird, Birds of N. Am., p. 180, 1858 (Type from "Mexico" Ver-
reaux Collection, No. 9100 U. S. National Museum) becomes available
for this species.
32 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
Mexico by Mr. Wollweber but no definite locality mentioned.
Breeding range. From the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas, south
along the tropical and subtropical parts of eastern Mexico to Yucatan,
Cozumel Island, Belize, northeastern Guatemala, and Honduras (Ceiba).
Migratory only in northern part of its range.
Zonal distribution Lower Sonoran, Arid and Humid Tropical.
Specific characters. Crown olive; back brownish olive; wings and tail
(on both webs) strongly margined with rufous.
Description offrexh plumage. Top of head olive with a greenish shade,
feathers indistinctly streaked with darker centers; back dull brownish
olive, slightly grayer than crown; back of neck slightly grayer than back,
forming an indistinct collar; upper tail coverts dingy raw-umber brown,
sometimes edged with dull rusty; wing coverts broadly edged with dull
brownish white: tertials edged with white, tinged with pale greenish; pri
maries, except first, edged along middle with dark rufous; chin, throat
and breast ashy gray, palest on chin; abdomen and under tail coverts
deep primrose yellow sometimes slightly washed with gray (especially in
Yucatan and Cozumel specimens); outer web of outer tail feather vary
ing from plain drab to lighter more grayish brown; inner web of outer
feather with a band of dusky along shaft from near base to tip, usually
a little broader in middle where it occupies from one-fifth to over one-
half the width of web; other tail feathers, except middle pair,
similar, but dusky band decreasing toward middle of tail.
Measurements. Averages of seventeen adult males from northeastern
Mexico: Wing, 102.4 (98-106); tail, 95.4 (90-98); culmen, 21.3 (20-23); tar
sus, 23.5 (22.5-25;.
Averages of five adult females from northeastern Mexico: Wing, 95.7
(94-98); tail, 90 (88-91); culmen, 19.9 (19-21.5); tarsus, 22.4 (21-23).
General Notes. In worn or faded plumage much of the greenish wash
on upperparts is lost and the coloration closely resembles that of
magister. Specimens from the State of Vera Cruz average larger than
those from the Rio Grande while those from Yucatan and Cozumel
Island are smaller than from any other part of their range. Cozumel
birds are also slightly darker than those from elsewhere. This form
reaches the borders of the tableland along river valleys but does not in
habit the tableland proper. Its range comes in contact with that of
magister only through the low gap in the elevated continental area at the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A large proportion of specimens have the
dusky line along shaft on inner web of outer tail feather appreciably
broadest in the middle and narrowing toward each end, but in some in
dividuals it is nearly the same width most of its length and in a few
cases becomes a little broader near the tip.
A typical specimen in the Bangs Collection taken by Mr. W. W.
Brown, January 16, 1902, at Ceiba, Honduras, is the southernmost record
of this species with which I am familiar. This was perhaps a winter
straggler.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 33
Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway.
ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
1884. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
II, p. 90.
Type locality. Camp Lowell, near Tucson, Arizona. Type No.
86,005, adult male, U. S. National Museum.
Breeding range. From northwestern Chihuahua and southern Arizona
through western Mexico at least to the border of Chiapas. A partial
winter migration of northern birds extends as far as Guatemala, but
they are resident throughout a large part of their range.
Zonal distribution. Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Generally similar to and in some cases difficult
to distinguish in coloration from pale or faded specimens of true mexicanus,
but upper parts averaging grayer and less greenish; throat and breast
slightly paler ashy, and abdomen a trifle clearer or brighter yellow; size
averages decidely larger.
Description of first plumage. Crown light seal brown; back dark hair
brown; upper tail coverts, broad border to outer webs and most of the
inner webs of tail feathers dull, dark cinnamon rufous; lesser wing
coverts tipped and tertials edged with pale vinaceous-buff; greater wing
coverts, secondaries and primaries broadly edged with dull rusty rufous,
paler than on borders of tail feathers; chin, throat and breast pearl gray
becoming darkest on breast; abdomen and under tail coverts pale prim
rose yellow.
Measurements. Averages of twenty-three adult males: Wing, 108.9
(103-114); tail, 100.3 (93-106); culmen, 23.2 (22-25); tarsus, 25.4 (24.5-26).
Averages of fifteen adult females: Wing, 106.7 (100-110); tail, 98.1
(94-102); culmen, 23 (22-25); tarsus, 25.1 (24-26).
General Notes. Size is the only character by which magister can be
distinguished in a great majority of cases. Specimens from the type
region in southern Arizona are considerably larger than those from the
more southerly part of their range. Among the series from various sec
tions of the range, the one from the Tres Marias Islands averages the
smallest thus paralleling the relatively smaller size of the series of typi
cal mexicanus from Cozumel Island, off the coast of Yucatan. The types
of both "cooperi" and magister, are larger than average birds of the forms
they represent.
Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence).
ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
1851. Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
V, p. 121. September, 1851.
Type locality. Western Texas.
Breeding range. From the Dalles, Oregon, Cheyenne, Wyoming, and
34 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
central southern Texas south to northern Lower California, ' central
Sonora and at least to Zacatecas on the southern part of the Mexican
tableland.
Winter range. Migrates over all of Lower California and the rest of
Mexico (except the southeastern tropical parts) at least to Guate
mala.
Zonal distribution. Upper and lower Sonoran.
Specific characters. Upper parts grayish brown; crown a little darker
than back; inner webs of tail feathers mainly rufous but tipped more or
less broadly with dusky on outer feather.
Description of fresh plumage. Top of head grayish bistre brown,
usually a little darker than back; back dark hair brown, becoming paler
and grayer in worn plumage; back of neck sometimes paler or more ashy
than back; upper tail coverts dark hair brown, sometimes edged slightly
with raw umber or russet (never in worn specimens); wing
coverts and tertials broadly, and secondaries narrowly edged with
grayish white; primaries (except first) edged with rufous; primaries,
secondaries, tertials and top of tail feathers clove brown, palest on ter
tials; underparts from chin over breast and wash over fore-part of ab
domen pale cinereous gray, becoming whitish in faded plumage; abdo
men and under tail coverts primrose yellow (becoming whitish in faded
plumage); basal half or three-fourths of outer web of outer tail feather
distinctly whitish, latter color replaced on distal end by dusky line
bordering shaft and widening toward end of feather in proportion to ex
tent of same color on inner web of feather; inner web of outer feather
cinnamon rufous from base to middle of feather, the rufous replaced along
shaft at varying distances beyond this to within one-fifth of length from
tip by dusky line gradually broadening to include entire tip and sometimes
extending back as narrow border some distance along inner side of
feather; extent of dusky tip varies from narrow border to half an inch
or more; tips of other tail feathers except middle pair with similar
pattern but amount of dusky decreasing inward.
Female. Dusky on inner web of outer tail feather not rarely restricted
to narrow wedge shaped line along shaft on terminal part of feather
much as in M. nuttingi; but such birds are readily distinguishable by
their much greater size.
Young in first plumage (Pecos River, northwest of Comstock, Tex.,
August 1, 1902). Top of head dull rusty brown; back dull hair brown;
upper tail coverts and tail mainly light cinnamon rufous, including middle
pair of feathers; outer web of outer feather paler, except tip; narrow dusky
shaft lines on distal third of all tail feathers and broad dusky band along
basal two-thirds of shaft except on middle pair; underparts pale ashy
whitish to breast; abdomen and under tail coverts yellowish white.
Measurements. Averages of ten adult males from western Texas:
Wing, 101.5 (99-103); tail, 95.2 (93-98); culmen, 18.9 (17.5-20); tarsus,
23.7(23-24).
Averages of ten adult females from western Texas: Wing, 94.7(91-98);
tail, 87.9 (82-93); culmen, 17.9 (16.5-19); tarsus, 22.7 (21-24).
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 35
General Notes. In "The Auk" for October, 1892, p. 394, was recorded
the supposed occurrence in Arizona of Myiarchus nuttingi based upon
three specimens, all females, in the Biological Survey collection one
from Rillito Creek, near Tucson, one from Oracle, and another from
Prescott. After a detailed study of the large series of MyiarcJius cine
rascens and its near relatives in the Biological Survey and National
Museum collections, it has become evident that all the supposed speci
mens of M. nuttingi from the United States are really females of cine
rascens. The error in identification arose from the previously unknown
fact that a considerable percentage of the females of cinerascens have the
dusky area restricted at the tips of the inner webs of the outer tail
feathers, sometimes being almost entirely absent and thus producing the.
exact tail pattern of nuttingi.
Myiarc7ius nuttingi is a much smaller species than cinerascens and is
represented in the National Museum collection by the type only. There
are two specimens in the Biological Survey collection, one from Nenton,
Guatemala, and one from Ocozucuautla, Chiapas, the latter probably the
most northerly actual record for the species. The broad area lying be
tween the breeding range of M. cinerascens and that of M. nuttingi is
occupied as shown below by M. nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman).
I have carefully measured a series of M. cinerascens from the type
region in western Texas, another from southern Arizona, another from
northern California and Oregon, and still another of winter migrants
from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala and the averages show
close uniformity in size throughout its range, The size, when compari
son is made between specimens of the same sex, is so much greater in
cinerascens that the species may be at once distinguished from nuttingi by
this character alone.
The identification of specimens of cinerascens as nuttingi was due to
the almost precise similarity of the patterns of color on the outer
tail feathers between these specimens and the type of nuttingi. On ex
amination of the series of cinerascens at hand I find that among 113
males there is not a single specimen that lacks a definite dusky tip to
the outer tail feather, although sometimes reduced to a narrow dusky
border. On the other hand among 60 specimens of females, 15 of them
showed a marked reduction of the dusky at tip of inner web'of outer
tail feather and a corresponding extension of the rufous. Several of
these, in addition to the three specimens cited from Arizona, have the
dusky so reduced on this feather that the rufous covers practically all*
of the inner web to the tip as in nuttingi. These were taken on the
Santa Cruz River west of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, at Owens
lake, Inyo County, and Mountain Spring, San Diego County, California,
Alpine, mouth of Nueces River and Boquillas, Texas. Others with the
dusky much reduced and forming merely a slender wedge-shaped line
next the vane on the terminal part of the feather were taken at Baird,
California, Santa Cruz River, Arizona, and a winter spe'cimen at
Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Every gradation is shown in this series be
tween the pattern on the outer tail feather of typical cinerascens and
36 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
nuttingi but they are all females, typically cinerascens in size and general
coloration, and occur sporadically practically throughout the range of
the species. From the frequency of this variation of the females it ap
pears that there is a tendency toward the extension of the rufous at the
expense of the dusky tip of the outer tail feather among them which
is not shared equally by the males. While this variation appears to
have no geographical significance, yet it evidently, judging from the
specimens examined, occurs most frequently in southern Arizona. All
of the 105 males examined have the tip of the outer tail feather suf
ficiently typical to enable one to identify them by this character without
trouble, although there is considerable variation in the extent of the
dusky on the tip. In some cases the feather is entirely rufous on the
inner web to within one-fifth of its length from the tip, where the dusky
begins next the vane and broadens rapidly into a narrowband occupying
the tip of the feather and sometimes extending down a little along the
inner border. In other cases the dusky begins at varying distances along
the shaft to within one-third of its length from the base and extends
outward in a gradually widening line to occupy the terminal 5 to 15
millimeters of the feather and may or may not extend back along the
inner edge of the feather sometimes nearly or quite halfway to the base.
When the dusky extends back along the inner edge of the feather the
outer end of the rufous on this vane forms a narrowing point on the
middle of the web. In other specimens it is cut squarely off by the in
ward extension of the dusky near the end of the feather. This variation
occurs throughout the range of the species.
Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman) replaces M. cineras
cens to the south in Mexico, and the material at hand appears to show
that they are distinct species. -
Myiarchus cinerascens pertinax (Baird).
CAPE ST. LUCAS FLYCATCHER.
1859. Myiarchus pertinax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p.
303.
Type locality. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. Type No. 12,944,
U. S. National Museum.
Breeding range. Cape region of Lower Calfornia north at least to
Pichilinque Bay. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid Tropical and border of Lower Sonoran.
Subspecific characters. Similar to cinerascens but grayer above and
more whitish below; size smaller; bill larger.
Description of first plumage. Grown warm sepia brown; back hair
brown; upper tail coverts dull cinnamon rufous; middle pair of tail
feathers strongly margined with same; outer webs of rest of tail feathers
except outer one similarly margined; outer web of outer feather whitish
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 37
on basal half and becoming drab on distal third; inner webs of all but
middle pair plain cinnamon rufous except for a slender dusky line along
shafts near tips; wing coverts tipped with whitish and narrowly edged
with dull cinnamon; tertials edged with whitish; secondaries broadly
edged with cinnamon shading into broad edgings of light cinnamon
rufous on primaries; chin, throat and breast pale pearl gray; abdomen
and under tail coverts white with the faintest tinge of yellowish.
Measurements. Averages of three adult males; wing, 94,6; tail, 89.3;
culmen, 19.6; tarsus, 23.3.
General Notes. There is some difficulty in distinguishing specimens of
pertinax from faded ones of cinerascens, but the larger bill of pertinax and
its smaller size are usually sufficiently marked to distinguish them. In
fairly fresh plumage pertinax is distinctly grayer on the upper parts. The
exact limits between the ranges of the two forms is still undetermined.
Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway.
NUTTING'S FLYCATCHER.
1882. Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. National Museum, V,
p. 394.
Type locality. L& Palma, Costa Rica. Type No. 87,391, U. S.
National Museum.
Breeding range. Costa Rica (La Palma): Honduras (on Nicaraguan
boundary 180 miles from Pacific Coast); Guatemala (Nenton); Mexico
(Ocozucuautla, Chiapas). Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid and Semi- Arid Tropical.
Specific characters. Size small, wing not over 88 mm. ; back rather light
olivaceous brown; inner web of outer tail feather usually almost wholly
rufous.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown olive brown with slightly darker
shaft lines, and borders of feathers with a shade of bistre brown; back
varying from slightly grayish to yellowish olive, usually with less
greenish than in brachyurus; upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown
shaded and slightly edged with dark raw umber; wing coverts and ter
tials broadly edged with dingy brownish white, palest on tertials;
primaries edged with dark rusty; outer web of outer tail feather light
drab; inner web usually plain rufous except a fine line of dusky along
shaft near tip, but sometimes with dusky line along shaft much as in
inquietus;ch\n, neck and breast dull gray, palest on throat; abdomen
and under tail coverts between primrose and sulphur yellow. Upper-
parts of worn specimens, like the type, are dull grayish, olive brown.
Measurements. Averages of two adult males: Wing, 86.5 (85-88); tail,
84 (81-87); culmen, 17.2 (17-17.5); tarsus, 22 (21-23).
Adult female (one specimen): Wing,, 85; tail, 84; culmen, 17; tarsus, 22.
General notes. This species has a close general resemblance to
38 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
brachyurus and apparently occupies about the same range, for both have
been taken along the Pacific coast region from Costa Rica to Chiapas,
Mexico. Its smaller size, less greenish upperparts and slightly darker
underparts are the main characters. The small bill of nuttingi at once
distinguishes it among the specimens of brachyurus at hand. In the
original description of nuttingi the specimens cited as belonging to
that species, with the exception of the type, all proved to belong to an
other species which Mr. Ridgway afterwards described as brachyurus,
thus leaving the type the unique representative of nuttingi in the
National Museum collection until two others were secured by Mr. Gold
man and myself in Chiapas and Guatemala. Through the lack of
definite knowledge of just what nuttingi represented, quite a number of
erroneous citations of this species have been made, and its range unwar
rantably extended far beyond its real limits. Attention is called to this
in the notes upon M. cinerascens.
A specimen in the Bangs collection, taken on the boundary line be
tween Nicaragua and Honduras, 180 miles from the Pacific coast, differs
from typical birds in having a well marked dusky line along the shaft on
the inner web of outer tail feather, and less conspicuously the same on
other tail feathers, as in typical inquietus. The size and color, however,
show that this is nuttingi, and these tail markings merely due to in
dividual variation.
Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman).
GODMAN'S FLYCATCHER.
1889. Myiarchus inquietus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. -Am., II,
p. 88. March, 1889.
Type locality. Acahuizotla*, Guerrero, Mexico. Type in British
Museum.
Breeding range. Arid tropical and subtropical parts of southwestern
Mexico from central western Chihuahua and southern Sonora to Isthmus
of Tehuantepec and inland to southern Puebla. No definite migration,
but strays in winter to Guatemala.
Specimens examined from: Sonora (Nacosari, Alamos); Chihuahua
(Batopilas, Hacienda San Rafael, El Carmen, Durasno);Sinaloa(Culiacan);
Durango, (Chacala); Tepic (Acaponeta); Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano);
Jalisco (La Barca) ; Michoacan (La Salada, Zamora) ; Morelos. ( Yecapixtla) ;
Puebla (Tehuacan); Guerrero (Acahuizotla, Dos Arroyos, El Rincon,
Acapulo, Papayo, El Naranjo, La Lagunilla, Rio Balsas); Oaxaca
(Huilotepec, Tehuantepec City, Santa Efigenia, Chihuitan); Chiapas
(Gineta Mountains); Guatemala (Nenton).
*This is a small plantation on the road between Acapulco and Chil-
pancingo. The spelling of the name Acaguisotla given in the original
description is erroneous for the owners of the place spell it as given
above.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 39
Zonal distribution. Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown grayish bistre brown, a little
darker than back: back grayish olive brown, becoming much like
cinerascens in faded plumage: upper tail coverts light sepia brown,
strongly edged and often distinctly colored throughout with tawny olive
or rusty olive; primaries, secondaries, tertials and top of tail dark hair
brown; wing coverts and tertials edged with dull brownish white,
bleaching to dull whitish; primaries (except first) narrowly edged along
middle with rusty rufous; chin, neck and breast pale cinereous ashy,
little if any darker than, in winter specimens of cinerascens; abdomen
and under tail coverts sulphur yellow; outer web of outer tail feather in
some specimens uniform pale hair brown and" in others edged more or
less with whitish; inner web of this feather cinnamon rufous with a line
of dark hair brown (varying someVvhat in shade) along shaft beginning
on basal third of feather and gradually widening to occupy from one-
fourth to entire width of inner web at tip; same pattern repeated with
decreasing amount of dusky inward on other feathers except middle
pair.
Description of first plumage ( 9 Rio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico, June 3,
1903). Much like same plumage of M. cinerascens but darker; top of
head sepia brown with a light wash of dull tawny; back dull, dark hair
brown; wing coverts and tertials edged with lighter, varying from
pinkish buff to ochraceous buff; upper tail coverts dark cinnamon
rufous with dusky shaft streaks; tail cinnamon rufous with bases of
middle pair of feathers dusky and a narrow shaft line of same extends
thence toward end of feathers gradually broadening to occupy most of
feather near tip, but completely bordered by rufous; outer web of outer
feather dusky, edged broadly along middle two-thirds with pale buffy
whitish; outer web of other tail feathers with broad dusky band along
shaft and narrower edging of rufous; inner webs of all except middle
pair plain rufous. Underparts from chin over breast pale cinereous ashy ;
abdomen and under tail coverts pale yellowish white.
Measurements. Average of ten adult males*: Wing, 91.2 (88-93); tail,
88.4 (85-92); culmen, 18 (17.5-21); tarsus, 22.4 (22-23).
Averages of five adult females*: Wing, 86.8 (85-88); tail, 84.8 (81-87);
culmen, 17.2 (17-18): tarsus, 21.5 (21-22).
General notes. Up to the present time, except for the brief notes
published with the original description, this bird has remained compara
tively unknown. During the spring of 1903, Mr. Goldman and I secured
specimens at the type locality and elsewhere throughout this region,
which added to specimens already in the Biological Survey and National
Museum form an excellent series covering a wide range in western and
southern Mexico. Instead of being, as the describers suggested, "a
small resident form of the migratory M. crinitus of eastern America,
which being isolated in the Sierra Madre del Sur, has acquired distinc-
*Specimens from southwestern Mexico, mainly from the region about
the type locality.
40 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
tive characters," it is a common resident of western Mexico from
Batopilas in western Chihuahua to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The
specimens from the Isthmus and adjacent part of Chiapas are distinctly
intergrades showing that inquietus is merely a northern subspecies of
Myiarchus nuttingi, which latter does not appear to range north of
Chiapas.
Nine specimens, representing both sexes, from the Pacific Coast of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and thence to the border of Chiapas, have
the brown line along the inside of the shaft of the outer tail feather con
siderably reduced, often to half or less the amount found in typical birds.
They are also rather smaller than typical birds and their color is other
wise like that of nuttingi, This combination of exactly intermediate
characters in the birds of this section with the occurence of undoubted
nuttingi a little farther down in Chiapas and Guatemala appears suf
ficiently conclusive evidence to warrant placing inquietus as a subspecies
of nuttingi. In general coloration these two forms appear to be practi
cally identical so that they are to be separated only by size and pattern
of color on the outer tail feathers.
M. n. inquietus is intermediate in size between nuttingi and cinerascens
and there is a close resemblance in the color of the upper parts of
slightly faded specimens of inquietus and cinerascens. In freshly as
sumed fall plumage the upper parts of both these species are darker
than at any other time. At such times inquietus may be distinguished
by its darker and browner upper parts and the richer yellow of the ab
domen as well as by the tail pattern.
A careful examination of the large series of inquietus and cinerascens
now available has failed to reveal any evidence of intergradation. Birds
from the river valleys of western Chihuahua and Sonora differ from
cinerascens in size and color almost equally with those from Guerrero.
The breeding range of M. inquietus appears to be complementary to that
of cinerascens, but during the winter cinerascens migrates over the range
of inquietus.
These two birds have evidently been confused by different authors
under the name of cinerascens so that without the specimens for verifi
cation it will be impossible to satifactorily place some of the winter cita
tions for western and southern Mexico. Summer records within the
demonstrated range of either can be more readily handled.
Myiarchus brachyurus Ridgway.
SHOUT-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
1887. Myiarchus brac7iyurus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 334.
Type locality. Ometepe, Nicaragua. Type No. 91,057, U. S. National
Museum.
Breeding range. Costa Rica (San Lucas, Bahia de Salinas) ; Nicara-
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 41
gua (Ometepe, San Juan del Sur); Mexico (Tonala, Chiapas). Not mi
gratory.
Zonal distribution, Arid and Semi- Arid Tropical.
Specific characters, Generally similar to M. nuttingi but larger and
heavier with much stouter, heavier bill and proportionately shorter
tail.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown dark olive shaded with greenish
and a slight buffy suffusion on borders of feathers in some specimens;
back lighter olive with a greenish shade (latter nearly or quite absent
in worn plumage); back of neck sometimes a little grayer than back;
upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown edged and sometimes suffused
throughout with dark rusty rufous; primaries, except first one, edged
along middle with dark rufous; wing coverts and tertials edged with
dull whitish or brownish white with shade of greenish on coverts in
some specimens; outer web of outer tail feather pale drab; inner web
uniform rufous, sometimes with a narrow inconspicuous line of dusky
along shaft; other tail feathers, except middle pair, similar; chin, neck
and breast ashy gray palest on chin; abdomen and under tail coverts
deep primrose yellow.
Measureme7its. Averages of two adult males: wing, 96 (93-99); tail,
86 (85-87); culmen, 21 (21); tarsus, 23.5 (23-24).
Averages of five adult females: wing, 94.4 (93-96); tail, 85.2 (8.1-87);
culmen, 20.7 (19.5-21); tarsus, 22.6 (22-23).
General notes. In general coloration this species differs but slightly
from M. nuttingi but may be easily distinguished by differences in size
and proportion, and especially by the much larger bill, and more rusty
upper tail coverts, Although resembling crinitus somewhat in size and
pattern of color on outer tail feathers yet the much paler colors above
and below readily distinguish them from that species. Like other
members of the genus this species gradually fades in spring until the
upper parts lose the greenish cast and become dull olive brown.
Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence.
YUCATAN CHESTED FLYCATCHER.
1871. Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1871, p. 235. Based on the Myiarchus mexicanus Lawrence (nee
Kaup) Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, p. 202, June, 1869.
Type locality. Merida, Yucatan. Type in American Museum of
Natural History (Lawrence Collection).
Breeding range. Peninsula of Yucatan and Cozumel Island. Not
migratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid or Semi-Arid Tropical.
Specific characters. Crown bistre brown; upper tail coverts hair
brown, slightly if at all edged with russet; inner webs of all but middle
42 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
and often outer pair of tail feathers broadly edged with well defined
band of cinnamon buff.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown bistre brown with or without a
slight olivaceous shade; back olive; upper tail coverts hair brown with
or without slight edging of russet; tail feathers edged externally on
basal half with drab, sometimes thinly bordered with dull rusty; pri
maries (except outer pair) and part of secondaries distinctly edged with
rusty rufous; wing coverts broadly tipped with drab or broccoli brown;
tertials broadly edged with grayish white; chin, throat and breast rather
dark ash gray; abdomen and under tail coverts straw yellow; outer web
of outer tail feather drab, varying in shade but usually much lighter
than inner web and sometimes edged with whitish; inner webs of all
but outer and middle pair of tail feathers with a well defined border
of cinnamon buffy covering from one-third to one-half the web; inner
web of outer tail feather sometimes plain dusky but more often slightly
and sometimes distinctly bordered with cinnamon buffy.
Measurements. Averages of four adult males: Wing, 84.7 (83-87); tail,
84(81-85); culmen, 17.5(17-18); tarsus, 21.8(21-22.5).
Averages of two adult females: Wing, 78.5 (78-79); tail, 79 (78-80);
culmen, 17; tarsus, 21.7(21.5-21.7).
General notes. As already noted by Mr. Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.
XIV, p. 260), the present species appears to be most nearly related to
the Myiarchus stolidus group of the West Indies. On the mainland it
has no close relative nearer than northern South America.
The proportions of wing and tail vary considerably, and in the series
of seventeen specimens examined (mostly not sexed) nine had the tail
equalling or longer than the wing and eight had the tail shorter than the
wing.
Subgenus Onychopterus Reichenbach.
1850. Onychopterus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., t. Ixv. Type Tyran-
nus tuber culifer D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.
This group is characterized by a flattened and proportionately broad
bill; the depth at the angle of the gonys being decidedly less than its
width at same place. The species in the present paper belonging to
this subgenus are M. lawrencei with its subspecies and M. nigriceps.
Myiarchus lawrencei (Giraud).
LAWRENCE'S FLYCATCHER.
1841. Muscicapa lawrencei Giraud, Sixteen Birds of Texas, t. 2, f. 1.
Type locality. "Texas. " The type, No. 47,690 U. S. National Museum,
agrees in size and other characters with birds of northeastern Mexico,
whence it probably came.
Breeding range. From near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, in northeastern
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 43
Mexico, south in foothill country to the state of Vera Cruz and eastern
San Luis Potosi, and thence generally distributed in tropical and sub
tropical parts of eastern Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. At
the Isthmus they spread across to the Pacific coast and occupy suitable
areas on both coasts in southern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and at least
part of Guatemala. They do not occur in the coast belt of northern
Tabasco and Campeche, nor the Peninsula of Yucatan, where they are
replaced by M. I. platyrhynr.hu*. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid Tropical in northern, Humid Tropical in
southern part of range.
Specific characters. Crown decidedly darker than back usually clove
brown; back brownish olive; tail feathers strongly edged externally
with rufous and inner border of inner webs usually distinctly edged
with vinaceous-buffy or cinnamon-buffy.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown clove brown, sometimes more or
less washed with olive, but always much darker than back; back olive,
always with a brownish shade, but often with a slight greenish tinge;
upper tail coverts broccoli brown edged and often suffused with russet
or cinnamon-rufous; secondaries and all but first primary and outer
borders of tail feathers strongly edged with dark rusty rufous; wing
coverts usually with broad edging of cinnamon er russet varying to isa-
bella color; chin, throat and breast ash gray; abdomen and under tail
coverts rich sulphur yellow; inner webs of tail leathers usually with a
distinct and often broad border of reddish-buffy, broadest on inner rec-
trices and often present on middle pair; occasionally this buffy border
nearly or quite absent, especially in specimens from southern part of
range.
I Description of young in first plumage. Crown seal brown; back dark
sepia brown; upper tail coverts dark hair brown broadly edged with
russet; tail feathers broadly bordered on both sides by light cinnamon-
rufous; wing coverts, tertials, primaries and secondaries strongly edged
with rusty vinaceous-cinnamon not very different from color on border
of tail feathers; chin and throat light gray shading into olive gray on
sides of neck and breast; abdomen and under tail coverts primrose yel
low, deepest on middle of abdomen.
Measurements of typical specimens from Tamaulipas and Nnevo Leon.
Averages of six adult males: Wing, 87.7 (82-90); tail, 84.7 (77^89); cul-
men, 17.1 (16.5-18); tarsus, 21 (20-22).
Averages of five adult females: Wing, 83.8 (80-88); tail, 80.2 (76-84);
culmen, 16.8 (16-18); tarsus, 20.2 (20-21).
General notes. Typical Myiarchus lawrencei, characterized by its large
size and the amount of rufous edgings on both webs of tail feathers, is
found only in northeastern Mexico from Monterey, Nuevo Leon, to
northern Vera Cruz. South of this there is a steady decrease in size to
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This decrease in size is accompanied
by a decrease in the amount of rufous bordering the inner webs of the
tail feathers. Birds from south of the Isthmus to Guatemala are de
cidedly smaller than those from the northern part of the range, and
44 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
agree closely in this character with nigriccipillus from Costa Rica, but
the colors of upperparts are most like those of typical lawrencei, with
which I have placed them. The birds from southern Vera Cruz to
Guatemala occupy a belt between the ranges of querulvs on one hand
and plntyrhynchus on the other, and the occurrence of intergrades with
these forms and with nigricapilluK to the south renders the exact deter
mination of many specimens from this region extremely difficult. In
cases of this kind one is forced to name specimens arbitrarily or leave
them undetermined. The amount of rufous margination to inner webs
of tail feathers sometimes covers half the web in specimens from north
eastern Mexico, and in southern Vera Cruz and southward individuals
occur in which there is little or no trace of it, though they are not nu
merous. Some specimens from Jalapa and other localities farther south
in Vera Cruz have the buffy border on inner webs of tail feathers much
restricted and sometimes indistinct. The backs in winter specimens
throughout its range in northeastern Mexico vary from dull olivaceous
to olivaceous brown. Resident birds from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, and
from other points on the Pacific slope south of Tehuantepec in Chiapas
are more like typical lawrencei in size and color than those from the
southern part of its range on the. Gulf coast.
Myiarchus lawrencei ntgricapillus (Cabanis).
COSTA RICAN FLYCATCHER.
1861. Myiarchus nigricapillus Cabanis, Journal fur Ornithologie, 1861, p.
250 (in text).
Type locality. Costa Rica. No type nor specific locality mentioned.
Breeding range. Central America from southern Guatemala to Costa
Rica. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Humid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Crown blacker than in true lawrencei; back
darker olive; size smaller.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown brownish black, sometimes tinged
with olive: back dark olive, slightly less grayish than in true lawrencei;
upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown edged with dark russet or rusty
rufous; wing (except first primaries) and tail feathers edged externally
with dark russet or rusty rufous; wing coverts bordered with cinnamon
or russet; chin, throat and breast dull ash gray, averaging darker than
in lawrencei; abdomen and under tail coverts rich sulphur yellow; inner
border of tail feathers usually with narrow edging of cinnamon buffy,
this border occasionally covering one-fourth of web.
Measurements of specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua: Averages
of four adult males: Wing, 82 (80-83); tail, 77.2 (75-79); culmen, 16.1
(16-16.5); tarsus, 20.2 (20-20.5).
Averages of four adult females: Wing, 76.5 (75-78); tail, 69.5 (66-72);
culmen, 16. (16); tarsus, 19.6(19-2,0).
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 45
General notes. Birds from Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, of
which I have examined a considerable number, agree closely in size and
color. The Hondurus birds, however, average a little smaller than
those from Costa Rica. There is the usual variation in amount of ru
fous edgings to outer borders of wings and tail.
Myiarchus lawrencei bangsi subsp. nov.
BANGS 'S FLYCATCHEK.
Type. No. 8758, adult male, Collection of E. A. and O. Bangs. From
Boquete, Panama. Collected January 26, 1901, by W. W. Brown, Jr.
Breeding range. Panama. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Humid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Crown intensely black; back greenish; inner
webs of tail feathers without buffy borders.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown intensely black; back dark
greenish olive; upper tail coverts dark hair brown slightly edged with
dull russet; tail bordered externally with dull russet; inner webs of tail
feathers plain dusky; wing coverts bordered with isabella color lightly
edged with cinnamon; tertials narrowly edged with grayish white; pri
maries (except two outer ones) finely edged with russet; secondaries
more broadly edged with same; chin, throat and breast dull ashy or
olive gray; abdomen and under tail coverts between a rich primrose yel
low and sulphur yellow.
Measurements. Adult male (type): Wing, 84; tail, 81; culmen, 15.5;
tarsus, 21.
Adult female (topotype): Wing, 78.5; tail, 73; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20.
General notes. The intensely black crown and greener back serve to
distinguish the present form from any of the other subspecies of M.
lawrencei. The tail is also blacker and less bordered with rufous than in
nigricapillus, and the bill appreciably smaller. The two specimens from
Boquete are the only ones I have seen of M. I. bangsi, but they are so
different from the numerous specimens of nigricapillus at hand that I
have no doubt of their representing another subspecies. Citations of
nigricapillus from Panama undoubtedly refer to the present bird.
Myiarchus lawrencei platyrhynchus (Ridgway).
COZUMBL FLYCATCHER.
1885. Myiarchus platyrhynchus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Ill, p.
23. February 26, 1885.
Type locality. Cozumel Island, off coast of Yucatan. Type No.
102,738 U. S. National Museum (skinned from alcohol and much decol
orized).
46 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
Breeding range. Cozumel Island, Peninsula of Yucatan,- and coast
region of Campeche and Tabasco, to the Grijalva River. Not migra
tory.
Zonal distribution. Arid and Semi-arid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Most like olivascens, but upper parts darker;
back more greenish, and tail coverts, tail and wings darker and more
strongly edged with russet or reddish cinnamon; bill averages broader.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown dark brownish more or less
heavily washed with olive; back slightly greenish olive; upper tail
coverts broccoli brown edged and sometimes shaded with russet or red
dish cinnamon; tail feathers edged externally like upper coverts; all
but two outer primaries narrowly and secondaries more broadly edged
externally with russet like tail; wing coverts broadly tipped with dark
Isabella brown; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; inner webs of tail
feathers usually plain dusky, but occasional individuals have narrow
buffy edges along inner borders of inner feathers. Worn specimens lose
nearly or quite all the greenish shade on back and the rusty edgings to
wings and tail.
Measurements of specimens from Cozumel Island: Averages of five
adult males: Wing, 81 (79-83); tail, 77.7 (74-82); culmen, 17 (16.5-17.5);
tarsus, 20.2 (20-20.5).
Averages of two adult females: Wing, 75 (75); tail, 69 (69); culmen,
16 (16); tarsus, 18.5 (18-19).
Mainland specimens average about the same.
General notes. A series of 33 specimens in the Biological Survey and
National Museum collections, from various localities covering the range
given above, show conclusively that the birds from this region and
especially from Yucatan which were formerly referred to lawrencei and
later to olivascens are identical with platyrhynchus, described by Mr.
Ridgway from Cozumel Island. This form occupies the comparatively
arid region of northern Yucatan and the adjacent coastal area to the
exclusion of true lawrencei, which belongs to the more humid interior
bordering the Cordillera.
Among the entire series only a single specimen, and it is from Cozu
mel Island, has a buffy border to inner webs of inner tail feathers.
In view of their wide separation, necessarily distinct origin and dif
ferent environment, the close general similarity between platyrhynchus
and olivascens is interesting. It is another of the many cases in which
great similarity exists between widely separated forms of a species with
one or more decidedly more differentiated forms occupy ing the interven
ing area. The greater humidity of the habitat of platyrhynchus accounts
for the somewhat darker colors of this form in comparison with the paler
and grayer colors of olivascens.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 47
Myiarchus lawrencei querulus subsp. nov.
QUERULOUS FLYCATCHER.
Type. No. 185,220, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From Los Reyes, Michoacan, Mexico. Collected February
17, 1903, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Breeding range. Southern end of Mexican tableland from central
Jalisco, Michoacan, Hidalgo and state of Mexico south through Colima,
Guerrero, part of Puebla and Oaxaca to Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where
it passes into true lawrencei. Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid Tropical to Upper Sonoran.
Subspecific characters. Color most like platyrhynchus but size larger
(almost equalling lawrencei from northeastern Mexico), and inner borders
of tail feathers usually more or less edged with buffy.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown nearly clove brown, with a slight
wash of olive, distinctly darker than back; back slightly grayish olive
but darker and more greenish than in olivascens; upper tail coverts dark
hair brown, more or less bordered and shaded with cinnamon; outer
edges of tail feathers thinly bordered with russet; wing coverts tipped
with Isabella color; secondaries and all but outer primaries narrowly
edged with russet; chin, throat and breast clear ash gray; abdomen and
under tail coverts rich straw yellow; inner webs of inner tail feathers
usually narrowly bordered with ochracepus buffy.
Young in first plumage. The same as in lawrencei, but paler, especially
on crown and underparts.
Measurements. Averages of ten adult males: Wing, 86.1 (83-90); tail,
83.3 (80-86); culmen, 17.3 (17-18); tarsus, 19.6 (19-20).
Averages of five adult females: Wing, 81.6 (78-87); tail, 79.2 (76-83);
culmen, 17(16.5-17.5); tarsus, 19.4(19-20).
General notes. Specimens of the present form have hitherto been con
fused with the smaller and paler olivascens, but the Biological Survey
series from all parts of western and southern Mexico make it plain that
there are two recognizable forms on the mainland north of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec. The southern one, querulus, occupies an area lying
between the more arid home of olivascens and the still more humid one
of true lawrencei. One of the unexpected characters of querulus is its
large size almost the same as of lawrencei of northeastern Mexico, and
considerably exceeding that of olivascens or of the representatives of
lawrencei where their two ranges come in contact. Its large size also
separates it at once from platyrhynchus. It is paler than lawrencei and
with less strongly marked rufous borders to wings and tail. Some spec
imens, especially from Hidalgo and certain other tableland localities,
sometimes lack the buffy inner edging to the tail feathers, but their
large size and general coloration distinguishes them.
48 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway.
OLIVACEOUS FLYCATCHER.
1884. Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
II, p. 91.
Type locality. Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca. Type No. 57,655 U. S. National
Museum.
Breeding range. Southern Arizona and thence south in western Mex
ico, west of the Sierra Madre to northern Tepic.
Migrates from northern part of its range south throughout southwest
ern Mexico to Chiapas and inland through Michoacan and Guerrero.
Resident in southern part of breeding range.
Zonal distribution. Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Decidedly smaller than true lawrencei; upper
parts grayer and rectrices only slightly if at all edged with pale cinna
mon.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown olive brown, but slightly darker
than back; back grayish olive with but slight if any indication of green
ish: upper tail coverts hair brown usually but not always edged with
pale cinnamon; outer edges of tail feathers, secondaries and all but two
outer primaries edged with slightly darker shade of cinnamon; wing
coverts vary from drab to Isabella color; inner webs of inner tail
feathers usually plain dusky but sometimes with a slight buffy edge
along inner border; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; abdomen and
under tail coverts varying from sulphur yellow to straw yellow.
Measurements of specimens from southern Arizona: Averages of ten
adult males: Wing, 81.5 (76-85); tail, 77.9 (73-81); culmen. 16.6 (16-17);
tarsus, 18.9 (18-20).
Averages of ten adult females: Wing, 76.4 (75-78); tail, 72.5 (70-75);
culmen, 16.1 (15-17); tarsus, 18.1 (17.5-19).
General notes. The type of olivascens came from Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca, close to the border of Chiapas, where the resident birds are
nearly typical lawrencei both in size and color. The type of olivascens is
in winter plumage and agrees in every way with birds from northwestern
Mexico and southern Arizonia. From this it is practically certain that
this individual was a winter visitant from the north. The birds of
southern Arizona may be considered typical of the form.
M. olivascens is apparently not numerous in winter south of Guerrero.
The Bangs collection contains one specimen taken on April 4, at
Patzcuaro, Michoacan, which was probably a migrant. Among a series
of over fifty specimens at hand only a few have indications of a buffy
border along the inner edge of the tail feathers, and most of these are
intergrades from along the southern border of its range where it merges
into querulus. There is also a gradual increase southward in size.
Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus. 49
Myiarchus lawrencei tresmariae subsp. nov.
TRES MARIAS FLYCATCHER.
Type. No. 156,810, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. From Maria Madre Island, Tepic, Mexico. Collected
May 5, 1897, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Breeding range. Tres Marias Islands, Tepic Ty., Mexico. Not mi
gratory.
Zonal distribution. Arid Tropical.
Subspecific characters. Palest and grayest of the forms of lawrencei,
with slight buffy borders on inner webs of inner tail feathers; bill pro
portionately longer and broader than in olivascens.
Description of slightly worn plumage. Upperparts hair brown, only
slightly darker on crown; upper tail coverts drab thinly edged with pale
cinnamon; tail feathers thinly edged externally with same; inner pri
maries and secondaries very finely edged externally with same; wing
coverts tipped with drab; chin, throat and breast dingy ash gray, duller
than in olivascens; abdomen and under tail coverts straw yellow; inner
webs of inner tail feathers usually with narrow border of buffy ; bill
larger and broader than in olivascens.
Measurements. Adult male (type); Wing, 79; tail, 75; culmen, 18;
width of culmen, 9; tarsus, 21.
Average of seven adult females: Wing, 76.1 (73-30); tail, 74.4 (70-79).
culmen, 16.8 (16-18); width of culmen, 9.1 (9-9.5); tarsus, 19.6(19-20.5);
General notes. The present form only needs comparison with olivas
cens, from which it is easily distinguished by the characters mentioned.
Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater.
BLACK CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
1860. Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 68.
Type locality. Pallatanga, Ecuador. Type in British Museum.
Breeding range. Over a large part of northern South America from
the valley of the Amazon to Panama (including San Miguel Island).
Not migratory.
Zonal distribution. Mainly Humid Tropical but ranging above this
to 9500 feet in Peru (Biologia Cent. -Am., II, p. 96).
Specific characters. Crown slaty black; back olive greenish; wings
and tail of adult without rufous edgings.
Description of fresh plumage. Crown slaty black; back olive greenish;
upper tail coverts hair brown slightly edged with tawny olive; tail
feathers edged externally with hair brown varying to isabella color;
outer web of outer feather drab, paler than inner web; inner webs plain
dusky; outer primaries without external edging; inner primaries with
50 Nelson North American Mainland Myiarchus.
or without a fine grayish edging; secondaries narrowly edged with light
drab often tinged with greenish; tertials dingy whitish sometimes in
clining to drab; wing coverts drab; inner borders of wing feathers sal
mon buffy; chin, throat and breast ash gray; abdomen and under tail
coverts canary yellow varying to sulphur yellow.
Description of young in first plumage. Crown dull sooty black; back
dingy olive: upper tail coverts sepia brown edged with dark russet; wing
coverts, tertials and secondaries rusty cinnamon, palest on tertials; inner
primaries thinly edged with russet; inside of wing feathers bordered
with salmon buffy; tail feathers narrowly bordered on both webs by
cinnamon rufous; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; abdomen and un-
, der tail coverts primrose yellow.
Measurements. Averages of ten adult males from northern Colombia:
Wing, 81.7 (80-83); tail, 76.3 (74-78); culmen, 17.1 (17-18); tarsus, 19.6
(18.5-20.5).
Averages of five adult females from northern Colombia: Wing, 77.2
(73-83); tail, 72 (68-76); culmen, 16.6(16-17); tarsus, 19.4(18-20.5).
General notes. The adults of this species in size and general style of
coloration resemble M. nigricapillus and M. bangsi, except that they
completely lack the rufous edgings to wings and tail found in those
birds. The first plumage of nigriceps is much like the young of law-
rencei but the upper parts are darker and the rufous borders to the tail
feathers are decidedly narrower. Whether the ranges of this species
and M. bangsi overlap or are complementary remains to be determined.
Myiarchus brunneiceps Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII,
327, June, 1861, from Lion Hill, Panama, is a synonym of M. nigriceps.
M. nigriceps is a wide ranging South American species with M. law-
rencei and subspecies as its nearest relatives in North America.
VOL. XVII, PP. 51-52 MARCH 10, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW BATRACHIAN FROM SARAWAK, BORNEO.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.
Among a small collection of Batrachians taken in Sarawak, Borneo,
by Mr. W. T. Hornaday, there are two specimens of an apparently un-
described species of toad. This species is nearly related to Nectes subasper
Tschndi, from Java.
Nectes obscurus sp. nov.
Differing from N. subnsper in the size of the tympanum ; the size of the
nostrils; the width of the upper eyelid; and in the distinctness of the
metatareal tubercles.
Head rather small ; snout oblique and obtusely angular; nostrils very
small, opening upward and slightly outward ; upper eyelid wide; space
between the eyes rather broad ; tympanum distinct but small, less than
one-half the diameter of the eye ; fingers slender, the first a very little
shorter than the second ; toes long and slender, united by a rather nar
row membrane ; subarticular tubercles distinct ; two large metatarsal
tubercles. When the hind limb is carried forward along the body, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches a considerable distance beyond the
tip of the snout. Upper surfaces and sides covered with round and con
ical warts of unequal size, the largest evidently porous and arranged in
two irregular lines on the dorsal surface. The lower surfaces are cov
ered with rather fine granules of unequal size.
Color (alcoholic specimens), olivaceous above, lighter below; the hind
legs banded and mottled with a darker color.
Type No. 2396, Barbour collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.
4-Pnoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904 (51)
VOL. XVII, PP. 53-54 MA&CH 21, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
HAPLOMYLOMYS, A NEW SUBGENUS OF PEROMYSCUS.
BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.
The genus Peromyscus, as at present recognized, contains a
larger number of species than any other North American genus
of mammals. It has a comparatively wide range, and, although
subject to numerous minor variations, preserves its essential
characters with remarkable uni
formity. Thus far only two sub-
generic names have been proposed
for subordinate groups within the
genus Baiomys, erected by True
in 1894 * for the tiny species P.
taylori, and Megadontomys, pro
posed by Merriam in 1898 f for
the largest species of the genus
P. thomasi. Both of these are well
characterized, but represent abej.*-
rant types rather than assem
blages of species. Baiomys con
tains only two well-marked spe
cies (each possibly divisible into
i -i >. T -n/r ^ FIG. 1. A. Upper molars of Peromuscus
several subspecies) and Megadon- ( Peromyscu v S ) felipensis . B . u PP er mo-
tomys is represented by Only the \*.vsofPeromyscus(Haplomylomys)caU-
type species and two closely re- fornicus ' (About>
lated forms. All the other species are at present retained in
*Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 758, 1894.
fProc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, pp. 115-116, April 30, 1898; see also
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIX, p. 27, 1902, where Megadontomys
is given generic rank.
5 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904 (53)
54 Osgood Haplomylomys, a New Subgenus of Peromyscus.
the restricted genus Peromyscus, typified by the common P.
lencopus of the eastern United States.
A small group containing two well-known species and numer
ous subspecies found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico seems also
worthy of subgeneric recognition. Although not differing as a
group in any external characters that are diagnostic, it is sharply
defined by peculiarities of the molar teeth, which are so con
stant and, comparatively speaking, so pronounced as to be of
considerable significance.
The important forms of this group are P. eremicus and P.
califomicus, characterized b} 7 a less complex tuberculation of the
molar teeth than in Peromyscus proper or in Megadontomys. In
the ordinary type of Peromyscus there is a small accessory tubercle
between the primary outer tubercles of the first and second upper
molars. In unworn teeth these tiny tubercles are scarcely notice
able, except as viewed in profile. When the crowns of the molars
become worn, however, they appear as narrow enamel loops with
closely appressed sides, lying between the more or less open
primary loops. These small tubercles are not present in the
group heretofore loosely called the ' eremicus ' group. They
are also absent in Baiomys, which, however, is otherwise peculiar.
The} 7 are developed to various degrees in various species, in some
being difficult to observe, except in teeth that have been sub
jected to considerable wear. Apparently they are least promi
nent in P. crinitas and its close allies.
The appearance of partly worn teeth is shown in the accom-
pan} 7 ing reproduction of photographs of actual specimens. For
purposes of illustration, two of the larger species were selected.
In essential characters their teeth do not differ from those of the
type species of their respective groups.
The new subgenus may be characterized as follows :
Haplomylomys subgen. nov.
Type. Peromyscus eremicus (Baird), from Fort Yuma, California.
Characters. Size medium or small ; pelage usually very soft and silky ;
tail longer than head and body, subterete, rather thinly haired; soles of
hind feet naked (at least in median line) to calcaneum, 6-tuberculate and
paved with minute imbricate scales ; skull with cranium rather large and
rostral region relatively weak ; first and second upper molars with three
salient and two reentrant outer angles at all stage? of wear; small
secondary tubercles never present between outer primary tubercles ; lower
molars correspondingly simple.
VOL. XVII, PP. 55-77 MARCH 21, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THIRTY NEW MICE OF THE GENUS PEROMYSCUS
FROM MEXICO AND GUATEMALA.
BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.
The mice of the genus Peromyscus, so well represented in the
United States and so well known for their numerous specific
and subspecific variations, reach their highest development
south of our borders in Mexico. This is the region of their
greatest abundance, both in actual numbers and in specific
types. Some are closely related to forms found in the United
States, but the majority are entirely different.
The thorough work of E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman in this
region has resulted in the acquisition of very large numbers of
specimens of this genus, and now for the first time it is possible
to learn the number and diversity of their specific and sub-
specific forms. Specimens of Peromyscus, from Mexico and
Guatemala alone, to the number of nearly 3,400, are now in the
collection of the U. S. Biological Survey. This is unquestion
ably in excess of the combined number in all other collections
in the world, and it is therefore not surprising that a compara
tively large number of new forms should be found among them.
The descriptions herewith are presented in advance of a
revision of the entire genus, now in preparation, in which it
is hoped that all the known forms may be fully discussed.
I take pleasure in making acknowledgments to Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, to whom I owe the opportunity of elaborating this
G PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904 (65)
56 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
rich material and to whom I am indebted for much valued
criticism and advice. It was also my privilege to be somewhat
associated with Dr. Merriam during his preparation of a pre
liminary paper on the same group several years ago,* an expe
rience which is now of the utmost value to me. During the
work I have been greatly assisted by Mr. Nelson, and the ad
vantage of having at my disposal his intimate knowledge of the
physiographic conditions of Mexico has been much appreciated.
Subgenus Peromyscus Gloger.
Peromyscus sonoriensis blandus subsp. nov.
Type from Escalon, Chihuahua, Mexico. Adult female, No. 57,635, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, November 27, 1893, E. A.
Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. sonoriensis, f but smaller ; tail shorter ( usually
less than 75) ; color more vinaceous.
Color. Type, in full winter pelage : Upper parts vinaceous buff, uni
formly sprinkled with dusky; a narrow lateral line of vinaceous buff ;
lanuginous ear tufts conspicuous, mixed white and buff; under parts
creamy white ; ears chiefly whitish with a wide dusky area on flexure ;
tail sharply bicolor ; feet white, ankles with traces of dusky and buffy.
Skull. Similar to that of sonoriensis, but somewhat smaller ; nasals
averaging wider, particularly at their posterior ends.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 145; tail vertebrae, 61; hind foot,
21. Average of seven adult topotypes: 161; 69; 21.4. Skull of type:
Greatest length, 25.4; basilar length of Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic width,
12.5; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8 x 1.9 ; nasals, 9.8 x 2.5 ;
bony palate, 3.5 ; palatine slits, 5.7 x 2 ; diastema, 6.7 ; postpalatal length,
9.1 ; upper molar series, 3.8.
Remarks. This is the common short-tailed mouse of northeastern
Mexico. The limits of its range have not yet been thoroughly worked
out, but it is represented from numerous localities in Mexico east of the
Sierra Madre and extends north to western Texas. It is easily distin
guished from P. texanus of the same region by numerous characters,
among which may be mentioned the following : Size smaller ; tail shorter ;
color more vinaceous ; pelage softer; subauricular spots more prominent
and nearly always extensively white; nasals broader and flatter; pre-
maxillse less swollen laterally ; braincase smaller. Its vinaceous color
and small size distinguish it from sonoriensis. which is found chiefly west
of the Sierra Madre.
* These Proceedings, Vol. XII, pp. 115-125, April 30, 1898.
tNos. fffff and f Hf U. S. N. M., from Santa Cruz River, Sonora,
have been used to represent P. sonoriensis.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 57
Peromyscus sonoriensis fulvus subsp. nov.
Type from Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult male, No. 68,655, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, June 12, 1894, E. \V.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. sonoriensis, but color darker and more rufes-
cent; skull with anterior part of z} r goma heavier and more deeply
notched by infraorbital foramen.
Color. General color of upper parts russet, deepening in middle of
back to mars brown and Front's brown ; under parts creamy white; ear
tufts prominent, buffy or pale creamy ; tail sharply bicolor, brown above,
white below; feet and forelegs white ; outer side of ankles brownish.
Skull. Similar to that of P. sonoriensis but more angular ; anterior part
of zygoma heavier and more deeply notched by infraorbital foramen ;
similar to that of P. labecula but smaller and shorter; zygomata not so
heavy nor so broadly expanding anteriorly; nasals rather short and
broad.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 167; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot,
22. Average of 10 adults from Chalchicomula, Puebla: 162 (150-183);
71.5 (65-78); 22. Skull of type: Greatest length, 25; basilar length of
Hensel, 19.5; zygornatic width, 12.8; interorbital constriction, 4 ; inter-
parietal, 8x2.1; nasals, 10; bony palate, 3.7; palatine slits, 5.6x2;
diastema, 6.5; postpalatal length, 8.7; upper molar series, 3.8.
Remarks. P. s. fulvus is the southernmost representative of the well-
known sonoriensis group of small short-tailed mice. It is found from
Oaxaca north to Puebla and parts of Vera Cruz and Hidalgo. Its near
relatives are P. s. blandus and P. s. labecula.* In general terms, blandus
is small and vinaceous, fulvus is medium sized and rufescent, and labecula
is large and more inclined to duskiness. The intergradation of all three
and their connection with typical sonoriensis are scarcely to be doubted.
Peromyscus texanus mesomelas subsp. nov.
Type from Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Adult male, No. 58,210, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, January 20, 1894, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Most similar to P. t. mearusi ; color darker; tail shorter;
hind foot larger; a small pectoral spot present; adolescents with an in
tense black dorsal stripe.
Color. Adult: General effect of upper 'parts pale Prout's brown, pro
duced by fawn ground color with a liberal mixture of dusky ; sides prac
tically unicolor with back; no definite dusky markings about head;
under parts creamy white except a small but distinct pectoral spot of
fawn color; ears dusky with whitish edges; feet white, ankles dusky
* Elliot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Ill, pp. 143-144, March, 1903.
58 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
brownish ; tail bicolor. Immature : Similar in general to adult, but more
sooty; sides dark mouse gray, tinged with fawn and bordered by a nar
row fawn-colored lateral line; a broad stripe in median dorsal region in
tense black ; ankles sooty ; tail indistinctly bicolor.
Skull. Similar to that of P. t. mearnsi, but with braincase averaging
slightly larger and wider ; nasals rather long and palatine slits usually
corresponding.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot,
23. Skull of type : Greatest length, 26.5 ; basilar length of Hensel, 20.2 ;
zygornatic width, 13.6 ; interorbital constriction, 4 ; interparietal, 8.6 x 2.3 ;
nasals, 10.4 ; bony palate, 3.8 ; palatine slits, 5.2 x 2 ; diastema, 6.9 ; post-
palatal length, 9.1 ; upper molar series, 3.7.
Remarks. Although this form is very well characterized, there seems
to be no doubt that it is connected, through P. t. mearnsi, with P. texanus
and others of the same group. Specimens from Rio Verde, San Luis
Potosi, are quite evidently intermediate, and a series from Metlaltoyuca,
Puebla, while distinctly referable to mesomelas, shows some tendencies
toward mearnsi. P. mesomelas is also related to P. ajfinis, which is a much
paler form and not apt to be confused with it. Like mearnsi and affinis,
it has short and relatively harsh pelage somewhat different from that of
most other Mexican species.
Peromyscus texanus castaneus subsp. nov.
Type from vicinity of Yohaltun, Campeche, Peninsula of Yucatan,
Mexico. Adult male, No. 107,980, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection, December 19, 1900, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. t. mesomelas, but smaller and more ferruginous
colored; under parts without pectoral spot; adolescents without black
dorsal stripe ; skull and teeth small.
Color. Type, in fresh pelage: General color of upper parts between
Prout's brown and burnt umber, clearer on sides, darker on back ; ground
color rich dark fawn ; ho definite lateral line; under parts pure white;
feet white ankles brownish. Topotype No. 107,982, in slightly worn
pelage: Sides and upper parts nearly uniform cinnamon rufous with
scarcely any dusky ad mixture and only a narrow line on back somewhat
deeper colored than rest of upper parts. Immature: As in adult but
grayer.
Skull. Rather small and light; braincase relatively narrow; nasals
and palatine slits short; molar teeth small; otherwise similar to P. t.
mesomelas.
Measurements. Average of 10 adult topotypes : Total length, 163 (156-
169) ; tail vertebrae, 73 (68-79) ; hind foot, 21.5 (20-22). Skull of type:
Greatest length, 25.3; basMar length of Hensel, 19; zygomatic width,
13; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.3; nasals, 9.3; bony
palate, 4 ; palatine slits, 4.2 x 1.9 ; diastema, 6.2 ; postpalatal length, 9.5 ;
upper molar series, 3.5.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 59
Remarks. P. L castaneus is nearly the same color as P. cozumelee, which
is closely related. P. cozumelse differs chiefly in larger size and heavier
teeth. No specimens from the humid tropical region between Orizaba
and Yohaltun are at hand, but castaneus is not sufficiently different from
mesomelas to warrant full specific rank. P. affinis is a related form of the
adjacent arid tropics, and much paler than either castaneus or mesomelas.
Peromyscus melanotis zamelas subsp. nov.
Type from Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico (altitude 6700 feet).
Adult female, No. 98,197, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, July 23, 1899, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar in general to P. melanotis but coloration more
sooty ; size small ; tail short ; skull not peculiar.
Color. Sides dark cinnamon rufous, densely clouded with sooty ; broad
stripe from top of head to base of tail intense black ; orbital ring and base
of whiskers black ; sides of face suffused with sooty ; a cinnamon rufous
patch below eye continuous with a narrow lateral line of the same color ;
feet white; tail sharply bicolor, black above, white below; under parts
white subdued by plumbeous under-color.
Skull. Practically as in melanotis; size quite small; molar teeth par
ticularly small.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, 63 ; hind foot,
20. Skull of type : Greatest length, 25.9 ; basilar length of Hensel, 19.3 ;
zygomatic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.2;
nasals, 11; bony palate, 3.8; palatine slits, 5.3x2.1; diastema, 7; post-
palatal length, 8.5; upper molar series, 3.3.
Peromyscus attwateri pectoralis subsp. nov.
Type from Jalpan, Queretaro, Mexico. Adult male, No. 81,236, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, August 30, 1896, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. attwateri, but richer colored and having a
prominent buffy pectoral spot; tail longer; size medium (hind foot 21-
23); superficially similar to P. eremicus ; color darker and more vinaceous ;
pelage slightly less silky ; tail longer and more hairy; soles of hind feet
naked or with slight hairiness on heel ; ankles usually white ; skull rather
heavy ; molar teeth with small accessory tubercles of subgenus Pero
myscus.
Color. Type, in fresh fall pelage: Ground color of upper parts pale
ochraceous buff with a thick sprinkling of dusky, producing an effect
nearly the shade of wood brown ; sides of head behind eyes grayish ; a
narrow blackish orbital ring; a distinct buffy ochraceous pectoral spot
usually present ; feet, and in most cases ankles, white ; under parts white ;
tail dusky above, white below.
60 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Skull. About as in P. allwateri ; somewhat similar to that of P. levipes
but smaller, with smaller teeth; lachrymal region less swollen; nasals
rather long and broad ; zygomata somewhat compressed anteriorly, not
elbowed squarely ; premaxillae usually ending beyond nasals; interpari-
etal rather large; audital bullpe quite small, smaller than \nlevipesor
eremicus.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot,
22. Average of 10 adults from various localities: 200; 112; 21.5. Skull
of type: Greatest length, 27; basilar length of Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic
width, 13.7 ; interorbital constriction, 4.2 ; nasals, 9.9 ; bony palate, 3.7 ;
palatine slits, 4.9 x 2; diastema, 6.3; postpalatal length, 9.4; upper
molar series, 3.8.
Peromyscus attwateri eremicoides subsp. nov.
Type .from Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. Adult male, No. 57,729, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 15, 1893, E. A.
Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. atlwateri, but smaller and paler; skull small
and light; audital bullae very small ; ears small; soles of hind feet naked.
Color. Upper parts mixed pinkish buff and dusky, producing the gen
eral effect of pale broccoli brown; lateral line pinkish buff; underparts
pure creamy white without trace of pectoral spot; facial region between
eye and ear grayish; feet and ankles white; tail dusky above, white
below. In some specimens, doubtless the younger ones, the general
effect is gray, while in others a delicate shade of pinkish buff predomi
nates.
Skull. Similar in general to that of attwateri but decidedly smaller ;
audital bullse very small ; nasals short ; interorbital constriction rela
tively wide; rostrum depressed.
Measurements. Type and one topotype : Total lengths, 180 ; 195 ; tail
vertebrae, 102; 111; hind feet, 20; 21. Skull of type: Greatest length,
24; basilar length of Hensel, 18; zygomatic width, 12; interorbital con
striction, 3.9 ; interparietal, 8.3 x 3; nasals, 8.5 ; bony palate, 3.5; pala
tine slits, 4.5 x 1.5; diastema, 5.8; postpalatal length, 8.5; upper molar
series, 3.5.
Remarks. This form is readily distinguishable from both attwateri and
pectoralis by its pale color, small ears, and very small skull. Its resem
blance to P. eremicus, particularly in immature and worn pelages, is re
markable. The only external characters by which it may be distin
guished are its longer, slightly more hairy tail and pure white ankles.
Neither of these characters, however, is to be depended upon, as the tail
in eremicus is often quite hairy, and the dusky on the ankle frequently so
little developed as to be scarcely apparent. The molar enamel pattern,
except in extremely worn teeth, is always diagnostic, eremicoides having
the small accessory cusps and eremicus being without them.
Specimens examined. Total number 10, from localities in Mexico as
follows: Coahuila, Jimulco, 4; Durango, Inde, 4, Mapimi, 2.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 61
Peromyscus polius sp. nov.
Type from Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico. Old female, No.
98,226, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, June 26,
1899, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Somewhat similar to P. boylei rowleyi, but decidedly larger
and grayer colored ; skull large and stoutly built, with large teeth and
relatively small audital bullse.
Color. General color of upper parts grayish broccoli brown, produced
by a ground color of pinkish buff mixed with dusky ; lateral line clear
pinkish buff; head slightly more grayish than body, particularly on
cheeks ; a narrow dusky orbital ring ; lanuginous tuft at base of ear occa
sionally tinged with white ; under parts pure white ; feet and ankles
white ; tail bicolor.
Skull. Similar in general to that of rowleyi, but larger ; molar teeth de
cidedly larger ; palatine slits longer ; audital bullse actually about same
size, relatively smaller ; otherwise not peculiar.
Measurements. Average of 8 adult topotypes : Total length, 218.5
(210-234); tail vertebrae, 117 (111-120); hind foot, 25.8 (25-26). Skull
of type : Greatest length, 29.9 ; basilar length of Hensel, 22.9 ; zygomatic
width, 14.8; interorbital constriction, 4.5; interparietal, 10.5 x 2.8;
nasals, 11.6; bony palate, 4.4 ; palatine slits, 6 x 2 ; diastema, 7.4; post-
palatal length, 10 ; upper molar series, 4.7.
Remarks. This species nearly equals P. drfficilis in size, but its shorter
tail and ears readily distinguish it without recourse to the skull, in which
the audital bullse are scarcely more than half the size of those of difficUis.
Its real relationship is undoubtedly with rowleyi and attwateri. It is appar
ently an isolated species, and is not the general Mexican representative
of this group, for practically typical rowleyi occurs as far south at least as
central Zacatecas. Its pure white ankles, as well as its large size and
pale color, afford convenient characters for readily recognizing it.
Peromyscus gratus gentilis subsp. nov.
Type from Lagos, Jalisco, Mexico. Adult male, No. 78,937, U. S. Na
tional Museum, Biological Survey Collection, June 27, 1896, E. W. Nelson
and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. gratus but paler ; sides of head much more
fulvous; molar teeth slightly smaller.
Color. New pelage: Upper parts pale ochraceous buff lightly mixed
with dusky ; middle of back with a slight concentration of dusky tipped
hairs ; top of head, ear tufts, etc., with a predominance of buffy ; sides
of head nearly clear ochraceous buff, with a slight tinge of grayish be
tween eye and base of ear ; eyelids black ; under parts white ; hands and
feet white; ankles dusky; tail bicolor, blackish above, white below.
Worn pelage : Upper parts varying from clear bright ochraceous buff on
back and rump to grayish buft about head and shoulders, sometimes with
62 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
a fine mixture of cinnamon tipped hairs throughout ; under parts white ;
tail dusky brownish above, white below.
Skull. As in typical P. grains, having the same large braincase, short
depressed rostrum, and relatively large audital bullse; molar teeth
slightly smaller.
Measurements. Average of 10 adult topotypes: Total length, 201 (194-
210); tail vertebrae, 111.7 (103-120); hind foot, 23.8 (23-24.5). Skull of
type: Greatest length, 27.2; zygomatic width, 14; nasals, 9.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 4.4 ; upper molar series, 4.
Remarks. Apparently there are two forms of the P. grains type found
in Mexico, one very dark with dusky grayish head and cheeks, the other
much paler with less dusky or grayish and more ochraceous on the head
and cheeks. The extreme of the dark form is shown in a series from
Zamora, Michoacan. Typical grains from Tlalpam, Mexico, is unques
tionably referable to the dark form, although not so extreme as the
specimens from Zamora. The light form, which is therefore named, is
most extreme in specimens from Lagos, Jalisco. Various degrees of in-
tergradation are shown by specimens from a number of localities.
Peromyscus amplus sp. nov.
Type from Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult female, No. 70,158,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, November 12, 1894,
E. VV. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Most similar to P.felipensis, but very much paler; pelage
long and soft; color very uniform, with scarcely any dark dorsal area;
skull with somewhat inflated braincase.
Color. Type : General effect of upper parts uniform clay color produced
by a ground color of ochraceous buff and a fine ' peppery' mixture of
dusky ; lateral line rather broad, ochraceous buff; forehead and orbital
region from posterior base of whiskers to ear grayish ; anterior base of
whiskers buffy ; under parts creamy white with a well-developed ochrace
ous buff pectoral spot ; feet white, ankles dusky ; tail white below, dusky
brownish above.
Skull. Very similar to that of felipensis, but braincase slightly higher
and more inflated; anterior part of skull depressed; audital bullae large.
Measurements. Average of 10 adult topotypes: Total length, 248
(235-260); tail vertebrae, 136 (128-145); hind foot, 27 (26-28). Skull of
type : Greatest length, 30.4 : basilar length of Hensel, 23 ; zygomatic
width, 10.4 ; interorbital constriction, 4.5 ; interparietal, 10.4 x 3.7 ; nasals,
11.3; bony palate, 4.6; palatine slits, 6 x 2.3; diastema, 7.9 ; postpalatal
length, 10.2; upper molar series, 4.8.
Remarks. P. felipensis, to which amplus is related, is essentially a black
mouse, whereas the predominating color of amplus is ochraceous buff,
and except in conditions of fresh new pelage there is scarcely any black.
The pelage has a peculiar quality about it which baffles description, but
which differs to a certain extent in having less gloss or luster than in most
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 63
species. In this respect it approaches a similar condition frequently
found in specimens of the melanophrys type. It is easily distinguished
from melanophrys by the absence of any definite supraorbital ridge and
by its larger audital bullse. Its relationship to difficilis is by no means
remote, but its skull differs in the same respects as that of felipensis.
Specimens examined. Total number, 65, from localities in Mexico as
follows : Oaxaca, Coixtlahuaca, 16, Marques, 5, Tamazulapam, 13 ; Puebla,
Chalchicomula, 9 ; Tlaxcala, Apixaco, 2 ; Vera Cruz, Maltrata, 5, Perote, 1 5.
Peromyscus bullatus sp. nov.
Type from Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Adult female, No. 54,405, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, June 3, 1893, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Related to P. truei and P. difficilis ; audital bullse greatly
inflated, larger than in any other known species of the genus; external
ears very large ; tail shorter than head and body.
Color. Very similar to that of P. truei, but richer, more tawny ; sides
and ground color of upper parts tawny ochraceous; middle of back with
considerable dusky producing a broccoli brown effect ; top of head and
nose broccoli brown ; sides of head between base of ear and eye distinctly
grayish; a narrow dusky orbital ring; under parts pure creamy white;
feet white with a dusky patch on ankle; tail bicolor.
Skull. Similar in general to that of P. truei ; smaller than in P. difficilis ;
audital bullse very much inflated, actually as well as relatively larger than
in any other known species of the genus ; braincase rounded and some
what inflated, much as in truei ; interorbital constriction relatively wider
than in difficilis; nasals and palatine slits rather long; molar teeth large,
actually larger than those of truei and nearly equalling those of difficilis.
Measurements. Type : Total length, 200 ; tail vertebrae, 93 + ; hind foot,
23; ear from notch (measured dry), 25. Skull of type: Greatest length,
28.9; basilar length of Hensel, 22; /ygomatic width, 14.5; interorbital
constriction, 4.5; interparietal, 10x3; nasals, 10.4; bony palate, 4.2;
palatine slits, 5.8 x 2 ; diastema, 8.3; postpalatal length, 10; upper molar
series, 4.3; greatest diameter of audital bullse, 6.5.
Remarks. The relationships of this rather remarkable mouse are
clearly with P. truei and P. difficilis. Its short tail * and light color are
sufficient to distinguish it from difficilis at a glance, and its enormous
audital bullse separate it at once from truei. The external ears are also
very large, slightly exceeding those of difficilis as well as of all other
species. There is only the one specimen in the collection, in spite of the
fact that its habitat is in the state of Vera Cruz, where reasonably
thorough collecting has been done.
*The tail of the type is not quite perfect, having lost the extreme tip,
but it is very evident that it was naturally much shorter than that of
difficilis.
7 Puoc. BIOL. Sue. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904.
64 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Peromyscus spicilegus evides subsp. nov.
Type from Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult male, No. 71,426, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, February 28, 1895, E.W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Color as in spicilegus except upper side of hind foot, which
has a wedge-shaped dusky area extending: from ankles nearly to base of
toes; skull larger and heavier; teeth much larger.
Color. Upper parts rich tawny, very slightly mixed with dusky, the
dusky somewhat concentrated medially ; a narrow black orbital ring and
small spot at base of whiskers; under parts creamy white with a small
pectoral spot of tawny; tail blackish above, white below ; forearm sooty
to wrist, hands white; ankle and proximal half of foot sooty except on
sides.
Skull. As in spicilegus but larger; molar teeth decidedly heavier.
Measurements. Average of 5 adult topotypes: Total length, 211; tail
vertebrae, 106; hind foot, 25. Skull of type: G reatest length, 29 ; basilar
length of Hensel, 22; KygOmatic width, 14.4; interorbital constriction,
4.6; interparietal,9.3 x3.2; nasals, 11.5; bony palate, 4.7 ; palatine slits,
5.6; diastema, 17; postpalatal length, 9.1; upper molar series, 5.
Remarks. P. spidlegus and closely related forms are represented in the
Biological Survey Collection by a large number of specimens from nearly
all the mountainous parts of Mexico. Among these there is much local
and individual variation, and there seems to be no strongly marked ten
dency to differentiation into forms occupying general areas. The small
series from Juquila are markedly larger than spicilegus, and this differ
ence in size is emphasized by the skull and teeth. A large series from
Los Reyes, Michoacan, appears to be intermediate between spicilegus and
evides.
Peromyscus spicilegus simulus subsp. nov.
Type from San Bias, Tepic, Mexico. Adult male, No. 88,088, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, April 18, 1897, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar in general color to P. spicilegus ; skull smaller and
with decidedly shorter nasals.
Color. About as in P. spicilegus ; general color of upper parts cinnamon
rufous with a darker dorsal area ; under parts white, usually with a small
rufous pectoral spot; feet white, ankles dusky; tail usually bicolor, but
sometimes not perfectly so.
Skull. Somewhat similar to that of spicilegus, but smaller and more
angular; nasals and rostra] part of skull decidedly shorter; parietal nar
rower and less shelf-like; premaxillse not exceeding nasals; zygomata
rather heavy and 'squared' anteriorly; molar teeth very small; bony
palate short.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 65
Measurements. Average of 3 adult topotypes: Total length, 208; tail
vertebrae, 111; hind foot, 23. Skull of type: Greatest length, 26.3;
basilar length of Hensel, 20.3; zygomatic width, 14; interorbital con
striction, 4.1 ; nasals, 9.4; bony palate, 3.6; palatine slits, 5.6 x 2; dias-
tema, 7; postpalatal length, 9.4; upper molar series, 3.8.
Remarks. P. fpic&egut is essentially a mountain animal, and is not
usually found except at considerable elevations. Apparently the form
from the lowlands of Tepic is its only coast representative. This is well
characterized by cranial characters, although it does not differ markedly
in color, being possibly a shade darker, but in this respect easily within
the variation of the typical form. Specimens from Plomosas, Sinaloa,
though referable to spicilegns, show some tendency toward simulus.
Specimens examined. Total number, 10, from localities in Mexico, as
follows: Tepic, Navarrete, 2, Kosario, 2, San Bias, 6.
Peromyscus melanophrys zamorse subsp. nov.
Type from Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico. Adult male, No. 120,288, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, January 20, 1903, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. melanophrys, but averaging slightly larger and
darker; a large tawny pectoral spot present;* skull comparatively broad
and heavy, teeth large.
Color. Similar in general to that of P. melanophrys, but apparently
somewhat darker, the difference in this respect being very slight if any.
Adults with a broad band of tawny across pectoral region between fore
legs. Upper side of tail more nearly black than in melanophrys.
Skull. Similar to that of melanophrys, but slightly larger and heavier;
braincase fuller and broader; audital "bullae larger; supraorbital beads
less trenchant and forming -ridges rather than shelves anteriorly; molar
teeth larger; other characters similar.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 141 ; hind foot,
29. Average of 7 young adult topotypes: Total length, 259; tail verte-
brie, 144 ; hind foot, 28.4. Skull. Two adults : Greatest length, 31.3-32 ;
basilar length of Hensel, 25-25.9; zygomatic width, 16.5-16.9; nasals,
12-12; upper molar series, 4.7-4.8; palatine slits, 66 x 2.7-7 x 2.6.
Remarks. All the adult specimens of this form thus far examined have
the tawny pectoral marking highly developed. The majority of the
series from Zamora are adolescents and exceptionally dark. Even those
* The constancy of this character may be doubted, as it is of such irreg
ular occurrence in this genus. In the present case, while not diagnostic,
it seems to be a character of importance. Of 76 specimens of melanophrys
and consobrinus, 4 only have pectoral spots, and these are small and in
distinct. Of 19 typical specimens of zamorse, all have well-marked pec
toral spots except 2 plumbeous young, which have only traces.
66 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
that have not passed beyond the plumbeous juvenile pelage are decidedly
darker than comparable specimens of typical melanophrys. Two adults,
however, show only very slightly darker shades than melanophrys. Speci
mens from Zimapan, Hidalgo, are questionably referred to this form, but
in cranial characters they approach consobrinus. Four specimens from
Querendaro seem to be typical zamone.
Specimens examined. Total number, 43, from localities in Mexico as
follows: Hidalgo, Zimapan, 24 (aberrant); Michoacan, Querendaro, 4;
Zamora, 15.
Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus subsp. nov.
Type from Berriozabal, Zacatecas, Mexico. Adult female, No. 79,626,
U. 8. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, July 10, 1896,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. melanophrys, but tail slightly shorter; skull
with larger audital bullse and other slight peculiarities.
Geographic distribution. Southern part of Mexican tableland in the
Sonoran zone.
Color. As in melanophrys. Topotype No. 58,028, in full winter pelage
(Dec.), has the upper parts and sides tawny ochraceous thickly lined with
black to the edge of a narrow tawny lateral line ; orbital ring black,
sharply contrasting with a grayish area about it which extends from the
base of the whiskers around the eye to the anterior base of the ear ;
under parts creamy white with a very small tawny pectoral spot ; tail
bicolor, white below, dusky above ; feet creamy white, ankles dusky.
Skull. Similar to that of melanophrys but somewhat shorter; nasals
shorter and slightly broader; auditai bullse larger; braincase more bulg
ing and less elongate.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 250; tail vertebrae, 131 ; hind foot,
26.5. Average of 5 adult topotypes: Total length, 256; tail vertebrae,
135 ; hind foot, 27.5. Skull of type : Greatest length, 30.8 ; basilar length
of Hensel, 25.3; zygomatic width, 16.3; interorbital constriction, 4.9;
nasals, 11.1; upper molar series, 4.7; palatine slits, 6.6x2.5; bony
palate, 4.4.
Remarks. This is not a strongly marked subspecies, but its characters,
such as they are, have great constancy throughout its range. It is appar
ently the form of the Mexican tableland, but its distribution maybe con
tinuous with that of zamoTveand thence with true melanophrys. Specimens
from Zimapan, Hidalgo, appear to approach consobrinus in cranial char
acters but retain the coloration of zamorx.
Specimens examined. Total number 22 from localities in Mexico as
follows: Aguas Calienles, Chicalote, 1; Guanajuato, Silao, 3; Jalisco, Colot-
lan, 1; San Luis Potosi, Ahualulco, 1, Hacienda La Parada, 3; Zacatecas,
Berriozabal, 12, Monte Escobedo, 1.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 67
Peromyscus xenurus sp. nov.
Type from Durango, Duningo, Mexico. Adult female, No. 94,518, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, July 1, 1898, E. VV. Nel
son and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar in size and proportions to P. melanoplmjs ; ground
color more nearly fawn than tawny ; pectoral spot well developed ; tail
black except a narrow ventral line of white; hind feet clouded with
dusky.
Color. Type, in fresh pelage except on rump : Ground color of upper
parts grayish fawn color, gradually becoming more grayish anteriorly, so
that with the strong mixture of black through it all the effect from the
middle of the back forward passes from mixed fawn color through drab
to hair brown ; the rump, which is still in worn pelage, is fawn color;
lower cheeks bright fawn color blending with gray, which covers most of
the face from the base of the ears forward to the nose ; under parts white
except patch of bright fawn color extending from bases of forelegs across
breast ; hind feet clouded with dusky brown to base of toes, which are
creamy white ; tail black all around except a narrow stripe of white on the
under side occupying scarcely more than one-fifth of the entire surface of
the tail except distally, where, the diameter of the tail being very slight,
it nearly covers the under side.
Skull. Similar in general to that of P. m. consobrinus ; nasals noticeably
shorter; anterior palatine foramina shorter; postpalatal notch shorter
and wider.
Measurements. The type and one adult topotype : Total length, 246-248 ;
tail vertebrae, 142-140; hind foot, 28-28. Skull: Greatest length, 30
basilar length of Hensel, 23.8; zygomatic width, 115.5; interorbital
width, 4.9; nasals, 10.2; upper molar series, 4.9; palatine slits, 5.7 x 2.3.
Remarks. This species is easily distinguished from any other of the
mdanophrys group by the combination of large pectoral spot, dusky hind
feet, and peculiar tail with only a narrow line of white on the under side
instead of the usual equal division of the light and dark. It is the north
ernmost form of the melanophrys group, and at present is only known from
two specimens from one locality, so there is doubtless much to be learned
in regard to its distribution.
Peromyscus zelotes sp. nov.
Type from Querendaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Old female, No. 50,430,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, August 8, 1892,
E. W. Nelson.
Characters. Size about the same as P. levipes (hind foot, 23) ; tail
slightly longer than head and body ; ears relatively about same size as in
melanophrys ; color almost exactly as in P. melanophrys ; skull similar in
general to that of P. melanophrys but much smaller.
68 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Color. Similar to that of P. rnelaiwphrys, but facial region more suffused
with tawny and the gray very much reduced; somewhat similar to
P. kvipes but paler throughout ; no trace of a pectoral spot.
Skull. Similar in general to that of P. melanophrys but much smaller;
audital bullte slightly smaller ; nasals shorter, interorbital space relatively
wider; supraorbital beads obsolete; postpalatal notch narrow.
Measurements. 'Ty\K (old $): Total length, 218; tail vertebrae, 115;
hind foot, 23. Skull: Greatest length, 28.3; basilar length of Hensel,
21.6; zygomatic width, 14.2; interorbital width, 4.9 ; nasals, 10.6; upper
molar series, 4.6 ; palatine slits, 5.6 x 2.4.
Remarks. This species appears to be closely related cranially to
P. melanophrys, but differs markedly from the other forms of the group
in its small feet and short tail. It requires no serious comparison with
P. kvipes, which has a widely different skull, with low shallow brain-
case, posteriorly compressed nasals, small bullae, etc. Besides three from
the type locality, one rather imperfect specimen from Tula, Hidalgo,
seems referable to zelotes. It is somewhat brighter colored and differs
slightly in cranial characters.
Peromyscus banderanus vicinior subsp. nov.
Type from La Salada, Michoacan, Mexico. Adult male, No. 126,503, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 23, 1903, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Distribution. Known from three localities in the State of Michoacan to
the eastward of the range of typical P. banderanus.
Characters. Darker than P. banderanus; skull narrower and anterior
palatine foramina differently shaped ; otherwise similar.
Color. Slightly darker and more vinaceous than in banderanus in worn
or summer pelage ; decidedly darker in winter pelage, with a definite
dusky median dorsal area; markings about eyes, whiskers, and ankles,
sooty black instead of brown as in banderanus; upper side of tail sooty
instead of brownish.
Skull. Similar to that of banderanus, but braincase averaging slightly
narrower ; anterior palatine foramina more nearly elliptical, being widest
in the middle and narrowing toward each end.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 216; tail vertebrae, 107 ; hind foot,
27. Average of 3 young adults from La Huacana, Michoacan, 233 ; 117;
24.5. Skulls of two adults :* Greatest length, 31-32; basilar length of
Hensel, 23.3-24.1; zygomatic width, 14.3-14; interorbital width, 5-4.8;
nasals, 11.8-12.4; interparietal, 3.7 x 10. 2-4.5 x 10.2; upper molar series,
4.6-4.4 ; palatine slits, 6 x 2.3-5.8 x 2.3.
Remarks. This is an interior form of banderanus, only slightly charac
terized but not entirely negligible. Two specimens taken in FebTuary at
Los Reyes, Michoacan, present the fullest and newest pelage and show a
* Measurements mentioned first are those of the type.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 69
considerable departure from typical banderanus. The small series from
La Salada have uniformly narrow skulls, noticeably narrower than in
banderanus, but specimens from Los Reyes and La Huacana indicate that
this is not a stable character. It seems, however, to be worth mentioning.
Specimens examined. Total number, 15, from localities in Mexico as fol
lows: Guerrero, Acahuizotla, 3 ; Michoacan, La Huacana, 4, La Salada, 6,
Los Reyes, 2.
Peromyscus banderanus angelensis sp. nov.
Type from Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult female, No. 71,442,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 13, 1895,
K. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to typical P. banderanus, but slightly larger; skull
with supraorbital bead nearly obsolete instead of being well developed.
Color. Almost exactly as in P. banderanus; possibly averaging a trifle
darker.
Skull. Larger than in banderanus; braincase less elongate and inter
parietal shorter; nasals longer; supraorbital edges reduced to simple
shelves, much as in P. melanophrys, without an elevated bead bounded
by a sulcus on the inner side ; molar teeth slightly larger than in bander-
auus ; audital bullre about as in banderanus and aztecus, much smaller than
in mrlannphrys.
l^feasurements.Type: Total length, 235; tail vertebrae, 123 ; hind foot,
26.5. Average of 7 adult topotypes, 235 (222-258); 120 (112-128); 27
(26.5-28). Skull. Two adults: Greatest length, 31.3*-33.4; basilar
length of Hensel, 23.4-24.9; zygomatic width, 15-15.4; interorbital
width, 5.2-5; nasals, 11.7-12.8; interparietal, 3.6 x 10.6-3.4 x 11.2;
upper molar series, 4.6-4.6; palatine slits, 6 x 2.4-5.7 x 2.4.
Remarks. The naked soles of this form decide its affinities with ban
deranus, and its color is also in accord, but its skull with the supraorbital
beads nearly obliterated suggests that of P. aztecus. Close examination
of detailed characters of the skull, however, leaves scarcely any room for
doubt that its proper position is with banderanus.
Specimens examined. Total number, 22; 20 from the type locality and
2 from Pluma, Oaxaca.
Peromyscus mexicanus teapensis subsp. nov.
Type from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Adult female, No. 100,022, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 25, 1900, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. m. totontepecus, but sides brighter and more
contrasted with dark area in middle of back ; skull with thicker, heavier
rostral region.
* Measurements mentioned first are those of the type.
70 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Per omy soils.
Color. Type: Sides rich chestnut shading into a well-defined blackish
area in median dorsal region ; a narrow black orbital ring and spot at
base of whiskers; under parts slate color overlaid with creamy white (no
pectoral spot in type, but of frequent occurrence among series of topo-
types) ; tail black except a few irregular spots of yellowish white on
under side; fore feet white; hind feet white except a dark brown area
extending, and decreasing in width, from ankles down nearly to base of
toes.
Skull. Similar to that of totontepecus, but with broader nasals and gener
ally heavier and more thickened rostral region; anterior palatine for
amina usually wider; infraorbital part of zygoma rather heavier than
in totontepecus, but not squarely 'elbowed' as in mexicanus ; teeth about
as in tolonlepecus, wider and heavier than in mexicanus.
Measurements. Average of 10 adults from the type locality: Total
length, 245 (234-254) ; tail vertelme, 129 (121-136) ; hind foot, 28 (27-28.5).
Skull of type: Greatest length, 33; basilar length of Hensel, 24.6;
zygomatic width, 16.2; nasals, 12.7; interorbital constriction, 5.4; pala
tine slits, 6x2.9; upper molar series, 4.5; bony palate, 4.7; diastema,
8.2; postpalatal length, 11.9.
Remarks. Represented by a series of 17 specimens containing a good
percentage of adults and showing very little variation. Two specimens
from Montecristo, Tabasco, are decidedly paler, much as in true me.vi-
canus. The form is not strongly marked, but ranks well with the others
of the same group, which is a difficult one. The vicinity of Teapa,
visited by Nelson and Goldman in the spring of 1900, is already well
known for the dark, rich color of the animals found there. The pres
ent subspecies is no exception.
Peromyscus yucatanicus badius subsp. nov.
Type from Apazote, Campeche, Mexico. Adult female, No. 108,016,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 28, 1900,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. yucatanicus but darker colored.
Color. Decidedly darker than P. yucatanicus, having a median dorsal
area with a strong ail mixture of black and more or less black on the sides
except a narrow lateral line which is cinnamon rufous like the general
ground color; under parts faintly suffused with yellow; a narrow black
orbital ring ; hairs of tail blackish brown above, white below ; under side
of tail beneath hairs chiefly yellowish white, but somewhat irregularly
blotched with dusky ; feet white.
Skull. As in P. yucatanicus.
Measurements. Average of 10 topotypes : Total length, 193.4; tail
vertebrae, 96.7; hind foot, 23.5. Skull of type: Greatest length, 28.2;
basilar length of Hensel, 20.7; zygomatic width, 14.1; interorbital con
striction, 4.7; interparietal, 9.2x3.1; nasals, 10.4; bony palate, 4.2;
Osgood -Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 71
palatine slits, 5.3x2.2; diastema, 7; postpalatal length, 9.9; upper
molar series, 4.1.
Remarks. This slight form doubtless owes its dark color to its habitat
in a more humid region than that of true yacatanicus. Its range is
probably limited to the region of the base of the peninsula of Yucatan,
as its nearest relatives known from west of that region are the larger and
quite different forms of the mexicanus group.
Specimens examined. Total number 19, all from the type locality.
Peromyscus allophylus sp. nov.
Type from Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico. Adult female, No. 77,657,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, February 21, 1896,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Size medium (hind foot 25) ; tail shorter than head and
body; ears moderate, scantily haired ; coloration dark ; tail dusky black
ish, unicolor, covered with small imbricate scales, much as in Oryzomys ;
proximal third of soles of hind feet finely haired ; skull rather long and
narrow ; teeth very small.
Color. Sides mummy brown, deepening toward middle of back, causing
a rather distinct median dorsal line of blackish brown ; under parts yellow
ish white over slate-color, the latter showing through ; tail dusky black
ish, unicolor; a black orbital ring and antorbital spot; feet whitish,
scantily haired ; ankles dusky.
SkuU. Rather long and narrow ; braincase elevated ; infraorbital notch
scarcely evident; nasals rather short, slightly exceeded by premaxillse ;
no supraorbital ridge ; palatine foramina rather large, longer than bony
palate; audital bullee small, smaller than in aztecus or mexicanus; molar
teeth very small ; interparietal small.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 95 ; hind foot,
25. Skull: Greatest length, 29.8; basilar length of Hensel,22.5; zygo-
matic width, 14.5 ; interorbital constriction, 5 ; nasals, 1 1 ; bony palate, 4 ;
palatine slits, 6x2.4; diastema, 8.2; postpalatal length, 10.5; upper
molar series, 4.
Remarks. It is difficult to be certain what are the affinities of this pe
culiar species. But for the size of its ears and shortness of its tail, it might
well pass for an Oryzomys of the 0. chapmani group. Its dark, scaly tail
immediately suggests Oryzomys, and the character and color of its pelage
bear out the resemblance. Its skull, however, is that of an ordinary type
of Peromyscus without any striking characters. It seems probable that its
closest relationship is with the mexicanus group, though it might easily be
a northern member of some Central American group not yet known. It
agrees in some respects with the description of P. gymnotis Thomas, from
Guatemala. Another species from southern Chiapas agrees with this
description much more closely, however, and for present purposes has
been assumed to be identical with true gymnotis.
8-Pnoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904.
72 Osyood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Peromyscus lophurus sp. nov.
Type from Todos Santos, Guatemala. Adult male, No. 77,219, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 30, 1895, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Most similar to P. Upturns, but smaller and paler ; tail long
and covered with comparatively long soft hairs, and terminating in a
distinct pencil ; pelage soft and ' woolly ' and rather dull and lusterless ;
skull with large interparietal and short nasals.
Color. Type: General effect of upper parts between wood brown and
fawn color, with a small dusky area in middle of back ; lateral line pale
ochraceous buff; under parts white; no pectoral spot; tail sepia brown,
unicolor; forearm dusky to wrist, fore feet white; hind feet dusky
brownish to base of toes ; toes white ; orbital ring dusky black, rather
narrow, but expanded into a distinct spot in front of eye.
Skull. Similar to that of lepturus, but smaller and with rostral part
decidedly shorter ; molar teeth actually about same size, relatively larger ;
interparietal very large. Compared to that of P. levipes, the skull of
lophurus is shorter, with shorter nasals and heavier infraorbital region;
the teeth are decidedly heavier and longer and the interparietal larger.
Measurements. Average of 4 adult topotypes: Total length, 208; tail
vertebrae, 105; hind foot, 24.5; ear from notch, 16. Skull of type:
Greatest length, 27.5; basilar length of Hensel, 20.8; zygomatic width,
14.7; interorbital constriction, 4.3; interparietal, 10 x 4.5 ; nasals, 10;
bony palate, 4; palatine slits, 5.4 x 2; diastema, 6.5 ; postpalatal length,
9.6; upper molar series, 4.7.
Remarks. This very distinct species may be easily recognized by its
crested tail and usually by the absence of white on the under side of the
tail. All the specimens from Todos Santos have unicolor tails, but 2 from
Calel are quite distinctly bicolor, and among 4 from San Cristobal, 2 have
unicolor and 2 imperfectly bicolor tails, indicating that this character is
not invariable. The character of the pelage differs somewhat from most
of the smaller species of Peromyscus in being dull and soft without the
usual gloss, and although rather short it is fine and slightly ' woolly.'
Specimens examined. Total number, 15, from localities as follows:
Pinabete, Chiapas, Mexico, 5; San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, 4; Calel,
Guatemala, 2 ; Todos Santos, Guatemala, 6.
Peromyscus simulatus sp. nov.
Type from Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude 6000 feet). No. 55,028,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, July 12, 1893,
E. W. Nelson.
Characters. A miniature of P. Idphurus (hind foot 21); dark markings
lightly more intense ; skull and teeth very small ; tail clothed with long,
soft hairs and crested as in lophurus; audital bullse relatively large.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 73
Color, Almost exactly as in P. lophurus ; dark markings of feet and
face slightly more intense; tail chiefly brown, but with a narrow line of
white on under side.
Skull. Size very small; similar in general to that of P. lophurus, but
with more inflated braincase and depressed rostrum ; audital bullse rela
tively larger ; interorbital constriction relatively wider ; teeth very small.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 87; hind foot,
21; ear from notch, 14.3. Skull: Greatest length, 24.4; basilar length
of Hensel, 18; zygomatic width, 12.5; interorbital constriction, 4.3 ; in-
terparietal, 8.2 x 3 ; nasals, 9 ; bony palate, 3.5 ; palatine slits, 4.6 x 1.7 ;
diastema, 6; postpalataHength, 8; upper molar series, 8.9.
Remarks. This small species is not closely related to any know r n spe
cies except P. lophurus, of which it is almost an exact miniature. Its
skull is even smaller than that of P. melanotis, which occurs in the same
region. It has, however, no relationship whatever to melanotis. Its
small size, crested tail, and dark brown feet are amply sufficient to dis
tinguish it from all other known species.
Peromyscus melanocarpus sp. nov.
Type from Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 8000 feet).
Young adult, No. 68,610, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Col
lection, July 8, 1894, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. megalops, but smaller and darker colored ;
hind feet slightly darker ; fore feet decidedly more so, the blackish ex
tending to base of digits; tail usually dusky all around or with only
traces of paleness beneath ; pelage long and soft.
Color. Ad. tf No. 68,627, July 17 : General effect of upper parts dark
blackish mummy brown, slightly darker along middle of back ; actual
color of subterminal zone of hairs cinnamon rufous, which is almost lost
in the general effect by the many black-tipped hairs and the dark plum
beous undercolor which shows through the thin subterminal zone; under
parts deep black ieh slate washed with creamy white, producing an effect
which varies from olive gray to slate gray ; pectoral region usually rich
cinnamon rufous; an intense black line extending from nostrils through
base of whiskers and eye; tail covered with short, bristly, blackish hairs
scarcely paler below than above; scales of tail usually dusky all around,
sometimes with slight irregular patches of paler; fore and hind feet
dusky brownish to base of toes.
Skull. Apparently very similar to that of megalops; nasals slightly
shorter and more compressed posteriorly ; superficially similar to toton-
tepecus, but differing as follows : nasals shorter and nearly always ending
in advance of the orbits about on a plane with the infraorbital foramen ;
frontal wider and with decidedly greater development of supraorbital
shelves ; braincase wider ; anterior palatine foramina much longer ; molar
teeth larger.
74 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Measurements. Type (not quite adult): Total length, 241 ; tail vertebrae,
125; hind foot, 27. Ad. J 1 from Totontepec, Oaxaca: 262; 132; 30.
Skull of type: Greatest length, 31.6; basilar length of Hensel, 24.3;
zygomatic width, 15.2; nasals, 12; interorbital constriction, 5.4; pala
tine slits, 7.3; upper molar series, 5.
Remarks. This mountain species is about the size of P. m. totontepecus,
with which it ranges to some extent, but is much more closely related
to megalops&nd auritus, as indicated by its cranial characters and its more
bristly tail. Its most diagnostic character, however, is the extent of
dusky brownish on the fore feet, which is almost unique. In some
specimens the ends of the toes and the outer side of the metacarpus are
the only parts not occupied by the dark color. The pelage is long and
lax like that of many other mountain forms. The type was taken at
8000 feet altitude. Five additional specimens from Totontepec on the
north slope of the same mountain at 6500 feet altitude are also in the col
lection. P. lepturus, which also occurs on Mt. Zempoaltepec, is smaller
than melanocarpus and differs in numerous cranial characters, among the
most obvious of which are : Braincase smaller and narrower, interorbital
constriction narrower, nasals shorter, supraorbital beads less developed.
Peromyscus altilaneus sp. nov.
Type from Todos Santos, Guatemala (altitude 10,000 feet). Adult male,
No. 76,856, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, Decem
ber 30, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. melanocarpus, but smaller and with shorter and
less hairy tail ; fore feet entirely white ; hind feet with much more white
than in melanocarpus; skull slightly smaller and more slender ; similar to
guatemalensis but much smaller.
Color. As in melanocarpus, but tail blotched with yellowish white
below, much as in mexicanus : fore feet and part of forearm white; hind
foot with a V-shaped dusky mark extending from ankle about half way
to the base of the toes, remainder of foot white ; pectoral spot strongly
developed in type.
Skull. Similar to that of melanocarpus, but slightly smaller throughout ;
nasals relatively more expanded anteriorly ; braincase slightly higher and
more inflated and rostral region more depressed ; anterior palatine foram
ina shorter; infraorbital plate very narrow.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot,
28. Skull: Greatest length, 31; basilar length of Hensel, 24; zygomatic
width, 14.6; interorbital constriction, 5; nasals, 11.5; bony palate, 4.8;
palatine slits, 6 x 2.7 ; diastema, 8.2; postpalatal length, 11.2; upper
molar series, 4.6.
Remarks. The type of this species is the only specimen known at pres
ent. Its only close relationship is with P. melanocarpus, to which it is
very similar except in regard to the color of the wrists and fore feet.
From P. lepturus it differs in darker color, strongly developed pectoral
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 75
spot, shorter, less hairy tail, and in the following cranial characters :
Parietals larger and wider, with suggestions of a bead at orbital edges;
braincase more inflated ; infraorbital plate much narrower ; audital bullse
smaller; teeth smaller. It resembles guatemalensis superficially, but is so
decidedly smaller as to require no serious comparison with that species.
Subgenus Haplomylomys Osgood.
Peromyscus goldmani sp. nov.
Type from Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Adult female, No. 96,340, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 19, 1898, E. A.
Goldman.
Characters. Similar in general to P. eremicus anthonyi ; size larger (hind
foot 24 in type) ; pelage somewhat coarser; color more fulvous and more
uniform ; heel slightly hairy ; tail long and cylindrical, covered with
short hairs; skull relatively heavy and rather elongate.
Color. Entire upper parts and sides ochraceous buff finely mixed with
black, much darker and richer than in anthonyi and without the grayish
cast usually so characteristic of the eremicus group; under parts creamy
white with a small ochraceous buff pectoral spot.
Skull. Larger, longer, and narrower than in eremicus or anthonyi ; brain-
case relatively much narrower ; nasals longer and more compressed pos
teriorly ; interorbital constriction narrow ; bony palate rather short.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 217 ; tail vertebrae, 117 ; hind foot,
24. Skull of type : Greatest length, 27.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 21.1 ;
zygomatic width, 14.2; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8.6 x
3.2; nasals, 9.6; bony palate, 4.2; palatine slits, 5 x 2.1; diastema, 6.6;
postpalatal length, 10 ; upper molar series, 4.
Remarks. The color of this species is more like that of P. spicilegus
than P. e. antlionyi, but its skull and teeth show it to be a member of the
eremicus group.
Peromyscus eremicus phaeurus subsp. nov.
Type from Hacienda La Parada, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Adult
female, No. 50,438, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection,
August 20, 1892, E. W. Nelson.
(Geographic distribution. Middle portion of the Mexican tableland in
the States of San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Nuevo Leon.
General characters. Similar to P. eremicus but darker, with tail uniform
blackish brown above and below instead of decidedly bicolor as in
eremicus or indistinctly bicolor as in some specimens of P. e. anthonyi.
Color. Similar in general to eremicus, but shades of buff deeper and
entire upper parts much more heavily mixed with black ; under parts
except tail white; pectoral spot not present; tail blackish brown above
and below, this most evident in winter pelage, when the hairiness of the
tail is best developed ; feet white, ankles dusky.
76 Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.
Skull. Practically as in eremicus and anthonyi.
Measurements. Average of 9 adults: Total length, 189 (176-195); tail
vertebrae, 98 (92-103); hind foot, 21.
Remarks. This form is the southernmost representative of the eremicm
group. Its range is practically continuous with that of eremicus, which
extends from west Texas down through Chihuahua, but it is cut off by
mountain ranges from anthonyi, which, curiously, it most closely resem
bles. The extreme form of anthonyi from southern Sonora occasionally
has the distal third of the tail black all around, and thus very much re
sembles phteurus. This is probably an accidental parallelism, as is also
shown by some specimens of fraterculus which are strikingly likeowtfionyi,
although there is even greater isolation in this case.
Specimens examined. Total number, 27, from localities in Mexico, as
follows: Coahuila, Sabinas 2, Saltillo 2; San Luis Potosi, Ahualulco, 2,
Hacienda la Parada, 7, Jesus Maria, 7; Nuevo Leon, Doctor Arroyo, 5;
Zacatecas, Canitas, 2.
Subgenus Baiomys True.
Peromyscus musculus nigrescens subsp. nov.
Type from Valley of Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico. Adult female, No.
76,827, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December
9, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. musculus and P. m. brunneus, but darker and
more sooty ; skull slightly characterized.
Color. Upper parts mixed Vandyke brown and sooty blackish, slightly
more sooty on middle of back ; under parts cream buff, to roots of hairs
in middle of belly, on tips only at sides; tail dusky above, paler below 7 .
Skull. Slightly smaller and more elongate than in P. musculus and
P.m. brunneus; braincase narrower; rostrum longer; palatine slits longer
and bony palate correspondingly shorter; interorbital space narrower.
Measurements. Average of 10 adult topotypes: Total length, 115.5
(113-120); tail vertebrae, 43 (40-45); hind foot, 15(14.5-16). Skull of
type: Greatest length, 20.1; basilar length of Hensel, 15.2; zygomatic
width, 10.5; interorbital constriction, 3.4; nasals, 8; interparietal, 6.4
x2.1 ; palatine slits, 4.3; bony palate, 2.8 ; upper molar series, 3.2.
Remarks. This very dark colored mouse is represented by large num
bers of specimens from southern Oaxaca, Chiapas, and parts of Guatemala-
Peromyscus allex sp. nov.
Type from Colima, Colima, Mexico. Adult female, No. fffff , U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 7, 1892, E. W."
Nelson.
Characters. Color as in P. musculus; size decidedly smaller; skull
small, light, and slender.
Color. Exactly as in P. musculus.
Osgood Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 77
Skull, About equal in size to that of P. laylori ; braincase narrower and
more elongate ; decidedly smaller than in P. musculus : nasals very short ;
audital bullse very small ; molar teeth small.
Measurements. Type : Total length, 113; tail vertebrae, 47; hind foot,
14 ; ear from notch (dry), 9.7. Average of 6 topotypes : 104; 44; 13.4.
Skull of type: Greatest length, 18.4 ; basilar length of Hensel, 14.6;
zygomatic width, 9.6 ; interorbital constriction, 3.2; nasals, 6.3 ; inter-
parietal, 5.5 x 1.3 ; palatine slits, 3.7 ; bony palate, 3 ; upper molar series, 3.
Remarks. This diminutive species occurs with P. musculus at Colima,
the type locality, and at other localities in western Mexico. It is repre
sented chiefly from the States of Colima and Jalisco, but its range has not
been thoroughly worked out and it seems quite possible that it may be
found over a considerable area. Apparently it is closely related to
P. paulus,* the description of which indicates an animal of about the same
size but of different color.
* Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 598-599, November 12,
1903.
VOL. XVII, PP. 79-82 MARCH 21, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW MAMMALS FROM
MEXICO.
BY E. A. GOLDMAN.
The mammals described below -were collected by E. W. Nelson
and myself in the course of field work for the Biological Survey
in southern Mexico. The wood rats all belong to the ferruginea *
group, of which Neotoma tenuicauda is also a member. The
Liomys is an additional species of the pictus group. For the
opportunity to describe these new forms I am indebted to Dr.
C. Hart Merriam, under whose supervision the field work has
been carried on.
Neotoma picta sp. nov.
Type, from mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico (altitude,
10,000 feet). Adult male, No. 70,050, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection, December 20, 1894, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Original number 7179.
Characters. Size medium ; color rich orange-rufous to ferruginous of
Ridgway; tail long and slender, covered with short hairs; ears rather
small. Closely related to N. tenuicauda but slightly larger; color very
much brighter. Somewhat similar to JV. ferruginea, but smaller and
brighter colored ; outer sides of forearms and hind legs not dusky as in
N. ferruginea.
Color. Type: Ground color of upper parts rich orange-rufous (vary
ing in some specimens to ferruginous) of Ridgway, brightest on cheeks,
shoulders, and along sides, darkened on face, top of head, and along back
* Specimens from Volcan Santa Maria, Guatemala, which agree well
with the original description of Neotoma ferruginea, have been assumed
to be nearly typical and used for comparison.
9 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904 (79)
80 Goldman Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico.
by a rather abundant sprinkling of black-tipped hairs ; under parts nearly
pure white (in some specimens suffused with salmon), the plumbeous
basal color showing through indistinctly; axillae orange- ru fous ; ears
covered with short dusky hairs; tail indistinctly bicolor (occasionally
concolor), dusky above, paler below; fore feet yellowish white; hind
feet to toes irregularly clouded with dusky or pale fulvous, the toes white.
Skull. The skull indicates close relationship to N. tennicauda, but is
slightly larger and the nasals are longer. Compared with N. ferruginea,
the skull is smaller, with narrower frontal region.
Measurements. Type : Total length, 368 ; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot,
37. Average of eight adult females from the type locality : Total length,
344 (338-355) ; tail vertebrae, 170 (166-182) ; hind foot, 34 (33-35.5). Skull
of type: Greatest length, 43.3; basilar length of Hensel, 35 ; zygomatic
breadth, 23; length of nasals, 17.4; interorbital breadth, 5; palatal
length, 8.6; diastema, 11.9; upper molar series on alveolus, 8.7.
Specimens examined. Total number, 31, all from the State of Guerrero,
as follows: Mountains near Chilpancingo (type locality), 16; Omilteme,
15.
Remarks. Neotoma picta appears to be more closely related to N. tcnni-
cauda than to any other known form, but its remarkable color is alone
sufficient to distinguish it from that species.
Neotoma isthmica sp. nov.
Type from Huilotepec, 8 miles south of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
(altitude, 100 feet). Adult female, No. 73,187, U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection, May 5, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Gold
man. Original number 7843.
Characters. Size rather large ; color orange-rufous to ferruginous ; tail
long, moderately stout, thinly haired and coarsely scaly ; ears medium.
Similar to N. ferruginea, but much brighter colored and without dusky
forearms and hind legs; skull narrower and heavier. In color closely
resembling N. picta, but larger, with stouter, more coarsely scaly tail, and
differing in cranial characters.
Color. Type (in worn pelage) : Upper parts in general between orange-
rufous and ferruginous of Ridgway, fading to grayish fulvous on outer
sides of forearms and hind legs; face, top of head, and back thinly sprin
kled with blackish hairs ; under parts, including upper lip, lower sides of
face, and inner sides of fore and hind legs, soiled white; tail indistinctly
bicolor, brownish above, paler below ; fore feet pure white; hind feet to
toes clouded with dusky (in some specimens pure white), the toes white.
Skull. Similar to that of N. ferruginea but narrower, heavier, and more
arched across anterior roots of zygomata. Compared with N. picta the
skull is larger, longer, heavier, relatively narrower, and more arched
across anterior roots of zygomata; frontal region flatter posteriorly;
braincase less smoothly rounded.
Measurements. Type : Total length, 395; tail vertebras, 198; hind foot,
38. Average of nine adult males and females from the type locality :
Goldman Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico. 81
Total length, 368 (355-390); tail vertebrae, 182 (166-198); hind foot, 37
(35-39). Skull of type : Greatest length, 48.4 ; basilar length of Hensel,
38.4 ; zygomatic breadth, 23.7 ; length of nasals, 19 ; interorbital breadth,
6.2; palatal length, 8.3; diastema, 12.9; upper molar series on alveolus, 9.
Specimens examined. Total number, 19, all from the state of Oaxaca, as
follows: Huilotepec (type locality), 16; Jucbitan, 3.
Neotoma parvidens sp. nov.
Typt from Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 5000 feet). Adult female,
No. 71,586, U. 8. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, Feb
ruary 27, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number
7587.
Characters. Size very small ; color ferruginous ; tail rather short and
slender, covered with short hairs ; ears small. Closely resembling N. picta
in color hut very much smaller; skull smaller and lighter, with narrower
nasals and smaller teeth.
Color. Upper parts ferruginous (varying along sides in some specimens
to orange-rufons) of Ridgway, becoming brownish fulvous over outer
sides of forearms and hind legs; face, top of head, and back (in some
specimens the sides also) rather thickly sprinkled with black-tipped hairs ;
underparts, including upper lip and part of cheeks, nearly pure white,
the plumbeous basal color showing through indistinctly ; axillae orange-
rufous ; ears covered with short dusky hairs ; tail dusky above, paler
below ; fore feet and toes of hind feet yellowish white ; hind feet to toes
irregularly clouded with dusky (in two out of five specimens, pure
white).
Sk'ilt. Similar in general form to that of N. tenuicauda, but smaller,
lighter, and usually more arched ; interorbital breadth relatively greater ;
rostrum usually moredecurved, nasals narrower and more wedge-shaped ;
teeth relatively much smaller.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 295; tail vertebrae, 141 ; hind foot,
31. Average of five adult males and females from the type locality:
Total length 300 (282-317); tail vertebrae, 149 (141-157); hind foot, 31
(30-32). Skull of type: Greatest length, 40.5; basilar length of Hensel,
32.5; zygomatic breadth, 20.7; length of nasals, 15.2; interorbital
-breadth, 5.3; palatal length, 7.3; diastema, 11.3; upper molar series on
alvelous, 7.4.
Specimens examined. Five, all from the type locality.
Neotoma tropicalis sp. nov.
Type from Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 6500 feet). Adult
male No. 68,593, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection,
July 17, 1894, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 6468.
Characters. Size small ; tail rather short, slender, and thinly haired ;
ears rather small. In color closely resembling N. tenuicauda but brown
ish of upper parts encroaching on under parts; skull somewhat similar
82 Goldman Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico.
to that of iV. tenuicauda, but nasals longer and narrower and premaxillae
longer.
Color. Upper parts dark brown, becoming brownish fulvous on cheeks,
shoulders, and along sides, this color encroaching on under parts poste
riorly, leaving a narrow, whitish area along the median line of the belly ;
rest of under parts, except a salmon colored band across pectoral region
in the type, dull whitish (the plumbeous basal color showing through) ;
ears faintly edged with whitish ; tail nearly unicolor, dusky above,
slightly paler below; fore and hind feet clouded with dusky, the toes of
hind feet whitish.
Skull. Somewhat like that of A 7 , tenuicauda, but nasals more wedge-
shaped, much longer and narrower, reaching plane of lachrymals ; ascend
ing branches of premaxillae very long, reaching beyond plane of lach
rymals; frontal region broader and flatter posteriorly; teeth smaller.
Compared with that of N. parvidens, the skull is larger and flatter,
braincase larger and more smoothly rounded ; nasals and ascending
branches of premaxillae longer ; teeth larger.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 325; tail vertebrae, 156; hind foot,
34. Skull of type : Greatest length, 41.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 33 5 ;
zygomatic breadth, 22.2; length of nasal*, 16.5; interorbital breadth,
5.8; palatal length, 7.9; diastema, 11.2; upper molar series on alveolus,
8.3.
Specimens examined. Two, from the type locality.
Liomys parviceps sp. nov.
Type from La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
Adult female, No. 126,477, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, March 19, 1903, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original
number 16,194.
Characters. Size very small; color reddish; tail of moderate length.
Similar to L. plantinarensis but less fulvous ; skull smaller; tail slightly
longer; hind foot shorter, 6- instead of 5-tuberculate.
Color. Upper parts grizzled brownish fulvous ; under parts, fore and
hind feet, white; fulvous lateral line rather faint; ears edged with
whitish ; tail distinctly bicolor, brownish above, whitish below.
Skull. Smallest of the known species of the genus. Similar to that of
L. plantinarensis, but smaller and flatter ; braincase less expanded ; inter-
parietal smaller; rostrum less decurved ; nasals more arched anteriorly,
notched posteriorly as in L. plantinarensis.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 110; hind foot,
24. Average of five adult males and females from the type locality:
Total length, 204 (197-214); tail vertebrae, 105 (102-110); hind foot, 24
(24). Skull of type : Greatest length, 28.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 20 ;
zygomatic breadth, 13; length of nasals, 11.5; interorbital breadth, 6.7;
interparietal, 3.2 x 8.3; upper molar series on alveolus, 4.2.
Specimens examined. Total number, 16, from the following localities:
La Salada, Michoacan (type locality), 11; Rio Balsas, Guerrero, 5.
VOL. XVII, PP. 83-90 APRIL 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE VEGETATIVE VIGOR OF HYBRIDS AND MUTA
TIONS.*
BY O. F. COOK.
Under what has been termed a kinetic theory of evolution f it
has been held that the condition most favorable to evolutionary
progress is that found in natural species containing numerous
individuals, widely distributed and freely interbreeding. The
individual diversity of members of large assemblages of organ
isms is greater than when interbreeding is confined to narrow
limits, but under persistent close breeding uniformity or u fixity "
of type is followed, eventually, by very pronounced and abrupt
variations, and by a decline of reproductive power.
On the other side of the evolutionary highway corresponding
phenomena abound. Interbreeding among the normally diverse
members of a species m nature strengthens the organism and
aids in distributing variations throughout the species, but when
individuals from small, close-bred groups are crossed their char
acters may prove antagonistic, and not to be combined or aver
aged in the offspring, as discovered by Mendel. When still
more remote types are brought together the resulting hybrids
are often abnormally diverse, and may have characters possessed
by neither of the parents. Because pronounced variations are
thus obtainable both by narrow inbreeding and by wide cross
breeding these extreme stages have been thought to have great
* Read before the Biological Society of Washington, November 28, 1903.
t Science, N. S., 13 : 969, 1901 ; Popular Science Monthly, 63 : 18, 1903.
10 PBOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904 (83)
84 Cook Hybrids and Mutations.
evolutionary significance, but the degenerative character of or
ganisms which have suffered such abnormally abrupt changes
is rendered obvious by their inability to propagate their kind.
The partial or complete sterility, both of hybrids and of
" sports " or " mutations," as the variations of inbred plants are
now called, has long been a matter of common knowledge among
breeders of plants and animals, but current evolutionary theories
do not associate the two groups of phenomena as belonging to
corresponding sidepaths of the evolutionary thoroughfare. The
failure to recognize this relationship is to be explained partly
by the general carelessness in applying such terms as " hybrid "
to a great variety of evolutionary conditions,* and partly by the
fact that in spite of their declining reproductive power, both
mutations and hybrids often show striking vegetative vigor.
ECONOMIC VALUE VERSUS REPRODUCTIVE FERTILITY.
To recognize and, if possible, to account for this paradox is of
practical as well as of theoretical importance, since the propa
gator, like the biologist, commonly reasons that the more rapid
and vigorous the growth of the young plant, the earlier and the
larger the harvest. Indeed, this calculation is generally correct,
since a large proportion of our domesticated species are not
valued for their reproductive efficiency, but for one or another
of their vegetative parts. Even in our horticultural crops, such
as apples, pears, cherries, plums, berries, oranges, pineapples, and
bananas, which we think of as being planted for their fruits, it
is not the seed itself which is utilized or desired, but the fleshy
pulp. The decline of reproductive fertility, or tendency toward
seedlessness, is not looked upon as a disadvantage, if the plant
can be propagated asexually, but often lends special value to a
new variety, particularly if correlated with vegetative vigor.
The great economic value of a seedless grape or orange need
not obscure, however, the obvious fact that the plant itself is
degenerate, and would have no prospect of self-perpetuation
under natural conditions.f Neither should the utility of some
* Popular Science Monthly, 63 : 225, 1903.
f Mr. Walter T. Swingle notes that in some of the asexually propagated
cacti of Arizona vegetative vigor might more than compensate for seed
lessness, so that nearly sterile hybrids or mutations would have a distinct
advantage over the parental types.
Cook Hybrids and Mutations. 85
degenerate plants prevent our appreciating the worthlessness of
others, or keep us any longer from realizing that methods of
breeding calculated to increase the commercial importance of one
plant may be utterly destructive to another. A seedless cherry
might bring a fortune to its discoverer, but a vigorous and beau
tiful seedless coffee tree found recently in Costa Rica is of use
only in adding emphasis to the fact that all the known variations
of this plant which have appeared in cultivation are less fertile
than the normal type of the species, and hence are described
properly as degenerative, in the original, pr.ictical sense of this
term, and in its evolutionary sense as well.
The evolutionary significance of the degeneracy of a large
proportion of the domestic varieties of plants and animals has
also been obscured by theories that their " improved " characters
have been given to them by selection. It is true that the changes
have taken place along with a process of selection, but nobody
has furnished any tangible reason for believing that the selection
causes the changes or can cause them. Neither has it been shown
that the new conditions of growth are of much evolutionary
significance. The important and practical difference between
nature and domestication seems to be that the latter implies
narrow inbreeding and the artificial preservation of varieties
which in nature would either not appear at all or which would
not be able to survive.
The continued popularity of the selective theory and the con
sequent disregard of the degenerative character of domestic
varieties are due, in large measure, to the fact that so many of
them possess a vegetative vigor as great or greater than that of
the wild type of the species. A sterile hybrid, the mule,* fur
nishes a popular symbol of strength and hardiness, and scores
of similar instances might be enumerated. One of the most
striking is Burbank's hybrid walnut tree, which grows several
times as fast as either of its parents, but produces no fertile
seeds.
*An authentic instance of the fertility of a female mule was encoun
tered last year in the vicinity of Tapachula, in the Soconusco district of
the State of Chiapas, Mexico. The colt was alive at birth and appar
ently normal, but did not survive.
86 Cook Hybrids and Mutations.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF VIGOR OF HYBRIDS.
A physiological explanation of the vigor of sterile hybrids
has been sought by supposing that the bodily energy which in
other plants or animals goes into reproductive parts and pro
cesses here gives a reinforcement of growth, as often occurs after
castration. This idea might find some application with the
adult organism, but the unusual vigor is often apparent far in
advance of the reproductive stage, and even in very young indi
viduals. A nursery of the coffee mutation called u Maragogipe "
affords a striking contrast by the side of one planted with the
parent "Arabian " type, and a similar precocity of vegetative
vigor is found in many hybrids. The diminution of repro
ductive efficiency is not, evidently, the only difference, and
further facts must be taken into consideration if we are to gain
a suggestion of how the body of an organism may gain in vigor
after the power of perpetuating the type has declined.
THE STIMULATION OF GROWTH BY CROSSING.
The general antithesis between growth and reproduction does
not suffice to explain the vigor of sterile hybrids, but by con
sidering the cytological phase of these processes a somewhat
more promising clue may be found.
Growth consists, among the higher plants and animals, of a
long series of cell divisions, while reproduction requires, on the
contrary, a conjugation or union of cells. It has long been
supposed that the chief result of fertilization is to stimulate the
cell divisions upon which the growth of the new individual de
pends, and that inbreeding produces defective organisms, because
this stimulation is inadequate. Darwin says, for example, that
u crossing, by itself, does no good " unless the individuals crossed
differ somewhat in characteristics or conditions of growth.
Crosses between organisms of a moderate degree of diversity are
more vigorous and more fertile than if either of the parent stocks
is inbred, but it appears that the limit of fertility is reached
much sooner than that of vegetative vigor. This fact corre
sponds with what has been learned from the microscopical
study of cells that the processes of growth or cell division are
much simpler than those involved in reproduction by means of
the conjugation of cells. It might be supposed, therefore, that
Cook Hybrids and Mutations. 87
the vegetative vigor of hybrids is the same phenomenon as the
vigor of more normal crosses in spite of their reproductive de
cline.
KINETIC INTERPRETATION OF VIGOR.
It is not possible, however, to content ourselves with this
opinion as complete and final, because it does not take into ac
count the vegetative vigor of mutations, or variations here sup
posed to be induced by inbreeding, which has been thought to
weaken the vegetative as well as the reproductive energies of
the organism. Viewed from the standpoint of some of the cur
rent theories of evolution, the association of the vegetative vigor
of mutations with that of normal crosses and hybrids is certainly
not obvious, but the difficulty disappears if we view the ques
tion from another standpoint and perceive that the additional
vigor may be interpreted in both cases as a phenomenon attend
ing vital motion. Evolutionary progress is accomplished both by
new variations and by the combination of those already exist
ing.* Normal crosses and abnormal hybrids and mutations may
both be thought of as more vigorous than uniform inbred stocks
because they have moved into new positions in the field of de
velopment. Variation and cross-fertilization serve the same
purpose, and under normal conditions of interbreeding both re
sult in increased vigor and prepotency. The important evolu
tionary function of cross-fertilization is the mutual communica
tion of variations. Continued variation, change, and diversity
are the general tendencies, not uniformity and stability of char
acters. Organisms are not subject to simple inertia, but, like
bicycles and gyroscopes, main tain their equilibrium only when
in motion.
Plants often receive an increased impetus of growth by re
moval to new soils, or by changes of the constituents of the soils
through what are significantly called " fertilizers." It is also
known that they sometimes respond notably to the presence of
small quantities of minerals not used by them, or even to those
directly injurious, just as arsenic, prussic acid, and other active
poisons serve in medicine as tonics. As a result of a similar
stimulation of growth by mineral salts applied to the eggs of
some of the lower animals, Professor Jacques Loeb was able to
*" Stages of Vital Motion," Popular Science Monthly, 63: 14, 1903.
88 Cook Hybrids and Mutations.
induce a parthenogenetic development which was widely re
ported two or three years ago as " artificial fertilization."
Cross-fertilization and self-fertility, like most terms, are rela
tive. Many plants have been accounted self-fertile because they
can propagate without crossing for a few generations. Thus
Wallace has suggested that widely distributed plants are self-
fertile, the stimulation of new conditions serving, as it were, as
a substitute for crossing. This is doubtless true within limits,
but should not be taken to mean that complete autogamy is
maintained in this manner.* The effects of new substances and
new external conditions, while perhaps to be best understood
from the evolutionary standpoint, have not the evolutionary
significance often ascribed to them, since the increased vigor
and other modifications obtained are neither permanent nor
hereditary.
Perhaps for lack of a rational explanation of the known
benefits of change of descent or of external conditions, both
agriculture and medicine are still practiced largely on the
theory that there is some particular food, tonic, fertilizer, or
climatic treatment which is best for each plant, animal, or dis
ease. When it is appreciated that even the best is best only
while it is recent or new, kinetic systems of farming, feeding,
and curing may be elaborated, which shall increase agricultural
productiveness and human health by properly determined suc
cessions or alternations of diets, tonics, climates, or soils. The
rotation of crops, the interchange of seed between different
regions, the application of fertilizers, and the breeding of new
varieties, more vigorous and resistant, are different methods of
attaining the same practical results, and the utility of the sev
eral expedients may be found to rest on a single biological law.
The vegetative vigor of hybrids and mutations is not a
difficulty, then, in a kinetic theory of evolution, but affords
a strongly corroborative series of phenomena. The defective
reproduction is the abnormal fact, and this appears to be defi
nitely associated with a lack of normal interbreeding. The
organism may be prospered in its growth by any change not
*Mr. Swingle suggests also that the heteroecism of the parasitic rust-
fungi may be a phenomenon of the same kind. The diverse forms which
the same rust assumes on its different hosts may be looked upon as a
further adaptive substitute for interbreeding.
Cook Hybrids and Mutations. 89
too violent, and its vigor may be increased even by the degen
erative variations which follow upon the absence of normal inter
breeding. When thus halted or hindered the vital mechanism
but turns aside the further because it has lost the equilibrium
of normal motion.
It is not necessary to regard variation as abnormal, but the
variations which appear under narrow inbreeding and wide
cross-breeding are abnormal in their amplitude, like fluctuations
of temperature in disease. That even completely sterile muta
tions and hybrids may enjoy exceptional vigor does not change
the fact of abnormality, but shows merely that the evolutionary
disorder affects the reproductive rather than the vegetative parts.
Both in hybrids and in mutations the tendency to sterility some
times appears so early that the plants do not produce flowers,
or there may be a progressive sterilization of the essential organs
of the flowers, as in the so-called " doubling " which has appeared
independently in so many mutations of cultivated plants.
Others may form apparently normal blossoms in profusion, but
set no fruits ; fruits may develop without seeds ; seeds may
be produced which will not germinate, or seedlings may grow,
but never mature. There are all possible stages from normal
fertility to complete sterility, as there are endless gradations
between normal shape and monstrous deformity.
The present interpretation of the facts has at least the merit
of simplicity, since it permits us to suppose that the same evolu
tionary vigor appears in normal variations and crosses, and in
abnormal mutations and hybrids, and that the same evolutionary
debility affects the two latter conditions. The vigor is due nei
ther to sterility nor to selection, but to variation ; the sterility
is not explained by normal variation, nor by selection, except
as selection implies the absence of normal interbreeding, and
the consequent weakening of heredity.
Physiology in the narrower sense, the science of nutrition and
other bodily functions, does not explain either the vigor or the
debility, but in the broader view evolution itself becomes a
physiological process, since it affects not merely the form and
structure, but determines also the quality and efficiency of the
organism, in quite as practical and definite a manner as do food-
supply and other external conditions.
VOL XVII, PP. 91-98 APRIL 9, I9C4
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
.
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW PLANTS FROM NEVADA.
BY AVEN NELSON.
For two or three years past, Mr. F. Beveridge Kennedy, Pro
fessor of Botany, Nevada State University, has been very in
dustriously studying the flora of his state. While his attention
has been given to its economic aspects in particular, yet the her
barium he is building up must add much to our knowledge of
its species. He has very kindly permitted me, from time to
time, to study many of these collections. Among the choice
things secured there are several numbers that seem to be novel
ties. Following are the diagnoses as I make out them out.
Unless otherwise stated the types are deposited in the Rocky
Mountain Herbarium.
Arabis pedicellata sp. nov.
Perennial from a thick woody or sub-fleshy root; the base of the stem
also persisting as a caudex; caudex thick (1-2 cm.), leafless but rough
with the dense covering of the dead persistent petioles, in length from a
mere crown to nearly 1 dm. (according to the age of the plant); stems
one or more from the crown, lightly pubescent or nearly glabrous above,
stem proper or leaf-bearing portion but slightly surpassing the crown-
leaves; leaves canescent with a dense indument of soft stellately branched
hairs; those of the crown large and numerous, narrowly oblong or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, often 1 dm. long, tapering into a much
11 PROG. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (91)
92 Nelson Neva Plants from Nevada.
shorter somewhat margined petiole; those of the stems small, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, sessile by an auricled base; inflorescence naked,
at length very open, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels spreading, at length at
right angles to the rachis, becoming 3 dm. or more in length; pods sim
ilarly spreading, as long as the pedicels, tapering into a beak-like style
one fourth as long as the pod, sessile on an enlarged receptacle, flattened
parallel to the partition, faintly 1-nerved; sepals oblong, erect, greenish
with scarious pink margins, half as long as the petals, the lateral pair
noticeably spurred at base, the other pair only slightly gibbous; petals
purple, broadly spatulate, with nearly flat blade and cuneately tapered
to a short narrow claw; stamens free; stigma small, circular; seeds imma
ture.
The generic position of the plant seems somewhat doubtful. I call it
an Arabis because of its duration, its branched pubescence, its gibbous
sepals, its nearly flat broad petals, its flat 1-nerved pods. But some of
these characters are also ascribed to some of the species of Streptanthux.
In fact this plant has somewhat the appearance of a Streptanthus es
pecially in its beaked pods, sessile on an enlarged receptacle. In this
respect it reminds one of S. longirostris Wats., but one may well ques
tion if that species were not better left in Arabis where Dr. Watson
originally placed it. However, if that species remains a Streptanth'us,
it is possible that the species here described must become Streptanthus
pedicettatus.
Founded upon Kennedy & True's No. 705, Hunter Creek Canyon (near
Reno, Nev.), May 16, 1903.
Viola senecta sp. nov.
Grizzly-white, with rather long, dense, tangled-hirsute pubescence;
stems short, slender, from a thickened branched root; leaves ovate, sub-
acute, more or less irregularly toothed, 1-3 cm. long, abruptly or
cuneately tapering into the rather long slender nearly glabrous petiole;
stipules scarious, mostly entire, linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate-pu-
bescent; scapes shorter than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, about 5 mm.
long, sparsely ciliate; petals yellow, glabrous, obovate-spatulate, 7-8
mm. long; the lower a little longer, with orbicular blade, abruptly in-
flexed at base, enclosing two anthers, scarcely at all spurred; connective
of anthers produced into a greenish ovate appendage.
This is probably V. prcemorsa in so far as Nevada specimens cited in
literature are concerned. It seems to have characters that demand its
separation. The type was collected by Prof. F. H. Hillman, "near
Peterson's Ranch", Nev., April 20, 1895,
Mirabilis glutinosa sp. nov.
Stems several from a branched woody caudex, 2-4 dm. high, more or
less branched from the base up, somewhat pubescent especially above,
N"ew Plants from Nevada. 93
the hairs flattened or crinkled and more or less glandular-glutinous;
leaves renit'orm, orbicular or broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse at apex and
mostly broadly rounded, 1-3 cm. long, short petioled or the uppermost
nearly sessile; involucre campanulate, 5-lobed, 1-flowered, short-pedun-
cled (3-12 mm.); its lobes short-ovate, subacute; pubescence of leaves
and flowers similar to that of the stems and peduncles; perianth white,
campanulate-funnelform, 10-12 mm. long, its very broad segments cleft
into two equal oval lobes; fruit fig-shaped, glabrous, somewhat slriate.
This species has usually been considered only a form of M. californica
Gray. Dr. Coville in his Report upon the Death Valley Expedition
(Contrib. Nat, Herb., 4:177) points out the fact that there are two forms
which may be distinct. It seems quite probable there are three forms,
as there seems to be no good reason for asserting that M. ICCTIS (Benth)
and M. calif or tiica, are the same. The former came from "Magdalena
Hay" and was described as glabrous and as having very unequal involu-
cral bracts. This may well be different from M. californica in spite of
the fact that it apparently has escaped subsequent collection, It may
have happened, too, that the locality at which '"H. M. Ship Sulphur"
secured the specimens is incorrectly given, as has often happened when
large quantities of material are secured in an important expedition.
As to the distinctness of M, californica and the species now proposed
there can be no question. M. glutinoxa may at once be known by its
subspherical obtuse leaves, its short rather obtuse involucral lobes, and
its white flowers. Apparently very few of the flowers ever open but are
self-fertilized in the bud. On close examination of the involucre and
perianth attention is attracted to the large number of acicular hairs or
lines (raphides) in the epidermis both on the outside and inside of these
structures,
I take as the type L. N. Goodding's No. 967, from Karshaw, Meadow
Valley Wash, Nev., May 27, 1932. Wholly typical are the following:
Goodding, No. 778, St. George, Utah; G. IL True, No. 75S f Pyramid
Lake, Washoe Co., Nev.
Sidalcea crermlata sp. HOT.
Perennial from a thick woody root; stems few to several from the
crown, nearly simple, more or less decumbent, 3-5 dm, high, green and
seemingly glabrous but with some small scattered simple or forked
hairs; leaves spafsely appressed pubescent, the hairs simple or forked;
the radical orbicular, 2-5 cm. broad, crenulately toothed, the teeth
somewhat paired, OR petioles 3-5 times as long as the biade; stem leaves
more dcaply cleft aad the uppermost parted into linear divisions; stip
ules linear, 7-10 ram. long, subglabrous as are also the petioles; raceme
slender and at length open; the rachis green, granular-glandular; bracts
linear, paired, 5-8 ram. Jong, pedicels at length equalling the calyx;
calyx cleft nearly to the base into lanceolate segments, about 6 mm.
long, minutely glandular-pubescent arid with occasional longer forked
94 Nelson New Plants from Nevada.
hairs; petals orbicular, emarginate and slightly erose-dentate, 12-15 mm.
long, with a short claw; stamineal column rather short; styles not sur
passing the anthers; carpels smooth, easily splitting along the dorsal
line, deeply notched but not lacerate on the ventral side.
Rather too nearly allied to 8. neo-mexicana Gray but easily distin
guished from it. 8. neo-mexicana may always be known by its almost
hispid hirsuteness which is especially noticeable on the stems, petioles,
leaf-veins and calyx. The typical form of this species too is mostly
much larger, and often with a single stem from a conical root. It also
has a longer stamineal column from which the styles are noticeably
exserted.
Mr. Goodding's No. 1091, Juab, Utah, June 10, 1902, is taken as the
type. Nearly typical are the following by Prof. Kennedy; No. 673,
Simon's Creek, Elko Co., Nev., and No. 811, Stampede, same county.
Sidalcea nervata sp. nov.
Perennial; stems singly from the small woody root, usually somewhat
branched above, glabrous below, sparsely and minutely stellate-pubes
cent above; leaves apparently glabrous but with short forked hairs
above and a minute stellate pubescence below, strongly nervosely veined
below; the basal long-petioled, orbicular, 6-8 cm. broad, 0-8 lobed, the
lobes with 2-3 broad teeth; becoming more deeply divided upwards, the
uppermost cleft to the base into linear lobes; stipules narrowly linear:
inflorescence densely stellate-pubescent, rather few-flowered; calyx
cleft below the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate; petals broadly
obovate, emarginate, about 2 cm. long, half as broad, pubescent on the
short united claws; carpels glabrous, distinctly rugose-reticulated on the
dorsal angles, slightly depressed.
A perfectly distinct species allied to S. wegana Gray from which its
relatively few, much larger flowers will at once distinguish it. It may
also be distinguished by its smaller calyx, less acuminate calyx-lobes,
short pedicels which are distinctly exceeded by the slender bracts. The
inflorescence never presents that crowded spicate appearance of 8. ore-
gana with its numerous small flowers.
I take as the type my No. 4101, Evanston, Wyo., distributed some
years since as 8. oregana. What seems to be the same is Prof. Kenne
dy's No. 564, Little Lakes Canyon, Elko Co., Nevada. Somewhat more
pubescent and probably showing its variation and distribution are Mr.
M. E. Jones's Nos. as follows; 5597, Soldier Summit, Utah, distributed
as 8. glaucescens; 6207, Salubria, Idaho, distributed as 8. campestris.
Sphceralcea parvifolia sp. nov.
Stems several or many from a rather large woody root, erect, rather
slender, only 2-4 dm. high, at first densely stellate-canescent but gradu-
Nelson New Plants from Nevada. 95
ally denuded and becoming bright green with only scattered stellate
hairs; leaves small, suborbicular with truncate or subcordate base, 1-2
cm. broad, irregularly crenulate, scarcely lobed, rather thick and slight
ly rugose, densely stellate-canescent, ultimately more or less denuded
and greenish above; the thyrsoid raceme seemingly nearly naked, but
the (3-flowered) clusters axillary to the reduced leaves which above are
mere bracts; pedicels slender, variable, often longer than the calyx,
densely stellate-pubescent as is also the calyx and fruit; calyx about
6 mm. long, cleft below the middle, its lobes triangular-lanceolate:
petals rhomboid-obovate, inequilateral with oblique summit, scarcely
emarginate, about 12 mm. long; fruit slightly depressed, white with the
dense pubescence, only 5 mm. broad and not so high; carpels wholly
muticous, the back and rounded dorsal angles subcartilaginous and the
sides altogether smooth and membranous, 2-ovuled and often 2-seeded.
This was recently distributed as 8. ambigua but without any justifi
cation it would seem. It is altogether a much smaller plant in every
way and the smooth-sided carpels would take it quite out of that section
of Gray's revision (Proc. Am. Acad., 22:292) and of the revision as ex
tended by Dr. Robinson in Syn. PI. i l :315. For equally good reasons it
cannot well go into the section with S. Emoryi with which it also has
some affinities.
Collected by L. N. Goodding at Calientis, Nevada, May 22, 1902, No.
916.
Sphaerostigma tortuosa sp. nov.
Perennial from the enlarged crowns of slender rhizomes; stems usual
ly several from the crown, spreading or erect, glabrous, somewhat stri-
ate, 1 dm, (more or less) in length, the longer ones inclined to be naked
near the base; leaves entire, glabrous, narrowly oblong or linear-oblan-
ceolate, 1-3 cm. long, tapering into a slender petiole about as long as the
blade, numerous on the crowns and in the lower portion of the inflores
cence; flowers numerous, crowded at the summit of the gradually elon
gating raceme, usually also some among the crown leaves; calyx tube
obconic, about 4 mm. long, equalled by the lanceolate reflexed seg
ments; petals white, broadly obovate, as long as the calyx-lobes; sta
mens subequal, with oblong anthers, about as long as the petals and the
slender style; stigma small, capitate; capsule linear, 1 cm. or more in
length, angled with rounded cartilaginous ribs, strikingly contorted and
entangled in the leafy raceme and among the leaves of the crown; seeds
oblong, obtuse at apex and pointed at base.
This fine species was collected by Prof. P. B. Kennedy at Truckee
Pass, Virginia Mts., Washoe Co., Nevada, June 16, 1902.
Phacelia monosperma sp. nov.
Biennial; stem simple, erect, rather stout, 3-4 dm. high, appressed-
96 Nelson New Plants from Nevada.
puberulent with some longer scattered hairs; leaves pinnatifid or those
above nearly entire, oblong in outline, petioled, with short matted pu
bescence and some longer scattered white hairs; inflorescence of nearly
straight, slightly divergent secund spikes, softly hispid, and giving the
whole plant the appearance of certain Asperifolm; sepals similar, linear-
oblong, in fruit 5-7 mm. long, hispid-ciliate; corolla campanulate, bare
ly as long as the sepals, its rounded lobes shorter than its tube, color in
doubt, appendages narrow, somewhat united at the base of the filament;
stamens well exserted, the filaments sparsely long-bearded on the ex-
serted portion; the very slender style cleft to the middle; capsule ovate,
pointed, somewhat compressed, included; seed solitary (only one matur
ing), conical-oblong, brown, beautifully retriculate-pitted, 2-3 mm.
long, slightly carinate ventrally.
In its solitary seed it resembles P. platyloba Gray, which is a some
what viscid heterosepalous annual; in its pubescence and some other
characters P. Jiispida Gray which is a diffusely branched annual.
The type was collected by Prof. F. H. Hillman, June 30, 1893, on
Alum Creek in the Sierra foothills.
Mertensia nevadensis sp. nov.
Perfectly glabrous throughout; roots large and ragged, the crown
clothed with the brown dead bases of the leafstalks of former years;
stems 1-2 dm. high, slender, simple; crown leaves numerous, large for
the plant, oblong, obtuse or subacute, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, on
slender petioles nearly as long as the blade; stem leaves smaller, becom
ing sessile and lanceolate above; inflorescence terminal, crowded; the
short pedicels slender; calyx about 4 mm. long, its entire lanceolate
segments about 3 mm. long; corolla tubular, its limb but slightly di
lated, about 15 mm. long (tube 9 mm. ; throat 4 mm.; the obtuse rounded
lobes only 2 mm.); stamens equal, inserted on the margin of the throat;
the filaments broader than the anthers and about as long; throat-crests
conspicuous, tipped with brown, broad and noticeably saccate; corolla
tube glabrous within but at the base a ring of 10 very minute paired
nectariferous pits, one pair on each of the 10 principal nerves of the
tube; style about equalling the stamens.
The only species that this seems comparable with is M. oUongifolia
Don. but to this it only bears some resemblance in its floral characters.
It differs from that species in its large elongated root; its larger (not
succulent) leaves; its fewer-flowered more open inflorescence.
Type collected by Messrs. Kennedy and True (No. 711) who report it
as common in Hunter Creek Canyon, near Reno, Nevada, May 16, 1903.
Pentstemon violaceus (Brand) Nelson,
obscurely puberulent throughout; stems several from the scarcely
Nelson New Plants from Nevada. 97
woody branched crown, 1-2 dm. high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate,
2-3 cm. long; the upper sessile, the lower tapering into a slender petiole;
thyrsus narrow, obscurely glandular or viscid; calyx short, not more
than 2-3 mm. long; the sepals broadly oval or obovate, obtuse but some
times with a small apiculation; corolla 12-15 mm. long, moderately and
gradually dilated, the limb very short and but slightly 2-lipped, its lobes
obtuse; anthers horse-shoe shaped, the lower half of the cells remain
ing closed and saccate, minutely denticulate-ciliate on the margins of
the dehiscence; the sterile filament glabrous and not dilated.
Most nearly allied to P. Roezli Regel but with broader leaves, narrower
inflorescence (not at all paniculate) and very different sepals and corolla.
This is very probably Pentstemon Roezli molaceus T. S. Brand. I there
fore use his varietal name and give the additional description as above.
Secured by Prof. Kennedy at Newcomb Lake, June 8, 1901, No. 15.
Pentstemon Kennedy! sp. nov.
Perennial from a somewhat woody branched root-like caudex, glab
rous and inclining to glaucous, 2-4 dm. high; stems mostly simple and
singly from the crowns, erect; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate; the
basal tapering gradually into a slender petiole; the mid-stem sessile by
the narrowed base; the upper becoming linear and bract-like; inflores
cence narrow; calyx about 1 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, scarious-mar-
gined below, the somewhat acuminate upper half tinged with purple:
corolla about 3 cm. long, somewhat ventricose, violet-blue (possibly va
rying to purple); anthers glabrous, dehiscent from base to apex but not
confluent, slightly if at all divaricate; sterile filament glabrous and but
slightly dilated.
This is one more segregate from the P. ylaber group, Difficult as it is
to say what are valid specific characters, it becomes almost necessary to
designate as distinct those forms which the collector and the amateur
refuse to unite. On the other hand it seems like folly, in most cases at
least, to separate forms upon details which require the compound micro
scope for detection. A difference that is reasonably constant and suffi
ciently characteristic to attract the attention of a trained observer in
the field cannot well be ignored. Usually, as in this case, less obvious
details will be found to confirm the field impressions. In separating
this form from P. glaber Pursh, it may tend to clearness to recall the
following characters of the latter:
Leaves oblong-lanceolate below to ovate-lanceolate above; sepals short,
not more than one-sixth as long as the corolla, orbicular-ovate, mostly
abruptly short-acuminate, noticeably erose on the scarious sides; anthers
more or less short-hirsute; the cells becoming divaricate or explanate:
sterile filament dilated, usually somewhat emarginate, stiffly short hir
sute near the apex.
The excellent specimens that are taken as the type (No. 736) were
collected by Prof. Kennedy at Truckee Pass, Virginia Mts., Washoe Co..
Nevada, June 6, 1903.
98 Nelson New Plants from Nevada.
Lagophylla Hillmani sp. nov.
Annual, about 2 dm. high; stems slender, erect, simple or with a few
slender ascending or erect branches, sometimes branched from the base,
obscurely granular-glandular pubescent with a few scattered long white
hairs; leaves linear, thinly strigose and minutely scabrous; heads termin
ating naked peduncles, rather large for the genus, 6-8 mm. high; in
volucre strigose-hispid, some of the hairs tipped with black glands as
are also some of those on the peduncles; rays 5-6, light-yellow (?), the
lingule broadly oblong, 5-7 mm. long, cleft nearly to the middle into ob
long obtuse lobes; disk flowers about 25, apparently all sterile; akene
narrowly oblong-obovate, closely enwrapped by the scarious, ciliate-pu-
bescent inflexed base of the involucral bracts, the upper half of which
is plane and narrowly lanceolate; bracts between the ray and disk not
numerous.
Not very closely allied to any species known to the writer. In aspect
intermediate between Lagophylla and Layia but by reason of the rays,
the complete absence of pappus and the abortive disk achenes will have
to be considered a species of Lagophylla.
Collected by F. H. Hillman, between Truckee and Lake Tahoe, Sept.,
1894.
VOL. XVII, PP. 99-100 APRIL 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A DECADE OF NEW PLANT NAMES.
BY AVEN NELSON.
Atriplex Serenana.
Atriplex bracteosa S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:115, 1874; not
A. bracteosa Trautv., Act. Hort. Petrop I 1 :!!?, 1870.
Atriplex Watsoni.
Atriplex decumbentt S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 12:275, 1877; not A.
decumbent Roem. & Schult., Syst., 6:289.
Atriplex pacifica.
Atriplex microcarpa Deitr., Syn. PI., 5:536, 1852; not A. microcarpa
Waldst. & Kit., PI. Rar. Hung., 3:278, t. 150, 1812.
Atriplex matamorencis
Atriplex oppositifolia S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:118, 1874; not A.
oppositifolia D. C., Rapp., 1:12, nor A. oppositifolia Will., Prosp., 21.
Exact dates not at hand but both publications earlier than Watson's.
Besides these there is A. patula oppositifolia Moq., Enum. Chenopod.
54, 1840.
Atriplex joaquinana.
Atriplex spicata S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:108, 1874; not A. spicata
Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med., 2:24, 1812.
12 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (99)
100 Nelwm A Decade of New Plant Nume*.
Viola Kelloggii.
Viola purpurea Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. (II) 1:55, 1873; not V. jntr-
pvreaStev., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc., 2p:310, 1856.
Castilleja exilis.
Castilleja stricta Rydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 1:354, 1900; not <J.
stricta D. C., Prodr., IO:534, 1846.
Pentstemon formosus.
Pentetemon pultfiellm Greene, Pitt, 3:310, 1898; not P. pulchellus Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1138.
Pentstemon superbus.
Pentstemon puniceus A. Gray, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., 113, 1859; not
P. puniceus Lilja., Linnsea, 17:111, 1843.
Pedicularis Qrayi.
P. procera Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. (II) 34:251, 1862; not P. procera
Adams, ex. Stev. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc., 6:33, 1823.
VOL. XVII, PP. 101-102 APR!L 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OV THK
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA A CORRECTION.
Owing to an oversight in proof reading of the description of Sonorella
walcottiana, Proc. Hiol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XVI, pp. 103-104, June 25,
1903, the name appeared as above. The species was named in honor of
Mrs, H. L. T. Wollcott, the collector, and the name should read Sono
rella wolcottiana. Ptful Bartach.
THE SPECIES OF GEUM OCCURRING NEAR WASHINGTON.
Four species of Oeum are said by Ward (Bull. U. S. National Museum,
No. 22, p. 77, April 20, 1882) to occur in the neighborhood of Washing
ton: Q. album, G. virc/inianum, O. strictum, and G. vernum. The third
of these proves to have been incorrectly recorded, as the specimen la
beled Geum strictum in the Ward herbarium is unquestionably G. vir-
ginianum. Moreover, the locality where it was collected, Hunting-
Creek, Fairfax Co., Virginia, with which I am thoroughly familiar, is
not a place where the northern plant, if found in this region at all,
would be likely to occur. The number of species in the local flora will,
however, remain unchanged, as Geum flavum, though not hitherto re
corded, is common in Fairfax County. According to my observations,
during the past two summers, it seldom if ever grows in the damp,
heavily shaded locations often frequented by G. canadense, and never in
the half-boggy thickets preferred by G. virginianum, but usually occurs
in open dry woods. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.
13 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (101)
102 General Notes.
SPELERPES PORPHYRITICUS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Mr. Edward S. Wilson caught in a cold mountain brook at Bridge-
water, N. H., in June, 1902, a specimen of this species. The brook
empties into Lake Pesquaney (New found lake), and where the animal
was caught is about seven hundred feet above sea level. I am not aware
that this species has been taken as far north. The specimen is now in
the collection of Camp Pesquaney, Bridgwater, N. H., and was iden
tified by Dr. Samuel Garman. Reginald Heber Howe, Jr.
NANNORCHILUS, NEW NAME FOR HEMIURA, PREOCCUPIED.
In 1888, finding that Uropsila as used for a genus of Troglodytidae was
preoccupied, I proposed the name Hemiura as a substitute. This proves
also to have been used previously, so it becomes necessary to replace it
by another. The synonymy of the genus, to date, is follows.
Nannorchilus Ridgway.
Uropsila (not Uropsilus Edwards, 1872) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 155. (Type, Troglodytes leucogastra Gould.)
Hemiura (not Hemivrvs Rudolphi, 1809, nor Gervais, 1855) Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, Aug. 6, 1888, 511. (Substitute for
Uropsila Sclater and Salvin, preoccupied.)
Nannorchilus* Ridgway, nom. nov. (Type, Troglodytes leucogastra Gould.)
Robert Ridgway.
A PREOCCUPIED CRAB NAME.
The name Melia used by Latreille in 1825, foi a genus of crabs (Encyc.
Meth., X, 705), is preoccupied by Mclia Billberg, 1820, a genus of am-
phipods (Enum. Insect.). I am obliged to Dr. Walter Faxon for verify
ing this reference. Latreille 's genus, which has for type the curious
anemone-grasping species, M. tesselata (Latr.), may be known as Lybia,
a name used by Milne Edwards in 1834 (Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 431) before
he was aware of Latreille's genus. Mary J. Ratlibun.
*NarroS, dwarf; J/^z'AoS, a wren.
VOL. XVII, pp. 103-1 10 MAY 18, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN NEW RABBITS FROM
MEXICO.
BY E. W. NELSON 7 .
The Biological Survey Collection contains several hundred
specimens of rabbits from Mexico, including representatives of
all the species known to occur in that country, outside of Lower
California. Recent examination of this material shows that in
addition to the known species it contains the two strongly
marked new species and five new subspecies which are described
below. I am indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the
Biological Survey, for the opportunity to study this material,
and to Mr. Vernon Bailey for suggestions regarding the species
found along the boundary line, with which recent study has
made him familiar. I am also under obligations to Mr. Gerrit S.
Miller, Jr., Assistant Curator of Mammals, U. S. National
Museum, tq Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of
Natural History, and to Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, for the use of material from the collections
in their charge for comparison.
Subgenus Sylvilagus Gray.
Lepus insonus sp. nov.
OMILTEME RABBIT.
Ti/fx'. Adult female, No. 126,878, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection, from Omilteme, Guerrero. Collected May 20, 1903, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 16,466.
14 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (103)
104 Nelson Seven New Rabbits.
Distribution. Known only from type locality.
General characters. A dark, coarse-haired species with small short tail
belonging to same group as Lepusgabbi and L. truei, but considerably larger,
with ears twice as large as in either of species named.
Description of type in spring pelage. Top of head and back dark ochra-
ceous buffy, approaching tawny ochraceous, heavily shaded and grizzled
with black ; cheeks and sides of body and rump a little paler and grayer
than back; sides of nose and area about eyes dingy buffy grayish ; nape
dull dingy rusty rufous ; top of tail dull dark reddish brown ; under side of
tail dingy brownish buffy ; neck on sides and below dull dark buffy; rest
of under parts white with bluish under fur showing through ; tops of fore
feet and under side of fore legs dingy whitish ; front and sides of fore legs
to shoulders tawny ochraceous; front of hind legs and tops of feet dingy
whitish ; rest of hind legs similar to sides but with a tawny ochraceous wash
becoming most marked about heels and sides of hind feet ; soles of feet
dark smoke brown ; ears on convex surface dark grizzled blackish brown,
a little more blackish along anterior border and at tip.
Skull characters. Skull practically indistinguishable from that of L. truei,
but apparently with slightly shorter, heavier jugal.
Measurement*. External measurements of type (taken in flesh): Total
length, 430; tail vertebrae, 40 ; hind foot, 93 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 62.
Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, 75 ; basal length of
Hensel, 57; interorbital breadth, 17.5; parietal breadth, 26; length of
nasals, 31 .5 ; breadth of rostrum above front of base of premolar, 17 ; depth
of rostrum at same point, 15 ; greatest diameter of bullse, 9.
Specimens exam ined. Two.
General notes. Though obviously belonging in the same group as L. truei
and L. gabbi, the curiously dark color and strikingly larger ears at once dis
tinguish the present species. The skull is decidedly larger than that of L.
gabbi, but is practically indistinguishable from that of L. truri. Like truei,
the present well-marked species lives in burrows in heavy forest, and is very
difficult to secure, owing to its mainly nocturnal habits and the heavy
undergrowth in its haunts.
Lepus veraecrucis pacificus subsp. nov.
ACAPULCO COTTONTAIL.
Type. Adult male, No. 70,622, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, from Acapulco, Guerrero. Collected January 9, 1895, by E. \V.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 7340.
Distribution. Pacific Coast region of Guerrero and adjacent section of
Oaxaca.
General characters. Externally much like typical rewruci*, but paler
and more buffy. Skull larger and more massive; rostrum, especially,
deeper and heavier.
Description of type in unworn winter pelage. Upper parts, including top
and sides of head, back and sides of body, dingy creamy buff washed and
Nelson Seven New Rabbits. 105
grizzled by overlying black on tips of long hairs, the black wash heaviest
on middle of back and palest on sides of body ; top of tail dull rusty clay
color; " nape rusty rufous ; front of forelegs and feet dingy buffy shading
back into dull rust}' buffy on sides of legs ; hind legs like flanks on outside
of thighs, but shading back into dingy rusty buffy; line along front of
hind leg and top of foot white ; neck on sides and below deep buffy ; rest of
under parts white except for a dingy buffy line on inguinal region; ears
grizzled grayish brown on base, gradually darkening to narrow black tips
on inner or convex surface.
Skull characters. Skull similar in general character to that of typical
vertecrucis but larger and more massive ; rostrum much deeper and heavier
in proportion ; braincase narrower, more depressed and less abruptly de
scending on posterior outline ; nasals nearly as broad anteriorly as at base ;
depth of rostrum from anterior base of molars nearly equals width above same
point; jugals very heavy, with a deep groove ending anteriorly in a deep
pit ; bull^e about same size as in true verxcrucis but proportionately smaller.
Measurements. External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 505 ; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot, 113 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 78.
Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, 86 ; basal length of
Hensel,65; interorbital width, 19.5; parietal width, 26.5; length of nasals,
39; width of nasals at base, 16.5; width of nasals near tip, 13; depth of
rostrum at anterior base of molars, 20 ; width of rostrum above same point,
19.5 ; greatest diameter of bullse, 11.
General notes. This is slightly larger than* true Lepus ver&crucis, which
ranges across all the intervening country between the eastern border of the
tableland and the range of the present form. Specimens from interior
Guerrero are referable to the typical form, with its smaller, lighter skull.
Considering the climatic and other physiographic differences between the
home of typical versecrucis and the present form, there is surprisingly little
difference in color.
Lepus f loridanus connectens subsp. nov.
ALTA MIRA COTTONTAIL.
Type Adult male, No. 63,660, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection, from Chichicaxtle, Vera Cruz. Collected February 15, 1894,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 5849.
Distribution. Tropical parts of eastern Mexico from southern Tamaulipas
throughout the coast lowlands to the Papaloapam Kiver in central Vera
Cruz and along the east slope of the Cordillera of eastern San Luis Potosi,
eastern Puebla, and eastern Oaxaca south to Mt. Zempoaltepec.
General characters. Externally much like typical L.floridanus,\)\it larger
and pelage averaging a little paler. Skull longer, proportionately narrower;
bullse smaller; nasals longer and slenderer. Ears large.
Description of type in faded winter pelage. Top of head and back grizzled
creamy ochraceous buffy, thinly washed with blackish by black tips to
longer hairs ; sides of head, body, and rump distinctly grayer and less
106 Nelson Seven New Rabbits.
buffy ; top of tail dull reddish brown ; nape bright rusty or light cinnamon-
rufous ; circumorbital area white ; neck on sides and below dull ochraceous
buffy; front of fore legs and outside of hind legs cinnamon rufous; back
of fore legs and front of hind legs and tqp of hind feet white with a pale
buffy suffusion on feet and toes ; ears narrowly edged with white ; convex
surface brownish gray on base gradually darkening to brownish black to
ward tip.
Skull characters. Longer and proportionately narrower than in true
floridanus; rostrum long with height equaling width at base; nasals long,
proportionately narrow and depressed at tip, giving upper surface of rostrum
a gently convex outline; braincase rather narrow and drawn out, giving a
more gently curving outline posteriorly than in typical floridanus ; jugal
with a strong groove ending anteriorly in a well-marked pit ; bullse smaller
than in true floridanus but larger than in aztecus ; general outline of skull
above less strongly convex than in floridanus and more as in aztecus and
russatus.
Measurements. External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 442; tail vertebrae, 63 ; hind foot, 97; ear from notch (from skin), 63.
Cranial measurements of type: Occipito-nasal length, 76; basal length
of Hensel, 57 ; interorbital width, 18 ; parietal width, 26 ; length of nasals,
35 ; \vidth of nasals at base, 16; greatest diameter of bullse, 10.
Specimens examined. Forty-one.
General notes. Specimens in midsummer pelage from the humid basal
mountain slopes near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and elsewhere differ but little in
color from typical floridanus at the same season ; the legs are a little
browner and less reddish, and the head is more grayish ; the ears are
nearly the same in size and color. Such specimens can only be distin
guished by size and skull characters. From chapmani their much larger
size, darker colors, and the much larger and heavier skull readily distin
guish them. From russatus, the nearest relative on the south, they may
be known by their paler colors, much larger ears, and broader and heavier
skull. Specimens from the humid mountain slopes at Metlaltoyuca
(Puebla), Jico, near Jalapa (Vera Cruz), and Mt. Zempoaltepec (Oaxaca)
average rather larger and darker than those from the coast lowlands, but
the difference is too slight and inconstant to warrant more than passing
mention. Specimens from Mt. Zempoaltepec are intergrades between con-
nectens and russtitus, with ears approaching the latter, but their skull char
acters place them with the former.
Lepus floridanus chiapensis subsp. nov.
CHIAPAS COTTONTAIL.
Type. Adult female, No. 75,953, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection, from San Cristobal, Chiapas. Collected September 28, 1895,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8483.
Distribution. Interior of Chiapas and western Guatemala, from not over
2,500 feet above sea level up to the summits of the highlands at over 10,000
feet.
' f
Nelson Seven Neiv Rabbits. 107
General characters. Similar to L. floridanus aztecus, but larger and a little
darker, with rufous on legs of a duller and darker shade. Skull larger, with
rostrum strikingly broader and more depressed at tip.
Description of type, in fresh winter pelage. Top of head and back dark
grizzled ochraceous buffy (with a slight reddish tinge) overlaid with a thin
blackish wash due to black tips of long hairs ; sides and rump distinctly
more grayish, lacking most of the reddish buffy of back ; nape rusty rufous,
darker posteriorly ; upper side of tail dark reddish brown, becoming black
ish about tip ; front and sides of forelegs cinnamon rufous ; back and sides
of hind legs reddish chestnut ; back of fore legs and front of hind legs
and top of hind feet deep reddish buffy ; under side of body mainly deep
yellowish buffy (some other specimens have ventral surface white) ; sides
of head with small buffy whitish spots back of and just in front of eyes ;
rest of sides of head similar but a little paler than reddish buffy crown ;
ears with fine pale border on inner side ; externally (on convex surface)
blackish brown from grizzled grayish brown base to tip.
Skull characters. Skull large and heavy ; longer than in aztecus and about
the same length as in yucatanicus but not so massive as in that form ; ros
trum very broad, especially at outer end, but depth of rostrum proportion
ately small; outer end of nasals broad and much less depressed than in
aztecus, thus adding to massive appearance of rostrum viewed from above ;
superior outline of skull posteriorly gently curved, about as in aztecus, but
much straighter and more flattened anteriorly ; interorbital width narrow ;
jugal heavy, with a well-marked groove ending anteriorly in a deep pit ;
bullse about same size as in aztecus but proportionately smaller.
Measurements. External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 468 ; tail vertebrae, 55 ; hind foot, 97 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 60.
Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, 80 ; basal length of
Hensel, 61 ; interorbital width, 18 ; parietal width, 26 ; length of nasals, 37 ;
width of nasals, 17 ; depth of rostrum at front base of molars, 15; width of
rostrum above same point, 19 ; greatest diameter of bullse, 10.
Specimens examined. Eleven.
General notes. With the exception of being a little darker colored, espe
cially the rufous on the legs, and its larger size, the Chiapas cottontail bears
externally a close resemblance to L. f. aztecus, but its well-marked skull
characters are sufficient to distinguish the two. The broad flat rostrum is
a strong character which is very distinctive. So far as known, this is the
southernmost subspecies of Lepus floridanus. In general size the skull of
chiapensis is nearest that of yucatanicus, but the broader, flatter rostrum,
narrower braincase, and smaller bullse distinguish it.
Lepus arizona? goldmani subsp. nov.
SINALOA COTTONTAIL.
Type Adult male, No. 96,812, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, from Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Collected March 20, 1899, by
E. A. Goldman. Original number 13,588.
108 Nelson Seven New Rabbits.
Distribution. Southern part of Sonora (from the Rio Yaqni) south at
least to Culiacan, central Sinaloa.
General characters. Darker and more richly colored than typical arizonse,
with the white and rufous areas on legs sharply contrasting. Bullae much
smaller.
Description of type in winter pelage. Top of head and back creamy
ochraceous-buff grizzled and washed with black; sides of head and body
slightly paler, more pinkish huffy, with much less overlying black ; small
area on rump distinctly iron gray with scarcely a trace of huffy ; nape rusty
rufous ; top of tail dark brown grizzled with dull huffy ; neck, on sides and
below, pinkish buff ; rest of under parts clear white ; front and sides of
fore legs rusty ochraceous buff, becoming paler on front of legs and top of
feet ; back of fore legs clear white; sides and back of lower part of hind
legs and feet a little darker and more rusty rufous than fore legs ; line
along front of hind legs and top of feet white, sharply outlined, as on fore
legs, by rufous ; inside of ears dingy gray ; outside or convex surface finely
grizzled grayish, buffy brown shading into a narrow blackish border about
tips.
Skull characters. Skull generally similar to that of typical arizonse, but
with rostrum broader and more inflated, or less tapering anteriorly and
decidedly smaller bullse, which in shape and proportion to skull resemble
those of the floridanus group.
Measurements. External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 388 ; tail vertebrae, 56 ; hind foot, 87 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 66.
Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, 66 ; basal length
of Hensel, 52; interorbital breadth, 17 ; parietal breadth, 24; length of
nasals, 27 ; greatest diameter of bullse, 11.
Specimens examined. Fifteen.
Subgenus Macro tolagus Mearns.
Lepus festinus sp. nov.
HIDALGO JACK RABBIT.
Type No. 53,490, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Irolo, Hidalgo, Mexico. Collected March 31, 1893, by
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 4522.
Geographic distribution. Southeastern part of Mexican tableland in
southern and eastern Queretaro, throughout most of Hidalgo, extreme
northern part of State of Mexico (including valley of Mexico), Tlaxcala
and adjacent part of northern Puebla.
Specific characters. In general appearance much like L. merriami but
darker, with much larger ears, the latter with a large, well-marked black
spot at tip on convex side ; nape gray, paler than back ; skull smaller and
lighter than in merriami.
Nelson Seven New Rabbits. 109
Description of type in winter pelage. Top of head dingy grizzled buffy;
back buffy with a slight tinge of dull reddish brown, heavily mottled and
grizzled with black ; sides of body paler and grayer ; thighs and rump up to
median line iron gray; a heavy black band divides the gray of rump along
median line and covers top of tail ; under side of tail dingy gray ; sides of
head and neck dull buffy, palest on cheeks and darker with a slight tinge
of vinaceous on sides of neck ; under side of neck deep dull buffy ; chin
and under side of body white; top of hind feet dingy white becoming
grayish on toes; top of fore legs dingy buffy thinly grizzled with blackish;
ears finely grizzled yellowish gray on front half of convex surface, and
fringed with slightly yellowish white hairs on anterior edge; posterior
half of convex surface white, with a distinct black spot covering 35 mm. of
the tip and extending a dusky edge around border of anterior part of tip;
nape grizzled grayish without a trace of black patch characteristic of
L. merriami.
Skull characters. Skull lighter and rather smaller than that of L. mer
riami, and practically indistinguishable from that of L. lexianus from
Chihuahua and the Texas boundary.
Measurement* of type (taken in flesh}. Total length, 575; tail vertebrae,
78 ; hind foot, 126; ear from notch (from dried skin), 138.
Measurements of type skull. Occipito-nasal length, 96.5; basal length, 74;
length of nasals, 43; greatest interorbital breadth, 26.5 ; parietal breadth,
31 ; depth of rostrum at front base of premolars, 25 ; width of rostrum
above same point, 20 ; greatest diameter of bullse, 14.
Specimens examined. Nine.
General notes. This species is apparently most closely related to L. mer
riami asellus, from which its even larger ears and entire absence of black
patch on nape at once distinguish it. The nape is much like that of
L. texianus, and the skull is a little smaller and lighter than that of merriami
and scarcely distinguishable from that of texianus. The color of back and
general appearance of this animal is that of a dark-colored L. merriami with
extraordinarily large ears and no black nape patch. Its habitat is at the
southern border of that of L. m. asellus and widely separated from that of
L. texianus.
Lepus merriami altamirae subsp. nov.
ALTA MIRA JACK RABBIT.
Type No. 93,691, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected May 16, 1898,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 12,365.
Geographic distribution. Coastal plains in southern part of Tamaulipas,
extreme northern Vera Cruz, and eastern San Luis Potosi.
Zonal distribution. Arid tropical.
Subspecific characters. Similar to typical merriami in color, but under side
of neck deeper and clearer buffy, and black nape patch distinctly separated
into two parallel black stripes by a well-defined median band of yellowish
110 Nelson Seven New Rabbits.
often equalling black bands in width; skull larger and heavier, with longer
rostrum than in L. merriami.
Description of type in rather worn spring pelage, Top of head grizzled
grayish buffy ; back dull creamy buffy grizzled and mottled with overlying
black tips to hairs ; sides of body slightly paler buffy grizzled with grayish ;
thighs and sides of rump up nearly to median line of back rather pale iron
gray ; top of fore feet and legs dingy buffy ; top of hind feet white ; top of
tail and narrow line extending forward along middle of rump black ; under
side of tail grayish white ; sides of head, with sides and under part of neck,
bright buff, with some black grizzling on sides of head ; nape with a narrow
black band extending back from base of each ear with a median band of
buffy of equal width separating the two black bands ; ear on front half of
convex surface grizzled yellowish buffy and bordered along edge by a
fringe of buffy hairs ; posterior half of convex surface blackish at base and
shading into grayish white on middle and pure white on terminal part,
which lacks any sign of a black margin or tip; posterior border of ear buffy
on basal half; white along rest of margin (pure on convex side, shaded
with buffy on concave side) to near tip, which is buffy.
Skull characters. Skull much as in typical L. merriami, but longer and
rather heavier, with longer and heavier rostrum.
Measurements of type (taken in flesh}. Total length, 605 ; tail vertebrae, 96;
hind foot, 137 ; ear from notch (from dried skin), 112.
Measurements of type skull '. Occipito-nasal length, 99; basal length, 77 ;
length of nasals, 44 ; greatest interorbital breadth, 24 ; parietal breadth, 32 ;
depth of rostrum at front base of premolar, 26 ; width above same point, 26;
greatest diameter of bullae, 12.
Specimens examined. Six.
General notes.^-This form agrees with typical L. merriami in general ap
pearance, but in five out of six specimens examined the black nape patch
is divided by a distinct .yellow band. The under side of the neck is
much deeper buffy, and the tips of the ears on the convex side entirely
lack any trace of black in three specimens and have only a narrow black
edging in the three others examined. The larger skull with longer, heavier
rostrum is another character. It has a comparatively limited distribution,
and occupies the southernmost area occupied by the species along the Gulf
coast of Mexico, and probably does not range as far north as Victoria,
Tamaulipas.
VOL XVII, PP. 111-112. MAY 18, 1904.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NOTES ON TETRANEURIS LINEARIFOLIA,
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hooker) Greene.
This species is certainly very variable, both as to its mode of growth and
the width of the leaves. How far these differences are racial it is hard
to say. The specimens seen are as follows :
Tr.i-as. Kerrville, Kerr Co. (Heller); "Texas" (Lindheimer, 267); " On
the Pierdenales" (Lindheimer) ; Leona (Wright); " Pecos, etc." (Wright);
Brazos (Lindheimer) ; Dallas (Elihu Hall) ; near New Braunfels (Lind
heimer) ; Gillespie Co. (G. Jenny) ; Dallas (Reverchon) ; San Antonio
(E. H. Wilkinson) ; Dallas (B. F. Bush). The Lindheimer plants have
very narrow leaves, and are no doubt typical. The Heller plant from
Kerrville (Heller, 1619 ; hb. Mo. Botanical Garden) has larger heads (over
25 mm. diam. with rays, and about 12 without), dark olive-green almost
entirely glabrous foliage, some of the leaves as much as 5 mm. broad, and
strongly striate practically glabrous stems. The involucres and peduncles
beneath are covered with ochreous hair. The plant has a spreading bushy
growth, and is about 25 cm. high, counting the heads. This plant grows
in " rich and often shaded ground " (Heller, Bot. Expl. So. Tex., p. 109),
whereas Lindheimer's plant grows " in masses together on sandy prairies,
with thin soil " (Lindheimer, 648). Whether the Kerrville plant represents
a " form " or a true race, can not be certainly determined at present, but
the latter would seem rather probable, or Heller would have found both
states. It may be called var. latior (type, Heller's 1619).
Oklahoma. Huntsville, Kingfisher Co. (Laura A. Blankinship). Small
plants; lowest leaves broad.
Kansas. Sumner Co. (Mark White). Bushy ; leaves narrow.
15 PHOC. Bioi,. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (Ill)
112 Cockerell Notes on Tetraneuria Linearifolia.
Tetraneuris linearifolia oblongifolia (Greene)
Teiraneuris oblongifolin, Greene, Pittonia, iii, 269. (1898.)
I have before me Palmer's No. 677, from the State of Nuevo Leon. The
heads are about 10 mm. broad (excl. rays), the rays large and broad ; the
leaves are up to about 3^ mm. broad, and quite hairy; the achenes, pappus,
etc., are as in linearifolia. 1 do not think this can well rank as a species.
Tetraneuris linearifolia dodgei subsp. nov.
About 25 cm. high, with several stems ; very hairy, the young leaves en
veloped in loose tomentum ; heads (excl. rays) about 13 mm. broad ; radical
leaves pinnatiji.d wilh broad lateral lobes diverging at right angles from the
rather broad blade ; cauline leaves short and mostly quite narrow ; aristae
of pappus longer than in linearifolia or oblong (folia. Monterey, Mexico,
" in fields, very common," May, 1891. (Chas. K. Dodge, 109 ; U. S. N. M.,
27,471.) The heads on long upright peduncles look like those of oblongifolia,
but the foliage is quite different. This ought perhaps to be regarded as a
valid species, but I expect that intermediates between it and linearifolia
will be found.
VOL. XVII, PP. 113-1 14 MAY 18, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SUBSPECIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN
TYRANT BIRDS.
BY OUTRAM BANGS.
Of the two tyrant birds here named as new subspecies, one is
a well-marked form of Serphophaga cinerea (Strickl.) from the
Santa Marta region of Colombia, formerly referred by me to
S. cinerea griseaLiSiWT. The other is the extreme northern form
of the wide ranging Todirostrum cinereum ( Linn . ) , from southern
Mexico . Fortunately the type locality of T. cinereum Surinam
is well toward the southern end of the range of the species, and
extreme northern and southern specimens when compared to
gether are different enough. A long chain of intergrades, how
ever, through Central America and Panama completely connects
the two extreme races and it is no easy matter to say which
name many of these should bear. Roughly speaking, specimens
from Honduras north may be referred to the northern form and
those from Panama south to the southern.
Serphophaga cinerea cana subsp. nov.
Type from Chirua, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 7000 feet
altitude, adult male No. 6125, coll. of E. A. & O. Bangs, collected March 17,
1899, by \V. W. Brown, Jr.
Characters. Most like S. cinerea grisea, but head dull brownish-black,
with very large and conspicuous semi-concealed patch of white on crown ;
back very pale smoke gray ; under parts nearly uniform grayish white
16 PKOC. Bioi.. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (113)
114
Bangs Two New Subspecies of Tyrant Birds.
the breast and sides but little grayer than the throat and belly ; wing bars
and edging of tertials much paler gray-whitish.
S. cinerea grisea of Costa Rica and Chiriqui has the head deep black, the
white patch on crown small, the back cinereous almost without brownish
tinge, the breast and sides dark gray much darker than the throat and
belly and the wing bars and edging of tertials dark gray.
S. cinerea cinerea from Peru and eastern Ecuador (type locality supposed
to be Chili) has the back much browner and slightly darker gray, and the
under parts much grayer.
MRASUREMKNTS.
6125 c?ad. j Chirua, 7000 feet
6127 I cf ad. I La Conception, 3000 feet.
QJ C
gD
m
s
X CU
;
P
3
sSi
56.
43.
16.6 10.2
10 feet.
55.5
40.5
16.8 9.8
6128
? ad.
50.
39.5
16.2
9.6
6126
9 ad.
San Miguel, 7500 feet.* 51.
41.
16.4
1
* All these places are in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.
Todirostrum cinereum finitimum subsp. nov.
Type from San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico, adult male No. 4148, coll.
of E. A. & 0. Bangs, collected March 7, 1890.
Characters. Similar to true T. cinereum of Guiana and southeastern
Brazil, except in being darker yellow below, lemon yellow or canary yellow
instead of sulphur yellow, and much darker above the back dull, dark
olive-green with faint dusky striations, lacking the grayish or cinereous
tinge of these parts in true T. cinereum ; in the new form there is gray only
on the nape where the black of the cap fades into the green of the back
and here the gray is much darker than in true T. cinereum.
MRASUREMKNTS.
'Sc
bi)
1
g S
d
1
c
i
5J|
4148
^ad.
Type
41.
32.
18.4
13.8
4147
r?ad.
Topotype
41.
31.
18.2
4149
9 ad.
40.5
31.5
18.
13.6
VOL. XVII, PP. 1 15-118 MAY 19, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ADDITIONS TO THE ORCHID FLORA OF FLORIDA.
BY OAKES AMES.
The orchid floras of peninsular Florida and of the West Indies
are so similar in the genera and species common to both that it
is not surprising to firfd, among recent additions to the list of
Florida orchids, species known to be natives of Cuba, Porto Rico,
and Jamaica. During November and December, 1903, six
genera new to Florida, including seven species, were discovered
by a single collector in Dade County. Most of these were found
in abundance and, as careful comparisons showed, were iden
tical with genera and species known to come from Cuba and
Jamaica. One species proved new to science, but in February,
1904, was discovered by myself in the Province of Pinar del Rio,
near the town of Artemisa, forty miles west of Havana. In
March, 1904, while on the west coast of Florida about eighty
miles from the end of the Peninsula, I found among other
orchids three species up to that time unrecorded from the
United States, one of them belonging to a genus new to Florida.
Of all of them I had collected specimens previously in different
parts of Cuba, one frequently in Pinar del Rio province. At
the present time, with the exception of Epidendrum fr/////>r/w
Lindl. and E. conopseum R. Br., there is no epiphytic orchid
known to occur in Florida which has not also been reported
from Cuba and other parts of Tropical America, while the same
may be said of many of the terrestrial species; a fact which
17 PKOC. HIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (115)
116 Ame* Addition* to Orchid Flora of Florida.
shows quite plainly that the West Indies must be reckoned with
to a large extent in the study of our semi-tropical orchid flora.
The following list contains six species hitherto unrecorded as
natives of the United States. Two of them, however, on account
of inadequate material are here reported on provisional, though
reasonably sure, determinations. One, Liparis Plata, was re
ceived in 1903 from Lee County, Florida, where it was collected
by the late James E. Layne. No data accompanied the speci
mens, which were in a fresh state, one of them pushing up a
flower shoot that failed to reach maturity. The other spe"cies,
Pdexia setacea, was collected by Mr. A. A. Eaton in Dade County.
When received, Mr. Eaton's plants were partly frozen so that
the flowers ceased developing. From the buds, however, analyses
were made that showed characters on which the following de
termination is based. Of the remaining species, three were
collected by me on the west coast of Florida and one by
Mr. Eaton near Miami, on the east coast.
lonopsis utricularioides Li mil.
On low trees near pools of water. Found only in " Gobbler's Head,"
near Naples, Lee County, the flowers just opening. March 12 (0. A.}.
Epidendrum strobiliferum Rchb. f.
On the lower limbs of Persea carolinensis Nees., in " Palm Hammock,"
near Marco. Only one station ; the plants in fruit. March 19 (0. A.}.
Epidendrum anceps Jacq.
Common on deciduous trees, almost everywhere, not infrequently form
ing the main epiphytic orchid flora round muddy " lakes " in cypress
swamps ; Lee County, March 15-21 (0. A.).
Pelexia setacea Lindl.
In humus, in the dense shade of hammocks, fourteen miles south of
Cutler, Dade County, Dec. 10, 1903 {A. A. Eaton}. My specimens agree per
fectly with P. setacea, except for the spur, but the immaturity of my mate
rial may well account for discrepancies in this respect, as the spur must
lengthen considerably as the flower develops.
Liparis elata Rchb. f.
Lee County, July, 1903 (/. E. Layne).
Ame* Addition* to Orchid Flora of Florida.
Sauroglossum cranichoides n. comb.
117
(Pelexia cranichoides Grisebach, Cat. Plant. Cubensium, 1866, p. 269 ;
Spiranthe* storeri Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States, 1897,
p. 488 ; Beadlea storeri Small, Flora of the Southeastern United States, 1903,
p. 319.) In humus in the deep shade of Breckell Hammock, near Miami,
Dade County, Dec. 23-28, 1903 (A.A.Eaton). This is undoubtedly the species
described by A. W. Chapman as Spiranihes storeri in 1897, and later placed
by Dr. J. K. Small in a new genus as Beadlea storeri. Tracings of the floral
organs and of the plant, taken from the type material of Beadlea in the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Gardens, agree perfectly with the
specimens collected by Mr. Eaton and with Pelexia cranichoides Grisebach.
Dr. Small described Beadlea as without callosities at the base of the lip, but
this was an oversight, as later investigations showed the presence of two
callosities, much the same as in Spiranthes. In referring the species in
question to Pelexia, A. H. R. Grisebach must have interpreted the char
acters of that genus rather loosely, as the flowers on the plants which he
described lack the characteristic spur of Pelexia and do not agree with it
in several other important respects. The nearest affinity of Sauroglossum
cranichoides seems to be S. datum (Rich.). From both species Sauro-
glfmsum elatum Lindl. is distinct, so that it seems best to revive the first
specific name of this plant, which would eliminate the likelihood of con
fusion and give as a new combination Sauroglossum nitidum (Veil).
VOL. XVII. PP 119-120 JUNE 9. 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THREE NEW ORCHID SPECIES.
BY OAKES AMES.
The three species of orchidaceous plants described below have
been for some time the cause of much perplexity, as I have been
unable to refer them to species hitherto published. The Den-
drobium was given to me by Mr. F. Sander, of St. Albans, Eng
land, who received it from New Guinea, where it was collected
by Micholitz. The only information concerning the specimen
referred to the color of the flowers and to the probability of
there being a variety characterized by ' ' purple ' ' veins on the
perianth. The two Epidendrums were collected in Mexico by
Mr. C. G. Pringle and are interesting additions to a complex
genus. To Mr. R. A. Rolfe, who kindly examined the speci
mens and on finding them worthy of specific rank described
them, I owe my best thanks.
Dendrobium Micholitzii Rolfe.
" Densely tufted ; pseudobulbs erect, slender at the base, somewhat
thickened upwards and quadrangular, 3-4 inches long, diphyllous at the
apex; leaves oblong or obvate-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, 11-2} inches
long; flowers terminal, several, from the axils of a cluster of imbricating
oblong bracts, creamy yellow with a greenish orange blotch on the lip,
sometimes with purple veins on the flower ; pedicels slender, 8-10 lines
long ; dorsal sepal oblong lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long ; lateral pair tri
angular, acute, prolonged behind into a stout obtuse somewhat curved
menturn 4g-6 lines long ; petals linear, acute, 2 J lines long; lip 5-6 lines
long, the basal part oblong and somewhat curved, the apex dilated into an
obovate obtuse limb, bearing a small oblong crest in the centre; column
stout, scarcely over line long. German New Guinea, Micholitz.
IS-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904, (119)
120 Ames Three New Orchid &pecies.
" An interesting addition to the small section Bolbodium, allied to D.
pumilum Eoxb., but far larger in all its parts, and the pseudobulbs dis
tinctly quadrangular upwards, as in the Burmese D. quadrangulare Parish,
which, however, has smaller flowers and a proportionately shorter mentum.
The remaining species is the Philippine D. hymenanthum Rchb. f." Type
in herbarium of the Ames Botanical Laboratory.
Epidendrum Pringlei Rolfe.
" Densely tufted; pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, 7-10 lines long, 1-2-leaved ;
leaves linear-oblong, subobtuse, coriaceous, 2-3 inches long ; scapes slender,
erect, 2^-4 inches long, 1-2-flowered ; bracts ovate, apiculate, 1 line long;
pedicels 6-8 lines long ; sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long,
reflexed ; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long, reflexed ; lip free
from column, very shortly stalked, limb dilated into a transversely oblong
or suborbicular blade, about 5 lines long by 7 broad, thickened at the base
into a two or three-keeled callus from which three slender nerves extend
toward the apex ; column 2 lines long, broadly clavate. Mexico, State of
Morelos, near Cuernavaca, on tops of mountains, at 8,000 ft. altitude ; C. G.
Pringle, May 12, 1898.
" A species of the Encycimm section, nearly allied to E. haslatum Lindl.,
but more slender and smaller in all its parts. The sepals and petals are
somew r hat fleshy, and appear to have been dusky brown in colour, while the
limb of the lip is membranaceous and white. Of known species it can only
be compared with the one mentioned, but it is well characterised by its
very slender habit." Type in herbarium of the Ames Botanical Laboratory.
Epidendrum oaxacanum Rolfe.
" Stems erect, subterete, leafy, 1|-2| ft, high ; leaves oblong, subobtuse,
coriaceous, 3-4 inches long, f-1 inch broad ; inflorescences terminal and
axillary on the upper part of the stem, somewhat branched, aggregated
into a loose head 2^-3 inches long, covered with lanceolate-oblong imbricat
ing striate sheaths at the base ; bracts triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate,
1^-2 lines long; pedicels 5-7 lines long, slender; dorsal sepal narrowly
spatulate-lanceolate, subobtuse, lateral pair rather broader, all more or less
convolute, 5-6 lines long; petals narrowly spatulate-linear, subobtuse, 5-6
lines long ; lip adnate to the column, limb three-lobed, 5 lines broad ; front
lobe ovate-oblong, obtuse, with three prominent erect keels ; side lobes
spreading, broadly oblong, obtuse, with about five thickened veins ; lobes
about 2 lines long; disc bearing a pair of broadly oblong crests near the
base of the side lobes; column clavate, 4 lines long. Mexico; State of
Oaxaca, Sierra de San Filipe, at 7,500 ft. altitude ; C. G. Pringle, Nov. 19,
1894, n. 5830.
"An interesting addition to the small section Acropleuranthium, charac
terised by having both terminal and axillary inflorescences, of which E.
exasperatum Rchb.f. and E. Wallisii Rchb. f. have hitherto been the known
representatives. It is very distinct from either and from the dried speci
mens appears to have yellowish green flowers." Type in herbarium of the
Ames Botanical Laboratory.
VOL. XVII, pp. 121-122 J UNE 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
THK
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BLIND EEL,
OF THE GENUS ANGUILLA.
BY HUGH M. SMITH.
[Contribution from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.]
On July 31, 1902, during a cruise of the schooner Grampus
to the tile-fish grounds lying on the inner edge of the Gulf
Stream, the writer collected at the surface, 60 miles south of
Nomaiis Land, a small eel which represents a hitherto un
known species of Angwlla, and is here diagnosed and figured.
Anguilla caeca Smith, new species.
Similar to the common eel, Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque, but with the
head and snout somewhat broader, the mandible longer and more project
ing, the eyes completely covered by skin and the body uniformly black.
Body cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly, the depth contained
2.7 times in length of head ; head about .12 total length ; mouth large,
lower jaw strongly projecting ; teeth small, in a band in each jaw, a small
patch also on vomerine; anterior nostrils tubular, posterior nostrils simple
pits in front of eye ; a large pore on each side half-way between nostrils,
and a row of large pores on each side of lower jaw; branchial aperture
vertical, about length of base of pectoral, extending below base of pectoral ;
pectoral fins well developed, .25 length of head; dorsal origin posterior to
gill-opening a distance equal to 1.6 length of head; anal origin posterior to
dorsal a distance equal to .66 length of head. Scales not evident. Skin
uniformly jet black ; fins dark reddish brown by transmitted light ; skin
-over eyes not appreciably thinner than elsewhere. Eyes about as large as
19 PROC. BIOL . Soc. WASH . VOL. XVII, 1904. (121)
122
Smith A New Species of Blind Eel.
those of common eel of same size and placed posterior to the angle of
the mouth, their position indicated by a slight elevation.
The type, 6 cm. long, has been deposited in the United States National
Museum, and is numbered 51,483 on the fish register.
From the foregoing description it will be seen that this species closely
resembles .4. c/im///>"- Comparing it with a specimen of the common eel
of the same size, of the pale, translucent, type, taken from a tributary of
Casco Bay, Maine, May 13, 1903, the most striking differences, besides the
absence of functional eyes, are in the length of the lower jaw and the loca
tion of the eyes posterior to the angle of the mouth, as shown in the ac
companying figures of these two specimens.
FIG. 1. Comparison of type of Anguilla cxca Smith (upper figure) with specimen of
Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque (lower figure) of same size.
Although this fish was found at the surface, in a locality where the water
was about 50 fathoms deep, it is evident that it is a bottom species, and
that the type was a stray.
VOL. XVII, PP. 123-126 JUNE 9, 1904.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FOUR NEW GRASSHOPPER MICE, GENUS ONYCHOMYS.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Among the large series of grasshopper mice in the collection
of the Biological Survey are four forms which appear to require
recognition by name. Three of these belong to the small torridus
group; the fourth to the much larger leiicogaster group. The
new forms may be known from the following descriptions:
Onychomys torridus tularensis subsp. nov.
Type from Bakersfield, Kern County, Calif. Adult female, No. ff}H>
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. July 19, 1891.
A. K. Fisher. Orig. No. 792.
Characters. Size small ; color pale drab gray, barely tinged with bufiy.
Similar to 0. torridus longicaudus but much paler and without the ochraceous
suffusion. Compared with 0. ramona the difference is still more marked,
ramona being a very dark form. The type specimen has just moulted the
hair of the face and head and as a result the new pelage on these parts is
darker than usual.
Range. The Tulare basin from Huron and Alcalde south, and adjacent
Carrizo Plains on the west and Kern Valley on the east.
Measurements. Average of 5 adults : Total length, 143 ; tail vertebrae,
50.5; hind foot, 21.
20 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (123)
124 Merriam Four New Grasshopper Mice.
Onychomys torridus yakiensis subsp. nov.
Type from Camoa, Kio Mayo, southern Sonora, Mexico. Adult female,
No. 95,855, IT. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Oct. 28,
1898. E. A. Goldman. Orig. No. 13,158.
Characters. Color similar to that of Onychomys torridus ramona, but size
slightly larger (hind foot averaging 22.5 instead of 20.5). Median dorsal
area, from crown to base of tail, usually much darker than sides of back.
Compared with torridus, longicaudus, and ramona, the molar teeth, particu
larly the anterior molars, are broader and heavier, and the palate usually
ends posteriorly in a median projection in torridus and ramona it is
concave.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 154; tail vertebrae, 53 ;
hind foot, 22. Average of 6 specimens from type region : Total length, 149 ;
tail vertebra, 53 ; hind foot, 22.5.
Remarks. Onychomys yakiensis has the dark head, large ears, and general
coloration of ramona, in which respects it differs from typical torridus. Its
range appears to be western Sonora and northern Sinaloa, and may join
that of ramona around the head of the Gulf of California. The collection
of the Biological Survey contains 19 specimens of this form from Camoa
and Alamos, Sonora, and Sinaloa, Sinaloa. The series comprises both
pelages (grayish brown and dull fulvous) and various ages. The young
when half grown are dark gray like those of ramona; when nearly full
grown they are pale smoke gray, much paler than ramona of correspond
ing age.
Onychomys torridus canus subsp. nov.
Type from San Juan Capistrano, Zacatecas, Mexico. Adult female,
No. 90,843, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Aug. 23,
1897. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Orig. No. 11,574.
Characters. Similar to torridus in general characters, but tail and ears
longer, and color drab gray or grayish clay-color instead of fulvous.
Measurements. Type specimen : Total length, 152 ; tail vertebrae, 55 ;
hind foot, 22. Average of 5 specimens from type locality : Total length,
150 ; tail, 54 ; hind foot, 22.
Remarks. In addition to the Zacatecas specimens, others are at hand
from Rio Verde and Jesus Maria, San Luis Potosi.
Onychomys leucogaster albescens subsp. nov.
Type from Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico. Adult female, No. 50,040,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Dec. 12, 1892.
C. P. Streator. Orig. No. 2399.
Characters. Size large. Similar to 0. leucogaster pallescens from Hopi
Pueblos of Arizona, but much paler, and with cheeks and thighs snowy-
Merriam Four New Grasshopper Mice. 125
white. Upperparts buffy, deepest on rump ; face from nose to eyes whitish,
faintly washed with bun ; cheeks, legs, and thighs snow-white like under-
parts.
Skull, compared with that of pallescens, smaller and weaker,. braincase
narrower, more rounded (less flattened on top) ; rostrum weaker; zygomata
much narrower and rounded off anteriorly, slightly spreading posteriorly.
[In pallescens as in leucogaster they stand out much farther and more
squarely, enclosing a much larger orbital fossa.]
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length. 160; tail vertebrae, 60;
hind foot, 23.
Remarks. The type specimen, which is in fresh winter pelage, has long
soft fur and is the most beautiful mouse I have ever seen. With it are two
young-adults, not quite full grown, from the same locality. One of these
is like the type, only not quite so pale ; the other has the upperparts pale
smoke-gray slightly suffused with buffy.
VOL. XVII, PP. 127-128 JUNE 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW POCKET MICE OF THE GENUS
PEROGNATHUS.
BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.
Several hundred specimens of pocket mice have been secured
by field parties of the Biological Survey since the publication of
the last revision of the genus Perognathvs* Among these are
many which serve to increase the knowledge of the distribution
and relationships of the various species and subspecies. The
new material also indicates that two well-marked subspecies are
still unnamed. They may be known as follows:
Perognathus flavescens perniger subsp. nov.
Type from Vermilion, South Dakota. Young-adult female, No. 57,725,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Aug. 22, 1889.
G. S. Agersborg.
Characters. Size, proportions, and skull much as in P. flavescens ; color
of upperparts chiefly intense black ; underparts chiefly ochraceous buff.
Color. Median dorsal region intense black or brownish black to roots of
hairs ; sides and head mixed black and ochraceous buff; ears brownish
black very narrowly edged with buffy ; inferior subauricular spot bright
buff, superior one nearly obsolete ; lateral line ochraceous buff, broad and
sharply contrasted ; underparts rich ochraceous buff except chin and a
narrow stripe on throat and breast, which are white ; tail dusky above,
whitish below, narrowly buffy on sides ; feet buffy, toes paler.
Skull. As in P. flavescens.
Measurements. Type: Total length, 140; tail vertebrae, 684 hind foot
(dry), 17.
* North American Fauna, No. 18, September 20, 1900.
21-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (127)
128 Osgood Two New Pocket Mice.
Remarks. The type of this subspecies has been in the collection of the
Biological Survey for a number of years. It has heretofore been doubtfully
referred toflavescms on the assumption that its very dark color was due to
melanism or other abnormal condition. Apparently this is not the case,
for a second specimen from Vermilion, South Dakota, while quite immature,
shows the same dark color, and two adults from Verdigris, Nebraska, are
distinctly intermediate. One of these, collected April 23, 1903, by Merritt
Gary, has decidedly more dusky than is usual in flavescens, and has the
posterior half of the underparts almost entirely buff. The other, collected
by V. Bailey, June 11, 1893, is more like flavescens in the color of the upper-
parts, but has the buffy suffusion on the belly. The specimens from Ver
milion, South Dakota, seem to represent an extreme development of these
characters. Typical flavescens invariably has pure white underparts, and
except in very high pelage is quite pale throughout. Its home is in the
sand hills of Nebraska, where conditions are decidedly different from those
in the more humid region inhabited by pe,rniger.
Perognathus californicus ochrus subsp. nov.
Type from Santiago Springs (16 miles southwest of McKittrick), Kern
County, California. Young-adult female, No. 130,348, U. S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. July 30, 1903. Luther J.
Goldman.
Characters. Similar to P. callfornicas dispar, but decidedly paler.
Color. Upperparts mixed pinkish buff and dusky, producing a general
effect varying from ecru drab to broccoli brown ; lateral line pale pinkish
buff; underparts creamy white; tail hair brown above, white below;
hands and feet white.
/Skull. As in P. c. dispar.
Measurements. Average of 10 young-adult topotypes : Total length, 200
(190-216); tail vertebra, 108.7 (100-119); hind foot, 25.
Remarks. This pale form of P. californicus seems to be confined to the
region about the lower end of the San Joaquin Valley. The palest speci
mens are those from localities nearest the bottom of the valley. Specimens
from Tehachapi and Old Fort Tejon show a slight approach to dispar, to
which they were formerly referred. A series from Three Kivers, Kern
County, is typical of dispar, which seems to indicate that the range of this
form is interrupted in the passes at the foot of the San Joaquin Valley by
the paler form ochrus. P. c. dispar is itself slightly paler than californicus,
but the principal reason for recognizing it is its larger size and cranial
characters. Should these cranial characters prove inconstant on the acqui
sition of larger series of true californicus, dispar would fall as a synonym
of californicus. In any case the form here called ochrus would merit
recognition.
Specimens examined. Total number, 65, from localities in California as
follows : Alcalde, 1 ; Carrizo Plains, 1 ; Cayama Valley, 3 ; Fort Tejon, 2 ;
25 miles above Kernville, 1 ; Onyx, 4 ; Painted Rock, 25 miles southeast of
Simmler, 1 ; San Emigdio, 4 ; San Emigdio Canyon, 5 ; Santiago Springs,
16 miles southwest of McKittrick, 36 ; Tehachapi, 2 ; Tejon Canyon, 5.
VOL. XVII, PP. 129-130 JUNE 9, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SQUIRRELS OF THE ABERTI GROUP.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Mr. John T. Stewart has recently sent me two specimens of
a new squirrel collected hy him in the pine forest on the Kaibab
Plateau in northern Arizona. One of these, a female, was ob
tained in August; the other, a male, in December. They agree
in essential characters and differ strikingly from the well known
Abert squirrel of the pine forest of the Arizona plateau south of
the Grand Canyon. Mr. Stewart, while at work with a field
party of the U. S. Geological Survey on the north side of the
Grand Canyon, saw seven and obtained four of the new squir
rels; he found them scarce and wild.
In addition to the above-mentioned species the Biological
Survey collection contains a number of specimens of a pale form
of the Abert squirrel from the south end of the Cimarron Moun
tains in northeastern New Mexico, mainly from the neighbor
hood of Hall Peak. Both of these are here described.
Sciurus kaibabensis sp. nov.
Type from head of Bright Angel Creek, -top of Kaibab Plateau, north side
of Grand Canyon of Colorado, Arizona. Adult male, No. 130,982, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. December 1, 1903.
John T. Stewart.
Characters, Similar in size and general characters to S. aberti, but under-
22 PKOC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (129)
130 Merriam Two New Squirrels.
parts mainly black instead of white, and tail mainly white all over instead of
white on under side only.
Color. "Upperparts from nose to base of tail dark grizzled gray, consider
ably darker than in aberti; back with a ferruginous dorsal area extending
from shoulders to rump, and sometimes reaching anteriorly to top of head
as in aberli; lower sides, upper part of fore legs, and thighs, mainly solid
black ; median parts below, from mouth to base of tail, black mixed with
gray; ears in summer blackish (in aberti gray), in winter anterior fold gray,
tufts black ; tail white, except extreme base, which is gray, and an indis
tinct streak along the middle of upper si4e, which is dark buffy gray,
ending in a subterminal blackish band ; nose black ; face (including
cheeks and sides of nose), fore feet, and toes finely mixed gray and black;
hind feet in summer mainly gray, in winter mainly black.
Sciurus aberti mimus subsp. nov.
Type from Hall Peak, at south end of Cimarron Mountains, northeastern
New Mexico. Adult female, No. 70,908, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. January 16, 1895. C. M. Barber. Original No. 61.
Characters. Similar to S. aberti, but gray of upperparts decidedly paler;
red dorsal area usually obsolete or nearly so ; upper side of tail paler ; ear
tufts pale fulvous, grizzled and tipped with black (instead of mainly black) ;
tail apparently shorter.
Measurements of type specimen. Length, 485 ; tail vertebrae, 215 ; hind
foot, 70.
VOL. XVII, PP. 131-134 JULY 14, 1904.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
JACK RABBITS OF THE LEPUS CAMPESTRIS GROUP.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
The large white-tailed jack rabbit of the Northern Plains was
named Lepus campestris by Bachman in 1837. The type speci
men came from the plains of the Saskatchewan. Two years
later (1839) he described, under the name Lepus townsendi, a
closely related species from Walla Walla, on the plains of the
Columbia. Waterhouse, in 1848, united the two, placing
toivnsendi as a synonym under campestris. This course has been
followed by subsequent naturalists.
An examination of the jack rabbits of this group in the col
lection of the U. S. Biological Survey shows that townsendi is a
strongly marked form of the campestris group, and that another
form, heretofore unrecognized, but here named sierrae, inhabits
the Sierra Nevada of California. The three forms, with their
ranges so far as now known, may be defined as follows:
Lepus campestris Bachman.
Lepus campestris Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VII, Pt. 2,
349-352, 1837.
Type locality. Plains of Saskatchewan.
Range. Northern Great Plains from Plains of Saskatchewan southward
to Kansas, and from Minnesota westward to the Rocky Mountains. From
23 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (131)
132 Merriam Jack Rabbits of the Lepus Campestris Group.
Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming the range spreads westerly
over eastern Idaho, northern Utah, and northeastern Nevada.
Characters. Upperparts yellowish gray; thighs grayish, washed with
fulvous, becoming snow-white in early fall ; tip of ear margined anteriorly
by black, posteriorly marked by a broad squarish black patch changing
abruptly to the white below ; tail wholly snow-white, some specimens
showing a faint trace of a median dorsal line ; upper surface of fore leg and
fore foot ochraceous, sparingly sprinkled with black hairs ; eye surrounded
by a broad conspicuous white ring ; top of head and front of ears yellowish
gray or buffy yellowish, varying to buffy fulvous ; pectoral collar buffy
yellowish.
Measurements. Average of 5 specimens from Wyoming : Total length,
615 ; tail vertebrae, 92 ; hind foot, 152.
Lepus catnpestris townsendi Bachman.
Lepus townsendi. Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, Pt. I,
90-94, 1839.
Type locality. Walla Walla, Washington.
Range. Plains of the Columbia, in Oregon and Washington.
Characters. Upperparts clear gray ; thighs and hind legs deep gray ; tip
of ear not bordered anteriorly by black, the black showing along the edge
only ; posterior ear-patch narrow, forming only a border, which fades out
irregularly into gray below and on the inner side ; tail white, with a dis
tinct gray median dorsal line or stripe ; top of fore leg and fore foot buffy
gray, strongly grizzled with black hairs ; white ring around eye not con
spicuous, the part below the eye indistinct; top of head and front of ears
gray or only faintly tinged with pale buffy fulvous; pectoral collar buffy
gray.
Measurements. Average of 5 from plains of Columbia : Total length,
576; tail vertebrae, 81 ; hind foot, 147.
Lepus campestris sierra? subsp. nov.
Type from Hope Valley, Alpine County, California, altitude 7800 feet.
No. 67,863, female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
September 9, 1894. F. Stephens. Original No. 1889.
Range. In summer, the Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe southward to
south of Mono Lake ; in winter, adjacent sage-brush slopes on east side of
Sierra in Nevada and California.
Characters. Size large ; hind foot exceedingly long (167 mm.) ; weight
of type specimen, 8} Ibs. Similar in general to townsendi, but feet much
larger and ears broadly tipped with black on both sides, more broadly even
than in campestris, the black covering the tip of the anterior or upper fold
in front as well as behind, and forming a large rectangular patch behind ;
back, thighs, and pectoral collar gray, as in townsendi; upper side of tail
Merriam Jack Rabbits of the Lepus Campestris Group. 133
with a conspicuous broad gray median band, tapering to a point and dis
appearing before reaching tip; white ring around eye broad and con
spicuous above and behind the eye, narrow below posteriorly, disappearing
anteriorly ; upper lip and sides of nose, including patch at base of whiskers,
intense buffy fulvous ; pectoral collar and flanks gray, the gray of flanks
encroaching on belly ; top of fore legs grizzled buffy fulvous ; wrists and
fore feet dirty yellowish white ; hind feet white.
Remarks. The latter part of September, 1900, John Muir and I, after
ascending Bloody Canyon to Mono Pass, came upon one of these large
hares among the Murray and white bark pines on the west side about two
miles below the Pass, and near Dana Creek, which is one of the heads of
Tuolumne River. The Paiute Indians at Mono Lake showed me a number
of snow-white winter skins of this rabbit, and told me that in winter it
comes out of the mountains and inhabits the higher sage-brush slopes on
upper Rush Creek, from which locality the Biological Survey has recently
secured specimens, through the courtesy of Will ,T. Farrington, of Mono
Lake. All of these specimens unfortunately are in the white winter pelage,
though most of them show some dark gray on the head and some pale
fulvous on the ears, nose, and fore feet. The ears are strongly washed
with pale fulvous. The ear-tips are black on both sides, but the black area
is not so large as in the specimen in summer pelage from Hope Valley.
In typical campestris also the black ear-tips are smaller in winter than in
summer.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 635; tail vertebrae, 112 ;
hind foot, 167.
VOL. XVII, PP. 135-138 J ULY 14, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
UNRECOGNIZED JACK RABBITS OF THE LEPUS
TEXT ANUS GROUP.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
The texianus group of jack rabbits comprises a number of
species and subspecies inhabiting the western part of North
America from the State of Durango in Mexico north to South
Dakota and the Columbia River, and from middle Texas west
to the coast region of California. One of these, Lepus texianus
deserticola Mearns, occupies the Colorado and Mohave deserts
and the desert region generally east of the High Sierra.
Another subspecies inhabits the Plains of the Columbia in
Oregon and Washington. It resembles deserticola, but is much
darker, and may be distinguished by other characters pointed
out in the accompanying description . It is here named Lepus
texianus wallawalla.
In the interior of California, west of the Sierra, three forms
occur :
(1) Lepus calif ornicus Gray, 1887. A large, highly-colored,
reddish brown or fulvous species, inhabiting the coast region
from San Diego northward, spreading over the Sacramento
Valley and foothills of the northern Sierra, and continuing over
Shasta Valley to the Rogue River and Willamette Valley in
Oregon. Type locality, San Antonio, Calif., doubtless the old
Mission of that name a few miles north of Jolon, Monterey
County.
24 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. Vol.. XVII, 1904. (135)
136 Merriam Unrecognized Jack Rabbits.
(2) Lepus richardsoni Bachman, 1839. A form resembling
calif ornicus, but slightly smaller and much paler in color, lack
ing the reddish suffusion, the general tone of the upperparts
being buffy grayish instead of reddish brown. This form in
habits Salinas Valley and bordering ranges on both sides, fol
lows the mountains around the south end of the Joaquin Valley,
and passes north in the foothills of the Sierra to about the
latitude of San Francisco. The type locality may be fixed in
Salinas Valley or the mountains close by on the west, probably
not far from Jolon. It was described by Bachman in 1839, but
was regarded by Waterhouse as the same as calif omicus, and for
more than fifty years has been so considered.
(3) An exceedingly pallid form, inhabiting the hot south end
of the San Joaquin Valley. This form seems to have escaped a
name, and is here described as Lepus tularensis.
The type specimens of both L. calif ornicus and L. richardsoni
were collected by the botanist David Douglas in 1831, presum
ably on his overland journey from Monterey to Santa Barbara.
In fact, Gray gives San Antonio as the locality for calif ornicus.
This was doubtless the old Mission of San Antonio, situated in
the valley of the same name in the coast ranges west of Salinas
Valley, a few miles south of Santa Lucia Peak and a little north
of the present town of Jolon, Monterey County. Lepus richard
soni inhabits the same region, the western edge of its distribution
joining the eastern edge of that of calif ornicus along a line ex
tending parallel to the coast from Jolon to San Luis Obispo.
The collection of the Biological Survey contains specimens of
richardsoni from Jolon, Paso Robles, and San Luis Obispo, and
of calif ornicus from a few miles west of San Luis Obispo. As
Douglas states in a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker that he collected
in this region and visited the Santa Lucia Mountains in lat. 36,
there is every reason to believe that the type specimens of both
californicus and richardsoni were collected in the same general
neighborhood.
Lepus tularensis sp. nov.
Type from Alila (in bottom of San Joaquin Valley), Tulare Co., California.
No. 126,334, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec
tion. October 25, 1900. Luther J. Goldman.
Merriam Unrecognized Jack Rabbits. 137
Characters. Similar in general to L. texianus deserticola, but usually paler
and more yellowish ; size rather small for the texianus group ; color pale
buffy grayish with a yellowish tone ; back only slightly grizzled with black
hairs ; nape patch whitish ; face, particularly sides of face and neck, pale
buffy yellowish or yellowish buff, only slightly grizzled by dark hairs ;
pectoral collar pale yellowish ; black ear-tips not sharply denned below ;
thighs grayish clay color ; underparts white, with only a tinge of pale yel
lowish buffy on the sides ; skull long and slender; frontals and nasals very
narrow.
Measurements of type specimen. Total length, 558 ; tail vertebrae, 84 ; hind
foot, 117.
Remarks. Lepus tularensis is a pallid form inhabiting the hot Bakersfield-
Tulare Basin at the extreme south end of the San Joaquin Valley, whence
it extends over the adjacent Carrizo Plain on the west. In winter its
domain is invaded by the foothill species of the surrounding region, Lepus
richardsoni Bachman, both occurring at Alila, Bakersfield, and other points
not too far from the base of the hills.
Lepus texianus wallawalla subsp. nov.
Type from Touchet, Plains of Columbia, Washington. Adult female,
No. ff Iff , U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Sept. 18,
1890. C. P. Streator. Original No. 271.
Characters. In summer pelage similar to L. texianus deserticola, but
upperparts darker ; in fresh winter pelage similar to eremicus and richard
soni. Skull and hind foot small as in deserticola and tularensis (contrasted
with the large-footed forms texianus, eremicus, and calif ornicus). Compared
with deserticola, the ears are shorter ; hind foot slightly larger ; color of
upperparts decidedly darker, partly from much greater admixture of black
hairs and partly from a dull buffy fulvous suffusion. In fresh fall pelage
( middle October) wallawalla becomes strongly suffused with pale buffy
fulvous, most intense on sides, and the pectoral collar is still more deeply
fulvous. The top of head and sides of face remain grizzled gray (nearly
as gray as in richardsoni), but a broad ring around the eye and the sides
of the neck are pale fulvous, almost but not quite so pronounced as in
eremicus. The fronts of the ears are finely grizzled fulvous brown, darker
than in eremicus and less gray than in richardsoni and deserticola. In
summer pelage the fulvous suffusion is lost, the eye ring becomes nearly
white, the cheeks pale buffy gray with very little grizzling, and the
pectoral collar pale yellowish buffy.
Measurements of type specimen. Total length, 555 ; tail vertebrae, 95 ; hind
foot, 126. Average of hind foot in 4 specimens, 127.
VOL. XVII, pp. 139-146 JULY 14, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
_, : L_
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN KANGAROO RATS OF
THE GENUS PERODIPUS.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
The kangaroo rats, a group peculiar to the arid parts of North
America, are represented by three genera Dipodomys, Perodipus,
and Microdipodops. The latter is very much more distinct from
the others than they are from each other. Dipodomys and
Microdipodops have been previously studied, and the species
have been published, but up to the present time only a begin
ning has been made in working out the species of Perodipus.
A study of the rich collections of the Biological Survey leads
me to recognize nine new forms, which are here described. One
of these, named ingens, is a very large animal for a kangaroo
rat, equaling in size Dipodomys spectabilis from Arizona and
New Mexico. It inhabits the hot Carrizo Plain and adjacent
southern end of the San Joaquin Valley in California. Another
species, P. microps, from Lone Pine, Owens Valley, is the
smallest of the genus thus far discovered, being smaller even
than ordi and columbianus.
A curious feature connected with the kangaroo rats of this
genus is that most of the species and subspecies may be arranged
in four groups according to size: The small ordi group, the
slightly larger montanus group, the decidedly larger agilis group,
25 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (139)
140 Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats.
and ingew, the largest of all. Another interesting feature is
that in many localities two species occur together, and in several
places three may be found within a distance of a few miles.
The various species appear to be highly sensitive to climatic
conditions, and adhere very closely to definite zone positions.
As a result, it is not uncommon in the Great Basin region to
encounter two or three species in ascending from the bottom of
a desert valley to the adjacent mountain slopes. The great
majority of species belong to the Upper "Sonoran zone, of which
some inhabit the upper part, some the lower. A few belong to
the Lower Sonoran and Transition zones respectively, and one
species montanus of Baird apparently enters the lower edge
of the Boreal.
Like the other kangaroo rats, the members of the genus
Perodipus are primarily desert animals. A few species inhabit
the bare open deserts, but most of them live in the brushy
deserts, and at least two of the California species streatori and
venustus live among the manzanita thickets of the mountain
slopes a very curious place in which to find a kangaroo rat.
One of these species, venustus, inhabits the Santa Cruz Moun
tains, and was also obtained by the Goldman brothers and
myself on the very top of Santa Lucia Peak, in the coast ranges,
at an altitude of 6000 feet.
Note on Perodipus montanus Baird.
Dipodomys montanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, p. 334, 1855.
Perodipus montanus of Baird is a well-marked species, a little larger than
ordi, but decidedly smaller than agilis, longipes, and richardsoni. It was
collected by F. Kreuzfeldt on Captain Beck with 's expedition, in San Luis
Valley, south central Colorado, near Old Fort Massachusetts (now Fort
Garland), from which point the Biological Survey has obtained a large
series of topotypes. By a curious error, Dr. E. A. Mearns has identified
the species with Dipodomys elator Merriam of Texas (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XIII, 167, Oct. 31, 1900). Fortunately, Baird's type specimen ofmontanvs
is still in existence, in the U. S. National Museum. Comparison of this
type with the above-mentioned series of topotypes shows them to be iden
tical, and to differ widely from Dipodomys elator of Texas.
Doctor Mearns may have been misled by the fact that the fifth toe
(really the thumb) which distinguishes Perodipus from Dipodomys is not
apparent in the type specimen, for the reason that the hind feet were
skinned down to the toes and the bones removed. In all other respects it
Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats. 141
agrees with the topotypes of montanus. Externally it has the small ears
and relatively small, pale, crested tail of P. montanus, thus differing widely
from Dipodomys elator, which has larger ears and a long round tail ending
in a pure white brush about an inch in length, below which the upper and
under tail stripes are nearly black. The whitish tip in the type of montanus
is widely different, and results from the wearing off or suppression of the
pale brownish wash which usually suffuses the tips of the hairs. Some of
the topotypes are in exactly the same condition and match the type
perfectly.
In comparing skulls of topotypes of P. montanus with those of D. elator,
it appears that montanus has weaker and narrower maxillary arches,
narrower nasals, narrower premaxillse, and narrower rostrum as a whole,
and also differs in the enamel face of the upper incisor teeth. In all of
these characters, the skull of Baird's type specimen, although not fully
adult and somewhat imperfect, agrees with the topotypes and departs from
D. elator. Furthermore, P. montanus came from the neighborhood of Fort
Garland at an altitude of nearly 8000 feet, in the upper part of the Transi
tion zone, while D. elator came from Henrietta, Texas, at an altitude of less
than 1000 feet and in the Lower Sonoran zone.
Perodipus montanus may be known from the following description :
Characters. Size medium or rather small ; tail rather short; ears small ;
upperparts dull buffy ochraceous, abundantly lined on the head with fine
dark-tipped hairs ; the back in summer pelage shading toward clay-color,
produced by brownish tips to the hairs ; end of nose above the small white
tip indistinctly dusky ; patch at base of whiskers dusky ; upper or interior
fold of ear pale fulvous, with a dark spot near the tip, followed by a small
whitish point which comes over from the back side of the ear, which is
mainly white ; upper tail stripe pale brownish drab, normally continuous
to extreme tip ; under tail stripe narrowing toward tip, and often absent
beyond end of vertebrae.
Skull. Intermediate in size between ordi and richardsoni; rostrum,
nasals, and premaxillee rather narrow ; bullae rather large for size of skull ;
maxillary arch rather weak and narrow, but with well-developed rounded
outer angle ; supraoccipital and interparietal broad. The skull as a whole
closely resembles that of ordi, but is larger, the total length averaging about
38 mm. instead of 36. The maxillary arch is actually only a trifle larger
than in ordi, thus being relatively smaller.
Measurements. Average of 40 specimens from type locality: Total
length, 250; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 40.8.
Perodipus ingens sp. nov.
Type from Painted Rock, 20 miles southeast of Simmler, Carrizo Plain,
San Luis Obispo Co., California. Adult male, No. 128,805, U. S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. August 6, 1903. Luther J. Gold
man. Original No. 777.
142 Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats.
Characters. Size huge, not only very much larger than the largest known
species of Perodipus, but equaling Dipodomys spectabilis. Skull about
double the bulk of the largest previously known Perodipus, and relatively
heavy and massive. Color buffy ochraceous ; upper and lower tail bands
black, uniting at end of vertebrae, beyond which the pencil is white, super
ficially washed with dusky (chiefly on upper surface). Ears relatively
small, actually not larger than in agilis.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 360; tail vertebrae, 191;
hind foot, 54. Average of 6 specimens : Totaflength, 350 ; tail vertebrae,
190 ; hind foot, 52. Skull of type : Total length, 48 mm. ; occipito-nasal
length, 45 ; basal length, 34 ; zygomatic breadth, 23.5 ; breadth across bulle,
30.5; breadth of frontals posteriorly, 17, behind lachrymals, 15; length of
nasals, 18.
Remarks. Perodipus ingens so greatly exceeds in size all known species
of the genus that no comparison is necessary. Its range, so far as known,
is the Carrizo Plain and adjacent southwestern border of the San Joaquin
Valley. Specimens were collected by L. J. Goldman at three localities :
Carrizo Plain (8 miles east of Simmler), Painted Rock (20 miles southeast
of Simmler), and McKittrick (in western Kern County, about 35 miles west
of Bakersfield). Whether or not it spreads over sui'table parts of the Kern-
Tulare basin remains to be ascertained.
Perodipus venustus sp. nov.
Type from Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Co., California. Adult male, No.
51,852, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. March 12,
1893. G. B. Badger. Original No. 46.
Range. Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia Mountains, California.
Characters. In size and general characters similar to P. agilis, but color
very much darker ; nose black, passing into black band at base of whiskers ;
top of head, back, and thigh patches dusky, finely grizzled with ochraceous,
the ochraceous becoming more distinct on sides; ears large and nearly
black, with the usual pale spots at base, and at top of fold ; ankle, sides of
heel, sole, and tail stripes nearly black ; hairs of rump forming a black
patch just in front of basal white ring of tail.
Skull.' Similar to that of agilis but slightly longer ; maxillary arch of
zygoma broader on outer side, with a pronounced outer angle (lacking in
agilis); jugal weaker; nasals slightly larger (both longer and broader);
premaxillse broader ; incisors heavier. Compared with P. tularensis, the
nasals and premaxillse are broader, the outer angle of maxillary arch less
developed, the bullse more projecting posteriorly.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 339 ; tail vertebrae, 211 ;
hind foot, 46. Average of 14 from type locality : Total length, 316; tail
vertebrae, 191 ; hind foot, 45.3.
Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats. 143
Perodipus* goldmani sp. nov.
Tt/pc from Salinas, mouth of Salinas Valley, Monterey Co., Calif. Young-
adult male, No. 118,924, U. S. National Musuem, Biological Survey Collec
tion. September 4, 1902. Luther J. Goldman. Original No. 431.
Characters. Size large, nearly as large as venustus, but tail shorter and
ears smaller. Coloration intermediate between the paler agilis and the
darker venustus. Upperparts finely mixed dusky and buffy ochraceous,
resulting in a drab-brown which covers the head and back, becoming
grizzled ochraceous on the flanks ; dusky marks at base of whiskers and
on ankles large and conspicuous.
Skull. Similar to that of tularensis, but nasals and premaxillae broader.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 312; tail vertebrae, 185;
hind foot, 46. Average of 8 from type locality : Total length, 313 ; tail
vertebrae, 185 ; hind foot, 45.4.
Perodipus agilis tularensis subsp. nov.
Type from Alila, Tulare Co., California. Adult female, No. 127,158, U.S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. June' 23, 1903. Luther
J. Goldman. Original No. 563.
Characters. Externally like agilis; tail slightly longer. Skull similar,
but maxillary arches more strongly developed, more broadly spreading,
broader antero-posteriorly on outer side, and developing a prominent
recurved angle ; premaxillse longer on top of skull (alongside nasals), con
stricting nasals more abruptly just behind anterior third ; sides of fronto-
parietal shield less parallel (approximating anteriorly). The skull resembles
that of panamintinus (with which it agrees in size), but differs strikingly in
the nasals, which are shorter, and anteriorly are broader and more abruptly
spreading. The supra-occipital is narrower than in panamintinus, allowing
the bullae to come nearer together. Externally panamintinus is much paler.
The skull of tularensis compared with that of venustus is slightly smaller,
nasals and premaxillse narrower, outer angle of maxillary arch more
prominent, bullee less produced posteriorly.
Remarks Specimens are at hand from Alila and Tejon Canyon.
Measurements. Type specimen : Total length, 308 ; tail vertebrae, 182 ;
hind foot, 41.
Perodipus montanus utahensis subsp. nov.
Type from Ogden, Utah . Adult male, No. 55, 1 15, U. S. National Museum ,
Biological Survey Collection. July 15, 1893. Vernon Bailey. Original
No. 4085.
Characters. Similar to montanus, but hind foot slightly smaller and
decidedly more slender ; upperparts less fulvous and more drab or clay
144 Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats.
color ; ears darker, the anterior fold dusky except at extreme tip ; under
tail-stripe continuous to tip of pencil.
Skull. Like that of montanus, but frontals narrower anteriorly, and
tympanic capsule smaller (shorter), with the underpart weak anteriorly.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 150;
hind foot, 41. Average of 10 from type locality : Total length, 260; tail
vertebra, 147 ; hind foot, 40.2.
Perodipus streatori simulans subsp. nov.
Type from Dulzura, San Diego Co., California. Adult female, No. ff }f ,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. November 24, 1891.
C. H. Marsh. Original No. 255.
Characters. Externally so similar to streatori that I have found no con
stant difference except that the end of tail is not white. In spring (end
March) and early fall (August), and probably summer also, the color is
paler and more ochraceous than in late fall (October). In October speci
mens the dusky of the back prevails over the tawny or pale fulvous tones.
Skull like that of streatori, but maxillary arch of zygoma less spreading
laterally, and cranium less squarely rectangular. In a series of skulls of
streatori placed side by side the maxillaries almost touch ; in a correspond
ing series of simulans they are separated by an interval of about 4 mm.
Some specimens (about 1 in 10) of this subspecies appear to be inter
mediate between the genera Dipodomys and Perodipus, inasmuch as they
lack the hallux or the hallux has no claw, thus having only 4 claws instead
of 5.
Remarks. This is a wide-ranging form. The Biological Survey collec
tion contains specimens from Dulzura and Twin Oaks (near San Marcos)
in San Diego County, and thence northward at least to Morro in San Luis
Obispo County.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 165 ;
hind foot, 40. Average of 10 from type locality : Total length, 285 ; tail
vertebrae, 172 ; hind foot, 41.
Average of 10 streatori from type locality (Carbondale, Mariposa County) :
Total length, 286; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 42.
Perodipus cabezonae sp. nov. -
Type from Cabezon, Colorado Desert, California. Adult female, No.
54,055, II., S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. May 31,
1893. C. P. Streator. Original No. 2859.
Characters. Size rather small (between ordi and panamintinus) ; ears
rather large; color buffy ochraceous. Externally most like panamintinus,
but ear slightly larger ; hind foot shorter ; nose paler (usual dark patch
obsolete) ; head and face more fulvous.
Merriam Little Known Kangaroo Rats. 145
Skull. Rather long and narrow ; sides of fronto-parietal shield approxi
mating anteriorly ; maxillary arches compressed. Compared with pana-
mintinus and agilis the maxillary arches are much less spreading, their
outer margins slope more strongly backward, and the frontals are narrower
between lachrymals (more wedgeshape).
Measurements. Type specimen (female) : Total length, 275 ; tail verte
brae, 162 ; hind foot, 42. Average of 8 from type locality: Total length,
282 ; tail vertebrae, 171 ; hind foot, 42.3.
Perodipus microps sp. nov. -
Type from Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo Co., California. Adult male,
No. ffff f , U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Decem
ber 22, 1890. E. W. Nelson. Original No. 138.
Characters. Size small, as in ordi and columbianus ; ears small and pale ;
color pale buffy ochraceous, much paler than ordi and columbianus.
Skull. Small and rather narrow, and very different from that of any
known species ; compared with ordi and columbianus, braincase narrower;
nasals narrower; premaxillae broader; parietals (together) much more
acutely pointed posteriorly; breadth of single parietal much less than
length (in ordi length and breadth subequal) , maxillary arch much weaker
and more slender, without external angle ; supraoccipital between bullae
narrower ; incisors thinner (anteroposteriorly) and more vertical (less in
curved).
Measurements. Type specimen : Total length, 282 ; tail vertebras, 165 ;
hind foot, 41. Average of 5 from type locality : Total length, 270 ; tail
vertebrae, 158 ; hind foot, 40.6.
Perodipus microps levipes subsp. nov.
Type from Perognathus Flat, Emigrant Gap, Panamint Mountains, Cali-
ifornia (altitude 5200 ft.) Adult male, No. f ||jf , U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection. April 16, 1891. Vernon Bailey. Original
No. 2668.
Characters. Size small, little larger than microps from Lone Pine ; ears
small ; color pale buffy ochraceous, as in microps. Skull small, with large
posteriorly bulging bullse, and narrow, weak maxillary arches. Compared
with microps the hind foot and skull as a whole are larger ; bullae decidedly
larger ; parietals less acutely pointed posteriorly. From P. cabezonse, which
has equally large bullae, it may be told at a glance by the small, narrow,
weak, and tapering maxillary arches, and by the very much smaller ears.
Measurements. Type specimen: Total length, 288; tail vertebrae, 156;
hind foot, 43. Average of 10 : Total length, 289.5 ; tail vertebrae, 164 ; hind
foot, 42.4. Total length of skull 38, contrasted with 35 for microps.
VOL. XVII, pp. 147-150 OCTOBER 6, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SQUIRRELS FROM MEXICO.
BY E. W. NELSON.
In 1651 Hernandez recorded the presence of flying squirrels
in Mexico. The next record south of the United States was in
1861, when Tomes included it in his list of mammals taken hy
Salvin at Duenas, Guatemala (P. Z. S., 1861, p. 281). In
1892 I saw a pair of mounted specimens in the museum of the
State College at the city of San Luis Potosi. These were re
corded as having been taken near Jilitla, in San Luis Potosi.
During all of our subsequent work in Mexico, until the present
season, whenever in suitable country, both Goldman and I have
kept a constant but unsuccessful lookout for these animals.
During April, 1904, while in the highlands of Chiapas, near
the Guatemala border, Goldman was fortunate enough to secure
a good pair of adult flying squirrels with skulls. In view of
the striking differences between the Mexican and United States
species of Sciurus it was a great surprise to find this isolated repre
sentative of SciuropterifS very closely related to forms found
in the United States.
Both the forms of Sciurus described below are smaller and
paler than their most closely-related subspecies occupying ad
joining territory.
26 PKOC. BIOI,. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (147)
148 Nelson Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico.
Sciuropterus volans goldmani subsp. nov.
MEXICAN FLYING SQUIRREL.
Type No. 132,833, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From 20 miles southeast of Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico,
collected April 8, 1904, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 16,667.
Geographic distribution. Highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala.
Subspecific characters. Much like S. volans quercrli, but top of nose white ;
postocular are a much darker ; and underside of flying membrane deep
ochraceous buff.
Description of type. Top of head and upper parts of body nearly uniform
reddish brown, slightly more reddish than in Sciuropterus volans querceti ;
upper surface of flying membrane blackish slate color ; top of tail cinnamon
brown ; tops of fore-feet dingy whitish ; tops of hind-feet dusky, toes dingy
whitish ; top and sides of nose, lower part of cheeks, and sides of neck to
back of ears whitish ; area between eye and ear dusky, shading down into
dingy grayish brown on cheeks and sides of head below ears ; supraloral
spot whitish; underside of neck and body white with a pale suffusion of
buff; underside of flying .membrane deep ochraceous buff; underside of
tail dingy buff. Ears large and broad.
Measurements of type. Total length, 237; tail vertebrae, 1 12 ; hind foot, 30.
Skull characters. Skull scarcely distinguishable from that of S. volans
querceti.
Measurements of skull of type. Basalilar length of Hensel, 28 ; interorbital
width, 7.5; zygomatic width, 22 ; greatest width of b rain case, 17.5 ; length
of nasals, 10.2; width of rostrum, 6; depth of rostrum, 7.
General notes. This flying squirrel is so closely related to S. volans that I
have felt constrained to consider it a subspecies although its range is com
pletely isolated by some hundreds of miles of intervening desert country
from its nearest relative to the north. The resemblance between the
Florida and Mexican flying squirrels is remarkably close ; the white top
to the nose, slightly more reddish upperparts, and rich fulvous on the
underside of the flying membrane are about the only characters that dis
tinguish the Chiapas animal. The lack of contrast between the top of the
head and back, the dark postocular area, and the white nose separate it
from Texas specimens.
Sciurus poliopus senex subsp. nov.
MICHOACAN SQUIRREL.
Type No. 126,208, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. From La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, southern
Michoacan, Mexico. Collected March 14, 1903, by E. W. Nelson and E.
A. Goldman. Original No. 16,127.
Geographic distribution. Below 4,000 feet in the valley of the 'Balsas
River (and tributaries) in central and southern Michoacan and adjacent
parts of northwestern Guerrero.
Nelson Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico. 149
Zonal distribution. Arid tropical.
Subspecific characters. Most like Sciurus p. nemoralis, but upperparts
paler or lighter gray, nuchal patch more clearly defined yellowish ; rump
patch more obsolescent.
Description of type. Top of head iron-gray; nape patch ochraceous
mixed with black ; rest of back pale grizzled gray with slight mixture of
ochraceous grizzling posteriorly, but not sufficient to form a rump patch ;
sides of body paler than back ; top of tail black with heavy wash of white ;
tops of feet white; underparts of body white; median area on underside
of tail dull gray bordered with blackish ; outer edge of tail white.
Measurements oflype. Total length, 543 ; tail vertebrae, 275 ; hind foot, 69.
Skull characters Rostrum heavier and braincase narrower than in S. p.
nemoralis, with braincase more abruptly constricted posteriorly and occipi
tal diameter shorter.
General notes. Compared with a similar series of typical S. p. nemoralis
(the most closely allied form) the present subspecies is distinctly lighter
colored, the yellowish nape patch averages decidedly better denned, and
the rump patch is scarcely or not at all appreciable in most specimens and
poorly defined when present. In all except melanistic specimens the pale
grayish wash on the back and sides is underlaid with buffy or yellowish
similar in shade to the nape patch and varying in amount so that in some
specimens it is scarcely distinguishable, but it usually shows through the
overlying gray sufficiently to give a pale yellowish suffusion. As might be
supposed from the climatic differences the tail is decidedly slenderer or
less bushy than in nemoralis and the pelage much thinner and shorter
haired. Melanism sometimes occurs in this form, as attested by one
specimen taken.
Sciurus poliopus perigrinator subsp. nov.
PUEBLA SQUIRREL.
Type No. 70,279, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Piaxtla, Puebla, Mexico. Collected November 25, 1894,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 7104.
Geographic distribution. Southern Puebla, northwestern Oaxaca and ad
jacent parts of Guerrero.
Zonal distribution. From upper Sonoran to arid tropical.
Subspecific characters. Most like Sciurus p. hernandezi but more brightly
colored ; rump and nape patches well marked ; underside of tail rusty red
almost as in typical poliopus.
Description of type. Top of nose and fore part of crown iron-gray ; back
part of crown and nape marked with a dark ochraceous buffy patch
mixed with black ; rest of upperparts to rump light iron-gray, underlaid and
mixed with ochraceous; sides of body paler than back; rump with a
distinct ochraceous patch mixed with black ; tops of feet white ; upper-
side of tail black with a strong wash of white and underlaid basal ly with
rusty ochraceous; underparts of body rich cream-buff; underside of tail
150 Nelson Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico.
with broad median area bright ochraceous bordered with black and edged
with white.
Measurements of type Toted length, 535 ; tail vertebrae, 273 ; hind foot, 69.
Skull characters. Skull smaller and lighter than in S. p. hernandezi ;
bailee smaller ; outer end of nasals broadened, producing an inflated tip.
Number of specimens examined. Five.
General notes. The brighter colors of the nape and rump patches, the
paler back, the reddish color of basal parts of hairs on tail, and the buffy
underparts make a combination of characters which easily distinguish
this form from its allies. One of these five specimens before me has the
underparts pure white ; and a half-grown specimen has the underside of
the tail dull yellowish gray. The rump and nape patches while distinct
are scarcely darker than the underside of the tail. \
VOL. XVII, PP. 151-152 OCTOBER 6, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW BIRDS FROM MEXICO.
BY E. W. NELSON.
The birds described below were collected by Mr. E. A. Gold
man during the spring and summer of 1904 while continuing
the work of the Biological Survey in Mexico.
Porzana gold man! sp. nov.
MEXICAN YELLOW RAIL.
Type No. 193,712, adult male, U.S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From Lerma, Mexico. Collected July 11, 1904, by E. A.
Goldman. Original No. 10,994.
Geographic distribution. Known only from type locality in the Valley
of Toluca, Mexico.
Specific characters. Generally similar to P. noveboracensis but darker,
the wings, flanks, and rump slaty blackish ; white markings on back in the
form of transverse spots ; bill slenderer.
Description of type. Superciliary stripe, sides of head and neck dark
buffy mottled with narrow blackish edgings to feathers ; top of head and
nape blackish obscurely streaked with narrow dingy huffy edges of
feathers ; middle of shoulders streaked equally with black and rather dark
buffy; sides of shoulders, scapulars and tertials mainly black edged with
dark buffy ; the black middle of feathers marked with transverse oblong
white spots (usually two on each feather) ; rump blackish with small
white spots; primaries dark slaty; secondaries dark grayish with white
areas as in noveboracensis ; wing coverts blackish with small rounded white
spots ; chin and throat pale dull buffy shading on lower neck and breast into
dark dull buffy with feathers on sides of breast tipped with dusky ; belly
27 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (151)
152 Kelson Descriptions of Fotir New Birds from Mexico.
dull whitish ; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and crissum dull black with
spots and bars of white.
One specimen examined.
Empidonax fulvifrons fusciceps subsp. nov.
Type No. 193,713, adult male, U.S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico. Collected March 29,
1904, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 10,625.
Geographic distribution. Highlands of Chiapas and adjacent parts of
Guatemala.
Subspeciftc characters. In size and color of underparts like typical fulvi
frons ; upperparts darker; crown much darker and strongly contrasted
with back.
Four specimens examined ; from Comitan, Teopisca, and Tenejapa,
Chiapas.
Arremenops superciliosus chiapensis subsp. nov.
Type No. 193,714, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From San Bartolome, Chiapas, Mexico. Collected. March
15, 1904, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 10,533.
Geographic distribution. Valley of the Chiapas River, Chiapas.
Subspecific characters. Much like Arremonops s. snmichrasti but top of
head darker, the median stripe on crown darker and grayer ; back dark
green as in typical superciliosus ; distribution of buffy on underparts as in
Kumichrasti but color of a deeper or more creamy shade; size as in
sumichrasti.
Nine specimens examined.
Telmatodytes palustris tolucensis subsp. nov.
MEXICAN MARSH WUKN.
Type No. 194,074, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur
vey Collection. From Lerma, Mexico. Collected July 5, 1904, by E. A.
Goldman. Original No. 10,950.
Geographic distribution. Known only from Tuluca Valley, Mexico.
Sabspecific characters. Size less than in palustris; black dorsal area
averages larger ; rufous of back brighter ; underparts much more reddish
buffy.
Description of type (in worn breeding plumage). Top of head blackish
with traces of a brown median line ; middle of back black with well defined
white shaft streaks; rump and upper tail coverts rich reddish brown;
middle tail feathers dull grayish brown mottled with darker and indi
stinctly barred with same basally ; underparts dull dark reddish buffy
(including pectoral area) becoming dingy whitish on chin and throat and
middle of abdomen.
Measurements of type. Wing, 51 ; tail, 40; culmen, 12; tarsus, 20.
Seven specimens examined, all from type locality.
VOL. XVII, PP. 153-156 OCTOBER 6, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FOUR NEW BEARS FROM NORTH AMERICA.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Notwithstanding the large number of bears already known
from North America, four more appear to require recognition .
Three of these are from Alaska ; the fourth is a small form of
the Black Bear from the desert mountains of eastern Mexico.
Ursus eulophus sp. nov.
Type from Admiralty Island, southeastern Alaska. No. 81,102. Adult
male. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. 1896. Lieut.
G. T. Emmons.
Characters. Size large, equaling the Sitka bear ; color said to be very
dark brown. Sagittal crest remarkably high anteriorly ; frontals extraor
dinarily elevated posteriorly ; rather narrow interorbitally ; frontal shield
long and high and in a single flat plane sloping strongly upward from an
terior third of nasals almost to fronto-parietal suture (not decurved poste
riorly) ; braincase narrowed and compressed anteriorly, passing gradually
into sagittal crest ; rostrum rather narrow (as in horribilis, as contrasted
with the broader sitkensis) ; maxillae long, reaching back into frontals to
beyond plane of nasals ; interpterygoid fossa long and narrow ; molars
larger than in the grizzlies, fully as large as in sitkensis ; lower carnassial
slender, especially anteriorly ; nT2 narrower and less rectangular than in
sitkensis; last lower premolar smaller and thinner than in sitkensis ; incisors
small, as in horribilis (very much smaller than in sitkensis, particularly the
outer incisor).
28 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (153)
154 Merriam Four New Bears from North America.
Ursus kenaiensis sp. nov.
Type from Cape Elizabeth, at extreme west end of Kenai Peninsula,
Alaska. No. 128,672. Adult female. U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. 1903. C. A. Lambert.
Characters. Size large ; skull broad, flat and remarkably massive, with
exceedingly broad rostrum, not constricted at base, but spreading broadly
into zygomata; zygomata broadly spreading; jugal very broad anteriorly ;
frontals depressed, flattened, low posteriorly ; postorbital processes large,
blunt, projecting horizontally outward from top of skull ; palate exceedingly
broad; nasals large and broad; anterior nares rather small. Canines
small (as in the grizzlies) ; incisors and molars large. From Ursus richard-
soni, apparently its nearest relative, it may be distinguished at a glance by
larger size, broader palate, and by the form of the temporal ridges, which
do not turn abruptly inward behind the postorbital processes. From
kidderi and phseonyx it differs in greater massiveness ; much broader ros
trum, palate, and zygomata, and flatter 'frontals. Compared with kidderi
the skull as a whole is shorter and broader ; the incisors and canines
of approximately the same size. Compared with phaeonyx the skull is in
every way larger, broader, and far more massive ; the canines are approxi
mately the sam.e size ; the incisors larger.
Ursus horribilis phseonyx subsp. nov.
Type from Comet Creek (5 miles below head), a tributary of Forty Mile
Creek, near Eagle, Alaska. No. 133,231. Old female. U. S. National Mu
seum, Biological Survey Collection. July 12, 1903. W. H. Osgood. Orig
inal No. 2684.
Characters. Similar in general to U. horribilis, but claws shorter, more
strongly curved, and dark blue-black [in horribilis long, flattish, and
mainly white]. Ears rather short and densely haired on both sides. Color
of skin dark brown.
Color. Back and legs very dark brown, almost blackish brown ; tips of
hairs on back where not worn off grizzled ; underparts and muzzle pale
brown.
Cranial and dental characters. Skull similar to that of horribilis, but zy
gomata more spreading, muzzle broader and shorter, especially broad ante
riorly; canines heavier; incisors decidedly larger.
Measurements of longest (middle) claw of fore foot. Over curve, 93 mm.;
from top of base to tip, 75 ; from bottom of base to tip, 55.
Ursus americanus eremicus subsp. nov.
Type from Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila, Mexico. No. 116,952. Adult
female. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. April 21,
1902. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 15,11 1.
Cranial characters of female. Size and general characters as in amblyceps,
but frontals in the female depressed instead of elevated, the face line (in
Merriam Four New Bears from North America. 155
profile) continuing from end of nose almost to parietals, thus bringing
highest part of cranium far back over braincase [in amblyceps the
highest part is over orbits, on plane of postorbital processes] ; frontals
flat [in amblyceps strongly convex, the sides decurved] ; nasals smaller,
more wedge-shape, and straight or neaVly straight [in amblyceps the ante
rior third is strongly upturned] ; rostrum more slender anteriorly ; anterior
nares narrower ; occipitosphenoid length shorter ; canines more slender ;
outer incisors decidedly smaller; upper molars slightly larger, more broadly
and squarely truncate anteriorly [in amblyceps more rounded and retreat
ing on inner side]. Naked nose pad very long ; ears rather long.
Color. Black, the woolly underfur very dark brown; muzzle dark
brown in type specimen (old female), but light brown, almost yellowish
brown, in half-grown cub.
Measurements (type specimen). Total length, 1,290 ; tail, 66; hind foot,
210.
Remarks. I have not seen an adult male from Coahuila, but if the ani
mal inhabiting the Davis Mountains, Texas, is the same, the old female
has a remarkable skull, the nose strongly pugged, the frontals rising ab
ruptly much higher than in amblyceps.
VOL. XVII, PP. 157-158 OCTOBER 6, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW COYOTE FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Among the specimens recently collected by E. A. Goldman in
southern Chiapas, near the boundary of Guatemala, is an unde-
scribed species of Coyote. It is much larger than any heretofore
discovered in Mexico and may be known from the following
description :
Canis goldtnani sp. nov.
Type from San Vicente, Chiapas, Mexico, near Guatemala border. No.
133,204. Adult female. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec
tion. April 25, 1904. E.A.Goldman. Original No. 16,725.
Characters. Size large largest of the Mexican species, larger than lestes
and equal to latrans except that the rostrum is not so long.
Color. Muzzle, top of head, ears, and legs fulvous; face grizzled grayish
fulvous ; some black hairs in ears; back grizzled buffy gray and fulvous ;
underfur pale fulvous, much paler than in vigilis or cagottis.
Cranial characters. Muzzle rather broad ; postorbital processes strongly
developed ; frontals deeply sulcate ; bullse very large, larger than in any
known species ; very broad and flattened on outer side ; teeth large, those
of female about as large as in male cagottis, except lower carnassial, which
is decidedly smaller than in cngottis.
Measurements (of type, adult female). Total length, 1,220 ; tail vertebrae,
355 ; hind foot, 216.
29 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (157)
VOL. XVII, PP. 159-160 OCTOBER 6, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SEA OTTER FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
The Biological Survey has recently secured from Geo. M.
McGuire, of Santa Barbara, the skeleton of an adult male sea
otter killed July 2, 1904, on San Miguel Island, the most wes
terly of the Santa Barbara or Channel Islands, California. Sea
otters were formerly abundant on these islands, but are now
exceedingly rare and believed to be rapidly approaching ex
tinction.
Comparison of the skull of this specimen with a series of
skulls from Bering Sea (the type locality of lutris) shows the
California animal to be a well-marked subspecies. It may be
known from the following description :
Latax lutris nereis subsp. nov.
Type from San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California. No.
133,508. Adult male. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec
tion. July 2, 1904. Geo. M. McGuire.
Cranial characters. Skull large, broad, and high, with long and high
sagittal crest and swollen braincase. Compared with lutris the following
differences appear: Skull as a whole less flattened, braincase more swollen
and rounded, the sides (viewed from above), more convex and swollen,
especially behind the constriction ; anterior part of zygomata more broadly
and squarely expanded ; basioccipital forming an angle with basisphe-
noid ; coronoid processes sloping strongly backward ; sagittal crest much
higher and more decurved posteriorly ; inner cusp of large upper premo-
lar (pm 3) elongated along anterior part of inner lobe (instead of conical)
and showing a tendency to subdivide into two parts; 1st lower molar
broader and more broadly truncate posteriorly.
The specimen in the flesh measured 6 feet in length.
30-Pnoc. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (159)
VOL. XVII, PP. 161-162 DECEMBER 27, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF
AMERICAN CRABS.
BY MARY J. RATH BUN.
A number of crabs were lent some years ago to the U. S. Na
tional Museum by the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen, for
the author's use in a monograph of American Brachyura. As
the completion of this publication is indefinitely postponed , the
new species, the types of which are in the Museum at Copen
hagen, are briefly described here.
Uca oersted! sp. nov.
Type. Male, from a lot of 2 males, 1 female, from Punta Arenas, Costa
Rica ; Mr. CErsted, collector.
Surface uneven; a deep groove on outer side of gastric and cardiac regions
is continued anteriorly in a transverse groove behind orbits, and posteriorly
toward postero-lateral angle ; a second longitudinal groove outside the first
divides branchial regions unequally.
Front at base one-sixth as wide as distance between antero-lateral angles,
gradually narrowing to a broadly rounded extremity. Antero-lateral angle
little more than a right-angle; anterior third of side margin directed back
ward and a little outward ; the margin then turns abruptly inward at an
oblique angle and terminates above insertion of second pair of legs.
Larger palm coarsely tuberculate outside ; inside an oblique ridge runs
from lower margin to a point above middle, then turns at a prominent
right angle toward supero-distal end of palm, where it joins the proximal
of the two ridges parallel to base of dactylus.
31 PROC. BIOI,. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (161)
162 Descriptions of Three New Species of American Crabs.
Length of type, 12 ; width, 13.3 ; exorbital width, 12.1 mm.
Distinguished by deeply areolated carapace, strongly angulated side-
margins and narrow front from all other species of the broad-fronted group.
Pinnaxodes meinerti sp. nov.
Type. Male. Valparaiso, Chile; Mr. Kroyer, collector.
Near P. hirtipes Heller,* a specimen of which, from Port Otway,f is used
for comparison. Carapace of our species wider ; segments of legs shorter
and broader ; abdomen of male tapering from third to seventh segments,
sixth not constricted ; outer maxilliped of different form, merus joint taper
ing rapidly to distal end.
Length of type, 6.8 ; width, 7.9 mm.
Lophopanopeus nicaraguensis sp. nov.
Type. Male. Realejo, west coast of Nicaragua ; Mr. OErsted, collector.
Carapace crossed by transverse lines of coarse granules, on front, on
epigastric lobes, 2 on each protogastric region, one at widest part of meso-
gastric region ; on posterior branchial area a nearly longitudinal row of
very short granulated rugse which extend to posterior margin. 1
Front little more than J width of carapace, median notch V-shaped, lobes
most advanced near the notch, outer angles dentiform.
Antero-lateral teeth 5 (orbital included), thick, upturned, increasing in
size from first to fourth. From the second a crest extends to buccal angle ;
fourth and fifth cristate above.
Chelipeds very unequal. Granules of palm form transverse reticulating
lines ; tubercles form two rows above, and near wrist tend to make longi
tudinal rows on outer surface. Fingers of large claw gaping, large basal
tooth on dactylus, thumb deflexed.
Superior crest of carpus of legs unevenly granulate.
Length of type, 8.7; width, 13 ; width of front, 3.5 mm.
The ornamentation of the surface, the prominence of the lateral teeth
and the absence of lobes from the carpal crests of the legs, distinguish this
species from others on the west coast of America.
* Reise Novara, Crust., p. 68, pi. VI, fig. 2, 1865.
t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, p. 607, pi. XLIII, figs. 10 and 11, 1898.
VOL. XVII, pp. 163-164 DECEMBER 27, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW COTTOID FISH FROM BERING SEA.
HY HUGH M. SMITH.
[Contribution from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.]
The steamer Albatross, while en route from Japan to America
in 1900, made a series of dredgings on the coast of Kamchatka
and about the Aleutian Islands. At one dredging station in
Bering Sea, 150 miles north of the Rat Islands, there was ob
tained, on June 27, at a depth of 270 fathoms, a small sculpin
representing a new genus and species.
Thecopterus, new genus of Cottidse.
Similar to Dasycottus Bean, but with the dorsal fins connected, the
branchial membranes joined to the isthmus, the preopercle with 3 spines,
and the head and body destitute of tubercles and cirri.
Body short, compressed, deep, tapering abruptly backward from the large
head; mouth moderate, terminal, the jaws equal; a band of villiform teeth
in each jaw and a patch of teeth on vomer ; three sharp preopercular spines ;
gill membranes united to isthmus ; no slit behind last branchial arch; dorsal
fins connected, the anterior incased in a fold of skin from which the tips of
the spines project, the posterior dorsal similar to anal, both partly concealed
by skin; ventrals small and short, the rays (apparently) 1,2; skin smooth,
scaleless, the lateral line prominent and continuous.
From Malacocoltus Bean, this genus differs in having vomerine teeth, no
cutaneous filaments, connected dorsal fins, etc.
Thecopterus aleuticus, new species.
Head large, broad, little depressed, its length somewhat less than half
total length and slightly exceeding its greatest depth and breadth ; body
compressed, abruptly tapering from dorsal origin to caudal peduncle, the
depth of which equals three-fifths diameter of eye ; greatest depth of body
about equal to length of head posterior to snout ; head with small asperities
but no ridges or tubercles ; snout broad, rounded, less than diameter of eye ;
eye large, one-third length of head ; interocular space much less than eye ;
32-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH . VOL. XVII, 1904. (163)
164
A New Cottoid Fish from Bering Sea.
mouth of moderate size, jaws about equal, maxillary extending to vertical
from anterior margin of pupil, mandible broadly U-shaped with diverging
rami ; a rather broad band of villiform teeth in each jaw, and a patch of
similar teeth on vomer ; upper angle of gill-cover rounded and projecting
across the lateral line ; the three preopercular spines enclosing a small
triangular space, the two posterior spines directed backward, the anterior
outward ; gill-rakers short ; gill-membranes narrowly joined to isthmus ;
a continuous series of conspicuous lateral pores beginning under the first
dorsal spine and extending on caudal fin ; dorsal rays X + 14, the two
parts united by a membrane whose height equals half diameter of eye;
anterior dorsal rather high, its length about equal to eye and snout, the
spines encased in a smooth dermal sheath from which their tips project;
FIG. l. Thecopterus aleuticus Smith, new genus and species.
soft dorsal longer and higher than spinous, the anterior rays more or less
concealed by skin ; anal fin with 11 rays, immediately under the soft dorsal
and similar to it ; caudal rounded, about half length of head ; pectorals
large, rounded, of 20 rays, extending beyond origin of anal ; ventrals very
short, the rays I, 2* ; anal opening considerably nearer to base of tail than
to end of snout.
Color. Entire body minutely speckled with black ; a broad black band
across body between soft dorsal and anal fins, another black band behind
axil of pectoral ; several small dark areas on head, body, and fins.
Type specimen 40 millimetres long, from Albatross station 3785, in
Bering Sea 150 miles north of the Rat Islands, at a depth of 270 fathoms.
* Owing to the recent mislaying of the specimen, it is impossible to verify this rather
th^artta f rmUla ** ^ ^^^ ^ M determined independently by the author and
VOL. XVII, PP. 165-168 DECEMBER 27, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
GYROSTACHYS SIMPLEX IN VIRGINIA.
Many years ago I found a large number of plants of this orchid near Fort
Myer, Alexandria County, but the station has long been destroyed. On
September 28, 1904, 1 found three plants in a pine wood in Fairfax County
above the Great Falls. The above seems to be the first record of this small
species for the State and the most southern. William Palmer.
ZOSTEROPS FLAVISSIMA McGREGOR, PREOCCUPIED.
Dr. C. AV. Richmond writes me that the above name employed by me
for the silver-eye of Cagayancillo Island, P. I., (Bulletin Philippine Museum,
No. 4) is preoccupied. Hartert used the same name for a species from Bi-
nongka Id., Tukang-Besi group, southeast of Celebes (Novitates Zoologicse,
X, April 20, 1903, p. 29). As the Philippine bird requires a new name, it
maybe called Zosterops richmondi. Richard C. McGregor, Manila, P. I.
A CORRECTION OF BARROWS' RECORD OF COCCYZUS PUMI-
LUS FROM CONCEPCION DEL URUGUAY.
In the Auk for 1884 (Vol. I, p. 28) W. B. Barrows notes the capture of
three cuckoos at Concepcion del Uruguay, one on December 11, one on
December 30, and the third on January 22, 1880. The first two he refers
to Coccyzus pumilus Strickland (No. 117 of his list) and the last to Coccyzus
cinereus Vieillott (No. 119 of his list).
I have lately examined these skins, preserved in the Museum of Com
parative Zoology, and find that they all belong to Coccyzus cinereus. The
December specimens are adults in perfectly characteristic plumage. The
January skin is a young bird in a plumage that differs from that of the
adult in the same manner that young of other species of Coccyzus differ
from their parents. In wing and tail measurements it agrees with the
33-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (165)
166
adults ; the bill, however, is much smaller. The tail has the general indis
tinctness of marking peculiar to immature examples of Coccyzus ; the wing
feathers are narrowly edged and tipped with rusty ; the throat and chest
are plain ashy ; the lower sides, flanks and under tail coverts are strongly
washed with dull tawny-ochraceous. In one rather interesting point this
specimen is peculiar the outer pair of rectrices fall 18 mm. short of the
other feathers, giving the tail a more fan-shaped and therefore more normal
appearance than in the adult, which has a square tail.
It would have been, perhaps, hardly worth while to make this correction
here had not Sclater, on Barrows' record alone, included Coccyzus pumilus
in his Argentine Ornithology (Vol. II, p. 39), remarking that "the species
was only previously known to occur in Venezuela and Colombia." In the
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. XIX, 1891, p. 313, Shelley
includes in his synonymy, under Cocci/zus pumilus, a reference to Barrows'
record, but does not allow that record to affect the distribution of the
species, the habitat of which is given as "The Island of Trinidad,* Vene
zuela and Columbia." Ontrnm Bang*.
OX A SUPPOSED CONTINENTAL SPECIMEN OF SOLENODON.
There is in the Museum of Comparative Zoloogy a specimen of ,SVr//o//o/>
that was sent in alcohol (entire and apparently fresh when immersed in the
spirits) from the Isthmus of Darien, in 1871, by the late Dr. G. A. Maack.
Twenty years later, on the strength of this specimen, Prof. Samuel Carman
in his review of Flower and Lydekker's " An Introduction to the Study of
Mammals Living and Extinct"! said: "NVefind Solenodon restricted to
Cuba and Hayti though also found in Central America." This published
statement brought forth for a time no end of comment, and Professor
Garman defended himself by saying that there was the specimen and that
there could be no question of its genuineness. In time the controversy
died a natural death, and even Garman's statement that Solenodon occurs
in Central A merica is probably now forgotten. Fearing, however, that one
day the question was sure to be mooted again, I took the Solenodon out of its
jar, skinned it, removed the skull and compared it with all available
material. This I did with the utmost care, because if Solenodon does still
occur on the continent as does not seem altogether unreasonable in the
light of recent disco veriest it surely must be different from either of the
island species with which we are familiar.
The specimen in question proved indistinguishable in any way from
Cuban examples, but, wishing another opinion than my own, t sent it to
Gerri^S. Miller, Jr., who agreed with me that it unquestionably belonged
* Neither Leotaud nor Chapman give this bird as found in Trinidad, and I therefore
doubt its occurrence there. See Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1894,
pp. 10-11, as to numerous birds wrongly attributed to the island.
f The Nation, No. 1381, Dec. 17, 1891, p. 477.
t The discovery of a Capromys-like rodent in the mountains of Venezuela Procap-
omysgeaji (Pousargues)-is not less astonishing, and much in the same line, as would
be the existence of a Solenodon on the continent.
General Notes. 167
to the Cuban species Solenodon cubanus Peters. In only one way is it
at all peculiar its fore-claws are very long and sharp and obviously had
not been used in digging or scratching for insects for some time before its
death, at once suggesting its having been kept in confinement.
The whole matter, therefore, of the continental record of Solenodon may
be disposed of for good in a few words. The specimen (No. 3223, Mus.
Comp. Zool.) is a perfectly characteristic example of the Cuban Solenodon ;
it was sent without comment or special data from the Isthmus of Darien
by a reliable naturalist, but it has certain appearances of having been kept
in confinement, and in all probability was brought alive from Cuba to
Darien, where Dr. Maack secured it either still living or soon after its death.
Out ram Banys.
ON THE HABITS OF CAMBARUS UHLERI FAXON.
Gnnbarus uhleri, described by Faxon from a rather extensive series of
specimens sent him by Dr. Philip Uhler, is apparently confined to the
portion of Maryland known popularly as the Eastern Shore. According
to Dr. Uhler and his collector, his specimens were found in ditches, even
in places where the water was decidedly brackish.
Two years ago in Somerset County, and last summer in Dorchester
County, I found the species rather abundant in burrows in low-lying
areas not far from the bay but always near ponds or ditches of fresh water.
In nearly every case the area selected was in dense pine woods.
The burrows were quite similar to those made by C. dtogenes, and, like
that species, C. uhleri erects a chimney over the mouth of its burrow. The
chimney is usually rather low and can not represent any considerable por
tion of the earth removed from the hole, for in some cases this extended to
a depth of 4 or 5 feet. A single individual invariably occupied a burrow
and no communication between burrows was observed. In a lot of about
a dozen specimens collected near Crisfield, in September, 1903, both forms
of the male are represented ; it would therefore appear that the time of
ecdysis and transition from form II to form I must be in the late fall.
From inquiries I learned that in the spring the animals emerge from their
burrows and are common in ditches and small streams. This emergence,
like that of C. dioyenes, is doubtless for the purpose of mating, which having
been accomplished, the crayfish returns to a burrow or digs a new one.
The color of all the specimens observed was a dirty greenish brown, the
tips of the chelae alone being somewhat reddish. Dr. Uhler, in conversa
tion, has reported that some of his specimens were beautifully marked with
spots of golden yellow. Throughout the region mentioned the crayfish is
known as the " lobiftar"
C. uhleri is unquestionably an offshoot from the C. diogenes stock and has
probably reached its rather isolated range from the north. The examina
tion of an extensive' series of specimens from localities lying farther to the
northward, but still on the Maryland-Virginia Peninsula, would be of
great interest and would doubtless throw some light on the post-glacial
distribution of our crayfishes. W. P. Hay.
168 General Notes.
A NEW BOB-WHITE FROM THE UNITED STATES.
The advisability of naming this evident island race is perhaps somewhat
doubtful for various obvious reasons, but as the sole existing specimen rep
resents the characters of what I believe to be a strongly marked, small,
non-migratory, alar degenerate race, I have decided to describe it. The
Key West Bob-white is probably now extinct, though perhaps still rarely
to be found.
Through the kindness of Mr. William Brewster I have been able to
examine the only specimen as far as I know ever taken on Key West. The
specimen was taken by a native and secured by Mr. J. W. Atkins. It is a
male, original Scott coll., No. 6,086, Brewster coll., 46,670, taken July 5, 1888.
Measurements taken in flesh as follows : Igth., Sffc; ext, 13] ; wg., 3|-f [81] ;
tar., Ijj ; [30] ; tail, 2 [51]. My measurements taken from skin : wg., 97 ;
tail, 44 ; tar., 30 ; bill depth, 11 ; nost, 9 ; bill Igth., 14. Mr. Scott records
the capture of this specimen and states that Mr. Atkins says that' " Quail
seem almost unknown to the inhabitants of Key West " and that the only
additional records he has made there, are "one seen and another heard
on May 11, 1888; one seen on May 22, 1888.
In a letter received March 28, 1903, Mr. Atkins writes me that he has not
seen any Bob-whites on the island since 1888. The above specimen, he
says, was shot out of a covey of four. The remainder were he believes
shot by pot-hunters who were " relentlessly pursuing them."
Colinus virginianus insulanus subsp. nov.
KEY WEST BOB- WHITE.
Type : No. 46,670, Coll. of Mr. William Brewster, male taken at Key West,
Florida, July 5, 1888. Geographical Range : Key West, Florida. Subxpecific
Characters : Crown uniform dark fuscous, forehead showing more white.
Otherwise colored like floridanue. Size decidedly smaller.
Reginald Heber Howe, Jr.
VOL. XVII, PP. 169-172 DECEMBER 27, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SOME CHANGES IN CRUSTACEAN NOMENCLATURE.
BY MARY J. RATHBUN.
There has recently come into my hands, through the kindness
of Dr. Charles W. Richmond, a copy of Fridericus Weber's
" Nornenclator entomologicus secundum Entomologiam syste-
maticam ill. Fabricii adjectis speciehus recens detectis et vari-
etatibus, ' ' published in Kiel ( ' ' Chilonii ' ' ) and Hamburg, 1795 .
Under the Agonata or Crustacea, pp. 91-96, many of the genera
first described in J. C. Fabricius's " Supplementum Entomo-
logirc Systematical " 1798, are enumerated, and as they are
accompanied by lists of species most of which were previously
known, the genera themselves must date from 1795 instead of
1798. This has already been brought out by Sherborn in his
"Index Animalium," 1902.
Both Weber and Fabricius had access to a manuscript by
Daldorf, who had made largo collections of Crustacea in the
Orient and had classified them under a more elaborate system
than had yet appeared in print. Daldorf never published his
results, and unfortunately his two followers did not make similar
use of his manuscript. It follows that the earlier and little
known arrangement of Weber must supersede the long accepted
one of Fabricius. In the majority of cases the composition of
genera is essentially the same by both authors. There are,
however, seven notable exceptions :
34-PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (169)
170 Some Change* in Crustacean Nomenclature,
1. The Linna3an genus Cancer is abandoned by Weber, and
among its dissevered parts we find the genus Alphem for that
group of crabs which three years later Fabricius kept as typical
of Cancer. Alphas Weber therefore may be considered a
synonym of Cancer, and, as it is a synonym, it can no longer
be employed for the macruran gen vis which has so long served
as the type of the Alpheida\
2. The name Crangon appears first in Weber attached to the
four species "of shrimps which were later called Alpha* * by
Fabricius, viz., ararus, famulus, rapax and malabaricits ; all but
the last were nom'nia nnda at that time, and therefore maldbaricd
is the type of Crangon. In place of Crangon Fabricius 1798, we
may use Crago Lamarck,* type Crago vulgaris (= Centre,- rrangon
Linnaeus).
3. In Weber we find the genus Homarus, which is usually
attributed to Milne Edwards 1837. t As Weber used Alphni*
to include the typical crabs, abandoning Cancer altogether, so he
used Homarus for the lobster, crayfish, and other typical species
of Astacas Fabricius 1775 and abandoned Astacus altogether.
Instead of regarding Homarus Weber as a synonym of Astacti*
Fabricius, it is desirable to allow both names to stand each with
the type later assigned to it, viz, Homarus gaminarus (Linna>us) +
and Astacus astacus ( Linnaeus ). This is in accordance with
Canon XXVI of the A. O. U. code, which follows an earlier and
similar canon promulgated by the British Association.
4. Parthenope Weber 1795 contains six species, fornicata,
gifaffa, longimana, regina, lar and dubia. Of these the second
and last three were nomina nuda at that date, leaving fornirata
and longimana the only valid species. Parthenope Fabricius has
up to this time been limited according to the specification of its
type by Leach 1814, as horridu Linnaais, a species included by
Weber not in Parthenope but in a list of doubtful species of
Cancer listed in his introduction. Strictly speaking, the lim
itation of Parthenope took place at an earlier date than thVt of
Leach. In 1801 1| Lamarck formed the genus Maja by uniting
Inachm and Parthenope, giving the type of the latter group as
*Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 159, 1801.
fHist. Nat. Crust., II, 333, 1837.
t Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 333, 1837.
\ Latreille, Consid. sur les Crust., 422, 1810.
1 Syst. Anim. sans Vert, 154, 1801.
('limn/ex in ('riiKtiirr<ui Nomenclature. 171
the species lont/iniana Linnuais, for which in 1815* Leach forms
the genus L*unln'u*. Ltunbrii* therefore is a synonym of Parthe
nope Weber. Tin* -species horridn hitherto regarded as type of
Parthenope needs a new generic name, Daldorfia.
Lamarck t gives the type of the Inachm group as eriocheles
Lamarck [= LitJtodes nuijn (Linnaeus)], but as this species is not
included by Weber in the original species of Inachus it can not
serve as the type, which remains as hitherto considered, /. dor-
settensis (Pennant) 1777 (=/. scorpio Fabricius 1781).
A word as to the genus Maja Lamarck which was made to
include Inachv* + Parthenope. According to that rule of nomen
clature, " If a later name be so defined as to be equal in extent
to two or more previously published genera, it must be cancelled
in toto," Maja must lapse. Mamaia has recently been published
by Stebbing t for the species squinado formerly considered the
type of Maja; 'but the reasons for the change have not yet been
published .
5. Eim/ala Weber has one species, Hippa dentata Fabricius
1793, which is later made the type of Corystes by Latreille.
The species should be known as E. cassivelaunus (Pennant)
1777 . It is worthy of note that in the Kiel Museum there is a
dried specimen of this species with the inscription ' ' Euryale
dentata F."
6. Idotea Weber contains two species, adactila and armigera,
new name for Astacus emeritus Fabricius. In 1900|| I showed
that the first of these species, adactyla, is the type of Hippa 1787 ;
and that decision is not altered in the light of earlier but similar
removals of the various other species by Weber in 1795. The
second species of Idotea, emerita, is therefore its type, but this
species has been reckoned the type of Emerita Gronovius
1764 (not 1763) by Benedict, 1i and if this action be sustained,
Idotea Weber becomes a synonym of Emerita; it is obvious that in
any event Idotea is not available for a genus of Isopods as defined
by Fabricius 1798. The inclusion of adactyla and emeritus in
Idotea is referred to by Roux under Idotea in ' ' Crustaces de la
Mediterranee," 1828, but is there attributed to Daldorf.
* Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, 308 and 310, 1815.
fSyst. Anim. sans Vert., 154, 1801.
J Spolia Zeylanica, II, pt. V, p. 2, April, 1904.
?Hist. Nat. Crust., Ill, 27, 1802.
I! Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 301, 1900.
''Bull. U. S. Fish Comra. for 1900, vol. 2, p. 138.
172 Some Changes in Crustacean Nomenclature.
7. Ligia Weber has three species, inflexa, 3 cuspitata, and
granaria; the first two are nomina nuda, the last is Cancer gra
in trias Herbst, which is the megalopa stage of an undetermined
crab. Ligia therefore may be considered a synonym of Cancer;
and the name can not be used for an Isopod.
In consequence of changes in genera, the following names of
families of Decapoda must also be changed: Alpheidse to Cran-
gonidse, Crangonidse to Cragonidse, Corystida? to Euryalida?.
VOL. XVII, PP. 173-180 DECEMBER 27, 1904
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
PLANT AE ANDRE WSEAE.
BY AVEN NELSON.
It is a source of no little pleasure to find the number of those
who are interested in the " wild flowers " constantly increasing.
It is an added pleasure when the interest shown is directed to
their preservation and propagation, as well as to their collec
tion and study. In Mr. D. M. Andrews, of Boulder, Colorado,
Rocky Mountain botany has found an appreciative student who
approaches the subject from the practical as well as the theo
retical point of view. It is true that Mr. Andrews' work has
a commercial side to it since he is engaged (and most success
fully) in the 1 introduction of native Colorado plants. But that
is merely establishing here a condition for the study of our flora
that was practiced elsewhere under less favorable conditions in
the pioneer days of western exploration. To understand this
we need only recall how many of our best known species were
described from plants grown in the English gardens from seeds
secured by the earliest collectors. For purposes of study Mr.
Andrews' plants are better since, being grown in practically
their usual environment, they represent approximately normal
development.
I would call attention to the fact that the course Mr. Andrews
is pursuing incidentally furnishes the very best evidence of the val
idity of species. It were well in this day of multiplied species, if
we might have many such tests as the following examples illus-
35 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (173)
174 Plantae Andrewseae.
trate : I had inclined to the view that Dr. Greene's Lithospermum
alUcans was merely a whiter and slenderer form of L. linenfo-
lium and I named some specimens in accordance with this view.
Mr. Andrews had these species growing in his gardens and
knew from their autumnal condition that they were different.
To satisfy me he sent me abundant material of each, and I am
now growing them in pots side by side. L. linerifolium goes
into the winter with the next year's leaves well formed and con
stituting fully developed rosettes on the summits of the short
branched crowns of the roots. L. albicans, on the other hand,
possesses no evergreen leaves and the crowns of the less
branched and deeper set roots are wholly naked. To see the
two begin their development from their autumnal condition was
completely convincing. One more example : The Colorado
Eustoma we have called E. Russellianum . Mr. Andrews, noting
that this species was well known as an annual, recalled that the
Colorado specimens had not thus impressed him when he col
lected them. To satisfy himself he visited again the Eustoma
patch in the mountains. After examining some hundreds of
plants he found that not one had failed to develop, as a rosette,
the next year's crown leaves. Further evidence that the plant
is perennial, were it needed, he finds in the -old steins that
occasionally persist on the crowns.
Having been kindly permitted to examine some of Mr. An
drews' choice collections I wish to report the following results
of my study. Knowing, as I do, the character of his work I
account it a privilege to extend to him the recognition that
appears in this paper.
All types are deposited in the Rocky Mountain Herbarium.
Asplenium andrewsii sp. nov.
Rootstock short, wholly enveloped in matted roots ; stipes naked, ebe-
neous below, becoming green above, from 2-10 cm. long, somewhat angled
orstriate; lamina thinly herbaceous, deltoid-ovate or narrower, 3-10 cm.
long, somewhat narrower at its widest part, bipinnatifid, diminishing
nearly uniformly from base to tip ; pinnae lanceolate, the lower nearly at
right angles to the rachis, the upper ascending, gradually diminishing and
passing into the pinnatifid tip, all rather closely approximate and subop-
posite or the lower more distant (1 cm. or more) and alternate; pinnules
3-12 mm. long, ovate, more or less cuneate at base, sharply incised but cut
not quite to the costa, sharply and somewhat incisely serrate ; the veins
Plantae Andrewseae. 175
rather inconspicuous and but slightly divergent; sori short but nearly con
necting to those in the successive lobes, so forming almost a continuous
sorus from base to apex of pinnule; indusium straight, forced back and
finally concealed by the sporangia.
Perhaps most nearly allied to A. Rradleyi D. C. Eaton but probably not
very closely even to this. Mr. Andrews writes of it as follows : " The most
interesting item on the list to me. I am sending a better specimen. It is
certainly indigenous and grows on the south face of a white sandstone
(alkaline) cliff extending along Boulder Creek fora mile or more, the ferns
growing in crevices abundantly for nearly the whole distance. It is grow
ing with Cheilanthes Feei, a specimen of which I send you. The sandstone
is porous and is not entirely dry."
Nemexia herbacea melica subsp. nov.
Green and glabrous throughout except for the slight scabrosity on the
veins on the lower face of the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, subcordate at
base, subulate-apiculate at apex, thin, green above, pale and subglaucous
beneath, 6-10 cm. long, 4-8 cm. broad, 7-nerved, the three central nerves
larger than the others; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long ; peduncles of the stam-
inate flowers slender, striate, shorter than the subtending leaf, those of
the pistillate similar but stouter, also (even at maturity) shorter than the
subtending leaf; sepals oblong-linear, about 4 mm. long, longer than
the stamens ; berry blue-black at maturity, 7-8 mm. in diameter ; seeds 3 (in
berries examined), large and very hard.
I hesitate to propose this as more than a variety. It is a near relative of
Nemexia (Smttax) herbacea and is not readily separated from it by floral or
fruit characters. If it becomes a species, N. melica, it must be on the follow
ing points : (1 ) Its habit: Mr. Andrews writes of it as follows : " Strictly
erect where it can cling to small trees and bushes, growing straight through
and often out at the top, attaining a height of 2-3 m. Growing in the open,
as it frequently does after the thickets have been cleared away, it twists
about and becomes tangled." (2) Its very thin membraneous leaves. (3)
Its actually and relatively shorter peduncles. (4) The large size of its
sterile flowers. (5) The remarkably slender tendrils. (6) The sweet or
honey-scented flow r ers in contrast to the carrion-like odor of the other. It
furthermore is a good geographical species. True N. herbacea, widely dis
tributed as it is, does not occur very near to the middle Rocky Mountains.
I take as type Mr. Andrews' specimens from Boulder Canon, fruit in
1903, flowers (staminate and pistillate) in 1904. Dr. Francis Ranaley's No.
695, from the same locality, is the same.
Crataegus coloradensis sp. nov.
Leaves 4-5 cm. long, mostly broadly oval to orbicular in outline, some
times a little narrower, or the upper half broadly triangular-acute ; the
176 riDt<' Andmrseae.
base rounded or somewhat cuneate, entire or minutely serrate ; the upper
half incisely and coarsely toothed with finer serrations on the teeth which
are slightly calloused but not glandular, scatteringly ciliate-pubescent
above, nearly glabrous beneath except on the midrib and primary veins
which are noticeably ciliate-pubescent or hirsute, even at maturity ; nearly
full size when the flowers open; petioles moderately stout, short, rarely
more than one-fourth or one-third as long as the blade ; bark of the
branches gray, irregularly furrowed and checked, with few r rather large
lenticels ; the stoutish twigs glossy-brown (some of the young foliar twigs
slender and green) ; thorns rather few, often nearly wanting on some
branches, glossy brown, very variable as to length (3-5 cm.), straight or
slightly decurved ; corymb many flowered (10-20) broad or flat-topped, the
pedicels hirsute-pubescent, rather slender, 1-3 cm. long; calyx tube very
short, hirsute, its narrow lobes cut into long slender nearly cylindrical
gland-tipped teeth ; petals orbicular, about 8 mm. in diameter, crenately
toothed ; stamens 10, about 5 mm. long; styles stout, mostly three, rarely
2 or 4; the mature fruit large, 10-13 mm. in diameter, dark scarlet-red,
tipped with the persistent calyx-lobes and filaments, the pulp juicy and
well flavored, the 2-4 (mostly 3) nutlets rather large, slightly ridged on the
back.
Mr. Andrews writes as follows of this species : " Both in flower and in
fruit it is the most beautiful of the thorns which are native in this part
of Colorado, and will compare favorably, I believe, with any American
species. The type locality is Gregory Canon, growing with Crataegus
cerronis. It is a low well-branched tree but rather more open than other
sorts, about 10-12 feet tall, isolated specimens being very well rounded
and symmetrical."
I know of no western species to which this is closely allied. What is
probably the same thing (flowering specimens) was distributed by Cran-
dall from the foot-hills near Fort Collins, 1898, as C. coccinea macrantha.
Apparently from the same collection by Crandall is No. 4,151, Horsetooth
Gulch, May 28, 1898, distributed by the N. Y. Bot. Gard., unnamed. I
have it also from R. T. Young, of Boulder, in 1903, these specimens in
blossom and later ones with immature fruit; again from the same collec
tor in 1904, with nearly mature fruit. Mr. Andrews' specimens, flowers
and mature fruit, are taken as the type.
Crataegus cerronis A. Nelson.
Crataegus cerronis A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 34 : 370.
Since the above was published this species has been collected by L. N.
Goodding at Slater, Colo., 1903. Excellent specimens are also at hand from
Mr. Andrews. These specimens show some points that had to be omitted
from the original description, viz. : fruit black, mostly less than 1 cm. in
diameter, the amount of pulp small ; carpels usually dissimilar, some of
them being laterally flattened.
Plantae Andrewseae. 177
Eustoma andrewsii sp. nov.
Perennial from short vertical seraifleshy roots with a somewhat enlarged
crown or caudex ; the old steins occasionally persisting but apparently
usually separating from the crown by an articulation ; stems simple below,
more or less fasciculately branched above, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves from
elliptic-oblong below to lanceolate and acute above, mostly 3-nerved, 2-4
cm. long; the next year's crown leaves appearing in the autumn as rosettes
which are persistent and evergreen ; peduncles ebracteate, 3-8 cm. long ;
calyx deeply cleft, less than half as long as the corolla, the slender acumi-
nations of its lobes being two-thirds of its length ; corolla a deep purple,
3-4 cm. long, its tube nearly one-third of its length, its lobes elliptic-obo-
vate; stamens short, the filaments rather thick, anthers sagittate, erect;
style stout ish, scarcely longer than the ovary and shorter than the mature
capsule.
My attention was recently called to this beautiful species by Mr. Andrews,
who pointed out some of the essential distinctions between this and E.
Russellianum (L.) Griseb. Its perennial character he tested in the field.
" Of several hundred plants not one had failed to produce the rosette of
leaves or buds for the next year's growth." Attention may also be called
to the smaller deep-purple corolla and the absence of peduncular bracts.
Secured near Boulder, Colo.. 1904. I have the same from Mr. C. S.
Crandall, " Meadow at LaPorte, altitude 5,500 ft., Aug. 21, 1895."
Pleurogyne fontana sp. nov.
Glabrous throughout ; stems slender, simple or with a few narrower erect
branches, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves linear, mostly narrowly so, thin with dis
tinct midrib and two faint lateral nerves, 20-25 mm. long, the lowest soon
deciduous and never rosulate ; flowers in a narrow somewhat panicled
raceme, having long, very slender pedicels, pentamerous; bracts foliar;
sepals green, linear, resembling the bracts but shorter, usually 3-nerved
as are also the bracts ; corolla often surpassed by the sepals, its lobes
elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, about 5-nerved ; stamens half as long as the
corolla-lobes ; the anthers oblong; mature capsule translucent, numerously
ovuled, ultimately as long as the sepals.
It has been customary to call the Pleurogyne of the Rocky Mountains
P. rotata. This, I think, is not justified. That species seems to skirt the
northern boundary of the continent, from Labrador and Greenland to
Alaska. I can find no mention of it in the Rocky Mountains. Rydberg
makes no mention of it in the Flora of Montana nor Ho well in his Flora of
the Northwest. Macoun gives it the distribution in the British Provinces
previously indicated by Gray. There seems to be no good reason for the
statement " and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado." The Colorado
species which has passed as P. rotata and which here characterized under
the name P. fontana seems to be closely circumscribed, being probably
confined to north central Colorado and the adjacent border of Wyoming.
178 Plantae Andrewseae.
Differing in many minor points the most obvious difference is the
different arrangement of the leaves, P. fontana being relatively naked
below while in P. rotafa the leaves are crowded or even rosulate at base.
P. fontana occurs infrequently in wet or springy grassy places in the
mountains. Collections at hand : J. H. Cowen, South Park, Colo., Aug.
18, 1895; D. M.Andrews, Boulder Co. (wet meadow, 8,000 ft), Colo., Sept.
(?), 1904; A. Nelson, Crow Creek, Aug. 27, 1903 (Type).
Mimulus minor sp. nov.
Perennial by slender creeping rootstocks, more or less stoloniferous (the
stolons short, leafy, slender and occasionally rooting in the mud) ; stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched above, nodes variable in length
(usually much longer than the leaves), only 1 or 2 dm. high ; leaves 2-5
pairs, enlarging upwards, short-petioled or nearly sessile, ovate, 3-5 nerved,
the largest rarely 2 cm. long, sparsely toothed ; flowers 1-several, um-
bellately terminal on very slender pedicels which are 1-3 cm. long; calyx
campanulate, about 1 cm. long, somewhat oblique, its teeth unequal and
obtuse or subacute; corolla yellow, more or less purple dotted in the throat,
about twice as long as the calyx, bilabiate, the dense yellow beard on the
lower lip extending down the tube nearly to the insertion of the stamens ;
the upper lip lighly ciliate-hirsute along the veins.
The yellow species of Mimulus as is well known are extremely variable.
The knowledge of this fact has lead to carelessness in determination and a
" lumping " of species that does not seem to be conducive to clearness. The
species here described has, in recent years, passed as a depauperate M.
Langsdorfii Sims. This latter species is one of the largest, often attaining
a height of one meter. Its stems are large and fistulous ; its inflorescence
racemiform, at length greatly elongated and often with a succession of
racemes from the leaf axils. The flowers are large and much more than
twice as long as the calyx. Its lower leaves are rather long-petioled,
coarsely toothed or often somewhat lyrate; the uppermost are always
connate-perfoliate and the largest leaves are always well toward the base
of the stem. In fruit the teeth of the lower lip of the calyx are connivent
tending to close the orifice. M. minor like M. Langsdorfii is either glabrous
or puberulent, but the pubescen.ce of the corolla in M. minor extends to the
veins of the upper lip, and its calyx remains open.
The folio wing specimens are at hand, all from Colorado : D. M. Andrews,
8, near Boulder, 1904 (Type) ; K. K. McKenzie, 352, Breckenridge, 1901 ;
Rydberg and Vreeland, 5,658, Placer Gulch, 1900 ; W. W. Willard, 1,926,
Twin Lake, 1898; H. N. Wheeler, 312 and 372, near Boulder, 1901 ; Baker,
Earle and Tracy, 181, Bob Creek, 1898 ; Baker, 392, Gunnison Watershed,
1902.
Erigeron macranthus mirus subsp. nov.
Leaves few, thick, glabrous, pale beneath; root-leaves 4-6 cm. long,
elliptic, their petioles as long or longer than the blades, margined and ex-
Plantae Andrewseae. 179
panding below to a somewhat sheathing base ; stem leaves 3-5 cm. long,
sessile and, like the root-leaves, elliptic and mostly obtuse ; the uppermost
ovate, acute ; heads few, the rays very numerous (more than 100) long and
very narrow ; the involucre and peduncles brownish-purple, glabrous but
under a lens seen to be covered with a close beady glandulosity.
This may be specifically distinct but the distinguishing characters are
not readily stated. Its aspect is such as would not at once suggest E.
macranthus. Its two or three large handsome heads, the relatively short
and few coriaceous leaves and the dark peduncles and involucres with
their glistening beady surface (under a good lens) suggests to one a plant
as strange as it is handsome.
Secured on a partially shaded mountain slope, Boulder County, by Mr.
Andrews, 1901.
Aster andrewsii sp. nov.
Forming patches or colonies of considerable extent by means of the
creeping underground rootstocks ; stems nearly erect, rather slender, nearly
or quite simple, minutely granular-glandular, becoming glandular or viscid-
pubescent above, brownish and more or less tinged with purple, expecially
above, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves rather numerous, broadly linear, acute at apex
and slightly tapered at both ends, 3-5 dm. long, about 5 mm. broad, the
uppermost somewhat reduced, indistinctly 3-nerved, ciliate on the margins,
both faces sprinkled with minute nearly sessile glands ; heads usually sol
itary-terminal, occasionally one or two greatly reduced and possibly always
aborted heads appear in the uppermost axils ; involucre low-hemispherical,
about 15 mm. broad, half as high ; bracts in about 3 only moderately un
equal rows, linear-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, the glandulosity like
that of the stem ; rays 20-30, a beautiful dark azure blue, linear-oblong,
about 15 mm. long and 2 mm. wide ; pappus a sordid white, the short
akenes pubescent.
No closely allied species is known to the writer. The type by Mr.
Andrews is from an open valley at about 9,500 ft. altitude, near Eldora,
Boulder County.
INDEX
New names are printed in heavy type
Aciculina demissa 9
Actaeopyramis 6, 7
Agatha virgo . . 7
Alpheidse 172
Alpheus 170
Amathis 7
Amaura Candida 13
Ames, Oakes. Additions to the orchid
flora of Florida 115-118
Three new orchid species . 119-120
Amoura anguliferens 10
Anguilla caeca 121
Animuls at the St Louis Exposition, A.
B. Baker . x
Arabis pedicellata 91
Arremenops chiapensis 152
Asmunda . . 9
Aspen tree, scars on viii, x
Asplenium andrewsii 174
Astacus astacus 170
Aster andrewsii 179
Atriplex bracteosa 99
decumbens 99
joaquinana 99
matamorensis 99
microcarpa 99
oppositifolia 99
pacifica 99
serenana 99
spicata 99
watsoni 99
Autogamy, maintenance of 88
B
Bailey, V. A simple method of pre
serving tracks ix
Baiomys ... 53, 76
Baker, A. B. The exhibit of living
animals at the St. Louis exposition x
Animals recently received by
the National Zoological Park from
Abyssinia and South America . . xi
BaJdra . . 9
archer! ... 9, 15
Ball, O. R Exhibition of Lamium am-
plexicaule, showing cleistogamous
flowers ix
Bangs, Outram. Two new subspecies of
tropical American tyrant birds 113-114
A correction of Barrow's record
of Coccyzus pnmilus from Concep-
cion del Uruguay . ... . 165
On a supposed continental spec
imen of Solenodon ... . . 166
Barbour, Thos. A New Batrachian
from Sarawak, Borneo .... 51-52
Bartsch, P. Sonorella wolcottianaa,
correction ... . 101
Bartsch, P. and "Dall, VV. H. Synopsis
of the genera, subgenera and sec
tions of the family Pyramidellidse 1-16
Begonia, parthenogenesis in .... viii
Belsa ..... 10
Bird music viii, x
Blue crab, natural history of .... viii
Brachystomia 13
Bush morning-glory ix
Callolongchaeus . 5
camburus uhleri 167
Cancer 170
Canis goldmani 157
Careliopsis 8
styliformis 8
Caribou of Alaska viii
Castilleja exilis 100
stricta .... 100
Chemnitzia 7
communis 11
turrita 9
Chesnut, V. K. Death Gulch of the
Yellowstone Park vii
Chrysallida 11
casta 11
clausiliformis 14
convexa 10
lacunata . 11
photis 11
Cingulina 8
circinata 8
Coccyzus cinereus 165
pumilus 165
Cockerell, T. D. A. Notes on Tetraneu-
ris linearifolia 111-112
Colinus insulanus 168
Cook, O. F. An exogenous palm from
Guatemala . vii
Natural selection in kinetic ev
olution . viii
The Vegetative vigor of hy
brids and mutations 83-90
Cormorants, fishing with xi
Corystes 171
Corystidae 172
Cossmanica . . 6
Coville, F. V. Desert plants as a source
of drinking water vii
Crago . . 170
vulgaris 170
Cragonidae .... 172
Crangon 170
Crangonidae 172
Crassulaceae, revision of viii
Crataegus cerronis 176
coloradensis 175
Cross-fertilization 88
Crossing, stimulation of growth by . . 86
36 PROC. BIOL. Soc. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904.
(181)
182
The Biological Society of Washington.
Cultural improvement, explanation of 85
Curious plant from Mexico x
Cyclodostomia 12
mutinensis 1^
Pall, VV. H. The relations of the non-
marine mollusk fauna of Alaska . x
and Bartsch, P. Synopsis of
the genera, subgenera and sec
tions of the family Pyramid ellidee 1-16
Death Gulch of Yellowstone Park . . . vii
Dendrobium micholitzii 119
Desert plants as a source of drinking
water vii
Discobasis 9
Doliella ' 12
Doubling in mutations 89
Dunkeria 8
paucilirata 8
Dwarf salmon of Japan xi
Earliest book on botany xi
Economic value vs. reproductive fertil
ity of hybrids and mutations ... 84
Egila 11
Elodia elegans 9
Elodiamea 9
Emerita 171
Empidonax fusciceps 152
Epidendrum anceps 116
oaxacanum
pringlei . . .
strobiliferum
Erigeron mirus
limella
Eu
120
120
178
crassula 5
scillse 5
tenuls 8
Euryala 171
Euryalidse 172
Eustoma andrewsii 177
russellianum 174
Evalea 12
elegans ...*.. v 12
Evalina 12
americana 12, 16
Evans, W. H. An evident case of par
thenogenesis in Begonia . . viii
Evermanri, B W. Exhibition of la
bels used by Pacific coast salmon
canners vii
Exhibition of colored draw
ings of Hawaiian fishes . . . viii
Abundance of water fowl at
L. Maxinkuckee, Ind x
A trip to Mt. Whitney . x
- and Kendall, W. C. An inter
esting fish from the high moun
tains of central Ecuador .... vii
Evolution, kinetic viii 83
Exogenous palm .... v ii
Gas disease in fishes ix
Generic nomenclature x
Geum album 101
canadensis 101
flavum 101
strictum 101
vernum 101
virginianum 101
Gilbert, G. K. Exhibition of scars on
the bark of the aspen tree . . . . x
Gill, T. N. The segregation of fresh
water fishes x
Goldman, E. A. Descriptions of five
new mammals from Mexico . . 79-82
Greene, E. L. A chapter in the evolu
tion of generic nomenclature . . x
The earlist book on systematic
botany xi
Gyrostachys simplex 165
H
Haldra 11
Haplomylomys 54, 75
Hay, W. P. The life-history and eco
nomic importance of the blue-crab viii
The habits of Cambarus uhleri . 167
Hares, rabbits and pikas, classification ix
Hawaiian fishes viii
Heida 13
Hemiura 162
Hippa 171
Homarus 170
gammarus 170
Howe, R. H. Jr. Spelerpes porphyriti-
cnn in New Hampshire 102
A new bob- white from the
United States 168
Hybrids, fertility of 84
physiological explanation of
vigor of 86
Idotea 171
Inachus 170, 171
Insect-catching grass of Cuba ... . ix
International congress, report on . x
lolsea 12
lolescitiila 12
lonopsis utricularioides 116
Iphiana 6
Ivara 11
turricula 11
Ividia 11
Jordaniella 13
K
Kendall, W. C. and Evermann, B. W.
An interesting fish from the high
mountains of central Ecuador . .vii
Kinetic theory of evolution . . . viii, 83
Ferns, exhibition of viii
Fish from central Ecuador . vii
Fisher, A. K. The birds of Laysan'ls-
land yjjj
Fishes, fresh water, segregation of ! x
Flora of western U.S. and Alaska x
Folinella 10
Lagophylla hillmani . .
I.ambrus
Lamium amplexicaule
Lancea elongata . . .
Lancella
Latrax nereis
171
ix
9
9
159
Index.
183
Laysan Island, birds of viii
Lepus altamine 109
californicus 135
campestris 131
chiapensis 106
connectens 105
deserticola 135
festinus 108
goldmani 107
insonus 103
pacificus 104
richardsoni 136
sierra- 132
texianus 135
townsendi 132
tularensis 136
wallawalla 137
Ligia 172
Liomys parviceps 82
Liostomia 14
Liparis elata 116
Lithospermum albicans 174
hnearifolium 174
Longchseus 4
Lophopanopeus nicaranuensis .... 162
Lucas, F. A. Musteia pennaiiti fossil in
Pennsylvania vii
Exhibition of flashlight photo
graphs of living animals .... viii
Lybia 102
Lyon. M.W.,Jr. The classification of the
hares, rabbits and pikas ix
Lysacme 14
Lysoptychus 19
lateralis 19
M
Maja 170
Mamaia 171
Marlatt, C. L. Individual and specific
characters in minute insects as
sh \vn under the microscope . . . ix
Marsh, M. C. The gas disease in fishes ix
Maxon, W. R. Some Jamaican termite
nests ix
McGregor, R. C. Zosterops flavissima
McGregor, preoccupied 165
Megadontomys 53
Melania campanellse 7
rufa 8
scalaris 8
Melia 102
Menestho 7,12
Merriam, C. H. Four new grasshop
per mice, genus Onychomys . . 123-126
Two new squirrels of the
Aberti group 129-130
Jack rabbits of the Lepus cam
pestris group ..... 131-134
Unrecognized jack rabbits of
the Lepus texianus group . . . 135-138
New and little known kan
garoo rats of the genus Perodi-
pus 139-146
Four new bears from North
America 153-156
- A new coyote from southern
Mexico 157-158
A new sea otter from southern
California 159-160
Mertensia nevadensis 96
Mexico, a winter trip to vii
Milda 4
Miller, G. S. Jr. The species of Geum
occurring near Washington . . . .101
Mimmulus minor 178
Mirabilis californica 93
Klutinosa 92
Mirabilis Isevis . . . . 93
Miralda 11
Mollusk fauna of Alaska ........ x
Monoptygma spirata 10
striata 6
styliformis 8
stylina 6
Moore, G. T. The fixation of atmos
pheric nitrogen by bacteria . . . . ix
Mormula 9
rissoina 9
Morris, E. L. The history and repro
duction of the bush morning-glory . ix
Mt Whitney, a trip to x
Mule, fertility of 85
Mumiola 10
Murchisonella 4
spectrum 4
Muscicapa cooperi 25
crinita 29
cristata 29
lawrencei , . 42
Musteia pennant! vii
Mutations, fertility of 84
sterility of 84
Myiarchus 22
bangsi 45
boreus 31
brachyurus 40
cinerascens 33
crinitus 29
inquietus 38
lawrencei .... 42
magister 33
mexicanus . . 31
nigricapillus 44
nigriceps 25, 49
nuttingi 37
olivascens 48
panamensis
pertinax ....
platyrhynchus .
querulus . . .
residuus ....
tresmarije . . .
yucatanensis .
Myonia
Myxa
exesa .
N
Nannorchilus ............. 102
Nectes obscurus .......... 51
Nelson. Aven. New plants from Ne
vada ............ 91-98
- A decade of new plant
names ............. 99-100
- Plantse andrewsse . . 173-180
Nelson, K. W. A winter trip to Mexico vii
Notes on the habits of two re
markable fish from southern Mex
ico
ix
A revision of the North Amer
ican mainland species of Myiar
chus ... ........ 21-50
- - Descriptions of seven new rab
bits from Mexico ..... 103-110
- Descriptions of new squirrels
from Mexico ......... 147-150
- Descriptions of four new birds
from Mexico ......... 151-152
Nemexia tnelica ........... 175
Neotoma ferruguinea ........ 79
isthmica ............ 80
parvidens ............ 81
picta .............. 79
tropicalis ............ 81
184
The Biological Society of Washington.
Obeliscus 2
ventricosus
Obtortio 1-
Oceanida . *'
gradata
Oda 12
Odetta 12
callipyrga 1*
. '. 4, 9, 13
. 12, 16
. 12
elegans
Odostoima . . .
americana
callipyrga
conspicua .
dolioformis
fenestrata
jeffreysiana
nitens
pilsbryi
rissoidea
rissoidea .
turricula
Odostomiella
10
... .12
. 10, 15
13
11
10
Oldys, H. VV. The use of our musical
scale by birds viii
Some new bird songs .... x
Onychomys albescens 124
canus
tularensis
yakiensis
124
128
12-1
42
C>
Onychopterus
Orina pinguicula
Orinella
Osgood, W. H. The caribou of Alaska viii
- Haplomylomys, a new subgenus
of Peromyscus 53-54
- Thirty new mice of the genus
Peromyscus from Mexico and Gua
temala 55-78
Two new pocket mice of the
genus Perognathus 127-128
Otopleura 5
Palmer, Wm. Gyrostachys simplex in
Virginia 165
Parthenia armata 11
diadema 11
Parthenina 10
Parthenope 170
Parus wollweberi 26
Pedicularis gray! 100
procera ....
Pelexia setacea . . .
Pentstemon formosus
glaber .
kennedvi
llus
100
116
100
97
97
100
pulchel]
puniceus KH)
roezli 97
superbus 100
violaceus 96
Peristichia . 9
toreta 9
Perodipus cabezonee 144
goldmani 143
ingens ... 141
levipes 145
microps 145
montanus 140
simulans 144
tularensis 143
utahensis .... 143
venustus 142
Perognathus perniger 127
ochrus 128
Peromyscus allex 76
allophylus ] 71
Peromyscus altilaneus 74
amplus 62
angelensis B
badius 70
bullatus
castaneus .
consobrinus
evides
eremicoides
eremicus
fulvus
gentilis
goldmani
lophurus
melanocarpus
mesomelas
nigrescens
pectoralis
phseurus
polius
simulatus
simulus
teapensis
vicinior
xenurus
zamelas
/amora-
zelotes
Phacelia monosperma . -
Pharcidella
folinii
Pinnaxodes meinerti . . -
Pitangus derbianus ....
Pleurogyne fontana ....
Pocket gophers, a study of
Porzana goldmani
Pseudorissoina
Ptycheulimella
Pyramidella
auricoma 4
auris-cati 5
clandestina 6
cossmani 5
dodona 6. 14
4
162
26
177
vii
151
, 13
3,4
jamaicensis . . .
nitidula
paumotensis . . .
punctata . . . .
pyramidata . . .
subulata
Pyramidellidse . . . .
Pyrgisculus ......
Pyrgiscus
Pyrgolampros ...
mioperplicatulus
Pyrgolidium . . . .
roseum . . . .
Pyrgulina
Quaking aspen, scars on viii, x
Rathbun, M. J. A preoccupied crab
name 102
Descriptions of three new spe
cies of American crate . . . .161-162
Some changes in crustacean
nomenclature 169-172
Ridgway, Robt. Nannorchilus, new
name for Hemiura, preoccupied . . 102
Rissoa doliatum 10
pyrrhacme 14
Rissoella eburnea 14
Rose, J! N. Revision of N. A. Crassul-
acese . . . .viii
Index.
185
Rose, J. N. A very curious plant from
Mexico x
Syrnolastriata 5
Syrnolina 6
Saccoina 8
salassia 10
carinata 10
Sauroglossuru cranichoides 117
Scalenostoma 13
carinata 13
Sceloporus couchii 17
merriami . . 17
variabilis 17
Schvvarz, E. A. The insect-catching
grass of Cuba ix
Sciuropterus goldmani 148
Sciurus kaibabensis 129
mimus 130
perigrinator 149
senex 148
Seton, E. T. A study of the pocket
gophers, the fertilizers of the west . viii
Scars on the quaking aspen . . viii
Seed-bearing fern x
Seedless coffee tree 85
Self fertility 88
Serpophaga cana 113
cinerea 113
Sidalcea crenulata 93
neo-mexicana 94
nervata 94
oregana 94
Smith, H. M. The Japanese dwarf sal
mon and the fishing therefor with
cormorants xi
Description of a new species of
blind eel of the genus Anguilla 121-122
A new cottoid fish from Beh-
ring Sea 163-164
Solenodon cubanus 167
Sonorella wolcottiana 101
Spelerpes porphyriticus 102
Sphaeralcea ambigua 94
paryifolla 94
Sphaerostigma tortuosa 95
Spica monterosatoi 8
Spiralinella 11
Spiroclimax 13
scalaris 13
Steele, E. S. The globose-headed La-
ciniarias ix
Stejneger, L. A new lizard from the
Rio Grande Valley, Texas ... 17-20
Streptanthus pedicellatus 92
Stiles, C. W. On the meeting of the
international committee on zoolog
ical nomenclature x
Stilifer tasmanica 13
Stomega 13
Strioturbonilla . 7
alpina ... . ......... 7
Stylopsis ................ 6
typica .............. 6
Styloptygma
Sulcorinella
dodona
Sulcoturbonilla
Syrnola ...
caloosaensis
densistriata
gracillima
rubra .
Telmatodytes tolucensis 152
Termite nests . . ix
Tetraneuris dodgei 112
litiearifolia Ill
oblongifolia 112
Thecopterus 163
aleuticus 163
Tiberia .... 5
Todirostrum cinereum 113
finitimum 114
Tonatella turricula 7
Trabecula 10
Tragula 8
Triptychus 5
niveus 5
Trochus dolabratus 3, 4
Tropaeus 5
Turbo albulus 12
Turbo interstinctus 10
nivosa 13
plicata . . 4, 13
plicatulus 4
spiralis 11
Tnrbonilla 3, 7
archeri 9,15
elongata 9
plicatula 4,7
typica 4, 7
Tyrannula cinerascens 25, 33
cooperi 25
mexicana 25, 31
u
Uca oersted! 161
Ulfa 5
cossmani 5
Uropsila . 102
Ursus eremicus 154
eulophus 153
kenaiensis 154
phieony x 14
Vagna 5
Vigor, kinetic 87
Vilia 10
pilsbryi 10,15
Viola kelloggii 100
prsemorsa 92
purpurea 100
senecta 92
Visma 8
Voluspa 4
W
Water fowl at L. Maxinkuckee . . . . x
Waters. C. E. Exhibition of ferns . . viii
W hite, D. A new seed-bearing fern . . x
W 7 ilcox, T. E. The flora of the west
ern U. S. and Alaska . . x
Zosterops flavissima
richmondi .
. 165
.165
i
