^s^
Ei5M]i^
Aii^iL^t^l
szsr^i'l^^n^
>V*^^m^ (7 • L/l
<\\^A\K
T
o^^'-".
Umtut
s^jaU tiLLi ij^^L-l i3!>U- j^ l^JLftj t_;5^l j^ (^Ij "-Jj^^
J i;_y.J.Vl i^tj (J*. SyijJl ,^j~-> Oj-y j^ JUj£ Jil^ . , ,jjJUil^l
uiCj iL-,j jbiii m ^ . . ^y^\ ^u*y iu-j s>uiij jjjLi iiii
^ J-^^ j,^l*l Lf. t^il; jJl j15jVIj «^e?iLil> p-f-ljJl t^JL- *i.^«j
(il -^j^ij t ^^*^l <^jj ^yy oi -^"^^ V-^ LJ** • tr^-J^^'j V>^^
jiJ^J.\ oU^
^jjJl JU-jj iSi\i.\ ^Ui^ *iAj.^2^j i._^\ c^ ^rt^lj ^jj^^. ^Vi
Ja Oi^oiVl olj^ jyJi jhS c JiVlj VjVI uii>il ^^ (> ^^^
^t ^^^ o^u v-W oi^A^ ^^'^ ^j"^' vMi Jj^" r
/ij ^,L-,T, ^iilj^ ^^ clrt^ri c--iJ ^1 .-.j>Lj ^OJ^I Jj^
^ ^J>l Jl u^^^ oil ->^f u^ --^^ «#^' J-»->*^' okj 'W^'^
^Ijf J ^JUVL <^\i ji\ V^5^V' ^J-^^ V-W-J' oi-^J^^ C^\i'M
lUULUL 4_i^LJ' ui-J^^' oU^ Jjb; oi* jliJi ^Ul Ufj
tCjUiij-sAJ *-L»*j ^ 0^-^J^' pLiJil-l T^ljjj t(_5jlvaXiJ /^J'J^^-jll flJl>*Xwi»L
^ ^Xi% ^>il Oy ijil-^'Vl cjUtjUl liJWI *_jUI JjL;; (^
tlcr^ tijMl J^LtJlj ^JGVIj ^y^\ ^^ iULvJl cL>l>cdLlj v^ljjJl
uu ijU^dl i*ULalL ^ j^* .:>%i\ ^UaXilj ^^jt^ c>»-^ji' JLjr^tij
k-jUl li-fc Jjlu wL-tfi iJLJLIi Jl iiU^^yi^ . .L^jLifl J ^^^a:>-J^I jjij
dJLlUil Jl ^,^^1 dj:i JLdiiLj ^ ^ . ,ij^l oULsJlj i^':^>i\
AJl^^vaJl dUUlL yfiJ^ji\ OjJi _^ J 0>*J^I u>>--^l J^j v'j-^'
^\>\j jaWA\ jjii
■*-»^lj '^«^^lj irf^l ^Ijllj jiUall 4>'^ J* <i^l Ju^\
01^ Aif Jl AiU-VL .Oi^^l j-^ cy Jj^' > i-.^-ll J^J^ o_^ ^1
L^lj>. 4^_;.Aji^ i^lji (J ilil 1(5 . J-iuia ^U-^^ J-AaJI lijk iiiiljP" *iaL»wo
c-tUjLco Jjp- (^j:i5^l Jui tiJl^^vaill clJUULlj I^L*Jl ^^jl>-j1I c^lS^
OlS" JU< ^;^ Jb3-f ^_j^L^I jjt i-jbSOl i-4J>J .^i^l IjJLp juipI ^1
jb- til ^.^J^>' <ij^i >-ijt .r^^ -^f c^f f ^r^r/-Jb v^r i«^ J U.
^li-1 J./jflll iuuiji jj u-JjA1I oLJl *— >l:5 ^ Aj'j^' '^jJr' -^^^ ^^J
iw-LJl ^Jb>-jil CjI*^ 4^Ij^ J rt--A5l IJUh ilit ^j . jllSCJl /vt-Al^l
szJ^^^^j^A ^ (Jj^ ji^ .^JG^Ij a^"%^^\ JjJlSIjj l^\j^\ lLXSUIL
Jl^l^l JLp Jl<^ jj\ y^jS\ ^ ^USllI L..^^Uai .^±^\ L^ JUXpI
0>JI j^ JjVl («^^l J -uJ> v^ cr^l^l Oi* IJLa Ji iiUV^ • ^J^'
Cjv.^Ljfj ^Jji-jJil iji ^^ l-^^*J -^1-^ ijuJ-o J ^5^,„j>J>| jcjLJl
t-d,V./a.<>i .*±.>«Jl L^JLp JUIpI ^^I j^U«flil ^\ r^ t^^li ^•J-* ?^jjIjj
aJjoJI j.^ J t$j»ai ^ylill 0>JI ^y JjVl ^^1 Jt>U- 4.b^ ^'f
jj t^^uj^i i% jtJi^ oi-W J:>^ij 4^%^j^ >-ijf J uiiaji^i jp
CjUjJUj* ^>w»j Jiy ,iJlj-^l lLUUIL v-LJl jjjJl>-jll oli^^U 4^lj:>
^ ^Jb-^l SJji tlJijIj <^yy o'- t5-H^' J^' V^ .tr^^ - *
^ ^t y. c-jbiSJl c-i]>i .cl^l l^ JU:u^l (ji* l^Ui\ jiUall
JL^ J L^ 01^ Ait jU-Vl ^jk^, cy J-V- l^ • W~ J ^j^J .i^lJ^Vl
jujt sjpi (jL^" J iiit ^iUJJj -uj*-^ Jp J-b ^U5:ai oi>pj .(. ^^v^
c^>lL. Oi-J^^'-J ui^l>l uit ^^W^ t^* VJ>' t!^" tij cOj^y ^
^L jv^l ^^LiJl JL53I JL^ c^i t> 0-J-l ^t AAj>i J^i l<^
^^jl\ iiJiiJJ 1.^-^U^j t^J^^I **^l V^ -^t 01^ .d)UaiJl
^j II* . j^^i ^LJitj Oi^J^' J*-^^ a- -^t "V^ u^ J-^ • <^>A^>*
Jp i,_«jt AiJi>^ ^15 ^gJJl j-ij> viJliJl >«JI ^j^ v^^' <>* t3ti
^^ i^lji Jj t^^j^ >-ljf J ui^l^l J'j^^ o^ ^b^ J ^^f -^J
IJL* *ui^*J>l -^ ai^^^ ^J^ u^-J '^J^J'" oi *^*^ *^^ V^'^"
^^Ij ^Ij .-.^1 ^lit J >lj 1^1 Olji:.j ^1 V^j - V
.(Ijjjjbi j^l i-Jiic Sj_^^l i-oill iULi >^l3:rt A^r-" J f^ <■-* srM
fjJ^ ^Ij-^ (J -^^f "*^ • iJ^L*i ^>^ o»AjJLp (^liS3t \Sa ^ Sili^lj
1^ .^JlJVI :^% (Ji« ^ji^J^^I J!>^lj ^j^y y, -^"^^ y^^. JJ^
JjjULij i-Jl^,-^! cLUUILj i^L*Jl ^ap-jll c^UtAp i^lj^ j ^lit
^^'^\ ii> ^ ^!>\^)fl JJ ^^ ^ (.tApNl JUpf ^liJj . A
ui^jlj^' J^ v-jbSJl c-iJj^ t»±^l L^JU^ JU::pI ^jJl j^Uall ^\ ^
<^Wl o^ ci^ y^ J w JULJI -ill 0^ ^ J^3i .^JaiLl ^ ^^jJl OU
Ai^ Ojj^ aaJ? tJUjij^ (^ (3jJ:cuJl1 JjVI *,*JiJl Jas- .t-jliS3l
'ju^ ^ iil^'yii tijL^Jl jlife JLj-f JJWI (t-^^l ji^j tf» \^ol
.«ia^^l ^;.^l J ^^^1 ._i^l j^jjIjJ) oI^^ o^j tjLSCll ^\jj\
jlJjL ►lj>.t :Uj«. J ._;-iJj 4ij5»o i^^^Ul JUjtj ^5J<^Ul _,i,«j. ^Ui ^
Jl AiU>^fL v-iijilj .^y,A>._^l ^pOP Jl [^Jiju :>j«i U^t j^Uu Jp
O^ jliJt *jJrl ^^T -^J .(5^^! -^iJ^b iSi^k ^W piij tojwisA- Jl
iiji i»j5*- A-j-ljj J aliti Ju>Ul Jj-^j i_jljjf jjtuc* ^Iji J ,^\::^\
^atAi-lj c^_Pjl;VI ^% (Ji^ od-^ji.^ J::A::>-lj <.uM^J.\ Jp ui--^-Xi^l
^^ i^LJl ^Or^j^ll olStAp i^ljji J jilit \^ .JLu.j^lj j^Vl O^jid-I
>-bf ci o^J^^Ij c^l5 ^l S^^A^Nl Jj^Lj tiJ^I ^N^l Al^t aJIp
.iJl^^^aJl ^illUllj i^L^I ^^JLr^jil C-»IS*^ <*^lj>i (jj ,/t-^j:i
AX*- Jy tjL'yi ^;^L <-»jy>i\ ^y>Ui5Jl J-^ Jul jlp _^f v^h53l i_iJ>j
i^ta^ UVS" J^j ,.4iA>.^\ aJjjJI ^^U <;f i^f if> \n»/_«.noA
c_>L:;S3l ilsFj .^ >^*\Y' a^u- ^^^j^^ j o^,_iij ^^^^ ^jw- ^IzSiJl
Jp Oir-J-^^' «^lj^' ^Ij-i (^ <.Ji>d\ ,Jl5j i*U.I i_«ijJI vilj^ ojlifj
V^^^—'i'l JjjJl^j iJ!_^l ^UlL A^LvJl ^y.Jb-jll olit>Ui v_Jl^
jLco Jpi iv»li-jj AjjUiJ-l oU*>UJl c-Jlj>- jj^ i«.lj:i Jj t^jJjGVlj
JIUpI j^I (»^ljx)i ^^ ^T ^yi aL/JI v^hS3 aJuScJI .-^l::^^ _ N \
iU-l w-.lxS' ..-^U. >Dl L_iJUl jL'iJl ^1 yb AiJ>3 tcL^I ^JLp
i^\ i^j^ fj^ ^ \^o'\ ix^ SybUJL ajlA^ JUpt ^ 4^ \AAV iLo-
^^^j tir^lj io^Vlj Vi^l f^^JL jJLo \J i^U^j c^OJVIj
ioUl £11 J ^gbJl ^y cjy^ ^><Mi iljJLlI OI>p c^liS^j ^ ^ Y
4-j»J>j L-JwJi (^f ^y JU3t i^L;:SJi Jas>^ ,hJ^ji\ iJjJlII ^Ijf jv»Ip
hjUaJ-\ ci>\s%^\ ^1^^ ,^1^ i*-iji J ^^^ ^j ."* Nvrr i^ j^^ijJr^
ij^JJlj ij-^Vlj if^JJl fj^^J (>^ 1^ is^U^j t^jJ-OVlj v,^l uy,
cl-jI^^I ^Lif ^yuu (1)Lp AI JLp ^^ JU^ Ja>. Jij jUUl M JLp
jLcj \^ i-^Uoj ti-jjLsiJ-l oLi'^UII ^\yr u^ ^^^^ 4 ^^^
i^JJl j^JD^Ij j^^j d\:>j^\ (j^jfj v^^' "-^^ V^ iv3li^j j^l
^y 5l>»x-- j>j . f \ ATT <^ 6JlJ J iSjJ> c$:>j c5jj:> -^j 6,^ fl*
iil>Jrl V^> r*^ u- ^^"^1 jr^ J J^^' L^^-^l V^J - ^ *
^1^ ^jiuu i-.ljj J ilit l^ . ^aiVt i*)U tijU^I JpIUIj l^livJl
JjjJL; 5»4i:Ap ^ij tS-Jl^l ^OJUU VW-JI Oi-^J-'"' ^^^
,^l .^1 LfU iUti .io^l ^l>L .iU>Jl ^^ [S ^W
i._ji-. Jl »«iiUl ^ ^^JiiSllj v-j^il ^jU JjU: Jjb . ^Ijll »iA A^Xu
J alit Jlij . Oi-J^>lj ui^l>l Cr-^^' ^J^- ^^' '>* ^^' r-^'-*
^.^_^l J^sb-lj cuilajl>l Jp ui^a;^l olj^j cOi-^>b■ui^l>l
liUUtL ij-.LJl ^J^_>ll oli-jU ioiljj J jlif Ij^ .^jJ^Vl :.% Ja*>.
.VV-'V ^'-r^' dUUilj tiJytJl ^'IjJLl ^Ij^f iJU j_^j
SjUJ-l jjf ^l::^:)! JjUij 6U-VI ^ J <^l>l j Ij^^^i >i <^
Irt* i^li«jj tiJl^^l dUULIj ^j^% c_j>Ll Oii ajjL^I oUi%Jl
^ V^UjifVl olitjUL jLcj L.J i^JLAllj Aij}di\j ioiVl pLJL jLc.
ixiaJl tt^l^l <)Lip ^lyi i-iJb tJJiJb^-jll ilji >*Li l-jUS'j - \A
Ji iilvi'VLj .^^1 jf vi^l^ l-J^lj W^f '^r >-ii / ^ '5>L
J J*ji (1 -^^ tf\>-^ji' jLjX>-l e-Al^ll ^>^t wVij t^ \^Vo i^ c5jLi*^
(J]^ 4_o-v»Uj of -^ cij^l oLS'j Oj^P (J,l ii.J-.Jl jv-J JLJii i.Aj>j^
, (^ *>-[ ljL:»-l ojp^jj IjL>"1 iwai* ftj^ij CjLfl^JLx^ ^jo*/>7 JlSi ^iijjijl
4.w«x<o-U»-f ^L^f j^ •— ^j'^l 0^ c^wil^l '^^'r-^J J<-^' "^.A^^ t_-is^
UaiJL- jJUi OLp -ill JUp JU^ C^liiy Jp IjJt? JUl^uj tj^^iiJl uu
ci^ c-d Qjjj c^JJl ^' J^vxiJI ,y^ J Ja^ <Jl {^' o-^l 0^
t^jJjuVl :*tAj jvii^ oi-^J^' JtAix^lj t^t^j:^ >>-ljt J Oi^^* ^
i-lji J iUf 1^ jiVlj ii-.jVl e_.>ll j^jIj Ji oi-^J^' '-^W" ^l-^b
^J^J j/jJij Jl^V'j '*«^^ C?"'-^-^ ^-^ -'■^^'^ <-^ jUic-ML ..^iyai,
(j^-^ }>[ t t^jUJl JiLJL jj^U-l J-Aill i-<lji J J^lif Oij . cjIp^_j1I
»-jj-Jj.l :>!>tj i^lXvoJl oL>-jxdlj J_^UJil f-ljjf ^y> ijlj cjUjJLh^
4.^1 ix^^l j!\j t3iLAllj ijU^i J>J|j jUo,Vlj j^jU^I JiLJl
cio^i iiUi Ji isr^i ijj^-Vi v^i o^. "^^i ti*^ IcS*- YY
a
?«^jIj tjbS' i«:-jdl *_-::S3l »JLfc i«ai« (J jfLj l^ ilitj I^JLp juipU
a:5J tj^ a>- Jl aJ^Lj tU Jb- Ji Viivijilj JI-axpNL .-.a^-j
Ji oU>ai ai«i Nj cSjU^uLl c_.L-^ Jp ^LJI ^^jUl J ,_.^^_
Jp Ob^ Jil JUp JUJt > Oij .jiUl JJL2JI J Ni ^(>-li UjiL/r.
toJl^^l vlUU-JJ iJL^ljJl Jlj>'Vl ii^^ jj tui*A'* 0:^^ "^yr
is:-^! i^^'^\ w^^isCJi j^l ^ ^JiiVi _^i ^^ji; ^bjj - YV
ci-j^f C5j-=^b *C^^r-*^ j*>U-aji J-i=- 3L4:U:-Nlj i^lxSCJl jii^hXjj .^^^00
tjijJL>«il uJO^j^il ^_;*^l»J *'j^J ^•(^J-**^^ *^>^^ Uiii^-J iiJiJlj ^ d./i^ii
S_;Jj oL.jJU- *i Jb>.j:a .^>5L-^I Ul^^l lIUUiIj ^jJoJ^Ij i-j>il
. ijij-^lj ijvJLII ii-.'jUiU ;5jUiiil iiw-tJ^l
A^l ^^1 i^^l l^^\ ^\J,\ ^\ ^ j.*5t-yi J^\ji ^USj_ Yi
V^^NI SjL^I J^ jLci \pi iv»li»jj tv^-*^' '<J\j^\ cOlUij
cL^Li Ailt i,^'%^^\ dj\y jl>^ JjJLr y^r ^U? libhj „Yo
^b^lj u>iJlj ii[2^ ^ji\ ,jJ>Jl Jj3j ,j. ^^Vi iL.- J ^i-^'jjj^j
ii^ J iijJkl iU aJLJL- ^jW* oj^j tSiyJl i!JJl Jl '^>? tCu^L
oJl? il . d\j:^\ ^ ^ ci^l J^UI ^l::Sai ^ S^liNl ^>p i^f
JUipI ^^1 AJt:Ji\ ^\J^ ;y iJUJiJi Liyf ^jlj e^liSj _ Yn
Jt?t ^j Aljr^t aJ:>L' j OUj^ ajj^I JjLt -uJt cL^ :>Ufj Ju>^l l^
6j-dl IjL^f t>*-Ai \^ .^ ^Af ♦ 4_i*>j j^>**^l ^J^t ^y V^' "^^
LiL>-l -lal^>-l jj AJLjiJ ^Cjj^' t^-^' c^*^ ^^* *^J^**dJ cLaj^Ua*
Sj^Jj ^-Ij^ i«LA oU^JU^ ^4>,saj JLii . ^jJjLiVlj <-;^j^l^ Oi'^^J^^ '^J^
^.j_^- JiJ_^ jL-.)fl J^^JixUl -uJf .1^ iVitj Oi^l ^-1p J.^1
^^ Jl i^J^^I 0^' JLixJL jl^. 1^ iv-Uoj iJl^l dUUilj
a
J_p x^U caJL^^I U^ J ^tj:^'^! ^\JX> ^i^Ul ^ (^
J. F. O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval Spain, 1975 Comal _ YA
University, Ithaca New Yorlc.
^\yS\ 2i\S ^ J^^\ jj-^l Jt)^ LJU^l ^Ji V^=^' J-^^.
v^^r^ .i^lj i-pUi^Nlj UJlJI ^I>31j V-W* cf^lyi^ i>*»
. k,A-i \^^ cii3 o^ .jt^t ij^t t5>-b <rfy^ j^'-^ > iUi^N^ v^i
^IjLj ^,^1 ^^^i-^ Ml uipJ '^ -^ Ji V>^>b Jl-^^^
. ^I>1 Uj:.Uw JlJii^- N^U>ll o^cl4JLpJ-i*illjOy'A:>J.lui^Jj5.1
l^l5!5Uj ciJl^l ^UJU AjUlJl Jlj^Vl Ai^ J ^USJI ilifj
. U\j^\ LiUUIIj oe-J^j^' uii lij^l JaUIj
:l^ .^jL JiJ ^j31I U^'f u-l:^ a- ^^--^1 ^^^ Ic^
Nevill Barbour: A Survey of north west Africa (the maghrib) -X^
Oxford University Press. London 1959.
NevillBaibour rMorocco, Thames andHudson LtdJLondon_ V ♦
1965.
(IjljUflXjj ti-i^t iSj^\j <iijt^ jiUo* Jp iUiP^ilL OIjIxSJI (-a.sa.7jj
dJUJL) tAjXaJlj ijpUjUfNij iiL2illj iw^LwJl ^y-ljJlj <>»»* cmU iisOJ
t^Jbc: N 3j>-^ S^^j^ o. oili'yt cJlO tJjXiJl jW^Nlj AJj..oJtJli Ul^\
Ji^fj j^f AU l:>\3^\ cuiir dUJJ tV^lj v^lj V^Ui^r^yij i^LJl
^;^JL>-jll JtAl;^lj t^X^* CH *-*-*^ l^^-^ ''^b'^* J ^^^ . JjVl i-jlxS^I ^yi
A^L^JI cjIS%JI <-^\yr- o^ iw-lj^ J ^lif \^ ui^lj^l ^y V./^' -^"^
i^lA CjUjLw ^^,.,1^'? JLj43 . iJlj.s*aJl viilUilj 4;_;J-J^jll U^J ^J^-^*='^lj
,Ju>*Jl L^JIp juipI jJI l^-iS^I jv>f ^y» LjU.} ^jIj c^hT, ^r\
CU4I3 (J .vW-')'! ^^^ Ijt^-^l (>'^'j J^V tiy^:^! -uJf tl^ ^Ufj
Rafael Altemira: A History of d\jM 4jJ*1>iJNI SiUl JJ -^^j^ J (>*
Spain from the beginning to the present day; Translated by Mona Lee
Copyright 1949, by D. Van Nestrand company canada ltd.
^jLj -^iL^ t>« J^f i-ol^^valll LiUUil C!r-'^ ^?*^ ^'^.y j:>Ua^
Ujjai .^< Ji t::jUjixil :>Lju-Lj j^^x 4jt |^ .iJUiJlj i^LJl Oi^i^-^l
tiJl^^,^! JJJU^ U^^IjlJI JI^Vl ^L^lj^ J ilif aSj . ^IjJ-L
J3LJIJ V^lj vJUt ^_^1>J^ Ji^ iSj^\ oU^j tAJl^l dJLlUilj
M
. v'^r^i ^uiij :;i^jii oy c^jMi
V'Uj^'^Ij V^b ^r-W-Jl ty^l>Jl ^^ «Jj^ *i^j^ j^>» J-*'-i '-'^
'j-^J U^ ^ ^i^l JUipI ^U ^l u-il::S' ilLA
S. P. Scott: A History of the Moorish empive in Europe, 3 „ VV
Volumes Philadelphia, J. B. LippincoU Company 1904.
L-i.-^.-Q \^ t^ir^f cSj-^b ^j-*^ j.5U<a^ ^Jx> :>U:Lfr*iHj iwj i .yA ' oj
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghanya Patis 1903.
J ilit JLij .pJlxJlj c-jLu-VLj AUjLftNlj JjS'^lj L_i*/a^ '^4?C^f j^UoA
^IjJLl Al^f SJIp ^^ AW.LJ1 ^jjJj^jlt Ait>Uj ^liJ-l J-t^l i^lji
j^j^ vW^^t? tAjJyJt >'lj5L-L j^ji fUi ^ i^j^'j^' -iJj-^l >^ljf
■
ajJL-I .^^JLp fj:>\^\ jUL>JlI tfwjb^l Ails' iLf J oj^j t^^J^ u>**^
iSCbr eJr^j io-lj:* J (ju>»Jl iJUh Jilif JLdi .a ^^1^ il^ ,rr*--j-^ J^l
^1 i^^J\ jS\iji\ r^ ip^^ d^l ^y.-^^ aij . ^JUVl JpVI >iJl
4^^ ^\S ^\ ^\J,\ iiy^ J i^liuj aJ1_^I diiUilj oe-^jil iJiJ
. ^J>'^LM^\ ^jiJJl t5jUaJl Axt tibuil i^UiC AiJi>-jil UvUJi j
.<^^L; tJj.yiJl «_&>w»ll ^jlJ :C3lji>u f«U OuJli »lc^j ^W
y^P ^^y-l JiUil tAjiyJI ^\i»j^2>^\ JL^*.. AJbf j ^^1 juji -US'
,Uiij^ ,:)i_^tj W-jJj Ujji^j .jUj:^ ^y iajpIlJi
. Jil JL^ ^;^ Jj|J*Jl JLp l^j^ OUU C)lt»*! iJUj _ VA
:ULf J jjJtJL. tAw»>LJIj iuydl Ai>»»Jl :<:>l>^ JjVl .Ju>>Jl .VA
AJL^yUl / i^lji J ^UCi .fi \^dV i- ^l_;ij ^iJllJl ^.iJOJl; :)l>"
:.i3ti ._* ^Y'Ar 6Uji/|« ^^^r y.io <;w.ui ^juJi ijj^i a^Ji ^iji
. ^_^ajVl j^^U «^b ^^X>J »l\yj: iij**j t^-^^^l o*^' j^ i<^b'=' J-
sJb-L^t 14-::^ ^\ <.-i^H\ vL.Uu.Vlj o'^UilU Uif .J^l ^^j
5iJLj*lj» S^-JL^ '^UjJ"^ l3 *JJ^***^J ti***Jjjjl oL^ljjJl (J L)^^viva>»^
JLpLfcSsj-Nlj iwJLiJl ojU*>UJI ^^yr ^^-a»u 'u-Ijj jj iUt jJj jJuJl ^j-ij
oyJl iUJi ^la;^-:u»li jJlo Ij-i is«'U«j ii}H_,^l dUUilj ijdJ>-jll ui*
. aJL^NI oJJIj u^**-* ul^ <-"'^ itiJC^ i^>"lj V*^ l:^
ij!>«JLl uH Jl-^'l ^!-^J^ W^r-l : »^l.>^ Jj^l »^^l - i Y
.^ \^eo Su^ liJliJl iJiJL Jt^^il
. lJ\j^\ dJUUilj ^JUVlj ^>ll
Jl jy' Jk- -wry (^* tl^«-ij oLJ^ Jlr-V tiy''^^' *r^ iu.%-*ill
(il^' j Jj^l 'jLJij Iv j^l :ilJ'>^ >-i^ *-i->-i -ii^j -i«
Jl -^J ^^ Oi-^l c:*^" *^y ,1^' '>-4>^l y^J^ Jiy^ V^l V^ -lisi^l
JjVl k^>JI uyU ijii>.j Nevill Barbour jtjl JiJ v_^ I^S" _ n
SjjjxJl 4AJL1L; JbjJjC tj>'%^^\ CjLwIjJJI S^ju> AvaiJli , OH"*'^' . A f-
.^ ^5^•^ _ N^no ai- ^-i^ jjiiii jjujl j^i y^ ^ .^^
JUjt Jl lj-^ii>Jl viJUL. ,:>jsr h^^ :<^lj^ J^i5' ^^^b - iV
SjLij Js-Aii i^[>ujj ij^ iSiLtS A^l-Jl ^^Jb-jli a5^ i*<ilji J ^jli]|
J^Liai -u^ * V^V' ^J^^V ^^' • '^'>^- "^^^ "^^ *-^^J - ^'^
(^1^1 ^ *^>!J ' V^r-V' '*^^' ^^^ ^-^•^" -^^-^i^ ^^V
. :Lj\j^\ dJUUllj Oi-W Oh *»^1j i:*U::=rVl
Jw^\
L^ jUu 6LJ (^Jl ui^^-^i iJL- AiU-j J:)U. cj^jS ^^^jI ^
t)l*>r ^rfyJI <^-JLiJl ^HJ^ :>l J:Mj t^jy-USl b^- -\YA ^ v^* ^lt^^J^U^)
.(^ cr* ui^j^l Cr>" : (^jjJl ^ tA ^^ Y jr ibUVl ^Uij :01<1>- j>il
SJLi JSili SJISUI ^UjVl ^It: t^^li .villi j> l^r^>^ jl*. jl Jb'Jt:^
cjLAjt ^1 ^UJj'yi vfJUL- Jp 4Jjji ^tj i_-/ll Kc gJ-l j»--^
^^s<»ljt cJ> j}\ A*--iJlj 5LJI ujrf oUtiUil diii Jp J .ui*i-li
i>,UJ(j pUjJJI C-.U viiJJLJ SJLJJij ._i>JL Uj-Ju- Jp J*^, -lUt- U S^
^»Jl ^ gf ^^ Jl Ji>il aJp OjAka. IjjUj Oj^jl ^1 Jp
i^b5L*j ^Uj OL^^j iit>l.j ajUjj :Liii*Jj ^yj ii^A^lj ^j-1jI>
o-JJ'^' L**^ Jb>-LJ.I ^. lOall .Ju Jj^: J:>U- Oj^jJ ,>;l iS^ ."X^j
.dj^i^\j v^>^l *Jj- ^-^^ .jS^\ o^ ,sriJ ^jAk Aj -^l^b
B. Mealdn: The moorish empire p. 66^*1 ^ ot ^y f \^*\A
jiii: jur^f -n -rA ^ ^M-i ^ntj ;ovuii ^( -^v^ ^^ ^--ii :^i^i(o)
t^Ul pj^- J SJLlJl [jLs-t O^jJ ^1 J.**i-I JLii .jS^iUJlj ._J^|
^\j^% jJlisaJL *LJl t5j j OL-^' -^J ^iWh J^-S U«^ ^^i**
1^ tiu^iJl (j pLJL JU^I JaJb^l >iJI Ojo p. d\S gUj .iiej3b
. «<''>(^jJb j^ "ilUJij Lf U^L (»^ J^A ^L.NI ^Tj
Jjjij ,i^jiai\j j^\ ijuljji j-.**^ '(j-**!^ ^^ "^j^J^ tlrl' ti^-^
^f :U Jlij p_^l bJLo J>-i f^LVl ^ p. ,Dir ^3» :<''^JJUI
^^iJI ijcjl ji>^ yjA fjli* lj*k»lj lj>->>-l ;p-,A»dl jUi .Oj_^U-
. . .^jli. I>^ :U JUi .udl jl^i ^y ^jli. i«^ ULSfj a^I
.^1 olj^f ^ pjjr>-j U Ij^l : p-^l U jLSi .^1 oljjif ^j
l%J» JUi , i.iwc^-0 ^1 jv^^li j4>»J u;5'Li IjjLij r-l^^L L^U^pf >^Ui
^U o^ ip:-f j^* . ^jkll i«^v3 a>i.-^ J J>* (- U Y * /^ d M
^!iUJl -uU ^1^ .0^ ^Ij a:l^ ^li ^^ JL=^U.I Oy>^ J jJUJl
^) ^'^^ o^ ^ *3 Vf^ f^'S" ^J^ •'J^ -^'V^ -J^*^ -''Y -o\ ^^ ^ \^YA ij-ijLi
N. Barbour: Morocco p. -(hvj .-i n ^j^ oUJLi a^ i^^jait oUaill ^l ^
.L-Jj SlUj l^l^j . . .B ^-Nl ^1 Jp ^i OU^ ijjof :^jj\ 1^ 69 — 70
• O^^o^ Y 5^ iJUJtJl U[^l pjU) K^iijdl i>.L, j J>:5^z>.*yu OUwj j^ oj^
N. Barbour: opcit JUlij^ -l* 0^ ^« u^j j^soi^ o^l 1» ^y Y t - Yt ^ jJUoll ^ (V)
pp. 72 - 73 - B. Mcakin: ihc nwwrish empire p. 66
>1 \^ ,^5U3j UulJ.1 iljjJI *.l^ ilLi:- dJUJb oy.^^ ^1 j\i\
. -.o^ji ^\ Cj^ "iii) \V\->V* ^ Ji^Jl ^J,\ :6I^ iiilo-p x^ -jUJj^.
JLi. liU Oi^jll jj^f L.» : yp oy»^Ul jj-V '^Uj J^jjj ^I j^^j j^ ^
. JUj iSjlj ^jVl Jjof <-iy>f y>j *^\ ^yu t>Lrj ^j=^^" j^UI J dJU
Jl ^i^j^j '^l^'-stfEj "^j^j^ c>i' ^^ •^^^^'L?^ '^ ^^ ^y*^ (J *-^'
iH-\-.^o^ u->-^i :^^i>i ct« -n c^A-^^ c«- \ ,^ i-JLia. l-^i r^ixs" »
.^ ^j A^ix ^An^^ v^i :^^ij^i ^vn,^ r^^Uai:^^! :t5^^uJi(^Y)
. ^AA- UY ^ cji^jl' ^J.^ r^J : t^lJJl ^1^ (U)
^J>.^1 cjU!!*p y^
^-«iSiJ ij^l 0* ijrLi '-^jA^. y^^ cPM^I >*^'^. **i> <J^ o^jj
.<^^>Jipljllj ^jj^l jiLj s^UU ikj^l ^ o^^lj OJdl J
•• ■• It
"^^ 0* >^l cMr tj ^1.?^ '^*>^* *i'^,yj '4>"^ -JUj-y ^1 [.isl
"— 'yj^ drt' "-^' •••^^j ^v^ j^ (4*^1 L5^ *!>-' (j-j-*^' ^^ J^V
•Lvii)! AAJb>^ jJbJl^ tJiJUxil ^'L-j JU: All Xi^*- Jg. t|j54 jjui^l
j>^\ i^X^ ^ pd J^ o a>.|j ^j^ s^i^ ^L;f ^ti c^^Vl
J .iu^^ cUi: .^l::? iibb .ijy^lj o^I C;OiJiJL, ^bwij i-UVl d\j:^.
B. Meakin: Moorish empire - YV*\ jj^ Od-J^^^ ^^J^ r^ : t^Wi A3rl>» -V ^ij v^L»-
p. 69
rv jj^i j^i
J Oijj jJl ijj^l *±*j:»U.VI J-*Ai tti^^l ^y* ^L*--' 1^1^ IjI^ "^j^y
f a
^1 of Jp Jjb 1J^3 .jUa:;^^U l^ :>Lo-Nl Jiu^ u3Jl>- jLpu viJUU tl?^
l^l^ :>\J \x[ tAjli a^ J ^lil k^iil i>8^L^ Jj ^jl^ ^ 1 o^y
l^jfcjJai (v^flp cJ-j^ j^f IAaj . (♦.^jIp *L.jJ| tiii^i 4i>- ^y (t-i^^ li
6^lj .^jlidl t^A^lj p-sAnil aUVI BjSLiJ JLjx o_;^^ ^^1 d[S
*Ljiij i^Ji^L SJuUll d[£\ cy ^yy ^^1 J^b \^ . o^^ Jj oJuUiil
Ja^j . . .p-^l (^a^l Ajfj -uiJ i*.vaL«Jl c5j^^ T-r^-? -^ (-5^^'
Jjl^ x^ ^\ ^j iJiU-j Yf ^j^j i^OsoJIj jJUail ^ :o%JI L-^Ui CrtW^O
A>.J^ OUJpl j4ii I.^ :0lJLa3l ^^1 if^^) \So ^ \^ r^ fl^U^/l ^j:* :0l^
. \ ^ • - ^ • A ^j^ oL-ljji : t^^UJl jLut a^t ( Y \ )
AW ^ v:^iJLl(YY)
. \AA- ^AV ^j^ jJUilt ^ (Yr)
^,Ji>.>l oU^ —
.jia JjL» . iiJ:. syi^ ^jt J *iJ<yj «ji-^f ^yy o^' r^
^i«^ ,o^j O^y ^1 ^.b ^ Jjf ^ S^l i2J. c^ ^^'
.^.j^>i .\> jL5 j^- UUl :iaJ, ^ A^gi xaJJl U .sj^LUl
ipy. aJLS ,»-^ i~LJl isJJl U . oy-j.- ^1 i»^ l*il>t pi jl-^l
iiJJlj .J^-iJLJ j-^ i^lill iaJJl (J .4^ ^^^' ,>^l ^ s?*J
J_*f J xJr\ Cj- •:>j-^ '^^ ^^' *^' "^^ -^^ ^^ '^
y OjSo- S^Vl i2j>ib SU^Ij il>3l ^ OjSoo- 0^^ AiJlSllj .JSUJI
J^ i,LJL jJbUl ijip J*^j . vbf *^l^ J 'JjV a* J^ J^' *i^
Uj j*^ . jiiii ^ii*i ^i J t5^^ '^b "^j^ jf -Hj^ -"^ (1 ly
Y^ iJL^l Lijyl e-jl-- :^Wj^ ^^^^ -^ ^^ '-*^' t' '^^^'
B. Meakin: The Moorish Empire p. 70 _ WY - W' tj^
oJLfc O^ul iiii-l j_yJl /»-J • JUJ-l Jilj jt«^lj tj_5jijljj t:»j:>j^j ^^^L^-^l
dJUij . cj^yiiis-'yij v^ljll (i jr^ L^l>- LoUi; cj^jj ^1 ^j
o^ cy ^ J jj^^l ^l>UI t-iU ^_^bJl Jp t-^ia^a ^^1 6jS::jj . Ju^
. aSLJIj Oyjydl ^^SLoJlj JjJaJlj jLi^l '-jIjI^I (♦-6-*r^ (^ • 'H *^j^ ^4
tJill Jj^J JUjsi Al Jb-I^l (^jlS^ I^^^J -J^f (_5^ 'Sl-J^ (J^J iaJLSdLl
^i ji^y Uj .-ill ^fl 4 ^ Loj :jliJI A:>-^l Jj .-All iiJU:- tio^l
.^YA-^YV^ OUJLI j^ :OLkaJl ^>i!(YV)
N. Barbour: Morocco p. 74 - J. F. O'callaghan: A Histoiy of ^ YV- ^ Yn 4j^ Y r- yU*lJl
medieval spain pp. 227 -228
j oU-ljji i^^jiUl jbJt jui-t ^rYo^rYt^j^ oL.)lb Jil :5tA^I v^U- a^l(t^)
^.jb-jM oU^
i"
i!^ JSLS AjA. ^Uvflil Oji iJ>Wi ojL^L j:i4-^lj *:**- -Vi^ t>
oL ly^Lifj cj!>U3lj >S3li jiJi>-jll :)>.I>1 ^i ^iJj .,^1 o^j^\
obMI cy ^^^ ^'-^ ^ ^^^-> ul'^K^b p-^l 'Ua^ v_JUl
W ^t j^ ljJj3 • m'^I <^ IjJ^li (-^^^^ ^5-^1 u-^^ ■^}^
. J_^ ^ jUaJ^JI Ji>lj ^^j-" 0^.1 ^'^^ -^ir" J «^>i>>' cP
*Uiiil JijJr\ \jji^ c^>Jl itA; J A-l^ ^Ul ^y J l>ii 1<^
iJliJIj c^_^l i^ > ^^ vi.-V^- (i;.! ^1^1 S:>U. JjVl JljJl
B. Meakin: The Moorish empire _^^Y-U'J ^.V-^>•^a^ ^-l^^lj -r-^^ t~>^ -
p. 69
■
Cy. c^*^J lS-Ij* tirt jj** *-*^ ^liJlj .i3i»~-i (»-aI_,jI ^t ^Vl sjLjl
SjjjJl culls' .iJlru cj|j> ^ ^Uj SjjU«ll Jilt^l ^U"^)? is^^Jl
.j^ ^ Obb oiU l^lS'j ijJailJiL «jAI J_>;ti ojjU iuju x^ JjVl
^\j JiK, ^^. OUJL- SjU^ Ojkiljil ^^1 d2i AJlill SjjiJi cJLij ^^^
dili^ _,-wa:Jl . iJj^ Ol C^>i\^ ^j*^, ^y> JXP Uul^ U^ <> *Jli5l
Jl -uUw^t <Lj>J -U-tj ^j \^j^ C^jAjl ^\ IJ.':>U. Jai«J i^Jjf ^_^*-«J
j^y*.*^ (1)IS^ J Ui^l^l J^ U^ ^rt-a:^! ^J^l^ ojjij (»l3 *i tOjjS'ljU
^\jA » At - Ar ^ Y 2^ Uia:^*^! : t^^^Ui - ^t- A^ ^ jj^i ^ : oika]! ^i (rr)
^ J Vf^ f^=^V' "^J-^ '"^^ ''"'^ JUj£ - Yl'\ _ YiA ^ Cji^^^ *^J^ fW» : (5^1
.(YYA^
•' ft ■*
^ a' ^
oUi>fj i^jjA :>%j ^^ c5-ilj l>3 Oi^ji-I c^ '^^ uiS'^ j>U AJli
^j . o>,tj -uj-^dt^j Oj^ J^ ^■:A3 ^ ^ t j>JJ itili 3y ^y^ j^'
o^IJlI «i^ dUJll .i.«;ui:>-j iJliift is^l>- J5L4JI t>» V ^y ^ -^
^ 1^ L!L>- J^jf ^ N\YV/^ oY^ ^ .-JLrj e^'-alp^'f *^^ U^^'^tL?
jl^y^ . ^yt^S'ly io J-« jj;J ^yjU ilLwu jfj J^r-lj e-iJf u^ jf j>»J oa£>
. ^AY ,j^ ^p 4j^ :t)bp
. \ \ o ^ ^li-^1 ^jj :j^jj 4^1 ^1 - At ^^ Y 5^ U5x^Vl : t^^^bJl (VV)
o^ > Uri -c^l^ J^l^ Jl l.^*^ljb '^^\ S^ i€>l *r ^=-J^
Ji
JbaJ Lijsr lji«J .er^l^ j> ojJi>-jil :ijUi of b^\J.\ ^
•cr^l^ j>J JjVl ^ bJp ^f T>l Li^ o^y ^1 ^
^y3ll ^ s^jUJI Jp J«rj *]Uj ,ytUf jjJiJi JUjt Al:.lJ ^ JjcsJ
jL- .*X,Jlj APlkJI Jl jw»y>ai ui^l>l V'l^ o-jJ^I -V^ ^ ^'4^oi
Oi J^^i^l J!!^^' S^^ ui^lj*JJ u^s^ J^ 'Ui> Jt)U j.^\i j^\ IJLa
Jli— J Jol ejS'ijj ipLiLl ASjU* aJIp ojJL4 v-i-»jj ^^ J\^ aJU- iyj
.(AA^
.(fl\v cHVj tnnj uAj ixr^^ i.L.'jfL j.i utsUJi v^u
jU-f itiJUt cYYA - YYA ^ ^ jr ^1 lOjJJp^ ^1^1 lAn - Ai ^^ V^jll jU-1
.Awii ^^1 JLP ^U:^ Jl i_wJJ t5j>-l e*^ -^li t>* *^^' *iM L.f. .^yi^l
CjiJ^^\'^j^ fU :^U;JI («rt^-AY^j^ Yg^U-ii^Vl : t^^Ul - \ ^A ^^^ tOU+l
iijVjLP ju^ -^*Y'.^^J An-Ar^ XiJi-^i ^j^i :f^ -4)i^ .yv^-y^v^
aU+l ^ -H^ :6llia3l t>;l ^>p ^) YYf- Y\'\u^ ^ J Y'f;^ f^-^i ^ij^ :<:>l^
Vi>l JJ^i :Jj^ c\*A-\*Au^ s-^' :cr^lj^» A^j YY-Y\^ ti^i
.(YY^^
to Jj"^l J-^l
tSo^Uall i% J j^sdcJl IJLfe ^ ^Li ^ .AiiJLifj Az^f Jp jja>-jll
A-j.^ j>-*U ui — »Vr J — -^]^ ti-M?j — ill ^^\ -^^ J — ^1
JL^ SiU| jWlj ciiL^f y^ ^y^\ S^LJL JjVI .j* WX'tl^oW
.^>t li: J>^ ui^l^ ^1^ JjVl JtJrl c^l ^j^J ^ o^^l
•(A^'y* {^ jU^aJ-l t^jvij tJjU^ i-^f Cj^*^ J^ fl^-Xp aL ^Jl>-^l
?slid tipji (^ilj (J <J.sU V^'^ J^J t^jlj-^f '^U' l_;iaj LpP JUjl ^
iUJl™^ Jl ^ (_5JLil ^Jp^l^l lAJLfli /^Ja jf J^ l^J^ ii>^'j "-^JJJ^J
,(YV* ^^ OU+i ^ ^j^ lOUbOJl j^l tAo :^jj t^t ^>il i^*V ^
0^ Jj-^JJ i^J-AjJ JJ llCHTjJ. iJ^J^^ A-kS'U- aJUj J-^ iJi^V
^^3^ J^ L«j>»A c-JLij iJj3=r iJLJ ojL-i .iljj^ iLi OjJ^^^ax^
.^^Jl>-^l JliSj JUJI ^UJI J -UL>^ ^1 Oii*il^ Jt*^l ^J^ (t^'
»-l>* lil c5^^ ^ Oii>Jlj j?^^ >rlj^ Ij-lif oi-^J-^ u^ oi^^^ c)l^
JLiJ J^ ti^LiJl ^^ cLlJi ^'f Jp OjJir^jil (_;**^^ -i:^^ '^^j tM"!
:^JL>-jJLJ l)jJ^ l^lSi (iUi L)jlajl^l i3j:>f .ipUull jt^U^fj ^UL
jl^l Jjf Uj^^B :a]^ villi Jp oJLJl jLu .^^1 Jp 1^ L^jL-t
iJjjJl .^ Jl i3jULl ^^^wi 1^^^ of (JjJ^jll c5t> .i»->il>- «5li:
(> ci^j oi-^^i (-^^ cyj^^' ^ 34^ ^^ -Ut^ ^U^^ aJ2.i^i
villi Jt>U. ^ ^j .oLaj Jl j^^ o^b Jl OjJL^jll jU ,^y-t
jiJs-jA oi»!)U ^^
J UL; J^X JSUJI vUl^ Ul . ^y,^ji1j Oii»^i>l uy oLi oli iljU^
OjP c-JLWj ^,J^jJ^ L^U> i>-^iv9 ouxUt* JjJaSU ^^ ;\^ uf'*^'^!
L^-<^S'L->- j-iLi t Lojij S^aIS (J[ \jj^ /*-S . L^Lp ljJL>-tj l^^L*^
. SjjUJll JSL5JI f- Uap^N ^Ij5 ^^^^ ol5^l life t>o Oji^ ljJL>-fj . ^J*
«
L^ Ijjcsijj 5F-*!AdJl SJUj (ip l4J4l*/«li -^^^j;a*wo (1)j«A:>-^I *-jijtu>«l
ijx* (_5Sj-i i«il^l aJLp ^jt J[ IjjL- rtJ .Jljpf ^^ S:iLJij iciU-
^P^-ljt clxAli C-Jj (J ^U ioJU J-s^j -^^ c^lg"*.^*^ *Jii tjj-^ji^lj (3UJJI
jijjVi Ju^ i^iii ju^i J oj^ Oja>->i 615 . (^ n t ^/-A or© i-*
(^jil JUp ^^41*^1 of Jl ejlj^ V-^^H *-iJJ^J . <istf"lj-* ''^ ui*^ t>* *^J
^jlU ^>.a>o u^iJiL? J^j .SJUl>:. Aijydl ^li i^Jr SjjU^ll JUr^
l^ Jl l^ly J ^\jji\ ciJji.j .^jVl ojl>-^ v^^l ^l:;jt dL^
.J^l u-i^ J ii^jjy* -S^r^^l -^''j-i ^^^ ALUvaJl J Jjll JtS'j
Jju j»^ iiUi 4Ul ^j j^j* , ^JUj Ujj y^p i«J^ j>uj ^1 L^JLp Ji^j
jj<l\ jL- .(^K) s^ \jijij c^li iJJ^ ^ JiyiJi JUAll Jl IjjLj
jL» j^i tojUi- (_^jf Jl ^^wU oj-bj-jll Ja^\i t4Ji,->«j /%jk«-ljj Oy»*i^
(i^ tji^jll ^J^j^. *l>jla.l>l ^,*:u.l 1^ .Oj>«l: Jl \jiJ-j\ l^j ^l
jl oj>l: ^311 jlp UU^ jlk-Vl j*^ CUIL43 i-311 Jl l^ \ji^j
•^l^j U^t^ . ^^ J>J j^j t>^l 01S3,I IJLa ^ j^jll jlp
. JLM^ij^ it ^y A ^ ^J^J jj**»^ o*!^ ^ u^ ^'^ u^ "^j^y Cji ti-^* jV^' :(i'yi (*V)
M-J^-^^J-l Mj^' :ft>L-P 4blJLjP -\«*^ £ ^ ^^^„Jdl OLJl Ic^jIjLp jil(oA)
.(/Ail
A*-tj lj_J>-j ejJbSj :>j5U jUi aJLp l_j*A:ii '^Lj*' - Jl '*i»4* .L\ii» (jy
at
J J^}^ ljV-! t^^l* tOl-JJ jlj^f ^ j-si iJ^.a^ i% t.'-^V
\y>'\3 ^y. *^i Jbu OjJls^jll J^jJ ,^jj2>- IjJLpti SjjUuil Jj*UH
.^a^jli Jp *J!;ixJl OiiJlj" ^Jais^j ^Jl* .o^^ -ujI J -^ V^ "-^Ji
\ jji\ j^i
jl^l (jl;A*ilj ?t**^!j 0>^ ^^ *^^J jr^ r*-^^ . -^jJl ^Xi c3^^^-*^l
.» ••
f "
.j>*l J -^vijr^ ^y uil^ ^V It: u^r^ *'^-^' V-J+l Jl -^J uT^ly
. (■'^>l,: y^ ly^^\ Ji j^ill
tjj_iJllj ^Vl JjJ u«- *Jj^j iij^.^ ti^W* <Jii i^sj-^ait-l <^j^
Cy ^^ -Oi-^ji' *iL»'*H ^J^'^J *^y^ 'Ic^'j o-<»~ *;J^ ^><i .(♦i^l
Ij^l) ui^>l Jl Ijjt-i . i-Uj iLJ ^ I^L.j ^ ^l^j r^\^ j/i\
*Lt ^Up:-)! «o-|_^ ,yp« ^ *1^^1 pV> ^Jll JLp d^ jU ioUaJl
d^ CjjLiM jJi\ jAJi ^ai. . ^jL ^j i\ji\ j^ ^ A^-Cj ^ c^j-^
^jll o^ jL. ^U .^.a^^l ol_^ icjAI Jjjfj iJ^ ^yt^ j^_^^l
y.>jt jijjl .-.>ii L)LJi itsjijui ^1 ,YAY o>._>i jLj^vi I'M ;tu.yi
.(\«Vj ^•«^y» O'JK-^
•V ^^ ^ .ui»>^l uii *ij> VJ^ c:i_^ .4:u Aj^ Jii OiJ>-^l
J^ Aibii ^J^ caJ^,^ ^U^-y ^:,^\j ^ ^i^^_ S^LA Li^ ^jll
cf^'j • '^^ (>i c5s=^ <>i -^-^j yi^l CyiJ^. J SiU ou-aj ^ ;i;^
J-^j (^ • r ^ ^ («/-* ov^ ii- **v U^ v-^ "^j^iiJi (i^i^ d\ij>i\
^J • uJajl^l SJ^LJ, j^^a:dl ^>-l 6j_wi SiUj iUu ^>SL^ JliiJi J^
.J:**j j»i .OL.^- ^Lj Jl ui^lj^l ljijU»j djJ^^\ j-^l Jlii dUi
^^ jji^ diJJ / Jp jL-i .<'^"^)«^,SL^ ^ i^ bjip l^j „^ 4i:>^
^f^'^j i«,Li>^ _^SL«p Jv»ji ,A5c:>.U J^ ^2^ ijJiJ-1 ^yr^JlX**! ^yiil^
^\y\ jJ^\ S^Ub ^ojSi ^SL^j ^yrlfisaJi e^L^ ^ y^lt 5iU ijU^
.^t-^r'^ YjrUai-'iH :tj;^tJlot)
JH^ i/lA ^^ ui-^L. ^j 5;Uj 0^ cJi^bla , AlUj i% lu-j ^iju^
.j^>J il^l Xp ^^ ^ ^^ ^ i,U.j ^^_ ^ ^ ^u, ^f
oj^jj,! iJjaJl :j.5L* AIj-^p _i^».4^|j ^^_4i ^ .-oLap JiIjup j_»* oV)
. YtS ^ JjUI ^J.1 :il:* JiiJLp
^J>-^i ^U^ of
ijl J^3 ^^j^3 t>« O^Ij T-^^ ^ ^^ ,,;^^^*-^ "^j^ J^As^ 0^3^' ^
• "^y^ ^y ^'^' J*-^fj u-^' .r^^^ ^-J^ u^^l-l ^ 5%J^ . .^Ji^Vl
LAj>».>i^13 olybj J[ ljjl--j t J^ Jl -U-fjJ ijUjJ u^l^ ^ OjJb^^l
, fj^^ "K^^ j^^ iiL*»>» Ict^ Cj9j:r^ Oi-V*"^^ tV 0^<^ t>L**.*Jij io Ju>3
oj^u ;>*-j iy>ii ,:)Ui ^yi "^ai) ^os^^as^ jiUi ^>i tii:^^ -flii^
Ji^i :J,H^ ^tr^^ *^2:jt^* :*^->'J^ u^* t w-^n^ ctJiiJi ^.-iJij cn^
. Y^^ - t^A ^ Oi^jii *ij:* fU" : iS^^\ cr*^ (V\)
.^.o^ i^^y^\ otJKVY)
Jj'i\ JsoAJl
^v^^J>-jll J^ij pjJji ^UaA^I J] ^^ ^l^lj *^'^l ^JJ .-UwdU
Lf jruoVl ^^ .tfrJ^ jUaJ-l V^^ O^^ ^^ M^ L^ '^^i J t>"3^'
iit«J frLftj ^li jL/a^ tj^ l)jJL>-j1I ^^aJ . i^LS^ ^^ (_i^ tt^Ll^^
o_^ lj^>*j dJUi ^ LlJLi .U^ J>.Jia ^L-t y>-\j^\ IA:)U. I^isf ^t
Oi L^ ^^^^' ^ *^!^ Jva^ jfrj .A^^l jj— *-l>>-f ,^;^ C^wU
^J (jt-^^j^l^ jMr' J-^"^ 'jyrl t>! jLj^ -^i-^l ^j-ij c5jI.;>-^I
a
JUP jU tI»L Jlj %- JP Ulj jJyJl JL^I^I JUP 7r^\ Cj^j ^^J\
■ I4J >,j .N:.L- Ji Ujilp ^ i-.li5U -U>^ j-^ ^yjil -^ ^\ t5>f
jlp ^JiL-.l j^ .63II i>-lt^ 4JI cuU- *lUj oj-jf y^ i^ ^j^
jjui jbu V (^* • r^^"^ 'j^^j ^ '-J-^-*^ ' ^s'l ^^* c!^^ •>'-^'
^jkl JLP ^jf .^jii^ cy. -i-ji ^^ ^J W^U-^^ill XP J^
. Y05 ^y. J;UI ^>l :f!5U ii\Xj> (YO)
. ran ^y Jjl-JI ^>l :'^^ '^I'V' "J^** (V'^)
*:j ^p j^ ^j^j .i^A\ e4> ^i_^i }A^\ jj;>. J \j_^^^ ^^^
OlS' . irf^l iJjl*llj jUa^l J* '-iyij >i^f *J Ifi^j^j Jbf.*.^ *Llj _^fj
j<^ Jli>»l iljd oils jj^ iajLall CjUL^ Jj3 ^yJl jjJw ui^'J^' Jl^f
^ ^ ^ -•
^ JUw-i JUUJI Jjli .lUi a*j ^^y- cr^'^ v'j^^ -^^^ i~j-UI v^
ojli- CoLwJj c-j|jjJl oAlJj t^j^' o^ c-^l^l JaJLJj tiJliiJl :*1^|
J^j (ItA^I iku-l^ ioJdl ^Ir^Li ^ti ^S j^3ll jlp ^ ^u^\}\
"i/ wuj iiiJ^ Oil ^^ -^ji^j ^Ai ^b L$^l (n^ c>.^l
-t^tj^ VJ>" V*^ :JUij^ -Y*\f-YnY^y» ^>i ^ lOU^ JalJLjP JU>t(YA)
Lj^jj-U Vr^ i*jUH Igjcalj^r f*^ lj>«^vaij l^ilSLJ l-U^ <:oail jf^^Jaij
^Lx^l J[ i^j ^ OiI*ilil -b^j ui^(^ > ui^J^' *^^l «^l
4**iJ U->5 (j--j*-Jl -i*^ ^y iu^^At i^Lj (j ^^^J (j^ly* J-^W i^jjH vt*^
ojlj>j L^^lJIj i>-l^jj iJlS'i JjUj ii?'j:u i^LUrjwJ Jftt Alysi J>-Ji
^* . ^1^ Ji iUj jU5iL •a£jL\ cJu^ i^j^>LJl jUSil (»jrl4i J^^
y\ jLvJ .jlill ,_,,fli>. J j^JJl SiU> l>-T Li^ ^^11 jlp vi^
^jU ilUjv^j J>-lj i_ilt Oi^ i5j^*-JI -J jj^ *^^ -l»ljj Ji o-*^
^^j*)LJ| Jx2j»j (^JL>-jll jUfllJL Cg'il JJOJLi ^j>- (Ji*j^' iJiJ C>.«li'>»
^;^*fj i:>LAj ^j^ JjbL ^jti .Oji JU- J c5j>LJt O^Oj tjV^^LSjl
^Mj^ ju^ .xrx^ "^C^* ■.'iJj^J^:;^' „\»^_n'\o^ j^iviii ^ ics^u^ay)
^jU ^f ^y.^ ^L:2J oJLi>-j uiJ^^I **H <«^*i5:^ (^1 JS^Jl
^ i^ ^ sLj^ i)L?5 aJLS ^yi^ll V (.^L-A .J>-lj c-ilf OiJ-^J
4, ci>-i 4i.i>y t^-^V tj^^ ^' o^"^ y^ C?*^' -^J^
^JU^I Jl ^U ^.1 jU ^* . J^l c_i_^ ^ c^ji tsa>.^l J-UJI
.iu- Jp LJlj Ai. ^j ^JJ*JI cJ ui^l^l -^'l*' '^^ y. ^ d'}^
jLi .Oij-^'WI t,^-'^^V (>"^^ '-^^ '^■^ o'^^ -^ '^
^J i\^. ^ iJyll JU-I :Jj4^ ^ !5U;) YVY-Yn^u^ JiUI ^>l :OUp -
.(tVVj
.t>^^ Oi-^jli ;jj^ fL! : ^LJJl j^l^ (At^
^ ^L-V oils" oi-^j''! i> "js^^J u^^ v*^^' '-'■^' "^^ "^^ ''^''*^ ''^*^ ■^' <'^^>
. Lijlj j^ ^^ (^'J^' Ut^'j (J^J l^^»j>cili A£^ *r!>^ NUJi jL*. *j
4^jlj>^l ^ JUi-l 5l.ljp._rt c-i->-li jy.31.1 JLP Jlsl Jp L<sjUi.LJ.
^JLI JL-ii ijl* .^311 JU> iC_>A Ji t^it If .4\ C-*^lj AiuLj
bUl> **^i=^ Ij^^' li^ (♦-««* ^-4?-" (♦■^J *^'>^ (>* r^^ fj^'
> jij j^* OL.VI > Jv»»^ c JSUJI y^L ^l ^j ^311 o^ ^
iJJUJI ^ikit ^Lt ,>. ^'Vi J Jiii ^ ^l^L pil^ p^l (.oi ^
iJJaJ OjJb-jl.1 L_)l;;,i-.l ,j^*Ija1I oJLa (J 4.*--! JjJ jy Jxi ^ (-iUj
.tiJUl U^i OJdl J*tj JSUJI *bt ^ iji blopt l>4i ^311 JL*
iJLJ J^ Ja AJii> >i ju. JJUI Jji iJLp j^ jMj ^^\ h^ jljli
^jL^j-Jli i^l -il tl^ . . A^j-e^j -4)1 JU>^ tjl^'ili j^» : i:e-^>
Jljfj UaJl oJL^j *J ly>i ^Ij ^Jl I^Ufj ^j^j jJ-l Jp p^Utj
. YVA- YVV o^ JiUl ^>l :C>1* Ala-P a*>ft (AA)
^tj_pj (U^,Ww iJl JJl l*2i^l J'^i Cols' . LLyl ij*' Jj**-^ V>*^'
fr^lJl ^jjt ,j^JJci,\ jLl Jm lj ^-JjmI ^1..Pj L^l^T- t>-aj^v» <».'»«.w ; Oj^Iuwa
Jp ais^ 4>^> ptiLu-l Jl *iU)llj ^U^rb OJdl ^j^iAj Jp JJL23lj
a:_^ Jp aJL5v» viJUU S^u- Jl::£ Ot ^>.j].l JLp ,_,Jii-i .^ ^^iA/-*#tr
tJ-P l^laai' JSLiL-ju Lif jjVji«-l^is<aJl Alt' ^^ ^^ l^lSj>- <..,a»i..rtl 4jU«jj
(>• c:-^ •'^^' ^--^ ^-->*i -^-^ U-^ '^^^ "^ "^^^ -^^'y
cilL. 4:lSJj tr^ly Ji S^^i _^tj *JL>. j^jll J^ i^y»^l
.r^n-V^A^ j;iJL>-jll ^jA fU :t^LiJl ^l^„YA*-YVn^
N.Bar-.. \££.^£Y^^ t^AVY,^ w^yll jlJJl ,tpri^\ UjJlJI :j^Ip ^>i JU^-t(n»)
hour: A survey of north west Africa (the Maghrib) Oxford University press. London 1959 p.
284
'^^u^ ^^ t<^^' ■■^*^' (>il-^*V^^ Yjr U-iu-Vl :(^.^Ul(n^)
J\j>- J>-Jt* ^1>»J y^ «U>-j i-itlval jvJ .IJb-lj U^ L4J /.liCs OL*JL"
^ jji^ i=.ji^j i5j^_^i p>aL 3i>ji ^ ^ oif ^tj ii^ Jl
JLp jLwJ , 4JUiaX^ ^"^ ill J^ ^^J ^ fi ^^ <3l '— ^ r* (*-* *j^'^^J
4x1l5Uj U^ aIa^j jUi ^311 JLP aJ Jji .-OpUU J J^:>j Jj^ ^yjH
.<^^>JI3jVI Up j^tj ^^^1 .^>ll Jl
Oi t> ui <^>*^ -J^*^ ^^ U*^^ ^f l^ .ipikJij ^X^i ^JUt jut
Jji-lj I4*f ^>. UJf ji^ ^Ui Jai, S>ip U-^^'lj oviaJl Jj^ oljjJl
B. Meakin: The Moorish Empire p. 72 ^'A-^'V^y Y^ jJUall ^jJ^ \ <^j^UJl (^ Y)
.Yrn^^ njr^i -.^^i^i^ y\-tx"(.'(r\j y«v-Y'%u^ v^-;-^' :cr^>i (^r)
Ibid - (Y • ^y ijJt^j- JJL-j ^.,*j? : JUdjji t \ Yn ^ u-^J^'
. Yr^ ly i>.LJl jju-ll : ijJJUs. ^1 _ \ . A ^^ Y ^ L,*t^*5ll : t|,^Ull (^«)
o^L ic^i i_^jjtj ijjLi* (»j r!^->-? *t^3j p]^' *^.>^ 0-* (*-***ij-i>- 'j*-**^
iJ^ jLi t^T Ji^ ^ ^^\ J^ :»jU dl]D 4(ji^^jll t_;ij^
^1^ Jl ^^1 ^Lit ^;^ ^yjll JLp JaJ j^' .f Uor/^otA
(^* • (^J^ ^^J r*^ ^^*-^' (*^l>«fj (^-frS^^- (^l V (^1 u-->-b
JuJi Abl lAUpfj 4jL>»j Jp tju?. jk^ju of JJ -uSUj . ^ ^ \o\*'/_A oiA
JLp i_ii^ , <^^>iJi^l jj i_iUi JL*^ LI aJ jjji-ilj Jul JUp ^^ -Ujt Lt
J^Lp UNj:dij Uxs^ L^^U» >>-jj ^-iJU^ ;^u/iU- illJUr ^y cJlS*
Jl ^^^ (>*3^' "V o^ *''' -V^ "^i^' c:Jl»»i j_^jJ y>Ui J (j^Jai\
Cjf^ Uav» ij>-^y (♦vL^ (J* Sjji)L Lisyl JlaI ^LJ tiUi Jp **Aji
.YYA.YYVj Y.V^ V^l :yi5ljll(AA)
.YYA^y jJUall ir*^ :,_^ljll(AA)
■--»■- —
.^j .jjj ^\ J aaUj ^\\o^/^ei^ <^ j>.jj duai j^
cTJjU .^i% j A>J>]I Jp Sj^L l_^Uj Liyf Ja? ii^yiJl 3<dli
jUfl>^ ^^1 f.li dAJJi^ .uii>il uy Jl^l »-..J.'.* j,-*JiL J i>JyiJI
vliill vl^ dUU . ^JiLi vr^>Jl *-.l=^l ^j-l^ cy>* Oi uc^ U^^
^^ .iJl^il jUa>- .>J_^I iJ^ .j|_^| ^^ljiii-\j iJl^ll SJl^J 4^f ^^j
*-rrJ *^J J-*^ "^^jAI cJUo Asfujii\j ilLijj JaI oy <Jl^l >-JiJ
.^ **'a*ALaUiJ ^^^-LmJ Ij^j (♦^I>*' ?7^J^'
:f^ JiiJLP .Au^ ^>rAA o^^" v^lj ^.•^>' ^J-^' b^^ i^jjJU^")
N. -(vv-vn^ ^ c: J'l^i =^"'1 .:^' '^^^J ^"-^ ^"^' ^^ -^ ^^
Barbour: TV Maghrib pp. 284 - 285 S. painter: A Mstonr of the middle ages pp. 198 - 199
.\Y\->Y'u^ Y^:^-^*^*^' :;^^Wl(^.^)
Xp jU . I>ii oj^ J!>U JLrLl l^ xii^^ ^ jLVl >>.j ^_^|
jUj .(. ^^n»/^oei :i:^ ^uU ^ ^1^ ^ l»i^ ^;l^ ^jll
''O^j? *k'^ cyj^^ "V* j-^^ -^^^ uyvi »^jJ' o*^ J J,>i»-Vl
iSjiCi 41x11 pJl <j JOJij ^J:j> js; iiiOll ^311 JLP j^l4i i^^l^
jUlj^tj j».^«i:f J OUVl *M> ^fj ^Jll Xp jily .6L.^I *jpLj
jp ^311 xp 5^f ^ ,>y j*t ^-u uf . ;ipIWi Ji ^jiU ^^f,
Xp jilj j^ .0:^-L^ (wl.l^tj (^:>L.f Jp (t^*— lij ,»^tj j^^-iif
^y. ..iUi ^ X^^ ci^ <1>L A-iiOll (»^U- jjy^ J^ ^311
<J CyJ (^ (-L-f i>*» a~l>=i c?jL^lj ij^l <> c!)^yi ^yjll JLP
Ijo^i^lj i^.^l J^lx l^i^j 4Ljj ij^ju IjjiUi inJ^i ^i ^
J -i^l^ iiJ^I ^^J^ jv»l>- j^* :iLj j iLjJL. ^p JLP Ji-I . itjUJU
.Y^t-Y^Y'J YA' u^ \ J rj;_f:A-yi Hjj rOU JiIjlp
t^j-Al a~^ tOU* AlJ--* J_^ .^YY-^Y^ ^ jJlUI ^^ :ts^_^Ul(\.r)
:jjJVl ^! trA^ ^lill p-aJl v>i' i^yi :t5jl-i^ j<l u* ^) Y^^-YAt o^
-J . ajJL^I i^jA. ^J^^>-J.\ Jjk-.VI j^\>^ l4X*-bi L^ Jij ^ -1X5:3 Laj_^
i}jt>- j\aj jJ*- j^ (>->^I (J^LwJl l^^ls- «^ ^yi-Jl i5-J^l cy^^ -h^ JU-/»
:JUi tjjiail ^♦^^^.j oyJl {.opj ai jJjj ^ iliJ :JUi I?,>vflJ-l I A*
a1^ ^ L»ji UtiU- J--jt .^^^Jit Ai-. IftjUa?- J*> Jiii aLj1» o^a
j.Ji>- il apUJIj *N^I ^^" Aj»ji\ *J\ ^jji>^ .i'^\ ,>~ iJr::h>-'^
jj^ \^ .l^L-if jy ^y. (j-iUv«« *-o-Lv9 jL;>Jl ,>-J-l ^^ ^*^ aJ[
oJ ^^ c>i o^ <^l>3 Jrr c> Jj^l r '^'^^ ^-^ ^-^' ""^-^ "^^
_^ iiji\ J^\
*V^I l>>ti ^311 J^ Ji J.l^_^ jU J! . J.1^ ^.cy^^ u^ai
j^l J.Uu a;.^!! ^ JjjJI ^^1 jlp l_^Li jU*A.| J> ^ j^^i
M ^ l}[^ Jipj ,^[^J\j oiyVlj ^•l^JUl 1^1 J5J j^* .U^^
a-P iU j»i .j^ ,_,,<«^ uf iJ^Ui UL^f Jp jj_, .^^1 Jji JLP
^ ii^jJ-l l^j^iir v^* «j^ t)l* . c^'^* 1^ 4 '^^ '^^^^ '^^^^ C* t>»^f *^ (>^1
.JLt; JU Vj ;UL^I .JL^ -Ul J^^ ^ d\ ^ ^j^J.\ \Sm Oli Jl>- J^ Jp
JiJi CJIS" Up fUJi jt 4:u^U» L-ijsrj *^-ii=^ t>» Vji^ f^y ^'^ *^l* -^i**^'
'^ W^' (SJ Ji • cf^^' J>^' J^ '^--^ *^^y J'> UiJUli ^l^iiJlj j:^->uII
. IJU li*ji j^ i^U cJlj
aLm C-j^l* i^lAiiU O^iJIj ;*UiU ^^^1 ^^^Jb^JLl olj^t^ .JUiJI ^^JU*j ^>
"t^ ■^■^^ (>• (jt^JJ *^' 'c*-^ tlH ui~^' cy. '^ |«— liJi ^1 ftjjiJi
ji>ji JL.U 1^1 ^ saIjS Jp jjfj f ^ \ u/_A orA i- »Jiii Ji iU
J. *«
Olj^-l J-jU-^ i_iJL5^lj tA*A>Ul j^ StAiJl c:jUj^_^j Vj-^l »_-::50l
.J.L.NLJ ^Ji^L ^j Ai-^^l ^ ^1 ^3l j^'.,0>*)^i jUj U^l
Jp SjjiJL 4^ ^ ^UJlj ji^^l *pL;t ^j« ^ ^^i i»:-f
jJLijJij Jjj.! i-Lif j_^ s-ykj iSjjiJlj I^^^Uj aJ[ ljjL>ii«.li tijUajljll
.iJ^!>Ulj ipU*-tJlj i^UjJb \jj^ ^1^1 O^L; v_3^ ^yJaJLiJl ^
(»jLSj 4_jlS' oii^lj ^yix^\j oU-^ kiJUAJ (^J-5 ^ (^^-i t>jl olik-^U
JJ^I j^jUui ^Oj^I as\A ^ JJ-U- ^^^«j>^ ^^ ^1 dUi ^f Jp jL-
JU- ^JLni U IJL^ /^itAj j^ ijjojljkl iuL»U- IjJi^j aJ ljjl>.i*j-li SjjiJI
. Yo* o^ f^Ai^^l J*^t :s-t^' L/i' (^ ^A)
Ait (^^Ij > c^ .:>^ <l>j*^j' Ict^ ^^ ^-'JL^ t/^ cjii Jj*^ >'t ^ Jjl ,>a>. (\ \A)
^.jb-jll oU^ ^^
Ijj^ti l_^ ^j cr^\ S^L^i ci^W^I '•i^ J ^M^^ J-J^
^U, aJlp .J^ .1^1 cy r^T J^. t^"^' ^^' '*^ '^» -^^ C"'
^ \j>.^, db .hS, J*f cy ^^"i^ ^^^ ^l->^' '-^ J^ •^->^'-^'
Jj, UL. Lfcllj^ y i>rk Jlj^t s5<==^' ^-^ s**-^ "^-"^^ ^^ •-'■^ "^ fci^(^T^)
^j 01:.>JI >jtj V>il -i^J ':o--»^^l-'^^Vo^ '^jUl jaai :^^l)
^ij. U:^, f >An^ t- ioJ i..J» Jli'^Jl Jlj=^l a '^^' **^ ^^ *>* ^-^^'-^
»Vjil (».aiJ ilv i>^ Jl ^i ^ j-UI o^lj jiJJ oi\ jL-
^» cU- ^i ^ oil J^J ^s^V^^ -0^ Ici^ ^^^oit Jl ^liJlj
L.J U^ 41,0* Jp jidi ^>.lj UVlj L.J i^L i;.^- Jp yjj ^1 i:^
jL»( *j tu^JLij iJ^^JLS'l ^^..f^^j ^^jj^Aj^I ^ ajUoji jJULI ^^I ajS^
^ ila>cL^Vl t^^tj ^" ^1 Ji aJL* ii^lkJlj *y^| ^oii ilj^ Jl
U^i ilia- <:)f jidi o^l (i-L j^* . oi^.^1 jlj^Jl s:*l^ ^^ cr^J A" ^f
^^i ;^vi>-j i-ULli* Jj^ ^.p^ J^U- Jj-:u^lj L^Jl jUi jMf %
J-J^ cUj^l Jl jxX\ oil JJ-^ ^l^ oi c^ c>J=^l>l ^'li ^
t>*J iL>-^ ^^yLP ;l»ULl* ^yi a^ OjjP lij^Ai l^ ^OjVI ;^> (^ irjii ajjju(\YA)
.(^nA^^ jll*-ll ^j^l :t5jff*J-l) *^^ ui*^jf *iW^l
J<i JjjiJU Oi"^^ Oi^ f^ '^^ '■^^ ''s'^ i!^-' Mi • M^ J^ (^ *lliJl ijj
tcr^ uU>y (> ^-iLi^^^U iLUll ^^i ^^Ijj jJL. ^,1 aJLSU l!:^ dUJJ
. ^oo„^otJ \o\ o^ iiJL>-j)ii iijaii iftA*^ Ms^ (^Y'^)
^ oj_>,ji <_Jiai ujjjdi Ji ^1 ^,_j*._, ^ ^\ ^_^ tii;.,--j
ti jJ^I oi-^ oi >«r >jf ^^:ScL-l ^ ui^l^ ^t^'l^ aJL>. ilJb ^
^o^jUJ Uapi-j Jp ^ Oi^L" l\ij ^\ ui^ljll apH* ^ 6j^
Jt, oljjiil AiJu u^ J^.j^, A^lj ui^l>' i^ll* C?*^ (^' -Lrd^
ttlL. V^ Jp^i ^* .^p^\ ^^ iiiU i-^ tJ ^^ ^ -P^ ^'-^'
asli ^^\ d .U-t >rj U. i>Nlj -Uiil ^jiJi^ flSj ^^ v^ -^^Ij
ajj^l jlJLL ui«^. *J^ ^ (^^J^ a*' ^r^ Cy^ >** .UilijX-M
^jij UJiy^. VVb ^-LJ^J ^•"^' J*' J^^ C>' J cr-^' ^ '-'^[^'^^'^
ju* - ^•^r^ iiJi->» iJj-JJi :f^ -^'^ .Y^Ao^ \ ^.u-J-^^i e>" -cl^'
VV ^^Ull J^l
. KjUl^t Ij^lj jt-^^j ^pL^ \j^j
&rjy ^j^ f^^ J tl^'^' J^ hy^^. il*LJ^ Jjbt Uitf f^li
.ui^lj^l Jl:a> (> :>j> 0^' t* '^•^^■^ '^^*^ "^^ *-'-^' '^'^-^ «:^ '^'*^^
JhiJ ^jU ^^L v-^ Sj^* ^j >>. ^^r ^^1 ^liJl villi J^ j.J»^
.(H!> v^'j ui^l>l Jlj^l o* ^J* Oi' a4i r V^' Jl b^^
6j^ flit a-J*^* 8X. V»23l ^^ Cj^\},\ JjUj j^ ^^>»^f ^\ ^\
jja>.^l oU^j^p
YA
^^^ Jp JiUl j^JlSlS Ot ^i .^ISjj ^ j^ 0.^w S^Li \ji\^j v^U
^ :il,U> OiUS oWJ-l *Wl ^^y OS ji jik ^JJ*^' -^ Vf'
olj^ Sy'tu Oil»il>l > cr^-^*^' ■1»-'J -^'-^^ r^^ ^-^ ^J^'
sitjy-i j^ ^JL»- j>ii ^^i .f uio/-* «v^ ii- ou^j ^ li
Up ^y. JLii tiJ»j; Jp *Jl.I^ «1»1- o^> J Oi*^ *Jj' C?*^- (^
^! e^jj \jkij A>y >t Up jU Jiii c%> l^ J^ (I a;53 .U.y
^y.JU- ^1 l^jii\ J^l iltiP jl-j -u^ Jp :>j^ oil cr^ t^U-lJl
aJ ^U^li .^N^lj :iplWL; ^Uai a-^>Xi*ill jljJ vi*^ '■^»^' r'-'J
. Ao o-- OiJ^^I ^-^ f^ = i^^' Cr'^ <^*^>
*^\ ^\ SiU. L!L>- viouj r^^jA Jp AdflL- Jj~ ^/ k^j}6\ ^^^ ^\
l^jA DLpt ^_^^ -ul* jUj ^^iliJlj j^^f^ill -u^ ^^1 5:>Lij I^T Li.j>-
ii?y cH"'^? t>d-J^ o^^ ^j^^ Ji^b "^'j^ v^ o^i J^ '^y 5iUi^*i/
^jjjt ^y,d;^ Jl jU j^j t^jJ^Vl tjj> jljJ ^ J-*-^l tlH ^' ^
tSjjUll ^!AJI Jp -uUaJL- ii*-«j JL>-fj AJUi-IJb ^I^^JdUHji iJ:>y ^y^ ^IjJl
^2jj.x> ^I a>»;x*^li 4^ iS^ ^^A^ ^\ j*^\^j -Cliyj iJlp ^^1 jLi
iJliJti .UUL* jL- tU>y Jl -Gl^ S:>^ 4JlP ^1 >^Li ^JbJJ .iULc
o^ Ic^ f ^ Uo/^ dt . J U>> i^iO- !>Ui^ Vl^ c>^l ^IjJ oi^ oib
:jVl -YlYj YYVj YUj Y^Y^ Y«V-Y»1^^ t 5;^ *l^l iU-l :jl>Vl t>iU^^>)
. Yf * - YY-\ ^ jJUdll u*^ :^ii\ cy> (^ iV)
B. Mcakin: The Moorish -r^o^rU^y» \ 6 t f^ f%^*jll ^j-* : »^l^ J^^'-V^ ^J^^ (^ lA)
Empire p. 71
Jjkt ^b-ti .ilL. wi.U (^" ti«^i j^. iJlp j^l ^^j jJUoJl i-j^
tliS^lj ea^Ai Jl ctUll oij* J;ll« i^Lj oJOt j_^JL« ^^ aJ Jjl^^ iJlxJli
^blo ^-Uj Axis J^ Jj^^l \^ t^ltrfj «^f ti^-'^ (J^ '^^ J^
A Bell: Les Benou Ghanya. Paris 1903 p. 9 » t* - 1 i ^ ^^^--mHI Sja,
J. F. O'callaghan: A history of medieval Spain p. 229 j( ^ » ^)
iij^i if^iU Aijup. -r\i-Y'No^ ^(i rg^ ft)i-)fi <ijA :OUp aijla juit(\oX)
^ju tjlyJl jb-t l^ JLi^li tiJ>v '^''^ 4 '■^^ *-''>^' ^-^^^
i5>r Oi O^^l 'V' oi '-^Ji L?*^^' ^'^-H Oil*;'^! c> «^W (>^ jlJ
•IjW t> Jj^l j^* VJ+-I J>iJ^ uii»il>l f>*J -^"'^ jl--i co-J-AJVI
J JUU-l t^JJl t jUaJl OUJ-. Ai X^ Oi JW-f Sjj) villi 0^ t <j^l>Jlj
y\ v^- .iJ»^ j ui^ljll <> ud-^ oi' r^ -^ iJi^ cT^ l^^'j
^ialj Jl^Vlj ^Vl o- ^ > jti ef>l ^j^ i::J>i\ *. ^U-j
ojjL?- Oi' r^i* u^ ui«^ ui^'^' (J* v-^ ^'j'-' "^j^ "^"j^
dlUl JLp gf i-~JLj ^^l* ^ ^^li ejjiJI V*'^ J*" Cji "*^^ Ui
.jj,^ ji\i' j^Mo^ ^rr oi i^-i*^' J^f :<>W (^"^
.Ynrj Y«^ly <>%'Vl Jl**f :<~rM-\ OiU^^O
/ie Ll»^ Olj^ j»^ flii i^^lJI <;^*^l ^i^ t*^l •^'^^^ Jl ^>-»
Lc Jsij JljJl Jil JU> ^ JUj£ f U (M* I p^ '^lijllj (»ry>-4 viil^l Jp
yili Jb'U ^_^U ^. Jil JLPj ^J.j- ^ J»l 0^ U<> ^ti ti«.LJt ^
.<^"^>c N >to/^ «n i^ J ^ij tA._;s:^ L^Ui sj^Ji i-Uj j^ J
iUjIj^fj V-^ <^J>iJ *:^^ ^^-J^ <>* ^-fJ^' ^J^^P -^f
i£>l jJ-tj U»Li Jl jL^j >iJi i>i^ >.>il ^ a;' ur-^^l -^-^^
(»i loJU L^ u^j UJL/» ii'l-i > >.>^l -^ oi^ (i-*^^ ^-^^ -^
. \'\n- \n« ij^ <!^>i *JjJJ* if^ ■^•'M' (>*A)
At c^Ull JmmJj
Uii t^Jlp SjjiJI f»LSJ V**^ (>• V*J^ *^^ jiJ*^' "^ iIh' *^\*^ J^
Jjiij i^^sui- :>U-U r>*** ' • * ^j^^ *^' ;>• c3i-J^f "i^i jj>Ji "V ^>ji
ajjA.\ JL>i jJ- ^^ JJ^ Oj:> cii^l t-A^.j:Alj SU v^ jj-^ ^y
oJUp ^Utj iJlp ^^ fXij oJUJj aJLp (j^'ijAi (l3j^*^ ^;^ -Uj^ J^UJLi /^-^Is^lj
V**^ lT* ^'^^J jd^' "V^ c^' J"^ ^^^^*^ ij-; ^' "V^ (Ji '^'^ *^^ (Jl
JUp (.jbo tjJjJl p^Ut |,^^ ^jj-* 2^*5 J ^tjil J^ ^jj ^j .4-i>Lij
^ wU^ ^^ -4)1 JLp <*>'IjjJJ -M"I r-J^ JiJ*^' ^ oi^ Vy* "^
J i}j of ^ v-y Jl ^^ ^ ^jj^ u^J ^JJ-i r^. '^ >^
[^ OlSj U^^ i^U^l ^^-i^l J-ii t(jJtiL| ^^iwj- (^1 ^ iul JLp ^
jy..Lj>-^l ;J,^ fL* rtiUAJl ^l_^ -r«n^y- jiUl ^w^Jll :OUp -AiIjup a*^(^^^)
^.J>.jll oU^ At
^^ CxilajSjJl (»^jU*>- JtjU- Aj-JL jljJ J,[ dj*i\ ^,J^, f\r^^ Ulo
jj* _^ Ll oL>-t A»JJij (.sJLdj 4*»iJ ^ JjJb j|^*il Ujj ^,^"11 (_ii Jj»^^
r-U-l ^jj JU^t- ^_^l i*>«-v9 ^yiiiilj t-jtjyii,l 4.4^ ^1 S^LSj ly>-l Li*;j:>- (ji-'^
^^-> o^ -*-^ '-^i v^y- t>f dr* uii-^i^i cy ^ji^j Jj^ c^b
«^j^j Ji^' (J^^ otibi t^lj^H jL^j (t^ u^^ tin' '-r'^^>^^^ t/^Jllj
a
^yU- ^2rll ^-iit^l (vi tiJjijjT Cj^ ^U- ^;^V JjUjj iljdjjt v^U»
yilt ^v^l Jjl4 Jli tfrUi i»ljl (I>ji Ij-jLp Jji^-lj v^^ J^*J^ ''..Ki-^
aJLai*^! (J/^Lp y\ 4>-*=^ti v*JL til ^ ^ ^1 "^^ tlrt' ""^
/.Vyi ^iij v-_^ Jl 4>-jiJIj ^^ti ^U j>j1 ctUi ^ tU^,^ Jjij
. Mv ij^ ^iJ^-jii ijjJi if^ii*' Jii-A-* (^■^X)
(l)l5j 4U_^lk.j ejL-Nl <w..al; Li:$l« (j-sH^' V^ '^ At*"!? (j^^ Oi'
J A1.I3I J!)U- j^ ^^1 ^ j»j* ij^j ^ ,j^ iijji ^ *\S ^JUVl
^yj -oc jL-j j^^UJD 4;l_^ jLJ tU»Li 4_j^l>J i^jUaJI j> v->»
V-^ Ji jL«i ^Lp ^I Uu IjXo ^i_^ 4>ilj i^fc ^1 Jsij uiUJlL
^ilk OUi-,1 oyb ^;jj| 6f^Ji:i Vi.....ll ioj^ ^ :LJI^^I ilj^l Ut
t^jUiJl DiUll *Uti UpU>-N Jbrj jL^ ^ ^J SjUj L*^ JJIiJl;
S:>Ui3l ^v^ t^jjb ^L O^^JLII JL>»x^l3 tjCJJdl J^f ^y JuJLmII iUU>
aJ:-! ^ytiu Aid j^ ^^^1 J :yb ^1 ^jj OyJLJ^L A>-ili ic^ cJLi
4^^j^jS\ iJjjJt :f!)U AIjup -nt-n^^ oiUJl ^JlI :OUp AIjup JUjft(nV)
•y ,V«- -J >^j *«^j ^j -fl^l ^j jy ^^ (Jl V^ ij>iij i^l ^^"
\^ n^jUaiil (^ lljUll ,yuo J^sb^ 4jL^t j^^ Ayr C/» tiy ^LsP
c> J*^ .>i cjuj *:^ ^^ViJ i^j- J:^ J^ o^^ oi\ ^[ c^l J>.
^ A**- ,^ JUjt ?t«^f la5Jb tiiJUi Jp •.>*ilti »^ ^ h^*^^. "M^
o^li ^ ^^^ ^^1 l^.b v^ >f or >i; t5j^f iiljj ilU*
ji_^ ^.j:^- ^Jb jii t^ ^ ^ iv ^^f/-* atx jjVi t^j^i*- J ^^w
.\>\^ CH^jy\ iij> fLi i^UJI cr\y (W*)
Ji :aJ IjJlii :>!^1 OUfj aJr' -^1 (;^^ *^>Jl A:^^-,ii^ ^li 4<>oNj>-
Y^.-r•^^i_-^-^l(^v^)
.V
^j:H\ :>% ^ Cji-^^^ '^'^^
J:5b>-i viiii^p- jiUali t5jy t'^JL)_^ ojU;. Vj __^jij oj-jS" <s'_^ .,^.,v -,"
. 6U.VI ,>~ J >-Vl iS^>^. ^ ^.^ jl^rii tr^-J^^' (♦■^^
:>! JjaJi (^^sUi* ^mV\ J^ib-*^ oi-^-^' '•=-**^ c^' ch'-v^i i-^
At ^ Y-:>- Uaiu-Vl :t5^^^Ui -,£A -£V ^ (1)1^1 ^Ji; r^lLill Cji^ J^\ (\VT)
j^js;»u 0,^. CijJ^J,\ Jb^t JUb JiiUJi djjij djiSiLi v>i' cil
^aIS ijju j ^]JLJi\ JS\i d>«-* ^ ,_,--P (^ Jp (iUi Jli* .^^JUMl
^j 0^311 Xp Jjlij ^yl\ Jl ^l _^ Oii uJ*l>l JP I4J J\ii\j
v_Ja_3^j ^jIS Ji alp *J .ipiyij *^ji\ *i ^\» tLT"^ jUa>- J<^
^ti ^1^ jUa^ Jp y^j y^^\ AjP Jilij c v>l* Jl >^l .^ -^
.Ovv)^ji^^ i^iy,_j ^^^, ^f^ j^, ^
,>*^. Ll:? OjU4 ^^1 out ^^ ^.Ji> ^1 ;,>^ 01^ .(^^'^>*;;»lij
V-^ V^l a*3^' -V^ Jt^ 'u^jJ^l -V^ <iA^-JJ (^-^^^^ J*t Uo
l^j iS^l ^ ^j ^Ji ^j ^Jiij O'^^yj^M] ^\ h\jj
'V>il Jl ^1 j:*^ u-^a;Vl i^> j»-Pj ^ j^ xj-t Uut jL«
jJiplj ^yjll ^ iUiLl J.l5i ,:)L- ijju Ji jL- j»j' iL^ A'.JU J J^jj
Jj^ > ^yjl^l -M^ --^ ^i -^ ^r-»" c>jl -J^f ^<i^^j f/fj ^5-i ^,^1
.<^^^)L^ jl^lj Oil-lil ^U^V ^oiVl
.(YY ^ cUWl ^-^1 ^>il OUI :t5j»J^ oil a* '^)
J. F. O'callaghan: A History of medieval Spain PI\ 228 - 229.
Jl ui-^jJ-' a- 'j=^ '^-^ ^^^- -^f ^^ ^'^ > cyji-1 -^^ <^t
ui^J o-J^ ^*^l -y^ <>• 'J-'*^' ^J^' o^-^ ^'^' 3*^ • ^*^^'
^ AiiLi Jp J*>J ^Wl ^;lJ^I Ut tJ-*-. ^ ^_^ Jl JWI a^\
.c^^'>^,jb.^ ipiyij -"^jJi <:j^1 u^jd o-
^ i^fj f.jLjdi ^ ^:>\-f ijj.^ o^.^ J-*M ^1 li*
:,pj ^ ^ ^x. ^ Jjt ^^j \j^j u^j'J' ui^LJl V^J
iJUJJI Li>l jcijU) oj^y ^ liJL^ll ^y^\ JiUj o*J*Jrl •■!» -^J^j^ ^->'«f iK (>AY')
jL-i .iJiilj- Ll^ iJlJUT IA^\ ijx. ^3 61^ .^^JiiVl g> 6X.
Jlt«t j»^ij4j ^^Vl i^> jljJ (..j*^ jL-j (^1^. ijW^l (il OjJb-jll
|,_fc)Lp 'o^x^^\ Jj^Li .4_pU>JIj *V>JI ^,-.^1 ^>va^j ^ItLjUp
J. F. O'calUghan: A History of medieval Spain P. 229.
^JuMy^ -IV ^ \\^ J.153I :^*Vl if\ -\*o ^ Y^ Ui4x-Nl :t5^lJU^AV)
(VY^ ^ t^ *l^l a:^! oL'yi jil ^>* ^^) rYA
J. F. O'caliaghan: A History of medieval Spain P. 229 - S, P. Scott: moorish Empire. V. IJ
P. 287.
^Jl^jll oB"5U ^j
t^jil 0^ iU=H iLlar Ja>.j Ji^l^ Jl y^l ^ cti>Ui! g^l
jSljJLl ^ ^aij jLi^l *Lvipf ^j iJLJi[ J*f i^ ^jli jL* Jjci
JuJL^-^ ij^U- AjL«il J Ijf^' Ot ^ fi-r^yi bJ^ *^UA-I ^i*j J*
W^W- til l>»^j <^^jj" drt -^^ t^-^' t5>^^ Ji>Jl -Vj t^-t* ^WN
Jj> UrJbf cJlku-li U^i iUU. o^y ^>; ciJA^I Ij^t je>JI J^j
^ Ic**^ tyrj.,;K^' ''^f y, '-^Ji JjlxJ i*L.jJi liJLL- Ls-lf-lj JI_^Vl
^^ ^ JLr-f JLI^I JL2i ^liX^i 'J-V^'J Oi-W **^ '->*^ ^'^^'
^ ju^t xi^lj ^ili Sji>t^ Oj^ ,ji ,^r-*<^ oi (> "^r-'j V^ ^--^
AA)
OwU <^ *UJI ^jAy ^ j^ |_^t jijJi a^j ^^.^ ^^ku-j ^
^ j^\ ^j.A^j iOsLll. JaI Ip^J* Ji ^i^ tU^U- Jp li^ iJL-il
.r*'=^ ^ ^Cf^^^, U-^ o^* t* ^^'^ Ir^-a^b Vcr^l a** ^^>» oi
aIj^s^I «jj>)t-l b^r^^J IjJ^ .i^^l^l (>* '■l,/**^! 21ji3='rl ^bj:u^*i/
s^gb ^osVi Ji -e^ \j^ LLr i^^J i.^>Jl ^311 JUA j^i
^ ^A«.ji jL- capIUJ i^iUl isUL, jljSJl Jp *UiU ,3UL- ^ ^iL-^,
^f viili^ tiiplLJij .V^i o^^ii ,^^ cy, i> Uir^ J-*^ 'V>JI
.<^^^>iJLJii Jl villi Sju OUJL- ^ v-i-.^. ilp t-iu cJLii
^ ^ ^^OJVI Ja-y i!i^ J* *:)Lu-^ OjJOo-i Oja>->l Jb:-f
AiLiJi ,>4:j :u*>ii :iJluLi dUL. ^u tU,^ j oi^i>i alls V^ cy.
Yn ^ i-^^i :<:)jjiu^i(\^\)
A. Bell: Let Benou Ohanya P. 14.
•VY^ ^ JiUll ^jl.1 :6U ^i jlp JU* _ »At ly J.UII ^}.\ :|>5U Jii JU*(\^Y)
^^ 4j^ o^i tJisSj JU.J iuj^i 6W ^> cy -^''j^ j*-^ ^^=^
UjUm- *J^' pj t^Jl* p:>Llu.VI J jAi 4;lS1I U.j5 ijJL. Jp jUi-l
Jp- OjJA>- j^l jup fiAiJl=l-i outs h^S c^>jj .osjL^Ij jxJlI ^j-i; ; t|j-^UJl (^^i)
:^^^^ t^J -n^ ^ ^^^ J-K)l :^^Vl ^l -a>,a^Ij jx^l ^ :c^^Ul\(^^'^)
i^ i^ Jp a!;)Lu^!>U ^\j3 \j\j^ ^jf^^ ^i ^ OjJ^^I Jl>-t
Ojva>- Jp Jj^li iSj=^^ kj*^. DUX- ^2;j Al A^ jL- 1^ t ^^^vaJ-l Jp
c}^ tin j*^ v^L^ ^j -u-^l c3-yi ^^ (i Oj-^l Jb-f Jp jljcu-
« A
J^ jH^,,?^^^ ^^J-^j'^' J-*.5cUmj of JJ Oljl*- A^ liJUS Jbu oj^
viUiS" C >^. /i:p | t^^JL^jJU l^ JjLdl (^lijj iUUy^ iuX- J -ul^
■J.>-^ u^l -J^ i>* AY ^^ Ci_^jJ ^^ i^o^ll jU-f : JJUl (\^A)
j|iijj Iju^w. (IjUJUt j2;j Jb8«-t 615" 1 1^ ju-lj iiJL. ijJLx jli t^ ill 6>-.>-
x-.fj ui-ji k-j_^ i^f axjN il^[ iNj x--f j»i tj»^ jSj jiJi>-j- s'ilj
xp OlS* tOUip JLj*-. ^J ix>y ii^ \^[ liUi- AjJ^\ ijij^\ Vij
•^^ V*-^ jiij tl>i lSIj'V- ^>^ (»-*-*^ -i^ji cr^lj^ (il bjl*^
OJ-t ^. i-4-ijJ j»J toOijj ijiij-i v_o-U» (Ijj^ ^ j^\ ji}j ci>-Uj
^/^'^>^l^ j'AjUr Jl .l^jll ^fj ^itA. Ji ^^l :>>^l ^f
^ ^ ^
.Y'\t J Yao ^ ftjUVl JU*t :v_JaSl-l ^»(Y« »)
.^v^ - ^va ^ XiO^-jLi yjjJi :f^ ai a^ -y\\ -Y^.J^ c-*-ii:^ijii(Y« S)
.Yc\ ^ f!)Uyi JU*t iL-^.LiUl^l.fYj Y-x^^ Y^»ijr-i' iiJ-UjLMl ^K^'*)
^5 iJJltll J^l
iJ\iCjA\ cUUL. jJlJU ^^ ^ a^t JUa;l iiSj^j *_JLi J*t _,Soi«.|
J" _ • «■
4jJLa ftftUj. t^JJl ^_^\ ^jJu J* -U-lj l^alp *J ta^J ^^ ,^ JL^f Jp
..JLi 4j|Vj jiJ.1 ^ ^,4ji ^ jujt cfJUS _^f Jp. jy tJUi_^l dJUL. ^y
(^-^ li^ <^j t> fjWl (j^_yij aJLw- U tt^jU^I jdLu jjUi-U
. j^-o^ ^^U» j^ AA ^^ '^^i' ol t^-^^'
Q
.("f'^^)*!*?^ ^Ui >^ ftJiju iaiL* Jp OjJb-jll
^ L. ^T ^iisLjy^ MJjJL. ^Ul^ .ijl»y ljl::i^lj tjia>-jl.l ^ ^\Ai
r>n -f^d ^ J^UJI («r^* :iljL;p Al JU:. juji (Y.^)
jj-sflx- tjil -^ j>* AT ._;^ ^yy *>; iS^^ jW ( Y \ ' )
«y.>Vlj *-- Jlj-u*-. l^f ^1 ol J-,jfj ^311 jlp jiiy lOl-Vl
JLSLi OL*JL. ^ Jill JL-p om .±^j U»L;> jJLi. Jf *|^>vaiL|
JUi-l ^^11 Jut> iiJiUl ^^,.,^U tOUJL- ^2ji *l»l V J>-.Vl Jb'U;
^ cJUif .c3ljj% o!)UJl4jU> Japfj iu^l JjUl <l^fj Oj^
. (^>»)*J (yl. il,U> iiiJL. j;^,^ _^f juJi ijSli
'■^ J* V^ *^ '^'^ <^W J*' *isii ;5jU«»JI <jUJb- ^gJuL \jf^\ mJj IJU ^ ^^
.(\.-l ^ Y->- Uii-.SlI :t|j^UJl cYro ^ n^ j-Jl) iJi4-JI
\AV_ \A'\ ^ iJi>.jll ;JjjiJl :f!)U Al JL* (YM)
t^Jjt ^>» L^^ l^^^^li hj,\ a:.> Ji p^lji. IjjLij ^j3 ^Ijf
ji^j^j jt-fc^-LJ \j^j l^l^f l^^ksi t(^^*^^t -U5£. ^*^ <&! a^ ^-ft^U**
^yj illxii iSiJUr ^ aSjJ:^ oly aj^I ijJLo jj^ ^!>Li^Nb aI*
v:U*U \^ .4-«*aj XJliJti* viUu o^LS Oj£ oj^j ^ji'j\j ^J^^jj^h ^i^*i^
j^ ^*^ viJLUI jLJ . ^.^>cj >>JjiJt iilxJii lillfi l^*Ucu-l5 jl.*J-U
YYo - tY£ a^ ^xVl jcijU : j-luJif i..L-^^(Y\V)
J. F. O'callaghan; A History of medieval Spain P. 231
dj:> jU«aJ-l ^U^l ASjiil\ oljiJi »JLft vlJjUj , tjyJLil ^ v_iVr iu-j
sL»j ij-li OJL-. ij^j>^i ^JL>-ji.i of ^Ji; t^js^-f iijj iiiiA
6ji\ ^UN
\XJ^\ OiJ«-^^ o\S^
Sj^d^J
^S^\ ^^J^ j^\ ,jJ^ay» ^Nj. * : ->i^ M . A \ ^,.ii^j^\ *i!^
^ t^jUaJl ij^^ ^ ilyjtj Uija>- cJlSj . .-jjiJLi J ijj,| ix,j^ ^j^
yjjJl JUiJi J illlAi iSa^j JLmIJI J 4jy.jf itsOLr .ol^ il^^L'
^ ijaJ-l J iJjiii cJlili iul^l ^^JLi U .v->^l ti ^,>l <5jU*Jj
ty*^ Oi' -r*^ (jVv iji '^^-^ oi '**^ j>j Al JUp -UP OlS'j , iply f
.<^)^jjVI J>yo AJjUl ^^^-^b J t^yJI oJUpj
J J^i 00:^. Ofj i^V-1 J-/.f ^y <Ur Oii^yi ,>u ^ ^_^> J^f
•^^Va>*— ^^^^>V-~WiS>—~^KlBV^i^FB^^->lH«H^— aaW ••^^■■^^^iV^P— ^^»^i«H^H^~B^^B^^H^MB>— «>^^i^^^^^^BBi^HH«^a^iV^i^— H^iMMaMWli^_«B*B*HiH^a^>*i^_^
OjJj A*J>J1 *d^J^I (^JJ^.^ W**^ aSjI^J ^J*c^^y fji\ oUvfi* l)1
J^^ iJlliJiJi ^iJUl JL^ t:)l^ 1^ ^JTJ^Ij (^Ij ^^A^tj o-i^b
oij .^^ -dllil j^L aJI^I ^IJlI J ^v c>i' ^y^ .<^>4jJL-t
.<^5juJ-l ^JUI L-^L^ ^ LUI A>^
^J^ ft-jbl^l Ols;^ .oiVl ^>i- (JUb olu^j dLt^ ;iyii ^^1 J
** «• ■• *^
^ <>fl*-l jy^lj l*>-lj jSi iJtjU ^^,.,*i>. Jp (^jUaJI p>»A iw«JL Jl
4z,^ J v1Lj> ^^I ^^ tj1_^ ^yl it^ Jp *^)Li^tiU viLL/' ^1 ojuli vi^
Jt
Ofj tui«U J:>U. Ubl^ jUjj LJ^r syLP UjJiS Sjljt *iJL. 6t l4-»-_^
oa^- 1^ . ^jU V O^ljlji lixi iJlij 4^ J ukM-I lil^JU ^^,
^^ yj dUll b>j JL-V Ijl^f JJJ^ "^ Oti l^U J 1^ iij^^
lM-'j ji^lj V**^' 0- **4» k'J^ ^^ Cr^ .*^l lil-A^I ^[
i^\i .aLL; sjaLco j»^L) sjLfcUii bJLa cj_/i .^^^o^ jjUj/_Aoio
iJ>jf SL, i^.^ 0L53 .Irtirf ^-i:Vl :>% ,,--Ji; Jp OISOLI L^J
,<'^)iJLLii (iJUl UjI; *jivaj <s^yj v-^ li^-J^
rvY -rv\ ^ \ j rf^ c%-*jli yjj : oUp jiijlp juji (I)
• ^ ^^ iJ* iji'^jl'' *lj* f^ Ijl^l Cff'j^ -t"\V ^y» ^jll ^j-i; :uL* 4))l JU6 -Uji (V)
J. I-. O'callaghan: A MiMory at medieval Spain P. 232 (A).
JUi.. ^t u^-> J ^Jb Otj iJliJL* dJLU ^L^ Oji^i .l)t Wt^^ cr^^j*
Ui JUt« ^\ ui-> ^-^ "^^ Urr>f -H^J '^'j^ C«jf ^^ V'-^
JLJI ^L^l J>i .c5jU»Ji ^ ^:>^ o^l ^'^-^ till oULL-Vl
1^ OLLi. ^ diUI JLP .blj^ y} ^\ ^ \^ (^-^f jl>iJ' t>i
^1 ^ Oii OUjji)! ObU cJLii ^* .aSj_^ i^.JL. J iJliJi SjjiJi cu*l*
.<^"W ui^j^^ Js^'j W^ '^'-^' '^^ ^"-^
iJlp ^Jli-fj ^-JJ o-i^J (^fs^^l «1J^J jf^-^U-:^! ^ i:;i^ - -fii' r«^J
^^ lib .^^ ^1 o^ c>- ^ ^^'-^ -J-^. ^ ^ ^^ '-^
•Ji -ailj . JLi^, jSUj Jb^. yiUr ifjLli iiiUJi «1* SNI^ Jl ^i^j
.jlj^l u^u^ ^^^ (^ 01^ Lc> lOjO^^I -u*3 U Iju^ ^
>-ijf ci ui^ijli > i>-is ^ ^^Vi j;^ J ji_^i *i^j ^yuu oii
iS:>% UJ c^ii Ot JjU '*i\^j, ^jll ju> iiJil-l c^UJ . ^^\ y.U,
Ai-/>Aj O.L.1 Jx^j oyjj ^^ oot ^sJ^\ ^l»^\ ^f iJtjbJlj Ukdl
t>j ii>^l fl^^l uv*l^ <^ U\^U <JL-^I Ol^iP .c^l JV -uLoilj
iji^ «xjj u xw. ^1 aJ ,_^yi Uj_, -^i^-j <^U^ cy j-^^ t— i
«iij ^^11 jlp JUuiJI Ij^i:^ 0L>- a:;jJI. Jp *!)Lu-^ SJI,;^ oI^
or « Y t^ ou+i (Jaj : oUaiii j>ii ( ^ Y)
^1 ^.jLi. ,y^\j tC--;>wJ ,>; ^y-^l -U^ -^J y} Jl^l 1*1^^ ,>^
c-»is53i jJLj .u^i i3^ :^ oLj j:^j js:^ Jp Aij* ^ at ^
j\jJ^\j '^A\ ^.iisi .-i^ji t^ji^. \^ a-JI U-Jii Jlj ^i ^
AJljJ ^ ^v :;.l 't^. ^ oUJ-l i-jUl .x-i-lj JUvJIj -A^^
i+uLj i^ yj ^j\ ^j ^M-^ r^ ^^^ ^*^i ^^-»)' -'>''
ijjLl.1 ciJis; lj;-«^t uis^Jii^lj oi^^' '^^' <>*! «>^ 'V^J V>
l^f jJIp .^bSai tj 01^ Lif M ji (lIcJ^ T^.f ^"^^ ^**^i -^^ ^^-^
dJLjLJ* ^, ^i_hI s:»Ljl ls^ J^i f^i t>'bT J J4^y y!^ ^^
^>i .U,y jSyA ^ lyjS\ M SOL J L*S- c^jj ^(^' j^* Ujl_^f
^\ 4jjU^ L^ij^ lap U LjJp J_^|_, l^^i j^\ jujj, ^
^ JjVl ^j ^ j^ viUi 01^ .Js^i^ oi •»'^l -^^ ^^. UJUpJ
> Vsr^b •^'I'l A^Uw^f Oiiiliilij lijUJi aJ|_^1, 0y«:uij j^lj
>*x-oj .^b^ J oj,,:- SOP ^j JU; JitI ^ ^^1 Jic^^ *\S\^^
Jj^l iJL.^1 .a:.! cjb^ Jp U^ ^L-j ^^11 xp iUiLl do^
^ rj vji^l <1)UI r^^jlip J;;! _ \YV - ^Y•\ ^ i.UyL ^1 :!%^l v^u ^1 (^V)
tr
^Y^-^YV^ i-L.)!!.^! :s:)UJli_^U. C;il(Y«)
«.bj ^jpJjuVL -ij^jj <.*-Ujf Lj^ ^f JLii ^y^l JUp l^ jJt iJU3l :iJL-_;il
I*
Jut- jA^ ^j^ i^-J^I o-J^ <l3jSj (3jli» jjt^ ci ^^ SJliilSj <C;;va>- ilJ'JL*
* U^»^,j.<M-oi/_» 600 iu- SJUiJl t^i ^^ J AiiJJil *Uj ,_^I
J jLfc^l ^SJ:>rJ . -tUJ-lj UUlj sUOllj j^JjuVl oUtj Oi-^J^' C^^
j^il^ JL>.t o^-A^Vl J-<^ J«*-j t/j-^t oi' ui^^-^J-' ""^y J-*'
e* viLuiij ^yt ois:* ii^y i> _,4*^ ^^r ^i ^y^i^ -^^j ^^^^^s^
-^^. v,^ <^f crJi s^L2. .^>ii ^ j:^ ,;l^ j^j ^j .U^Ml
oi o^^ c^f ^ -ill o^ o^ _„f ^1 lA^^ ^ j^ _^^, ^
cy ^^^ -A*. J* _^u. uii j^jj 4:_^^ iliyL-'if 4.1^ _,u Ji .j^
cHI c>^»>- Jj^ i^.ail j>^ 43ly. ^^- ^* . Lj. Uj> J juf, i^ii
.WUr O-t- JjUu A;eall ^ J^ ^a>.^| i^^^l J^l^ ^| ^
fj* a* ^1*^1 ^i**+l fji c^>«^ iooll v!^f o>oo Oja>->l jily
<r -^ -«^ CrJ' r^ r -^^ alt .r^ ^i^ :tJL._^| ^ Ul^ .U^
^ Oti OjOix-i OjJ>.^l OlS- oai . l^U^ ^j ii^j ^^ jl^_^
Ci^J.{ oU!iU ^^^
-W-i^i ^i i^lUall .^Lv, ^1 Jl*LS .j.J\^\ ,jj*^| ^ ^_^^
fUfj -c, ^f^ 0>^. Jl;r^lj . . .aLJu ^ULl ^^j 2=^1 Jp c^:*^
IjilJj AtU>4 ^^1 ^U yiJt Sis J ijfcJI ^ 4;ljSj dLL^
•JUtJ Jj:i 4:;SU v^l J*:^' *^J^-^ OJ' «J->^ \ '>^'^ *^'
Jj^ ^5 ^- ^^ Aj^\ v^l j!Ai^U ^i l!5^ ^ii^ Oi' f^'
^Ip(j v*^L ^.Jb-^l JU; Jjl J^fj Ji> J^ <^ f>»J J^l; *i:*
J»» C)^ ^ Uj^ ^N'iib oljiVl ^Xi^ cJlS-j .-J^j -ciy^ ,h41>
JB ^ Ijia- *.|j*J-i i-vaiJl uyj (*^ iJUadI isLLJl lj*l»*j <^JUi
jU-Vl vU^Uij J^l Jp j;^ ^yli>. i^f ^^ 4l)l JL* JU* ^^t AJLi^,
OjLi .^yli>• i^f j;^ ill J^ SjUii a±^[ ^J>ji>- ^/^SxJ[ ^ aj^Ka
Hj* cf*— i 0L5U J Cj^^^Ji-^ iJs»U^ V^*^ i>tUsf 4jJL»-^I ^^jjA-I
frlaU i-s-^j OL-ir ^y. ojj^ ol^ oV^y <>i' ^^ ^'J^ .^1*^1
^J"^ Oi^^^ ^^^ ^i* J>ti dLt^ ^^^1 o^^4v» ers^v oil ^'y ^^"
J^^ jjt ^^1 Jrill uu ^ 01^ .^li^l jvy* JJIj- J jj^ ^Jlp c^
^L^fj c^i-^j-i-' {^-i^ t>» SJ^j i^ril Jb ^,/^a^ t^f ^;^ Jill J^
M ' : "^ ' ^\ Oja:>-jll ^Ij ^ l^Ji <i»L;> S^r^U J[ KlLiJ- ^^ j^^l
jj»\iSu *IaUI 61^ . ^yai^ (J ^ a*as. jjt ijL-il Jlj A«^j Oi-^J^' ly
tjiUj Sjcy> ^\ Oj-A^-jll firti tilS_^l gyc iJj_;*il ^jll^ itliy^
S_^U A*5^l Jbo cULi^ ^1 iU .iJtAAl l^jxi ^j^j ^y>':> c3 ■^O
. <^^>Ai>U> 4...^a. uyc;iJl ^*:)^^j .-»I2J oLis:;;>«Jil i-^ J oi-^^'
st^l jvJip JISCJI JUJUi lliJiP tlii L-U IjUr iiLi> ^^1 0\^
l^ OLJ^ifl iajjj i^yuu Jl Lj-a~ t^iUl ^,»^l OLs<apt pij . i^Ji
1^ Ll^ .1^ jii^i ^y* li oi-^^' *^>* a*3^' 'V' *^' c^^
•f^ c?i v'y^^ t^" 'JK^ '^^ r^ J^^ '-^^ oi-f^ cy "-^h
i^jijtj [A c^viJl AMjt ^y^^J '^j^ '-^Ji o} 'V-J' **;' ol '*^'^W ^^-^'J
^1 jkii* iJuh ji- jjj _ Y\r ^y f:)i*')ii Ju*t _ Y^-v :/ j^^-Jki o^ :'-r'J>^' ch' <^t)
\\^ jj'ai j^\
^ ,^\jh dl'^ JL^A^ jA JU*JI 4JI jW^li i^L» Jl jl--* *J ,*l^^va:l"l
J^ ci-^lj J>* L)lJ^ iyj ^:i lS^\j JiJ' Cj^ a1»U^ l-jj-^ ^I
y^j <;|^ jLJ . ^SSCj Od-^j^' J^^f J^ (jVV oil '-^J
J^tfjt (JLUJu SjJLp- ^ 9t«^t» SjJb- j^ cS^Vl iis^Jl (Jp itlJ^ iwaJL
l^^iLuw (iJLlu.^ ^1 j_^ JLrti . j_yiJjij>i ^v^l o^^fv» il^j (ili^ ^^1 il^ tjiLj
ilijjf cJjS" -ljwj o^^ ->'^' ^V*^ Ai-/»Vl tj-^rj^ ^^Jj^" ^J^V
^ ij^Lff- iJL.:* iJar*:- ^^ ^\j ^ ^ o - fc i ^ ^ \'\Y jJjj ^ Y/^ ooV ajl^
•V Oi'j *^J^. '^^i yi^ J*- -^-b d^y lt^J'^' «^jjM' c^jUoJi
<J^,^ jil-ij -tJ^l J:S (Jjd Jlii iS-^l J ill^^i^Al aJI^ Sj.l^ ^
j*xAJl IJlAk jiiil J^f Uj . . .0^ j^\j 6jSj:>\ ^ \j)cAj o^f M j^l^T
tiii^ t>ft ^r^^ . <1>L>- :^\:>jiJ^ (^'^ 'jjL-'J ^^A-!^ ^1 I^Ip JjZ*-I
(*i . 0L>- Ja^^j Oi-^^' ^J^ c^^' U--^^ ■ LS^J^ -*^^ il;^ t>^J'
iJ^j* IjJI^-Sj IjiSl** 4Lftjj*jCj A-ty (Jl «ij*Jlj ^Jb-j^U jJ>\jJ\ OjJL^
dJUJJ J^t...^ apL^j ^Iji^'Vl AtUy. iiiX. ^j* L>f iiji JL5i cNjt
.s-.>l oNl^l^t uiJbij jJllj j;uuiJlj ^L <l'l;> V^ Oj^ bU
^>LJI OJ15 .i-.jdlj {.14-Jlj o.^b c/-2)lj <ij>^lj C^j^^. ^A^J*
ja;j ^^ .c-^l *lv J _^/i vy^l 'J^ <>■ "^^^^J <^3^' ""^ cP^*
J U^oi OUJL- ^ u^^„ OJUII ^ A^^J Jl IjL-j ^Vl IJLL iiJL=Ll
^LjiVb vi^b Jij-'^b cyJj^^ ^^ W^l i^J^ fJ .U^l i^f
Aj»y ijVj OUi^ JU»wi _^t JL»JI (iUi -Uj JjJ -Vsr^l (>• OL^^Ij
OliXwuJi (Jvj cji:>- l<i*lj "M*^ Jlj^-I ctAvaJl i_»>-l.s« j^l i-ivaj
J*^ Cr^ c:-^ • • • ^-^ ^i ^ ^^ ^-^ '^■^' -^^ ^' "^^^^ ^^-^
,«i**>^l tyvaSJl AjjLmJj dUt^ ^^1 r-l^ii i:'»>*^l
j_j**Jl) JUl«o iJpy j^«J«Jj SiaUyj (ji-a^ Jbu (j*'^\ -i^ ii-l^l i*"^
(Vt tfr i*-^ ^.uyi; jii J*^ ^ 5UJ) Y^^ ^j/. \ J r^^
Y.o^ i.U*j/L ^1 (tY)
ij^ Jj^l ^j ^o Ji ...-u^ olj>iJI ijii ^/ ^JJ^\ Jl
^1 J,Lj J;Jj <JL^ o^l^ a- a:> f ^^*^^ y^-^ X\/->ooA
^j ^_^l oi^li dJUi }\ Jp j>Jl Ji»*i . i4^^ ^ V^^ 'J*^-^
j^^t^ uA-,ji v.^- J" -^ **^' r"" (^-» "-»^' ^->^' r <^ ^^
^ .^ ju*-, ^^t s^Ui v^> a- r«-*^^ ^-"^ '^'^' ^-'^ "^^
jU .oi!5L. Jl iJb'Lp a;I^ ^3^ Oi'^V--^^ '^^> "-ii •-'**-^
^1 ol^ A;:»y. J^ Jc^\ ^ \^^ ifM '^J Jl ^^ -^ ^M'
j^cczi, 6f Oji oi>j cijUilJU Oi*>Jl ui^ ^j^ '»^ t5*lj -^ lts^V
• «(^W-JJ ui-*illj iJh^^'Vlj
•.iUJ^IIj djAi\ Ul>j iiJL-j Jy» ^ JbiJi ^ aUl U Uv>^ .^1^
L-yJij ^.a^jll ^ Li^ JU-I J y^j ^y,j^ ^\ j_J| ^jj ^j.
Ji >-cJl ^ pJ . «:jUip Jj,u«, ^f a^l ,yA ^j js\j^ ^ A. jL-j
^Si-.Li 4jjLiiU ^.a^_/l *l^^ l^ ^^^\j iJLJil J J_j;i ^aiVi
6jJ>-jll ^li .1^ ^i^lj Upy j>J Ally ^i. ^^- 'oV^^ 6^1
*V>JI O-iUi SjjbUl .:j_^.^| jAf _,:,L3 , l^ \^^\j i^ ^jojf
JUiiJI t5ilj J l^j:i ;ik^ ijr-u ^i Jl*. OjJi>-jll jL. .ii^UJIj
ol^ O- i^ "i/ ^U J^ s>Ui ^.o^^l U^ oiUi *^^v
, ^ ^^ojji*- J^^j Ak«jj ^Ijyj SjJUi
p)iji\ o^jLpi ji ;ui ^*^va^ jjbf j^u^ c,*-«i>-j <:jjj^>ii ejjL-u
J-P ^J^yJl 4>jl 6JLS15 JjJ ^_yJLj j^gaa- tl)ja>-^l ^U- |VJ tiP-lUlj
^\ ^ <^jj a:^ju 4^U dlii JOu djJ^jil jl^ ,^l>»vs»tj j> c:)UVl
^ ^ijAj jL*3 tjly^Jb-jll (^Jbti iSjji k5,*^T 6t <^^ws^J villi (ji**^^
JLjjI viUJU .iJji'jt (^jUai j;^ t_^J^ '-*'^' iJUj AfJ} _r.<«>-J '*#*-'^
Jj* . (l)jJb-^l lf-^■ltr t)^ is-i-s^ V*j-» V"^ <Jlj^ cj-s'*/* a<' '^•^'
(j/ixi !^3i ^ * ^^iD j,j:S\ ^d/^ o^* Xiu- fc»J-1 ^^i•^>•' ^LJi
Ji^ Lot . J3l^ ^t ^^ ^\ jiJ^jl\ J^ jIJOu (1)15' .^Ljj J!^
eSjUiJl (>• A. OlS' ^>- jJiii: lrS3j t4dJ^ ijjji >i; jji J^:>j^ ^1
.<*^)J:lJL- L^f ytj^ iJ!)^ iSjJJLI
4_i>j3 . i^^^ (Jl L>*-^ j-i6^j (jVV (j^^ ^^3^' ''^^^^^ ^-r*
ij--' tlH* (>*^^l -^^ MV- (J^ ^-^ jL-^l lj_;^^j OjA-J-j-il
Vy c> lT-^ u-"*^ ^3l^~? (^1^' tj}T o^ ^1 ^ ji^ ^^J' Jlj j^
iflJli-l JLpIj itli^ J[ laJU (Jij^l Ji .aJLp Jj:u^I ^^ (_piT iS:i\j
^ .sjUj j\j^\ lyJL j^ L>>- Ij^JiJj J^ t^jslj lj>j sXj ibju
Ijki^ JI::aJ| ^bJt t5jUfltJi ^yuu c^yt .JJ^I Jpf J ^^.^ Ij^^^s^lj
<1 bl:j>-t rt^ijSl (^jUaJl jy SjJiS' Lp^ uJb>- J2i ,oJy ^^^a^u aJU-
^ j^ Ot ^ . JiaJl ^lyL ipUr ,,.^^1 Oi^l ^lyJl ^jf ^ J:^
V^-T^ a* '^ ^ cil LJi^j ^^ *^l^ (>=^ -^yj -^^^ J '^ <^
_^L-j 6L->JI ^Li..j JUajVl jLS" ^ib . V-J>*'j **^' J»^^ *==^
^ *i-)k- i^'L. jj. Jbjt Jiil^. OlSCi dU^lj *»«U ^>j <i1^ ajL
^jl^l ^jSjj j^l ^UJI ^ ^j^l ^j iUil Ji JLy , J^lj ^U-
ci>^tj, j_>*.iJU oUU-j oL.ji*. JjL. i^jLsflJl 0^ <^ J^^j^
^1 ^jy'J fl^Vl Jp >>-j aJUo J^ Jil>lj c:»Vl ^ cuJb=-
. v.> L^Li oJi^:* ^"iU^b o-'-^^' r^^j '^^-^ • ^-^ ^>
J!5U ^ i-i-ji Olf :<*^>.^Jajl.| ^1 J^. ^i ^^ .Ij^ JlxaJlj ^Ijxll
4_) i_4lPj "^^J 'St'Lp tJ-^t^ ^If'Ll* OJUJj .«j-SS' j«__s<*lj*J i*liLi_^lM
Jji iiUi ^yii «u;sP ^jJj AjIp ,j,fl*2i o^,4-.<» Jl^ jjiJi^ ^\ ijU
j^Ul cJili .jj^'^' t^-^' "^J^* ti* VO"^ i-iljl»Vl ,j«aj^ ^4^J
^1 ^JaiJli .>-'ill ,^^-4i~ v-J'^J ^'j*'^ J^ <J^ ijV^-r' tj^' J^
^ JU^ ejj^t e_;^.<,o uuj •CLj CiLiJ JL* JjJmJI ^VI IjLa aS'j^ aLiOmJIj
i) ^^.J ^.jijj ^-M-l tie)l <!::» tp>j a;^ Ipjj .jljj .UUjt ^jjLjj
■ <i^A-k ^>Mi »^5^^i v^^ yy *J^J -^ t5i>? -l»Sl^i
^1 jil.j <-^')5:)UJl .^U. ^1 J>. U^rf Jlxill ^j^ Jl i^it
■CU-,**- ^ vUlj :i^ UtAi, dJLi^ ^ ^^A i^l sail 6JLA J J^^y
Us* cS*-lj^ »l»-J^ »^-ljj vlr^' "^ *-*^ 4 "^"^b tVjS3l ^IjJL?- ^y
SL^l^l Alljjpj ^>^ (^^1 A>-j J :>j*vaJl duU^ Jj\ ^JaX^ ji
x^^L ^,^:u^ ^t p^^l jj^i Jl JUjL jjSM\ dUL^ ^ jv^i^l
J a^l JL? ^^j.1 ^1 j[ ij,y Jl j^y .^iis3i s^i^^ ^^^^^
Jftt v-^J "V^^l V^-J^' Jl "l-*^ J^" "^l "^^ Jh ■ • . tJ^I u-^t
4Stl ^j AiJiLl uii^jll ^t ^ jo^ll jrc.T iUi-l Ji »^j .>JL5>-jdl
_ JUI ^Vl 4jjUo . . . ^pUJI J J>-5 Ajfj Aib. UU. 4-^ ^ ^
viJJJb |^UJ»U-j . . .^tt--i LiL»*dlj LjXw,Aio J^jIxpVI t^Jbtj l^ ^fj
.i^UJlj A^fjJl AJtiULj JJLt> ,;>il JLi>-j; l^J OjJb-^l 34131
*ij^ DT aJJ c-JLkj ^J^>jj» ^\)i ^\,\ ilU-ij <--*--'^ V->^ >!' ^M-' ^i^
Cf. r*Ul '^i' cM' L.^» <*''">s:>UJi v*-!-^ :^' J>- -ui-^^k
r^Y-r^* ^ jx^\ ^ lor^UoJi ..^^u. ^i(nr)
t • u^ Y J
dUi l^^li:uU . j*.f*c.*:La j»,^JLp Ijis^aj <l>tj j,^jw i^l dLl^ jjl :>!AJ
.i*IJ:U-^fl Jx:. *U>c-lJl ^^^ i^^^ljj iJLoiS' iL^ ^>>o Jiff SJLfl iiiiJi c^^lJi
dJLLfl^ (1h' f"^ ^'t^ -^ <i^ V^^ ""^^ Jl Vj^ '^^^^^ <>:' *-\r.*»
i*^ j»Ip ;iJbL( Jp ^jiai ^^1 jU-td .j^jUi^lj ^ }>)ij ^Jl>-^l
(^jUdJljj Jl^l CjSLm -uip ^yiJi^lj viLS> ^^ (^'^1 "^^ M^ J^
Ait)l5Ll S^r^A?- Ji i-ty ^ t^.'sw^- ^f M^J^I f<^l v^J -"^l^jfj ^l^
t^t^l >c*::s>-ti . *»J*^ o^ '^ 4iiUx*A»l (^ 4j UJU-au* -oliS^ iiJLi^ ^N 1:Uji;«
^1 j^j ^j,Ai>. y} JpVI JLuJI aJ .Att of JL^*i-l ^Ij JL*J| jj^l
, ffrtJ»»vaJl Oj^-wi*«j ^^^JLS'lj^ Oj^s'a>- ^ p-jjiJ-L 4:Lp
^^ oJLpj OUiP JLjcm- ^f JL-Jl ft^f -U^j • (• n V* j^^Ja*«p| /-A 0*\d
. (n=j>^j (^>- t^. c/ ui^^Vl ^Ic^jJlj ^y.^^l ^^ij c^^'
^^1 J> (> tif^l >^^ .-a^t Jji'J Jl^l Jala^ J jjLjtjdJ \j£yA
.<^^)U»^ *:usju i^ji .^ ^^v^ ^jU /_* onn
44lP- VwT^^ <yj^' L^U- (_^ C^a?^ W^ J>^' (^ ^^^ -^t^
tjUUJlj (^Lj^I ^tr-xlj lA'-V* 0^' *-r^ 2V^' Lr*»^ J*" ^^
y\ J^\ ^..X^U .t5>Jl dJUU*j u-^A^I ^Uf Jp ^^yw:>- \J JUJI
^ j*J>*JJLj tijUoJl Ji> SjjiJU a5j^ 41jJU J>t dlii ^.bJt (*l3
f^' • W: t>^J w>^' -K-*^ • Lr^^y* tin' J^^j u-^^^f ^rV 0^ *^'^^
CsAJai ,ojjUm Oj-^b :>':>U( J'>b>-N bt^l ^j^ d^j .l^\
-An ^ Vl5 v>^i aUl :tijlAp o^i - fc'V ^ A^L-^Li cA* :*^^^--J* V=-^ i>i* (VY)
OL.VI J^ <*>• ^>c waJI jf> JjjJl ^} OUip (^V dJLi^ ^2^l JLu-^j
^ JtfUJi OUiP ^f ^jj . L.^ Lb^ [L^ aJ JI JU5t ^"^1 mJ:>j
\y\S ^^JS\ t^jUoJl tJ^^lj (jiwJjij^ ^^1 Ji iLu^j^ Jlj 41j\j 4jl>»v*f
.<^*>«j^^^ SUJI u^J^ (*^^^ lil «J^
JtAr»^ c^iLpti . l^t^p jUdJ-l Vj^ V**^ til c^*^ j^f JLmJI iU
Jjbf dUi ^>*i .^i^^ i^l^b -^"^^1 ^^Ij Oj^l ^;^ jUJ-l
j^bJtJl S<)L4j \jSL,^ ^j/aJi^- jj[ JL^I i*-4'«^ vl'cm^ , (juuli» uCr:^^ lJ^^^^"
ij cJL>-:>j 4jJb Jp -il lf>«ldi» .ih^ ioJU r-l^^i/ -**)! JLp Jl iaiU-l
^ j^allS ^^^J^ Ulj j»-4Joi Ap^ji . V->f sjj^l iJUJllj JpVI jl*JI Jl
Ji^ ^ JU3£ iiilJLP yf ^f ^J*vi ll» <^^>: Jjii jL^I jil Uf
fj^Li ^;>»Jij UybU* ^.i^SL-tj Lp>» a^^^^JL Jjbf p-^t . . ,^_^JIjV1 c3j-^
t . t ,j^ jJUoll ^^ lotsUJl »-^U» ^1 (Yt)
(^!^^)!l iJj:* .^i^ijji ^1 (1)1:^ Al JUp o*^ ijjt - YIA ^j^ Y^ ^\j^\ iU-l (Vn)
D^ _o. ^ Yii ff^
J>-!A:a :>! JU^Ij ejUL jru Jib a^jj ojUb OU^ ^:;JlJ . » . <JjbjC fjui aJU
• "J^ Oi -^-"^ V-Lv" -^'j^ 4 *^S^ . *^f ^yjj trs^ V «>i' ji-^ oi'
V-31 LiUi. LtU-j . ji^i^ oil JtS o^ Sijll 4^J f'>^ ui« J^ ^-^
JLii .a;-. UiNjt J:3j ijlli Up ^JliJl JU^t -up ^J ^jj ^^si-f J::aj
A^nii « i»-)jU J j,.fLp^itj 4.>>.. d , ; t-J>^ j»«J^ iL^l Oj5>iJi ^^l ^»-j^J
^fj Jl^ ^f Jp ^1 J ^ji> Sj^ill Sj^l p-r J*-^' ^
. ^Ujb j^Ul yy,j Jsi\ ^ Cjf. Jij dUi _;tt J ^v o*^ J^lj . JUL.
i.v_t«\^i't''^^ ol^i :••*-»'> v^»^ ai»<vv)
<juL>-j 4:juJ»j <^\Jj <Uf 4ijlSi ^ ^jij viULLl JJUlS" a>*«^ :>Uj
^Ij^ SOP J^- Jji^ij iJjJllaJ -^^J^ ^1^1 V-^ cr^U l>i . V-^
J^^l OJli jv^li ^2ril JjJj ii^l ii^l i*ilJl« <jV V t>^l ^f ^1^1
.<>^-^>L^ ^^^ c3^tj 1^343 A.^1 UJ^I i^lJU JLJ^^ ^1
i-L^ ^j_>J.I ^y. ^,-*1p j^;**LjL| J i-J^I J^*^J-» .^^j^ VJ-^
ipUaJij A^^l l^t J.JUI ^JUVl j;^ ilyj 6Uf ,^j ui^JiiVl
^J^ -UP Al ^j Oi^jll j^t ^ Oi^^ll ^f ^^ j^ti» .^^Ji>^^
OLJUL VtI^I j*^ uji>-j .JUcLlj tj^fjU ii-lS* o^j iJLxJl iUJip
J^J a- J^ yVl c>--ti .^jJlj >!>Uj ^1 OL^Vlj oJL :>^l,j
4>-jJ i-UNL ^1 i.jkfc :5%^l ^.^U o^f ty^ ^) «Y (^ Yi3 rj;^ f^L-Vl
IjJL-j >i>Jl j-«Vl IjlI j^^ijiLlI uia*_r^' uwJjjVI ib:>-^l ^ <u^
ib^l ^ j_^ 4:53 ^.-u-jJU A_olkJlj ^'iyi ^f ^^jJi ^ytJi
^\ JU J 4^jLi Aj^l aJLPj -b ^wa2Jl JLi IjijPT <Jjl^ cJ ^^^^^ V^^
-^j^i/j .iji^ ^ v-^ cil ^J -l^ -*-*^ cJL/ijIj lit aJu^ Oil^i
^y^JL>.^1 S^Jb j^*Ull J'^ ^^1 l^Lj Ji^ Ijij^r 1.-JI*-- Ail l^lj 4-^^
aj ^^j 4JU»y l^jl:^ J a:^ ^W»J-I ^} «^f ur^-^^lj k^^^ • W
j^JlLl oUt ^UJ^I U <bt ^ ,u^\^ oij^^ ^ ^t^ '^ '>^-^
,Jjj«.JJL <dp oil> dUJb JU3t jJbSj .Ju>.jJI Jl oj:»LLlj AiUVl ^t
jUJ-l AJli> Jl_^-, :^v Oil slij ^ <J <^'>s^l 6^1 Jjii
iy\-t\' er'i-l-YU ^l(Ar)
Y%X ^j^ ftsU^I JU*t (At)
*dLi*ij (i_^lj ^^Ji?-jll iplU cuiwujx*-lj >j> o*iV fU j/i i-^j ^Lp
jUa:>- J^jLa^- V-j-J? tA'V i>i' "^J C^ L5j-^f ^,'jJ ^^^
iJJJUC j-^^^-j •U-iLiJl ^1*^1 '"Jl^ '>**jl? *■**; ^ *J**^ Ij^^iisMiwila
«*M. flp ^ »w-;>-j j*iU J jUi^l frWf t::jUi 6jL/»- JsoJlj .Vo^
^ytltj J%b j^l jjf «_/»f J^jj ■ ^l* t^j^ jU V^^' *l> ijU-J>j (jci»»j
<JjlJb- i^j ij^,^ lyf oLftif U iljUal! tiiU iJjUaij s^l>J.I diL"
.dJLjVl ^l*^ CUJtv/CJI -vJ cjlisLl ^^viai .jJLJl
:CAV)j_^_ ^ .<j ^jb-jll jU- J^ V>f (ijJ '^' uVV oi' ^^.
. a*, ^jjl OU a- J:ij t:>^" L*l>^l 0^ ^ ^Wi ^l>^f ^Jrl»
.««ir w«^ jUJ-l J y^j oU of Jl -J oi^L-t l^lj
. «o^ 01^ t^iJt ^j_;i! jrwall
.v_j^ (_^f jL^i JI dUi O^j , v-^" J^-**- "l^^ *J»^ </i> **^^
^f Vii .sj^lj ly, Ji^iy. ^} ^ d\jf-% jUVl JiaJiJl i*:^ /
,;/M^ gf j*Vi JuJi jSi^ tj J^j '*^j^\ i^l 4^ <y W fW
UV ^ Y^ yUiJl (A>1 JHj\3 (A^)
_1I! Jjvl J^l
Cy-i ^J ^j^ .J^iJl -J cJiii>fj of «>.^ AxJji JL>.j jiSj AUf
<1J o^ai apU, i^j ^ 4U~- U l^^wi; J* U viJl>. ^iUJJ ,1^
^Lif Up j.>i . J^ ^1 ^f .Jj ^1 J j^^^ ^, ^_^
^1 j^l ^f ^U^U ^.a>-jil apU, J J^Jl ^x^i ^^ 3|^j
^ >L^ ,_,^ai^ ^f ^1 jU dUJJ . ^:^.J^^ ipUJij ^V^j ^fj
jj .olS- .Mb o-l^ 6UVI >fj ^u;Vl ^^ ^:>L ^j ^_a^^|
^v^ .^iJ . Uj^i Jl AsJji JU-jj AiJiU-j -q^ii Jt>U ^1 _^f jL.
-^y. Ji^M ,^1^1 Lfj esi« liA5 lif *i>^f ^J-'ji v>". J '*^^\
Jp (»J.-d) IjjL-j ^>il st>U cjy iJLJii <j>n^j J^ ^1 _^f
^^lill JUi t_fc onV AX^ ^ OUmj ^ J^ »il]i JtjU ^
:U. .^j Lc LLJI ij^\ Lj ,^Ja>. Of JL~ b\j^ ^^ ^^^ ^y, y\
OU.J j^ J^ lO'y^ iUll .JiA cj M^ (*Jl1' ui^^jll j:u.f L Uo^ L
Jt)U J-^lj .<! j^j i^^ ju^3l| ^f ^y,,>^lA lieUaJL \jj, ^-^^
<lj>J ^^ J aJ ^1 OlS- aij . A.U^f ^ viJ^l ^i J j^:,^ ^1
Ol-iJi ^_^l U^l jt-f :'L* o^ J*^ j-^ J JjJti . A.Uv.f Jjjjj
^>Jl jU ojpf aij .A. iUai jjoJl j A.l>^f J^jfj OLJI ^1
Z^^V^yi <3jJlj v^l «^l (h: ^^^-^J
jly <A^ Jobi i>\JxAj j^ Jjt JbJl pJl ^Lv' J ^^'^' cr^
(:^ a**-. ^^ ju^ 4]i)l o^ if (1)] JJji :^^ iJWl ilj^l U
t>i ^ ijl^l ^^1 ^1 IjJLi .p^jUr j^ ait N -bt ^!
. <^^>4lJl ^ OUwj JfU^ iJLjil JU3t
l^jii Jij\j .A^-^jl* '^^Ji^^ iiJli-l c--j>^ Jill 0^_;vaj L)IS' J>' aJLp
V^ J-*^ oV-^y* ilH ^^*^ oi ^-^Ji d!"^^' t*' -^^^ i^*^ ^^
OUaLjI^I sljJJI JUi ivJjuVl vj^l s,^ l-tw^ 0^^^ «^^a>.jUJ
(^jIp- JLa3 aSjlLa ijUap- yblk* ^'^-^^ OLS" U jJJL iijP ia*ljj 4jc*J^
oi J Y^ - YA j^ ^^>1 ^ :Olu^ Al djp J*#(^* •)
Uj ^ UtUj Vj LljUu ^ of <bji OjS ^j »Uj jjjJ>-jll ijVV oi'
! ^ioJ^*^' vyJ' 'jSUJ (jLv-?£
«V) (>* *X>^lj ipUaJl <«iC>- JoM J!)U- ^Ji-JJlJJ• j>il Jb^j lii*
^J^J i^sf^l oL'yi Jjjtoj '^^JJ ^1H' ^^-ya-'V J^l^t ui^^j"'' <wJhJu
''M LS^J • o-J-^*^! J Oi^l^l ^k>ij ciM V^iJl jll>t-l CJI^
J^l ^j .^^\j ^yi. \^^j 0>jf i% ^ '*^j^y, «-i^l ^yj .jl^
^H^ lii J^ J^l t> CjI^ .l^\J.\ aJjJI (^^ c^U ui4;i ^\
*L^ 1/ oy J 5JU :UISC* aJj sop ^_^IjX j>o, i^ ijvii^ ^joo
jUrj -b-f ^ L. L.JJ <_ibs:.| ^^ . tjjijil; ^^ i-i--ji ui^l^l jy^ ^ Lj^
^IjJl J uiA^l; ^^ ui-,jj J>.J:i *l_pwJl Jl vy»J *J^ *^>i <-M
Lj-.f o^ iJU ^_^ «j. Jftf ^ sf^l A^jjj *|^,,^L 0^ ^ <j_^|
ji>-jli ou;>u ^jj
V- Uj; ^ J* ^1 j^ ^"illj ^ L^ji^f ^! OvU^ ^JUVl
^ix^ d\^ ^Vl ^j W- ^ Uti .l^f ^j iJU. ^L 6li^'
<jf lr*i o-^' a- jjiS- J Jj:»l L. ^Hl ^ <] ^^\ .y^jJI c^L^
JLj II* j^ J ^J^\ oL. yi .iJ,^ JU*f ,>v <> -J^i a*
J^-f Jl^ 1^ ^ <M \j^j Uj^\ j\}^\ >f j.ui . ^j 0^1
J=*J '.>*^^ -^1 a- 5-V^ (^>-f i^i-^ *^ Jp j^^ljfj .0^ ^ ._^jti
Jjj a;- j^U*.ti ...i^^, 0^ t> Jl '^^j cj'-^j *i Ijjlii ^JLi.
^ ^j^\ d\Sj .ioU ^L .jj^l jjUi ^ 0^ > ^ JL^ j^^
OjX-i jJ>o i_J^ i>.f j»j* .ijcuJio ijij ^js-j ;ipjt V'W *Sc»»j
i\y l^LeO ajyJl >I>L1 jp 4i^ iJU ^ ju^ jjj ^1^1 ;UvU
ui^'-ril f^yr cMi-Li .oiJa.l>l ^Jy" JJLf, -oLS jH-l J*>i^ ojUy
,.Llii* Jii=r (.-«*U ^fj i<-ij^h SjUi-L ^JilVl ^ <Jb ^.oilj^Jl
jf JLsj iljjl oiii;i iiAj . iSil jLp o'j/jf j-^f *a4^ iV^ jbAli
Ot iS>-( i-ljj Jj . .^tj c^f Lfci JJ ijA\y, Jij *^\ Jo j^ JU.W.1
yJLj Jp yij aJU ^ x^ j^ Jal jlp J^^S t5_^t Ailjj iJU*
(1h' (Jp f^ 'i*J^ ^^ J4I -V '^*-«^ J^^ '^^^'-s*" Ut^'jJ *i**^ J*f tJ^Ja^l
jl>Jl ^ U Jbt (Ij -L^ Jp ^^^ . j^jjJ Jp *U^I jf V-^ J*f
yj ci^ ijj -^-^ -^f Jl _/^i v^j ^^j -tJi^ ->?^ ti ^t^^ J^J
JiSj Ij JLidi ibi jup 4^f ^ (3L>»->-l (Ijf ^JL: (^j^f iljj ilL*
Jjyi ^ <) (bLS-j ,^LxJl ^ y^O. Jj^l ibjd ^f Jp L> l^ ^IStj
Ju£> «^j ^f Ji ajL^ J J^ .*^l^j i^^«^j jr^^i^'j tiLxL^b JiJi *V
^•IjJt-I ^^ iJLp ^^^ Xa^ ^^y. C^>*-^[ dy -^ <J^ t^f J^
t>* tjjy^' L-^j^' ci '^L^-^ v^*-*4 ^>^l iy^*^'j t-u^ ^ tilj^'*-'!
61? -i^^^ uJl^pf Jb-f AJLijf i^lk>- J :^jj U lJL4i .Jio-jdl ^p^JI
YY* J Y\A ^ Y^ *l^l ii^i{\U)
;^.J>jl1 oUi^sU ^^^
}j>^ Vl^l ^Uil *>lj-io ^;^" illijl aJU ^I J_^f 61^
.^ ^ ^VV/-A oVY iL- J :a|jLv»j jJL^ soaI*^ <»^ oJU*i .iJlp ^1
l^UiUt iJ^ i,^ oU-^ ^ jai ^ s^ ^L. co^ii ai oLj_^^l
J>^' <> J:*fj .-cSU, v-^ ,».^iv»ij ^1 o-^ d\^ .,»J*L>^ Aiji
of Ji aJI^ »iA Jji ^j ,»]jiil CUj ,^f ^JL ^^_^ vi^f ^i,^f
jis» j:>u. ixaLajij ou^L Oj^t^. aj^ji j\^\ j ajip _^ 6i5
^1 ftljj X« ^Ap-j11 i»:La* J ioU j:Lj J>-f (^^ . (jjOi-^ lT^-^^ oi'
jUii ,^ WVY/^o-W Si-. ^_^Jb^l ^^_^ ji-V>-^l Jti^lj o^i^
p»^*A: *«— J A^li* jyi Uxll (j-J;^ oi-^^' d\ '•^'*rf V^ ijH tils**—!
x^^ ^y. .-Audi (\ A A)
jAj „ Jp oJjJl y> *i d\Sj . jJLpf *ii\i . *J oUi «_^ J>.at ^^ L>-
Uf : Jj-^ JL2i ^j 4> bI Jjj Aj Jb oo iljlSl, . vUUS ^ ^U . apIUI
o^t Jjf JJCLil aJIp ^;^ t3U^l of ^Jb' Uut AilU Ailjj iiU
ails _ t)j-»-* ^y (_J Aip yj aSX.^ *j*J jj->Ul a:^ _fS>v»j i-"ljiilj »UJl;
.ijUVl .t^. d\Sj .j>JI Ji l>t (^j ^ .^a>-jll Jl -J>-Vl
Ui.j Ovi^lo »J^^J j^wodlj JW.J d&)l o^j ,_^ Qp, Iju^ aJjil
iVjj iiJULl dJUL^^ |,^j ^ Up i^oij aJLa Ij^iJjj »j/;i aJ^I
^^ Ji. jIA^Vlj jlJu^Vl ^oiJj j_^Jil c3l,^] j^ ^ It: tl;- (> ^^^
j^.^1 iii=J-| .X^p J oi'^J^^ J--^ -^^^ cW^ ^J^^ ^"'^-> ^"^
:j>Jl t3 'CiU'l ^1^ jJt ^ ^ \ > At jJji /^ oA • iu- jliJl ^_, J ._4«,^_
*>J J '^^ c^-J^^I J>-.^( olJL>-j ,_;^ of viJ^I dUi J *-3iU;j»
4JUu-L djJjjA\ ^UaXi jo^^( ^ ,>J-I J SjUj i»jj-^ ftjiJIrL Ajjwj
tj^ 4_. Iji.f L- f-lij-i\j ^J~\ *-» l^jj tit: ft>-l_pf JL3 i^l-S'
. {(LjJLp lij^i-'lj i2^jVl vlr*^' li (v^y-l Sa*li ijUo iXjJut (Jp Jjjj
'^1 Ji • (^j*^ JlsxpIj ^.Ar-_^i Apii. ^j^j, 4jip _^ ..j^s:^ j^
Jj^jUJi jilt, (jb cJlS" ^1 ijJzjA\ Aikll dJUL- .Liyi Jl *jbjL^L
i-iUw^f iU- ^_^ jp dJLi % Ojjui^v^ |»^f i^s" .|» ^ ^A^/^ ev^
•^''■"W^l ui-^l C^ ^J^ cSj^l oiyl^ c>J cr^l> ^i C*>
A. Bell: Lcs Dcnou Ghnnya P. 39 - 40
^iJVl; ^^a>.^l ^_^ U; .!> Lfj . ^j>l Jp ^-^ jl dUi X^j
_^Vl 01 ^J t-i^ji yf iiu^_ -^AliiJilj <-<^A«J ^\ City j^ ilpU-^j
.4; J> SiU. J^L- Jl^:^* .^j>| Jp ^^ ^ Uj^i ^1 ^UVl oJl
. (tl^i |,J ^ ^ "yia l^Ut a;Ui
^» cJL5i .ajU^ iLiJU JI_p.L |.l; ^ Jp iJlp >> ,31^
• **irfj' (.*r-*^l JaLJ iiL>«jj iijjj- uy jl_^-»:^lj f\^[t ju^ -ijjk^l
Jl OjUoj 14*1^ si> OlSj sl> soL il^ :)l» :<^'^>4ii>Jl Jj2i
J^ 1^ 5Sj^ ^ Uit j^- iji^ oi i^i*—! oM ^isj . . .4siyJ
f^libi juJ:.\ ^ s^Li sjUI oJls:j V^ ^^1 |«ri J^ h^, *-J>^
4\ oJ-^j aj SJuw JJ-I cJ_j:j .^_^l J>.V ^, g .Si- iilp Jp ^y.U(
o
j^l ^L 3y ^^ I.J .jJJl l^saij jdJi i^ Jl jjJUl v^^ cr* '^'^J
. s^j-iLi i»Jl ^Ul l^j .<iUj)l viiii J j_^
alUJI oj^l v::^ J^|_, vj^T i^jjfj ^jli ^jJU j>J J^ iui- uy':>U:j
Jlj ^^ [hi ' '■^^ (il f^^^ cJUs»y . ijW^ *t1>-*^ ^^^^ <i *^>=^' /^
■V^ o^l J>* 't,^^ ^-^ "^'-^ ■^'^' ^^ ^- (^ "^^ •cT^'^'
iil>^ isr^ J.cr<J .c5jlJlP oi\ h^jy, ^^^'^ til^l ^1^ ^l
.^^1 J ^ji h>.\j\i Ail>^ ^jUj ^1^ Jl U^IS Oi^i
-Jjlx^t ^j iUo (i^j i>»iis» oUi-t 43jj^ Jp Jjj AjL>o Ji ^jia^l J
Jp j^jJl Lf 4^ i^J Up 6f y-i ^^ J ^^^^>(:>jJlU ^I ^Jbj
^ ^ * t>^ *j+ij jXsdii ,j«Ai ( ^Y'Y)
^jJi Lf -ux. «j^ J^ Jjj ^^UJlJ ii)l ^j ^_^ 4J^l A^ K-Sjj
(^ V'-^ U^ J ^M u- Jji^ 015> ^yjil ^ ^ i1 Oj* ^y
. m_j_^l aJj Uijit ^ ^IS 015' lyji.! JU* ^ lj^j^ ^^ J--JI
Oa* . 4JU-J jJU« Jxiy OU^L- ^_^l ^\ X-Jl ie> C^l hSjA Ij^
-0 j>Jj of i^/^j oLj...a?<Jt ilj*^ UJbr^ J\y^\ i*.^ Jl *JWv Sr*^
j-J-l <^f JuJl l^lj ^ fuc^\j i)L>JL: ijJL. Jl l^ jLmJ . iJlp ^^l
.<^^*>Ujlj-l j^jj Ir-^ J -i^ti .,>>- ^f ^
^ fjX ^J* ^>o iJLL. ijJL. Jp ^S jJt > <hI* oi i^ J->^'
«jJLS J^ 4J J.,<». t^JLlI j^fj OJi .il»o ijju Ji jU j^ iiSU
(il Vi^ oi c> -^y^ ^A^ >^liW cy^ a- J-^- "^ .f^''*>Ul*-j
J^^JLi .IjJLp J,,jl-I ^^I i!^1 ^Jb- Ui .l^\ .-i* -^ *i^-
A. BbU: Benuo Ghanya P. 43
A. Bell: Opcit P. 44
* *
Jl ^ .l>^ -u^T ^ ^ l^ jjj 1^>^U ^»l^l Jl ^^j iiU^
. tUjLi iUa:,^ Jl ^vi A*iiJl Ji .y^ij UJU ^^ jJLi l^ jy ijUL.
4iU>j k^X^ Jp JjX-l Oi^ aJU ^. Up of oLjIj^l ,yi*j jS'Jj
i>*J *W^ (J>-^ (n^ ^m'j Cr** •-*>.— !•! i>« (V^jy- '■Wf **JL ^Ul
J5-II JUJt oi (J* (>; (>"*- 1^ Ijf ApUi-l ,_,v»l* <-JLi» *i .aH /«il»l
/ c>J J* J* ^y^ '^ ^y C-l^ ^f^ '-^ Jlij c?^^l u^> .^:J^
Oi^^J^^ oU^Ap \ 0^
t AxJsL^l. J e-Jai-l JjS ^ od^J^jJ^* tJ^t t^jJl ^:^l iJL^ ^^ tils'
^^\ Jl Al^LJ JU^f *j O'^'yij SJLJI yl^ oijjj Jjli- (-ilf y^ji^ e^»^
MA ^ r J v>il ^yi :tij»*i^ OiU^ t • )
4jji J»^ :^^lxOl ^!^ -^o^ ^ Y J r^ (^t>Uyi 4J^;^ :d\:j> ^\ ^ a.^ (^MT)
^>ll ^-Ul ^U J*V (^ i^lj 4i^l ^jJ,l .\y.\ ^-T ^,^1
>JI Otj cv'-^l JJI> '^-f ^ rr^ IjfjJ U^ ^J^J \^ -o*^
.0">jiUJ.I diki jw^ji^f > l>^j JdUJlL ^Jjii
jiJ,\ \^[ Jvai Of JJ jJI>l-l Jp Jj:u-li g:a>.^l J>-.^l j^ii
^y. kJu^^ JivJI ^L*3I _^t ^lu jj . viUi a~ I'JU-t ^ LjJ ^jA ^'^A^
Jp ^Ull ^Li iU^ Ja? Jl v^l Ailjpf Ji> ^y^ ^^ iiU- *lv
IjJ^ ^^ J*f cjU.Xo-1 , J_^Vlj ,_^^l Jj-^^ ^J!^ V^ i^
^1^ Ji_»^ ji\ rt4*.> a,7i| Jjixw-Vl JL-srj l4«j»oll» .5;ijJJ.I j-jljjf lj*^j
l^jl-.lj ij*jj^ ^-^J Ijj-'f (*J .ejUiiifj iJlp ^;^l Cj|_j4j IjSiij 4^1^
:>jlm\ IJlSU .^^Jb-^l t5_^Vl ^lj_— l_^tj .<-JIp ,^1 ^2r^ Jp
.<^^'\ \ \\o jAa YY/-A oA\ jLfi \\ J 4jI>«j OjJi>-jll
(il jL-'j -Jl^j a^ (j^ Vy"*' u^ ^1^ 4'-^ ^^ OH L^ c^
Jjiflu-Vlj jjiJrl Jj-.^^ «^^ . iJa^.*J jUi>- Jp Jiji "^ J^J (J^ V^^
olV^^I V^ o^ J^ t3>>-f . iL>-ij iJLX*j yi>L' J^'^-iJ t^^^^l
jLJ *.|^^>.^l c-jj^ lij:>- a;!^ jLmj iukwJf jlj-'-f o^ jlva^l oVij
^ ^Ul ^>l :t^li;Jl ^t^ -^6Y ^ JiUl ^>l :OLp ^I o^ J^(^to)
NAY- \A^
Jlj.j ^..^ J:»j Lj^ ^ ^J iJU i>j ^ 3L>J^/I jt OjUdI i^
llUj tOUVlj jl^aJl o^ SjI>^ J*t uii o- "^^ .i5^*Jl ^l^ oj'
: iJlp ^j. Jp j gi^l ^^1 c:^ *J^ il>« J <>JI
^1 Ja? ^^ jvt^ (jL-i ^ iU«. JaI > Oi-^J^' *^J ^-^l
Lui IjiJiiplj (JUJI Jjbt Jp ^^j oUiJili . . .JUi jt jUu ^y ^
<4l lfw.j oJlx?- Jl jU jtj t*i^,»«^L Aipy J aJU ^ J*" r^^^
^^1 v_iJi> 4JI J^,!^, Ji>Jl J!)U djlSj .Oi^l i">U oU-ljJl Jl
jjUl ,«r>l it^bJJl ^1^ -\or -\«t ^ J;LJI ^>1 :<:)^ -^^l -^^ J**(^£•^)
^ -r^ (iiJ C^J iM Vj-^ 4>^ '-^^ -^J^t oMvJlj LUaJli
oU-l sjL J >JI 471^ j.jirj ^^^i\ ^^ j_,_jj iJlp oi t> (Ai^
^> iJI^I i!)Uli ui^viJ U^i i!>Ul 1^1 jM* .L. ^.^^1 Jlxi Ji.
*dl^ 4'-' *^ "^-^ -^^ <i->^' <^f -^ l^^^jll l^lj Jsij S>P
iii/U-M j»JU ^^I t_jfj ^y2A>. yf JL*J| ajjI SiLi) iU- JLij jjf JL«Jl
. [^ ^'^jLi^l Oji JU-j ^jia>-^1 i.jLa, j_^V^I Jul JLp 6ja:.t jy
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghiinya P. 36 - S7
Y\<» _YU iy» JiUl ^jll :j^LjJl ^l^(\oY)
ipLJk j-ij* 4_:^ tjjjj 4JJJU Jp ptiLL-^U iulp <>j t> jU
^ Lipj .^ \NA*\/_A0AY Ai*- |^j^L«jC LjJIp JjZ-li I^IaI jj^io
O' 'js:^ '^ Ji^ "^1 (n^ -^^ ^j^ (J^. (t^ t>^'^l o^' if^-i
^ ^^i.«j j_ij J "^b J^^ '«*«^ *l''^ u^j Cr* J^ J^ (^ •'J''^'
-CL. IjiAf i^JOai . l^ ItUtj Ujli Ij^ ^J Ji> J*JtJ ^^jJ ^^ ^yfcJ
aLvJlj .LjJI Jl ^JiVl c^Jculj .^U ^^ ^Ul tjX-j o^b
*'^J^ f^ ^jj ^^^ (t^S^^ '•^' J-"^ (•-^tJ^ J>. j>j .^Ui O^Loj
- YM ,_^ oi^J^^i ^j^ -^^ ^t^^' ([^-^^ - Ytr a^ 1-^ ^1 :<iJjJJi^ ,>ii (^«^
A. Bell: Les Ghanya PP. 56 - 57
\o\ ^ ^JlI ^ \b\^ ill JLP ju^ (^o^)
^\ \^ A:>-\j ^jA ^ iJiA ,UJt y^ Uil 0IS3 ^»^ J^( cf.'»>-t»
.<^*v)*UL l^U^ ^ JU._pL V-:i>.j ill^-Vlj
^.jJl ^!5U ^t ^1 ii\ ^^Ji Jci\ ii^ SjUL is;u>. ^po^ ,y O^s^l^l
IjJUflSj Oy>J-«il jy^. oj^j ^[ Ij^Uilj irJUiJi l^lj\j a5U.I c-j ,>«
Oli i^,J^\j ^jJ ^^.x. ^1 L>j li^ L^ U^Sla Uyl i^A;
Uut uwUJI J^lj Jj ui*JLdl ^f ^ iljSb aJIp jIjjI ._i:5:i ^
OIU- >JiJl viUJb iJbij o^t Jli*JU ^UJI tJI>t ^^ is_y^j iiji ;jA
l^ J.UL, Jj^Ll it)^ ^ 1^ ^Ij ^'ifl i^lj dULll P-.J iO^j K»y
. « v-lt^Jl b^>>^l '^^ J t/'j-f J-aJIj ^yijSly Jl
^W oi ^* ^ V'lS" <;^ ^\ J-jt i^UJl ^:>\pV| ^j ^br Jl *;[
^1 ^j iiJiLl III li^UaJl 0'^>Y >^...^7...\,t J. ^UJI UJiLl J]
^^^jf Cy (A'jrUJ A*^ :)K L. iJU ^^1 ^ Ofj L^ V>J tt-Jl
*UiU *^ ^^1 i^_ ot t^f^ jj^\ ^jio UjliLl ^i iL
.,/^ A^\J\ .-.U-t ^ vlUJb oL^a oUlj 0311 ^yj J^ Jjbll
.fHAl ^,.^.i \v/^ dAt Jl^ r cj jS\j^ cy uVr^ i^l 2L>
oljpt A*^ ^-r*-^. (1 le^ !«-«,;» «2iJ ,iLj j^ j^ ^bj ^j^ 4^ v^-w^j
4> IjjLJit .\jjji\j ^L^Vl c^ ^^j^^. (vAj^Li Ot f.j^ .j^
^L>wu-U .A?-I^l ^ Ua-J> J:^U ^y Jl tr^' L^^ (i^ '^j^J^
cj_^L aJUJUoj Ajijii i.il_^ aJIp j;jjI alS" <.j:Py.J\ J^ >^'UJlj Oi-^^'
Ui*^l ilry. t-l^-ti* ^^Os-jll *liU SjA* J^^ Jl aJ5j j4 .Av»i5 ^
. ^S ^ AVjiU Yo/_* oAr i^ Jj*ill ^^j^^ ^>,yi^ ^^ULI pJl J ;us^
so*. viiiAj Oiji-^ JJ^Ji oi'j -^^^1 laJa^j . j^fc* Jsa^I j^j ^i-^J^'
aJU-j J^ l^^jj _^f Xj-Jl j« le^ ajj t^( ^ _;^^ j,^ ^y, ^LJlt
i!>UI ^ ^^ ioJdl oli> Ojb^ ^yj OUVL jv*^y aJIp ^^I
(iUi JL.O iJlp ^^1 ^jJ^ ,U^ l^^kdi (♦.^Jbilj ^t *i .-cdaJLJ i^^li-l
jUj I^J lrt;i*3 j_^ji ^;^lj jyj,J\ ^^jf>^[Xi:i\^, oM^ J*
^ >^^Y/-* oAA i^wi A</!2AA{ Ijaj! jJ^-- **i^ 6jJ1>- j2;jI - -■'';
^n^ ,y» rj r^ f^^-V ^b^ :oi:* J»i jl* ju*(\nr>
»Afu <u>^ J vlt ^1 (.^Jli ^^^i^s-jll out 0* -^ij <^T ^ J** <«^J
*J1 tV <^i^ oi* C^J • cr^-y til ^^' <il J^ r '3»-' ^^^ Jl >J
Lit'j Ji^-ri^' oi i> (>» a* *^^' ^^f-» <ji-^J^' t.->^ «^^ '*-^
. «cr^y Jl ^jSUl UJj ^
oj^L-P ^ jli>.| ^i <JU_, a . . . (vilil JL^j JU-I -uJLo jS\jS,
A, Bell: Les Ghanya PP. 77 - 78.
•4
' f '
11 Lillij i^jA^^ -U^l ^311 a^ ^ ^r*^ ^J <>- :i^j (H-i^ J^l u^
.jj^JAl ^ji^^Lj IJLfti t-jj_A«j jL*i . 0^,— o^ "=*j-i *^,^ A*^J^ V'^^
.^i 1^ ^^-u^ ^2;^ ^j^ J-^ <«J-A1 cJl5li .^^ J jA ^iUtj
. m^j J^ J jn^jA::4j y^jJ\j ^^1 jv.ft:u^"fj Uw5
of jjai oj-^l iiJiLl ^^^ J ^j ja^t o^^^wP J^ ir^A cJlS*
^^^^ o^i til i^^ "^ (^ •'r ^3^ t^b^i vj-^ ^>^ '^'j f \ ^AY
jjp ^•Jc^ 1 . Olj-UJij (3LliJl JLjj ipUaJl J^i VJ^J^ (^J^ AjUJL>j
J iJ-l ^ u::h^J ^ J^ -^lyj Jji 4ij>-j iiJULl cJjLwI
YVr - YVY ^ v^U^*^^)
^^Y- ^n^ ^ Yo r^^ f^*}" '^j^ -^^ ^^ ^ Ju^(^^^)
oi t> ^Jt: fjs^' uT^ ti '^^'j -c \>AV y^f >o/_B> oAV oUi
^^ i^,3,-u. *:Ji j^ ^i>*v*t i-rtsj \^ .a-ji*'=> ^^ *^^^ '-*j^ cr^-*^
i*-?:. J cuiUii 4.«J:o ijli ^^j ^^y>r o>^^ b-^ j^ Jib *^ Iji^l
^b>w=t t_^l>*yij JdJl jAt o^tj .uS:^ > IjJjJ ,^ Ubt Ujl:i ^.^
Ja \j}_^ ^j^ UjV'U-i ivii* Jl ^j ^ . APIW^ Wi*^ J^^J ^^ Oi'
^At-^Ar
A. Bell; Lci Bcnou Ghanya P. 82
<Jj-^ .Ojai^ ^1 i-jjjj ^ u,h;^ i5j.^f 4_jijj iJL_iA
^_pj isflis 4;jia« U^f |_jJ* CsA^l S>J| 6JU Jjj :<*^*>^^ijki
^^ iLuji :^ l^Uf Ji2i syp L^i jj jl^\ juit U^UJ .J^^,
41^1 pJl j Jv»j ^* .L'lt Lib" ^.JL>-jll Jl jL ot o_y; cJLS U ISl
j pjoi^j (n=^J (►^'j^f ^U«.lj ^ liiij Li^f ^yi jjUai .(vrj*
J*f J^J Jii^l («-4*l* iSj^^ ^ . ui*vil^ uirJlJ ^Jl \j^^ (s^ *^J tP
a- C^.J ^ Jj^^ . (-*> u^U ,^Vl ^>11 Ji ^ i;uJtj >_j^y-l
J^jf Jl J^f^l >^^ ^J^t ^l^ ^ uii lcs» -M-l 3^Lj JtsU ^
Y\ Y ^ \ \ ^ jojUl J J-IS^I (\V0)
jL J^S Jbj LT JL-JI oU-f l^ i^Pj \Juj\' djjJ- (»Jii3 ftiUJ J* U:)b^
Av^uj LJLjjf itAi jj-^l iiJiil-l ^Uw^l <^^'^>OU>=r 4ijJG! _;$■•.
viUij ijJ-^lj ^jj tl:Ji^L Uijjit er'J*'.;*-^ ci** J^^'" ■'^^■^ .jla-^t
Jp jj.saJ.1 ^jSHij . ,_^LJl iiJLjJ-l l^ \^ J^ iJliii^l ollJL. ^^.^ac
Jl JJi jvi oi^l>l ^ W^j>J v^^' -^.-^ WiA* -^ <i^' ^-^
. jUj^ ^^J^iJl io^l JSUil O'S^SU- ^^Vl ^yS\
ouljLl 4;^^» ; Jji, ^ <^^*>t5iUJl ^bfe Jls-f Uyt IJLfc J*i
ialJ JjJ vt.^ <f. SNAn/->oAY) aJ^I i-Jl J Ui>t Jl j>^l
J! i-ji^ <>! J-^ j*J .oj^-op:. Jp _,,.,d;;j d\ A^>-j 4:u;U^ ^pu,
L.t .^ ^^AA/-J«>oAt iL-. oL. Ot Jl I,; Ui«t JJJ il-^ *-\y^,^\
^^JJ^\j v>^' Jl jn^ 'j«^ '^'^ jj-.«»J.l J-jl> .(^V-j^ ^J
A. Betl: Les Benou Chanya P. 8S
^ jiJb-^l AJji i>.ji-, ;,^UJl ^ij^ _ ^•^•^ ^y, jXJ\ ^JS : OU Jul aj> j^ (\VA)
Yf'
roA ^j^ ^^Vlj vr^' e-*^ tl ^L-lji (\A.>
: ^,^j^ ^^ «:« Ls:4 ^Jj>- -
'^ J* l/*J ^l^ (j*"^ ■ -^tA* V Olf !-J>, ^t^ -oUtff uiil*Jj Ajjf
.1. .-A OA© 4Xw- jjy J*.
Jl^ <> cPyly (1^ e^lxxJI J Jp v^f i--U- <> aJIp ^^ ^ _,U
.V^l ^tj i^lp ^ ^ s^^L. ^ ji2 ^^ly- ^ ^aiO-jll
y% fl5j . . . Jp dlU, :(^'^%jaU ^1 J^_ dUi JA -Oi-^^
^j5ly Syolik- J ^SJ>-J aJLp ^^ J^^jt ^ JUw} ^ ^^^ oj^f «JUj
-V' Cy. o"*^ vf^ *j< -^J y^ -W "^j a-^>^ r^i -rrU* uyUlj
^k-^ J* (ij=-li ■ -itAJl Jp *t>lwU-Nl Jl ilPj ^j; ix.JL. ^ i^y. U
A. Bell: Lcs.Bcnou Chanya PP. 87 - 88.
A. Bell: Opcit P. 77
nr^ •^-:rJ-Jl(^At)
^Ljt J^ JjUaii ,^j-*jlij JLi^lj . A-(^ ipLs^ Jx5 rt-S . l^t iPiU^ ^^^li
^^^ (M^ '^*s--' uyv-" J^J (»^^ i^j *rl>*^'j "-r*^^ t^* U** *tO*"
l^Vj Oi^fj IfcU Jji^li . ^I> Ji ^i ^ ^^IjS jU . i5jlji.|
jrf Jp J^^U Oi^l i!)^ Ji ilp ^ . c>j3L! ^ju aJ^-j Jb-f Jl
^^iici .Al* i^l ibji^lj ^jSI^ JlxaJ 431^ aJIp. ^>J j_^ jL-
a
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghanya PP. 91 - 92.
^AA ^ i^rjll ^ : JjjJ^\ X^ (\An)
A. Bell: Opcit P. 96 note I
^ jiLJi ^jii :oilp iiii ju. juit - ^A£ - \^r ^^ n^ ^^^i :OjjlU ^^i (^AV)
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghanya PP. 95 — 96
J'SU ^.A>._^l *A\Li o:>Ip a* ,_^15 ijju cJl5' . Uyl i>^ Uj Jp
*lou
i-pLUlj .N^l OtsUl ^Lo ^li JaI Jl LbJ iJU ^1
^ .-isjij ,,^ap ;*,^i ^yj ^1 j\x)\ bfj ,^i;>o jyi.ij
Oii li-jU -^1 ^1 Ob .>iJl ^cj,w.j J^l jw,/ ^ Lvb J^l
iwweuj .iJbJkl J^Vl tl^l JUj ,j-jUi (Jp jLsi>J-| iJlp ^t '-'^ vlUJJ
tj.ijkiu . \j»j\j>-\ i^Jfi-j l*j^ bX>- yT rtJ ^34j'^^^'J jUaJ-I cjVI ^-JLp
/ .^ O'^ ij^ ^U- i>jl US'y S>Jl>-lj iU^Nll^ ik>ai JJ^I oLli.
oUVl JjlJ>> OJdl /♦-J— J Ij-^^ . i«_jlill (j j\jAl^')i\ jJ-jI* JaI «iaiwyj
Ai^ OUVb aJU ^I jj( jJ . v-^Jl •i*'^' ^IJt' Jl o^.^ '^J" V'l^
A. Bell: 0|icil PP. 97-98
ili^ cJ:>y-l ^1 ^.^^ . ^„jS^\ ^ cji^j iJl^' Oil on ^'^
i:^ ^^^^ Jp Jji^. i*:-tj jy„.A=-jH Jp 6X>o ^.>3I Xp ^^I jlii
NJ -OUa. jlj t5Jb-^l UJlj Jp o^j ilA^I Jp Jj^i (H .U>t
^^ Jp *t)\si-.:AJ 4:l_^ jL- j^.^1 xp ^1 eUS jU. IJU . Ui^t Jp
JLP ^\ Ji JL--. _^t ^yi^\j Jbj _^t JuJI d^ j»i . jn^ b^ ^tj
.jj. *SU:;;\ J,L^ Aij^iij tS^Vl oi-^jll ^ ^J>f ^J^. jWj^l
A. BelhOpcitPP. 98— 99
Yer-YoY
Yot ^y _• \YAV ^y ^}.ji\ i*J»Jl V-^y)l
Jp <fJ\M ^\ L-iio JL^I^ iw»UJI J* *IjVI cuJI^" ^. ^Y» •/-* 05*1
*bJj| jAf JjlS ^U^l j^^jp ^Ij'yi 0.-L. ^,SL^ «^» iU. j^ ^_,,ai^
Ji uV^I JtJ4?2 V f ^ *c^ Jjf DIS- . . . i.UJ| ii\ J^ J ij^c^
Jp J_^l 61? ^iJl (.oadl aJIp ^ ju^i ^, ^ 6f ^i, . LA^i
yifj ,A3li. Jp Lt^ jiJ.\ 11* jbu j;:>.j .iu^ ;jU Jp ijUu Jl
ti^l^^ ,_^ \^ ojjk ,^^l_;ll AjIjj Jp DIXP Jill JUp JUj£ JUJU^I
WW -^if J*- Sj^ .4_^l^l JLp ojjj 1^ uJJbiS Sj^viJ U^i cSC!
Jlj ^yJ^I yf JUJl A^f S^l c^ Ltj>- JU-1 J Jbj jjf X^\ uLvfci
610 .LfcJl Ij^^ oi^l Iris:- i>j i-Li i^LA^l > J-- c/^ ^.k-
oJlltoj , AiJaX*«3 ^ t^^^U Cjy^i^ f^J^ <J ,;^**^J * A^i^vap^ p-LdU jL>uj
4j^ u^ J 0-^1 J"} ^Jj ^J^^^ c> t/J^' dj^b djd>'j^\
.^ ^Y* * /-Jb o^*; j SjiSjll .^jiljj.- Jj^l ijlj^l jwa:? -*^^j iJbi^
D
^^^Jl JU AjJlfLl ^jM^ Jbu UjS'i jL-i SJliJl ajIjjJI Uf . nL^jjii A«J
•Crt^ iJlp ^1 JbiJ aJI^ iiO^ll ^y (»rlj^' -^ Oi^ J^~«* •Oi'^J^'j
Ipp jL-,i Ut)Li>-l j^jP 83>«p ■iij'^fj L*yf ''J'-* o-i^ ti*" t-Jj^f \J^
Jji-lj NN j_^ J^ irjAI A. Jjjtj ^.^1 JLi> ^1 aIjj ^is ^ jL,
ijLotf Jjf 4jJ_jilj a^^_ytf>U»«i (♦Jj^l JUP ^yl aIjJj AaJIp /^| jLj
ij^^. ^1 o^ (^. ^^^fl -^^ *l^f J *^ vJ^ c^LJl <JLJ ^_^
^.j53l Xp ^yl Jp 02^ Jij jA J^\ d\Sj . i^^^l ^ Cji^ ^ ^
j L, iii^ (VJ>3I jlp ^yl U>Tj 1^ .tjiixJaij aJI ^i^j ciJUi Ji AjU-t*
ij^l j»X-i Jp aJ-U^J ^jjJ.1 Jl ;bl xp a:jI A^y Jp ^h eJb
.0'*^)aJUj AJktj A^ J aIUI J=.^,lJioj aJJ
Jl aJJI Xp aIp ^»j , aJIp ^;^I Jily <J iojjji ^jjtjfij Jal JLp jL.
|.!)LJU Jai JLP a:oIj ^^j^I jup ^^I Jji* ^ytUl ^l^ oU ^tj ajiJL^I
-v^ (j^i ^>-f ^^ dUi Jp ^a ^ ^ .A-iJi j\^Ai\ ^ 1^ 01?
Yo£
A. Bell: Les Bcnou Ghanya PP. 202 - 203
Y*£
A. BcII: Lcs Benou Ghanya PP, 109 - III, 203 - 204
^Wl iU ^* .l^j^ <> ^J^ ^j^yj c^l^' V-r** "r^^ t>-i J**
k^viJj (>»J-I (jif "JL-Jl v^f S^Li Li-r^ "J^L) y} -V-J' ""^**:* -^'j*!
Jp ^^j .<n^ j:^1 t^J^j (-^ ^ c> *1>^^^I V^^J *>^ ^^
jJ /ULt dJUU (.Lifj cL^J^ i^ ^y-Vi J,i-l> Ally. JjiiB ^ >Y^r
U:tj Oiy . 5^^^>-Jl J ^^1 i-«^ *J^^5- t^:>lj3l ji>*i ^-^J^' ^J^^' ii^
^y \juj\^jA J UJI ;^^ :^U -toe ^ V-J^' J^* ^urJ-^'^U^'^)
wv ji^' J^i
iijj <s- isrjl^lj ^Ji il^l-iJI 'tOIj^' i-i^r^ ^j l>«^ U^jl ^Lp j^
^ 4.^ iujdl J^ JjJ, ti^f A4^ Jl dUi O^ V^ oil J^'
.<^"»>((^»^y^ ^ jH> i>rj ^i?^' cH-'^ (^ *-:^!4
j.^-~^f t> <j-i>^" J*f ^^ -^^ ^^^^' (^ -^J^ v/" Lr^ ^^ A*
^^ jj_>»Jl "V oi J^ M l+s^l* J*=r-J (^Ir'f "^^-J j»^lj>-t *-r«-*«J
^1 ju Jp SJLiJij .Jx»3l ^ l^^:Ai..x^l J {,^j UUt ^ iilSLJi
^ 0>J.I JU Jp L.Jii- ol^j ^^1 J^ ^1 ^,-fi^ cyj -f^ C^jf
^ ^S:^iJ ^UJli Jijj jLii^ ^t j^ A-.-i- ^^Ul 6L5j . ^
tt3 Vj;^ f^7* *^J^ '^^ 4iil JLA JUjt >ilj -Yon ^ jXJ^I ^^ :^^a;yi (Y»»)
A. Bell: Lcs Bcnou Ghanya P. 1 14
A. Bell: OpcitPP. 114- 115
\\o ^ ^jij LjuJ\ jU-I J ^3il (Y^ V)
^Ju^j ^yj h-^\ dLUj vL>l Jl ^jjAl ^j> V>^1 Jl oi^3^l
. «jbii >-iit aJU UJL*t ^jJfj ^jJ t>- -JUp
i^^" Jb -hj ^}^ ^^ *^"b> J>^ ^ cM *s^^ «Ji' "^^
kJ>\j -iSUaJ ^ij .Ji> jU-t j *i^ Jl i-^j olj^b -ii>l >^J
it Jl ^f '^J WIp i-^fj o-^j^ -^J J -VJI jL^ Jl f-^ -^-^
jp >jj i«.iUi Ajai jjf cy jw* Cr^j G*- ^^' pi ^*^ t^-^^'
j^^U4 jU>j ^:^w»5 y-\=> ^J oi-^^^ t^ ^ Cf^-^ '^'^ ^^ '^^
^jj i^yu ^ >t dL^ cr^j^, Ax-lil J:)U:- V^ o^l <ji^^
^...ai^lj a;I^ ^1 V^ 0^1 J^ • (H^ ^-^^^^ '■^^"^' Cf^
^jWI .Ut ^^- Jp Jj r ■ • • sT^' ^^ ^^-^ ^^' ^-^-' ^"^^
jl cTjj uy^ sj> j^.^ -^f -^^ r^>'^ ^'> ^^ ^^ ^^-^
A*>j jj-^l ciil* a» : J^ V** oi Lf^ <^^ cr^' o^-
^^ > v^JlAJj :iiJi^l Jpj ^l> v-^ ^>^' ui->^'> ^^^ ^
(
jUxil Jyj Ujyl jUpf *i cuJisJij :>:AJI ^y U^j ^bji^^ J*?
Jii-.! iia>-j^ ^f Lj^^ 0151, i^l J^i ^* . aJIp stt^l OjjLi ^,.^
^^ ^. UH VJ^J '.^ ^'-^f '^y^\ j-Jl>L| j ^^
(^a*.ji .,«^j:Ai Jl SJjJI <j byi-y, xM *^N> Olsj .<U-I^ O^jl.
Oi* 6^ ^ • *^^j^ i3tAl»i Jp \jl^ lii flOA j,.fupj jsi>^ ^jij\ ^\
*^\ ^ [£ Liii. ^^ Jp Jjhf jj^^l ^1 j-frUL» jJi^l ^y.j^j
i>j Al^f ^,Jk«^ ^Lp iv»> ifiii <:)V Sijji* Sji>r J ^5^2=*- <lJ^ c^-ii*
.j^Lpj Js5s^ (♦>'JLpy ,»>J'^ (il Si^l J <^^ji J (»-P'-^ J 'j^^
i^ ; t^l jrrl_^ - \oV - \on ^ Y i5 tf^ f^V' ^>* :(bl:* -ill V -i^ <^^r)
VM j^tji jv*ai
ai 6'^>^i oi '^^^ t>i*-JI •ji>Vl (^l^ (»^i |*-^lj c ^^A^/-ft oA\
c ** "*
« . jU •^j v~^ i^-*^ Jl (♦-*^^"J (ffc^fj (»^l>*tj ui*>^l aj^.]
^ jrvSSJ ^IP i-Vjf ^ >l ^ l^ .U*iA^ci ^^^1 Oi U* l-J^
A^ Sy^J. IjjUj lj,'^\ J*f Ji^ ^ >J _^^^| ^1 J^i IMA
O* ^1 Sr^jj JU--1 ^ Jjl Xp 4Sjj^ Jl (H*5l^J J>^1 V.>^ (>
Jp V^f oilij Xp Hj^ Ji J^jj J_^L .jJL.fj ijW Ji Ub>I
Jii of Jp -da:*- ^ P^U- iJU£ J ^>J| ^ ^|_^ J^bj . . .,
^J '^j-A^^ ^JT lj2J-j aJUiipI OlSl* j>. t3l>— 1 i^f Oe IJ*it JLa:;!^!^
VSJJ <j^^ (il -ilJl ^ ol^f vl-vi a*^l> ^y *JlS:£ iJlp ^. Lip ^1
Ytt-Ytr^y .>LljjJlvill,j-A>(YW)
^^ A^U> Ji iJj_^ S:,^ ^ J <^^A)^^^j, ^i^ j^^f j^_
4 Jsi-'-r^' sH-^' C-^3^< ^jiJ -y^ o> aJjIOjP ^^1 4Ji^ J.>
jUtll ^LJj i_-ii^ ,111. of 4_-JL-P ^ ^ -L-::^ i^JUl vi->»Jl
^X^l Jl > i^iJt IJUjt oUf l^ i>^ SjijJLl J::,^ of ^ ^^i
jjvidl ^yi^^ lA^^\ JjU U.J .if^"^! y,^^\ iplt JJi J yjj5-,
jib^^V ^J^j^\ J>^^l .^jL^^ <^^*>^^jUJI jlyi JLs-f ^Jb l^
Jai ot , . . . 4)il jup jj^Vl ^Iku-lB : J^i ^ . Jtl OjP. .^P J Sjjj«
V>-f L^Ji ^)i .iji^\ iUJl j.^1 UJiaLl JjU-j . . . .ly,^\
oJli ,y cJLif JLs OlS" .-iSjll ^L.J of j^lP ^U- ^^^ ^ gf >>Jl j^f SjLL
AAV ^Idl J^l
^ •* *■ p*
J-t^JJ . ui^lj *^^ I^JJ -J^-*^ V^^ 'jjl^^ *ji3=V' J^'^ '^I' ^J* ■ ^JJi^
j»J . ^^, ,Ui v^' jSljJi-1 Jt)b>.N 4^t j_^l iiii-l iiu*j
J\^\ ^Sj^ ^li »ji> J^^^l a- t^' o-^' ^^ J^' -f^ i^
.^^^AV/-JkoAr i-.
jAp <L«^ J1_j1» 3ijj*» 5jjJ>- (J^\S:i»-l ^ <»^j^ ^j-^jil "-^./^
V^J USjjili aU^I (Jp 4„diL- iJlp ^1 k.^i c*^ cJL>- iJl>o»
-.l-Jt J^ ^ aj , . , .» .:^'''>c5jli^ oi' J>2i dlii ^
U Vli IfUf i-i^p<u JU . A^^Y\ ^ ^JjH L« (Jp- ^:^^r^ "^^ ^•^s^
Cv^iA ^ Oj*s- ^l >l5j .,»^1 4JlJi L^ ly^J V, i^cOJ J-f
JjUj ^f!>U ^j -^fU. :a>. j^' .-i^*.^ UU SJU ^1 ^jj ijU Ufr^^
iSj^ Cy) «/^. ^ 1^ .Ui^vij Jjkv-^L -^^Aitlljjf JL^I l^l jL-
*!>UJl^i juJI aJI iSjJ *!>! cr^j *l^^l c-i^ U.j» :<'""'*J^. ^
t >
:<^^^>i^bJj| ^1^ Jji dUS ^ .U2i>l J 5Jl^ ait > *UaJ|- JJ
ijjll ajUlc cJLS" jjJL.| ^j^ L^JUflj L.J l>iJ=lrl •'i* «l>f ^^ • 'i»jjt« Sjejir
oJ ^\ i^LJl cJlS-j .ibJij JU-^L LL^f j UU^ ^^ t^JUj t^JUl
. I . jj^l v^>il J (^^ *UiU Tju^Jcj
01^ . iijj^ tiJJ \j:^ j;yL- t5j?>^l^V VjaJ ^ UIp ^^^Lp U Ljl^^
.^..A^lj ^^\j jJUoll ^ (YYV)
t->^-J-i JjLi. ^Uillj ^tiLJIj jjjLJL i*j^js>« <ijM iSjKa:i\ j\>^\
d tsli M J^ ^j j ^, f. ^i ^j . «j^ SjjjJ- t^^^l oUxdlj
^jj*. cJl^ Liyl J ^Jb-^l Jbs iUoljl XiLlj .yiJLj ^ «U-t JU
LiU*^ SL.^|j .^^jli ^l,j ^j\i ^U \cy» 0^- 5JLJ-1 c-Jl^
l^ ^ i*UJr^* J^^l OlS'j . ^1 Sl> ^ Li]f yLp i.-i> *Jl*rJlj
.Jpyu "-oljj L»jjL.j \j\S \^j» b^'^j •'^^ oy^j Ujp i^j*r^
jsii^ij jjUlij ^j^ilij ^uiij ^t)Uij jJM-b c^^b ^-J^i ^b
oUlJIj ^L.^Ij cJ^Ij ^jjjJI .iJUaS'j . AJLP •Jbi.L N *^ JU-lj
<*^^>K . {.Uyi ^ S>lj ii^j ^LiJl jjiL^j ^\j JjjJIj ^l^'^lj
UJ-1 cJl^ .<^^^>^j,ai^ 4^f ^ ju*^ ^f ^\j ^^Ui tLy-l ^
V*-^ ^>*-t^l ^l^' •■»W» Jj^ -hy. iSAh *ij^. ^'j* ^ '^J^
.^j^aAP- ql ^ oUi^ JUjc^ ^! r^^l <ij^\ oIjaJI •iL* ;JjJj
OjJb-^l J^j .i^L o^j>- J cJ^:^ iJb >J ^ iJLj-l OjL-
J*Sl* i>J^l ^^S ^ oi^^lj (jjl^* ^^V-Jl SjAp I^U j*i .4*^1 l^
Jbill J l^^-JiJi -^^^i^jc Jill JLp ^[ -^^j .At)UII (^t j^l ^ lT^J^Ij
oall cjU jUj .Jsa» ^^^ j»i ^^1 ^i _^r, t^iijji j^ i^ii^
Mi jJLo jlj c^j cJU:-JL* t^JU IjJia ^1 sIjpj sU^Jl l^ cJ»Ut»
UiVl J ^Vb t^jjJj ^Ul U-tj ^^t^ ,^j ^1 ^Uj ^s
.<^^*)^L ^LJi djiui ji Lxs-j i>-r, ^Ul ^>J . V^l^
V'jif <>• V^ > ^> pi'l -Jjl^ ui^ -^t ^ij ('J^l ,,** *1 Jli
J>.a» *LJI L.ti .t^jU-^l *La J JUJrl Jp J:S\y. iijx. ^^ ^jUij
^ bbrt lji;2lj pH*_Hl^T (^i-^ '^f -^ <^ cy ^^ Jl cr*^' 4
J\^'ij l^ Vlj^f I.^j4:JI l<>^ uiJ>dl of tiiLj .fjJl Jl viUi^
-i^b Usyl j^f > v^ Jjjil of jL^^I 4j*l>.j» :^IJI iuliLi
YY^ - YYA ij^ ui"i:-jll y»i J'ji- : i^Uill ^1^ - V W ^^ JiUl jXjLI (Yro)
Yo
SiLi Jp aU?-* ^^UI UJiLl *)jp ^ ,aJ^\ J\^\ Jp L3lj ^^jSJl'
L2;^t| j :L:Lp ^I Jba3 JUi.-i ^UUi JU. ^^^UJI UA^\ J^^
iJL^ ^1^ ^>. jL-j 4_-.i:. iaJli-l oU JLSi JiJr\ U . Ud>l
/^ Jp ^Jlj XP iJL^I :i:iJL. Ji aJI^Ij ^yUi .1^ .^j^\ «-4Jt>
Y^r' o^ Yt5 ^"t-f^V* ^^^ -^^^ "**' jup JU^-^^Y
aJ,{^LaAa\^j L^j Sjljiuj d\jjtii\ Jl jL. ^ .A^ ^\ ykj ^^jliJl
Vj-*JI ^'Iji-^ 27*^ '^--^ 'J^ ^^ Oi' ^^ 'J^ lii J-^J
^j^- ^ J>«.^L. ^wi of ^ uf jjuji ^ti -ai> J:)U iLU-i
c^ *»jj uM-^i ^^ -^ '*^^ J^ .UUpfj ^j3 Jp LJIj ^^j^^\
.^o^l ijjx. jUoJ. ^^L iUi .iJlp ^U JUJUI ^jJaiw ^ *;S3
SjLji ^.a>.jll ^ ^jli ei'i/l iujt AJbaJ J^jli .,_^U iijjL, ^ i^
-^**''>^^( ^> ^.aaij j^f^ 4Jlp ^1 Jb:.ti t^UUlj oUiii
YA/-* n . Y i- JjVi ^j ji^ cy "^"^ ^y. i^ ^^' ^^^^^
_ oA - aV ij^ iJLJl i^^iU- :^UI _Y«V - Y«n ^ i^x^\ JU-I :^ajVl(Yt«)
A. Bell: Lcs Benou Ohanya P. 128
^ l--aUl JU-I :^^juVl -YY. -Y>n ^ r J v>^lj OUI :i5jlji* ^l (YtY)
«-:^*i>«* • '>rl3 i^M-i (^y> ti o^^ ^*^ a* Vj^^ . ^ > t • « j>j;£^
^v^^ ^^ (1)15" .AJiU o^j ejUoJtj «Xif. jsl Ja J2i .:LJIp ^l «^l
JLrj ,_,.suo ^j 1^ . x^ oi cr^'j L5MJI ui (> Vl^J -H^ '^^^
t^^:;^ OJIS- Vi Uj JJ <'*''>iu- 6i-r^ ^^ ^.^^ J^^' Jl a-^'>
Jfi OjJU>-^l JLijf .oM'iilj ^Idilj jai Jl^t ^ LiJt yt* 4JUJ J*
j^ j>JLi ^.o^-^l ^l^ j.^'yij uJ-l uy 431^ jrj^ io^l 4lj b\^
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghanya PP. 129 - 130. 206 - 207
A. Bell: OpcU P. 131
. <^t>')2-y-l ^l ^yu OlSj ylSJl ^\ ^1 Oja>.jll
dJi ^L, J^ Jp l_^jl ^* .iJlp ^1 Jbrj ^ t^^^l jl^ij Uj
jlj*-f Jj>- *^jiAj ojlm^j cJjj t^t a^l i*^l^^>«i Ul^ tils' (jiJJl J>-^l
. ^''^U^J^ Ai\j IJU 6J^ ^y^ JJ.J hj^\
^^ j_^l J so^lj Af>- Jp oUL:;>Jil ^j jUUi <j _rM\ ^^ . ^
l^j pr^.t ti -l»i-i .^ ^-Ijrl l.^j .,^ oW>lj c^l ^
j-jJW- (J-r Of Jp *:«~ij ApLij t^jWl ^ Jp Jjij .-u \ji^[i OUVl
. 01^ vl-^ ^ ai l/n-i OT Jl oi^^jll OUT J l>^^ oUl l_^JLi^
4I*j>-l ^j*^J . OUu AjJL^I AUJL* ^ ^->»v»J y^ c5jWl ^2H (J^ j'"*^
JOu c^^f O'yii) :a] Jlij ^^Ul iViJJ iIpUJIj *^f^l ^jLij JlxJI f.^1
Ynn ^ Y J Y'{;_^ f!5L-Nl iij:> :6Up jflftl JLi^ JU-t J^\j - Y^A ^ jJUJll ^-^ (Yi^)
A. Bell: Les Bcnou - Ghanya P. 132
cJU^r-j j*\A\ ^l^t l>^ OlijJ Uti» Ci\Sj .iLj^\ SJJ.1 tS W-^ (^1
t^jUJl CA U* ^Ul JJii SJU ^1 ^^ ^1 t5jUJI ^ ^> l^^l^
oJ ck '^^il J^^J ^.^' ^Wl c==^'» :<^**>OjaU ^1 J>j
J^ *4i— .^ Ujvj Jilj AJJI«- aL/»jj -0151* ^jj 4iJfc» ^jPi <^ t$J^'
^ ^) Y"vn j^ Y o r^ f!)L-^l *3ji :Obp Al X* JU* - YtA t^ "V -^r j-Jl
.(YYtjYY* ^ viJliJI ^1 V>J-I ^W ^t*-'''^
\ >v ^j^ ^>;j U(>i c>" «i o-JJ^' (Y*»^
a* jiu gu . . . .-u* 6i' ^ Jj -AS vi^ ^ ^ ois-j ... .iji^i
M Lc A«,^l o^iL^I j^ "j^jj *lAi t>-^t •>2lx» jv^l J-j^ . Oi'^J^'
of JUj i*-.(^l ^liai*^l e>«ia»tj aJjJ l^^^ti .X^ ^^ JU^^ ^^ jj«,
•*-^ Jj^J (Jj^k- .,r+- J h;^^ 'K^X^ j-^LJl UJliLl J_p:.3
■^j^^ ui^'l^l (>• U«» «^^ a- c?^ iJ* 2^A^^ f >Y»n jiUi/_A n»Y
jy^ oi i-A-i^ hM U'j ui'^j .^j>i (»A^j Uj^ p. j^f |^»
Jp U!)U J^ :U^ ^ ^f l^ ^Ufj ^_^- i;iJL. J Jj:i ^ ^V^
A. Bell: Us Benou Ghanya W, 132 - 133
Jp Jjiw-li ^j:j j^\:i\ *i^\ i.l3i J^jU- -u'l_^ 4Jlp ^j^l ilp
AfL^-j -^yj "^.r- o^J J* ujjjiti .j_rijl^ '•Ij^ L« Ji *ijlk. c3l>^l
iilSj 4--yij JL>- JaTj iJaUixij j*^i^,cy V^ oi' Oi^jtf't J-s«»t-<l»
1^%* ^ J^t 4Jb>i 4::jVj > y.:^^. N Ot ^j .-u^ i^J -Wj^
iiJljUl J«._^ t^JU. ^1 <> *L,iilJ ^«sJJl JSu J AJlS" SX. ^^j olji*-
OjUjuj <«-• O.^^-*-. ^JJI XiL-l 4.^ jb;^ ^fj ,ajjP Ulj viUS ^
j^j -JU-j ti^ ^ LJIj ^ J*^ aJL j^Ur iUiLl ^t» .4JU
A. BcslL Opcit PP. 133 - 134 _ \ Y ^ ujib-JJl CP*"' * sT^J-^" - ^VY j YtA ^^^
_ ^^r - \^ Y ^j^ Y ^ Uoai-'ifi : i^j^LJi -\r-\r ^ ooiJj^i j«>' : lt^jjH
YV. ^ Y i5 Y^ f:>U*jll ^ja :Oliii Jjl ^ a^jt
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghanya PP. 209 - 21 1
j»^i i^^, i».fj wail J ^IdJ j^J^j ^y Ji iU ^* , ^L ;ji,^jL,
Jjs*^ J- V->^^ ^^ oi' (!::* L*2^lj o^y cy *^^j^. jI-» tJu^t U
^1^ ^Ul 4i±L| Ji .w, ^y Ji :.Ip j^» , J|_^^|_, ^idLI ^ U
t^t ^1^1 i5JiJ-| ^ .iV^I ^ ,jLip| J ,j^^ ._^j,_j ^^i^ .^
> *Ui4JI ^gai-.. 0- -J-^^ J^ • l*2e>l i> Ulj -Ujt ^f ^1 JJi. of
Ul vi^jj i.'byi J j\yjS)l\ a:j. US»jj 6j^ clou dUJU .iJl^ Oi'
OtJIj jbii ^1 4JU UiJU «^l^ . *U«*ilj JLiJy ^^Ij J-iLlj JUL
A. Bcll:OpcitPP. 211 -212
X^ _ oA - <»A ^ ijadi i^tjU ly^Ul _ >£ _ ^Y• ^ odjjJI ^.jU :^ri5'J^I (Yll)
YW- YVY ^j^ Y J r^ f!>uyi :iJ,i :OLa'aJ»I jl*
A. Bell: Les Benou Ghonya PP. 142 - 143
A. Bell: .0^ ^ jxA\ ^ l^Ul >Jlj - YVA ^ n.* jjJl :OjaJU ^t (YnY)
Opcit pp. 143 ■ 144
iJL>-jll ^L.LL-1 J:ij i!>Uli Ou^. JUfj ^^1 ^>. ojUijLj 4j\ji,
JU^ \A ^\ L2i>f Jlj villi ^ .(.05^1 ^ -uio ^l^ oil J^
.oy»U Ji jL-j x^ cjt ^l S>^r^ Jt>.ti jl d\j^ lit J^-JI ^
gt Ji^Jl Jp LiJ^U:- Lv>^ sUi aJIp ^I ^ Jldi pJl ^ d\S 1^
Uw- oybL; iJJU Jp i-lijj v-i^l .jUiitj ajU ^1 Jj:-.li .J:J
OU.Jb- Jp IJIj 61^^ lit J^, j^li\ UJL^I Ot i5>t Ailjj >il
SJLS cJJuti . iJlp j^l JIjOJ Jbcu-i JLy-fj o'^j Jl Dlj^ ^t JjJI jUJ
aU Jp ^_j^j icjAl -u ^jti p>«iLli 6l^r^ lit X^\ U-lij ifJl*^ Oi'
4 *^^ ^yuu jJ^\ J ^jj Al^oU- ^ 6lj*P _«t a-*Jl w ^ .> t: ,.^U . -t.tjs;?-
A. Bell: OpcitPP. 148-149 _ YVA lYl^ ^\^^ ^ 'j+'j J-»-^' U-*^ : Oj-Up^- ^i' (^"^i)
^Ji:^^ J:^ ^y^J ^ .\^\J»^\ cj^j U^j '*j"l>*i l*J^-vi OUUj
tiJlp ^1 olS-y ^ji 015- JUjt lit ^1 Uj^l Jlj ^ .Si^l
u-^l> ^h^ Jl ^H^ <>il >» .*5>t A. jJ-fj AiA^ jjj, a^jit^\i
i^r ^1 Liyf Jlj Jlxi Jp I^^^^U .^.Jl>.jll JbX J jjLidJ *^^l
^ .d^Ujj ^Lij ciy^j ^,^ij V*JJ C^J lP^ (Hi* "^IS" .S^
AkJ?L«ij 4:l^\ ^j^j 4j\jaj ^l jUi JUj£ bt ^^1 viJUi iJj
Yt^ ^ n^^l :6jal>.j;.l-.Yr* -YYA ^ jJUoll ^ :(5j1JLp ^i (Y"v*\)
YVA . YVAjYll J ^An ^ *>Llj jJUall ^ :c)jAU ^l (YIV)
A. Bell: Lcs Bcnou Ghonya PP. 150 - _ ^^Vj ^^n ^j^ *jJrlj jJUoll ^ r^jOU^i^jl (YIA)
151
(»JL- j>ij «_>y> 4^ ^ «-jiJlji9 JUaJl JtjU jJjO^-jJU jUJij o^l
«iAU ,j,.^Upj v_j^I ^Uii Jp l^ji-lj tUif ys* V*^ ^^f ^^
OliCi , «^jJ*Jl fijU^l 5^j-J-j AjilSj iJlp ^j^l jL>-j ^y^ J^ -^-^ ***>^' ci
U^J*^ ^Ji^J '^H^ iji' c5J^I i>l '^-^J »j'>- C?*^J l>» t^ (5^A^
a:t-( i}jXkj. ^LO-I ^^L^ V^ ^1 cJ^h :(^^'>6jJlU ^>jI J^^ dJlJi
l^j jj-Iho* j^I Jp Ijjlii i^M- ^\ irjA L-yj J-sr J*t ;fJl
Jl 4^^^ ^Jj>- ilpfj Alljij jU-i t jJLjl^ Jp j^JL>-jli j^lj ^t5^t -^
A. Bell: Lcs Benou _.tVo -YVf ^y Y<3 f^ f^Nl %» :0U* il ^ A*^(Y■\^)
GhanyaPP. 151- 152
A. Bell: Los Bcnou Ghanya P. 152 _ S^n iy» *jJrlj jXA\ ^JJ^^ (YVS)
"(to o^r<i <^J^\ OUI :t5jlJP ^1 (YVY)
. <^^''^>«-oL. ^;^ .L-tj -d,j ^j Jb^li, i-uj UJ ^ jUjJl
6- V^l cPV *jll«> ^-^^'l^i J-^ J^t ^1 Ujyl ^^\j jl^
Jl> Uj^f o^iw-lj LJL>f Jljr-f vUUJb c..»JU^ .iJli ^*if ^»^JL*L*.
J-j^l uV'ly ^\ villi . ^jti. Iji^iL ^ ^ ^^, cy v^i^ vy" -^
^j Oi*t- t>» ,»j' . ^ > ^^ . /-A OAT *!-. l^f iPiU^ ,_^l3 a:jA* J*
^j:=r -<l>li>^ viiJj a*j ^j3\J j:uMh :JUi viUJL ^^^1 ^
cHJiJ «^brti oOJj JJ o>i, Of J:.^J ^ jJL^li .4.U1, ^ji ^
viu^ Jl :JUi ?b l_^j^. ^.t Ji Oof L .aJ^l ^ ju ^^j ^jj^^^
^j>-jii c^u!>u 111.
yi ,4l* OjJb-^l Jl:ii d\ dji iji-ajW ^;^>i»:^-^ ui-^jJ-' 'J'W V*->i
OwL A»> JS- p2J ^^ .J> SJip Jl oMrl (►^-^ "^l ^^ oj' <>
iiJU Jl viiJi Jp *L :>UJI ^t JL-JI jL- ^* . -Op AUai) la^ *i>
(»>^l* tiJlp ^1 ^Ijj JbJ ^.t Jl-Jl Ol jl- Ic^ -lT-J^' J^^-? ^^^-t^.
^1 Jbf-y .ojly. JJL5 A*. v-^'-J V^ *>i^- ^^^ t^^ '^'^ ^'
.cjU^tj oo:^ \^\ Ji2^j V^ Oil ^Jt: ^^^^ .^^YYi/^nY^
A. Bell: Les Bcnou Ohanya PP. 165 - \6S . \\\t - \\-\ o^ "^ ^ J^'' • ^J"^ Oi^ t^^'^)
.<^^'*).^l:>. U^r c^ ^lii ^^a>.^! ^b^ ji jiiiji
^.J- Ji~ JbJl (-l-JI Jiljf J plai UJU ^tjLi-.'i/l ^ ,^,5^:;, of Oji
^Jj; l>i .L^ i^_jii\ ol^sLl jjij Jb:.r ^ .s^ ^*>^U 4iU^
^ Jliil jj^j ^ j iijl^l AJ>i , ijp^l ok^j Sj_J| ,U 4:^ t jbj
^ Al Xp a*^ Lf Uiyl iVj Jp aJK- .l^j ^. \YYn Vji/-* TYr
.U^t cl^j .*i^lj ^U Jp LJlj ^ l.^j Lt .i^f ^ ^. ,^^.
U[i^ ^1 Jlxil jj^. of J»1 xp x^ jA jujULi ti^i ^^|_, ^r^
'Jj^ c>V c>^ ,v^t*j il Ji JLJl ^UJl J jLi ojUJf Jp ^UiiJij
1^* .i.^1 Jl cy.^^ (H^jfj j.^j~i Jp o^ »*hI^ oil Ji sjUd.1
tUl^f ^fj ibUu i:iX. jyu-U t^Jlp Oil ^ j:)UI ibji^.'i/ jL.
A. Bell: Opcit PP. 166 - 167 _ > i ^ ^Oj^J-JJ' C]!jl5 : ^r^Jj3l
A. Bell: Les Benou Ohanya PP. 173 - 174 _ > ^V ^j^ 1 j- _^1 : ibjOU ^^1 ( VA « )
o** „ Y.t _Y.r ij^ Y-^r Uai-VI :t^^Ul _n. ^ ioJl i^^jU- :^Ul (Va^}
A. Bell: Opcit PP. 171 - 172 .r/^ -YWo ^ \ J tf^ f^sUyi iiji : OU*. AIjUa
.<^^*)*l^,>«^l Jl o:.^ j^ ioU> j^l ijU»e J^fj ^ji :,- Ally.
a2i .j^^JLp U^'j oi-^^' J^ ^^ -^ ^^ «>{' i^- (^
^,,4JL^ j^ti JlxaJl ox^ ^j Vi^ Oil o^ ->^*^' ^ ^ •"'-''^'
^ i;^j 4i^-^ ^ ui-i"^l ^f u^>^l '^^'^J'^ •'T^'i" ^^ «>* ^-'^
•\S j^ yJI L^tAsi ty^Ul (YA4>
.^U^ iJ^ Jl dJUJb 0^ L/J uj vi-Vl Jl l>*J>j ,xi*j ciub lOU:-
.Ji^ j*JI ,>. ^>«i» Ot Jbu ^_;Jl^ ^;;Sa* of Ji v'k-Vl bJUS" U lux.
cJb-lj iJjat -Jf -Atl A^j t^JJIj J^t :U4 <^^^)OjJiU j^l J>ij
\,'%M'i\ 6y^. VV-i* ;)■.•»»->* 'i**'**
tj ^.Jb>.>l Jp ci^ljjiJl^ ui-JjijVI aI^jJI ,yu>j t^i^jUl ^^ ^Isll
i^ uwL^ r*^*^-^ *!<*•>" *'^> «>^ 'j^^ r "^^-^ "^^ <^
i
Lw. ^Juy\ J_pVI >iJl c_^U» OUJL. ^jjf Jit .Jb- tiy .i^
Jji-I jJl;dil >»>- U ol ^ .4a^ i--^! 6jbf ^"U ._* tU
. t*^'*)'^!^ JpVI >iH ^ j^ti AJj^l U^Ut ^ Jp
5j^' i^> *3jjJl ^-V- >«r ^f -^l 34^' r ■■*->* «^ -'^ ti^ «-^'
f^_j«^ Tjljls 01^ u^-^ 4f> ^Y^v/-»'\^t ^^ J-^ -^^^ ^li J-a»
,y.*>. jLj, a3U.^ jj^Jlll ^jbJl J jUi . j^.x:sr u^ J* Oi-^^^
(Y^^v
.^.J^^l Ji. a:j_^* ^l>^ ^ 3^ ,:;il o^L- J*l>p '"^ iil^
cj»^ji >.|jt J ^^^^\ ^UUJU j-^iJbl^j uwJoiVi ia^ ^i o*^
,yuo ^ i^jUadJ Jjldl J.li. ,>*JI j*.*-^ ^Ui ol^l JiJUiL
cy <y^ J^ ^J Cj^ o-^' ua olj^l oytjjij ^i->.|jVl ojjisi
. ^y-J (.^i^l ^-A. Jp j»:j ui-.ji 4^t ^\j JUjt <u-.| xJLl uiU»t
^♦^t i^lj wU^ j,.^^^! 0>;j .lit ji;l ^yc jji^ Jp SajJI Jub t__^
x^ A-JJ Uin :(^^*)JUi iy. ^\ ijji ^[jj ^_^ (^jtJ~\ ^S
^, uw-J^Vl ^l^t ^ a>.t iJli il ^ ^j ft nVe iL- i^ ^^
^ v-^ tJii*Ji sjL; cjuii j>. ^\j ^i,[ ji Uj^t ^^jj jlpI_^i
^JJV! dUr 4jt lijb iy. ^1 >U. J jl)| ^jti .^jj. ^ *!>._,
. ((Aj jt. ^ ^ dJUJU ^IjjJ-j
(.a^l Jl ^^U cii^L p^. ^ J_p ^'jt ufj tiJju-, ^LS"
^>- 4P^^ 4j^i cuiS J^^ ,^}JM UtlS IS^^ ^bfj ,^1 01^
^^^}> : <1 JUj ^jjS/I JJpU S:»Li 4Jy„ of > ^1 jiiy . ^il^
jl-y J^ oil jL- j^' . i6^*^ Jpj dU-L jJoJl ^jt Ji Sjilix ^Vl
o^jJl j^j-jj j^JUVl lLLU-^ 4jt (vJ»*^^t? ojUNL ^l:^JJ ojUaJ? ^y«
Ja cA*J h:^ dj^b jL-* V-y* ^-^ <J^ %^ dy^ ^^ iS^J . (t-r^
u.^ou.j y ^^^ ..bj^ V-L^ a.b L^b V^ ^^j j^
ill ^.^•--w,.,..ll ^_^UJI iLUJd i_ii^-> Oi'^J^ "M*^' C?*^ nJl^'J-l
S. p. scott: Moorish Empire V.II p. 348 Y'^ \ _ r^ • ^y» X J
r*'\-r'A^ Y^*lj-JI ^kU-l ijlj-^l ^t_N\^^ jll«J,l^jjJl :,^j-J-KY^A)
^''' ^><:)!)Lp^ villil -L^ lij* Ir't^ •■>.»>H f^5*— pf :»>--J' A_-!iL-pf
Oj^ill iljlS" Jlii . dy<i\j SJLj^JI -C <-JLIajj t irjAU aJLu O^tll iiJliJ-l
^^1 ^ Ui^ J ^Ij tU~Jil ijJb. j>. Ally. D^tll iLULl jL.
a
>f Jl v^j (*'3f' cr^' ^^ ty.*^ <^>*tii f-j^u .4-^^ ^jU. iy*
•-^JJ •*>* drt' ^f ^'^ ^J» :^^**^Jjfi» t)^ ^1 ''^ -Ujt Ut
^^>. L. Jp - O^-Ul UJliLl Ijip ji JiL.ji OlSj - y-r^ii a!>LJ1 jjf juj(
cJjj i^t -u-JI Q^j^ *^jj V-^ ^^J Oi-^^' -^i* 0^ (3j-^l ti
(—J- Jj^\ lil jiLi of ^*ii Sja*JI Jl jjj*JI .ULij Jp C)\Sj dUi *>I
V-j^ (Jl >>jjb ^>* oi' '^i* fi* "^y" J V-^* »>• *i>* J** •»>* ai'
. »lkJl ^ Jj>.fj Alj^iJi A^Jii.U
AfS^\ ►Ipjix-.L iJL-il ^jtasr j iVJ^ Oj^tll (l)i JjAJ ^Ls«aiJ k^jj^ •>i*
. 4J[ eijili ^JLxjj AaAAi 4-1^ Albs' l^U Jijfj AjUiM*J ^^j-iPj iv-^' ^U
Jl ^^ Oil J^ l3j-iJl ^ jL- (»J* .**'^lj ^J *i»^> LTi^ ^1 (♦-^Ij
jS'L-*ij As~'>* til yj ■*>* *I;i' rir** ^JJ^ py^ '■^' '^^ .^UJ
^p^U (iij^tLl ,2,53, Jbi ^. ^1 *;f t5^t iiljj Jj .-uip J ^.^jll
^j^ djt AiJL j_Ai .J>» j>>l J* *UiSili j;^* J^ J t^JL^Ml
(.iSiNlj -w-^ JP *Uiil J:-! 0- V-^' dl J^ ^. -^b U^
J. F. O'callaghan: A History of medieval spaIn p. 339 <V* V)
/- - V>^l Ji j>^' ^^-^•^t ^^1 ^. -^Jf J:*" -^y^ Oil ^f
/^•^)iyh ;;.N U^Upj L^p^Ij ULpfj U.Li ijju.j >i
oWr 4'j «^^ --^y* *>i*^ **^'J *V>^' «^ls^ ^^.-J^ '^j ^^^^^
aL- iijx. ^ JjUi CijA\ *>UI Lf iiJULl of dUi .iyk ^N *Y^lj
C^^. »>• ^>-t >i Ji* (^-^J r^i^ :(^ J^ .-J^l J*f ^J ^i
.iyb ^;;.i i«L. |^:>Ij1 Of ^jj^li . 5»^'lJlpt ^ Vj aIII aIOp-J ^ a^V
l^t }^\ ^ .i^ ^ji'y «^UaJlj *N^I iJL-ii *ii->-' ^^ v:^^f
eJ^,^ ^j£ \y>.^j Aj^\ ly^j^\ ^\,\ -a(_^ 6_^[LI iAjlil-l j,w^
l^j^Jlj hJ^^\ ^jjJl ;pli» Ij^JU:. Ot Ji JJtJij JUJI ^^iSoi Jji^L;
••*->* O^' Ji -^ ^*=^ *-^^ oi J^. y^ "-r^ ^ -^.^j^t *ij-J^Jl *^^
Us-ii J*^ Jl V^' V'j^r *y 0^1 J^^ ^J-^l -^-^ <>-^' J^f J-J^
APUi-l ^j^ ^^ jUjp^ij ipllJl Jp j^^pUi^N itifJij ^^1 4U->
^^ ail O^ ^ /^*'>i.a>.^l SjpjJl (.^.J:.:^ v-LJl Sy^JL ^Li Jpj
^ji VN /^ ntn i^ OUi.j ^ J W>- Icrai V-^ V>i-I til J^^
Oj--tll iiJUl-l i£_>A ^ iojll o>-.ti eJi> iJ^ i::Jy^ |. ^YY^
f^li *i . <^'^aU ^ i^j I^JIp ti<i t^jJJay SjjL. ^^jJL. *:pii» ^1 L:J>-Jii
Jp J.^c>J .;>jA ^N ij>liJlj **^^l '*ij.\ iiJU viJUJi:? cJIpT
^y ^pUaJlj *NjJl iiJL. ijJ^ cJLpt ,»j* . .^j,*-^^! ^ Jil xp Lt IpVj
ipU, J a1.U> iu,JL. cJL.^i jvS .0^3 ^ -Sj! xp U l^^U ci^ tjj*
j^i ^Jii .iyk ^1 i*U» J ^JGVI Oa^j J^\J ^ o^^ I>1^
S. p. soott: Moorish Empire V.n p. 348
YVV^ {.:iL_pVl JL-^t :v*l'.-J-l o-i' -^Y^^J^ t2^j-:-Jl :<:jj'A1^ o^U^^v-)
^OJ^/I j^.jLj :j-L--lf ..i-.>i -\r. -\Y^^ Yjr *1»^VI _YA.-YV^j
. > Y^ ^ Y jr ii'i'-'yi : vM» .y.1 (^>^)
_m >iJi:ti J^i
dUL. ^ l^ ^ojVI i!>l cior^i :<^^^>i^^UI djh .<^^^)0U3JI villi
• «*=rj J^ J i-^l |*^j It: j^'^l ^y» oil ^ (i^Liij t;>i^jll
. gULf !iL-j ^1 i,Lj cUUL-j i^ Ait:.\i>[j ^xVl
sVj ^y LA, t^Jj Oi -U^ jI^j ^y-^l O-p ^jp:-! Jpj _^jj ^ ju*
iL.X.j v-^ ^>A^ iJlp L. l^ ^JjVI :>'% dJULc iy» ^1 ^^^f
j^li ^ Jjl a-P yf Jl Ll;? -:>>* ^1 Jc* ^ V-^ Jlj - ^Ik^
4 Jj^^l Jp ^:>yi ^ OL, j J_j^ U ^_,,d^ io. ^ . 4^ .^J,.^
uwU.ij ^ojVi JaT i^ oLj j^ _,ir dUJb c---i5:j .^^jji *iju>r
.(Y-vnj YT\ ^ ijitui^i iJji J.IJ :i^ a^f
^j^:* ili^ ^:^l sa>J ATiy. JUliii dUL. J-^j ^ -W* *!5^i-Vl
.(Y-YY)^ly^ iUj iLJ jU«- o* •*>* l>i^
t)f Oji ^^t «^ *l*j j-^' *^ (> '-^-^ b*-.^ Vr^J **'*'^
0^0.1 UJULI ^ ^»i .jUJ-l i-jUuj :»^wJi Jp *^l- ^ ollJ.lj
jUi^ iljSi .^(^ Ai,JL. Jt^ p-fliudl iiJli.| *w«^ ►tiLu-l dUi *liJt
Jl liUo^ aA^\ J>-.f oSfji ^1 •'^'liJ ^-H^. ^j* oi^ <i->
t\v^ ^5^;i.l^•yl :vJ^< c;{' -tot-tor u^ "^j:^' ="^-^ oiUftr)
B. Meakin: The moorish Bmpiie p. 86 _Y\0-Y\t o^ Yj^Uoai-Vl : tij^WI
.0^ ^^iiJJ Jjji :<^^*>vskl-l ^1 Jjju vUUi ^ .fej*- J*f -i-JLi
'^^''V oi*^ *V>^'-) ^^' ^ ci^l J'liJ ^.-^ ^^ cJUf
^ ^ i^lj^ ^a;Vl Ji i^j ^l^j ^yS.\ t^ IxULi ^y. j^^r ^
AU ,,-yaxJLl iAA^\ J_i ^ N^j iljUu ^ Cats JUS3b ^_jmi
cM' 4b • crJ-^'i" ^.Vi ^^ oi^ -J^" vl=^ J*« <^lSi . ^UJI
iij^ J Ji£ij iyk ^1 d\^ .iJULlj iJjLlj c^li^l ij^lj CjkAJ,\ ^\
Cj* 4^M-I c^I «^f l*i '^A u« *'-»>-Jl y^lj c:>>-Vl <j ^ :>y.
.<'"^^>li,4JL. Cji OlSa .^l^lj >1L *l^l OiU j^ *_iliSai U\J
^ 3^ !.U*t jli>.| tiJUl A ju^lj, : J, U ^Kll J A^ \£j
^j> L^/tj ti-'jJj^j :^f uis'jtj cMijjfj 1^,.^ ^,^ »^f
. > Y^ ^y. Y ^ itb-^Hj YV^ ^ (.!>UVl JUpI (fY*)
Yg^ JjUl jJ_U.I :tSjMiUI .Y«o-Y«i^j^ Ij;^ J*UI jjL^I :6jjiU ^1 (tYV)
.Y\^o^
.^1 .1 !■ I I — — ^^^ !■ I III! -Umi ■ l-l — B t ■ | „ IM« ■ ^ IIMI II MM 11 ■! ■MIB.II -■!■ H |I — H x >, ■■ 1 ■ ■ -Mill
^yj ^^Uj t fL^iVlj ^LVl JilS-j (^U^Vl j^ ^1 OjP ^1 ^^
j»i^ Ij» :f%Jlj o!5La)I J-^t Up ;;;wiH ^U- jUit (>UVi a*-, ^b-
yl ^^U3i uJ^( ot v^i <i *^ r •^'^^ ^-^ '^^J tU^
g jui^. .lit 5^r j^* t^UI uy J^l ^l^b **Uiiilj *lcJL«Jl i-Jl^j
Jji tj -b Al j^f L tuiS'j-iil Olk-tJl v'>t^ iui«^^l jl^l U*U
I^JU^Ij likU ^ Ija^j jlkll ^ ^>. ^.JJI l>-U I^T ^.iJI l^t
Ob Uu- ^.V bJ IjJIaUt ^,M\j^ :^\^ -d^j t^tlA^^I t* ^^ "^^
^Vl» :^ v^' c3 ^-sjJ <^l ^y* oil V^^ ^' ^4 oi^-^» cf ^'
Jut ^jJl JUbUfr 4(^jLJJI >LsLl J»;l>l J>-*Ji 4^1 j!iU*4is<»Vl
tlJ^I >i ci.Vl uyc c^iai JP .iJjJl j,^ i(.li^l JW cf^^ll
*ilj JL^I h'ij iJUjt^ Lf -c;.! Jdi ^ .<^*)c^lxsai J U/i 3jj
.<>^>Va;Vl J*t Jp i*JI -J Jb^tj .^L jJljll
01? j^^ iljoJl ciyLj J\>^i J ^Vi ciJlili .^t ij>hj tiiljjJi
4Jl^ jTj^ ttji'^ ti^lj ''^-'^ c5j^^I jJ^ -^ ui»<« .tr^JtJVl it>^
AiljL OjJ diU jL« c^ \Yr*/-AnYV iu*. ^ ftJj J :>!>Ul JU^
^iijj cS:»jL. jUa:^ OjJ tiiU iiji" vUUJU tl^-^ a;I^ ^^ dJUJb
^y V-r^^ cr^l o-***^ ^-J^ ^j^ IcTii <^^:-i^ *^^ o^' *^ ^'^f
ijji.,* i3j2>-' -i^ .JIiaJI (i ^^ («-*j ■*>* tlH^ ^J^' cuUii .SijL.
Jp Jji-U \j>,a:iA hS^\ Jju d)jJ .IJUL. iU . i*-iJi ir^ Up «:JjX-.l»
. ^^^"^a-jsAi*- iJ JU Jpj SijL. ijju
.^JUVl it^ Jp »>),^'^ -Gl^ j;u-i j:^'yi j> *)ls-ii liJLL. Jb:-t
J>Jj jT ^ lij^ l^JL>J iyk ^1 JjU j4i t^t iu- »Uj o^f ?iiX.
J* L^T CjA^ JjUl. J.JLJI Jl 'K^A\ o>viU <2jUI^ icj* *i
JyJl 5JIpL-jc SJbf ijJL. Jp ^Wl jJUli^ iJliJti ciJUL. *!>L«-< ^•
S. p. scolt: Moorish empire V.H t • » - 1^^ o^ Y J r g;^ f^T ^■** " "^^ ^'"^
p. 348 - Jf. F. O'callaghan A Histoiy of medieval Spain p. 339
J, F. O'oaUaghan: opcit: p. 344 _ XnV _ Y'\^ ^y r J >^y^\ <3Ul : tjjlip ^l (YYl)
,yu« ,1^ .UJ^ *t>Li-.Vl ^^, f. -csy, OWj *JW .r^^ AJlji
.^^jL.^ JtjL^ ,ji;J-l ^..d^j cTJ j a f - , , t ^ u:^JL^j i_lL_>.j_;
viJiiJi ytjL. jiij^i viLU i>.t ^Js .(. NYro - ^YvrZ-Anrt-nr.
iju- ^ .j^Jp v_-Udlj t^jUaJl *UL 4J J-Ji *y ^ aJ^L^Ij
._ik. ^ uro/^ nvY iu- :»>* o^i Ji 0^ .^ojVi ^ ii>j'yt
vllL. jM-. JU:-.! y^ ^\ y,.^\i .\^^ a^l ^JUaJl i»j_^ JbJuS
uiJf iJU/ojt Ukjl^ii. ij^ 3j_» ^1 Ut)U ^JU |.|^t i*jjt l^JL.
J. p. O'callaghan: A History of medieval spain p. 344 (VTA)
^1 ^1 .\^^^ id jr*J' -^J^^ ui^ -YAA^ J.LJI jX^\ :^$j\ij> ^l(rT^)
Ibid - s.p. scolt: A Hisioiy of jnoorish Empire V.n p. ^ \AY ^J^ ^j-lt^iJI ^J^JJ if' jj
359
S.p. scolt: opcit p. 360 _ Ur ^ o'^Jii o^jj :^jj ^^f Oi'C^t »)
of ^1 IJl* iy^ ^y OlS-j .^1 5JU J^U. J»LJT Jp ^Ul ^O.
.'l^ uu'!^* cJJL ^JUVl Oj-^ t>u cr^ ^bLii ^iUl ay ijil JJ^
^J^Vl j> c^ <^i^li c5>-' c^l 1^ V^>? ^^=^ dAU J<a:o jH^
.<«*>U»y J^b>-! Jp ijA ^1 oJpU- j*i .^ ^I *jjl** c;^ ci*^'j
t^^ lUliiS dill A*iJb 04*; i5JJi Jill tjui A^Pj iyb jIjjI ^jJT
^jjj. i5^ AJluiJ dJLL ^ .4**:>o ajNj ^Tj i!>Ul Jp -dtlai tSA*Ul
5ii-J^ (> Jj=^'j r NtrnZ-A^rr jwi ^i*ii c? jU jii .^J^i
l^ Ji*j Jp 6t>J uiSjJ *;lS3 tijJdl iJor^ *2\jAi i>A <>jl jL->» .*^J
ijJbH fljiJ^Jlj i-J-l ci>U^I tpi JU*JI j^\j'^'4^Jk Jiji» <>
t!^ j>JJ ^jt t^JJI J» IjLi- JOu L.T» :^-.hS3l J ..l>- br OlsCi .Al
^tsL-Vl (»U« Jii^ JJuJI J«rj ttsLJLt jliUi Jp ^j^^j Jt j-j
_^t JjU ^4b:...U (.L.'ifl U^J ^-V* <> (J.j=d •ii»' <^I>^JJ . • -%^
Al i5j2j I ......a.iTj 4j (►^^t^j-J L. Jjti ... uji-jlt jyT j.r^' >«r
ijji>. jup cJji^lj Vj '^^ V'j^J J^ <j^ J '»=s'S^J t,n^i
. . .A^ ^ JJii M ijJ^ JLjC; ^j . . .^-^Jj ^-^ t^l "*»*
^L^l Jli ^y U^jUl ^j\ jM t|JJl JJ-I ^/j3j . . . JiJL ip:.Vij
pi ^LJI 6ii ^^. L- Jjf Vi* '*>^JJ> J Al Jilj SliVlj ^Ij
Vi ^ i_^Ui; Nj JUJI j>p ljJi>-3 Ot *i (vS'y.t; l/j i*Uit
c^\yi\ jp LjL^ ^ ^. ^ ^j .JUp*^i ^ >i a.>ii ,>J->
J. p. O'canaghan: A His- . t >V - t M ^y Y c5 V J^ C^A-")!! Sija :6llP AIXp O^ (rt^)
tcwy of medieval spain p. 344
J. F. O'callaghan! opoit pp. 344 - 345 » ftt - VYt ^y V O ^A^ ^^' ^i^j'"^ O") <^' Y>
SlJ Aly«Ui» j,Ji lj.r*^b ^5^J t>L/ai« ,j--Ul Jp ej-,d5* t IJla llils^
.j^ji ^ jujt ^:jj A^ >:> ^t ^u jji^i Alii ^\ J j^ ^1 ,_a>-
.^ >Yn/-> nrv ix^ ^Ijf t5>-f Sy ^^ ^' SA* ^ a:;53 .:>^ ^^
ijJL. Jl 4:l_^ -CP- jL-j aJL:* jy> j^^l j^Vl ^ljX» .iJliii ciUl
: aJj jJj 4JU»t -
}, F. O'callaghan: A History of medieval spain p. 345 i YY ^
R. Altamira: A history of spain p. 173 (Vt I)
<^ J Jy <J^ Jl -^"^ J'> ^^Ji erl^l cif o-^^' Jl u-J^Vl
.<^'^)(.\\A'\/-A0AY
j Vj^l itjUL. Ij^j Ij^tj ^"^^ t^i^Jip >U^ j^fj ^U ,;^L-
t|Jb-jll V-^ 4'-^ •-^^"^ ^ (wa:*lj S-l^t oJL. jLj Js-if ^t jli
tdi^jt *>-^L^ t3UJDl Jl j\jxj>^\ ol^\j aJIp c-*::x-1j c«^t Ja^ J*
fjj \^Ji SJbt ioJLc JLL.JJ ojkL^ jA v-^ Js^ J^^ o^j'^ J'*^
JL^tj ^^1 ,^j ^-jtnrn ai-. >^ ^ c;ij-i^ij ^jLJi ui^sNi
juJl ^jj xxij jLj Jt:^ j^f jLS"!) :<^**^olip -fill JLp j^^ J^^ 1^
jyj c^ i-t^jJl ooJy .^^li^ h^^j ^^.J Ji^ o} (H-^' (tr^jW
J ojjJb i^^lL jJIpj iiUJl Aj^ X*Jl (..5*^^^ .^-^1 J y»^^ (t-^^J
^yuL^^ ^^.a::s'\j ntn i-- >^ j^ J^\J cj ^ij . -Jlj^fj *aJjj Ajjht
^ Jjf J ^h ^^-^ ^1 *J^J ^^^ JjHJ f >YY^ jiW/-^ ^YT
. (^5*^UjJI _^M3:>i^ll iLUJJ Lp:>j JjVI a^j
A_d; ^^ ol^ii : f^" ^>^> u-^ J>. ^i ^5ii oi W J^ <^^J tM"
j^ Jbj ^f yk (5-^j-- J^>'f {* ^ YYt iu- Ja^ljf/-A *;Y* ii^ Ja^ljf ^
'i^^^Ji kj^ ky^ iji^
^\ JJLiJi Nl -cSOr OL-y o^ jUJ-l li* ^\ <^ y^, ^ -of ^j V-^
C'j^ o^ -J |.JL5i of Ji^ -oc jiJij Ai4 iJU ^Ji\ J^ Jjj bf of
^ Ju^ /.U ^L«<f ^f jj> lift OlS'j . . . Ajy^ Ajj^r V^yj i--dj
juis- JLwJb J jy-'^;]! J^ Jj j tjjf J*- jlij . . • • V-y J ^y CH '-^ji
OpI^Ij O^Jrl O^ <> '^tJ^tjU AjIj^j j;w Obj Js^ >it ^f
.<^°^>l^jL-fj ^j* (^' caJLp l^ ^l»j iJb ijJ^ Xi^l J^
m Jjl aj> _^fj U^^j yj OlJuJI ijtLij >i Sji,^ cjiy^^ *^r^
iplt UU of liJ L. W^ . Ji^ ^ jrl^l ^>i jiy> OlkL- gf ^_;»
/^"^V ^.1 UiLj OUJ J-^ yf U^ ui\
i^ oi'j -^^J ^. '*^^ ^,J^U :(if")olip ;i>l xp x^ i}jAi
.no ^ Y J Y'g_ f^Vl i3jJ(ro«)
ji ^i>^vi t^^j o-'^^' s^^ ^^' -»^ 'J-^' ^'^^ '-^-^ -^y^^
».<^:>.|j jjj Lf J-j-Jl JUi^l iijijt .ill* ,>->s-t» tV-^ '^^Vi ibji».l
*: .(> \YY^ Ji^l Y*/-A nYV iJliil cSjLs;- r J VJi^ Ui J a*«
jbji^l Jp Jbj U JuJi i;>jf dJUU OpL-i of ^U::^VI IJu J Jl^'Vl
. liJJi -dU^ Jj^^ Lo JS" i::j")Ip «j j Jj j jjI -^Jaxj Of J*,^ *^j*j V-*^
^ <J J jba . JliJ*yi iJlto Jp iJLwi icU viUUD Jij jjf jlJI j.ji
icU- dlUI JL^ trrH Vj^^ iSjLSj oJjJlj aJ^jS'j iijjij iKilj Oj^va>-
i^^j v*^ (J^*^ :>\:iji*^')i aJ\j^\ oIj^L ^J jjf d^\ jL»
^j^ J_^ a} Uul: *dLaj of '^J^ a^j^j -^^l Jl>^f viJJUH ?-_;-ij
Jo^^ illJUl jb'yi ^1 OIS- . ^j^ ^y,^:^ Jp AJLPj dlUl Jiiy . 0>MaJ-l
Jbj jA JL^I f I5f \JLi , i^jJLi ^_|p Ulj jlS" of JLi/i ^j ^_^f JuJJ Lois'
J^ (^V Ul^ J^ v-^ Ji jIpj jL^I o^I -^ J^ ii>jf -iJUL- ^
^j^ uw^ jiv «clUi ^^^^ ibi UiUf 4JI^^*^I ^^:> J J^^j "^j^ji
jfvfli ^ isrfsU^ '•J!^^ J!j^ ^* *^ J^ tlr^ (J t>i^' X5jLl« OV ftJLKjXwJ j^l
olSj ,ik^j^ JaI ^ V'^ *-^ ;>* ^ W ^J^L? '^^^-^^=r^rf '^.j^^.
-g! jui. U LJl >*jla; l^j Jbj t^t JuJl j.^ ^jl: iJl^^l ajI^^I Ul
LJlj i-«jJLi ^J l)IS' ot fUf Ax>« (_^f --^t*-! -^^ ^ V^' '^^ j**^ i^^
j^^ 01^ 0, iJl_^.^ad] Aibii^l ^^^ dyr\J ctJUU Jb ^M' Jl uHr-"
YYV ^Idl J,^!
4JI JbJ ^t J^l *jJr iv-'y 3«r;i Ot JjVl irU. iiy^jt viJUL. ^^^J
^;P6._^lj 6L.JJ ^>ij i^Uj^j Jji^j OjAk-JIj JJyj iJLSLi;^ ^*-.i^ti
Jp ^^f ^U jvJ-l ("JJ* ^^ ilj^t iy^jt .iJUL. ^ 4^0^ j.lii ij^
jj*Ol t5X^ ^.Hfl:;dl JbJ jjf JuJl *j^j tj\jh ^L-j A«i_^ J!>\:^l
J=^ ^' ^>*^ A«^ J>*JJ ui-J-J.! ^\fi A-JI^^-vstJl iw»U-l OJbi-f
u_^^L i^y, J iJlj.^1 i<^U.| ^ viLuilj 4,,, .-.I; Jjhf iL,u.J AJI^ OLj
^ _^ iOp L^ .^> t , - ^.l Jiai . ,j;jJLmJJ ip-jili irj^ .--gr; U . iij[ ^
. ttY-U' ^ Yv3 r^ f.:)L-)li ;jjj :oi;* jjijup juj6 (nr)
\ja\ 4_**-dj SfjA^ ^*-T^^3 iJ^^jLj.1 i_»NT J_*> Sj!>^ *lcl*llj *L_^
<V\i)
SjJ /w« cl)Lui>_;3 ajm jL« \^ *J>;j' '— it5.«><i OiSLJi; LmJ_^ uJJ^ (1>-*J ^jJUa*
ojjjj -JUL oiej Ju^ ^f L^ij 5v^ «:)f > c ^ YVA ^-.v-/-* nrn
J. -rr -rr ^ jUaJ.i ^j^i : ^j^\ -i>.ivJij ^>i ,r^ :«:jI^ ^'-v j** (^"^O
F. O'callaghan; A History of medieval spain p. 347
^./j u} JC-^ ^^ ^. -^fj '**^ jS> UiiiU iJli iljJl, Jl ^i
L^U Jp ,yiJj t^itof SOpL-^ ^-Ip (_ijiw-lj |i \Yr^/-A in AU-
ipiyij *y^| 6^U1 i^Lo. > iy. ^ J^ 4bL jil^l jL- ^' ^y* J,
- i""^ u^ JiL-JI ^jil :<:)liP JilOjP d** _ YAo ^ n jr j-ivAl o-^ : ^jjO*. ^I (r%V>
. iev
. Kj^jjVI Cj^^^ <4j^^ ct* Ji^J^' j-?"^l ^^ "^-i-^jj tiH ''^"*^
aa-^1 jjj^l i-iLs^t ^ Jj>-j jji^ f^y ^Ij^ (J>^' -^-^jJ (JJ' *-Vr'j j^'j
R. Altamira: A history of spain p. 173 (VV * )
bl_^ jt :)L-yJl ^^. Ljli |jjb>-j lit ^\ OLLJUl J ^JijVl jAf oLi
Lfj ^^^f ti^l JaIj t4UJaj jHt^U^ >^. (i^ i^ ^^'b -^W^
i^iJl JAiLl J^j, ^ *.Ui Jp AliiUilj dlUi (.LtJ sLpI^ J j^
Ir dUi J Jir ^j .^UjVl J>.j irf^l iLJ.j Jii^l^l ^'ic^\, ^^_
^ j^l ojjU^ ^. 01^ .y-Vl ^>eL J^r-^l v_s_^^ iiJ^^jf J JL2j
. (^.^^t Jp Aw«- Ja? ojls jt Jl dUi Jb
a
(> ^>* oi' J'f-^l)! :<'"''"> JjaU ^1 Jy. ^i ^ .^U 4if^j
. YVA ^ (.tsUVl jUcf ; vM-l OJ' <^Vf)
OvJLii <^':Jc^\ J^jh^ ^ cy u-J^^i" (> V'^i v^^j i*5:>«:^
ojl^^tij ^^ ^ ^ -^'^y^ -^jjJ J j^ o^' oU:u^l -^^f ^>i'>- '^i->-
J cJl^^j ^^ ^2/."^ h^\i^\j *^jJl ^:AJI ^^^ ^iJLpti .iJyjLif ^^ ^
.r^ urt' (>*-^ • i^j^yj V^j^J *^Wj cri^J ^^J lT"' c^-^^'j '^^^
Aw jyk^i" Ol^ ciJ%' ^ ^;jj Jill JLp _^f OUaLJl Aj ^Ojf . ojj^I«
^ \YrA/-A -^ro i:- iy» ^.1 oUj yf Jp ^;va^ ^>j1 i5ji
.(W. ^ i 2^^i :OjJJi^ Oil ^tV'\ ^ ^liJi ,»-^l v'>ll
.YV^ ^ f!5l*Vl JU*t(rVV)
'k^ ^ oUi*j y-ljt aLJ.1 j^ 4_L.Uj_i> J^ij Ailji jLj tp^j
. <^^'*)^ Cfi^ ii^uJij cV^i iiju Ai,j. oiUf |. ^ Yn /-A «\rn
tf^ftJutiiif
JU^ ^lill <CjN oJl^ ij'i/j ^pd) j^l JLA»«i .ij:^ ly^ JOo jjj JLjjJl
j»4*^ JL_i^ of t^fjj jv^JLp *.JJdl ^Lxi^l iJjiti ^jJjgVI jitilj Jp
of oJIaULI iju-iJaji . iu^ Oj..r^ *r-J^ 7<JU^ SJIaU-* viJliJl jJJUy iJl^ii
R. Altaniira: A History of spain p. -ttf-tfY^ J^UJl ^^1 : o\:^ jOjI-JLa -Uj^ (^Ao)
173
j\ii\ ^\^\
(bjstd^J)
a^\:lS "i^S^s. \J^^\ ^.A9-^\ "iS^
jul_pi .)j>»j_;i A>*'j ^^^jl liULc juLJI j^ji3l AJliJti lULLi A-<ki>-l
j»^^- Jp ^J LiL"l lUjL" aJU-I ^l cJjt^ iJlij1\^ olsail Aio
v^^ *i>^jf ^^^ cM^ •^■*^' W=b> t>i^ ^.>^j ilcTii o-^Ji^Vi
^^^SA ^^ of O^" 4^53 ;^a;Vl ^jJi J> (>• J* SJUkUll bJUb
|.l^^l; ui^l ^ J5 Jl^" ^' ... :ULii Jlii Ll- AliviJ v-^J i;-^
LJL. .j% Jl iUj j>cP 4xs:3 tii^l (^jUai SJi>^ ^ \\oV/-a ooY
^jJa.-J>t/_A OOY (Jl^i j-^ J 4jijp J:)U jj^l J Jyj |_,j.^
j-iJU 4j jjj ijw «5Uj: j,.>.»a. ' o ajUj JJ ^LJti tiUL. ,_^jf . . . /. ^ \ oV
^^Uo ^^ iJLuli ASOiT jJ^L- jSM\ Jd^l j^ 6f Jp jJiiU>j
jOiU^ ._3j^ 0^ A_5ajr A^^ OLS:* ^^i.^*^| A_X;I U . . .viJUJi
J, F. O'cailaghan: A history of medic v spain p. 232 ( \ )
G.F.O'callaghan: Opcit pp. 232-233 .235-E. Barker and G. dark: the europcan inlicritoncc (3 (Y)
.Vels)exford 1950. Vip. 399
*if^^l i^LJ-l iLk; aJUjI iJjPjf iiiL. ^Ijl j^^ 0>*b (^ ^'^
Jji» ^.-^ lT^J «^^b jf J-^^lj cf*-i t,->J V*b ^'•^'^ ^M* *^>^ J
JUoj Ljiit»^ ^>» ij5l*ii ^Ijj hJj ^^[ ij^pjiadl **iljt: Oj^lj v*'j^' J^
J. F. O'callaghin: opclt p. 235 (f )
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit pp. 237 - 238 E. Batfcer and O. Clark: opcit p. 411 - E. prestage: («)
chivalry p. 123
^a;Vl J-aI ^jij \^!>U. J_^l ,ji^ ^ l^ ^liti i^jj^i .JL;,
Uiij ^j Sjj_^l >UwJ| SjL^l jup ^^ -y^j j,_^. ^f ^jj^l
^ t> LaL j_pJl i:--^l hy^\ ojJ.1 liJU; yfc ol^S juUj ^^jli jl*
■ ^"'ci^l J-r- Ut ^^. J> J^ j\^
j^t .31» :(^>i!%^l w_^U. ^1 J_^_ dUS ^ . .JJ,L-Vl *LiJi.
J -0^ o'j^ ^_i <.j>-j 4^^ jlfj JU; ii) >J *:* Jjl ^j j^jvu^jll
L^J U c^ Sj> ^^fj u-J-Ai^l Sji3>V fj^l j> J -4^ Jj *JU.
Sj^l ^^ J l^O J*f iJai ^jJL. aUj L^ ^c^ .^JO-VIj SjJUJl
UJp cJJj lA^ Cjij^J ^'^ ^^ ^>f yt- ti^lj > ^1 JUj
. ^ojVIj Sj^I oLijf J Aj^i j^JLlI joJI ^-L o^fj j^JUl ^_^J,L l,=:i^j
.\Y\ -\iv t\rA^ A-uyu ^^A' :5:>u]i l^u- ^^lo)
2>%, l^j A^iaS iSU cJ_._^l ijT-'yJ lT"^^-^ *^-^ ^"^"^ ^-J ■ • **^
.diLJaS o>UJ ^Ji;*ill i%j l^j ;*Ja5 *JL- ui^ ^_^_;^j Oly»jj UyF
J_^l ^:>U>ii-lj 4Ji_^lj 03II (j^-o^r^ U^j ^p a-jp ^>p
^5ilj Jp. >lwJLI -.Uljllj oli>JJ j^lj ^1 ^ ^ij» :('*>S!)U1I
aJL* dili ^Ji2i. ^ U JU-I Jli^ot? U-J^ -cxiLp U iijj^all Sjj^^L .>^
cJj^l ^ *pJL-^l ,>.U^Ij U:>\j SjJuJL ^-Ult ^ ^ *J J-^l
^ di ^jJlj ^UJlj ^y^lj 0U.I J^t JP JI>Jl ^U^lj StA>ai
iU:>-Vl J_fj oiJ^^^ r*^V t^*^ ui*^f V-r-*^' t>-^ t-6^L^J
U vfJUi ^>. 4 (jt^ . . AjJi^ J^i.LS syi>p ^ pi JS" c? In* -J V-r^.
^tll pUsX«.^f l>xu ^1 i.Lj J Jji . ,^ > >-;>- jjI^ \S/-a 06A
^'IkJl j^l ►li::^lj ^>dl jis«ll ^^1 SJLA ^Ujj ^JlHl Jl ^L^l ^
^jkJl ^>-»u CjU^^ \j^^J (•-f«^>^ Ij*^^^ ljS>-!5B .^jfd\ jaUJLI
vlLli jj^j ^j-Jlj U,>fj iJUJij ^_^| :,•% ^ Jl ,_.^ ^
. .^jl» v_iJf AiU!^* ^ ^J i-Ljj ^^Ij ^^1 jju ^j iSjj^p^ij
(n: cJUas . . J^lj »_i]f ;jL,j ^jU ^\ j^UJ APjkdl ^_^jjp- ^j
LTi^ Oi^ dl ^ji^ Cy y^ o^J J >L^lj Ot)Uil O^lj ^jVl
.iSjj**il jU Jl
«iA OjSi ei^ IUp Ij^tj :^ JIS_, ^UiVlj Al^lS jl^ ^ tL^
_^t ^aJVloSUII JUi . .I^p^^ 1^ [^ L.^ jLii p^i i^ Jl sj^l
Ji tP'AJVl s^._>>. pj Jp j^L-*J| j,.^^ : ^_^^| ^jj ^ tib^ JUjt
CJ^f iiJil <J JUi . . i^\j <J^^ i^j iJU iUaJLia. JZjih] <^j
.Y\A-Y\v^y. :i.uyii oil rJ^sMI v>-l-» Oj' ( ^ Y)
,<^t)3i^| dlL- Jp iliil-l I^.Lj j^UiVl ^ fli ^' cJU*t U L
^ jJii , .Sj>JI ^hj ^jJr\ ^.j^. ^-^y. vy*i y} "M^ 4-»
<_V.^^ j t5^ 4__»5o>- ^^ Jaii JL_?-lj A — C- JL_ju viJLjJl J — ^1 — V-
<zJ- jliJi toU J jAj yj>y^\ Jiyi »jJj *il>«i . .(. \ ^oA/^ eor
S^f OjL^ dJUJJ . . aJLJI jji-.l5' o^t (t-^j ^oJliy jjiij*- Aji> ajU»j
*UJt (Ja-jc c^ uyj— Vl uu .-j,;^ vj-i^ Ji c5^t Ur Ij^Lf
-b-l^ ^^ eJUJJ . . ajSJ^ iJliiS iSOir pij Jiyi A-:^t ^1 t> SiU^^Jl^
iu- l^-li . .UaVI v'^ *iV- t^^ r^^' '^^ '^•^' '^^-' '^'^
R. Allamira: A history of _o^•^ -o\o^y» \ J Vf;^ {■:it-*yi ^i* :OUp JiIXp a**t(>";)
Spain p. 163
.<^^yiJ SJb'li *«ixl J2« of
J_J jXij oi-^J^' r*^^' (> \p-^. cAs^V oil ^^ ^ .Mj^VI
uikW cr^j^f .r«-^ . • -tijUiJl -x^ i.l^lj c_«^l jr^l tiJU-^"
UL. _ A»l j»^ael _ Oii-311 jr^t ^ uc^jll ^V LrJb^ 0^5^ Of Ulj
Of ilS" -^ J-iJ-l (.UjVL U* ^tj JJ:f OlSL-b Jdj- ^\^j OUx-lj
l>i* ^^ <~»j-^\i . .OyJ--^ liJU- jU loj OjSCp Ofj Oi-^J^' ■^'^.
. . jUj Mill ^bf „ JUJI ^Vl -J ^fj OLcyu 4:l, ^bJl ^JUJlj OL^Vl
.<^^)dJUioisa
ox. ^ a;I_^ BtjOaLJl ,^1 j^i jLJjijf ^ ;ii_^ iu^i, jU
J. F. O-callaghan: A histo^r of _ M V - o ^ n ^ J.UI ^>l ^ : OUp JllJ^ .U^ ( ^ Y)
medievnl spain pp. 235 - 236
.YA^v>li«:>yi :^5jiap^i_rv. _n^^jjL^i^ :!t5i^i .^u oil(^^)
.lib ^ 0-»U.I J-=»j j>-il Jl S-^JJ Uit U.U.J ^l^,,^! SjijJLl
.<^->(^^i*iL- j^lj l^ j^_^fj jllij% jlLi^i
^Uii . ._,,**' jy»A_9- gt J-JI SiLi i^J^ (»iJt ^j-i^ jy cjUtj JtJj.1
il.- JLu j_5jLaJl jjJtl OjCI^o t-i—j-j VjVi J-!^ '^fl^l OLS'
Jl ijj^i v'J^'j W2i>t vy' "^1 vW*i-i Jiai . .|. unA/-* oni
f^ Oy v^^ *'^> 'J^f^x^' ^^1 c>^f • • r^j r»^^ c*^i^
*^\ UH oMr^ J^. >\^ fU SJL. JL |»i . . U-Jii o JU J 6^^
.(^^)^x*ji ^p jAt i^ Jl- ,».^
j-wj oL.^L jjL ^y^ Jp Ai> j^ju j_^ii ^ ^ ^VY AjjiZ-A onv
,y^\ J_P SjUJI ju>.f Oi*^ ^ .^^'^. (il '-s^^ v'.r^l «i-l^
.rAv^y. i.L.Nl; ^1 :s:)UJl v^U oi'(^*)
.^Y'i_^rr^ Yj^Uui-Vi iiij-^wi _^rA^ ^it-^iJi ^^jj :j;_^jjyt aiU^*!)
.tAV- i«^ ^ J;LJljJL«al,l :S'bUJl v^U. ^I(TY)
. <^^>i;f t^:>lj JLct *ljj ajuJIjJI sJbj i^ju _pj iii>.j c^L-lj
It p
.<^*)ijjdl Jp
V>< JUll pJl j>^ J iiJiLl y\j . . o.ai oL^ ^S'^l jU>o
c-!J ^^j^i ^^r r • • ^ ^'W^l t-''-^'-' ^->^' t> l>lj^lj Ir*
. .jUaJ-l iL^I^ blj*i-,1 l^.>^ oU>Jl ^j ^jj\ jL^ jiJLi
a>.r JUI pJl J ^,a:>.^i Jp (.jis vUUJJ . .^^% ^t>Ul .Lj. ^Tj
• • V'^ ^^J-^ Oj'A>-jll *^j^ OUVL l^ JjjJi ^^, ijail ^5jUi
. . OUVl J.Li. 41,011 j,^- ^^, wJ pJI ;Ci* J jl^l ^u ^*
. iM ^y> jXA\ ^jJii :S!jL^I i_^U» j^l(Vf)
. VV - VI ^y. jiLJl |«f.Jil :0U* ^lilOj*. JUjt(Yo)
• \ ^^ L^ (Ji-^jll ^ji J*^ : til^' ^1^ (Y1)
j5L^ cuiJ-t JUJI u^ J iiv^U ^lij c^A ^ . -W* ^!)Li«.^H
dJJi ^j . V-^' ^^-*J^J JJ-J^' d^ Jii . . . Oi^jil >^-^ ^^^
^j .^j5 : ^ Jlij sJbj ijJL. cLUlc ol^ t| JJI . - . Jiy JJj ^' Ji
Jl ^^^l ^Ut . .^IJJ-I a:;^ j»^ . . Ij*^:^^^ V ^^ o-y^ C^*^"
^^jjl Uti vULof uyj LSii ^^ V-^ ^-iJ^ ^l ^'^ ^'^■J ^->^'^' £^'
jj_Jpb^ jlJ jowJI ^j-Jit ^Vlj cijU^I <^1* ^^^-^ sr^^ ^^^--^
Aj^l «_,<,i^ LU dUi / Jp ui-ji v>u ^t iiM-l -^
Jl ^^St \£ (.UiJ OjJb Jli)l pJl j^ J S^j*Jli ck-^l ^-^J • • • C->*^'
J-sU oi^j^l b^l*J '-^>* '^-J <>^ ^>^' ->*^^ -^^^ V>>-^'
. VA - VV ^ Y i3 r{^ ft>L-"^l iJj* : Olip Al XP -u^ - Y^n
(J _>iji >4^ • ■ (-Ai^' ■^'^ i/il>«-^ /^i='j odjj SjJP cJLii iJlSlfc
ijju Uj . .^jli v-iif Ojj-i^ ^ JJli« ^f aj'U Jp cjUj_^I ^^^^
^yi Silij oUf ^Ij^l Jp ^U. cuf i;j>Jl 6f Jl iiUyi . . aJI^jNI
_L j^^i^ Jp aJ^Ll-I j lA^j tij ^L^f iiJULl of le^ . .^JU^I
^_^1 ^^- j»j* . . UkJl ^ A.^ JSL^ iJLSUx N_,J»JL. Jl::iJl Jt)U
.<^'>v::.li>Jlj op ^yijd jUaJ-1 Jt)U
\j$jjj -ii j'4aA\ 3>-l*Jl i-Jyij 0-^^ 'j^jj jj-«Jl (Jl ijJUiJjj iojdl Jp
j^ ft^'S jjiJ ^ JU^ (**f^ f-^' f^r^' "^f/ »^^l ^l^ . .JUdJl
.koUlJI
. ^ro -^n ^ y.^ Uii^^Vi r^^^^^ui -Yo^ -yo» ^^ i-->oiii(rY)
^Oj-jUoU^* YiA
\ji\Jij jU^I ,_^ J^\ Ot Jl l^t Ai I^Ut |.liU . . ooil dlL- j
gii . . j,^ CJjX r^ Ipj (v^^iJaP SaJl ^y. *J1 JiJ U j»^ A«^fj
. . ^\j ^jij Oj*-^ ;»-r^*jj ^j--j«i (**^lj {♦-♦W^' 'j^-r^' f-rf
l_^_^j ^jl^-^l ^y- (vJk-A^P 01^ U V- . . ^-^y>i\ eljik" jvJi*^ Jaj> »1>J
^ c-5Li^lj Oi'^->^' (>• V^'^ ^■>^ ^ • --^ '^■^''^ -'■^^ Ij^-^l?
Jp Ij-^ U*a>-f jj^ ^ pJl iJ^ li^ Oyu^l i*S^ J t5j*-^'
.j»j.^!A. Jl ij^Uj j.^ ^ jwi fjji J c5jL^i c^f ^-^ . •y-'^'
J-^ Jii . . »_-j^ldl ,yi^ IjviyJ j,^ . . 5»^U>-JI OjOp-jI! ^tx-.li
(JLi Ji>]l J jiJ^j^\ ^^ vUlUj iijLJij .Dill cJSj Ji>ll ^Sl^Vl
OwJjU^I ^l^Vlj oi-^J^I a- a-> ^'^'' **^-J^ ^^^' "^
lj>>-riJU>- iiJliLl d^ j^* . .^_^% ^Ij ^'LJJL (jilpj i_^ ijju
Aj^ y^ijf ciUi 01^ . .^^Vi J- 5>aJi ^L.Vi oIsL-1j j^i
(^J ^^1 LjJIp o-^y Ji5 lilajf iJLjti ASOjr Jl^f ot jJL.
diL ^Wl _^yjf jl? oii . . Sj^iii ^J^i soaU. Jii*J oi-J^>'
iiji i.j_a^ :^biJi ^^ _«YV -«YT ^ ja_^| ^ :5:>UJl v^U- j.1 (fo)
J. F. O'callaehan; A histoiy of medieval, spain P. 239. -S'W ^ il^Jti
ijJU Jp *i*>Lio-^ ajIjaj jLJ . .(jiS'ly* Jl oMtLj ui-^jj ^-Jji^ J|
Uwa^ jij-Vi i^v^ Aiij-i S1.JL0 cJi? .^ ^^vv ^>7-*^ ^vy aio-
(jjjb-jll Jjl>- (*j . .j^' i«— «j »-Laj iaJjS ^"^ jw»^ j.»:Lk*il
tiilbJii ^ULL. sjipU. 4;I_^ ^y^ iiy^jt dLU jWI j-jyJt ^ tUSUJl
J ^^^JaJtj ^jJr' Ja^wi C^ c-l-Jl Jl l^t AiJy ibJU Oi>^l dUJJ
J>.^./is~ AiJj tjo- i_iLwjj I ijam LI iiJbl-l (1)1 *j;^r*-'l '*il>^' jS'Jj
i!j:j j_^ Ij^j iikii> CjI^>- j>J ja^I ^^JUVI J AiNj y.t iiSji
; . J:>-lj L_iNr i^jjtj (^jli »^^[ ^J^ ci^ J^^ JL*Jl V^l ui'j ^J^'
. ^ ^ > - ^ ^ * ^^^ r J ^yJ^i oui : t5ji^ t>i» (VA)
J. F. O'callaghari: Opcit PP. 239 - 240. ^\M ^\o
Ot Ojii If^ jL^ ffr^ *^j *j^ ^y *ol>«-**Ji JtA^ ^At^ ^^-^ ^^"^ji
H^^ -yi iU- J oJi'jB :<*^>s^UiJI i-^U' ^i J^;! dJUi ^ . . JjJl
i^ -^ l^ (3-Jb^l J^j . -j^Li La^^ t}**^' ^^;*jJ' ^^V^J*' iV<-**^' ^f^r^^J
^yj . . . Jj-^y I l^ ^v^Slc N oUU-j «^l^^b jjS'ill ^yi t^ilj ujyJl
oJlA (_^^J SjjS' JAI iwaiJi j^ (±11*10 JLjJbLLj yxJu^Ui t_jlj (^^IjJl (J f-\i\
^^ OjaJ\ flJlA fjj . oj^-^' J^^' ^+=r c>* "^1 '^ J^^^ ^y ^-^1
villi ioJiil 4jU-- c^ U^f jjJL-lj ciUi ^j jjJ^I ^ ^^^>xJij ^j^
l^Uf 21-^ ^^^ ti^' V^lj ^^' Jl ui^ji-l j^^^f o^ t>^-^' -^'
o*n -0' t ^ oUV^ t>^'(*^)
^j\ (jJi\ jw-UI iisUJJ ui=l-l j j^fj • .jj-j lM^ j-^-? (J*^ -^J
jM^ ^jUU ^t» . . Jilsj i_jfW»j stylj Jjli* J=rj iJij **— J aSUju-.
i*.jt, JikUj JJli* 4>ujL l\yj^j JJli- ioUi Jjrl^ij "^llil. j^ ^^y
^ l^j Ulj^ ilbJil J oJl:^ ^jSCj 1 IJki^ ui«r* («-AUxt>t? • • • Ji*li*
Iju j^L-jJl jj* *J. ^^j . . 4>.i--Mlj i-jJlj |»L^lj t.,-*illj r^^'
•^i (ii u-^l J-*^* • • (*^ ^-^ -^ jf CT^ t.-'J o^ C^^ -Jf-
.JJU; ui^jll J^^f (j^^lj luU-Ij oLkJlj CLjIaJLsAli jj-Ul oLfi-t ^y
j_^j^ ip-U illxA* iSLLif jjJb- jIj^x^I ViLi^ iJX. J9jJL>i ^Ji^ <>-Jjj
Ui. jliJl j-~;>lt ;;>jt viJUL. ^ SJUhLc Jii*i Ot ,>-Wl j^>Jt iJliiJ
[^ ^ AJUJii i-SIir U .L_^ 6_^ sjiL ^ *yujt 4j^ ijjL,
Uut sjlaUi cjiijj .it)Ui oIa fiijj ijijji ^_^ijVi «^ jp *"5U«.*yi
a:>Li-:AJ IwL^ ^JiiVl Jp Aiv»lji. olj>j p4j iJlUti JUL, jL>-f
Mjiji J_^j ii»y iiiwU jv^rL^j f > ^Ar - \ ^ AY/-* oVA i^ -Clji jUi
j_^ *Uj l,^ ^ts iJpy Je *'5Lu-*b!l ijjjt^ iJjif 4:^ . . La^IU J
Ubjj-- ^j l^Lji . . A>.i-.i SiiO* Jl viJUi o^ iJLii JUU jU
^'LJJI Jp J_^ij aI^^I S^._^Ij s^j ^jJ viAIll ij^f 1^' . .jf^lj
,>^ jAf ^jj^ JJLUI ^t (^ . «iJLJiL> <^J J^f •I'Vl ^JLirJi Jb^t ui>-
G.f.O'callflghan: A history of medieval spain p, 240-R. Altamira: A histoiy of spaln p. 167 ( t Y)
.^^^ «^^A ^jJuA\ ^ :t5jiJip i:;i'(tO
Ojj^j-d lSjUjJI A^y^ Ip:.f ^ . . J>-lj ^b u^j*3 aSU..^ ^y ^-iJb
jLlp-VI a-^ 4-JLJi.l t.--.^UiS» t3^^=^«-^l y^} JU^I ji;x^l dJJJJ , .^LJ!
L^jli oy*-^ \j}cjii ^j-s^ii-l t5jU*aJ t-^^^ 'j^J' "^ eiJJS J*)^ ^j^j^
^jfif Ir . , ,>^l oJb^J 4j\jAj jLJ iJlxJii dlU uiUS ^ ^^ . . oii^^^l
. .U^l Ji o^jJlj ^y^l jUo^ ^ (iUw-1 ^j} J^\ ^i Jl
^y. dJlUl J^ cUajJ . .jU»J-b ^J^l Jt>U- ^ ^Ul iaJu- oa
.<*^)o^*5^. Ji a:i^ ^Uj j^\
. ^ • t - ^ ^r ^ T ti Vf^ f!A^)fi iij:^ : 61^ ^i jup juj^ (iV)
TOO Jj^lJ^i
l^ ^jSiJj iLizJ> Cr^^^ ^ v^^ i^r-^^i Jj^ ^ ^^y-j SJGjj ialLi
^ jjc* J j;^ (^ • • *-^' «-=»j^ Ji^ a*" I'Vj ^.J^ lilL-j . , ilb-ii
^ ujiJtii iJl_^ 4j^^ st>«i OjOs-jll ^yilli . . pAJlj IjUL. JiiuiL- ^1
jf^\j j\yS\ ^ j^a>-f ^ 1^ . . (»^ ^j^l |_^fj . . LjU ^^ji^
jvi Ijj-'b l>«^ 3j-il» cjI^jt IjiL (js- jvfflp-j J Oj.A>.jll _,^ioi|
j^ JU.f iJL^ j^ Jp i*i^ ui»^l uii c.>>t> - J .j,J.UaJ ^Jb-jll
Ir^ o* J^^ ^ Jsi aai . . t5jU«Jlj Afl-jU ijcjA cJU^i . , s^JLl.
v_jyi*i A_rtJbLl SjLaj «Dj.x>-_)il L)l5i . . <^aUJl ,_j«^l cjI^i^JI J^jU-
jJijLv* k-jLlSl 4XjI aaJLb^-j jc^Jj^ j^j^^ JUJ^I dJUL* j^ * ^ \ao
aH^-j ^ \ >AA/-* oAt i- u^l jJ^U> OjJ dJUL. Jjj jj . , Jj'Jl
^;^ . , ^.^ ikLJl Sj^U iJlj^ A^yJ\ 6fj t5jUii)l iJ^I ,Ja*>t *;T
0^ aS^ jjf^u^ ijPjt diUj i)b-!;i dJll. ^li ^ \>A^/-A oAo i— ^J^
-Lj^ \5_fUi 5j^_4*H ':i^_v-L_S' 4_iL_ii*^ IJl-jCj 1j_^ L4-l_«a'^
JUJ^^I dJUUj :i;>jt dJUU ^\>^>/_(boAV J,bJl fUJi j >i
^.jkj^f Jii*i "^ d\ IjJIaUjj . . Ai\m dJUL. JLsi U. iU*yi Jp OjJ dJUUj
.J. F. O'callaghan: A histoiy ormcdievnl spain PP 241 - 242 (OY)
. J. F. O'callaghan: Opeit PP. 242 - 243 (or)
JfoV Jj'il J^l
djJ tiJUL* dUJJ t-iU.i-.li (Ji-JLII JuJ> t5jUaJl ii^l JL>.jj Jp JuwJlj
Ou Ai%Jl C..2.4 . .:.yiJ.I ^yJl (»%JI IIa Jl. Ji4 .Ijf ^yi j^f
J ij-U ic)_A eJ>.j AJb-ii (iJLL. ^yib-^j . . is^ iol_^v»Jl viUUil
JjVl oj>Jl cJlS" . .iJlsu olj> vljtAii SjjS'ill iiJl J^ cu-UiJ
jlj^f (,^slj> J i5jL^I ^ . . <L<^ iJliJti vfJLL. SiUi cJls:* iJLiJl
a- J^ '>SJ ^i^>' oUUL ^»l>l \jiy^j . . AJLJil o_Pj IA>J
t> «-r*«^ J^f -VJI 3j?r (»^ • '^j^b ^j^Jl l>--xilj ,v^.> a^J^\
olj>ll .iA JSp^ t5jU^I J_^lj .j^ijj |J.l::aJ 5JLJil ^ ^j^Ul
tijiLl ^i dUJJ . . aUjVIj aUJI Ij^j JU-^I l^kii d^y^\ ^^ Jp
.J, F. O'callaghan: Opcit P. 243 (d t)
.<*"*> olji-w jj->- Ljs-*^ 7«f^ SJLftU* iJb-ii lHUL. *lji-.
iSCk r^ ^\:» ^J j^j (.JLi ^Ju> .sbjiw-L; jjvsJil iiJiLl ^li
^JUaJl SJUnU. .yuLi . .iJbLii ^UUU iv9>Jl i4::3li . .^\\^\^-J^ «AV
J!)^». t5jU»Jl ol^ . ^a:Vl yj:^j 4>^i j\yA t5jUuJl olj> c$-^l
IjJUj ^j^l ijjL»:Jls . o^b iJuJL; j»-j3iUai U JS" Ojj-Aj ,vt=lj^
Jj i-iL-jj e^ji— <iw»to (I)IS^ . -ui**- "^'^ A-.-U- iJliiS viiU 1*^1
jJUflJl SJLAl*r iiJbJti dJUL. ^IjsJl c«iJ ^ji^lj- i-Ji* Ji t5i>*Jl jl^-^'
0*^jLai JL^ JbJi/ J pj^l iijL. jU-jt cJUj Ji5» .^ N\'\Y/-* oAA
^ai>^t J S^yiilj f.>ll JaL ^U-j ^jil jj^l ^tj ..(-*^iJ
.*i>^ vi^ . .<• \^^r/^ oA^ jhJi (.uji J ijixjti duu ijU
jlj^t Sj>Jl CJa.j .vi-i^ ^jU iUaJl, 0I>. SaU ^JliVl j>.
o^fj .to^ JjJiJ .^Ij ^^'LjJI J^ cJ^^Ij :."iUL ciJUi aJLJIJ
iiij_:r iiiiLi 6L^ . .sa>Jl AijJLij j^.,adl iiJULi Oj^ ^juVl
j ^ ^^Vl j>i J^lj iJlxJti dJUU of j:>lA\ J^ ^j;
.lj-A«. jj^l ^jjuo i}4^\ ^\\ ttouj . . *|_^„ijL| SjjjJLl 4;|_,j^ ^j^^
ASaU ii^Ldl v-i-AJVl Oj-^l ,>u ^y. J JjLdI .Jdaij a*.ji__, ojLp^
V^ ^* .jOj>U» j^j Jif Lp- jH^>Jj L^ jU JJ "^ :»,:>^
ja\ ^ <JbiJ .ill. Ji ^l^L .i^j .„^j^ U N t^y U ^I^Ll,
AX-. 4Jdl t^iU- ^ J ^xVl Jl -lJ;,^ jy^\ iiJLiLl ^
. ^A^ J^AV ^ r j v>l-" jUi :^ijiJ* ^i(oA)
L-^Vl :^^UI _U -tV ^ \Y^ J.isyi :^'Vl ^1 a:;* ^l:SUl ^ >;i (V)
•••^^^^ ^?ij - ir- ^ o-^_^\ ^jj :^jj J o^i - nv _ ^^1 ^ t^
.rrr -rrr ^ ^ojVi j^jU : j^uit ,_.L,ji _ n-v _ no
^_^ J iJJJ~\ JjJ . . JL^Ij iL^Vlj ^^1 ^ jl>Vlj v^lj SjUpj
OL-jJj ^Ljj JLjJS :>U^ Ji oUi^llj SL-Ulj 6L->JI jb^Vl ^
.<'^''>J;Li. ^t 4JL. ^ J^r J >j:;i . .ijlJJl
A_jS^ J5 ^_yjyiVl l)15j . , JbJbLl ,_;.<a>»ij ^y^ (^>? !>^'j i^i^usi
.Y* • - ^^^ ^
S.P.Scott: A History of the Moorish - fft - ttt ^ ^JLJVI j^^jIj : ^tJit «-«i-jj (lY)
empire V. 11. P310... J. F.O'callaghan: A history of medieval spain P. 243.
.YAY ^.,-.^ior)
Sll JjVl Jva4ll
6U->JI LI^U Oji*ri aS-^I ^yLJ J^ t5jUJlj OjJl^^l JU-fj,
Jp iJl.r^ i.^ OjO^jll .-A^U . .^^1 ^>)| _^s:^ jp ^^.....^uU
J Oi-J-x^Vlj jia>-^l S^UJI jLs- j_^l ^y^_ iiijLi jLiSi^i
a- -^j*^. >i ^ V>^ ^.^"J o-^ Jjf Ij^l^ Ob Ai^^Jt^l ^ ^
«^l ilU cK yj ^^1 ^ »«J i^UJl jL^ or^f s^LS c^ ^^1
AX>I OO; 01 <^[^ c^ldl CJ^I ^ iS>11 J^jLi ol^V( ^y. y^
. -cM' a- Jj^' (—iJl -a:^ <> jUlsJI SiUJi ,_^ iUi-l ^^^
S. p. Scott: A histoty of the moorish empire V. II. P. 310. _ Y • ' ^y>
j>- oi '-^- -)>• ^^ '^l J*^J "J^ <>V (> '"^'l* ^'-"^ ij^ >JU^j
j iJLij Lm\j- ^jixJu ;*j1j Ua^:. JiJfj ^l^s- cri c> ->if i^^^l f^
UjIjT IS_^\ oiA (l)lSj . . 4j( jup ojJLSj asJLSUj 4JLs<aiij :>LfJrt J* «Ji-ii-l
.Y.Y^j^
. Y»r- Y«Y ^ JjLJI ^^t :Dlu» Jil XP JUjtO^)
^jU i-i'y[ l^U: J .JNl i*-*- t^jUaJl «'*^>> iilj_^l jJi* . .j:;ia>.^i
Oy^ t5jU»JI oL-jiJi oTjli . . ^^.^Ip^ jj^u. IjjU^f j^ t5Jb»-jil ^_;lJLi
l>>^f is^ c5jU«JI dLx^JL l>UU ^jljVI jlJLIj ji^Vlj »_.^|
ijA OU>JI .iLLili . . Jill ^ Jl ^5jUJ| ,|j_, ^^^jui jL-
^^ t5jUJl Jp 3U_^lj jl>Vlj iJb:;*, h>^\j ^^1 cJU^ ^>.f
j.aii . .^L oj^fj iUil-l Jl ^^1 ^^uu jL- LiUJU . . j^^f
•ul^r J OljJl l_^>fj SjiP ^j-^l bjAA\ ^\j . .^>.i>JU ,^1
J. F. O'callaghon: A histoty of medieval spain P. 243
ji^>-J^\ ou:^ tit
jjMMaJ.1 iiJiLl (^fj \^ , . 43j^\ Js^fj ic^l ^2.j,a:» ^^Jb-jll ^JiJ^^
ois:^ , . p>«ilj ^LjJi J^ -J^l ^^ ^b *^^ t^j-^' ^^-^ r^J^' ^^
jSCr 1^ , .(*-*^t ^y^j cJjU^Ij irjAI cJ>J jl^Jl Jl^ JliiJl ^o.i.Mj
tiJUU ciJJi JLfcLi O^s^ . .(^jUaJl Ji:^ ^£3^' djJLi jl^Jl (^JMaX.'^ (3:>-
iljjf ^ . .i^jJ.1 J ':>L:i liJUM oJU>- JtS*! ^j *^U-ij L^ v^,r^
IjJLilli tj;^JLIl J^ L-Jjdlj Jll2Jl jI^^-qJLo-I aJU«1*-I (^jlvalll S^U ^^Lw
rt-jJL«^ Ir jjvdjj -ljlSUj ajLj>- Jp Uj^ jl^b »w->U<^VIj j*-*5ll^
J^ij jJbJl .UJU J^jl (^^ ...» :^^->OjJi^ ^1 <Jjii ^ . .c5^t
S. p. Scott: The moorish empire V. 11 PP. 310 - 311. _ Y* A j
. Y • A ,j/» ^J-^ o^ ' ^^ ***' "^ '^^•^ (^^^
^ ^JlI ^ : 01:^ At jlp JU^ -rrv -m o^ ^^Vl j«ijti :^Uit ^-^^^ (Vi)
.Y'^-Y^A
J21 Jj*^! Jso^l
^ ^^\ L^^ \ji\Sj iJjVl ,>,..>^ |»^ ,w»tplj » J..JL Lyf jjxJ^'
^ ^^.l^lj UJf OiJ%' *tAj j^^ Jaj pjl iU ^_^|j J|j_^! Ji
Jp ^yu V ilklU Jp jb^lj j^y;\ ,:^\j . . 4iU_^| ^j:. ,:,^JUl|
*-*• Ij^lSj ilj^i ^;^v«>o jv^ Oj*U.l ^^va^j . . LjU ^y^yt^ j *^
^^* t> >ii J^^ ti AiUi ^^ Jp. c-.^ U :JU; sU^I j_^l
Ijikj of (U a. Y, djVl t5jU Ji^i AiJliJij . .i^f ^ jf o^j
. ^Y' ^ jU«Ll >j^l (Y1)
B. Meakin: the moorish empire P. 80 _ > AY* j \S\ ^y Y j»- Uafe-'^l (YY)
. YAr - YAY ^y v^l (V*^)
^ -uJ[ ^\ -fill a:^ ^_^I Ol^D :<^^>jUi^ gt ^1 J^j; 1^
p^j^i . . ^jUj Jp-lj tju U v^t iSU^ -L^ OlS' JJ j^ t^^Vl
Oi IjJb^tj ijeljJl <j Cvj^fc-^ t^JJl iJjVl ^>Ma:>■ ljA>'^j Oi-JLJ,! ^^j -il
. ttj^^^AUstj jj-^l <-^_^A^ Ui^jl^l
i«JlS JLii^ U.y JUJi OUci ^U l^l» ;<^*)JjV ^'^1 a^l L-I
^jf oyiJJl cuilS^ . .tJbJLi '^W ljJb:dU . .O^JbLl ^y: ^yu b\^^ ^Uj
c-iJt 4jU ^LsLl ^y l^Jip llJt. j^^ OjJL*il ^j UJt ^Lp aJ:)W j^tj
iJU <JUJ1 ^j . .liJf (l)jjojfj iu*. JjLl ^;y«j , .Ulf Oy^^j^j uIj^j
*JlP ^2)-* o^^SL**P ^J (^^U oS <^ji*i OlSj . .t_iJl AjU jj^J-I ^j . . *— iJt
Ui*r^ J^ ^-^^J *^^ '^--^ '^i J^ Lfl j^ys<a:>-tj . . ^-^A-lJI (^j-w- aJ jp iL^
^J)uii\ qO^^ J^ JUSJl pL^IJI Jjo J>MiJ^4 Vlt^ iiJiLl ^^jX*^l
p-liJiL! uJjdil ^Lj iiJ5 a^^^- OL-y ^^^J\ ^ Ia^jxJIj c-Ajlp JliS Jju
. ^ ^^ uK^ tr^>^j iAj*» c?-*^' ^ ^-^^ f^"^)
:^^uii ^rrv ^ \^ ^^V ^^^i ^-^^^^^ tjdij - tA ^ ^y-^ t>^KA*)
OS olS* t^iJi LjJ*>-l>- .ji^ jjvaxll ^fj . 0^ *_i^ i.Uj ji > UV fc^
jj^\ j-^ti ,^^t o^^j i^ u^-A^ (5-^1 (^^^ J UjUj olSj
OjJti lf::^- y ^ jJj l^i>-JL3 I^IaI L^ (J>^I -J^j r-Lj i«Ji ^^^ -uoLi
jL/aljVl jt-J t^-^^L:j M tijLiJLI aiJLsl ?*jbj jJjVl ij^y* ^^ i-Jy
,jj^ Oj- ji iJjVl i*iyi Cwi5 Jlii viUi A^ . . OjJl>-jll 4ii>- t^JLII jj*SCJI
iJl^^l ciUUil J v^Jlj ^>JI CUj:^ iijVl io^ Ol . l^l^ JLiCLJj
oL tjj-J^jil tr'l--^l til 1^ ^y^« ^J • • U--^ iJbJii <sUj: Jp ^^ Mj
luLjIj ^y^Aj Aj^l j\j^[ *w*^^ U^l OlS" T^ull IJLa of iijJbi ^y
■ «JjJ^ ^r^J u:rr* ^ >*^ OlS" l^-i^j . . JU"I Oj^Jjo ^ ^j Ijipjti
\^ J^ ^Cai iijVl i*3^ J :UIlJJ lULL ir^A s^ ^ilLj OjJ viJUU ^i
. <^^>olji^ ^jj-^ iJjVl hJjA c^ytJ Ji ui::SaLai ^j^ ^LiJtj .iJUL. L^
S.P.S. scott. A history oflhc inoiirish empire V.II p. 312 (Ao)
S. painter: A history of the midcilc ages p. 195 Y'l ^j^ OyL^l jUjt : ^jj:?r i^k-JJJ^ (AV)
J. I-. O'ciillaghan: A history of medieval spain pp. 244 - 245 - R. Altamira: A history of <AA)
Spain pp. 167, 171
Ji oaI>-. C^, i^ti , .i^ dlLy OjJ .llJL. ^.jU- JlsaJ ^_^^ ^
-J^ . -(j^j jj-^l *^^ u^ tiJ^W-j jJL- oJuU* jujp. .^ik, iJLjjJH
APj:Jl L. jbjiv-V SjjjUI^^Vi iSJoX* <^f i-»j4-' ■s^ j>* Jp ^jfj _^2x«.|
^xVi j:iJ-i :^ ^ti jL:i.i wi, cji^ . .; ^^^n Jtj/^w^i
jU^I ^j-^ij ^r^l^ o'.fl^ '>** .OijLv* ^ Jal JL* ^^f SiLi
t^jUJI ^> .JlxJl pJl J oM-l '^. <^\ J-^j ^* ..U*
^ Al a-^P If y.fj iUlLl jiiy . . OL-Vl J.UU ,^,.^1 ^ J_,jj|
iiJUry *;j> t^jUJ ,^j .|*^-»^ ^j-^ Jf tSjU^I J^v^j::. Jjit^
ijip oJUi jJL^ti .OjJ LilU Jp vUliJl Oi^LJL- LUI ^^.^ p [£
.<'*^>AJl::i JUj^I dJLL JLiUj ^,.«:^i Jill
OjJ .ilL JL;r (.U 1^ . .0^1 ,_,^2ir Sy.iVlj ^*U<JI 1^^ iJluti
J. V. O'callaghiin: A liiMory of incdicval spain p. 244- R. AUamira: A hiseoiy of spain p. (^^)
167
JbJU *j«»al3 . . . -CUs-U ^ XJliii A^lf Jj~ pi CJjJi ^j-JJ J SjJ
C)j_i>«iji *j»j ojsjii' ^^ •— 'jv ISj*! viUi JL>vi Oj'As-jll i-is-j
l^^-^tkL^ (I (.^^j l4*jj 1>^lj S_^ Ij^L^i . . L*-j ts^sSj L.yi
iOkJLt ^ ^J~\ J_P iJlLSi .iUU jj^ jJU . . 5UL.J iJL-y ^»^y
i-jUl lAic.>»« *1a^\^ J>-b <,...rtTn« ^^ Jj , .j^Jb-jll *^ iiUJi*illj
\y^ iDt ^ iJ^l ljJL>-Jii . . Aij^jSj isr-^^-lj *^Jj cJLsr- Jl Ijj^—j
V- 01^ L^y-j '^-^j '^>«^ cr*^ ^-^^^ ^^ "il '^'->^ ^^^^^ "^^
L^jlw ^^Ij l^*L-o v>* ^l^W^ c:?^'^ <> cP*^-^ *-^-^ ^^-^*
. sOyc-Jj li.^* 41-. AjL-i) Jl J-*j
. «ilSO JLit ^jjl J ^tj W*L. j>j W^-^ ^.-i^^lj ^M^^
.YY« - Y>^^y ^>l o^ ;«:jIip AIjup J^Jl(^Y')
• Yio ij^n ^j^l(At)
■lrt:>* Si^J »j«^ Jl J^l (*-* ^-iJjVl t^jUr ^ ^^ ^1 ^u.1
J U^[ Jl ^^jj io^^ Jl ir^l Jl ;j*y Jl jL>- Jp Jbiti
JSU-j SjU^l i^jIjj ^Lj i^ ^j iJUJi ^^^ Jl ^^j iil^^^j
yj ^ . . jJLj^l [^ ._^j l^U,Lj J^tj akil, ^U-j s^
•j-^ Jl ^jj UaLJj UU-j JiSj wi^L l^JU:.^ aSjuJU- Jl l^
iljVl J a;{j* a*. .i% Jl iU iUL-ti dJLL. of >Jb- h\jj iJu
oe' <J^. • -'^^^ *-£>• -H ^^^-l^ (>!'A>-jil Jl:al ^Uj .ju^ jLi>j
Ijl^ V^jj aU^ ^j <^fj ^ ^^1 n ^u ^^1 L.fj :<^A)^*Vl
cr^lj-* V>^l -st^ Jl J-jti . . vy~. til ^^. j^\ ^j iJip
^ ^ «Jlib ^|i>^l :r- ol^'ti ...\Jl ^ ^ ^Ul >x^. U>j
• . i*>j vij-^'j c>uij ji_^vi cy ^-i^ ^ o.^aai j^j i,^
0-ij UjU^f ^j Uxl "yUi l^-lij U^Uu aJLLJU, ijo. Jl 4>.yj
.^r^JlkJll>JJl(^•^)
. \ >n ^ o-yy lA>i jL^I ,^ ^Jli (^V)
jA tJ»f-j .lV->>- A-Ji^^vaiil Cflo./i^ . . LajIj-i*<I f JLftj LfcjjiS v_Jij>-j '+£>*■
juii . .4jy>jt ^y^ jiiJi jjjb oi *^AspIj ^ ^ ^«^•\ Ji^f/-* o^y i-
i;y>jt ^^sUjf t3U;L iv»uJ-i y^is" ojlaU. -o^. iJL>- ^»j n-iJUS sjlaU.
<-^Jj u^' f*-^ p-^. -^^^ *-f^->* "^."^ tJ ^-r* ^^"^ '*^^\
jL-i j»j . . l^ JLj (l)t (I)ji S:>lSl4 ijJL* jjiu jj-.aJ.I aaJIA-I f«lS
^} \rtSl_>4j iJliJtij AJjpjt ^^SU^ t}*^'^ **M t^JJasii" *^«^ >»«j k>^
a->-^ . -JJ^ t^^ ^^ j?r-> *:5j^ S^LJii \rt='y u)^ V ^yj ^-A
J. F. O'calloghan: A history of medieval spain p. 244 (^^)
Ot Oji ^L-^l c-.y^ ^jjjJl ci«^, jfi^j SjU»J-1 i^ilj JL? ^jUa
.<^"^>sa>.|jiy>iljVl
*j^ Ji4*» . . iJLii dULl iJliil 4Jj_>p Jju jj ■/.•<! iiJULl t-iUo^l
j^t 4J_^^ .>^U Ot *iLj ilkJU, i^L J::>.| ^^ j^y-,\ ^\ :>% j|
:-l!^ ^JvaJl SJLaU* j2*J aaJL^I ajUuI^I Jii ^^•*>OUVlS'jf jLo
LiUl i^* i>^ ^03 ^«L^I s^U. JUii^ Ji> Aiiil^^ j^.^1 iLU-i ^|,
R. Altamira: A history of _ Yf* - YY^ ,j^ ^ ^J ^^ f^)" ^Ji^ :C)U* JsIXp X.j1 (\ . ^j
Spain p. IS.i
J. F. A history of medieval spaln p. 244 t\**)
^ .OjJ dUL. >^ . .ii\sJiS dJULc -k^ iJlJiit jUa^^l CJ15 JiSi .f^\^
jp jj^i ajj^\ Aii\y. ^^^ vt>L-yi jiUii o^ ^l r*^"
OjJJai l^-jfj ^> ,»cU>-lj IjJij 2f>Nl ^t5^ Jl - J,^^l - J^
:A^\ i.J!>U U^ ^Ux-Vl Jp L.> Ol^ ^lit Jbu aJI ^»^-Urti . . ^J-^l
C)f jjui .((iJU-v>-j u:-*-b "^^^ ^Lj^ >-^ lt^'-t- Jl •^^^J <Ji^
• • S^J OjJ ^/L» Ail JU^ v-53 ^5,c^. LlAJi JL~ iJlxJti viU. a=;-l
^^1 *^jj ^Ij^l t> ^l=-i^ ^iJ^ L>*lj <^J:^' '■^ *^'-^ V-*^ V-^^
Oj-J .UUL. ^ :)UJ^ s^Vl i^l jTJJ^" ot c^j»l oai . ojiJl
L4.JLP j_^i ^jJi o^^-s^ij ojAi :^ ii\=^ '■^ Jj^ji . • cr*^' >^y^'
iJLft > A_Jl>. J. 6j-J .iUu Jib IfS- . .U::.^ ^4-^ Oj-J .ill-
W-l L$a ^ (^ jlJ_^1 jJii ioJU J j^ljjJl o!Ai^ o^ti . .^IjsSVl
jii jp L. ojbdij ^^j^'Ji j> > i«si ^"l ^jt) ^^^j ^^^ ^^^
J. F. O-callaghan: A history of medieval spain P. 244 - 245 - R. Altamira: A history of spait. ( ^ • V)
p. 167
iJLiJ a:^1: ^y J? 3^ *5^ j>^ *l^jf -^J^Jk? *ili>ii ^iUL. |.U
^ viUiJ . . L> U*ijj uiSOLlI Jba S^ dUL. ^Jai^^ ^ . j^Ul l^UV
y i^^L^I Oj-Jl v^. c ^ >^^ /_Jb 0^0 l^ j:S\^ Ji ^^1
. . <uiJaJ l^j-ST'ii-j ^ (»-r^j 4^ <>iLL« JLiu-l Oj-is-jil jy~>-t» . ^JLs-Jli
«i^ Ji iU j,J . . uyilp tUj ^Ij^ ti S^ viiL. ^_^ dUi (|w.j V^!
V^f ^f L2jyi Oj^jS~ (jjui>.jll jl^ ijliji SjJU J^_ ii^Ul Jji^
. .^Jo^yl\j iJLii iSUjr oii Sijidl pJLstfJl sjlaU* sjl. cu^I
ctlL. JlOJ ^yl; ^ flj^ j> ^ oi-Axjll o^,^. Of ^JlzJii JUL. j^fy
i-i^ i^i . -Oi"^— *">-^' t~^ ^«JUaJl SJUfcL_)co JLjJL_>«:j liUij oj_J
jU^iJl ^ ,»-*Ijh1 u^^^I *j^jj *JLj^ dl^ vi^ f \Y»r/-A«^^
J. F. O'aillutjhiin: ojK'tl p. 245 - R. Altumira o|Kil pp. 170 - 171 (^ • A)
N. Barbour MnnK;cfiPI>.«n-KI « n^- nV .^ l>d>JI .iAJL- J^ *jU^ :^jL JiJ(^«^)
^Jb-jll o«^ ^^'^
^ilL. Oijj '^t^^ a- s^ ^iJLL. ^Ul ^U uy Ic^'l* ^ijJ'
«:> ^ . .t5>t i^U ^ Jlill jjJU i>jt cilUj ^lill ^>Jf iil^
J ^Udl ^j . .iJjPjt viJUL.j 0^ dUU uy JIJ» fWI «J ^**^ ''-^^
Ai*- J Oj^ dUUj AibLii dUL. iJirr (.J* . . JUi^l J^ Jj >-^>JI
jid J* OjUiiij ^a:*^i j>. ^uui j^ui u^u-i J. > Y * 5 /-* n ♦ n
/^^'>iJjVl ^>. jtiU IJU:^^ iJliii cili-
ce j.L5jJlj j^tA-Jl olil J ^ jjJ^, ^Wl v^^yt LUI (.15
. . A^JLv» Qj^ CyuXA\ JlJj ^OiVl j> > iil:^ ^il^ ^^^>-^ *y^-
o^^)^j^H\ ^ i^.>£ inUjl olj>i ^t-^^T^
a*. Oi-J^J^' -^ d^' '"^^ "^"-"^ ^'^^ *^^^^ dii^ ,^. (1
J. F. O'callaghan: A history of medieval spain p. 245 (> \ \)
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit pp. 245 - 246 (^ > y^
YVY
Jj1/I J.^1
^y: ^ ^J cJuXai Jaj ^U^l ^>.j ^^1 ^^j j^i ^_i^^.
Uyl .!)L ^ Jl ^j iL^Vlj .l_^l Jp JI^Vl ii> oj^^L |ju:u^
>-a!f isui^ ^ui iu^\ j^ ,^ 5^,^^, ^^ ^^,^ ^^1 ^^
dlL ^ ^ 5^U- ^^ ^Ul ^iJiLl jiiy .^^j ^ ;^L«
.YAi-YAr^
• YAo^y.
jiJb-jli cM'^ YVA
jt^ JL2ju of ;^tj (jJUJlJ . . bco^- aJLw-NI iJl^^^vlJl ^Ull J>t^ *l)f A^J^
Jl of^l^jjL^ l^^xl.>tJ[ iJJLLa *i<J^j . . L^^ L^J^ Jj^HJ ^j-r^ JJ^, ^'j-s^-J'
i-jjii-i ^ jL-irNi iJi-A jL__iJ j» ^Y^ ^/--A n*A iju^ j ^.-W-^l
cLUIi f-\jL^ a>-f _ c^j^j^ *-^jf J^h f-^ (^ -^y t-ij*^ Oyj^f ixtlifl
iiirLl ^^^ of -ui jijj L^jj dJlLJLJ \jiyLi -^^^^Ul iiJlil-l J[ L>-jj
AJU J^rni . .1*-^ v'j-t^l (JJUUil J>^^ /*-ia^ *-i-->H *j^l cr* ^;v9Ul
. .:uJL=Ll aJLj of (Ji i^Ljj oJbfj OL^j iJs»^ t>^Uf ti^^^^l* . .iilruii
ijla^Lri AjJlS ^Jp jUoi-t i^ji^^j ojj jj SjjJtl j-»^Ul iiJ>-| L^l>«x*-»iU
N. Barbour: Morocco P. 79 - B. Meakin: the moorish empire pp. 83 - 84 (\ M)
N. Barbour: opcit p. 79 (\ \ V)
r^ C^^jUoJl J^ jj . .c^>>-l <>}jj v_w*-*:>- j^^^ iuUJ jf Ujj t>uww^j
Jji .fe-l^l jf p-LJi j_^o-,-*J >>*l ^>Ma^ ei^ j-s^Ul AiJbLl JjXw-l
i;^ t^^lj^ t>« r/^ ■ -j-^l '-r'-**^ j-^Ul iJL H)) :^^ ^^)cJjJlL>- ^|
-*^J ^:^W^i cy* ^J (*^ J>*^ Jjcl^Ij l^ ^^ir^lj iJ^l J-^jj /^
^Ul cLUUlI oLJ . . ^L^ oOi Ja^ ^ ^ajVI Oj-^ ^ ^y^ ybj
*-Jydl JJi* ^v^jll a-P ^2H '-^J:! U^ *r!>^ J>s*aJ.I Jj JU^ Jill JUP ^f
l^Ut ^ (_^ ^j^l o^'yij (*U^^I JJL>JlL La^^L>-j L^ Jj;
^1 ^y^ jp <lj\ Jj] oi<:j . . n*A i^ Jiijf J dUij , . .ubUj
lljVl ixSj^ J ^Lj hM IjjLii of Jbu (tJ» oJ^^Jb>- sjlpIS ^Lj ijjj oL-^
S^^Jji oJi ^ 0>r>^ cSjUaJl oL-^1 i^fj J* ^^^o/^o^^ Ai^
^Jj*^ti il^y>-L^l t^>l^^ • .^j-J^Vl :>^^ ^ ^ji^j r-hj ^^ ^Jj^^
Ja>- Lr . . i^Lij ^jojfj OU- Ai,J-o jl^^f jvrljjp cJJL |^ Jj-riJ
DjX^t t^JJl ^1 ^IxS* J e^^kJLJl Jp pM^NI .^L>»t ^yuu jJU
S.p. scott: moorish empire - Y'^ Y - YA ^ ,j^ Y J Tf^ c!>UVi iilj:* : 6bp JjIJLp JUjt (\ U)
V.II p. 325
.\*A^jlLJ.i^j^|(\Y')
J, F. 0*callaghan: A history of medieval spain p. 246 ^ ^ Y \)
^ ^jVl *bL^ J U 4u>-yU ^^ ^rT^J oUL/aJl JjL>- -u CJilp JLs
. . (.!>UVl Jp jUl jJUJl .^1 ^Upj jjJl ^^ . . C^\':>% j^\
JL^ N i^JiJl i-JJaJl sU-lj ^^>Lu^l JaJUj c:^ jJl ^bj^l ilSOJij
Oi-^ _^ Uij AjjLa J^ JU; Jol U>x^l3 . .L>-bi« ^MJlIIj J3UI
Jii LA ^j>^:i ^ d[ 0^ AjJiJj J^-J^' ^J^-*J«^ -J^ cu^JaS ol iJli^ *w^U»
.((JJ^ ^ts^jf Ain^ (Jp >*li
ty j-^» :^^^^>olxp Jal jlp JLoji J^^ , .^^Ul iiJit-l fljXs^t i^jiJl
i«Jj J^ S/jf At>Lu^Nl ^yrji Ajcif *-oU- ^ jujc^ \J o^Jj j$3j ilL^ii
cjUjjJI ^ jJUj -uf Jio , . L^j^ V^l? iijLiJi LjipUL l^ o^^kJLi
OIS" a1\j JLrj iiJLiLl (^jl! j^" Ji ^v^ i iJbuii ^^Ijf jji- d\ cSy^Vl
-UP cLtJJu S^^kJLi ^y/j^ ^^LJI ,iJlL lijB :(^^')t5j:^l Jj^ .iJlxJti
^J^** O^ (♦^l ^^ '^J» :-^l^l -M" -"^^^ ^^ (*Ji*l' ^*t^^l -i^^
. Y^ \ ^ Y i3 r (^ p:>t^Ni iJji (^ Yr)
l^;>^ . . ^,j>^l OU J SiUJi KUyr \^ ^jt=^^j ^^^ V of '^i i^LsiJ!
. . ,j^l ^U[ ^>4 ^^U! >:i^l iJLJ-l Jl ^JLII i^juai ^1 IJLA
^^ *^.%it^Ju\ ojl>»>-L; CU%«jj |»U»<aII ^jJL^lI) I^JLp t„. ./a»j SjiaJLi
*bLiJl J-^ Jjj^J jA ^ji-Jt-^ j-,oLJl SiJLsLi B^j^ ._., ■■ jlS" Lcj
Jjjf L^ C^ ^f '^\^ ,y^\ dUi Jp (.mf Ail JliiB .z^^kJLi
** Mil
j»^:LJ OJ-Jj |»^Ij-p cJS'j p^sUiJ oJLjjJj (^lijip diij ^LJi
JliJili pLDI J^ J^^ij . .jU-.Vl l^ ^zJjd y^l j^ ilx-Vl CoJaJUlj
dDi Jp ^LJI |.li. J_^ ^ ^ JUjj , .^ jr Ca*LJ.\ v^fj i^l
(^ jAj *>-\j OjUpj ^>tj ^Lj a}L>. c^U- J cjlkri .yjLp J^l
tijUi Jp ^OJaJiU .-Aa....,t j^j ijj jL«i . o>JLi jU«- aJU^Ij^ Oi-^J^'
OU ^i ^j ..(ti^ljJl iJl^i^ u^jt ^^JlaJI »J^7 J^f*»l 01» :aJ^
ilLiJii iSOul S_w.l» A_;^ j^::*; S>JLS h^ Jt> Oi^^' *^^^'
% Cji^j^ oL-jiJl ^^t aai . . .^I^JI Jf> ^.j A^ V^ OL-^j
IjjjtJ Ljjjt «-U^t J,[ ,;;ij=^T iisL-t Jx-jt -»j . 0:.«. L aJ.I JbiJ LJL--1
JUaJ ^^ :|^Vl ^1 Jl v^l o^ aJI^I ^y^^ '^^ ^'^k
OIL. JLSJI jjJb ^LiJl _^j_iJt ^U- Jl ^Jil j-,.i:»J . .u^UJil
. . f.Ji::J^I JUlj JuJrl (^i-i^J Oi-W' J^ u^UtJ'j -i^*^' L> ^3^'"^^
;Sj_^l ^j^ jLUfj . .UL^l J W^l V>' ^^=^' ^^^ o^^ r
C^IS 1(5 . . ^y,jJl JUj (vAijA. aJL-.VI Ooll *.l»jf Ails' j^^ ilLuU^
oL*Ji-l 0L-> Jij ^' . .O^llj ^^\3 S^\ J^ S^. ^.-^I g-'M-l
S.p. scolt: A history of the moorish t'\tj^ ^i3r^ f:>^yi ^b^ : -^^ *'''-V=' '^**
empire V.II p. 325
J. F. O'cnllaglian: A history of medieval spain p. 246 ( ^ tA)
R. Allainira: A history of spain p. 165 „ YAA - TAA ^ 1 15
IbiJ - s.p. scolt: A history of moorish empire V.II p. 325 ( ^ f • )
YAT Jj-^l J^t
iijLiuaMi d\^j»j i-^-^li cJLi (I)Lo_;ij r-ljj ijJS (l>Lo-j4 Jv^ Vi^'
JiUj iJjPjf aSCLc ^_^ iiJaJJa Jl Jv»j3 . . iJbii dUL. SopL-* j^
^ ,»^lj3 J_*L5: aI^VIj ^L-VI ^. .ji^l OlS- .jliJl jjju viJLUl
eJliJi jjJu jyS\ SiU> JUujJl A^ar JL>- J^j 1^* . . sLillj 0L,>J|
^L, jr^Vl flj>b OjJ dUU JL^ J-^j ,^* . .JjVl j-iJL. dlill ^^1
J.Ss^\ jj ^^. ^JLs S^ dJUL. Uf . . j^lxJl _^_^f djJ dli. ^t
*^^• Jij— 1* o^ J-=^"^' ij''^*^! -^ — h \e-^. • • ' — JJJJ' «^l->»jf (Ja-J"
JL:aJ Lu-i fi^^^_ iljjjt 01^ JJ_^"jf OlS'j . . iiJL-Vlj ^;^ Jl JU-j
J^ (^ < ■ '^yrj'.j o^'^jjij -iij-^*^ i>« 1<>^ Ls.->- jUi . . ^jiJLll
of J^*j ^Lisfj Jlilj JLcA-L (wJLsrtJl ^^ Jp S^ dLL. 4;u>lj^ij o'yju
.(^v'D^JLuis JUL, ^^- Jl JbaJl J A^ iJ^xJioj <;L,>j ^^,
J. F. O'callaghan: A history iif medieval spain pp. _ V^^ ^J^ A^J^^ l-T^ : ^^U-if > .L^jj (\TX)
246 - 247
J. W.Thompson: the middle ages V.U. Mohanimudan and christian .spam p. 684 (^VV)
S.p. scoli: opcit p. 325 ^To^ .foA^ ^JL^Vl jtjjl; .' j-L^t «.^^(^rt)
oUjjUl ^ O^i^t pLaj Ljjjf *L>jt ^ AikJlt Jl ^,_vi^
iJL?- SLiil ^ UJf (l)j-ww?-j ;^j^ '-**^1 2.^^*1p rt-^j^ ^r*«=is«-j . rt^L^l>«j
iJlj» aS*^ ilL>- j jJUf (t^jJ^- OJlS^ . . ijtwuLi ^Ji^J (Jp- iUaJLU iliJU
^:>LJIj aLjVI ^yi l3^>. ^j^ jJ^ l^S* . . Uh^ cjUL j^j^ ^^
jrJjJj j^lkJl Jp iliiU,^ S^ 1:^^^^ iJbLti (.iJUL* JJb lIJLIJJ . .(t-^-s^
i-wff^j joJjLiU ULi /jJj-.1p ^j4*^ *^'jJ ^2^.^L.rtU t-Jjvaj (1)1^ . . /fcUJaJl
ojllj ^t^LJlj jai ^ i^J^^ oU5 LJ>j Lilkjl oJL-jt pJ . . *-\^j^\j
Cj^Lai \,^ . . olji>- IjjLjj il^^l CjLaI^Ij oUfc^lj ^^-^^ JW-J L5-^jb
ili^j^ LUI J^\j ^j>^\ Jl i.^ ^ ii.^^ oLs^l J ij^JJI v^l^l
S. painlcr: A history of middle ages -Y^tjj^Yjtf f*^V* ^-^"^ ' "^^ 4MIV '^^♦^ ( ^^*)
p. 195
.t"\' -fo^ ^ JjL-Ji (^j^' *r|^^ '-^^ (^v*!)
.m* ^j^ («rjil ,j-ii ^c^' *-^y. (^^^)
TAP Jj-JI J^l
^jL» f-jj^ yL*-* ^;^ [*-*.^j u>*^' i!lx-ii JlaI jij^j ^_^LJl itUU ^^f
JL^ ^^LJl iiJl^l ojJL^f c^JJl ^bSCJl J Lajf IjLa JiU aI>-
^ dU^ Lq j^^J l^j j^^ jjujj v^y j^ ^l^j ^^ Ja^ iiiU:!^! ^^
Y^o-Y-\t^y. ^>l ^^ lOl:^ Jula^ JU^(^n)
l^^oJljift -JJLpLJ* CJj.v^.'v- ^jJI Cj\yii\ A:^j Ajly iHl^iJ dJULo ^tJij
i_i]Uj \^ . .jjLa (^^ «-^jJ j^-^ ijlSL^ "^j^ (^^^ {}fj^ cP'^ '^^
A^jiLi ^jii , .ijlJJl tjL-yj LJjJUailj ilji^jf i^JLc Oilji ^ jliJl ^^^V'rl
^t JLii . . ^jJr^ jtiw^f iiJWl JuJr\ olS" . , jWI jjJb i;y>jf dJUU
OjLa-^1 oL-y o'^j J^jJ' aSOLiTj OjJ a^^j ii^^a^ i^^ *^ly «>•
aJjlvsilj v1Jw<mJ^ ^j Jijj iUaJLU \...ih^L lj^pw,a^ *Uv^ iJlj-ii lLULo Aj^U*
"vJ!Aill ^jJLl c^L-l |»J .^ \YNY aJjj Yf /-* n»'\ ii- c^*^ T\ ti
^^UuA"! yf oiLij L-jli (jytw. ^y» t^t; ^Ljj SaJ15 v^ ^^
• 'lSJ*^ Oj:^ S^ ^>« ^f j^^\ aaJULLi JL>*j;:L>ili . .^_;^:sU ^jj ^-a*^jj
S.p. scoH: A history of the moorish empire V.II. pp. 325 - 326 _ Y^'V - Y^« ,_^
J. F. O'callaghan: A history of medieval spain p. 241 (M V)
JfAV Jj^\ J^i
f4=t*^ 'j^j-^J (t-Ayi: il)>Lu Ijip^f j,J . . i«jiJ| y'U-JUlj *_a>^| js'
. .jl^l LJlr-i o-^ <> i>!-»^=*^ ^ jn^f ^^>-^ (t^^-tAj Ji ^j^J\ J
c^J i^^Vl iJl^l ^Uil J.^ ^ ^'^ ^\ J>^. ^ . , djj%
dlL oJ^I ^ j aJIJ^j pJ . . JUJ^|_, i^sJL>.j o^j i>jf ^j^
S.P.SC011: opcit V.IIp. -YW-Y^-\^ t J rj^ f^jL-Nl iljJ :0L* JilJLP a**(Ul)
326
J. F. O'callaghan: opcil P 247 _ Y^Y ^y
R. Altaniira: A liisloiy of Spain p. 165 -_ nr - nY ^y. JjUI ^^I ^Lif >_i^ji(\n)
s.p. sctHt; A hislory of the moorish cmpin: V.II p, 326
y^J>'j\\ oU^ YAA
u-jL^^ jjI jj, /7\{ \ l^j>x::xil tjy»-L*.xJLI c-Jl? ^_ybj , t-Lj iJLS (^ J^j ^^
l*-*-'^ Oy^ »^ ^^ fj^l ^y* V-r-" '^ cr^yi^l ^y^ (^j^ . * j%-^-^f
^Jy J^'j^ *^ ry^ j-^Ul iiJjLl (JJ *J^-_/i o^-^^ o^ u.d.^jj jL-
Jl r-Lij ^^ rt-;,L^ '^-^-^^ (j^-^^ ilri' (J^ '^J^ ^^j j^\:S\ ijiJiLl Jj:^
.<^^^>^Ul JP
(♦-r^^j . . f^^ji:^ (J ljj-*^^l /%j iwotA--*^! ALwoU- Ijl^j oLdjJl ^y,^^
^^1 p^ .^Ji . ,^j J^ Jj^ J j,.^.,s^f Ij-^JJ JdjJ^I l>*^
SU-jjl A:>-1 ^JLijl \j*>~\j <jJ;>-^ ilp^l-*^ t>* l^l^ Loj>«Jb ^J^yj J^'^^J
*.*^l (i"vij . . f LwJf iw*^ ^2r^ L-iJuj 4jJj«-^I ^iji>-l cUjLS^ . . ^5jI./i'II
4^1^^ Jto iH>il J.^UJI JUJI ^1 ^^J . . u-^^l ^1> JjVl
^JUl J^l :>Ap OlS" ^Lo . . J^lj i-i]f aJLJ^' 0:1^^^^^' JW-^' -^-^
*lj| JUUl l^J.\ Ja^^w J 'Ui^:;>cj ^^LJI iiii-l Jj] ^* . , '-JyJij iJl^jj
(♦t^ {^jUoJi ^U-ti . , iS"^^! ^j^ JjCu^ ^j^^pjl ^ J5 JL?^t
It
ol^jBj ijjJLij iLlj ij^ JU>-j ^j-j>*j ^^1 r-lJrl ti *blSlo ajLJi
LaOjU oyi] OjS ii^ JS" clJlS" , .ui^ivaJl u:^ iiji^o O^Lof tj f-*;;*^
/^"^^illx^iS iiiLMf jlSj UlaJLlp ^44^ t Mt^ L/^tit: 1^1^'
B. Meakin: the moorish empire p. 82 - J. F. „f"\o ^ ^JjVl «^jl: :7-U*if <-J^^(\i^)
O'cailaghan: A history of medieval spain p. 247
J. F. 0*tallaghan:A history of medieval spain P. 248 - S. p. Scoit: A history of the moorish
empire V.II p. 330
iaJlSLl J SJL>-lj iiuf: ii^jiall Ijljt^J j»^ji-,<» Uiit dj'i^j^\ (Jai
j^i^xJl \JA ^J>y- ij^ iil^ j^Jt>^. .^1 ^U^l J Ir^
jlJL^ Jp .-ij-iJ *JLp Sjjj J_p pIj^I "C^J j-^lJl *^1 V-»-^
ijiJl J^>- V-^J . . "^Sij-iJ A5tjj -k^jOj i*dJl ^jUi ,_;-I>-i •. i^j*i.\
Jji- 5.*iU *iJL>. \y,jj2i ^J\j ^^^^. ^1 <-«J Ic^ • • -J-^l J^
1_j.ua . . lAJt ui^j yU I_^l5j ui*^f (.-dil* ly^j **>=^i r*^l ^^-^
^jj^_ ^X% ^j^\j OiJb-jil >L^j II* . . j^>-l O^ ^>=^l
^j . . j^Upf Jp cSjUJI OL-yJl Ijv ui-^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ r
4ilj^ ^ydl Ola^ Jl (OJGl iJLuii JU. dUi tsb Ui . .ui*L-ll v_Jl^
jm jj*^! j^i
u_*ajJI jy ajLj:^^ ^f^^^. oi'^^J^^ jSL,Jo> Jp <_5jUaJl Jji-.l
AX^I ij'yij Ii«Jlj ^.ji>-l lt^% {.U-lj ^^>LJlj il:oJlj iviiJlj
. .^IjoJl ^ ui-ill Ji ^U:4 U^ ^f oij^^\ o^ >S . . vl>lj
^yuu^ ^ j»JUjJl ^^-:^j 4_*J-I illiii diU J^jti . .t^jLvaJl Lj-1p
ti^J^ Jl jl— (*-"' • .^>JyJ tT'Js'Vj 5^J <Jly 0_>-.-9r^ Jp J_^li
dJLiil JUS 4_-.L Jfcf ,^i^ . .SSjJil (1)I-U« ,>• uiri^' '-^fj i-W
• .*S'^I ^j>-3 ^^Ij '^L4»-/aJl i5j^ l^ Jo ^j (t-f^.-L. IjjjUi
t>- Wl -^J u^J ^^^ ^"^y '^^ ci'' '^f «il "^^ Jl~ jL- . . ^U.|
J Jls^Ij Uj_i _^JLp y^ lA_^l>«i , . i£jjti\ ^ ijij'^'j ^^ J*f
of Jj'-^ '-^l (J^ j^^^ *— ilf "-^f LajJLS AjJli oJbt Jjbf ^ vP
r ^ f^*^' '^^^ =^^ •**''-V' -^^^ -.r^^-rnA ^ ^^H\ ^^j\: :^\ Uumj, (\oi)
H. painter: AliisUiry of midille ages p 1%. r\ Y - r\ \ ^y* Y j
S. p. Scotl: AliiMory of Oic nio»risli empire- V.II ^TV\ ^y y^^l ,j-ij :^LJi( (^J^^{^oo)
pp. 332 - ^^^ - J. !-. O'ciillHj^han: Ahistory of medieval spain p. 24K.
R. Aluiniirii: Ahisiory of spmn p. - fYr o^ Y J r J^ C^^V' ^-^-^ **^^ "^'-^ JU^(\on)
U)5 - s. p. .scoit: Ahislory of the moorish empire V,n p. 33*).
U^j Jp iijUl Jj:i . . I»^ Nj JUi % ijoi.! ^»JLJ J«> lj>.tj \j^j
. . v_jiJt aS\j: j^aJ^j IjUJI t^j^^t ajIjj jJjJj . . c-Alf aSLc SJuf IljJU
•JA trJl^j , .^^ LiL-ij t5j--f ^>• cjVb»l P'jJ\ i% (Jl ^^J:5I^I J^
jiii . . 0:fJuJ.I _;JL-^ ^.oi" J v'^r^lj v^>^V' '^^-'-'-^' C:!^'
^yi ^^ 1 4jL JJ JJUJJ . .Oj**-fj yt. J:i Ij^f j-,as-f t>*i J;^— L
OvJLwJ.1 ^ji~>- jJi" AiljjJI oil^ lii* . .^Vl J J^\ji\ iSj^ OyiUl
S_SUXw« oLaJ-l JUS J_p (♦-ji- t/j cr* ■i-J^ <^.i^ J'^ "-^^ aSU^w
i'U LUl Jl ^Ua=:- J Oy>J-^l J=» o^^l j-^>if iJ^^^ ^^^ J-^-
i_ii^t jdjJjf jJJb 1^;^ . .iJi*JLII (^j--Vl ^j^ Jljif Jp «^1^ J>-j i-^f
AJJaJi? (_ii^f j^ij ijj jvJbjOij . . J*-j i-jiJi tjii*-^ O^*-^— *' ij^ '^y.ji
J^A^ Jji ^Ulj ^f ^'U 4_«4>l J j»^ J:a . . J>-j tJf jSU
Ji AXi~ ^Ua^:- J iJVzJLi JJUL. iol :iL>Jjj 5^Vl ^jJi' \^, . .S^jlUl
Liif i^Oa-^ J .u . .<^-'*>Li)f ohLJj 4--.^ Lj> ;sx. i^f
S. p. scoll: opcit pp. 339-340 .i»J^\j ^_^\ .j-* : <1)U«^ '"'•V •^■*^ (^«V)
r\o ^ ^jll ^ :Ol:i* iitJirA JU* -rV. ^ ^AiVl j^.j\; ■.^\ ^J^y, (\o^y
%=r^ji 'JS^^' {►J^J'^ lc*rf • . ^J U>*->^ ii^^ i-OA^l dijij rt-fcjJiajj
s^f Jl ifiju iJL-j j 15:;^ ii^aii ^jjjuj oov i^s^v i^iki J
W lT^ (4^^ u-jSCjJl V*'J' ^i f>^l (-J . .>^-j u>~jti UU-i
*k'^ lii V^' ***>- Cy «j'> ^ jL- JLia ^^LJl iiJULl Lot
ji^ ^ >ljf M^ji . . Uj^i oa^ Jl l^ jUi OWj S-J^f c^' i-L
^^^4^j^" O' »js^ i^'^ t> ^4^1 J^ ,»i . . c > Y N Y ^ji/-A ^^^ 'a^
V>il jllaif «l? Jl l\:S U^V. 4i.lil J:>U jJL^fj .(^'^Y);ijij, ^j
i?>l ._^ ^jf ^ . . ;3liii .IIL jLs^L iJLj:u-,^lj 0:,JUI oL,^
^^y Jp JlpV ,jV^I OL ^^^j . .uc^yli UUxol Jii 5j^ Jl
J. r. O'callaghan: A history of medieval spain P. 248. (\*\*)
-^^"^ u^ J^Ul ^J.\ :^\^ i)|j^ ju^.vv* ^ J.U1 (^^1 :^LJif u^^^^n^)
ibidi -r^n
.YiY -YH ^r O V-^' "^y :c5jI-A*^ u^K^*^!^)
0\jujii\ yrUj oLcNij (*:A^NI JaV ^ iiJLl:ill iJUJij jUU^I Jj^V
ijuLLiS'j iJlj rtjlj«Jlj SjjJLXj ijijIjI^Ij ojjs>>» i^j*^' - ^' (V^^J - >-^lS'
J v^j . .jUSCJl Jp S^l lj>::ilj ^ *y U^i l>r ^ • • vb -ill
, {(AjU^XuUJ Ajw*J *C-uh j.rt^ /3 _^^'j'
^yi OlS" iJlA JS" . .iJliAS dJUL. ^U- Jl JIxaSI j ^\j:iilj li-J^'
JLiJ <**>! J^ AJuJil Ji 1^.^ Uf ^i . . cri-^J^lH 5^J '1>J*^ ^
iJji c^b U Ljljf UJLstf j-^Ul ilJLjLl IfA JLio , ^.^jUj jJU^ oJ>U«
lil Icr'y ^r*^ J^' ii LS"^! jj . ,uyj^ U^,r^J ^^ ^>:*-J^jll
jj^ili ^ ^-i-^ji ,_^JLiVl JLfUJl Jii* ic^AI i^Lwif ^t ^y» olS"
I^J^ U^lj o.^^v^'j a--=>^ cm' t> -Wi^ iijiiLl Jp ^j^l y.:> ^
irjAl Ij^j jLiflJl f^Lof ijJjll j^ Ij-^x^U tijiJl^J-lj jijji\ J^ Icr-^'^'j
A-*k" tl;^' (J-^ ,jJjLlVl ^j-^ ojla>-)) ;^^ '^^5^^Ul Jj^j
iJiA ju. >:^j 4 ^L^ ^1 ^j:>\j U ^ \yrj>- ji^ : JUJ iiil JIS 1^
J (^Ik^l (Jjl>-L w-Jji^ ^-i^ji (jjjf -^ J^ Ijj^ p^f ^^J • -Oi^^J^'
tf * f 1 !--•
^Uit v^ t^iJI JUJi^l v^U* ^o. OjiM iU^ji LS^ Oi"^ J*
^ (^jUad! iJxJI A^%^[ <^j-M^ ^bj iJi ^.-.^U^ o^-i*!^ 0^*i/ <A^ ^y
^ tXj> J-P J-wJlj ^sJUaJl jl-4^1^ iUp-^l ^U (^jUaJl ifijUi.j
. AT * ^ <Xa^ ^y j^-*^ *■- tf s«a.i i a (J ^Lj i«-Uj jL^r 0>J
il^l ijju (J |^*co v^UjJI i«iy» aL^I Jai _^UI iiJL=Ll ^
j 4J rt-^i /^j^ 'Sij'j^ ^y^ ^3y^ y^^\ >»Uxj1 j_^i^ *bjj^' u^
fljL^ ^ytju ijiis iiJirLi ot ^ja Ujj iiUA , . (* ^ Y^y ^^-.^--^j:*/^ n^ *
<\Vd) ill* «
J;: ^ ^ ^l i^bj Jx^l llj . , <L3 dUU 4JI ^^ jl J.3P J ^Ji;Vl
AjjJl J>oli . .ajUi^j jJ:^ i^ (1)L«J. jJpIp aU^I aJLJ J^ c-»jil aj
J. F. O'callaghan: Ahislory of medieval Spain p. 253.
B. Meakin: the moorish empire p 84 Y O ^J^ f^yhh j^wAl ,^^«aJ : i^j^llH (^^o)
.Y»Y ^ Y ^Uoiu-Ml :(i^;^Ul-Yd* ^ 1 g7^^ :Ojal>. ^>^i(WV)
B. Meakin: opcit p. 85 - J. F, O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval spain p. 336.
iU'^l v^y ^AJ . .Lip yj. t^d^-i ^1 ^ ^ui ^.^i jiyi
Lj^jj *l*j a« k>i udj-i^j <^ ^ '^^V \^ ij^l 45011 -cf Up
tjbUJL i«ui u^Lt. j^* . . :)jj .iiL. ^ui ^_^r ^ ^^^^ ^ij
/^^^^jOiUy (»jh^t ^^_ jUi,f huj yUjl
U^^ o^l^ Ji jJ^ c U^o/-* n^Y JWI (.Ull JA . .^.a^^l
jj*- A-JLi1 4_*- Jipj j.^:.-.Ul iiJliLl 4JLii-Li . .jLkiJi jj ^i^i
^^Ij Uj^ ^1 i,j^| Jp ^ojVL cji^j!,\ ^% ^ Jp ipM^j
•JW Jlj Jl L-o^f . .^aiVl Ji 0-1=^ ia^l .Loo jj . ,Uj^ ^1
.>%}\ o>dv23 ..AJliJi i.51, ^ iijaij jJUl i,j^ |.|jJL L^^l
J. F. O'callaghan: opcii pp. 245 - 253 - 335 - R. Altamira; AhiMory of spnin p. 188. (W^)
B. Meakin; ilie moorish empire p. «5 ■ J. F. _ YU ^ r J ^jiS\ OUl :^jlip oi'(^VI)
O'callaghan: opcit pp. 253, 336.
dCiJc^J
CijJ iSCUr ij«.L«J| ^Jb-^l 43^
ULii viiU J^ ^^Ul lift ^ .(U.)^^^ov ,_,J^«*.f/^flaY
.ij-Vi a^f :jf _^ ^i j^^ u .^^oJii i,jU. ;s-^ oJjjj .(.v^^/^ ^y
iyli. «-^ ^Jjj JU.J ,_,a--. ijijbr ^iJal. Jl >^y. Oi JlS" ^^^^ ^j, OU^I
cX-i j^ 4jjUj ijj^ ^j. i^fj .j.Y»^ _vo./_» ^rr t-. i:>jjiii/ w^
f^J (^"i^ :^> Oi-* >l) .ii,«:iJj crijj:uSI j^Uj ijJU. ;ui>li. ^ |^^
41.1 JiJ oii cf \^\\ i^ j^jii\ ,iUil slij ^ OjJ «air ^L ^^- o.,_^I
t?J' or^'jVl i5>- L_^ U.^.j iNj ^j IjliU ^Ua ^j^ UjJil Jbc ^^I iJliii
J J>^J:-, iibM i\jL c\£i Ci^ iS^ J a*r .^^ c-^li j^' .o_J «lt Jl
^JJ=> JjiJ Os-J-ll i-jU. ^5^ l^^j ,i^\j yj^ J iJi^j ^^ ^ _j^__^j. ^
5>ll .a* J^ l^^ ^\ oisi ,^j^^|j ^iJlIj ^.|^| ^ J^'u^ij
ilj. :OLp Jilxp a^ ^1) .^ui ^>J|j ^Ul ^^ij ^.Ul ^^1 ^1
JLpf J U iuUl ^IjVlj iJl:uii iSJLr ^y^ cUliJi yiJL- L^^f
ff
j clJliJi ^L. iiJliJ^ dJUL. v^t *^ jWl jjUUy OjJ dJLU iw»;:^l
^-i^ <^.'^l »^j^ tlJj^lj l-^ L« Ic^'i^f ^ Jp Ufl OjUdlj U^
j^ Jp ^liii ja;l. j.^ 1^ jb^ \^ aJ^"^i sH*'-*^' r^ c> >
j^ (J l^jJlj iw-Lo- Jp ^;wJ| Usui f- U::^-'^! iJUh J OLSUHl jj
j^^o^ 0>-: i^l^ll ^ri^l iiiadl j^iu OjJ dJUu jl^l jJUU^ :>yl\h
t-is*aj Uajl OjJ dULo Jj^ ^ ^J^ l-ij^ Jl iiUi^^L , Ajj^Ij 5:ijUj
jjp -Ld5- ^ Ol5o »±JWI jJtJL- iJli^ dUL* Ut .L^L>-:»j ilwil ijJU
ioJUj ^^^1 c5^y d;:^ ijiil^l :itAJI ^ is^Uj t^Jl^Vl ^tAi iJij
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit p. 233 - R. - Y^Oj Yr\ ^ ^JLiVl jyjlJ Ij^LJil u^*;-jj(\A^)
AJtuniira: Aliistory of medieval Spain p. 167 - E. Barker and G. dark, the curopcan inheri-
tance (3 vols oxford 1954. VII P. 399.
J. F, O'callughan: opcil P. 235 (\ AY)
Ibid - rv ^ Y <j r g^ f^sUNi
0>J ^iii^ JbSJ All^j (^ jU ^* -(^r'^ ^Jl Ij^r-i^-s .o-J-^Vl
j^a>-jllj icjAI c*L»«i '^j^j Cr''^ *^-^ iJi*^l uii ***>• "^^^r-^ •"■^jj
jj^jJLloj ijji« jJU-i ^'y o'^y" o-***" <^js^ "-iJ^ J^j ^1
jUij irjAI ^ cuUi l^J.^«a=L| ojbjjJ aJIjaj JJf OjJ viJLL. dJUi kL ,j«»J
" ♦• •• 1 "
x^ -0^ -oA ^ r J^>il OUI :^j\S^ c^\ -YA*j YYY-Y^r ^ oU^b
. VY - V^ ^jttf (*fr^' cT*^ ■ ^^ •*^\J^
^^b JjiJ^ U*>Jb-t (^-^ (jL-jli Ji:l JLii • *f ^ \0'^/«te 00 ^ ix*^
aJ[ UJj (j-/aj- ^^l^"^ C^"*^ *^^ tl^ tt->-Jl ^J^ ^^jJjUf OoL- (^-^
^ljvJLJlI JIxaJ rt j«"*dtf ^jT^J ui'^^ oL-^l
aS** i^JiJI Ij-ii^lj 'Jjij^ i^J^^ "^^ji "^J^ V^*> apLs^ (J rt ^>Mtflf
*jjiy* J^ '^Uj^ tJL^ ipLs^ (♦-^^ (^y' ^Jj' 'j*,y*^ (^ ^"^^ oLj-i^^i-vJl
ti^l ^IkS j^ jL-^1 ^yuu Jl L^U J^f :>jxJ . J. \ n^/^ <3ol
tiJl^^^/aJl aIJIpI JIxaJ /^L>- ijAj Ij^^ OJ*^' <J^"J ij^^ L$^^ i^
Jjl Ji-^ljy jj^, a^j -v*^ er^-^l i^^-La^ jt-^b lyyo , ^tA^L^j-^'jS'
E. prcstage: Chlvnrly p, 124 (\AV)
J. H. 0*callaghan: Ahistory of medieval Spain pp. 238 - 239. (^A^)
in jttii j^i
^UaJl ^-Ip ^t» .JWI jOJUy OjJ .iUL, ;uil_^ i^^i .iJ. ^^
*-\^\ J A-^LJJI oLplksyi j,^,^^ j,^ ji^Vl JJlpli .Jv^ljxll
tJjl^l jXS^I LUI l^^^ui v^-Jr' a-J4: i>j^Ul cu-ic^ cUUiS" .<^'^^><5ai
^LJI j^l J:>Ul ^_^f i^.^,SL^ ^> OjJ «Lf J o^Uj
J. F. o'callaghan: opcit p. 239. (\^\)
C. E. chapman t Ahistoiy of spain pp. 95 — 96 (M Y)
E. Pnsstago: chivarly P. 126 0\'0
ff
l^lSt j*j' .^^.j^l i^Li* Ji:^ o:>% :>jJs^ ^^t lyJLJ . aiSO*: J=i^b
0^ *JJLL« j»J> JlS'f of Jlnj (^:i% Ji lj:>Uj ^^f 5.«>- CjjJ *iJJU JUp
t5^^ (_5jLsiajJl ^ jJlnj A-owuu ^ 4j1J) j^^JaIpj ^Im^JI J'J^^ -uljJl
^ g * ^ jJL«Jl (JLJUJU OjS^ 01 j$>>^ ji j-J^ Oi^J^' .J^^ Cji tlCr^J*' .^;^' '^'^
/^^'^^(i-Cji:* ^ tliLs'^lj ojULi i»uj J i-jiU-j j*J>*Ui- L^L>j L«ib
JljJ^JLo^N L^l;./!.? ^^U- Jf ^^jJJa_j i^X-a Jp JUJ^I dJUU JjX^I
4j1j_aj L^^.-^ J^f OjkJ 'iJULo .iili ^ gii .1^ t>:LiJI ^>-A:>-jll
*oj^^j ^j^j i^-JJ^I J^l-^ jUu^l dWji JJUd .j^jJd2j ijJ-* jt-^>^lj
^^f iwa^U A^l l5-^^1 L^lji o^j:)^. "^"^ '^^ ^ '^-^ "-^ (*^
(J-p- *— ijSjJij iwaill SjIj^ oLpJij JljJl o^yS^ . d. ^ L/j C ^v^ ^^.<»-e' J^
jj^f _^b ^ \J:[ : (_y^w>^l o^ASo Jlij)) ^jil OjJ liiU jJlxpU . l^i^l::^
' «t5-^JJ tjs^JJ iSM^ V^jf ^ '-^^-'^ ^J -"^^ "^l If^^f *^j ui^jl-l
^ . oJL^j -u^ ^^ o^jt^ ^-'^ «^f tSjd *^jtJ *^^ <^^ "^ • J*^^l
J. F. o'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval spain pp. 237 - 23« » A ^ - Y^ ^yo
iX^ Oj^UL- ioJLt J aJLie- t^jJl JLJj'ifl <— »>-j^ aijij i tal,-.^ J ^1^
i^jii\ Jc^^ to-J*^ (> J^^l ^iAL. *!5L:^| 6ji "^'b ^^J^ OjJ
t|Jjt j/i Uip^-fj l^Sa. ^^^ tr-Ji^ I'W'U o^>5L^» OjJ *iiL. /yo*
H
4J_^j ._^w ^^ OjJ liiU Jlj-J 4j;il5 ,_^^ jLjc^ _^f jlJI ,i^
o^ uojll j;^V L^L^Ij I^U- c-^>- Lii» : ^J. Jljlj ^jJOa. i^^jL.
■^^-J u^ r**' -''^•^ "^J*^ "-^^ "^'-^ -j^^^ -L«lji^l 4:S'tJ JU*^ ij(
a;!^ Jp I^ VL. jiJf All J>Lj jai jUL. ^,Ji:^^| Jl d^ .Jiyf
J. F. o'callaghan; opcil |p. 23H (\^V).
i^j^L. j^^SX* ^Ijxll Ij-^tj JU-j ^yi^ ^ ui-^jil lil i;^ ^^ 5^'
-lpcLjC jlj 1^ LtS" olii ^yi (Ji*J--^l c5^--dJ '^l^rvaiL' S^^Jr'j "-^^ «^>r
{.^ jLs:* j^ ^^^ ^i ^ 'JLi ^ "^J ^ JL^"' "^J >- Jj3^ ^
. fl^^* ^>t;;w»3il SjUji Aiiljlij j^^ CjyJ^\ j-fl ^wLS: ^yi ^'-^«*'
i«j« OLow. J <Lf i^-J^ 0-* ''^ ^jy- J -^(--y^ ^y^ Vd-^' OjL»u»Jr'
A" u- ^^j J^^J r^i c>- ur-fj ^^ ^i^>-^ r^-J .^'*'^^^^l 3'j^f
ojUajc AiJLS'j V^l ^^ ci ^Arr *-^Jd ^tO^ J^^ iiJiLl ^^f>-
oL^y ^ ^LJ,\j Cji^J^^ 0^ ^^- cA^rl O^ J ^^J cgjL^'
r ^ f^>^V^ *^j^ >^') *^^^^ *^^ <^->^-^ til sjj^i "^ ^^ ^'-v^ -*"^ ^^(t • T)
.(A^ -AV ,^ Y
gf JiJUUi SiU. *VjVt y> hJ^ j»^^ <^jUiJL l^j ^1 ^^j_^|
o^L t_^U^ ^ j^dJU 4;^j 41-1^ ^5=rL<^-^l _^ ^^^ ^^_^ oi^^^
iJ* ^y 4_;^ Jp t^^^ ^_,^a>«i ^^jyi J^^U- ^jUJl JjJ
^U^-^lj Aix^Jl J^ ^^j jj^\j ^_^L >l UJliLl ^^ .^^
. ((^x^- (.^ki- ^ ^^- cilij ^j^ij ^jji\ ^^\^ ,^vl ^ij>.t
34>J . C N N Vt/_* en^ jUi (>Uil j ^^Vl j>^ (iJjJ ^iii» (-U
/**v)j»j>aJUi Ay^\ JLUfj ^b UJbLi Jix^li t^tW^i (il ^Lp
OL 5HH^><-ij t^JUVb o^>XA\ 6\^ <Ulj^ OL^V' t5jU<aill -^^^
viJJL. jL- ^Jl] .aJIjl:J v^s*-^^. Cr" J^ ^Uli=^*^b olS-jUl ^ ^f
.l5jJ»^ i^ji «^iii.l *ljj jL-j ijW-^l ^-^ Cr* iS'^^y cr^ XLf'
IjA ^ }S\ J^j^M AiiJU j^\^ .^^Vl j> iDjJ LfJl. J^lj
^^1 i_iw-^ ^ji*i J^^f UiiLl _;t* (J . Ui^ *t5L::->Nl ^y jS:!*:^. jt Dji
.JliJ^i iSlf j>J aJI^L jU-j .(. UA£/-* oA» ix-, J ^OJVI lil
Altaraira: Ahistory of medieval spain p. 167
J. F. O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval spain p. 239 (Y< A)
^a>-jll (Ju ijtSy« C-^ j*-J ^uij^ ^-^ ii-ii-l ^^Lp- l^ii , .o^ Jl
^Ur Jl JLiill J ii^uSlj -ufl^ OjJ cUUlo Jjf tjUJ^I t^jUoJj
Ap ^^jJi>- A^^ Lit)\j>^ ljJjL>- S^^ oUi Jju O^ -^J^ t^-iSaj
.^i; tjU-f oLiJI iJu
ijftJL>- i.Ji>Lla j^ AUi L^joil OjJ ciUL* j^l cLUJJ . JjVI jJLjL- oI
'uJU-j ^ \\AA/-;t^ oAi ii^ jlill jJL^U^ OjJ illJU Jy ^ .^juSXil
4-SXr ^L^ J_p. l>:ijJL>- /tp^yi LoUi .JjVl j-^L- JU:^! cLUUj
dJliJl Oi^uJLi liUl Juu-jf jj . j»„p^ v'J^^I Vj-^ Jl t^-^f LiT 4 il)^
ULslj ilbji vilJUj djJ JJULo ^U:l^U .vJ^^LI i^ UU-l Jl (^
iJjVl hij^ J iJLxJti dJUL* 4--r^ ^y OjJ «iJUL« ^4:^!
J. F. O'callaghan: opcii p. 241 (T^ *)
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit p. 243(YU)
^\ ^^y^\j Oj-MaJ-l :i\:>ji^^ iibJii ^SliT jjJu ^\2i (* >\^o/^ o<\\
of C*^jl5l JLai . j jJ viJUL- yiJLs^ ^-.^..^ J>-ll ^^5CUl 4X:^jj f-lj^L.
Ooil jp iJlx-ii dJLL Jjl:*::^ tOjJ ^.iLL. ^ t>L>J^ S^^^^l l^^^l ^y::
(J jjji\ JLL (J ?r|jjJ' C^^>li>- <JU*jt3 t^l^Nl iJL* ^^ -tjL>- ^ Oj^
•iSj-^ OjJ LLJl L_JJ=. Jp Ijlyi iJllJti <iJUU 2r^l3 \:i,^ ^^\ SJbJLiJl
^Jb jUtt A*jjt ujUjJI Jl>u t/«>Y»t/-*'\»N i^ cJ (JtAkll jv^i
Axaik* ^ ujJ <iiLa aLjI JIA^ P jl^l 6j-/»J-lj OjAI ^ JjliJl Jo
J. F. O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval Spain p. 244 R, Altamira: Ahislory of spaln p. 167 (Y^ V)
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit pp. 244 - 245 -R. Altamira opcit p. 167 (T^T)
^_^-UVl jji^j Oi-'Uil Jla Jp ojLoJL ^ULl (^U;! 1jjl>.j <-%>^ji
t5jUJl j>J JUI (.UJI J ^jljVI Jl *Jij->^ ^^Ul aJJJ~\ j^
u^^. c ^ Y ^ ^ /-A n • A i.^ J iJ^i ioju Ji o_^ dUL. jL- j^*
_^LJI iLiil-l ^^..^Li .itI-Upl »-lPj «eL^ SJaLiv* JLAP /jJl^jil Jp
«->^ Jl -^.r^ <y cLloAlj Jlj^Vl J JJbj -Jl ^y^ U aJ JL4PJ 4JU1-I
Sjwai 5/i a*j jJ-^l ijj\j^ J^ OjJ dJUU ^^ .^^^■'^lj>« L»j5:«
i^^OJUji j-iJL- jyiVl v:-f SjUj iJbii aSILt Jj Ally ,jLju JLJi . Iji>.
^ i^U^ .oipj ^Ul J.UJI J U^i Jl OjJ .iUL. j^^,^ 61
J. f. 0*callaghan: opcit. 245 — R. Altamira: opcU p. I6K (Y \ i)
N. Barbour: morocco P, 79 - B. mcakin; the moorish empire pp. 82, 83 - 84 ( Y \ o)
Yo. .YH ,^ n j^j^Uoil ^^(YH)
J ^UJl i*5j^ JUj JUJ^I dJLUj iJbJJ tiiLij b^ .ili* (ji^l
iu- 4JUJI iS^^ j-^ li '^^ "^^J .JliJj-^il A->-s^U ii^ <:ja-
djjUJi jp Us» ij^"' s-J^^ ^'^' 4>'^' -^^J C ^Y^Y j^^l-^ n*^
oL-^l UJi^li tS>:iJl v«^ oL-> «> Jl J^l J l+*^j S>^i
^1^1 olp J h>jc}\ iv^i U^ •>^' ^--^ ^^^ • r^v^ 1;^^
^jiiVi >L~~ Uj^i ^^-^u» 4>«3ii jup cf. \y^^ d^ oi' ^-/^ y^ "^i
.^LiJI <^\S Ji~ JbXi jl^b <*Sjl.l oIa jiU«il ^j^ ^/i
J. F. O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval Spain p. 249 ( YT • )
\51 ^jU«U ^jj\ (YY^)
.ffclJUi Jp JU-l cJ-s^lj L^ Oj^XJ,! ^^^i^iilj ^j^ Vtti^l
jf icjAI fil^fc Ji- 4j J:^ of ^j:o OjJ viJULo ^ ^ \sj , OjJ aSUjTj ^l^iJb-jll-
l^jj olij j^ Ujj ^;^J-i*J c«- uUj jj*JI aSUII c-JjI ^ .jj^\ <^\
^Ul j^jiJl Ljiik. Jjl>. LiUJlJ . illi^ isUjr Jiy> %>^ji ^ cJya
c*pa:u«l ^ .4jly i_->,^j iUi J-ii -uSCIj iJbii SSUj: J^jb*-! OjJ dJLL
^ jjJ vilJL. ji:l 1^' .|. NY\Y jJji/j. •\^i i;- >^ _^ J ^_^l
J. F. OVallaghaii: Ahisuiiy ol" medieval spain. pp. 245, 253, 335, R. AKainim: Ahistory or(YYV')
spnin p. 188
J. r. O'callaelian: opdl pp. 335 - 336 R. Altainira: opcit p. 168 (YY<)
JL>.l4 J^\j£ 4it>yUl Jiyi Jp ^y,Jl>-jH ^l> i^> OjJ *ULU ^1
JL^ jjf JuJI j\i ^ >YYf /-A nY^ AX- JJljf ^5^ .^ajVi j>. pi
JiUU>j U.y S'yj JiUl ^.li viUJLJ . JiUli <^j a:3:)U. ^^^Ipti wU-ljJl
idjLiJLl 5-J<-Jl ^3 J-Jl ■>■.... J I A_j*«lL; jjlj ^j^J Iji-J ( 4JLJi[j AilLoj
*t>*3^' JLji ^jj i^^ji ^, JU-^ ^ 41)1 JLp JUii- _jjf JU*Jl i-l»y (Jlj
.C^^»yUiJL .^j a::s:5U. ^U
J ^liJlj ^j:^\ ^ oUil t^y.o^-jJJ aIAU aJ^ llljb j^f
»±Jlill jJGUjj iJliii viJUU ji>k;;:l>-Ij i^-Lj Jl ^Itll iiJiiLl c_j^ . iJs^^
i_yL;>xj A^jAl cJjjf (1)L-^I ^ Ai^ aJI iJLmJ tyUall aaJL^I iwJLLI
iU- Jjljt a;!^ jLJ tJlj:>-Vl cJLa i-^y OjJ viJUL. ^^1 Jij
IJl^j: -uUf Jj^l «^(3 t^^^li ioJU Jp Jj:^lj ^ ^YYo/-Jb "\YY
*^ ^ C f-^V' "^-^^ -"^^ '*'**"^ ^Jl-*>^- Y'-\-Y*o ^ Y ^ Uaii^Nl \^j^\^\ (YY6).
B. Mcakin: ihc moorish empire p. K5 VoY -Y'o\ (j^ Y
Y <i r f;^ft5U*i/l aJj:» : OUp -OjIjlp JUj^ - YoY ^ "l ^ ^» : djJ^ ji\ - YH
J. F. O'caJlughan: Ahistory of medieval spuin p. 33H R. Altumira: Aliislory of spain p. 167 (YYV)
c*j«L9j oljLsJl JL>- j-*ijLii OiJjL« IajjI; tul^S '^jt^ i^JjuVi jji
«.^l jjf oj^if V^^ Jb *iW^l ^.-^ J ^^j^j- iiliif JiUil iiii.1 01^
(VYA) ^ 1.
IjjU-j aJ l_^Ux-.li .jrj>-li ^Ul Jp tS^L. JbJl pJl J ^liUll ^_^
J jt^_^ Jl O^yi l^ ^^ jJuj ^-^n ^^% c^l ^_^. Ji^
i>' E> c>- <i "^^J ... A*cL-Vl ^UjLj ^jjJI ^,.JJ[i^ ^.^^ jjLp
pVJa ^y. ._j>-L; j4pt jAj tJjji ^jj j5L i_^f ^y JjIjup JUjt _^f JlJLI
(^> .J_^L .jilj o^j *liUl VI Up I_^C» .^jJl>-j ^l^j 1^,^
_p«J lj_;*»»>- -Ui . |J\.i.L.>oJJ Ap-il» ic_>(- C-^l iiilSc* ^ ijJyi ^J>j^ U\\
^LA\ Ci\ Uf JJj <^^->diJi :)j^ JJj ^fj J^ 0^ LiJf ^^Ji^
^"^ ij^ («r^l o-i :Oli*- JjIjlp JU<i{YrA)
^j^ tin' c'^J Oi"^J^' J^ (jist^-^^l hy ^ji) ^^^^ i*^' (^
iuJU iUiV aJI^j ^^f :yh ^t dLli ^ ui>- t>SCJ . j* \tr*/-AnYV
^^1 i^UJJ -alj^ ^JLSSj ijoll jUar- j^ bj^ JiL J:k:3 I>y-Jl ^ Sj^jU
if
•cT'Jt^ ^'^ ci i^ii— f ^bi\ j^jiil Oj^ vlUU {»lifj -t^j^ (^U ci
,iJUu oJiilj slij ^ il>L^ ^-^ j-^^ jAj ill^^ '^iJULi. iJlill Jibj^y
J. P. O'crtllaghan: Ahistory of medieval spain pp. 339- 340- R. Altamira: Aliistory ol" (YVV)
Spain pp. 167 ■ 168 - C. F. Hayes and M. W. Baldwin: liisCory ofcurope p. 226
cM>d^^
Zy^j] iSl»jc v-L«J| ^;;j|a>.^| as^lp
Uo. i:^ «^j ;>^jf ^^sOjt iL6| j^ ^b i;y.jf AiOjr c^jls"
J i]^. of Dj^ '^ji>j\ dIU c^jUil _^^f slij ^'1 ^wni^ou
^^, ^ ^jUil j^jiil diLAi OlS-j . . U^ ^ li, jj i^XA\ ^
Aij\jS -J ^^ M cO*^ iiuJ A^f ^^- (J eS^ OlS" JL54 , .jj^\j
4 4::SUir jwi* Jj^ -cl^j {.Ij^f AJtsVi, ajUj J^ j^jiJf dJLllI c_j:S'
AxsOr ^ dl i^ ,^^jf 4jf villi . . [ajj^ ^ ij-^j v^^f cJls:j
^ ^^Ij A> Jljj .^Ij ^jj ^-^LJ ^_,a^ JjVl |.UJf V!% Jl Sj^l
jliJlj . , Ax*S:^j *j.A^j ^oail _^j Al i>- J olSilr _^ ^^j 45Vj
0U>1 ,j,av»^ ijJUlj .^jiall Oi^ hJ^pJ^S OL->Jlj *i^^ ^_,,,a^
' ' > ■*■—
J . F. O'uallaghan: Ahistory of medieval Spain p. 223 (Yti)
^ o^^P^ oaI^ Jtf. jj^\j <-^\J\ J-^a^ .iiji^J iSUjr ^ji> t!>^N
^ . .^ ^ ^rt/-* oYA i;^ J *^>jf '^^^ J'^ Jyj '^>^i "-ii^
^JUl ^j'-SiX ^^^L- JLa>- ybj . . rt-j^J^ L5^ j^'j /h'j^' l-Hj'^ 'jj^^^^'j
• . rt-SCJ-l *^Lpb fUillj iJjjJl jj^fll u-ij^^*^ 3jAj »Jilll A-larUvo i
*^^ Jilji , . "^jf!^} a5^ ^y:. ^y:- Jj^ij ^j^^ ^^j^ <;h'^' ^i^^
JLkXj JLjjJ \^ iAJLpj iJUj Ai|L^j (—.juiJl i^JUit. ^ j^-^-iJ O^^LaJl
0"j^:u5lj (_5^p«Jl lAjla^L HjJLi^ Oj^iJil JLai , .AjjUtfijLlj Jj^^Slos^^lj
^_^JLi\(l jyJ^ jjt^ J^-^-lj *-JJL*> \^ J5^ olSj . . ^^1 Vj^ ^j^jf
CJlS'j , -Ic^ljij Ic^X-^U^ Oji IcT^J^J CJI:>*3 cJi^l J^ All^Lu-^flj
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit pp. 222 - 223 (YY"\)
J. F. O'callnghan: opcit pp. 224 - 225 - R. Altamira; Ahistory of Spain p. 156 - .s. painter: (YVY)
Ahislory of the middle ages p, 195
y'-^^ ^Y/^ n 6>]l J-^ LJU-i J ^^- ^l_ ^a^
JJ,L,f ^ XI>J| Si_^ J^iU a^lj ^_^i ji-i ^* . , ^^j \^j ,^^
uwL^l U^ iU-l oJjt ilopj »iJUl| ^^^j i,ui iijbj . .j^^l
j.aa; |.uf u^ lo^ ..ii- ijiijf iji^> i;,ju vuisv, . . \^ ^i^:>u
.i^» M i^^\j .oil J^^_ of ^jljVI J^ ^f ^:,^ ^
. . |. \\ f A .,^*-o^ rsf-^otr iu- oujb ^<\ j si^iji ^^.t, .-u-. ,t
Jl ^"Ul diiJi ^fj . 4i>| |j.j. of Jp aJ ^-opL^^ uj^ ^u.
J. F. 0-callagh.n: opcu pp. 225 - 226 - R. Altamira: opcit p. 140 - j. w. thompson: (tfA)
The middle ages V. n mohammediui and christian spajn pp. 680 - E. Barker and G, ctark:
European inheritance. V. I p. 399
J. F. O'callaghon: opcit pp. 229 - 231 (tV^)
jLpIjS i^ j> f. Wi'V/-* oit JUl c^Jl J ijU' ^ . .AijPjt *.lj^f
^jx^f/vlill L5^k- ^ J «^l>fj SijNj iL-bSC. J^ (iji-'U J*>Vl >iJl
. * i^ uy^J' jf Ui^^ clr" ^^' a-AmI>-LwJC JpLi>-V! Ij ^j la." : .^ 1 ^-p^Jj
tS:>j'^ ijJU <^^ OW-^' t* *^-?^^ ^^ ^ t^>*'j '^^l c^
(J .^jj^ ^f aJ^ ^ ^J^*^ Jl 'l^=r*^ ^1 J^ o^l t>^'^' *^'-^
>^- JpVI >iJl JLplj5 A^ t> UJtA^L i:>jf i^JLc c^^^^w^t
A^l^l j^j\ Oj^lj cJj53l Oi^ SJUbU^ Xaj> LjJ^ V^>*J • • (jJ-^^l
J>i ^ULi J^Ul U5li;l ^U.1 Jp ^fjt l^ UisU c^\\c\/^etn
^IjVl i^UxSlj ^Jb^Vi j> Jp OjUJi UUj tWs^ L^L^Ij S_^ iSOtf
R. Altamira: Ahistory of spain p. 159 - s. p. scott: _ YYV ^OiVl ^^Ju : jV^' '-^ji (Y* *)
Ahistory of the moorish empire .V. Up, 293
4}jjS\ :^^ Aio^ „rv* ^t^^ o^ \ 3 r f^ f^vi ^j^ ::^\^ -bio^ x^(Y1\)
/^*^'iJLis JjlL o^\j ^ i:i.^, v-^j A-^ ^^ju |,.s:^ 1^^
Jaj ui^l *I^Vl ,_;^ A^jbi ^Uj^ V)ij ^^ j^y^ c-JjSJl 6^[
^ . . -uUJr Jl liL^ ^_;-JLJj^^ ^^i cJj^ v_JjL c-iJbj A;uiUau lyi_^U
iU^ Oi>^*^ 'u-«^Ljjj_j J oU^^^*bll IjjUti ^Ijill aI^VI ^^^ jijU
Jl l^f jy j>I^Vl o^^j . . LjUf j>|^f JjVl viLj.> _,.,^|
\^ Jjf l^xwlpj u-^L»j^ i> i^t-l o^p 4»;l.j to>»lj cJjSCJl o^^^L.
. . ij^jfj iJ>i_^ iUil ^ ij^i ^^1 ii^^^f i^;^ [5^ ^^^^
S^ aSOjT j> Jp OjLdL ^Ut-I Jli-Vl A« iJi^j ,ii\zXi cOU ^^^liJl
if
Ij^ V-iAi <^.^ Jp *!^*yi AJ^jf .JUL. jliJi ^^r Jjl^ j^'
J. p. O'callaghan: Ahislory of medieval spain p. 232 ( Y t t)
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit 236 ( Y 1 1)
, , I^LapI ^^ ljjuj\s^ ^^jj ^^' iJUJ-l p^jfli fc 4,y^'^^ (j^ •^^-*^ 'Si^'
J i^jt LiULo ^15 jvi . ^ (» ^ WV/-Jb oVY i-^ idJjS OJU Jp i^:>Li^*^l
ij;\jj CjljjiJi oJiA ilJi«l illi^ viJULo ^^yJiio .^JUVl jj^ JbJl ^L«Jl
jLs^ ^^Jy^iil\ OjU: jp c^v^r,; . Nj-^is* sjLA.u>Q cuw<>-.^ a ^^Y^/-*'«v^
oY -o\ ^ Y J r j^ f'^'5" ^-*^ •'^^ ^^^ -^^-^^ (^^*)
J. F. O'cuHaghan: Ahisiory tif mcdicvul spain pp. 23^) - 240 R. Alianiira: AhiMury of Spain (Y t V)
p. J 67
y.^0 >M>di jv>ai
bJla JJU, \j^ iju>_^ dJjPjt i-Slc of ui^jjll ,j^ tSj-i
ijjijf 151. UoSp 1^1 *Lk? sjaU- uy>j Vsi ^J^ Ijaipj . .oOaUIi
i_u- i-JU lf_r-^ i::JiJL^>- ^ ^ \\6^/^oi^ :Lju- J ULj^iij
^jp j Ajy^jf iij^ <>■ J* ''^ SJaLc c-v*; Mi . .^ \ \oA/_a oor
^7i„/7; i--j-»J V-^ li^."^ f^ '^J=i *^f t> -^--^ <^J-» ir^JiVl
\j\j>-\ l^t^^f AJjPjf 4jJL. ^y^\ al» 'i/j^lS' soALt. L*t . .v^' '-*l>-
L^j .4--j-«j V-^ ti^-J^ f^^ ti ^^=^ 4^ V^r^lj '^j*i'^ "^
iUyvjt iljJL, cJ^ ^' . . iil::^ ^ ^yJ^I t> i^l^l ^^iUJlj 0_^v»J-l
^liJti dU. ^UJI >~i>lfj iiy^jf ^iJLL- jliJi _^>Jf 015^1 fl3
^JlxJti dJUL. ^^ . . J^LJI U^liiV I JLiJ 4i^U ^ ^ Ij^ ;sax jjiu
^ UL>- oJLsi JLao illi^ '^JJu jiUkJl 4JL.J Jp aA>- dJUJU . .I_^l>
L_dU-l iJuto Jl j»^l pj . . |> \ \ ^ • /-A 6K\ i^ J «^ '^JU^ y^L*
i;y>jf dJUL. 0^ iJls (.Uil-l ^j . . JUI (.UJI J JUj^Ij OjJ ISO.
— ■■■ ■
J. F. O'cnllaghan: npcit pp. 240 - 241 (T«A)
dUUIl oir! OjljJl SiLp^ SJl-JlJ:-! ol^Jdl .-.,»,.,; eJJUij yiju*
J iJbuii dlL. i^jA i^> 1^1 a^j OJ ^/L. of dJUi . SJI^^I
^^ illxii S^JLiT j^ij 1^-^ JS* {»Ldi * • f ^ N^o/_/h o^ ^ iio- iij^l ioj^
^liJl j^jHttJt ^ IlJj tiU ilji^jt dlL- jl^l jjJb Jip dJUJJ . . Ai^U
br o^j OjJ ^^jSCU J^ V-A' ""^'j *^J (i t^^^^ '..^S-^ ti3lx*ii dJLL.
tijii^ isiir jjp jj.^1 iLi^i :*jIp . .(* ^^^v/^ o<\r jwi ^•uii
A History of medieval spain p, 244 ( Y o » )
2ui\^\ d^iUlNj ^sH\^
JLJj 4it)LiLl i-....d:u t-UJii-l JUs-l Jji jjiix^ jjJi_s-jil olS"
NUijj ^JLi- t^JJl y*U NU»ii 'o^'r 'r-^ a-^' (^' '^Jii *^
^ . . 4;/i u jp is^i j.Ui'^L ijijJij if^uji i^juVlj iijjoJl
jj^\ v_jja*j ^t^ ^ jjj-Jlj j-iJ' ;»-***j o^lJl J^:>-l 'iiJJlS'
rar ^ -u-sj jJuJi (Y)
^ ' • ^y^ rOiJi /U>*J 4j*jUai jj JU*-^ jA Aj.. Jl LyOjl J^J * . . Jj-^^J^
. . JL-ill ^^1 J ^^iUJ ^IdJ JpVI wL^I ^jJl>.j . . jUVlj oljLiJI
i_->-jJl J_}x!i.l IjJLjfj t/»UJaJI \jA,j^a^j lj-ii»fj Ijt^j <-^j -^ ^j J^-*i
L>.j tj»j>jU»jf *j IjOij IjJ Ij-^j tpjhjUJit p|j*Jj| jLSJfj , .f.UJ'lJij
i%S\ OUfj iJiU-lj iJjJJl JU-j jLS;^ iiJLil-l ,r'i>«jf Ujl-^- j^ *L«xi^/l
I^AJjL/ai OjJiiiJ ives^l *l_^»<-iJl yi^^ . . ^Ul ^j^ ^,vdP J>^J Lftiiy'JJ
Jii . . i3j^ J-^r»J ?^*^' ^ij'J'^ *l^ t>« '■l-j^'VI v^l^ c ^ ^ *\ • /-«> o o D
ftJl^ <iJLiLl fM^j tf*->*i JUi:>-l iSyr- ^ ' .-JL^Xou^y oLpVIj SUa^Ilj
: j>JJ ,^1 ^wj: JU^."^! _
^,^1 jij . .j>JL) e,;^ J:)V^ cjMri v^ji |.Ui: ji^jUi 015
^1 c^j- e-A^j ^i e> ^^^1 cr^-^f cyj • -^^^ui^^* *Li^i
^ .^ N WW-A o^n i— J ^AJVI Jl o^l^ i>- j>U oji^ J^U
jiJb-jll j5j*:u iU=U| UJU-- jaU : f^^S^jUJl c-^L^ ^1 J^ J.U<aJl IIa
,v~^j L.^. j-Sj=- *-> S-A^ <»J*Ji*^ t5^^J "^i (Ji=-^ • • (^V -s-^ (>
^U^l ^j^^,.^ >ptj .Oi-^ljJl ^j^\ > ^-^J . . J=^l (Hb^
d^\ jSx\i . .^.UJlj jiLAJJlj o^^^^J >^' r*^^ ^^-^ ■ ■^-'-^'
^ ^1^1 C---JI pi l>^i^ jS\jA lj.j2^\ ^ CJ15 iSJs«-Jl a::S'j^
^UJl <»-.«^lj . . . aSL,»-«?-j uC-j c--. i^ ,>. i>]l ^^^j j_^
^jxJl ^ 3i>Jl ^Vl Silp Jp aJU-^I j«^ oIjlS ^^VI (»^Ij ^\^
t.i>..vi* <uL.f /.JiS Ji3j . .op\jj dy^\j oULJij oL.'l^UJlj t^yiil j
* ^^ J^ Jp a;>p 4)1 ^j <3Ui> ^ OUip ^ 4i)l Jj^j .^-i-lv»
i-i».-s«Alj . . .AXc- diSsI jwij ti-J^' fU^i/l t_i>c-,a^ i_4>»^l li> ("I'^J
^vb:-Vlj jk^% y-Vl oyUlj ,^^1 yb^U ^\k^ J^ ^.J^ (.>H
\VY - \ iV t^ -u^ jJL^I (V)
oUj Ajjf jUa>-Ij ja\j . . .(^^^.A>»jJl ^j-**iJl ^^-s^Lsi-Vl -^tyjJlj C*^-*J^I
t-Lj> V b^ *w*Ai ^ i>-lij ^j JS" jJpI Jj cjU-m^ ^Loj ixjjl (J jUw^J
^^* tH-J ^oArfVlj >^Vlj ^Vl t^oJULL oU^ ^li'^lj ^l^j
.((SJUJiJi j^i
n
iiJi-l Jli^-I tijllp ^^! U tfri^j jJl oljUalJVl oJLa jj^j
a.j^i oUJLJI ^l> j^^jj^ Jpj cJjoJI j^jbL ^^( c^^l
j'j^^'j -cK-^-J' J^ (>- J^=r-^>^ i-jkj. v^' JJ-J^J te^P^I
n ^ r J v>^' »J^' Jj - ^ Y^ - ^ Y * .^ a^unl jii j jl^xNi uJ^j >^' (^ ' >
dJUS Jli. . .jL^lj jU-iVl Jl >JL UsJ»Jl JL*>o ^U^i^Nl *UUJJ
jlS t<J il)b^ J jAj (yjll -^p ijp cJl>-:s : Jli ^^ic>- gt ^jjJl e-^^ ^
J^ ^^ J^^J tojLtt l^Lopf J^ <-^jW^J tojUjt C.s*^C^j 6jUj CU^l
^jvdl5 i^S'Ull f- l^t (.uibkjc Lfpjjj ^_yv^ljVl ^y U^^ U ^J-ycai*^l \^
• -J^lj ^y"^^j u^^^'lj JUJJ.b J^>-Jlj t5>^lj c^lj V^lj
. . Oj-JjuVl JUJIj oj-Ji^li L(ioL-e a->J v^' jj-aaJI oJl* i«lil
.^ai^l i-,1 ^ ^tj t^ji^l ^Ul ^yL« ^y-l ,^j^f ^ oiSa
(M)
'4;l.
dlSj . . *srbi-lj 6lj-:i-l iU^L Ulj^ j./^-.-II '-A^ji AiJl=L| OlS' l^S"
. ^ ^ *'''»*!>■ (J -uU cjf ijii» «jJU» J iruiai
• -'jic^ «ji^ V J«rj tL>.5«i UiLij Jtfl^^ JLJi^l iU^I ^j
S^'^^A^ ^ Ajjji^\ C^Loj . .j^ ^jj^l ^JliJli Sjts^^L
B, Meakin: the moorish empire pp. 84 - 85 _ Y * \ ^y» Y ?7 Udiu^*^! : j^^^Ul (\ i)
^( ^ 4J1IJLP j.t JljJl b\S Jlill J;^ >* .Jjl^lj JJUiJ-l uii "j^
^y aI^-JI JiUi-l <jL>^t ^ Ai.U>J oVj fbt ^^L^ J ^yt» ,^1^1
iu- ^ . .^LJjjJl _^ljT ^^ dJUi J^ JU-I j-*i-wl JiSj ciiJliU)
ij .-jfc^,Jwj ^t-fcj-cS" cjIj-J.1 cJi^g t^ V^' J*^ c'-^^' c-**i
/^^>lV-jll o*;^ij i_j_^Jl cjljif jrwS^' J oLstfP JajiXv-I jm tujijLJij
B. Meakin: the moorish empire pp. 65 - 66 - N. Barbour. Morocco - pp. 70 - 71 - 72 - H. Z (^^)
(J. W): Ahistoty of the jews in north africa p. 122
Jl5j f..^i U^ J^^ fliVl ^ pe 01^ 1^» :^''>t5J=JI J>.
jb-t ^ L. :JIS ..Oj^L^ ,2;^ U :lxUs . . ?OUwJI ^>.t : bJ
^ c-jLw IjJailj Ij^y^l rp-^^a^ii Jl3i .Ojj^l^ liK :UJL» ^^Ip
j_i USj . . 4Pj**i IjMb *i (1^- *^ tS-^^ ci^'j^l J^^ t^-^l ui^' .rr-^i
Jlai . .u^l jjl^J 0^ f;_j^ **t--J ^b **r^' ^j^ • • -^J ^j;r^
U JUi ._^l oljit ^j cLjIjlijS'j i-jjfj lUjjj Ula^j j^-lj-j ^l_^j
• • • »U*J*J
^jJI IJL* Jl ^LJI ,j^ oj^ ^Jil o^ iiJil-l ^ u^ . . ^J^h
A-i ^ja\ ^WW/^ eo'x i_x*- ajVj Jl L*j--^ jJ-v«»t t^l ^
F'Uto-'Jij iljjJlj .--j^l OISU J ^jJlj ^\J-\j ^ y^ ../ ^h\ \ ^ i_AiS3L>
tL^VT J^>b:.lj IrJ^j U^'^b ^rj^ > ^'^h V*^■' ^1 t>
^a>-jlt oI»:jU yfx-A
A^ft 4jLiuA.*y ?0^ • • ^*^-? **-?J^ tj^ aj:>^ J*;>bi- ij^^jji ij»X« i-jjio
p..^.^V OjUSCi. j^^^Ji^j (^Jkj-S'j j»-^l^j |».^:^l>- t>« V^j^ J>f
jv^c^j IJwj ^ ^^iJl JbJ^I ; (t-rj-^ (J^^ i^j^j^ t.^^JLd(j jj*-*:rJ^
jlj Ui^ cOJi^ <^^>^yLu Jiil J5:. ^^.^jixJL ,;^^ ^>JL ^l^f
. , *.UJiiL| 4JU>«^jl ojj-vaj ljj-*iljlj iJlj 5jj9 jj ^iall IjiU- ^-^1 jl ^t^J^^lj
-All J ^wS^i^j ^" toL^I oUUJi J^-- (il^j tolj^l J ^j-iUiJlj
i_VJI b\^ j\^^\j jIAJNI J^r-j J-sJij JUJI ^ v-^^tj ^1 iiUJD
Y^^ ^j^ v^' ii^i^i (Yt)
J <J:j> ^j-^j Jhi oi lP^ ^^ ^i j-'^^^ 4(*^YT^/^nYn
l^^jj t-i^l ^y Laj*^ -^JL*^ (J^ -J^f j-i^ *^ Lo iyi^pi v-^Li)lj cJli^l
J ^M <ij AjJJ^\ UL^\ ,^r^» oi'^^J^^ fM ^>l^ C^ -^-^^ ^^J
6cUjf ^^^ UdLjf ^jll jUi OlS' l^ .«IJi>jj Jl^" -ij Lw^ljj" 4^ ^J
^ . . jt^ji ^Ijl U^ISI lij O^l ^LoOJlj Ly^J^\ ^^tALI Ai^lwJ
"^Y ^ ^jJxVlj ^^,,a^j (3l;kj-Jl ^jfj ^j^l u-As^j (YV)
\rY ^ 6UL.i ^ (Y^)
Vj-^lj idji>l a~i^' - •J''^ V-^ J^ - ^-i-^y- ^JT^^"^^ '^'^
■VU-j ^Ul oIpj ^jJJI JU-j jLS-j *UiiL| Jjt* .<^^5iJli53lj aJ»^Ij
. .^1 JUJI ^>l ^LiJJIj S3>ll 5iji>l e>~i^l -l^-jl t> ^I-JJ
^>j . . . ^ ^ \ Ai /-A «A« AX-. j i^*Uji {>j^ jaI jy^\ iUi-i j*>. u
u- JW' u-M <:^ rf» :JJ-^I ^^^' o^ <''^>cSjI^ Oil ^yi ^^
3>JI ^ ^UJI ^j cj^l jJjJl (»-^»-! -^ *I>^V'-^ -^--^'
:Ul^ jl^ ^_jlit jj-.^-Al oUiJ-l i>\ <^^)^lj_ll ^J-i)
YVA ^;^ v^l (rt)
L\Jii\j *lijy-1 «.bf ^ SjLJI t5_>Jl lift t^JJjl j^* , .LSL^ Ljyj Aj<^j
aJI jL:pI Jf> i^jJl li* «^Ujl o^ ^-i^ jj-^l iiisl-l ^ti tis^U-lj
<> L^.Ji jUi^SVI ^ tc5^^' Ciy.-^lj •3>il ^lji>-' o-it^Uil aU-jI
^li iuJU j jl> jli Oi*-H^ ^Jj ^'i'i' iJ%* j>^l jj^l ^^IJI
aVjJi aj:>ulj oa^jj" v-i^ liji^i c>i (> Jl j^iJi iiji^i W*^
LjJ cJL>i>-j jJoljJ^i f '^^ bji— J JS l)Li^» 4jJLAI tj (Ills' Sii . .ApUaJlj
A« JU oai ... ^^11 J^ ilJiLl ^ J^*^ ^f OjU) yjj ^ t^jiJU-
t^j-Jl ^ \ij.^a:^ wU«-^ i_^l Jj^l (jl cJ-v«»j Ijli t^ iUp -Up ^^Ij
,.«U.f^ L$j>-I i«Up i3_^«a Oj^fj iSj^^\ bL^- AjCJbi ^y>JU*«lj tJ)J
^jt^*>«i Oi*^^ V-r*^' cK» 4(«-«^k5 (*^W^f (> tJil ^^Ipf Oi-^^'
. . t^itsUI ^JLp ^bJl : t^^l ^Ul dyii\ JJIjt ix* ^^*LwJl iUtI
^ ^y ^15J ^ l^> J*t oU .^ojVI Jyi. ^\^^i ^\^\
6l_^ ^y *^ JJiai ^Ul yL-j iU*-Vl Utj . . tyJi, i\y^ Jp «_ip OS
iijVl UljI OJ--JL. 1^1^ J. cAJl^'j M*iJlj *=»j-^b *i->i>' o-i^'
.(«^)jjtllj V-ijJl ^^Ij is2i>Y'
t . Y j^ i.U'illj oil : J^5»-»J> V^L^ iJi" (^^)
to* ^jJUall ^_,-i; :SSvaJI v-^U" ^>;l (t«)
rtr Jj'ii j^i
^y Njuj t,»^iJi*t ^y ^,J Jl J-^' A--JI *i»>- ^u^fj ijUS' ^y
^ui . . ^lii c^ ai ^' c>i^i ^^ sj^ <^f > ^^j^s ^u^\
tjLu. y^j IJL* \^j Jl c^jil IJJo J*- j,-j3 .yv9 jjU-* yv:» i-jUJ
lyii ij^l dill : -J^J W^ O^J AjIj^I 0^ (TVi-J** J^^ -^j
J^ lii, : (**)^i;il Jyi :.^l > c^jJl II* ^y ^r- a*J
J *<J) t*j j^Ll ojjJj i5jJl ii^ (♦-*ilyl o^ -uw* U J«- t-i«.jj| lil
j:;jJLiL ijial:^ (»-*^/' j»-f*tA*-l c^ai^ ^w9 jJ : Jyj OlS"j c (♦-fo^j
.«*Jbyt J iijS* ti^J luyj— u»JJ lS*» fviilyl cJjc»-j tj».,-jlji iJ:...>mij
: c-ilytJij ^UUI .
H. Z. (/. W) Hirschbcrg: Ahisloiy of the Jews in north africa V. I pp. 201, 204, 383 (( ()
. . fiUiaJl OljJt J^t „,w»>^ CJ_,^I ^^1 6Jdl jf itAJl ,ywo ^\^\ Ji
^,JJi ►Ijji^^l jt S^^l jf pUliLl ,_^ .\^t ^i Ails IJLa Jl AiUVL
.cj^ i2j> Jl oUi^lU tje Uy^ Jlill Jit- (> fl*^' «l>lj^^
oi>>Jij jiuiij 6M^ ryJij ^Jij c>ij c?^i t5>^ -ii^^ . .1^
(%^*-Ulj j»^>^l ty»j .J^yj Ji^JJ ^yj J^b *^^b Oj.»iCJij
(^ j^^ (JLjJj StjU^ J J^j t^>UL5 ycvsl jf L-i5l!l J^l ^Jp l^j* '^
•t
uy»— (,5*^ jf 0:^^! e5^' f^^' ty* ^Ji • cP^' *^jJ - ^
4— «olj o^j5j Jjiiij Tt-Lc oJbJL>- jJi tj (JjoJ-J . , IjL*-,^ LjikS A^aij
j.<»Juj j^ "^^JJ f*j-<'*^ j^.Su/» j^j j^joJiA jAio ^jjj ^/^^ *-^'j^3j ^J^J
*-*r^ ^j^iiS" d\y^ji ^r-^HJ ^Jr-^J ^^J ^^ o^. ,j^J • -^^i^^l
Jjj . OL-^ Jp j^b]\ aaJ3~\ o'^j ^ . l^ ajI^ (^Op-I j!A>- (j^'j-* J* J>^^
YY ^ 5-iJl v^ (tA)
m jj*^! j^ \
•^. ^ _i^^i > ii^^ U^ ,j^\^ ^^ j^^ ^^^_
. . o^. Vj ^^. V 5^ ULf ^_ oyjl IJL* . <^i ^^ ^^ ^^
4^ .iili ^^ ^^_^ USj oxs-^ .U.J a;Ijj:.j <..>^_, <^ ^ ^^
C^ cV V o^Jij c^ c-J Up ._^^ . .JJ::^ ^ ^^^^ ^^
'^^^^ 45^ ^ ^ .J ^^^ 0>JI J J^Oij . .^f L, ^^I
c^f a- -^Jin Of ^ 0.,,^ i5i> L,t . .t^ i,a. J*f, ^a;Vl ^^>
iJ^^ ii^ <aU ^ij .HI J jUij _^^ ^^ ,o>l :,is-"^^
4J .^^^ .ila:;^ jU j^ ^^^ ^u, j^^_ ^. ^.^^ a- -i^ ^
^J\ C> liii . .^i^ jUuj UaA.^ . .o>| ^^^ U jJi OojJl ^
Ji liLs tiJ jlJ Jp ^jij >--'JjJl c-j^JIj j-»J»jj 4**^j JIjw j^*»«ij
^^^ cjxio- «a^j ^1 ,y^, cJ^ 01 l^V i^^^^\j i^jiJ\ ^\
J ^^ ^1 iJ^j ^1 ,:^ ^ ^J '^^ J ^^1 jas t5^i ^
J Js«i Nj * dJL.U:bj viill; Jo:^ ,>^ ASlj>.t ^y^u ^^ J-^Vl
o-j*i -A4 J-.«'Vl J bj:> iJbJLt Jj la*- \i^ ^\ 6^ Mj t*?i^ cf^
i,.,;^ 6jS^. of U^lji^ crs»->^' ■^-'-r^ «>• "^1 ^u-^^' f^ - '^
ft ^
^^^IL "^ ^^ iJ^t- %ii <>JU OjSlj Ofj t Jjlixll jyJ-\j (jl^\ JU-«Jl ^y>
tSjP^l fJ>* aJL^j cji**^ Ld*^ '^^J *^J^^ *^' f^ ly '"t^ V
f-^^fj t^Jlptj aJt O^^Slji rt-^jJb (j^jjj ttAiJi^*i« l^j Aa^j OlS" (^j
rtv jjvi j^i
^-^1 *^yr fjj f^iSj^ p^ r-ji A>-U-aJI ^j>- tJj iijA* i>-lj>-j SJjVl
^" J^ ^^ J J^^. (^' ' «>l ^ Jl^^ ^J ^:^. ti^ il^.j
*^jf i>-3j jfrj ii^jiij uilibj Lf5>?- J L« ^rj^j iX^^4,^ i>"L>-^ -^ii»
«^j tjydl <>«5lj *-;-*>-Ai (^^ *-^J^I t>* *.^r*^ I::?* (J^ i>-L>-JLil *— *j>-
J^yj Jit^Jj ^J ^yj J^J c^f iiJi; jaS J Vk-^l ^ ^i
(Tj^ (^' t^*^- li^ -^j^di *^^' J^*^-j ui>^^ j-^l J-Kl? ^(J^I
Y * 1 ^j^ jJUall ^^ (Of)
.rr ^rYu^jJUoii ^(o*)
^ UajJ -uIp jyuij j_>S'ill uv>~«Jl iiy^ j^* . . . J>«:d <i^ *U,I ^
JL. C/f^ ,>»^*i t AJJaJLUlj LiJllC' ,_j«--«Jj ijijiJl i^rJ.! "lAlv*)! - ^ ♦
*«^ J^ a- at^rl t> j-h^j ^^I ^l>f i5>^J *■ ^.^^^l J-^ -^J^'
*i^ Up jijj 41* j;^l j^ jUj^I jOi Jp j^vi-^ av^j^ ^j iij^L^
o^, f:^ cy t>^^ -^Ji ^ '"^^- '^'^^ i|j^' V^j^l UC+-I (>•
^ i"^ il^_^ 0>JI Js^Jbj L-.AJI Oi^Jl ^ 4Jj> c_waiJ i-CAJ jf
^;^u ,_^^ ^^j iW ^ «:)>u iy_j t(>-jj-i -fSiv, jL^^ 2:->^
ij-is- SjijjJi cJp :^l JJ- («W- ^ ^\ji[ cy. -^'-V* ui -^^-^ -^^^ Ji' >• (*"^)
Y. \ ij^ jO^I o^O-)
U^ jt S>j^l ^J>ll J---JI Cy ^ V-^^ C-^ r^ tLS^ jwajj
jH Jj^l *iJ>Jl J J JJ^I J ic^J OlSj '^^j (^f-s-ajj lw<^l jf dUjjJl
JV^V' OJUj Jiiyj Jr^-'J ^yj .^ "^ J-kj iSj^ -^J jf ^J* U-*--i
iSj>t**uB ^LSjJl fiJlA Jj^ U JLaj ^^^la./^ll ^j-a jj*-*J ^L^J /iit^J «A^^J
^^^l ^-N^ij t^^^*^ j^j "-il-^^j Jji'^ ^>* *t/^ V (J^ ^ t^OjJl *-U
Jpj vlU53l jJi Jp ^J a:^ (^i^-Hfljj t^ijco A^tfLKj J^l-^i ^_^ -^..^^J
. .j^NjVl |»-^U-a ^)S^!^ i,y^^ cJlS* oJU . . jv-^Uil i^c^Ki - \ t
Y'Y ,_j^ jJU^l ^(^Y)
Y\r ^_j^ jjuiii ^(nv)
■ ) l I II - I I I I II 11 ■ IMII ■■- II I II I -II I . II »
. . ii^ fcj jL Ji^ j^U» J viL.jAll jU ^y J^ j^* . . :^^ iljSij
J J_P«J.I JALiJi dj*^ SiU ^JiiVl JaI 01^ 1^ . .jr^l c:Jj
.O-)^^^ JS" j ^j is^U i^^f j viJUij t J«*Jlj iiyiJi
. .1#*IjJL liUJIj «j>^l ^J^i Ji- *^">i "(v^-^: f>v. ^ <Jjf» :<''"*MUi
jij . .l^Kt i_^^j 4j^I oIjJVI jS':> \1^ lAJli J-~-il (vJ* dj^jii\ ^
of /j^ jj**''^ L^j-*-*" J^J •'^j* y^^ ^y "^^ ^Jr '•'3_r*^ l3i_jJi JU^-jjI
Xi> ^j .^i>fj Lt ^fj jjrfj coJitL. Jp i^ ^ «.,vipt J*^
^Lt ^ Lji*f ^ J-^l lijij '(H-^lj^J (♦"Jj'L^JJ V^^'j ^_|JJ^'ill Jof
Ae ^y» jJUall ^J-iu {\'\)
ro\ JjVi j-aUi
:.-»^l ,^1^
J Sjl^l iiow ^^ ^J\ <^\j^ C)jij\iSi iJu,lA\ (ijjjj-jll ois"
^j JL_JI li s■^s>^^ V^' ti Cr^-^ -*^ c'.' > 11 J cUiiU
jXj ^ . .^OJVIj V>J^' "l^f **^ J V-r^l v'-r^ y^l "^J
^ . .yS-\ dyJuS *iyOL» C?^^ t^ O?*^ J '^.^f 'AS ^UJ| Ol
\^\j\ J IjA^lj tl^Uj 4^1 ^^1^1 J l^ j ljJL>J ..ii^Jl^\
Jp j^^ Mj-^^ ^l^f !^^J * <»jii^ij ^iUJli JUpNI Ij^>Ij o^^Ij
^^sc^ Vj tv^i^i i^jisii j^ LiUi ji^ iiiiUib ojs;. tL-^^i ^^ij^
(^^^ uii^ (i^jJ^J tojUaXPlj L^^l ^ ^1^ M^k ^jyj Oj^
^)lv<»f ojjJai cLUi jjP OLf Uj tft^^ljf -Ufl J^ |(i tfijU^lj jJJi Jp
Wo - \Yt ,_>^ -u-ils^ i-U^lj J^i :5tA-^l v-^^-U- ^>jl ^»^yj
4jNj Jl i^y-t iii-j ^>•>l ^ *V^i j-»-^f ^ ^^n^/-A eon i— t>i
JiA\ J..^ ,>• (il >UaJj i'^jScjt (Jaiij U^^SLw. JIja* • . I^-UjO-^j
ft C ^ ,
«_^'t j>.^ OjJbJ-l ^Piy (Ij cIJaUoj aJp L*J^ -O^J J^U fl^-l
jup aUjJ-I _^tj tAljUx. ^p Jup UiiUl iNjt ^t)UI ^^ jijji\ ^\
^_ji>.^l ^_^ .L^j ^ .t-:.oj *i^ iiiiLl jJta» .viAJi. ^3il
L^jji j'M-\ vj*i 0^ ^j^ v^r^ r*-^- *J2rfj ^^ «^-^^. (♦-*j-^y
^j Ui^^jil jy>\ C/^ . . Jb:^ J? iU-j v^Ot. J^ ^t>^^ oXP Ijjj jj
.«<^*)jU AiJik. Axp -iiji
oj'^jt j^\ ^}[ 4lL>- j Ji^ JL» OlSJB : j-jll a-p iiLiiJ-l ^ Ai..A>-
IJLa JUjJi yiVl liA |.li ^li . jtsUl J[ AI«^ C-J^J t^_^Ul 4juIjj lJU*t
MS ^y. :0U4-l ^ :i:3ll:«a)l j^'C*^^)
for iiji\ j^>iJi
^1 ^^ oUjI ^ c4-»:5U-i i^^ ^jUaj V j_^f j^ 4JU ois" u
^L' Jji ULa; 4jf ^':ij . .Up ^^I j^j i.^1 _^|, JjUrJ
j^ilL i_iLwSj i<Um4J _/*J't jj-» "UjiAj jA laa>,iiU (SjSwj idaJi^j ^e JSsi
. .*LiL U-j^ J'i)U"l ^^1 v'^ OjJjIj^ OjJi>-^l y>s^\ Jij
cJ^\k>>i\j i^liUl ^L^m J ^v^JLp ^^iJLiljJtj ^_^liU -O^jlaj IjJlSo
^f SiJiUJ Ujyl ^y> <^L>cXw-l t j» > ^V^ /-A oil ii^ ^ . . ww^l
Ji>-lj jJiLii^l li.S^\ ^y^.sj^'ti .^yHS*!^ <J aJ\ IjjL^j 4(-jL-^ V>^
_^ l^ 0-U (t-ftjA? ^>-i3ljJl ^^Ulj *^^l ^\^ ^ . .^jJLir
U ^ Oij t J^j 1-i^/r aJ:^' ^ Ojjt o^;,;^! J pj JS* J^Jb tC^
<AjJhLi^ I^^SLm-4 o^Lc>«i t^w-'jJl ^^j^ A^^ ci (j^'^l (k^ ^J 1*^
tdJUS ^_^LJI Jp cjjij of j>vidl t-^jjiu iitJ^I iS^j SSjS *^j>\ j'
^*Jib>tS <JjlJ ft^J^J tiJjjJl *.L>«jt *^ ^j^ UjL(A *-;J^I ^^*^w^ /»-^ >*t^
j^,Jb-jll >^u»->u
rot
t-^b yrjjl ^L ^jU::^ jJ-^ i^'liil ^Vl II* J iloxi'^l Jji (Ij
^Vl IJIA 4ili»f t^-JJlj *^:il^ p: •*I^Ji i*r»JJl J^b • ■ .•-r'^--^'^b
i^jj o>* L" ^i J cr-^"^' <y ^^ j>" ^j • • • *^^' r'->* '^ '^^-^
j^y ^j <.%^j iUr oj^ksid i<>jy^ -ill J.>>»^ i-iA ^1=^ ^^h
01 <^">Jjii ttijlJ^ oil -^ '^-f r--^' ^^ J^ *^ -^J
(-y-j . .jl>'^lj ilUy^'Vl J i^jL>-Jl -^ U-D Jj-^l VJ^- ^^V^'
dUJJ -ill ti ^r-^J ^" . . . ol,^l J ^UJlj jli<i-.Nl oy-Ml
._i^i ois:u jIIpVIj jii:Ni j~>-j cJiiiij j^i ^ ^>tj c^i
J_p Ojil c^Liu jjJlj>^Ij tl4*la3j cjI^^SLvII aJIjL _;^ti . .J^a^i
^^( ^ ^ J a] ^\ ^^ -Sijlj^ o^ b>f -^'IjJJ u^^ *^^
Y * * ^ Y jr Uoiu-Vl : ^j^\:}\ (Vn)
iJlj-^1 dJUUIj (^ojVIj ^>1I) oi-^jl^l ^J^ uii -
oJLa JJUiy .>.'5l ui>Jl Jl UUx;l J:>U-j Oi»>ll -^V L^j-i^ pLJf
^»^.^>JI diUl olS-j . /^^J^l^ ^t yLp iuojfj ^^^r sy^p. Oii
R. AUamira;a history of Spain p. 159 /YA)
J. r. O'callaghan: Ahistory of medieval spain pp. 221. 285 (y\\
^^Jb-^i cjU^sU von
ojJ^Ul* ^Ju ioU i«JJt J>f OjJl>-^l '^ L)t Ji V-^^' -^"^ t-5 "^ ^frJ'l^
^ i^^bl t^^lj J> Jp SJLuil ^IjVl l^^ji^li .SJI^I dJLlUil Jl
dilUil J lySLuj :ij^\ tjvaju cJjJl ,^^ (j jLu (iJLJiS' tiliaJLls* jlj^l
(A*)
Jp ^>ll i^ J aUJIj c^)L^)II tiUipl :»>^l ^yjAj J^ 1^
:)j5^^ J^-Lvil J Oj^Uajj f"^)" ^J.^- ^^J^ -^iW ^[ ^^— j^ "^J
jkAjj-W' 4^;^^ U jv-Lc-f -iilj tLu^j IdLo J^ t^^djW- tol^l rtJ»»:>'^jf
t^^jL^aJl (5-uLj :>%JI cJklou jjj ^^ tL^ o_^->J.l (Jp rtJbjLj:^
opdi: pp. 221,2HS - 2H6(A*)
s^^ J^ ^^' o^ W^'j^ -^^ ^J^M^ -k>^ (> v^> -^ . f ^ * Ao
c:»')Ul ^ Iaj-*^j W*^jtj ^jyj ijj^j iljjj ^L- 4:jJ-*j JaJlj jj-lilj
J U^i :»jj c[/r^ uy*^ <ikJUi> « cial^' (jJI jjIJ.1 :>JU> aJL ^^^
/^'^^m5:>^ c^ 6jAi*Jj ^l^^ ^^iJ^ cs^Ij" o^ \y>^ ^^J t-^*^*
^^j t_J^j ^Uj i^j i^lj (;yj:::-ij ^jr^l? i^^^^j i^j-^^j ii^^
UjsjI^I (^1 ^bj iwlS *iJUi Jli* . ,(5jL^I t5J^t> ^^J^^l* S'J^ c^^tfi ot
(ij -^J (> tij^-^* v^ *>• f^^^f *J^ iJ -r^^' t>^' V^ ^^^ li Lr^> uy-^ (AY)
^^jj^JuJil ^ ^ 5^,>^ it)Ul i^^ v^w» J5j . . I**.lj3j a.U> t^J-
*lft OV cf \ri» J f> NNV' ^ J^5U ^J>- LJU-I JlSL- iO* of
W^j Ljjjjt *l>-^t ^ (J LJ^^ lyj WUoal \jU:>jl c^J^ "o^rtJl
bjJi\ ■-i,/'--- J:)^ Ai iJl::-ii 4_sajr 01^ :>J-«^ «l)t j^ t^J^— '
<"^>c5:>^^
lil V^ 'j^rlJ^ Oi'^' iSj^^^ ^'-^^ t> l>">^ '"^-"-^ "Jii^ "-^-^ il^
Ji "^ L. ij:U]l ^jJu J Siji^jt 015L- jJi^ ^jii I^J . iSl^j aSjjj^j ij^jL
:»Jlp iiU dUi Jl AiU'^bj o-Jb5^l J^ C/P Jii V AiV oj^> >-ii-f
J. F. O'callaehan: nlu.slory «!' medieval spain pp. 459 - 460 (At)
J, I'. O'callauhan: opcil pp. 4()l - 4fi2 (Ai)
L^ Jvaij OLSo lJ\j^j ^X^ uy, ^ (^^ oLp-jbil Uf , .i^:>L^*^l
o^^*«j ftJU j».j-«^ljfj (t-4S'!)l»L IjJaiij-l j^t |tJ . .uy*-l*-i-l (t-S:^ J"!!)^
(i-l-f 'yy^ ^y--^' cr^^ Cy "-^^ u^J ' • (^l-^ ijl^lj (n^J>i
-j^ tiJ^^I ^J^f (^^ *^Ij tr^'^l obxpL Jl^^-,^ ^^;*»--J o^ (^ "^l
^L^»::>J.I ^ J j^ij-jrjJ O:^^-^' u^^^ wS:Jl cJUS" ^J:
f-UI Jp rt-^waj>>cx) 5Jjfcb>- ^^y*-^j t*^j:iLi.U^ J rt-^LJ ^j^Jj iili-ii
0^1 JJIjf jl:;>,j , , .o>*JLJ.i LU^I vlldjt pIjT ^-a;.wJ1j ^UxJNI i^L^
J^ ^yj-lj tOi^^l -J^ L^'jlyj ^^M' ^Ijf Jlj^' j-i^ ^\^\
Cii h. lea: A liiJ.tory *if Ihc inquisition in .spain V.I pp 62 - 63 - R. AUumira: A history of (Ad)
Spain p. 145
J. I-. ()*culLaghnn: uliistory of medieval spain pp, 462 - 463 (A*l)
j\ji^\ J ijy»J— 1^1 ois^^l ^y^rj cy ^J^' tjF?^ ^y^J^ '-^ (* \YiA
iijUl i-^U- J-P S^ JUu oJUiJ OS ^jJJLJl jL>-j <*Pj ^*^j
^J^, cJ uV^' (♦-S^ CUa>>- \^ tJ^" J^ ^y>JJl (^ j*^ CU^^^
jj>-jj.l J:5 c^^Lit 1^1 j»j , .I^JLp Sj^l ioj^l ^:kj i«wj;53l oli^:u>-l
Ji^ dJUi ^j . . 4JLJI3 :>lwU.L "^1 JUj^I iSOiT J Ij^ioii ^ jt^j Ajy^jf
ji^ J i<k-^ (iJjtJ^ Jlj^ f ^V/-A V Ojj3Jl ^Ijl J j»-a:>wIp (jA*JI jJiS
;^bj . .j^^ :>J^\ IJU Oj:> ^Sfl ,y^l (t-AjJS 1^ UL^i AL>jt
J. F. O'callaghnn: ahtstory of medieval Spain p. 463 (AA)
*la;jl j,.^ \jJ>ji t^jUaJl iijlil Jij dUi ^jj . . ^^Las SjIujIj
jf IjlS'tj of (f^-i* iS^j>J jvAJUi ^'j'j* '"J^ ij--:^! tj-Jl>«ll (j,^
^l>.j *l^,_A-5 l5jL^I ii_^l (♦^^Jii.i^l dUi ^j . . iLL>- ,_rt"yu
<^">^,JJ\ ^^ jLi Ju^-\ J>^ cUUi ^ . .CjC^j1.\ ^ ^Sj\^\ UJUf
c\y I. y. jL-Nl ,jt^L ^>^iL^_, ctili^Jdl *LuU ^^1 J>^l ^,
tj«- c>ill ^jj V jj-^ liU-f IjLUl jH-j oai . . lijfc t^j <ju-._^*Vl J
«^>-jUj i,*+'l-ijtj <jj^,jip IjJlS" l^U>fj illx^ ptsL of ^;»:^l j
Ojia^j tLJl jUfli tu-»L>«^l ^j^ cjUULI jy^ oL'l^^l oJb^fj
"j^-i of o-ssSC-^iJj^' '^ J^ f^ c^^fj '^i;4^J ui-^ Vj a4*>=rj
^*tll Lib ^ ^j^\ Jp ^^1 ;^U of l/ .i.UJl i3>Jl J oi>L-
J. F. O'callaghan: opcit pp, 283 - 284, 464 - 465 (A^)
[£ iwJli-l oAa Oi (•-'^ (T*^ J"""^ <^^J * . JLJL^a La Jl»*jj JbL^o IjJaJu
i^Uj OjJ IJ^ Jl^ '^^»^ '^^jJ' o^^-qJLo-Ij ti^^L-Nl A^U::>-Nl
j^ urt^Jsi ^Ijj ^^ cr^ *^ l5./~^' ^^^^JL.o OjI^ . ^jf^ oL*JjLlVI
kjj-^j LT^jy ^^^^JJ^J^JJ ^^^j^J iJ'j^jiJ l^j^j UL^'j ^1^15'
tb:*^ r^ ^^ *^^ W^'^s-^*^ U-brft 1^;^ /»f 15X» d\S\ aI^^^ a-^I -J^
oLa j^^ oLoLs^ ^^^SQxc ilkii? J tiW*^ ^^j iJ'j^jy. iS^ u^k^^l
rrr Jj*^! j,ain
. . j*iu ^^i ^'t) cu^,^ ji\ iakll Jp <JVi ^^y\ jaxj ci^uu.
jBrihucga \^j-f:y.j Zorila bjjj i^ viUi j^ . . ijiLJl
«j'|jiJl »Ju» "uIp c^vaJ bfj . tx>*^ «i Usagre ^j^^Lyfj SjU^I ^^^Ij
flif U^ fJi (M^ *^^^ J^ ty*-''*^ >^J I JLiUVlj *LJlj tj[^j\ Ui,\jj,
OKi . . c/^V i!^:*^' v'-^ls V^l ^h^ c5jUaJl Jb:-f J/
(^ cyj ui;y«^' i> Ij'-'l* ^ ^ *Lp^I IJLa of Ji JlJLa i.a:i. v^ Jij
i:i.>,^^f iJiiJS . .j^JJl Ju J-i ^^JwaJlj -Lot Jj J^ ^^*^U tJuJi J_Ji;
J_jf :iU^ ^ L. j^\ jA, r^ Jl jf v_jVI Jl 3^jL\ JSL-JI
uL-1 ^,ji; J j^U- yt J; . . t^jjjVi ^UaSVL i»:>a.i J aS^U 'V
(^jUJI UJbi-f ji\ v^^y obUJi *i'jjJ_Hj c^Li J^ *i
J.^p.J.\ olftU rni
t.l r
i_jL»uV «JU*i-« *J . .jJi^ ciJlill 0^1 li Aj>«*>J,l LiL**'l (J ijtMilj «jj,^f
u_^j:Jl oiiU Ji JJI J^- SiUj »_i^l ^Ij.S'L, v-J>ilj
^>ll ^Li]| J-^- Jl ^^JQxJl iJL" ^ jlJuu.)fl jj ciSjL-^l
. t\^jM^j vt^Vl S Ja^l
tlr* j!^tsj iijii\ tSA olio Aii , .(3^1 j^r* ^jA> S^^kiiJlj jpLxi*«j
tf^'Vl *lJLpt i^J:- j».^,^t Ijji: ^M ifijU\j ^y,JLAl>JLl u^JlAI
*-tr^JJJ *^,^ OUia-t j ij_;SlwJ( VjJJI (3^1 oJlA oLU JlSj
\ n _ s t • u^ -u-a ^jii <^V)
*:>L-t>U bjJb-j Uyii JLju ^% J iijii\ oJLa jJjj Ot iiJl^oJI JJi
Al Ijilj IjJajljj \jj>l^j \jjt^\ \j^\ ^-ill lt:f k )fr J^" *1>*1 ^^1
^j^j ^ jc^ y^j \lj, i>*jSo ,:jf ^^«^j t ^vS^ »/■ _^j Jisiii |».xjip
^_;i^i :iUJ9 i^ iUJij iU_^i 2>^ «^f 0x^1 v^V' tJ^' i>*
;Uaja, OljJa- j^j:>jj OjjJI j:;53 c4:L>. Jp ^j cf" NY>Y/-^ n*^
<^'^)Jb;2j( ;U-L- j^P J j,^^f uJ::^ dyj£ ^.JJI SUa^ 4iU L4I.
y5 iil^i tft)L-*yi J iL^I l^ (^JUo U.li«tj ^yj-^l oJjfc 01
M 01^ : JUij aJU,.^ AJy Jlill J-~-. J* cjIjVI dJLa j^ . . aJ^-I
'uij^t 4i)i js^ j i>^ oi^i or-^ '^j)^ -'^^ r^' v^==^' ti -^i^
J_^i .^Ljij lisUj ,^<*"*?y*^i^f Vji <_sj^ <^.J J=2s» ;^i
(>• l^ '-^^J • • Jdj^^ <^'j^ <^j-» V^f t>;lj (*t!^l^>Jfjj^jijj
. .y-*^! <J>J1 i^JLjtj tjs^f ^ eSj'-^lj u:r«-U.I ^;_^ j^ 61^
. /^•''>jL^1j ^LJI j»^ U j»jbi!A; Jl uiJUl i5^Vl oji^ti 1_^IJ
AXjA^ J ljl>^f Ij-il^ (tJ^j-^ jt L5_r-^' u^ cijUaJl ^yi^ ot jJLoj
L^'l^ c^^ ct^a>-jil jj^\ x^ J Ja>J i,a:>- ^;j^ . .^1^
B. Meakin: the moorish empire pp. 80, 240 - 241 Y t ^ ,_;^ ^ tt j^^ - (1)jJLL>-
^Lp Jj-2i . .ftL*.JLJlj t.L.ST.^t^U ,_sjL/iJIj ij-^l l^j LjiS" iJJii.1
ajI^^ ^j :-t>^^\ i^ Jjdl ^_g^l ^j-UJl gV A::^y J ^^1^1
^W ^1 C/'J '-^^ ^--^^ ci <i^. (1 <i* C^J-^' O-^^ ^^ <^^"
^ j^Jj* J-i. ^ C'-^V <-^^^ (ijUaJl i5j*-Vl Oj.Xp-jil jUsLi
i| . . V'jJij -'^^l Cy -?^ °-='^' ly 'j^^^ *•'>-" ^ '-'^^ ui*U.I ci_;-' Vl
^^'^l ^j^ t3^l Jl t5o3i U ciijL^l (il Jill J*4 ^^^1 "J^
ijlJl^l ^.-.c^lp-j t j_jva^l j^l^ M-<i-*^l ^-Jumji k^jJLhj ^\ iiJl>-l iw->-^^ • • r*^
t^AJl Jl^l ^jUJl ^-^^1 ^1 j^j t Jp ^>J-I y\ aN> ^t ^>^
Oi-K^i' ^^ ti lH-'*^ '(> <>-^' y^ c5'-^-' r^^V j^y.J^ y}
(. ^ \AY/-^ OAT t^ J:i of Jl ^^Ij ^1 ^j ^:>\ji j\J ^ ^j
J(j->-f i-i^^-«jj i-J^I 4iiJl J_jj£ g|^f dUJU c i ....•■1; Jlj ,_^
viiUl ^\j t^U- dJLUl ^ Up of JUu 8^:^ Jl ^U 1^* . .^2;iJi>.jll
Jp .tA^'iil J ^U^ ^imi ^UJ Jl t^Sf Ur V-^ "--i^ O^L-f Jp
OJUJL JUi^l iiJULl OUi^l ^ .iJLJii dJUL. -UP U.. of O^ o:>L
«a^ ^ JjVl , . jt-*i«Ji^ J OjJb-^l U^if ol>-F :)laJli iiUj
LtiLc r^ J^-li J^l ^j^ f ,ui3 tOi.i>-jll i-^ J t^jUJl -dUr^
'ui-^j^l c5-^.t; ^^1 *i5L«j ,ywj v:u«4j (»5 . .^jJa>-JilJ jJiiJU JU;_;JI
^j Xii c^>.U>.jl|| JJpU? S^IS ^f ^ ol5 t^iJl JivaJl Os-f Uf
N. Barbour: Morocco p. 80 ( ^ \ i)
-d;J>- J:Ap^ Jjij ^^Uil ^jjll jAj ^^IJ^li . j^jc*- J l5jU^ I'J^
uiLs<9l jjLu ^ X^ li> Jjcj oJ^Ua^j» :^JJ-X5»-Jll J^ ijlwf ^^
^^ jv^j^/a>- JLi Jp lSj^voJI aJ^U ^JJ-X>-J^I pUli-l ^yi^ oUi^l
Z^^'^)^^! iiJLiUl j^^ ju^cJl UJiiLl Ufcjbu
55yj oilJiol JjUa iJliJti dIL Jpj^ A^ Jp Jilj 0>«tl.l iiJiUl ot ^
B^Mcakin: the moorish empire p, 240 -T'^S ^y> s-^^^^l^l ( ^ ^ *^)
J Yvn J tv» J no -nt J Yo\ -Yt^ ^ r (3 ^>ii oui i^^jiA^ o^»(^^^)
c^ i ^ *rdV J Y^* -YoA J Y«r -YoY ^y- n jr ^1 :OjJJb^ uil -i*t
N. Barbour: Morocco p. 80. H. Mcakin: the moorish empire pp. „ \V^ ^ Y r- ^ N'W
241 . 325
L^ Oj^tLl iijU-l ^ 6f Js-jy^l oJLa o^f (jlS'j tt^jUoAJI OL-^I ^r^
iiJiH Jli:i .iJoJJl (%.<-L^ c^j^-^l ^1 ^ o^jl^ c/ lt^'j^ J
, iiji>-Ji! io-visUJi (J U-*^ijj "^j-*^ i**.^j^i cjjb^ij fci?j^i ijLa Oj-«u.i
, ^l.S j^ iiSLwof l)jV*^ lj*i>-[i t Ujj »^l^lj cH"'^ '^•^ (J^ '^^^ ^J
(»i^<^J^^ cJi-^ji' '''^^' til ij^^ji ^J^^ ^o^l^ J LijUaXU
J i^Uii Oj^jll ^UA^I ^ flj (v^U^ jL^lj t5jU^^ a-jLjJI
/^^'^^t>-l^l Ja»J1j 5JU*ji-l oUsaIL oyd^ jj: (^jjUadJ iiSL-f
^Lu L^-fl-^jxl (_5jUiiJl LjL-^ l5*-^^^1 tlr^ ?rJj^ ^^-^ji '^j^^ jv iiJ^I^
c*->«ji (^1 ^V*^' j^ i^-4-^l j^^^xxJi ij-^-« 4^-^ cS^^-^l (j^ jji,r7'Al iiJL=Ll
Jj; ^Ji\ J>^\ji\ J^ -cut -J CU->jf ^1 ^l^ AI>.jj ^;j^ ^LuVl J^
B. Mcnkin: opcit pp. 239 - 241 . 3 1 1 . 3 14 - 3 15 - 325 - N. Barbour: opcit p. 80 ( \ Y • )
B. Meakin: opcit p: 82 , \ \T
t^'jL-.Vl ^jjJJl t^jUaJl o^ <J^^' -r^' '-^ '^^^-^ «y-^
ciJUil C<^l ^j^l ^J tAJll^ A-SOLf Ay\ JL^f »'^> ^t ^^ b\^
jij^f t5i;ip| v-^ J^^y '^.'^ 4 r^ '^^^^^ ^-^ '^^ '^^-^
1^ V^V' ^^-^ c>*-*"^' J^-*^' <J^' V-^ r^* ^^ t^' o>UJ-l
Jb'li :l>«^ jJij>Vl Jbr«--il Jl Aj J3ij ,2,>^l ^ A>.\j>.[ ^^ ty-^i^V'
J ^^" ^,jJl Jl>.j ^ a-pUtj ^L.)flj ^^\ii\ (>Uf iJbkj t5jL-Vl
:>\y>- 5j4v9 jwVl tjlal*-* t J>L>- v^j^ '-*'^ '^-^ Cr*^' G^-* 'tJi*^'
tJu>-jJI Jl SjLil "5^ Lj^ A--.fj i3ji i*i:^l Aiw*^ t^wij tj»^
-nv-nn ^ ^ 5;^ itu^i :v*i»^' oi^ -y\'\ ^y. y ^^uax-Vi :i5j^uji(>yy)
B. Mcukin; opcit pp. KS, 314 - 315
ioi ^Y 6 v>il iUI : cSjIJp oi' - ^VY o^ o'^jii\ o^jj -.fyj J^ oj' (> Yf)
^ OA ly *-ii ^Jll C ^ Yo)
.^.. ... I- I. ■■ '■ ' ' ' ' ■ ■■ ■■ *^
^J^X\ tiUi Jb» «JUJl Tt^wa-i , *LwJl Ajj[i^jj jj^ljll (t-i^j J^^JaJl P- ^
ju^ iU-i oL5" 1^ . . . iU- oUi'j -cJ" ji:Ji\ jJL>j . iJLjilb j^jj:*
^ u^ <J-rt^(^ Yl)
^jjuu Oli <iJUi *i>jj . 4jjL.«ai9Nl L1.U:)UJI J* dUi ^*L U Jl;>- Ji SjUOJ
cjL>«rJ.I_j AjpIj^I J-sv^LsJ.! ^ ^JLiVlj t-jjiil c^U»:w» o^^i j-sUal,!
^j .jijaii\ uy *ijMl v^l>lj Jily^' ^V" ^^^ ^ .V^l:-^(
lJjSLJI^ i^-l>-jll j-,<aP' (J^ 4iL« Oj,^ (1)1 L«l jiLvall eJl* p tax ol
-^ cijL^ O^lj t5^K^^lJ
^}S Jji. lj:>JAj tLjUi 1^^ l^ OjA^^i ^y t^^^A^jUl ^,^-^'
^jl -b^fJUl oJjJLl aJL-j liUJt; tiiJLi AJJLo Jt« LjU^ OjJLoIjCj 4.:....,m Ijhf 0'
^ _A( *^j^f -oj£ji U \Jjr, :l^ *b>- Ir 015:* ci«- i^jJic iiUI
i^ lj>dii tUll.tj AaJL. Ji jiljil 0>^ ^y,Jill jMI Siij\ _y>\
^ ^\j toJlj>- i_v-J^ tSiU j»^l %,[>. Jb:-! ^ JSj 4jp Oj^Ui*;
jUjJIj v'>' c5-^^ i'^^ cji^^ *^j Oi-^-^' <J^^-^- Oi' (>"^'
dJUL. tJL^j lA-ij-^ J*- e^t JjV iJji-i^ v_-;:-L«» ^Uijj :^.5y ^1
(i'jj^ a:up_^ (_i>.j^tj jj.<kiJJ »:uUL>-j cjUjLtJi Jjl^ ^^jUaJl ^ ^A;^
. ,,io> IfNUS cJ^ ^^Ij ^ly-Vl P--J Utj
iUccSL >jJlj ^l>l c^t Jii tOU^I ^ Oy ^j Jt> Cji'^J'^
rvy ^uji j^i
. . IJL* bij J dJUi Ji aij» : its:- 1^ ij^ ,Jl^ ^s^ JtjU- 4iS3
t>!J ^liJJ *^JJ ^*f (>• ^^' cP^J' j'-i<=i' Jl ^^ "-r-- CTjd ^J
'^l^(n^i^l •L!> ^jWh lil l*^ (j4!l^ t>« V^.sj «-»>*-j j^-L-j JtA*
Jjjj V^J^-^ o'^*^' J *-*J^ Vy^' li-^b iyi^-is ibfVl (JJbt OV
«iJUi Jj .i«U <A^ i^l jUdxSI jL^l Jlj;>-Vl ftJLfc J^ »^^
y. >jJlj vjl>-l cJU-t 4J!>U.I ^^1 cjlj> of ciUS ^^»ot ^u
^ ipL^I oJVj c^yi ciUi (j ijPlj^l ^IjVl l.^j Oj^l
Jj t,^jj J 'i^'LisAllj ojUijJI _}S"l_y. vi>*^ *^ '*-**■ J'^' (J**^ "-"i 4
^,ji *1>15' (^JJI jjill Jb^t Ja>- OU IJIA (i^j -Vj^' •=*^ Cr- r— ^1
\YV . AY ,j.^ o-^-^Vlj y^3 Ob>Jl ^jtj v>i^ ^-*^J -cTiJ^VU^ YA)
.<^^^>OUVlj ^yVl ^\^\j ipL^l ^JSjIj A^lj;Jl ^Ij^l
i^i>-j UjLiajfj ^i^^r^ i^l ^-^i^^j ^fl :^^^^M>Sj _^ .iJlp jIj U\jp
l^iil^^ Ojo^Xp-j ^\j^ '^^^J^j t^^^^j W^jjj c.;.^".ilj IjfcjLk-p-j Lp^JaS
'jl^^ V-/*^ ''W (♦-r^ u^j ^y t^^^^b tjLp-jVlj JLi-l ^^ ^♦^
t)L>- JjLflJl ^y» Jlv^ . *jV^I U^^^ jJ^j tl^iajL^ iUo ^ o^iiti
^j^^ ^ rt-«l (3 jJLJl J,i Jj-*JjJllj OjjjLJlI ^j^/a>*jlj tOLijJlj {»-^^'
^J^ '(n:^ ti i^j-=>-^ t>i-^^ji' tJ'^ ^ '*^jrriJ *^,>^^ ^j'^^*^!
^Vl v>'^b o-'^^' L^> ^ lSjI>^I J^^JI o^^ cUUi^
ii»^l^ J S%^l v.-.^L^ ^\ JjSj , (jjlaJl f- Iki JJ ^ ^;iaiL|j L^iSjdJ
1^ jUVlj UJLo ia^L -All Ju^ ^ Jal jup L^ ^*liJ| jjliUj cS^
LjJc^yt^x*^! e5*iJl La^ ^jj tUj-^ Ai:> J j»-^Jj5- ^^o LoJp . . , SU j
cSj'^' J jW*J'j oiyl^-J"! Jlj^^ VV J o^-i^Vtj SjJUJi Jjbf Jp ^^^>^
^JjH fLt *up ^1 ^j u^p jrvof ^ oojil j^f ^31^ oSj .jl>-J'j
J JSlkJl l^LiJ f^Uailj tl^JcJi ^U;jL uw^jil ^r ^ . . .i^jjl!
J^UJI jU^jl ^^> J ^r Li^Lp (j^j53,lj pUil ^yuj cUlS'j
V"\A -nv ^ ^uVLj Jti (^r6>
. . .isiLj L.^ ji^\ jjiipt <j1 Ujtj u <[Ajjij ^\J.\ j^j c^^\ji\j
j^yUll _^f J bJ jS'i L. t|»^l ,_,«*Jlj *-«>i^l ist^l <^J> t>» tl)tj
,n^ J^jiJ 6ji^ . . . -!)UJ1 iUliJi ."^^ ^ ^jS aJI .__^. L^xjl^
dJUJb i^ii Oi-^j^' **^j c,-***^'-' ^^' -^-^^^ r^ ^^"^ ^-J . . . Aiu
dJUbJ Oicr-J>l --iJLiljf jy> j.J'Ji*- ijUu \j.^^ ot (♦iUf.j . . ilSj^jAAa—
».j1^j t (V+*^ j>* (vt: •>/- >^ rt. g . flift ^ >Uj *t7 ^-^j>j-^j . . . ^jLajI
jJa _ JUS iiil *S^j _ liiju Ijr (ijlSj . . ^ ^ a\ .,f»j lUaJl *-^jj rnr'^-*;
^_j,A»j L^ AjJL>-I Ijf f- l_^Vl liilj cJ^*^ ~ ci^ ^' W*^>^ - lJ*^'j^ ej-v!t>«J
iJal«i Jjkl i_ii *^J^ <5j*-^ ^J^-^J ly^^ "V" *-V^' jJU^t \c^
{£ ol5U .Jaii Pj-iJi ojy L« 4jU>-j cojjU-1 jj-j5Q,I ftUJlj Lj*» it-^j-*^
U ^iJbNlj lit)^::;;-^! JaI >M ^yi ^UL^Vl c\. 01^ Jisj» il^ *.Ur
Jl <bjiid. 'i/j t^i^oii U-ljj lAi^jxL Lp^ L^ljijj l^Ui Jjji l^Nj
j^\i.f ^>t .iJUi <:)jr->J 1_^IS' Jj tjLlpVlj OljSjll ^ -fill .ww^jf U
^yJl t5_^tj , . .^jjij ^j^\ tLaii Al ^ ^j . . o*^l o^
iJUiJi 4-,--: U I^^Nj iilU Nj L.>. *yj L-SC. .Jul il*«j -0^>.
>^l ciiJi cJ3ll x^jJl JJU-1 ^ Sjj^Jdl jjl^i ^ J.J
oij^-tj ct^jUaxU a-JIlJL. i-JiJ ^jJjiiVl c->.--^U .* \YY^/-A *\Y1
/^^^>i^l>. iL^ c?jMI J-Sl-Jl ■sl-S'j loU iivij iiilvaxSNl
ci=A-' i>— » toi^ ^ is^yJi j^i ^ .>'yi ,yi*ji jui ^Lkjuui
y. fl5 ^J^ -oi-^jll a^.>i>o 5Ji^ ^»ly. l_^;;fj c^tjUl ,>o Jp
<i ui-A^jil l^y-j tv>il ci^'j^ tr^ J^ (^A- !>--:* '•sljJI -V
Y\o-Y>t
fiJUb jj JaliJ-l c-Jj^ i^L>oj ^rf>^l cP'^' o^^ C^jl*ilj ,5^*55" Aftlj-«
Sjl>^Jl JkL^j (jt^jVU i±^lj f'J>'l Viy^ ^^^ ^.^^Usj tu--ij^l
^ JS\ ^Jb olSli , .^l^^lj ^UMl j<-^lj tOLoVlj ^>oVl ^IJaJIj
Ji^ J5 JSj cOlyVl C^JLpj cjU^VI Oo^Ob ^l>lj JilJ^I ^llaiiN
,((ikJ-l
crr^i i>* ^: t-5^ ^J tiilJui c-JljJ"lj ,6^jJI j-o A>-jj ^\ aAp jUaj
^[ J-^ ^J t*^J^;^ (*L?dJ ji^Ij t-ulp ^j^Wl j-i^ jy^JiW J^ J-- *^^
^ v-Ji s^J^i J.H^ - ^A* . \vo J \v* - \^\ j va .vv,_;^ v.^j yov
Uyt jcijU :oUj>. Ajjj^\ - \ri -\Yr J ^•Y -'\A J v^ -lA J ro J yv - yy
N. Harbour: immicco pp. KI-K8„\oV-\oo^^ Y?r yUJtJl
V ♦ V ^ r J ^>ii oy I ( ^ t • )
(.f^ U.U ^jUl diJi^j .j»^"t5UA O^j^-ij ca;^ OjJliSij ^U^wJi
M ^^^1 li^ 4.1^. ^ J^ ^ a:^ J^_^ ,i]i;^| ^^^. 1^ ^^^^^^
ctUi J 4. ^Ul oUil U aLst ^j .'M -i« (1 ASIJL.J JU.^U -cu
;fcJl :>^j 4J ^ liA la_p Uj ,^jJ-\ j\j^ ^ ^ oju^ ^^1
J.L-iJl i,_^ 6j^ jy cJl^ ^l jj|_^l ,iA ^ ^_^i jp_,
^W Oi^L^ J *U.j ^ itAJl aJLp cJl^ Lc ^- ^a;Vl j\ ^^'^\
Ji> o^ »^jjj ^1 jf >Ui j.>J| IJu ^ ^_*ij| oL^ ^^^^u
jj-p IjJ^j ^'^.j^ !>^SLi jUojJl syjli Joojj J \jAk^j^ idji^\jS\
V'JJ J cP^ ^^ *^^ ^ u-i-u^ *4iSL- Iji^^rj toJju ^y *Ul=L|
^JLJ^l Jl <^>ll ^y. Ja::^ tiiliiJ.! ^'UoJl iJLol>- iJixx- JiljS J
OjlljJl CUjjj ^jiaiJlj i^^xJlj jci\j :ijju Ji aLJJIj *-j>J-Ij OtAiJi P- l^t
JLpL** [£j . aUJoJI CjljJif Uidj^ ^j^' Cy ^J^^ UaJ-l tlJjijjIL^dj (.4..m.*1i
c-jbjUl djL^ jk^l (iJ^ .JUjJI J ^jgVIj *-:-»>Jrl J Obj-Jl
i^LsoJl cjU^Ij v^Ij^I J-^UtiL cJjijJu (♦J t^jJj^Vl J[ A.<M^lj
lA \jtkj aaJU ijJLo jS'JJL j^yai<-i ^iSj^^^ l^Lijj ij^JUVl OJlll ^^^•'auu
J (Jkj^l (yuaill ^L>-^lj ^ji-l j\Uii\j ^l>-jll i^Uytf* J 0^;^ ^
^^^>«J^Ij t_3^^ jj*^' oLpU (J .L^v^u ^I f-^ ill^j c aLl^ ^ JL OjJtll
AJu JLaJ tv.-^Jlll ^^Jll ^^1 lT^^ ipUvaj O^^^l l^f l^ . l^^J j
VYY -Y'Y\ ^ v^UizrVlj 4j|:aUi:iVlj ^ijbNl sU-1 : Jp ^--^(N it)
Y-Ae __^ u>^' cW'
cOUJ^I ^ u^ U^ iJ-^^ j^l i-^l^ J*^' t^A ^^ "^-^^ '-^
Oi^LCJl? LJJuAl cjUli^lj ^jll jUvaJIj 2;Ur_pl i^^liv* is*U«j
jjjjj , J5J1 ^^, U ^jjJl oljii ^>- dUi 4.Li Ly . v"ill ^U^^lj
hj\ oju jipL- liTj .<**"'^o>il i% Jl ^^Vl jUi l^ 34>^. dl5
/^*^*^_c^*ll «w*>-U> j-^Uil ^jjll Jy V--^ ^Xy* cP»-^l Vi^
^jll jl^lj t^ji-l J^^^b Cl*^-^' ip-U*aj O^^lJil Jii V-y. iuJL.
^y *j«(y> CjUIi.,0 CUilj aaj fc ipLwoJl iSbuJl j-flJ-lj iAv»^l S_r-'^'j tc-joill
^jiMl ^ Uji 0\5:j .>Jl iji^ Lj^ OV^ ^rs^l '-It^ji iiJUt-l ot
nr^ :^i>i(UV)
*^A ^ JjUJl jJUoll : i^jSlI (^ tA)
tjJLjj ji-4-/> JS' ^yt Jiljillj jUtJl JLvitia CU>«^.ve'ti tjjj-li ij-L« is^l>-
iLjij^ Ijlii ^j^li i^J^ i^^^va--j >>*^J Jj^ (♦^L? "^ J^' J^ C?"^
iJUa^l ..^..-.^ L^ 11)15" Jiai t^Us^l l^^liJl S^j ct5jl>«^l l^LiJ
jb O^^^wlj ^jfj i-iNi" aJ%* t5JL>-jll ^^bJl iiJbJ-l JLj* J^ Oi^jJl
.<^'*^>^UJlj JbJbL-l ^ULJ Ijb yLP
aJ-j Ljip^b Jj .\j»jyM \^ Jxc4j '^I_«^ Ui^ J^ ^ uyvj' ly
^ N ijJL. v>^^ (^f '^J • *^^ i>*^' *^j^^ AJLi%* _pJ Uj_^
. olji^i- \*H2j J»l_^ :>!>UI ^y
JaJ-l oji5 J Mj.a:^V' ''-^" oi-^' V^J '^'J oi>»-^ Oy ^.^1
^»Uh o- V W ^i v^>' «^y^^i Oi-JJi *Lj^*^' j^* UAj fi'^Vb
Vo'^ - roA o^ ^--»^l ( N o Y)
o J«ji *ijl>«:JI v^ljil cjJo^-b c Aejlfdl aS^-I aj c-i*j"l l>Jk> ^L,
.(»»'^4>JL.^Ij vLr^l *Jl Ji^j t J-'Jlj q^JUIj AJIjiJij :,^|j ^^|
<ii>- ;^JJI ^Vl v^r^lj '^L" ilj '^^ ii'V- vJ'Ai'^l 5jUiJ-l cJij
i^j ij^ ;^jJi i:)t. J 5p{jjJi ij«>^j uJji^Ji i]jjL. ji^ J ojL
pLtJij iija:^L-'b(lj ti.4^ ^y l)IjAjj ^j-^j i^^j i^j^-'j tj-«Jjj 0>i (^
cti^jJij j5ljJrlj SjiiVlj i3yll ^ ^>llj ^Ji:V; Jl J^ ^\J.\
. (^"^JjLy.iil LjJLt -^Ij^ ajscS" i(_jl-< li_^ jCU-;J.I vTJjUcj
dUJJ jlks'^l ^U«. j^jil OUr^l («^ J*rf jj^l -V^ *J^^ o^
Cr^b cj>l ^^j- J*f pIjJ Jl t5:>t Ijf coL^I ^^ Jl jUJl *U^
Ojjciij^j t^u-j o^y*^ -p^ v^->^ J^ ti-? ^-^ ^^^^^ j^ oiSj'ifi js"
*.j^-jJl 4-la C)yi^j>TX.^j tt-J^I ^ AlvaJ *wJlji C:->lji C-J*yL iI)U-^l
J^lj^ Jl Oji^Jb U^JaS ol> Ol^j c5l> oJlL iiU. *:)ln [^^^''^^JjA.
^\jli ^Ul J>jj cLt^ ^^1 ^^1 C^jij^^j tU^j v*^J^I Jj^^
Jjj ^j .A^ JvslaJI ^j u-^ iiLjfij -W*Aj ^^^ t>* C!/^' i^j^xj
^y OljUuj f^L (1)1 Ow»:»Nl ,^^ 5^ y» JL=Li ^j t^i Jj^ JU-I
^ ^Jja^ cy '^^ {J-^ V*^ Cr^ t5l>-^l *l)l^^ cJlS'j . jjl>-jJl ty *bj^ ^jj\
Jili^ J j^\ ;y ^iiiJ! Jai^fj . JUVlj ^>JL U^J X^ ^Vl
^ 1^1.^ 5LJ J^ j.;Jtj 2^1>l U* Ja^ ^>j .^LJlj jl^Vlj JULI
Jl JUjAi .^JUVl Jjot ^y Z^^\j '^\jj^\ *l^^ CjUi-l j»j*
,JS\y ti J ^ Oll-^ *LiJL ^'UaJl ol>JL. ^ JLi-f ^^OJVI ^j-JL^il
j^i ^t^fj tl^ii" J jL.f i"!)^ o>-L*4 cJJL Oli-Jl J^iS"! l^Jli .«^_;ill
ijjj^ AjLiJl 1^ Litljiwn itJ^ Jju ojUj Cj»-j il . aJjJlJI J>-i jiLs<M
ol ►^^l ^ J«sj .^1^ J ^1 uix^ ^3l| jlp Lijf dJUJU
J U S-jtAJl .Ul J^^ylj ^-LJl iL.I>: |»iAl3 ,^jL^y^ ^J^^. y} '*J^\
j^ USl aJ> iJLt^ j^^i ^y^^ u^i Lijf j^* . i,.i^ ^_ji^
o^j^ J^ OH J«rj i^jLJl j^ 5j>^ «LiUJ AjJU- Jp ^j^j ,^
Cj^\j j^\ cy> Ijsij V«>^ c.^U cOjiijJIj i^UJl ^l^L i^us:.^
3^J\j ^>lj ^,u^|_, ^_,i^,_, ^Ld,j J^>Jlj 0L.^lj .^Ij
rA« ^ ia:-^| ;iJjJlJl ;|.%. AlJuc (\T1)
4^Lilil-| -u jj^L La J^ Ijj^ali. V^y^j t/*^'j^' ^!)UaX^I j^^ Ij
^ -iill^ ^2ri -^^-^^ 4'-^^ '^^ ^^ *^>*^ OjJl^jll o^fjJl OlS" Jj
i^l:Sla ^[i c^jp f^^ (,dj^^\ _/>*-^ A^\:^ i^l^ ^ JtS'f j^U-lj
cJlS' of JUj Ltoji^**^ Jl cS-^^ ^ f.^^jsLA\ iiy^j jUJi JL^ai* c..>«.^-^tj
iiilJL-i^ JU^ Jj-l. .iijL>«Jl iS*^! JULtJ iL;ijl JJ (5:>f IjT ^jiiVl
OjJt*Xjlj tJ-^l>J.l CUpyjj tijXiJl Ig^L-l OUjjIj 4^_y3L>- f-^ ipLs-aJl
a^LLs^j LjULLI oLpLvaJlj tSjlxJ.! iJUiVi ii='U=* l^--* >lj ciJJdlj
L_ib>«^ U-*^^J t(ijU£> J^ c^^'j' r-tA-s^a-i^^lj (lr*J^' *V^ ii-JLiJ-l ^Ijt
^yUJtllj J^^^i^lj ^jJuS:i\j ^UxJlj v^lj 0:^1? i^UJl ^l^t
i^Lu iJLJil ioJLo J h^\j ^\J ^..n- I ^ sIMjS , jr>»^lj ^U-NU
f-lyi iilSj l)j:ojJI jL>»^L W^y^ (>J t*"^Ji Vs>^ t^^ iiiJiti j^ljf J^
C^ oljJi ^Ja^ljJ t5-^ljJl U^ U^l '^ll'l S-J^ t>^ (*J tV-^-^^l i^liJl
j.y Jp l^ Jai^. l^ ^;^*.^- L^_^ ^l>lj jilvaJtl J Jl>^ ^
J^ <Jl^ ^ . iJl^l iJL-^l ^ld\j ^^j^ji,\ iij^ ^ ^_^u J:>U
t^jUJU . U* a;>^ ^yj ^Vl t> ..JUdJ 45LoLs:.l ^ils" jLi^ l^^
. ^^Vl (> ^*:itl«.l Oji iJ>L>JJ ^j>j (ijUaJl il^iHu
iU^l olJ lili .LjU ^^^l ^>Jl LUj iUU. j^LUj Jp ^jU^i
"^ i3JU IiiO- ^ IjU J^Lo o- J^ c>^ -^ji-j jJ^f ^ o-Jil ^
JULl ui^ ^<^'^"^>^.a>.^ j^^.^1 c.^j_, UtAau-l Jp cJiiU l^f
.1* A^tlill oljly ^ Lil. sUcJ .i.a>^j ?4JI^1 diJUIl ^ 6il
u- J^Jlj g>l ^l::*Jlj J^iLlj <J\Jil\ ^\jl\j ^1 ,^ Ui U- ^/_,
nt (^ ur-^>^^l V>J^' J Sjl^l (UV)
dUS ^j .OiO^lj vL^^lj JM-lj Oi»^lj c^kJl ^l_^fj c^UJl^ AV«^
^ J^Udl IJA ^ tJLo-jdl j>^ J_^\ ^j^\ J <^|_^i i^^jL-^ll
t5jUaJl OjjJ^ lji=ifj tijvJlxil l^jL^\j i^Ul ^^ oJbJLi AvJjU.
iSjl^ fls* «^i <li»t ^^^ .jJ^Jl cJj J ,jj^ Oj^^ ^ji^ Oi-^J^'
: i^Ul oljly _
tuyXJ.1 ^ IJJ. J^UJl ^ t^jLaJl jjbi Aj^UI oJlS" <JSiJS
C^yi ot I^Ju LUI oj^ ^ ^N ui^ ^j» :(^^')LiL oUJ J^-
l^'U iJ-UaJl iljilj ^l>lj OiUilj :i>JL,Vl^ iljll ^y iA_,^ dUiS"
J. !•'. O'cnllnglmn: A history of nwdicvul spuin pp. 297, 48JI (\*^A)
U- Vj LJ\Si^\ ,\jS\ SlJ^j .JLI.|_, J^JJ.|^ .^^L? L*j,^>4,
. ((•--jj-jl.l
U^lj^lj vTjIjI^I jIO^Ij ijUxil iJ:,Ul| O^ JLLp ^Vl uiij 1
<. (.IS u dUi at.f ^j .1^ u i^ j^,;^^ i^L^ r<ij^ji.\ ^^1
•^J^ »/,j^ (JI i-Lo ijij>- Cj* IrV^ J^U ^JU ^jx^\j c^Li^^L
:jl-f 5JIJ.y ouil ii^l^- ^y t^^iUi . LA ^^1 ^^ j^Li. ^^1
^\ ^ i^i-^Lj Li U >.. ^f ^^jt^ ^^ JI 5_^ ^^j^,
OOII >t 1^ j.li i^^ ^I^L^ j^ ;;^^, ^.,^1 ^^^ ^ _^^|^
j^ ^yJl ^>l J \j^ N>-.f OjSOc I^^IS- ^\ ^j ^\j^\ ^
^1j4 ^ Duyij oi~-)ii i>-^i JW-j ^jj=i (ij .ii^i sjMi >
ti^l ^ cJjii .-iJt uiSt)W j>. ^t IfuJ cJJj Jl>.f Jp ^ Jjl-I
t Ja*-jd! _;s«^l Ojjj^ lj»t^t (l)t 4-^j-,^j V-^' iXs^ly jiff' jy ^j
0_,iix^. uiriJJJ*^' •jL>Jl ^ ^ OLf 1^ .j.Jlj_Jl ^ l.jjjf J
J ^5^ Li dUi Jlix . *iyJl AX^yJl jU-ptj Oyj^i* t *ij^»^' <*-^j^
y^ti tv^l V^'-r" '>i Cy tJ^i^ c^U Si .f NY* ♦ /-» 6^% i^
, iuUaJlj JlyVl i_-rj iaLvJI ij^ly-t •iiLj:^b iiJyJ-J.! jJi ^ p>»^l
j A-ftjpljj tiJjjyNl A^ljJJl ^ 0:jJlJiI i_»NT iu^lyJl t_i]a:u>i-l -«j
Uut cJUJi Lcl tii--jdl y^l j^ Jp AXs^y]l JUpf ^r^axa; ^Ij
^ j^j ULij 4J_^t ijj^ Jp 6^A:^Nl J JUj_;JI 4^ IjJIpL- (»^I
U- t J r iJlJl 01>kJ iLf .iUo^lj 4j.>ll i.j>^l :AlJLP ^ >.>JI JL*(\Vr')
'^yj IjriJ '>=r cM*^^ "^^ '•^■^ -^^ Wj <_r'^^ '^^J 'or*''-*
JUJL* IjjjJ l_^ JJ:.L.f AJ>jr dUL, Japti .5J^I jiljjplj Aji»j
.(^■""^^-J j^yi Jilio p-x^l ^ ^ j,j«.Uptj t4Jijl5_^ Jcjo^
*J»i_jA)l *_^ dUUJIj OUjjJIj >Uj)!I OjjJL^I ^U ijJUJLS'
^i' ^ ' ^ h Oj-i^ ji-fi^ >^V ly **^ |» ^ \ \ Y/-* o ♦ n Ai^ j jL-
Jl l^j LU-y. Jl jw; j»j t JjUa J^ j;^.^ ^ Lj_^Lla5 Jl i^aJU
"■j^JJl J* ui«s^l Jsl'L^f *_iL^ljjJl ^ of t;L>-t lIjO^ ^ .15^
JjXJ\ ^^ c^li jUiJ . J!)UaiJlj J.>yij j^^lij^lj OjijJij
i_^ iL'L-ir sj_aL^ ^i-»jj-i- oJL_."4P JjJJLi" t(> \Yn/-Anri
J. F. O'callaghan: A history of medieval spain pp. 280, 295 - 296 (\V\)
tvo - YYt ^ ijJ^^Nl oUjdll ^ ^juVl jUf :^jL J4J (N YY)
B. Mcakin: moorish empire pp, 256 - 2S7 ( \ yA^
-^Ul ljJU*ai J j_5j.j..jv3 SOaU^ Cm/i.:A» .ils^^l JUiail^l J;>.[ r^ li^>.Ul
iSj^ UjjX-j ^ Ot iJli il l^ ^ lj;>- hjji^ ^^ tuii>^l
ojUtJl JL>-j L^ji*^ (J^*-^**^ ^ C^jWaJlj Oi^-LJkl Alvs»lyill tju iJiLiI
ijLU J j=^'^ ^. cr J^' ^-^ *->^' ^-''^-^ SJL^Ull cJU^ ^ .iJbt
L$jUai!l ^^*i*^l aii kiUi ^j ^JS3 -Oi-r^*^' -^^J 'jJ^-*^^ *^' (-^J-^ f'^^j
^j.v«>cJ 4JlJaJL*rj i«JjiJ,l CjUaJL^ a-^JuLaj AjIAjOIj l^lp^L jjjijji^ 0^J;;>«^;*«LI
Ij.^fj Ij^jJ^ .JX ^ ^jU^ \ji\Sj cLJL^b y^.l ^>lp S:^J
^f ^ ijjdlj (H-p-^J (HJ=^ -^'j '^^ J c5,r^^' •=^-*^» ^ ci^
^ js" ^u* ^ i^j*^' cy3^' ^ ^^^' "^W o-^^ "^^ \thi
ojijliajc iJjjJl ^JJoLtfl juJ ry*^-*^ ^j^ Xj . u^-oJLJLI ^y» ij?***JLl i:*-^! ^Jp fj^
ijLjaJl j^-^J tiljL>«Jl i^l JjUjnj rt-<*^l L)jJb-jll Ajjf IJLSCaj
JU>jt iiKi- of ^ . Vrjlil-I (*rjWS ^UJi aj>j c jUJl J ^^)LJlj
Aja'^\ ^"^ja cJU=r tOiJ^Jix,^ ^ij^t Oii ^-«L«^lJ tijJb-jll XdjjI»I^Nl
iiJlSCip i^^ AXwi ijJLu tj Jj:^j>-^l Ij^ '^^ JiL** cr^ j^' f^
jcu^ ijJU (Jp 5jk«JL! iiiL*L>- ii^^SL*p iS'^pxj i^LSi Ljj»L*ijlj ajJL>-^I iJjjJl
cSjjl>ai J5UJI j^l Jp ^y^^J^I ^.^1 Jlj o^a .iijUJl l^v*^ l>i
,>-y;d;.| Ji^f ^ tp^^Uij ^Ij^-I l^j {»-r« l-i-^ '^^ uii^l t>
V-'^' ;^'^ Jl 'j^'«r-'J ^j*^l J | <« " - ^'' ' l>»JJ tj'j^ll 6ij^ ^j^j^
- "WY ^^ Oh ^iJJi «^J-^ -A-Sj .jj^ y ^jLAj ^\j^\^^
^X% ^>ll uii *l>J^lj -ily^l l5>^— <■ (> *i-5Ui:^'^l oUtAxJl _
oLc^^l 6JLft.j ol_;;^:>c^l oJL* 01)) :<^^*^LiLj SUJ J^- v±Ui Jj
S^LJlj iJojJl ^kJUl oJlSj .t^^UJl 11*^1^1^^ ii-UaJl oU-^lj
t^jUdl Js^LiJI jtJi^ o.:>«»-^ ^ J^ .^i ^ ci^i ^yiJu L^.^
Js^jU i*jbJl J5iyi ,_j^ ^_^ .eSj^f H=r tlr" t/">^V' V^'^' •=*'^J
ifllyu (^JU-o rt-5^ (*-<x^^ j-Wii tuyJ-*^! O'^'^ iui^ f*-8-*^ 1,;;^^=^
tjb JL3J . ij^jf iSUjT ^ U^UaS Jjbl rt-p»j iJl^-^^aJl JjOJl ^^^^oaj J-aI
A-Ar^ L^yl J^ (^-^^ OjJ^jll Ja^ (jt JOu cjt g A \ \ O^ 41^ tj lift.
C. F. Hnyes ami M. W. Baldwin: hisiDry of curupe -tVt -VVr ^ ^jJjGSIIj v^' ==
p. 245
VY ^y» A^ jJUall (\A0)
•jJb-j-II J14P ^U- l^ii iiUJl ijj^\ cjLjLifl.^ v.^^..*j>- f^jW^ k_..JL>it
^ oN:^Lilj ia^lj^l viJLij^j .t^jUaJl j,^ L^.^li j%^^ ljXw>-
(.ic^lj JaIIj oUaJl ^ji>- i-^l>- Vj^' ■^'^ ty '^Jj^ 'j'^J -^
jt-AU-Pi o^jljj i^^^ij ^^jlaIaIIj (j;LQ-L«il ^ j\tS O-aII oJu (j ^^
l^-ti !:>:)Ul Jl^ ^ [^ ^js: SjU*Jl oJb^fj cSjUaJl (5JbL l^^
jjijjjj IjiUjIj JUu^Ij I^j ijjXSL>.Vlj ajUijj -u^ ^j i>«iL ^
J. F, O'cttllaghan: A history of medieval Spain p. 296 ( \ AA)
R. AUumira: A hisloty of spain p. 210 (^ A^)
.t^^'>Ufljt L^J ^ Jj iO>jlj LJ^Uaij UjfSL-U-j Uav*>j CijAjj
dULJ.1 J 015LJI ^j-s^b^ Jwiit 0>>-Jdl Oj^J-JlI Jii cLUiS"
i^'lj^i (t-f^ C'^J .v_JI^^ Ajibj ijsMiA ^jSli <^\j^\ iJL«<Nl
. j^Jlj JUJ^Ij ui^lj je>lj JjVlj Cj^\j v-^^I Ji- ^(^1 gU-l
jLv* Ijiji ••ijH-lj ^j^lj jli^lj *^ijijJ-b ijikiJi cjL>-^«dl ipLsiP
L-M,a>-f (>• 6i-'^>^' J"'^ J^' '^^ 'V-^^ ^j-JjUVI jjiJi jUjJI
J-^ .iI;vj-JaJl uyjLfcv^ ijwiJ:^ J*l_^ J* i4>jl2j| ,_ys^Vl >-7<^l
JSIJI^ a->J '^J-^ V^^=^ C^^ ^a4^" Jl ^>^l U^'-r- J *^^l
p^j ^^...«:.^ jUl viiL- X«SJ j»ii .1^-Ujj U*il*3j W^Uj L^jUj^ij
.<^^*) vJjiJf OU iJLJLa; Cow* jt i^ojVl ^ ^j-Uf l^i^j
_g...^;t ojji>._^l ^ Jbit (^JJI ■-g^UT.il. ^_^Ji:Vl ^1 Jib jlSj
Jp U^lj \J\ iiy IJi* J5:i . JjVl 4Sj\Ju J ^.-SL-VI ^L^l Jl ^y>i
4_jjU.j c-;»w^ts c;l»LJlj f.LkJl ^y llalif l^ NJb ^jsllj tiv-J^I
a>^ oLvijt Jji (lUil i^ i»_^l i^U V-s^J J^^f J „r^>*-^'
J13J . jiljdl j-isai Jb^l ,^,*ru y* ^>i]l IJiA OL JjiJI Jl Ui U jj,j
iJUl^i J_^J JL>^ ^311 -LP iiJiJ-l ^ ^jS .*L^ iijju. Jp
41^ JUu ,jJii»t Jlt>^ ^, J■«-*^' '■^>«— >^ Of ^j-'M^ o^-jy ^■^
,>i* ;»^iib ^^^j '*^^ (^f i>*^'j t>^' ly ^^j^j '■'^jj ^fj js"
J ti; ^f cMJ» 0^"^ ^Jjj > lilii-l /"-ii c^^Ul jS3 .<^-*VjuJLI
^y JjVl j-iLJI tj 4x)LJ ^j^vj^bj aSIi^ A^^JLi tAI Lf^j^ (j^'j^ 5j-,*a>«j
jfri^Fj ti>"Lll j«^[j AjllsiaJl ^ji^^j *j^jJl J^^ J^ tSj^Jdl iuJi
L» Sjj^/idll ?rUc-j ^1 cAfirj^j r^ji\ CjU^w ^^ *uij ;SjU«iJlj *^UJl
^V ij^ JiLJl ^^1 :^UIj ^^J^"(y, ,)
/jJJl ^rwJl y»Vl IJLa J '--ij^ t'Uli iwJ JCU-N SJbJUJI (>X«Jl J / U^ 3^
jli^jj :ijj6\ ^ JJ->«^ f-^ 4>«3ll V iiuULl of - J^ Ju^-.^ ^j^*S^ J^
^1 jjki Ji> Jp i*^ Jjjt ybj t ^JG^I ^1 yr^Uijc U a>. Ji
/*-*»^J cr^'>? 4.;.*/iaJI ^U- J LL>- Uht-^lj ^^1 jjja; ^^^Jaj pj . t5a>-^|
*>,L>- J V4' L)j-^>iwaJlj» :^^'^^t^Ll^ o^^jy J>*ej .j^-^l ^^j
JLj^j LftJiJUXj (wi»tSo (^^1^ iwaJaJl JL>t,^^ Jj t^e^l -'^^^ 6L*o-
^j ^ (l^j^U-^l L^^^^^ ^^ll v^^^b ky^^ SJU^^JI ^ icjLiJl s'iUaJI
01^ Olji (*1>-^1 jt >>«J-I ty SJU^t Uj^Uf ^1 ^"^1 (vjUjU IjivaJti
a;L 3*^ . . . oJLwJlJ j^ i (^jJl ^tXai\ isUj ^1>-J . ivaJli-l aJJ-I
a
*^l^ J^j ^ oSj^U AjJb-jll Jl>-LJ.l (J ^.^jUJ.1 A^jt (I)t \^
ij^^flil J:>«*i^j (j;^-j^^xSj| m\s^j Oji\ (^Jb-y^l Jljj«.^l jJ , ^4^ V A^^
^ Jl iS^ji H • t/^^^l c^ij^l (^-t-*-^^ j>^. (>^ (^l^j Lr^l>?
cSXk^ill ^ya r-ljjt (Jp JUX«o *j_y^iJl ^^^.^ ^-r^*^ JjW'^ *J^ V'-T*^'
L^ ^Ji iU^f -ui ^ jjyl iUA. J ^yi u^^y J^[ -*^l I'V JJ^
^1 jLU| L^j.:Ltj tAJb>^ i*vc>.vsb« Ji\j^ Jdj**^' '^ jJ^J oUJLvst*
toJp- J^ l^ ^j^ iifL^ JS' LiJl^j) rjijAj ^1^ Jjli .(jSl^JI -dSCjii
H
i^JUl iJbuil oUU-l Js^-lJtJj JlSCJiVl jji«;j tl^UU ji^s^ ^^x«jj
^ jifj J-i*^' oLitM, jts^ tiSjtJLJ SJbJ>. Sjj^ LJjy^ tjj^^
V ^j^. N t^JJl t^>' J J^ *^--^' ^^^*--'' "^i* dLLid.1 ^>-^l (J
iiU -Jl_^ Jp cu*,^ U-iy U!5U.j ULJ:. oi* U.y i;iL. oi^l JLdi
.^1 U^ 61-^ ^U- iiCj tV~JiMljs^^ljtr^l^uiir^l ^l=r
U,y ^Ur SjLo Jp U^" Ji£ JL^I^ Oi«::s:Jl ^l=r SjU- jf wU
YA - VV ^^ "Uwi; ^jll (Y • V)
Yi ^y. JjUI ^jll :^Ul; ,j^jjJ(Y»0)
^jjJljji^5jUJUj>-ljJl ^UiJI ot 1^ sjlpUJI Jji. JlJut i*jjt l^USjl
(f tf
. *J\fii\ SjUll y* IjjJt* l<*-*- ^> jj-i Ja^jt j*-**^ Jji>- i-tfJil -U-Uoil
»J^ ^rf (>• >^J '^'jt* '-^^ *t^'-r- '-^> •^^— J*^ lW-^ <il "^.^iJ
V lI Ic^ iiJij \^jU> jS^ cJ-Ml ^>>5I JaJai^l J3j 4js.l5s>.
^ UJai ^f iSj=^^J iJa-^J^' U^iJ^ J CjUaj^^a* ^ (1)U-^ ^U-
cJJb)) djS^i U ^t ^y. cJlS^ A^iJl 1.4>.JUj Ut . ^,j::^ j> J aIUj
jUll i-jli Jp J^Jb- |1 L^ J»^ji\ J >![ ojM oyv N U Ji jJiJi ^
ljL5 "ilUi- ^-iNT 4*w. cS>*^l **il^lj J^l ^"^1 ^UJI oJla 4j
cJL^ llj .oj^-wo^-j ui^^-jll j^»f uyt c5>^ uy ^1^1 U^->^ ^.j^.
^^^j jM^Ij (^-J^i^i" cy LT^-^^ ^^- ^ '^^^l ^"^ 0^ Vi*^^ ^j^
J C-*-^JJ .Sjj^JlII A^j-soil i^j-^ Jpf Jl 4^ 4-.a:i.L; C.J»3jJ
lAJill jIjjJJ ^^Ul JLjj«*Jl Jill wLjP ^_^t aJL^P Jj 4XjI j.va3NjCj t4iP A^l
.jl^jj^U-Soj jj^Vl ^Utl ^^iJL I45JL- ^
^^JlJVIj ^ydl J ii^l JJ-Allj jj^^l (>• ij^ OjJl>-jil JLJl
^Uif l^'bu J ij^*b as ^^.o^jLl 01 J^iJl ^ cUUi ^j .^oLidi
liiJl ^1 Oli^jUJi O^j ^ _^UI ^jjll ^j _ ^\J.\ J^\ji\
.^**^'(»-p-t>^) LS^J-I *lji)' tr^'y ^-^^ J j>s^l VJ^ *^iJ^I "^
Jp A^^'ii OiJli^l ^b ijOJI J ^jM Jjpt; 4>wJ ;^L^ ^ -jf
,> Jlj U i^iUJl i-ijU-jJlj iuJUll ^_^| ^ 4J |_^"tj o^^i ^^^...^f
^J Jp o:>Lj to^l ^ Jt jjo: S^ UU aJ t5^tj oVEl.b
^lyt ^ L^\ ^y\\ ^ 4] yt ^' .^ j.Uj Ula>-1 .Ala-y J di^
^.ji^^l oU^
t«A
^y jLj C.-A^jJl JP Jbji U o^J jt^.iVlj ji>lj OUSJlj ^>vJI
^iUl Ojiil C^ JjVl ci^l J iL.1^ Sjj-^ cj^-J^")" W^ ^JJ^ ci^'
ci Cf.J^ ^^^^ "^>-^-''>- cjij'^-^lj ui^^-^b ui^'-^lj OyJUJb
JlSLiVLj uiliA:3t «.<JjVlj VJJ-^' ^V J **^''^' S^,JivJl ^M^lj^
.(^^^)a;u > "V tiUl i>.3Jl j>Jl jH^j ^Ja-jdl ^1
l^ >^. b\2 ^\ ^\jH\ 4 V-^l "^J^' J^' t> J-^-J
S%^1 ^ Jl LcJi5 t5^>l ^J^il Mj-J^'^ -^I^J" vVj uiir^l
Js^-la JljSJj .cLjlui* ^k-.j:3 ^l>t ^jf -^b^ ^>?»^ Viri ».r^^
^2^ SjJJ L.li pJl t^ V-.UI li* J Jlj3 I. V^ ^Mj ^Jj^ Cjv.
6 ^ ^Jt^jllj J^l^t a^> =0-^^ crijy (YM)
J , ^ vUUJi JsOiJl
J^W c^% li^tv^l Sj— Vl ipL:^ V-j- ^-^ 5j4^ ^ jS'-M
j^^lj jypij ^U^lj ^l>Jl :;^ V>' ^'^' ^^ '^.f V-i-Ai"^'
.ju. Jl i*j.,->^ ^^*JI J-*l i.^t ^L^ -^ *y^>J t-^J-^'j
4-^ -hJ^^Li <-JjAj jjjJl oVpIS 4j J a u, » . j ^1 f jJj tL.J-.~iJu t3_;-iii
^jljVl ii^jy-i j^ Jtsu ,jc-/u 01^ t^Jdi ^-j»Jii.i jUciJi of ic^
J LfcJlP > ^^1 v'ill ^ . Oi-J^^' ^-^ J"^ *^'^ -^^ Oj^o^l
^ IJl^P J--t Oil ^ cc NY/^ n 0>3I ^ Jlill u-ivaJl Jl jJj^
ji^^js oo-a^o ^^
f>ljj >jt b^ '^ vy-iit ^i^^ ^^ '^^''^ J^ ^'^ '^ ^'-^^-^
^^^1 lift ^"jisj .cjj^i -1=^^ f^b *ic-^ ^.^j r->=^j '^-^
jj_l ^^ ^ .J>1 Apb^ 0--V2: dAJa5 . oi^>l .r^ J o-^-^^^Jlj
y.| ^^ Jp i->il Ai^l ^ o> \^ .iiJ>-j^l ^J-^' M^ ^ o-i^'
^^1 y> ail^l -J^J^^ fj=^^ 'J-^l -^ ^>-' -^' '^'^
S^ ^ Jp -0^^ Cr-- J > 1^ •'^'>^ ^-J-^' ^>'-^ ^^^'
.jk-^ l>^\ '^ J Olil U-w^j ^^J -IJ^^J *J«^ >J^ ^"^ ^
OyJi J ^Vi ^b ^j^j ^Mi o- f^J ^ c K ^^-^^ ^
nr u^ ci^^ij >i>i c^> ••a-Mii a-.Jj^- Cnv)
OL i.L^ ii^ jl>]l jjJ 0^ -vii-A;- Jt>U. djJi>- cy) -^jiJ
jjt ^Ju ijJbiL ^ i-iUl sjai Jjt vf i>; -^ V>^^ ue-^ji-l
Ji ^Ul UJliLl UlJubf ^1 u^iyVl t^ ^i ^>*i c4^>3( jUc^Vlj
iplWlj ^NjJl .3^1 Jp a1 sUlSC _ iulp ^j ^ cf} - lij^l o^ i>
i*Ji*]l LIaAL iu- OljJi j^-^li iijJuil Jj-^j iUUi Jiljj .a-AXP AJj:tj
L-jJUx- ^Ji\ oljj^sa.3H (J LJL>- l>t^lj t^Jb-jll ^^1 j^^ ^^hii
^^JUVt t^^J^I U^iv* JLA3 .UjlaUi ^y JS' ^L>^i CjjUfj t^_yLS"lj^jc
*-^^ tbUij !!>>*:::; *^v^ olS'y- Jp l^jj t^^SJllI ,^^t^^ ^U-1
•^ u-iJtj cJlSj La^Jj ^_5jJi Mj ^J.'^^~ U> (^«-*-*-*i N iJ^ ^J^ l^tA^l
tA^JLXA olf^po (L*-*J Uoji 0015*^ . jji^lj^ (J flj^sAAj Jusaxll 6Jb»xw.,*^
J; .1^ I^^JUAiSI li[ ^yxiij to'^^L/iJL] ajIjjjj ajJJ^\ Jj5^i Jtip (^^
:^^^^MUi jj^^t <iJULt Jp ^"bUj
jlJ a fl ^J P rt— A C-s_i^^ — *tf ? » (_5jj — Jl J — j.i\ 1« lLwJLp l^L-_Sj
(_5^1 ^J^L*Jl y} Jli» , L-i^jJl I Ji. jj^^a:l\ ^j^^ iiJlil-1 *— J^^lai
l^-*^is- UjUl C^j tO^I Sj^^vSLdll oJLfc ^ZJ^j>- i.lJLlaj JLSj (.-.JsaJl piJ (J
'^jjS\ :^^ AtJup -rti -rir o^ y 6t f^ f^7* ^ij^ :0l^ juj^ « \ ^Jj
oJL>«.-v. ijj j^jll JUp UiiUl of ^tAc Jul JUcj Ob^ JUit jS'Ju
^JLJ^I ^JLX^l J_p ci^lj v*'^^' c^'^^-^ i>^' JJii^b :>^1
.(^^t>^i iju i^b-^ juai ji>^. 2:"^!
^^j^ ^y Oli"b "Oj^ ly o^l J*t »aS't U Ji jLits caOAw. J
Jp ^jiJbJI ^ j^ jJp "^ UjUil ot ui^ J Aj^l .x>.-^j ^U-
. Jp ^ ^311 J-p Jl ^1 IIa ^ JHJ^ («>-^^ . «5iUfj y^ ^-..i^l
tj^i J j^ J-^rf ^ .^1 IJ> <l)f i-r-*ljj iT'lj-^ <>• J^ ^y-^
.^iJdl Jl JJ AJlj^r-f ^^ of *yi i.X^\ J IJ^ U^,.^ Jl olJJl
yup jWl 0^1 ^y Jii^ ^j> ^L>^^ j*-Af <jt JUi)) :<^^'^>Jji.„ j^ ^^L.-ji
J.3 Ai. ^fl ^^. I ^Ul ^1^ 4^1 ^w ^ ^ Ul c(^ n)
aSj iJsjAj *^ Aif Jp fi^^ J JjS" Jia:^ ^>^ CjIjLp (^^^^^J • Vi^
- i-J^jj ^ Jp V^j % y»»J -0^1^ ^t t^iJl Liiiil ^\^ Ai^jlj O. ^
jUptj» •<^^^>Jjii j^ to^^l^ o^J-T C* ^-'^ "^-^yr o^^
Cf. (^ji oi >) ^Vl ^t ^U :SJWI 5jl-Jl <=iV c? t^^ u^
a* ^ t!-^' r' i^'' *^' -^^ ^-'^^' <^ ^->-» '^•^ -t^ ***1^ ^J^-^
. t^j^ UL^^i^ i> ^Vl .JUi c^iit
t5jLv»j ^Ojy J^ ^JA"^ i>^l 3>>^l -^s^J -«^' ^-^ -«==~~»
^ oL^v^jj -'j-^ Oi-J^^-^' ^-^if 1-^ U* -^3^ ^^M-j cy
^ ^^f J ^l_^t Jy a::^. iJLii Vr^ i'j,^ ^i: jj^j • ^^J'j^Vi iAl:^^
^yr'i iLi> Jl5:-iVl uy M^l V-iJi AlUjW L.f .Jlill jHt^P *Jji*
i^l::S3l J^\ j^, yl.^ ji^ UiiLl ;>._^l JJuii i/^ ji ^i^" ^^-i
oY ^ J-UI ^jil :^Ul. ^^y (YVA)
ti^^iuL-l j^ jj Lo (j,dAj ^ij tiixoj il^l^ll^ ^j^j.s<ai ^[^ ^j^ ^ji^-^
JL^j (.i^^^JarJ-l Lfci Jaki^ S^oLiu o^^Ju^ ^j^ t5^f ^^ (J cH"^ W^
.(^^^5^,a>->l ^.^ ^ i^\ j->J J^l
AL^ i>«J"l t^i Yi ic^l /»jj J iJa^- Jjf Oi (J^iJti tiJL^i 4X^J^
Ll^^ ^ iJUiJl aJLp jJS U '--jy^f ^ j^l iJiA ^*--^» :<Yv"') jLai
i-n-'-sall f Ijjti \^5Lsi cLiij-« Li^ %/aio <wJtJ-l /»^t ^y AaSl . ijtU^l
y^ ^\L^j tJxAJL ^^-Jpl? Vb^i ^j:^^!^ jrUL Lpj^ tJjiU/aJL
L^.--^j tijjj jltlJ 3d^Vl C-JbJJ( ^^ 4JU-P J JlSwtj tinAAllj t^JbJJl
jl>eP- j/ij jAIjA-Lj Lf^JjJ iijj-SJl I— i>-Ls^l ^^^vi-^ili OjJL>-jll (A^
%\J^ t-i>wall IAa Ol^j . flJJij iijSJlj S^^lj 45l« jUdL«Vl Jl 6Ui^
p.
^ jj .^^ ^.-^ ^l^r' ^J^>--il J ^y^ t^jJjiVL vf (^ -J^-^
J^f j^^ ojl5[ V^ a15J Ji^ 3^ ^ A:5a tU.^ OJU Jp p-^iklL-
ro» ^ tJiLJl ^^l :^j^ .i^^^(YY^)
iv^ J ivA ^ ^^uyii ^>i.i ( Yr o
.^JUSlj *-J>il ^i^^^ ^'Lo-J cj.^1 d\S ^ Cj)r^\ J^LhJI jJi^
i^^valkJlj ij^i>lj--^lj 0>*^*^-^l ilr* ipLw* JS' t3l^i->- *^»i5 t*^^
^^jM(j u^r^^^b u^lj^lj cKjl^lj cji^-^^lj u^^liJlj uyt)U-lj
ii^lj . JUl i^JuJI Ji^liJlj ^yJl V-yJl jU^Vl cJU^lj oJljJl
iiilj .4Ji^l iplJUj iiC-vaJl ijly^ ^yi viUi ^---'Li U a^JU J.^>jb1 ALiJjL!
villi Jp V OUij c^^Lf ^K^^^^sJS jJ-\ ^ .Ail5LJi Jp ^jS ^yj>^^
4„4><walt IJLa ^r^Awj ^jjJ.1 JU^ ?-^ ijJUiS . « Jjiau <iiJi u,iH£»jj ! JljXLl
^y» uulto ijjly <^j Ak^ t^Jl>-^l ^^j^^l jA>S> iiJjl-l L-^.^ JL5j
^Xp- iu^l 0*1* ^j-o Jb^jJj . e-j|^^l Alsjrf ^Jp t^Jj^ I? iSy^ *• *•' i^' 5 -lip
JLiJpl r^ j!l^ huj\ bXL j^j^jll iiJiLl /C^^j iLflU ^'3^^ ^^^^— ^ oSlI
•V^y^ J oWlj otA^f J .A>.|j c^^LiL« SI'iW aJj tf-jM iJt)W aJjJs
^y 5:ijA»u4 aaJUji i^ JlS^j t A*A Ju ,j^l>iJ ^y>^ ei>ji«-« (JjJLwaJl OlS'jlj
\ \ t ^ *}Jrlj jJUJlI ^ ( Yr Y)
Y * J >A ^j/* ^r*-;*!^ K-4jytJl uji>wJ.l 7*ijlJ : ij^>l' -i^**^ ( YTT)
i^V .tJWI J^l
Jp i.j:5:^ ^ .^\A\ ii\Ji\ ^ |.lJli.x^lj tU-jJtJl ^i>-Uil i>l=^
iJ,^-^ ^ t^^juVl Ji J^ y>- Ja>.j JiJp (Ji ,^^ 3jj
oU:u3!j oLwlU dill ol-ui JSl^t ol^t ^^- ^ ilj~JU oj-^ v-r^
O^lj oloiL ^_^jll ^_^JJI JjW iJ>-y JJaiwi jU*"! J^l:> Jj^l
APj_:i» tAJjJL* A-jbJLo ft^\j^, cuijJsi 4_jl::SJl ^^^lykj OjjVlj ^^^
^Jus^ L_j»lll Jj_s:il LiL; *J^J-l L^jt Jfi i-j^J iJL^Li^l
iJKJl ojj^- /»Ja2; i«jjJl «JJ» (j AJij Ic^ JuJi;:>«ll v'j*^' oLjJ>»JI
t'j >'\j \t~\r ^ ^J.\^ :^_^| Ju^^^^j
iJlj-^l dJULlj (^j;Vij •-j^l.i) Oi-^J^' ^J^ «l>ii - "-*
-.jiUu. jt {."I^L-NI JUif.1 Oii ^-JJI t>*^ lyji* -V ^^^1 J:^ 'A
Uf . oU-">Uas«Vlj oliUJl ^ UU-j ^j^ULII tljfj *.IJI v-JUt ^►^*-
Jp <^jiA ti%Jl j/i j^i? J*' lSjLsoJI (■"^Li.-l J->=^ ^V^l '■^^f (i^
_,,AP J,l i>« ^1 v^' (_JU-Nl Oy^r-Jdlj iiyj*iJi\ Ja: 1^^
^U-Jkii>.(i) :<^'^'^>jjj_j>i ^^yr ^i li Jj^i .Uuj \y.H\ 43*5^^.1
oLj t^JJl ^ULl iJL^[ ji>.^ ^i Jlio t^j ijuJi oLtdl Jp 0_>ii9l4
(.OA J^ u-^l Jjj i|» ^Yi*\ flp J ifW^l ^^:^ lAjs^t "^.r^^
J *A^[ iojA^ Ojo a»,^( Jj^ jSj .f(l^ ijL>.|j |^^>,^ ^JL..„w._P Uj^
SJp aJI ci-jLgitj iaJ ij>x^l ^'UaJI l»\iy «JUaJ -ukUl _;Jij iLjjU
C:^ Jl W^ij^ J^ cjJl Jl UL-1 J ii^ oilLl ^j^ vjJij Uj
>"" ,i^l J.c^w»Jl ij-^\ 0_^J-k: lijU-aiJl jir JiSi .v-SbS" ^1^
«iA ^ ^1 j^ ^iJ ^l^bU Jpf Uj^ [^\^ dyu^ AiyJl
of U:s:x IJJ» :<^^^)J^ aL^ J ^UL ^^j^- ^,:^_, .Lj j^j^
cl^l^JJ iaJi- VI o^ ciJL^l i;,ju J ^>t iJi, ilu_,
Usilji ^1 ^^ Uj c^Vl ^jklLj iju- ^_^ .1^ i,Uwi JSt l^
J ^. tolS^-Jl ^ JU ol5U J Jl>.^ <5>JU ^j ^_^| L^QJ
4JI^I dJUili oi-^J^' .:)>3 ^ ^J o^Oai Oii>-^l y< -
a- r^^^l u^ ^ J ^^\ «-ViJ.I ^«-^> o-'^' a- '^ >jf J^'
J ^jUJl jui Ji2i . v-^l g'j^^^ JJ^' .j*-^' c$j^»^I o^I j>^'
.^"9l iai iJLJrl v-^l jrl^^l dJUb- Lj-9 >:» cjl>il liA J^Vl
«V ij^ aJLII kJ^^H\ >"9| :OUp J.*ift ( YtM
J oa^j .gv;^' J^f J -J^ :;- oL^I Ujlsji Ji>Jl ^jj'jf' J *sV
.<**^jjs:jlji i:^ ^j>\ ^jA wi
J jaUiiJ)!! ^.^ ^JJ\ j^l J ^v^spU* Jll* J>^^ iLoL^l *Ujr
Jli« ta^l OjU^j ^Lall o^)\^ J-^ Uuf 0_^^ \y\S .SjUJ-l t^ilj
j'> i> .-r-^' ^->-^. ^^^^^ j'jl^^. ^Jj^l j-^' Oj>-ail JU*JI
cJlpf 6f Jl iJjllI S^\sy ^JJ^x^, j>^\ j-VL-lj .^^l^ ^%^\
^y,^ t/j-^l jJUjJI J iU^A< oLvtfu^li i~JL» 4-5 illi^ ^i-'^jil
IJL* Jp. a-Jl\ iJiJi JxJj . J^Vl ^^^ i«iJ?Ui4 ijip (jytJI ^^ SJiljJl
Ou - jx. U* . iijjilj a.^ ^Ur J ^1 J-^l Jp ilUlj jl>Jl
iJdf (^[ C*iiul oI**JLj A>1>- '-;^Li i_ijl:>-j l)[ j^jj/* cL«>9jJ>- ^Jl»j
R.Altamira;A history of Spain p. 222 - YT - Yo ^ \ C f^V' '^'-^' '"^jy-b -^j^CtiY)
Ibid - Yn ^^ ^>i ^ :ti)j>-0 ji;_^- (Yir)
Jj_dj . iJl:Lli aSOj: JU^ t>^^ ^ <u3l^l ;j^j\ aJoJL« Jj iXiaJLl?
^jiS'ljX ij^^l Jj>-LJi.l L-3jL>-j rt-;;-<»-s^'' cj A^-ijJ 4(j^L>- t^J^j-* y^Uilf
ajw^U-I i^ajVl ,^\ji\ ^ ^j-t^. ^j yW*^i-: ^^^ ^ ^ J*Vj
O^j^. tT'^jf 0-"^ ^-^^^i^ o-i-^l oLfclj Sjl^ AjLf J |i_^ ^rJt^
^-j_ojj ^jjll OlS" ^iUiJj iikJiu (IS^^LN LjU IxiL. t5:iL>-j:»-L-^)
j\ t3^l i^, Oi^ jf ^s^ l-Jjf «-iyvi »>J -^l J^ Ui>- j^^S" J>- Jfr ;±^jl
^o-Mijt o-*^ Ji^ ^'^ ("^^ ^ '^^ J-*^-^' <J^' ci^^J
JLp JI>.LuJC ii>.jil j>Jl of Jp Jvatil iJUb JjbjJi .^ ^ ^AV/-J> oAV
syijJl i^l ^lyVlj tv^l i*jJJl Jl5LiVl ic->il v^l i>aJlj
^^t>UNl ^jL.S\ iJLj. -ujU; l,>«-^jj ij«t^l *UI Ija^ ^,JJI j^
oLiLJ JLiCJif U^^j tii^JxJ,! tj-^l^l ^jij; (^Dl SjL^I ei^j
Jp 'if *^^U)li j^i Ai^iL* jp c^- i^u c|. \y^^ _ ^Yr» Oi^
oL^jT oy tiwU- -t-jJaio j<*ill jJjil Ula::pL i«^| i_9jU:.jJ|
.ijUl ^>3]i j s^i jijjVl ,»^wi: J JJU:^ l^ .ijjl ^ Alklp
<ii t^j' ^Lflil-1 oIa ^t<^ .iki:;>JLl ijixJlj tiJvall a1»^VIj
*^ * ^5 •
ijJU^Ij jU^lj OU-^I a_pL^j ^^JJ-\ JU^I J j^f cA^UvaJl
J i^iJ <.r J*; U^*x^ ^^1 U>-ljJl l^|_^t 6t *±Ui , . . Artesonad SaUl
4_iJ^_^l Ju^UJ.! oUp%j Jai; cu;L?» :(^*^)^UU ^^-^jy Jy^
t^rjij- jlyf i> j5J^" oLoJJ Sy>Ui t ^ ,. « ,. n7i l iOxo-j Ajji*. oU-JLj
cu,».w» S.;Ju^ '^tr^^ c^ <y - o-*-^^' ti V^>^V' ^W--=^' J^
J.«j>«d 4-ilSJi iojlill _ L*yts« ^j£. _ U. ji\y2 <-t«>«j iSjLf* J ■"■U. jj
^jtjiJlj jLwojJLlAI r-iUlllj ^Wl JJLlo»l 6f - (jv-JL-il ^ itAJl (Jf^
VA ^ JiUl («r>l (To\)
J_,*^.ou^l 043 JUJ^I J Lof tu^-uSOJ uiyjj jlpUU^ ci-UJi jjMJbLl
»jujj iwJi' \jjaA (i -^^JJ '^f (^ t^jf j5lJL» iJLiUJi jj^lj jLllill
.io^lj JUJ-I J 5^L« t_9i-^l ^J^Ll Jjo Sl^l a^^^Iici ,(JJUil fjijJ\
liy ojij ijj»^\ uii <^ji ^\y^ d-^IilS" jJti« t^uU- jj_^ jl>»4Jl IJLa
«j>-jj (,ij4-jijJl ^b>-yi l^ Jii^ cJlS" iSjJi.v«> i;^_^ v_JL2>- SJLp ^^
juyi ^.>i ^ A^ji^ ^jB tn-ij >f\i ^Lp ^jo sjdi ji
.((t-t)^ viJliii jsijfj yt* jWi bji^\ >ijT Ji
YA ^ «.^ ^_^t(Yof)
ou-m 6^ r^-j UJ^ cK^ UjJ^'" c^ o-J^t ijui*ji j^ ^1
l_j^_^ tL_j>.iJl Ai.Lv» aJJu \^ JJj *^ Ij^^r l5>-^I "^.i^l ^l^ »^yi
iIjLjsj-U-I ipLvi» (jj 'W^ u-*^'j «^jil '-*Js**^' <_^«4^ ipUv> (J
uij_^l JlOt Jii iJU-f ^ji^" VL«.t cJl^ ^1 tJbJii-l ^Li*^ AjjiUJl
/'"'''> i~>l SJ^^U i;j::Sai ^U53lj ^aJl^IjuII
4 UAV t^ OjjJ^ 4*J, I^.j^ ysj o\<-j>- . .iUII L_>L:5:i iUSoJl _ ^
.a^mM\ i^\ ,y^ ^ \^o<\ SybUJi hJt,j
.(. ^^•\v s_;*laJl Jx^i jp ^r |.U)ll ^UJI ^[>^\ J i^^i _ ^
. ^jJojVIj _,..<Mj (ibj-Jl (j^jfj L_jyJ.I i-ivj_
: (|. \ TVA/-Jb nvv o) : i,w^t lit /yl . t
.<. UAV ^jJ *JjVl ^Lll cij~J>Jl jL^^l J v-j;uJl JJULl.
•^ \VYr ^jj . .Ubyi ciyf J i^i i^^i _
:(|. ^^AY/_*oVA) :J1^^^|. V
•I^VO r^^'Waij ,1^'A-j ^'Uipj ^j^^\ i^^ iju J iJUJi ^\:S^
.» ^^00 iu- ojAUJI i*J» t,_^j»J-l jliap 0}«i Js*^
i/J Jji^j ^ tOi-^^' ^J^ -^'-^'j -^jV Crt t#V jL>-f ^b^^
• C ^^YY'
:(f \rvi/-* vvn o) :v^i ij^l- ^T
.* \^o'\ Ojjri cJLjjj^ ^JJ ytJj J*i^ tjliil
j»--^l c ^^L-."^! iiy^ ^yi fi^ib^-Nl J_J («^ ^ (.^Nl jU*t _ y
d\j:M jtS^I (t^l^l -J^^^J t^iLiJl jbi: JD^t jJtJj JJL£ n^Wl
._A» ^ YAt i—
•.(f. ^YAY/-A^A^ o) :C)isl>. ^\-\i
.f \^o.
ijJL-* ^jLjj u^ydl ii^ jLc^f J ^IJ^^I t^J^ V-M' (^^' -
.^ ^YA^ ^j-^y . .V'caii-lj ijOr^jll u^d^aJl ^jIj-
JpL^I ^J? *lj>-f . . ^L^ S^U- jl^f JU>*i ^^Ul ^"^Ut *-JUi| .
:(f UAV/-* lAo o) :JU^^yJ_Y^
:(f ^^^A/J.o^i i^ u-oi^) li^Mi ^.-^-u ,>ii- yy
.f. \^M iu- ojjji -t^jldl i^aUI wLp J-i*t . .uyjl^l
:(_A tiY cj) :ji*U» oi'- YY"
.j^ S^U^I 4«Ja^ . .»«Vl OUJ:> i-^US'-
.-* ^rY^
^jij L^'lycJ-j, L^il^fj l^'Ui^y ^OiVl Jit j^.>- ti ^,**sHl
m 4
. !u^XS\ iiSO,! ^y^ .\^ ^^ j\ \^[ J>-i j^ij Ijj <«.LJl
6L^1 j-a/ ^1^1 "^iJ . . vj^'j o-J-^^i j^^ j v>^' "^W - ^
ii^ ii)!^ iAJi» jbsOi juji |»^i_^ij ciojij j^ jujij lojijj* lAy
j^ JUJt ^ ^k^ i»uLJl aJU.1 J cl^l ^yi ijyi ,J^ 4jl_>aJl 0I>^-
.-A \r»^
:(^ NYiA/-Antl ^) :,^^^l_r\
.^^vuc -A ^Y"^^ i«J» -^leS^-i jL>-L ..y^Ji jU-t-
,^ \^\©/^ Nrrr aj_^^i :ujj.i i.^,^,j^\
:(i5i':>U.l j-i*
j^ j^jJl tjLJ Ujjjj ^ij c I-. > U ^I ^j^JjLiVl ,j-,A«> jj-« •-;**Wl ruiJ - I
SyliJI Oj^i-I Jjp ^^Jill y**t JUjt j^jiii *lj>.f ijjif. . . t_Jai.|
.^ ntY Sybliil :^^ JLiJ-l ju>j t^jLiVl ^l^lj LiJi
j>J-l ^ ,bUjp- . .IJS\J.\ ij^\ jjaUx uJi_^l J ijuVl SjUJI_
it ^gi :c5^l ^lill ^ji\ y^\j\ o) jiJai j-«i-l jA :^LJI- t«
!y.L2jl JLJjji j_yiJ yu . . , LuJij ►L^l J>.i«o j>*-i UUJI iJji,l _
.(. ^«^£A
o) jl — ..JJl j_^ i>i ce^ oi -*-^f o-^' J— !^ :^.r-^j-'l- i^
:(^ \o.a/-a'VU
iU c^> au->- j^j j_^ . .^Ij^Jlj oL^I ^ Up. v_j_^„
.f ^<\ov ,_^Ul-l JlUII V^V' -^L^b-^ -^.J-J^
jja>.j!ii ,iU!>u trt
•V.y«^\ ^\>\ -V
.(• ^'^nA jjVi i-Ja3i .^juMij ^>ii jo.jL- J ouiji^
^ ft
- j^j J-^^ ^^ • f ^AA^ ^^rtA • '^-^jl'j -^j tiri' "
:L!:JL ^U:>- J^I. n
\bJJ>'\J^^y -2^- V
^ ui^U,! U^ .^^>lj ^y^ ^j i^^- .Oi^J^ .f^Nl ^ly--
•'^Jjii "-ijlJ.! jb .<:>Uj>- tio^^l iiJUJi ~jl;_
cA-^ icr-lj^j oU>. (.If is-y- . .^jbJi J ^JlsCj ^^^1 "^|_
.j-lJlj ipLkJl_, iifjJij
: ^Ujsr -ujjijl J jLi _ \ o
<*^ tji Jj^lj Jl> "Uii ir-y- .lj>.f aJ!)U . . iJUAJl Liy I j^jU _ I
• .^jy^ -SfrjJ l<:^ iljj l4>^ ^1 (. ^^«A SJlill WaJl ^
.^ ^nA :^ \AYA iu-yiiU ij^^l jlJl
c>jj^\j yuiU jj,yi ^.j^i yijj ij.^- .^uif i*^* .^>L-Ni ^iy_
* *
,^ ^ri<\ i-. J^i^^i ^ ^1^1 ^>^j £i>^ -^> Ji^J ^/
^,,^ ^jUll jb . .Jf ji cyp A^ A^ j ^yS.1, iiA^p aJjJJI-
c^^^JUl jb yLJ .f \<\V0 i^ JjVl ixJoJl .irfydl 5jUJ-l j*Ui--
:Oy.i OUiP- Yi
i-SO. ^^ . . ^jlJI jup ijAiJ JJ-t i«rly • • t/»-^ ui-^' C^
. f N^ tA ^^ . . ^^1 V^^' J^*^ ***^ ^->^' V*^ - V
:^.j^ ^i-**^ Ji^^- "^V
JLP j^ JL--J ^JJ\ JU> ^>y Jb-t «rjJ ilsiL-l J uf^*^l 0*11-
.y^Jl^ i^^ 4^jJl jlJl . J^^ x*^ JLa^ ^.^1^ . .^L. y„>ll
.f ^^'^i Jj'J^ <-^^ .SybUJi
.^uLi i^^y t^ nn^ /-^ \rA\
:Sjbt jjj JU^.Y'^
:^> ^,^4^-rY
.SyfeUiJLj j^\j ic-LJaJJ e-jyJ' u-jliSJl jl^ . io^l JLjjju -
: j^is ^j^jii - rr
,(- ^^oA SybliJi Oi-lj aJLf . ni^ SybUJi OlJUbf
cyiJ^^\ oU!A^ tri
^H\ cfr^>^-tL
1 - Altamira. R: A history of Spain from the beginnings to the present
day. Translated by Muna Lee. Copyright 1949. by D. Van Nos-
trand company. Canand, Ltd.
2 - Artz. F» B: The mind of the middle ages, Newyork 1953.
3 - Darbour. N: A Survey of north west Africa (The Maghrib) Oxford
University press, London 1959.
Barbour. N: Morocco, Thames and Hudson Lt, London 1965.
4 - Barker. E and Clark. G; The European inheritance. 3 Volumes
oxford 1954.
5 - Bell. F.: Les Benou Ghanya, Paris 1903.
6 - Bernard. L. and Hodges. T. B: Readings in european history
Newyork 1958.
7 - Cambridge medieval history: 8 Volumes, Cambridge 1936.
8 - Cantor. F. N: The medieval worid, 300 - 1300, Columbia Uni-
versity, Third printing 1964.
Cantor. F. N: Medieval history, the life and death of a civilization,
Columbia University, first Printing 1963. The Macmillan company,
Newyork.
9 - Chapman. C. E: A history of Spain, Newyork 1931.
10 - Encyclopeadia Judaica, Massadah publishing company Ltd. Jeru-
salem. Tel - Aviv, 1958 - 1959.
11 - Haskins. H. Ch: Studies in medieval culture, Newyork 1929.
12 - Hayes. F. C. and Baldwin. W. M: A history of Europe. The Mac-
millan company, Newyork, fifth printing 1959.
13 - Hirschberg. J. W: A history of the Jews in north Africa. V. I
second revised edition. Translated from the hebrew. Leiden 1974.
irv
■^1 g^i>i
14 - Hulme. M. E: The middle ages. Newyork, Henry Haltanel com-
pany 1936.
15 - Ibars. A. P: Valencia arabe, Valencia 1901.
16 - Lafuente. M: Historia general de Espana. T. Ill Y IV. Barcelona
1977.
17 - Lea. Ch. H: A history of the inquistion in spain. V. I, II. London.
Macmillan company 1906.
18 - Meakin. B: The moorish empire, London, Newyork 1899.
19 - O'callaghan. F, J: A history of medieval Spain, copyright 1975,
Cornell University, Ithaca> Newyork,
20 - Painter. S: A history of the middle ages. 284 - 1500, Newyork
1954.
21 - Prestage. E; Chivalry, members of king's college, London 1928.
22 - Kemiro (!• M: Historia de miircia musulmana, Zaragoze 1903.
23 - Kiissel. B: llistoiy of western philosophy, London, second impress-
ion 1947.
24 - Scott. S. P: A history of the moorish empire in Europe V. II, III
Philadelphia, London 1904,
25 - Sephenson. G: Medieval history (Europe from the second to the
sixteenth century) Harper and brolheres publishers, Newyork and
London.
26 - Thompson. W, J: The middle ages, 300 - 1500, V. II, III printed
in the United Slates of America, by the plimpon press.
Cji^j^\ oU^sU iY'A
'.oVjj^\.:^
i-^> JjVt *^>Li c^o jO^ t^bVi iJii* iU . .^jL^Vi J ^i^iJi-
• '-^'^ i>-J^* ^'j.^' - ^
oU-.1jJ0L1 Jbjju Aii^ . i^wL^-jil j..^\ J^A^ i^>i.l ,^jl:^\ c^t^* - ^
.^nn* Ai^jlj? \*\T :»-u]l tOjj;^:^ Ajf^Vl in^ULl
t^^bUl JiUl! Sy^UJl ii^U^ v'-^"^* *t^ ^ • ^JLiVl J^Vl >i]| » f
^Jb-^l j^Ul ^iil-lj iJijydl 41)1 JU*^ (_^V JL^I ^»Xh ^ ^^^^ - V
jldl *jJLl ^ jJliJl aUil tSybUll ;^Uj . ,.^l:i'iifl U:? iLf
Jbjjuc t5j-,JLl JifJ.1 ^4 . .^yJl Jl ^H^l p^' J^4j LJLw-[ - l_j
.^ ^^oo ^Idl jJL>*ll .v^^Nl oUjJdJ
aJIS^ iLf , (_^JI:>-^1 jj./l*Al »-^jij4 *— ^^ U^J Ui"^' ?^^5L^ (ju A3%Jl -
^^^oY ^1-. A--!*--Jb ^^^L-Jl ([^ijJUAl . aj jJLjlSL-Y' <^1>-j t^b'Vl
:a"M^ u^.JJ^ ^^- >V
:^jJl j^J^I Jd^^ ^^1^ NA
.^ ^<\or Ai^ Jj^l :>JbJl . ,A^'%^^\ oL-IjJULI JUjJLc t5^1 0^1
£n
oiijjjji
cTj^-^
e i-JL5ll >
^ Cf^'-Ab jiUAl jia3 -
t^ vo^^ oi*^^^' "^j-* fW^j «Jii*iijii ^j'S i»,^ - ^
15 ^j^ >ljt lJ 6il»^IJ^I t> uis-Jj^Vl oljjS - Y
A5 ^jJM*i\ :>% ^iSm^ ^.J^jll Jt)^:^! - V
N • 6 ^JuVli v"^*^' Jj-JJ^ v-W* tji-^jJ^' cjli-^l**
> • V ^JUVl ^^^ j^t ^i^ ^.Ij
Sir Uj^\ yM>Ll pl^t aJIp j^
V^*^! Jj-jJ^ V-^*5I ui*^^' ^^ - ^
\ • o ^ji ^Ijt j ^xVli cL-U ^1
at ^Jb-jii oiftu
Yro iJLu.'Vl iJlj-^' <JJUUilj VW ui-J^jil CjUitAp
YfV i)li.ti a51<^ V- W Oi-J^jl-' **^ - >
r • > (JjJ 45X^ V-W ui-J^jl-l ^^ - Y
r\^ iti^jf i5l^ i^LJi j:y.a>-ji.i A»!>u_ r
VYV uiJ^jll j>«j iJl^l dJUUllj
rv^ ^j^% vyJ^i u« - f
jja>-jll i3j3 (jo - «-^
reo l^\j^\ dJLlUilj (^jJjuVlj V-/^')
vUaaVI oU%JI - Y
rvo ^juVij vy^' uii - f
n > v'^i duuiij (^ojVIj v>'^')
t • \ ^-j^Vij vy^' iJH - f
nA iJij-^i duuij (^jljVIj vj^')
iLifc^Ji jSbVb ouiai ajj^ju
S'VAi/ o / ( N<\A )
». i
=- :.-(..:.v.:-.;-.,,..p ,j,j,,:^ pp^:
%A_
i: ^^:
=^f-?
%
m
^l■i
Thanks to
assayyad@maktoob.com
To: www.al-mostafa.com
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11