A short guide to Iraq

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rJORT GUIDE TO

IRAQ

WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS
Washington, D. C.

For use of Military Personnel only. Not to

be republished, in whole or in part, without

the consent of the War Department.

BRARY

Se hern Methodist University
DALLAS, TEXAS

Pre pure J

SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION, ARMV SERVICE FORCES
INTl l.l) STAT] S \KMY

A SHORT GUIDE TO

IRAQ

WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS
WASH I NGTON , D. C.

CONTENTS

Introduction i

What Is This Iraq? 3

Meet The People 4

The Country 6

The Moslems 10

Iraqi Customs and Manners 13

The Language 18

Climate and Health 19

Currency, Weights and Measures 2.4

Some Important Do's and Don'ts 27

Hints on Pronouncing Arabic 31

Useful Words and Phrases 34

A Glossary 39

A SHORT GUIDE TO IRAQ

YOU HAVE been ordered to Iraq (i - RAHK) as part
of the world-wide offensive to beat Hitler.

You will enter Iraq both as a soldier and as an indi-
vidual, because on our side a man can be both a soldier
and an individual. That is our strength — if we are smart
enough to use it. It can be our weakness if we aren't.
As a soldier your duties are laid out for you. As an indi-
vidual, it is what you do on your own that counts — and
it may count for a lot more than you think.

American success or failure in Iraq may well depend
on whether the Iraqis (as the people are called) like
American soldiers or not. It may not be quite that simple.
But then again it could.

HOW TO Beat Hitler. Hcrr Hitler knows he's licked if the
peoples united against him stand their ground. So it is
pretty obvious what he and his propaganda machine are
trying to do. They're trying to spread disunity and discon-
tent among their opponents whenever and wherever they
can.

1

So what's the answer? That ought to be pretty obvious,
too. One of your big jobs is to prevent Hitler's agents
from getting in their dirty work. The best way you can
do this is by getting along with the Iraqis and making
them your friends. And the best way to get along with
any people is to understand them.

That is what this guide is for. To help you understand
the people and the country so that you can do the best
and quickest job of sending Hitler back where he came
from.

And, secondly, so that you as a human being will get
the most out of an experience few Americans have been
lucky enough to have. Years from now you'll be telling
your children and maybe your grandchildren stories be-
ginning, "Now when I was in Baghdad ."

WHAT IS THIS IRAQ?

WHAT is Iraq, anyhow? Well, it's a lot of things, old
and new. It is one of the oldest countries in the world —
and one of the youngest under its present government.
In Baghdad, the capital city, you will see street mer-
chants selling exactly the same kind of pottery that their
ancestors sold at the time of the Arabian Nights. Not far
away you will see great dams and modern refineries equal
to the best you have seen in America. If you happen to be
sent to the oil fields, you will discover miracles of mod-
ern engineering construction side by side with primitive
refineries built 2,000 years ago and still in operation.

Iraq Is Hot! As a matter of fact, you may be so busy when
you reach Iraq that you won't see much of anything
for awhile. Probably you will feel Iraq first — and that
means heat. Blazing heat. And dust. In the daytime Iraq
can be one of the hottest spots in the world. If you hap-
pen to travel by train in the daytime, the leather seats
may get so hot that you'll have to stand up. Most work
is done between 6 a. m. and noon and perhaps an hour
or two in the early evening. And yet the nights of these
hot days are often uncomfortably cool.

Or maybe the first thing you notice will be the smells.
You have heard and read a lot about the "mysterious
East." You have seen moving pictures about the colorful
life of the desert and the bazaars. When you actually get

3

there you will look in vain for some of the things you
have been led to expect. You will smell and feel a lot of
things the movies didn't warn you about.

MEET THE PEOPLE

But don't get discouraged. Most Americans and Euro-
peans who have gone to Iraq didn't like it at first. Might
as well be frank about it. They thought it a harsh, hot,
parched, dusty, and inhospitable land. But nearly all of
these same people changed their minds after a few days
or weeks, and largely on account of the Iraqi people
they began to meet. So will you.

That tall man in the flowing robe you are going to see
soon, with the whiskers and the long hair, is a first-class
fighting man, highly skilled in guerilla warfare. Few
fighters in any country, in fact, excell him in that kind
of situation. If he is your friend, he can be a staunch and
valuable ally. If he should happen to be your enemy —
look out! Remember Lawrence of Arabia? Well, it was
with men like these that he wrote history in the First
World War.

But you will also find out quickly that the Iraqi is one
of the most cheerful and friendly people in the world.
Few people you have seen get so much fun out of work
and everyday living. If you are willing to go just a little
out of your way to understand him, everything will
be o. k.

Differences? Of Course! Differences? Sure, there are dif-
ferences. Differences of costume. Differences of food.
Differences of manner and custom and religious beliefs.
Different attitudes toward women. Differences galore.

But what of it? You aren't going to Iraq to change
the Iraqis. Just the opposite. We are fighting this war to
preserve the principle of "live and let live." Maybe that
sounded like a lot of words to you at home. Now you
have a chance to prove it to yourself and others. If you
can, it's going to be a better world to live in for all of us.
J Although relatively few Iraqis receive a formal educa-
tion similar to yours, they are shrewd and intelligent and

tend to believe what they hear and see with their own
ears and eyes. By what you do and how you act you can
do a lot to win this war and the peace after it. Right now
Iraq is threatened with invasion — as America is now. The
Iraqis have some religious and tribal differences among
themselves. Hitler has been trying to use these differences
to his own ends. If you can win the trust and friendship
of all the Iraqis you meet, you will do more than you
may think possible to help bring them together in our
common cause.

Needless to say, Hitler will also try to use the differ-
ences between ourselves and Iraqis to make trouble. But
we have a weapon to beat that kind of thing. Plain
common horse sense. Let's use it.

Hitler's game is to divide and conquer. Ours is to unite
and win!

THE COUNTRY

First, let's have a look at the country. We can't very
well talk about places and people until we know where
we are.

In the center of this guide you will find a map of
what is called the "Middle East." You will see by the
map, Iraq lies south of Turkey; east of Syria and Pales-
tine; north of Arabia; west of Iran (EE-RAHN)
(Persia); and just touches the Persian Gulf at one corner.
It is about the size of the State of Montana.

A Strategic Hot Spot. Iraq is thus a strategic part of the
great "land bridge" between Europe and India — the road
Hitler HOPES to use to join hands with his back-stab-
bing allies, the Japs. Also, the Persian Gulf is an im-
portant back door for us to get supplies to our Russian
allies. And even more, Iraq has great military importance
for its oil fields, with their pipelines to the Mediterranean
Sea. Yes, Iraq is a hot spot in more ways than one.

Iraq was formerly called Mesopotamia. Its history goes
back a tidy 5,000 years. By tradition the Garden of Eden
was located in this region. Hence it is often called "the
birthplace of mankind." It is certainly one of the oldest
settled regions in the world. Here it was that the ancient
cities of Babylon and Nineveh (Nl-ne-ve) flourished
in Bible times. You will very likely see their ruins, some
of the great ruins of the world.

Before the First World War, Mesopotamia (as it was
called then) was a part of Turkey. After the war the state
of Iraq was set up as a British mandate, with an Arab
chieftain, Feisal (FAY -sal), as king. In 1932 Iraq be-
came an independent state — a "limited monarchy" of the
English type, with an elected legislature. The present
king is Feisal II. the grandson of the first king. Close
relations have been maintained with the British, and the
country is now guarded by British troops to prevent the
Germans from gaining control.

7

The Cities. Iraq has only a few cities. Baghdad, the larg-
est, has a population of around 500,000, about like that
of Minneapolis or Kansas City. Mosul (MO-sul) in the
oil region has a population of over 100,000, Suq al — Shu
yukh (SOOQ ash -shu- YOOKH) about the same, and
Basrah (BAS-ra) on the Persian Gulf, the most im-
portant port, has about 70,000.

Most of Iraq is desert country. Not great sandy wastes
like the Sahara in Africa, but flinty, harsh, monotonous
desert, treeless but covered with a thin scrub vegetation
very much like our Southwest region. The only water in
this region comes from waterholes, and these are jealously
guarded. Water is more valuable than anything else in
the desert, and for the Iraqi, to waste water would be like
throwing money away.

In contrast to the dry deserts are the great green valleys
of the Tigris (TAI-gris) and Euphrates (yoo-FRAY-
teez) Rivers. These two important rivers rise in the
^ Kurdistan (KUR-di-stan) mountains of Turkey, north
and west of Iraq. After flowing across the country in par-
allel channels, they join together and empty into the
Persian Gulf through one mouth. In the valleys of these
two rivers nine-tenths of the 3V2 million people (about
the population of Chicago) live, j

At the northern end of these valleys is the important
oil field of Kirkuk (kir-KOOK). The field was dis-

8

covered in 1927 but it was not until 1935 that production
began in earnest. Twin pipe-lines have been constructed
to the ports of Tripoli in Syria and Haifa (HAI-fa) in
Palestine, on the Mediterranean Sea. These fields and
pipe-lines are among the richest prizes Hitler would like
to grab, and they are heavily guarded. Guarding or de-
fending them may be among your most important mili-
tary duties, for this oil is the source of supply for the
armies of the Middle East and India, and also feeds the
Mediterranean fleet.

HOW the People Live. Nearly all farming in Iraq is de-
pendent on irrigation, with water taken from the two
great rivers. The most important crop is dates, which
not only are the chief food of the people but also shipped
to other countries. Grain, especially wheat, barley, rice,
and millet is grown in large quantity. Also grown are
cotton, sugar cane and legumes, with small quantities of
citrus fruits.

Practically the only building material is dried mud, like
the adobe used in the Southwestern U. S. A. It is admira-
bly suited to the hot climate and you will find the inside of
the flat-roofed Iraqi houses cool even in the noonday heat.

The Iraqi people are divided by occupation into the
tradesmen in the cities, the farmers in the irrigated areas,
and the nomads, who herd their sheep and camels on the
desert, moving from place to place for fresh pastures.

The nomads and farmers cling to the native dress more
than the city dwellers, who are often quite "westernized."
The nomads are divided into tribes headed by sheikhs
(SHAYKH). These leaders are very powerful and should
be shown great consideration. Townsmen, farmers, and
nomads consider themselves as equals and should be
treated as such.

THE MOSLEMS

THERE are a few Christians and Jews and other sects
among the Iraqis, but by far the most people you will
meet and see are Moslems. This means that they are fol-
lowers of the religion founded by Mohammed. But you
should not call it the Mohammedan religion, for the Mos-
lems do not worship Mohammed as Christians worship
Christ. They believe in one god, Allah, and that Mo-
hammed was His prophet. The religion is called Islam
and the people who believe in it are called Moslems.

10

The Moslem bible is known as the Koran and the Mos-
lems worship in mosques (mos/^s). They are very devout
in their religion and do not like to have "unbelievers''
(to them you are an "unbeliever") come anywhere near
their mosques. You can usually tell a mosque by its high
tower. Keep away from mosques. Even though you may
have visited mosques in Syria or Egypt, the mosques in
Iraq must not be entered. If you try to enter one, you will
be thrown out, probably with a severe beating. The Iraqi
Moslems even resent unbelievers coming close to mosques.
If you have blundered too near a mosque, get away in a
hurry before trouble starts. The Moslem religion requires
a man to pray five times a day. This is done by facing
the holy city of Mecca and going through a series of pros-
trations. Don't stare at anyone who is praying, and above
all do not make fun of him. Respect his religion as he
will respect yours'.

11

No Preaching. This isn't preaching. You probably belong
to a church at home, and you know how you would feel
towards anyone who insulted or desecrated your church.
The Moslems feel just the same way, perhaps even more
strongly. In fact, their feeling about their religion is pretty
much the same as ours toward our religion, although
more intense. If anything, we should respect the Moslems
V the more for the intensity of their devotion.

There are four towns in Iraq which are particularly
sacred to the Iraqi Moslems. These are Kerbela (ker — be —
LAA), Nejef (NE-jef), Kadhiman (KAA-di-
MAYN) (near Baghdad), and Samarra. Unless you are
ordered to these towns, it is advisable to stay away from
them.

It is a good idea in any foreign country to avoid any
religious or political discussions. This is even truer in
Iraq than most countries, because it happens that here
the Moslems themselves are divided into two factions
something like our division into Catholic and Protestant
denominations — so don't put in your two cents worth
when Iraqis argue about religion. There are also political
differences in Iraq that have puzzled diplomats and
statesmen. You won't help matters any by getting mixed
up in them. Moreover, if you discuss foreign politics
with them, you might be maneuvered into making state-
ments that could be interpreted as criticisms of our Allies.

12

Your move is to stay out of political and religious
arguments altogether. By getting into them you'll only
help the Nazi propagandists who are trying to stir up
trouble among the Iraqis.

IRAQI CUSTOMS AND MANNERS

MOST of the Iraqi customs and manners are religious in
their origin. For example, there is the month of fasting
each year called "Ramadan" (ra-ma-DAHN). This
period is similar to the Lenten period in many of the
Christian Churches. In 1942 Ramadan begins September
12th. In 1943 it will be about two weeks earlier. During
this period the Moslems do not eat, drink, or smoke be-
tween sunrise and sunset. Avoid offering, or asking them
for food, drink, or smokes at this time, except after sunset.
All hesitations and refusals at this period should be ac-
cepted without any attempts at persuasion. Any drawing
of blood, during this period, even if accidental, such as
a scratch or a nosebleed, may have serious consequences.
Remember that Moslem tempers are very short during
this month as yours would be under similar circumstances.

The Moslem day of rest is Friday, and their stores are
closed on that day. In Baghdad and the other large cities
many shops are closed on Saturday, the Jewish day of
rest, while Christian shops are closed on Sunday.

Moslems, Christians, and Jews all have a number of
religious holidays. Some of these are solemn fasts like

13

Ramadan, others are colorful festivals. You will be wise
to respect the observance of these holidays.

The "Evil Eye". Many of the Iraqis believe in the "evil
eye". This is a good deal in their minds like putting a
"hex" on a person is to people in parts of our country.
If you stare at people, especially children, someone may
think you are the possessor of an "evil eye", and are
trying to put a curse on the person you are staring at.
Some of the Iraqis think that the lens of a camera is an
"evil eye", and you will make enemies by taking close-up
snapshots and possibly wind up with a knife in your
back. General views or street scenes will cause no trou-
ble — except mosques. Don't try to photograph mosques.

Beggars are not numerous in Iraq. Those you will see
live mainly in the cities and are mostly professionals, and
it is not a good idea to give them money. If you do, the
word will spread to all the beggars in the city that you
are an easy mark. Of course, some of them may be de-
serving, and if you feel moved by their plight, give them
a little something — but better be prepared to repeat.

Bargaining in the shops and bazzars is a great national
pastime. You will have to bargain for almost everything
you buy. The price first quoted is usually one-third to
two-thirds higher than what you should pay. In bargain-
ing the important thing is not to hurry. A little American
horse trading will carry you a long way in this game.

14

Manners Are Important. Moslems pay much attention to
good manners.

Handshaking in Iraq is considered an important part
of good manners. You will be greeted with a handshake
on every occasion that you meet an Iraqi. His handshake
is cordial and sincere. Return it in the same spirit.

But do not touch or handle an Iraqi in any other way.
Do not wrestle with him in fun, and don't slap him on
the back. Any such contact is offensive to his idea of good
manners. Above all never strike an Iraqi.
- Do your swearing in English. Avoid the native oaths —
you will not know their exact meaning and they may get
you into trouble. Don't under any circumstances call an
Iraqi a "dog", a "devil", a "native", or a "heathen".
These terms are all deadly insults to him.

They do not drink liquor or eat pork. So respect their
feelings and do not drink in their presence. They do
not like to see others drink and it offends them to see
others drunk. Never give them pork to eat or offer it to
them even in fun.

15

Pigs are "unclean" to Moslems. So are dogs. If you
happen to have a mascot dog, be particularly careful to
keep him away from mosques.

Moslems do not let other people see them naked. Do
not urinate in their presence. They do it squatting and
dislike to see other people do it standing up. These things
may seem trivial, but they are important if you want to
get along well with the Iraqis.

Moslem Women. Moslem women do not mingle freely
with' men. The greater part of their time they spend at
home and in the company of their families. Never make
advances to Moslem women or try to attract their atten-
tion in the streets or other public places. Do not loiter
near them when they are shopping. If a woman has occa-
sion to lift her veil while shopping, do not stare or smile
at her. Look the other way. These rules are extremely
important. The Moslems will immediately dislike you
and there will be trouble if you do not treat women
according to their standards and customs.

These rules apply both to the cities and towns and to
the villages and the desert. The village and desert women
go unveiled more often than the women in the cities and
seem to have more freedom. But the rules are still strict.
Any advance on your part will mean trouble and plenty
of it. Even when speaking to Iraqi men, no mention
should be made of their female relatives. The Iraqi them-

16

selves follow this custom and would resent anyone, espe-
cially a foreigner, not doing the same.

To repeat — don't make a pass at any Moslem woman
or there will be trouble. Anyway, it won't get you any-
where. Prostitutes do not walk the streets but live in
special quarters of the cities.

Iraqi Hospitality. If you are entertained in an Iraqi city
home, you will probably find dishes and silverware and
customs somewhat like our own. But do not eat too much
of the first course of a meal. There is probably more
coming.

In the country there will probably be no table, plates,
or silverware. You will be expected to sit on the ground
as your host does. Follow his example. Roll up your right
sleeve and eat with the tips of your right fingers — even
if you are a southpaw. It is considered rude to eat with
your left hand. If your host tears off tid-bits and hands
them to you, eat them. In the country there will probably
be only one course. After the meal, water will be brought
to wash your hands and a towel to wipe them.

17

In the desert the customs are much the same as in the
country, except that there is less variety in the food. You
may he offered only some bread and milk or soured milk,
like buttermilk. These people are poor and are offering
you the best they have. You must not refuse it — but'do
not take too much.

Coffee drinking is equally popular in the city, country,
or desert. Even a shopkeeper may offer you a small glass
of coffee. Do not refuse it or throw it away half-drunk,
even if it does not taste like our American coffee. If you
are offered a second cup, take it, and also a third. But it
is customary to refuse a fourth.

These are some general hints about manners. But the
main thing is the SPIRIT of politeness and courtesy.
If you show this, the Iraqis will understand and forgive
any lapses you may make through not knowing their
customs. If you show that you really want to be friendly,
you'll get along.

THE LANGUAGE

THE native language of Iraq is Arabic. You will
not need to know many words to get along. A few simple
words will go a long way. Learn a few words and

18

phrases— you will find a helpful list at the end of this
guide — and talk to the Iraqis in their own language.
They will like it even if your pronunciation is not the
same as theirs. They will be especially pleased when you
use their polite salutations even if you do not know any
other words. When you hear one of them speak English —
no matter how badly — you will understand the pleasure
they feel when you speak to them in their language.

Many Iraqis speak a few words or at least understand
English, especially those in the larger stores in the cities
and others in the oil regions which were developed by
the British. Occasionally among the wealthier classes
French, Turkish, and sometimes German are spoken. In
most of the Baghdad bazaars, Persian is understood.
From Mosul north both Turkish and Kurdish are heard
commonly.

CLIMATE AND HEALT H— S A N I T A R Y
CONDITIONS

IRAQ is a hot country. This means: keep your headgear
on when you are in the summer sun. In this kind of a
climate it is very easy to let yourself be burned and think
nothing of it. But next day you are likely to wake up
with black blisters and possible fever. The headgear issued
to you will be sufficient to protect you. But whatever you
wear, be sure that it shades the back of your neck as well
as the top of your head. If you expose the back of your

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neck you arc inviting sunstroke. Don't, under
any circumstances, take a sun bath.

In the desert, be prepared for extremes of
temperature. The days are usually very hot.
The nights can be uncomfortably cool.

Boil your drinking water or sec that it is properly
chlorinated. You will find that conditions of life in Iraq
do not allow the degree of sanitation or cleanliness that
we know.

Avoid eating unwashed vegetables and fruits. They
may be contaminated by human excrement. Wash raw
fruits and vegetables in water or alcohol or peel them
before eating them, because the skins may have become
contaminated by flies or by human contact. Avoid leafy
vegetables altogether. Keep all food away from flies.

Diseases: Malaria and typhoid are two very serious
* fevers. You should guard against them in every possible
way. Malaria is carried by a particular kind of mosquito
which breeds in marshy areas, uncovered wells and cis-
terns and in shallow water pools. If at all possible, stay
away from areas in which malaria is common. When you

can't do this, sleep under nets and keep your arms and
legs covered, especially at dusk.

Typhoid is contracted from unboiled water and from
raw foods which have not been properly cleaned or peeled.
Once again, avoid them.

Sandflies, which are smaller than mosquitos and which
can get through an ordinary mosquito net, carry a slight
three-day fever which is not serious but is very weaken-
. ing. It is known as sandfly fever. Sandflies are most prev-
alent in midsummer. Coating yourself with a light oil
will give you some protection frbm them.

You should be very careful about bugs and lice, which
are common. Give yourself a frequent once-over for them.
V Scabies is a skin infection, produced by a parasite which
feeds on the skin. It is extremely annoying and difficult
to get rid of. However, it can be cured by sulphur
ointment.

Intestinal diseases,
such as dysentery and
tapeworm, are very
common in Iraq. These
can be avoided, or at
least made less severe, by
extreme care in the wa-
ter you drink and the
food you eat.

J

Trachoma, a very common disease of the eye, can be
picked up almost everywhere, even from shaking hands
with someone and then touching your eyes. Don't rub or
touch your eyes.

Toilets such as those in America are very scarce. You
will have to get used to relieving yourself outdoors at any
convenient spot. Be sure to get well off the main streets
and well away from mosques, and out of sight as much
as possible. You will have to carry your own supply of
toilet paper.

There is a good deal of venereal disease around, so
don't take chances.

CURRENCY, WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC.

Iraqi Currency. The rate of exchange of Iraqi money to
United States currency may vary a little from time to
time, so that the table below can give only approximate
ratios. The basis of Iraqi money is the "dinar" (DEE —
NAHR) which is roughly worth $4.00 in United States
money. Each dinar is further divided into 1,000 "fils"
(fils or FI - lis). The dinar is a paper
note or bill; the fils pieces are coin.
The approximate value of the vari-
ous denominations of Iraqi money
are given below.

TABLE OF IRAQ CURRENCY

Paper Money

Iraq Value American Dollars

100 Dinars $402. 00

1 Dinars 40. 20

5 Dinars 20. 10

1 Dinar 4. 02

Vz Dinar (500 fils) 2. 01

Vi Dinar (250 fils) 1. 00

Silver Coins

200 fils 80

50 fils 20

20 fils 08

Nickel Coins

10 fils 04

4 fils 016

Bronze Coins

2 fils 008

1 fils 004

An easy way to remember the values of the various fils
pieces is to think of each fils as being worth just a little
less than V 2 cent in U. S. money.

25

The Moslem Calendar. The Moslem calendar is used in
Iraq. The main thing to know about the Moslem calendar
is that it is lunar, or based on the moon. Each of the 12
months has only 28 days. This means that the Moslem
year is a little shorter than our year, so that a special date,
such as the fast of Ramadan, will occur a little earlier
each year.

Time. There arc two ways of telling time in Iraq. The
official system is the "European system." That is, a 24-
hour clock, beginning at midnight, instead of a 12-hour
clock. So in railway timetables you may see that a train
is scheduled to arrive at 14 o'clock. That means at 2
p. m. as we reckon time. Or at 23 o'clock, which is 11
p. m. to us. 24 o'clock is midnight. However, most of
the country, goes on the same 12-hour system used in
America.

Weights and Measures. The metric system is used for all
official measurements of distance and area in Iraq. The
unit of length in the metric system is the "meter,"
which is 39-37 inches, or a little more than our yard. The
unit of road distance is the "kilometer," which is 1,000
•meters or % (a little over one-half) of one of our miles.
The metric unit of square measure is the "hectare"
( HECK-tayr), which consists of 10,000 square meters, or
about 2Y 2 of our acres. An Iraqi unit of square measure

26

is the dunam (DU-nam) or "misharah {mi-SHAH-ra),
which equals 2,500 square meters or a little less than 3,000
square yards.

The unit of weight in the metric system is the "kilo-
gram," which equals 2.2 pounds in our system.

Liquids in the metric system are measured by the
"liter." A liter is a little more than one of our quarts.

SOME IMPORTANT DO'S AND DON'TS

Keep away from mosques.

Smoke or spit somewhere else — never in front of a
mosque.

If you come near a mosque, keep moving (away) and
don't loiter.

Keep silent when the Moslems are praying (which they
do five times a day) and don't stare.

Discuss something else — NEVER religion or politics or
women — with Moslems.

Remember the fear of the "evil eye." Don't stare at
anyone. Don't point your camera in anyone's face.

Avoid offering opinions on internal politics.

Shake hands with the Iraqi; otherwise don't touch them
or slap them on the back.

Remember that the Iraqi are a very modest people and
avoid any exposure of the body in their presence.

27

Keep out of the sun whenever you can. When you
can't, keep your head and neck covered.

Start eating only after your host has begun.

Eat with your right hand — never with your left, even
if you are a southpaw.

Always tear bread with your fingers — never cut it.

Bread to the Moslems is holy. Don't throw scraps of it
about or let it fall on the ground.

In the city eat only part of the first course. There may
be more coming.

In the country leave some food in the bowl — what you
leave goes to the women and children.

Don't offer Moslems food containing pork, bacon, or
lard, or cooked in pork products. All such food is reli-
giously "unclean" to them.

Don't eat pork or pork products in front of Mos-
lems.

Be pleasant if Moslems refuse to eat meat you offer.

Don't offer Moslems alcoholic drinks. Drink liquor
somewhere else — never in the
presence of Moslems.

Knock before entering a
private house. If a woman
answers, wait until she has
had time to retire.

28

$& ^

^>>*

^

Always respect the Moslem women. Don't stare at
them. Don't smile at them. Don't talk to them or follow
them. If you do any of these things, it means trouble for
you and your unit.

In a house or tent, follow the rule of your host. If he
takes off his shoes on entering, do the same.

Il you are required to sit on the floor in an Iraqi house
or tent, cross your legs while doing so.

When visiting, don't overstay your welcome. The third
glass of tea or coffee is the signal to leave unless you are
quartered there.

If you should see grown men walking hand in hand,
ignore it. They are not "queer."

Be kind and considerate to servants. The Iraqis con-
sider all people equals.

Avoid any expression of race prejudice. The people
b draw very little color line.

Talk Arabic if you can to the people. No matter how
badly you do it, they will like it.

Shake hands on meeting and leaving.

On meeting an Iraqi, be sure to inquire after his health.

If you wish to give someone a present, make it sweets
or cigarettes.

If you are stationed in the country, it is a good idea to
take sweets and cigarettes with you when you visit an
Iraqi's home.

29

Show respect toward all older persons. If serving food,
the rides' person should be served first.

He polite. Good manners are important to the Iraqis.
Be hospitable.

Bargain on prices. Don't let shopkeepers or merchants
overcharge you; but be polite.

Be generous with your cigarettes.

Above all, use common sense on all occasions. And re-
member that every American soldier is an unofficial am-
bassador of good will.

30

HINTS ON PRONOUNCING ARABIC

THESE are pronunciation hints to help you in listening
to the Arabic language records which have been supplied
to your troop unit. They will also help you with the
pronunciation of additional words and phrases given in
the vocabulary below, which arc not included in the
records.

Arabic is spoken over a great area in North Africa and
the Near East. There are some differences between re-
gions, both in pronunciation and the use of words. The
dialect you are going to hear on this set of records is the
Baghdad variety and you will be understood all over Iraq,
except in the extreme north, and in most of Trans-Jor-
dania. If you should go on to other regions, you will be
given further information at that time. Don't worry about
that now.

There is nothing very difficult about Arabic — except
that you won't be able to read Arabic signs and news-
papers you will see. That is because they use a different
alphabet from ours. Therefore, the instructions and vocab-
ulary below are not based on the written Arabic language,
but arc a simplified system of representing the language
as it sounds. This system contains letters for all the sounds
you must make to be understood. It does not contain
letters for some of the sounds you will hear, but it will
give you enough to get by on, both listening and speaking.

31

Here are a few simple rules to help you:
i. Accents. You know what the accented syllable of a
word is, of course. It is the syllable which is spoken louder
than the other syllables in the same word. We will show
accented (loud) syllables in capital letters and unaccented
syllables in small letters.

2. Vowels. These arc the kinds of sounds we represent
in English by a, e, i, o, u, ah, ay, ei, oi, an, ow, etc. Just
follow the key below and you will have no trouble.

a or A equals The a in pat or the o in pot. There is no

fixed rule. You'll just have to listen and learn.

(Example: tij-HAM-nee meaning "do you

understand me"?)
AA equals The a in bath — that is, not the "broad a" —

but stretch (lengthen) it. (Example: THLAA-

tha meaning "three".)
AH equals The a in father — that is, the "broad a", — but

stretch it. (Example: WAH-hid meaning

"one".)

The ai in aisle — but stretch it. (Example: MAI

meaning "water".)

The ow in now — but stretch it. Example: AU-

wal meaning "first".)

The ay in day — but stretch it. (Example:

WAYN meaning "where".)
e or E equals The e in pet. (Example: lei meaning "hill".)

ee or EE equals The ee in feet — but stretch it. (Example: a-

REED meaning "I want".)
equals The i in pit. (Example: SIT-te meaning

"six".)

AI

equals

AU

equals

AY

equals

i or I

32

o or O

equals

OO

equals

u or U

equals

uh or UH

equals

The o in go — but stretch it. (Example: YOM

meaning "day".)

The oo in boot — but stretch it. (Example: ar-

JOOK meaning "please".)

The n in put. (Example: NVS meaning

"half".)

The u in but. (Example: CHUHZ-ma meaning

'boots'.)

• 3. Consonants. The consonants are all the sounds that
are not vowels. Pronounce them just as you know them
in English. All consonants should be pronounced. Never
"slight" them. Here are some special consonant sounds
to learn.

h small h is always pronounced with the h

sound except after small u. Listen carefully
to the h sound on the records,
is pronounced as when clearing your throat
when you have to spit. Listen carefully for it
on the records.

is pronounced like kji except that you put
"voice" into it. That is, a sound very much
as when you gargle,
is like the sh in show.
is like the th in thin.
is like the th in then.
is like the ch in church.
is like a very far back k.. that is, it is swal-
lowed. Listen carefully for it on the records,
is to be pronounced like a slight cough. Listen
carefully for it on the records. Whenever it

33

kh

gh

sh

th
dh
ch

q
C)

is indicated, pronounce it clearly, but do not
pronounce it even accidentally when it is not
indicated, or you will be misunderstood,
s is always pronounced like the s in lifts.

LIST OF MOST USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

HERE is a list of the most useful words and phrases you
will need in Arabic. You should learn these by heart.
They are the words and phrases included on the Arabic
language records, and appear here in the order they occur
on the records.

Greetings and General Phrases

English — Simplified Arabic Spelling

Location

good day— saBAHh il-KHAYR

good evening — ma-sal KHAYR

sir— BAYG

madam— KHAH-TOON

(but if the lady is a Mos-
lem)— KHAH-nim

miss— BNAY-ye

please (to a man) — or-fOOK or
min-FADH-tak,

please (to a woman) — ar-
JOOCH or min-FADH-lich

please (to more than one per-
son) — ar-100-k.nm or min-
jadh-lL-k,um

pardon me — il-'A-fu

excuse me (to a man) — «'-
DHUR-nee

34

excuse me (to a woman) — u-

dhur-EE-nee
excuse me (to more than one

person) — u'-dhur-OO-nee
thank you (to a man) — ash-

KU-rak
Thank you (to a woman) —

ash -KU -rich
Thank you (to more than one

person) — ash-KUR-kiim
Yes— NA-'am
No— la'
Do you understand me — lif-

HAM-nee
I don't understand — MA-da-AF-

ham
Please speak slowly — ar-JOOK,

Eh-chee ya-WAHSH

Where (is)— WAYN

a restaurant — il-MAT-'am
Where is a restaurant — WAYN
il-MAT-'am

a hotel— il-OO-TAYL
Where is a hotel— WAYN il-
OO-TAYL
the railroad station — il ma-
HAT-ta

Where is the R. R. station —
WAYN il-ma-HAT-ta
a toilet — il-A-dab

Where is a toilet— WAYN il-
A-dab

Directions

Please p o i n t — ar-JOOK, ra-
WEE-nec

Turn right— DOOR YIM-ne
Turn left— DOOR YlS-re
Straight ahead — GU-bal

If you are driving and ask the distance to another town, it will
be given you in kilometers as often as miles.

Kilometers— KEE-lo-mel-RAHT Miles— MEEL

One kilometer equals !i of 3 mile. You need to know the
numbers.

Numbers

One— WAH-hid
Two— THNAYN
Three— THLAA-tha

Four — AR-ba-'a
Five— KHAM-sa

When you use the numbers with other words, you just say the
number and add the other word

35

^

One kilometer— WAH-Aid KEE-lo-ME-tir

But two kilometers you say "couple of kilometers" all in one
word.

Two kilometers — KEE-lo-met-

RAYN
Six— SIT-ie
Seven— SAB-'a
Eight— THMAA-nec-a
Nine— TIS-'a
Ten— 'ASH-re
Eleven — DA-'ash
TweWe—THNA-'asA
Thirteen— tAla-TA'SH

For "twenty-one"', "thirty-two" and so forth, you put the number
before the words for "twenty" and "thirty." just as we sometimes
say "one and twenty", thus:

Three kilometers — THLAA-rha

KEE-lo-ME-tir
Fourteen— ar-ba'-TA'SH
Fifteen— /(Au-mus-TA'SH
Sixteen— sir-TA'SH
Seventeen — sba-TA 'SH
Eighteen — thmun-TA'SH
Nineteen — tsa-TA'SH
Twenty— UsA-REEN

Twenty-one — WAH-hid u-'ish

KEEN
Thirty— THLAA-THEEN
Thirty - two — THNAYN n -

THLAA-THEEN
Forty — ar-ba-'EEN
Vihy—liham-SEEN
One hundred— MEE-YE

But for 200 you would say
"couple of hundreds", all in one
word —

Two hundred— MEE-TAYN

For 250 you say "couple of
hundreds and fifty" —

36

250 — MEE-TAYN u-k,ham-
SEEN

For 255 you say "couple of
hundreds, five and fifty" —
255 — MEE-TAYN u-kAam-sa

u-kAam-SEEN

But for 555 you would say
"five hundred and five and
fifty"—

555 — /(lam-is MEE-ye tt-kjwm-
sa u-ltAam-SEEN

1,000 — A-lif

What a—SHI-mi

This— HAA-dha

What's this— SHl-nu HAA-dAa

1 want— a-REED

cigarettes — ji-GAA-yir

Designation

I want cigarettes — a-REED ji-
GAA-yir
to eat — AH-kid
I want to at— a-REED AH-k,ul

Foods

Bread— KHU-btiz

Fruit— MAY-we

Water— MAI

Eggs— BAY -nAdA

Steak (but only in cities) —

STAYK
Meat — LA-ham
Potatoes — pu-TAY-ta
Rice — TIM-man
Beans (navy) — ja-sul-EE-a
Beans (horse)— BAA-GIL-la
Fish — Sl-macA
Salad— za-LAH-ta

Milk— Aa-LEEB

Beer— BEE-ra

A glass of beer— GLAHS BEE-
ra

A cup of coffee— fin-JAHN
GAh-wa
To find out how much things

cost, you say:

How much — sAgad
costs— i-KA L-iif
this— HAA-dAa

How much does this cost? —
sAgad i-KAL-lif HAA-dAa

Money

fils— Fl-Iis

Two fils ("couple of fils") —

fil-SAYN
Four fils— AR-ba-'a FLOOS
Fifty fils— tyam-SEEN Fl-Iis
or— WAH-Aid DIR-Aam
Two hundred fils— MEE-TAYN
Fl-Iis
or— WAH-Aid rce-ALL

Dinar— DEE-NAHR
Two Dinars— DEE-NAA-RAYN
Four Dinars — AR-ba-'a DEE-
NAHR

37

Time

What time is it — SAA-'a

BAYSH
Quarter past five — KHAM-sa u-

RU-bu'
Half past six— SIT-a u-NVS
Twenty past seven — sab-' a u

THI-lilh
Twenty of eight — THMAA-nee-

a lL-la THIL-ilh
"Except a quarter" — IL-la RU-

bu'
Quarter of two — thin-TAYN

IL-la RU-bu"
Ten minutes to three — THLAA-

tha IL-la 'ASH-ra

At what time — SAA-'a BAYSH
the movie — is-SEE-na-ma
starts — lib-TI-dee
At what time does the movie
start }— SAA-'a BAYSH lib-
TI-dee is-SEE-na-ma
The uain—il-qit-TAHR

leaves— YIM-shee
At what time does the train
leave?— SAA-'a BAYSH YIM-
shee il-qil-TAHR
Today— il-YOM

or— hal-YOM
Tomorrow — BAA-chir

Days of the week:

Sunday— il- 'A-had Thursday— ,1-k.ha-MEES

Monday— il-ith-NAYN Friday— il-jUM-'a

Tuesday— ith-tha-la-THAA Saturday— is-SE-bit
Wednesday — il-ar-ba-'AH

Useful phrases:

What is your name (to

man) — SHIS-mali
What is your name (to

woman) — SHIS-mich
My name is IS-mee —

38

in Ara-

How do you say —
bic >—SHLON TGOOL -
bil-'A-ra-bee

Good-bye (by person leaving) —
FEE a-MAAN il-LAAh

Good-bye (by person reply-
ing) — ma- as-sa-LAA-ma

ADDITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES

[ English — Arabic]
Surroundings— Natural Objects

bank (of river)— JUR-,,)
darkness — -dha-LAAM
daytime (light) — na-HAAR
desert— sah-RAH' or CHOL
nM—SAA-ha
fm—NAAR
grass— ha-SHEESH
the ground — GAA'

bill— tel

ice— THE-lij

hkc—bn-HAI-ra

the moon — il-GU-mar

mountain — ]I-bal

the ocean (sea) — BA-har

rain — MU-tar

river — NA-har or shu/ir

snow — WA-jur

spring (water-hole, etc.) — 'AYN

the stars — in-nu-]OOM

stream — NA-har

the sun — ish SHA-mis

swamp — mits-TAN-qa'

wind — REEh or HA-wa

Time

day— YOM

day after tomorrow — 'V-gub

B.lllchir
day before yesterday — AU-wal

BAHR-ha
evening — ma-SAA'
momh—SHA-har
morning — SU-BAh
night— LAYL
week — is -BOO'
year — SA-na
yesterday — il-BAHR-ha
January— KAA-NOON THAA-

nee

February — slm-BAHT

M a r c h— A H -DH AHR or

MAHRT
AprW—NEE-SAAN
M:\y-\IAIS or ay Y AHR
June — ho-zay-RAHN
July— lam-MOOZ
August — AAB
St ptcmbcr— AY-LOOL
October— lish-REEN AU-wal
November— lish-REEN THAA-

nee
December— KAA-NOON
wal

AU-

39

Relationships

boy— WA-lad
brother — uhkh
chM—TU-fil
daughter — Bl-nit
father — ab

man — RA-jul or rij-fAAL
mother — urn
sister — V-khut
son — 1-bin
woman — MA-ra

Human Body

arms— EE-DAYN

back— DHA-har
cyt—'AYN
ringer — IS-ba'
fool — QA-dam
hair — SHA-'ar

hand— BED
head— R^HS
\cg-RI-jil
mouth- — HA-lig
nose — KHA-shim
teeth— SiVOtW

House and Furniture

bed— FRAHSH
blanket— 6at-TAH-NEE-ya

or blanket
chair— SKAM-lee

door— B./.l/i

drinking water — A/.-// SHU -rub

house— B.-fVV

stairs — da-RA]

coking place) — MO-gad
table— .W./VZ
wall— HAH-yit
water for washing — A/.// GHA-

til
window— s/iib-BAACH

butter — Zl-bid
cigars — si-GAHR
food— /M//
pipe— PEEP
salt— A//-//A

Food and Drink Tobacco

sugar — SHA-kfir

tea— '//.//
tobacco — 77-//B
wine— sha-RAHB

40

Surroundings

bridge — '/-flr

mosque — IAH-mi'

church — k."-NEE-sa

mosque (small) — MAS-jid

city — BAL-da

path (trail, pass) — la-REEQ

post-office — POS-ta

road— la-REEQ

shop (store) — dnk,-KAHN or

MAKH-zan or ma-GHAA-za

(dept. store)

street — SHAA-ri'

town — BA-lad

village — QAR-ya

well— BEER

police-post— MAKH-far SHUR-

ia

Animals

animal— hai-WAHN

bird— T/WR

camel — /l-mal

chicken (hen) — di-]AH-ja

cow — HAI-sha

dog— CHE-lib

donkey (burrow, jackass) —

ZMAHL
goat — SA-b^hal, 'AN-za (female

goat)

horse— ha-SAHN
mouse — FAHR
mule — BA-ghal
pig— /(han-ZEER
rabbit — AR-nab
rat— /RAY-dee
sheep— k.ha-ROOF
snake — HAI-ya

Trad** and Occupation*

baker— kbuhb-BAHZ
barber — im-ZAY -yin
blacksmith— had-DAHD
butcher— gas-S AH B

cook— tab-BAHKH
farmer — fai-LAAh
shoemaker — rag-GAH'
tiWoT—khai-YAHT

41

Numbers

sixty— sil-TEEN
seventy — sab-'EEN
eighty— THMAA-NEEN
ninety — lis-'EEN
first — AU-wal
second — THAA-nee
third— THAA-lith
iounh—RAH-b?

belt— ha-ZAHM

boots— CHUHZ-ma

coat — PAHL-to (overcoat)

CHA-KET (suitcoat)
gloves— chi-FOOF
h2l—SHAF-l<a
necktie— BAY 1MBAHGH

good— ZAYN
bad— MOO-ZAYN
big— chi-BEER
smal 1 — zi-GHAl-yir
sick — waj-'AHN
wM—ZAYN
lame — A'-raj
hungry— JOO-'AHN
thinly— ■al-SHAHN
black — AS-wad
white — AB-yad
red — Ah-mar
blue — AZ-rag

Mih—KHAH-mis

sixth — SAA-dis
seventh — SAA-bi'
eighth — THAA-min
ninth — TAA-si'
tenth — 'AH-shir
eleventh — u-DA-'ash
twelfth— il-THNA-'ash

Clothing

m shirt— THOB
shoes— QUN-da-ra, (pi.) flo-
or NAH-dir

socks— 100-RAH-BAHT
trousers — pan-TROON
undershirt — ja-NAY-Ia

Adjectives

green — AKH-dhar

yellow— UHS-jar

high— ■AH-lee

low — NAH-see

cold — BAA-rid (of things) or

bar-DAHN (of persons)
hot— HAHR
wet — im-BAL-lal
dry— NAH-shij or YAH-bis
expensive — Gil All -lee
cheap— ra-KHEES
empty — FAH-righ
lu\\—mat-ROOS or mal-YAAN

42

Pronouns, etc.

1 — AA-nee or /<-na

we — Ah-na

you — W-fa (in. isc. sg.); /N-A

(fern, sg.) IN-lu (pi.)
he— HOO-wa
she — HEE-ya
they— HUM-ma (masc.) H7/V-

na (fern.)
xhis—HAA-dha (masc.) H/M-

(Me* (fem.)
my — MAA-lee

these DWO-Ar

that — DHAHK (maic.)

(DHEECH (fem.)
those— DHO-LAHK (masc. and

fern.)
who — Ml-nu
what — SHl-nu
how many— CHUHM WAH-

hid
how far — /Aga</ bi-'EED
anyone— /</ WAH-hid

Preposition!

for— /-/a

on — 'A -la

from — biib

to — /-/a

in — 4/

up to— /-/a or li-HAD

of — m/n

v/ith—WEE-ye

Adverbs

above — FOG

again— MAR-ra THAH-nce-a

behind— WA-ra

beside — 'A-la SAF-ha

below — IAU-wa

Ut— bi-'EED

hcre—he-NAH

in front — gid-DAHM

less— a-p/<L

more — ZAA-yid

near— qa-REEB

on that side — (see "there")

on this side — (see "here")

there— he-NAHK

very— HWAI-yir

and — wa or «
but— LAA-kin
ii—l-dha

Conjunctions

or— AU
that — in

43

Phrase* lor Everyday

What date is today? — hal-YOM
ihgad

Today is the fifth of June — hal-
YOM KHAM-sa ho-zay-
RAHN

What day of the week?— hal-
YOM SHl-nu

Today is Tuesday, etc. — hal-
YOM ith-tha-la-THAA

Come here — la-'AAL hi-NAA

Come quickly — la-'AAL bil-'A-
jal

Go quickly— ROOh bil-'A-jal

Who arc you?— Ml-nu In-ia
What do you want? — shil-REED
Bring some drinking water —

]EEB MAI li-SHU-rub
Bring some f o o d — JEEB

SHWAY-yat A-k.il
How far is the amp?— shgad

bi-'EED U-ma-'AS-kar
How far is the water? — shgad

bi-'EED il-MAI
Whose house is this?— BAYT
man HAA-dha

I 1 OOVERKMINI I

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