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nXs-

uatuor doronatorum

being the TRANSACTIONS of the

OUATUOR CORONATI LODGE NO. 2076, LONDON.

K±

FROM THE ISABELLA MISSAL.

BRITISH MUSEUM, ADD. MSS. 1B.8S1
CIRCA. 1600 A.D.

EDITED FOB THE COMMITTEE BY IF. II. BYIANDS, F.S.J,, P.J.G.D.C.
and W. J. SOKGIIUBST, I'.G.D.

VOLUME XXIX.

W. J. Parrett, Ltd., Printers, Margate.
1910.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

♦ » » > «<♦

LODGE PROCEEDINGS.

Friday, 7th January, 1916

Friday, 3rd March, 1916

Friday, 7th May, 1916

Friday, 23rd June, 1916 (Summer Outing: London)

Saturday, 24th June, 1916, St. John's Day in Harvest

Friday, 6th October, 1916

Thursday, 8th November, 1916, Festival of the Four Crown ?d Martyrs

PAGE.
1

105
237
265
273
333
373

NOTES AND QUERIES.

One of the two Landmarks of the Craft

Bro. Bartholomew Ruspini

Old-time Punishments

Tylers' Coats

Robert Samber's 'Ebrietatis Encomium '

Non- Jurors and Freemasons

Engraved Summonses

Society of College Youths

Uniforms in Lodge

Thomas Grinsell

John Wilkes, 1727-1797

228
229, 232
233
233
385
386
386
386
388
389
391

OBITUARY.

Barker, Jacob

Baskett, Samuel Russell

Batra, ltai Bahadur Bhawanidas

Beamish, Robert Jeffreys

Bennett, Captain William Pyt

Burree, W. J. C.

Buchanan, Councillor Norman

Cave-Browne, William Charles

Crawley, Dr. William John Chetwode

Criswick, George Strickland

Cummings, l)r. William Hayman

Dpdd, Frank

Dumolo, William

East, Lieut. Alfred Tomliii

Edge, John Henry, K.C.

Efford, Charles Fursman

Faulding, Alfred Joseph

Fraser, James

Fraser, Thomas

Giraud, Francis Frederick

Goodall, Reginald

Hamlyn, John Frederick

Harris, Alfred William

234
234
234
330
330
330
330
395
234
234
234
330
234
234
395
330
235
395
395
235
395
330
235

Table of Contents.

OBITUARY. -Continued.

Haviland, John

Huxtable, William Charles

James, Herbert Thomas

Krasa, Ferdinand

Lambert, Richard

Lee, Thomas Stirling

Leete, Thomas ...

Levander, Frederick William

Lindsay-Smith, F. A. ...

Little, Rev. Charles Edward

McNeill, Bedford

Macpherson-Grant, Sir John

Mansfield, Captain Joseph 15.

Mapleton, Cuthbert Walter

Michel, Theo.

Miller, John

Miller, William

Owen, Dr. Samuel Walshe

Peers, William

Pellon, Jose Fernandez

Pickering, George Alfred

Pilkington, Herbert

Pilkington, l{ev. James Holme

Price, Alfred Bryant

Richardson, Charles Willerton

Bitz, Hermann Balthazar

Boy, Bobert

Shaver, William. Mitchell

Shrier, E.

Taubman, Edward Tea re

Thompson, Charles James

Thompson, John Campbell

Toomey, Mark Anthony

AVay, Sir Samuel James

Wolfe, Edward H.

Wormal, George

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.

The Collectanea of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A.,

Part II. By F. W. Levander

The Club; La Court <le hone, ('umpagnie in England in XIV.
Century, 7 ; The Mermaid Club, The Apollo Club, and the Bota
Club, Boyalist Clubs; Clubs in imitation of Masonic Lodges, 8;
Newspaper references to Festival of Grand Lodge in 1741, the
Country Feast in 1743, and Festival in 1744; The Brawn's Head;
a general meeting of Masons called in 1752 during the Grand
Mastership of Lord Byron, 9 ; the funeral of Richard Hamnett ;
Festivals in 1752, 1769, 1772, 1779, 1782; The Country Feast in
1783; A Sermon in 1793 and Concert in 1795 in aid of the Masonic
Girls' .School, 10; The Country Feast in 1789, 1793, and 1795;
Festival of the Grand Lodf{e South of the Trent in 1779; The
Dinner to Lord Moira in 1813, 11 ; Reported visit of the Duke of
Loraine and the Prince of Wales to a Lodge in 1731 ; Lodges at
the Golden Spikes, Hampstead; the Key and Garter, Pall Mall;

PACE.

330

395

235

331

235

331

396

331

396

235

. . 331

331

235

331

332

235

236

332

236

332

236

. . ' 332

236

332

236

Table of Content*.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.— Continued.

the Prince of Orange's Head, Jermyn Street; the King's Arms,
Strand; the Fountain, Bartholomew Lane; The New Exchange
Punch House, Strand ; the Shakespear's Head, Covent Garden,
12 ; The Lodge of Antiquity, Somerset House Lodge, Lodge of
Friendship, Britannic Lodge, the Grenadier's Lodge, the Lodge of
Regularity, the Bedford Lodge, St. Paul's Lodge, the Lodge of
Harmony, the Tuscan Lodge, the King's Arms Lodge, 13; Lodge
at the Turk's Head, Soho, the Lodge of Peace and Plenty, the
Foundation Lodge, La Loge de l'Esperance, the Royal Lodge, 14;
the Lodge of Prudence, the Congleton Independent Lodge, Lodge
at the Swan, Gloucester, the Lodge of Perfect Friendship, Bath,
John "VVilkes and the Jerusalem Lodge, 15 ; and as Chief Counsellor
of the ancient Family of Leeches, 16; Festivals of the Antients in
1788 and 1790, 17 ; a vindication of the Antients ; Election of
Grand Master in Scotland in 1769; Lectures on Masonry in Ireland
in 1785; a Lodge at Dunkeld ; Royal Arch advertisements in 1753
and 1754, 18; and 1792; A chapter at the Griffin. Half Moon
Street, 19; Masonic References in Jjiw Life, 1764; Honorary
Freemasons, 20 ; a 1725 parody of the Entered Apprentice's Song,
21; The (Jhearjul Companion of 1769 contains Masonic Songs;
Portrait of Dunckerley published in 1789 ; Erasmus King a lecturer
on experimental philosophy, 22 ; The Society of Heaven and Earth
in China; Play of The Emperor of China at Bartholomew Fair in
1731, and The Harlequin Freemason at Covent Garden in 1781;
Slade's Free Masun Examined advertised in 1754, and the 12th
Edition of Masonry Dissected, 23; Juehin and linaz, the dates of
the various editions; Finch's advertisements, 24 ; Advertisement
of 1784 Constitutions; Free Union Masons; Legends of the admis-
sion of women into Freemasonry, the subject discussed at the
Capel Court Debates; the number of steps at entrances to King's
College, Cambridge, 25; The Order of Heredom Kilwinning in
London in 1743; Preston's Order of Harodim, 26; The procession
of the Scald Miserable Masons, 27 ; The Great Lodge, Swaffham,
28 ; Society of Adams, Ackerman's Academy, Albions, Amicable
Society, 29 ; Anacreontic Society, Anchor Society, Ancient Britons,
Ancient Druids, 30; True Britons, Antediluvial Imperial
Catamarans, Antibourbon Lodge, Antigallic Hicks, Antigallic
Masons, Antigallicans, 31 ; Apollo Club, Apollo Society, Arthurites,
As you like it Club, Aurelians, Chib of Authors, Autonomists,
Azygon Club, Baboonian Lodge, Batchelors and Fumblers, 33;
Beans Club, Beef-eating Britons, Beef-steak Club, Beggars'
Benison, 34 ; Beggars' Club, The Bench, Benn's Club, Birth-
night Club, Blue Club, Boddingtonians, Boodle's Club,
Borlacians, 35; Boroughnians, British Cardinals, Bucks, 36;
Bar-Chusses, Order of the Budget/ 39; Dr. Butler's College,
Caballarians, Csoltibarians, The Ca?sars, Caledonian Society, The
Calicoes, Calves Head Society, Campden Club, 40 ; Caractacan
Society, British Carnival, Cat Society, Cat and Bagpipean Society,
Cat and Fiddle Society, Catch Club, Cecilian Society, Society of
Chins, Choice Spirits, 41 ; Circar Club, City Club, Civil Club,
Society of Clerks, Clodpates. Cock and Hen Club, Cocked-Hat Club,
Cockneighs, Codgers, Codheads, College Youths, Columbarians,
Comus's Court, Concordians, Constitutional Society, Constitutional
"Whigs, Cruisers, 43; Cumberland Societies, Devonshire Club,
Diluvian Order, Dirty Shirt Club, Do-Rights, Doldrum Club,

vi. Table of Contents.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.— 6'o««H««7.

Dolphins, Order of the Dragon, Duellists' Club, Early Rising
Association, Eccentrics, 44; The Brilliants, Everlasting Club, Every
Man in his Humour, Falconer's Club, Fat Club, Fighting Club,
Order of the Flask, Fountain Club, Free Northerns, Free United
Britons, Free and Easy, 45; Friendly Batcheiors, Friendly Brothers
of St. Patrick, Friendly Society, Friendly Cockneys, Friends of
Freedom, Society of Friends, Friends round the Globe, Friends of
Mirth and Jollity, 47; The Gang, Garde du Corps Royal, Gentle-
men under the Rose, The Georges, Gloucestershire Society, Good
Fellows, Gormogons, 48 ; Grand Tweels, Grecians, Gregorians,
Grunters, Guttles, Hampshire Club, Handelonian Society,
Harmonical Club, Hell-Fire Club, Herefordshire Society, Hiccobites,
49; Aldermen of Highbury, Highland Club, Order of Honesty,
Hugemabuffs, Hugolontheonbiquimnarians, Humbug Feast, Hum-
drum Club, Huntingdonshire Society, Loyal Britons, 50; Je ne
scais quoi. Order of John, Joyous Knot, Keep-the-line Club, Kentish
Bowmen, Kentish Lords, Kentish Town Corporation, Khaibarites,
Kill-Care Club, 51; King's Club, King's Arms Society, Kit-Cat
Club, Knights of the Brush, of the Golden Fleece, of the Horse-shoe,
52; of Jerusalem, of the Moon, 53; of St. George, of St. George and
Snuffers, of Tara, of St. John of Jerusalem, The Ladies' Club,
Laekadasies, Lancashire Society, Latitudinarian Society, Laurel
Whigs, The Leeches, 54 ; Long-nosed Club, Society of Lords, Loyal
Georges, Loyal Georgians, Lumber Troop, Lying Club, Magna-
Charta-rites, The Manifestation, Masonic Mustard Seeds, Men-
dicants' Club, 55; Mitre Tavern Society, Mermaid Club, Modern
Cousins, Mohocks, 56; Mourning Bush Club, Mug-house Club,
Order of Nails, No-pay-no-liquor Club, The Nun Tie! Record, 57;
Nulli Secundus Club, October Club, Oetoganians, Old Kit's Sons,
Old Souls, Orphea Society, Oxfordshire Society, 58 ; Society of
Paroquets, Order of Pauls, Peers' Clubs, Pewter Pot Club, Society
of Plraetons, Philanthropic Society, Philharmonic Society, Phili-
leutherians, Philodracosangninarians, Pinearians, 59; Piscinarians,
Pizy Club, Porponians, Princely Society, Purple Society, Qua Ca
Bittes, Conflux of Rivers, Roast Fowl and Short Cake Society,
Forresters, Royal Georgionian Lodge, Royal Rump Society, Royal
St. Giles's Rump, Running Footmen, 63; Salamanders, Scandal
Club, Society of Schoolmasters, Scramble Society, Select Honest
Friars, Select Society, 61 ; Shakespear Society, Ship Society,
Sicilian Congress, The Simples, Skeleton Club, Order of Smarts, 62 ;
Social Blues, Social Friars, Social Society of Tradesmen, Social
Villagers, The Sols, 63; Somersetshire Society, Sons of Apollo, of
Momus, of Neptune, of the Shamrock, Speculative Society, SQUA.,
Staffordshire Society, Stagarians, Stroud Green Corporation, 66;
Swadlers, Swankeys, T.B. Society, Tavistock Club, Thespian Society,
Thieves' Club, True Blues, True English Champions, 67; Two Blue
Posts, Two-penny Club, Ubiquarians, Ugly Club, 68; Ugly-faced
Club, The Union, United Alfreds, British Brothers, Sons of 'Momus,
Society of Universal Good Will, The Vols, 69; Votaries of St.
Cecilia, "VVACVT, Warwickshire Society, Wednesday Club, West-
morland Society, Windsorians, Society of Wits, Worcestershire
Society,, Society of Worthy's, Yorkshire Society, 70; Court at the
Welsh Ambassador. Comments by W. Wonnacott, 71 ; Gordon
Hills, 80; Canon Horsley, 84; J. E. S. Tuckett, 85; F. T. James,
90; W. B. Hextall, 91; Reply by F. W. Levander, 96.

PACE.

Table of Contents. vii.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.— Continued.

PAGE.

The Etiquette of Freemasonry. — Bro. Franklin Thomas.

By C. Gough ... ... ... ... ... 101

Franklin Thomas identified as the author of The Etiquette of
Freemasonry, some particulars of his career and Masonic activities
in Kent, Oxfordshire, 101 ; Devonshire, and Lancashire, 102 ;
Suggestions of other publications by him, 103.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

By W. Wonnacott ... ... ... ... ... 105

Rules and Regulations of a London Masonic Friendly Society of
1737 discovered at Mansfield, Ohio ; The Society and a Lodge both
meeting at the White Swan, Covent Garden ; Quarrels and sub-
sequent fusion ; Removal to the Two Black Posts, Maiden Lane,
107; Early records of the Lodge, its removal to the Duke of
Bedford's Head, 108; Weekly meetings and quarterly elections; a
Master's Lodge ; The Rules of the Society, 109 ; The Contributions
and Benefits, 110; The objects of the Society as set out by the
Founders, 111 ; Membership limited to Masons, under forty years
of age, and to not more than three of the same trade ; The Box ;
precautions against fraud, 1 12 ; Duties of Stewards ; Annual
Meeting on S'i. John the Evangelist's Day ; The powers of the Com-
mittee of Twelve; Amendment of Rules, 113. Appendix I.:
Transcript of the Rules, 114. List of Members of the Society, 158.
Appendix II. : Minutes of the Lodge, 167. List of Members of the
Lodge, 209. Visitors to the Lodge, 211. Comments by F. W.
Levander, 214; Gordon Hills; Albert F. Calvert, 215; C. Gough;
C. Lewis Edwards, 225. Reply by W. Wonnacott, 226.

In Memoriam. William John Chetwode Crawley. By AY.

Wonnacott ... ... ... ... ... 239

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge

Board. By E. H. Dring. Part I. The Evolution ... ... 243

References to Tracing Boards or Drawings in Masonic catechisms,
243; The drand Mystery; Masonry Bisected; Jachin and Jioaz;
Hiram or the Grand Master Key ; The Constitutions of 1784 admit
that "variations were made in the established forms," 244; The
Three Distinct Knocks; L'Ordre des Francs Macons trahi; A
Mason's confession, 245; The Drawing Board; A Foot Cloth; A
Painted Cloth, 246; The possibility that Floor Cloths were
introduced from France; Drawing the Lodge; The Lodge shewn in
the Carmick MS.; References in Lodge Minutes, &c, 247; The
use of tape and nails, 248 ; The triangular form of a Lodge, 249 ;
A comparison of Modern and Antient practice ; the display of
operative tools upon the floor; the use of templates, 250; The
Mosaic pavement and Tesselated Border; The Mop and Pail;
Floorings, 251; Batty Langley's Builder's Jewel ; The Scald
Miserable Masons, 252; French practice; The Trestle Board;
Mahhahone or the (hand Lodge Door opened; Solomon in all his
Glory, 253; The Lodge or Lodge Board, 254; Evidence from
Preston, and Hutchinson, 255; The Tracing Board or Drawing
Board, 256; The Dented Ashler and the Broached Thurnel, 257;
The Perpendashler, 258; The Staircase to the Middle Chamber,
262; Differing positions of entrance, 263,

viii. Table of Contents.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.-Continued.

PAGE.

Part II. The Development ... 273

Lodge Cloths in Scotland and in England, 275; Cloths in Military
Lodges, 276; Lodge Boaixls,'277; Bowring's Designs, 279; John
Harris ; the introduction of Hebrew and Cryptic characters, 280 ;
Boards by Robins, 281. Appendix I. : References to the subject in
Lodge Minutes. &c, 282. Appendix JI. : Correspondence concern-
ing practice in Ireland and the U.S. Appendix III. : Notes on
Lodge Boards in the possession of various Lodges, 291. Comments
by F. W. Levander, 296; Cecil Powell, 297; W. J. Songhurst, 299;
Albert F. Calvert, 301; Prof. W. A. Craigie ; T. Francis, 307;
Andrew Hope, 309 ; W Redfern Kelly, 310 ; Henry Lovegrove, 311 ;
W. B. Hextall, 312; Gordon Hills, 316; C. Gough ; John T. Thorp,
320; O. H. Bate, 32 L. Reply by E. H. Dring, 321.

Summer Outing, London, June, 1916. By Gordon P. G. Hills 265

Reception at new home of the Lodge; Perambulation of the City;
Apothecaries' Hall, 265 ; Stationers' Hall ; the Guildhall ; Churches
of St. Lawrence Jewry and St. Swithin, London Stone; Halls of the
Vintners, 267; Innholders, and Tallowchandlers; Church of St.
Stephen, Walbrook; The Mansion House, 263.

The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. A Short Sketch

of the History of the Society. By Thomas Can- ... 270

The London Companies as successors of the Frith Guilds, their
incorporation as Crafts or Mysteries; The Apothecaries connected
with the Pepperers and the Grocers, 270; An Apothecary legally
empowered to practice medicine; the Constitution of the Society;
Certain Companies still exercise control over their respective trades,
271.

Frederick, Prince of Wales, as a Freemason. By Alfred F.

Robbins ... ... ... ... ... 327

The Daily Fust of 4th December, 1731, mentions a visit of the
Prince of Wales and the Duke of Lorraine to a Masonic Lodge; The
Duke of Lorraine at a Boxing Match, 326; Masonic Advertisements
in The Daily Journal; The Duke of Lorraine dines with the Duke
of Norfolk on 2nd December, 1731, 327 ; a meeting of Grand Lodge
on 3rd December ; The evidence as to the initiation of the Prince
on 5th November, 1737, 328.

The Resemblances of Freemasonry to the Cult of Mithra.

By Dr. "W. Wynn "Westeott ... ... ... ... 336

The worship in Persia of Mithra as the Sun God ; References to the
Cult by various writers, 336; Spread of Mithraism from Asia into
Europe ; relics in Greece, Italy, and Britain, 337 ; Elaboration of
the Religion, 338 ; Architectural remains throwing light upon the
form of .worship ; the slaying of a Bull the central incident, 339 ;
Association with Mithra of Greek and Roman deities, 340; Extinc-
tion of the Cult caused by the, advent of Christianity, 341 ; Seven
grades of secret knowledge described, 342. Comments by Canon
Horsley, 344; Dr. G. A. Greene, 345; and J. H. Lepper, 346.

Table of Content*.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.— Continued.

Side Lights on Freemasonry from the Autobiographies of
John Britton, F.S.A. (1771-1857), and the Rev. Richard
Warner (1763-1857). By Gordon P. G. Hills ...

Britton's early life, 348; Apprenticeship in London; He improves
his education, 349; Association with Mr. Brayley; Membership of
London Clubs and Societies, 3.50; Publications by Brayley and
Britton ; other writings, 351 ; a meeting in a Masonic Lodge, 352 ;
Stephen Jones and his Literary work, 353 ; Formation of The
Britton Club, 3-54. Warner, born in London ; removal to Hamp-
shire, 35,5 ; Inauguration of a mock Masonic Lodge at Christchurch,
3.56; The Lodge of Hengist, now at Bournemouth, 3.58; Warner's
father a member in 1776, 359 ; Thomas Dunckerley and Francis
Grose, 360; Removal to Bath, 361; Warner's Literary work, 362.
Comments by W. B. Hextall, 364. Reply by Gordon Hills, 365.

348

'Orator' Henley, M.A., 1692-1756. By W. B. Hextall

A 'Henley' Volume amongst the Lysons Collectanea at the British
Museum, 368; Masonic extracts therefrom, 369; The question of
Henlev's membership of the ("raft considered, 370.

368

Inaugural Address. By F. W. Levamler

376

The Toast of the Worshipful Master. By W. Wonnacott

382

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abecedarians, Society of ... 94

Accounts of the Lodge for 1915 ... 3

Adams, Society of ... ... 29

Adoptive Masonry ... ... 25

Akerman's Academy ... ... 29

Albions, Order of ... ... 29, 97

Albion Society, The Select ... 96

Alfreds, Society of United ... 69

Amicable and Friendly Society,

The ... ... 30

Amicable Society, The ... 29, 94

Anacreontic Society, The ... 88

Anchor and Dolphin Societies ... 85, 92

Anchor Society, The ... 30

Ancient and True Britons, Society

of ... ... ... 30

Ancient Britons, Society of ... 30

Ancient Druids ... ... 30

Ancient Rams, Society of ... 30

Antediluvial Imperial Catamarans 31

Antibourbon Lodge ... ... 31

Antigallicans, Society of ...31, 41, 97

Antigallic Hicks ... ... 31

Antigallic Masons ... ... 31

Anti-Gregorians, Society of ... 97

Apollo Club ... ... 8, 33

Apollo Society, The ... ... 33

Apollo, Sons of ... ... Go

Apothecaries' Hall, London ... 265

Apothecaries, Society of ... 270

Apron of Fellow Craft with silver

tassels ... ... 381

Arthurites, Society of ... 33

Ashler, The ... ... 258

As you like it Club, Tho ... 33

Athenian Lyceum ... ... 83

Audit Committee, Report of ... 2

Aurelians, Order of ... ... 33

Autonomists, Society of ... 33

Azygos Club, The ... ... 33

Baboonian Lodge

Batchelors and Fumblers. Club of
Batchelors, Society of Friendly...
Beans Club, The
Beef-eating Britons
Beef-steak Clubs ... 3-1

Beggars' Benison Club, The
Beggars' Clubs
Bell-ringing Societies
Bench, Brothers of the
Bonn's Club

Benefit Society, Masonic 107,
Bethnal Green, Friendlv Societv of

Birth-Night Clubs ..'. ...
Black Jack, Knights of the
Blue Clubs
Blues, Social
Blues, Society of True
Boddingtonians, Society of
Borlacians

British Cardinals, Order of
British Forum
Britons, Free United
Britons, Loyal United
Britons, Society of Ancient
Britons, Society of Independent
Loval ...

217

Britons, Society of Loyal
Britton Club, The
Broached Dornal or Thurnel
Braund's Head, Derivation of
Brush, Knights of the
Bucks, Order of

33
33

46
34
34

392
34
35

386
35
35

225
90
35
83
, 92
63
67
35
35
36
82
45
55
30

100

354

261

36, 41, 88, 92,

97, 370, 392

Budget, Order of the

By-Laws of King's Arms Lodge

adopted by other Lodges ... 76

By-Laws of Masonic Friendly-
Society ... ... 108

Byrom's Shorthand Society ... 85

Byron, Lord, inactive as Grand

Master ... ... 9

Caballarians, Order of ... 40

Cadgers, Society of ... 94

Ca?ltibarians, Order of ... 40

Caesars, Society of ... ... 40

Caledonian Society ... ... 40

Calicoes, Society of the ... 40
Calcutta Lodge constituted by Lord
Moira but not registered in

London . ■ ... 5

Calves Head Societv ... ... 40

Camden Club ... ... 40

Cape Club, The ... ... 88

Capcl Court Debating Society ... 83

Caractacan Society ... ... 41

Cardinals, Order of British ... 36

Carnival. British ... ... 41

Carters, Incorporation of ... 89

Catamarans, Antediluvial Imperial 31

Cat and Bagpipean Society ... 41

Cat and Fiddle Society ... 41

Catch Clubs ... ... 41

Cat Society ... ... 41

Cauliflower, Counsellors under the 45

C?cilian Society ... ... 41

Champions of Liberty ... 41
Chaplain in Grand Lodge, Orator

Henley as ... ... 368

Chapters (R.A.) referred to : —

Alfred, Oxford ... ... 101

Crown and Anchor, Seven

Dials 18

Cyrus 235

Fawcett ... ... ... 235

Globe ... ... ... 384

Griffin, Half Moon Street ... 19

Henry Levander ... ... 236

Hope and Unity ... 330

Jordan ... ... ... 235

No. 33 (T.C.) 240

No. 143 (I.C.) ... ... 395

No. 357 (I.C.) 240

Panmure ... ... 384

Perseverance, Blackburn ... 102

Prudence, London ... 225

Punjab. Lahore ... 235

Rock, Trichinopolv ... 395

Sinai ... .'.. ... 235

Trafalgar ... ... 234

United Service, Portsmouth 331

Westbourne ... ... 396

Table uf Content*.

PAPERS AND ESSAYS.— Continued.

Side Lights on Freemasonry from the Autobiographies of
John Britton, F.S.A. (1771-1857), and the Rev. Richard
Warner (1763-1857). By Gordon P. G. Hills ...

Britton's early life, 348; Aijprentieeship in London; He improves
his education, 349; Association with Mr. Brayley ; Membership of
London Clubs and Societies, 350; Publications by Brayley and
Britton ; other writings, 351 ; a meeting in a Masonic Lodge, 352 ;
Stephen Jones and his Literary work, 353; Formation of The
Britton Club, 354. AVarner, born in London ; removal to Hamp-
shire, 355; Inauguration of a mock Masonic Lodge at Christchurch,
356; The Lodge of Hengist, now at Bournemouth, 358; Warner's
father a member in 1776, 350 ; Thomas Dunckerley and Francis
Grose, 360; Removal to Bath, 361; Warner's Literary work, 362.
Comments by W. B. Hextall, 364. Reply by Gordon Hills, 365.

348

'Orator' Henley, M.A., 1692-1756. By w. B. Hextall

A 'Henley' Volume amongst the Lysons Collectanea at the British
Museum, 368; Masonic extracts therefrom, 369; The question of
Henlev's membership of the Craft considered, 370.

368

Inaugural Address. By F. W. Levander

376

The Toast of the Worshipful Master. By W. Woimacott

382

Tnde

Cherokee Club, The

Chins, Society of

Choice Spirits, Society of

Circar Club, The

City Club, The

City of Lushington

Civil Club

Clerk to a Lodge in addition to

Secretary
Clerks, Society of
Clodpates, Society of
(Hubs; Account by Goldsmith ...
Clubs and Societies
Coats, Tylers' ...
Cock and Hen Clubs
Cocked Hat Club, The ...
Cockneighs, Society of . . .
Codgers, Free and Independent ...
Codsheads, Society of
Cogers, Society of
College Youths, Society of
Columbarians, Society of
Comus's Court, Society of
Comical Gills, Society of
Coneordians, Society of
Constitutional Society, The
Constitutional Sols, Order of
Constitutional Whigs, Grand

Lodge of ... ... ...

Constitutions, Books of, compared

Corporation of Sefton Society

Counsellors under the Cauliflower

Country Feasts

County Societies

Court de bone Compagnie

Cousins, Grand Lodge of

Cruisers, Society of

Cumberland Fleet

Cumberland Society

Cumberland Youths, Society of . . .

Danty Tassley, The

Beacons in Private Lodges in 1754

Debating Societies

Demireps, Society of

Deputation by Lodge for conferring

degrees
Deputy Grand Master, Position of,

in Grand Lodge
Derbyshire Society
Devonshire Club

Diluvian Order, Masons of the ...
Dirtv Shirt Club, The ...
Dold'rum Club, The
Dolphins, Society of
Don Saltero's Coffee House
Do-Rights, Court of
Dragon, Order of the ...
Drawing the Lodge
Dr. Butler's College
Druids, Ancient
Duellists' Club, The
Dunekerley, Supposed portrait of
Dyers, Fraternities of ...

PAGE.

84
41
41
42
42
83
8

167
42
42
83

Everlasting Club, The ...
Every Man in his Humour, Society
of

Exhibits : —

PAGE.

45
45

, La .
Model

Early Rising Association
lihrirtatix Encomium, Masonic

references in
Eccentric Society, The ...
English Champions, Society of ...
Entered Apprentice's Song, Parody

of
Entrance to the Middle Chamber
Equity. Court of
Etiijiiettc of Freemasonry ; Author

of, identified

233
42
42

42, 370

42
43
82

43, 386

43
41, 43
94
43
43
61

377

9, 10, 72

44, 93

44, 387

257

380

82, 350

106

380
44
44
44
44
44
44
80
44
44
247, 312
40
30
44

366
89

385
44
67

263

101

273
106
274
274

238
274

375

105
106

334

106
334
375
374

273

Ahiman Rezon, 1807
Apron, by Butterworth
,, by J. Cole

by J. L. Cross
,, Flaji with double

curve ...
,, hand drawn design
Certificate, 1784, to D. C.
Pareira
,, Strong Man

Lodge
John Canham...
Circular from Grand Lodge
referring to death
of George IV. ...

Deputation of Lodge for
working Degrees
Half-penny Token ... 106,

Handkerchief ... ... 334,

Jewels, Engraved 273, 335,

,, French Prisoners'

work
,, of Old King's Arms

Lodge ... 274

,, P.M. ... ... 274

pierced .... 274, 335, 374

,, Scotch Deacon ... 274

,, set in paste ... 274

Medal, Royal Masonic Insti-
tution for Boys...
,, Lodge of Bordeaux
,, St. Antoine..
,, La Parfaite
Union ...
., ,, La Parfaite

Reunion-...
,. ,, St. George...

Jonathan ...
Grand Orient of
France
,, Commandeurs de
Mont Thabor ...
., Five Lodges, Ham-
burg ...
,, Frederick of Prussia
,, Cambaceres
Moira, Relics of the Earl of
Mug, Order of Mechanics...
Razor
Ring

Star, Orange Society
Sun-dial
Sword

Tobacco-pipe,
Tracing board
Walking stick

Falconer's Club. The ...

Fat Club, The ...

Fellow Craft Apron with silver

tassel;
Fellow Crafts Lodge refuses to lend

Jewels to a Masters Lodge ...
Female Masonry
Fighting Club, The
Finch's degrees
Flash Coves' Parliament
Flask, Order of the
Footmen, Order of Running
Foresters, Royal Order of

273
334
334

334

331
334
334

334

331

334
334
334

4
274
238
106
274
106
274
274
274
238

45
45

381

25
45
24
83
45
6')
60

2UJ.

Iwte

Fountain Club, The
Frederick, Prince of Wales, s

Freemason
Free and Easy Societies i

Free Debate, Society for
Free Hearts, Society of
Freedom and Fidelity, Lodge of,

constituted in Calcutta by the

Earl of Moira
Freedom, Friends of
Free Mason examined, published

1754

Freemasons, Order of Religious ...

French Lodges in London

Free Northerns, The

Free Union Masons ... ...

Free United Britons, Society of...

Friars, Fraternities of United ...

Friars, Select Honest ...

Friars, Social ...

Friendly Batchelors

Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick

Friendly Society, Masonic

Friends of Freedom
Friends of Mirth and Jollity
Friends round the Globe
Friends, Society of

73,

5, 99,

'AGE.
45

326

350

47,
217,

Gardeners, Society of ...

Gang, The

Garde du Corps, Prussian

Georges, Society of

Georges, The Loyal

Georgians, The Loyal ...

Georgionian Lodge, Royal

Gills, Society of Comical

Globe, Friends round the

Gloucester Lodge revived in 1770.. 15,

Gloucestershire Society

Golden Fleece, Knights of the ...

Good Fellows, Society of

Good Fellows under the Sun ... 48,

Good Will, Society of ...

Gordon's Punch House, Lodge at

Gormogons in 1730

Gormogon Medal, Date of issue ...

Gor-mo-gon, Order of ...

Gormogons and Masons at St.

Sulpice, Paris
Gormogons, Meeting of, in 172L
Grand Lodge Festivals
Grand Volgi
Grecians, Order of
Gregorians, Order of
Grigs, Society of the
Grunters, Company of
Guildhall, The, London
Guilds, London
Guttles. Society of

55
81
45
25
45
88
61
63
46

. 88

107.

225
47

, 47
47
47

89
48
48
48
55
55
60
94
47
, 91
48
52
48
83
69
78
369
86
48

9, 10, 11, 17

28, 49. 89, 370

266

271

265,

Hampshire Club, The
Hampstead, Lodges at
Handelonian Society, The . .

Hanoverian National Defence

Association
Harodim, Order of
Hawkubites. The
Hearts. Society of Free
Heaven and Earth, Societv of ...
Hell-fire Clubs

Henley, ' Orator.' and Freemasonry
Heredom, Order of
Herefordshire Society ... ...

Hiccobites, Order of

Hiccubites

Highbury, Aldermen of

49,

49
72
49

392
26
56
67
23
392
368
26
49
49
28
50

page.
50
89
61
50
12, 20, 74, 369
52

Highland Club, The

Highland Society, The

Honest Friars, Society of Select

Honesty, Order of

Honorary Masons

Horse-shoe, Order of the

Hugemabuffs, Order of

Hugolontheonbiquiffinarians, Society

of "

Humbug Feast, The
Hum-drum Club, The ...
Huntingdonshire Society, The ...
Hurlothrumbrians
Hurlothrumbo Society ...

Indented Tarsel, The
Independent Loyal Britons
jLiinnolclers' Hall, London

Jaehin and Jioaz, dates of publica-
tion

Jacob's Wells, Barbican, Club at

Je ne scais quoi

Jerusalem, Knights of

Jerusalem Sols, Order of

Jewels of Grand Officers, regula-
tions as to

Jews as Masons in 1732

John, Order sacred to

Johns, Free and Easy

Joyous Knot, The

Joyous, The

Keep-the-line Club, The...

Kentish Bowmen, Society of

Kentish Lords, Knights and Gentle-
men

Kentish Town Corporation

Key and Garter, Lodges at

Khaiba rites

Kill-Care Club, The

Kilwinning, Order of

King's Arms Society, The

King's Club, The

K it-Cat Club, The

Knights of St. George and
Snuffers

Knights of Tara

Knights of the Brush ...

Knights of the Golden Fleece

Knights of the Moon

Knights of the Plume ...

Knights Templars of St. John of
Jerusalem

Knots of the Order of St. Patrick

Lac"d Tuft, The
Lackadasies, The

Ladies' Club, The

Lancashire Society, The

Landmarks of the Craft

Lark-pie Club, The

Latitudinarian Society

Laurel Whigs, Society of

Leeches, Family of ... 14,

Liberty, Chammons of ...

Li'ntot Society," The

Lion Club, The

Lodge Cloths and Boards

53,
63.

51,

50
50
50
50

28
93

257

268

24
350
51
54
64

380
369
51
99
51
51

94
51

51
51
76
89
51

54
54
52
52
53
54

54
46

257
54
51
54

228
94
54
54

392
41
99
91

275

Lodges referred to : —

Albemarle ... ... 302. 303

Albion ... ... 292

Aldershot Army and Navv 33!)

Alfred. Oxford ... ..'. 101

All Souls, Wevmouth 281. 295, 307

Inde

Lodges referred to . —

Amis Reunis, London

Amity, Poole 216. 288,

294,

338

Anchor and Hope.. . . 251,

283,

284

Antiquity

Apollo, York

315

Argonauts

331

Atholl, Newcastle upon Tyne

273

Ax and Gate, Westminster..

Bacchus, Bush Lane

Bear and Rummer, Soho . . .

162

Bear, Strand

79,

212

Beauchamp. Roorkee

234

Bedford ... ... 13, 286,

295,

386

Black Lion, Jockey Fields...

211

Blandford

246,

287

Bordeaux

334

Braund's Head

212

Bricklayers' Arms, Barbican

369

Bridge Trust, Handsworth..

396

Britannia, Sheffield

294

Britannic

13,

375

British

212

Brixton Ramblers

330

Brotherly Love, Yeovil

330

Bull, Gracechurch Street ...

212

Burlington

281,

294

Bush, Bristol

229,

298

Caledonian, Manchester ...

216

Campbell, Hampton Court*.

384

Castle, Bridgnorth

288

Castle of Harmony

375

Cestrian, Chester

276,

288

Chandos Arms, Edgware ...

Chorley

335

City of London ...

235

Coach and Horses, Chester

284

Congleton Independent

Corner Stone

302,

303

Crown, Smithfiold

213

Devil, Temple Bar 12

, 73,

326

Devonport

Uomatic

285

Dorset Masters

330

Dover Castle, Lambeth

Druids, Redruth

283,

285

Drury Lane

396

Duke of Connaught

236

Dunkeld

Earls Court

396

East Lancashire Centurion

102

Eccentric

395

Edinburgh

246

Elias de Dereham

282

Emulation

231,

315

Emulation, Bombay

330

Etonian, Windsor

317

Excelsior, Forres

395

Faithful, Harleston ...

277,

293

Feathers. Chester

276

Felicity ... ... 215,

282,

312

Fortitude, Lancaster

288

Fortitude and Old Cumber-

land

213

Foundation

Fountain. Bartholomew Lane

211

Fountain, Bristol

292

Fountain. Catherine Street

211

Freedom, Gravesend

293

Freedom and Fidelity,

Calcutta

Friendship 13, 215, 295,

303

330

Friendship, Great Yarmouth

277,

294

Friendship, Manchester

216

George, Portland Street ...

214

Gloucester, Pall Mall

213

Lodges referred to :

Goat, Haymarket

166

Goat, Spread Eagle Court..

210

Golden Spikes, Hampstead..

, 73

Golden Sugar Loaf

210

Gooch, Twickenham

375

Grand Master's ...

388

Grenadiers ... 13,

160,

211

Hamburg

334

Hampshire, of Emulation...

331

Harbour of Refuge

235

Harmonic, Liverpool

216

Harmony, Faversham 13,

279,

294

Harmony and Industry,

Darwen

102

Harmony, Richmond

224

Hengist, Bournemouth

285,

358

Henry Levander, Harrow...

384

Hertford

296

Honor and Generosity

375

Honour, Wolverhampton . . .

296

Horn

164

Hospitality, Bristol

292

Hospitality, Waterfoot

331

Howard, of Brotherly Love

235,

307

Imperial George

215

Industry, Gateshead

216

Industry, Lahore

234

Inhabitants, Gibraltar

278,

295

Ionic

235

Isaac Newton, Cambridge...

332

Jedburgh St. John

288

Jerusalem ... 16, 3j2,

303,

393

Johannesberg

395

Jonathan, Brunswick

334

Jubilee Masters ...

395

Kelso

283,

307

Key and Garter, Pall Mall 11

, 76,

165

King's Arms, Great Wild

Street

213

King's Arms, Seven Dials

210.

211,

213

King's Arms, Strand U

, 76,

160

Kingston, Hull ...

236

Kirkwall, Kilwinning

275

La bien Aimee, Amsterdam

375

La Parfaite Union, Douai..

334

Lebeck, Strand ...

167,

282

Lennox, Richmond

335

Les Enfants de Mars,

Tiverton

307

l'Esperance, London

, 81

Lion and Lamb ...

295

London ...

294,

303

Loyal and Perfect, Leeds...

375

Loyal, Barnstaple

295

Loyal British

276

Loyal Cambrian

278,

294

Loyalty, Cheshire

285

Loyalty, Marlborough

334

Magnolia, Kansas

332

Marches, . Ludlow

276

Marlborough Head

211

Marquis of Granby

284

Masons Arms, Maddox Street

211

Middlesex

294

Moira, of Honour, Bristol...

293

Montserrat

Mount Moriah

293

Newcastle upon Tyne

278,

292

New Exchange Punch Houso

, 78

Newton, Kansas ...

332

Nine Muses

232

Northumberland , Newcastle

upon Tyne

296

XIV.

tnde

Lodges referred to : —

No. 125 (I.C.) ...

No. 143 (I.C.)

No. 250 (I.C.) ...

No. 357 (I.C.)

No. 728 (I.C.)

Old Devil, Temple Bar ...

Old King's Arms 2-16, 274

Old Union

Old Westminsters
Palladian, Hereford
Peace and Plenty
Pentalpha, Pulborough
Perfect Friendship, Bath...
Perfect Unanimity, Madras
Perseverance, Blackburn ...
Perseverance, Halesowen ...
Philanthropic, Leeds
Phoenix, London
Phoenix, Sunderland
Plymouth Dock ...
Pomf ret, Northampton
Prince Edwin's, Hythe
Prince Eugene's Head
Prince's Head, Prince Street
Prince of Orange's Head,

Jermyn Street
Prince of Wales ...
Prudence

Queen's Head, Knaves Acre
Queen's Head, Old Bailey...
Rainbow, York Buildings...
Red Lion, Chandler Street..
Red Ross of Lancaster
Regularity 13, 232,, 293,

Relief, Bury

Restoration, Darlington ...
Richard Clowes ...
Robert Burns
Rock, Trichinopoly
Rose, Cheapside ...
Rose, Marylebone
Royal

Royal Athelstan .
Koyal Brunswick, Sheffield.
Royal Cumberland, Bath ..
Royal Kent, Chatham
Royal Naval
Royal Naval College
Royal Oak

Royal Somerset House
Royal Sussex
Royal Sussex, Repton
Royal Sussex, Worthing ...
Roval Union, Uxbridge
St.' Albans 231, 232, 292,

St. Andrew, Kilwinning ...
St. Antoine
St. David, Bangor
St. George and Corner
Stone ... 211,

George, Hamburg
George, W T indsor
Hilda, South Shields ...
James, Uxbridge
John and St.
Malta

John, Kilwinning
John's, Leicester
John's, London
John's, Salford
John's, Sunderland
John's, Torquay
John's, Windsor
John the Baptist.
Exeter . . . 28G,

231,

277,
14,

274
395
240
240
395

14
292, 302
293
331
294
386
235

15
285
102
332
305
295
293

79
296
294
164
213

302,

14, 81, 232,

210, 279,

332,

St.
St.
St.
St.
St.

St.
St.
St.
St,
St.
St.
St,
St.

, 74
231

15
213
214
213
212
331
303
283
294
395
323
395
369

79
389
292
285
216
101
293
234
235
292
331
320
313
288
388
283
334
296

280, 292
334
317
295

285

Paul

285

296
284
295
293
296
293
102
317

293, 296

Lodges referred to :

PAGE.

St. John the Baptist,

Luton

281

St. Mary, Bridport

330

St. Michael's. Crieff

105

St. Paul's ' ... 13

, 295

, 386

St. Paul's Head, Ludgate...

213

St. Peter's, Wolverhampton

296

Salopian, Shrewsbury

288

Scientific, Cambridge

293

Scientific, Wolverton

375

Shakespear 284, 287

, 294

, 331

Shakespeare, Warwick

296

Ship, St. Ives

283

Silurian

276

Sincerity, Plymouth

295

Somerset House 13

305

, 389

Somerset Masters

330

Stewards

Strong Man

105

Sugar Loaf, Great Queen

Street

213

Sun, Clare Market

165

Sun, Strand

213

Sun, St. Paul's Churchyard

Swalwell

278

Swan and Falcon, Hereford

Swan, Covent Garden

107

Swan, Gloucester

, 91

Swan, Hampstead

Swan, Long Acre

159

Talbot, Channel Row

Talbot, Halifax

Talbot, Westminster

212

Temperance

295

Temperance, Portsmouth ...

331

Three Crowns, East Smith-

field

Three Tuns, Newgate Street

Trent

274

Trinity, Coventry

276,

295

Truth, Bombay

236,

330

Turk's Head, Soho

, 76

Turk's Head, Temple Bar...

211,

212

Tuscan

13,

165

Two Black Posts, Maiden

Lane

107

Tyne

296

Union, Chichester 280,

287,

293

Union, Norwich

277

Unions ...

331

United Service, Portsmouth

331

Unity

235,

286

Unity, Crewe

276

Unity, Ringwood

294

Universal

295

Vine, Long Acre

West India and America ...

Westminster and Keystone..

306

Wheatsheaf, Gloucester

White Bear, Strand

White Horse, York

White Swan, Covent Garden

107

Wilma Lathoni ...

395

Wiltshire, of Fidelity, Devizes

384

Windsor

256

Wit-ham, Lincoln

288

Wolseley, Manchester

102

Yarborough

274

London Scholars Society
Long-nosed Club, The ...
Lords, Society of
Loyal Association, The
Loyal Britons, Society of

387

392

100

Index.

Local Britons, Society of Indepen-
dent
Loyal Georges, Society of
Loyal Georgians, Society of
Loyal United Britons, Society of...
Lumber Troopers, Society of
Lushington, City of
Lusorists, Literary Society of
Lying Club, The'

Magna-Charta-rites, The

Manifestation, Brethren of the ...

Mansion House, London

Masonic Mustard Seeds, Order of

Masters' Lodges . . . 79,

Mechanics. Order of

Mendicants' Club

Mermaid, Club at the

Middle Chamber, Entrance to the

Mirth and Jollity, Friends of

Mithra, The Cult of ...

Mitre Tavern Society

Mock Masonic Lodge, Formation

of a
Modern Cousins, Grand Lodge of
Modern Order of Jerusalem Sols...
Mohocks, The
Moira Apron, The
Moira, Earl of ; an appreciation of
Moira Lodge, London, possesses

relics of the Earl of Moira ...
Momus, Sons of
Montserrat, Lodges in ...
Moon, Knights of the ...
Mourning Bush Club, The
Mourning in Masonic Lodges
Mug-house Clubs
Museodians, Society of...
Mustard Seeds, Order of Masonic

Nails, Order of
Neptune, Sons of
Never Fret Society, The
Non-Jurors and Freemasons
No-pay-no-liquor Club, The
Norman Society
Northerns, The Free
Noviomagians, Society of
Nulli Secundus Club, The
Nul-Tiel Record, Court of

October Club, The
Octoganians, Order of
Odd Fellows, Club of ...
Odechorolegeans, Society of
Officers of Grand Lodge, First

appointments of
Old Kit's Sons
Old Rogate Friendly Society
Old Souls, Order of ..."
Old time punishments ...
Orange Society
Orphea Society. Th°
Oxfordshire Club, The ...

Paroquets, Society of
Pauls, Order of
Poors, Clubs of
Perpentashler ...

Persons referred to : -

Acton, Mr.
Adams, Brn.

28, 41

50
55

55
, 55

83
354

269

109, 177

_ 274

55, 56

8, 56

263

41, 47

336

356
56
64
56
6
81

4
66, 69
79
53
57
335
57
83
55

386

355

58
57

89,

350

380

100

233

274

59
59
59

258

Persons referred to :

A., E

Aldworth, Mm

241

Agar, James

Alanson, Matthew

159

Aldhous, Bra.

297

Allen, Edward

Alsop, Robert

Amry,

209

Anderson, Itev. James

377

Andrew, M. P. ...

Andrews, James

158

Andrews, William

233

Angus, G.

273

Annesley, Alexander

Ansell, Mrx.

Anson, Thomas

Antrim, Marquis of

Armitage, Edward

374

Arne, Dr. T. A.

Arthur, John

4 l

Asperne, James ...

Asperne, John

Aspinall, Mr.

220

Aston, Richard

Atherton, Joseph

312

Aubrey, John

Avres, "William

A., W.

Bagley, Sam.

162

Bailie, W.

Ball, Edward

160

Ball, John

165

Ball, Sam.

16!

Banton,

211

Barbier, Daniel ...

163

Barker, Henry

Barker, Jacob

234

211
162

Jj a. 1 Ilo , ...

Barnshaw, Thomas

Barr, Mr.

Barr, Thomas

211

Barrass, llev. S.

266

Barrell, Isaac

Barron, Thomas ...

211

Bans, Francis

.. 166, 215

Barrv, lien. Dr. ...

Barton, W.

211

Baskett, S. R.

234

Bastert, H.

375

Bate, O. H.

321

Bates, Mr.

Baxter, Mr. ... .

Baythorn, J.

Beamish, R. J.

330

Beaufort, Duke of

10, 381, 393

Bell, Mrs.

Bell, Seymour 106, 2

73, 282, 334

Bellas, George

16, 393

Bellew, Patrick ...

Bengough, GeorgB

161

Benjamin, John

335

Benn, William

Bennett, Thomas

Bennett, W. H. ...

Bennett, W. P. ...

330

Bentinck, Capt. ...

Bentley, Tom

Benton, Francis ...

Benwell. lira.

Bernardeau, Dan.

159

Berrie, John

Berry, H. F.

289

Besant, Sir Walter

Best, Tiro.

. 302, 305

Bethell, Slingsby

387

XVI.

Persons referred to : —

Bhawanidas Batra, Lala

Biggs,

Biographer, Alderman
Birch, Mr.
Birch, Samuel
Blackerby, Nathaniel
Blackford, J.
Blackwell, Alexander
Blake, Mr.
Blakesley, Thomas
Blanchard, Mr.
Blanchard, Will ...
Blood, John N. ...
Bohn, H. G.
Bollis, Sir John ...
Bologna, Bro.
Bott, T. P.
Booth, Thomas
Bourgeois, Lewis Francis
Boutell, F. H. Chevallier
Bowen, Mr.
Bowring, Josiah ...
Bradshaw, John ...
Branscombe, T.
Brawn, Theophilus
Brayley, E. W. ...
Brazen, John
Brereton, Lord
Brett, G.
Bristow, W.
Britton, John
Brockwell, Hev. Charl.'S
Browne, Alexander
Brookesbanks, lira.
Brooks, William ...

Brown,

Brown, Ohhristopher
Brown, Mr.
Brown, Paul
Brownbill, Francis
Brougham, Lord ...
Buchanan, Norman
Buck, Mr.
Bukerel, Andrew ...
Bulkeley, Robert ...
Bunce, Edward
Burckhardt, J. C.
-Burden, Jiro.
Burden, William
Burdon, Thomas ...
Burgeois, Francis Ijewis .
Burree, W. J. C. ...
Bush, William
Butler, Col.
Butler, Hon. John
Butler, Thomas ...
Butler, William ...
Butterworth, Bro.
Byng, George
Byrom, John
Caister, Mr.
Callendar, Thomas
Calvert, Albert F.

Index.

Calwell, ...

Camden, Tjord
Cameron, Bro.
Canham, John
Capityn, J.
Cardy, Jim.
Carey, Esquire
Carnarvon, Jjord ...
Carnarvon, Marquis of
Carpenter, Col. William
Carr, Thomas
Carr, William

215,
301,

234

209

50
100
387

35
165

43
165

43
161
274

99
387
286

64
106

16
2

279, 287

209

349

387

346

64, 100

330

270

161

163

273

394

330

285

211

106

274,

391

211

375

, 78

270

211

232,

388,

106,

Persons referred to: —

Carter, Bro.
Carter, Richard ...
Caslon, William ...
Cassin, John

Cassoll,

Cave-Brown, William C.
Cazalo, William ...
Chance, Godwin ...
Chancellor, J.
Chesterfield, TmiiI
Child, William ...
Churchill, John
Cibber, Collev
C, T. ....

Clack,

Clare,

Martin

Clarence, JJulce
Clark,

Clark, Stephen
Clarke, Joseph
Clifton, Luke
Clifton, Sir Cliffo
Coates, George
Coghlan, John
Cole, Jiro.
Cole, Capt.
Cole, J. ...
Colhoun, W.
Coles, D.
Goley, Sam.
Collier, S.
Collins, Jiro.
Connell, Edward .
Conner, Walter

Cook,

Cook, Ernest H. .

Cooper, W.
Cosens,

Cowley, Will.
Cox, Jiro.
Craigie, J)r. W.

Cranston,

Cranstone,

Crawfurd, Karl of

Crawley, John

Crawley, W. J. Chetwode.

Criswick, George S.
Critchett. Mr. ...
Crompton, Elias ...
Cruttwell, Richard
Culpepper, Sir W.
Cumberland,

Cumberland, Duke, of 10, 40

Cumberlege, John

Cummings, William Hayman

Cuppage, Christopher

Curtis, Mr.

Cushin, Jiro.

Daniel, Mr.

Daniel, Thomas ...

Danson, William (2)

Danvers, Ernest

Darnlev, Earl of

Dartnell, H.

Daryell, Edward ...

Davies, B

Davies, David

Davis, William

Davison, Richard

Davison, Robert

Davy. Richard

Deane, Joseph

d'Almiada, Sir J.

de Chigwell, Richard

de Gisors, John .,,

PAGE.

164

211

395

211

166

210

16, 394

211

210

163

387

163

221

305

274

211

162

305

160

211

273

313

211

162

229

307

211

210

12, 74, 79

160

228, 234,

238, 239

234

361

387

, 247, 387

234

388

210

79, 80

279

212

210

212

159

210

270

262,

Index.

Persons referred to :

d'Eon, Chevalier

350

D'Ewes, Sir Symonds

387

Desaguliers, Dr.

12, 20, 22,

73, 77, 329

de Sallengres, Henri A.

385

des Barres,

215

i"\ rm'iii (T

210

-L/trUl llljl,, ...

Delany, George ...

165

Dent, Bro.

334

Dermott, Laurence

389

Devon, Michael ...

375

Devonshire, Duke of

Dewar, Bro.

Dillon, Charles

393

Dillon, Hon. Charles

381

Dinely, Sir John

350

Dobson, Thomas ...

. 16. 393

Dodd, Frank

330

Dods, Robert

212

Douwes, J.

375

Douglas, Copt. W.

Douglas de Fenzi, C. W. P

Dover, James

212

Doyle, Col. C. J.

Drawater, Mr.

Dring, E. H. 238, 2

13, 275, 321

Drury, Ensor

Dubois,

215

Dubois, Isaac

166

Duckett, William

273

Duke, R,

273

Dumolo, William

234

Dumoulin, Pierre

210

Dunekerlev, Thomas

14, 91, 359

Dunlop, Cnpt. W. B.

Dunmore, William

'. 210, 212

rtnTiiT

210

Dyer, Charles

163

Dyer, George

Eadds, Esau

238

East, Alfred T. ...

234

Eastou, Henry

162

Edge, John Henry

395

Edwards. C. Lewis

225

Efford, C. F.

330

Egelsham, Wells

Flv

Emberton,

212

Entick, Itev. John

378

Errington, George

Erskine, Mr.

Evans, Mr.

Evatt,

210

Everard, Sir Richard

387

Everett, R. E. ...

105

Eyling, John Thomas

Farrell, James

Faulkner, Bro.

286

Faulding, A. J. ...

235

Feakins, John

Fennings, R.

273

Figg, - •■-

Figg. Mr.

326

Finch, W.

Finch, William

241

Fisher, John

212 1

Fleetwood, Bro. ...

393

Fleming, Robert

212

Flight, Mr.

Foley, Hon. Andrew

Foley, Lord

70, 85

Folkes, Martin ...

"Pnrf

212
54

J? OI U, ...

Fortick. Sir William

Fosbrooke, Bro. ...

393

Persons referred to : —

Foster, (2)

Foster, T.
Fourdi-inier, C.

Fournier, . .

Fournier, Francis

Fox, C. J.

Francis, Bio.

Francis, Thomas 233, 30

Fraser, James

Eraser , Thomas

Frederick, Prince of Wales

Frederick the Great

Freer, Jonathan

Fremolt, ...

French, Bro.
Frere, Sir Bartle
Fretwell, Allen
Friend, Bro.
Galloway, Charles
Garthorne, George
Gates, Alfred
Gatshill, Bro.
Gaudry, Mr.

Gavey,

Gaywood, Mrs.

Geary, Admiral Francis

George, Mr.

George, Prince of Wales

Gibbon, Bev. Mr.

Gidlev, John

Giraud, F. F.

G., J

Glynn, Serjeant ...

Glover,

Goddard, John

Goden,

Godfrey, Michael
Godfrey, Thomas
Godwin, Bro.
Goldsmith, Oliver
Goldsworthy, J. H.
Goodall, Reginald
Gordon, Anthony
Gordon, Lord George
Gordon, Mr.
Gordon, William
Goudge, Bro.
Gough, Charles 101, 22.

Gould, R. F
Graham,

Graham, Mr.
Grant, Sir William K.
Gray, William
Greene, Dr. G. A.
Griffiths, Bro.
Griffiths, R •
Grinsell, Thomas ...
Grose, Gapt. Francis

Guerier, . . .

Gunston, M.
Gvfford, Mr.
Hadden ; J. Cuthbert
Haddon, Bev. Dr.
Hake, Augustus ...
Hake, Mr.
Hale, Sir Matthew
Hales, Peter
Hall, Christopher
Hall, Edward
Hall, John
Hamilton, James
Hamilton, T.
Hamlyn, J. F.
Hammett, Sir Benjamin
Hamnett, Richard

12, 7.

335,
73.

238,

282,

355,

212

273

210

374

395

326

160

210

393

387

158

162

274

212

387

247

163

235

159

267

286

. 83

106

395

246

320

166
345

389

360

212

106

225

286

387

210

391

ii-i

231

330

xx.

halt

Persons referred to : —

Philips, John

Picard, Sir Henry

268

Pick, Richard

163

Pickering, G. A.

332

Piggott, Lord

Pilkington, Herbert

332

Pilkington, liev. J. H.

332

Pilkinton,

211

Pinder, William . . .

Pitt, William

P., J. ...

36, 62

Piatt, Mr.

Plunket, J.

Poole, John

211

Potier, William . . .

iio

Potter Mr.

Potter, William ...

164

Powell, A. Cecil 0, 1

06, 229, 297

Powell, John P.

387

Powell, AY.

Powlett, Earl of

P., P.

Pratt, Thomas Boulton

Preston, William ...

.. 11, 378

Price, A. B.

235

Prichard, D.

Pridham. liiv.

286

Prime, W. C.

289

Pring, liro.

298

P., S. ...

Pulley, John

Quay, Samuel

Quin, James

389

Baboteau,

213

Bainsford, W.

Baleigh, Sir Walter

Bamsker, Paul

221

Bashliegh, Robert

Rawlinson, Sir Thomas

Ray, John

162

Rayal, Sir Multus

Bayleigh, Peter . . .

Read. Capt.

Read, Mr.

Read, John

394

Reeve, liro.

393

Reilley, liro.

Reynolds, C

211

Richardson, C. W.

236

Richmond, Duke of

77, 85

Ritz. H. B.

332

R., J

30, 49

Roach, Thomas

Bobarts, Abraham

Roberts, liro.

393

Robbins, Alfred F.

326

Robins, C.

279

Robinson, Will.

161

Robinson. William

386

Robison. John

Rodd, Mr.

Roese, L.

282

Roff, Charles

335

Rogers, Thomas . . .

166

Roper, Thomas

213

Rose. Mr.

271

Rotherham, Roe ...

159

Roy, Robert

332

Royle, Ralph

Royn, liro.

Ruspini, Bart.

.. 10. 229

Russell,

213

R utter. John

335

St. Leger, Mis.* ■■■

241

Salisbury, Alderman

50. 66

Persons referred to : —

l>Acfi.

Salmon, W. V.

106

Salter, James

Samber, Robert . . .

385

Sample, John

211

Sancroft, William

Sanders, James ...

273

Sanders, Prince . . .

352

Sandwich, Earl of

Scargill, liro.

'■Virlrtt

213
97

tJCttl le LL, ...

Scott, liev. Mr. ...

Scott, William

Seulthorp, Edward

161

Seal} - , John

Selby, James

Selby, John

Senior, J.

273

Shackle, Thomas ...

225

Sharland, Mr.

286

Shaver, W. M. ...

332

Shaw. Israel

222

Shee, James

Shewell, liro.

Shrier, E.

236

Shutter, C.

Sibley, Dr

Simon, John

Simpson, J. P.

374

Sinclair, A rchdeuco n

387

S., J.

Skelton, John Henry

Slade, Alexander . . .

Slap, J.

213

Sloane, Mr.

Sloane, Sir Hans

S., M.'

370

Smith, John

Smith, Thomas

53, 241, 296

Smith, William ... 166, 375, 378

Soddy, R. J.

Soens, William

213

Songhurst, W. J.

299

Sparks, Mr.

326

Spencer, Charles ...

Springer, liro.

229

Springer, Joshua . . .

230

Spurrier, Thomas

213

Stainton, P.

106

Stanhope, William

214

Stanlev, Mr.

Stead, Thos.

Steele, liro.

393

Steinmetz, liro. ...

Stephenson, John

165

Stewart, liro.

286

Stonecastle, Henry

Strathmore, Earl of

Stringer, James . . .

Stukeley, Dr. William

371

Sunderland, Earl of

Sussex, Duke of 5

11, 34, 334

Sutton, liro.

Sutton, Robt. Christopher

Swiney, liev. Dr.

231

Talman, liev. James

359

Tankard. Alderman

Tate, Robert

288

Taubman, E. T. ...

332

Taylor, John

Teynham, Earl

Teynham. Lord

Theobald. John

160

Thomas, Charles ...

165

Thomas. Franklin

101

Thomas, Franklin T.

. 102

1 tulc.t.

ixi.

Persons referred to: —

Franklin Matliew
Mr.

Thomas
Thomas
Thomas, W. K. ...
Thompson, C. j. ...
Thompson, John C.
Thompson, Mr.
Thompson, R.
Thompson, Sir John
Thornhill. Sir James
Thorp, John T. ...
Thorpe, T. H.
Titherly, 13 ru.

Tobart,

Todd, Mr.
Toomey, M. A.
Townley, Samuel . . .
Townshend, Lord John
Trafford, lira.
Trevey, Nath.
Trevor, Hugh

Tringham,

Trubshaw. George
Tuekett, J. E. S.

Tulse. Sir Henry ...

Tuppen, ...

Turk, John
Turner, Sir Edward
Ilmfreville, 13ro. ...
I T nderwood, James
Upton, Bro.
Vendelkuntz, John
Victor, Charles
Vinsley, Philip

Vinson,

Vipont, liro.
Vipont, Henry
Virgo, "Wm.
Vistry, Martin
Voulair, Isaac
Waghorn, Mr.
Waite, George
"Wakefield. Sir Charles,
Walker, John
Walker, William ...
Waller, liro.
Walks, George
Walpole, Horace . . .
Walpole, Sir Robert
Walter, E.
Waltingham, R. B.
Walton, Isaak

Ward, '■

Ward, Edward
"Ward, Lord
Ware, Mary
Wariier, Rev. John
Warner, Rev. Richard
Waters, Samuel ...
Watkis, Richard ...
Watson, Brook
Watson, James
Watson, J. Colvin

Watts.

Watts, Mr.
War, Sir Samuel J.
Webb, John
Webb, Richard ...
Welday, 13ro.
"Wenivs, Maior
West" Bro.
West, Mr*.
Westcott, AV. Wyim
Wetherstono. liro.
Weymouth, Lord

85.

334,
385,

101

334

332

236

273

320

286

214

332

10, 43

163

214

375,

386

387

106

393

161

211

161

214

9, 72

211

164

269

221

161

391

9, 72

334

365

346

214

211

238

236

164

214

314.
12.

210

230

336

Persons referred to :

Whi taker,
White,

Bro.

White, Bro.
White, Mr.
White, W. H.
Whitehead, J ohn . .
Whitehead, Paul ..
Wilkes, John

Wilkinson. S. B.
Willett, Bro.
Williams, Adin
Williams, Brasiehl
Williams, Bro.
Williams, Mr.
Williams, William
Williamson, J.
Willoughby, Bro.
Wilson, Bro.
Winnington, ,S'<V T
Winzer, A.

W., J

Wolfe, Edward H.
Wolfe, Sir Jacob
Wonnacott, W. 6

Wood, Albert
Woodfin, Bro.
Woodman, W.
Wools, Bro.
Wormal, George . .
Wray, Sir Cecil
Wren, Bro.
Wymi, Sir Watkin
Yates, Samuel
Yelverton, Barry .
York, Duke of
Young, John

247

335

214

15, 47, 58, 82,

91, 100, 391

296

393

102

315

378

163

247

E. ... 70

38, 40

'332

361

, 71, 107, 226, 239,

374, 382, 386

312

164

236

... 76, 246

... 302, 305

W. ... 85

221

163

Pewter Pot Club. The ...
Phaetons, Society of
Philanthropic Society, The
Philileutherians, House of
Philippian Order
Philodracosanguinarians, Society
Philoperisteron, Society of
Pinearians, Order of
Pious Club , The
Piscinarians, Fraternity of
Pizy Club, The
Plume, Knights of the ...
Porponians, Society of ...
Portman Debating Society
Princely Society, The
Prison, Lodge said to have be:

held in a
Prussian Garde du Corps
Punishments in XV. Centurv
Purple Society, The
Purples, Society of the ...

59
59
59
59
22
59
43
59
88
60
60
54
60
83
60

393

233

Qua Ca Bittes, Company of ... 60
Quarterly elections of Lodge officers 109, 215

Rampant Horse, Knights of the ... S3

Rams, Society of Ancient ... 30

Ray, James ... ... ... 386

Reason and Humanity, Temple of 83

Reffley Society, The ... ... 95

Religious Freemasons, Order of ... 55

Bight, AVrong or Right Club, The 95

Rivers, Conflux of ... ... 60

Hoast Fowl and Short Cake Society 60

Robinliood Society ... ... 82

Rose, Free and Easy under the ... 46, 99

wmviwmmm

53 »

55 *2

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(X $a

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Index.
ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

Certificate. Strong Man Lodge ... 105

Handkerchief ... ... .... 334

Jewels, engraved and pierced 335, 374, 375

Mithraic stone slab ... ... 339

Portraits: F. W. Levander Frontispiece

,, . John Britton ... 348

,, William Jerdan ... 349

,, Francis Grose ... 349

,, Richard Warner ... 356

,, Thomas Dunckerloy ... 3-57

Summons, Society of the Gang ... 80

,, Tuscan Lodge ... 8

Bedford Lodge ... 9
,, Lodge at t li-o Key and

Garter ' ... 16

PACE.

Summons, Lodge not identified ... 17

,, St. Paul's Lodge .... 24
., Lodge of Peace and

Plenty ... 25

Brothers of St. Patrick 32

Cat and Fiddle Society 33

Society of Chins ... 48
Royal Georgionian

Society ... 49

., Roval Cumbrian Society 56

Order of Bucks 57, 58', 59, 72, 73

Ticket, Leeds Masonic Benefit
Society
., JjOge <le VE ape ranee
,, Society of Cockneys

Free and Easy round the
Rose
Tracing Boards and Lodge Cloths...

224
73

41
252 - 297

CONTRIBUTORS.

Bate, O. H. ...
Horry, H. F. ...

Calvert, Albert F.
Carr, Thomas ...
Craigie, I'rojesxnr W. A.

Dring, E. H ...

Edwards, C. Lewis

Francis, T.

Gough, C.
Greene. Dr. G. A.

Hextall, W. B.
Hills, Gordon P. G.

Hope, Andrew ...
Horslev, Cunim J. W.

215, 301, 388,

243,

101, 225

91, 312,

80,

364,
215,

368,
265,

348,

84,

321

289

391

270
307

321

225

307

320
345

389
316.
365
309
344

James, F. T. ...

Kelly, W. Redfern

Lepper, J. Heron
Levander, F. W.
Lovegrove, Henry

Mitchell, John C.

Powell, A. Cecil
Prime, W. C. ...

Bobbins, Alfred F.

Songhurst, W. J.

Thorp, John T.
Tuckett, J. E. S.

. 96, 214, 296,

85, 385,

Wostcott, T)r. Wm. Wvnn

Wonnacott, W. 71, 107, 239, 382,

310

345
376
311

386

297
289

326

299

320
386

336

386

|ltS^jM^4lfe' i i

BEING THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE

Quatuor Coronati Lodge of A.F. & A.M., London,

No. 20T6.

VOLUME XXIX.

FRIDAY, 7th JANUARY, 1916.

HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. \V.
Wonnacott, W.M. ; W. B. Hextall, I. P.M. ; F. W. Levander, S.W.;
Cecil Powell, J.W.; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain; W. J.
Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C, Secretary; Gordon Hills, I.G. ; F. J. W.
Crowe, P.A.G.D.C, P.M.; J. P. Simpson, P.A.G.R., P.M.; and Count
Goblet d'Alviella.

Also the following members of the Correspondence Circle: — Bros.
M. d« Smet de Naeyer, G. Smets Mondez, C. J. S. O'Grady, Bedford McNeill, J. Robert
Green, Robert J. Soddy, Hugh C. Knowles, Dr. William Hammond, P.G.D., C. R. Mansell,
Percy G. Mallory, A. H. Dymond, Paul H. Duchaine, It. W. Turner, Fred Armitage,
John Church, W. F. Keddell, L. G. Wearing, Walter Dewes, S. J. Fenton, J. F. H.
Gilbard, H. Hyde, R. E. Everitt, James Scott, George Turner, F. C. Turner, J. Walter
Hobbs, Cecil J. Rawlinson, W. A. Tharp, A. C. Beal, C. Gough, S. W. Rodgers, W. J.
Spratling, P.G.S.B., George Carter, A. G. Boswell, James Powell, P. A. G.Reg., W. Wyld,
H. Coote Lake, Dr. S. Walshe Owen, and W. Jobson Home.

Also the following Visitors : — Bros. E. B. Chappell, of the Burdett Coutts Lodge
No. 1278; W. C. Ullman, of the Lion and Lamb Lodge No. 192; L. S. Compton, of the
United Wards Lodge No. 2987; Cameron R. Stewart, of the Richard-Eve Lodge No. 2772;
T. A. Garner, of the Robert Mitchell Lodge No. 2956; A. Hawes, of the Royal Albert
Hall Lodge No. 2986; and R. J. Lake, of the Cecil Lodge No. 449.

Letters of apology for non-attendance were received from Bros. E. Conder, 1, R. ;
Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley, G.Treas., Ireland; G. Greiner, P.A.G.D.C; William
Watson; F. H. Goldney, P.G.D. ; J. P. Rylands; Dr. H. F. Berry, I.S.O.; T. J.
Westropp; S..T. Klein, L.R. ; Hamon le Strange, Pr.G.M., Norfolk; Admiral Sir Albert
Markham, P.Dis.G.M., Malta; J. T. Thorp, P.A.G.D C. ; Edward Armitage,
P.Dep.G.D.C. ; and Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, P.G.D.

2 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

One Lodge and nineteen Brethren were admitted to membership of the
Correspondence Circle.

The Report of the Audit Committee, as follows, was received, adopted, and
ordered to be entered on the Minutes : —

PERMANENT AND AUDIT COMMITTEE.

The Committee met at the Offices, No. 52, Great Queen Street, on Monday, the
3rd January, 1916.

Present: — Bro. W. Wonnacott, in the Chair, with Bros". Dr. W. Wynn Westcott,
J. P. Simpson, F. W. Levander, Gordon Hills, W. J. Songhurst, Secretary, and A. S.
Gedge, Auditor.

The Secretary produced his Books and the Treasurer's Accounts and Vouchers,
which had been examined by the Auditor, and certified as being correct.

The Committee agreed upon the following

REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1915.
Beethren,

It is with regret that we have to record the death, on 26th March last, of Bro.
Robert Freke Gould, a Founder and Past Master of the Lodge : the total membership
is thereby reduced to thirty-four.

The St. John's Card for 1914 shewed a total of 3,287 members of the Correspondence
Circle. Included in this total are about 100 names of those with whom communication
has had to be suspended owing to the War. During the year under review only 153
names have been added to the list, while 254 have been removed: — 60 by death, 139 by
resignation, and 55 for non-payment of dues; a net loss on the year of 101.

The lamented death of Bro. Ernest Danvers, P.G.D., D.Dis.G.M., caused a vacancy
in the local Secretaryship in the Argentine ; and we have to express thanks to Bro. F. H.
Chevallier Boutell, Dis.G.M., for consenting to continue the work on our behalf. Other
changes under this head have been the regretted resignations of Bro. Cap"- W. B. Dunlop.
in the Punjab, and Bro. W. H. Bennett, in Natal. For ihe last-named district we are
fortunate in securing the kind services of Bro. C. W. P. Douglas de Fenzi, P.G.D.,
Dis.G.Sec. In Derbyshire, where no Local Secretary has hitherto been appointed, Bro.
T. H. Thorpe has been good enough to undertake to look after our interests. Our best
thanks are due to all the seventy brethren who act in this capacity, for much good Work
and ready assistance.

The accounts herewith presented are perhaps better than might have been expected,
the work of the year shewing a loss of £95 15s. 8d. against £167 0s. 2d. for 1914, and
this loss is entirely attributable to the amount written off for depreciation of Investments.
The arrears of Back Subscriptions have been reduced to a fairly satisfactory extent, but
it will be seen that over £450 remains outstanding for 1915 alone.

Transactions of the, Quat-iior Coronati Lody'e. 3

A complete change in the Secretary's Clerical staff has effectually prevented the
issue of another volume of Reprints, but it is hoped that good progress will be possible
during the coming year.

The rooms at No. 52, Great Queen Street, which have inadequately served as the
home of the Lodge for nearly seven years, have now become completely choked with the
ever-increasing Library and Museum. An opportunity recently presented itself of
acquiring No. 27, Great Queen Street, which is more conveniently situated. The lease
has now been signed, and the removal of the Lodge property will be effected as soon as
the necessary work in the new premises is completed. This will give good accommoda-
tion for present requirements as well as for extension, and, moreover, will provide a
useful and much needed reading room for students.

For the Committee,

W. WONNACOTT,

in the Chair.

BALANCE SHEET, 30th November, 191S.

Liabilities.

To Life Members' Fund (221
Members)

,, Subscriptions^ etc.,. received
in advance

,, Correspondence Circle, 1914
Balance in hand

,, Sundry Creditors

., Sundry Creditors re Publi-
cations

,, Profit and Loss Suspense
Account, being outstand-
ing Subscriptions as per
contra, subject to realiza-
tion

., Lodge Account — £ s. d.
Balance 30th

Nov.. 1914 .. 102 11 8
Receipts ... 32 11

£ s. d.

1429 2 6
116 16 8

500
6

Zeis Payments

135 2
63 11

36 6

753

71 11 2

£2912 16 9

Assets.

By Cash at London, County and
Westminster Bank, Ltd.,

Oxford Street :

„ Investment, £1,300 Consols

at 60 per cent.
,, Sundry Debtors for Publica-
tions
,, Sundry Publications
., Furniture — £ s. d.

Balance 1st Decem-
ber, 1914 ... 52 2
Less Deprecia-
tion for the
year 13 19 2

Sundrv Debtors

for

Subscriptions

arrear —

1915 Correspon-

dence Circle

.. 456

1914 ditto

.. 180

1913 ditto

.. 69

1912 ditto

.. 36

1911 ditto

1910 ditto

.. 2

1909 ditto

.. 2

£ s. d.

573 17. 6

780

70 17
439 13

Profit and Loss Account

753

257

38 1

£2912 16 9

Transactions of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT for the year ending
30th November, 1915.

3>c.

£ s. d.
To Balance brought forward from

last Account ... ... 161 7 1

,, Balance brought forward ... 95 15 8

£257 2 9

ffiv.

£ s.

To Salaries

. 375

Correspondence

, , Rent ... . . . '

. 114

Circle Joining

„ Lighting and Firing

. 16

Fees, 1915 ...

77 .3

,, Stationery

. 46

1915 Subscript' ns

318 10

,, Postages

. 223

1914 ditto

385 13

,, Office Cleaning

. 21

1913 ditto

32 16

,, Renewals and Repairs

)(

1912 ditto

3 14

,, Insurance

. 16

;)

1911 ditto

1 1

„ Telephone, etc.

1910 ditto

,, Carriage and Sundries

. 11

1909 ditto

,, Local Secretaries' Expenses 2

820

,, Library Account

. 42

Back Transac-

,, Depreciation on Furniture 13

tions ...

21 5

,, Investments:

Lodge Publica-

Amount written off

. 104

) i

tions ...

Various Publica-
tions ...

Interest on Con-
sols

Discounts

Life Members ...

20 18

2 4

28 15
13 1
12 12

8
3

98
95

Balance carried forward

£1014 13 11

£1014

£ s. d.
By Balance carried forward ... 257 2 9

£257 2 9

This Balance Sheet does not include the value of the Library and Museum. and
the Stock of Transactions, and is subject to the realization of Assets.

I have examined the above Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account with the
Books and Vouchers of the Lodge, and certify the same to be correct and in accordance
therewith.

ALFRED S. GEDGE,

Chartered Accountant,

3, Great James Street,

Bedford Row, W.C.

The Secretary called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.

By Bro. R, J. Soddy, AV.M., Moira Lodge No. 92.

1. The Moira Jewel, presented to the Earl of Moira, Acting G. Master, on 27th
January, 1813, by subscription of the Craft. It has had the diamonds removed
and paste substituted, and in its present condition is without the collar from
which it was suspended.

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodye. 5

In a circle of brilliants, on a deep blue enamel ground is a compass and
sector enclosing a five pointed rayed star in the centre of which is the letter G,
the whole of these as well as the suspending ring being set with diamonds

On the back is the following inscription : —

Presented in open Grand Lodge the 27th day of January A.D. 1813
A.L. 5817 to Brother The Earl of Moiua K.G. &c. &c. &c. As a token
of Fraternal Affectionate and Respectful Gratitude for his Zealous
Constant and faithful discharge of the important Trust reposed in his
Lordship as M.W. Acting Grand Master during a period of upwards
of 21 Years

On a garter enclosing this inscription are, the words: —

Society of Free and Accepted Masons oe England His Royal
Highness The Prince Regent M.W. Grand Master.

On the reverse side of the plate which now appears at the back is another
inscription to the following effect: —

Presented by His Royal Highness Augustus Frederick Duke of Sussex,
Most Worshipful Deputy Grand Master of Free and Accepted Masons :
Most Excellent and Supreme Principal of the Royal Arch & Most
Eminent Grand Master of Knights Templars of England &C..&C. &c.

Originally the collar had seven row s of fine gold chain with five ornamental
badges or clips set with brilliants. This and the jewel, said to have been of
the value of £1,500, were the design and workmanship of Bro. J. C. Burckhardt,
who only charged cost price, for which he wis publicly thanked by the Com-
mittee of Managers.

Full details of the Presentation Festival and illustrations of the Jewel
were published in pamphlet form by James Asperne in February, 1813.

2. Patent of Appointment as Acting G. Master of the Royal Arch for the District
of the East Indies, dated 22nd December, 1812, is signed only by the Duke of
Sussex, who by special resolution of Grand Chapter was instructed to do so
on behalf of the Grand Masters of the Order.

3. Petition for the Constitution of the Moira Lodge of Freedom and Fidelity
(? Friendship and Fidelity) Calcutta, a Lodge which was never registered in
the Books of G.Lodge, and was the only one sanctioned by the Earl of Moir.i
as Acting G. Master of India. The Warrant was granted on the 8th of
November, 1813, the first Master being Major General Sir Wm. Keir Grant,
and the Wardens Colonel C J. Doyle and Commodore John Hayes. The Lodgo
ceased working in 1821 and the Warrant was returned in 1823. As the
Provincial Grand Lodge of Bengal was re-established shortly after the date of
this Warrant other new Lodges were formed under the sanction of this body
instead of holding directly from the Acting G. Master. (Refer to Lane's
Masonic Records, p. 467.)

4. A series of aprons and clothing worn by Lord Moira in the Craft and other
Degrees : —

a. E.A. apron, said to have been worn by him as Lord Rawdon at his
initiation. '

6 Transaction* of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

b. Acting Grand Master's apron, lined with purple silk, size 14in. by 13in.,
edged 4Jin. deep, with purple apron strings and bullion tassels.

c. Grand Officer's apron, lined with blue silk, edging 4in. deep, with strings
and tassels, size 15in. by 12in.

d. A similar apron but measuring 13in. by lOJin., edging 3iin. deep.

e. Another apron precisely similar to the last but with 4in. edging, and very
much faded.

/. Grand Lodge apron lined with dark blue silk, with heavy gilt fringe,
and embroidered on the flap with the Grand Master's emblem, with 4in.
edging, apron strings and tassels. This is said to have been Lord Moira's
full dress apron as Acting Grand Master for India.

(j. Apron lined with green silk, with ljin. edging, size 17Jin. by 16in., which
may be a Scotch apron, as Lord Moira was Acting G. Master for Scotland
from 1806, or it may be a Country Steward's apron.

h. Royal Arch apron, with edging 2in. deep of the usual indented pattern
and emblem on the flap.

i. Royal Arch sashes, one with gilt fringe and emblem on a button, the other
with silk fringe and plain button.

j. Collar of Acting First G. Principal in the Royal Arch.

k. Rose Croix collar and jewel.

I. Knight Templar Sash wfth white silk rosette, and another with silver
fringe and emblems.

m. Knight Templar's collar stock.

■n. Knight Templar's star.

o. A white leather apron, with the letter A stamped in red on the flap. This
has not been identified.

p. Ne Plus Ultra apron, of white- silk on which are painted the various
emblems of that Order.

5. Parchment Address on two skins, measuring four feet by two feet, in Persian
and Bengali, presented to Lord Moira by the principal notabilities of Calcutta
on his return from the successful Pindari War, and signed with numerous
signatures in the two languages, one being in English, and stamped with the
seals of the signatories in black and smoke. It bears the date 1318. In one
case where no seal was available the signatory has impressed his thumb mark.

The above exhibits have been presented by Miss Edith Hastings and Lady Maud
Hastings to the Moira Lodge, and will form the nucleus of a Museum, which has since
been formed, of relics of the Earl of Moira.

By Bro. C. Powell, J.W., and Bro. J. Littleton, Bristol.

6. The Moira Apron, worn in 1813-1815 by "VV.Bro. Wm. Powell, and now the
property of the Moira Lodge of Honour, Bristol. This was published by L.
Hayes, of Bristol, on the 31st of March, 1813.

By Bro.W. Wonnacott, W.M.

/7. Book plate of Lord Rawdon.

Transactions of the Qualuor Coronati Lodge. 7

THE COLLECTANEA OF THE REV. DANIEL LYSONS,

F.R.S., F.S.A.

BY BBO. F. W. LEVANDEE, P.Pr.S.G.W., P.Pr.G.J., Middlesex.

PAET II.

Clubs and Societies, chiefly in London - , including Notes from other Sources.

HE first volume of Lysons's Collectanea, which is now in our
Lodge Library, contains a considerable number of advertise-
ments and paragraphs cut from sundry newspapers respecting
eighteenth century Societies, including some concerning the
Craft. As scraps of this nature are occasionally met with
elsewhere, it is my intention in the present paper not to con-
fine myself solely to Lysons, as regards* Clubs and Societies in
the eighteenth century, chiefly in London, the number of which appears to have
been legion. Upwards of 200 are mentioned in Bro. Hextall's paper on " Some
Old-time Clubs and Societies ' n and the discussion that followed its reading. Unless
anything fresh could be brought forward concarning them, it would be undesirable
even to mention them, so that the numbar of cuttings that I could have otherwise
made use of is reduced.

It would bs well-nigh, if not quite, impossible to trace our modern Club in
all its stages from its earliest sources. But among the Greeks we may go back to
the Odyssey, the exact date of which is lost in the mists of antiquity, to find
mention of meetings for convivial purposes and social intercourse. These, however,
would correspond more to our picnics.. At these everyone furnished his share of
the feast, for which he was afterwards remunerated, or, to save trouble, one was
deputed to cater for all and was afterwards repaid. In later times several clubs
were formed at Athens for convivial, charitable or political purposes, or for all
these combined. At each meeting, which took place once a month, or even more
frequently, every member was bound to pay his subscription; should anyone fail
to do so, the amount was made up by the president, who might recover it by
whatever means he could. The earliest association corresponding at all to .oiu
modern club was probably one founded at Athens about B.C. 320; its membets
from their number called themselves " The Sixty." They had a secretary, pari;
of whose duty was to enter in a book every good thing that was uttered by a member.
Athenian clubs multiplied and were known as ipavoi or haipiai. Among
the Bomans there were various Collegia and Sodalitates, some of which Cicero tells
us were unlawful secret societies.

The earliest English Club appears to have been called "La Court de bone
Compagnie " in the early part of the fifteenth century. About a hundred years

1 A.q.C, xxvii., 25.

? Transactions of the Quatiior Coronati Lodge.

afterwards there was the Club that met at the Mermaid Tavern in Bread Street, 1
among whose members may be named Shakespeare, Donne, Beaumont, Kaleigh
f.nd other well-known men. Ben Jonson (1573-1637) was perhaps the founder, at
any rate a member, of a club that met at the Devil Tavern, between Middle Temple
Gate and Temple Bar. It was called the Apollo Club, over the convivialities of
which Jonson usually presided. One of its rules, which were in Latin and placed
in such a position that none could plead ignorance of them, was " Probae feminse
non repudiantur," Respectable women a^f. not excluded. In 1659 Aubrey (1626-
97) joined a political club called the Rota; this met at the Turk's Head in New
Palace Yard and came to an end soon after the Restoration. It was he who wrote,
" We now use the word Clubbe for a sodality in a taverne."

Besides the Rota there was an old Royalist Club called " The Sealed Knot,"
which the year before the Restoration had organised a general insurrection in favour
of the King. There was, however, a traitor in the camp, and, on the" information
of Sir Richard Willis, the leaders were arrested. The Great Plague and the Great
Fire had made such havoc and broken up society and old associations to such an
extent -that some of the better class of citizens established the Civil Club, which still
exists in the City. One of its rules was that but one person of the same trade or
profession should be a member of the Club. It is one of the few Clubs — perhaps
the only one — that number a Chaplain among their officials. From about this time
political and other Clubs grew and multiplied, so that in the eighteenth century
they were very numerous. It is to some of these that I wish to draw attention, but,
before enumerating these, which for greater convenience of reference I have
arranged in alphabetical order, will give some particulars respecting our own Order
that I have culled from Lysons's Collectanea and other sources.

That some " Lodges " were not genuine is evident from Dermott's injunction 2
to those who desired to become Freemasons " to shun Mason-clubs, that is to say,
Lodges formed without authority, for you may rest fully assured that such clubs
are generally composed of excluded members, or persons clandestinely made by
them, and consequently incapable of giving proper instruction to their pupils."
Further on 3 he calls them " tipling clubs, or societies in London, whose chief practice
consists in eating, drinking, singing, smoaking, &c. Several of these Clubs or
Societies have, in imitation of the Free-masons, called their Club by the name of
Lodges and their presidents by the title of Grand Masters or Most Noble Grand " 4
He has previously said 5 that if the would-be candidate has made such enquires as
he suggests into the authority by which the Lodge, to which he seeks admission,
acts, and has been approved of by the Lodge and Initiated " he shall pay whatso-
ever sum the Brethren shall think proper (not less than two guineas) and clothe
the Lodge, if required." In a footnote he adds, " By clothing is meant white
aprons and gloves, not only for every member of the Lodge, but also for all their

1 Burn in the Beaufoy Catalogue says: — "The Mermaid in Bread Street, the Mer-
maid in Friday Street, and the Mermaid in Cheap, were all one and the same. The
tavern, situated behind, had a way to it from these thoroughfares, hut was nearer to
Bread Street than Friday Street. The site of the tavern is clearly defined from the
circumstance of W.R., a haberdasher of small wares ' twixt Wood Street and Milk Street '
adopting the same sign ' overagainst the Mermaid Tavern in Cheapside.' " The original
meaning of haberdasher was simply dealer or pedlar.

2 Ahiman Bezon, 1801, p. xxi.
6 lb. p. xxxv.

4 We shall see numerous examples later on in corroboration of this statement,

5 Ahiman Bezon, 1801, p. xxvii,

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.E.S., F.S.A. 9

wives and sweethearts, if they require them." It will be noticed also, when we
come to deal with the various Clubs which imitate Freemasonry more or less, that
nearly all have some special epithet applied to them, especially the word " antient."

FREEMASONRY.

Grand Lodge.

The earliest information in the volumes of Collectanea respecting Grand
Lodge is dated March 21, 1741 : " Thursday the Antient and Honourable Society
of Free and Accepted Masons held their Grand and Annual Feast at Haberdashers
Hall. The Cavalcade was very grand." The nobleman appointed to be Grand
Master was James Douglas, Earl of Morton, who had been G.M. of Scotland two
years previously; having suceeded John Keith, Earl of Kintore, in the headship
of both English and Scottish Freemasonry. At the following meeting of Grand
Lodge it was ordered that no proceedings of lodges should be printed without the
consent of the G.M. or his Deputy. At that time there were 189 Lodges on the
Roll of the English Grand Lodge. 1

An advertisement cut from some unknown paper, dated 1743 only, notifies
that those Brethren " who design to wait upon the Right Hon. the Lord Ward, at
Dinner on Monday next, the 16th Inst., at Brother Vipont's, the Long Room,
Hampstead, are desir'd to take out tickets ... by Friday night at furthest,
that suitable provision may be provided."

The Daily Advertiser announced in 1744 that the Feast would be held at the
same Company's Hall on May 2 and that the Earl of Strathmore, the G.M. Elect,
invited those who were going to the Feast to breakfast at the Braund's Head in
New Bond St., and thence go in procession to the Hall. This was another instance
of a former G.M. of Scotland ruling the English Lodges. The name of the hostelry
where the breakfast was given is peculiar. Larwood and Hotten tell us 2 that there
was a noted tavern in Bond St. called The Brawn's Head, which derived its name
from The. (i.e., Theophilus) Brawn, formerly landlord of Rummer Tavern in Great
Queen Street. 3

In 1752 the Brethren " of the Most Antient and Honourable Fraternity of
Free and Accepted Masons, particularly Masters and Wardens of all regular
Lodges " were desired to meet at the Castle Tavern, Pater-noster-Row, on February
19, "to deliberate on Affairs of the utmost Importance to the Craft." This was
during the Grand Mastership of Lord Byron, who, according to Multa Faucis, was
very inactive, and the advertisement quoted above convening the meeting is perhaps
the one mentioned in that work, which says 1 that " it was the Opinion of many
old Masons to have a consultation about electing a new and more active Grand
Master, and assembled for that Purpose, according to an Advertisement, which
accidentally was perceived by our worthy Brother, Thomas Mauningham, M.D.

'Lane, Handy Book to the Lists of Lodges, 42.
'* History of Signboards, 381.

3 According to the Freemason's Pocket-booh of 1754, the first Masonic sermon that
was printed was preached at Christ Church, Boston, on 27th December, 1749, by the
Rev. Chales Brockwell, A.M., His Majesty's Chaplain at Boston, New England. (Free-
masons' Magazine, New Series, I., 230, 1859.)

4 The Complete Free Mason; or Multa Faucis for Lovers of Secrets, p. 105,

10 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

[D.G.M.], who, for the Good of Masonry, took the trouble upon him to attend at
this Assembly, and gave the Fraternity the most prudent Advice for their future
Observance, and lasting Advantage. They all submitted to our worthy Brother's
superior Judgement, and the Breach was healed." Perhaps the action of the
Antients had something to do with the calling of the meeting. The Annual Feast
was held that year on March 20, at Drapers' Hall, Throgmorton-street. A few
days previously the Brethren had been desired to meet at the King's Head, near
the Watch-House in High Hoi born, to attend the funeral of Brother Richard
Hamnett.

Lloyd's Evening Post for April 28-May 1, 1769 advertises that the Grand
Feast will be held on May 5 at Merchant Taylors' Hall; tickets half-a-guinea each.
The next issue of the same newspaper contains a short paragraph stating that the
Duke of Beaufort was then re-installed Grand Master and that the other Officers
were appointed for the ensuing year. Politics sometimes mingled with Free-
masonry. For instance, advertisements were issued 28, 29, and 30 July, 1788,
requesting the ' ' Independent Electors of the City of Westminster, who are of the
Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, ... to meet their Brother Lord
John Townshend, to breakfast at the Star and Garter, Pall Mall, at nine o'clock
To-morrow Morning, and to proceed from thence to the Hustings to poll."

In 1772 the Grand Feast was held on May 4 at Merchant Taylors' Hall,
Threadneedle Street. Apparently an error as to the date had previously been
made, for in advertisements from three different newspapers it is stated that
"Tickets delivered for the 11th of May will be received." Lord Petre was the
G.M. Elect. The Roll then numbered 425 Lodges. 1 In that year the G.M.
officially sanctioned the issue of Preston's Illustrations of Masonry.

In 1779 the Grand Feast was held at Freemasons' Hall; " Grand Lodge
will assemble at two o'clock. Dinner on table at three." The Duke of Manchester
held the office of G.M. from 1777 to 1782. The foundation stone of Freemasons'
Hall had been laid in 1775 and in the following year the building was opened. The
expenses were met by subscriptions and a commemorative medal, now very rare,
was struck. 2

On a ticket of admission to the Festival to be held April 29, 1782, is stated,
" N.B. No Brother admitted uncloathed or Armed."

We get some information regarding the Country Feasts. 3 That for 1783
was held at the Long Room, Hampstead. Among the Stewards appears the name
of the Chevalier Bartholomew Ruspini/ Surgeon-Dentist to the Prince of Wales,
afterwards King George the Fourth, at whose suggestion the " Royal Freemasons'
Charity " was instituted in 1788. In 1790 it was styled the " Royal Cumberland
Freemasons' School " (after the Duke of Cumberland, brother of George III., G.M.
1782-1790), and perhaps gradually gained its present name of the " Royal Masonic
Institution for Girls." We learn that the essayist, Dr. Vicesimus Knox, preached
a sermon in 1793 at St. Mary Abchurch, in Abchurch Lane, Lombard St., for

x Lane, Handy Book, 79.

2 Shackles, The Medals of British Freemasonry, No. 3.

3 See A.Q.C. xxv., 10.

4 His son, James Bladen Ruspini, was also a Surgeon-Dentist. In 1803 he published
Observations on the Importance and Use of the Human Teeth, which is a curiosity in its
way, being printed on paper made of straw,

The " Collectane.a^ of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, t'.R.S., P.S.A. 11

the purpose of completing the building " now erecting in St. George's Fields." A
concert was given with the same end in view at Freemasons' Hall on March 30,
1795. In 1789 it was announced in the Oracle or Bell's New World for July 1 that
the Country Feast would be held at the Long Eoom, Hampstead, on July 6, where
it was held also in 1793. That for 1795 was held on July 6 at Bro. Sutton's
Canonbury House, Islington. "No Brother to be admitted Uncloathed or
Armed."

In consequence of difficulties 1 among some of the members of the Lodge of
Antiquity an attempt was made under the leadership of William Preston (1742-
1818) in 1779 to establish a third Grand Lodge. It continued its struggle for
existence for ten years. The following advertisement appeared in 1779: — "Free-
masonry. For the information of the Brethren of our ancient and honourable
Institution, this public notice is given, That the Installation of the Grand Lodge
of England south of the River Trent, will be solemnized according to antient usage
on Thursday next, the 24th. inst. being the Festival of John the Baptist at the
Queen's Arms Tavern in St. Paul's Church-yard; after which there will be a
Grand Feast where the company of every regular mason will be esteemed a favour.
By the Grand Master's Command, John Sealy, G.S. Dinner on Table at four
o'clock. No brother to appear unclothed. Tickets, 10 s 6 d each, to be had of the
Stewards; or the Grand Secretary, No. 18, Great St. Helen's, and at the bar of
the Tavern." It was at the Queen's Arms Tavern in St. Paul's Churchyard that
the " City Club," to which Samuel Johnson belonged, used to meet 2 ; he was also
a member of a Club meeting at the Essex Head in Essex Street, Strand, 3 as well
as of a Literary Club. 1

The formation of Preston's Grand Lodge added another to the three then
existing^ viz., the senior, organised in 1717; the Grand Lodge of All England (1725
to 1792); and that of the Antients (about 1752 to 1813). In 1780 the second of
these lost its Secretary, John Brown, a proctor of York, who " hath left the world
without a vice to stain his character. . . . The procession " at his funeral
'' which was accompanied with trumpets and other music, was truly solemn."

Attention may here be drawn to Bro. Sadler's discovery of another Grand
Lodge. 5

To go to a later date, on January 27, 1813 the Earl of Moira (afterwards
the Marquis of Hastings) was presented on his departure for India with a verv
handsome jewel, which was "paraded round the Hall and then placed round the-
noble earl's neck by the Duke of Sussex." A long account will be found in
(among other newspapers) Bell's Weekly Messenger for January 31, 1813. On the
following March 7 Bro. Asperne advertised in the same paper the publication with
the sanction of the Acting Grand Master of a complete account in book form, con-
taining all the speeches, and illustrated by portraits, of the Earl of Moira and the
Duke of Sussex, a representation of the jewel and a copy of the ticket of admission
to the Festival.

1 Gould, History, ii., 424.

2 Boswell's Life of Johnson (Ed. Ingpen), II., 938.
"lb., 1037.

4 lb., passim.

5 A.q.C. xviii., 69

12. Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Jjodcjt

Peivate Lodges, etc.

The following scraps of information 'are obtained from various sources, but
chiefly from the Banks, Franks, and Lysons Collections : —

On December 1, 1731, the Duke of Lorraine, the Prince of Wales and several
of the nobility were entertained at a Lodge that met at the Devil Tavern, near
Temple Bar. The information is too vague to enable one to determine which Lodge
is meant, as members of several Lodges went to the Devil in that year.

According to Lane, only one Lodge met at the Golden Spikes, Hampstead;
this lived from 1730 to 1742. In an unidentified newspaper of April 27, 1732, it is
recorded that at a meeting of the Lodge held at the Golden Spikes, Bridges Street,
Hampstead, — . Pelham, Esq., was admitted a Mason by the Rev. Dr. Desaguliers,
and the Rt. Hon. the Earl Teynham was elected Master on the resignation of Lord
Montacute.

St. James's Evening Post for January 22, 1734, notifies the fact that on the
previous evening a Lodge had been established at the Key and Garter Tavern, Pall
Mall, under the Mastership of the Duke of Marlborough. An announcement in an
unidentified newspaper of the following month calls this a " Grand Lodge." On
the following April 3, the Earl of Crawfurd, " G.M. of the Society of Free and
Accepted Masons, gave an elegant entertainment to the said Society at their Lodge
at Hampstead."

I have met with an announcement, published on July 14, 1734, that on the
following Friday evening the members of the Lodge meeting at the Prince of
Orange's Head, in Jermyn St., would go on board the Clothworkers' barge at
Whitehall and proceed up the river to Fulham. Lane mentions only one Lodge
that met at that Tavern, the present No. 29, but not till 1772; he gives the place
of meeting in 1734 as the Castle and Leg Tavern, Holborn.

On March 4, 1735, Lord Weymouth was elected W.M. of the Lodge meeting
at the King's Arms in the Strand — the present Old King's Arms. Viscount
Weymouth was Grand Master in that year; Martin Clare was a member of this
Lodge and in the same year was appointed a Grand Warden. 1

Sir Multus Rayal was Initiated at a Lbdge that met at the Fountain Tavern
in , Bartholomew Lane on February 17, 1738.

An advertisement in a newspaper dated May 16, 1738, states that Lord
Carnarvon " opened a Lodge " at the New Exchange Punch House in the Strand.
The name of this House does not occur in Lane, the nearest approach being the
New Exchange Coffee House, but the date appears only in 1826. The Marquess
of Carnarvon was G.M. in 1738.

The Stewards' Lodge (now the Grand Stewards' Lodge). — The members
were desired to meet their Master and Wardens on special affairs at the Shakespear's
Head, Covent Garden, on March 5, 1752. (See ante, 1752, and Lord Byron).

The West India and America Lodge (afterwards the Lodge of Antiquity).
(A fine print of the Summons of this Lodge, dated 26th December, 1760, is in the
Banks Collection.) — Mention may here be made of. Bro. Rylands' valuable History
of this Lodge.

1 Calvert, History of the Old King's Arms Lodge, passim.

The "Collectanea 1 * of the Iter. Daniel Lysons, P.Ii.S., P.S.A. 13

Somerset House Lodge (united with The Old Horn Lodge in 1774). —
Several summonses of different dates, but all resembling one another.

(1) to meet June 13, 1768, at the King's Arms, New Bond St. Signed

by K. B. Waltingham, Master. Within a border formed by
a square, level, and plumb rule.

(2) " No. 2 " to meet Jan. 8, 1781, at Freemasons' Hall. Signed by

Jas. Bottomley, Sec y .

(3) to meet Jan. 22, 1787. At foot is written Makings.

(4) to meet May 9, 1791. At foot is written Lectures.

(5) to meet Nov. 6, 1792, at Freemasons' Hall.

There are also two cards, similar to the above (but Somerset
Lodge) .

Lodge of Friendship, now No. 6. — Summonses to meet on 1st July and 9th
December, 1790. "Dinner will be served at Five under the Penalty of a Guinea
from Willis to the Charity." This is a Red Apron Lodge, had the Freemasons'
Hall Medal, and met at the Thatched House Tavern, being then No. 3.

The Britannic Lodge, now No. 33. Summonses to meet at the Star and

Garter, Pall Mall, one for 17th December, 1795, another blank. Motto: "Nil

desperandum Auspice Teucro."

t
The GraNadiers (sic) Lodge, presumably the present No. 66 — " To meet

on the 14th July, 1764 (?), at the Stratford Coffee House, Oxford St. By Order
of the R.W. Master to ballot for the removal of the Lodge to one of the following
houses or such other as may be proposed on that night." Four houses are men-
tioned, one of which is the Swan, Mount Street, to which the Lodge migrated in
1764.

The Lodge of Regularity, now No. 91. — " Thatched House Tavern, St.
James's Street. Brother. You are desired to meet the Brethren of this Lodge on
Tuesday, the 27th of October [1785], at 7 in th Even 8 . Yours affectionately,
Dewar, Master."

The Bedford Lodge, now No. 157. (See reproduction from the Franks
Collection).

St. Paul's Lodge, now No. 194. (Ditto).

The Lodge of Harmony, now No. 255. — Summons to meet at the Toy,
Hampton Court, on the 4th of April, 1787.

The Tuscan Lodge, erased in 1830. — " Quarterly Night and Makings."
(See reproduction from the Banks Collection).

The King's Arms Lodge. — Summons to meet at ( ?) Marylebone Street,
St. James's, Westminster, on the 11th of March, 1794. Lane does not give such
a place of meeting of the Lodge of that name constituted in 1725 (now the Old
King's Arms), nor does Calvert in his History; or another warranted in 1776.

" Lodge at the Turk's Head, Gerrard St." — Summons to meet the Brethren
of the Lodge on the 9th of December, 1760. " N.B. There will be a Making."

14 Transactions of the Quaiuor (Joronatl Lodge.

According to Lane, a Lodge warranted in 1732 met at the Turk's Head, Greek
Street, Soho, from 1745, and did not move to the Turk's Head, Gerrard Street,
till 1763. Three other Lodges met at that hostelry, but their dates do not suit.
It was at the Turk's Head in Greek Street that those who were for a long time
regarded as Seceders or Schismatics appointed a Committee to draw up their Code
of laws, five years before the first edition of Ahiman Eezon was published. The
Title of the Code runs thus 1 : — " Rules & Orders to be Observ'd By the Most Ancient
and Hon" 16 Society of Free and Accepted Masons. As agreed and Settled by a
Committee appointed by a General Assembly held at the Turk's head in Greek
Street, Soho, on Wednesday, the 17th of July, 1751, And in the Year of Masonry
5751.

f Phil"- McLoughlin j James Shee

y j Sam 1 Quay f Jos 1 *- Kelly

& Jn°- Morgan, G d Secret 7 -
Viz 4 -
For the Grand."

In 1724 a Lodge (No. 26 in the 1729 list) was constituted to meet at the
Old Devil at Temple Bar. After sundry removals its place of meeting was the
Key and Garter, Pall Mall, where it remained for about five years till 1739, and
was eventually erased in 1745. The Banks Collection contains a blank summons,
which is here reproduced.

The same Collection contains a summons (reproduced) issued 1785 by a
Lodge meeting at the Red Lion, Horsleydown. It was constituted in 1739 and in
1786 had given it the name of the Lodge of Peace and Plenty. From 1792 to
1813 it was a Masters' Lodge. After the following year it made no returns, and
was erased in 1830.

In 1785 the Master of the Foundation Lodge was Bro. Royn, of 45, Wood
St., Cheapside. He was evidently an engraver, since he designed and engraved the
summons for the Lodge to meet at Freemasons' Hall on January 14 of that year.
Constituted in 1753, the Lodge lapsed about 1806.

With respect to the Loge d'Esperance, constituted in 1768 (Turk's Head,
Gerrard St., Soho), Lane specifies no place of meeting after its removal to |he
Thatched House Tavern in 1785. In 1799 it united with the Loge des Amis
Reunis. A ticket of admission for a gentleman and one Sister (natural or
Masonic ?) to a ball at Spring Gardens, Chelsea, is here reproduced.

Three years after the constitution of the New Lodge it received in 1767
the name of the Royal Lodge, and in 1824 united with the Alpha Lodge according
to Lane (p. 134), but the context shows clearly that the Royal Alpha Lodge, now
No. 16, is meant. The Secretary issued, by order of the R.W. Master, a card
desiring the Brethren to meet at the Thatch'd House Tavern on the 4th of May,
1786. The time of the dinner hour, half-past 4 o'clock, was afterwards changed
and the Brethren met on the 21st of February, 1793, one hour later.

1 Sadler, Masonic Facts and Fictions, 70.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.B.S., F.S.A. 15

At the foot of an engraved summons of the Lodge of Prudence, for the
Brethren to meet on the 23rd of June, 1789, is written, " N.B. Election, Quarterly
Night and this day week Masters Lodge for Raising." This Lodge was constituted
in 1740, and at the date given above met apparently at the Griffin, Half Moon St.,
Piccadilly.

A summons of the Congleton Independent Lodge does not call for any special
remark, but certain statements in Lane 1 and Armstrong 2 do not tally. According
to the former, the Independent Lodge was constituted at Congleton in 1789 and
lapsed about 1802. Its number was 550, changed at the re-numbering in 1792 to
459. The latter author states that under the same name, but meeting at Lane End,
it existed with the number 516 till 1828. According to Lane, the number 459 was
given to the Independent Lodge of the United Pottery at its constitution at Lane
End in 1805. This was changed in 1814 to 516, and the Lodge was erased in 1828.

Among the extinct Lodges that formerly met at Gloucester was one that was
constituted in 1738. Lane gives the Wheatsheaf in Eastgate St. as the first place
of meeting, but he goes on to say that it removed to the Swan Inn, in North St.
in 1751 and was erased in January, 1768. Can this be the Lodge to which reference
is made in the following advertisement cut from the Gloucester Journal 1
"Gloucester, 4th of June, MDCCLXX., In the vulgar Year of Masonry 5770.
The Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, Regularly constituted at the Swan-Inn
in this City, Having been, through unavoidable Accidents interrupted for some
Time past, will be held, in due Form, on Monday, the 25th Instant, being the
Morrow after the Feast of St. John the Baptist, at the said Inn, where all visiting
Brothers, having the Qualities requisite, will be kindly received at the Hour of
Twelve, Mid-Day." Unfortunately,, no further information respecting the result
of the meeting occurs in Collectanea.

The Banks Collection contains a blank summons of the Lodge of Perfect
Friendship at Bath, 1798. This Lodge was constituted in 1765 and named in or
before 1768. In 1777 it was known as the Royal York Lodge, and in 1817 its
name was changed to the Royal York Lodge of Perfect Friendship. From Peach 3
we learn something of the difficulties that the Lodge experienced later on. The
conduct of one of its members was reported to the Board of General Purposes, a who
censured him severely, and eventually the Lodge was erased in 1824 by order of
Grand Lodge.

Wilkes's connection with Freemasonry has been previously mentioned* by
Bro. Songhurst. The Jerusalem Lodge in which he was Initiated was also Burke's
Lodge. 5 The following scraps of information concerning Wilkes are from Lloyd's
Evening Post: — " So generally are the minds of men set on the cause of Liberty,
that we hear, from good authority, that the Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons,
held at the Three Crowns in East Smithfield, came to a resolution on Friday last
to present John Wilkes, Esq ; with the sum of ten guineas ; and which, it is
supposed, will be followed by most other Lodges of that fraternity, as those Gentle-
men are very remarkable in their uniformity of conduct." (February 24-27, 1769.)

1 Becords, 221.

' l History of Masonry in Cheshire, 49ft

* Sketch of Craft Masonry in the City of Bath, pp. 31-33.

1 A.Q.C. xxvii., 55.

s lb. iii., 61.

.16 .Transactions of the Quatuor Corona ti Lodge.

Two Lodges met in that year at the Three Crowns in East Smithfield; one, then
No. 12, which existed from 1723 to 1776, the other, then No. 102, was erased in
1769. In the same paper for March 3-6, 1769, is given an account of his Initiation
at the King's-bench Prison. "The following Gentlemen were also admitted at
the same time Members of the Society, George Bellas, Esq ; Lewis Francis
Bourgeois, Esq ; Capt. Read, and Mr. John Churchill." Next to this paragraph
comes the following: — "Extract of a letter from Salop, March 1. 'Monday
morning last was sent in our stage waggon, directed to Mr. Wilkes, a Simnel, two
feet diameter, and weighed 45 pounds; on the top of it, wrote in letters of silver,
was the following motto:

May Wilkes and Liberty survive,
We'll toast his health and 45.'"

The allusion is, of course, to that number of the North Briton. Then again,
under date March 8-10 : — "Wednesday and the day before, the sum of twenty
guineas, 'left on Friday last, with the Turnkey of the King's-bench prison by the
Gentlemen of the Jerusalem Lodge, when Mr. Wilkes was made a Mason, was
distributed among the poor prisoners." In the same issue is an advertisement of
a meeting of the Society for supporting the Bill of Rights, held on March 7, at
which it was resolved " that the sum of Three Hundred Pounds be sent to Mr.
Wilkes, for his immediate Use." Three months later his debts amounted to
£17,000. (lb., June 7-9).

In the issue for March 10-13 occurs the following: — " It is thought proper
to acquaint the Public, that I, in the presence of two grand Officers, acd by virtue
of a general Dispensation, dated February 2, 1769, signed by the Deputy Grand-
Master, did make Mr. Wilkes a Free and Accepted Mason. The Dispensation
may be seen by any Mason, at the Jerusalem Lodge, No. 44, on a Lodge night.
Tho. Dobson, Master."

Mention has been made by our I. P.M. 1 of the existence of a medal that was
presented to Wilkes by the Family of Leeches. The newspaper from which I have
been quoting gives in its issue for June 7-9 of the same year a description of this
medal, which was presented " last night and not before " to Wilkes: — " A silver
crescent on the body of which the arms of the Family are elegantly engraved;
the edge is ornamented with a laurel, enameled green : in the vacuity is a gold
medal, finely chased, representing Mr. Wilkes in a suppliant posture, offering him-
self a victim at the shrine of Liberty ; a female figure of Providence standing on
his right hand, drawing from the sacrifice with one hand, and presenting a wreath
of laurel to. him with the other. On the other side the altar, Posterity, represented
by a child sitting on Magna Charta, imploring the assistance of Providence. On
the reverse the following inscription." This, which is very" long, states that Wilkes
had been " invested Chief Counsellor of the ancient Family of Leeches," concluding
with " This Badge of Office is presented by the Most Noble Grand Leech, The '
Council and Brethren of the supreme and legislative Court of that Fraternity."

In Lloyd's Evening Post for May 10-12, 1769, the Editor says: "We are
assured, that there are great disputes subsisting between the Societies of Free
Masons, several bodies of them, particularly those from Ireland, Scotland, and

1 A.Q.C. xxvii., 29,

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., ' F.S.A. 17

York, insisting that they are the only true Masons; and that the generality of
the Lodges in London, are composed of a set of Modern Innovators, who have very
little title to the honourable name of an Ancient, Free and Accepted Mason."
This probably refers to the different opinions held respecting an incorporation of
the Fraternity by royal charter, that had been brought before Grand Lodge,
October, 1768, by the Grand Master, the Duke of Beaufort. 1

A long advertisement, issued from Paul's Head Tavern, appeared in the
World of January 20, 1788. It gives several particulars respecting the Anniversary
festival of the Grand Lodge of the Antients to be held on the ensuing 24th. The
membors of the several Lodges under the warranty of the Grand Lodge of England
are notified that the procession will commence from the Gardens of the Black Prince,
Newington, at ten o'clock in the forenoon to Camberwell Church. After the
preaching of a sermon by the G. Chaplain, Rev. C. Milne, D.D., they will go to
Grove House to dinner. Antient Masons made in regular Lodges under the United
Grand Lodge of England, Scotland and Ireland, under the Provincial Grand Lodges
planted by them, or under National Grand Lodges, whose regularity and indepen-
dence they have recognised, can obtain tickets, but will not be admitted armed,
" nor can any Brother (Grand Officers excepted) wear gold lace or gold embroidery
on his Masonic dress; nor will any star, garter or emblem of Knights Templar, or
of any other Order of Knighthood, except of Royal Institution, be suffered in the
procsssion."

Grove House Tavern and the attached Camberwell Tea Gardens were well
known in the eighteenth century. At the Tavern the Camberwell Club met, which
numbered among its members clerygmen, lawyers and merchants. Freemasons
only followed the usual custom of having processions by authority. It will be
remembsred that the existence of the Grand Lodge south of the Trent was due to
circumstances arising from an unauthorised procession. It was notified in the
advertisement of the Grand Feast in 1744 that no Hackney Coaches would be
admitted to the Procession. (Daily Advertiser.)

In the Gazetteer for January 1st, 1790, it is announcsd that the Grand Lodge
of the Antient Masons was held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern on the previous
Monday, which was the festival of St. John, members of forty Lodges being present.
The following Officers were appointed for the year: — G.M., The Marquis of Antrim
[1783-91, had been G.M. of Ireland, when Earl of Antrim, in 1773 and 1779];
D.G.M., James Perry; S.G.W., James Agar; J.G.W., Sir Watkin Lewes;
G. Chaplain, Rev.. Colin Milne, LL.D.; G. Treasurer, John Feakins; G.S., John
MacCormick. The writer praises the Order on account of its charity, and states
that " The last circular letter says ' That the Stewards' Lodge for the distribution
of Charity meets monthly,' — The Masters of Lodges are summoned to form the
Stewards Lodge; a Grand Officer presides. The ten Masters do not know, till they
are called upon, of its being their turn of duty. No applicant can possibly learn
beforehand of what Masters the Lodge is to be composed, and it is never composed
twice of the same persons." This announcement drew forth letters, and on January
4th an account of the Lodge by an " Ancient Mason." He says that Masonry had
fallen into disuse in London, but that in 1717 it was revived, and a Committee
contrived and adopted a new system, and, though this was not cordially accepted by
all, the four Lodges who had met together, formed themselves into a Grand Lodge.

1 See Preston, Illustrations, Ed. Oliver, 201; Gould, History ii., 47,

18 Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati Lodge.

Many Masons, particularly from Scotland and Ireland, continued to' observe
the ancient institutions, rigidly adhering to the old mysteries, rites, and obligations,
while the others practised the language and ceremonies recently introduced.

The European Lodges sent delegates to ascertain which of the two bodies
that had been formed adhered to the pure and genuine principles, unvaried among
all nations. The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland solemnly united themselves
with the Ancient Masons, and have ever since furnished the G.L. of England
with Grand Masters. The Ancient Masons of England are countenanced by all
the Lodges of the world, but the Moderns are held as a distinct sect, who have
departed from the principles and broken the compact, which, till the introduction
of these new-fangled doctrines, possessed perfect unity.

Collectanea does not give any of the' evidently abusive letters, especially as
regards the Marquis of Antrim, which had induced an " Ancient Mason " to write
his letter, of which I have given only a short abstract.

To draw once more on the resources of Lloyd's Evening Post, but go further
north, we find that on December 2nd, St. Andrew's Day, 1769, the Grand Officers
and all the Lodges in Edinburgh and its neighbourhood assembled in the Parliament
house at four o'clock and elected his Excellency Major-General Oughton, Grand
Master; Dr. Lind and W. Bailie, Grand Wardens; Alex. Mac Dougal, G.S.; and
J. Hunter, G. Treasurer. They afterwards went in procession (the streets being
lined with men of the 43rd Regiment and the City-guard), " attended by music,
torch-bearers, &c." , to the Assembly Hall, where an elegant entertainment
was provided, and the night was concluded with ringing of bells and other
demonstrations of joy. The epithet " elegant" was applied to an entertainment
to quite a recent date.

Lyon gives 1 full particulars of the career of Major-General James Adolphus
Oughton, and remarks that he had been unable to find why " the latter was given
in the Grand Lodge Minutes the title of ' His Excellency,' " or what his connection
with Scotland was when elected Grand Master.

In the Ilib. J. (Hibernian Journal?) for October 25, 1785, appeared the
following advertisement: — " Eree-Masonry. Under the Sanction of the Grand
Lodge of Ireland, this present evening, will be the Second Night of a Course of
Lectures on the above, at the Eagle, Eustace-street. Tickets to be had, and
Particulars known of W. Rainsford, No. 22, St. Andrew-street."

In the Banks collection is a summons to attend, on December 28 of the same
year, a meeting of the Lodge of St. John at Dunkeld. At the upper part are the
Masons' Arms, various symbols and legend " Caledonian," " In God is all our
Trust " : the whole within a floral border.

Advertisements concerning the Royal Arch are scarce. An unidentified
newspaper of October 9, 1753, has the following advertisement, which may perhaps
concern this degree: — "To all Brothers that were made in the Order of the
M.L.K.G. of the G. and R.C. commonly called the Royal Arch, that a Chapter
will be held on Sunday evening next, at the House of Brother John Henrys, the
Crown and Anchor in King-Street, Seven Dials. By Order of P.T.H.J.Z.L. and
J. A. W.L., Secretary. Note, Removed from the Fountain in Monmouth-Street."
In another newspaper, also unidentified, for January 11, 1754, we find: — "All
Brothers who were made in the E.G. and R.C, commonly call'd the Royal Arch,

1 History of Freemasonry in Scotland, 326.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysoiis, F.R.S., F.S.A. 19

are desired to attend on Sunday next, at Five in the Evening, at» Brother John
Henry's, the Crown and Anchor in King-Street, Seven-Dials, in order for a Grand
Installation, and to chuse the P.T.H.J.Z.L. and J. A. as Grand, and to proclaim
the worthy S. O.J.N. U.S. with the two P.L.E.S. By Order of the P.T.H.J.Z.L.
and J. A. W.L., Secretary. Note, Removed from the Fountain in Monmouth-
Street."

These advertisements were issued barely ten years after the earliest mention
— so far as is known at present — of the term ' ' Royal Arch ' ' as indicating a
separate degree. Its origin and the exact date of its introduction are both lost in
obscurity. It was worked at Youghal in 1743, in Dublin, York and London before
1744, and at Stirling in the year 1745. The Degree is mentioned in A hi man Rezon
(1756), and was well established in York in 1762, London 1765, and Lancashire
i 767, in which year the "Grand and Royal Chapter of the Royal Arch of
Jerusalem" was formally constituted. The "Charter of Compact" has been
printed by Hughan in his Origin of the English Rite, of Freemasonry, which as
well as Gould's History should be consulted.

The various initials probably stand for the following: — (1) M.L.K.G. of
the G. and R.C., Mother Lodge Kilwinning of the Grand and Royal Chapter.
(2) P.T.H.J.Z.L. and J. A., Principal Three, Haggai, Zerubbabel and Joshua.
It has been suggested that T. is a misprint for S.; Dermott, however, in Ahiman
Rezon, 1756, prints (p. 153) P.H.Z.L. and J. A. (3) S.O.J.N.R.S., Sojourners.
(4) P.L.R.S., Pillars, i.e., the Scribes, who may be said to represent the pillars
that supported the Arch. (5) E.G. and R.C., Excsllent Grand and Royal Chapter.
Hughan gives (English Rite, p. 100) 1768 as the year in which "Chapter" first
occurs, though a little later (p. 104) he quotes " . . . E.G. and R.C., commonlv
called the Royal Arch . . . twelfth day of June, 1765, in full Chapter
assembled," etc.

I have to thank our W.M. and Bro. J. T. Thorp for their kind assistance
with respect to these advertisements.

The following is an unidentified newspaper cutting of the year 1792: —
" Royal Arch General Communication. His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence,
Grand Patron. Sir Peter Parker, Baronet, Grand Master, Z. T. B. Parkyns,
Esq. M.P. Ditto, ditto, H. Thomas Callendar, Esq. Ditto, ditto, J. The
Second Grand Chapter of Communication will be held at Freemasons' Hall, on
Thursday the 20th of December, when the Attendance of the respective Principals
of all regular Chapters is requested to the Election of a Patron, and Grand Officers
for the ensuing Year, agreeable to the Resolution of the last General Chapter of
Communication. George Errington, A. Winzer, Grand Scribes." Sir Peter
Parker was Deputy Grand Master from 1787 to 1802; he had been G.W. in 1772.
The names of Bros. T. B. Parkyns and T. Callendar do not appear in the list of
Grand Officers of the Craft up to the year mentioned. In those days each of the
three Principals of a Grand Royal Arch Chapter was styled " Grand Master."

The Banks Collection contains a summons to, apparently, a Royal Arch
meeting. A manuscript note gives the date as 1788. In the centre of the upper
part is represented a crown, on either side of which is an eye and a mitre, and
beneath it interlaced triangles. "A Grand and Royal Chapter of this Sublime
Degree will be held on Monday, March 3 d 579 , at which your attendance is
requested. Griffin, Half Moon St., Piccadilly." On conferring with our Secretary

20 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Luihje.

respecting this and its peculiar date, lie pointed out " that two Ledges met at the
Griffin, Half Moon St., in or about 1788, both apparently named the United Lodge
of Prudence." One of these was erased in 1800, the other is the present No. 83.

The following are taken from an anonymous work, the third edition of which
was published in 1764 1 . — "Hour II. Such Brethren as belong to the Orders of
Free-Masons, Anti-Gallicans, Bucks, Georges and divers others, who held their
Lodges the preceding Night, are asking after their Hats and Canes, in order to
walk, or be led (according as they are for Sobriety) Homewards. . . . Hour XX.
Prom Seven till Eight o'clock on Sunday evening. Bodies of Free Masons, who
have been all the day borrowing of Masonic Jewels, White Gloves, Aprons, and
Black Cloathes, begin to make their Grand Cavalcades before the Corps of deceased
Brothers to distant Church -Yards."

The Mystery of Freemasonry was printed in the Daily Journal for August
15, 1730. This called forth a remonstrance at the meeting of Grand Lodge on the
ensuing August 28, when, during the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Norfolk,
Dr. Desaguliers, P.G.M., drew attention to the fact that a printed paper had been
published and dispersed about London, pretending to discover the secrets of Free-
masonry, and to the resolution of the previous Quarterly Communication against
the admission into regular Lodges of " such as call themselves Honorary Masons." 2
Bros. Gould and Sadler have put on record a few particulars concerning this body. 3
Bro. Sadler, in his inaugural address, quoted the following from Mackey's
Encyclopedia of Freemasonry (1898): — "A song of theirs preserved in Carey's
Musical Century is almost the only record left of their existence." But several
editions of the Century had been examined by Bro. Songhurst without success.
Probably the following is the song alluded to: —

THE HONORARY FREEMASON'S SONG.

Long life to each Brother

Who bravely from other
Freemasons dissents and dares vary ;

The mad rules they prescribe

To their bigoted tribe,
Which are scorned by the sect Honohahy.

Who instead of their oath,

Plight our honours and troth
To keep secret y 6 Craft of Freemasons ;

Being firmly inclin'd,

To think honour will find
Us, when oaths will be broken by base sons.

x Low Life,: or one half of the World knows not how the. other half live, being a
critical account of what i.s transacted h>j people of almost all Religions, Nations, Circum-
stances and sizes of Understanding in the twenty-four hours between Saturday-Night
and Monday-Morning in a true description of a Sunday.

*Q.C. Antig. x., 128. (G.L. Minutes, Ed. Songhurst).

3 4.^.6'. viii., 135; xvi., 41; xxiii., 327.

22 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

On a house ne'er so high,

If a. brother they spy,
As his trowel he dext'rously lays on :

He must leave off his work,

And come down with a jerk, '

At rtie sign of an Accepted Mason.

A Brother one time,

Being hang'd for some crime,
His Brethren did stupidly gaze on :

They made signs without end,

But fast hung their friend,
Like a Free and an Acceptod iVtason.

They tell us fine things,

How y 4 lords, dukes and kings,
Their mis' tries have put a good grace on:

For their credit be 't said,

Many a skip has been made
[By] A Free and an Accepted Mason

From whence I conclude,

Tho' it seems somewhat rude,'
No credit their tribe we should place on :

Since a fool we may see,

Of any degree,
May commence an Accepted Mason. 1

The song <: 'Tis Masonry unites mankind," set to music, was published as a
new song in the Universal Magazine for March 1761. In 1769 there appeared an
advertisement of a new edition of The Chearfid Companion or Songster's Pocket
Book, containing " songs which are sung in the several Lodges of Free Masons,
Albions, Antigallicans, Bucks, Choice Spirits, and the principal Societies within the
Cities and Liberties of London and Westminster." I have not been able to find a
clue to the words or authorship of " Masonry, a Poem " advertised in the Scots
Magazine, i., 192 (1739). The same Magazine (ix., 404) gives in its list of new
books, " Magistracy settled upon its only Scriptural basis . . . with a pro-
testation against the Mason-word, by five Masons." I am indebted to the kindness
cf Bro. Songhurst for drawing my attention to the above. It contains also the
Mason's Catechism, part of which was reprinted in the Old Series of Miscellanea,
Latomorum.

A mezzotint portrait of Dunckerley is advertised in Bell's New World for
December 3, 1789, as about to be published.

It is well known that Dr. Theophilus Desaguliers was a very able man of
science who, among other things, lectured on experimental philosophy, as it was
then called, to defray the expenses of which, money was granted him by the Royal
Society. But it is not so well known that on his death in 1744 his coachman,
Erasmus King, lectured on the same subject and showed experiments at Lambeth
Marsh. 2

Another body of which very little is known was styled the Philippian Order.
Oliver says 3 that Frederick the Great introduced the Order, into which none were
admitted but the chief nobles who belonged to the Order of the Temple.

1 Freemasons' Magazine, iv., 870 (1858).

2 Hone, Year Book, 251.
"Landmarks, ii., 49.

22 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

On a house ne'er so high,

If a brother they si>y,
As his trowel he dext'rously lays on :

He must leave off his work,

And come down with a jerk, '

At Uhe sign of an Accepted Mason.

A Brother one time,

Being hang'd for some crime,
His Brethren did stupidly gaze on :

They made signs without end,

But fast hung their friend,
Like a Free and an Accepted Mason.

They tell us fine things,

How y* lords, dukes and kings,
Their mis' tries have put a good grace on:

For their credit be 't said,

Many a skip has been made
[By] A Free and an Accepted Mason

From whence I conclude,

Tho' it seems somewhat rude,"
No credit their tribe we should place on :

Since a fool we may see,

Of any degree,
May commence an Accepted Mason. 1

The song " 'Tis Masonry unites mankind," set to music, was published as a
new song in the Universal Magazine for March 1761. In 1769 there appeared an
advertisement of a new edition of The Chearfal Companion or Songster's Pocket
Booh, containing " songs which are sung in the several Lodges of Free Masons,
Albions, Antigallicans, Bucks, Choice Spirits, and the principal Societies within the
Cities and Liberties of London and Westminster." I have not been able to find a
clue to the words or authorship of " Masonry, a Poem " advertised in the Scot*
Magazine, i., 192 (1739). The same Magazine (ix., 404) gives in its list of new
books, " Magistracy settled upon its only Scriptural basis . . . with a pro-
testation against the Mason- word, by five Masons." I am indebted to the kindness
cf Bro. Songhurst for drawing my attention to the above. It contains also the
Mason's Catechism, part of which was reprinted in the Old Series of Miscellanea
Latomorum.

A mezzotint portrait of Dunckerley is advertised in Bell's New World for
December 3, 1789, as about to be published.

Another body of which very little is known was styled the Philippian Oeder.
Oliver says 3 that Frederick the Great introduced the Order, into which none were
admitted but the chief nobles who belonged to tlie Order of the Temple.

1 Freemasons' Magazine, iv., 870 (1858).

2 Hone, Year Book, 251.

3 Landmarks, ii., 49.

The " Collectanea" of the Rev. David Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 23

To come to a much later date — the Courier of May 29, 1824, quoted a letter
from the capital of Fokien, in China, dated January 22, 1823, in which the writer
says that attempts had been made to introduce into that country secret societies of
Freemasons under the name of The Society of Heaven and Eabth. The Emperor
ordered the members of this as well as of another similar association, called The
Triple Alliance, to be severely punished.

In the Daily Advertiser for 26th August, 1731, is the following extract from
a Bartholomew Fair Play bill: — ". . . will be presented a new Dramatick
Opera call'd The Emperor of China, Grand-Vol-Gi, or the Constant Couple and
virtue rewarded, written by the author of the Generous Free-Mason."

Just fifty years later (1781) we find* that there was presented at the Theatre
Royal in Covent Garden : ' ' Macbeth ... to which will be added Harlequin
Free-Mason. To conclude with a Procession of the Principal Grand Masters, from
the Creation to the present Century, dressed in the Habits of their respective Ages
and Countries. The Pantomime by Mr. Messink." 1

From the Public. Advertiser, 26th January, 1754. " This Day is published.
Price 6d. The Free Mason examined; or, the World brought out of Darkness into
Light. Being an authentick Account of all the Secrets of the Ancient Society of
Free Masons, which have been handed down by Oral Tradition only, from the
Institution to the present Time. In which is particularly described, the whole.
Ceremony used at making Masons, as it has been hitherto practised in all the Lodges
round the Globe, by which any Person, who was never Made, may introduce him-
self into a Lodge. With Notes, Explanatory, Historical, and Critical. To which
are added, The Author's Reasons for the Publication hereof, and some Remarks
on the Conduct of the Author of a Pamphlet, called Masonry Dissected. With a
new and correct List of all the regular Lodges, under the English Constitution,
according to their late Removals, and Additions. By Alexander Slade, late
Master of three Regular Constituted Lodges in the City of Norwich. Printed
for R. Griffiths, in St. Paul's Churchyard." The second edition was advertised
on the following February 4. Of this pamphlet with its long title Bro. Chetwode
Crawley, speaking of The Grand Mistress, says 2 : — " The only parallel we remember
to have seen is the curious tract entitled ' Free Masons examined ' . . . This.
is, in a sense, a parody of the Spurious Rituals. But Slade was innocent of satire.
His aim was to elevate — an aim that entails failure, unless directed by genius."

In the Public Advertiser for February 2 in the same year the twelfth edition
of Masonry Dissected was advertised, price 6d., " being an universal and genuine
Description of all its Branches, from the Original to the present Time : As it is
delivered in the regular constituted Lodges, both in the City and Country, accord-
ing to the several Degrees of Admission : Giving an impartial Account of their
regular Proceedings in initiating their new Members in the whole Three Degrees
in Masonry, viz., entered Prentice, Fellow Craft, and Master. With a List of
regular Lodges, according to their Seniority and Constitution. Sold by G. Kensly,
at the Golden Lion in Ludgate Street." Prichard's first edition came out in 1730.

1 See A Masonic Pantomime and some other Plays, by Bro. W. B. Hextall, in
A.Q.C. xxi., 138.

a Sadler, Masonic Reprints and Revelations, xxxvi. See also Freemasonry Parodied
in 1754 by Slade' s " Freemason Examined ," by Bro. J. T. Thorp in A.Q.C. xx., 95.

24 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronntl Lodge.

In 1764 was published (price Is. 6d.) "The Fifth Edition corrected, of
Jachin and Boaz . . . Containing, 1. A circumstantial Account of all the
Proceedings in making a Mason, with the several Obligations of an Entered
Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master; and also the Sign, Grip, Pass-Word, and
Lecture of each Degree, with the Ceremony of the Mop and Pail. . . . By a
Gentleman bslonging to tho Jerusalem Lodge," etc., etc. Bro. J. T. Thorp has
kindly enabled me to give the dates of the previous editions : — 1st, 1762 ; 2nd, 1762 ;
3rd, 1763; 4th, 1763. The 6th was printed in 1765. Of the last-named, as well
as of the 2nd, Bro. Thorp possesses a copy. The price of each edition was Is. 6d.
Oliver 1 throws out a doubt that it ever was " a sixpenny pamphlet," and
states that " at its first appearance it was circulated among the Fraternity
only at the enormous charge of one guinea a copy, and it appears that the demand
for the pamphlet, even at the above price, was so great that it cleared off his \i.e.,
Goodall's] debts, and left a considerable balance in his favour." I do not know
what authority there is for this statement, or for the further one that the Spurn
and Humber Lodge, No. 61 of the Antients, " worked solely by the assistance of
this book. . . . The Master and each of the members — such at least as could
read had a copy of this pamphlet before him," etc.

Finch advertises his books on the following degrees 2 : — Mark Man; Mark
Master; The Architect; The Grand Architect; Pass [sic] Master — Excellent and
Super-Excellent; The Red Cross of Babylon; The Holy Royal Arch in eleven points
or degrees; " No Brother can possibly be complete as a Royal Arch Mason, with-
out the following degrees — First, the Royal Arch of Enoch, Noah and Solomon;
Next, the Bed Cross of Babylon; Then the Arch as generally given; where we
find Z.H.J, the three chiefs. — And after this comes the Suspended Arch, the
Advanced Arch, the Dedicated Arch, the Circumscribed Arch, the Herodian

Order ; the Arch of Herod , the Arch of C'onstantine , and the Arch C 1,

B of J m, and Alex ." Continuing the list we have the Royal Ark

Mariner, Red Cross of Rome and Constantine; D.W.N. & S. Knights & Mediter-
ranean Pass ; Knights Templars & K of Malta ; Rosycrucian ; Red Cross of

Jerusalem; the Philippian Order of Masonry; the Ne Plus Ultra; Secret Provost

& Levitical Order of Priesthood; Perfect Master of Harodim; the Royal S ;

P & J , & Priestly Order of Israel; In 1 of the Building; Knights of

the Ninth Arch; El , Grand Master, or I E. 15; Sublime K s

Elected; Degree of Perfection; Knights of the White Eagle and Pelican: or the
I.R.C. and Holy Order of Melchisideck ; Knights of the Sun. Each of the titles
is followed by a short description. The conclusion is " Private instruction, as
usual, by W. Finch, in all the 39 Degree [sic]. Exaltation in all the aforesaid
Degrees, either privately, or at the Chapter and Conclave of University. W.F.
begs leave most respectfully to solicit the favour of the postage of all orders being
paid, and the same will be allowed and deducted by him from the Order. With
fraternal affection, I remain, R.W. Sir and Brother, Yours most respectfully, W.
Finch, R.W. Master of the St. Peter's Lodge."

In an undated advertisement an issue of a new Edition of the Constitutions
is announced, price 12s. with a "most elegant frontispiece" (which may be had

1 Discrepancies of Freemasonry, pp. 41-44.

* For the Kev to Finch's ciphers see Kenning's Cyclopaedia, 222, '

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.E.S., F.S.A. 25

separately at 7s. 6d. each) " designed by Sandby and Cyprian, and engraved by
Bartolozzi and Fittler." This evidently refers to the 5th Edition, 1784, though
the plate itself has the following " G. B. Cipriani & P. Sandby Delin. F. Barto-
lozzi & T. Fitler Sculp."

At the present time we hear of "Co-Masons"; Adoptive Masonry
originated in France in 1760, though some say much earlier. 1 In Collectanea an
advertisement is inserted from the General Evening Post of March 7, 1759, headed
" For Female Satisfaction," from which it appears that some men assembled at
the Dover Castle in the parish of Lambeth, " under pretence of knowing the secrets,
and in opposition to some Gentlemen that are real Freemasons and hold a Lodge
at the same House . . . several regular made Masons (both antient and
modern) members of constituted Lodges in this Metropolis, have thought proper to
unite into a select body, at Beau Silvester's, the sign of the Angel, Bull-Stairs,
Southwark, and stile themselves UNIONS, think it highly expedient, and in justice
to the Fair Sex, to initiate them therein, provided they are Women of undeniable
Character; for tho' no Lodge as yet (except the Free Union Masons 2 ) have thought
proper to admit Women intp their Fraternity, we, well knowing they have as much
right to attain to the Secrets of those Castle Humbugs, have thought proper so to
do . . . the charges will not exceed the expences of our Lodge." Nothing
further is mentioned regarding the " Unions," nor does Lane give any Lodge
meating at the Dover Castle, Lambeth.

Eleven years afterwards, in January, 1770, Mrs. Bell notified in the New-
castle Chronicle 6 that she broke open a Door (with a Poker) of a room in the
Crown, near Newgate, Newcastle, and so gained access to another room adjacent
to the one in which a Lodge was being held by the Free and Accepted Masons
of the 22" regiment. By making two holes in the wall she stated that she discovered
the secrets of Masonry : and ' ' knowing herself to be the first Woman in
the World that ever found out the Secret, is willing to make it known to all her
Sex." Neither Gould in his Military Lodges or History nor Lane seems to men-
tion an English Lodge in the 22 d regiment having met at Newcastle.

To come to comparatively recent times, Lyon tells us* that at the annual
festival of Mary's Chapel held on 7th February, 1843, ladies had been admitted
into the gallery of the Waterloo Rooms while the Lodge was open. At the follow-
ing meeting a resolution was passed condemning such a state of things, though it
was "not without precedent in the sister Kingdom or even in Scotland." This
may, and probably does, refer only to the admission of ladies after the Lodge " had
been temporarily closed," which was one of the objections raised.

The subject of Female Freemasonry was debated at one of the Capel Court
City Debates held in Bartholomew Lane, opposite the Bank. The advertisement
in the Morning Herald for December 29, 1788, states that there would be "Fires
in the room."

In a notice of Maiden's Account of King's College, Cambridge, that had just
been published, the reviewer draws attention 5 to what " has often been observed,

1 Woodford, Cyclopaedia, s.v. Adoptive Masonrj'.

2 Who were these ?

3 Quoted in Sampson's History of Advertising , 247, also (with a few variants) in
Strachan's Northumbrian Masonry, 80, and in Gould, History, iii., 397, Compare ih«
story of Mrs. Beaton.

1 History of Freemasonry in Scotland, 354.
5 Lloyd's Evening Fost, July 19-21, 1769.

26 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

that in the South Porch there are three steps; at the West Door five; and in the
North Porch seven. These are numbers, with the mystery or, at least, the sound
of which Freemasons are said to be particularly well acquainted."

About seven years ago Bro. Hughan was appealed to with respect to the
origin and meaning of Heredom. I quote his reply: — " I cannot tell either, for
no two seem to agree as to the points raised. Heredom was used early in connec-
tion with the Eose Croix, as H.R.D.M. Kilwinning, also used with the Royal
Order of Scotland from about 1740-50. There is a fabulous mountain of Heredom,
of course, in Scotland, to suit the Higher Degrees and the Stuarts, etc. The Order
of Harodim of Preston is quite a different matter and usage, being for the Masonic
Lectures." With this prefatory note I revert to Collectanea.

The following advertisement appeared on November 26, 1743: — "The

Brethren of the Scotch H d m, or Ancient and Honourable Order of

K n g, are desir'd to meet the Grand Master of the said Order, and the

rest of his Grand Officers, at the sign of the Swan in Great Portland-street, near
Oxford-Market, on Wednesday next, at Three o'Clock in the Afternoon precisely,
to celebrate the Day. By Order of the Grand Master, E.W., Grand Sec."

This on August 1, 1750 :— " R.L.F. P.G.M. in S.B. 1

The Brethren of the H.R.D.M. are desired to take notice, that the Grand Lodge
and Grand Chapter of the Order are removed from the White Swan in Great
Portland-Street, near Oxford-Market, to Brother Fields, the Thistle and Crown in
Chandos-Street, near St. Martin's Lane. Note, The Grand Chapter meets on the
first, and the Grand Lodge on the fifth Sunday in each Month, at Six in the
Evening. By Command of the P.G.M., N.B.L.T.Y. Grand Secretary." (The
P.G.M. was "Relief"; 'the G.Sec. "Nobility.")

Again, November 17, 1753: — "On Wednesday next, being the third
Wednesday of the Month, will be held the Grand Chapter of the Order H.R.D.M.
at the Crown and Ball, in Playhouse-Yard, Black-Fryars, where. the Brethren of
that Order are desired to attend. Yours, W.S. G d T.R.S.T.A."

Neither of the Heredom Degree nor of the Order of Harodim is much known.
Bro. Yarker's paper 2 contains a little information and so does one by Bro. Hughan
in The Freemason ,'"■ but both leave much to be desired. At one of our meetings
Bro. Dr. Wynn Westcott exhibited and described* the Plan and Regulations of the
Grand Chapter of the Order of Harodim instituted at the Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street,
January 4, 1787, and removed to Free-Masons Tavern, Great Queen Street, October
21, 1790." According to the following advertisement in the World of January 5,
1788, the Order did not remain long at the Mitre: — " Order of Harodim. Crown
and Anchor Tavern, Strand. The Council, Assistant Council, Clauseholders, and
Commissioners of this Order, are respectfully informed, that the Annual Chapter
and Feast, will be held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, in the Strand, on
Wednesday next, the 9th of January, when the Election of Councillors and other
Officers for the ensuing year, will take place, at three o'clock, and Dinner be on

1 For a facsimile of the initials B.L.F., Provincial Grand Master in South Britain,
and seal, see Lyon's History of Frcemasonrti in Scotland, 309.
*A.Q.C. xv., 184 (1902).
3 A.Q.G. xix., 273 (1886).
l A.Q.C. xxv., 161, .

The " Collectanea " o/ the Rev. Daniel Lysons, P. U.S., P.S.A. 2?

the table at four. Tickets at 7s. 6d. each, may be had of the Stewards, the General
Director, or Secretary, No. 3 Dean-street, Fetter-lane, or at the Bar of the Tavern.
By Order of the Society, Thomas Chapman, Secretary."

The book of Emulations of the Order was exhibited in illustration of a
paper, " Notes on some Masonic Personalities at the end of the eighteenth century,"
by Bro. G. P. G. Hills, on May 3, 1912. The paper contains a sketch of the life
and Masonic career of General Charles Eainsford, who belonged to the Grand
Chapter of the Order of Harodim, and refers to two summonses of that Order found
among his papers. These summonses were reprinted in full by Bro. Matthew
Cooke. 1 A third summons (also referred to by Bro. Hills) may here be given in
full:— *' Chapter of Observance of the Royal Order of H.R.D.M.K.D.S.H.
Palestine, 1st. and lid. Column of the seven degrees, III., V., VII., IX.,
LXXXI. Ne plus ultra. Sir Knt. You are respectfully requested to attend the
duties of this Chapter at the Surrey Tavern, Surrey-street, Strand, on Wednesday,
the 21st day of December, at seven o'clock, p.m. precisely. December 15th,
A.L. 5800", A.D. 1796, A.O. 678, A.C. 482. B. Cooper, Sec. N.B.— Installa-
tions." This is addressed to Dr. Sibley. (Anno Ordinis is reckoned from 1118
by the Knights Templars, when they were established; Anno Caedis from 1314,
when they were suppressed).

A list of the Officers of Preston's Order of Harodim and their duties will
be found in his Illustrations. 2

The Scald Miserables now claim attention for a brief time. An unidentified
newspaper of March 28, 1741, announced the following: — " This Day is publish'd,
Price 6d. On a sheet of Writing Paper fit to be Framed, A Curious Farcical
Assical Print, finely Design'd and Engraved, Entituled, MOCK Masonry; Or,
the Grand Procession, as they appear'd at Temple Bar, paying their Compliments
to the Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons, when they
Pass'd by in their several Coaches and Chariots to their Annual Feast at Haber-
dashers Hall. Engraved and Publish'd^ according to Act of Parliament, and sold
by Mrs. Dodd, at the Peacock without Temple Bar and at most of the Booksellers
and Pamphlet Shops." A copy is laid down on the same page of Collectanea.

The Dedication is signed Esq; C \\ ")

* - Directors,

p. W h -dJ

the names thus represented being those of Esquire Carey and Paul Whitehead.

Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley has reproduced this as well as other plates of
processions, and has given much information respecting the Scald Miserables, 3
including the advertisement given above from the Daily Gazetteer. He quotes
from Hone's E very-Day Book the article headed " Chronology," 1 but gives for the
year 17 . ., [sic]; in my copy of the original edition (1827) the date is given as
1742. Hone's article is too long to quote, but it may be of assistance to some
Masonic student to state that in a " Remonstrance of the Right Worshipful the
Grand Master, &c, of the Scald Miserable Masons," which precedes the " Key or
Explanation of the Solemn and Stately Procession," etc., a claim is repeated " for

1 Freemasons' Magazine, New Series, iv., 449 (1861).

2 Seventeenth Edition, 235.
3A.Q.C. xviii., 132.

*ii., 522.

28 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronuti Lodge.

bur superior dignity and seniority to all other institutions, whether Grand Volgi,
Gregorians, Hurlothrumbians, Ubiquarians, Hiccubites, Lumber-Troopers, or Free-
masons." Lysons has preserved three advertisements concerning this body from
newspapers issued in May, 1744. The peculiarities of all, but especially of the
first, were evidently intended to draw a large crowd of lookers-on. " As the Tyms
air very trobelsum, I give this Notis to aul of the Honorabel and Ansiant Society
of SCALD MISEKABLE MASONS, that I shall not ride in Kavelcaed this Yeer,
lest Ourself, and wurthie Brethren, be pickt up by the Constabels. Our Enemice
have, at present, the Better of "Us, so every one has there Days. Howsomdever,
to shew our good Mening, I have order'd the Print, with a Descripshun of our
Proseshun, to be published this Day. Dag-Arse Jack, his X Mark." The two
other advertisements (May 1, 1744), the one headed " SKIN and GEIEF, Grand
Master," the other " By Order of the GRAND MISTRESS," respecting the
Grand Feast are of such a nature that they may well be passed over in silence.
In the Craftsman for May 5, 1744, there is the following piece of news: —
" Wednesday last there was a Cavalcade of the Grand Master, Wardens, &c, of
the Free Masons to Haberdashers Hall to Dinner. They were preceded by the
scald miserable Masons, with all their Insignia as far as Temple-Bar, who not
having the Liberty of entering the City, turn'd back and paid their Compliments
to the Free Masons as they pass'd by; but some impertinent Fellow with a short
Staff in his Hand, had the Assurance to interrupt the Procession of the Scalds,
by forcibly taking some of their Grand Officers to serve his Majesty in Flanders."
This was during the war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). The Processions
of the Scald Miserables imitated in caricature those of the genuine Order, of which
in 1736 the following were the components 1 : — " A pair of kettledrums, 2 Trumpets,
2 French Horns, 4 Hautboys, 2 Bassoons, the 12 present Stewards in 12 Chariots,
the Master and Warden of the Stewards Lodge in one Coach, the Brethren in their
respective Coaches, the Noblemen and Gentlemen who have served in the Grand
Offices, the two Grand Wardens in one Coach, the Deputy Grand Master alone,
the Secretary and Sword-Bearer in one Coach, the Rt. Hon. the Lord Viscount
Weymouth, the present Grand Master, and the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Loudon,
the Grand Master Elect, together in the Lord Weymouth's Coach; the Earl of
Loudon's Coach and six Horses, empty, closed the Procession." The Mock Pro-
cessions soon caused an end to be put to those of genuine Freemasons.

These brief notices of the Scald Miserables may be concluded by a quotation,
from a Prologue to Love for Love ' ' performed by desire of the Great Lodge at
Swaffham, Norfolk, May 6 th 1765 " 2 : —

" Yes, 'tis a barn — yet fair onea, take me right,
Uurs is no play — we hold a Lodge to-night !
And should our building want a slight repair,
You see we've friends among the Brethren there.

(Pointing to the Masons on the Stage.)
Reply the Scalds, with miserable frown,
' Masons repair ' ! They'd sooner pull it down, —
A set of ranting, roaring, rumbling fellows,
Who meet to sing 'Old Rose and burn the bellows'!
Champagne and Claret, dozens in a jerk ;

1 Bead's Weekly Journal, April 13, 1736.

2 Quoted in Freemasons' Magazine, N.S., ii., 46.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.It.S., F.S.A. 29

And then, O Lord! how hard they've been at work I
Poker and tongs ! the sign ! the word ! the stroke !
'Tis all a nothing, and jtis all a joke.
Nonsense on nonsense ! Let them storm and- rail,
Here's the whole hist'ry of their mop and pail.
For 'tis the sense of more than half the Town,
Their secret is a bottle at the Crown."

The allusion in the title and last part is to the Great Lodge, which met at
the Crown Inn, kwaffham. Constituted in 1764, it was erased in 1791. 1

OTHER SOCIETIES.

The Most Ancient, Honourable and Venerable Society, or Adams. —
Whether this met at the Royal Swan (as stated elsewhere 2 ) or the White Swan
is doubtful. Whichever is correct the house was well known and somewhat re-
sembled the Coffee house 3 established at Chelsea in 1690 by John Selby, who was
dignified by the appellation Don Saltero in the Tatler for June 28, 1709. People
of every dsnomination went there to take " a survey of his curious collection of
rarities . . the largest private one about this Metropolis. 4

Akerman's Academy. — The following, stated in the Gazeteer of December 10,

1787, to have been found in the pocket of. a recently apprehended housebreaker,

was distributed on the evening previous to his arrest at a house of resort for these

infamous characters: — " Sir, The favour of your company is desired at six o'clock

this evening at Akerman's Academy* and you will much oblige HARRY SLANG,

President.

Come, each blade arid flashy Blowing,

Mirth and Joy invite you here,

Chants and gossip here '11 be going,

No queer Trap shall dare appear.

P.S. Please to come early, because lockings up will be at eight o'clock.

* Sometimes the Start, the Stone Tavern, or the City College is substituted
here ..."

Albions. — A cutting dated June 24, 1749, advertises that a meeting of
this " Most Ancient and Honourable Order " was to be held on the 28th instant
at the Ship and Anchor adjoining Temple-Bar. ' By Order of the Grand, J.O.
Secretary." By accident or design the same Secretary (December 8, 1750) calls
it a Society. A year later (December 18, 1751) the " Antient Albion Lodge " was
summoned to meet at the same tavern.

The Amicable Society was summoned (October 17, 1754,) to meet at the
Sun in Fetter Lane, on special affairs. The Banks Collection has a notice (1801 ?)
of a meeting to be held. The motto of the Society was " Friendship without
Interest."

1 See The Great Lodge, Swaffham, Xorfolk, 176$-178o, bv Bro. Hamon le Strange,
in A.Q.C. xx., 232.

2 A.Q.C. xxv., 9.

3 The first Coffee house — i.e., where coffee was sold to the public — in England is
said to have been the George and Vulture, in George Yard, Lombard St.

1 Low JAfe, 63 (1764); see also Domestic Intelligence, 1681, quoted in Old and AV««
London, i., 172.

30 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

Amicable and Fraternal Society. ; — An undated ticket is in the Franks
Collection.

Anacreontic Society. — This Society was apparently established in 1773.
In a cutting dated 1788 it is described as the best of its kind. Their dinners were
held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand. I have also met with an
advertisement of an Anacreontic dinner at Norwich on the General Thanksgiving
Day, 1814.

Anchor Society. — A ticket in the Franks Collection gives neither date nor
particulars.

Ancient Britons. 1 — Lysons has an advertisement from the General
Advertiser of February 28, 1779, inserted by Bro. Cushin, of the Spread Eagle
at the corner of Pratt-street, Lambeth, apologising for not being able to
accommodate the Society with a room for dinner.

Ancient Britons, Most Honourable and Loyal Society of. — Franks has
preserved an invitation ticket to attend service at Christ Church, Newgate Street,
on March 1, 1731, and afterwards to dine at Leather Sellers Hall. This Society was
established March 1, 1713, for the purpose of assisting the distressed, in honour of
the birthday of the then Princess of Wales. The dinner on that occasion was held
in Haberdashers' Hall. Shortly afterwards the Prince of Wales gave the Society
its full title and permission to adopt the Prince of Wales's feathers as its emblem.
In 1718 a school for poor children of Welsh parents was established in London and
in 1737 a school-house was built on Clerkenwell Green; this gave place in 1771 to a
larger building on the north-east side of Gray's Inn Road (or Lane, as it then was).
In 1757 a service was held at St. Andrew's, Holborn, and the festival was held at
Merchant Taylors' Hall. In 1764 the Knights of the Garter, Thistle and Bath
attended, wearing the collars of their respective Orders. In 1765 the Treasurer
p,nd Stewards were permitted to attend at St. James's Palace and present an
Address to the Prince of Wales. Four years later a similar honour was conferred
on the Society. In 1773, however, the Prince could not receive them, but sent
100 guineas for their charity school. In 1774 the Society met at the Union Coffee
House, Piccadilly, attended Divine Service at St. James's Church, whence they
went in procession to the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand. The collection
at that year's festival (£487 Is. 9d.) beat the record. The school was removed
into the country several years ago.

Ancient Druids. —In 1787 Lodge No. IX. of this body met at Brother
Sheen's, the Devonshire Arms, Sherrard-street, Golden Square. The advertise-
ment is issued " By Order of the Noble Arch. J.R. Secretary." Some years
later (Morning Herald, July 8, 1802) the Anniversary dinner of the Order was
held on July 14 at Brother Cavill's, the Southampton Arms, Hampstead Road,
Camden Town. Stewards, P.G.A. Tuppen, P.G.A. Jones, P.G.A. Ward, Brother
Waller. Signed by Watts, Secretary. (P.G.A. denotes Past Grand Ancient).

Antient Rams, .The Society of the. — Members were desired to meet at
the Geq.rge in Princes-Street, St. Anne's, Soho, on November 21, 1754, on special
affairs. - . . . .

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Darnel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 31.

Antient and True Britons. — This was evidently a Welsh Society. A long
advertisement was issued on February 19, 1753, stating that a dinner would be held
at the Cheshire Cheese in Chelsea on the first of March " to celebrate the memory
of, St. David, the Tutelar Saint of our antient Country .... being of Blood
Royal, uncle to the great King Arthur, and the Son of the Prince of Wales," etc..
etc. Dinner was to be on the Table Half an Hour after Two o'clock, tickets for
which could be obtained "at Mr. Todd's, the Bummer Tavern in the Strand; at
Mrs. Gaywood's, the Fountain in Bartholomew-lane, behind the Royal Exchange;
at Mr. Read's, a Grocer, in Russell-street, Covent-Garden ; and at Mr. [Edward]
Jones's, at Chelsea," who signs the advertisement.

Bro. Sadler, in his inaugural address 1 gives some particulars regarding
Antediluvian Masonry, concluding with the remark : — ' ' Whether there ever was
a Society of Antediluvian Masons I cannot positively say/' I have not succeeded
in coming across anything on the subject, but found in the Franks Collection an
undated ticket of admission to an " Explosion Saturday next " of the Antediluvial
Imperial Catamarans, signed by the President, Vice-President and Secretary,
prefixed to the signatures are the words Vesuvius, Etna, Earthquake, respectively.

Antibotjrbon Lodge.— Another of the single advertisements of which so
many are found in Collectanea, but the name is self-explanatory. " The Brothers
of this Lodge " were desired to attend on Special Affairs at the George Tavern,
Great East Cheap, on May 11, 1785. " By Order of the President, Thomas Evans,
Secretary."

Antigallic Hicks. — This was apparently the name given to an off-shoot
of the Antigallicans, having a similar object in view (see infra), and consisting of
Master Peruke-Makers. In the advertisement, dated March 28, 1754, notice is
given of places where their petition could be signed and subscriptions concluded.
A note is attached: — " Wanted, an old Club-Box, with three or more Locks,"

Antigallic-Masons. — From an advertisement in a newspaper of May 4,
1753, it would appear that this Order had only one Lodge, which met at the Fox,
in Castle-Street, Southwark. But it was so flourishing that the usual room was
too small for its meetings, and the Grand President, accompanied by the Vice-
President and the rest of the Officers in their proper Habits, together with a great
number of their Brethren, laid the foundation stone pf a new building. Afterwards
various healths were drunk, accompanied with the discharge of several small
cannon. 2

Antigallicans. — I have met with several advertisements, etc., respecting
this body, both in Lysons and elsewhere. Its object may be stated briefly to have
been 3 ' ' to oppose the insidious arts of the French nation which was .
threatening to disturb the peace of Europe," and later "to promote British
manufacturers, extend the commerce of England, and discourage the introduction
of French modes and the importation of French commodities." The earliest
reference to Antigallicans that I have met with is in an advertisement in the
Daily Advertiser for April 6, 1749. Others (from Lysons s>"d. elsewhere) are dated'

1 A.Q.C. xxiii., 325. ... .

2 See Miscellanea Latomorum, iii., 8,

3 lb. ii., 9.

32 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

1752 — no less than eleven, — 1757, 1760, 1775, 1776, besides sundry mere references
up to 1781. Most of the advertisements are headed with the motto " For our
country." St. George's day was the anniversary of this "laudable Order." In
1752 there were apparently several Branches. In the Daily Advertiser of February
28, the " Brethren of the laudable Order of Antigallicans, belonging to the Bell
Tavern without Aldgate, are desired to meet their President," etc. In another
advertisement (same paper and date) we read of a General Quarterly Meeting of
the Grand Association of Ant'-gallicans being held at the Ship Tavern, Ratcliff
Cross, at which it was resolved " that a Premium of Twenty Guineas be distributed
among the crews of two Busses belonging to the Chamber of London that shall this
year catch and cure the greatest Quantity of Herrings," also that the Annual
Feast to be holden on the following April 23 shall be free and open to all the
Brethren. They were to meet at the Association Room at the Ship and thence
proceed to St. Dunstan's, Stepney, to hear a sermon. It was also " resolved That
it is the undoubted Privilege of the Grand Association to open new Associations
and will not acknowledge any Association that shall be opened by any others, to
belong to the Antigallican Order." An account of the day's doings on April 23
is given in the General Advertiser of the following day. The preacher was the
Rev. Mr. Gibbon, Rector of St. Anne's, Limehouse, and the Feast was held at
the Gun at Mile-end. The same issue savs that several other Associations heard
a sermon at Bow Church, Cheapside, whence they went in procession to Drapers-
Hall, to'partake of an elegant entertainment. Edward Vernon was chosen Grand
President in the room of Lord Carpenter. The General Advertiser of May 1,
2. 8, and June 11, 1752, mentions in sending notices by different "Registers"
(initials only) the Anti-gallicans belonging to the Crown and Magpie Association
in Aldgate High-street, and others " at the Bell, at Bell Dock, Rotherhithe."

In 1760 at a meeting at the Crown Tavern, behind the Royal Exchange,
Thomas Godfrey, an eminent London merchant, was unanimously re-elected
President for the second year, and Richard Carter, Grand Treasurer. We learn
from a cutting that " the day was spent with great chearfulness, and the evening
concluded with decency and regularity." A cutting from an unidentified news-
paper dated April 23, 1775, states that a much more numerous body of Brethren
than for many previous years met at the Ship Tavern, Ratcliffe Cross. The
Grand Master, Mr. Serjeant Glynn, being detained at the Sessions at Guildhall,
"Mr. Lee, the late Sheriff, walked in procession, as Grand Master, to Stepney
Church," where the Rev. Dr. Haddon preached a sermon, of which an abstract
is given. Much information concerning this body will be found in Notes and
Queries. 1 From the latter periodical we learn that their coat of arms was as
follows: — On a field gules Saint George proper slaying a tortoise azure charged
with three fleurs de lys or. Crest, between six flags of St. George proper the figure
of Britannia holding in the dexter hand an olive branch proper. Supporters, on
the dexter side a lion rampant gardant with man's face or. On the sinister side a
double-headed eagle, with wings displayed argent. Motto "For our Country."
In this connection may be noted the following advertisement : — ' ' A new and
accurate Map of the British Empire. . . By a Society of Anti-Gallicans.

Published by Act of Parliament, 1755, and sold by William Herbert on London

, 'e.g., IV., iii.; VII., iv. ; XL, iv.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lyaons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 33

Bridge and Robert Sayer over against Fetter Lane in Fleet Street." In 1781 the
father of Leigh Hunt was selected preacher. Besides the parent Society there
were many local Branches. It will be noted that the style of the . chief varies
between Grand Master and Grand President.

Apollo Club. — This was held at the Devil Tavern, between Temple Bar
and the Middle Temple gate, in its principal room, known as " the Oracle of
Apollo." From the times of James I. the tavern was greatly resorted to by
literary men; and women of character were allowed to attend the meetings of
the Club. Be-n Jonson wrote its "Leges Conviviales." The Franks Collection
contains an engraved admission ticket.

Apollo Society. — This was evidently a debating Society, meeting at the
King's Arms Tavern, Grafton Street, Soho. At one of its meetings at end of
February, 1786 (exact date not given), the subject for discussion was, " Will
any thing less than rebellion justify the Legislature in checking any dangerous
combination amongst the people ? ' ' There were to be good fires and the room
"lighted with wax." ■ t

" All members of the Antient and Honourable Society of the truly British
Abthueites, now in London, are desired to meet their Brethren on Friday next,
the 26th instant, at Eight o'Clock in the Evening, at the Crown and Anchor
Tavern in the Strand." (Advertisement, January 24, 1759).

A3 you like it Club met at the Thatch'd House, St. James's Street. Its
President in 1785 was John Edward Madocks, Esq.

Aurelians. — The members of the Crown and Anchor Lodge of this Order
were notified on March 23, 1754, that the Meeting which was to have been held
on the 26th instant was postponed for a week for particular reasons.

Authors, Club or. — Goldsmith in The Citizen of the World (Letters 29,
30) gives an account of a visit to this Club, which met at the Broom at Islington.

Autonomists. — Another of the large number of societies whose names occur
in Collectanea, but of which no further notice has been met with. The " Gentle-
men of the Worthy Society " were notified in an advertisement, December 19,
1748, to meet at the sign of the Black Raven in Fetter Lane, to settle and deter-
mine some Affairs of very great Importance": signed by W.A., Secretary, and
again on Wednesday next (issued June 10, 1749), signed by E.A., Secretary.

Azygos Club. — Its members were desired to meet "this day or to-morrow
at the usual Place and Hour." That is all the information vouchsafed in a two-
line advertisement, January 28, 1751.

Baboonian Lodge. — From evidence contained in a very long advertisement
in the London Courant of January 17, 1747, this name was given to an " Order "
or " Society " for, among others, those " that have a mind to be gull'd of Three
Shillings and Six Pence " for " the Propagation of Vanity and Nonsense." The
Grand and Council met at the sign of Mr. Cunning-Head. The Order was
apparently a skit on secret societies in general.

Batchelobs and Fumblebs. — According to the Morning Chronicle of June
4, 1785, this Club (which might well be relegated to Ned Ward's list), held a

34 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

meeting of those interested in the cotton trade at the Seven Bells, in Dove-Court,
Lombard Street, to propose to the Chancellor of the Exchequer the imposition of
certain taxes.

Beaus Club. — "Henry Stonecastle," i.e., Henry Barker, F.R.S., says 1 :
" There is a certain Order of People in this Island who make use of the word
[Death] without any Meaning at all; it is to them a meer Expletive, and serves
only as an additional Syllable to a Period, and to give an Air of Consequence to
nothing. The learned Order I here mention is that of the Beaus, who, though
they are esteem'd a harmless, inoffensive Set of Gentlemen, yet they invoke Death
with no little Courage, in order to fright Hackney Coachmen, Box keepers at the
Play-House, and old Women at a Coffee Bar." The Club is stated by Ned Ward 2
to have met "at a certain Tavern near Covent Garden."

Beef-eating Britons. — I have met with three advertisements, all in 1788,
of this Body. The Morning Herald for March 3, notifies the removal from the
Nag's Head, Leadenhall Street, to the King's Head Tavern, Poultry, where the
dinner will be held on that day. This is signed by F. Johnson, Secretary. At the
same place dinner was held on April 7. The Gazetteer of November 29 winds up
the announcement of the dinner on December 1st with the following: —

"Prime parts, worthy Sirs; from the pot and the spit,
Great gashes of fat, and great gashes. of wit;
Apollo with Bacchus preside o'er each forum,
While Momus and Comus attend on the Quorum."

Beef-steak Club. — There were many Clubs of this name besides the
Sublime Society of Beefsteaks; so much will be found respecting them in A.Q.C
xxvii., 25 et seqq., that I can add but little. What appears to be the earliest is
referred to in King's Art of Cookery, 1709: Clubs bearing this name were not
confined to London, but existed also in Oxford, Cambridge, Chelmsford, Dublin,
Norwich, 3 and probably in many other places. The old custom of the period,
according to which notices of meetings (Masonic or otherwise) were left at the
members' houses, is mentioned in an advertisement of December 15, 1752: — "It
was agreed in order to free the Widow of our late honest Landlord from the Care
and Trouble of delivering the Ticket at each Gentleman's House, that Notice shall
always for the future be given in this Paper three days before every Feast Day,
which will be continued (as usual) on the last Monday of every Month." The
name of the Paper in which this " Beef -Steak Club in Chick-lane " advertised is
not given in Collectanea. It is recorded May 17, 1785, that the Prince of Wales
had become a member of the London Club a few days previously. At a much later
date, January 16, 1831, we learn that the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Leinster,
and Lord Chancellor Brougham ("who still continues at the Old Beef-Steak
Club") were members of the Club originally established by Rich, the Manager
of Covent Garden Theatre.

Beggars' Benison or the Beggars' Benison Club. 4 — This was a powerful
Order, instituted at Anstruther in Scotland in 1739, arid lasting till about 1830. It

1 Universal Spectator, III., 69 (Reprint, 1747V

2 Secret History of Clubs, 138 (1709)
u R. Nevill, London Clubs,

,l.q.C. x., 193,

The "Collectanea'" of ike Rev. Daniel hysons, F.P.S., F.S.A. 35

was an association of gentlemen, including eminent men of all classes, 1 noblemen and
even some members of the Royal Family, whose object it was to form a collection
of facetious articles of all kinds. The entrance fee was ten guineas.

Beggars' Club. — Ned Ward, who gives an account of the proceedings at
one of the meetings, says that this met (1709) at a then famous drinking house in
Old Street. See also Mendicants' Club, infra.

The Bench. —The Brothers of the Bench were desired to meet on December
14, 1752, at the Benchkeepers' House, the Horse and Groom, Hosier-lane, West
Smithfield, "to close the Ssssion, and other Affairs highly tending to the Honour
of the Bench. By Order of the Bench. W.W. Principal Prop."

Benns' Club. — This was a small coterie, started in 1746, consisting
apparently of only the following London Aldermen: — Robert Alsop (d. 1785),
William Benn (d. 1755), J. Blackford (d. 1759), Ed. Ironside (d. 1753), Sir Henry
Marsal (d. 1754), and Sir Thomas Rawlinson (d. 1769). It may be assumed that
the Club died out with the last of its Founders.

Birth-Night Club (or Birth-Day Club). — This met at one time at Charles
Kerwood's in the Bowling-Alley, Westminster. On October 5, 1754, Geo.
Wrenford advertised that it would in future meet at his house, the Star-and-Garter
in Old Palace-Yard.

The Blue Club at St. Alban's was apparently political. On July 27, 1765,
the members' friends in and about London were asked not to " engage their Votes
and Interest too suddenly, should they be soon applied to."

Boddingtonians held their Grand Annual Feast on the Monday following
August 19, 1749, the date of the advertisement in the Daily Advertiser.

Boodle's Club in St. James's Street, always closely connected with Shrop-
shire, was originally called the ^avoir Vivre. 2 It was long familiarly known hs
" The topboot and worsted stocking Club." 3

Borlacians. — All Borlacians were invited to attend the Anniversary of tho
High Borlace at the Angel Inn, Oxford, on August 18, according to an advertise-
ment issued July 27, 1752. A Grand High Borlace was advertised in the General
Advertiser January 11, 1754, to be held at W. Bristow's, the Horseshoe and Mag-
pye, near St. Dunstan's Church on the 12th, " to which the Choice Spirits in
general are invited. The Stars will appear early." According to another
newspaper this meeting was to be held at the " Horseshoe and Magots." A similar
announcement was made on the following March 1. A High Borlace was adver-
tised on February 28, 1755, at the Robin Hood in the Butcher-Row, Temple-Bar;
there were the same invitation to Choice Spirits in general and announcement
respecting the Stars. At the High Borlacs held at Oxford in August, 1764, Miss
Nourse was chosen Lady Patroness for the ensuing year. High Borloees (sic) are
mentioned among places of mirth in Low Life, -p. 14 (1764).

1 Knowledge, June 1912.

2 Nevill, London Clubs, 64.

" Doran, In and ahout Drvry.Lane, ii.. 118. See also Timbs, History of Clubs and
Club Life, 103; Old and -Veic London, iv., 164.

36 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

An advertisement, dated February 28, 1743, incidentally mentions the
Boroughnians, but I have met with nothing further concerning them.

British Cardinals, The Noble Order of.— The following is the wording
of a blank engraved Certificate: — " Noble Order of British Cardinals. Instituted
the seventeenth Day of December, 1779. Mr. Consecrated a

Cardinal of the Grand Vatican, the day of 17

Pontifex Britannicus,

Grand Secretary.

The Society meets every Friday evening at Seven o'clock." Lysons also gives an
engraving of a meeting.

The Noble Order of Bucks. — Among the papers presented to this Lodge
in its earlier days was one by Bro. W. H. Rylands, entitled " A forgotten Rival
of Masonry: the Noble Order of Bucks," 1 which is so full and comprehensive that
one cannot hope to add much to what he has been able to gather concerning that
body. They appear originally to have formed a Club, by no means dissimilar to
the Mohawks, whose nightly doings made it dangerous to walk the streets of
London : they afterwards mended their ways and became (eventually) an Order
with several Lodges, chiefly in London. I endeavour to avoid (as far as
possible in this paper) repeating information to be found elsewhere in our
Transactions. Lysons gives nothing respecting the ribald times of the Bucks, the
earliest cutting (1743) giving an account of that " antient and honourable Order,"
than which none of the many societies in and about London " have shown greater
marks of Loyalty and Affection upon all Occasions." In the Daily Advertiser of
October 13, 1743, J. P., Secretary, summons the annual meeting to be held at
their Grand Council Chamber in Aldersgate-street, on the 18th: " At this critical
Juncture the old Kennel is to be new open'd by the Wild Boar Hunters from the
Black Forest to guard the native Deer within the Pale and Purlieus. — To multiply
and honour the unanimous Friends of ancient Liberty, Industry, Merit, Commerce,
Navigation and their Country, against all Aggressors and Oppressors."

An advertisement in the Daily Advertiser, 1744 (month not stated) gives
an indication of troubles having arisen, for " the Brethren of the Regular Lodges "
were desired to meet at the Three Tuns in Newgate Street . . . By Order of
the Vice-Grand of the Lodge held at the Bull Head and Three Tuns in Cheap-
side." Advertisements of June 30, July 4, 9, and 12, show that things were not
going smoothly, and we read of the " Original " and the " Pretended " Bucks, the

latter calling the former the " Illegitimate B ks of A sgate St 1." A

note to the announcement of July 12 says: — "Unless this Dispute is reasonably
adjusted, in a short time will be published, an authentic Account of the Antiquity
and Decorum of the Illegitimates, their many Impositions on new-made Bastards,
the Rise and Progress of every Quarrel between the several Parties concern'd, with
several Remarks highly useful to all Bucks and others." On July 2 the Summer
Feast of the Bucks " belonging to the Grand Council in Aldersgate St.," at the
Thatch'd House at Islington, on the previous Friday is described in glowing terms,
winding up with " This flourishing Community was increased by the Matriculation
of several new Members of this most truly Noble Order, which greatly increases,

1 .1.^.6'. iii., 140 (1900).

The "Collectanea*' of the llev. Daniel Li/sons, F.lt.S., F.S.A. 37

to the universal Satisfaction of all true and worthy Members; and the whole
agreeable Scene was transacted with the utmost Decorum and Decency," The
cuttings that might give a clue to the cause of dispute are unfortunately wanting.

The next advertisement (August 27, 1748) notifies that the Order " held at
the Grand Council Chamber at the Cock and Crown will meet on the 31st, at
Brother Adams, at the Royal Swan in Kingsland Road." Another (October 9,
1749), By Order of the Grand Buck, J.J., Secretary of the Lodge held at the
Pewter Platter, in Norton-Folgate, requires the members to meet the Grand there
" on Thursday next" and thence to visit the Grand Lodge held at the Rose in
Monkwell Street. In another advertisement of the some date notice is given by
H.G., Secretary, that at a General Community to be held on the 18th inst. all
who hold Estates of the Grand Buck, whether they be Rangers, Foresters, Keepers
or others are personally to attend to do Homage, pay their Quit-Rents, and renew
their Leases on pain of being " struck out of the Record, their Estates estreated
and they no longer entitled to the inestimable Privileges of Bucks." After a
magnificent Repast provided by the Grand Buck, the Secretary " will entertain
the Bucks with the curious History of the Origin of the Institution, from a very
ancient Manuscript, which has been almost miraculously preserved." On another
occasion — date not given — this History was to be given by John Pennington,
Register, who signs the advertisement.

The Society of Bucks was not confined to London, for we read that at
Liverpool a meeting was held on June 4, 1759, to celebrate the birthday of the
Prince of Wales, afterwards George III. On the following July 25 they held their
anniversary meeting. On August 3 they commanded a play at the theatre, and
on February 8, 1760, they subscribed 70 guineas for the troops abroad and for the
relief of their widows and orphans, having on a former occasion sent 50 guineas
to the Marine Society. 1

Of the various Lodges mentioned by Bro. Rylands 2 I find notices, etc., of
the following : —

According to an advertisement dated September 8, 1780, the Assyrian Lodge
had been meeting at the Standard Tavern, Leicester Fields, but found it incon-
venient to remain there. They therefore moved to Freemasons' Tavern, Great
Queen St., where they met on and from that date. In the Franks Collection there
is an undated ticket of Admission to this Lodge, also one of the Ancient Lodge of
Assyria for January 27, 1819, at Willis's Rooms. The latter was in existence in
1826 (thus advancing the hitherto latest known date by one year 3 ) as shown by an
unidentified advertisement of that year, in which B. Davies, Hon. Sec, notifies
that the Lodge will meet on October 25 and every succeeding Wednesday during
the season at Freemasons' Tavern.

The Babylonian Lodge met in 1753 at the Fox in Brewer Street; in the
following year it moved to the Turk's Head Tavern, Greek Street, Soho; and in
1788 it met at the " Surry-Tavern, Surry-Street, Strand."

1 Chambers, Hook of Days, i., 195.
*A.Q.C. iii., 145.
3 A.Q.C. xxvii., 57.

38 Transactions of the Quatuor t'oronati Lodge.

According to the Morning Herald, of April 28, 1788, the Brunswick Lodge
paid visits on that and the following evenings to the Babylonian and Macedonian
Lodges. It was then meeting at the Braund's Head Tavern, New Bond Street.

An advertisement concerning the Bucks will be found infra. (See " True
English Champions.")

The Euphrates Lodge met in 1782 at Paul's Head Tavern, Cateaton Street.
According to the Morning Post of August 17, 1802,. it held its Festival on the 22nd
at Canonbury House, Islington.

The European Lodge met at the " Surry Tavern, Surry Street, Strand," in
1788, on September 3 of which year the advertisement is signed " Brighton,
Secretary."

In 1792 the Macedon Lodge was meeting at the Garrick's Head, Bow Street,
Covent Garden. It seems to have been known also as the Macedonian Lodge.

On October 12, 1754, those " belonging to the" Lodge held at the Pewter
Platter, Norton Folgate," were required to attend there to choose a Grand and
Officers for the ensuing year. In the same year it was determined to hold the
Grand Anniversary in several different places, viz., the Grand Body at the Dog
Tavern on Garlick-Hill ; another company at Norton-Folgate ; a third at the Three
Tuns and Bull-Head in Cheapside, and those who frequented the Bell in Noble-
Street, at Barbers' -Hall in Monkwell Street. The sign of the Pewter Platter occurs
frequently, in both town and country.

The World of May 24, 1788, announces that the Royal Hanoverian Lodge
will hold its Anniversary dinner at the Horn Tavern, Doctors Commons, on the 28th.

The Union Lodge, a ticket to which is in the Banks Collection, does not
appear in the list of Lodges. Nor does the Royal Independent Hanoverian Lodge,
which held its summer feast at Canonbury Tavern, Islington, on July 28, 1802.
(Morning Post, July 2, 1802.)

In 1789 a print of the Arms of the Bucks was advertised, " taken from the
original painting, and elegantly engraved by a capital artist, price three shillings.
To be had of C. Fourdrinier, Jun., Charing Cross." In 1789 the Grand Lodge gave
a ball at the Plasterers' Arms. A ticket of admission is in the Banks Collection.

To conclude these extended abstracts about the Bucks I give a Buck's
Song : —

THE BUCK'S MOTTO— "BE MERRY AND WISE."

The words by J.W. Set to Music by Mr. Bates.

Ye Bucks of the Platter, attend to my lay,
I've got a new song for to sing or to say.
My intentions I'm certain you cannot despise,
Whilst I stick to our motto — "Be merry and wise."

To Nimrod our founder a bumper put round,
Let Innocence join'd to fair Freedom abound,
Like Nimrod of old let us hunt for the prize,
Yet remember our motto — " Be merry and wise."

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 39

With health, wealth, and peace may all Bucks be blest,
And dear unanimity dwell in each breast,
Good humour and mirth still beam in our eyes,
Whilst yet we remember — "Be merry and wise."

A bumper to Lucas each take in his hand,

And pay him that homage that's due to our Grand,

To honour and merit may ev'ry Buck rise,

Who adheres to our motto — " Be merry and wise."

All true Bucks join hands, here's to Pugh at ye Platter,
Should milkshops condemn us — why let 'em — no matter,
Such triflers we hate and their notions despise,
Whilst we are for our motto — "Be merry and wise." 1

Bucks or Bar-Chusses. — We have seen that in 1744 there was a split in
the camp of the Bucks r and the Barcok or Bar-Chusses appear to have bsen an
offshoot. In Collectanea there are two advertisements of them. The first from
the Daily Advertiser of June 23, 1746, issued by T.C., Secretary, notifies the
members of this ' ' most Noble Order belonging to the Lodge at Holywell ' ' that
the Lodge is removed to the Five Bells Tavern behind the New Church in the
Strand, and will be opened on that evening. This prosaic announcement is
succeeded by the following : —

You Bar-Chusses that love good Wine,
And at Five Bells would sup or dine,
In home-spun Blankets may ye meet,
Without or Pillowbier or Sheet,
On this good Day, and there explore.

How G did lie in Times of Yore ;

And why to Tavern he repairs,
Who once liv'd up four Pair of Stairs;
Let our Debates of Grand's behaviour,
Be mix'd with Oriental Flavour,
That other Bucks may silene'd be,
And all submit to trite T.C.

The italicised words have probably more meaning than is at first apparent.
Then comes an important note: — "None of the Antient Bucks can or will be
admitted without a new Initiation, this being a refin'd Order, composed of fresh
Intelligences, collected by our sagacious Brethren in the Law, and transmitted (?)
to W.W.G." (The word queried is almost illegible, and, unfortunately, I have
not been able to trace a copy of the original newspaper).

The next advertisement in the same paper of February 12 (though dated
February 8), 1753, desires the Brethren of the Holywell Lodge to dine with the
Most Noble Grand on the 16th inst. No place is mentioned.

The Order of the Budget. — A newspaper of June 29, 1745, contains a long
proclamation by " Rameses XIX. by good Fortune and free Election, the 1907 th
Sovereign Monarch of the most antient and flourishing Nation of the Itinerant
Egyptians," etc., etc. The style of the remainder may be judged from this speci-
men, but the gist of the whole is that the " most magnificent and vetust Order of

* Freemasons' Magazine iv., 878 (1858).

40 Transactions of the Qnatunr Coronati Lodge.

the Budget " will hold an august Festival at the Admiral'Vernon and Porto Bello,
Norwood Common, " an Imperial Assembly for Reformation and Matriculation
on Sunday, June 30, in the year of Creation 5795, and of Grace 1745."

Dr. Butler's College figures among the advertisements of 1787. The
head of the Society was termed Chancellor. J.W., the Secretary, gives the names
of various houses where it had been proposed that the business of the College should
be conducted in future; a ballot was to be held for this purpose on August 6, and
the landlords of two touted for support. According to the World of the previous
February 14, the General Convocations of the Gentlemen Commoners had met at
the Dr. Butler's Head, Coleman Street. Apparently it was then not so nourishing
as it had been, for the Secretary, James Maddock (perhaps J.W. in the August
notice is a misprint), gives notice that they will meet on the first and third Mondays
in the month, and not every Monday, as heretofore.

The Honourable Order of Caballarians appears to have been a Musical
Society. A vocal and instrumental concert on January 12, 1743, concluded with
" a new grand Entertainment called Rumpus." This was given at the Magpye
Tavern, without Bishopsgate. Another on the 19th was given (after a general
meeting) at the "Three-Tun Tavern, Spittlefields." Rumpus was again given,
followed by the Farce Panricobrothaeo.

Celtiberians. — The Brethren of this most Antient and Honourable Order
attended the Grand at Brother Francis's, the Crown in Bow Lane, on January 3 d ,
1753, and then celebrated their annual feast.

The Caesars. — It was ordered by John Brazen, Prima Ccesar, on September
28, 1753, that this Antient and Honourable Society should be revived and meet
that evening at the Crown and Anchor, Lombard Street, Whitefriars.

Caledonian Society. — The Knights Companions are notified that St.
Andrew's Day will be celebrated by a Ball at Mrs. Ansell's Room, Spring Garden,
and that on the evening previous a. meeting will be held at Mr. William Walker's,
the Glove, Pall Mall. So much for the Universal Register, November 28, 1786,
but in the following year the Members are similarly notified and tickets of admis-
sion were now reduced from 10s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. (Morning Herald, November 23,
1787.)

The Calicoes. — This " Ancient and Honourable Society " — which of these
old Societies are without these or similar epithets? — was apparently social and
political. They met at the New England Coffee-house, behind the Royal Exchange
on April 16, 1747, " to drink in a flowing Bowl, Prosperity to his Royal Highness
the Duke of Cumberland,' and Success to His Majesty's Arms."

It is somewhat singular that Lysons passes over in silence the (political)
Calves Head Club.

The Calves Head Society met at the President's house on January 31, 1743,
to congratulate one another on." the Conquest they lately gained over their Neigh-
bours, the Cods Heads."

The members of the Campden Club were desired to meet on August 25,
1788, at the Spring Gardens Coffee liouse, " to go upon business previous to dining."

The " Colltctflnea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 41

The General Evening Font of July 22, 1758, in correcting an error in a
.Birmingham paper, announces that the Caractacan Society will meet August 1st
upon the Cordoe, " where an Oration will be spoken suitable to the Occasion, and
dine at Longnor Bowling Green."

In 1752 several advertisements appeared of the holding of a British Carnival
on January 7, February 4, 27, March 26 and September 1, at the Castle Tavern,
in Pater-noster-Row and the Globe in the Borough. They are interesting chiefly
oil account of the mention of other Societies who had assisted in making them
successful — the Antient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons,
the Loyal Society of Anti-Gallicans, the Facetious Society of Comus's Court, the
Friendly Society of the Bucks, the Universal Society of the Ubiquarians, the Merry
Society of the Grigs, the Learned Society of the Purples, the Brave Society of
Lumber Troopers, the Venerable Society of Antiquarians and the Fellows of the
Royal Society. One of the advertisements (Daily Advertiser, August 29), is
signed David Massey. The Chairman was styled " Doge " or " President."

The Cat Society and the Cat and Bagpipean Society were both presided
over (1749, 1750) by the Old Principal Cat, and their Mousings were held at the
Bedford Head or at "their usual Office on the Great Western Road." 1 The Cat
and Bagpipes may, as a tavern sign, have had an Irish origin, on which see Larwood's
History, 438.

The Banks Collection preserves an invitation to the Cat and Fiddle Society.
It doubtless took its name from the tavern sign, said by some to allude to Caton le
fidele (a governor of Calais) or from Catherine la fidele, wife of Peter the Great.

According to an advertisement in the Morning Herald, November 28, 1787,
a Catch Club was established in that year and gave their anniversary dinner to
the ladies in May, 1788, at which the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York and other
members of the nobility were present. In 1860 it (or a successor ?) met at the
Thatched House.

The Cecilian Society was established in 1785. Its object is explained by
its name.

Champions or Liberty. — From the Oracle or Bell's New World, December
19, 1789, we learn that St. George's Lodge of this Order met on the 23 d at The
Barn, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.

Chins, The Antient & HoN Me Society of. — I am indebted to the kindness
of our Secretary for drawing my attention to this Order and for being able to
reproduce an Invitation from the original in the Collection of the late Bro. Ensor
Drury. From the physical feature there portrayed, the Club might well have been
called the Long-chinned, like the Long-nose, the No-nose and the Ugly Clubs. I
have not succeeded in finding anything further about it.

Assuming that the terms Choice Spirits and Friends of Mirth and
Jollity refer, as they apparently do, to the same Society, their advertisements
preserved by Lysons range from March 4, 1749, to March 31, 1754. Their places
of meeting wsie the Crown Tavern and Coffee-House on Ludgate Hill (" No Hunv-

i gee also A.Q.C. xxvii., 39,

42 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Drums to be admitted"'); the Dog Tavern in St. James's Market; Spring-
Gardens, Greenwich (" 2feno, Plato, Aristotle, All true lovers of the Bottle, Will
(for all the Gazetteer,) As toping Philosophs be there"); Kendal House; the
Swan near the Bridge Foot, Westminster; the Three Tuns and Crown, Holborn-
Bridge; the Salutation, Billingsgate; the Crown Tavern near- Cripplegate, and
the Royal Oak at Wandsworth. A High Borlace was held in the early part of
March, 1754, at the Horseshoe and Magpye, Fleet Street. (See supra.)

The Ciecar Club dined at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand on April
27, 1782.

The City Club that met at the Queen's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard was
one of those to which Dr. Johnson belonged. 1

The Civil Club was established in the City in 1669. Its early records are
unfortunately lost; one of its rules was that but one person of the same trade or
profession should be a member of the Club. 2 The name was evidently taken in its
primary sense.

The Brethren of the Amicable Society of Clerks were desired to meet their
President and Wardens at the Hercules in Bow-lane, on October 24, 1753, on
special affairs for the benefit of the Society.

Clodpates. — According to advertisements dated April 2 and 15, 1745, the
members were called Brother Clods and the officers Clods at the Anchor. The
" first regular established Society of original Clodpates " held their annual Feast
at the Welsh Trooper (alias the Welsh Goat) at Hammersmith, but apparently
their usual place of meeting was the Golden Anchor in Clare-Street, Clare-Market.
The " Original Constitutional Lodge is held, as usual, at the Fountain in Clare-
Street, Clare Market . . . that ancient Community, which is well known to
be of greater antiquity than Masons, Gregorians, Pinnerians, Ubiquarians, &c."

The World of March 13, 1788, gives an account of a recent search in Clerken-
well for evil-doers by fourteen Officers of the Peace. They visited a tavern in
Turnmill-street, where they found 157 members of a Cock and Hen Club, so named
from women being admitted, and there being a male and also a female president.
They evidently belonged to the ne'er-do-well class and a considerable number of
them "concluded that evening with unusual harmony, good order and regularity
in Bridewell."

The Cocked-Hat Club 3 either took its name from, or gave its name to,
the custom of a cocked-hat being placed before the President at its meetings. At
another club bearing the same name all the members wore cocked-hats at its
meetings.

Among the items of news in Bead's Weekly Journal for July 26, 1718, its
readers are informed that the Cockneighs Feast was held, as usual, at Clerkenwell
on St. James's day, the 24th instant. Orator Henley preached a sermon to them.

Codgers. — There were, apparently, two clubs of this name, one (1789)
known as the Free and Independent Codgers, whose chief was called " the Vener-

1 Boswell's JAfe of Johnson, Ed. Ingpen, II, 938,
2 Timbs, Clubs and Club Life, 4,
3 A.g.C. xxvii., 37, 49,

The "Collectanea" of the liev. Daniel Lyxons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 43

able Father. " At a dinner to be held at the Crown and Sugar-loaf, Fleet Street,
the follpwing served as Stewards : — Sir Watkin Lewis [Lewes?], Mr. Alderman
le Mesurier, Mr. George, Mr. Blake, Mr. Acton, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Brown, Mr.
Blanchard, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Waghorn, Mr. G. Hoare, Mr. Hayward, Mr. Lake,
Mr. Hughes. The general absence of initials makes it difficult to recognise these
names except the first and second. The other was the " Most Antient and
Honourable Society of Codgers." In an undated advertisement in the Daily
Advertiser, P.S.,- Secretary, by Ord«r of the Vice-Protoplast, desires the members
to attend the Most Noble Captain at the Sun in Milk Street. This is followed
by a " Note. The Y's as well as the O's will be welcome, on producing proper
credentials." Do the initials mean Young and Old members?

Bro. Hextall mentions the Codheads " in London, about 1750. ' n This is
perhaps identical with the Codsheads, who were advertised on February 1, 1743.

College Youths. — Lysons has two advertisements of this Society. The
dates are widely apart — November 3, 1753, and November 3, 1786 — but as each
refers to an annual feast, the same society may be alluded to.

The particular object of the Coltjmbarians is clearly indicated by their name
in advertisements of the following dates: — September 15, 1744, February 11, 1749.
October 12, 1754, and February 6, 1790. This Society met originally in Fleet
Street, near St. Dunstan's Church. It was replaced by the Philoperisteron, which
met at Freemasons' Tavern until its amalgamation ■with the National Columbarians. 2

" At the Ship Tavern, near Temple Bar, this evening will be a Comus, when
Mr. Shuter will be Chairman." (Advertisement, March 22, 1753.)

Comus's Court met at the Half-Moon Tavern, Cheapside, on March 20,
1749; at the Horns in Bell-yard on February 7, 1753; and at the Five Bells in
Lhe Strand on November 22, 1764. " The Choice Spirits from Comus's Court are
mentioned by Jerry Sneak in Foote's ' Mayor of Garrat,' " 3 as well as in sundry
advertisements of Choice Spirits.

The Gentlemen Concordians who met at the King's Arms, Tooley Street,
on the first Wednesday in the month were notified on November 20, 1750,, that the
day would be changed to the second Wednesday. Signed by John Simon.

The Constitutional Society (whose Treasurer was Richard Oliver) met at
the Half-Moon Tavern, Cheapside, on January 28, 17 (no year given).

Constitutional Whigs Grand Lodge or England. — This was evidently a
political Society. An extraordinary meeting was held on July 18, 1788, at the
Intrepid Fox, Wardour Street, to consider the best means of securing the election
of Lord John Townshend. The Officers and Brothers of the "United Lodges were
" by order of the Noble Briton " requested to attend.

The Banks Collection contains a blank invitation (1787) to attend a meeting
cf the Cruisers.

As Bro. Hextall has pointed out, the natives of various counties met.
frequently in London at convivial gatherings in the seventeenth century, 4 and

1 A.Qj:. xxvii., 39.

2 Old and Xeir London, i., 46.

3 (rrntleman's Magazine, lxi., 318.
l A.Q.C. xxvii., 26.

44 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

indeed the practice has in many instances been continued to the present time.
Notices are to be found of the Cumberland Fleet (1812) ; the Cumberland Societv
(1749, 1786, 1788, 1789, 1812); and the Society of Cumberland Youths.

The dates of the holding of the anniversary dinners of the Derbyshire
Society at the Crown and Anchor (see paper just alluded to) may be extended
both ways by the addition of 1782 and 1795.

The Devonshire Club met in 1789 and 1795 at the Star and Garter, Pall
Mall, and, according to another undated advertisement, at the Thatch'd House
Tavern, St. James's Street. We shall come across other County Societies in the
course of this alphabetical list.

Diluvian Order. — The Freemasons' Magazine for August, 1794, has the
following notice: — Aug. 16. Being the birth-day of his Royal Highness the Duke
of York, it was celebrated with all the honours of Masonry by order of Knights
Templars resident at London, united with the Society of Antient Masons of the
Diluvian Order, or Boyal Ark and Mark Mariners, assembled at the Surry Tavern
in the Strand, by summons from Thomas Dunckerley, Esq. Grand Master and
Grand Commander of those United Orders.

The following skit appeared in the Morning Herald for November 16,
1787: — " The first meeting this season of the Dirty Shirt Club will be held on
Saturday next underground in Low Holborn. Sam. Seedy, Tom Tatter, Stewards.
N.B. Visitors without shirts cannot be admitted."

According to the Morning Post the Court of Do-Rights that met at the
Blue Last, Distaff Lane, held an anniversary dinner on April 18, 1787, at Brother
Herbert's, Hoxton-square Coffee-house, Hoxton-square.

The Doldrum Club is one of the many clubs with quaint names that were
satirised by Addison and Steele in the Spectator.

In 1753 the Brethren of the Amicable Society of Dolphins held their
annual Feast, by order of the Grand, on January 9, at the Two Brewers, Long-
Ditch, Westminster.

The Order of the Dragon. — The brethren were requested by the Secretary,
C.P., by order of the Grand, to attend a Chapter on May 28, 1751, at the Red
Lion, Shaw's Court, near St. George's Church, Southwark, " wherein they are not
to fail, as they will answer their Contempt." This was notified in the Daily
Advertiser, which on March 5 in the following year has a notification by the same
Secretary that the " Gentlemen belonging to the Dragon Society " are to meet " at
their Chapter House."

Among the Clubs mentioned by Steele is the Duellist's Club, that
originated in the reign of Charles II. 1

Doran mentions 2 the existence of an Early Rising Association.

The Eccentric Society, commonly known as The Eccentrics. 3 — In an un-
identified newspaper of April 18, 1822, a notice is inserted by John Thomas Eyling,

1 Spectator, No. 9 (1710-11).

"In and about Drury Lane it., 130.

» See A.Q.C. xxvii., 37.

The "Collectanea*' of the Rev. Daniel Ly sons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 45

that the Society, which formerly met in May's Buildings, St. Martin's Lane, had
removed to the Norfolk Hotel, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden. According
to Timbs 1 this convivial Club was an offshoot of the " Brilliants," and first met at
Fulham's in Chandos Street, thence migrating to Tom Eees's in May's Buildings.
It is said to have numbered from its commencement upwards of 40,000 members,
among whom were such men as Fox, Sheridan, Lord Melbourne, Lord Brougham,
Theodore Hook, etc.

To the brief but interesting note by Bro. Hextall on the Everlasting Club 2
may be added from Addison's description 3 of it that it was instituted towards the
end or, as some say, the middle of the Civil War and was burnt out by the Great
Fire of 1666. The doors of the Club were kept open day and night, and the mem-
bers were divided into watches, like sailors at sea.

The Worthy Gentlemen of the Society of Every Man in his Humouk (which
had then two Presidents, John Pulley and James Jones) were desired by the
Secretary, A. Jesse, to meet the rest of their Brethren at the Golden Key, in Cock
Lane, on February 26, 1754.

" Falconer's Club. — The Hawks are now at Alconbury Hill, and Fly there
till May the 8th, when they will return to Falconer's Hall and finish the Season,"
etc. (Morning Chronicle, April 26, 1782.)

The Fat Club is mentioned by Steele in the Spectator, No. 9.

The Fighting Club is also mentioned in a paper in the Spectator.

Order of the Flask. — The Daily Advertiser for June 20, 1753, announces"
that the Knights Companions will hold their anniversary at the Crown and Rolls,
Chancery Lane, on the 27th instant.

The Fountain Club was a political body, opposed to Sir Robert Walpole.
In 1710 it met at the Fountain Tavern in the Strand.

The Free Northerns were requested (March 18, 1754) to meet at the Sun
in Round-Court, in the Strand.

The Free United Britons. — The members of this Most Antient and
Honourable Society were desired to meet the rest of their Brethren at their Lodge
held at the Black Lion in Montague-Street, Spittlefields on June 24, to elect
Officers for the ensuing Quarter (June 22, 1754).

The Free and Easy. — This Society met, March 1748, July 1749 and August
1764, at the King's Arms Tavern, New Palace Yard, Westminster.

The Free and Easy Counsellors under the Cauliflower met on April
2, 1788, for their anniversary dinner at the Three Pigeons, in Butcherhall-Lane,
Newgate. At that the Noble Grand was Thomas Jennings, and the Secretary
Christopher Brown.

Free and Easy Johns. — This Society has been mentioned several times in
the Transactions of the Lodge. It wi,3 established in 1767, one of its founders
beinc Wells Egelsham, who died in 1786. Hone gives a sketch of his life. 4

1 Clubs and Club Life, 262.
■' A.Q.C. xsvii., 40.
'Spectator, No. 72.
1 Year Book, 684.

46 Transactions of the Quatuor L'oronati Lodge.

Free and Easy hound the Rose is represented in the Banks Collection by
an admission ticket, March 23, 1762. The rose was an emblem of silence and meant
that nothing said in the room was to be uttered abroad.

Free and Easy under the Rose. — The Public Advertiser announces, April
24, 1758, that those who intend to dine with the President on that day, being St.
George's day, must provide themselves with tickets, It appears from Brasbridge's
Memoirs (Fruits of Experience) that this Club, of which he was a member, was
founded about the year above mentioned at the Queen's Arms in St. Paul's
Churchyard and afterwards removed to the Horn Tavern, Doctors' Commons.

The most worthy Society of Friendly Batchelors, whose motto was
Single, yet United, met July 30, 1751, at the King's Arms, Burr-Street.

Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick. — This Ancient and Benevolent Order
had an elaborate set of printed rules, and I am indebted to Bro. Songhurst for the
opportunity of quoting from them. The fifth edition of its " Laws, Statutes and
Constitutions " was published at Dublin by authority in 1820; the 25 Rules, etc.,
occupy nineteen 8 V0 - pages and are followed by the First and Second Lessons
" appointed for the Instruction of this Order " (pp. 20-25), and the Charter Song.
An engraved copy of the letter, set to music, is also inserted in this particular
copy. The object of the Order may be stated briefly as a belief in the Fatherhood
of God and the practical- application of love to the Brotherhood. The two
" Lessons " consist of appropriate quotations from the Old and New Testament
respectively. The members were unlimited in number and distinguished by the
word Friendly inserted between their Christian and Surnames. Rule III. says,
" The Assemblies of the Brethren are called Knots, signifying the indissoluble Tie
of Love and Frindship, wherewith they are mutually bound. And they are either
Principal Knots or Marching Knots, which all centre in the General Grand Knot
and Select Grand Knot." The style and title of the annually elected Principal
was His Benevolence the Grand President of the Ancient and Most Benevolent
Order of the Friendly Brothers ; he was to reside in Ireland constantly, and if he
should, without the consent of the General Grand Knot, absent himself for more
than six months, his office was vacated. The General Grand Knot comprised all
Regular and Perfect Friendly Brothers. In the absence of the Grand President
and the Vice-President, the Senior Perfect present took the chair. Marching
Knots could be, by patents, held in all parts of the world by gentlemen of the
army. The Grand President was assisted in the management of the Order by a
Select Grand Knot and Two Secretaries. All Knots were to meet annually on
March 17, being the festival of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of the Order. Thy
" ensign of the Order " was a gold, medal showing St. Patrick's Cross fixed in a
heart over which was a crown, an emblematic knot embellished with trefoil, or
shamrock, leaves, and the words Fid el is et Constans. The reverse side showed the
arms of the Order, namely, a group of hearts in fesse, or, charged with a celestial
crown of the same, in chief, in a field vert. Round the shield an endless knot set
with shamrock leaves, the mantling proper, and two emblematic dolphins, 1 their
faces downwards, argent: a label issuing from their mouths with the motto Quis
separabit. This was worn suspended by a green ribbon. And for the crest on a

1 The dolphin is an emblem of kindly feeling.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Li/sons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 47

helmet and wreath of their colours a wolf dog standing proper. Only professed
Christians were admitted into the Order, and no religious, political, national or
party debates were admitted in any Knot. Cursing, swearing, etc., were punish-
able by fines for the use of the poor. Every person on being Initiated a Novice.
had to pay for the use of the General Grand Knot two guineas and a half, and. on
being made regular two guineas over and above the usual admission fee of the
Knot into which he was received. The Principal London Knot met on May 17,
1785, at Baxter's Tavern in Dover Street. (Morning Post.) The Banks Collec-
tion contains an invitation ticket. In 1788 the meeting was held at the Crown
and Anchor Tavern in the Strand. (The World, April 22.) Lysons has a ticket
of admission to the Principal Knot at Cheltenham.

The Friendly Society. — The Banks Collection has an undated (176- — )
ticket for a meeting to be held at the King's Arms Inn, in Haughton Street, Clare-
Market.

Friendly Society of Cockneys. — An Anniversary Festival was celebrated
at the White Conduit House, Clerkenwell, on July 25, 1788, when a collection was
made for educating, clothing and apprenticing poor children. The Anniversary
Sermon was preached on the 20th at St. John's Church, Clerkenwell, by the Rev.
Mr. Harrison, Chaplain to the Lord Mayor.

F.F., or Friends of Freedom; or Friends to Freedom. — This was a
political Society, of which Lord George Gordon was President in 1787. A petition
to the President, signed by Sir Watkin Lewes, David Davies and others, appeared
in the Morning Post for April 23, begging him to name a day on which he would
meet the Stewards of the Society at the Britannia Tavern, Deptferd, to fix the dav
for the anniversary festival. It concluded with the following important N.B. : —
" His Lordship must wait the determination of the Judges in the King's Bench,
on Wednesday next, before he can be at liberty to answer the Friends to Freedom.
The speeches of the Attorney and Solicitor Generals, and Mr. Erskine, must be
answered to the satisfaction of the Court and Jury." The dinner took place on
May 14.

The Society of Friends meeting at the One Bell, Fleet Street, resolved on
January 27, 1785, " that John Wilkes Esq. ... be never admitted a member
of this Society. Resolved, that the thanks of this Society be given to the respectable
Societies of Lumber Troop, Codgers, and Couzins for expelling John Wilkes Esq.
for his partial and arbitrary conduct at the Wardmote at St. Andrew's Church,"
etc., etc.

Friends round the Globe, of which Sir Watkin Lewes was President,. held
its Anniversary Festival at the Globe Tavern, Fleet St., on June 10, 1783, also in
June, 1785 : at the August meeting of that year James Boswell was elected a
member. _,

Friends of Mirth and Jollity. — Advertisements appeared on March 17,'
1749, and in the General Advertiser of December 5 and 11, 1752, inviting this body-
to Comus's Court at the Half-Moon Tavern, Cheapside. Several other advertise-
ments (1753, 1754, 1758) of this Society occur in Collectanea.

48 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

The Banks Collection contains an invitation to attend a meeting of The
Gang on December 2, 1784, and in Lysons is another of (apparently) 1789.

On December 1, 1743, a meeting was held of the Prussian Gaede du Corps
Royal at the Cardmakers' Arms in Gray's Inn Passage, Red*xion Square. Tha
convivialities concluded with a vocal and instrumental concert. The announce-
ment was made by the Generalissimo.

The Gentlemen under the Rose are invited by order of the President to
celebrate their anniversary on April 23 (St. George's Day), 1752,. at the Queen's
Arms Tavern, St. Paul's Churchyard. (General Advertiser, April 13, 1752.)
According to an earlier advertisement, February 14, 1746, the occasion of their
meeting at the same tavern was to dine off a " barbacu'd Hog."

In the Spectator, No. 9, Steele writes: — "A Christian name has likewise
been often used as a badge of distinction, and made the occasion of a club. That
of the Georges, which used to meet at the sign of the George, on St. George's Day,
and swear ' Before George,' is still [1711] in every one's memory."

The Gloucestershire Society. — The gentlemen of that county living in
London met at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand in 1785, 1786, 1795,
1812, and doubtless in many other years.

At the meeting of our Lodge held last October Bro. Seymour Bell,
D.Pr.G.M., Northumberland, exhibited two Badges of the Loyal Lodge of Good
Fellows. They are circular silver plates within an irradiated border gilt metal.
On the obverse of one of them the following is inscribed in straight lines: — " No. 4.
Loyal Lodge of Good Fellows. Established 1811." The reverse has the Prince of
Wales's feathers surrounded by " William Jackson P.G. Septem-

ber 25th, 1840." The obverse of the other badge is similar, except that " No. 9 "
takes the place of " No. 4 " and the space occupied by " Established 1811 " is left
blank. On the reverse is the representation of the Royal Arms, surrounded by
the following:— "Rich"- Aston, P.G. " July 6th, 1841."

The Morning 1'ost of March 14, 1778, advertises a dinner of the Respectable
Society of Good Fellows under the Sun to be held at the Sun Tavern in St. Paul's
Churchyard.

Lysons does not give much respecting the Gormogons. Bro. Gould quotes 1
from the Daily Journal, October 29 and 30, 1728, a notice of a meeting to be held
on the 31st. The following, issued in 1725, is almost identical: — " By Command
of the VOL-GI. A general Chapter of the most august and sublime Order
GOR-MO-GON will be held at the Castle Tavern, in Fleet-street, on Monday the
30th Instant, to commence at 11 o'Clock, of which the several Graduates and
Licentiates are to take Notice and give their Attendance. J.S.T."

The Whitehall Evening Post of July 3, 1731, states that on the previous
Mid-summer Day the Cure of St. Sulpice, Paris, gave a great entertainment to
the workmen employed in the building of that magnificent fabric. At one table
sat about 400 Gormogons and at another the Cure and Masons, who were of the
Ancient and Honourable Order of Free Masons.

1 A.Q.C\ viii,, 13§,

The "Collectanea" of the Rev, Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 49

Grand Tweels, Board of. — See Swadlers.

- The Most Noble and Respectable Order of Grecians. — The members were
" earnestly intreated to meet the Most Noble Censor, Officers, Council and Brethren
at the Lodge, the Spread Eagle, Charles-street, Cavendish-square, formerly called
the Middlesex Hospital. By order of the M.N.C."

Gregorians. — A very full paper respecting this Order from the pen of Bro.
W. H. Rylands will be found in A .Q.G. xxi., 92. The following have not, I think,
already appeared in our Transactions. " By Order of the Grand The Grand of
the Ancient and Honourable Order of Gregoreans [sic~\, attended by the Grand
Officers and the Brethren of the Grand Chapter, intends to visit the Chapter of the
said Order held at the Pope's Head Tavern in Cornhill, this evening at Seven
o'Clock, at which Time and Place the Brethren of the said Order are desir'd to
attend. J.R., Secretary." (January 4, 1748). The Daily Advertiser for March
13, 1752, advertises a meeting of those belonging to the Rummer Chapter to be held
in their Chapter Room. By Order of the Vice-Grand." The body was still in
existence in 1797, after having changed its character. (Mackey, quoted in
A. Q.G. xxi., 94). The system was called Gregorism (lb., 102) and the Order may
have been connected with the earlier Society of Gregories (lb., 137).

The Daily Advertiser of December 16, 1750, puts on record the existence
of the Worshipful Company of Grunters.

" The Guttles are desir'd to meet their Cook, in order for him to prepare an
Entertainment fit for their deprav'd Appetites, which shall be punctually serv'd up
according to their Directions, and ready on the Day they have appointed for so
extraordinary a Feast. Scullions are expected to attend." (March 6, 1751).

The Hampshire Club, established for the support of public liberty, held a
general meeting at the George Inn, Winchester, on November i, 1786.

The resort of the Handelonian Society in 1787 is not more clearly indicated
than simply " Wyc'h Street."

The Harmonical Club is mentioned by Oliver Goldsmith in the Busy Body
for October 13, 1759.

Hell-Fire Clubs were abolished by order of the Privy Council in 1721
(Gentleman's Magazine Ixi., 315.)

The Herefordshire Society celebrated its anniversary on February 7,
1788, at the Crown and Rolls Tavern, Chancery Lane, and on February 7, 1793, at
the Crown and Anchor Tavern, Strand. There appears to have been an earlier
Society with the same name, whose anniversary occurred in May.

The following may be added to the notes already published 1 respecting the
Hiccobites. Mackenzie refers to the meeting held on December 5, 1750: this was
announced in the General Advertiser. It was then styled the " Most Ancient and
Joyous " Order, but in 1770 the latter epithet was changed to Honourable. " The
Brethren are punctually requested to dine with the Lord Paramount, &c," at
the Mermaid, Doctors Commons, on February 26, it being the annual festival,
according to the Gazetteer of February 12.

1 A.q.C xxvii., 31, 51,

50 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

In *1750 the Aldermen of Highbury held their annual feast on August 7
at their Corporation House, and there elected Officers for the ensuing year, and a
few days later met at Mr. Alderman Salisbury's, the Rose and Crown, in Salisbury
Court, Fleet Street, and on August 17 those Aldermen who were in the interest
of Mr. Alderman Biographer were desired to meet on that day at Mr. Alderman
Tankard's, the Crown in Long Acre to revive the old Corporation of Stroud Green.
This last advertisement is headed " Stroud for ever! ab Origine."

The Highland Club met at " y 6 Shakespeare " on December 14, 1786.

The Banks Collection contains an admission ticket of the Sagregat and
Immutable Friary of the Noble Order of Honesty, 1786.

The Gloucester Journal for December 29, 1806, announces the Annual
Meeting of the Hugemabuffs at the Fleece Inn, Gloucester, on the ensuing
January 1.

Another body with a singular name was that of the Hugolontheonbiquif-
finarians, who were requested in the Daily Advertiser of December 26, 1743, " to
meet at the Manor House on the 27th instant . . . to do Suit and Service to
the Lord of the Manor of Sir Hugo Bi Quiffin." In June, 1749, " S.T., Stede-
ward, issues the following announcement: — "Manor of Sir Hugo Bi Quiffin,
Wilethe [Willeth ?] Alle Tenants semblee to Morwe to han Herbeyhgage."

The Humbug Feast. — Whether this had anything to do with an early
Humbug Club or not, 1 I cannot say. This is how it was brought to the notice of
the public on November 10, 1750: — "Shall it be said, fat Capons shake their
Tails at us in Defiance. — Ham.

To live, or not to live, that is the Question.

Whether 'tis nobler in a Man to feast

On Wild Ducks, Turkeys, Puddings, plumb'd or plain,

With Punch of Arrack delicious, Brandy and Rum,

Or sneak at home, to save a paltry Shilling,

And be humbug'd with Mutton Chops and Porter.

The Gentlemen possess'd of Tickets for the Humbug Feast, who cannot possibly
honour the Society with their Company are humbly intreated to return them," etc.

The Hum-drum Club described by Goldsmith 2 is perhaps the same as that
mentioned by Steele in the Spectator, No. 9.

Huntingdonshire Society. — The annual feast for the Gentlemen of the
County of Huntingdon was held in 1700 at Haberdashers' Hall. A Monthly
meeting of the Society was held on March 6, 1788, at the King's Head Tavern,
near Middle Row, Holborn, Lord Hinchinbroke in the Chair, and another on the
following December 2 at the same place under the Presidentship of the Earl of
Sandwich.

Independent Loyal Britons. — The following cutting is from an unidentified
newspaper, dated merely 1793: — "Independent Loyal Britons. Brother, The
favour of your company is requested to attend British General Lumley and Officers,
in assisting to open a Lodge, No. 2, Tomorrow Evening, at Eight o'Clock, at
Brother Irwin's, Green Man, St. John's-lane, West-Smithfield. ELY, G.Sec."

^A.q.C. xxvii., 39, 52, 2 A.Q.C. xxvii., 150.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lijsons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 51

Je ne scais quoi. 1 — According to the Gazetteer of February 12, 1789, this
had just been instituted, and was to be wholly appropriated to music and con-
viviality. An engraved admission ticket for March 21 (no year stated) is in the
Banks Collection.

The Venerable Order Sacred to John, or the Social Order of Freemasons. —
Although this has (I think) been mentioned in our Transactions, it may be worth
while to refer the reader for much concerning it to the Freemason's Magazine,
N.S., i., 406.

The Joyous met at the Ship in Ivy Lane on April 16, 1752 (General Adver-
tiser, April 13), and on August 11 at the Castle in Pater-noster-Row (lb., August
13, 1752). A similar advertisement appeared in the same paper for November 27,
1752.

The Joyous Knot dined together on December 22, 1783, " at Nangle's."
The announcement is signed J.G.S.I.K.C.N.C. (Hibernian Journal, December
17).

Keep-the-line Club. 2 — By one of the rules a fine of a dozen of claret was
imposed on any member who published any literary composition of his own.

The Kentish Bowmen held their first winter meeting for 1788-9 on February
7, at the Thatch 'd House. (Morning Herald.)

The annual meeting of Kentish Lords, Knights and Gentlemen was
advertised July 22, 1686.

Kentish Town Corporation. — The Brethren of this Society were desired
to meet at the " Great Council Chamber at Mr Landor's in the said Town " on
September 16, 1753, " to chuse a proper House for the reception of the said Cor-
poration during the Winter Season," and again for the same purpose on October 1.
" Note. Those who have not subscribed, are not entitled to Vote, except they will
subscribe to the. Regalia. G.W.S. T.U.S. J.N.R. J.C.C."

Khaibarites. 3 — A paragraph in Mist's Journal for July 17, 1725, states
that the election of a Grand Khaibar, in the room of Mr. Robert Prior, deceased,
will take place in the following week, " at which the several Members, Brothers
and Candidates are desired to assist." . Some years later difficulties occurred: the
President declared he would not resign, as he was elected an Officer for life.
Consequently a meeting was held at the Nag's Head, Tothill Street, Westminster,
on December 29, 1742. Nothing is stated further as to what was settled by the
"Worthy Brethren of the Grand Khaibar." According to an advertisement of
September 23, 1749, their future place of meeting was to be the Bear Tavern, at
the Bridge-Foot, Westminster.

Kill-Care Club. — Those who were responsible for drawing up the adver-
tisements concerning this Club do not appear to have known what its alternative
name was. In one (January 5, 1753) the members are called " the Sons of Sound,
of Sense and Satisfaction," but in another (February 14, 1753) the first part
figured as " the Sons of Sound Sense." Their Fortress was the Castle Tavern in
Pater-noster Row.

1 A.Q.C. xxvii., 35. 2 A.Q.C. xxvii., 53.

3 A.q.C. iii., 141.

52 Transactions of the Quaiuor C'oronati Lodge.

The King's Club is another of the Clubs mentioned by Steele in the
Spectator, No. 9.

The King's Arms Society was a debating Club. It moved in 1780 from
Coachmakers' Hall to the King's Arms Tavern, Cornhill.

Kit-Cat Club. — So much concerning this Club is to be found in books
treating on the subject of London Clubs that I include it in my list merely to draw
attention to the fact that a list of its Presidents will be found in Bromley's
Catalogue of Engravings, 1793.

Knights of the Brush. — To the information previously given 1 concerning
this Society I may add that it apparently met from October to April (" the first
meeting this season will be this Evening — October 1, 1784 "). Its usual place of
meeting was the Coachmakers' Arms in Long-Acre. To accommodate those who
were unable to celebrate St. George's Day by dining in the Long Room, Hampstead,
in 1788 (as they had done in 1787), a dinner was held at the Old Court-house,

Long Acre, on the same day, with Sir Jos. D'A MI A in the Chair.

(Morning Post, April 18 and 21, 1788.) The latest date mentioned is 1789.

Knights of the Golden Fleece. — The Lysons Collection contains three
advertisements from unidentified newspapers respecting this " Antient and most
Noble Order." The first, December 21, 1742, informs the Knights that the
voluntary and charitable contributions of Brethren have enabled the Order to put
apprentice to a citizen of London a distressed orphan or other youth that shall
appear a proper object. Name and place of abode of any such should be notified
to the Grand Elders in their Grand Chapter-room. According to the next,
December 1, 1743, the Knights were to attend the " Grand Chapter -,at St.
Katherine's on that day to proceed thence to Mitchel's Coffee-House in Crutchtd-
Fryars, to constitute a Chapter and open a Band of the illustrious Order. Note.
The Grand Chapter will be open'd at Five, and the Band closed at Six, that the
Regalia and Instruments of Constitution may be timely sent for the Accommoda-
tion of the Grand Officers and Council." The third cutting is dated December 13,
1743. The Knights were desired to attend that evening at Mitchel's Coffee-House
and on the following Friday at the Grand Chapter in Britannia Sloop in St.
Katherine's.

Knights of the most Honourable Order of the Horse-shoe. — It is not
often that one comes across such precise particulars as are contained in the two
following paragraphs. I therefore quote them in full: —

" A very ancient custom is still observed at Okeham, in the county of
Rutland — Every Peer of the Realm, the first time he comes through this town,
is obliged to give a horse-shoe to be nailed on the gate of the Castle. The bailiff
of the manor, in case of refusal, has power to stop his carriage, and take one off
from any of his horses. This is generally, however, compounded for money. In
proportion to the sum given by the Nobleman, a shoe is made bigger or less, with
the name of the donor and the date of the gift stamped upon it; it is then nailed
on the Castle-hall gate. Some of these shoes are gilt and curiously wrought — Over
the seat of the Judge, where he sits at the Assizes, there is a horse-shoe of very

1 A.(J.O. xxv., 10.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., P.S.A. 53

curious and singular workmanship, which is five feet and a half in length, and of
breadth proportionable. It is imagined that this custom must be derived from the
antient Lords of this town of the Ferrers family, whose arms are three horse-shoes,
and whose name signifies smiths or workers in iron." (Gazetteer, February 7,
1788.)

"Order of the Horse-Shoe! — A few days since a horse-shoe, presented by
the Duke of York, was put up in the Castle at Oakham, in the county of Rutland.
Its height is six feet and a half; the plate eight inches broad; elegant and superbly
gilt with a splendid and beautiful border; at the point, a crown, richly ornamented
with gold spangles. The Order of the Horse-Shoe originated from Queen Elizabeth,
who, on passing through Oakham and Winchelsea, at Burley on the Hill, was
detained for some time by one of her horses having lost his shoe. The Queen, on
this occasion, by way of commemorating the accident, granted a charter to the town
with this clause : — ' That every Peer of the realm, who passed through Oakham for
the first time, should give a Horse-Shoe to nail upon the Castle Gate; and if he
refused, the Bailiff of the Manor to have power to stop his coach, and take a shoe
from one of the horses. This is now termed the Order of the Horse-Shoe, and the
donor generally presents a large one, on which his name is gilt. Formerly plain
iron shoes were given — but now none but gilt ones are admitted — which are placed
ever the Judges' seat in the Castle. Many are very curious; but His Royal High-
ness's eclipses the collection, and has given him the distinguished appellation of
Sovereign of the Order of the Horse-Shoe." (Gazetteer, August 15, 1788.)

The Banks Collection has an admission ticket to a meeting at the White
Horse in King Street, Golden Square, on June 6, 1782. Signed by Win. Virgo,
Purveyor.

Knights or Jerusalem, The Modern. — These met at the Jerusalem Tavern,
St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, every Monday evening. The Grand Master in his
robes of state and accompanied by his Commanders in black gowns proceeded up
the room and ascended the throne. The evening was passed in smoking and mirth-
ful singing, but nothing of an improper nature was allowed. 1

Knights of the Moon. 2 — In the advertisement convening the meeting held
on October 13, 1786, the following names are given : — President, Sir John Thompson.
Stewards: P. Le Mesurier Esq., Robert Rashliegh Esq., William Pitt Esq., Messrs.
Thomas Daniel, William Hunt, Thomas Smith, William Pinder, Elias Crompton,
John Berrie, Thomas Bennett. The distinction between the honorary and the acting
stewards will be noted. (Morning Post, October 10, 1786.) At the next anniver-
sary festival the following were elected : — President, Alexander Annesley Esq.
Stewards: Sir Benjamin Hammett, Knt. and Alderman, George Macauley Esq.,
John Philips Esq., Thomas Boulton Pratt Esq., Samuel Townley Esq., Stephen
Clark Esq., Messrs. Robert Mann, Loveden, Joseph Hodges, Goden, William
Burden. The then Secretary was D. Prichard. (Universal Register, October 25,
1787. ) 3

1 Diprose, London and London LJfc, 94.

■A.Q.C. xxv., 11.; xxvii., 40.

s In the title of this Order given in A.Q.C. xxvii., 40, the word Golden should bo
deleted. Such an order, however, may have existed. A writer in The Free-Thinker
(No, 35, July 21, 1718), complaining of the multiplicity of Tavern Signs, says, " I have
seen a golden Leather-Bottle, a golden Cheese, a golden Blackamoor's Head, a golden,
instead of a silver, Half-Moon.' 1

54 Transactions of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

Voluntary and Independent Knights of the Plume. — A cutting from
Mitchell's Sunday Gazette of May 16 (no year mentioned, but most probably 1790)
shows that these Knights met at the Unicorn, corner of Henrietta Street, Covent
Garden, on every Monday night. Signed by the Secretary, T. Hester.

Knights of St. George. — This body met at the Queen of Bohemia in Wych
Street. Their motto was " Justice, Truth and Friendship."

Knights of St. Geohge and Snuffers. — According to an advertisement in
an unidentified newspaper of April 22, 1788, an Installation was to be held on
St. George's Day, April 23.

Knights of Tara. — The Dublin Evening Post (?) of April 5, 1783, advertises
a long list of resolutions adopted by this Society, which met in Dublin and was
" instituted for the Encouragement of the Science of Defence with the Sword." Its
President at that time was Sir William Fortick. The following are the names of
the members forming the Committee for the selection of candidates: — The Hon.
John Butler, Castle Kilkenny; Col. Butler, Kilkenny; General Luttrell; Major
Wemys, Kilkenny; Major John Kelly, Castle Kelly; William Holt, Stephen's
Green; Thomas Koach, Dublin; Sir William Fortick, Belmont; Hugh Trevor,
Dublin; Capt. Cole, Dublin; Patrick Bellew, Mt. Kelly, co. Galway; Capt.
Holmes, 66th Regiment; Joseph Deane, Terrenure; Anthony Gordon, 67th
Regiment; and James Farrell, Black-pits. The Society met at Ryan's, in Fownes's-
Street, on December 1, 1783, in order to ballot for a number of candidates. Signed
by James Underwood, Secretary, fib., November 29.).

Knights Templars of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. — A General
Encampment of this Order was held at the Black Horse, Coventry Street, Hay-
market, on April 7, 1788. (Morning Post, April 4, 1788.)

The Ladies' Club is mentioned by Goldsmith in She Stoops to Conquer.

The Lackadasies met on September 11, 1747, at the Queen's Arms Tavern
in St. Paul's Churchyard.

The Lancashire Society held their annual feast on April (?) 26, 1754, at
the Crown Tavern behind the Royal Exchange, and at the same place on April 25,
1775. .

The Latitudinarian Society is mentioned in advertisements of the Philo-
dracosanguinarians and the Philolutheronians. (See infra.)

The Morning Herald of March 30. 1785, contains a notice to the Society of
Laurel Whigs that a meeting will be held that evening at the Angels, Upper St.
Martin's Place. This was a political society.

The Leeches have been already noticed, 1 but here is an additional announce-
ment from the Gazetteer of November 2, 1757, notifying the members of the
" Supreme and Legislative Court of the Ancient Family of Leeches" that it is
removed from the Red Cross, Barbican, to the Crown Tavern, Bow-Lane, Cheapside,
where the Court Nights will be held as usual on the first and third Monday in every
month during the winter season.

1 See ante and A.Q.C. xxvii., 29.

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 55

The Long-nosed Club met at the Albemarle in Dover Street on March 19,
1751, at eight o'clock in the morning. " The largest Nose to be' entitled to a Pot
of Purl and the Chair."

The Society of Lords held their anniversary dinner on January 9, 1786.

The Brethren of the Most Noble Order of United Loyal Britons belonging
to the George Association in Grafton Street, St. Ann's, Soho, met on June 5, 1753.
" By Order of the President, William Potier, Secretary." At a much later date :
March 14, 1792, the Grand Lodge of the Honourable Order of Loyal Britons met
at the Three Kings Coffee-house in Orange Street, Bloomsbury. The notice is
signed " Brother W. Nicholas, British General. John Hall, Secretary."

The Loyal Georges. — The Brethren dined with the Grand and Wardens at
the Shepherd and Flock, leading to Islington, on St. George's Day, 1753. Those
belonging to the Grand Lodge held at St. Luke's Head and Eight Bells, Red Lion
Street, Spitalfields, were desired to meet to choose officers for the ensuing half-year.
(Gazetteer, December 28, 1769.)

The Loyal Georgians was founded on the King's birthday, 1789, as
evidenced by the preservation of a Song sung on that occasion, but not worth re-
producing here.

The Lumber Troop. — " The Colonel desires his Officers and Comrades to meet
him at the Sutler's, in New Street, Fetter Lane, on Tuesday Evening, next . . ."
(January 6, 1753.) At a dinner held in July, 1838, at the White Conduit House
Tavern, Pentonville, about 200 officers and comrades were present, the " squad "
being under the command of Colonel William Carpenter.

The Lying Club met at the Bell Tavern, Westminster.

The Magxa-Ci art a -kites met on July 14, 1752, at the Crown and Anchor
Tavern in the Strand " to drink the healths of those who have signalized themselves
as their steady and inflexible Friends."

Perhaps more is meant than meets the eye in the following announcement,
published on February 18, 1746: — "The Brethren of the Manifestation in the
Mission, are desir'd to meet Sir Francis on Thursday next at what's o'Clock, to
partake of the Half -Bull, in all its primitive Prolixity; and to prevent a Stagnation
of their Juices, or Sickness on the Road, a Box of Pills will be presented (after
Supper) to the Brethren that attend. By the Order of Sham-Mad."

The Order of Masonic Mustard Seeds (or of the Grain of Mustard) was
instituted on the Continent about 1740. The members styled themselves the
Fraternity of Moravian Brothers of the Order of Relif/ions Freemasons. The motto
of the Society was " No one of us lives for himself " ; it was based on St. Mark iv.,
30, and its object was the spread of morality.

A Mendicants' Club was started in 1660 at the Three Crowns in the
Poultry. It afterwards migrated to the Welch Head, a low Tavern in Dyott Street,
St. Giles's,

56 Transactions of the CJuatuor Coronati Lodge.

The Mendicants' Lodge. — The original of the accompanying notice in
Lysons's Collectanea has been so cut down as to give it the appearance of an
advertisement, but a duplicate in the Banks Collection reveals the fact that it is a
handbill. An explanation of a few of the expressions may be useful. A shuler is
a lazy fellow, one whools or saunters about (Sussex provincialism, verb used in
Roderick Random); (jagging community denotes those who gag or gad about; a
mumper was a beggar of the genteeler kind. 1

From the Mendicants' Lodge.

Beggars' Arms, Quarterly Meeting, October 10. 1789.

The blear-eyed Captain acquaints his friends that a Quarterly Meeting
of this Society will be held at Brother Timber-Toe's, on Friday next the 17th
instant, for the purposo of receiving Quarterages, and on other particular
business,'; when each Brother Shuler will be expected to bring with him an
honest account of his quarterly Gains. A new Division of the Walks will be
settled for the ensuing Quarter, and Houses of Rendesvous fixed for Com-
mittees upon extraordinary affairs.

Those who have not yet paid their Footing are expected to come down
handsome, and become Members of the Society.

Gags, Mumpers, Lame and Blind, are requested to attend.

The long-trot Pin and Garter Swags are requested to be more regular
in their payments, or the law will be put in force.

The Dandellion Diggers, Water Cress Fishers, & Dragrum Pogron
Gatherers, are requested to attend on special affairs, as Doctor Mangle Worzel
intends to beat the potatoe roots out of doors, which is supposed will be a
great loss to the Gagging Community.

N.B. A seperate Room provided for the Ballad-singing Squad.

The Petition from, the Gipsy Tribe of Halt-pet re Banlc, to be Bead and
finally adjusted.

Bread and Cheese upon the table from 8 o'clock till 12, and Peer for
that night only at Three-pence a Pet, <fe Gin at Seven Farthings per Quartern.
Vivat Pauperum Bex et Begina. •

The Mermaid Tavern in Bread Street 2 gave its name to the Mermaid Club,
stated by some to have been founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Many well-known
writers belonged to it, among whom may be named Shakespeare, Beaumont,
Fletcher, Selden, Jonson and Donne.

Another tavern gave its name to the Mitre Tavern Society. This, however,
was a debating society and previous to 1786 had met at Coachmakers' Hall.

The Grand Lodge of Modern Cousins met on June 7, 1775 [ ? ], at Cousin
Manham's, the Queen of Bohemia, Wych Street, Drury Lane, and resolved to hold
the anniversary feast on the following July 3 at Cousin Swinerton's, the Adam and
Eve, St. Pancras.

The Mohocks gained for themselves such an evil notoriety that they were
frequently mentioned in contemporaneous literature, and much will be found con-
cerning them in our Lodge Transactions. In the absence of the much-to-be-desired
General Index, unhappily deferred owing to the war, I am not sure if the following
have been hitherto noticed or not: — " An argument proving from History, Reason
and Scripture that the present Mohocks and Hawkubites are the Gog and Magog

1 See also Beggars' Club, supra; Old and New London, iii., 45; iv., 488; Macaulay's
History of England, L, 373 (chapter 3); Gray's Trivia, 1-6,

2 See ante,

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 57

mentioned in the Revelations and therefore that this vain and transitory world will
shortly be brought to its final dissolution." 1 " The Town Rakes or the Frolics of
the Mohocks or Hawkubites. " 2 In Chambers's Book of Days 3 an account of their
atrocities will be found.

The Mourning Bush Club is another of those that derived their names from
the taverns in which their members met. The Mourning Bush Tavern was in
Aldersgate Street, and Timbs notices the changes it underwent. 4 Hindley also
gives an interesting account of the tavern. 5 It was here that the Lodge of Emula-
tion, now No. 21, met 1735-1765, 6 and the Strong Man Lodge, 1831-1834.

Mug-house Clubs. — Mug-houses, of which there were several in the
metropolis, were chiefly political and those who frequented them were said to belong,
to such and such a Mug-house Club. Among the most notorious were those in
Long Acre, Cheapside and Salisbury Court. The Flying Post of June 30, 1716,
has the following Mug-house ballad: —

Since the Tories could not fight,

And their master took his flight,
They labour to keep up their faction ;

With a bough and a stick,

And a stone and a brick,
They equip their roaring crew for action.

Thus in battles array

At the close of the day,
After wisely debating their deep plot,

Upon windows and stall

They courageously fall,
And boast a great victory they've got.

But, alas ! silly boys,

For all the mighty noise
Of their "High Church and Ormond for ever,"

A brave Whig with one hand,

At George's command
Can make their mightiest hero to quiver.

Members of the Grand Lodge No. 1 of the Excellent and Holy Order of
Nails, meeting at the Pheasant, Stangate, met on Sunday, July 7, 1788, on par-
ticular business. " By Order of Edward Connell, Grand Master, Edward Parslo,
Deputy Grand, Richard Johannot, Warder, Daniel Henley, Usher. J. Baythorn,
Secretary."

The Tavern in which the members of the No-pay-no-liquor Club met has
been previously mentioned. 7 The Queen's Head and Artichoke, however, was not
in the Hampstead Road but in what is now Albany Street. The Queen is said to
allude to Queen Elizabeth, one of whose gardeners, as report goes, built the house.
There is an engraving of it in the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1819.

Nul Tiel Record. — The following is from an unidentified newspaper dated
September 30, 1747: — " By Order of his Aborigini [sic] Lordship. The members

1 B.M., King's Pamphlets, vol. xix. (1712, 2 pn.).

2 lb. (1712, broadside). 3 i., 743.

4 Clubs and Club Life of London, 393.

5 Tavern Anecdotes, 256 (Reprint, 1881).

6 Sadler, History of the Lodge of Emulation, passim,
7,4.9.0. xxvii., 42,

58 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

of the Honourable Court of Nul Tiel Record are desired to give their attendance
at the usual place on Saturday next. ./'etc. It is not clear if the following

refers to the same club or not: — " By Command of the Ab origine Lord. That
most Antient Order will assemble on Monday next, at six in the Evening, at their
antiquated Bower, situate in Skinner-Street, Bishopsgate without; and as the
Order has been neglected for several Centuries last past, it will be necessary that
there be a numerous Assembly, that the several Immunities and valuable Jewels
therto belonging, may be examined into and preserved, which all-devouring Time
has almost effaced and obliterated. Note, Brasield Williams intends to illuminate
with Wax, for the better discerning the Antiquities." (May 12, 1753). Mackenzie
in his Cyclopaedia mentions that in 1756 the meetings were held at the One Tun in
the Strand.

The Nulli Secundtjs Club met at the Thatched. House on April 10, 1788,
with Captain Calcraft in the Chair.

The October Cltjb, which gained its name from the members drinking
October ale, consisted of about one hundred and fifty staunch Tories, chiefly
country members of Parliament. They met at the Bell in King Street, West-
minster. Swift was an important member of this political coterie. 1

An advertisement, dated November 17, 1750, states that the Antient and
Venerable Order of Octoganians will hold a Chapter at the Ship and Anchor.
Temple Bar. Those who desire to join the Order are to send in their Petitions
to the Grand Father for admittance to an Examination and Approbation of their
Principles, which will then be considered as well as other affairs relating to the
history of the Order.

Old Kit's Sons appears, from the Daily Advertiser of January 29, 1752,
to have been the name of a Club that met on the ensuing February 1 1 at the Castle
Tavern, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. On March 21, 1754, it was announced
that several would meet at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand to consider the
advisability of forming a Thursday night's Club. The Public Advertiser of March
9, 1757, has the following: — "The Sons of O.K. are desired to meet him, and
many of their Brethren, &c, at the Ship and Anchor, Temple Bar, on Friday next,
at Seven o' Clock in the evening. S.J., Your Conductor and Operator. J.H.,
Chairman. fg^= The Singing Person, and Fighting Privateer's Man will be
there, with the Facetious Book, &c, &c, &c. N.B. Sons made gratis."

During his incarceration in the King's Bench Prison John Wilkes was made
not only a Buck, 2 but also an Old Soul. This is chronicled in Lloyd's Evening
Post for March 6-8, 1769. Each Officer composing the deputation had the ensign
of his Order and a Wand. Mr. Wilkes returned thanks for the honour of having
been made a Brother.

The Orphea Society used (1742) to give its concerts at the Swan Tavern in
Change Alley.

In 1690 and 1693 the Oxfordshire Feast was held at Merchant-Taylors'
Hall. The name of Club was afterwards assumed by those who attended the

1 I have purposely abstained from mentioning Societies, still existing and well
known, as, for instance, the Odd Fellows, Orange Society, etc,
' A.ty.C. xxvii., 30,

The "Collectanea'* of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.&.S., F.S.A. 59

Meetings and the Oxfordshire Club met in 1755 at the King's Arms in the
Strand and on February 1, 1758, at the Crown and Eolls Tavern in Chancery Lane,
in support of Lord Parker and Sir Edward Turner.

The most noble and amicable Society of Paroquets held their annual meet-
ing for 1747 at Stonehenge for the election of a Mackaw and the admission of
Dicky Birds. This was notified on March 28.

According to the Gazetteer of August 3, 1771, the Founder and Grand
Master of the Most Noble Order of Pauls was a Mr John Smith. A meeting was
to be held at the Red Cross Tavern in Barbican " when the ceremonies of the
Grand Lodge Constitution " were to be " reheard in form. The company of every
legal brother will be esteemed a favour." May one hazard the conjecture that
this was a society of members of the legal fraternity who practised in the vicinity
of Paul's?

Several Clubs were known as the Peers (with or without an epithet). I
will enumerate them briefly: — The House of Peers under the Rose — or meeting at

the Rose — in Fleet Street, July 17, 1744, March 7, 1745. The Dissenting P rs

near the Fleet Market, called also the Gentlemen P- rs and the Stained P rs.

Then again there were Revolted P rs. These advertisements appeared in 1744,

1745 and 1747, and were not free from abuse.

The Pewter Pot Club, in the announcement of a meeting to be held at the
Castle Tavern, on February 20, 1750, notifies " There will be a general Melting."

The Brethren of the Society of Phaetons held their half-yearly election of
Officers on March 16, 1786, at the Constitution, Bedford Street, Covent Garden.

The Philanthropic Society held an anniversary dinner at Freemasons'
Tavern, Great Queen Street, on June 8, 1803.

Philharmonic Society. — An advertisement dated January 1, 1753, gives
notice to the members at the Devil Tavern, Temple-bar, that their Concert is
postponed to the ensuing January 8. "Note. This notice is only to the old
staunch Bucks."

The most noble and ancient House of Philileutherians by order of their
Grand President dined on July 2, 1752, at the Chancery Coffee House in Chancery
Lane, for the election of Officers for the next six months.

Philodracosanguinarians. — This " joyous Society " met for the first time
on September 21, 1753, at the Green Dragon in Fleet Street, " where all lovers of
Mirth and social Friendship are heartily invited. A visit from the Gentlemen of
the Latitudinarian Society will be extremely agreeable and the favour gratefully
acknowledged. Choice Spirits, Souls and Good Bloods of every denomination are
sincerely welcome." A somewhat similar advertisement appeared in the following
September. The Latitudinarians are similarly invited in an advertisement of the
Philolutheronians, whose first meeting took place at the Red Lion in Jewin Street,
on December 20, 1753.

The noble Order of Pinearians were desired to meet their Grand at the
Chancery Coffee House in Chancery Lane, to which their Lodge had moved, on
January 8, 1750.

60 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

The Grand Master of the sublime Fraternity of Piscinarians summoned a
Grand Convention to be holden at the Mitre Tavern in Lower Thames Street on
May 30, 1745, to oppose some arbitrary attempts lately made to the prejudice of a
Worthy.

The following advertisement appeared on March 23, 1744: — "These are to
acquaint the Gentlemen of the Pizy Club, held at the Sign of the Tower in Tower
Street, near the Seven Dials, that Don Piztrato will attend as Chairman and hopes
none of his Friends will fail coming at Seven o'Clock, being appointed the Hour."
There is a charming simplicity as to the date of meeting.

Porponians. — " We hear that on Monday last the Grand, and the rest of
the Honourable and Ancient Society of Porponians, met at the Fountain Tavern,
on Snow-hill, and constituted a new Lodge." Reed's Weekly Journal, March 27,
1736.

Princely Society. — The Morning Herald of April 5, 1785, intimates that
this Ancient Society, which was formerly held at the ship Centurion, Charing Cross,
will meet in future at the King's Head, Gerrard St., Soho.

Purple Society. — An advertisement dated April 30, 1750, states that this
Society was established for promoting the liberal Sciences. Its annual Feast was
held in that year on Trinity Monday at the King's Head Tavern in the Poultry.

Qua Ca Bittes. — Advertisement from an unidentified newspaper of October
25, 1743: — " The Brethren of the Great and Laudable Company of Qua Ca Bittes
are desir'd to meet on Monday next, the 31st instant, between Five and Six o'Clock
in the Evening, at the Coal-Hole, in order to choose a Grand Visitor for the year
ensuing. J.G., Secretary."

The subjoined advertisement does not convey much information to an out-
sider : — " On Tuesday next, the 5th of December, at Proteus Hall, will be held a
General Conflux of Rivers; Nectar and Ambrosia, with other Cates, at Four
o'Clock. By Order of the Father. Dove, Secretary. From the Grand Urn,
Nov. 15, 1755."

Bro. Songhurst tells me that he has seen a Member's card and an invitation
to take tea with the Roast Fowl and Short Cake Society. Its 235th (?)
anniversary was held in 1883 at Bishop Burton, near Beverley.

The Royal Order or Forresters. — The Orlando Lodge No. 1 of " this most
respectable Order," which had previously met at the Two Brewers, in Wych Street,
Drury Lane, moved to the Two Blue Bells in the Haymarket. (Morning Herald,
December 14, 1786.)

Royal Georgionian Lodge. — Both Lysons and Banks give a blank summons.

The Banks Collection contains an invitation (1789) to attend a meeting of
the Royal Rump Society.

In Collectanea there is an invitation to dine with the members of the Royal
St. Giles's Rump on February 1, 1787, at the Angel Inn, High Street, near St.
Giles's Church.

The Order of Running Footmen consisted of young men of good social
standing but with nothing to do, who took to running of errands, 1736. They

The " Cottectanea" of the Itev. Daniel Lysons, P. U.S., F.S.A. 61

adopted as their livery fine Holland drawers and waistcoats, thread stockings, a
blue silk sash fringed with silver, a velvet cap with large tassel, and carried" a
porter's staff. The tavern called The Running Footman is in Charles St.,
Berkeley Square.

Salamanders. — Lysons's pages are particularly rich in advertisements con-
cerning this body. To the note in A.Q.C., 1 giving their meetings in about 1770
at the Bull and Anchor near Hammersmith, may be added some earlier dates, but
I cannot say if the earlier and later dates refer to the same body, though they were
Salamanders. The dates are October 23, December 15 and 28, 1750; January 13
and June 24, 1751; June 13, 1752; January 6, June 11 and 23, December 22 and
29, 1753; January 29 and December 24, 1754. It was a body to which various
appellations were given. For instance, " choice and refin'd Spirits of the Illustrious
Society of S."; " the lively spirits of that harmonious Society "; " merry volatile
Spirits of the lively Society of S."; "Social Order," etc. The President was
known as the Vivax (though a President was also named), and the~ dinners were
"the carnal refectory," or "carnal refection." Most of their advertisements are
only partly in prose.

Scandal Club. — Defoe's, mentioned by Bro. Hextall, 2 can hardly be the
same as that spoken of in the Universal Spectator, a periodical brought out by
"Henry Stonecastle." 3 Its members were ladies, who met once a week. Every
one brought her " quota of defamation," which she had collected, and which (after
the Club had approved of it as sufficiently scandalous) was to be propagated wherever
she went.

Besides the union of natives of different counties those belonging to some of
the professions or trades combined to form societies. For instance, the Ancient
Society of Schoolmasters met quarterly. The Gazetteer of April 1, 1788, notifies
that the next meeting will be held on the 4th inst. at the Queen's Arms, Newgate
Street. Apparently the members belonged to only the Established Church, any
gentleman " of the profession of the Church of England " being informed how to
proceed if he wishes to join the Society. (See also Clerks supra.)

The Scramble Society was the name given about 1810 to the meetings of
a few Manchester merchants which had originated some four or five years previously.
The name was suggested in joke from the fact that the members lost no time over
their mid-day meal at the Unicorn, and the name was retained when no longer
appropriate.

We learn from the Banks Collection that in 1793 there was a body who styled
themselves Select Honest Friars. The invitation card conveys no further
information.

One of the numerous political clubs of the eighteenth century was known
as the Select Society. This was also a debating society, judging from an
announcement of a meeting that was to be held at the Old Theatre, No. 5, Portugal

1 xxvii., 39. Bull should be Bell, the mistake occurring originally in Mackenzie's
Cyclopedia.

' A.Q.C. xxvii., 25.

3 Pseudonym of Henry Baker, F.R.S.

62 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, on an unspecified evening in 1779. Though Portugal
Street is by no means long, the precise number is specified to prevent those who
wished to attend the meeting from going to one of the other theatres in that street.

The Shakespeare's Head Tavern in Russell Street, Covent Garden, was at
one time the haunt of the Beef steak Club, and it was there that the Shakespear
Society resorted for its annual feasts. One of these was celebrated on February 15,
1757.

The following advertisement appeared on January 29, 1745:—" Omne quod
exit in um. Notice is hereby given to all Worthy brethren belonging to the Ship
Society in Ivy-Lane, that a General Meeting will be held at their Office, this
Evening, at Six o'Clock precisely, to open the Commission of Nisi Prius, and try
the Issue between Tubal, Plaintiff, and Galen, Defendant, upon a Non sum
Informatus, where all Evidences material (whether they be Ab-Origines, Ante-
diluvians, Nimrodians, or Nothingarians) are desired personally to attend, on
Failure thereof their Rights and Privileges will be estreated and a Capias ut
Legatum immediately issue. By Order of the Chief President, J. P., Secretary."

The two following advertisements from the Daily Advertiser of February 27
and March 13, 1745, are, to say the least, peculiar: — (1) " Porcarii conveniunto
omnes? At the Grand Antique Sicilian Congress held at the Terrae Lacerator
in Water-Lane, near the Custom-House, the Worthy and Amicable the \sic~\
Brethren of the Order are desired to attend on some important Grunnitions, on
Friday the l Bt of March next. By Order of the Vice-Grand, P.P. Note, Some of
the Brethren of the W:A:C:V:T: may be admitted." (2) " Etiamsi maledicta
sint Opera Pore', [sic] On Friday next will be grunted forth, at our Grand
Antique Sicilian Congress, the Terrse Lacerator in Water-Lane, near the Custom-
House, an Oration, never yet orated by Orators of any Oratorio whatever, per
Porcum Suilis ejusdem. By Order of the Grand- Veteran, P.P. Archigrammaticus .
Brethren, be quiet! silent! without Contest! " The initials W:A:C:V:T: have
yet to be explained. (See infra.) P.P. may perhaps mean Porcus Porcorum.

The Antient Society of Simples were ordered by their Grand (November 27,
1754,) to meet at the Two Black Boys near Katherine-Street in the Strand, on the
following evening on special affairs. There is a London token of the Two Black
Boys, on which they are represented shaking hands.

The Skeleton Club is mentioned by Steele in the Spectator, No. 9.

In Collectanea is an advertisement dated July 4, 1743, notifying that those
who desire to become members of the Skeleton Society may, by Order of the
Grand Skeleton, enrol themselves at the Bell, in Red-Lyon Market, Whitecross-
street, as members if they agree with the standard. " Note, There's better Porter
at the Bell, Than Jacob selleth at the Well."

Lysons gives also the following under date January 20, 1746: — "Whereas
Two Young Ladies were, on Tuesday last, violently assaulted, beat, and bruised,
in a most barbarous Manner, between the Hours of Nine and Ten at Night, near
Tower-street, by a tall, thin young Gentleman of the Order of Smarts, but it is
thought he was encouraged thereto by his Father, if any one can give Intelligence

The "Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel hymns, F.E.S., F.S.A. 63

of either of them, they shall have as a Reward a Yarmouth Capon for the Son, and
a Dram of Batavia for the Father, of Kitty Pry, at the Cat-in-Pattens in West-
minster."

The Social Blues are incidentally mentioned in an advertisement issued in
the General Advertiser, February 28, 1779, by the landlord of the Spread Eagle.
(See Ancient Britons.)

S. Collier, Secretary of the Social Fbiars called (Gazetteer, May 13, 1789,)
a meeting of the Brothers of this Society at the George Tavern on Great Tower Hill.
Its object was to reinstate their landlord in business, as he had been burnt out, and
to select a place for their future meetings.

The Franks Collection contains an invitation card to a meeting of the Social
Society of Tradesmen on January 7, 1800, at the Castle, King Street, Cheapside.

The Social Villagers used to meet in a room in the Bedford Arms, Camden
Town, afterwards extended and now better known as the Bedford Theatre of
Varieties. Its gardens were used in the early part of the last century for occasional
balloon ascents.

The Sols. — Since the publication of my paper 1 1 have met with a few further
particulars, some of which have been brought to my notice by various friends. My
thanks are due to all these, but more particularly to Bro. Songhurst, who is always
so willing to be helpful. But the most fruitful result of bringing the subject to the
notice of the members of the Lodge was the exhibition, by the kind permission of
the Provincial Grand Master of Shropshire, of the State sword, the whereabouts of
which I had in vain endeavoured to trace. 2

The following advertisement 3 is earlier than those previously noted : —
"Royal Grand Modern Order of Jerusalem Sols. The Brothers are particularly
requested to meet the Grand Master and offices [sic] of this Lodge; on Thursday
morning next at Eight o'Clock, at Br. Reilley's, the Free Masons Tavern, in
Queen Street, in order to proceed from thence in procession to dine at Br. Hieing,
Florida Gardens, Brompton, (being the Anniversary Dinner) and such Brother"?
who have not been supplied with Dinner Tickets, are also desired to send for the
same before To-morrow night, at the Bar of the Queen of Bohemia-Tavern, Wych-
Street, or of the Stewards — Br. Hoggins, Three Cups, Aldersgate-street ; Br.
Benwell, Long Acre; Br. Woodfin, No. 140, Long Acre; Br. Marriott, No. 175,
Fleet-street; Br. Wools, Surrey Side, Westminster Bridge; Br. Wetherstone,
Kirby-street, Hatton Garden. By order of the Right Hon. Grand Master.
R. Langdale, Sec. July 4, 1785. N.B. A Sermon and Anthem at Kensington
Church, and no Brother will be admitted into the Church without [nearly a whole
line is here illegible] Br. Reilley's to receive them."

With the exception of the year (1788) no date is assigned to the following
cutting from the Morning Herald, but a reference to A.Q.C. xxv., 25, makes it
probable that it appeared early in August : — ' ' The worthy Sols love open day, and
that things should be done in the light ! They therefore revolted at Pensioners

1 A.Q.C. xxv., 9 (1912).

a /6. xxv., 31, 283.

» Morning Herald, July 4, 1785

64 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Brook Watson rising in behalf of Lord Hood on Thursday last, as soon as Mr.
Fox and his friends had departed : — Captain Bentinck, however, fairly over-
matched the immaculate Treasury Pensioner, and his principal, the new Admiralty
Lord!"

The Morning Herald for November 26, 1788, gives the following: — " Con-
stitutional Sols. A meeting of this ancient Society was held on Monday [at the
.Globe Tavern], Sir Watkin Lewes, Mr Mainwaring, Mr Le Mesurier, and other
canvassing gentlemen attended. About 100 persons dined. Mr Drawater \sic~\
an Officer, not in his Majesty's service, but in suite of the Sheriff of Middlesex,
was in the chair. There was much conviviality and good humour, though the
company was composed indiscriminately, of both parties. The gentlemen of the
other party gave, with three times three, their worthy President, Mr Drawater,
and all the Friends of Freedom, Monsieur Le Mesurier, and the English Constitu
tion, &c, &C." 1 This pointed pretty clearly to the place where something could
be learnt regarding Drawwater. But my enquiries resulted only in being told that
any books that were in existence at the time that he was an officer to the Sheriff
have all been destroyed, and nothing is now known either of him or his family
that he may have left behind. In this connection it may be mentioned that
William Brooks, another of the Grand Masters, was a builder, according to
Bromley's Engraved Portraits, but a paragraph in an unidentified newspaper
giving an account of a meeting held at the Buffalo Tavern, in Bloomsbury Square,
for the election of Grand Master, states that " Mr William Brooks, Mason, Castle
Street, Bloomsbury, the present Grand Master, was unanimously re-elected."
Notice of a meeting of the Royal Grand Select Sols Lodge to be held at the same
tavern appears in a newspaper for April 4, 1789. Bro. A. F. Robbins gives 8 an
advertisement from The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser for January 17th,
1789, in which the Brothers of the Royal Grand Modern Order of Jerusalem Sols
and those of the Royal Windsor and Corinthian Lodges are requested to dine with
the Grand Master at the Queen of Bohemia Tavern on January 19th.

The following is from the Diary or Wood/all's Register of July 7, 1789: —
" Royal Grand Arch Constitutional Sols. The Anniversary Dinner of this Society
being fixed for Tuesday the 14th Inst, at Brother Willoughby's, Highbury Barn,
the Brothers are requested to meet their Grand Patron, B. Watson Esq. M.P.
Grand Master and other Officers of the Lodge, this Evening at Nine o'Clock, at
Brother Humphries, the Globe Tavern, Fleet-street, in order to supply themselves
with Tickets, and to regulate the Procession and other Business of the Day. By
Order of the Grand Master. T. P. Bott, Grand Secretary. Stewards — The Rt.
H. C. J. Fox, M.P., Sir W. Lewis [sic], Knt. M.P., W. Manwaring, Esq. M.P.,
P. Lemusier, Esq. M.P., W. Colhoun, Esq. M.P., Mr. Sheriff Curtis, Edward
Allen, Esq., J. Johnson, Esq., C. Shutter, Esq., The Hon. H. Hood, E. Walter,
Esq., T. Branscombe, Esq., Brother Lovell, Brother Cardy, Brother Upton,
Brother Welday, Brother Lord, Brother Hindes."

From the same paper for July 21, 1789: — "Royal Grand Modern Order
of Jerusalem Sols. George Byng, Esq. Grand Patron of the Order, Allen
Fretwell, Right Honourable Grand Master Sol of England. The Brethren of this

1 See "Friends of Freedom" supra,
? 4.9.6'. xxvii., 150 (1914).

The "Collectanea" of the Itev. Daniel hysons, F.B.S., F.S.A. 65

Lodge and also of the Royal Windsor and Corinthian Lodges, are requested to dine
with the Grand Patron, Grand Master, and Officers at Brother Burden's, the
Mermaid Tavern, Hackney, on Thursday next, the 28th of July, being their
Grand Anniversary Feast. Dinner on Table at Three o'Clock. Stewards of the
Grand Lodge, B. Morris, G.P.M., B. Haynes, G.S., B. Hill, B. Scargill, B.
Millington, B. Cameron. Stewards of the Windsor Lodge, B. Shewell, Senr., B.
Johnson. The Brethren are also requested to meet at the Mermaid Tavern, at
Eleven o'Clock in the Forenoon precisely, in order to proceed from thence in
procession to Hackney Church, when a Sermon will be preached suitable to the
Order, by the Rev. Dr. Barry, Chaplain to the Lodge and to the Right Reverend
the Lord Bishop of Kildare. 1 Tickets to be had of the Stewards, at the Bohemia
Tavern, Wych-strest, and at the Mermaid, Hackney. J. Haynes, Grand
Secretary."

Dr. Barry had preached before the Sols in the previous year, and on May
20, 1789, there was published a volume of sermons by him, among which is the one
preached before the Sols at Lambeth Church. The volume has for its frontispiece
the plate which I assume acted as such to the Code of Laws. (See A -Q.C. xxv., 20.)
In his sermon preached on July 17, 1788, Dr. Barry stated (p. 56) that the Order
was dedicated to King Solomon. This gives some grounds to my suggestion as to
the origin of the name. 2

Before leaving the Sols may I say that I should be very glad to receive
further information respecting the various bodies in whose titles the word Sols
figures. 3

Somersetshire Society. — The dates affixed to advertisements of this Society
are somewhat misleading. The first meeting was held at the Star and Garter
Tavern, Pall Mall, March 11, 1785; according to other advertisements the
Anniversary dinner was held at the Grove House, Camberwell, on May 16, 1785;
the second Anniversary meeting was held at the London Coffee-house, Ludgate-
hill, on June 5, 1812, and the ninth at the Albion House, Aldersgate-street,
in 1819. Assuming that these dates are correct (1812 is the only one printed)
there must have been an eighteenth century Society of this name that afterwards
lapsed.

Sons of Apollo. — Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett presented to the Lodge a very
interesting paper on an Apollonian Lodgo.* The following is the only cutting on
the subject in Collectanea. It is unfortunate that neither the name of the paper
in which it appeared nor the date has been presrved. " Sons of Apollo. Grand
Apollonian Lodge, White-Hart, Foster-lane, Cheapside. Brethren. You are
desired to attend the Father, Master and the rest of your Brethren, on Thursday
next at seven o'clock, as several new songs, catches and glees, will be rehearsed.
Any gentleman, as a visitor, may be admitted, by applying at the bar, any Thurs-

- 1 Chaplain to the Order as well as to the Antients, 1791-1813.

2 A.Q.C. xxv., 34.

3 A few errors, etc., in my original paper may be noted here.

A.Q.C. xxv., 37, /.'14, for 1758 read 1785.

ih. /. 20 should read Royal Grand Arch Constitutional Sols.

ih. I. 23. A urocession to St. Paul's to celebrate this event took place on

April 23.
ib. 1. 39 and p. 37 /. 3 should read J.B, G.M, J.B, G.S. and J,B, G,M,

R.G. G.S., respectively.

4 A.Q.C. xxvi., 31 (1913),

66 Transactions of the Qnatunr Coronati Lodge..

day evening. G. Brett, Master. N.B. Every Sunday evening is [sic] rehearsed
several anthems from various celebrated authors, when visitors are admitted as
above." So this advertisement gives us the clue to the rn-ison d'etre of the Society.

Sons or Momus. — The Banks Collection contains an invitation to attend a.
meeting at the King's Head, Threadnesdle Street, on. March 30, 1788.

Society of, Sons of Neptune. — The first meeting in 1788 after the summer

recess was held at the King's Arms, Little St. James's Street, on September 10. '

•
Sons of the Shamrock. — A general meeting of this Order was held at the

Black Swan, Brown's Lane, on March 2, 1789. Notice signed by J. Plunket,

Premier, and Luke O'Bryan, Secretary. 2

The Speculative Society, according to- an unidentified newspaper cutting,
held the first meeting of its twelfth session at their College of Edinburgh on
November 14, 1775.

SQUA. — Neither the enquiries kindly instituted by our Secretary nor my
own have resulted in obtaining any information about this Society. Following
are the advertisements: — (1) "SQUA. — The anniversary dinner of this Ancient
and Honourable Society will be on the Table at Three o'clock precisely, on Monday,
the 14th inst., at the Falcon Tavern, in this town. Admission tickets 10s. 6d.
J.S., Secretary. Gravesend June 2." 3 (2) " SQUA. Anniversary the 13th
instant. Dinner at Three o'Clock. Tickets 14s. Gravesend, June 1, 1808."*

Staffordshire Society.it — This is another of the County Associations meet-
ing in London. An undated advertisement announcss that a meeting, followed by
a dinner, will be held at the Thatched House Tavern, with Lord Piggott in the chair.

The Order of Stagarians. — The Brother Stags are desired to dine together .
at the White Hart, Putney, on August 13, 1753. "By order of the Colonel."

Stroud Green Corporation. — Bro. Hextall's note 5 on this body may be
supplemented by the following extracts. None of the names of newspapers from
which the cuttings have been taken are known. A great number of the Aldermen
met " en Wednesday last " at Mr Alderman Salisbury's, the Rose and Crown in
Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. It was unanimously agreed to invite such Alder-
men of the Corporation of Highbury who were at the late election in the interest of
Mr Alderman Biographer to meet them at the Green Man at Stroud Green (August
10, 1750). The Rose and Crown was again the place of meeting on February 6, 1751.
The advertisement is headed " Bandage, Mayor," and signed " By order of the Court,
Pluries." The same authority invites the members of the Corporation to dine
on July 27, 1752. The Mayor is changed to Angler and the rendezvous, to
Cannonbury [*;■<:] House, Islington. An account of this meeting, dated July 29,
states that the evening concluded with a ball for the ladies. Later in the same
year, in the Mayoralty of " Angelo," " Morroco " invites the Corporation to dine

1 Daily Advertiser, September 8.

* Gazetteer, February 28.

3 Morning Herald, June 10, 1802.

1 Unidentified newspaper.

3 A.ty.C. xxvii., 39.

the "Collectanea" of the Hev. Daniel Lysons, F.U.S., F.S.A. 6?

on October 5 at the Red Hart in Shoe Lane. During the Mayoralty of " Spring-
well," " Moroco " notifies that a dinner will b3 held at the same house on October
29, 1753. To the advertisement is appended tho following "Note, The Company
of the Brother Vols will be agreeable."

Swadlers appears to have been the name given to a Society, whose members
resided at Tunbridge, Cheltenham and Islington Spa, whose aim, judging from the
two advertisements in the J/oniin;/ Herald of August 9 and 11, 1788, must have
been very puerile. The first of these advertisements concludes thus: — "Given at
a Board of Grand Tweels at Wood's Hotel, this thirty-first day of N x. Septem-
ber."

The most Antient and Honourable Order of the Swankeys were desired to
dine at the Bull and Gate in Holborn on May 1st, 1745.

The T.B. Society, which held its anniversary on March 4, 1777, at the
Orkney Arms, Maidenhead Bridge, may — or may not — have been connected with
the True Blues, or True Britons. 1

The gentlemen of the Tavistock Clue, Ccvent Garden, were notified that
the first meeting of the Club, was postponed to November 29, 1786, as the Proprie-
tors did not think the rooms sufficiently aired to take away the smell of the paint. 3

Its members are informed that the Thespian Society had been removed to
the Gentleman and Porter in Fleet Street, near Temple Bar. 3

The Thieves' Club met " at the Sign of the Half-Moon in the Old Bailey,
a little Hedg-tavern." 4

A meeting of the Antient and Honourable Society of True Blues was held
on April 30, 1741, at the Mourning Bush at Aldersgate. It was resolved to adjourn
till August 27.

The True Blues and Free Hearts was a Friendly Society. The members
met " at their Lodge," the Coach and Horses, in Compton Street on June 27, 1753.

True English Champions. — The following compound advertisement
appeared on October 21, 1752: — "At the Royal Swan in Kingsland Road, on
Monday next, will be held the antient Feast of the noble and right worthy Society
of the True English Champions. Dinner to be on Table at Two o'Clock precisely.
Likewise at the same Place the Brethren of the Ancient and most Noble Order of
Bucks, belonging to the Grand Council Chamber in Aldersgate-Street, are desired
to meet and pay a Visit to Brother Adams, as above, on Friday next, at Three
o'Clock in the Afternoon, at which Place and Time every worthy Member that
pleases to add to the Harmony of that amicable Meeting will bs receiv'd with
Pleasure, and agreeably entertain'd." There is no signature attached, nor is
there any clue to the reason for this combination. A very considerable number of
the Societies with which we are dealing are described as ancient, but in this case it
is the feast that is ancient.

1 MurniiK/ Post. February '27. 1777.

2 (Gazetteer, November 22, 1786.

3 Daily Advertiser. November 16, 1754.
* Secret History of Clubs, 338.

68 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

An advertisement in the Daily Advertiser for January 22, 1749, indicates
that there was at that time a body known as the Club held at the Two Blue Posts

IN HOLBORN.

The Two-penny Club is mentioned by Steele in the Spectator, No. 9.

Ubiquaeians. — The Brethren of this Eight Worthy and Amicable Order
were desired to meet the Dictator at the Globe Tavern, Deptford, on June 26, 1749,
and to proceed thence to St. Paul's, Deptford, to hear a sermon from the Chaplain
of thei Order and then to dine with the Stewards. On November 27, 1750, the
Brethren were desired to meet in General Convention at the Crown Tavern behind
the Royal Exchange, and afterwards dine with the Dictator on the following
Saturday, being the Grand Annual Feast Day.

Ugly Club. — In addition to the interesting details given by Bros. Hextall
and Tuckett concerning Ugly Clubs, 1 it may be mentioned that in the Collectanea
there are two paragraphs concerning the one at Charlestown from the Gazetteer
of April 11 and 14, 1788. The following Song, published about 1806, may be
worth preserving 2 : —

THE UGLY CLUB.

Tune : — Madam Fig's Gala

Friends and Brothers, unto me attend,

While I sing of our Club here to-night, Sirs,
Where the Ugly alone do intend

To drink deep at the fount of delight, Sirs ;
For however deformed we may be,

Good humour will make us look :;mugly,
While ev'ry true lover of glee

Will drink to the Club called the Ugly.

Rum-ti, >fec.

Of our members I'll take a survey —

First, there's Humphrey Jenkins, the coble r [sic]
Whose mouth looks as though run astray,

While his knock-knees proclaim him a hobbler,
Will (Ha whey stands next on the list,

Whose back fairly looks o'er his pate, Sirs;
Squintiny Dick, with no thumb on his fist,

And pot-bellied lialph of the Gate, Sirs.

Rum-ti, &c.

Then there's muffin-faced Sam of the Crown,

And cheese-cutting Neddy, his brother;
Tom Hostler, who bobs up and down,

'Cause one leg's longer than t'other.
Stutt' ring lioger, of frolic the son,

One-ey'd Sinrm, of mischief the marrow;
Bow-legg'd Hob, 'twixt whose pins you might run

As he walks, Sirs, the wheel of a barrow.

Rum-ti, &c.

1A.Q.V. xxvii., 32, 52.

2 Pocket Melodist or Vocal Repository, IV., 280.

The "Collectanea" of the llev. Daniel Lyxons, F.U.S., f.S.A. 69

Then to add to our wonderful crew,

See tiro Candidate.':,* mounted on stools, Sirs,
Whose pretensions stand full in our view,

And strictly conform with our rulesj Sirs;
For the first has a ruby-deck'd nose,

"Whose light will, no doubt, save a candle,
And so large one might fairly suppose

In the dark, Sirs, it was a pump handle !

* " The following advertisement appeared in a country newspaper: — 'The anni-
versary of the Ugly Club' will be held at "Williams's Tavern, Liverpool, on "Wednesday,
the 18th of Miy, 1805. Dinner on table at half-past 3 o'clock. — N.B. Any gentleman
wishing to become a member, will leave his name and qualification at the bar of the
Tavern. A ballot will be called in favour of two Candidates, one with a very huge nose,
the other with no nose at alt.' "

An Ugly-faced Club met at St. John's College, Oxford, according to The
Free-Thinker, No. 37. (July 28, 1718.).

The "Union.— The following is from the Morning Post of May 31, 1786 : —
The Members of the Union are desired to meet their President at Salt-Hill, on
Friday, June 2. Dinner on table at Four o'clock. R. Hesheth, Esq. Pres. Tho.
Anson, Esq. V.Pres." Collectanea contains a blank admission ticket to attend a
meeting of the Union Society (probably the same as the above) at the Marlboro'
Coffee House, Gt. Marlboro' Street.

United Alfreds. — The Brothers of this Noble Order were to meet at the
Horn Tavern, Doctors' Commons, "on Thursday evening next" to elect a Noble
Grand and other officers. 1 The Banks Collection contains a ticket of admission to
dine with the Grand on the anniversary in 1781.

United British Brothers. — This was a friendly society, its grand object
being (by a sort cf Tontine) to make provision for each member's survivor. In
celebration of the anniversary in 1804, the members met and afterwards proceeded,
accompanied by a double band of Music, to Bermondsey Church, where a sermon
was preached by the Rev. W™- Harrision. 2 In the following year 3 after assembling
at their Meeting-house, White Hart, Newington, they proceeded to Newington
Church, where the Rev. Robert Dickinson preached the Sermon. The members at
that time numbered five hundred.

United Sons of Momus. — The Banks Collection contains two blank tickets
of admission, decorated with the head of Momus, a punchbowl, beehive, caduceus,
&c.

Universal Good Will, The Society of. — The Clerk, Wm. Sancroft, by
order of the President General, convened a meeting to be held on November 22
at the Vulture Tavern, St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill. 1

Vols. — Mentioned in one of the Stroud Green Corporation notices. (See
supra.)

1 Advertisement in an unidentified newspaper of June 15, 1782.
Ulhserver, Julv 15. 1804.
•i lb., July 17, 1805.

* World, November 5, 1787.

70 Transaction*, of the Qiialuor (Joronati Lodge.

Votaries of St. Cecilia was naturally the name of a musical society. A
subscription concert was given on September 15, 1786. . The notice in the Morning
Herald is dated from the Barley Mow, Salisbury-Court, Fleet-Street.

WACVT. — These letters will be found supra under "Sicilian Congress,"
where, however, they are separated by intervening stops. The following is from
an unidentified newspaper of January 11, 1749: — " The Brethren of the WACVT
are desir'd to attend the Congress on special Affairs, this Evening, the 11th instant,
at the Bell in Mincing Lane. By Order of the Grand, W. W.' Secretary."

The Waewickshibe Society according to an unidentified and undated
cutting held its feast at Merchant Tailors' Hall.

The Wednesday Club, not the same as The Free and Easy Wednesday Club,
first met in Friday Street quite early in the eighteenth century.

The meeting place of the Westmoeland Society was (1748, &c.) the Half-
Moon Tavern, Cheapside.

Whig Club. — In the Franks Collection is a blank admission ticket, 1785.
The Motto of the Club was " Est modus in rebus."

Windsohians. — By order of the Comptroller the members of this Amicable
Order were desired to meet at the Fountain Tavern, near Temple Bar on December
22, 1742.

Wits. — The members of a Society known by this name met at a feast on '
September 7, 1764.

The Wobcesteb and Wobcestebsiiibe Society held in 1812 their anni-
versary festival at Cannonbury House, Islington. The following names are men-
tioned in the advertisement: — President, Humphrey lloworth, Esq., M.P. Vice-
Presidents, Rt. Hon. Lord Foley, Hon. W. B. Lygon, M.P., Hoii. W. H.
Lyttleton, M.P., Abraham Robarts, Esq., M.P., William Gordon, Esq., M.P:,
Hon. Andrew Foley, M.P., Sir T. E. Wilmington, Bt., M.P., William Manning,
Esq., M.P., M. P. Andrew, Esq., M.P. Stewards, Messrs. Williams, Morgan,
Hopkins, Barr, Rodd, Piatt, Bowen, Buck, Flight, Mason.

Worthy's. — From the Franks Collection it appears that in 1784 there was
a Society bearing this name. The ticket shows four clasped hands forming a cross
and the words " Society of Worthy's. Unity, Peace and Concord."

Yorkshire Society. — Six festivals of this Society are mentioned. That in
1760 was held at the Anchor Tavern, Strand; in 1812, 1815, and 1816 at the
London Tavern; in 1832 at the Albion, Aldersgate, and, to make a big jump, that
in 1900 at the Hotel Cecil.

It will be noticed that with respect to most of the societies mentioned in
the foregoing notes, the term " Grand Lodge " is used, not indicating thereby
that the Order comprised more than a single Lodge.

The two following advertisements, both from unidentified newspapers, no
doubt cost the compiler of the first much time. It is clear that they are not free

The ••Collectanea". 'of the .lie.v. Daniel hysons, F.R.S., F.S.A. 71

from misprints, most of which L have corrected. My thanks are due to our W.M.
and our Secretary for their kind assistance: —

(1) Affairs of Moment require LLae, Htd, Narg, &y. Ettsps, Reciffo &n,
Emetnege, &o, Tt, Eemr, I:hte, Lbont, Nediserpt, Ar, Iehtt, Ruoee,
Suohe, Hte. Ngis, f. Oa, Hth, Clewr Edesabmen, Oc, Htk, Cnabe,
Disk, Rewhtuoso, te, Tarbelecs, Htd, Narge, Elbuio, Tw, Orromg,
Ninevee, Tone, Htd, Narg, Layrt, Oy, May, Mase, Mocn, Ot, Ax, Isy,
Lesiserp. (Jan. 20, 1750).

(2) Affairs of moment require Alle, Htd, Narg&y, Etteps, Reciffo&n
Emeltneg, &O, Tteemr, Ishts, Lbont, Nediserpt, Ar, Iehtt, Ruoce,
Suohe, Hte, Ngisf, Oe, Hth, Clewr, Edesabmen, Oe, Htk, Cnabe, Disk,
Rawhtuoso, Te, Tarbelecr, Iehtd, Narge, Elbuio, Tw, Orremg, Ninevee,
Tone, Htd, Nargl, Ayrts, Om, Aym, Ays, Mocn, Ot, An. Evesy,
Lesiserp. (Jan. 18, 1751).

The following versions will be more intelligible: —

(1) Affairs of moment require all the Grand and pettey officers and gentle-
men and to meet their noble President att their Court house the signe
of the Welch Embaseder [Ambassador] en the Banckside Southwark
to celebrate the grand jublea to morrow evening. Note. The grand
tryall o Amy Amy comes en at six presisely.

(2) Affairs of moment require all the Grand and pettey officers and gentle-
men and to meet their noble President at the Court house the signe
of the Welch Embaseder [Ambassador] on the Banckside Southwark
to celebrate their grand jublee to morrow evening. Note. The grand
tryal Amos Amy y com[e]s on at seven presisely.

I cannot give any elucidation of the " Note " attached to each advertise-
ment nor say to what Order they allude. With this food for thought I conclude
my extracts from the four volumes of Lysons's Collectanea.

Bro. W. Wonnacott, in moving the vote of thanks, said: —

Brethren, I am sure everyone who has listened to Bro. Levander's paper this
evening will agree that he has laid before us an extremely interesting collection
of references to Masonry and kindred Clubs and Societies of the eighteenth century,
and vcu will therefore join with me in conveying to him our sincere thanks, not
only for the paper itself, but for much patient industry and research in having
collected from various sources arid analysed the mass of information now presented
to the Lodge. The interest of the matter contained in this contribution from the
Senior Warden will not be exhausted bv the present hearing of such small part as
has been read to us this evening : it will require much study to assimilate the still
greater part which the brethren will have presented to them in vol. xxix. of the
Transactions, and I venture to forecast that many items will receive a critical
handling from our members.

72 ' Transaction* of the Quattior Corona ti Lodge.

It will bs remembered that in Part I. of the paper, read to the Lodge in
March of last year, it was pointed out that a considerable part of the wonderful
collection of cuttings known as the Lysonx Collectanea had been acquired by our
Secretary, Bro. Songhurst, through the kind offices of Bro. Dring. The non-
Masonic portion was dealt with by Bro. Levander on the occasion I have named,
and we now have for consideration the remainder, with much material added from
such sources as the Banks and the Franks Collections in the British Museum and
sundry other cuttings acquired by the Lodge, as well as some notebooks of Bro.
Hughan, all of which have added to and rendered much more complete the
references to Lodges, Clubs and Societies now at the disposal of students, than if
the Lysons Collection alone had been drawn upon. The notebook formerly owned
by Bro. Hughan contains many items of special Masonic interest, hardly any of
which are included in Dring's liihliography.

It will be impossible now to deal at length with all the matters contained
in the paper, but I may mention a few of Masonic interest which will require the
searchlight of criticism to reveal their true meaning: —

(1) The Whitehall Evening Post, of December 31st, 1730, states: —

That the Large Folio Book presented by the Duke of Norfolk was for
entering the Names of all the Brothers belonging to the several Lodges,
[and for other uses.]

This presentation to the Grand Lodge by the Grand Master was made
publicly on the 29th January, 1731, the Duke of Norfolk being then at Venice:
the gift of the State Sword, the new Minute Book, and the handsome donation to
the Charity must, by the above newspaper notice, have been made before the turn
of the year, and was then being talked about among the Masons.

(2) A brief note by Hughan, under date March 27th, 1731, and in reference
to the Grand Feast of that year, states that Sir James Thornhill is mentioned as
being present. His name is not mentioned in the Grand Lodge minute of that
function.

(3) An extract from an unknown paper of 1738 states: —

On Thursday night | 6th April] the Marquis of Carnarvon was elected
Grand Master. At the same time Nath 1 Blackerby Esq r resigned his
place of Treasurer to the Society. £43 - 2 - 6 was collected in Charitv
for the Distressed Brethren. 1

The amount mentioned in the Grand Lodge Minutes (p. 300) is £44 - 12 - 6.

(4) Under the first section of Bro. Levander's paper, containing the
references to the doings of the Grand Lodge, we may endeavour to fix a date to an
advertisement of 1743, which mentions the Long Room at Hampstead and its
owner, Bro. Vipont, the date of the Grand Lodge function being given as " Monday
next, the 16th instant." This settles the date of the Mondays ki that month as the
2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th. The Calendar of the year 1743 shows that the
month of May was the only one that satisfied these dates, and that was at the
close of the Grand Mastership of Lord Viscount Ward. The Friday named in
the advertisement would be the 13th May, so within a day or two we can fix the
date of the cutting.

1 1 have quoted the various extracts which have n»t been referred to in detail by
the author of the paper.

Dixriistinn. 73

There was in 1723 a Bro. Henry Vipont, of the Swan in Ludgate Street,
the same Lodge which in 1725 had moved to the Three Tuns in Newgate Street,
of which Vipont was still a member. In all probability this was the same person
who had some time before the year 1743 migrated to Hampstead. It is curious
to note that no Lodge was held at the Long Room in Well Walk until 1787, when
St. John's Lodge, now numbered 167, met there for about seven years. The
place seems, however, to have been a resort for the summer outings of the Lodges
long prior to this date, and the Country Feast of the Grand Lodge was held here
in 1772 and at intervals down to 1793.

(5) The Country Feast of 1795 is mentioned as being held at Bro. Sutton's,
Canonbury House. This brother was Robert Christopher Sutton, of No. 12, now
the Lodge of Emulation, 21, which he joined in 1794, on the 7th of April. This
Lodge frequently visited his house, and he was still a member in 1814. He was
Grand Steward in 1796, being presented by William Ayres. While a member
of the Grand Stewards' Lodge it is recorded in 1795 (soon after joining that
Lodge) " The Tyler brought word that no more letters was to be sent " [Novr.
18thJ, but in the 1797 list of members his name still appears.

(6) Turning now to the section — " Private Lodges " — we have a puzzle,
which Bro. Levander must explain if he can.

[Thurs.j Dec. 2nd [? 1731)]

Last night [Wed. Dec. 1st] His Serene Highness the Duke of Lorraine,
the Prince of Wales and several of the Nobility were at a Lodge of
Free Masons at the Devil Tavern near Temple Bar where they were
handsomely entertained by the Brethren. (Hughan's note-book.)

On this entry, Bro. Levander remarks: — "The information is too vague
as members of several Lodges went to the Devil in that year." There
was only one Lodge that met there at the time, No. 8, formerly at the Chandos
Arms, Eclgware, but whose place in the list was filled by a new Lodge of the same
number, more properly described as 8 B, which later bore the name of the Union
Lodge. The Duke of Lorraine, afterwards the Emperor Francis of Germany
(1745), had been made a Mason at the Hague, when Dr. Desaguliers presided
over an occasional Lodge there in 1731; and with the Duke of Newcastle received
the Master's degree at Sir Robert Walpole's residence, Houghton Hall, when
Lord Lovel, G.M., performed the ceremony. 1 The Prince of Wales, Frederick
Lewis (1707-1751), eldest son of George II., was made a Mason in 1737, on the
5th November, in a special Lodge at Kew Palace, by Desaguliers. 2 How is it he
was entertained as a Mason at the Devil Lodge in 1731 ?

(7) Another interesting event is presented by the unidentified newspaper
of the 27th September, 1751, which is as follows: —

Ap' 27th [_? 1732].

Last Wednesday was held a Lodge by its Master at the Golden Spikes
[No. 68] in Hampstead the R' Honb le the Lord Viscount Montacute

'Anderson's Constitutions, 1738 ; p. 129; also Gould's History ii., p. 353, and
ix., 5;
173S <
No. 10 — post,

A.Q.C. ix.. 55.

" 173S Constitutions, 137; Gould's Joe, cit.; A.q.C. ii., 93; and refer to Item

74 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

the Grand Master, when there were present several Members of the
Antient and Honourable Society of Free Masons in whose presence
were admitted by the Rev" D r Desaguliers — Pelham Esq, and another
Person of Distinction and the Rt. Hon. the Earl Teynham was elected
Master of that Lodge on the Resignation of Lord Montacute; after
an Elegant Dinner partly at the Expense of the Grand Master, and
partly of the Brethren there present a handsome Collection was made
for a Brother in Distress, completed with great Chearfulness and
Affection sufficient to convince the World of the little Ground they
have of entertaining Impressions so false and prejudicial to this Society.

The Lord Montacute referred to in the extract was Lord Viscount
Montague, who was Master of this Lodge in 1731-32, and did not resign, but was
succeeded in the usual manner by Lord Teynham, " at which time the Grand
Master resign'd his Chair as Master of that Lodge to the Right Hon bk! The Lord
Teynham." 1

The initiate, " Pelham Esq.," was undoubtedly the Hon. Henry

Pelham, brother of Thomas Holies Pelham, the second Baron Pelham of Loughton,
Sussex, who in 1714 became Earl of Clare and Viscount Houghton, with remainder
to his brother Henry Pelham : later he was advanced to the Dukedom of Newcastle,
and in 1756 was created, as a reward for public service, Duke of Newcastle-under-
Lyme. Henry Pelham, Secretary at War in 1725 and Privy Counsellor, was
Chancellor of the -Exchequer in 1743, and during the King's frequent absences in
1740 down to 1752 was one of the Lords Justices. He died in 1754 and left four
daughters. 2 '

The Lodge at the Golden Spikes, Hampstead, removed in 1733 to the Vine
in Long Acre, where it remained until its erasure in 1742. It is important to
remember the date of this removal when reading the next entry : —

(8) Ap 1 4 [1734].

Yesterday the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Crawford one of the sixteen Peers
of Scotland, Grand Master of the S. of F. & A. M. 3 gave an elegant
Entertainment to the said Society at their Lodge at Hampstead.

This entertainment, given on April the 3rd, by the Grand Master, must, I
think, refer to the Swan at Hampstead, and not to the Golden Spikes, unless we
are misled by the entry in Lane and referred to under the last item, that the latter
Lodge had removed to the Vine in the preceding year. The Swan Lodge is now
No. 6 Friendship, of which there are no records extant of this date.

(9) As regards the Prince of Orange's Head in Jermyn Street, Bro.
Levander properly points out that only one Lodge at this house appears in Lane,
under the year 1772. The notice of July 14th, 1734, announcing a river excursion
is probably wrongly dated : July 14th of that year was a Sunday. On referring
to Hughan's note I find it should be July 11th, a Thursday. But Bro. Levander
has overlooked the fact that from 1730 onwards the Prince of Orange's Head was
the home of the Society of Honorary Freemasons, and the newspaper notice must

1 (J.C.Antig. x.. Grand Lodge Minutes, pp. 215, 218.

2 His brother Thomas was made a M.M. at Houghton Hall in 1731. (Anderson and
Freston, passim.)

3 go abbreviated in Hughan's notebook.

Discussion. lu

refer to that spurious body, and not to a Lodge of F. & A. Masons. That the
Society domiciled at the Jermyn Street tavern was regarded by the Grand Lodge
as a spurious one can be settled by the remarks of Dr. Desaguliers on the 28th
August, 1730, when he

recommended several things to the consideration of the Grand Lodge,
particularly the Resolution of the last Quarterly Communication for
preventing any false Brethren being admitted into regular Lodges and
such as call themselves Honorary Masons}

We must next notice the newspaper advertisement of the 17th December of
the same year, when the Daily Po.it notified " ALL the Brethren of the worthy
Society of Honorary Free-Masons are hereby Summon'd and desir'd to meet at
their General Lodge, held at the Prince of Orange's Head in Jermyn Street, on
the 23rd of this Instant December, ... in order to elect a new Master and
Wardens for the year ensuing . . ." 2

This is the first mention of the tavern as a place of their meeting. Next is
a newspaper cutting of 1731 (probably in July) from an unknown source, which
Bro. Sadler gave in his installation address, in A.Q.C. xxiii., 327: —

This morning several of the Fraternity of Honorary Free Masons will
set out from Whitehall, and proceed to Richmond, in two Barges, with
a very fine Concert of Musick by most of the best Hands, and return in
the Evening.

This is almost the same announcement as that now given by Bro. Levander,
except that the latter mentions the tavern at which the Society met, but does not
say it was that Society. Then in the year 1739 we have the specific statement of the
Honorary Freemasons still meeting at the Prince of Orange, as given by Bro.
Sadler in the additional extract on page 327, .1 .Q.C. xxiii., when that Lodge gave
the sum of twenty guineas to the Foundling Hospital. W T e are therefore led to
suppose that the unknown Lodge quoted by Bro. Levander refers to a Lodge of
Honorary Freemasons meeting at this tavern in Jermyn Street from 1730 down to
at least 1739.

(10) The mention of Erasmus King must be placsd. among the fictions, and
promptly scotched. On the authority of Hone's Tear Booh, p. 251, we are told
that Desaguliers' coachman, Erasmus King, continued the lectures of his master
after the death of the former, and showed experiments at Lambeth Marsh. Now,
Erasmus King, Mathematician, was one of those present 3 on the 5th November,
1737, at an occasional Lodge at Kew when the Princa of Wales was made a Mason,
and King acted as J.G. Warden. Possibly the Mr. King of the Lodge at the
Red Lyon, Richmond, in 1725, was the same person. It is more probable that
Erasmus King, the mathematician, continued the lectures of Desaguliers, than
that King, the, coachman, posed as a savant. Or must we conclude that in yet
one more instance Anderson may be unreliable, and gives us the wrong date of
this event 4 ? There appears to be no other contemporary mention of the initiation
of the Prince of Wales that has yet come to light.

iC.L.Min*., 128.
2 .1. q.C xvi. 41.

3 Constitutions, 1738, p. 137.

4 Sec Item No. 6, supra.

76 Transactions of the Quatuor Curonati Lodge.

(11) A newspaper extract in the Hughan notebook says: —

March 4th 1735.

Lodge held by L d Crawford at the King's Arms Tavern in the Strand
when L d Weymouth was elected Master.

This is confirmed in a degree by the Minutes of No. 43 from which I quote
below, but it would be more properly described as a visit in form by the Grand
Master and his officers : —

Monday March 3rd 1735.

The Lodge was this night opened by B ro Clare acting as Master and the
two Bro s Goodchild as Wardens.

This being the Election Night for a Master to fill the ensuing
half year the Lord Viscount Weymouth was proposed and elected to
fill the Chair nemine contradicente and his Lordship was invested in
form and took the Chair having had his Health drank to with very
great Regard and Honour.

The Rt. Worshipful the Lord Crauford G" Master, the R l
Worshipful Sir Cecill Wray D.G.M., the Worshipful Bro. Trafford [as]
Sn 1 G.W., Br° Carter [as] J nr G.W. with the Major part of the Stewards
for the present year did this Lodge the favour of a Grand Visit this
Evening at 8. . . . The R l Worshipful Ward Esq r Sen 1 ' G.W.
attended and Br° Trafford resigned his Designations to his Bro. and
Sir Edward Mansel

The Grand Officers in a consultation ordered [the Meetings of
C. of C the QC & the Grand Feast to be fixed for dates they named].

(12) The Key and Garter, Pall Mall, is one of the early instances of a new
Lodge filling up an old number. It should have been No. 179, but bore the number
of its predecessor, 26, and should be marked in Lane's Record a as 26 B The
quotation given adds proof that it was a new Lodge, established under the Master-
ship of the Duke of Marlborough. So far as we can gather from the official records
this Lodge sent three representatives to Grand Lodge on the 24th February, 1734,
just a month after its formation, but there is no mention of its constitution being
then paid for, 1 and it is noted in the Engraved List for 1734 as No. 26. The next
mention of No. 26, at the Key and Garter, was its appearance in Grand Lodge on
the 31st January, 1739, when two guineas was paid for constitution, so for five
years it appears to have been lost sight of. I am able to give another note of it in
the interval from an authentic source, for in the Minutes of No. 107 at the Turk's
Head in Gerrard Street we find this entry : —

1738, June 23rd.

It was agreed that the [Turk's Head] Lodge should lend the laws and
books of the Lodge to be copied by the Secretaries of the Lodge at the
Key and Garter in Pall Mall 2 [and another Lodge at Law's Coffee
House. 3 ]

1 Criinil Jji>i!(je Minutes, p. 309.

2 Goldney's History of Freemasonry in Wiltshire.

3 This Lodge has not yet been identified.

iscitssion. t I

The By-Laws of the Turk's Head Lodge had been copied in a similar way
from those of the King's Arms, present No. 28, in 1736, and shortly after the date
of the above entry they were again lent to the Lodge at the Talbot Head in Channel
Row [Westminster,] No. 170, and in the following year to No. 188 at the Ax and
Gate, Downing Street, Westminster.

Bro. Songhurst differs from myself in holding the view that No. 26 at the
Key and Garter, mentioned in 1739, was a new Lodge and not the same one as is
mentioned in the Lysons extract of 1734, which I prefer to indicate as No. 26 B.
This opinion he rests on a statement made by Anderson at the end of the List of
Lodges in his 1738 Constitutions, where No. 26 is given under a headings" have
petitioned to be constituted " — and not in its proper place in the List. My own
inclination is to consider the two entries given above as referring to one Lodge at
the Key and Garter, in the absence of further evidence. The first Master of No. 26,
the Duke of Marlborough, a Brigadier-General in the Army, had to go abroad on
military duties very shortly after its constitution, and this may be the explanation
of the non-payment of its fees in Grand Lodge in 1734, and of its payment in 1739,
as- well as of its being " established " in 1734 and " constituted " shortly before
the payment on 31st January, 1739. But if Bro. Songhurst is right, then the
number 26 was allotted to three Lodges between the years 1734 and 1739.

In the extract from the St. James's Evening Post (Jan. 22, 1734) we have
the first Masonic notice of the Duke of Marlborough under his new title. This
was the third Duke, Charles Spencer, the fifth Earl of Sunderland, a grandson of
John Churchill, the illustrious first Duke. He succeeded his brother Robert in
1729 in the Earldom of Sunderland, and at the death, on the 24th of October, 1733,
of his aunt Henrietta (Countess of Godolphin and the second Duchess of Marl-
borough in her own right), he became the third Duke. As a Brigadier-General
in the Army he commanded the Foot Guards at Dettingen in 1743. Made a Mason
in the Horn Lodge on the 2nd of January, 1730, l by the Duke of Richmond, Master
of the Lodge, we hear no more of him until he becomes the first Master of the
Lodge at the Key and Garter. In 1731 the Duke of Norfolk, Grand Master, had
suggested him as a possible successor, but this honour he declined, " on Acco 1 of
his being to go abroad." 2

(13) Passing on to a batch of extracts that are of importance, as they are
either new or confirmatory evidencs from the contemporaneous records, we find
particulars of the constitution of several Lodges in the year 1738: —

London. Feb ry 18th, 1738.

Last Friday night was constituted a Lodge of the Antient and
Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons at Paul Brown's at
the sign of the Bacchus in Little Bush Lane by the Rt. Honb 1 " the Earl
of Darnley present Grand Master, Dr. Desaguliers Dep. G.M. etc. The
Furniture of the said Lodge may be said to excel for Beauty most in
England.

This Lodge was No. 169 of the first Enumeration. (Lane, p. 77.)

1 Read's Weekh/ Journal, of January 3rd, 1730. See Dring's liibliogruphy, item
79, and Gould ii.. 343.

* Grand Lodge Minutes, 1-12.

78 Transact ions of the Qiuttiior Coronuti Lodye.

(14) The next notice of a new Lodge is the one below, given by Hughan in
the Masonic Mayazine for 1877, iv., 474, and refers to No. 173 at Gordon's in the
Strand : —

May 18th, 1738.

Last Tuesday the Right Honourable the Marquis of Carnarvon
Grand Master of the Ancient and Honorable Society of Freemasons,
attended bv the other Grand Officers etc. did Mr. Gordon the honour
to Constitute a lodge at his house, the New Exchange Punch-House
in the Strand, where everything was conducted in order and^ concluded
in brotherly harmony.

We ars able now to identify the Coffee Houss which has been a puzzle, with
so many others of its class, from the mention of it in the above extract. The Lodge
referred to was constituted on the 16th May at Gordon's Punch House in the
Strand, also mentioned in Lane as Gordon's Coffee House (or Punch House), New
Exchange, Strand. While the newspaper calls it the New Exchange Coffee House,
it occurs in the Minutes of Grand Lodge on the 28th of June, 1738, as Gordon's
Punch House, Strand, on which date it paid for its constitution. So another of
the Masonic meeting places can now be precisely located.

These Lodges in London were constituted by the personal act of the Grand
Master, and it should be here pointed out that the Lodge immediately preceding
Gordon's in the list, viz., No. 172, now Peace and Harmony, still possesses its
Petition to the Grand Master, his Assent to constitute, and the Certificate of its
Constitution.

(15) Of No. 175- we have a similar record: —
July 11th. L 1738 -]

The Marquis of Carnarvon constituted a Lodge at Mr. White's at the
Swan Tavern in Fish Street Hill.

(16) in October of the same year is the mention of the removal of No. 89
from Drury Lane to Richmond, which created a great stir in the latter place. The
Rummer, its former domicile, was the Rummer and Horseshoe in Drury Lane: —

We hear that a Lodge of the Ancient and Honourable Society of Free
and Accepted Masons was regularly removed from the Rummer Tavern
near Lincolns Inn Fields to Mr. Daniel's at the Dog Tavern in Rich-
mond, several Brethren from London with white Gloves and Aprons
and the proper Ensigns of their Order walk'd in Procession through
the Town, there were several Masters and Wardens amongst them: and
the whole was conveyed with Decency and Order to the Admiration
and Delight of the Town who never saw such a Sight before.

This corrects another of Lane's entries, which gives the year 1739 as the
date of removal, whereas it should be in October of the year previous,

Discussion . 79

(17) Another Masters' Lodge can be added to those already known, one at
the White Bear in the Strand, No. 134, which was here from 173S to 1743. No
mention of this Masters' Lodge occurs in Lane: —

Dec. 19th, 1738. London.

We hear that on Sunday last there was a numerous Meeting cf Master
Masons at the Bear Tavern in the Strand who have agreed to hold a
Master Masons Lodge there for the future every Sunday night on
extraordinary Business.

(18) Of the Country Lodges, for which the Grand Master issued Deputa-
tions, we have a full account of the constitution in 1735 of No. 129 at Plymouth
Dock, reference to which is made in a note by Lane added to the entry in the List
of that year, which fixes the date as the 31st March, and proves that the extract is
from the St. James's Evening Post. We also learn that the Masons' Arms was
locally known as the Free Masons' Arms, kept by Mr. Francis Brownbill.

(19) Similarly we read of No. 167 being constituted at Mr. Thos. Stead's,
at the Swan and Falcon, Hereford, "by virtue of certain powers to them [the
Masons] delegated for the purpose by the Kt. Honbb. Edw" Earl and Viscount
Darnley."

(20) Another at Gloucester, No. 171, was constituted at the Wheatsheaf
"on Thursday last," the 11th May, 1738.

(21) Of a Lodge in Yorkshire we are able to glean a few particulars that
are new. This was No. 176, now No. 61 Probity. —

1738. June 1st. YORK.

On the 22nd Inst, a Lodge of the Ancient Society of Freemasons was held
at the White Horse in Coppergats, when the Grand Master was pleased
to constitute a New Lodge to be held at the Talbot in Halifax and
appointed Mr. Jas. Hamilton Master of the same and Mr. Francis
Benton and Mr. Jas. Mellin Wardens.

Lane gives the date of the Constitution of this Lodge as the 12th July, the
Warrant (or rather Deputation) being dated 1st August. The Talbot is not men-
tioned by Lane, its first meeting place being the Black Bull in Copper Street:
neither does Bro. Ramsden Rilev, in his Yorkshire Lodge* (p. 16) notice this.
The Grand Master referred to in the extract is, of course, the Prov.G. Master,
William Horton of Coley Hall, whose authority was limited to the West Riding
if we accept the statements of the Constitutions of 1756 and 1767.

(22) There are two extracts in the Hughan notebook referring to the Island
of Montserrat, where no Lodge was known to exist prior to 1777, when No. 135,
the Evangelist's Lodge, was moved here from Antigua. The first of these cuttings
can be placed in the year 1734 as the Grand Master was then the Earl of Craufurd : —

[1734] Sept. 28th.

The Earl of Crawford, G.M. of the Society of Freemasons hath signed
an Instrument for establishing a Lodge of Masons in the Island of
Mountserrat.

80 Transaction* of the Quatiior Corona ti Lodi/e.

If this Lodge at Montserrat was ever constituted we have no record of it,
nor of the later Deputation referred to in the second extract, to which Hughan has
placed a pencil note, " 1737," which was also given of date September of some
year: but to quote Bro. Dring's item No. 175 in his Bihliot/raphi/ he places it in
1737, on the authority of MacCalla.

[ ? 1737] Sept. 6th.

We hear there is a Deputation going out by the Dorothy, Capt. Douglas,
to constitute a Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons on the Island of
Mountserrat and that Jas. Watson Esq r of the Islands is appointed
P.G.M. of the Leeward Islands.

There was a member of the Crown at Acton in 1725, J. Watson, but of him
nothing further is known. Capt. Douglas, commanding the "Dorothy" Packet,
was in 1731 a member of the Rose at Mary le Bone, now N"o. 28, the Old King's
Arms Lodge. In 1737 Lord Darnley appointed Capt. William Douglas to be
Prov.G. Master " for the Coasts of Africa and the Islands of America where no
particular Deputations had been granted." f.A.Q.C. xxv., 46.)

Preston does not mention any Deputation for the year 1734, but under 1737
states that one was granted for Montserrat, another for the Coasts of Africa, and
a third for the Islands of America. (Illustrations, 9th ed., 1796, p. 274.)

Dox Salteko's Coffee House, Cheyne Walk. Some authentic particulars
of the house and its owner will be found in the Survey of Lou/Ion (1909) — Chelsea.
Part I., from which we gather that Don Saltero was not James Selby, but James
Salter, a servant of Sir Hans Sloane who owned all the ground here. The house
was built in 1717, but Salter was at Chelsea about 1673, as his daughter was
baptised here in 1684-5 and his son in 1687, while residing in Lombard Street,
Chelsea. In 1708 he was in Danvers Place, where he is mentioned in the rate
books (1715) as "James Salter the coffee man." Admiral Munden conferred on
him the nickname of Don Saltero. He died in 1728 and was succeeded by his
son-in-law Christopher Hall.

Bro. Gordon Hills said: —

I should like to add my sincere thanks as a Masonic student to Bro. Levander
for the time and trouble he has spent in gathering such a mass of information,
which will indeed afford a starting place for much further research, and be a most
valuable source for reference.

It is impossible to attempt any detailed criticism of so lengthy a paper, and
in the few remarks I venture to make one must not linger on the way, but I should
like, in this connection, to put on record, as a mediaeval association much akin to
the spirit of modern Freemasonry, the Fraternity of the Pui. Flourishing in
London in the fourteenth century, its rules have been preserved among the City

Discussion . 81

archives, and our Bro. Sir Walter Besant lias described it : as being " an early
specimen of a club founded for the purpose of peace, joyousness, harmony and
friendship." It may further enter into our discussions on a future more apposite
occasion.

The reference to Earl Moira, and the interesting display of exhibits relating
to this distinguished Mason, remind me of a contemporary appreciation which I
chanced, on in a book entitled Public Character* of 1798-9} After giving various
particulars of " Francis, Lord Bawdon, Earl of Moira " (born Dec. 7, 1754), the
account proceeds: — "He is also known to the world as an eminent member of
the fraternity of Free Masons. The benevolence of their institution is, probably,
that which chiefly attaches him to it. Were there even no other testimony in
favour of Free Masonry the Public would not be easily persuaded to look upon
that to be big with secret mischief, which is openly espoused by Earl Moira. The
book against it, which was produced by a certain Scotch Professor, himself an
Apostate Free Mason, must to all persons of cool sagacity, have carried its refuta-
tion in its own bosom. In the address to his Majesty from the Grand Lodge, there
was made, in the name of all the Masons in England, a decisive and unequivocal
declaration of those principles of loyalty and friendliness to social order, which, as
it would seem, enter deeply into the Spirit of Free Masonry; but which, the
abhorrence of the Fraternity, from all pragmatical intermeddling in politics, must
hinder them from officially proclaiming, unless upon an occasion that is singularly
extraordinary."

The Scotch Professor referred to is, of course, John Kobison, who published
the first edition of his attack on Freemasonry, Proofs of a Conspiracy etc., in 1797.
The address to the King was " given, unanimously in Grand Lodge " February 6,
1793.

The principle of non-interference in politics which, as this article clearly
shows, was evidently appreciated by outsiders as a mark of the Fraternity, seems
to have been a little obscured on the occasion of the election to which Bro. Levander
has referred.

I do not understand Bro. Levander's remarks about the Lorje. d'Esperance.
Beference to p. 105 of Lane's Secords will prove that Lor/e L'Esperance, as the
title is there given, on its union with the Loge den Amis Senilis in 1799, met at
The Thatched House Tavern, and then afterwards at Freemasons Tavern (1810),
Kings Arms Tavern (1816), and again at Freemasons' Tavern (1818); there were
no returns to Grand Lodge after 1821, and the Lodge was finally erased in 1830.

With regard to what Bro. Levander says about the New Lodge and its
descendant the Boyal Lodge, the records quoted refer to the Soyal Lodge, of which
the Minutes from 1777 to 1817 are preserved at the British Museum. I have had
these under investigation for some time past and hope to bring the results before
the Lodge in due course. I have looked up the dates of the meetings mentioned
and find the Minutes of a Lodge held on May 6th (not 4th), the first Thursday in
the month, 1784; the later occasion, February 21st, 1793, fell on the third Thursday
in the month, and was installation meeting. The Soyal Alpha Lodge itself did

1 Survey of London: Mediasval London-, p. 287; Riley's Memorials of London, r>. 42.

1 Public- Characters of 1798-9: A New Edition enlarged and corrected to the 25th
of March. 1799. To be continued annually. London. Printed for R. Phillips. No. 71
St- Paul's Churchyard, 1799. The article quoted has the initials S.S. appended.

82 Transactions of the Q-uatnor Goronati Lodge.

not come into existence until 1824. It can claim a lengthy pedigree, comprising
no less than fifteen separate bodies, including the New and Royal Lodges, the
earliest dating back to 1722. The final step was the Union of the Alpha Lodge
and the Royal Lodge in 1824 to form the Royal Alpha Lodge No. 16. The Lodge
of Prudence is another of the Lodges included in the same lengthy tree of descent.

The use of the letters H.R.D.M. and the word Harodim point to entirely
" different matter & usage," as Bro. Hughan is quoted as saying. H.R.D.M., or
more properly H.R.M. or H.D.M., occur in connection with the Royal Order of
Scotland, to which the advertisements of 1743, 1750, and 1753 refer, and H.R.D.M.
in connection with degrees now associated in the A. & A.R. The "third sum-
mons," which Bro. Levander gives in full, refers to the precursors of that Rite,
active in London at that date.

Bro. Levander's references include " Codgers," but a note as to the more
dignified " Cogers," — with a long 5, from the motto they adopted, " Cogito, ergo
sum " — seems needed to complete the list.

Full particulars of " Y e Ancient Society of Cogers " will be found in Mr.
Peter Rayleigh's History 17oo-1903 (Simpkin Marshall & Co.). Speaking of the
admission of a member in 1860, the account runs (p. 18) that he " was initiated.
We use the word ' initiated ' advisedly, for the rules were precise ' ' ; they required
a proposer and formal- election by show of hands, " after which the rules and the
sign of brotherly recognition are communicated to him." The sign of recognition
" having gone out of use we can now make it known without indiscretion. The
novice having toasted the members at the special membjrs' meeting, in a tankard
of porter, the Grand rose to receive him with a ' grip ' of the hand, the first finger
of which was turned inwards towards the palm, and so as partly to hook on to that
of the novitiate when closed in a similar manner." A story is told of a case in
which the accidental use of this sign was instrumental in saving a traveller from a
very awkward predicament at an hotel at Singapore.

In 1756 John Wilkes occupied the chair of the Cogers as "Grand" or
president, and then at later dates the Society's officers bore the titles of Remem- ,
brancer (Secretary), Master of the Rolls, Attorney-General, Master of the
Ceremonies, Chamberlain, Poet Laureate, Chaunter to the Court, Sutler, and
Butler-in-Ordinary.

This Society, originally "The Honourable" and afterwards further
embellished with the prefix "The Antient," was founded by Daniel Mason, at
the White Bear, 15 Brida Lane, in January, 1755. A Minute book of 1793 says
" The objects of the Society were the promotion of the Liberty of the Subject and
the Freedom of the Press; the maintenance of Loyalty to the Laws, the rights &
claims of Humanity, and the practice of public & private virtue."

Mr. Rayleigh gives a list of some of the other more noted of the tavern
debating societies as follows : —

1642 Rota Club, Turks Head, Palace Yard.

1613 Robinhood Society, founded by Sir Hugh Middleton.

1667 The Temple Discussion Forum, Green Dragon, Fleet Street.

1806 The British Forum, Piccadilly.

Discussion. Bo

180$ Athenian Lyceum.

Founders Hall, Lothbury.

Society for Free Debate, Coachmakers Hall.

Flash Coves' Parliament, Drury Lane. (Its members assumed the
names of prominent men.)

Capel Court Debating Society.

The City of Lushington, Covent Garden. (Met also at the Harp
Tavern, Russell Street, W.C. The Prince Regent and Edmund
Keen were numbered among the " Freemen " of this Corporation
ruled by a Lord Mayor and four Aldermen.)

Hole in the Wall, Kirby Street (Republican).

Peacock, High Street, Islington.
. Belvedere, Pentonville.

Portman Debating Society, Marylebone.

Ruminators, Shoe Lane.

Temple of Reason & Humanity, 18, Wych Street (Thelwall).

Cider Cellar, Maiden Lane.

" Free and Easy under the Rose," Queen's Arms, St. Paul's Church-
yard (President, Mr. Critchett, Marshall of the Admiralty Court).

" Hone in the Reformists Register (May, 1817), besides the Cogers, mentions
a number of ether Societies of the day not in the foregoing list, such as Knights
of the Rampant Horse (Norwich) ; Good Fellows under the Sun, at the Pony in
Warwick Lane; Councillors under the Cauliflower, in Butcher Hall Lane ('Little
Britain); the Free & Easy Johns; the Wolves, at the Coal Hole; Knights of the
Black Jack, in Portugal Street, Everlasting Society of Eccentrics in St. Martins
Lane."

I have come across a curious engraving published Nov. 1, 1778, by John
Smith, Cheapside, London, which commemorates the Court of Equity, Bell Savage,
Ludgate Hill, a convivial body, whose coat of arms behind the presiding officer's
chair has the Motto — " Mirth with Justice."

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, societies for " Reading &
Music " were very popular, and favourite mesting places for such were at Mr.
Baxters, at the Western end of the Strand on the North side; in Foster Lane;
at the Globe, Fleet Street; Freemasons' Hall; and the Argyle Rooms. I mention
these to explain the pursuits of those known as Museodians, Odechorol egeuns and
similar titles in vogue at that period.

Amongst Goldsmith's Essays (1758-1765) as collected, the first, entitled
" Description of Various Clubs," gives a humorous account of such bodies as Bro.
Levander has introduced to us. "To some I was introduced by a friend, to others
invited by an advertisement . . . my name has been enrolled in societies,
lodges, convocations, and meetings without number " says the writer, and he gives
a lively description of typical gatherings. The last of these specimens to be men-
tioned is a " society of moral philosophers, as they called themselves, who assembled
twice a week, in order to show the absurdity of the present mode of religion, and
establish a new one in its stead " !, and the essayist appends their rules which, as
he said, " give the most just idea of their learning & principles." No. V. provided
" All them who brings a new argument against religion, & who being a philosopher
and a man of learning, as the rest of us is, shall be admitted to the freedom of the

84 Transactions of the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

Society, upon paying Sixpence only, to be spent in punch." The sixth and last
rule, "Whenever we are to have an extraordinary meeting, it shall be advertised
by some outlandish name in the newspapers," was, no doubt, founded on Gold-
smith's personal experience of what was commonly the case, and tends to confirm
and explain what Bro. Hextall has said about the character of many of the extra-
ordinary advertisements of which we have heard, which are indeed " outlandish."
It was a curious coincidence that this evening, when Bro. Levander's list of
Clubs includes an order of "Knights of Tara" among its many items, the first
name for election to the Correspondence Circle should be " The Tara Lodge of
Installed Masters, No. 419, Bombay."

Bro. Canon Horsley said: —

In reading the proof of Bro. Levander's paper it occurred to me to wonder
what was the derivation of the word " Club." If everyone knows what is the
meaning of the word, everyone is plainly ignorant or forgetful of the fact that no
less than twenty meanings of the substantive are given in Dr. Murray's great
dictionary. Its derivation goes back to Saxon and cognate languages, but the
earliest use of the word in the sense used in this paper is found in 1648 (in
Davenant's Lour/ Vacation- in Jjondon), when it denotes a meeting at a tavern for
social intercourse — "Our mules are come: dissolve the club." And in Pepys'
Diary, July 5th, 1665, we read of "A house . . where heretofore, in

Cromwell's time, we young men used to keep our weekly clubs." And Addison
in the Spectator, No. 9, 1711, speaks of " those little Nocturnal Assemblies, which
are commonly known by the name of Clubs."

It is not clear how this sense of the word arose in the seventeenth century.
Apparently, however, the use of the verb "to club," meaning to gather or form
into a club-like mass, led on to its being used for any collection or combining into
one mass or body. Thus in 1625 we find "clubbing the hair," and in 1641
Milton writes of " clubbing quotations." Not until the eighteenth century however
do we find the use of the substantive "club" to denote an association formed
to combine the operations of persons interested in some object. Thus in 1755
Cricket Clubs are mentioned, and in 1790 Burke speaks of "the solemn public
sanction received from two clubs of gentlemen in London, called the Constitutional
Society and the Revolution Society."

The cant term of a " Sporting Club" first appears in 1764.

In 1714 there was " the Mug-House Club in Long-Acre, where every
Wednesday and Saturday a mixture of Gentlemen, Lawyers, and Tradesmen, meet
in a great Room . . . Here nothing is drunk but Ale, and every gentleman
hath his separate Mug."

In the Maidstone Journal for April 24th, 1792, I find mention of a Club
from which perhaps London was happily free. It was "The Cherokee Club in
Dublin, a society of young men who agree to drink six bottles each after dinner,
and to appear in public places in a uniform red and blue. One of the rules of
this Society is, that if any member is seen sober -after dinner, he shall be fined
30. L. for the first offence, 50. L. for the second, and for the third shall be expelled."

iscussion.

As regards the Antient Briton* their charity record of 1774 was beaten
later, for I find in the Mahhtone. Journal of March, 1786, " Wednesday being St.
David's Day, the gentlemen of the Society of Antient Britons met, according to
annual custom, at Wallis's Grand rooms, King-street. Sir Watkin William Wynne
was in the chair; the dinner was exceedingly elegant, with French wines of the
best vintage. The collection for the children educated upon the laudable establish-
ment instituted by the Society, amounted to upward of 548. L. And the same
day his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales sent his annual donation of 100. L. to
the Stewards of the Antient Britons Society for the further support of that
charity."

With regard to the Antigallicans I may say that a public-house called the
Antigallican is still to be found at No. 155, Tooley Street, perhaps a successor of
the Bell, Rotherhithe, where Antigallicans met in 1752, as Bro. Levander records.

I suggest that the Anchor and the Dolphin, concerning which little was
noted, were London gatherings of Bristol men who could not get down to the big
political feasts in their native City, but got together on the days of the Festival.

Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett writes: —

There is much concerning Clubs and Societies, from the Royal Society
downwards, to be found in that mine of information concerning men and manners
in the early half of the eighteenth century, The Private Journal and JAterary
liemain'x of John liyrom. Edited by ltichard Parkinson, D.D., F.S.A.,
4 vols., 4°, Printed for the Vhetham Society M.DCCC.LIV. This worthy and lovable
man was, we hope, a Freemason, for the name John Byrr/m appears in the
1730 List of members of the Lodge at the Swan in Long Acre numbered 44 and
constituted in September, 1725. It is, however, remarkable that the Journal,
&c, contains but three references to Freemasonry: —

Thursday [Mar. 11, 17251 ... I was going to dine at
Pontac's with the Duke of Richmond ... so I went there
where Lord Foley, Mr Sloane, Bob Ord, White, and Glover came, and
when we were at dinner, the Duke of Richmond and Mr Foulkes .
The Duke of Richmond was very merry, and good company ; . . .
I came to the Society in the coach with the Duke of R., Mr Foulkes,
and Mr Sloan, and we talked about masonry and shorthand.

Tuesday [Apr. 6, 1725] . . . Tom Bentley . . . would
not- go with us to Paul's Churchyard, where Mr Leycester and 1 went,
Mr Graham, Foulkes, Sloan, Glover, Montague . . . There was a
lodge of the Freemasons in the room over us, where Mr Foulkes, who is
deputy grand mister, was till he came to us. Mr Sloan was for taking
me up stairs if I would go; I said I would, and come back if there was
anything I did not like, and then he bid me sit down.

Tuesday. April 20th [1725] . . . thence to Paul's Church
Yard, where were Foulkes, Graham, Brown, White, Cumberland,
Heathcote, and another ... we talked about Figg, free-masons
who were over our head, numbers, shorthand.

86 Transactions of the Quatuur Corouati Lodge.

The Duke of Richmond was G.M. in 1724-5 and Martin Folkes his D.G.M.
and Sloan also was a Mason. The Society in the first of these extracts is the Royal
Society. The Lodge of Masons referred to in the second and third is that at the
" Sun, South side St. Paul's" which appears 21st in the 1725-1729 List. The
second extract makes it clear that Byrom was not a Mason on April 6th, 1725, and
it is certainly strange that there is no further allusion to the Craft in his most
copious Diary. For " Figg " see A.Q.C., vol. xxi., p. 232. The passages quoted
will bs found in Journal, &c, Vol. I., Part I., pp. 92, 109 and 121.

Of the many references to Clubs and Societies in the Journal, &c, I select
but two : —

Tuesday 9th [March, 1725] . . . thence to the Club in
Paul's Church Yard ... we talked much of something and
nothing . . . and I told them I was going to establish a Cabala
Club that were guessers. (Vol. I., Part I., p. 90.)

The second is more interesting : —

Tuesday [May 4, 17251 ... to the Club in Paul's Church
yard, in a coach, with Mr Leycester and Bob Ord, who read my verses
about Figg there; ate cold lamb heartily, which was rather wrong after
so good a dinner; the Gormogon there; could get no coach, so we walked
through Fleet street and met a coach in Chancery Lane. (Vol. I.,
Part I., p. 128.)

So little is known of the Gor-mo-gon Society that even this morsel is worth
recording as an addition to the stock in hand. Bro. Gould has shewn that the
Society and the Duke of Wharton were particularly active in 1724, and at A.Q.O.,
vol. viii., p. 132, he gives a Daily Journal (Oct. 29 and 30, 1728) notice of a
Chapter to be held at the Castle Tavern in Fleet Street on Oct. 31, a*id he goes
on to say : —

Whether indeed any similar notifications were printed in 1725, 1726,
. 1727, and the first eight months of 1728, I am not in a position either
to positively affirm or to deny. I do not think they did.

Bro. Levander has found in Lysons a notice of a Chapter at the Castle in
Fleet Street on " Monday 30th Instant," month unknown, but in the year 1725. T
think that extract from John Byrom's Journal quotsd above " the Gormogon there "
can mean only one thing, namely, that a Chapter of the Most August and Sublime
Order Gor-mo-gox assembled at the Sun on the South Side of St. Paul's on Tuesday,
4th May, 1725, and from the difficulty of procuring a conveyance it is permissible
to deduce that it was a numerously attended function. We have now, then,
knowledge of two Gormogon meetings taking place within the period referred to
by Bro. Gould.

This seems to be a good opportunity to ask for an explanation of au obscure
point in connection with the well-known Gormogon Medal. Four specimens have
been noticed in A.Q.C.: — (1) That in the G.L. Museum. (2) The Frazer-Dublin
specimen. (3) That in the Collection of Bro. Rylands. (4) The Ulex-Hamburg
specimen. Bro. G. L. Shackles describes Nos. (3) and (4) in A.Q.C., vol. xv.,
p. 65, and concludes: —

The date of both is circa 1794-5.

Discussion. 8/

It is not easy to understand why Gormogon medals were struck in 1794-5
when to all appearances the Order died out in 1731, for surely there would be no
attraction then for the forger of antiques. Is anything known as to the date of
the other two ?

John Byrom's system of shorthand was highly esteemed in its day and
attracted a most influential following. A " Shorthand Society " was formed, and
the pages of the Journal, &c, teem with references to it and information about
its members. The Daily Tost, 4 March, 1726 f.X. and Q. 11th Series, vii.),
contains : —

We hear that on Monday Night last (February, 28) several gentlemen
who had learnt M 1 ' Byrom's Short-hand, met at the King's Arms Tavern
near Temple Bar, and commenc'd a Society for the encouragement of
that Method, which is said to be very much approved of, and likely to
meet with general acceptance.

Byrom's own account (Journal, &c, Vol. I., Part I., p. 210) says: —

We went near eight to the King's Arms, where we had the two rooms
laid together ... we were nine in all. I . . . erected the
society in these words: " Quod felix faustumque sit genti Britannicse
nobisque omnibus, ego Johannes Byrom, ex Fundatoris auctoritate ac
officio erigo vos prsesentes, et erecti estis in Societatem Tachygraphicam,
ad Tachygraphiam nostram Byromianam perdiscendam, prombvendam,
et perpetuandam in ssecula saeculorum. Amen."

Espinasse. Lancashire Worthies, cites as members: — Lord Chesterfield,
Duke of Devonshire, Lord Camden, Horace Walpole, Bishop Hoadly, Hartley the
Metaphysician. (N. and Q. 11th Series, vii. April 19.)

This Society is especially interesting to us because, of its quasi-Masonic
character. New members were " initiated," the members addressed each other as
Brother and were pledged to secrecy concerning the system (of shorthand — there
was murmuring when later it was proposed to make it public), the society styled
itself an " Order " and its meetings " Chapters." Dr. Byrom was its Grand Master
and his sister Phebe Grand Mistress, while the Grand Warden was Dr. Deacon.
f Journal, &c, Vol. I., pp. 170, 171, 231, 315. Vol. II., pp. 315, 436.) Of course,
all of this may be no more than a " manner of speaking," but even so it confers a
flavour of Masonry and is suggestive. This is Byrom's entry in his Journal under
date Aug. 26th-27th [1728] : —

To Haddon John, and Heyward Thomas, greeting :

On Friday next there is to be a meeting

At ancient Bufton's, where the brethren, Wright,

Baskeroyle, Swinton, Toft's facetious knight,

[And] Lancaster, and Cattel if he can,

And, on the same terms, Clowes the alderman,

Have all agreed to hold, upon the border

Of Altrincham, a Chapter of the Order.

(and five similar stanzas).

And now I pass from Tiro. John Byrom to a few stray notes upon some of
the Societies mentioned by Bros, Levancjer and Hextall and others not yet noticed,

88 Transactions of the Quati/or Corona ti Lodge.

Mr. J. Cuthbert Hadden, in his Prince Chad en Edward. Hits. Life, Times,
arid Fight for the Crown. London. I'itman 1913, at p. 173 gives the names of
Clubs in Edinburgh at the time of the '45 Rebellion. He mentions: — Sulphur
Club, Hell-fire Club, Ten-Tumbler Club, Demireps, Cape Club, Pious Club
("to indulge Gargantuan appetites in the consumption of pies"), Spendthrift
Club (" nobody was allowed to spend more than fourpence halfpenny "). But in
his Paper on Gavin Wilson, in A.Q.V., vol. xxv., p. 264, Bro. A. M. Mackay says
that the Cape Club "appears to have been duly constituted in 1764."

Anacreontic Society at Norwich. The Jorfoll- Chronicle or Norwich
Gazette for Feb. 27, 1802, contains an advertisement of the "Last Meeting for
this Season." Visitors were to be admitted by ticket. The meeting to be at the
Assembly Rooms on Friday, March 5. In the issue for March 13 there is the
following report of this meeting: —

Anacreontic Society.

Yesterday Se'nnight, the Meetings of this Society were brought to a
Close. — nearly 180 gentlemen were present. — everything so well con-
certed, that the utmost harmony prevailed. — the amateurs de la imtsiqae,
were in excellent tune, and every one appeared in high glee. — The catch
of " Would you know my Celia's charms " was succeeded by two
Recitatives in the same hey, (complimentary to the ]' resident and the
Conductors) the Tenor of which was in perfect unison, with the whole
Band; indeed these voluntaries were accompanied with more than
Treble applause; and the Selection for the evening produced such
thundering chorusses of approbation, as to shale " Apollo's Temple "
to its very Base. — The President executed his part in his usual Bravura
stile, and the performers in general strain'd every chord to bring the

whole to a happy Finale.

A Solo I' er former.

The Noble Order of Bucks. The evil repute of what Bro. Levander calls
the " ribald times of the Bucks " seems to have clung to the Noble Order long
after it had mended its ways. " An Epistle from a Gentleman in London to his
Friend in the Country," published January, 1780, contains: —

I sometimes take a walk to Vauxhall

Where bucks and heroes kick and box all

For which they surely ought to be put in the stocks all

The sentiment in the third line is sounder than the metre.

Fraternity of United Friars at Norwich. (See A .Q.C., vol. xxvii., p. 39).
The Almoner in 1802 was Mr. George Waite " opposite Gurney's Bank."

Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick is nourishing at the present time and
there are Knots in many distant parts of the world as well as in the United
Kingdom. For many years I was in possession of a handsome volume of Laws,
&-c, formerly the property of H.R.H. The Duke of Kent, the father of H.M.
Queen Victoria. The book had many points of special interest and I considered
that it ought to be in the keeping of the Society, so in August last I presented it
to the Knot at Bath.

Discussion. 89

Joyous Knot. Is not this simply a Marching Knot of the Friendly
Brothers of St. Patrick ?

Gregorians. This Society was in existence as late as 1811 and probably
later. (See A.Q.C., vol. xxi., p. 109.)

Highland Society. The members made a point of honouring the Highland
Regiments on all suitable occasions. On Wednesday, 24 February, 1802, they
entertained the heroic Sergt. Sinclair, of the 42nd Regiment (now 1st Batt., The
Royal Highlanders, The Black Watch), who single-handed captured the " bloody
Standard of the French Invincibles at Alexandria," at a dinner held at the
Shakespear Tavern. Later the Society took the necessary steps to get the Sergt.
a Commission-

Khaibarites. The word Khaibar sometimes appears as Keyber, e.g. in
The Merry Thought &c. (see A.Q.C., vol. xxviii., p. 57), date 1730 or thereabouts.
Golley Cibber (1671-1757) succeeded Eusden as Poet Laureate on 3 December, 1730,
and Theobald, a defeated candidate, in a letter to Warburton, alludes to Cibber
as " Keyber." Whether Cibber had anything to do with the Grand Khaibar or
Grand Keyber I cannot at present determine, but I think that he had. The
Merry Thought passage runs: —

Each learn'd Society would try all
From lowest Club to that call'd Royal
To furnish something might improve
Religion, Politicks, or Love;
Grand Keyber, Gormogons, Free-Masons,
And Heydeger, with all his gay sons.

Noviomagians. (See A.Q.C., vol. xxvii., p. 38.) The following is included
in a Catalogue of Autograph Letters issued by Mr. James Tregaskis, of Great
Russell Street, in January last: —

• DICKENS. A.L.s. 1 p., 8vo. To T. Crofton Croker, regret-
ting_ being unable to attend a meeting of the Noviomagians, as he was
engaged to the Guild of Literature and Art, and hoped to make the
latter the means of doing great work in the future.

Tavistock House, Sunday, 18th April, 1852.

Addressed and signed envelope accompanies letter.

A Newspaper of 1911 (I think it was the Bristol Times and Mirror) contained
an Article entitled " Queerly Named Societies," evidently inspired by an
examination of the Report for the Year 1910 of the Chief Registrar of Friendly
Societies. The oldest surviving Scottish Societies are given as : —

Incorporation of Carters in Leith founded 1555

United General Sea-Box of Borrowstounness 1634

Poor Sea-Box of St. Andrews 1643

Fraternity of Dyers, Linlithgow 1670

Poor Box of Anstruther, Fifeshire 1701

Ancient Society of Gardeners, Dumferli^e 1716

90 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

The oldest English Societies are declared to be ■. —

Friendly Benefit Society, Bethnal Green 1687

Norman Society 1703

Society of Lintot 1708*

What is the meaning of Sea- Box 1 And is anything known of the Society
of Lintot (apparently still in existence) 1 Had Bro. Peter Lambert de Lintot (or
his family) anything to do with it ?

I notice that an Honourable Order of Modern Masons is in the list for
1910, but it dates only from 1889 and has its headquarters at Birmingham.
There is clearly no connection with the body of similar name which existed in the
middle of the eighteenth century.

Ugly Club. In No. xvii. (March 20, 1710) of Tht Spectator Addison (or
is it Steele?) writes of an Ugly Club at Oxford and gives its Eules or " The Act
of Deformity." In No. 78 (May 30, 1711) Steele has an article on a Club of
Ugly Paces at Cambridge.

The Song and Advertisement from Collectanea given by Bro. Levander
should be compared with the Print reproduced at p. 53 of A.Q.C., vol. xxvii.

Hurlothrumbo Society. May I appeal to the Brethren of the Lodge for
assistance in collecting material for a paper dealing with this body ?

The thanks of the Brethren are due and will most certainly be accorded to
Bro. Levander for the time and trouble he has expended in the preparation of his
very interesting account of the contents of the Lysons Volumes.

Bro. F. T. James writes: —

I have examined the files of the Gloucester Journal from 1765 to 1778, and
looked for notice of St. John's Day in Summer also Winter, and for a month
before for notice and for three weeks after to see if there would be any comment,
and the only one I can see is the one mentioned, referring to the revival of the
Gloucester Lodge.

The Gloucester Journal has been published since the year 1722 without a
break.

I caught sight of an advertisement dated Monday, Dec. 30th, 1765, the
following being a little of it : —

" Published at l s : 6 d sixth edition. Corrected of Jachin and Boaz, or
an authentic Key to the Door of Free Masonry both Antient and
Modern . . . By a Gentleman belonging to the Jerusalem Lodge,
a frequent visitor at the Queen's Arms in Saint Paul's Church Yard
and other eminent lodges. . . . Printed for W. Nicoll in Saint
Paul's Church Yard. . . . The Author acknowledges the receipt
of several letters from the Bretheren. . . . Begs that those so full
of wrath and Indignation would be so kind as to pay the post of their
abusive and scurrilous epistles."

Discussion. 91

I have not copied all the advertisement as it is rather long, anyway I have
given the salient points.

I have to thank Bro. Godwin Chance for permission to look at these old
copies and Mr. J. Richings for much trouble taken in the matter.

Only two Lodges warranted under the Premier Grand Ledge had their
origin within the Province between the date of the foundation of Grand Lodge
and that of the succession of Dunckerley as Provincial Grand Master. Neither of
them had a permanent existence. They were both founded in the same year, one
at Gloucester, the other at Tewkesbury. The former was warranted on the 28th.
March, 1738, its meeting place being the Wheatsheaf in the old city. In 1751 it
removed to the Swan Inn, and in the Engraved List of Lodges for 1764 it appears
under the sign of a swan and as meeting the first and third Friday of each month.
In January, 1768, it was erased from the roll of Lodges as in a state of inanition.
Its original No. was 171; it became a few years later No. 157, and at its demise
No. 95.

I cannot find out anything definite about the Inns, but there is a Wheatsheaf
situate in Southgate Street at present, but no Swan Inn in Northgate Street.
There is a Swan and Falcon in Longsmith Street off Westgate Street and South-
gate Street.

Bro. W. B. Hextall writes: —

Bro. Levander's paper marks a fresh stage in the literature of Clubs and
Societies, and provides much new material for future writers.

The Latin phrase quoted from Leges Conviviales of the Apollo Club at the
Devil's Tavern has been elsewhere given as "nee lectas feminge repudiantur " ;
done into English by Alexander Brome (1620-1666) as "Nor be choice ladies
slighted." 1 The distinction does not necssarily imply a difference.

" With the excerjtioa of the Rota Club, of which Milton, Harrington,
Marvell, and some other leading parliamentarians were members, the intellectual
aspect of the clubs was lost in the heat and virulence of party feeling." 2

The statement that the Brockwell sermon at Boston, U.S.A., in 1749, was
"the first Masonic sermon that was printed," is not found in the Freemason's
Pocket Companion, IJoJ, ; in the pages of which the address probably made its first
English appearance. There were London sermons by the Rev. John Entick from
1750, 3 which ran it closely as to time, and are advertised with the 1756 Constitu-
tions, which he edited.

The many-sided John Wilkes was plainly dealt with by some of bis con-
temporaries, one of whom, the Rev. George Huddesford, M.A., about 1790 wrote
and published of him : —

Then a fig for Mecca's saint, a fig

For Tartar, Turk, or Saracen !
Our Chamberlain, that rascal rare

Excels beyond comparison :
Their Prophet was an arrant cheat ;

John Wilkes is no impostor :
He cares no more for the Alcoran *

Than for the Pater Noster.

1 The Literary Clubs of the Olden Times, by George Stevenson, 1854.

2 Ibid.

»A.V.C, xxi.. 80" (1908).

92 Transactions of the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

I attribute the paragraph about ' ' great disputes subsisting between the
Societies of Free Masons," in Lloyd's Evening Post, May 10-12, 1769,' to the acute
rivalry existing between the ' ' Antients ' ' and the ' ' Moderns ' ' rather than to the
abortive proposals for incorporation, which concerned the "Moderns" only.

The World advertisement of January 20, 1788, is interesting, as employing
the phrase " any star, garter, or emblem ... of any other Order of Knight-
hood "; and by its use of the disjunctive, inferentially discrediting the " star and
garter," -which is even yet heard in a connexion I need not particularize.

The quotation from Low Life, 1764, invites surmise as to how. far the
imputation that so long clung to the Craft anent undue conviviality may have been
originated, or perpetuated, by Hogarth's presentment of the inebriated freemason
in his picture " N:ght," which he painted in 1737 or 1738. x The allusion to
" asking after their Hats and Canes in order to walk, or be led (according as they
are for Sobriety) Homewards," recalls a leading incident in Hogarth's picture;
and the insinuation loses none of its point by the bracketing of the Craft with other
bodies which are named.

Though Noorthouck's Constitutions was published in 1784, the " most
elegant frontispiece" does not seem to have been ready till 1786, which date
appears as its imprint; and this accounts for copies being found without the plate.

The " Dr. Sibley " mentioned with Preston's Order of Harodim in 1796
was no doubt the individual who figures largely in a paper at A.Q.C. xxiv., 81
(1911).

Anchor and Dolphin Societies still exist at Bristol, and their annual
banquets on "Colston's Day" are well-known.

Blue, or True Blue Clubs were fairly common in the Provinces, and were
avowedly political. At Ilchester, Somerset, fervid partisans directed that they
should be buried in blue coffins; and in the churchyard of Little Brickhill, Bucks,
is a grave marked, " Here lieth the body of ' True Blue,' who died in 1724." Who
he was is unknown, the local tale being that he lived and died under this assumed
name. In a Midland town the local True Blue Club celebrated the defeat of
Bonaparte at the battle of Leipsic, in October, 1813, by roasting an ox whole, and
distributing the meat among two hundred of the poor, with a like number of
shilling (quartern) loaves.

Some verses of a song introducing names of various taverns patronised by
Bucks' Lodges, probably dating back to 1756, 2 will be found at A.Q.C. xx., 367
(1907); and at page 107 of the same volume is a reference to " Bar Chus, the Son
of Chus," in Anderson's Constitutions, 1723, whence perhaps the " Barcock or
Bar-Chusses " of about 1744 derived their appellation. " The history of choice
spirits and ballad-singing," prefixed to Songs, Comic and Satijrical, by George
Alexander Stevens, says: "The magazines of the ancients . . . tell us that
Bacchus instituted a club called the Baccse, or Bacchantes, and which are now
called the Bucks; as it appears, not only by Nimrod's ancient charter, deposited
in the archives of £he Babylonian Lodge in the environs of SoliOj but also by the
authenticated records belonging to the Pewter-Platter in Bishopsgate Precinct."

iSee A.O.C. ii., 90, 116. 146 (1889). "William Hogarth and Freemasonry," Lodge
of llesearch. No. i>i29, Transactions, 1908-9, 102.
"A.Q C. iii., Ill (1890).

Discussion. 93

The College Youths are, I believe, a society of Bell-Ringers, of considerable
reputation.

A recent newspaper notice of County Societies in London gave seniority to
a gathering of Cumberland men in 1741, though a society of Londoners who had
all come from Cirencester existed in 1701; and said that in 1914 there were twenty-
six County Societies, including the Isle of Man and the Isle of Wight; " the number
being really more, as the East Anglians had pooled their interests — Cambridge,
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex meeting round the same table, while Leicestershire and
Rutland and Cumberland and Westmoreland also hunt in couples."

Bro. Levander's inclusion of several bodies that were quite frankly Friendly
Societies makes relevant the following passages, which appeared in a current serial
in Novembsr, 1915: —

It must not be imagined that friendly societies are of recent
origin. Thirteen societies still in existence in England were established
prior to the middle of the eighteenth century. And Daniel Defoe, the
author of " Robinson Crusoe," wrote about " societies formed by mutual
assurance for the relief of members in seasons of distress," as long ago as
the year 1696.

It is sometimes suggested that friendly societies originally sprang
from the craft guilds of the Middle Ages, and the fact that some of the
earlier societies were associated with a single trade — as, for instance,
the Weavers' Society — would seem to support the suggestion. But the
real truth is that most of them were born in the first half of the
eighteenth century, when Freemasonry experienced its great revival,
and an absolute mania for secret societies suddenly affected all classes.

In straggling order there came into existence the Oddfellows,
the Druids, the Foresters, and the Comical Fellows, and all of these
societies were more convivial than benevolent in their early days, and
made a great feature of their secret meetings and secret rites. Most of
their " lodges " were held in public-houses, and the flowing bowl entered
largely into the proceedings.

In an ancient cash-book belonging to a lodge of the Ancient
Oddfellows the following items were found: "Spirits and Mizalto,
XI . 13.5-i j six beards, 12s. 6d.; hail-storm, 8s. 6d.; copper spoon,
Is. ; sun and moon, 16s." The six beards were for the officers to wear
with their wigs; the hail-storm was for the terrifying of members-to-
be; the sun and moon were for the decoration of the room; and the
copper spoon was really a brazier in which the spirits were consumed by
burning.

The last of the rules of the Old Rogate Friendly Society (Sussex)
was as follows: "Any member proposing an alteration in the fore-
going rules shall at once be expelled from the Society."

It is a curious thing that though friendly societies have flourished
for so many years in both England and Scotland, no " ancient order "
has ever originated in. Ireland. Several societies have branches "there,
but they are all of English or Scottish creation.

94 Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati Lodge.

It must be fairly obvious that a proportion of the bodies which claimed an
existence under titles more or less whimsical and eccentric never were in actual
being; and one would like to find some clue to the motives which prompted
individuals to expend their time and money in what seems rather a feeble way of
hoaxing or mystifying the public. For instance, it can hardly be supposed that
the Paroquets met at Stonehenge in 1747; or that the Sicilian Congress held
its " Grunnitions " in London in 1745; any more than that a "Museum of
Buz wings " was held there in 1868. x Of course, there is a possible alternative,
that the advertisements ostensibly relating to such bodies were really worded so as
to convey more than appeared upon the surface to people holding the key; but
these could be few in number, and, so far as we know, the efforts were hardly
worth the trouble.

Mention may here be made of some Clubs, &c, which have come under my
notice since the paper on Some Old-time Clubs and Societies, which is printed at
A.Q.G. xxvii., 25; and a few additions made to details already given.

Abecedarians. George Dyer in 1795 mentions amongst the societies for
the relief of genius in necessitous circumstances, " the Abcdarians, for the relief
of necessitous schoolmasters." 2

The Amicable Club of Warrington, a minute-book, 1789-97, contains copies
of each half-yearly account presented by the landlord of the inn at which the
club met. 3

" The Cadgers have a curious mode of reception. They blindfold the
candidate, fill his mouth with salt, tumble him into a tub of dirty water, and swear
him to cheat the whole world, but never a brother Cadger — an oath which they
break on the first favourable occasion. They have a distinguishing mark also
which they affix to all articles connected with their carts and donkeys. The whole
system of the present trade-mark is founded upon this principle." 4

"The Comical Gills." There is a coloured etching so entitled, showing
the interior of a tap-room. 5

The Keep-the-Line Club met at the Turk's Head Coffee House, Strand-
One of its rules was, " if any member grossly insulted another by giving him the
lie, the member so insulted should immediately rise and satisfy the aggressor by
asking his pardon; this rule to extend to visitors."

The Lion Club existed fcs nearly 100 years with a membership of thirteen."

The Lark Pie Club. Its one hundred and seventy-fourth ordinary meeting
was noticed in The Citizen, of'December 29, 1883, as held on the previous Wednes-
day evening, at the Cock Tavern, St. Martin's Court, Ludgate Hill.

A Never Fret Society appears to have been possessed of some influence at
Warwick in the year 1829. 7

1 A.Q.C. xxvii., 43.

2 Notes and Queries, lis. x., 230.
a Ibid, 12s. i.. 48.

4 Freemasons' Magazine, December, 1868, 519.

5 Notes and Queries, lis. xii., 259.

6 Frederick Reynolds was member of the two last mentioned. See his Life and
Times.

7 Miscellanea Latomorum, ii., 63.

Discussion. 95

A Right, Wrong or Right Club, " whose convivial circles did for some time
make a great noise in Edinburgh ... its leading maxim being the High-
landers' sentiment, that a friend could do no wrong, but must have his comrade's
protection and support in all his undertakings, however^ eccentric and questionable
they might be," 1 was started in 1814, a great supporter of it being James Hogg,
the " Ettrick Shepherd," whose admission into the Craft is noticed in A.Q.C. xiv.,
166; xxiii., 58 n .

I have come across the mention, but without dates, of a weekly club called
the Snugs, "at a great trading town in Yorkshire," which is elsewhere pointed to
as Leeds. The only particular given is that one member was Colonel Miller, of
the Society called the Lumber Troopers, London.

Records of the Mock Corporation of Sefton Society are preserved in a
handsome volume, Sefton, a descriptive and historical account . . . By W. D.
Caroe and E. J. A. Gordon, 1893, which relates that the office of Mayor of
Walton, 2 had its origin in a Jacobite club, established in 1701 for political pur-
poses; and although its original purpose ended with the surrender of Preston in
the 1715 rebellion, it existed as a mock Corporation, with many whimsical
ceremonies, till 1800; and that there was the election of a Mock Mayor at
Newcastle-under-Lyme so late as 1833. The Mock Corporation of Sefton (or
Sephton) differed from that of Walton, as it was instituted by gentlemen and
merchants of Liverpool for the purpose of social intercourse on the Sabbath day,
when it was customary for the members to attend Church twice. The earliest date,
(which appears on a mace), was 1764; and the records are in two books, covering
from 1771 to 1797. In 1887 all the regalia, insignia, and robes were sold for £41,
with the exception of the portrait of a Recorder, and some pewter plates.

The following is from A Book of Famous Wits, by Walter Jerrold, 1912: —

At the Chapter Coffee House in Paternoster Row there used to be a
regular gathering of men known as the Wittinagemot, which lasted
certainly up to 1805. Here, too, we are told used to met a Wet
Paper Club, the members of which gathered to read and discuss the
newspapers while they were still wet from the press — a dry paper being
regarded already as a stale commodity.

Bro. Rev. Canon Horsley has been good enough to supply more about The
Reffley Society (xxvii., 44). This body was not only commemorated in 1756
by the erection of a Temple and Obelisk, the latter bearing a Latin inscription
indicating a former " Column of Reffley," but had inscribed to it "A Cantata
composed for the Dedication of the Water to the Deities of Love and Social Enjoy-
ment, the Music by D r Arne " [T. A. Arne, 1710-1780, composer of "Rule
Britannia "], phonetically marking successive stages in the preparation of a special
Punch, the secret of which is coYinned to two or three of the members. As the
" Deities " are named in the Cantata as Venus and Bacchus, it was not inappro-
priate, in 1830, for the Society to present its local patron with a silver latch-key
engraved with the device of a punch-bowl and the words " Reffley Spring."

l 3Iemoirs of a Literary Veteran; bv R. P. Gillies, 1851, vol. ii., 19(J.
2 A.(J.C. xxvii., 43-44.

96 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Bro. Levander writes: —

I have to thank those Brethren who have criticised and written additions
to my paper. When writing it, the time at my disposal did not allow me to carry
out my original intention, viz., to comment upon and make all additions possible
to — shall I say all ? — the announcements. Lack of time, too, obliged me to make
many omissions; the material at my disposal respecting inter alia such bodies as
the Odd-Fellows, Foresters, Druids, &c, &c, of which information could be more
readily obtained in book form, or which were of more recent times, had to be set
aside.

I regret that it has been found necessary to call attention to a few errors
that crept into the text in some, unaccountable fashion. "Humanum est errare.
In 1731 only one Masonic Lodge met at the Devil. With respect to Loge
d'Esperance that was constituted in 1768, Lane states (Records, p. 164) that its
number was at first 434; in 1770 it was 369; in 1780, 283; in 1781, 284; in 1792,
238. At p. 105 he mentions a Lodge having the same name, to which the date
1779 is assigned. The 1768 Lodge apparently united with and gave its name to
the latter, to which no number at all is assigned.

Spring Gardens, Chelsea, were afterwards known as Cremorne Gardens.
Vauxhall Gardens at one time bore the name of the New Spring Gardens;
apparently, however, the word " New " was sometimes omitted, for Lysons says,-
" The Spring Gardens at Vauxhall are mentioned in The Spectator (No. 383) as
a place of great resort . . . Vauxhall Gardens are open," &c. , (Environs
of London, i., 324).

The rule quoted by Bro. Hills, " Whenever we are to have an extraordinary
meeting, it shall be advertisad by some outlandish name in the newspapers," would
explain such odd notices as those alluded to by Bro. Hextall. I cannot help
thinking that sundry parts, of London were known to those in the secret by special
names, which were a mystery to the " profane," e.g., Stonehenge. And not
merely localities, but also the names of the taverns where meetings were held.
Take, for instance, the house in Bankside, the last mentioned in my paper, the
" Welch Embasader " — an early spelling, formed from the pronunciation of the
word "Ambassador." Such a name for a tavern seems very improbable, not-
withstanding the peculiar signs to be met with. At any rate, I have ascertained
that there was no tavern in Bankside with that sign; but there was cms there
in the eighteenth century called the Welsh Troopers. I venture to suggest that
the sign-painter represented these so gaudily attired as to give one the idea that
they were men of a much higher social rank than troopers, and that those who
were "in the know" substituted the word "Ambassadors." But ambassadors
are not " thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks of Vallombrosa, ' so the
singular number replaced the plural.

May I be permitted to follow the example of some of my commentators, and
make a few additions to my list, premising only that most of the cuttings now
reproduced are from unidentified newspapers, and usually only the year is notified ?

The Select Albion Lodge (described as a "noble" or "noble and
honourable" Order) held its meetings in 1768 at the George and Vulture Tavern,
Cornhill, but in 1772 at the Crown Tavern, Leadenhall Street, having some years
previously moved to the Albion Coffee House, St. Swithin's Alley, Cornhill,

Discussion. 97

Albions. Of these I have several additional advertisements. The earliest
(1765) gives notice that the " Brethren of this most ancient and honourable Order
are desired to meet, the Grand, Vice-Grand and Council" at the King's Head
Tavern in the Poultry, "in order to receive a visit from the gentlemen of the
Grand-Lodge." In the following year the meeting was held at the same Tavern
for the choice of Officers for the ensuing half-year, and the Albion Grand Lodge
held its meeting at the Globe Tavern, Fleet Street, to " chuse a Grand and other
Officsrs " for a similar period. The Albion Borough Lodge held their fortnightly
meetings in 1768 at Bro. Brookes,bank's, The Three Tun Tavern, St. Margaret's
Hill, Southwark. The Secretary of the Albion City Loege, meeting at the
King's Head, Poultry, desired the Brethren of that Ancient and Noble Order to
dine with the Grand and Officers at the Mermaid Tavern, Hackney, on June 4,
1768, being his Majesty's Birthday. They also were notified on June 13 that a
meeting would be held at the King's Head on that evening to consider certain
resolutions.

Antigallicans. — In 1751 about 1000 members of this body held their annual
feast at Grocers' Hall, after having attended Divine service at Bow Church, Cheap-
side, where a sermon was preached by the Rev. — King, Lecturer of St. George's-
in-the-East. In 1768 the annual feast was held on June 10 at the Greyhound at
Greenwich. " A Sermon by the Rev. Brother Scott."

Anti-Geegorians. — Old Christmas Day, 1753, was observed as usual in
several places in the neighbourhood of Worcester. The day fell on a Friday. " At
some villages the Parishioners so strongly insisted on having an Old Stile, Nativity
Sermon, (as they term'd it) that their Ministers could not well avoid preaching to
them : And, we are told, that at some Towns, wh:rc the Markets are held on
Friday, not a Butter Basket, ncr even a (loose, was to be seen in the Market-Place
the whole Day." 1

Beefsteaks, The Sublime Society of. — A list of the original members
(1735) will be found in Hist. 3IS8. Com., vol iv. The furniture, plate, portraits
of the members, &c, were sold by auction in 1869, the Society having been broken
up in the previous year. The old gridiron was knocked down for £5.15.0 to Messrs.
Spiers and Pond. But this was not the first Club of that name, for the Daily
Coin-aut for 8 February, 1710, records that on the 6th a dinner, followed by a
concert and a set piece of firework, was held to celebrate the birthday of Queen
Anne.

The Bucks. — Here are a few additional extracts recently met with. In 1766
the Assyrian Lodge held its summer anniversary feast on July 3 at Brother
Grifnths's, the Spread Eagle at Epsom. " Note. As no business respecting the
Order is done on this Day, Ladies are always admitted to this Feast. The most
Noble Grand intends to be at the New Inn, on the Surry side of Westminster
Bridge, by Six o'Clock in the Morning of the Feast Day, and will set off for
Epsom . ' '

A notice was issued June 6, 1766, that the Holywell Lodge of the most

Noble Order of Bucks, lately held at the Five Bells Tavern in the Strand, would

in future meet at the Devil Tavern, Temple Bar, on and from Friday, the 13th

inst,

1 Quoted in A.Q.C., xxv., 276. (1912.)

98 Transactions of the Qnatnor Coronati Lodge.

In the same year appeared the following, no month being mentioned: —
" White Hart, Five-Field. Helespont Lodge. The Anniversary Feast of this
Lodge, held this Day the 28th instant, on Account of the Uncertainty of the
Weather, and in order to accommodate our Brother Bucks, who have taken Tickets,
and likewise those who intend us the pleasure of their company to dine, will be as
the last Year, at Mr Potter's Long Room, near Ranelagh." I think this Lod^e
has not been hitherto mentioned.

In 1768 the Brethren belonging to the Sun Tavern Lodge in Milk St. were
desired to attend " this Evening " (no month or day given) " being election night
to chuse a Grand for the ensuing Year, and on other special affairs."

In 1789 the Babylonian Lodge met at the Surry Tavern, Surry St. In the
same year the Sermon preached on November 4 at Piercy Chapel Rathbone place,
before the " Ancient and Honourable Lodges of Bucks " by the Rev. Rice Hughes,
A.M., of Aldenham, Herts, and domestic Chaplain to the Right Hon. the Earl of
Powlett, was published by request.

The Euphrates Lodge met in 1796 at the New London Tavern, Cheapside.
In 1808 they were at the Globs, Fleet Street, and gave their annual Ball at Willis's
Rooms, and again in 1821, but the Lodge seems to have moved to the Thatched
House Tavern.

The Royal Independent Hanoverian Lodge (about which I have mentioned
a few later particulars) held in August, 1813, their summer festival at the " Surrey
Hotel (late the Horns) at Kennington." They held a Special General Lodge Meet-
ing on the following Dec. 1 at the Albion House, Aldersgate St., where also their
anniversary was celebrated June 8, 1814.

In A.Q.C. iii., 155, Bro. Rylands transcribed from his MS. copy of the
Constitution Book "A Brief Historical Account, of the Original Institution, of
the most Antient and Noble Order, of Bucks." This is almost identical, as far as
it goes, with " A Brief Historical Account of the Institution of the most Noble
Order of Bucks, as it has been collected from Traditional Accounts and Records of
Antiquity, now remaining in the City of Bagdell, which is the same as the ancient
Babylon, the original and once flourishing seat of the most Noble Order, and
transmitted from thenc3 by a British Buck resident in those Parts," published in
The New London Magazine for October, 1786. The additional portion is identical
with that qiioted by Mr. Wallis from the Sporting Magazine for January, 1802.
(A.Q.C. iii., 145.)

There is no clue to either the source or the date of the following cutting.
It appears to be quite modern. " The Old Bucks of the Pale Lion, Upper Thames
Street. A society is held at the above-named house, called the Old Bucks; it
consists of a captain, an adjutant, and privates. Please the pigs we will sing of
their military glory.

Air — ' "With helmet on his brow.'

There's bold Jackson in the chair,

Just like a petty king ;
His look bespeaks despair.

When he attempts to sing.
Jolly Phillips in the vice,

Though screwed up very tight,
To amuse the ancient Bucks,
, He tries with all his might,

Discussion. 99

There's Brodie, wicked dbg,

Inflicts on all great pain,
When he undertakes the job

To murder 'Pretty Jane.'
The Starr, so gay and trim, ■

Shines forth with look so bright;
If he'll promise not to sing,

We'll look in another night."

In his paper on this Order Bro. Rylands mentions (A.Q.C. iii., 145«.) Bro.
Alfred Wallis's account in Notes and Queries, 6th Series, viii., 361 (1883). In
the following year Mr. H. G. Bohn, the well-known bookseller and publisher,
contributed a letter to lY . and Q. (ix., 454), which I do not think has been hitherto
drawn upon. In his 89th year he assumed from the silencs of other contributors
that he was the only surviving member of either of the known Orders, and gives a
few particulars remarking that his memory would not serve him for much. The
Grand Ledge became pretty well extinct before 1816, when the Royal Assyrian
Order cf Bucks seems to have taken its place, or at least was the only active one.
Mr. Bohn was elected a member about 1821, when the Noble Grand was John
Henry Skelton, a woollen-draper in Chandos St., Covent Garden, who had married
the wealthy Miss Schreibsr. The honour of being Noble Grand never cost less
than £500 a year, and generally twice as much in consequence of the holder having
to pay all the costs of liberal entertainments. He gives an account of a splendid
ball given by the Noble Grand at Willis's Rooms about 1823, when he was Deputy
Grand. All the Officers were in full dress (his own, which he describes, was
gorgeous in 'the extreme,) and had to receive the visitors, who were ushered in
by a flourish of trumpets and military music. On that particular occasion there
were between four and five hundred visitors. He says that he had forgotten the
formula adopted at the election of members — even the words and particulars, but
thought it was pronounced audibly with the right hand on the book of rules. A
special room was assigned to them at Freemasons' Tavern, where they met regularly
about ones every fortnight. The regalia and various paraphernalia were entrusted
to the care of Mr. Cuff, then master of the tavern, but he thinks they were mostly,
if not all, burnt at a fire " which happened there many years ago." It is sad to
read (X. and Q., 6th Series, ix., 511) that Mr. Skelton, who was, as Mr. Jay Ker
says, " one of the most genial and best informed men that it has ever been my
fortune to met " was, when he first made his acquaintance about 1848, in reduced
circumstances, holding the office of a gas company's inspector.

Bro. Rylands dated the latest printed mention of the Order 1802; Bro.
Songhurst extended this to 1825 (A.Q.C. xxvii., 57). Now we find a Buck living
close upon sixty years later still.

The Gentlemen of the Free and Easy under the Rose met at the Queen's
Arms Tavern, St. Paul's Churchyard in 1775. There was a Society with the same
name meeting at the White Hart, Windsor, where its " Worthy Members" were
requested to hold their annual venison feast on Sept. 1, 1768.

Free and Easy Johns. — Bro. Songhurst tells me that he has recently seen,
in London, a relic of the dinner given by " Sister W'ills " at her house, the Hole
in the Wall, Fleet Street, in May, 1776. l It is a large pewter mug with inscrip-

!See A.Q.C, xxvii., 149. (1914.)

100

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

tions on the front and on the under side. The second of these contains a reference
to the hospitality of the Landlady.

In 1768 the Loyal Britons met at the Forty-five Tavern in Gray's Inn
passage, Bedford Row, Holborn.

The Brethren of the Most Ancient and Noble Order of Loyal Georges
were desired to meet on St. George's Day, 1766, the Grand and Officers and the
rest of the Brotherhood at the Grand Lodge at Brother Norris's, the St. Luke's
Head and Eight Bells, in Red Lion St., in Spittlefields, to proceed frcm thence in
procession to dine at Mr. Birch's, the Bacchus in Hoxton Town.

The Sols. — There is still another Order, dating back to 1768. "The
Brotherhood of the Ancient and Honourable Order " of Old Sols met monthly.
R. M. Jurer, by order of the most respectable Grand, convenes a meeting, but no
place is mentioned. At a meeting of the " Knights Templar Order of Royal
Grand Select Sols," held in 1789 at the Buffalo Tavern, Bloomsbury Square, Mr.
William Brooks was unanimously re-elected Right Honourable Grand Select Master.

J. S. Juror signs, by order of the Grand, several advertisements convening
monthly meetings of the " noble and respectable," or " respectable and honourable,"
or " ancient, honourable and respectable " Order of Old Souls at the Red Lion,
Butcherhall Lane, Newgate St., in 1768.

The following advertisement appeared in 1764. " Salop, Oct. 5, 1764. The
Fraternity of the True Blue are desired to meet at the Raven on Tuesday the 30th
instant. John Hodgetts, Steward. N.B. The Fox-hounds will attend the
Meeting, and go out the 31 st ; and at Night there will be an Assembly."

The Knights of the honourable Order of Wilkomans were desired (by order
of the Captain) to meet their Brethren on Oct. 28, 1768, to celebrate the birthday
of John Wilkes.

i jsv CVas iE

--"- — * : *m,* i '4P * 3

1 ran&actions of the Quatuor Corouati Loclge.

101

THE ETIQUETTE OF FREEMASONRY
BRO. FRANKLIN THOMAS.

BY BRO. C. GOUGH.

HE identity of the Author of this popular work, for many years,
and, indeed, until quite recently, had remained somewhat of a
hidden mystery. The book had been published with the nom
<le plume of " An old Past Master," but, so that it might not
suffer for want of recommendation, the Author carefully informed
his readers of the ripe experience he possessed, and the Masonic
distinctions he had gained, and stated that his allusions to them
were with the twofold object of showing his authority to speak, and of emphasising
the great importance of the office of Director of Ceremonies. Possibly, a third
motive existed, that of providing means whereby his identity could be traced and
clearly established.

In the course of investigating the various clues indicated in the book, many
details have been gleaned relating to the business life and Masonic career of the
Author, and as these show him to have been not only a worthy citizen, but a
distinguished Freemason, it seems desirable that the information should be
permanently recorded.

Franklin Thomas, the son of Franklin Mathew Thomas, late of Rochester,
Kent, Broker (d. 3. Nov. 1834), was educated at Rochester Grammar School, and
a chorister at Rochester Cathedral. He was initiated at Chatham in the Royal
Kent Lodge of Antiquity, now No. 20, in March, 1841 (p. 18), 1 being then stated
to bs 23 years of age, and of Rochester, Upholsterer. He "declared off" in
March, 1843.

Joined Alfred Lodge at Oxford (then No. 425, now No. 340) on 15th Septem-
ber, 1846. Installed W.M. on 27th December, 1849; made Provincial Senior Grand
Deacon, Oxfordshire 1850, and Provincial Grand Registrar in same Province in
1851. ■■■■■■ . . .

Exalted in Alfred Chapter at Oxford on 7th July, 1848, and occupied the
three Principals' chairs successively in 1851, 1852, and 1853, and in August, 1854,
was presented with a Silver Tea Service as a token of regard, and an appreciation
of his assiduous efforts to promote the cause of Masonry.

In Oxford, Bro. Franklin Thomas carried on the business of a Cabinet
Maker and Upholsterer at No. 135, High Street, the next premises, No. 136,

1 Where the ascertained facts coincide with the statements made in the Etiquette,
references are given to the pages of the 1890 edition of that work.

102 Transactions of the Quatuur Corona ti Lodye.

being occupied by Mr. Adin Williams, a Tailor and Robemaker. As proceeding
from these premises "the writer used to hear a tailor call out ' 'Enery, bring
me a hiron ' " (p. 248).

From November, 1852, until November, 1854, Bro. Thomas was a member .
of the Oxford Town Council.

In December, 1854, he joined St. John's Lodge, Torquay (then No. 411,
now No. 328), and was at once appointed S.D. During 1855 he several times
acted as W.M. Having been elected as such, he filled the chair in 1856 and 1857.
The chief corner stone of the Masonic Hall at Torquay was laid with Masonic
honours by the Rev. John Huyshe, D.P.G.M., Devon, on 28th May, 1857, and on
that occasion Bro. Franklin Thomas carried out his duties as W.M. of the Lodge
(p. 193).

Having to leave Torquay in cousequenco of impaired health, the St. John's
Lodge presented him, on 1st December, 1857, with a valedictory address.

In December, 1861, he joined the Lodge of Persoverancs, Blackburn, now
No. 345, of which he remained a member until his death in 1907. It is said that
he was never W.M. of this Lodge,-, but had held other positions in it for long
periods, and with few exceptions had acted as Installing Master from 1864 to 1904,
and was D.C. at the time of his decease (p. 19). The Freemason of 7th January,
1905, reporting the Installation meeting of the Perseverance Ledge, says it was tile
35th occasion on which Bro. Franklin Thomas (then in his 88th year) had per-
formed the ceremony in that Lodge. The same report tells of the remarkable
and possibly unique experience, that during 41 years in unbroken sequence Bro.
Franklin Thomas had installed the successive W.M.'s in the Harmony and
Industry Lodge, Darwen No. 381 (and he was nut a member of that Lodge),
" as well as many of the Masters of various Lodges in this (the East Lancashire)
Province, Clitheroe, Burnley, Paddiham, Accrington, Oswaldtwisle, Clayton le
Moors, in the Rossendale Valley, and others." This report describes Bro. Thomas
as P.P.G.J.D. Kent, P. P. G.Reg. Oxon and P.P.S.G.W. East Lancashire (p. 19).

He was made Prov.G.J.D. in East Lancashire in 1877, and amongst the
honours of the Jubilee year, 1887, the past rank of Prov. Senior Grand Warden of
that Province was conferred upon him.

In the R.A. he attached himself to the Perseverance Chapter, and in the
four consecutive years, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882, he filled the chair of Third
Principal at the Prov. Grand Chapter meetings in East Lancashire (p. 19).

Bro. Franklin Thomas was present at the Consecration of the Wolseley
Lodge No. 1993 at Manchester on 28th March, 1883 (p. 206) and signed the
attendance book as " P.P.G.J.D. & P.P.G.R. Oxon," and on 15th November.
1889, he attended the Consecration of the East Lancashire Centurion Lodge No.
2322 at Manchester (p. 271) and was then described as P.P.S.G.W.

For many years until ab3ut twenty years before he died, Bro. Thomas
carried on the old-established business of a house furnisher and decorator now in
the hands of Messrs. Simpson and Son, of Market Place, Blackburn, and lie was
succeeded in it by his son, Mr. Franklin T. Thomas, afterwards Mayor of
Blackburn, who died 10th August, .,1913.

Bro. Franklin Thomas (the author) had been a Magistrate of the Borough
of Blackburn since 1886. He died at Ilkley on 13th October, 1907, in his 91st

The Etiquette of Freemasonry — Tiro. Franklin Thomas. 103

year. Obituary notices of him appeared in the Blackburn Teler/raph of 19th
October, 1907, and in the Freemason on 26th October and 2nd November, 1907.
These notices all refer to him as P.P.G.J.D. of Kent. His portrait is preserved
in the Alfred Lodge at Oxford and the Perseverance Lodge at Blackburn and a
reproduction of his portrait was given in the Jilackburn Telef/rajth of 6th July,
1907.

He belonged to the Hugh de Payens Preceptory of the Knights Templars,
and at Burnley in 1881 was appointed Warden of Regalia in the Provincial Grand
Priory.

Although more facts have been accumulated than suffice to connect the
Author of the Etiquette with his own references to himself, there are links
still lacking to make the chain quite perfect. So far all efforts have failed to
discover the " very important Lodge (not his mother Lodge) of which he was
installed Master in 1846," and in which, presumably, he first took office in 1843
(p. 19). Equally unavailing have been the attempts to obtain evidence of his
having received Provincial Grand rank in Kent, which he is stated to have
possessed. His early connection with that Province (1841-3) seems too slight to
justify the thought that it led to Provincial honour, and no reference has been
found to his association with Kent at any later period. Mr. Franklin T. Thomas
(his son) says he believes his father went to Oxford "in 1844, so that there are
only two years to account fcr between 1842, when he left Rochester," and that
he (Mr. Franklin T. Thomas) was born in Oxford in 1845. He further says that
his father, " after leaving Torquay, lived in London until 1861, when he came
to Blackburn." Thus in regard to time there is but little to explore.

The Minutes of the Alfred Lodge at Oxford merely show him as joining
" from No. 20," and nowhere contain the least indication that at the time of his
so joining, or at any time antecedently to his being installed W.M. of that Lodge,
lis had been, or was, an Installed Master, nor does the record of his Oxford
installation in any way point to such a conclusion. Correspondents have stated
that Bro. Franklin Thomas himself referred to his Kentish Grand Rank, but apart
from the allusions to it which are in his Obituary Notices, the only instance of it
occurring in print, which I have traced, is in the Freemason report of 7th January,
1905, above quoted.

Having, by means of Bro. Franklin Thomas's own clues, clearly demonstrated
that he was the Author of the Etiquette, it is gratifying to be able to say that his
son (who was not a Freemason) and Bro. Franklin Homan, his nephew, on being
referred to, both frankly acknowledged the correctness of the proofs, and the con-
clusion to which they led.

Throughout the Etique.tte the Author makes frequent reference to the
Revised Ritual of Craft Freemasonry, which was published in 1888 under the same
nom tie. plume, and by the same publisher. I strongly suspected Thomas also to
be the Author of that book, and similarly his authorship has been acknowledged
by his son and nephew.

There is yet a third book published without an author's name which I
have little hesitation in ascribing to Bro. Franklin Thomas. It is the Oxford
Ritual of Royal Arch Masonry, "privately printed for A. Lewis, London, 1884."
Not only are the notes and comments quite in keeping with his style, but what, in

104

Transactions of the Quatiior C'oronati Lorli/e.

my opinion, so strongly supports my contention is the short " Preface," which
states that the " Ritual is compiled by an old P.Z. of the Alfred Chapter, Oxford,"
with some corrections, alterations, and additions ' ' the results of experience gained
in active work in this degree in various Provinces during the years that have
elapsed since the writer passed the three Principals' Chairs," and (as further
confirmation) the allusion (on p. 124) to what was done " in certain Provinces in
the North of England."

It is hoped that discovery of the missing evidence above referred to may
result from the publication of this note.

FRIDAY, 3rd MARCH, 1916.

HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. W.
Wonnacott, W.M. ; W. B. Hextall, I. P.M. ; F. W. Levander, S.W. ;
A. C. Powell, J.W.; Canon Horsley, P. G. Chaplain, Chaplain; W. J.
Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C, Secretary; Gordon Hills, I.G. ; and E. H.
Dring, P.M.

Also the following members of the Correspondence Circle : — ■
Bros. George M. Doe, G. Trevelyan Lee, C. Lewis Edwards, P.G.D.,
Dr. S. Walshe-Owen, C. Gough, W. A. Tharp, P.A.G. Pt., H. Hyde, L. G. Wearing,
George Lewis, A. F. Calvert, Stanley W. Rodgers, W. J. Hodge, P. E. Reinganum,
S. J. Fenton, Robert Audley, Rev. C. J. S. O'Grady, A. J. Cridge, Frank Hughes, C. H.
Lee, J. Walter Hobbs, C. Isler, L. Damelsson, and Reginald C. Watson.

Also the following visitors: — Bros. F. de P. Castells, Lullingstone Lodge No. 1837;
J. Seaman, P.A.G.St.B. ; F. Boniface and J. Inkster, Justinian Lodge No. 2694.

Letters of apology for non-attendance were received from Bros. Sir Albert Markham,
K.C.B., P.Dis. G.M., Malta, P.M.; William Watson; T. J. Westronp ; W. H. Rylands,
P.A.G.D.C; E. Conder, L.R., P.M.; Sidney T. Klein, L.R., P.M.; G. Greiner,
P.A.G.D.C, P.M.; J. P. Rylands; Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley, G.Treas., Ireland;
John T. Thorp, P.A.G.D.C, P.M.; F. H. Goldney, P.G.D., P.M.; J. P. Simpson,
P.A.G. R., P.M.; Edward Armitage, P.Dep.G.D.C, P.M.; and Dr. Wynn Westcott,
P.G.D., P.M.

One Masonic Society and twenty-three Brethren were admitted to membership of
the Correspondence Circle.

The Secretary called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.
By Bro. Rupert Edward Everitt, Canterbury.

Blank form of M.M. Certificate used by Lodge 41 at the Strong Man, East Smith-
field, now the Strong Man Lodge No. 45. This form must have been in use during the
period 1800 to 1813, when the Lodge moved to the White Swan, Mansell Street, Goodmans,
Fields,

106 Transaction* of the Quatnnr Coronati Lodge.

Engraved Certificate issued to John Canham in October, 1812, by Lodge No. 300',
meeting at the Swan, Fish Street Hill. This is the present Universal Lodge No. 181,
and though the Certificate is dated 18]2, it must have been issued later, as the Lodge
did not take the No. 300 until 1814, after the Union. The signatures are W. V. Salmon,
R.W.M., P. Stainton, S.W., J. Hawkins. J.W., and John Turk, Secretary.

Certificate issued by the "Cross of Christ Encampment No. 20 of the Royal
exalted Military and Holy orders of the Knights of the Temple and Sepulcher of St. John
of Jerusalem Knights of M. & M.P.," to John Canham on 2>th April, 1832. It is to the
effect that on 11th April, 1813, Canham, as a member of the Mount Carmel Encampment,
was admitted to the further degrees of "Malta and M.P., S.P. of Rosa Crucis and
Ne plus Ultra." It is signed by J. H. Goldsworthy, M.E.C., and M. Gunston, Recorder.

By Bro. Cecil Powell.

Authority granted by the Officers of the St. Michaels Lodge, Crieff, No. 34, under
the Grand Lodge of Scotland, to "our truly and well beloved Brother Donald M' Rome,
Thornhill, a Master Mason of our said Lodge to enter Apprentices, Pass Fellows of
Craft, and raise to the sublime Degree of Master Masons, the same as if done by us in
our Hall here." This is dated 7th March, 1817.

By Bro. Dr. Jobson Horne.

Masonic halfpenny Token.

Signet Ring from the collection of Rings of his Serene Highness Prince Hugo Erba
Odeschalchi of Budapest, purchased by the exhibitor at the sale of the collection in 1907.
The engraved design is in the form of a shield bearing a cross, the four arms having the
letters M.O.R.S. In the quarters are a Sun, Three Stars, Skull and Crossbones, and
some indeterminate object. As a Crest, appears an eye in an irradiated triangle.

Leather Apron printed from plate " Engraved by Brother Butterworth, Leeds,
November 7th, 18116."

By Bro. Seymour Bell, Neweastle-upon-Tyno.

Brass Sun-dial made by Thomas Booth, London. The centre shows two interlaced
triangles enclosing the triple tau, and around are the letters H.T.W.S.S.T.K.S. In the
corners of the plate are shewn the Square and Compasses ; Maul and Trowel ; Level and
Crossed Keys; Sun, Moon, and Stars. There arc also the mottoes, " Deo Regi Fratribus
Honor Fidelitas Benevolentia."

A hearty vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to those Brethren who had
kindly lent objects for exhibition.

The W,M- read the following paper ; — .

TratisuctioitK of the Qtuditor Coronati Lodge. 107

THE FRIENDLY SOCIETY OF FREE AND ACCEPTED

MASONS.

BY BEO. W. WONJAUOTT, W.M., 2076.

^ LTHOUGH Masons are taught not to look upon the great
Fraternity they have entered as in any way p. benefit society,
there is no doubt that in the early years of the Craft in this
country many private lodges partook very largely of the nature
of a trade union and friendly society or club, for the mutual
encouragement of the brethren in their respective callings and
for support and relief in times of distress. There is one notable
example of such a private society of a masonic nature which was founded in the
year 1737, to which our attention may for a short while be turned, and in order
to place this body in its proper relation to the masonic system of the time, it is
necessary to bring together some little known records which have been fortunately
preserved for our instruction, and I believe it may rightly bs said, for our amuse-
ment.

There is in the Mansfield Masonic Library (Ohio), bound up with the 1736
Freemasons' I'ocket Companion but trimmed down to the same size (8vo.) as that
volume, a printed copy of the Rules and Regulations of the Friendly Society of
1737, consisting of 66 pages of Articles and 6 pages of Members' names, with their
Trades and places of residence. Bro. Frank Marquis, the Librarian at Mansfield,
has been good enough to supply the Q.C. Library with a typed copy of the Rules,
etc., which is given here in extenso (Appendix I.). A suggestion has come from
our brethren in America that this Friendly Society was a pioneer of the Grand
Lodge, of the Antients, but in the course of this paper it will be abundantly clear
that no such connection can be supported by the evidence of this document and
another record which will now have to enter into our consideration. In the
Library of the Grand Lodge of England, among the valuable series of old minute
books handed down to our times, is a long narrow book, bound in sheepskin and
marked " Cash Book," which formerly belonged to the Lodge numbered 163 in the
first enumeration of 1729. That Lodge and the Friendly Society met at the same
tavern, the White Swan in New Street, Covent Garden, and doubtless the inten-
tions of the founders of each of them were that one should be complementary of
the other. In the first vear of their existence it appears that instead of friendly
co-operation between the two, quarrels developed. Ultimately they became
merged in one body, the Lodge at the Two Black Posts in Maiden Lane, and for a
number of years this Lodge No. 163 was the Friendly Society of Free and Accepted
Masons, but governed of course by a Master and Wardens, with its membership
limited to masons, and apparently the Articles (or Rules and Regulations) of the
original Friendly Society were adopted with but little variation as the By-Laws of
the Lodge.

108 Transactions of the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

In a paper by Bro. Hammond, the Librarian of Grand Lodge, read in
January 1915 to our Lodge, 1 some extracts were given relating to the d.'sputes
between the Lodge at the Two Black Posts and the " Benefit Society." In order
clearly to show the connection of these bodies and to render the story more com-
plete I have dipped more fully into the records of this Lodge, and with the kind
assistance of Bro. Hammond, am permitted to present the extracts here in detail.
(Appendix II.).

A comparison of the respective dates of foundation of the Society and the
Lodge shows that the former is the senior, being established on 31st March, 1737,
almost four months prior to the Lodge. According to Lane's Masonic Records
(p. 76) the Lodge No. 163 was constituted on Thursday, the 21st September, .1737,
at the Swan in New Street, Covent Garden, moving some time early in the follow-
ing year to the Two Black Posts in Maiden Lane. The earliest record available
shows it to have moved away from its original home and to have been at that latter
tavern on 9th February, 1737 (i.e., 1738), when we find a list of visitors present
but no minute of the transactions, and similar lists exist for the following meetings.
At one of them in March there was present William Stanhope, described as of
" St. John's," the landlord of the Swan in New Street, and this seems to suggest
that the Lodge was now no longer meeting at his house, but that he was visiting it
at the new tavern, the Two Black Posts. The only appearance of the Lodge at the
Quarterly Communication of the Grand Lodge, when it was referred to as th°, Lodge
at the Swan in New Street was on 25th January, 1738, the fee for constitution
being paid at that meeting. (G.L. Minutes in Q.C.A. x., 294). This tavern is
referred to at various dates in the official records as the White Swan, but on this
occasion, as well as in the Friendly Society's Rules, as the Swan. The next
appearance of the Lodge at Grand Lodge was from the Black Posts, on the 6th
April, 1738, but it must have been at this house before the 26th March and after
the 25th January. The new tavern was kept by Bro. Norris who is referred in
the minutes. Eventually it removed at some unknown date late in 1740 2 to the
Duke of Bedford's Head in Maiden Lane, there being no record of the removal
and a hiatus of two complete years (1739 and 1740) occurring in the minute book.
It met for the first time here on 1st January, 1741, the new landlord being Bro.
Barker, about whom more will be said when we examine the minutes.

The Friendly Society being established on 31st March, 1737, its laws, termed
" Rules Articles and Orders," were formulated and adopted on the 18Lt> May
following. The appearance of the Lodge in September very probably was the cause
of the disputes referred to. We do not know what the nature of these was, and
can only surmise that the making of masons or admission of undesirable brethren
had something to do with it. It can only be gathered from the minutes that an
amalgamation of the two bodies did take place, and in March of 1738 we are
informed of the basis on which a settlement was arrived at (see the Memorandum
of 23rd March, 1738). From this time onwards it is the history of the Lodge which
gives us what information is available, the Friendly Society as such apparently
having been absorbed, for the numerous entries. of penalties, fines, forfeits and so
forth refer to those contained in the Rules, Articles and Orders of the Society, the
names of the members are those in the list of the same body, with some others who

l AQ.C, xxviii., 1915, p. 5.
2 Lane gives 1741.

The friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 109

must have been members of the Lodge prior to the amalgamation, and the objects
of the united body were those set forth by the founders of the Friendly Society.

The outstanding features of Lodge No. 163 were its weekly meetings and
the quarterly elections of its officers. As a Society it had been ruled by a President
with his assistants, having also two Stewards, a Clerk and an Attendant, cor-
responding apparently in every way with the Master, Wardens, Stewards (probably
Deacons), Secretary and Tyler of the masonic body. The weekly meetings com-
bined labour and refreshment, and from the minutes we gather the latter was
limited to a gallon of beer for each person present; the former showing no trace of
making masons until 25th January, 1741. A Masters' Lodge had been formed ; n
1738 about which very little is revealed. On 23rd March, 1738, occurs this bald
but significant entry: — " A Petition from the Masters' Ledge." The scale of fees
revised and adopted on 27th December, 1738, included "Raising M." : and an
application in 1741 to lend the furniture and utensils of the " Fellow Crafts'
Lodge " to the brethren of the Masters' Lodge was refused.

The fact of quarterly elections is here clearly established, the only other
instance which has yet come under my notice being No. 189, established in 1739,
and now the Grenadiers' Lodge No. 66. Possibly ether instances were numerous,
but their records are not available. 1

Making a Mason undoubtedly included the E.A. and F.C. steps, and
business was done between these two sections of the work. No reference occurs to
lectures in this Lodge; the time available, when there was no making on hand,
being occupied in reports on the sick members, elections, assisting members in
prison, and other business of the like nature.

To prevent this paper becoming of inordinate length, the Rules of the
Society and the minutes of the Lodge being given in the Appendices, I may first
quote the title page of the Friendly Society's Rules, and the opening portion of
the " Design of the Society," expressing the lofty aim of the Founders, leaving
the Articles themselves to be studied in detail in Appendix I. The first two pages
are blank. The orthography and punctuation of the original is preserved through-
out.

Folio 3.
[Outer title page]

Rules, Articles,

and orders

To be Observed by a

Society

Free and Accepted MASONS

Established for the mutual benefit of

each other on the 31 Bt day of

March 1737,

1 Gould, History of Freemasonry ii., 358.

110 Transactions of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

Made by a Committee appointed for
that Purpose, on the 18° day of May follow-
, ing, in the tenth Year of the Reign of our

Sovereign Lord Geokge the Second, by the
Gracs of God, of Great Brjtain, France
and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith &c.
and in the said Year of our Lord, ]737.

" Parvse res concordia crescunt "
Let Brotherly Love Continue.

London

Printed by R. Jellyman, near Trig-Stairs

Thames-street. 1737.

[The next page, fo. 4, is a summary of the Benefits.]

A Specimen of the Design of this Society, together with
the Benefits allowed to the Members belonging to. the
same.

That the Money's arising from . . . together with Entrance,
Weekly Payments, voluntary Subscriptions & Contributions of the
subscribing Members, shall bs reserved in the Box, for the Use of the
said Society.

Primarily regarding the purchasing all things necessary for the
same, which when bought & paid for, the Remainder with all future
Savings shall be appropriated as follows :

That each Subscriber conforming to the Articles (desiring the
same) shall be Intituled to the following Benefits.

Articles.

15. In ordinary Illness, &c. per Week

16. In extraordinary illness &c per Week
For advice of Physician m such extra

illness 110

17. To a Member Imprisoned for Debt, per

Week 5

27. If superannuated or incapable of Busi-
ness through Sickness, Lameness &c
per Week . 5

15. If Dying before being a Member twelve

Months 10

18. Funeral Expense for a Member after

Entred twelve Months 3

19. To the Widow &c after twelve Months

Entrance as a free Gift 7

20. If the Wife Dyes after a Member's

Entred five years 5

The, Friendly SncieJ;/ of Free, and Accepted 3/a.toux. Ill

Farther Benefits allowed, when Cash exceeding One Hundred Pounds.

21. To a Petitioning Member after Ten

years' Entrance 10

19. Widows &c Free Gift, instead of £7 12

24. Lent to 10 Members, each 10

23. N.B. Surgeon, Apothecary, Nurse &

Country Lodgings, the Whole or any

of them may be allowed to a sick

Member Petitioning for the same.

[Folios 5 & 6.]
Preamble.

In the Name of GOD, Be our Beginning.

We whose names are hereunto subscribed, do unanimously agree to
erect & establish a Beneficial Society of FREE and ACCEPTED
MASONS for the mutual banefit and Support of each other, as well
in respect to do Our utmost to promote the Interest and Advantage
of the Members hereof in their respective Trades, as to Provide for
and Support those under such Misfortunes, and Sickness, which they
may be visited or afflicted with from the HANDS of ALMIGHTY
GOD. And to Enable us to Accomplish such a Nol^le and truly
worthy design, Whereof we can [be] but feint Imitators of OUR
SUPERIORS, who are peculiarly distinguished for their extensive
CHARITY and LIBERALITY to the Distressed Brethren.

Let us beseech ALMIGHTY GOD to conduct us in all Our
ways, that we may not turn from the Rules of Righteousness nor
Equity: but wholly to be of one Mind, conscientiously discharging
our Duties to each as Members, and in our Dealings honestly as
becomes Masons and as both not defrauding the Society under the
pretence of Sickness &c nor conniving with a Member to the Prejudice
of the Same.

That our Society may be Social, beneficent, and humane;
tender in injuring a Member in any Shape, and each equally as
tender of injuring the Society; by which means every Individual's
Property will be rendered intirely secure.

That we may live in perfect peace and concord with each other,
and that all malice, ill nature, Prejudice, rancour, or whatever may
tend to destroy the Harmony of the Society, may in Our becoming
Members hereof Subside and no way be found amongst us.

That we may live as Brethren United, guiding Our selves by
the Rules of Masonry, distinguishing Our selves by this aimiable
principle, each Striving with equal vigour to assist and benefit the
whole Community, neither doing his own will while present, but
Subsiding his Passions, living in Friendly and Brotherly converse
together, relieving, supporting and assisting each other, while we
submit and cenform Ourselves to all the written and printed Articles
which now are made and Subscribed to, or shall hereafter be made :
or acting otherways deeming Ourselves as Unworthy of the said

112 Transactions of the Qitatnor Cnrotmli Lodge.

Society; Suffering Ourselves to be Excluded, without any Law-Suit
or troubling the said Society by Ourselves or any other Person for
us, and our Names &c to be Erased from off the Eoll and respective
Books which we either have Subscribed, Signed or Sealed.

Then follows on folio 7, the inner title page, heading the Articles which are num-
bered I. to LIV., nearly every one of which had its N.B., in many cases added three
or four deep, but of equal virtue with the Articles as rules to be enforced. The
membership was to be composed of Free and Accepted Masons only, all under
Forty years of age, except the Founders, and unlimited in number. The fees were
graduated according to the numbers already entered. Not more than three of one
trade could become members, and the last of the three to enter was taxed with an
additional fee: but on the governing Committee or " Committee of Twelve," not
more than one trade could be represented. There is a quaint caution in the selec-
tion of members given in the addendum to Article V. : —

N.B. The good and welfare of. this Society depends on the choice of
■ its Members, therefore it is presumed every Member will be cautious
whom he recommends or Ballots for, the White Piece is for the Person
proposed, the Black against his being a Member.

Even after entry a new member remained under the scrutiny of his brethren, for
it is provided that during the first twelve months of membership the list of new
members had to lie on the table, and it was open for anyone to object to another
of his trade, or of a calling likely to clash with his own, and if objected to within
this period and ballotted out his money was returned.

As in so many societies of a kindred nature, and in the older trade guilds,
the Box was the outward and visible sign of their federation, their Ark of the
Covenant. It was never to be opened unless seven members were present, and
then only when the proper keyholders were there at the function, and as long as
it remained open (usually from seven to nine o'clock) the legitimate business of
the Society could be transacted. From this was derived the phrases " declared on
the Box "* or "off the Box " as equivalent to applying for the customary benefits
when falling sick, or terminating their claim to the same upon recovery. The
phrase " declaring off " must not in this case be confused with a similar one so
often found in masonic records. Brother So-and-So "declared off" here means
his period of sickness had concluded, not as is usually the case that he resigned his
membership.

Special precautions were taken to prevent fraudulent claims on the fund ;
weekly visits were made by the officers to the sick member, which explains a com-
mon phrase in these lodge minutes that he was ' ' worthy " or " deserved his
money," denoting that he was genuinely indisposed and conformed to the pro-
visions of the Articles as to abstention from work or roaming away from his home.

It was customary to pay sixpence per head as the ordinary weekly contribu-
tion, with a shilling for the quarterly night, bringing the total quarterage up to
seven shillings for the thirteen weeks. Of this sixpence one half was spent in beer
and tobacco if the member was present, otherwise it was put. away in the Box.

' Occasionally a variation of this phrase occurs, — "Sick oh the Box,"

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 113

The Stewards were responsible and had to pay for any surplus of beer above the,
allotted modicum. An absent member could send his money but it must be handed
in before nine o'clock, and the landlord was relieved of responsibility for handing
over such payments unless " the same be inserted in a Piece of Paper with his
Name [the member's] wrote thereon."

Quarterly Nights, which every member in health had to attend under a
penalty, were held on the Thursday first occurring after the third day of the
months of March, June, September and December. Stewards were then chosen
for the ensuing quarter, the office being taken in rotation, and if declining to
serve a member had to " fine for Steward," i.e., pay half-a-crown. . Instead of
threepence the membership was allowed on these four evenings fivepence a head for
refreshment. An Annual Meeting was held on St. John the Evangelist's Day, at
three in the afternoon, when each member, absent or present, had to contribute
one shilling and sixpence. At four o'clock Petitions and Complaints were con-
sidered, the cash account was squared up, and the Clerk furnished his annual state-
ment of " all Material Transactions of the last Year, which shall have been minuted,
in a Book, provided for such Purposes." The printed list of members was then
circulated gratis and a collection made " for the better supporting and carrying on
of this truly Laudable Design." After this the "Committee of Twelve" was
chosen from among those members of over two years' standing : these served for a
twelvemonth, or if declining were fined five shillings. This Committee had exten-
sive powers, and was obliged to meet weekly, and for special business at least twice
additional in the last quarter of their term of office; it chose a Chairman at each
meeting according to the rota, and those attending its two special business meetings
were allowed a refresher of sixpence each. There is nothing to indicate how the
President of the Society or his assistants were elected, or what were the qualifica-
tions for office : on the other hand it will be noted the principal officer was exempt
from fines. But when the President of the Society was metamorphosed into the
Master of the Lodge he was fined for various offences equally with his Wardens.
Apparently the President was chosen from the Committee, as may be inferred from
the words of Article XII. " N.B. If any of the Annual Committee are Ballotted
into any Office, or should be chosen Stewards," etc., although there is no direct
reference to such principal offices.

One article, No. XL., had to be read on all occasions when the Society was
summoned to consider verv special affairs, these about to decide being enjoined to
very carefully and impartially arrive at a conclusion; indeed it amounts to a
" Charge to the Members," and is on a much higher level than the remaining
articles dealing with numberless fines and forfeits, pains and penalties.

The intention of the Founders was that the Articles should remain in force,
as originally drafted, for three years: after that period alteration was permissible,
and the procedure is laid down. And when the supply of " Printed Articles "
had run out, opportunity was given to amend the statutes before reprinting them,
always provided the customary benefits were not affected, or the privileges of the
Founders were not infringed. Any amendment of the rules had to be subscribed
by all members within three months or they could leave the Society. But the
Founders not having foreseen the absorption of the Society into a Lodge, it will
be found that alterations were speedily introduced into the rules to render them
conformable to the new conditions,

114

Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

There are several little humorous touches in this formidable battery of penal
legislation; to enjoy them one needs to search them out by wading through what
proves to have been a premature Insurance Act. One or two points may be
emphasised to establish connection with the masonic customs of the time. The
Attendant (otherwise the Tyler) had to summon the Committee; the members
wore aprons, the Doorkeeper was responsible for their custody; refreshment was
permitted while at labour, goods required for the Society were to be purchased
from members, the sick and distressed were duly assisted, quarrels privately
adjusted on occasions, and the principles of the Fraternity enjoined on all within
its ranks.

[Folio 7. Inner title page.]

APPENDIX I.

RULES, ARTICLES, AND

ORDERS, TO BE OBSERV'D
BY A FREINDLY SOCIETY OF
FREE AND ACCEPTED

MASONS.

BEGUN AT MR, STANHOPE'S AT THE SIGN
OF THE SWAN IN NEW-STREET, CO-
VENT-GARDEN ; ERECTED ON THE 31ST
DAY OF MARCH, IN THE TENTH
YEAR OF THE REIGN OF KING GEORGE
THE SECOND ; AND IN THE YEAR OF
OUR LORD, 1737.

WE whose Names are Hereunto Sub-
scribed, do agree to establish
a Beneficial Society of Free and
Accepted Masons; and stand to,
perform, fulfill, keep and a-
bide by, all and every the Arti-
cles hereafter mentioned.

1. That

Qualifications
for entring men
of good repute,
and willing to
pay their Debts.
Under 40 years
of Age (except-
ed entred be-
fore Sept. 29,
1731.

Proving the
same in three
Months or ex-
cluded.

Member pro-
posing break-
ing rip the
Society, or
dividing the Cash,
to be excluded, if
seven are against

it,

That this Society shall consist only of Free
and Accepted Masons, Men of good repute at the
Time of Entrance, known to be ready and willing
to pay their Debts, and under Forty Years of
Age, (such excepted that were entred before the
29th Day of September. 1737) which upon the
Request of any Steward, during the Time of
Meeting, or before the Box is locked, the Mem-
ber shall prove (within the space of three
Months next after the Stewards have given him
notice thereof) by a proper Certificate or Oath
that he was under Forty Years if Age at the
Time of entrance, or be excluded. As also,
such Member shall be that proposeth the break-
ing up of the said Society and dividing the Cash,
while Seven Members shall be against the
same.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

115

Society to
consist of an
unlimited
X umber.
Three of a
Trade and the
third to pay
1L. 6s.

At Entrance in
Health and
Limbs, &c. or
liable at any-
time to be ex-
cluded.

II.

That this Society shall consist of an unlimited
Number, but never at one time more than three
of one Trade or Calling shall be Members of
the said Society, the last of which shall pay
ih. 6s. over and beyond his Entrance Money,
and all other Charges he is subject to as a Mem-
ber, every one of which must be perfectly well
in Health and Limbs; or otherwise if any
Member shall at any time become chargeable to
this Society for any Distemper, Indisposition,
or Lameness. &c. which he had contracted or
laboured under before he became a Member, or
conceal his Age, Trade, or Business (which if
he did not follow the same at the Time of En-
trance) or his belonging to any other Benefit So-
ciety for Sickness, &c. or use any other sinister

Means

Means to become a Member, upon Proof
thereof, shall be excluded.

N.B. Any Member at the time of Entrance
is allow'd to Enter for two Trades, Bu-
siness, or Calling, that he follows at the
time of Entrance, provided such are con-
nected together, or dependent of each
other. That the Annual Committee from
Time to Time, 'shall determine, what
Trades are so connected, (that the Maker
and Seller of the same Goods shall al-
ways be deem'd one Trade or Business)
which shall remain unalterable, as what-
ever Trade, any Member enters for, shall
always continue the same, in the Book of
Entrance, and on the Boll, and in the
Printed Lists of Names, Trades and Places
of Abode of the Members, which shall
be given (Gratis) at the Annual Meeting
of the Members, to be fixed to the Printed
Book of Articles

Member to
Enter for two
Trades if con-
nected.

Annual Com-
mittee to be
Judges of the
said Trades.

Remain Un-
alterable and so
continue on the
List and Book of
Entrance

A Printed
List of Mem-
bers Names,
Trades, be
given Annually.

N.B. Such Person that is not at the Time
of Entrance of any Bisness or Trade ;
Occupying any afterwards, shall never
have the Business he follows after in-
serted in the Printed List.

III.

That neither the Clerk to or Attendant on
this Society, or any Member excluded any
Benefit Society, or Ballotted out of any other for
Male Practice, the Landlord of the House, Soldier,

Persons ob-
j ected
against
being Mem-
bers.

116

Transactions of the Quatuor CuroiUtti Lodge.

Sailor, Gentleman's Servant, an Apprentice, or

one incapable of getting 14s a Week as a

Journeyman, a Bailiff or Sherriffs Officer, or any

of their Assistants, or any that are deemed

Common Bail, or one convicted of Felony,

shall be admitted Members hereof, and if any

after Entrance, become as such, upon Proof

thereof
B

Exceptions

Member ex-
cluded this Soci-
iety by Ballot,
never
readmitted.

Thereof at any Time, shall be excluded ; as
such shall be that after Entrance, is aiding or
assisting any Bailiff or Sheriffs Officer (except
in his own Cause, or such wherein he must be
an Evidence for that Master or Person, whose
Goods he delivered or knew thereof to the
Arrested Person) neither shall any Person ex-
cluded this Society by Ballot, ever be re-ad-
mitted. 1

Member en-
ti-ed after the
29th of Sept.
not to receive
Benefit from
this and ano-
ther Society at
one time.

This Article
not to affect a
Member belong-
ing; to same Soc-
iety, &c.

N.B. Such entered after the said 29th Bay

of September, 1737, and hath been Mem-
bers hereof twelve Kalender Months, must
upon their being continued herein, be ex-
cluded any other Benefit Society for Sickness ;
otherwise shall not receive any Benefit from
this, either in Sickness or Imprisonment,
or upon the Death of his Wife, &c. nor
shall any 'Money be disburs'd towards de-
fraying his Funeral Expense, or the free
Gift be paid to his Wife or Nominee. But
this Article so far as relates to a Benefit
Society, not to affect any Member belong-
ing to a Society, which doth not allow a
Weekly Benefit, nor Prejudice any Mem-
ber "Whom Illness, Lameness, or Loss of
Sight, i&c. or decay of Business, may ren-
der incapable of getting 14s. per Week
as a Journeyman.

1st 2d and
3d Articles to
affect none En-
ter'd before the
29th of Sept.

Allowing any
of the aforesaid
to enter into
any other So-
ciety.

N.B. The three first Articles relating to

Qualifications of Members at Entrance, to
affect none enter 'd in this Society before
the 29th of September, 1737, nor one be- ■
longing 2 to any other Benefit Society for
Sickness, and allows any of the aforesaid
to enter into any other Beneficial Society
at any time hereafter, and if declaring on
this, to be entituled to receive the Bene-
fits herefrom.

IV. That

1 (!f. Minutes of 19th Nov 1 ' 1741, when two members were reinstated.

2 [At that time.]

The Friendly Society of Free and .Accepted J/g

11?

IV.

That whatever Person (properly qualified) is
desirous to be a Membar, shall personally ap-
pear, and after being proposed to the President
of the Society, who shall order him to attend
the Committee of Twelve for their Approba-
tion, and after that shall withdraw, and if af-
ter consideration two thirds of them deem him
worthy, he shall be called in and pay the Stew-
ards his Entrance Money, and if the Society
(after a Ballot is taken the next Thursday
Night) think proper to admit him, he may be
Entered on the second Thursday Night follow-
ing as a Member, or at any Time within three
Months next ensuing, otherwise lose his En-
trance Money, and if proposed a second Time,
must Pay again his Entrance Money.

N.B. The Entrance Money while the Socie-
ty consists but of forty Members shall be
two Shillings and Six-pence ; between For-
ty and Sixty five Shillings ; all such that
Enters after there are Sixty Members to
Pay ten Shillings and Six-pence, exclusive
of all other Charges, he is subject to as a
new entered Member.

That the Member who shall propose any
Person to enter as a Member, shall attend be-
tween the Hours of Seven and Eight o' Clock
the next Thursday Evening on Forfeiture of
one Shilling, who shall give the best Informa-
tion of what he knows to the President and
the Rest of the Society, relative to the Charac-
ter, Trade (if he follows any) Age and Place
of Abode of the proposed Member, and Whe-
ther he belongs to any other Benefit Society for

Sick-
B 2

Person de-
sirous to be a
Member, to at-
tend the Presi-
dent, by him re-
ferred to the
Committee for
their Approba-
tion.

Entered the
second Thursday
following. &c.
If not, lose
his Entrance.

Price of
Entrance, ex-
clusive of all
other Charges.

Member pro-
posing any to
Enter to attend
before 8 o'clock
or forfeit Is.
to inform the
President rela-
tive to Cha-
racter, &c.

Majority
dissenting

-Entrance
Money re-
turned.

Member
cautious whom
he recommends
or Ballots for

Sickness, after which there shall be a Ballot
taken by the Society, exclusive of the Com-
mittee, whether he shall be admitted or not, and
'if a Majority of the Members then Present
dissent from his Entrance, it shall put a Nega-
tive upon the same, and his Entrance Money
shall be given to the Member that proposed
him, in order to it's being returned.

N.B. The good and welfare of this So-
ciety depends on the choice of its Members,
therefore it is presumed every Member will
be cautious whom he recommends or
Ballots for, the White Piece is for the
Person proposed, the Black against his
being a Member.

118

Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati Lodge.

Clerk to take
Directions
where a Mem-
ber Lives or
Fin'd Is.

New entred
Members to
see Direc-
tions taken
or Fin'd (id.

Members re-
moving to
give Notice
in two Weeks
or Fin'd 6d.

Clerk omit-
ing to Minute
the same down
or Member not .
seeing it done to
pay for one of
the printed Ar-
ticles.

VI.

That the same Evening any Member is admit-
ted the Clerk on Forfeiture of one Shilling, shall
take a true and perfect Direction in Writing where
he lives, which shall be minuted down in a
Book provided for such Purpose; but if after
a Month's Entrance there be no Memorandum
made thereof as aforesaid, the said New Mem-
ber shall be Fined Six-pence; likewise each
Member liable to the like Fine, if within four-
teen Days next after Removal from his last
Place of Abode, doth not give Notice thereof
to the Clerk at the Place where the Society
shall be kept, which if the Clerk omits to
Minute the same Evening, he shall be Fined
Six-pence, as the Member shall be, neglecting
at the same Time to see it done.

N.B. The New Member at the Time of

Entrance, shall receive one of the Printed
Articles and pay Six-pence 1 for the same,
which if at any Time shall be lost, the

Member

Member shall buy another, which will
prevent pleading ignorance to the Articles.

VII.

That a List of the Members Names (who
have not been entered twelve Months) their
Ages, Trades (if at the Time of Entrance
they followed any) Places of Abode, and
whether belong to any other Benefit Society
for Sickness, shall lye upon the Table every
Thursday Evening to be Perused and Enquired
into, by the Members for. the Future Approba-
tion of the whole Society ; and the same Eve-
ning the New Stewards are chosen, successively
for four Quarters: The Clerk after the
Stewards are chosen, shall read over to the
whole Society, the aforesaid List, with their
Names, &c. and upon the humble Request of
any Member present, a Ballot shall be taken
by the said Society (inclusive of the Committee)
against such Persons, objected against in the said
List, whether he shall be continued or Not.

That during the Time of Balloting, the Pre-
sident shall order all the new entered Persons
to withdraw, which shall be determined by
the Majority on the Ballot, then the said
Members shall be ordered to attend the Pre-
sident who shall signify to each of them
against whom the Ballot was taken the said So-
ciety's Resolution, which if not in Favour of

1 Threepence at a later date.

List of new
Members names
&c. to lie on
the Table a Year

List read over
quarterly by
the Clerk

Ballot to be
taken against
any of them.

Members not
enter'd 12
Months to
withdraw,
Majority to
decide the
same.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted .17 axons.

119

any of the said Persons he or they shall be rejected
their Entrance Money, and Weekly 3d shall
be returned, but all Fines and absent Money
for Beer to Remain in the box for the Use of
the said Society.

N.B. If any Member any Evening the said

Society meets within twelve Months, can
show sufficient Cause wherein he shall be

injured

If rejected
to receive
back entrance
Monev and
Weekly 3d.

Member shew-
ing cause how
he shall be in-
jured as to
Trade by one
entered after
him. Commit-
tee to put a
negative, and
Person's Mo-
ney return'd.

If no Pro-
test lodged
needs no Bal-
lot, and if
lodg'd rela-
tive to Trade
after a Year*
disregarded.

Injured by any Member occupying any
other Trade than what he Entered for)
that Entered after him; the Majority of
the Committee in any of the four Quar-
ters have full power and absolute Autho-
rity, by Virtue of these Presents, to put
a Negative upon his continuing in the said
Society upon returning his Money as afore-
said.

N.B. But if no Member on a Quarterly Meet-
ing Night desires a Ballot to be taken, or no
Protest is lodged with the President against
a member that hath not been entered twelve
Months, then there needs no Ballot, and
if no Protest is lodged against a Member
relative to Trade within Twelve Months,
such Complaint hereafter shall never be
heard in the said Societv.

VIII.

Member con-
tracting a
Debt with a-
nother Member,
suspended
on Non-pay-
ment in three
.Months after
complaint is
lodged.

Clerk and the
Attendant
subject to the
same Article.

That if one Member contracts a Debt with
another Member after Entrance upon not pay-
ing the same (if prpv'd) within three Months af-
ter Complaint is lodged with the President or
Committee (in Writing) he having Notice
thereof, during the Time of meeting, pro-
vided such be exhibited against a Mem-
ber when in Health, if he falls Sick, &c.
after that Time, shall not receive any Benefit
from this Society upon any Account whatsoever,
and in Cass he Dyes, neither the Wife.
Children, or Nominee shall receive any Be-
nefit, unless the Complainant be first Paid or
satisfied. 1

N.B. The Clerk to anti Attendant on this

Society are subject to the same Article, and
upon not paying agreeable to the aforesaid
limited Tima, shall have their respective

Quarters

Confirmed,

120

Transactions of the Qitatuor Coronati Lodge,

Quarters Money stopped and applied to-
wards paying the Complaining Member.

IX.

That the Stewards, Clerk, and the Atten-
dant of this Society shall every Thursday Eve-
ning 1 attend from the Hour of Seven to Nine,
(unless leave from the President is given for
either of them to withdraw) at the Place afore-
said, where this Society shall be kept, there to
receive each Member's Money, which shall be
Paid as they come into the Room, such present,
as well Visitants as Members; shall pay Six-
pence, three-pence 2 of each Member's Money
shall be expended in Beer an Tobacco. &c.
the other three-pence shall be put into the Box
(for the Use hereafter mentioned) but if any
Member hereof shall absent himself, the whole
Six-pence shall be reserved for the Use of the
said Society and put into the Box.

That the President shall nominate any one
Brother to examine the Stewards Accounts
every Night and Report the same to him.

N.B. The Stewards on Forfeiture of one

Shilling each, must not unlock the Box
on any of the aforesaid Nights, unless
seven Members are Present, and that Member
who hath not Paid or sent part of his
Weekly Money for four successive Nights,
shall be Fin'd one Shilling; and whatever
surplus of Beer shall be had in more than
what is allowed by the Articles, the Stew-
ards shall be accountable for the same.

N.B. Any Member is allowed to pay the

whole Quarter's Paym?nt beforehand,
which is seven Shillings, and the Night
he attends, his Beer only shall be paid
out of the Box.

X.' That

Stewards, &c
to receive
Money.

Members and
Visitants to
pay 6d. per
aNight each.
Half expen-
ded and hall'
reserved.
If absent, 6d.
put into the
Box.

Accounts to
be examined.

Stewards un-
locking the
Box unless
seven present
fined Is.

Member not
paying month-
ly fin'd Is.

Stewards re-
sponsible for
the Surplus of
Beer.

Member may
pay Money be-
fore hand.

One of the
Stewards to
enquire about
absent Mem-
bers Money, be-
fore 9 o'Clock,
or fin'd 12d
each.

Money paid
placed to ab-
sent Members
Account.

That at or before Nine o'Clock every Thurs-
day Evening, one of the Stewards on Forfeiture
of one Shilling each, shall attend the President,
and make publiek Enquiry, whether the Land-
lord or any Member present hath any Money or
Orders to pay for any Absent, to which Ques-
tion if any Member replies he. hath, if paid it
shall be placed to the absent Member's Account,
but if any Member should be fined for the Stew-
ards not demanding, or the Landlord or Mem-

1 Altered in 1741 to fortnightly meetings.

2 Threepence for Beer ttc, but fivepence on a General Night, see Article XI<

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons

121

Members not
paying Money
sent, fined 12d
and the Mem-
ber that sent
his Money ex-
cns'd.

Members ex-
cluded for non
payment of
Money sent on
general Night,
If Member ex-
cluded whose
money was sent

ber not performing such Orders, the Members
that sent their Money shall be excused the Fine,
which shall be levied on the Agressor ; but if
any Member be excluded for Non-Payment,
whose Money was sent, or by Orders given to any
Member for paying the same, the said Member
omitting the Payment of the Money so sent or
ordered to be Paid shall be excluded, and the
former excluded Member, upon his discharging
his last Quarter's Deficiency on the Roll the en-
suing Quarter, shall be re-admitted, and his
Name replaced on the Roll and respective Books
he hath signed.

Money brought
or sent after
9 o'Clook not
to be reeeiv'd,
Lanlord not
accountable for
any Members
Money, whose
Name was not
wrote on a
piece of Paper.

To be 4 quarter-
ly Meetings.

N.B. No Money sent or brought by any

Member, after Nine o'Clock any Evening
(except on the General Night) shall be re-
ceived, nor the Landlord accountable for
any Member's Money left with him, un-
less the same be inserted in a Piece of Pa-
per with his Name wrote thereon.

XI.

That there shall be four Quarterly Meetings,
on which Night every Member on Forfeiture of

one

one, Shilling each, shall attend, (except such
receiving Benefit from this Society, or hath
given Notice of his being in the Country, or
hath paid his whole quarter's Money at one
Time, who shall be excused the Fine for Non-
Appearance) viz, on the first Thursday Evening,
after the third Day of Maich, the same after
the third Day of June, the same after the
third Day of September, the same after
the third Day of December, on which Nights
no Member shall withdraw, unless he will Fine
for Steward, (if called upon) which shall be
paid, together with whatever money each mem-
ber stands charged with on the Roll and Book of
Fines, on the next Thursday se'nnight following
(which shall be called the General Night,) and
noon Default to be excluded.

Members absent
Sued 12d.
Exceptions.

No Member to
withdraw on
the aforesaid
Nights unless
fines for Stew
ard.

Members to
clear the Eoll
in a Fortnight
after, or be ex
eluded.

That precisely at Nine o'Clock shall be
chosen New Stewards, as they stand on the
Roll for the ensuing Quarter; the Member
then called upon, refusing to stand, or if not
present, except Receiving Benefit from this Soc-
iety, when he should be chosen, shall be
Fined Two Shillings and Six-pence, besides
the Fine for Non-Appearance, if absent 'till
ten o'Clock the same Evening.

Stewards chose
at 9 o'Clock.
Refusing to
stand, or not
present, fined
2s. 6d,

122

Transactions of the Quatimr Coronati Lodge.

N.B. Every Member of this Society, whether

absent or present, 1 must pay One Shilling, five
Pence of which shall be expended, the Remain-
der to be put into the Box towards paying the
Clerk, Attendant and Servants of the House ;
to the last of which shall be given 2s. at the
Discretion of the Stewards.

Members on
quarterly Meet-
ings pay 12d.
How appropri-
ated.

That the Time of Meeting, when the New

Stewards are chosen, and on the General Night

ensuing, shall be from Six to Ten o'Clock in

the Evening, so that if either of the Stewards,

Clerk, or Attendant are not present, precisely

at Six o'Clock, shall be Fined Two Shillings

and
C

To meet from
Six to Ten.
Stewards, Clerk
or Attendant not
present by Six
o'Clock fin'd
2s. 6d.

Stewards absent
the whole time
of Meeting fin
'd 6d. extra.
Keys not sent
by Seven
o'Clock on
ordinary Nights,
any by Six on
quarterly
Nights, &c, 6d.

and Six-pence; and if cither be absent after
Seven o'Clock an}' other Evening, shall be Fined
Six-pence, but if absent the whole Time of
Meeting, shall be Fined Six-pence extraordi-
nary, as the Stewards, or any Member entrust-
ed with the Keys, belonging to this Society,
shall be neglecting to bring or send their respec-
tive Key, or Keys by seven o'Clock, on the
Ordinary Night, and by Six o'Clock on the
Quarterly Meeting, or General Wights, provided
the Box, &c. can't be opened, or the Business
of the Night retarded upon the said Account.

Annual Meeting
on Feast Day of
St. John the
Evangelist.
Stewards,
Clerk or Atten-
dant absent
at three o'
Clock fined
Is. 6d.

Member to pay
Is. &d. and
if absent put in-
to Box.

Petitions and
Complaints,
heard and de-
termined.

Be regularly
sign'd by three
Members, and
given to the
President two
Weeks before
the said Annual
Meeting.

XII.

That there shall be an Annual Meeting of
the whole Society, of the Feast Day of St.
John the Evangelist, 2 (except falling on a Sun-
day) when it shall be kept the Monday follow-
ing; if either of the Stewards, Clerk, or At-
tendant, is not present by 3 o'Clock, shall be
Fined One Shilling, and Six-pence ; every
Member whether absent, or present shall pay
One Shilling and Six-pence ; all absent Mem-
bers Money shall be put into the Box, for the
Use of the said Society.

That at 4 o'Clock, the President shall Or-
der the Clerk to read the Petitions of any Mem-
bers, likewise all Complaints, relating to Mem-
bers, or Matters, (provided the President and
Committee, shall think them worthy the Socie-
ty's Notice) which shall be regularly signed
by three Members, and given to the President,
at least, 14 Days before the said Annual Meet-
ing, all which Petitions, or Matters of Com-
plaint, shall be heard and determined.

1 On a General Night.

2 There is no record in the Minutes of any Annual Meeting being held on the 27th
December, except in 1738, incidentally referred to,

Tlie Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

Annual Account
of Cash receiv'd
and disbursed.

Likewise the Clerk shall give to the Presi-
dent, an Annual Account of Cash receiv'd,
and disburs'd, of the Members, &c. and by
him communicated to the whole Society, to-
gether

gether with all Material Transactions of the
last Year, which have been minuted, in a
Book, provided for such Purposes.

That the Stewards upon delivering the Print-
ed List of Members Names, Trades, &c.
shall make a General Collection amongst the
Members present, for the better supporting
and carrying on of this truly Laudable Design.

That after such Matters, brought before this
Society are heard, the- Piesident shall Order
the Stewards, to give in a List of those Members
Names then present whom hath been Entred
into this Society two Years, (inclusive of the
Committee as shall be then Present, excepting
such of them, or am- Member who shall desire
his Name not to be inctrted) then precisely at
7 o'Clock, the whole Society shall proceed to a
Choice by Ballot, of a Committee of Twelve, for
the ensuing Year, which shall be deter-
mined by a Majority, and in Case any of the said
Members chosen into the Committee as aforesaid
refuse to stand, shall be Fined five Shillings.

N.B. If any private or previous Applica-
tion shall be made at any Time, by any
Member, to be Ballotted into any Of-
fice ; • or any member shall speak disre-
spectfully of any member to prevent-
ing being chosen, the President being
apprized thereof before the Ballot is
taken ; the member proved to make
Application as aforesaid, or hath spoken
disrespectfully of any Member to hinder
his being chosen, shall be suspended from
Ballotting upon such Occasion, and order-
ed by the President to withdraw.

That the Committee shall consist of mem-
bers only one of the same Trade, and if on the
said Ballot, two Members of the same Trade,

or
C 2

Transactions of
the Year.

Stewards to
make a Colle
tion.

List of Mem-
bers Names en-
tred 2 Years to
be given to the
President to
Ballot a Com-
mittee for the
ensuing Year.

Committee Man
refusing to stand
fined 5s.

Committee to
consist only one
of a Trade.

or Calling should be chosen, he shall stand,
that hath the greatest Majority, and that Mem-
ber of a different Trade, who shall have the
next greatest Majority, shall supply the Place
of the other, or be Fined five Shillings.

124

Transactions of thf Quatuor Coronati Lodgt.

Any Committee
Man chosen to
any Office to no-
minate one to
act in his stead.

President &c.
to meet two E-
venings.

President to
decide when
Committee are
equally di-
vided.

N.B. If any of the Annual Committee,

are Ballotted into any Office, or should be
chosen Stewards, or go into the Country,
he, or they, may nominate any Member,
to act pro tempore, as one of the Com-
mittee ; but if absent for any longer Time,
than three Months, be Fined five Shillings,
and a New one chosen by Ballot,
in his Room ; as there shall be one in his
stead that dies, or receives Benefit, from
this Society, regarding in the Choice one
of the late Presidents, provided not of
the same Trade.

N.B. That the President 1 for the Time

being, together with the aforesaid Com-
mittee, shall meet any two Evenings, in
their last Quarter, on Forfeiture of One
Shilling each, to prepare and bring in
such matters, as they de?m worthy the
said Society's Notice, at the Annual meet-
ing; such Matters which are of a private
Nature, between Parties shall be heard by
them ; in any of the said two Nights,
who have full Power, to summon such
members before them, and adjust their
Grievance, without troubling the said So-
ciety with the same.

That if the twelve Committee Men, shall be
equally divided in their Opinion, at that Time,
the President 2 shall decide the same; and if on
any other Evening, the Committee shall desire
the President to attend them, and determine the

said matter.

N.B.

N.B. The President and the Committee, at-
tending on the said Nights, shall be allowed
six-pence per Night ; the Time of Meeting they
shall agree on amongst themselves, that each absent
Committee-Man's Fines, &c. on the said two
Nights, shall be placed on the Roll, reporting what
they do on the said Nights at the annual meeting.

XIII.

That every Thursday Evening the Commit-
tee or at least three of them, together with the
Stewards, and Clerk, shall be in a Place near
or adjoining to the Society's Room by them-
selves 3 and if any of the Committee shall be ab-
sent at Eight o'Clock, the Clerk shall Apprize
the President thereof, and if there shall be any

Allow'd 6d per
Night for ex-
tra. Attendance
Time when if
absent fined 12
d and Report
what they do at
Annual Meet-
ing

Committee to
be with Stew-
ards every
Thursday Even-
ing.

Absent at Eight
Notice to Pre-
sident who shall
nominate.

1 See Article XXXVI.

2 The Casting Vote is also provided for in XLI.

3 By Article XXXVI. they had to "withdraw into another room'.'

The Friendly Society of Vice and Accepted At anon*

Business, which requires their Attendance, the
President shall nominate a like number of mem-
bers, to Officiate as Committee Men for that
Night; who shall hear, and determine all dis-
putes, and matters referred to them by the Pre-
sident, the Majority of whom, have power to
approve, reject, acquit or condemn.

Hear and determine
all matters to
whom leferred.

That the Committee every Thursday Night
at Eight o'Clock, shall choose a Chairman
to whom every Committee Man shall direct
his discourse and every other member, that hath
any thing to offer in any shape, shall speak to
him standing who shall succeed each other eve-
ry Night, according to their Seniority on the
Roll.

Committee to
choose Chair-
man according to
Seniority .

That whatever Complaint is Exhibited against
either the Landlord, Clerk, or Attendant, or
any member, shall be made, either to the Pre-
sident of the Society, or the Chairman ; who
shall speak of the same, to the Society, then
present ; but if there be not two thirds of the
members present, if the Complaint be of that

nature,

Complaint a-
gainst Landlord
&c. made to
President or
Chairman.
Referred to the
whole Society.

Reported on
the Quarter-
ly Night, &e.

Member
peal by
Petition,
and when

to ap-

nature, as the President thinks sufficient to re-
move the Society, from the House it is kept,
or to Discharge the Clerk, or Attendant, or to
Exclude 1 a member where the Articles are de-
ficient, the consideration shall be adjourned,
and reported at the next Quarterly meeting,
General Night, or annual meeting, which of
the three shall happen to be the next Ensuing,
after the complaint is Lodged.

That whatever Member (except such that de-
sires to have any complaint lodged against him.
heard by the Committee) don't think proper to abide
by their Determination, may with the eon-
sent of the President, appeal 2 to the whole Soci-
ety, (by Petition) the next Quarterly meeting, &c.
especially if it hath Effected his Exclusion,
which he apprehends, doth not come under a-
ny Article.

Clerk and the
Attendant sub-
ject to Presi-
dent and Chair-
man.

N.D. The Clerk and Attendant shall al-
ways be subject to the Orders of the Pre-
sident and Chairman of the Committee.

1 Removal of Officers. Discharge or Exclusion to be only on a General Meeting
Night. See XXXI. and XLI. An instance on a Private Night occurs in the Minutes
of 2nd April 1741.

2 Appeal provided for also in XLI.

126

Transactions of the Qiiatunr Coronah Lodge.

Old Stewards
not to give in
their Accounts
till the first K-
vening of New
Stewards Act-

Account to
be examined
by them and
3 Senior
Members and
Report the
same to the
President.

XIV.

That the old Stewards shall not deliver up
their Accounts, or Keys, to the next Stewards,
until the first Thursday Evening in the new
Stewards Quarter ; when the new Stewards
with the three first Senior members present, shall
examine the said Account, report the same to
the President, in Writing; who shall give the
same to the Society then pres?nt, which, if de-
ficient, shall be made good, and paid by the
late Stewards in a Month's Time, or be excluded.

Old Stewards
to pay, what de-
ficient.

Late Stewards
to attend next
Night or fined
(id.
Exceptions

N.B. That the late Stewards shall attend,

as aforesaid, by Seven o'clock, to deli-
ver up their Accounts, &c. or fined two
Shillings and Six-pence for such Neglect,
unless Notice is brought to the Society,
and given to the President, of either of

the

The Stewards being in the Country, or de-
claring on the said Society for Sickness, &c.

That the Landlord, the same Evening, shall
give the Stewards a Receipt, &c. for such
Cash, or Notes, which is under his Lock and
Key ; for the Box, printed and written Articles,
Books, and whatever else belongs to the said
Society, delivered into his Care ; any of which
being lost, broke, or damaged, by the Land-
lord, or any of his Servants, he shall be re-
sponsible, for the same 1

XV.

That this Society shall allow one Pound to-
wards the Funeral Expense of any Member,
dying before he hath been enter' d twelve
Months; but if falling sick, or imprison'd, be-
fore that Time, shall not receive any Benefit
from this Society, other than as aforesaid; af-
ter which Time, if it shall please God to visit
or afflict a Member (regularly enter'd into this
Society) with any Illness, Lameness, Sickness,
Imprisonment, Loss of Sight, &c. whereby he
may be render'd incapable of his Labour, al-
ways provided such Ilness, &c. be not vene-
real, or proceeding from any Distemper he la-
boured under, before his Entrance, hard drink-
ing, voluntary fighting; (self Defence excepted)
or Quarreling with any drunken Man, or if
not Sober himself ; The Stewards or one of
them, to whom notice shall be given, either
by a Friend of the sick member, or brought
to either of them by, or from the Landlord,

Landlord to
give Security
for whatever
left in his
Care &c.

Allowed 20s. to
bury a Member
not entred 12
Months.

After entred
12 Months
Benefits al-
lowed.

Exceptions.

Stewards to
visit the Sick
after Notice,
or fined 12d

See also XLIV., Landlord's Security.

The Friendly Society of Free ant! Accepted Masons.

127

shall visit him, either the same, or the
next Day at farthest, on forfeiture of One Shil-
ling; and six Days after Notice, shall give the
said sick member ten Shillings (always deduc-
ting out of the same; whatever is owing on the
Boll, together with the Weekly Payments) and

after

Six Days af-
ter Notice the
Sick to receive
10s. deducting
what he owes
out of the same

Further al-
lowance.

If not paid be-
fore 8 O'Clock
Steward fined
12d. and 12d
per Day after
until paid.

Exceptions.

Stewards not
paying before
the next Thurs-
day Evening fi-
ned 5s.

Other Steward
to pav the same
Dav. '

Offending Stew-
ard fined 5s.
extra.

after that first Payment, one of the Stewards,
shall give such Moneys as shall be further al-
lowed, to the said Sick Member by the Articles,
agreeable to the Report and Opinion of the
Stewards (the President and Committee concur-
ring therein.)

That every Sick member's Weekly Money,
cvc. shall be paid before Eight o'Clock in the
Evening on the Day it becomes due ; otherwise
the Sick member, or any other member or Per-
son, giving Notice thereof, the Steward Entrus-
ted with the Payment, shall be fined One Shil-
ling ; and One Shilling per Day, for so long
time, as he shall keep the said Sick member's
Money from him, unless Orders shall be given
to the Stewards, by the President or Committee
during the Society's Meeting, to stop the Pay-
ment thereof, or if the Stewards shall at any
time, when the Society- don't meet, receive such
Orders from any five members who shall sign
the same ; (upon some strong suspicion,) the
said Money, in such Case, shall be stopt.

N.B. That the Steward entrusted with the

Payment of any sick member's Money,
(if not ordered to be stopped as aforesaid,)
omits paying the same, or whatever
Money's he shall have Orders to pay,
before the next Thursday evening, after
it shall become due, upon Proof thereof,
shall not only be Fined, for the Days he
neglected Payment thereof, but the other
Steward, shall take his or their Money's
out of the Box. the next Thursday Eve-
ning, which shall be paid, either the same
Evening, or the next Day at farthest, and
the Steward offending, shall be Fined five
Shillings. Extra, for such misconduct,
in whose stead, a new Steward, shall be

chosen

chosen, as likewise, where a Steward de-
clares upon the Society, and receives Be-
nefit therefrom, a new one shall he cho-
sen, but if he goes in the Country, shall
fine for his Office, and another chosen in
Jiis stead.

Xew Steward
chosen.

128

Transactions of the Quafuor ('orortati J.odr/e.

N.B. The other Steward in the aforemen-
tioned Cases shall go to the respective
Places of Abode, of the Members, as
they stand on the Roll, before the next
Thursday Evening, such that refuse to
stand Steward (the President and his As-
sistants only excepted) shall be Fined two
Shillings and Six-pence; if any Member
shall be from Home, he shall go to the
next, but the Steward must leave his Bus-
iness in order for the Members attending
the next Thursday Evening, to take upon
himself the said Office.

[Note. This is the commencement of Article XVI.
original.]

That the two Stewards, shall Visit every
sick Member, that declares upon the Society,
for Sickness, alternately, upon two several
Days, (one Day each) in the AA'eek, (Sunday
excepted) on Forfeiture of one Shilling, for
such neglect ; the Report thereof, shall be
made to the Committee, on the next Thursday
Evening, on Forfeiture of one Shilling each,
if they omit the same; and if any sick Mem-
ber (unless such as are excepted in the loth 1
Article) after the first Week's Payment, shal?
be so ill, as to be confined through Illness,
Lameness, &c. either to his Bed, or Chamber
or should either break a Leg, or Arm, or in
such like dangerous Cases where a Nurse at-
tends him during such Confinement, to his Bed
or Chamber, or extraordinary Illness, (the So-
ciety's Cash, exceeding thirty Pounds) he shall
be allowed 15 Shillings per AVeek, (first de-

duct-
D

Other Stew-
ard to go to
respective Pla-
ces of Abode
of Members
and ehpose a-
nother Stew-
ard before the
next Thursday.

but is not so marked in the

Each Steward
to visit Sick,
every AVeek,
or fined 12d.

Report the
same to Com-
mittee on
Thursday fol-
lowing or fi-
ned 12d.

After ill one
AVeek allow'd
15s per AVeek.

ducting his AVeekly Payments, and whatever
shall appear to be due upon the Roll, out of
the first AVeek's Moneys, which said 15 Shil-
lings per AA'eek, shall not be allowed, for any
longer Time than eight AA r eeks ; but after the
expiration thereof, to be reduced to ten Shil-
lings per AVeek, as it shall be at any Time,
within the said eight AA'eeks, provided the sick
Member Recovers, or upon his being capable
of going abroad, coming down Stairs, or up-
on the knitting of the Bone, the President and
Committee giving such Orders, in all other
Common Cases of Illness, or Lameness, &c.
(unless as before excepted) this Society shall
allow only ten Shillings per AVeek, to the
Sick, or Lame, while rendered incapable of
Working at, or following his Business, or
Profession.

'As the fifteenth Article is here mentioned, this must be XVI..

Allowed only
for eight
AA'eeks.

Exceptions.

In Common
Illness 10s.
per AA 7 eek.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepter] Masons.

129

Member trying
to Work al-
lowed for odd
Days Is. 6d.

Doctor allow-
ed and in ex-
traordinary
Illness 1L Is.

N.B. That if any sick Member, after he

hath received the first Week's Payment,
&c.is willing to try to Work, or de-
clares off the Society, before the Week is
expired, shall be allowed one Shilling
and Six-pence per Diem, but not suffered
to redeclare the same Day.

That upon the Application of any sick Mem-
ber, by any of his Friends to the Stewards,
(when the said 15 Shillings per Week is allow-
ed) for the Advice of a regular Physician, or
assistance of a Surgeon; in such Case, the
Steward shall either give, or cause to be given
Orders, for such Person or Persons to attend,
who shall be paid by one of the Stewards, one
Pound one Shilling out of the Box, towards
defraying the said Expense or Charges. 1

XVII. That

XVII.

That the Stewards after a Month's Impris-
onment, upon Notice to either of them given,
on Forfeiture of one Shilling each, shall attend
any member imprisoned for Debt, (after hav-
ing been, a member hereof Twelve Months)
when they shall put it to his Option, whether
he will accept of five Shillings per Week from
the Society, during his close Confinement and
not to receive the Weekly Allowance, if he
falls sick, viz. either the said fifteen Shillings,
or ten Shillings per Week, which shall be re-
ported to the Committee, the next Thursday
Evening, from which he shall not recede ; in
Case of the Former, the Stewards, on Forfei-
ture of one Shilling, by turns shall carry
the said imprisoned Member's Money, the Day
of the Week, it shall become due, before
8 o'Clock, in the Evening of the same Day.

That during the imprisoned Members, re-
ceiving the five Shillings per Week, he may
follow any Business, but upon obtaining the
Liberty of the Rnles of the Prison, shall not
receive the said Weekly allowance of Five
Shillings, but deemed as another member.

That this Article doth not extend to support
any member that shall suffer himself to be
imprisoned for a Debt, not exceeding ten
Pounds, when a Process hath been served on
him, either in a superior, or inferior Court,
or to that member, who shall refuse to pay
one who would give a reasonable Time, for

Stewards not
attending a
Member Im-
prisoned, fined
13d.

Put to his Op-
tion if he will
take 5s. per
Week.

Eeport same
to the Com-
mittee.

Stewards not
paying 5s. fi-
ned 12d.

Allow'd while
paid to follow
any Business.

If obtain the
Rules to be
deemed as ano-
ther Member.

Not allowed
the 5s. per
Week if serv-
ed with pro-
cess.

Apothecary's Expenses were also allowed, see Article XXHI,

130

Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati Lodge.

the Payment, or useth a Creditor with ill Lan-
guage, or to one, who upon account of our
extra Allowance, for an imprisoned Member,
should put the Creditor to Defiance, which
may occasion a Member to be Arrested ; in
such Case the said five Shillings per Week,

shall
D2.

Or where a
Member shall
use his Credi-
tor with 111
Language, &c.

Imprisoned
Member's Mo-
ney suspended
until dischar-
ged.

His Payment
to commence
ensuing Quar-
ter, or be
excluded.

Member's debt
paid if under
51.

Paid in again
at 20s. per
Quarter.

Exception.

Not to receive
any Benefit if
not paid Quar-
terly.

If excluded
liable to be
ed, &c.

Brother dying
in Debt to So-
ciety it shall
be deducted.

Or if his Wife
dies,

shall not be allowed, or the Member receive
any Benefit from this Society whatsoever, but
his Weekly Payment, to the said Society shall
be suspended, (no'twithstanding any Article to
the Contrary) until he be Discharged from
such suit, when he shall be at Liberty, to
continue his Payment, which shall commence
from the Time of obtaining his Enlargement,
which omitting the ensuing Quarter, shall be
excluded.

N.B. If the Debt by Arrest, doth not

exceed five Pounds, the President, and
Committee may discharge the same, and
take a joint and separate Note, for secur-
ing the said Society, which shall be paid
after the Pate of twenty Shillings per
Quarter, and upon Non-payment Quar-
terly, (unless he Petitions the President,
for a smaller Payment and longer Time
to pay it in, and obtain the same) the said
Member not to receive any Benefit, in
Case of future Illness, Lameness, or Im-
prisonment, &c. or any Money be paid,
upon any Account whatsoever, and if ex-
cluded, before the whole is paid, accord-
ing to the limited Time ; he, together
with his Surety liable to be sued, for
what shall appear to be due to the said
Society.

N.B. If any Member dies, indebted to

the whole Society upon any Account,
whatsoever the same shall be first deduct-
ed out of his Widow's Children or No-
minee's Money, and accounted for as Cash,
received in Part thereof, likewise if the
Wife should happen to dye first, the said
Member being so indebted shall not re-
ceive the said five Pounds, but the same

shall

shall be detained, towards satisfying the
Society's demand; but in Case it shall ap-
pear, either upon the Death of a Member,
or his Wife, that the Society's Demands,
doth not amount unto so much, as in Case
the Member dies, shall be coming to the

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Mc,

131

Wife, Children, or Nominee ; or if the
Wife should die first, that there shall be
any Money, upon a Ballance, coming to
the said Member ; in either of these Cases,
the said Society is to pay, what shall be
due upon the Decease of either, to the
Person intituled, to receive the same.

XVIII.

That upon Notice, being brought to the
Landlord, or by him or any other Person given
to either of the Stewards, of the Death of
any Member, or his Wife, both the Stewards
shall enquire into the same, and who shall be
the proper Person to Bury the Deceased mem-
ber, and to receive the Free Gift allowed by
this Society, and the next Day together with
the President, and any four of the Committee,
shall go to the Landlord of the House, and ei-
ther take out of the Box, or borrow of him
Three Pounds for the Society's Use, which shall
be paid for the Burial of the Deceased mem-
ber, and one Shilling and sixpence per Day,
for so many Days as shall be due from the
last Payment either to the Widow, or in case
of no Widow to the Child or Children, and
if neither to the Nominee provided the Mem-
ber shall leave his her, or tlteir Name or
Names in Writing and two Witnesses to prove
the same, if verbal; which said three Pounds
shall be paid, by the aforesaid seven Members,
on Forfeiture of one Shilling to be paid by

that-

Stewards to
enquire into
the Death of
a Member or
his Wife.

proper Person
to receive free
Gift.

President and
8 of the Com-
mittee to go to
the Landlord
and take 31.

Paid to Wi-
dow, &c.

Not seeing it
paid, fin'd 12d.

Stewards to
see Member bu-
ried allowed
2s. 6d.

that member, which neglects to see the same
paid.

That the two Stewards shall attend the Fune-
ral of the said deceased member, dying within
the Bills of Mortality, for which they shall
be allowed two Shillings and sixpence each;
and upon neglect of seeing the Corpse Interr'd,
if Buried within the aforesaid Limitts, shall
be fined two Shillings and sixpence.

Steward to
the Deceased's
Wife, &c. to
receive the 71.

XIX.

That the Stewards shall giv« Notice, to the
deceased member's Wife, (if he had any) if
not to his Children, but if neither, then to his
Nominee to attend where this Society shall be
kept, on the next Thursday Evening, when
the said Person shall receive Seven Pounds, over
and above the Three Pounds as a Free Gift
from this Society : But if the said Person inti-

132

Transactions of the. Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Not appearing
to lye in the
Box till cal-
led for.

to Send Notice
in 7 Days or
fined 2s 6d.

Free Gift not
paid to a No-
minee if Wife
or Children
living.

tuled to receive the same shall not appear, the
same Seven Pounds shall remain in the Box,
until the said Person (provided he, she, or
the3 r , live within ten Miles of the City of Lon-
don) shall call for the same, but in case the Per-
son intituled as aforesaid, shall be a-t any greater
distance.; the Steward, on Forfeiture of two
Shillings and sixpence each, shall give or cause
to be given Notice thereof, to the said Person
by Letter, within seven Days; and Upon re-
ceiving a satisfactory Answer, with a proper
Discharge, shall remit, or pay the said Money,
according to order, first deducting (if any
Thing be due to the said Society) out of the
same.

N.B. No member can leave the Free Gift,
from his Wife, or if no Wife from his
Children ; but in case he shall, this Society
will have no regard thereto ; but if he

hath

hath neither Wife or Children, it is desired
such Member will leave in the Box, an
Account in Writing, sealed up of his No-
minee's Christian and Sirname, and Place
of Abode, which will prevent any Impo-
sition upon the said Society; yet if any
two or more Persons (before the Free Gift
paid) shall become Claimants as Nominee
for the same ; the President with the twelve
Committee Men that meet on a Thursday
Evening, or a Majority of them acting as
such, shall have an absolute power to de-
termine, who shall receive the same ; like-
wise if there be two or more Children,
the Deceased not giving the said Free Gift
by Will to any particular Child or Chil-
dren, have a discretionary Power, to dis-
pose of the same amongst such Children as
to them shall seem meet.

N.B. When the Society's Cash, amounts to

one Hundred Pounds, instead of Seven
Pounds given as a Free Gift to the Widow,
&c. shall be 12 Pounds, exclusive of the
Three Pounds for the Funeral.

N.B. Every surviving Member whether sick

or imprisoned (unless as excepted in the
seventeenth Article) or not, or whether he
hath left Wif? or Children or Nominee,
shall pay into the Box two Shillings each,
provided the Society's Cash doth not ex-
ceed one Hundred Pounds, on or before the
next fourth Thursday Evening, after the
Burial of the Deceased member on for-
feiture of one Shilling.

Member desi-
red to leave an
Account in
Writing of his
Nominee.

If two or
more Claim-
ants the Presi-
dent with
Committee to
determine the
same.

Deceased not
leaving it by
Will to any
Child.

7 1. Free Gift
made 12 1.

Every Mem-
ber to pay 2s.
apiece on For-
feiture of 12d.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

133

N.B. If there be no legal Claimant for the

Free Gift, the Society shall Bury the De-
ceased, and if none shall appear in Twelve
Months, the said Society shall be deemed

his

If no legal
Claimant, So-
ciety deemed
Nominee.

If any suspec-
ted, to make
Oath.

Member after
five Years on
death of Wife
to have 5 1.

Each Member
to pay 12d.

Member or
Wife dying in
Country Free
Gift of 5 1
suspended.

No Member to
receive 5 1.
twice.

his Nominee : That if there be any sus :
picion of Fraud in the Claimant; he or
she with the Witnesses to prove the same,
shall make Affidavit before one of his
Majesty's Justices of the Peace, that He
or She is legally intituled thereto; and in
case of refusal, as also to pa}- for the Af-
fidavit and the Stewards attending swearing
the same, shall not be any ways intituled
to the Free Gift, or shall he or she be paid
the same.

XX.

That after a member hath been entered Five
Years upon giving Notice to this Society of
the Burial of his Lawful Wife, if within Ten
Miles of London after the Stewards are satisfied
thereof, he shall receive Five Pounds towards
defraying the said Funeral Expense, and every
member (when the Society's Cash doth not a-
mount unto one Hundred Pounds) shall pay
one Shilling each, on or before the next fourth
Thursday Evening after Payment of the Five
Pounds on Forfeiture of one Shilling.

N.B. If a member or his Wife dyes in the

Country, no Money shall be paid on ac-
count thereof, untill the Stewards shall be
fully satisfied, that the said Member or his
Wife is dead.

That no Member shall receive the said Five

Pound upon the Death of a Wife but once, and

if she dyes above Ten Miles from the said City

of London, the Stewards may oblige such

Member to make an Affidavit of the Truth

thereof.

XXI.

That when the Society's Cash amounts unto
one Hundred Pounds, any member who hath
been entered into this Society Ten Years, should
be reduced through sickness or Misfortunes ; or
any Member that shall have a Son to put
out an Apprentice, may apply by Petition .
for Ten Pounds, which Petition must be
delivered to the Committee on a Thursday Even-
ing, one Month at least before the Annual
Meeting, who shall present the same, to the Pre-
sident for the Time being.

Ten Pounds
given to a
Member under
Misfortunes
by petition-
ing the
President.

134

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

That if there be move than one Peti-
tioner for the said Ten Pounds, it shall be Bal-
lotted by the whole Society then present,
which shall be determined by the Majority,
whereupon the President shall give an Order
to the Stewards, for the Payment of the
same; if 'given for the Member's own Use,
shall receive it the next Thursday Meeting :
But if agreed to be given to put a Member's
Son out an Apprentice, the same shall not be
paid, until the next Thursday Evening after
the said Member's Son shall be legally bound to
his Master, whose Indentures shall be produced
to the Society at the same time.

N.B. No more than one Ten pounds Year-
ly to be given, neither shall any Mem-
ber receive the same more than once : It
is to be wished, that when the Ballot be
taken, each Member would regard the
Petitioning Member under Misfortunes,
before him, who only* Petitions to put out
his Son Apprentice.

N.B.
E

If more than
one Petition
pi- to Ballot
for the said
Ten Pound.

President to
give Orders
to pay the
same.

If given to
a Member-
paid next
Thursday.
If to put
Apprentice
out not till
Bound.

Only one Ten
Pound given
Yearly

A prior regard
to a Member
under Misfor-
tunes.

no Money paid
in to make
good the same.

Sick or Impri-
soned Member
not fined for
Stewards yet
to continue
Weekly pay-
ments.

Farther Bene-
fits allowed
when 100 1.
in Stock.

Box never shut.

President to
give Notice of
Cash reduced
to 20 1.

Sick to receive
onlv 5s. per
Week and all
other Benefits
reduced to half
while Cash un-
der 30 1. &c.
and Doctor &c.
not paid.

N.B. No Member to pay any Money into

the Box on Account of giving this ten
Pounds Yearly as above.

XXII.

That every Member receiving Benefit from
This Society, shall be excused his Fine for Stew-
ard, but must continue the Weekly Payment
of Six-pence per Week, which will in some
Measure help to advance the Society's Cash to
100 1. whereby farther Benefits may be al-
lowed to the Members, or at least it is presum-
ed, will prevent the Cash at any Time, being
reduced to 20 1. which if it at any Time
happens, the Box shall never be shut up to
the Prejudice of every individual Member,
but the President (after Notice given him by
one of the Stewards) shall apprize the whole
Society of the same ; after which, the Mem-
bers that may happen to be then Sick, or be- .
come Chargeable to the Society, or shall from
that Time, until the Cash amounts unto 30 1.
declare upon the Society for Sickness, shall re-
ceive only os. per Week, The Doctor or
Surgeons Money shall not be allowed, the im-
prisoned Member's Money, Funeral Expence
upon the Death of a member, or his Wife,
and Free Gift, shall each be reduc'd to one
half, of what is allowed by other Articles ;

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

;135

Members to
Pay 3d, per
Week extra.

Cash exceeding
100 1. Surgeon
allowed.

during which Time, viz. while the Cash is
tinder 30 I. every Member hereof, shall pay
in 3d. per Week extraordinary.

XXIII.

That when the Society's Cash at any
Time exceeds 100 1. either in Cash, Bonds,
or Notes, (provided such Bonds or Notes
are good) the President with the Major Part

of the Committee consenting, have a discre-
tionary Power, to allow any Member receiv-
ing the Weekly Benefit for Sickness, a Sur-
geon, Apothecary. 1 Nurse, or Country Lodg-
ings, and if any Sick Member's case is of
an extraordinary Nature, either as to his Cir-
cumstance or Indisposition, they may allow,
(provided the said Member be within four
Miles of the City of London) the whole, or
any of them, (to attend the Sick Member)
whose Bill, (if an Apothecary or Surgeon)
shall be delivered in Weekly, which shall be
paid, as also the Nurse and Country Lodg-
ings by the Society : That the said Extra Al-
lowance shall always be by Petition, may
be given, or not ; and if allowed, the Presi-
dent and Committee may refuse to Continue
the same. N.B. the said Extra Allowance shall
never be granted to any Member, when the
Cash is under one Hundred Pounds.

N.I!. When a Doctor, Surgeon, or an Apo-
thecary, &c. is Extra allowed a Sick
Member by the Society ; if there be any of
the said Professions Members, they shall
be employed, and paid by this Society ; al-
lowing the Sick Member to choose, whose
Advice he would have, or whom to assist
him, or whose Medicines he will receive,
(if there be more than one of the said
of this Society) 2

N.B. The above Extra Allowance shall not

be given to a Sick Member, if above four
Miles from London, and if any Sick
Member is willing to' go into any of the
Hospitals, the whole of his Weekly Mo-
ney shall be allowed while he acts agree-
able to the Articles ; and the Stewards (if
required) shall give the Security insisted

on
E 2

Bill deliver 'd
in Weekly of
Surgeon, &c.
and paid.

Exceptions,
not allowed
if Cash under
100 1.

If a Member to
be employed.

Not allowed to
a member four
Miles out of
London.

Allowed to go
into the Hospi-
tal and his
Weekly Money
allowed and vi-
sited.

1 Article XVI.
3 lbut,

p^fflB""

136

transactions of the Quatnor Coronati Lodge.

Cash amounting
too 1001 501
lent amongst
five Members.

Paying the
same in Quar-
terly with
Interest.

If not paid
Quarterly
fined 2s 6d.

Excluded it
the whole
not paid in
12 Months.

Security sued.

The first five
members to have
10 L. each and
so continued
Quarterly.

Not lent until
member 2 Years.

Always conti-
nued.

on, upon his going there, who shall Visit
him each once a Week, but an two sepe-
l'ate Days.

[XXIV.p

That when the Society's Cash amounts to
one hundred Pounds either by Weekly Pay-
ments, Entrance Money, Fines, voluntary
Subscriptions or otherwise ; the President shall
give Notice thereof to the whole Society at
the next Annual Meeting in order to lend
out fifty Pounds to five Members (ten Pounds
each) up.m Security, each paying two Pounds
and ten Shillings in Quarterly, with Com-
mon Interest, and upon Default of paying
the same in ; upon the next general Night in
the ensuing Quarter after he hath received the
said ten Pounds, shall be fined two Shillings and
six-pence, and if the whole, or any part of the
same be unpaid at the Expiration of Twelve
Months from the Time of the Society's lending
the same, or at farthest on the General Night
shall be excluded, and the Member with his
Security, liable to be sued for what remains
unpaid.

N.B. The aforesaid Fifty Pounds shall be

be lent to the first five Members, (as they
shall stand on the Roll) and so continued
Quarterly, by letting the next two mem-
bers on the Roll have Ten Pounds each ;
(provided always that such members are not
at that Time receiving Benefits from the
Society and have been two 'tears entered
in this Society) upon the like Terms, until
every Member that hath been in two Years
have been served, which Method of put-
ting out the Society's Money shall be
continued.

But

But if any of the aforesaid five members, or
any other decline receiving the said Ten Pounds,
or a member whose Security is not accepted in
four Weeks time; then. the next on the Roll,
whose Security is approved on, shall be intitu-
led to and receive the same ; yet if any of the
aforesaid Members, that declined accepting of
the said ten Pounds, or that Member that was
Sick, or whose Security was refused, should at
any Time after that, require the said ten Pounds
shall receive the same, giving approved Secu-
rity, upon Application made to the President
and Committee, (at least four Thursday Eve-

x This Article is numbered XIII. in the copy (? XXIII.)

If a member
decline the
said 10 L. the
next on Roll to
have it.

Yet to receive
the 10 L. any
other time be-
fore another
member.

It should be XXIV,

The. Friendly Society of Free and Accepted. Masons,

137

nings, before the Quarterly Meeting,) before
that Member, who is next on the Roll, shall re-
ceive the said ten Pounds.

N.B. The Members intituled to the said

ten Pounds, to receive the same, some
Time the next Quarter after the follow-
ing Manner; When a Member is provided
with two Security's, (who must not be
Members,) yet House-keepers, or Men
of Credit, approved on by the Com-
mittee; he must give Notice of their
Names, Trades, and Places of Abode
to the Stewards, and the Committee, on
a Thursday Evening, which must lye on
the Table, before them, four Thursday
Nights, during which Time, the Stew-
ards and the Clerk are to enquire into
their Characters, &c. which shall be re-
ported to the President and Committee,
and if approved, the Member with his
Security's, shall be ordered to attend the
next Thursday Evening, where this Socie-
ty from Time to Time shall be kept, to
receive the said ten Pounds, giving a Note
of Hand for the same, payable in the a-
foresaid limited Time.

Time when they
shall receive
10 L

After what
manner and
what security
given.

Stewards and
Clerk to enquire
after character.

Note of Hand
to l)e given.

No more than
100 L. lent a-
mongst the Soci-
ety, and stopt if
Cash reduc'd to
50 L. Untill a-
rnount to 100 L.

Clerk to be al-
lowed 2s. 6d.

Sick not receive
any Benefit re-
moving with-
out consent
of Society.

Yet falling
sick on a
Journey
allowed.

Exceptions.

N.B. There shall never be lent out amongst
the Members at any one Time, above
one hundred Pounds, and if the ready
Cash of the Society shall be reduced to
50 L. there shall not be lent any more
Money, after the aforesaid Manner, untill
the said Society's Cash (exclusive of
Bonds, or Notes of Hand) amounts to
one hundred Pounds.

N.B. Every member that receives the said

ten Pounds, to allow the Clerk two Shillings
and six pence, for enquiring after the Security,
and writing the said Note.

XXIV. [XXV.] 1

That no member shall receive any Benefit
from this Society, removing (when sick) with-
out their consent above four Miles from
the Place where this Society shall be kept, yet
if any member should on a Journey (into Scot-
land, Ireland, on, or bejond the Seas, or
any of the adjacent Isles, or such as are before
excepted) be visited with any Sickness, Lame-
ness, Loss of Sight, or any other indisposition,
UDon sending a Certificate attested upon Oath,
before one or more of his Majesty's Justices of
the Peace, that he is incapable through such

This should be XXV,

138

Transactions of the Qnatuor CoronafA Lodge.

Certificate
upon Oath
to be sign-
ed and by
whom.

Benefits
remitted to
him.

Dying in
Scotland,
&o. Funeral
Expences &c.
not allowed.

Illness, &c. of Working or following his Bu-
siness, &c. the Minister, Church-warden, or
any three Neighbouring Persons, that are
House-keepers, in or near the Place where he
lies Sick, signing the same; the Society's Al-
lowance shall be remitted him, as lie directs ;
and if dying there, the three Pounds for the
Funeral Expence shall be allowed, and the Free
Gift paid, deducting first what he owes on the
Roll, or otherwise to the Society out of the
same ; but if any Member falls Sick, Dies,
or his Wife dies, in any of the aforesaid ex-
cepted

cepted Places he shall not receive any Benefit
from this Society for Sickness, or be allowed any
thing for the Death of his Wife, or shall the Fu-
neral Expence or Free Gift be paid either to
his Wife, Children, or Nominee. That what-
ever Member beyond the Seas be excluded for
Non-payment, upon his returning in Health,
and not having acted contrary to the Articles,
shall be on paying his Entrance Money, ad-
mitted as a New Member, but must stay six
Months, before he shall receive any Benefit
from this Society.

N.B. The Stewards with the Committee,

have Power to order (by Letter or other-
wise) any Sick, receiving Benefit from this
Society, in the Country, to come to Lon-
don, if it appears the Member is capable
thereof, or reason to suspect any Imposition.

XXV. [XXVI.] 1

That if the Friends of the Sick Member,
or his Physician shall prescribe the Change of
Air, he may apply either himself, or by any
Friend any Thursday Evening to the President
and the Committee for Leave, for his go-
ing into the Country, the Majority of whom
upon the Ballot, have Power, either to grant
or refuse the same, if granted and he goes a-
bove four Miles in the Country, the Stewards
are not to Visit Weekly, but to remit the
Money, at the Expence of the Sick Member.

N.B. That if any Sick Member is visited

across the Thames, the Stewards for visit-
ing him and carrying the Money, shall
be allowed Three pence each Visit, out of
the Box.

XXVII.

Free Gift not
paid.

Member beyond
Sea excluded
for non-payment

Allowed to re-
enter.

When a Sick
Member order-
ed to come to
London.

When granted
his Money to
be remitted.

Stewards visit
ing across the
Thames allowed
3d. each.

l This should be XXVI. as the catch-word is XXVU,

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

When a Mem-
ber lies .on So-
ciety 12 Months
after that time
allowed only 5s.
per Week.

If found at
Work exclu-
ded.

When incapa-
ble of Work
through 4RR
deemed a Peti-
tioner, and al-
lowed 5s pel-
Week.

If goes into the
Country Money
remitted him.

Name e-razed
oft the Roll.

[XXVII.]

That if it shall please God, any Mem-
ber continues twelve Months Sick, that
if he should declare off the Box, before
the said twelve Months are expired, meeting
with a Relapse, occasioned through the same
Illness, Lameness, &c. and receive the Benefit
of the Society for the same ; or at different
Times, receive 30 L. from the said Society,
and it shall appear to be proceeding from, or
occasioned by, one and the same Distemper,
he shall after that Time, receive no more than
five Shillings per Week for that Illness, or In-
disposition ; but if found upon his being visited
by the Steward, or by any Member, or other
Person at Work, 1 while he receives the said five
Shillings per Week for Sickness; upon Proof
thereof, shall be excluded, or if acting contrary
to a former Article, shall be subject to the
same ; but if any Member through Age, loss
of Sight, Lameness, or any other Bodily In-
firmity, which shall or may be deemed incu-
rable, (whereof the said Society, upon the Ad-
vice of an able Physician, shall be. Judges)
should be rendered incapable of following his
Business, the said Member shall be deemed a
Pensioner, who shall receive five Shillings per
Week from this Society for, and during the
Term of his natural life, and permitted to
follow any Business. That if he retires into
the Country, his said Allowance shall be re-
mitted, after such manner, as he shall order,
or direct; and upon his Death, his Funeral
Expence shall be paid, together with the Free
Gift ; upon his being deemed a Pensioner, his
Name shall be Erazed from off the Roll, and
shall not pay any Thing into the Box.

N.B.

N.B. if the said Pensioner is willing to

sell out, the Society shall give him ten
Pounds or what farther they shall think
Reasonable.

XXVIII.

That the Steward entrusted with the Pay-
ment of a sick member's Money, (not finding
him at Home) shall have a discretionary Pow-
er (notwithstanding any Article to the contra-
ry) either to leave the Money with his Wife,
or at his Place of abode, (the sick member,
having desired the same of the Stewards,) or
may order, the Sick, either t,o call on him, or

When such a
Member may
sell out

Stewards dis-
cretionary
Power.

■ See exceptions in Article XXIX.

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

attend the Society, for the same the next Thurs-
day Evening : That if the Stewards or any of
the Society have Reason to suspect any Im-
position ; either of the Stewards, or any
member, shall have full Power to interrogate
any sick member, relative either to his Illness,
after what manner he is supposed to get it,
what Apothecary attends him, where he work'd
last, as a Journeyman, or where he Occupied
his last Business, as a Master ; he shall farther
examine and put what Questions which may
be supposed to have any Tendency, to the
Discovery of the said Illness, or if work'd dur-
ing the Time he was sick, as shall be reason-
able, to which Questions, if he refuse to give
satisfactory Answers, his Money shall be im-
mediately stopt, and the Stewards (only) shall
order him to attend the Committee, which if
they deeii evasive, he shall receive no farther
Benefit from the Society, for six Months, as
likewise shall be under the same Suspension, if
the President shall put any Question to him,
with Regard to his Illness, (during the Time
of Meeting) and he refuseth to Answer.

XXIX.

Upon Suspicion
of Fraud &c.
Member to in-
terrogate the
Sick.

Refusing to at-
tend Commit-
tee give the
President a sa-
tisfactory An-
swer Mony stopt
for six Months.

Sick found at
Work exclud-
ed.

If seen fre-
quenting Ta-
verns or disor-
derly House,
&c. after 10
o'clock, Mo-
ney stopt, and
upon Proof to
be suspended
from receiving
any Benefit.

Sick to leave
Word where
he goes.

XXIX.

That if either of the Stewards, or any
Member, or any other Person shall find any
Member, while he is sick on the Society, or
on the Day he declares off, either working or
selling any sort of Goods, or doing any man-
ner of Business, for Gain or Profit, (except
such as is allowed by this Article) or seen
playing at Cards, Dice, or any manner of
Gaming, upon Proof thereof, shall be exclud-
ed the next Thursday Evening, but if seen
while Sick frequenting any Tavern, Alehouse,
Brandy-Shop, or any Disorderly House, or
after ten o'Clock in the Evening; in any of
the aforesaid Houses, (being by any Member
cautioned against so doing) his Money shall
be immediately stopt, and he ordered to attend
the said Society at their next Meeting, to An-
swer such Complaints, and upon Conviction
thereof, shall be suspended from receiving
any Benefit for six Months. 1

N.B. That the sick Member must leave

Word with his Wife, or Landlord, where
he goes to ; that the Stewards may speak
with him, and upon Suspicion of any
Members Illness, the Stewards may Or-
der any Member, that lives near to the

^lso suspended from office, and deprived of his privilege of voting.

the Friendly Society of Free and Accejjted Masons.

141

Stewards may
order 2 Mem-
bers to visit
the sick.

Member refu-
sing fined Is.
and to make
Report.

sick Member to Visit him untill lie hath
Orders to the Contrary, who must make
a Report thereof to the Stewards, and
Committee the next Thursday Evening,
on Forfeiture of one Shilling.

N.B. Any Member a Master of his Trade,

or Shop-keeper, while he receives any
Benefit from this Society, have Power to
give Instructions to his Servant, to carry
on his Work or Business, or have Liberty

to buy any Goods, for carrying on his
Trade ; likewise any Member may buy
any Necessary's for Life, either for him-
self or Family.

N.B. The Evening it is supposed any

Member, will be either suspended from
receiving any Benefit, or excluded for act-
ing contrary to the Articles, or when any
particular Business is to be transacted, the
President, or the Stewards, shall order
the Committee-men and Members then
Present, not to withdraw, untill the sus-
pected Brother's Case, or such an Affair is
determined, which will prevent any Clan-
destine Exclusion, or partial Determina-
tion.

XXX.

That if upon the Report of the Stewards,
or any visiting Member, there be Reason to
suspect any members Illness, or that. he doth
not really deserve hh Money, or hath impos-
ed upon the Society, in his Declaration there-
on, The two Stewards, and the three Senior
Committee-men, on Forfeiture of one Shilling
each, shall go the next Day, with a Doctor,
Surgeon, or an Apothecary, (who must not
be members) approved on by the President,
Stewards, and the Committee, then present,
to examine into the said suspected member's
Illness, which if it be either of their Opini-
ons to proceed from any Ailment, which he
laboured under, or got before he became a
member, (such only excepted that entered be-
fore the 29th Day of September 1737.) or oc-
casioned by any Thing, which the Articles ob-
ject against; he shall be immediately exclud-
ed, but if it appears, upon the Examination

of
F 2

A Member
fixed for him-
self allowed
to give instruct-
ions to his Ser-
vants to buy
Goods, &c.

Members not
to withdraw'
upon particu-
lar Occasions.

Stewards &c.
and Committee
to visit a sus-
pected Member
or forfeit Is.

With a Doc-
tor.

If Vener 1 is ex-
cluded.

1 Venereal disease is referred to here.

142

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

If not render-
ed incapable of
Business niony
stopt and re-
ceive no Bene-
fit for 12
Months.

Stewards &c.
allowed 5s.
and Surgeon
what reasonable
on signing
his Opinion.

Stewards not
giving Notice
liable to extra
Expenee.
Upon refusing
to be examined
excluded.

Money expen-
ded to be al-
lowed upon be-
ing excluded.

Sick to give
Notice where
work'd last &c.

Notice given
of a Member
entered contra-
ry to Articles.

of the said Member, that he is not so ill, as
to be rendered incapable of following his Busi-
ness, his Money shall be immediately stopt, and
shall not receive any farther Benefit for twelve
Months; the thi-ee Committee-men, together
with the Stewards, to be allowed five Shillings
for their extraordinary Visit, and the Doctor,
Surgeon, or Apothecary paid what is Rea-
sonable, whose Opinion, if cannot Personally
attend, shall be signed and reported to the
President, and the Society, the next Thursday
Evening.

N.B. One of the Stewards, shall give or

cause to be given, timely Notice of such
particular Visit, to the said sick Member,
or liable to the extraordinary Expenee,
for his neglecting so to do, and if the
sick member refuse to be examined as afore-
said, or shall not be at Home, or near
thereunto, shall be excluded.

N.B. Whatever reasonable Expenee a mem-
ber, or any other Person shall be at, in
discovering any Imposition of a sick mem-
"ber, which effects his Exclusion, it shall
be allowed, and paid, by the Society;
likewise when any member falls Sick, (if
either of the Stewards require it,) shall
give Notice, where he work'd last, and
with what Master, or be suspended from
receiving any Benefit whatsoever from

this Society.

XXXI.

That upon Notice being given, either to the
President, any Committee-man, or Stewards,
of any member, (after he hath been entered
twelve Months) entring contrary to the first,
second, or third Articles, or that after a mem-
ber hath declared off for Illness, &c. that

while

while he was Sick, &e. he was known to be
acting, contrary to the Articles, or that any
member was aiding, and assisting any Bailiff,
or Sheriffs Officer, &c. such Matters and Ac-
cusations shall be heard, only on a Quarterly
Meeting, or general Night, 1 unless the said
accused member, will refer the same to the Com-
mittee, or will at his own Expenee, summon
the whole Society before, and if he will not;
the said accused member, shall not receive any
Benefit from this Society, until the Affair be
determined, either by the Committee, or by
the Majority of this Society, on the Nights
aforesaid, cither of whom, hearing the Evidence

To be heard on
quarterly meet-
ing, &c. un-
less referred to
Committee or
will sum nioti
the whole So-
ciety not desi-
ring it to re-
ceive no Bene-
fit if fall sick
&e.

before de-
termined.

1 See also Articles XIII. and XLI.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

143

to prove the Matter alledged against a- member,
and his vindication; (who shall be particularly
summoned; or ordered by one of the Stewards,
to attend on that occasion) have full Power, ,
either to exclude, or continue him a member,
with Determination in either Case, shall be
Final.

N.B. The President hath Power, either to

hear all such Matters of Complaint ex-
hibited against any member, or refer the
same to the Committee, whose Determi-
nation shall be absolute, unless the said
Member will appeal, (by Summons) with
. the Consent of the President, to the
whole Socjety , in two Weeks Time ;
but if the President with the Society,
reverse the Exclusion, they shall order
him to be suspended from receiving any
Benefit for six Months.

N.B. Whatever member shall alledge any

Thing against another member it shall
be given in Writing to the President, and
if he thinks it immaterial, may reject the

same

President may
hear or refer
it to Commit-
tee whose de-
termination to
be final, un-
less en Appeal
in two Weeks.

If Society re-
verse the Ex-
clusion shall or-
der a Suspen-
sion for six
Months.

Member alle-
gation in wri-
ting to Presi-
dent.

Visitants to
withdraw, al-
ways absent up
on Debate.

No Notice lod-
ged against mem-
ber receiving
Benefit or after
Death.

If allegation
true excluded.

If malicious
the Accuser
Fined.

Half to inju-
red Member.

Witnesses if
strangers allow-
ed 2s 6d.
each.

same ; but if at any moment, all Visitants
shall be desired to withdraw, and never be pre-
sent at any Debate, which concerns the Bene-
ficial Society.

XXXII.

That the Notice mentioned in the proceed-
ing Article, shall not be Lodged against any
Member receiving Benefit from this Society,
or in the Country, or after his Death, to pre-
vent his Funeral Expence being allowed, and
Free Gift paid to his Wife, &c. or his receiv-
ing such Money's, as the Articles allow a
member, either for Sickness, <fcc. or for the
Death of his Wife ; but if it shall ap-
pear by the Notice exhibited against a mem-
ber in Health, that he is Guilty, he shall be
excluded; but if it appears to be a malicious
Accusation, etc. and the member found to be
Innocent; his Accuser shall be fined five Shill-
ings, one half to be given the injured mem-
ber, and the other half to be put into the
Box, for the Use of the said Society' the Wit-
nesses to prove the Accusation, (if Strangers,)
shall be paid two Shillings, and six-pence,
each.

Accuser and accu-
sed &c. to
withdraw &c.

XXXIII.

That the Accuser and the Accused, (with
their Witnesses) together with all Petitioning
members, or one at any Time that seeks for Re-

144

Transactions of the Quatvor Coronati Lodge.

Accused may ob-
ject against
any single
Member bal lott-
ing.

dress, if Fined when absent, shall withdraw before
the matter be summed up, and a Charge given,
either by the President, to the whole Society ;
or the Chairman to the Committee ; after which
a Ballott shall be, taken, which shall be deter-
mined as aforesaid. That the accused member
may object against any one single member's
Ballotting (who shall withdraw.)

N.B. That whatever accused member, at

any Time, be ordered to withdraw, up-
on refusal, or Non-appearance to par-
ticular Summons's, it shall be deemed a
Contempt of the whole Society, and be
excluded, as such shall be that Imposeth
on the said Society, by a false Declara-
tion.

XXXIV.

That there shall be a Clerk and Attendant,
belonging to this Society, who shall have their
Beer, &c. Gratis, and the first Thursday in
the New Stewards Quarter shall be paid thir-
teen Shillings each, for their last Quarter, (in-
clusive of any Extra Trouble or Attendance,
whether sooner or later, upon General Sum-
mons, or Thursday Evenings) out of which Sums,
whatever Fines they have subjected themselves
to, shall be deducted : If any member insults,
or affronts either of them, shall be subject to
the same Fine, as if they were members ; but
if either speak to any member of any Thing
spoken or done, in the, Committee, relative to
their Proceedings, upon any Debate ; or of
any Transactions done in the said Society to any
Person, upon a Complaint lodged against either
of them with the President, if upon a Ballott
the Majority of the Society deem it prejudicial,
he or they shall be discharged, and a new one
chosen in his Boom, the Last Night in any
Quarter.

That the Clark for tho Time being, or he
that shall act as such, shall take a Memorandum
down in a Book of all .Moneys sent by absent
members each Quarter, together with the Time
when, and the Person's Name the beings 1 the
same; likewise at the Command of the Pre-
sident

Accused Mem-
ber not with-
drawing or Ap-
peared to Sum-
mons excluded.

Clerk and At-
tendant to have
their Beer gra-
tis.

Paid 13s. per
Quarter each by
the new Stew-
ards deducting
Their Fines.

Member affron-
ting another
subject to fines

New one chosen
in their Room.

Clerk to take a
Memorandum
of the Money
sent by all ab-
sent Members.

To minute all
Transactions of
Society.

Names of Vi-
sitants.

sident or Chairman, the Clerk shall minute in a
Book provided for such purpose, all Transac-
tions of the Society, take an account in Wri-
ting of the Names of Visitants, and the respec-
tive Places they belong unto.

J This is a clerical error for "that brings'' ivc

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

145

In absence of
Clerk or Atten-
dant, President
to nominate one
to Act pro tem-
pore, and pay
him Is. per
Night.

New entered
Members to
give Clerk and
Attendant 6d.

Clerk, Atten-
dant or Member
coming disguised
in Liquor fined
twelve pence.

Member com-
ing so any Even-
ing after En-
trance ordered
to withdraw.
And becoming
such after En-
trance fined 6d.

Promoting Ga-
ming, &c. 2d.

Abusing a Mem-
ber fined Is.

N.B. Upon discharging either the Clerk or

the Attendant, or if either are absent the
President shall nominate a Member to of-
ficiate, untill a new one shall be chosen, or
they attend, who shall be allowed one Shil-
ling per Night, and en ti tilled to the
Perquisites : That whatever new Mem-
ber shall enter, must pay six pence
to the Clerk and Attendant which shall be
equally divided between them.

XXXV.

That if the Clerk or Attendant shall come
disguised in Liquor into the Society Room, or
after Entrance become such, to be fined one
Shilling ; or if any member shall come disguised
in Liquor, the President shall order him to pay
his Weekly Money, and to withdraw for that
Night. But if after Entrance any Evening
become as such, any of the Society deeming
him so, he shall be fined sixpence, or whatever
member during the Hours of meeting promote
any Gaming or offer to lay any Wagers, curse,
swear, or use any obscene or indecent Lan-
guage, &c. shall be fined two pence : But if
any member, the Clerk or Attendant reproach
another with receiving any Benefits from this
Society, or scandalously, maliciously, or de-
signedly reflects or affronts another, or call a
member a Busy Person, or by any approbrious
Name, shall be fined one Shilling, or cloth at
any time, or in any Place tell any absent, or
any member concerned in any Debate, what

any

any member said, or who spoke for or against
him, or reflects upon either of the stewards,
or any other member for his Report upon a Vi-
sit ; or should speak disrespectfully of the Pre-
sident, Stewards, or any Committee Man, or
of the whole Society, shall be fined two Shil-
lings and sixpence. That this Article shall be
equally observed on the Quarterly Meetings,
General Nights, Annual Meetings, and up-
on General Summons, as also on every
Thursday Evening, and the member offending
against this Article (or any other which subjects
a member to Fines) staying after the Hours of
meeting, equally liable to be fined, while
the Box remains unlocked by the Stewards,
as well after as during the Hours of Meeting.

- N.B. Whatever member's conduct hath a

tendency, to disturb the Peace and Harmo-
ny of the Society, either the President or

Doth at any
Time or Place
tell a Member
who spoke for
or against him
&c. 2s. 6d.

This Article
to be always
observed.

Even after the
Hours of meet-
ing.

May order any
disorderly per
son to with-
draw,

146

Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

the Chairman of the Committee, or one of
the Stewards, shall order him (to pay if
he hath not his Weekly Money) and
withdraw, for that Evening, and up-
on his refusal (being sober) shall
be fined 2s. 6d. over and above all
other Fines, he shall subject himself to af-
terwards, but this Article not to affect any
member for any thing said, or done before
these Articles are printed. 1

Not to affect
any till prin-
ted.

XXXVI.

That no Disputes between any two members
shall be countenanced in this Society, so that
whoever will not be silent or seated at
the Request of either the President, Chairman
of the Committee or any Stewards, shall be
fined sixpence, except when a Member shall ad-
dress himself to either of them (which shall al-
ways
G

No disputes
countenanced.

Members not
silent at re-
quest of the
President fined
6d.

Exceptions.

When speaking

shall be always

standing to the

President.

If reflected on

Is.

Member free
to offer his
Sentiments.

No reply to be
made till each
have spoke.

President to
sum lip the
whole advan-
ced on both
Sides.

When a Ballot
taken Commit-
tee to attend.

ways be standing) for the Explanation of any
Article, seeking redress, speaking upon any
Debate, or proposing any thing designed for
the good of the Society, when reflected on in
any Shape by any member for so doing shall
be fined one Shilling.

N.B. Any member is free to offer his Senti-
ments, and the Jun. members shall be heard
equally with the same pleasure, as the Sen.
but no two members shall speak at one
and the same Time upon any Debate,
(whether it refers to Members or matters)
nor any one who hath spoken reply untill
each member hath offered his Opinion,
beginning always with the Jun. members
after every one hath spoken (that is
willing) the President being the last, then
any member may reply, to what hath
been advanced, when the President or the
Chairman, or whom he shall appoint, shall
sum up (impartially) what hath been ad-
vanced on both Sides, either to the whole
Society or the Committee.

N.B. That whenever a Ballot is to be taken
among the whole Society the President
shall order the Committee to attend (whose
Ballot shall be taken with the rest unless
upon the admission of a new member)

1 This is a reference to the disputes in 1737 between the Lodge and the Society
also Article XLIX.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

14?

President an
absolute Pow-
er to hear or
refer all mat-
ters to the
Committee.

N.B. That the President hath an absolute

Power 1 after or before any Affair (whe-
ther it refers to Members or Things)
hath been heard, either to hear and Ballot
the same, by the whole Society, or re-
fer all Matters brought before him to the
Committee, who shall withdraw into a-
nother Room, 2 and rehear the same, to-
gether with the Evidence for, and against,
which Committee have full Power to call
» any

any Member to their Assistance ; the Ma-
jority of the Twelve shall decide the same,
whose Opinion shall be in "Writing, and
equally final, as if the 'whole Society
were concerned in Ballotting the same,
(unless when the Matter in Dispute is
referred to the .Committee, without the
Consent of that Person or Society.

XXXVII.

That if any Steward shall neglect to obey any
Order of the President, or if any Member
shall refuse, to obey any Order of the Stewards,
wherein the Articles may be deficient, (provid-
ed such Orders are not repugnant to the Arti-
cles) shall be fined one Shilling, which shall
be made a Precedent, and that the Custom of
the Society, (if not contradictory to any ex-
press Article) as to Fines, or Practice, when
minuted in a Book, provided for such Pur-
poses, shall be of equal Force with the Printed
and Written Articles, untill reversed by the
Majority of the Society, or Committee.

XXXVIII.

That if any Member thinks himself injured
in any Fine, (when Absent) it shall continue
on the lloll, till the General Night, when the
said Member may apply to the Committee
(then sitting) who have full Power to hear and
may redress the same, provided there be no
Precedent, or Order of the President for the
same, or it was contrary to any Articles.

N.B. That the New Stewards any Time in
Their Quarter may fine the late Stew-
ards, if they omitted, either fining them-
selves, or any Member, when they had
Orders from the President, or were in-
formed ether acted contrary to the Ar-
ticles,
G 2

Committee may
call any Mem-
ber to their
Assistance.

Majority to
decide.

Steward &c.
neglecting to
be fined Is.

To be minuted
in a Book pro-
vided for such
purpose.

Member inju-
red in any fine
when absent.

New Stewards
may fine late
Stewards.

1 Article XII.
2 Article Xm.

148

transactions of the Quaiuor Goronati Lodge.

tides, any Member insisting, that the
New Stewards shall fine them.

Stewards of
occasion to sum-
mon Society or
order Clerk or
Attendant to
do it.

Stewards
Clerk or At-
tendant fined.
2s. 6d. if not
present at the
Time prefixt.

Member not
present fined Is.

If coming af-
ter the last
hour fined and
not allowed to
Ballot unless
pays 3d. for
Beer.

After Roll cal-
led over absent
Members fined
Stewards to in-
form President
with the cause
of being sum-
moned.

President and
3 of Commit-
tee to sif?ii and
order summons.

Stewards in case
of Fire how to
Act.

XXXIX.

That upon any emergent Occasion, the Stew-
ards shall either summon themselves, or cause
to be summoned by the Clerk, or Attendant,
the Members belonging to this Society, and if
either the Stewards, Clerk, or Attendant is
absent at the first Hour, perfixt on the Day
upon General Summons, shall be fined two
Shillings and Six-pence; and that Member,
(who hath, or at whose Place of abode proper
Summons for that Purpose hath been left) is
not present when his Name is first call'd, shall
be Fined one Shilling, (but if the Stewards
who hath the outward Key of the Box) omit
coming untill the last Hour, the Member that
was not present, at the Time first prefixt, lia-
ble to the said Fine, and if he comes after he
is Fined, unless he • will pay his Three-pence
for Beer, shall not Ballot at the said Meeting,
That after the Roll is called over, and the ab-
sent Members Fined, one of the Stewards, (or
in their Absence, the Person who summoned
the Society) shall inform the President, with
the Cause for which they were summoned to-
gether; all which Business, or Matter shall be
determined by the Majority on the Ballott,
agreeable to the Printed or Written summons,

That if, any Thursday Evening, it is judged
convenient to Summon the whole Society ; the
President, and three of the Committee, or those
acting as such, must sign the Orders for
such summons, but if the Stewards upon visit-
ing a sick Member, or in Case of any Fire,
or Accident, happening to the Landlord, &c.
should think it expedient to summon the whole

Soci-

Society together, they shall signify the same to
the President, and any three of the Committee ;
whom if not easy to be found, the Stewards
shall go to any five Members, who signing the
same, shall justify the Stewards Conduct there-
in.

N.B. The Stewards or Person that Sum-
mons shall be allowed five Shillings, for
such general Summons, and upon Default
of giving Notice to any Member, (unless
such as are excepted) shall be Fined one
Shilling.

The Person that
summons the
Members al-
lowed 5s.

Tf omit giving
Notice fin'd Is.

The 2'riendli/ Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

14$

Such that were present, the Evening resolv-
ed upon tor an extraordinary Meeting, to re-
ceive their Notke the same Evening before
they depart, the Time and Place of meeting,
to be fixt by the President and Stewards, the
latter of which, if absent at the last Hour,
shall be Fined one Shilling extraordinary.

N.B. Any member receiving Benefit from

this Society, or that member which hath not
been entered twelve Months, (if the Sum-
mons doth not particularly affect either of
them) or one who hath given Notice of
his going into the Country, not liable to
be summoned nor Fined for Non-appear-
ance.

XL.

That upon a general Summons of the whole
Society, the President thereof, or the member
acting as such, or whom he shall appoint,
shall address himself to the members, in-
forming them with the Occasion of their be-
ing called together ; if it relates to the whole
Society, every member would do well to ex-
amine the same, with the Attention the good
of the whole requires, that if it refers to com-
plaint

Such Members
present to re-
ceive Notice
same Evening.

If not Attend
fined.

Member re-
ceiving Benefit
or not entered
12 Months &c.
not to be sum-
moned.

President to in
form Members
upon a Gene-
ral Summons
of the whole
Society.

This article al-
ways to be read
before any de-
bate.

plaint lodg'd against a member, let each im-
partially enquire into the same, doing by every
member, as you are willing, and expect to have
the like done by you, were it your own Case,
determining both withall possible regard, as
well to the Society, as to the member, not de-
viating from the real Sense, and true meaning of
any Article, to the Prejudice of the whole, or
pervert its meaning to the Injuring of any
member, which may occasion an ill-grounded
Decision, or a partial Exclusion. Thus
being watchful of both the Rights, of the
Society pn the one Hand, and the Right
of the member on the other ; we may re-
flect with Pleasure upon our Decisions, which
will give a Just, (if not the best) Sanction to
our Society, making our Proceedings revered ;
it will raise the Society above the reach of
Malice, freeing us from any ungenerous im-
putation, which may either now, or hereafter
pursue us, or make us able to support our
selves like men.

N.B. This Article shall be always read, be-
fore all Debates, that requires a Ballot to
be taken, which may either affect a mem-
ber's Exclusion, Fine, or Suspension;

150

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronatt Lodge.

where the Articles may be any way de-
ficient; and at all other Times, the Ar-
ticles which affect a member's immediate
Exclusion, Pine or Suspension shall be
read to the Committee, if any Member
shall desire the same, of either the Pre-
sident, or the Stewards, who shall com-
mand the Clerk to do the same.

XLI.

That a Ballot upon any extraordinary Ocoa-
sion, which may either affect the Exclusion or

Sus-

Suspension of any member from receiving any
Benefit, where the Articles either are or may be
supposed to be deficient, shall be only called for,
and taken upon Quarterly Meeting, General
Nights, 1 or when two thirds of the Society shall
be present, or upon the Annual Meeting, and if
any Member refuseth to Ballot upon such Occa-
sion, or when a Ballot shall be taken, shall be fin'd
Is. But if any member shall be excluded by the
Stewards or Committee, the Articles being
deficient, the President of the Society (or he
that shall act as such) not being present, the
excluded member may appeal 2 by Petition the
next Quarterly Meeting, or General Night, or
before if he will be at the Expence of a General
Summons to the President and whole Society,
for redress, whom he shall constitute and appoint
under his own Hand Writing, signed with his
proper Name, his Judges, giving them full and
absolute power, to determine the same, after what
manner they shall think proper : By which award
of the President and majority of the Society, he shall
promise to stand to and abide by, which shall be
final, and from whence there shall be no further
Appeal.

N.B. That the President shall suspend giving

his Ballot upon such an Occasion, and if the
Ballot is at that, or any other Time equal, .
he shall decide the same. 3

XLII.

That whatever Member shall introduce a
Visitant (who shall pay -his Six-pence upon
his Entrance) without the Consent of the Pre-
sident, (if present) or in his Absence of the
Stewards, shall be Fined Six-Pence, and if any
Member calls for Beer, or Tobacco, without
the Order of the Stewards, it shall be brought
in, and placed as a Fine, to the said member, or

who-

Ballot upon
extra occa-
sion, &c.

Refusing to
bal fined

Is.

Member exel
uded where
Article is
deficient
may Appeal.

President
suspend his
Ballot but
if equal he
to decide.

Member not
to bring any
Visitant into
Hoom without
Presidents
consent on
forfeiture of
6d.

1 See also Articles XIII.
3 See also XII.

and XXXI.

2 See Article XIII.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

151

Stewards to
have the care of
the Roll and
.Books, &c.

Stewards losing
Key &c to be
fined and make
good sueh loss.

Upon non-pay-
ment excluded.

Clerk omniitting
in & Weeks to
erase an exclu-
ded Member's
Name fined 6d.

Landlord to keep
a good Fire or
fined Is.

whoever shall break any Thing belonging to
the Landlord, shall pay for the same.

XLIII.

That the Stewards for the Time being, shall
have the Care of the Roll, and Books of this
Society, which together with the Articles,
shall be liable to the Inspection of any mem-
ber at any proper Time, who shall transact
all Affairs, relating to the good and wellfare
of the Society, to the utmost of their Power,
and that whatever Steward or member shall
lose either of the Keys, Books, or any other
Things, belonging to Society, or shall con-
vert to his or their own Use, any of the So-
ciety's Cash, or misapply any sick, imprison-
ed, or deceased Members Money, &c. which
he or any Member shall be entrusted with, the
said Steward or Member, shall not only be Fined,
but likewise Accountable for the same, and up-
on Non-Payment of such Money's, or buy-
ing or allowing the Value of such Things lost,
in two Week's Time shall be excluded, and
withall liable to be sued for the. same by the
next Stewards, or any other member empow-
ered by the President, or the Committee, for
the Use of the said Society.

N.B. The Clerk omitting within four Weeks

to erazv; an excluded member's Name from
off the Roll, and the respective Books,
~&c. his Name is in, or Articles he hath
signed, shall shall be fined Six-pence
when discovered.

XLIV.

That the Landlord of the House, shall, dur-
ing the Winter Season, at 7 o'Clock in the
Evening have and keep a good Fire in the

Rooms

Rooms where the President, Stewards, Com-
mittee-Men, and the Rest of the Society are,
during the Time of Meeting, or be fined one
Shilling.

That he shall give Security 1 for the Cash,
and whatever else the Society may intrust him
with, and upon his refusing so to do, or pay
such Fines he hath subjected himself to, or for
any other just Cause; the President shall pro-
pose to the members of the Society the re-
moval of the same ; which Motion shall not be
made on any other Evening (except on the
Death, Removal, or any Misfortunes of the
Landlord) but on a Quarterly Evening, Gene-

' See also Article XIV.

Landlord to
give Security for
the Cash, &c.

The Society may
remove.

152

Transactions of the Quatiior Coronati Lodge.

ral Night, Annual Meeting, &c. when the
President shall take a Ballot of the whole So-
ciety, (then present) for that Purpose, which
as in all other Cases, shall he determined by a
Majority, and whatever member will not abide
at any Time, by such a Decision, shall be ex-
cluded.

XLV.

That when the Society is determined to re-
move ; the Stewards, with three of the Com-
mittee, nominated by the President, upon For-
feiture of two Shillings each, shall go to any
three Landlords that shall be then proposed
and Enquire whether they are willing to receive
the said Society upon our Conditions, have
a Room, or Booms, proper for the Recep-
tion thereof, and will give good Security for the
Cash, &c. whom they shall order to attend
the Society, that they may chuse which hath
the best Room, and who can give the best Se-
curity for the Cash, &c. which shall be deter-
mined by Ballot.

Society when
determined to
remove, Stew-
ards and Com-
mittee men to en
quire out a Pro-
per Place or fi-
ned 2s each.

N.B.

If obstruct the
Removal, ex-
cluded.

Bond or Secu-
rity lodged in-
the President's
Hands for his
Time.

President in
whose Hands
the Security is
lodg'd if sick,
&c. to send the
same to the So-
cietv.

N.B. Any Member that obstructs with

Violence the Removal of the Box, &c.
after determined as aforesaid, shall be
immediately excluded.

XLVI.

That the aforesaid Bond of Security shall be
lodged in the Hands of the President for the
Time being, who shall hold the same for his
Quarter ; at the Expiration of Which, viz. on
the General Night, the President shall bring
the said Bond of Security, before Ten o'clock,
on Forfeiture of Two Shillings and Six-pence,
and deliver the same to the President, chosen
for the ensuing Quarter.

N.B. The President (in whose. Custody the

Security lies) receiving Benefit from this
society, or going into the Country for a-
bove two Weeks, shall deliver, or cause
to be deliver'd to the Stewards, the afore-
said Security, who shall bring the same
to the Society the next Thursday Evening,
after he hath received the same, when it
shall be lodged in the Hands of the Pre-
sident chosen to officiate in his Stead ; but
if lost (Fire excepted) the President or
Steward entrusted with the same, shall be at
the Expence of another before the next
General Night, or be excluded t

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

153

Debates detei-
min'd by the
Articles.

' XLVII.

That if any Debates arise during the Time
of Meeting, the President or Committee shall
have Recourse to these Articles, which if it can-
not be determined, either by them or the writ-
ten ones, or from any Precedent, or Custom
of the Society, (unless it be of an ordinary Na-
ture) such Matters shall be suspended until the

next Quarterly Meeting, General Night, &c.
when the same shall be heard as aforesaid, and
either be determined by the whole Society, or
referred to the Committee, a Memorandum
whereof shall be made by the Clerk the same
Evening, in a Book provided for such Purpose.

XLVIII.

That after the 29th Day of September, 1737,
neither the Stewards, nor any member shall
without the Consent of the President, and the
Committee, give Orders any Thursday Eve-
ning, for the Buying of any Thing, that shall
be wanting for the Use of the said Society,
but whatever shall be wanting, shall he signed
by three members, and reported to the Presi-
dent, who may either refer the same to the
Committee, to give Orders for buying the
same, or the President with the Society may
consider of such Proposals, together with the
Expence and Charge thereof, and if a Majo-
rity of the Society then present (if not referr'd
to the Committee) approves thereof, the Pre-
sident shall give Orders for buying the same,
which when bought shall be paid and accounted
for as Cash.

N.B. That whatever shall be wanted for

the Use of the said Society, some mem-
ber that either makes or sells the Things
wanted, shall be employed in the Affair,
and paid for the same by the said So-
ciety.

XLIX.

That the Committee for the Regulation
of the Articles, giving Instructions for the
buying of what was and shall be wanting, cho-
sen before the 29th of Sept. 1737, 1 shall not
be responsible to any for their Conduct, nor

for
H 2

Stewards nor
any Member
without the
Consent of Pre-
sident, &c. to
give orders for
buying any
Thing, &e.

Things wanted
shall be bought
of a Member.

Committee for
the regulations
of Articles (ch
osen) before
29th of Sept 1737
not responsible
to any, &c.

'See Article XXXV,

154

Transactions of the Qua t nor Coronati Lodge.

If reflected on
fined 2s 6d.

Member not
signing Arti-
cles his Money
returned.

for their Expences in making of the printed
and written Articles; and if any shall be
reflected on for them, the said Member shall be
fined two Shillings and Six-pence extraordina-
ry, neither shall they be called to any Account,
for any Thing bought for the Use of the said
Society; but if any (such excepted that shall be
excluded for Non-payment) be aggriev'd there-
by, shall have the Liberty, before he signs the
Articles, to withdraw his Entrance Money and
Weekly Three-pence, within three Months ;
but upon doing so shall never after be re-enter'd
as a member ; a Memorandum of whose Names,
and such rejected when proposed, shall be mi-
nuted in a Book (provided for such Purpose) by
the Clerk.

Articles to re-
main unaltered
3 Years.

That these Articles as printed, which be-
long to the Beneficial Society, shall remain
unalterable for three Years 1 ; after which Time,
whatever member shall propose the making,
explaining, or amending any Article, it shall
be signed by three members, who shall address
the President for Leave for that Purpose, who
hath absolute Power vested in him, either to
reject or approve the same; if the latter, he
shall order the said new Article, or Amend-
ment, &c. to lie on the Table for the Perusal
of the members, (at least four Nights) before
the President shall come to any Resolution
thereon ; after which Time the said new Ar-
ticle or Amendment, &c. may be rejected, or
referr'd to the Committee, who shall be parti-
cularly summoned, by the Attendant, to consider
the same; which when compleated, shall be re-
ferr'd back and reported to the President, who
shall sign the same, before it pass into an Ar-
ticle.

LI. The

LI.

That on any Evening (Two Thirds of the
Society being present) or on the Quarterly
Meeting, &c. next after the Quantity of Ar-
ticles which are first printed off, are disposed
of, the President shall inform the Society of
the same, in order for their being reprinted ;
when the Question shall be put, Whether the
Articles shall be printed as they now stand, or
re-examined and amended, new ones made,
and the Additional Articles, which (are sup-
posed) may be made for the better Regulation
of the Society from Time to Time, shall be

After the Xum-
ber of Articles
first printed off
are disposed.
President to in-
form the Society
in order to have
them re-prin-
tcd, &c.

1 From the original date, 18th May 1737.

1'he Friendly Society of Fret and A ccepttd Masons. i55

added to the printed ones if carry' d for the
reprinting of them, with the amendments, &c.
the then Committee for the Time being, shall
re-examine the articles, supply the Deficiencies
of the same, by making any new article, abo-
lishing or altering any of the old ones, (pro-
vided always they don't destroy any of the
Weekly Benefits, nor take away the Privileges
of any member enter'd before the 29th of Sep-
tember, 1737) which the President, with
the Majority of the Committee, shall give or-
ders for printing of the same, and whatever
Member of the said Society shall refuse to sub- Member refusing

scribe in three Months Time (either to these) to subscribe in

six VV eeks exciu-
or the said Articles as then newly regulated, ^ed.

shall be excluded; and if any Suit of Law at jf j jaw y T ,j(. a .

any Time shall be commene'd against either gainst President

the President, Stewards, Committee-men, Clerk,

&c. the same to
be defended out

or Attendant, in a joint or separate Suit or Ac- f Main Cash,

tion, or against any Members upon such Ac-
count, or upon excluding any Member at any
Time, the same shall be defended, and Charges
paid and satisfied out of the main Cash : But if
the Society's Cash at such Time, shall be under
100 L. then in such case, each Member shall

P a J T

&c.

Pay an equal Share, towards the Kxpence of de-
fending the same.

If any of the N.B. That if any of the aforesaid Commit-
Coinmittee de- tge desires to be excused his attending

sire to be excused ...

attendin" &c. on "the said Occasion, or shall refuse to act

fined 5s. ; n Conjunction with the said Committee

appointed for the said Regulation, he shall
be fined Five Shillings, and the Remain-
der of the Committee shall nominate one
in his Stead ; each of the twelve with the
President attending, shall be allowed Six-

Ea L h of , t , he Fi° m ~ Pence per Night for their Expences, un-

mittee allow d •,,,,, , -, ,

6d. per Night. til the whole be compleated, (but if any

of them, or the Clerk, are absent, shall

be fined One Shilling) which shall be paid

by the Society.

Committee to That the then Committee, may make such

make Articles farther Articles, for their own Regulation, as

for their own ,. , .. ,. . , ... . ,.

regulation they shall think proper; and if any of them

shall disturb the Proceedings of the Rest, shall
be fined five Shillings, and a New Committee-
man chose in his Room, to proceed on Busi-
ness, and any seven of the Committee, (being
a Majority of the whole) have the same Power
to Act, as if the whole were present.

Committee to de- N.B. When the above Committee meets

vide themselves ,, „ . , . , ,, , ,, -.. .,

i ito two Bodies on aforesaid Account, they snail divide

&c. themselves, into two Bodies, an equal Num-

iSe

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Clerk allowed
Is. each time he
attends and Beer
Gratis.

If Ballot equal
President to de-
cide the same.

ber, or near in each ; and every one Article
which one Body goes through the Examina-
tion of, shall be carried by the Clerk, (who
shall be allowed one Shilling each time for
his attending, and Beer &c. Gratis) to the
other Body for their Concurrence, which if the
Majority of them shall not approve on; it shall
be Ballotted by the Twelve, or by them Pre-
sent ; and if the Ballot happens to be equal,
in such Case, the President shall determine the

same

same, after which the same shall be ordered to
be engrossed by the Clerk.

N.B. The two Divisions shall each of them

chuse one a-piece out of the two respec-
tive Bodies, which shall chuse a third,
who shall prepare the Articles, for the Appro-
bation of the Rest, which said Three when
the Articles are finished, shall inspect and
correct them for the Press.

LII.

That if there be any Article, which seems
to have a doubtfull meaning, in the Explana-
tion of such, it is to be presumed, that the
members, but especially the Committee will
always observe this Rule in the interpretation
thereof, not to put any forc'd or false Construc-
tion upon the same, but incline to that, which
may be supposed to be the true Intent and
Meaning of such Article, at the Time when first
made; which undoubtedly was intended as a
Guard, against some 111 Conveniency, which
in future Times, might arise; so in like Man-
ner, where there are two or more Articles,
which seem to contradict each other, the one
approving of, what the other disapproves of,
that Article must have the Preference which is
best calculated, for the good of the whole ; and
as it is impossible to guard against every Im-
position, there shall be full Power vested in
the Annual Committee, (after the Society hath
Subsisted three Years) to prepare such Additio-
nal Articles, for the future Government, as to
them from Time to Time seem convenient;
such that they at any Time prepare, shall al-
ways be given to the President, at the Annual
Meeting, and Read over for the Society's Ap-
probation ; (whom approving) the President

shall

Two Divisions
each to chuse
one, and the
two to cause a
third to pre-
pare Articles,
&c.

If any Article
seems to have a
double mean-
ing, &c.
not to put any
forc'd Con-
struction on
them.

Power vested
in the Com-
mittee.

shall sign and be of equal Force with the
Printed Articles, (always provided this Article
doth not extend to injure any Member, entered

The Friendly Society of Free and Accented Masons.

16?

before the 29th of Sept, 1737, in such Pri-
vileges, allowed by the first, second, and third
Articles)

Never any Ar-
ticle or Order
made after a
Member's
Death to hin-
der Free
Gift, &c.

All Moneys
paid into
the Box to
continue therein
for the use of
the Society, &c.

LIII.

That there shall never be any Article or
Order made after any Members Death, to hin-
der the Allowing of the Funeral Expence, or
the Free Gift, &c. being paid to the Wife,
nor any contest arise about the Legality of the
Marriage of a Member's Wife, whose Christian
and Sirname was entered in our Book of En-
trance, to prevent the Free Gift, &c. being
paid.

LIV.

That whatever Money any excluded mem-
ber, (unless such as are excepted) hath or may
at any Time pay into the Box, shall continue
therein for the Use of the said Society ; and such
only, receive any Benefit from the same,
who from Time to Time, and at all Times,
Obey all Orders of the then President, Stew-
ards, and Committee, (which are not repug-
nant to the Printed Articles, making them the
Rules of their Conduct, as Members, and con-
form to such, as are now made, as well Print-
ed as Written, (in every Respect) or may at
any Time hereafter be made, as Occasion shall
require, to which all and every Member shall
within twelve Months, put their respective
Hands and Seals.

Made by a Committee appointed for the
forming and making the beforementioned Ar-
ticles, on the eighteenth Day of May in the

tenth.

tenth Year, of the Reign, of his Preic [? present]
Majesty King George the Second (whom
God long Preserve) and in the Year of our
Lord, one Thousand, seven Hundred, and
thirty Seven.

JOHN GODDARD
JOHN HARRIS

STEWARDS

JOHN GIDLEY,

CLERK

Society, (when
Harmonious)
Makes Life
happy.

158 Transactions of the Qmitiior I'oronati Lodge.

N.B. That the member omitting to send or
pay his Money Monthly, liable to be
fined 12d.

N.B. The four Quarterly Meetings are

(the Time when Stewards are chosen) viz.
on the first Thursday after the 3d of June,
the same after the 3d of September, the
same after the 3d of December, and the
same after the 3d of March ; on which
Nights, every absent Member by 10
o'Clock, forfeits for the Use of the said
Society one Shilling.

N.B. The General Nights are (the Time

when the President &c. are chosen) viz.
every Thursday sevennight after the afore-
said Quarterly Meetings, on which Nights
every member to pay all Money due to
the said Society by 10 o'Clock, or ex-
cluded.

N.B. The Annual Meeting is (the time when
the Committee of twelve are chosen)
viz. the 27tli of December, at which time
every member's Money (being Is. 6d.
each) shall be paid (if present.) sixpence of
which shall be expended, and the said
member, at the same Time receive gratis

. But absent, the whole Is. 6d. to

be placed upon the Roll, to the said absent
member's account.

FINIS.

LIST A.

A List of Members' Names
with their Trades and Places of Abode.

1 . James Andrews. Taylor & Salesman at the Golden Heart in Monmouth

Street. [Seven Dials.]

He appears to have been the first Master of the Lodge on its
removal to the Two Black Posts in 1738: and proposed the
amalgamation of the Lodge and Society. Secretary in January
1741, J.'W. in June, S.W. in October, and again R.AV.M. 17th
December 1741. Was in prison for debt August 1742, when the
Lodge lent him £10. J.W. March, S.W. June, R.AV.M. Septem-
ber 1744.

Charles Galloway. Mathematical Instrument Maker, at M r Sparkes's, in
Three-King-Court in King Street, Covent Garden.

Not mentioned until 19th February 1741; mended the Junior
AVarden's Jewel : excluded on 18th May 1741 but the minute was
afterwards cancelled. Referred to as one of the Stewards, loth
October 1741.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Jf axons. 150

3. John Goddard. Lapidary, at the Crown in King-Street, Covent Garden.

[? Crown and Anchor, King Street.]

One of the two first Stewards of the Society, 18th May 1737
Secretary in June 1741, J.W. and S.W. in 1712 and R.W.M.
lGth September 1742.

4. John Harris [Senior]. Joyner & Cabinet Maker, at M John Milliner's, in

Orchard Street, Westminster.

The other of the first Stewards of the Society, 18th May 1737.
He removed from this address in March 1741, and was fined
for not giving notice to the Stewards.

o. Matthew Alanson [AHanson], Jeweler at M r de Russel's, Snuff-box Maker,

at the Golden Acorn in Grafton Street, St. Ann's

[Soho]. Last mention 1747, 16th April.

6. John Jaquemin. Jeweler, at the Royal Oak, the corner of Newport Alley,

St. Ann's.

There is no mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

7. Dan Bernardeau. Ivory Turner and Bowling Green Bowl Maker, at the

Golden Coffee Mill in St. Martin's Court, near St.
Martin's Lane.

S.W. for the first quarter of 1744; and R.W.M. in March.
S.W. Sept. 1745, and R.W.M. in December for the first quarter
of 1746. Probably was a relative of James Bernardeau, of the
French Lodge No. 20 at the Swan in Long Acre, in 1731.

8. Robert Davison. Facing the Lead House in Church Lane near White

Chapel Church.

Only two members of the Society are without their callings
entered, Davison is one of them. Sick and declared on the
box in April 174] and remained so for a long time till the
Lodge compromised his claims, on two occasions.

9. Roe Rotherham. Hosier & Stocking Maker, in Nottingham Court, near

Short's Gardens.

On 29th June 1737 he was present in Grand Lodge and seconded
the motion that Masters of Lodges should be summoned
regularly to the Committee of Charity. (Q.C.A. x. 289.). On
this occasion the Lodge at the Two Black Posts, No. 163, was
not represented at Grand Lodge; possibly he belonged to some,
other Lodge at the time. He visited No. 1 (Antiquity) on oth
August 1740, and is described then as of St. John. As there
is a gap of two years in the minutes of No. 163 it is difficult
to say if he retired from the Lodge in that interval, but in
1741 he was once more active in the Lodge. Several times lie
was Master pro. tern., and on 29th January 1741 he made a
Mason, the Master arriving late in the evening. He seems to
have been one of the Stewards in October 1741. In the third
quarter of 1743 he volunteered for the office of Clerk until the
next election of officers. Last mention 16th April 1747,

160 Transaction* nf the. Quatuor CoronaH Lodge.

10. Wm. Marshall. Joyner & Cabinet Maker, at the Tobacco Roll in Oxford

Market, St. Mary le Bone.

In 1740 (no date, but after 11th June) a Bro. Marshall of the
"Black Posts maidden lane" visited the Grenadiers Lodge,
now No. 66. On several occasions he was acting as Warden
pro. tem. Served as Secretary from September to December
1741, and on 2nd February 1744 was elected Master vice
Bulkeley who had fallen ill and unable to carry out the duties
of his office. He died late in the year 1744, and a levy of 2s.
per head was made for his funeral, at the Lodge meeting on
3rd January 1745.

11. Walter Conner. Taylor, at the Black Lyon, in King Street, Westminster.

No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

12. Henry Parr. Water Gilder, at Mr. Archer's, in St. Martin's Court near

St. Martin's Lane.

The Lodge made him a loan in 1743 " to prevent him loosing
his place," and in January 1744 he had six months' grace
allowed him to repay this. His note of hand was " put in
force " in December following.

13. John Theobald. Doctor of Physick at the Green Door in Great Russell

Street near Tottenham Court Road, Bloomsbury.

Dr. John Theobald, M.D., was a Grand Steward in 1735, and
a member of No. 43, the King's Arms Lodge (now 28) which
he joined in June 1736. There is no mention of him in the
present record, and he must have been one of those who retired
from the Society when it amalgamated with the Lodge. The
Article No. 3 (see Minutes of 27th December 1738) seems to
point to this, as there was then no " Physician member."

14. Jonathan Freer. Coal Merchant, next the Bull-Head in Oxford Street near

Oxford Market.

He must have been an illiterate person, as on one occasion his
name is written for him " Jonathan Freer his Mark." Later
he became Parish Constable for St. Giles's. Excluded in
September 1744 but on appeal was reinstated. On 3rd Feb.
1752 he rejoined the Lodge when it was at the Hummer and
Mitre, Labour-in-Vain Hill, and is mentioned as " Mr. Jonathan
Frier formerly a Member of this Lodge 148 when at the Swan
in New Street." The Lodge was No. 163 then, it never bore
the number 148 while at the Swan.

15 Edward Ball. Stay Maker, at the Wheatsheaf, the lower end of Theobalds

Row.

We cannot tell which of the three members is referred to under
date 1741, 7th May, when Br. Ball's sick money was " stopt,"
and on 16th July of the same year was acting as S.W. pro. tem.
There is no further mention of either of them, Edward, Sam
or John.

16 John Crawley. Apothecary, at the Pestle and Mortar, in King Street, St,

James.

R.W.M. in March-June quarter of 1738,

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 161

17. Edward Sculthorp. Baker, the first House on the Right Hand in Great Pye

Street, Westminster.

No mention of him other than that of 5th February 1741,
when he had failed to repay Goddard and involved him in an
action for debt.

In 1740 a Bro. Sculthorpe visited the Grenadiers Lodge (now
66), and is described as of the Black Posts, Maiden Lane.

13. Joseph May. Peruke Maker, in Castle Street, near King Street, Seven

Dials.

In December 1738 he was Junior Warden and signed the Audit
report. In February 1744 he became Clerk for one quarter.
Last mention 16th April 1747.

19. Will Blanchard. Carpenter, next door but one to the Unicorn, in Oxford

Street near Oxford Market.

Chosen Steward in December 1741; S.W. August 1743, and
R.W.M. in the following quarter. Last mention 16th April 1747.

20. Robert Bulkeley. Peruke Maker in St. Martin's Court.

Seconded the motion to reconcile the differences between the
Society and the Lodge, 23rd February 1738. In December
1743 he was elected R.W.M.

21. George Begough [Bengough]. Shoemaker, in Spread Eagle Court facing

Grays Inn Gate, in Grays Inn Lane.

Died early in 1741 : no other mention of him.

22. Philip Vinsley. Carpenter, at M r Westcott's, at the Red Lyon Cockpitt,

Grays Inn Lane.

23. John Vendelkuntz. Taylor, at the Seven Dials, in Tower Street, St. Giles.

No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

24. Robert Jellyman. Printer, opposite to the end of Lambeth Hill, Thames

Street.

Printer of this List of Trades, and on the title-page he is located
as " near Trig Stairs." Trig Stairs and Wharf was on the
south or river side of Thames Street, nearly in a line with
Old Change, which then ran down to Thames Street. Consult
Horwood's Map, 1792 : a copy is in the Grand Lodge Library.

25. Will Robinson. Pastry Cook in St. Martin's Court.

Was under arrest in January 1741, and the Lodge lent him two
guineas which had not been paid in March 1742, when his
sureties were allowed six weeks' grace.

26. George Wallis. Silver Spoon Maker, at Jone's Coffee House in Playhouse

Passage, Drury Lane.

No mention of 1pm in the Lodge Minute§,

162 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

27. Tho. Barnshaw. King's Waiter, in St. John's Court, East Smithfield, near

the Victualling Office, Tower Hill.

Was R.W.M. in December 1738 and signed the Audit Report.
In January 1741 he was chosen J.W. : in March S.W. and in
June R.W.M. Two years afterwards he was again R.W.M.
Died in 1746.

28. John Overton. Victualler at the Chequer Alehouse Abingdon Buildings,

Dirty Lane, Westminster.

Is not mentioned anywhere in the Lodge Minutes.

29. Will Cowley. Distiller at the Brewhouse in Orchard Street, Westminster.

No mention in the Lodge Minutes.

30. John Ray. Victualler, at the Sign of the Feathers in Chandois Street,

Govent Garden.

Lodge No. 91 met at this house in 1739 & 1740, and probably
he was a member of it.

I strongly suspect this was Bro. Rea, Master [i.e., landlord] of
the Bear and Rummer in Gerrard Street, who on 17th November
1735 was made in No. 43 now the Old King's Arms Lodge No. 28,
at a Lodge called at his own house, when the fees were spent
there. On the loth December following he became a member of
the Lodge No. 43. In November of 1736 he was reported in
arrear, and apparently was excluded as there is no further men-
tion of him.

In No. 163 at the Two Black Posts he was a regular attendant
until his exclusion 2nd December 1742. J.W. in March 1741,
S.W T . in June and Master in September. Numerous fines are
recorded against him for non-attendance, being late, or neglect-
ing his duty as Warden.

31. Sam Bagley. Tobacconist, at N° 8 in Strutton's Ground, Westminster.

Contributed very largely in fines, for such offences as offering
to lay a wager, affronting a member, ill-language, " oprobrious
language," giving a member "the Lye," and so on. Held no
office

32. Henry Easton. Shoemaker, at the Crispin in Cranbourn-Street, Leicester-

Fields.

The only mention of him is the Secretary's note on the cover of
the minute book.

33. Geo. Garthorne. Sadler, at M r Bushel's, facing Cranbourn Alley in Castle

Street.

1738, Chairman of the Committee on 8th June. 1745, November,
suspended from all benefits for one year.

34. Sam Coley [? Cowley]. Haberdasher of Small Wares, at the Sun faoing

Houndsditch, near Aldgate.

, . No mention of him in the Lodge Minute?,

'The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 163

35. Luke Clifton. Peruke Maker, opposite Grange Inn, by Carey Street, Lincolns

Inn Playhouse.

Excluded 2nd April 1747.

36. Nath. Trevey. Gunsmith in Flower de Luce Court, Fetter Lane.

No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

37. Charles Dyer. Sadler at M r Lees, a Baker's, in Maxfield Street, St. Anne's.

No mention in the Lodge Minutes.

38. Josiah Harris [Jun>]. Joyner and Cabinet Maker, at No. 8 in Jeffery's

Buildings in the Ambrey, Westminster.

As No 4 in the list is sometimes referred to as Harris Senior,
Josiah may have been his son, as both were of the same
trade and in the same locality.

On 2nd April 1741 he was excluded for non-payment, and on
the 10th September following he was a visitor "of St. John."

39. John Young. Undertaker in Hanway Street near St. Giles Pound.

A very regular attendant. S.W. in January 1741 and R.W.M.
in March following. Steward in December of the same year.
Junr. Steward December 1744: R.W.M. September 1745. Last
mention 16th April 1747.

40. J. Williamson. Glover, at the Glove and Ball in Hanway street, near St.

Giles Pound.

No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes. See No. 42.

41. Richard Pick, a Carpenter at M 1 Pick's a Plummer, facing Phoenix Alley,

Long Acre.

42 George Coates. Glover, at the Glove and Ball in Hanway Street.

Seems to have been a partner in business with Williamson No. 40.
No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

43. John Gidley. Attorney at the Great House in the Upper ground near Mary*

gold Stairs, Southwark.

At the formation of the Society in 1738 he signed the Articles
;is Clerk. He is only mentioned once in the Minutes- (2nd Feb.
1744) when a member was in his debt.

44. Daniel Barbier. Japanner in Feathers Court, Craven's Buildings in Drury

Lane.

A member of No. 56, the Anchor & Crown, Short's Gardens, in
1731.

In No. 163 he was J.W. in December 1741, S.W. in March
1742 and R.W.M. in June: again S.W. in March and R.W.M
in June 1744.

45. Edward Bunce. a Sawyer of Wood at the Bull and ax the corner of John

Street Oxford Market.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes,

164 Transactions of the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

46. Isaac Voulair. a Lapidary in Compton Street near Hog Lane, [now Charing

Cross Road.j

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

47. Tho. Harrison sen. Undertaker in Vere Street, Clare Market.

Fined five times in one evening for swearing and similar offences.
In June 1742 he was chosen Treasurer.

48. John Heliot [Helot], a Watchmaker at the DYAL in Newport Street, St.

Martin's Lane.

He may be the John Helott in 1725 of the Horn Tavern
(Original No. 4), and Helot in 1731 of No. 98 Prince Eugene's
Head, St. Alban's Street.

It is certain however that in 1731 he was a member of the
Rose Mary le Bone No. 43 (now 28 Old King's Arms) and on 1st
October 1733 was raised Master. In that Lodge we find him,
as a watchmaker, giving a lecture (Dec. 1733) on "Watch and
Clock Making," and (Jan. 1734) on "A Water Clock." He
was S.W. in 1742 and his attendances there were fairly numerous
down to 1744 when he ceased membership. His address in 1752
is given as " Charterhouse."

In No. 163 he was Treasurer from June to December 1741 ; J.W.
in June 1743. Resigned the Lodge 20th October 1744.

49. W. Woodman, a Locksmith at the GOLDEN LOCK in Tower Street near

the Seven Dials.

J.W. in June 1742: S.W. in September and R.W.M. in
January 1743. Senr. Steward December 1744: J.W. September
1745.

There was a Wm. Woodman in 1723 of the Horn Tavern,
(Original No. 4,) but I doubt if this could have been the same.

50. John Webb, a Victualler at the PINE APPLE in Castle Street by St. Martin's

lane.

No mention of him in the Lodge Minutes.

51. William Potter, a Baker in Little St. Martin's lane.

Excluded for non-payment 2nd April 1741.

52. John Cassin. a Small Work Chaser at a RAZOR MAKER'S in Riders Court,

Leicester fields.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

53. Sam Ball. Baker in St. Martins Court, Leicester fields.

See note under No. 15.

54. Tho. Harrison jun. Undertaker at the Hand and Cap near St. Clements

lane.

The Friendly Society of Fret and Accepted Masons. 165

55. Tho. Mansfield. Glover at the two Black Posts in Vere Street, Claremarket.

R.W.M. in the first quarter of 1741 : and Secretary in June
1742 ; in distress January 1743 and kept his jewel of office.

56. John Stephenson. Vintner at the Key & Garter, Pall Mall.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

No. 26B, a new Lodge filling up an old number was meeting at
this tavern from 1734 to 1739. Instead of 26 its number should
have been 179. (G.L. Minutes, p. 309. ) :

57. Tho. Blakesley. Wine Cooper at the Kings Arms Tavern the corner of

Grosvenor Street in New Bond Street.

Lodge No. 10 (now Tuscan 14) met at his house in 1731, and he
appears as a member in the list of that date. In No. 163 he
was elected J.W. in December 1741 but declined the office.

58. George Deiany. Linnen Draper at the Golden ball the corner of the Hay-

market.

J.W. January 1743, S.W. March. Last mention on 11th
October 1745.

His name is usually given as Deleny.

59. John Ball. Apothecary at the Pestle and Mortar in Stanhope street near

Claremarket.

See note under No. 15.

He was a member in 1725 of the Sun Tavern, Clare Market,
which lapsed about that time. (G.L. Minutes, p. 28.)

60. Alexander Blackwell. Printer in Swan Walk, at Chelsea.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

61. Charles Thomas. Frame maker at an Apothecary's facing the Pine Apple

in Castle Street near the Meuse.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

"The Meuse" was the King's Mews at the south end of St.
Martin's Lane, where the National Gallery now stands. Note
the variation in the address of the "Pineapple," see No. 50.

62. George Hill. Carver in WOOD & STONE in Dean street near Grosvenors

chappel.

J.W. December 1740, but on 5th February 1741 resigned the
office and paid the fine. On 19th November 1741 he was re-
instated, "not being regularly scratched out," but there is no
record of his exclusion.

63. Nicholas Massey. Watchmaker at M r Blanchard's in Porter Street near

Newport Market.

Not mentioned in the Lodge Minutes.

1 See also note on the Key and Garter in the discussion on Bro. Levander's paper,
ante, p. 76.

166 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

64. Tho. Rogers. Jeweller at M 1 Julian's next door to the Geneva Arms in

Church Street, St. Ann's [Soho].

The only information of him is the minute of 6th August 1741,
when he had a fit.

65. Francis Barrs. In Star Court in Old Fish Street near St. Paul's.

Occupation not given. This very probably is Francis Des Barres,
Gent, of Prince's Street, London Wall, who in 1767 was a mem-
ber of L'Immortalite de i'Ordre, and in 1769 of No. 1, now
Antiquity 2, which he joined 21st June 1769 > the former of
these was then negotiating for an amalgamation with Antiquity.

68. Isaac Dubois. Chaser in the Meuse, Charing Cross.

In 1731 he was Il.W.M. of the Goat No. 16 at the foot of the
Haymarket, of which a Paul Dubois was also a member at the
same time.

67. William Smith. Sashmaker in Dean street near South Audley Street,

Grosvenor Square.

There are several Wm. Smiths in the 1731 lists, but it is most
likely this one was a member of two Lodges in his locality,
No. 10 at the King's Arms, New Bond Street (now Tuscan 14)
and No. 16 the Goat at the foot of the Haymarket.

Last mentioned in No. 163 on 6th March 1746.

68 William Gray. Bricklayer in Green Street near Grosvenor Square.

He was a member of No. 4 at the Shakespear's Head in Little
Marlborough Street (now No. 6 Friendship), and signed the
By-Laws in 1736. He is then described as Bricklayer and Slater,
of the same address as above.

In No. 163 he seldom attended and held no office.

69. J. Chancellor. Writing Master, in Bedford Court, Covent Garden, Clerk [of

the Society].

Clerk in 1741, and probably in 1737 although John Gidly signs
the original Articles as Clerk on 18th May 1737.

We may very briefly run over this list of trades in a classified form.
Those which had the full number of three each were the Bakers, Carpenters,
Glovers, Jewellers, Joyners, Peruke Makers, Taylors, Undertakers, and Victuallers.

There were two each of the Apothecaries, Chasers, Lapidaries, Printers,
Saddlers, Shoemakers, and Watch Makers.

Two have no occupation stated, Davidsd* No. 8, and Barrs No. 65 who we
know from another source was a " Gent."

All other trades mentioned have one representative each. There was one
Wine Cooper and one Vintner in addition to the three Victuallers.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 167

THE MINUTES OF THE LODGE No. 163.

Though somewhat incomplete in the earlier years, we here obtain most
interesting information of the doings of our brethren in the early years of the
Craft, some of it of importance when read in conjunction with other contemporary
records. On one occasion a visitor was refused admission as he had been concerned
in the irregular making of Masons, a common complaint in the forties. 1 This
appears to remove the Lodge from the -category of so-called seceders, and to place
it definitely in the ranks of the orthodox under the asgis of the Grand Lodge.
Contrary to the usual custom the landlord of the tavern where the Lodge met was
not a member 2 (although a Mason) and the control of the Lodge funds wa3 vested
in an elected Treasurer so early as June, 1741, probably earlier still. Contributions
to the General Charity were regular and the officers of the Lodge were seldom absent
from the Quarterly Communications. We hear of the Past Master, equivalent to
our I. P.M., in the year 1741 when his jewel was repaired: in No. 1 (Antiquity)
that rank is mentioned in 1739, the earliest date yet known. A Clerk was employed
in addition to a Secretary as usual, and this office was given on several occasions to
a brother unable to pay his debts to the Lodge, to help him out of his difficulty.
Moneylending became almost a pastime, and the greater part of the ordinary
business of the Lodge seems to have been that of keeping a debtor alive to his
engagements. Two instances occur of brethren arrested for debt being assisted
according to the rules, and two of widows who drew their husbands' club money.
There is no mention of " clothing the Lodge " at the admission of new members,
and the aprons were provided by a member who was an undertaker.

The Minute Book has been entered up at both ends; at the commencement
are entries from the 9th February, 1737 (i.e., 1738) to 6th August, 1747, at which
time the Lodge was meeting at the Anker and Crown in King Street, Seven Dials.
On a later removal to the Rummer (and Mitre), Labour in Vain Hill, the book
began to be used at the other end, the records continuing down to June, 1769, but
with this portion of its history we are not at present concerned, except to mention
in passing one home of the Lodge was the Lebeck Tavern, Strand, a house not
noted in Lane's list (p. 76, Masonic Records J.

A note by the Secretary or Clerk on the front cover of the book mentions a
Bro. Easton, not to be found elsewhere in the minutes. He was No. 32 in the list
of the Friendly Society.

Paid for Br r Easton [32] 3 0—2—6

GoddaBd [3] 0—2—6

Crawley [16] 0—2—6

Garthorne [33] 0—2—6
Then comes a series of lists of visiting brethren, without any record of business
transacted; these run from 9th February to 6th April, 1738, and partly overlap in
point of date the ordinary minutes commencing with the Memorandum of 23rd
March of that year, recording the adjustment of the differences between the rival
bodies, the Friendly Society and the Lodge. A leaf is apparently missing in one
place, and except for the serious hiatus of two years between 27th December, 1738,
and 1st. January, 1741, the records are otherwise fairly complete.

1 There seems in this statement to be no sound basis for the suggestion that the
Friendly Society may have been a pioneer of the Grand Lodge of the Antients

2 Article No. III. excludes from membership the Landlord of the House, as well as
the Clerk and Attendant.

3 The numbers in square brackets after a name refer to the Friendly Society's List :
they will only be given where the name is fir§t mentioned.

168 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

APPENDIX II.

[First page] '

Feb. 9th 1737. Br 1 ' Edward Darvell \ r TT T . .,, T

r ■■ i-Qcn w n + I from y" H ' L - of St J -

[i.e.,li68] W. Barton >

Wi 11 Cazalo' 2 from y e Black Lyon Jockey field N° 77.
John Fisher at y° Read Lyen in Chandler Street Grace"*

Street.
Thos. Roper St. Johns.
John Sampler Made in this Lodge.
William Dunmore D°

Peter Jolley Bull Head in Grac Church Street.

[Sampler and Dunmore are not in the Friendly Society's List. The Red
Lion in Chandler Street is an unidentified Lodge. The Bull Head was

No. 22.]

Feb. 16th 1737, Br r Fort > att the Fountain In Katerin Street Strand

B r Calwell [this is repeated to each of the seven]

B' Scarlett
B r Leeds
B r D. Coles
B r Foster
B r Klack

B r James att y« Goat in Spread Eagle Court Strand.
B r Lamb holy lodge St. Johns.

[The Fountain was No. 114; this was evidently a visit in form. The Goat
was No. 38 and is now the Castle Lodge of Harmony No. 26. James
later joined this Lodge No. 148.]

Feb. 23. Bro. George Trubshaw St. John.

Bro. W m Soens D°

Bro. Rob 4 Dods Brawns Head.

[The Braund's Head in New Bond Street was No. 6, now 8, British.
At this meeting the "differences" between the Lodge and Society
were dismissed, see reference under 23rd March, 1738.]

March 2nd. B r Roboteae at y e Princes Head in Prence Street.

B r Lamb St. Johns.

[The Prince's Head is another Lodge yet to be identified. Raboteau is
the name here referred to ; Charles Raboteau was in 1731 a member of
the French Lodge at the Swan in Long Acre. (G.L. Minutes, 159.)]

March y e 9th. Sam Jones St. Johns.

Thomas Spurrier Sun in Round Court.

John Whitehead Queen's Head in the Old Bailey.

[The Sun was No. 134 in Oid Round Court, Strand. The Queen's Head
was No. 76.]

1 I do not propose to note the pagination after this..

? This may be Carolo. ? Cassoll, see 30th March, 1738, from the same Lodge,

The Friendly Society of Free and A rcepted Masons. 169

March y e 19 Richard Davison St. Johns.

Thomas Barron of the Turk's Head Temple Barr.

[The Turk's Head was No. 16. March 19th should be 16th, as the meetings
were on Thursdays.]

March y e 26th P. Mosiers Crown and Anker King Street St. Giles.

W. Stanhope St. Johns.
H. Kerison D°

J. Slap Kings Arms Tower Street.
Tobart D°

Tringham St. John.
Matheson Queens Head Knaves Acre.
Russel Turks Head Temple Barr Master
W m Butler Marlborough Head petticoat [Lane].
Linn St. John.
Emberton D°

[The Crown and Anchor was No. 56, and the King's Arms No. 112.
Stanhope was landlord of the White Swan where both the Lodge and
Friendly Society first met. The Queen's Head was Original No. 3,
noft- Fortitude and Old Cumberland. The Marlborough Head, Petti-
coat Lane, was No. 128.

The Master's proposals for reconciling the " differences " were
adopted at this meeting: see post, Memorandum of 23rd March.
The date of this meeting is clearly an error for 23rd. ]

March 30th Crawlay Master [16] ■ [Lodge

B r Cosens Fountain in Bartholomew Lane No. 168]

Maude Ditto.

Jackes Theater Coffee House Bridge Street [No. 13]

Parker Fountain in Bartholomew Lane

Oates Kings Amies in Wild Street [No. 123]

Newton Raine Bow York Buildings [No. 75]

Lamb St. John
Vinson Ditto

Cassoll Black Lyon Jockey Fields [No. 77]

Oates St. John
Sample ditto.

Foster Bear in Strand Tavern [No. 134]

Russell Turks Head Temple Barr [Master] [No. 16]

Hoilt Bear Strand Tavern [No. 134]

Hodges Talbot Head Westminster [No. 170]

[The Theatre Coffee House No. 13 was in Bridges Street, and is now No. 20
Royal Kent Lodge of Antiquity. The Rainbow Coffee House was
No. 75 and is now 33 Britannic Lodge.]

Apr" 6th. Crawley Master

Broth. Stephen Payne y° Crown tavern Smith field [No. 154],

Jam 8 Horton turcks head temple Barr [No. 16]

Tho s Barron turcks head temple Barr

[The Lodge was represented on this date at the Grand Lodge, its first
attendance from the Black Posts. Three representatives were present ]

170 Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

Page 5 begins with the following Memorandum, repeated on page 8, which is
evidently a fair copy with a slight alteration in the opening sentence. The first is
probably the proposition and the second is the formal entry when duly carried: —

Memorandum Aggreed to March y e 23 1737/8.

Whereas a Motion was made on Feb*' 23 1737/8 By -the Right W n M r Brother
Andrew [1] for an Expedient to reconcile the Mutual diferances Subsisting
between the Members which said Motion was Seconded by Bro 1 ' Bulkley [20]
and brother Heliot [48]

Twas resolv'd by the Whole Lodge then present that the Right W u
shou'd propose such an expedient in order to preserve peace and Harmony
amongst the Brethren reducing the same to writeing.

In pursuance of which resolution the following proposition is Submitted
to the consideration of this most ancient and Honourable Fraternity. [See
article xlvii. re Memorandum.]

Thursday March 23: 1737/8

That All and Every one Enterd into this Society paying in their deficiencies
this Evening shall be deem'd Members both of the Lodge and Society now held
every thursday evening at the two black posts iiv Maiden Lane and that all
Cause of Complaints amongst the Members relative either to the Lodge or
Society shall cease to this Day amongst the Whole and that no Accusation,
petition, Information or matter of Complaint shall be Exhibited against any
Member for any thing hitherto done either relative to entrance or ought else
which may effect Exclusion, Suspension, fine or reprimand but that this Con-
cession shall not be pleaded in Precedence for any that hereafter may be done
but only as an Instance of a Mutuall agreement to preserve Union and Harmony
amongst the Whole which 1 that it may be render'd more effectual. All possible
Care, shall be taken at the future admittance of Members and that the Com-
mittee before ! a ballot is taken shall previously examine the person Intending
to enter or the proposer whether the proposed Occupies any other Buisness
than what he Intends to enter for which may interfere or closs [? clash] with
any Member already enter'd Signing the same that he doth shall not be enterd
without Obtaining his or their mutuall consent who likewise shall sign the
same which as twill prevent any future Complaint being exhibited against
persons entering evasive of the Articles relative to trade so likewise twill tend
to promote the Welfare of the Whole by preserving that harmony which is
essentiall to Masonry.

Aggreed to Nem. Contradicenty
March the 23: 1737/8

A Petition from the Masters Lodge

[Several visitors were present at this meeting, see list ante. Tim
Memorandum definitely fixes both Lodge and Society at the Two Black
Posts, and reveals that the differences and complaints had arisen over
the admission of certain members undesirable from the point of view
laid down in Article II. of the Friendly Society.

There are no minutes of the meetings on 30th March (see visitors'
list ante) nor of April 6th nor of the whole of May, 1738.]

June 8th 1738. It is resolved by the Committee that the Stewards shall publickly

acquaint the Lodge of every Brother declaring upon the Box on the first
Thursday after receiving such notice.

Resolved likewise that this Committee is satisfied with the report of the
Stewards concerning the two sick members.

['"and" in fair copy, p. 8, Minutes.]

The Friendly Society- of Free and Accepted Masons. 17 1

Resolved that the Pedestals shall be inclosed, and that B r Blanchard [19]
shall be. the person* that shall doe it or cause it to be done before this day
sennight

Resolved that nothing belonging to the Lodge, shall be lent out without
the consent of this Lodge.

George Garthorn Chairman
of the Committee

[There appears to be nothing between June 29th and December, 1738; perhaps a leaf is
missing.]

[* Article, XLVIIL]

An Account of Money Received and Disburs'd for
the Year 1738.

Received

First Quarter 74 — & — 6

second Qu r 41—10— 6

third Qu r 42—11— 6

fourth 32— 8— 4|

Tot. Hec d 190— 19— 10. i

Tot. Disburs'd 105— 17— 10*

Disburs :

'd .

Expend' cl

31-

-12-

- 4

D°

20-

- 7—

- 0i

D°

39-

-10-

- 4i

D°

13-

- 2-

Deficient

- 6-

- H

105-

-17-

-10*

Due to Ballance 85—02—

[Friday] December 22 1738. . . -

Att a Committee held by Order of the Lodge we the under written have
examined and settled the Last years Acco ts and find there remains in the said
Acco ts the sum of Eighty five pounds and two shillings. And it is agreed to
Jndemnifie the Stewards for the Decision of the above Mention of one pound
six shillings and three half pence, but having not examined the Cash twas
agreed that the Stewards of this last Quarter of the said years Acco ts shall
make good what deficiency may or shall happend to make up the said sum of
Eighty five pounds and two shillings after which there shall no manner of
dispute arise as "Witness our Hands Present *and Sign d by the underwritten

Ordered that no

Member of the Thomas Barnshaw [27] Master

Thursdays Lodge shall Joseph May [18] Jun r Warden

come into the Annual James Andrews

Committee Room William Blanchard

unless he has something Daniel Barbier [44]

to offer and then John Young [39]

withdraw. Frac. Rotherham [9]t

N.B. B r Woodman [49] for George Delany [58]

Non Attending the . Thomas Harrison Jun r [54]

Annual Committee . ,.,,. ,, .. .. .. Thomas Mansfield [55]

was fined one Shilling.

[* These five words are written in another hand and ink. All the names
are written by the same scribe that wrote the text.]

[t Rotherham, given as Roe, not Francis, in the List of Members.]

172 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joroilati Ludye.

The Minutes following, to 17th December, appear to have been written up from
rough minutes, as they follow the entry of 22 Dec. 38.

[On page 8 is a fair copy of the Memorandum already given under date
23rd March/ 38, the opening clause being in this instance worded
thus : — ]

March y« 23 : 1738

It was unanimously agreed that all and every one &c.

April y<> 20 : 1738

N.B. Twas agreed that from and after when this Lodge be advanced to the
Number of Eighty,* that the Entrance Money, after that shall be
one pound Eighteen Shillings and Sixpence. [Minutes of this date
are referred to in the Committee's Report of 26 December, 1738.]

[* See Article IV.]

May y° 4th 1738.

Twas unanimously agreed that all Motions Debates or Disputes Con-
cerning the Benefit Society, Such Excepted that requires an Imediate decision,
shall be postponed to the Private Night reservd for the Use of the Lodge viz
Every 4 th and 5 th Thursday in the Month and if any be Brought in or made,
the same deemd Irregular and the said Brother receive a Reprimand from the
Chair, and further if any Brother deviates from the Question (or * under
Consideration) shall be silene'd on the Debate nor be permitted to speak a
second time thereon without Special leave from the Chair.

[* [? matter] under Consideration. Blank in the Minutes.]

[See also Article 4 in Minutes of 27th December, 1738.]

June y e 8th [1738] Twas agreed that Nothing belonging to the Lodge be lent

out without the Consent of the Lodge.

[Committee met on this day, see Report, ante."]

[June] 22. Agreed that our Brother the Doorkeeper should lock up the several

Aprons belonging to the Members as soon as the Lodge is clos d

[June] 29. Twas agreed that the Contribution Money of this Lodge toward Grand

Charity shall be one Guinea & half p r Annum the same paid in at ten Shillings
& Sixpence by the Master of the Lodge at Each Quarterly Communication and
the same continued till such time, as the Lodge thinks proper to alter the said
Resolution.

[The Lodge had attended Grand Lodge on the previous day but had not
yet paid in anything to the General Charity — beyond the fee for its
Constitution, already referred to.]

[No entries for July.]

August 17. 1738. Twas agreed that the Lodge should take a Book of Constitution

of the New Edition of Bro. Anderson and pay thirteen Shillings for the same
Bound with the 2 black Posts in Maiden Lane on the Back.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 173

[No entries for September.]

October 19, 1738. Twas agreed that the fourth night of the New Stewards Quarter

is the Night for the Old Stewards to pay in such Deficiencys as may happen
on these Acco*" and this be the full explanation of the 14 Article.*

[* Article XIV. provides for the transfer of office & cash on the first
Thursday night in the new quarter, but Article XI allowed them a
fortnight after that in which to clear their duos from the Roll.]

November 30th 1738.

Twas unanimously agreed that Br° Rotheram should go and treat with
M 1 ' Ashley* the Banker and treat with him concerning the Money and report
the same to the Lodge.

[* I have been unable to trace Ashley as a Mason.]

December 17th 1738. [?14th. 17th was Sunday.]

Twas agreed that all debates and business shall be between the E.A. <fc
F.C.'s Part* and if any Motion is made afterwards to be deem'd irregular,
and the Master to be call 1 * to an account for such an Irregular Debate or
Business, and that the F.C. Part shall not be Proceeded on till 3/4 after Eight
o Clock.

[* part quoted by Gould. History 11., 368, foot.]

[Committee met on 22 Dec. 1738, see ante.']

Att a Committee held at Bro Norris's* Dec br 26. 1738 [Tuesday.]

That we whose Names are here subscrib'd have examined the minutes of the
Last year [(.;/. Art. XII] and find the above only of Consequence to this Lodge
and beg that the Minutes of April the 20 th t may be altered as hereafter men-
tioned.

Present and signd by the under written

IThomas Barnshaw Master
Joseph May [J.AV.]
Thos. Harrison Junr.
John Young
Will. Blanchard
Roe Rotherham
Dan 11 Barbier
Matt w Allanson [o]
W. Woodman
Ja s Andrews

[* Landlord of the Two Black Posts in Maiden Lane.]
[t Minutes of April 20th are missing, there is only a note of Article IV. being altered.]

[X These are not autographs.]

Att an Annual Committee of the Lodge held at Br° Norris's on Tuesday
Dec 1 ' 1 ' 26 th 1738.

The Under Written was Propos'd by the Committee for the Consideration of
the whole Lodge of St. Johns Day being the Annual Meeting. Agreed to N.C.
on the 27 th Dec br 1738.

i-d Tra/iH(icfwnni .of the • Quotiior Coronatl Lodge.

1 st That the Entrance Money for Each Brother. that is a Mason, while the
[Joining] Lodge consists but of Sixty Members,* shall be one pound one shilling, the
same paid as follows, ten shillings and six pence when propos'd and the
remainder within six months after or at the expiration of the ensuing Quarter
after (inclusive of Raising M. Provided that the Bro. be only a F.C. and no
Reggard to what it cost him to be made or Rais d )

[* See Article IV.]

2 d That what ever Person is desirous to be made and enter a Member hereof
[Making] shall pay in the sum of ' Twtf'poTfflds two shillings,' the same paid as follows
ten shillings & six pence by the proposer and ten shillings & six pence on
subscribing the Articles, the Remainer paid with in six Months after Entrance
or att.the Experation of the said Quarter inclusive of liaising M. [£1 Is. Od.
only paid for making January, 1741, p. 178 ; altered again 2nd September, 1742.]

3. That while. there be no Physician member of the Lodge that any sick mem-
ber declaring on the box and allow' 1 15 shillings p r week for Illness such shall
have it at his own Option Either to have allowed a Physician to attend him
agreeable to the Printed Articles, or Allow d one pound one' shilling, towar Is

< paying the Apothecary's Bill Provided he will Employ one of the Members of

the i Lodge and the same equally Divided between the Apotlreearys. And if
the Apothecary agree to this Resolution, neither of them shall accept and hold
the office of Stewards but always liable to be find for the said office and that
no apothecary be allowed to enter for an Apothecary and Surgeon.

4. That all cause of complaint Comittcd by any member or members against
the Society shall cease to the 27 th day of Dec bl ' 1738 And that no Accusation,
Petition, Information or Matter of Complaint shall- be exhibited against any
Member for any thing done which may effect exclusion suspension fine or
reprimand the Stewards acco ts only Excepted.

And that it shall be a Standing Rule in this Lodge for any Member knowing any
Member Guilty of any Irregularity that the same shall be brought in Dureing
the Stewards Quarter in which it was Committed in or within one month at
Farthest in the New Stewards [Quarter] otherwise the same be Deem'd
Irregular and no cognizance shall be taken Thereof by the Master or Lodge
but the -Member bringing in the same in any shape, shall receive a severe
reprimand and the same Deemd Malicious.

Present and Sign d
by the underwritten

Thos. Barnshaw Master
John Young
Will. Blanchard
Joseph May [J.W.]
N.B. The List of Trades W. Woodman

was ordered to be Printed off. Roe Rotheram

[See Article LL] Dan". Barbier

Tho s . Harrison Jun 1 '
Jas. Andrews.

[These names are not autographs. Matthew Allanson, whose name occurs
in the former Memorandum of 26th December did not sign on the
27th. This is the only reference to a meeting on St. John's Day;
although held annually (see Article XIJ.) it will be seen later that
the Feast on this day was given up in order to benefit the Box.

There are no minutes of either 1739 or 1740," and sometime
in December of the latter year the Lodge removed to the Bedford
Head. The last recorded attendance of the Lodge at G.Lo. from the

The Friendly Soc'utij of Free and Accepted Masons. 175

Two Black Posts was 23rd July, 1740, and its first from the Duke of
, Bedfords Head was on 7th .January, 1741. The provisions of No. 3
of the above articles point to the fact that Dr. John Theobald, a
member of the Friendly Society (No. 13 in List A), was one of those
who left it when it merged into the Lodge. It is clear from this
that in December. 1738, there was no " Physician member of the
Lodge," and that the Apothecary members, of whom there were two,
were meanwhile to have, jointly the benefit of attendance on the sick
member, unless an outside physician were called in The same article
provides that the calling of apothecary was incompatible with that
of Surgeon under the provisions of Articles XVI. and XXIII., to which
this is a supplementary addition.

In addition to Dr. Theobald no less than twenty others of the
Friendly Society seem to have dropped out at the union of the rival
bodies. These are indicated in the List A already gi-sen.

It is further to be noted' that the disputes supposed to have
settled in March, 1738. and' postponed on 4th May, were still in the
air and were now finally to cease as from St. John's Day.]

'rivate Lodge Night. Jan^ ye 1 st 1741

Present the Wight Worshipful [Tho s Mansfield] In the Chair the Wardens
[Young and Hill] in their Respective places at 7 o'clock and upwards of twenty
members ...... *._ ... .

A Motion being made that no person a visitor- shou'd be admitted into
the Lodge any. evening (who shou'd behave disrespectively or 'affront any
members) for the future the same was carried for the affirmative.- Nem. Con.

Br 01 ' Marshal [10] was find 2 d for not bringing his Apron. B r: Pick [41]
and B 1 ' Bagley [31] desired their depts for the aprons to be fix upon the Roll
to be paid in the first month or find 6 d Each. [They both incurred this penalty
on 29th Jan*]

The state of the Cash this night is £3. 13. U

Sig d Th'o" Mansfield Master

The buisness of the Lodge being over it was regularly closed at 10 o'clock.

Goddard ' ''Sec*" P. Tem.

Second Lodge Night [no date, ? Jan. 8. 41. Thursday.]

Public. At half an hour after Seven oClock Right Worshipfull Bro'' Mansfield

master Bro 1 ' Marshall acting pro tempore as Sen r Warden for Bro r Young and
Bro r Hill [62] Jun 1 ' "Warden opened y° Lodge in Due Form.

Bro 1 ' Young Sen 1 ' Warden
& Bro 1 ' Cranston* Sen 1 ' Steward

being absent at 7 were each find 3 d ,,

l?ro r Ray [30] gave Br 1 ' Marshall an Order to pay 1-10 J into the Lodge
on his ace' which was Regularly allowed by Bro r Marshall

the s d Order given before Mansfield
& Berneardeau [7]

Br 1 ' .Freer [14] likewise gave Bro!' Marshall an Order before the Master and
Bro 1 ' Young in the Lodge Room to pay the sum of five shillings into the Lodge
for his use the first payment of two shillings & sixpence to commence next
nonth which debt B 1 ' Marshal acknowledged to be just and Regular.

[*Not.;n the Friendly. Society List. of Members.]

HI!)

176 Transactions of the Quatitnr Coronati Lodge.

Bro r Barker* was ordered to attend the Lodge to fix the time for
Executing the Bond but not attending the same was postponed to the next
meeting.

[* Barker was landlord of the Duke of Bedford's Head, Maiden Lane.
The Lodge had evidently recently moved to this house and required
the Landlord's Security. It was represented at Grand Lodge on the
previous day, 7th January, as attending from the new tavern.]

A Report of the Sick was made by the Jun r Warden & Stewards whose
opinion were that he deserved his mony. A Motion was made in favour of
Bro 1, Robinson [25] who was under an Arrest but not in any of his Majesties
Goal in order to lend him the sum of 2. 12. to compromise the Matter with
his Creditors, but the same was not agreed, it being inconsistent with the
Articles. But some friends of his proposing as he was in the Custody of an
Officer He would become Chargeable to the Lodge to prevent which B r Ray
Brother Buckley [Bulkeley] Bro r Garthorne & Brother Helot agreed with the
consent of the Lodge to give a Note of Hand in conjunction with B r Robinson
for y° repayment of 2. 2. at one shilling per week from the Date of the Note
under the Penalty of Exclusion pursuant to which the aforesaid sum was taken
out of the Stock and lent to the aforesaid Brother agreable to which a Note
of Hand was given & Lodged in the Pedestall. [Article XVII., debt under £5. j

The Question was put whether If any of the said five members or any
other person giving a Note of Hand for. Money Borrowed from this Society
should omit payment thereof at the Expiration of the time such note be given
should be excluded the same was unanimously agreed to by the Lodge,

& y e underwritten Members borrowed the mony signed their respective
names & consent to y e said resolution.

Geo. Garthorne
Sig" Thos. Mansfield John Helot

Master John Ray

Robert Bulkley

W m Robinson*
After which the Lodge was closed.

Signed Andrews Sec^.

["Robinson being under arrest was not present: he signed at the next
meeting, 17. r.]

Private Night.

Third' Lodge. Jan? 15. 1740 [1741]

Right Worshipfull Bro r Mansfield present at 7 oClock & B r Freer and
Rotheram (acting as Senior & Junior Wardens in the absence of Br s Hill [J.W.]
and Young [S.W.] who being absent at seven were each fined three pence)
opened the Lodge in Due form.

The Clerk* likewise being absent at seven were fined three pence.

[* J. Chancellor, Writing Master, was the Clerk, No. 69 in the List.]

Bro r Barker was called upon concerning the Executing of the Bond, and
he desiring to have the same to peruse ag* next Thursday & he would then give
his positive Answer,

and the same was granted.

Bro r Barnshaw & Mears* was fined each 2 d for not bringing their apron.

Bfo r Robinson attending the Lodge tonight signed the note mentioned
in y e former minutes & the Resolution of the Lodge at the same time paid in
one shilling.

[* Not in the Friendly Society List.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted 3/asons. 177

The Report of the Sick made by the Stewards & Jun r Warden & that lie
deserves y e Mony.

Tvvas moved by Bro 1 ' Goddard that every Brother on his coming to the
Lodge shali Immediately go to the Stewards and see his Name inserted in a
Book provided for such purposes, and a regular entry made of such mony as
he pays both on the Boll and Cash book or on Default thereof subject to the
Loss himself.

on which he shall receive a ticket from the Stewards & the same given
to the Jun 1 ' Warden a*nd the Beer brought into the Lodge Room in a gallon pot.

And this minute to hold good for one Quarter & Expire at the End of

eacli Master's Quarter. Liable to be continued or Discontinued agreeable to

the Majority of the Bretheren any time the Ensuing Month in the New Masters

Quarter and the same agreed.

Tho s Mansfield Master

after which the Lodge was regularly closed.

Public Lodge Night

Jan* 22. 1740/1. [R.W. B r Mansfield, Master. B 1 Young S.W. and B r Marshall J.W.
pro. tern.] opened the Lodge in due Form. B r Hill being absent at 7 o'Clock
was find 3 d D° 3 d at 8 ocloek. D° 3 d at 9 o'clock & 3 d at 10 ocloek.

The Minutes of last Night were read
Bro 1 ' Bagley fined 2 d for not bringing an apron
Br or Marshal* fined 2 d D° he only bringing his Working apron.

[* Marshall was a Joyner & Cabinet Maker.]

Bro 1 ' Barker acquainted the Master that Bro r Fremolt* had just given him
the Bond on which the further consideration was postponed to next Thursday.

A Motion was made for lending the Jewells and L'tensills of the Fellow
Crafts Lodije. to the Bretheren of this Lodge to hold a Masters Lodge at this
House and the same was Rejected only four being for the Question out of
seventeen members present.

The report of the Sick was given in writing by the Stewards and that
he deserves his Mony But Bro r Hill Jun r Warden being Absent was fined one
shilling for not being present to make his report of the sick.

After which the Lodge was regularly closed

Tho s Mansfield Master
Sig d Andrews Sec ,y

[* Not in the Friendly Society List.]

January 25. 1740/1. [25th was Sunday. ? 29 Jan. 41 a Public Night.]
Public Lodge Night. 7 ocloek Present were

Brother Young Senior Warden
Brother Andrews Secretary
Brother Cranstone Steward

officers absent were

Brother Mansfield Master find 3 d
Brother Hill Junior Warden find 3 d
Brother Humphreys* Steward find 3 d
Brother Chancellor find 3 d [the Clerk]

[* Not in Friendly Society's List.]

The Lodge was opened in due form

Transaction* of the Qualaor Coronati Lodge.

Bro r Barrs [65] proposed M r Peake to be made a Mason in this Lodge on which
he paid five shillings and engaged to pay sixteen Shilling* on or before the
Exclusion night &, that y° said sixteen shillings be. placed on the Roll to Bro r
Barrs account and the same was unanimously agreed to both by the Lodge and
Bro r Barrs and his friend accordingly made

on which the five shillings was paid to Bro r Rotherham as Master Pro
Tempore The Master and Clerk came before 8 oClock But Bro 1 Hill &
Humphreys being then absent were each fined 3 d and Bro 1 ' Mansfield 2 d for not
bringing his apron.

Brother Hill & Humphreys being absent at 9 were each fined 3 d

The Report of the Sick was made by Bro r Cranstone .Steward and thai;
he Deserves his Money But Bro r Hill & Humphreys not attending to make
their Report of the Sick were each fined I s

B 1 ' Fremolt was desired to know if he had delivered the Bond to the
Landlord which he Informd the Lodge he had given the same to Br r Barker
who was called on to fix a time for the same who did not attend the Lodge
to give any answer there to

A Motion was made that the Secretary should be exempt from serving
the said Office for 12 months & that no future master should nominate the
Secretary serving the said Office for 12 months and the same past in the
affirmative Eight to Seven.

Brother Bagley & Dickt were each fined 6 d for non payment of y r mony
Due for Aprons Each of them Bought.

after which the Lodge was regularly closed

Signed Mansfield Master
Andrews Sec ty .

[* £1 Is. Od. for making, not £2 2s. Od. as on p. 174 o?if<?.]
[t Should be Pick [41] — see minute 1 Jan. 1741.]

Feb" 1 ' 5 th 1740/1. Private Lodge Night,

7 oclock Right Worshipfull B r Mansfield, Andrews Sec y Cranstone & Humphreys
Stewards present Young & Hill Senior & Junior Wardens fined 3 d
Half an hour after seaven the Lodge was opened in due form Goddard it Mea;-s
assisting as Senior & Junior Wardens.

B r Mears fined 2 d for not bringing his apron.
B r Barrs fined 2 d on ye same account.
B r Vinsly [22] fined 2 d I)°

Bro r Barker was called on to Execute the Bond but he informed the Lodge his
friend had not perused it but that he would endeavour to give his friend the
same before next Thursday and then further to inform the Lodge concerning
the same.

The Lodge being informed of the Death of Bro 1 ' Bengough [21] the
Master paid the Widow five pounds who allowed the other five pounds for the
funerall expenses the widow consenting to expend one pound more than
allowed bj 7 the Articles on which the Widow gave the Right Worshipfull a
Receipt for Ten Pounds. [See Articles XVIII & XIX.]

Bro r Peake attending the Lodge this night Paid to the Stewards sixteen
shillings on which Bro r Barrs was discharged from his agreement agreeable to
the last minute,

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 179

Bro 1 ' Smith [67] acquainted the Lodge that Bro r Hill could not possibly
attend the Duties of the Lodge as Junior Warden on which he was fined for
his Office 2. 6. Bro r Helot was chosen but fined 2. 6. D° after which Bro r
Barnshaw [a P.M.] chosen by Ballot in his Room.

[Smith & Hill were neighbours in Dean Street, South Audley Street.]

The fifth Clause of the Exclusion Article* was read over concerning the
time of Each member's payment of the two shillings towards the free Gift and
found to be the ensuing Quarter under the Penalty of Exclusion.

[* Article XIX. This should read " fourth- clause."]

A Motion was made by Bro r Goddard that he had some time since unhappily
engaged himself for B r Sculthorpe [17] for some money, which being not dis-
charged by B r Sculthorpe an action was taken out ag st him, and being appre-
hensive he may be arrested unless the Lodge would lend him three pounds,
Accordingly the Lodge unanimously agreed to Lend him the aforesaid sum and
that the same be paid in thirty weeks time at 2 3 p 1 ' week on B 1 ' Barnshaw tfe
Andrews regularly giving a Note of Hand for the payment of the same in
the Penalty of Exclusion which all three agreed to on which the Note was given
& the same put in the hands of B r Humfry in order to be placed in the Pedestal
after which the Master borrowed 5 — 5 — of B r Barker for the use of the Lodge.

Bro 1 ' Barnshaw [J.W.] being invested with the Ensign of his Office paid
sixpence as the customary fee.

A Debate arising concerning the Entrance of Bro 1 ' Peake Made the

Ensuing* Lodge Night But he confessing himself to be above 40 years of age,t .

and he was Rejected,! Likewise moved that he may have part of his mony

Returned and the same was rejected but unanimously agreed to Raise him a

Master gratis.

Tho s Mansfield Master

[* Previous, not ensuing.]

[t Article I., penalty exclusion.]

[J Gould Iliistory ii., 268 foot: and the remainder of the paragraph ib

368 foot. Gould's quotations appear to refer to two brethren, but it

will be seen that it was the same brother.]

Public Lodge Night, Feb 1 '* 12 tk 1741.

[The Master being present] B 1 ' Pilkinton* & Mears assisting as Senior and
Junior Wardens in absence of B r Young & Barnshaw who were each fined The
other officers were present at 7.

' [* Not in Friendly Society List.]

The Minutes were read over such excepted relating to B r Goddard's
affairs which was postponed till next night & the Landlord's Bond deferred
being public night,

no member sick
B r Young not attending the whole night was fined 12 a

B*' Goddard by Consent of y e Lodge took y° Jun r Warden's Jewel to mend with
a promise to bring it next Thursday

after which the Lodge was closed

Tho s Mansfield Master

Private Lodge Night. Feb** 19th 1740 [1741]

All the Officers being present at 7 o'clock the Right Worshipfull B r Mansfield
with his Wardens B 1 ' Young & Barnshaw opened the Lodge in due form.

The Minutes of the two Last nights were read.
Br. Barker was called on concerning the Bond and the answer was that it

180 transactions of the Quatuor L'oronati Lodije.

should be executed in a Month's time without any further Delay & that if the
Landlord doth not at that time execute the said Bond the whole Lodge may
be convened the ensuing Thursday on the P. Account and the same agreed to
by the Whole Lodge

The Master .acquainted the Brethren of his attending the Quarterly
Communication of Charity and the Distribution of the Publick Charity.
B r Fumolt was fined 2 d for not bringing his apron
B'' Gallaway [2] D°

Agreed to pay no money at the Quarterly Communication

The Master was allowed 2. 6. attending for ye Quarterly Committee and five
shillings the Quarterly Communication.

The Master and Sen'' Warden took two clean aprons and to return them
with the Jewels.

B r Goddard did not return the Jewell agreable to his promise

After which the Lodge was regularly closed.

Mansfield Master
Andrews See y

Public Lodge Night [no date, ? Feb. 26. 41 Thursday.]

Right Worshipful at half an hour after seven oclock opened the Lodge in due
form all the officers being present at seven.

B r Mansfield bro* back his apron
But B r Young omitted the same.

B r . Goddard returned the Jewell.
The Master acquainted the Lodge of the Proceedings of the Quarterly Com-
munication.

The Master informed the Brethren that every Brother under the Penalty
of Exclusion is to pay 2 s on the Death of B r Bengough the Ensuing Quarter.
[Article XIX.]

The state of the Cash was given in 3 — 3 — 9.
B r Barker was paid 5 — 5 —

taken out of the [? Box] 3—3—0

B r Hay lent 2 — 2 — on which B r Barker's note was destroyed and a fresh
note was given to B 1 ' Ray 2 — 2 — 0.

B r Andrews proposed Peter Hales a Goldsmith in Cecill Court St. Martin
in the fields under forty years of age Born in England & Believed Qualified
to Enter agreeable to the Articles to become a Member hereof and seconded
by B r Bernardeau the Question was put for his admission and agreed Nem.
Con and left him to enter at his Discretion. [See 16 Dec, 1742, p. 196.]

After which the Lodge was regularly closed.

Private Lodge Night, March 5 th [1741]

[Master & Wardens & Officers present at 7.]

the minutes of Last Night were read over the second night excepted after the
landlord promised to sign the Bond with his friend in a month's time.
B r Young omitted to bring his Apron. [Borrowed for G. Lo.]
[Goddard absent & motion to fine him postponed]
The four following severall Questions were put and unanimously agreed on
first that if any Member Borrowing any money of this Lodge on Note of Hand
(the Securities excepted) should declare on this Lodge for sickness. That two
shillings per week shall be detayned out of his Weekly money During his Sick-
ness till what he hath borrowed be paid. [Article VIII.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Alasons. 181

Secondly That if any member borrowing of mony of this Lodge on note of.
hand (the Securities excepted) should be Imprisoned and declare on this Lodge
that one shilling per week be detayned out of weekly [money] fill the whole be
paid.

3 d that if any member borrowing any money from this Lodge Dyes the Whole
of what he owes be deteyned out of the free gift. [Confirming Article XVII. J
& 4 th that the Stewards in detayning such money in either case be Indemnified
^'or detayning such money for the use of the Lodge. ■
B 1 ' Buckle} - fined 2 a for S.varing.

B r Harris* fined 3 d for not giving notice of his RemoVall at the Bequest
of B r Callaway. [Article VI. has fine 6 d ]
after which the Lodge was regularly closed.

[This was the night when the levy of 2/- each fell due — Article XIX re
Bengough.]

[* John 4, or Josiah 38, in the List, probably the former, Steward in 1737.]

Publick Lodge Night March IS 1 '- 1 [1741]

[Master & Wardens present, Cranstone, Steward, absent.]

B r Young omitted to bring the apron he took with him to the Quarterly Com-
munication,
the 3 d night Elapsed since the landlord promised to give his bond.

the minutes of last Night were Bead and confirmed
B 1 ' Goddard not attending the Lodge the Minutes concerning B 1 ' Goddard was
postponed.

B 1 ' Robinson agreed that in Case he doth not clear each Kalendar month the
mony he borrowed of this Lodge at one shilling per week he will be subject to a
fine of sixpence per month.

B 1 ' Bay returned the Lodge his Note of hand and B 1 ' Blakesly [57] lent
2 — 2 — and the Note Indorsed to B 1 ' Blakesley whose health was drunk in

form

After which the Lodge was closed.

March 19 th 1740 [1741 and a Private Lodge night]

The several Officers B r Young excepted Clerk & Doorkeeper being
present at 7
the Bight Worshipfull Master & Wardens opened the Lodge
B r Young was fined 3 d

The Minates of last night were read over.
B 1 ' Goddard would not consent to subject himself to any fine for non payment
of the mony borrowed. B r Barker was called on to have his final Resolution
concerning the Security.

B 1 ' Barker was called on to know why hee Did not give Secureity to the Lodge
as promised his Answer was the Benefitt ariseing from the Lodge was not
sufficient to Defra his expence of his house a motion was made which was
back d by the Major part of the Brethren then present that there shall be ten
Shillings per week spent certain and if there should be more then thirty
Members present to spend there groat* apiece as usal the Landlord excepting
of the same which was thought agreeable to prevent moving and only proposes
his own securityt which passed.

[* The beer cost 4d. per gallon. See 2nd April 1741.]

[t This means he proposed to give only his personal security, instead of
entering into a Bond. See 7 May, 41 (p. 184).]

l8'2 Transactions of the Quatuor .Coronuti Lodf/c.

Public Lodge Night, March 26 th [1741] [Quarterly night Article XIII. 1

[Young absent]

B 1 ' Harrison [34] fined 2 d for not bringing his apron.

.- B 1 ' Young omitted bringing the apron he had at the Quarterly Communication.

the Minutes of Last Night were Read over.

B 1 ' Young applied for redress in being fined 3 d Last Night and the same being

in general meeting it appearing to be wrong twas reversed.

This being the Night for Election of Presiding officers the underwritten

were chosen

Br° Young Master

B r Barnshaw Sen r Warden

B r Ray Junior Warden

after which the Master Nominated B 1 ' Biggs* Secretary.

The Cash of the Lodge as appears by the Stewards' Accounts is £3—2 — i)
and there Remains in the Hands of Broth 1 Hum'' 11 '" — 10 — 6

£3. 3. which Suium is
the current cash of the Lodge

Signed John Young [Master]

[* Not in Friendly Society List.]

N° 1. N. Private Lodge Night. April y« 2 d 1741*

The Lodge was regularly open'd all the officers in there proper places excepting
Brother Barnshaw who was fin'd 3 d for nott being present att Eight a Clock.

j&o r - Clifftou - 1 3 "] -fifi'4-fo*- uot bri fl:g4»g- hi» a pron.
&re'-j gfe moult as — ©"

[These have been struck out.]

The Stewards made there Report and Inform'd the Lodge that Bro r Davison
and Bro r Hill have Declar'd on the Society this Day.

Paid to Bro 1 ' Mansfield In Order to take up B 1 Blaksley's Note £.l-19M3 d
which he lent to the Society.

Bro 1 ' Barnshaw not attending the Society this Evening fined 9 d more.

Bro 1 ' Harris Jun 1 ' [38] and B 1 ' Potter [51] was excluded for Non Payment
Agreeable to the Articles.

The Current Cash of the Lodge £10— j— 2

The Lodge was closed

Sign' 1 John Young master

l* 1 32 Members. 0—10—8
[32 at 4d. per gallon =10/8]

[* General Night according to Art. XIII.]

2 N. Pub lick Lodge Night. April y° 9"' 1741.

The Lodge was opened by Bro 1 ' Rotherham in the absence of B 1 ' Young
who was fin'd for not being present att Eight o'clock 3 d and Bro 1 ' Barnshaw
was fin'd as D° I s for not attending this Evening.

B 1 ' Blaksley was fin'd for not bringing his apron 2 d

B 1 ' Pilkinton was fin'd for not being present att Eight o Clock 3 d

The Friendly Societ ij of Free and Acccjtfed Masons. 183

Bro r Andrews proposed B r Peirshouse* to enter a Member of this Society and
after he was propos'd was desir'd to with Draw [Art. IV.] in the mein time
the Members present not approving of B 1 ' Peirshouse to enter a member which
passed in a iV^gfttj-ve Firmative.

[* "W m Pearsehouse of St. Paul's Head in 1731. MS List. Entered here as
a rejected proposal in accordance with Article XLIX. j

B r Blaksley attended the Lodge and acquainted them that he had not
Deceived his money which Bro r Mansfield Receiv'd the last Night in order
to pay him and take up the Note £1 — 19 — 6.

y-Pgirshcmse-a Vis itor [Erased.]

B r Young has not returned the apron he had att the Quarterly Com-
munication.

B r Galaway has the Jun r Wardens Jewell to Mend and promised to mend
D° Gratis.

The Buisness of the Night being over the Lodge was closed.

Sign* Jn° Young

Biggs Sec y

3. N. Private Lodge Night. April the 16* h 1741

[Lodge opened by Botherham in absence of Young] which was fin'd for
not being present att eight 3 d '

B r Pay was fin'd as D° 3 d

B r Bay was fin'd for 2 hours absence more 6 d

B r Gallaway moved the Society to have redress for Money he has Over-
paid the last Quarter which was postponed till he can bring some other person
to testyfie with him that hee has paid the money

B 1 ' Andrews made a motion which was seconded by some other Brother
that iff any Br s which are indebted for any summs of money Borrow 11 to this
Society bee Excluded for non payment of the same that their Securitty shall
be indulged three months for the payment of such summs Before they are
excluded which passed in a -Neg ative - firmative.

A Motion was made that Bro r Mansfield did nott attend the Lodge to
give an Account wether hee has paid Bro r Blakesley his money and Br
Blakesley Gave an account to the Lodge the last Night he had not Received
as was promised and a Letter was ordered to be sent to him to Bring or Send
an Account of the same by the next Lodge night.

[This paragraph was erased — and afterwards was written again under the
erased part.]

Bro 1 ' Young has returned the Apron
Bro 1 ' Gallaway has returned the Jewell

4 Night. April y 23 d 1741

[Officers present except Biggs Secretary] fin'd 3 d for not attending his
duty at Eight o'clock.

B r Mansfield was sent to According to the minutes made the last Lodge Night
to shew cause why hee did not pa}- B'' Blaksley his money which hee Received
the 2 d Night of this Quarter his answer was he wojild pay B r Blaksley by the
Next Lodge Night and Give an Account of the Same

The Business of the Night being over the Lodge was closed.

184 Tranxactioim of the Quat\ior Coronati Ludye.

5 N. April y° 30 th 1741 Private Night

The Lodge was regularly opened and the officers in their proper places.

B 1 ' Gallaway's affair concerning the money hee over paid the Last Quarter was
brought on before the Society he? Declaring upon the word of a mason hee oid
pay the money the Question was putt whether hee should have it return'd or
no and passed in a Firmative 2. 6 and a fine 6 a

A Motion was made by B r Young and seconded by several to pay 2 s 6 d
p 1 ' month agreeable to the Articles and to give up the Annual Feast to the
Box. The Question was putt which passed in a Firmative the said annual
least not to bee held Dureing the Term of the present Articles.

It does not appear to the Lodge that B r Mansfield has paid B r Blakesley
his Mony which he received from the Lodge the first night of the Quarter

The Buisness . . . &c.

6. N. May the 7 th 1741

[All the officers in their places]

B 1 ' Mansfield's affair came on upon the Carpett and postponed to y e next Lodge
night to consider farther about y 6 same concerning his non payment of Bro :
Blakesley's money.

B r Fremolt was paid for Making of the Bond, and B r Harrison for 6
Wax Candles.

The Report of the Sick was Given In and B r Ball's* Money ordered not
to be paid the Master Informing the Lodge He had declared of the Stewards
as fryday last B r Gallaway declared On the Box today.

The Pedestall being broken twas agreed to he mended. The Landlord
mentioned that he had several things belonging to the Lodge.

It is agreed to take ye Ldlords own Security for ye money and Jewells
and other ye Effects.

[See 19 Mar. 41 and Article XIV. and XLIV.]

Sig d J. Young Master

['There were three members of this name, Edward No. 15, Sam No. 53 and
John No. 59 in the Friendly Society List. The only other mention of
B r Ball, whichever one of the three it was, is in 16th July 1741.]

N. Publick. May y« 14 th 1741

[All officers present]

The Report of the Sick was Given B r Davison [8] on the Box Deserves hi?
Money B r Gallaway remaining Sick & deserves his Mony.

Bro r Young Informed the Lodge that he called on Bro r Blakesley to know
wether he had Receiv'd his money from B r Mansfield hee told him B T Mansfield
sent him word hee desired hee would Indulge him till the first day of June Next
and B r Blakesley excepted the Same.

It is agreed that Bro r Robinson and B r Godard's notes which are now in

B r Cranston's hands be Brought to the Lodge next Lodge night.

. The affair of mending and Repairing the Pedestall in a Good manner

was Brought on and agreed that B 1 ' Biggs should mend the same with an

£ s d
Adition of new plain Leggs and new good Castors &c for the summ of 1 — 15 —

and to have the old materials not fitt for use.

The Buisness of the Night being over the Lodge was closed.

■ The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 185

8 Night. Private. May the 21 st 1741

[All officers present]

B r Ray was fin'd for not visiting the Sick Members according to Article 1.
[Should be 15.]

B r Cranston did not bring or Send the notes as was promised. A Motion was
made that B r Cranston shall either Bring or send the notes which Lye in his
hands the next Lodge night on forfeiture of I s on the same Bro r Elliot [Helot]
is to give him notice.

And the Lodge was closed.

9 N f . Publick. May y 28 th 1741

[Ray J.W. absent] which was fin'd for not attending his duty at eight
o Clock 3 d

B r Buckley reports to the Society that B r Gallaway's Boy was att his house on
Saturday last and told him his father was att work that Day itt Being the
first Day since his Late Indisposition the Affair was brought on Before the
Society and Agreed to Stop his three Days money which was supposed Due to
him and was further agreed that a Letter be seat to B r Gallaway to attend
the Lodge next night in Order to make his Defence to the same to Shew Cause
why hee shall not bee excluded for the same.

[Articles XXVIII. and XXIX.]

B r Cranstone has i-eturned the notes.

The Buisness of the Lodge being over was Closed.

10 N. June y" 4* 1741. Private.

[Officers all present]

B 1 ' Gallaway's Affair was brought Before the Society and nothing being proved

against B r Gallaway to exclude him the Body Believed there was some Defraud

Agreed that his 2 days money should bee stopt with a Caution to Behave

Better for the futer.

B r Mansfield havcing nott paid B r Blakesley his money as he promised

B r Blakesley has returned the note and desires to have his money from the

Societv which was Agreed and to Deduct his Money due on the roll from the

£ s d
note for himself and B r Gray [68j* and further agreed that the note of 1 — 19 — G

should be fixt on the roll to B r Mansfield to bee paid by them

The Buisness of the [Lodge] is over and the Lodge closed.

Sig d Biggs Sec^
Exclusion Night [Articles XXXI. and XLL]

[*Gray is not mentioned anywhere else.]

11 N. June y° ll* h 1741. Public.

[Lodge opened by Rotheram in the absence of Young R.W.M.] who was
attending the Duty of this Lodge at the Quarterly Communication.
Bro r Sample sent his money by B r Ray which he did not pay into the Lodge
and was agreed by the Body tha't the fine should be levy'd on B r Ray for the
neglect of the same. [Article X.]

B r Ray was fined for not making his Report of the Sick Members 1"

186 Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

Bro r Vinsley repoits to the Lodge which was affirmed by B r Ray that
B r Gallaway's wife Did tell him B 1 ' Gallaway was att work which Circ mB Cor-
roborate with his boy aforesaid and was postponed to bee heard the Next Night.

The Buisness of the Lodge being over the Lodge was closed.

12 Night, June y« 18 th 1741

The Lodge was opened in due form all the officers in their proper places.

B r Biggs was fined for speaking the honest sentiments of his mind which
happen'd hee prov d afterwards a mistake of the Question that was putt con-
cerning B r Gallaways Affair I s

B r Bagley according to Custom was fin'd 3 d for ill Language to a Brother

B r Fremoult was fin'd for not bringing his apron.

[The next minute has been erased and enclosed in an ink line.]

A- Minut e was m ade by Bro '- Andrew s and se conded b y-8 r
Rether- ham — that — if — any— M ember — ef — this — S ociety - shoul d— be
u nder the -fieleffla of W o rking at t— er— follo wing — his— Business
and-ea im o t bee ful l y pro ved— by— any— Member o f thi s— -Seeiety
Shall fine f oy— S teward and no t- bee vo ted— for— te serve a a
■Junior Warden P ureing the - term ef— the— present-artieles.

¥h e form er— Inclo se d Minute -w-as-ar-der-ed-te— be-E^ased

the— same— being n o t — agf eeab ls to ye Proc eedings— ef— the

Ledge.

[This minute has also been struck cut.]
B 1 '— fetlhway's — affairs- came — en- agreeab le-

T inrlmo m fv\ -\ 4- *\ ~r\ f\ 4- | -> p* c~\ n f -y-| pk V-\ p-j IT fy l~? priP

J-J U *~l£T t5 111U11L U'lllL tlTCT — SlllLL^ U^lllg It V-1.LG

OeHtplaint-apjrea red a gain st— him-4he—Eedge—

ef— Exclusion but— seme— me mb e rs n o t thinking it — ab s olutely came

nude?— the- Arti eles- twa s agree d te-e ontinue him -a-member. [Article

XXXI.]

A Motion was made that whatever Brother receiving or claiming the
Benefits of the Lodge for Sickness was found or Believed by the Lodge not to
be worthy of the Benefits hereof and his money stopt such sick Brother shall
be incapable of serving or holding any office in the Lodge and never to take or
have any Voice herein ever after, [Article XXTX.]

and further that he should be fined for the Steward ship never Candidate
for the Jun r Wardenship or Mastership nor ever nominated Secretary.

B r Mansfield's affair came on he being present But the Lodge except
B r Cranstone was unanimous that he shou'd pay the mony as fixt on the Roll.

Bro 1 ' Young the Master acquainted the Lodge that by his Sickness he
could not attend the Quarterly Committee Charity and accordingly returned
the 2. 6.

twas agreed to allow the Presiding Officers ten and sixpence to pay to v 6
Quarterly Communication.

Borrowed of the Landlord 2. 2. and Last lodge night of B r Harrison
1—1—0

After that the Lodge was closed and Signed by the Presiding

Officers

J. Young
Tho 3 Barnshaw
John Ray

The Friendly Society of Free and A ccepted Ma-sons. 187

June 25 th 1741. Public Lodge night.

The right Worshipfull M r B r Young attended this night and opened the Lodge
in due time and requested the Lodge he might be permitted to Withdraw which
was accordingly agreed to. [Article IX.]

B 1 ' Deering* sent a Letter to the Lodge desiring to be Erazed out of the
Lodge and the Books thereunto belonging which was accordingly done.

B r Pilkinton not being present at eight o Clock agreeable to the articles
was fin'd 3 d

as was afeo brother Biggs 3 d for the like offence

B r Jellyman [24] was fined two pence for not bringing his apron.

This being election Night brother Barnshaw the Senior "Warden was
declared Master B r Ray was declared Sen r Warden and B 1 ' Andrews was
ballotted for Jun r Warden, t B r Helot was chosen Treasurer and B r Goddard
Secretary for the ensuing Quarter.

the Stewards not bringing in there accounts at half an hour past twelve
or near one and one of the Stewards B 1 ' Pilkington made his report that he
believed It could not be determined this night the Lodge was closed.

B-' Goddard Sec" M.P.T.

[No Annual Feast, see April 3D. 41, but they kept it up rather late.]

[* Not in Friendly Society List.]

[t Quoted by Gould, History ii., 358 foot.]

July 2 d 1741. Generall Night. 1 st Quarter.

The Lodge was regularly opened the right Worshipfull Master in the Chair
the Minutes of the last Lodge night were read and confirmed.

B 1 ' Bagley by the assent of the Lodge was fined 3 pence for offering to
lay a wager [Article XXXV.] and also 3 pence for giving B r Mansfield the
Lye \ibhl.~\

B r Ray [S.W.] was fined for non atendance 6 d

B r Barker and B r Harrison were paid the Several sums Borrowed of
them

B r Andrews J.W. Stands fin'd I s for non attendance and l 8 for not
making his report.

the Accoumpt of the last Quarter was audited and found to be just.

Buisness being over the Lodge was regularly closed
By Tho s Barnshaw
J. Ray S.W.

L. James [J.W. pro. rem., see 16 Feb. 38, p. 168]
J. Goddard Sec y .

July y» 3>' d 1741. Public Lodge Night [ ? 9th July.]

[J.W. absent. Minutes read and confirmed.]

B r Andrews. J.W. was fin'd for absence I s and I s for not making his report.

B r Helot declared off. [i.e., off the Box, not resigned.]

B r Davison remains ill and is thought worthy.

A Motion was made and seconded by several Brothers that the present state of

the Lodge be settled before the Society relating to all bonds notes &c next

Lodge night.

Likewise another Motion was made and properly seconded that a list be brought

in of what every present member has receiv'd from this Lodge by Way of

Benefit.

l&$ Transactions of the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

B r Ray..S.\V. for not attending his duty the two last hours was fin'd d
agreeable to the ninth article.

[Article IX. only provides fine on Stewards Clerk & Attendant. Was this
later altered to M. & Wardens &c. ?]

July 16 th 1741. Private Lodge Night

[B r Ball and B r Blakesley acting as Senior and Junior Wardens in the
absence of Ray and Andrews]

B r Ray S.W. was fin'd 3 d for non presence the' first hour, and B r Andrews
was fin'd I s for his absence and I s for not making his report.

B r Davison remains ill and is thought worthy. B r Helot and B r James
Declared on for Illness.

July y° 23 rd 1741 Public Lodge Night.

[Officers present. Minutes read & confirmed]

The Master and Sen r Warden desired leave to withdraw which was granted.

The Jun r Warden and Stewards made their report and agreed that B r
Helot James and Davison worthey.

A Motion was made and agreed Nem. Con. That those Brothers who
have received or Gathered any Monies upon account of B 1 ' Smith's note shall
be summoned to give an account next Lodge night of such Moneys they have
so received to which order B r Andrews and Young having Monies in theu'
Hands agreed and an order was given that B r Hill should apear next Lodge
night to give in his account.

B r Mansfield deliver'd a message from B r Cranstone declaring that ho
called the Lodge a parcel of Scrubs and Scoundrels. A Motion was made and
agreed Nem. Con. that he should be fined one Shilling for the aforesaid Gross
Affront unless he can clear himself to the satisfaction of the Lodge

J. Young P.T. [R.W.M. Barnshaw being absent]
W 1 Blanchard P.T. [S.W. Ray ditto]
James Andrews Jun r W.
John Goddard Sec r *

July 30 th 1741. Private Lodge Night

The report on the sick was rendered and B r Davison & Helot found
worthy. B r ( James declared off. [Off the Box.]

B r Andrews agreeable to the Minitt of the Last Lodge Night apear'd and
Inform'd the Lodge that he had ninepence in his hands upon account of B 1
Smith's note. which he desired might be placed upon the Roll.

Tho s Barnshaw Master
L. James S.W. P.T.
James Andrews J.W.

[Ray, S.W., absent, but not mentioned.]

Private
P ubli ck Lodge Night. Aug st y e 6 th 1741

B r Goddard Sec y was fin'd 3 d for not attending his Duty the first part
of the first hour for his too Great Humanity in taking care of B 1 ' Rogers [64]
(who by an accidental Cut was thrown into a fit.) '

[Minutes read and confirmed.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 189

It was agreed that B 1 ' Rothram should pay to St. George's Hospital one

Guinea for the ensuing year and at the determination thereof to be left to the

resolution of the Lodge.

And Order was given to B r Barnshaw [B.W.M.] and B 1 ' Goddard [Sec?]

to treat with B r Barker concerning the expenses of the Lodge during their time

of Meetings viz. while above 60 Members to spend 10 s

when above 50 members 9 s

Whilst above 40 only eight shillings

And in case of Extraordinary Expences anyone night to be reduced

during the quarter.

[L. James was SAY. pro. tern.]

[Bay, S.W., again absent, not mentioned.]

August y* 13 u > 17-11. Public Lodge Night

The Bond was given to B 1 ' Helot Treasurer
B 1 ' Bagley not having a proper receipt in order to receive M 1 ' Burough's* Interest
upon the Bond Informed the Society therewith to their Satisfaction.

B r Barker agreed to the Minit of Last Lodge night.

[* On another occasion he is referred to as B r Burrows, but apparently
was not a member of this Lodge at the Crown and Anchor.]

August y° 20 th 1741. Private Lodge Night.

Some disputes arising Concerning B r Davison a motion was made and
agreed too that the Stewards shou'd attend him and offer him two Guineas In
case he gives a note under his hand that hee will not be chargeable to the Lodge
for the space of six months (Death excepted).

B 1 ' Biggs at the motion of B r Andrew Jun r Warden was fined one shilling
for not informing him when a sick member declared on.

A Motion was made this night that this Lodge should meet but once a
fortnight and that Circular notice should be given to each member of the same
and that this' motion shall be read every Lodge night during this Quarter and
to be determined the last Lodge night of this Quarter.

[Article IX. — weekly meetings.]

August y e 27 th 1741. Publick Lodge Night.

A Motion was made by the Bight Worship 11 Master that B 1 ' Goddard's
money upon the note should be placed upon the Boll which was agreed nem.
con.

B r Davison agreed to the motion and accepted of two Guineas as pro-
posed by the former minute.

Visitors

Robert Fleming George In Portland Street

[No. 10. Original No. 3, now 12. Fortitude & Old Cumberland.]
Richard Webb D°

Tlie Master and two Stewards where allow'd 2 s and 6 d for their expences
for attending on B 1 ' Davison.

[The first mention in the Minutes of Visitors.]

190 rransaclions of the Qautuor (Joronati Lodge.

Spt r y e 3 d 1741. Private Lodge Night

A Motion was made by B r Young that B 1 ' Smith* shou'd fill up and send
the Circular Notice and be allow'd the Benefit accruing therefrom as part of
payment of his note which was agreed to Nem. Con. [Article XXXIV.]

[* See 3 rd Dee r 1741.]

[The next paragraph has been struck out.]

jt-was- likewise - agreecl j^em . -Gen . — Tbat-j^'-Satiew ay h av e ittg
ao-right-to-A^te-tii this j^odge for e v e r Shett'-d— se ver hav e nny
iSumme iis to ft tteud -the- Loclge ag-ree&fete-to-ft- Minit -el-tJt€-J-8' ''- J«e#

[See June 18 th 1741.]

A motion was made by B r Bothram that on the General meeting Night
it should be taken into consideration to find out Ways and Means for the better
securities of the stock or monies belonging to this Society' by hindring an}'
defrauds that may happen through any members declaring thereon.

B r Andrews made a Motion and was seconded in it That all Brothers
standing Indepted to this Lodge by Way of notes or Moneys received thereon
shou'd declarenext General night and satisfy the Lodge when they would pay
it in which should accordingly be placed upon the Roll to their Accounts
agreeable to the Determination, of the Lodge that night present

[Among the signatures occurs

the Mark of John Kay x S.W.
Raja's name is always written in for him, each time in a different handwriting.]

Public Lodge Night Sepf 10 th 1741

[S.W., Ray absent] who is accordingly fin'd 3 d for the first hour.

B 1 ' Ray Sen r Warden appeared and desired leave to withdraw which was

granted.

Visitors

Bro r Pain Sugar Loaf in Great Queen Street

[No. 49 of 1729— Richmond Lo.]
,, Barns St. John

,, J. Harris D° [former member excluded on 2 April, 1741.]

„ J. Morgan Glocester Pall Mall [No. 173 of 1729.]

,, Cook Kings Arms Tower Street [No. 6, now 10.]

Private Lodge Night. Sepf 17 th 1741

[Ray. S.W. absent, fined 3 d for first hour]
B r Davison In consideration of his declaring off the benefits of this Lodge for
the space of six months Is excus'd serving any Ofices in this Lodge during that
time or attending any General Summons.

Quarterly Lodge Night. Sep r y« 24°' 1741

[Ray. S.W. absent, and fined as before]

B r Evatt* for not bringing his apron was fined 2 d

B r Biggs was fined I s for not visiting B r Pilkinton as Likewise for not visiting

B r Allan son.

[* Not in Friendly Society List.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted M axons. 191

This night the Lodge came to a C inclusion That the Master shou'd appoint
Seven persons to regulate the articles agreeable to the Motion of the 20 th of
August 1741 Who nominated the following persons
B r Young [P.M..]

,, R-otheram

., Bai'bier

,, Jellyman

,, Helot [Treasurer]

„ G-oddard

„ Barnshaw [R.W.M.]

[Concerning alteration of Meeting Days, Article IX.]

B r Ray as Sen r Warden was this night elected Into the Chair, B r Andrews
Junior Warden as Sen r Warden, B r James was ballotted for Jun r Warden and
B r Marshall Secretary for the ensuing Quarter.

Private Lodge Night, Ocf 1 st 1741

[Master absent, opened by B r Young]

B r Bagley was fined 3 d for Affronting B r Rotherhsm

B r Helot delivered the Bond in form the same being delivered to him again

Nemine Con.

B r Cranstone fined 2 d for Coming without his apron

B r Andrews paid 5 s 6 d for B 1 ' Dupre.*

[The meetings were now fortnightly. 40 weekly meetings this year to
date.]

[*Dupre is not previously mentioned and not in the Friendly Society List.]

Lodge Night. Ocf 15 th 1741.

[Officers all present]

A Motion was made oy the Right Worshipfull and Regularly Seconded that
Any Member Declaring on this Box for Sickness shall be Alowed I s 6 d pr Day
for all od Days after the first Week but Nothing Alowed for od Days Not
exceeding a Weak.t A Deficiency being found In the Stuards Account the
Lodge came to a Resolution that they should make the same Good [Article
XIV.] the third Thursday In the next Month this Minute Aludes to B r
Rotherham and B r Galloway. [? as Stewards, but Galloway had been deprived
of office or vote, pp. 186 and 190.]

John Ray
Marshal Sec^ John Goddard J.W. [pro. tern.] .

L. James
[t Article XVI.]

Lodge Night. Nov 1 ' 5 th 1741.

[Officers present]

B r Fremolt fined 2 d for not bringing his apron

B r Barker being paid 6 B 10° for Breaking Decanters and Glasses the same
being fixed on [the], Rowl to B r Biggs and B r Pilkinton Except I s 4 d for the
paine of Glass to B r Biggs only. [Article XLII. Breakages.]

192 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Nov r 19 th 1741.

[Officers present]

Motion. A Motion being made by B r Goddard and regularly seconded that B r
Fourniear* with B r Hill [62] should should be Reinstated and fixt on the
Howl as before Not being Regularly Scratched out and the same past In
their favour and this to be no Presedent for the futer. [This was contrary
to the 3rd Article.]

B r Bagley Goddard and Duboy [Dubois] fined 2 d each for not bringing
their Aporns.
B 1 ' Barker Giving Notice to the Lodge that the Money We Expend Will not
answer for his. Purpose the Lodge came to a Resolve to Apoint three Proper
Persons [Article XLV.] to Look for a house proper for our Reception and
Agreeable to our Articulers the persons Apointed are

B r Barbours Young and Marshall.
B r Duboy fined 6 d for Swearing twice

[* Not in Friendly Society List,]

Lodge Night. Decemb r 3 d 1741

A Motion being made by B r Rotherham as there being 'A Deficiency of a Clark
the same being Agreeable that B T Smith should officiate the same office [See
Sepf 3 rd 1741] til the Debt he owes to the Lodge should be paid the Note will
soon become due but he to be Indulged for the same for A Longer time att ten
shillings per quater.

this Night It being agreed to Move the Lodge to B r Haistings att the
anker and Crown in King Streat Seven Dials itt being Agread that B r Goddard
and B r Friear and B r Marshall shall move the same as soon as conveniences
should be made for them att the said house and that the Lodge shal mett at
the said house this Day fortnight. [Article XLV.]

B r Harrison Jun r fined I s for Aprobious Languidge to B r Ray as Master
and Paid the Same [Article XXXV.]

and Secular Notices* to be sent to the Members to Meat this Day fortnight
by B 1 ' Helot for the same.

[The last attendance at G.Lo. from the Duke of Bedford's Head was on
23rd March 1742. but it was in its new home at the next meeting on ,
17 December 1741.]

[* Secular Notices^ Circular Notices, or Summonses.]

[NOW AT THE ANKER & CROWN, King Street, 7 Dials and meeting monthly.]

Lodge night, Dec r 17 th 1741 [Quarterly Night. Article XL]

B r Mansfield making claim for 5 Days Sickness the same being Rejected
According to a Minute made the 15 th October Last. [Article XVI. No benefit
for odd days less than a week.]

B r Harrison Sen 1 ' [47] fin'd 3 d for Swearing.
B r Harrison fined for Swearing 3 d for calling Brother Bagley he d Deserved a
halter fined 3 d B r Harrison Sen r fined 3 d for Swearing B r Harrison Sen 1 '
fined 3 d for Disturbing the Lodge* B r Duboys fined 3 d for wearing his hatt in
the Lodge Willfully.

It being further agreed B r Mansfield's affair should be settled the first
night next quarter.

[* Article XXXV. provides for withdrawal or 2/6 fine (being sober), 1/- if
drunk.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 193

This being the night for the Choise of Stewards B r Blanchard and B r

Young Accepting the said office of Steward. B r Blacksley fined for Junior

Warden. B r Andrews being elected Master B r James Senior Warden B r
Barboars [Barbier] Elected Junior Warden.

[No record for St. John's Day, or for January 1742.]

Lodge night, Feb* 18 th 1741/2

[Officers present except Portear* who] fined Sixpence for non Attendance
til % hour after 8.

the past Master Jewel brought home and Repaired by B r Fournear and
Cost 4 s and Paid.

[* ? W m Potter. 51. Excluded 7 April 1741. There is no mention of him
as an officer. Was he Secretary — as none is named 17 Dec. 41 ?]

Lodge Night March 18*" 1742

Agreed by the Society that the four Brothers engaged for B r Robinson's
Debt have the Liberty of Six Weeks to pay the same Without 'farther fines
from the first night in April 1742.

B r C. Reynolds* was erazed of the Books of Roll after Due Examination
for Imposing on the Lodge.

It was agreed that a Guinea should be given as Charity Mony at the next
Quarterly Communication by the Members present. [G.Lo. on 23. 3. 42.]

[* Not in Friendly Society List.]

[This must have been Election Night, but there is no record. L. James now
becomes R.W.M. ? Barbier S.W Goddard J.W.]

April 2 d 1742 [? 1st April.]

Bro r Guerier was Refus'd Admitance as a Visitor for Making Masons ilegaly.

B r Clifton fined for not bringing h ; s apron.

It was agreed to pay half a crown to the Grand Secretary for the Removal

of the Lodge.

[L. James signs as Master. March 18

April 2

,, 14

& on to 3 June]

April 14* 1742 [? loth April]

The Lodge came to a Resolve that the three Brothers in Conjunction with B r
Haistings should go to B r Burrows and Receive the fivety Pounds and Lodge
the same in B r Haising's Hands until further Disposed of to Intrust the three
Br ors . B r Harrison Sen r B r Andrews and B r Hill.

May 6" 1 [1742]

It was agreed that one Pound should be given to B r Davison for one Month
according to his own Proposal and that he should try to work.

B r Ray fined 2 d for not bringing his Apron.
B r Andrews was ordered by the Master to go to fetch the fifty pounds from B r
Burrows for Next Lodge Night.

194 Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

May 20 th [1742]

It was ordered that B r Goddard B r Young and B r Harrison should go to B r
Burrows for the fifty pounds for next Lodge night it was agreed that the
Mony should be put in the Landlord's hands.

June the 3 d [1742]

[officers present except Goddard, (? J.W.) fined]

Brought the fivety pounds and Intrust Except one pound eighteen shil-
lings that was stopt on account of B r Andrews when B r Andrews agreed by the
consent of the Lodge should be placed on the Rowl to be paid next Quarter.

[No record of Election. Dan 1 Barbier now becomes B.W.M. and signs
the minutes. Goddard S.W. ? Woodman J.W. Harrison Treas. and
Mansfield Sec*]-

July 15" 1 1742.

Agreed that this Lodge shal be Conveind for the 5 th August next on perticuler

affaires.

Barbier. Master.

[A proposed amalgamation with No. 6, renewed in March 1747, but finally
dropped in April following]

August 5 th 1742.

it was unanimously agreed that the Society present Insists that the Lodge at
the Kings Arms* Tower Street Seven Dyalls shall Com in to Our Artickles in
every particular consistant to ours printed ones.

Agreed to lend B r James Andrews five pounds from the Society on theyr
Account as in Goale and Five pounds more on the Security of B r Barnshaw and
B r Young to be paid at Twenty shillings every three months or each of the
above mentioned Members shall be Eracd off of the Rowle and sued for the same
and further alow d B r Andrews to call and Demande of B r Harrison or on the
Lodge Tenn pounds in one Month's time the first payment to be made the
Insuing Quarter. [Article XXI.]
N.B. Order B r Harrison Treasure to pay B r Andrews the above Cash.

D. Barbier Master
Thos. Mansfield. Sec*

[*No. 6, now Westminster & Keystone No. 10; and see March and April
1747.]

Aug. 19. 1742

[Nothing of importance]

Sep r y<> 2 d 1742

[Mansfield, Secretary, absent the whole evening]

It was Mov'd and agreed to Nem : Con -.

That any Persons proposing to be made a mason shall pay 10. 6. for his making
5 s for his entrance 6 d to the Clerk 6 d to the Tyler 3 d for his Articles [See
Art, VI.] and 2 d for a list of Trades or forfeit, 5 s the price of raising,

The friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 195

Every Brother desirous to Enter to pay 5 s Entrance Clerk Tyler
Articles and List of Trades as above.

N.B if a brother entring is a fellow Craft he shall be Oblig'd to be rais'd
Master in 3 Months after entrance in this Lodge or be fin'd 5 s

Daniel Barbier M"
John Goddard S.W.
W m Marshall J.W. P.T.

[The previous fees. £1. 1. 0. See 27. Dec. 38.]

Septf 16 th 1742.

The Lodge was regularly opened the Master and Wardens in their
proper places.

B r Goddard Master elected B r Woodman Sen' Warden B r Biggs
Jun r W r arden.

Oct* 7 th 1742.

[W T oodman S.W. absent the whole evening]

By the consent of the Lodge the two Underwritten Brothers was Made Masons.

Edw d Howell*

Frac" Hurlbatt

M r Clark proposed to be made a Mason.

By B r Rotheram the Next Lodge Night.

John Goddard Master

W. Blanchard P.T. S.W.

L. James. [P.T.J.W.]

[* Another Edward Howell was made in the Grenadiers Lodge on 9 th Feb.
1743.]

Nov 18 th 1742

[Barbier in the chair pro. tern.]

The Report of the Sick was made. B 1 ' Gathorne [George Garthorne. 33] and
B r Andrews deemed worthy of their money. But it appearing B r Ray was not
at home and capable of going three or four miles from thence.

The Lodge ordered B r Young to visit him next Fryday, to see wether he
thinks he is worthy of his mony or not and to act agreeable to the Articles.

With a special Order not to pay him any money till he attends the Lodge
if he thinks he don't deserve the W'eekly Benefits of the Lodge. [Articles
XXVIII. & XXIX]

B r Young was ordered to provide 3 Dozen and half of aprons for the use
of the Lodge against next Lodge Night and that the Aprons for the future be
left in the Lodge Room. [Young was an Undertaker : purchase made under
Article XLVIIL]

And Whatever Member hereafter shall take any apron away out of the
Lodge Room without the consent of the Lodge shall be fined at the Discretion
of the Lodge for that offence.

Dec r 2 nd 1742

B r Young made his Report ... in Relation to B r Ray and as a
Proof of the Suspicion Brought an affidavit sign'd by a Justice of peace of B r
Ray haveing acted Contrary to the Articles for which he was excluded.*

[* This appears to be a General Night, for under XXXI. & XLI. Exclusion
could only be on such nights. See ante 4. June 1741. Exclusion night.
p. 185.]

196 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.

A Motion was made Seconded and agreed too N : C : that the Box
shou'd be shut up from this night for six months from all benefits (Deaths and
Burials excepted) unless to such Members who during the aforesaid time shall
produce a person to be made a Mason or a Mason to be enter'd a Member
agreeable to the Minutes of Sept r y° 2" d 1742 which member so producing such
shall Immediately become free and that Circular notice shal be given to all the
members of the Body of the same against the next Lodge night.

Dec 1 ' 16 th 1742

B r Barneerduar [Bernardeau] proposed a member to Enter whos Name is Hales
Agree to Ne e Co n [?\Vas this Peter Hales, previously proposed 26 Feb.
1741.]

Likewise proposed and agreed that Thomas Newton p r Goodard should
be admitted [Newton a visitor on 30 Mar. 1738.]

The three underwritten were admitted to be made a Mason
Frac s Fournier
Martin Vistry [or Vestry]
Per. Dumoulin
Fined B r Baggly for Oprobreous Langage in Calling B r Mansfield Scoundrill
one Shilling.

Hawkins propos'd p r B r Goodard to be made and enter.

[No record of Election. Woodman S.W.. now becomes R.W.M.]

At a Lodge held the 20 th Jan* 1742/3

B r Pool* proposed Will. Davis to be made a Mason in this Lodge, it was carried
Nem : Con :

B r Amry proposed to be a Member of this Lodge it was agreed Nem :
Con:

This night a letter was sent to Mansfield to order him to send back the
Secretary Jewell which he Feloniouslly took away the Lodge night before to
which Mansfield made answer by a letter that he took it to support himself
is in want and should not return it except the Lodge paid him three weeks.*
for sickness he pretended he laboured under, he was excluded for male Practices.

[* Not in Friendly Society List.]

The Master is to go to the Quarterly Com. a Crown was delivered to
him.

W m AVoodman

L. James
Geo. Deleny
Visitors.

B r James Dover, Masons Arms

Madox Street [No. 56, later the Corner Stone

,, Will Carr dito Lodge, now 5.]

,, Sam. Waters dito
„ Tho* Barr

,, Cranstone Sugar loaf Great Queen Street [? former member]
[Golden Sugar Loaf, No. 49 Richmond Lodge]

Lodge Night. Feb^ 3 d 1742 [1743]
[J.W. absent]
B r Will Davis propos'd by B r Pool was this night made a Mason

!the Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 197

March 3 rd 1742 [1743]

Twas agreed that no more Wax Candles should be purchased by the Lodge and
that B r Hastings should be allowed 4 d p r night for Large Candles. If he thinks
proper to accept of the same.

B r Danson was made and entered he being recommended by B r Rotherham
and Barnshaw Likewise on the recommendation of B r Freear after which
the Lodge was closed.

March 17 n 1742 [1743]

It was proposed that being on quarter days many Members absented because
they should not be chosen for officers that there should be a law made that every
said quarter day those that should not be present should pay one shilling forfeit
and likewise it was considered by the Members present that if a Junior Warden
was chosen he being subject to forfeit for nine months as an officer no Member
would care to stand and that -for the good of the Lodge and of the House the
Law now in being should be altered next General night.

Resolved that B r Goddard shall attend the Lodge to give an account of
the Jewel and that they [Young & Goddard] have notice thereof.

B 1 ' Andrews gave the Master an account of the Cash which amounts to

£ s d ■*

37—10—5

John Poole Master

W m Marshall S.W. pro. tern

Mark Ledie J.AV.

[No record of Election, but Pool is now R.W.M. Deleny & Ledie Wardens.]

April ye 7* h 1743.

B r Bagley proposed that for the future the Junior Warden should not be obliged
to visit the Sick and likewise that the Master and Wardens should be fined for
non attendance these motions were seconded by many members.

The question was put wether the Junior Warden should visit the sick, it
was agreed Nem. Con. that for the future from this day the Junior Wardens
should not be obliged to visit* but every Member have the libeity to visit any
sick and if the said Member or Members should be refused admittance the sick
Member shall loose that week's pay.

The question was put viz. if the Master and Wardens shall fine for not
attending the Lodge it was agreed Nem. Con. that they should not fine from
this night. here after.

B r Goddard did not attend but met the Master and promised to bring
the Master Jewell next Lodge night.

It was proposed that letters should be s c nt to every Member against
quarter day with the sums they are indebted to the Book but it was agreed
that since the above regulations were past in Laws it should be better to stay
another quarter to see the good effects of the Regulations of this night.

John Poole [R.W.M.] '
Geo. Deleny [S.W.]
Dan 1 Bernardeau

[* In September 1744 this arrangement was changed again for the original
provision that the J.W. (or his proxy) should visit.]

198 Transactions oj the Quaiuor Coronati Lodge.

April 21 s ' 1743.

[Chas. Victor was made a Mason & paid 13 s ]

It was proposed by B r Andrews that if any Member that has accepted of the
office of Steward shall afterwards resign' d the office shall forfeit five shillings
it was seconded by B r Barbier with 'his adition that when the Members once
said he would stand Steward it would be sufficiant for that Member to be fin'd
the five shillings it past Nem : Con :

John Pool [R.W.M.]
Geo. Deleny ^ ^
Mark Ledie

May the 5 th 1743.

B r Bradshaw* a Member of this Lodge was made Master. [First mention of

Third Degree in these Minutes.]

B 1 ' Danson a Member of this Lodge also made a Master.

A Motion was made by brother Barbier that if B r Goddard did not bring the

Master's Jewell between this day and the first Thursday in June he should

forfeit half guinea and that he shall have notice given him in writing by one

of the Stewards and if he does not bring it then he shall forfeit one half guinea

every month. The same was agreed to by all the Members.

Proposed that whatever Member shall before the first day of July 1743
knowingly conceal any Imposition of a sick member (receiving the Benefits of
the Lodge) to the Prejudice of this Lodge shall be subject to the same penalty
the sick member is or may be subject to what was unanimously agreed to.

[*Not previously mentioned and not in Friendly Society List.]

June the 16 th 1743

This night the Lodge was opened by the Past Master in the absence of the
Master that was Sick and B r Bulkley and B r Blanchard.

A Motion was made that no Brother imprison'd shall have the benefit of
5 s p r week as a prisonner for six months from this day it was agreed N e C°

B r Barnshaw was elected Master for the ensuing Quarter. B r Blanchard
Senior Warden and B r Helot Junior Warden.

It was proposed that if any of the Wardens do absent themselves for two nights
successively another warden shal be chosen in their places the third night.

Tho 8 Barnshaw Master

J une the 2* 1743 [ ? July 1st]

B r Devy* was made a Mason and admitted a Member.

It was agreed that twelve shillings should be put into B r James's hands to act

as he thinks fit, [No clue to this subject.]

[* Richard Davy.]

August the 18 th 1743

B r Rotherham with the consent of the Lodge took upon him the office of
dark for next quarter and is to be allowed the Salery formerly allowed to the
regular dark.

B r Barbier took upon him to speak or write to B r Parr [12] in the name

of the Lodge to demand the money which was lent him to save him from loosing

his place.

Thos. Barnshaw.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 199

[No record of September or October]

[Election Night in September. Blanchard S.W. becomes R.W.M.]
Nov r 3 d 1743

When the Stewarts Made their Report of B r Biggs Ilness and the same
being Deamed not regular by the whole Lodge his Money was ordered to be
stopt and he ordered to attend the Lodge next Lodge night. [See 3rd January

1745.]

W !1 Blanchard

[No mention of Election in December.]

Bulkeley R.W.M. Bernardeau S.W.
Jan? 5 th 17 43 / 4

[Parr received six months grace for his debt]

It being further agreed that B r Haistings should treat with the Brewer Abouf,
taking our Money on Common Intrust and Give us an Answer the next Lodgn
night

[Signed by] L. James Master [pro. tern.]

Dan 1 . Bernerdeau S.AV.

W m Marshall

Rich 4 Davy

Dan 11 Barbier

John Young

W m Woodman

James Andrews

John Bradshaw

Roe Botherham

Jon. Freer his Mark

John Poole Stewarde

Feb 1 ''' 2" a 1743/4

[Bulkeley R.W.M ill and on the Box] deserves his Money and con-
tinued on the Box.

In whose Room he Being sick the Lodge proceeded to a choice of New Master
Whereupon B r Marshall was declared duly elected.

B r Hastings acquainted the Lodge that M r Giffard his Brewer* was willing
to take the Cash of the Lodge who agreed that he should have 40 pounds at 5
per Cent which being unanimously agreed on Whereupon Security by note of
hand was made to B r Barbier Rotheram and Andrews payable three Days after
Date.

Twas proposed by B r Barbier that B r Hastings should give security for
the severall utensils and cash belonging to the Lodge that shall from time to
time be left in hand which was agreed to and that the same shall be done next
Tuesday evening.

But such security that shall then be given or at any time hereafter given
shall be duly given to the Master for the time being but that the same shall
not be deposited in the Master's hands but some other Member approved by
the Lodge.

Twas moved that Bro r May should act as Clerk till brother Gidley's [43]
Debt that he owes should be pay 4 for him which was agreed to providing that
B r May would give or cause to be given proper attendance in that office.

[Gidley was an attorney and May probably owed him money : the salary
to be applied towards reducing this debt. There is no other reference
to him in the Minutes, but he signed as Clerk on 18 May 1737 (see end
of Articles).]

[* Either the Gifford of No. 63, the Bear and Harrow (now No. 5, St.
George and Corner Stone) in 1731, or Richard Gifford, in 1725 S.W.
of the Castle Tavern, St. Giles. (G.L.Min., pp. 178 and 26.)]

200 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

March 1" 1743/4

W m Child was recommended and accepted and entered
Agreed that the Bond regarding B r Haistings shold be Ingrossed and
Compleated on Monday next being the fiveth Day this present instant.

March 15 th 1743 [1744]

[Election night, but no record of choice of officers.]

TVas moved that a List of Trades &c should be printed of and the same
agreed to and B r Andrews and B r Rotherham was ordered to prepare the same
some time the next month for their being printed of immediately.

Twas moved that the Master and Wardens shall not for the future be
exempt from the Stewards' office but shall when called on by the Boll either
resign his or their office and serve the Stewardship or fine for not standing
Steward equally the same as if there was not either Master or Wardens an
Article to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Bond being read over which was signed by Brother Hastings for the Re-
delivery of the seyerall Utensills But the same being not agreeable to B r
Hasting's mind he snatched the same out of the Hands of the Junior Warden
and threw it in the fire. But he agreed to pay for the same which cost about
1—1—0

The Stock of the Lodge appears

By Cash. 10— 0—11

By the Brewer's Note 40— 0—

By Andrews D° 5 — —

By Pair's D° 3—15—

By Young 10—12—11

69. 8. 10

After which the Lodge was closed

Dan 1 Bernordeau [Master & Wardens

Dan 1 Barbier elected this evening.]

James Andrews.

Lodge Night April 5 U > 1744

The Lodge being regularly opened and the officers in their proper places
When B r Banton* Brought an Account of the Expence of Printing of the List
of Trades Which Was Agreed he should Print of two hundred for twelve shil-
lings and further agreed that Bro 1 ' Woodman should make good All the Locks
belonging to the Pedestall and We further Received a Letter from Bro r Parr
Relateing to the Money he is Indebted to the Lodge. Agreed it should be left
to the Discresion of B r Barbear [S.W.] but that he should make some payment
In three months and the Whole in six months.

A Motion being made by B r Barbear that Bro r Young should make a
payment of the Money he is Indebted to this Lodge When the Lodge Agreed
that B r Barbear should call on Bro r Youag and hear the Proposals and Report
the same next Lodge Night

Sined Dan 1 Bernardeau

Daniel Barbier
James Andrews

[* Not in Friendly Society List: probably only a visitor.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 201

April 3 rd 1744 [? error for May]

["The Worshipful B r Marshall" as R.W.M. pro. tern, and Barbier and
Andrews Wardens]

It was agreed that the Howers of Meeting shall be from Eight to Ten for
Sumer and for Winter from Seven to Nine, after which No Money Is to be
Received and the Business of the Night finished But this Resolve to continue
no longer then during these troublesome times. [Article IX.]

Twas further resolved that no member of this Lodge either hath or
should be deemed hereafter non worthy to receive the Benefits of this Lodge
while or when 111 shall ever hereafter hold either the Masters Wardens or
Stewards offices in this Lodge and if eall'd on to serve the office of Steward
shall fine for the said office any Article to the Contrary notwithstanding.

Twas further Resolved that 10 pounds should be paid to the Brewer and

a fresh note taken from the Brewer for 50 pounds and the Interest of it and

the forty pounds taken up and that Bro r Hastings and B r Andrewes should act

therein.

After which the Lodge was closed

W m Marshall M"- P.T.

Dan 1 Barbier

James Andrews

Dan 1 Bernardeau

[The "troublesome times" referred to was that of the hostilities in
Flanders, France and England having mutually declared war in
March ; Saxe was then at Dunkirk on the point of invading England ;
and the consequent encouragement this gave to the younger Pretender.]

June 21. 1744 [?22nd, Thursday, Election Night.]
Quarterly Meeting.

The Presiding Officers present.
The Lodge was opened in due form.
Bro r Danson and Davy Stewards Elect.

Barbour chosen Master Andrew Sen r Warden and Bradshaw Jun r
Warden.

The Cash of the Lodge was given in as follows

Brewers Notes .50— —

Andrews D° 4— 0—

Par B° 3—15—

In Young's Hands 10 — 12 — 11

In Cash 6— 7— 5*

74—15— 4>

After which the Lodge was closed.

[There is no record of any meeting in July.]
Aug* 16. 1744.

Right Worshipfull Master Wardens & Brethren present.
The Lodge was opened in due form.

The Right Worshipfull Master proposed that whatever Men be absent on the
Quarterly Meeting viz. when officers are chosen such absent when cal'd on to
stand Stewards sail be find 5 s such excepted that be claimants on the Box who

202 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

shall only be find 2. 6 as such them present refusing to stand Steward shall

be fined only 2. 6 this order to take place the ensuing Quarterly Night.

After which the Lodge was closed.

Dan 1 Barbier

James Andrews

Louis James [pro. tern.]

Sept. the 20. 1744 [Election Night, the new officers sign the Minutes.]

Present. The Master Wardens & fourteen Members.

It was resolved that the Stewards should visit Bro r Sample regularly but should
not pay him the weekly payments but give him notice that the Lodge had
order'd he should call for it on the Lodge night following and if he does not
attend the next Lodge night he forfeits his money.

Resolved that whoever shall be chosen J an r Warden either visit or cause
any member to visit any claimant on the Box. But whoever visit or takes on
him to visit shall attend to make his report or be fined agreable to the Articles.

Andrews, Master
J. Bradshaw
L. James.

[This is a reversion to the original Article, dropped in April 1743.]

Oct. 18. 1744.

The Lodge being regularly opened Bro r Freer being Excluded appealed
to the Lodge to be reinstated as before alledging his being both on the Parish
& King's Duty* the Lodge was of opinion they could not then take the same
[into] Consideration proposed to hear the same on the next Lodge night but
one and In the interim to summon the Lodge on the next occasion.

The Stewards reported that Bro r Sample Deservd his mony and ordered

to be paid his Mony accordingly —

After which the Lodge was closed.

Andrews. Master

J. Bradshaw [S.W.]

L. James. [J.W.]

[* Jonathan Freer. No. 14 in the Friendly Society List, Coal Merchant,
was now Parish Constable ; this explains the reference above, and
others later.]

Nov r I s * 1744.

The Lodge being opened in due form the Minutes of Last Lodge Night was

confirmed.

Bro r Freer with his friend attending the Lodge was of opinion his affair could

not be heard till next Lodge night. But whatever Evidence could be given the

same may be heard and admitted next Lodge night tho' he should not be

[word illegible] provided he gives Testimony on the word of a Mason.

accordingly he says at 11 or 12 in the Morning on the Thursday he was
excluded he went out of Town with a poss of a W< man & 3 children and did not
come to town till the fryday following.

The Friendly Society of Pree and Accepted MasoniS. 203

Nov r 16. 1744. [ ? loth Thursday]

Right Worshipfull Master & Wardens pressnt.
The Minutes of last Lodge night was read & confirmed.

B r Freer's affairs were heard and the Lodge agreed to reinstate him on this
Condition that he shall not receive any Benefit or free Gift from this Society
for any Illness or Imprisonment provided the same be occasion' d by his being
a constable and If for such Illness or Lameness he may receive by any accident
while he is executing his office and he declares for the same he shall be
Excluded and Likewise before he receives any Benefit or Free Gift be paid on
his Death or his Wife he shall bring or cause the same to be done two Persons
either to be made or Entered

and if he will not agree to this Resolution that the Lodge will abide by
the Exclusion.

But this resolve not to be a precedent for any other member already
excluded.

Resolved N : C : to be admitted on the above Terms
Bro r Freer was acquainted with the Resolution who acquiescd in the above
Resolution and ordered to be Reinstated paying in his Last Quarter's Deficiency.

After which the Lodge was closed.

Andrews Master
J. Bradshaw
L. James.
[No record of a meeting on December 6th]

Dec r 20 th 1744. Quarterly Meeting. [Election night.]

A Letter from B r Helot was read and it being the sense of the Lodge the same
was to Desire himself to be Excluded or his Dismission. The Lodge accordingly
complyd with the same and ordered his name to be Erased of the Book of
Articles and Roll and Excluded him

afterwards Drank his health as a very Worthy Member of it while he
continued as such

Twas then resolved to put Bro r Parr's note in force and that Bro r
Rothram should deliver the same to Bro r Andrews for that purpose.

After which the Lodge proceed to Choice of officers and accordingly chose
Bro r Woodman & Young Stewards Bro r Bradshaw Master and Bro r James &
Danson Wardens.

Stewards' account found Just.

the severall officers health were drank & Returnd.

Afterwards the Lodge was closed.

J. Bradshaw

L. James. S.W.

John Poole P.T

Jan. 3 d 1744—5

Right Worshipfull Master Wardens & Brethren Present

The Lodge being regularly opened the minutes of the last Lodge night were

read and confirmed.

The account of the Lodge was given in which stands as follows

Brewers notes 50 — —

Interest due to the same 1 — —

Brother Young 9— 6—11

Par for Notes 3—15— 6

Andrews D° 1—0—0

Ballance Cash Last Quarter 3 — 5 — li

Received this Night Jan. 3 1—17— 2i

70— 4—10
[should be 70—4—9]

504 transactions of the Quainor Goronati Lodge.

Bro 1 ' Jones* and Biggs being Deficient in their Payments of 2 s for the Burial
of Marshal The Brethren present unanimously agreed to Indemnifye B 1 '
Danson for paying 2 s on account of Bro r Jones he always behaveing herein as a
worthy member But unanimously refused to pay any money for Bro r Biggs for
Reasons best known to themselves and his name ordered to be struck off the
Roll and Book of Articles and further to be excluded this Lodget
afterwards the Lodge was closed.

J. Bradshaw Mast r
L. James S.W.
W. Danson J.W.

[* Not previously mentioned.]

[t See Minute of 3rd November 1743.]

[A Hiatus occurs here, the record being continuous. There are no Minutes
of February, March (election), April, May, June (election), July,
August or September (election). The officers were changed, so meetings
must have been held, in spite of the " troublesome times."]

Octo. 11 th 1745.

The Right Worshipfull Master Wardens & Brethren present.
According to their being Conveind for that Purpose it was Aggreed Nem. Con.
that the Articles expiring at June 1745 it was then agreed that the same
Articles should remain as at prese.it til the Body should think propper to alter
them with this amendment that at every quarterly meeting the whole Body
should be summond* and Meatt <vithin the first Hower after propper Notice
and that upon not answering to their Respective Names to forfeit one shilling
whether such summons be delivered by the Tyler or not and upon refusing to
serve the office of Steward to forfeit 2 s 6 d in the Roome of the 5 s According to
the Printed Articles and that the Gierke for the time heing.shall allways write
the Ticketts as his propper buisness Allowing the Tiler 2 s 6 a for Delevering
the same allways Observing that the same shah be delivered within the last five
days before the next meeting

Sin d J. Young Master

Dan 1 Bernardeau 1 „ T ,

... , ... . f Wardenst

W m Woodman '

D. Barbier

Richard Davy

Matt w Alanson

J. Dupre

George Deleny

Will m Smith

Joseph May

John Poole

L. James

Will Danson "» rc ,, -, -,

V [Stewards]

John Bradshaw '
[* Article XI.]
[t Elected at the September meeting, with Bradshaw & Danson, Stewards.]

Twas further agreed that in case the Tyler or any member taking upon himself
to give any member notice of the Quarterly Meeting shall be subject to the 12 d
penalty and the member fined excus'd the same

'The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 205

Nov 7* 1745.

The Proper officers having taking their seats with the Respective Members

the Report of Bro r Gathorne who was sick on the Box regularly made
the Sen r Warden Bro r Bernardeau from not visiting him on either Saturday or
Sunday, being his time for visiting the sick members & Bro 1 ' Bradshaw Sen r
Steward reported that he visited him Regularly that on Wednesday and on
Thursday last he visited him again and found he was not at home, but saw his
wife who said if he continued as well as he then was, he would Declare of on
Saturday or Sunday following but omitting to call of on either of those days
Bro 1 ' Gatherne insisted on his being paid for the Monday being the fourth of
Nov r and Bro r Bradshaw the Sen r Steward accordingly paid him and accounted
for the same to the Lodge this Night and the same time infoimed the Lodge
he had sent his Girl to him the Sunday who said he could say -nothing to it,
he ought to come himself.

Bro r Danson reported that he visited Bro 1 ' Gathorne on Thursday Last
who being not at home he saw his wife who told him if he continued as he then
was he would declare of that week and he visited him again on Monday ye 4 th
of Nov r & he informed him he was giad he then calld & said If Bro r Bradshaw
had calld the Day before he then would have deciar'd off but said he kept him
[a] day Longer than on the Society or Box than he intended who was [word
illegible] and ordered Bro r Danson to make his report to the Society, he
dclar'd of on that day being Mondav the 4 of Nov r and accordingly was paid
for that Day.

Bro r Bernardeau Sen r Warder, likewise Reported that he visited him on
the Monday the day he then declared of who Lold him that he had declar'd of
that day to the 2 Stewards.

The Lodge then asking the Jun 1 ' Warden & the 2 Stewards whether they
thought he deserved his Money for the Monday and they were unanimous he
did not for this Reason and that he told B r Danson that Bro r Bradshaws not
calling on him of Sunday hinderd him of a days work and informd my Bro 1 '
Bernardeau on the Monday that he was the,i capable of work.

The Lodge being of the same opinion that he did not deserve that days
money unanimously thought he did not deserve his Money & accordingly sum-
mond him to answer the complaint of the several officers next Lodge night
under the Penalty of Exclusion after which the Lodge was closed.

Jo n Young Master

James Andrew Sen r .W. [pro. tern.]

D 1 Bernardeau
John Bradshaw "\

Will Danson i

Daniel Barbier
John Poole

Stewards

Nov 21. 1745

The Master and Wardens with the Brethren being present the Lodge was
opened in due form.

Bro r Gathorne's affair was taken in consideration and he agreed to
submit this night to the Decision of the Lodge in the resolution whether he
deserved his Mony when sick or not and the Lodge was of opinion that he did
not deserve his weekly mony which was paid him.

and accordingly resolved that he should not receive any weekly money
for sickness or Imprisonment, Lotterj- Tickets, free gift for his Wife's Death,
any free gift to be paid his Wife on his Death, not Liable to hold any office or

206 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

vote in that Lodge, for During the term of one whole year from the Date hereof
agreeable to which Bro r Gathorne was ordered to signd his name

Geo. Garthorne
after which the Lodge was closed.

Sin d J. Young Master
James Andrews
Dan 1 Bernardeau.

[No record for December (election) 1745, or January 1746.]

Feb. 20 th 1745 [i.e., 1746.]

The Master & Wardens being present and the Lodge being Regularly
opened it was aggreed by all the Members then present that the box should be
shut up for the space of six months to all members claiming upon the box either
for sickness Imprisonment or Pensioners.

D. Barbier

L. James

J. Bradshaw

John Poole

John x freer [his mark]

Roe Rotherham

Jo n Young

Dan 1 Bernardeau

Will™ Smith

March the 6 th 1745/6

The Master & Wardens being present and the Lodge being regularly opened the
Nominee of Bro r Barnshaw Deceasd came to claime the free Gift which was
Ready to be paid but Bro r Young Claiming a Debt due to him and she Refusing
to take the ballance as aproved to be Due to her and B r Young at the same
time Endemnifying the Society for all charges that might any ways fall upon
the said Society the Lodge do agree t o s top -t he oaid Mony til Br o 1 ' ¥eafig
10 paid * to leave the said Money in Bro r Young's Hands till they have
Aggreed. t

Wittness Jo n Young.

Ai the same time Bro r James Propos'd B r Gavey to be a Member of this
Lodge he having Deposited one shilling which is to be for fitted unless the
said Gavy do appear to enter the next Lodge night

L. James M r
J. Bradshaw
Will" 1 Smith

Bro r Gavey not attending y e 1" forfeited.

[* This has been erased.]

[t Article XVII. provides that the widow is only entitled to the balance,
after deducting any debt due to the Society.]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 207

[No record of meetings in March (election), April or May 1746.]
June 5 th 1746.

The Respective Officers being present the Lodge was opened in due form.
Twas moved and unanimously agred to that the Entrance mony shall not be
more than 5 s while the number does not exceed 40 afterwards to 60, 7" 6 d
paying the Clerks & Tyler perquisites besides.
After which the Lodge was closed.

[Signed only by] Daniel Barbier

Richard Davy

[There is no mention of the Election at this ::ieeting, which was Quarterly
Night.]

1746. July y e 3 rd

It was agreed that y e Lodge should be Remain'd shut up till Crismas next

W m Blanchard
Dan 1 Bernardeau
James Andrews
Dan 1 Barbier
Luke Clifton
John Poole
L. James
Roe Rotherham
Jonathan Freer
Richard Davy.

'"No record of meetings in August or September (election), October, November, December
(election) 1746, or January & February 1746.]

March 19 th 1746—7. [Election night.]

The Master Wardens & Brethren present The Lodge was regularly opened
and unanimously agreed on That the Box should be opened and the Benefits
in Sickness should be no more than 6 s per Week for twelve months from the
Date hereof.

Twas then further proposd that the Burial & free gift to members widows shall
be reduced to 5 pounds and the free gift to a member on his wife's death shal
be reduced to 2 — 10 — for 12 months from the Date hereof
Twas further proposd

That no Member Imprisond for any Debt shall be intituled to 5" per Week on
account of his Imprisonment while he is in Goal or free Gift for his Wife or
free gift or Burial paid to his Wife nor Liable to any payment into this Lodge
while he is in Goal nor finable for not attendance or serving any office here
while a member during that time yet if any member imprisoned is desirous
to receive the weekly Benefit for sickness as aforesaid he shall clear the Roll
within one month After his imprisonment and continue regularly his payments
without being fined for nonpayment which if he shal be fined for ye same he
shall not receive any Benefit for sickness, nor allow to make his payment here
in till he is discharged out of Goal after which he shall continue his payment
herein or be excluded under the above resolution for 12 months.

Twas then further proposed that the Tyler should be dismisd till further
ordered.

208 Transactions of the Qvatuor Goronati Lodge.

Twas then further proposed that if any member will officiate as clerk to
this Lodge shall be allowd 6 d per Night and the Master or sen r Brother present
shall have power to nominate the Clerk the two above orders Reversable at any
time.

Twas then further proposed That in order for the future welfare of this
Lodge That Bro 1 ' Young & Barbier shall be Empowered at the Expence of this
Lodge to treat with some of the Brethren of the King's Arms Lodge* to consult
with them if they Beleive the Lodge would agree to Joyn ours and after that
to treat with their Lodge concerning the same and that if the same should be
Rejected

That then all and every member or members of this Lodge shall have
Liberty to propose and Enter any Bro r or person a member hereof Gratis
without taking any Ballot whose Recommendation shall be sufficient But such
person proposd shall not exceed 45 years and be otherwise Qualified agreeable
to Articles and the said Resolution to cease when the number of members of
the Lodge be Sixty.

After which some new articles to be made
The Lodge afterwards proceeded to choice of new officers for the ensuing Quarter
upon which Bro r Young was chosen Master and Barbier & Poole Sen r & Jun r
Wardens after which the Lodge was closed.

Jo" Young [R.W.M.]

Dani Barbier [S.W.]
John Poole [J.W.]
James Andrews
The mark of Jonathan Freer
Johonoston Preare

by Order t
W m Blanchard.

[* Now No. 10, Westminster and Keystone.]

[t Freer has apparently learned now to write his name: the writing and
spelling are very ragged.]

April 2 nd 1747

The Master Wardens & Brethren present. The Lodge was regularly opened

The Minutes of the last Lodge Night were read & confirmed.

The Master & Bro r Barbier [S.W.] reported that they had seen the Master of

the King's Arms Lodge and had not come to any Resolution on the former

minute

Whereupon this Lodge agreed to Enter Members on this Night on the
aforesaid Resolution and to continue the same till this Lodge have 60 members
or till the 2 Lodges are Joyned as aforesaid.

Whereupon Bro 1 ' Richard Watkis Baker of Dyot Street was proposed to
enter a member and on the Recommendation of Bro r Young and Bro r W ff '
Danson* Tayler of Newcastle Court by B r Poole to Enter and accordingly were
admitted

After which Bro 1 ' Clifton was excluded for Non Payment twas proposed
that the Stewards for the future should have but 2 s and agreed to at the funeral
of a Deceased Member

After which the Lodge was closed with this Resolve to summon the Lodge
against the next Lodge night.

[*There was already a William Danson a member..]

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons. 209

April 16* 1747

The Lodge was regularly opened The Master and Wardens present and
the Minuets of last Lodge night was read and confirmed.

Jo n Young Master
Dani Barbier Sen"- W.
John Poole Jun r VV.
Roe Rotherham
Dan 1 Bernardeau
W m Child
Joseph May
Will Danson
Rich" Watkis
Will Blanchard
Jon. Freare
Matt w Allanson

[No record of meetings in May, Juno (election), or July. Of the final entry August 6th,
only the heading has been written.]

This concludes the entries concerning the Lodge at the Crown and Anchor,
although we know it remained here until 1749. The Minute Book is only about
half-full at this date. At the removal of the Lodge to the Rummer & Mitre, Labour
in Vain Hill, in another district of London, the book began to be used at the other
end, the first entry being 15th January, 1753. I am inclined to think this was an
entirely new Lodge, from the lists of members of this year onwards. But this being
a convenient point at which to break off the story of the Benefit Society, it is not
proposed to continue the history of what became the Vacation Lodge, bearing the
number 55 at the time it C3ased to exist in 1801. The warrant was again issued on
the 7th April, 1802, to some brethren at Wiveliscombe in Somerset and the name
of the former Lodge was retained, baing the " Loyal Vacation Lodge." This lapsed
and the warrant was finally returned to the Grand Lodge in 1862.

Of the revived Lodge at the Rummer it is only needful to point out that all
trace of the Benefit Society had disappeared by 1753. It had now become a Lodge
pure and simple, and its proceedings are interesting, but with regret we must leave
the subject — the Editor of our Transactions having warned me, — " under the penalty
of exclusion " from its pages.

LIST B.
Members of the Lodge No. 163 mentioned in the Minutes but not occurring in List A.

Amry, " proposed and agreed to " (joined) 20th January 1743.

Biggs, nominated as Secretary 26th March 1741, J. W. 16th Sep-
tember 1742 ; ill in November 1743, when his money was
stopped. Excluded on 3rd January 1745.

John Bradshaw "a member of this Lodge" was made a Master [Mason]

5th May 1743: J.W. June, S.W. September and R.W.M.
December 1744, Sen r Steward September 1745.

210 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Cranstone, Senior Steward in January 1741. Appears to have quitted

the Lodge towards the end of the year, and in 1743 was a
visitor from the Golden Sugar Loaf No. 49 (the Richmond
Lodge).

William Child

Clark

Will. Davis

Richard Davy

William Danson (1)
William Danson (2)

Deering

Pierre Dumoulin

William Dunmore
Dupre.

Evatt

Fremolt,

Fournier (1)

Francis Fournier (2)
Peter Hales

Hawkins,

Edward Howell

Humphrys

Francis Hurlbatt
Louis James.

1744, 1st March, recommended accepted and entered. Last
mention on 16th April 1747.

proposed to be made 7th October 1742.

1743, proposed as a candidate 20th January and made 3rd
February.

1743, 2nd June made and admitted a member.
Steward. June 1744. Last mention 6th July 1746.

Jun r

Jones,

1743 3rd March made and entered [a member], 5th May,
made a Master. Jun r Steward. September 1745.

Taylor, Newcastle Court. Proposed for joining 1747. 2nd
April.

1741 25th June, resigned by letter.

1742 16 December, made.

"made in this lodge," was a visitor 9th February 1738.

1741, 1st October, fined. I think this must be Isaac Dubois,
as he was frequently fined for minor offences. Last mention
11th October 1745.

1741, 24th September, fined.

1741, 22nd Jan., prepared the "Bond," and was paid for
it on 7th May.

Reinstated on 19th November 1741, but there is no previous
mention of him.

made 16th December 1742.

proposed as a candidate and elected on 26th February 1741,
" to enter at his discretion," and again proposed 16th
December 1742, but no record of his entry.

proposed as a candidate 16th December 1742, but no record
of his making.

made 7th October 1742.

Junior Steward in January 1741.

made 7th October 1742.

Was a visitor from the Goat, Spread Eagle Court, Strand,
No. 38 (now 26 Castle Lodge of Harmony), and the King's
Arms, Seven Dials. Two Lodges were here, No. 56 and
No. 179, now the Royal Naval No. 59. He must have
joined later; J.W. in October 1741, S.W. in December, and
R.W.M. in March 1742. J.W. September 1744, S.W.
December, and R.W.M. probably in March 1745. R.W T .M.
pgain in March 1746. In 1741 he visited the Grenadiers
Lodge.

mentioned in Minute of 3rd January 1745. No other par-
ticulars.

Mark Ledie
Mears

Thomas Newton
Peake

the Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

J.W. in March 1743.

a member in 1741.

1742. 16th December, proposed and admitted (joined).

211

Pilkinton,

John Poole,

C. Reynolds,
John Sample.

Chas. Victor
Martin Vistry
Richard Watkis,

Name.

Banton

Barns

Thos. Ban-

Thos. Barron

W. Barton
W m Butler

Calwell

Will Carr

Cassoll.

Will Cazalo

Clack

D. Coles

Cook

Cosens

— — - Cranston

made 29th January 1741, but excluded for being over the
age limit, oth February 1741.

a member in 1741 and Steward.

R.W.M. in March 1743; Steward in January 1744. J.W.
March 1747.

erased for imposing on the Lodge, 18th March 1742.

" made in this Lodge," was a visitor on 9th February 1738,
and either became a member or rejoined, for on a later date
he sent his money by Bro. Ray. In September 1744 he was
to be "visited regularly."

made 21st April 1743.

made 16th December 1742.

Baker, Dyot Street, joined 2nd April 1747.

LIST C.
Visitors to the Lodge.
Lodge.
Not named
of St. John.
Lodge not stated.

Turk's Head, Temple Bar,
No. 16.

H.L. of St. John.

Marlboro Head Petticoat Lane
No. 128.

Fountain Katerin Street
No. 114.

Masons' Arms Madox Street.
No. 56 (now 5 St. George &
Corner Stone")
Visited the Grenadiers Lodge,

Black Lyon Jockey Fields.

No. 77. '

? same as Cassoll, as he is of
the same Lodge, No. 77.

Fountain Katherin Street
No. 114.

Ditto

Kings Arms Tower Street
Seven Dials No. 6 (now 10.
Westminster and Keystone),

Fountain, Bartholomew Lane
No. 168.

see List B.

Visited.

5th April 1744

10th September 1741.

20th January 1743

16th March and 6th April
1738.

9th February 1738
26th March 1738
16th February 1738

20th January 1743
28th April, 1742.

30th March 1738

9th February 1738.

16th February 1738
ditto

10th September 1741
30th March 1738.

SIS

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Edward Darvell
Richard Davison
Robert Dods

Jas. Dover

William Dunmore

Emberton

John Fisher

Rob 4 Fleming

Fort

Foster (1)

Foster (2)

Gavey.

Guerier

Hodges

Hoilt

James Horton

Jackes

Louis James
Peter Jolley

Sam. Jones

H.L. of St. J.

St. John

Braund's Head New Bond
Street No. 6 now 8. British.

Masons Arms Madox Street

No. 56 (now 5 St. George &

Corner Stone)

He was a visitor to the Grenadiers Lodge, now No. 66, on

26th October 1743, 25th January 1744, and 9th March 1746.

9th February 1738
19th March 1738

23rd February 1738
20th January 1743

S33 List B.

St. Johns

Red Lyon Chandler Street (an
unidentified Lodge)

George in Portland Street
No. 10, Original No. 3, now
Fortitude & Old Cumberland

26th March 1738

9th February 1738

27th August 1741

On 27th October 1739 was a petitioner and founder of the
Grenadiers No. 66, having been made "before ye const"."
On 26th March 1710, his name was erased. On lith April
1744 he rejoined and was elected R.W.M., being one of four
candidates. He declared off at the end of Juno. From
23rd April 1740 down to 13th July 1743, and after 26th
March 1746, he was a member of the Lodge at the George,
Portland Street, and on 25th January 1744 he was a mem-
ber of the City of Durham No. 153. On 14th March 1743
he visited No. 4 at the Shakespear's Head, now the Lodge
of Friendship No. 6, and acted as W.M.

Fountain Katerin Street

Strand No. 114

Fountain, Katerin Street,
Strand No. 114,

Boar, Strand, (? White Bear)
No. 134.

16 February 1738
16th February 1738

30th March 1738.
1746, 6 March, proposed for joining but did not appeal-
Lodge not stated. 2nd April 1742, was
not admitted as a visitor (see Minute).

Talbot, Westminster, No. 170
(Lord Talbot's Head),

Bear, Strand No. 134,

Turk's Head Temple Bar
No. 16.

Theatre Coffee House, Bridge
Street No. 13 (now 20. Royal
Kent Lodge of Antiquity)

see List B.

Bull Head in Gracechurch

Street No. 22,

St. John.

30th March 1738.
30th March 1738.

6th April 1738.
30th March 1738.

9th February 1738.
9th March 1738.

The Friendly Society of Free and Accepted Masons.

213

H. Kerison

St. John

26th March 1738

Klack

see Clack.

Lamb

holy Lodge St. John.

16th February,

2nd & 30th March 1738

Leeds

Fountain, Catherine Street

No. 114

16th February 1738.

Linn

St. John

23rd March 1738.

Matheson

Queen's Head Knaves Acre,

Maude

Morgan.

P. Mosiers.

Newton

Oetes (1)

Oates (2)

Pain

Parker

Stephen Payne

Peirshouse,

Raboteau,

Thos. Roper

Russell

Scarlett.

J. Slap.

W m Soens
Tho" Spurrier

Original No. 3, now 12
Fortitude & Old Cumberland,

Fountain, Bartholomew Lane.
No. 168,

Glocester, Pall Mall No. 159.

Crown & Anker, King Street.
St. Giles, No. 56

Rainbow, York Buildings,
No. 75 (now 33 Britannic)

26th March 1738.

30th March 1738.
10th September 1741

23rd March 1738

30 March 1738.

This is probably the Thomas Newton who joined in 1742
(see List B).

King's Arms, Great Wild
Street. No. 123,

St. John.

Sugar Loaf, Great Queen
Street, No. 49.

Fountain, Bartholomew Lane.
No. 168,

Crown Tavern, Smithfield.
No. 154

30th March 1738.
30th March 1738.

10th September 1741

30th March 1738.

6th April 1738

proposed as joining member but not elected, 9th April 1741,,
Lodge not stated. ? W m Pearsehouse, of St. Paul's Head
in Ludgate Street, No. 40 of 1729.

Prince's Head in Prince
Street, (an unidentified
Lodge)

St. John.

Master of the Turk's Head
Lodge, Temple Bar, No. 16.

2nd March 1738.
9th February 1738.

23rd March 1738

Either Elias or Peter, both of this Lodge in 1731.

16th February 1738.

Fountain, Catherine Street
No. 114,

[Old] King's Arms, Tower
Street No. 112,

St. John

Sun in Round Court [Strand]
No. 134,

23rd March 1738.
23rd February 1738

9th March 1738.

214

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

W m Stanhope,

Richard Webb.

John Whitehead.

landlord of the White Swan in New Street Covent Garden,
where both Lodge and Society were established in 1737. On
26th March 1738 he was a visitor, of St. John.

Tobart

Kings Arms, Tower Street

No. 112,

23rd March 1738

Tringham.

St. John

ditto

Geo. Trubshaw

Ditto

23rd February 1738

Vinson

Ditto

30th March 1738

Sam Waters

Masons' Arms Madox Street

No. 56 (now 5 St. George -te
Corner Stone)

George in Portland Street,
No. 10, Original No. 3, (nox
Fortitude & Old Cumberland)

Queen's Head, Old Bailey,
No. 76.

20th January 1743

27th August 1741

9th March 1738

Bro. F. W. Levander said: —

In his comments on the paper on Extracts from old Minute Boohs in the
Grand Lodge Muniment Boom read in January, 1915, before this Lodge by Bro.
Hammond, our present Master gave much attention to one Lodge, the history
of which he had been studying for a considerable time. But I hardly think we
suspected he had so much up his sleeve as he has presented to us to-day. He has
not only carefully shown the connection between the Friendly Society of Free and
Accepted Masons and Lodge No. 163, but he has enabled us to study at our
leisure the Rules and Regulations of the former — the original of which in the
Mansfield Masonic Library is, I assume, the only copy known to exist — and the
Minutes of the latter down to 1747. But he has done more than this: he has
contributed from his great store of Masonic biographies details concerning a very
large proportion of the members of both bodies.

In the Lodge Minutes the expressions — not unusual in the early days of
Masonry — General, Public, and Private Lodge nights are mentioned; it would
be interesting to know how these differed from one another. In the Minutes of
No. 163 for 1738 a Masters' Lodge is first mentioned, but no particulars are given.
" Masters' Lodges " is the title of one of the earliest papers in our Transactions.
In it Lane states that the first reference to them occurs in Rawlinson's list of
Lodges in 1733. Besides the 11 Masters' Lodges mentioned in the 1738 edition
of the Book of Constitutions, Lane gives the names of many others in which such
were occasionally held. To these may be added the Phoenix Lodge, meeting at
Sunderland, in whose By-laws of 1755 it is laid down that a Masters' Lodge was
to be held every third Wednesday of every month. In the places where the term
occurs it varies between " Master's," " Masters'," and " Master " Lodge. As
to what was performed at them, Todd, in his History of the Phoenix Lodge, says
"At a number of these meetings not only were the several degrees worked, but
on one occasion all three degrees were conferred upon one candidate, under a plea

Discussion. 215

of Emergency" (p. 49). Bro. Wonnacott mentions that quarterly elections were
adopted in No. 163 as well as in No. 189. To these may be added the Lodge of
Felicity, which, at its establishment in 1737, provided for the quarterly election
of Master. Gould mentions also the Lodge of Friendship, now No. 6, and the
Imperial George, now No. 78.

In the Phoenix Lodge, already mentioned,- the " Pedestal " served the same
purpose as the " Box " of the Friendly Society, the Wardens for the time being
acting as Treasurers.

Bro. Gordon Hills said: —

I think that in the " Preamble " to the Rules of the Society, where the
founders style themselves "but feint Imitators ,of our superiors, who are
peculiarly distinguished for their extensive charity and liberality to the
Distressed Brethren," we see that they were moved by a very praiseworthy spirit
to emulate, in a scale proportionate to their means, the example of Grand Lodge.
Looking at the Minutes at this date one sees that it was only in the previous
December that such a case as the Society and Lodge undertook to assist — an
unfortunate brother imprisoned for debt — had been relieved by Grand Lodge on
the report of the Committee of Charity.

I am afraid Bro. Canon Horsley's congratulations on the moderation of
these brethren in the consumption of liquor whilst at their labours are not
compatible with what we learn from the Rules and Minutes. Rule XXXV. makes
a curious distinction between the Clerk and the Attendant and the ordinary
members, if either of these officials " shall come disguised in Liquor into the
Society Room or after Entrance become such, to be fined one Shilling; or if any
member shall come disguised in Liquor, the President shall order him to pay his
Weekly Money, and to withdraw for that Night." The officials apparently must
discharge their duties in any case, but the members had to pay their dues and
turn out.

The W.M. in the list of the members, which his labours have rendered
such a valuable source of information in tracing these brethren, their Lodge-
membership and avocations, suggests that Francis Barrs (65) is to be identified
with a Des Barres, who was a member of the Lodge L'Immortalite de l'Ordre, and
I think that there is very little doubt that he is correct in this supposition, which
is confirmed by the fact that the next name in the list, Dubois (66) also occurs
as a member of the same Lodge, in a memorandum relating to that body among
the Rainsford MSS., from which it appears that Des Barres was received a member
in 1766 and Dubois was admitted August 3rd, 1769; no initials are given in either
case for the Christian names.

Bro. Albert F. Calvert writes: —

It is impossible to add anything of interest in connection with the Friendly
Society and Lodge dealt with by Bro. Wonnacott in his usual thorough and
exhaustive manner, but it has occurred to me that a few observations may be of

216 Transactions of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

interest in connection with some other special Masonic Belief Societies and Clubs
formed in connection with various Lodges in the early days. It is quite clear
that, apart from the usual charitable side of Masonry, many of the Lodges in
various parts of the country had special committees and clubs in the nature of
Friendly Societies, and in support of this I would refer particularly to the Lodge
of Industry No. 48, which was formed in Durham about 1725, the Royal
Cumberland Lodge No. 41, formed in Bath about 1733, the Harmonic Lodge
No. ,216, formed in Liverpool in 1796, the Caledonian Lodge No. 204, formed in
Manchester in 1792, and the Friendship Lodge No. 44, formed in Manchester
in 1751.

THE LODGE OF INDUSTRY No. 48.

In the Lodge of Industry, formed in Durham in 1725, but now meeting
in Gateshead, the Minutes go back to 1725, and contain many interesting entries.
There are special Bules or Orders set out, known as the Orders of Antiquity,
Apprentices' Orders, General Orders, Penal Orders, and Laws and Orders for a
Masonic Club.

The following are extracted from the Orders of Antiquity : —

20. That the Master or Steward kaep the Book of Constitutions, Institutions,
Orders, Accounts and Register, and from time to time inforrae or instruct any of the
Assembly in such requests as they may want to be informed in.

21. That all ffines are to be paid upon first proof on demand, and such ffines
and money as is or may be in Stock in ffund Bdx be disposed of as the majority of the
Assembly shall determine.

The following is extracted from the General Orders : —

7. There shall be 2 Locks and 2 Keys to the ffund Box, differing in make or sort
one to the other. The one Key kept by the Warden and the other by the Deputy.

The following are extracted from the Penal Orders: —

3. That the Master shall receive all ffines, Penalty's and Moneys collected among
the ffellowship, and keep the Moneys in the public ffund Box of the Company : and
from time to time render a just account of the state thereof to the ffellowship or a
majority thereof when required on penalty of £01,,0,,00.

8. If any be found unfaithfully to keep and maintain the 3 ffraternal Signs, and
also Points of ffellowship and principal matters relating the secret and craft, each offence
penalty 00,,10,,00.

10. If the Master or Deputy be absent at the appointed time and place of
Meeting or Chief Meeting day penalty each 00,, 02,, 06, or any other Meeting day penalty
00„01„00.

24. It is enacted by the Master and Wardens and the rest of this Society, that
if any person shall presume to speak in the Lodge after it is regularly opened by Master
or Wardens, without standing up and directing their discourse to the Master shall for
the first offence pay 2d., for the second 4d., and so on as the majority of the Society
shall think proper (May ye 6, 1734).

Discussion. 217

25. December 27, 1734. It is agreed by the Matter and Wardens and the rest
of the Society, that if any Brother shall appear in the Assembly without gloves and
aprons at any time when summoned by Master and Wardens, shall for each offence pay
6d. upon demand.

28. By the consent of the Master and the whole Society it is inacted that no
Brother shall have the benefit of the Fund Box except he clear of his accounts every
half-year without ye benefit of Votes. — (June 4, 1739).

Agreed by? the whole Society then assembled that ye Clerk shall have 10/6 per
annum for taking care of the Society's affairs as formaly, all ticketts given gratis to the
Members of the Lodge.— (June 24, 1738).

30. (June 1, 1752). Enacted by the Master and Wardens and the rest of the
Society then assembled, that no Cash shall be lent to any Member of the Society.

The following are the Laws and Orders for the Masonic Club: —

1. Imprimus. That this Society meet every Quarter day, viz, June the 24 and
Michaelmas Day, the 29 of September, St. John's Day in Christmas and Lady Day the
25th March, at the hours appointed, and every first Monday in the Month excepting
the first Monday after each Quarter day, and not to exceed the hour of Ten at night.

2. That no one shall be admitted a Member of this Society under the age of 21
years, or over the age of 40, without the majority of the Society.

3. That if any Member having any continued ailment on him when or before
he entered into the Society : He shall have no benefit from the Box for the same
distemper, ailment or infirmity.

4. That the landlord keep a room and a good fire to be kept every Club night
from Michaelmas to Lady Day during the Club hours or fined 6d.

5. That each Member shall clear the Book every Quarter day by paying in 2s. 2d.
for the Quarter and what fines may stand against him, and to spend 3d. or excluded.

6. That there be one feast a year at Midsummer and that ye Stewards shall see
that the reckoning be made up as .soon as there shall be 2d. spent by each Member.
Penalty Is. 6d. each.

7. That there shall be chosen Provincial Master and Wardens once a year; also
a Master and Wardens for the peticular Lodge, and whosoever shall refuse to stand shall
be fined Is. each.

8. The Master and Wardens have power to demand silence when any noise or
disturbance is made, by knocking on the table with a Truncheon, and upon obstinate
refusall shall be fined 2d.

9. If the Society's Reckoning shall exceed the allotted Dividens, the Stewards
shall pay the overplus. Therefore if any Member calls for drink or Tobacco without
the Master's leave, shall pay for it themselves.

10. If the Master or Wardens neglecteth coming on a Quarterly day or Club
night at ye hour apointed shall forfeit 6d. to the Master and 4d. to the Wardens, and
for the Stewards 4d. each. Forfeit 7 o'clock M.M.

11. The Master and Wardens shall receive all the money relating to the Fund
Box and all their Resining up of their Cash shall give a just account of the same to
society. And if there be any deficiency, they shall be obliged to make it good.

12. The Clark shall keep and deliver a just account of the Society's affairs, and
for his care and trouble his allowance shall be 21/- to be paid on the 24th June yearly.
All ticketts to be gratis,

218 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

If he neglects coming on a Quarterly night, penalty 1/-, if sickness or
something extraordinary does not prevent, as a bad night, or business. Agreed by the
majority the 24th June, 1754.

13. No member shall receive any benifit from the Box until the Revolution of
whole Kallendar year after. It is enterance after which, if he falls sick, lame, blind,
so that he is rendered uncapable of working, he shall receive 5/- per week during the
time he laboureth under such misfortune. N.B. — If he lyeth above one whole year, he
shall receive but half pay 2/6 per week.

14. The stewards shall visit a Member relying on the Box once a week at least,
and shall give their report of .him to the Society, the first meeting, and shall carry his
money to his place of residence in 7 days after notice given, or forfeit 2/6 for the neglect
of any part of this Article.

15. If any Member of this Society relying on the Box is found guilty of any
fraud by willfully wronging the Box, he shall forfeit his week's allowance for the first
offence, and for the second offence be excluded the Society without any return of money.
And if any Member cioncealeth any fraud committed, by willfully wronging the Box by
any Drawing Member, he shall forfeit 5/-.

16. If any Member shall goe from his place of residence without first acquainting
the Master and whole Society, when or where he goeth or have no benifit from the Box.

17. If any Member hath by a debauched life contracted the Veneral Desease,
they shall have no benifit for the said distemper.

Therefore if thought fitt by the Society, a Surgeon, Doctor or any other
person, if sufficiently qualified, shall inspect into the Distemper, ailement or infirmity
of any Member relying on the Box.

18. If any Member dyeth after he is a real Member, 2 pound shall be defrayed
towards his funeral charge and 3 pound for his widow Executors or Administrators
or Assigns to which Charge each surviving Member shall contribute 1 Shilling next
Meeting after the interment, or be excluded the Society.

19. If any Member being within 3 miles of place of the deceased, shall in a
solumn manner attend the corps to the grave, where they shall deliver the ticketts to
Stewards their attending or fined Is. Od. (This article repealed March 25, 1779).

20. In order to attend the funeral each Member shall meet at the house where
the Society is kept. From thence to place where the Deceased is. Each Member shall
bear his own expence.

21. If anyone happen to die before he is become a real Member, the money that
he hath Reposed into the Box shall be returned towards his funeral charge.

22. For the more decent attending a Funeral, each Member shall at his own
expense purchase a black crape hatband and black gloves, or fined 2s. 6d.

23. When any Member neglecteth coming to a Funeral or when summoned upon
any urgent occation as above mentioned shall forfeit 6d. (Void).

25. That no" Brother upon a Quarter day or summoned upon any emergency,
shall appear without white gloves and apron or fin'd 6d.

27. That if any Brother hath any work for to be done shall imploy some of the
Brethren that are capable of performing it, and not Foreingers that do not belong to
the Lodge, or fin'd.

28. That what Brother soever belonging unto the Lodge shall abuse the Sabbath
by being disguised in drink or absents himself from Church, or some other place of
Divine Worship, so that they bring scandle to ye Lodge shall be fined for the first
offence Is., and second offence according to the majority of the Lodge,

biscussion. $19

32. Agreed by the Master and Wardens, and the majority of the Brethren then
present, that whoever of the Brethren hath a wife dieth after the date hereof of March
the 25th, 1753, shall be allowed towards her funerall charges 40 shillings.

33. Agreed by the Master and Wardens and the majority of Brethren then
present, that whenever the two Stewards or any two of the Brethren shall draw money
out of the Fund (or from Mrs. Jones on the said acct.) for any Brother indisposed, that
then in such a case they are to be allowed fourpence to bear their expenses, and if any
more expended it shall be placed to their own particular account. (Deer. 26, 1761).

N.B. — The following article is to commence from this day 24th June, 1771.
[Written in another hand].

34. It is further this day as above written, viz., December 26, 1761. That from
this day forward all new Members to be admitted into this Society's Box, shall at his
first entrance be subject to pay at his first entrance the sum of 15 shillings and sixpence
(that is) 12 shillings to be paid into the Box and three shillings and sixpence to be
spent by the Members then present. And further it is agreed — that all Gentlemen
Maisons admitted (that does not chuse to be a Member of the Box) from this day forward
shall be subject to pay down at his making the sum of 21 shillings, that is to say 14
shillings to go to the Box and 7 shillings to be spent by the Members then presint.
N.B. — No Maisons to be made but on a Monthly or Quarterly day and lawfull warning
to be given to the Members of the Society.

35. It is agreed on this day — 29 Sept., 1772 — That no Member be admitted into
this Lodge without paying £1 Is. for entrance, except any of the Subscribing Brothers'
sons, and they pay 10s. 6d. ea., 2 of which is to be spent, and 3 shillings for a Guinea.

36. It is agreed this 6th June, 1774, that any Brother proposing a Candidate
shall pay thereon 5s. to be forfeited if he appears not to be made on the first Meeting
after being offered, unless some satisfactory reasons be assigned to the Brethren for such
omission.

37. Resolved that each Member by rotation stands as Tyler for one night or
find a substitute for the same; fined 6d.

38. Any of the Brethren presuming to sit or stand in the presence of the Master
with his hat on his head in an open Lodge shall be fined 6d.

39. At a Lodge held Sept. 29th, 1778 : resolved — that every Member having a
child dead, shall be paid Twenty Shillings out of the Fund to enable him to bury such
child decently; this legacy is only allow'd those children that #re between one month
and fifteen years of age. It is further agreed that each Member belonging the Fund
shall pay 2d. into the said Fund in consideration of each child's legacy.

40. At a Lodge held Sept. 29th, 1778, resolved, that after the aforesaid date,
every Brother visiting this Lodge and not a Member of the Fund shall contribute
Sixpence towards the expenses incurred at each Monthly or Quarterly Meeting, which
he shall be present at, and the two General Meetings, viz., at Christmas and Mid-
summer, to contribute his equal share of the expenses attending such Meeting
in proportion to the number present.

41. That seven pounds be paid out of the Fund to each deceased Member's
Heir, Executor, Administrator, or Assign at the first Meeting after the funeral of the
deceas'd, and at the same time each Member belonging the Fund shall contribute One
Shilling in consideration of the said legacy being paid out of the Fund.

No date is given for the formation of this Masonic Club or Friendly Society,
but from the notes in the Minutes it is clear that the fund box and rules were in
existence in 1739, and possibly earlier.

220 transactions of the Qua tit or Coronati Lodge.

THE HARMONIC LODGE No. 216.

The Harmonic Lodge was formed in Liverpool in 1796, 'where it has always
held its Meetings. A very interesting set of rules for the government of their
Committee of Charity were drawn up in 1806, of which the following is a copy: —

RULES

for the

GOVERNMENT OF A COMMITTEE OF CHARITY

established

FOR THE RELIEF

POOR DISTRESSED FREE AND ACCEPTED

ANCIENT MASONS.

Liverpool, 1806.

The MASTERS, WARDENS, and other BRETHREN of the ANCIENT LODGES
in LIVERPOOL, being desirous more consistently, more fully, and at the same time
more conveniently, to perform the indispensable duty of relieving the Distresses of the
Brotherhood, than is practicable in their Private Lodges, or by the Officers individually
at their places of residence, have agreed to form a COMMITTEE of CHARITY, to
receive the applications, to consider the merit of petitioners, and to ,order suitable
distributions; which shall be established in- the following manner, and conducted by the
following Rules : —

I. THAT the Committee shall consist of the Masters, Wardens, and other Officers,
for the time being of Lodges No. 20, 25, 276, and 302, or any other Ancient Lodge that
may hereafter be established in Liverpool, out of whom shall be chosen a President for
General Meetings, a Treasurer, and a Secretary, who shall continue in office for Six
Months ; but the Master of each Lodge shall, in regular succession, according to seniority,
be President for the Ordinary Nights of Meeting

II. THAT this Committee shall meet on every Friday evening, from the 25th
September to tho 25th March, at Seven o'clock, and from the 25th March to the 25th
September, at Eight o'clock precisely, at Mr. ASPINWALL'S, Richmond Street; where
one Member from each Lodge, that has been twelve months a Master Mason, shall attend,
such Member to be appointed by the respective Masters. Five Shillings shall be forfeited
to the Fund, by each Lodge, in case of non-attendance of a Member belonging thereto ;
and if any Master shall send any Member to this Committee, who has not been made a
Master Mason Twelve Months, he i^hall forfeit the like sum of Five Shillings to this Fund
These Forfeitures to be levied on the respective Lodges of the Absentees, or otherwise,
as may be determined, without the interference of this Committee. Any three of such
Members, when met, shall have power to act; and in all cases to be determined by a
majority of the Meeting, the President for the evening to have a casting vote; Sixpence
each to be allowed out of the Fund for the expences of the attending Members of the
Committee; and that each Master shall make a return of his Members on the Friday
previous to St. John's Day, and pay to the Committee One Shilling and Sixpence for
each Member so returned by him.

III. THIS charity shall extenl only to those under the Ancient Constitution of
Free Masons; and, to prevent impositions, no Brother shall be entitled to this charity
unless he can produce a certificate from the Grand Lodge, of his having been made in
an Ancient Lodge, or satisfy the Committee to that effect; and that no Member rejected
by this Committee for relief, shall hereafter be assisted from the Funds thereof, without
a General Committee for that purpose called.

llSCUSSWIl.

221

IV. THAT every Ancient Lodge that may be attached hereafter to this Committee
shall pay the sum of One Guirea in the first instance, and those, as well as the existing
ones, shall pay Fifteen Shillings and Sixpence for each Mason that may be initiated in
their respective Lodges, and each Member shall, on the night of his attendance, render
in an account, in writing, of the names and number of initiations of the Lodge to which
he belongs; and pay the money due therefrom to the Treasurer, or, in his absence, to
the Secretary, under the penalty of One Guinea for non-performance thereof ; and the
Treasurer shall not pay any sum or sums of money out of the Fund without a written
order, signed by at least Three Masters of Lodges, and in that case they shall not order a
sum exceeding Ten Shillings and Sixpence.

V. THAT the Treasurer's Account current with the Committee shall be published
in print, and copies delivered to each respective Lodge for their examination, on the
Friday following every St. John's Day.

VI. THAT every Subscriber to the respective Ancient Lodges in this Town shall
pay to this charity, through the medium of the respective Masters, One Shilling and
Sixpence half-yearly.

VII. THAT this Committee shall meet at large on the several Fridays next
succeeding each St. John's Day; and a General Meeting may, at any time, be called by
order of the President of the General Committee, for the purpose of altering or amending
any of these Rules, or for the adoption of any new Rules that may be proposed and
approved from time to time, or for any other business that may be deemed of sufficient
importance to require a General Meeting, which shall consist of three Officers at least
from each Lodge, under the penalty of Five Shillings each for non-attendance, any nine
of whom shall have power to act.

VIII. THAT these Rules shall be printed for the inspection of the Fraternity in
general.

IX. THAT, in case of any dispute as to the exact time of Meeting, it is hereby
agreed that Mr. Aspinwall's Clock shall be the criterion for this Committee.

X. THAT no Commitee (except a General one) can relieve any distressed Brother
Mason or Family, with more than Five Pounds at one time, or in one year, from the date
of such relief.

BROTHERS

SAMUEL YATES, Gen. Chairman.
JOHN COGHLAN, Treasurer.
D. O'LEARY, Secretary.

FRIENDSHIP LODGE No. 44 and CALEDONIAN LODGE No. 20 i

OF MANCHESTER.

On September 6th, 1811, occurs the following singular entry in the Minutes : --

"The same night after the Lodge was closed, the 26th Article of the 'wrote'
By-laws was put in force (see the 26th Article of the written By-laws). 'Twill be 3 weeks
tomorrow since Bro. Paul Ramsker by accident put his shoulder out ' off ' joint, and he
was raised to the sublime degree of a Master Mason, 7th September, 1810; consequently
he becomes a member 7th September, 1811, and he will have one week's pay due 15th
instant. Each subscribing brother to pay 3 pence per week for 3 week, equal 9d. : this
night 17 members paid 9d. each, which amounts to 12/9, which was delivered to Bro.
Paul Ramsker this night."

' JOHN HIGGS,

W.M.

Lodge 20

SAMUEL YATES,

W.M.

„ 25

ISAAC HENRY,

W.M.

„ 276

JOHN WALKER,

W.M.

,, 299

JOHN COGHLAN,

W.M

„ 302

222 Transactions of the Quatuor (Joronati Lodge.

Upon this, an interesting point arises as to the objects of the Lodges at tliia
period. The By-laws of the Friendship Lodge, No. 44, writes Bro. Nathan
Heywood in his work thereon, " are curious and interesting." " It would appear,"
he adds, " that the Lodge partook of the nature of a sick and burial Society, as
evidenced by the provision made for payment of sick and burial allowances.''
Though not numerous, grants were made, as shown by the Minutes and Accounts
of the " Caledonian " for sick pay. There are entries to this effect: —

By Bro. Thomas Kennedy being sick, pay say for two weeks, at 7/- per week, 14/-.

By Bro. Francis Kennedy, 8 weeks' full pay to complete a half year's pay, at 7/-,
£2. 16s.

In August, 1813, the sum of £3 3s. was paid for " Bro. Thomas Niven's
wife's funeral," and in October an additional £3 3s. The amount of sick pay was
invariably 7s. per week, and for a funeral £6 6s.

At a meeting on April the 6th, 1830, " Bro. Israel Shaw's business" was
taken into consideration, " he having done that which he ought not to have* done,
by taking too much liquor, he being on the Sick Fund, for which he stands suspended
for six months. The night spent in harmony and brotherly love."

A special meeting was summoned in 1831 to consider the Finances of the
Lodge, and the payment of sick and funeral expenses, and further, whether "this
Lodge would not prosper more by altering the present place of meeting." It was
afterwards resolved to remove the Lodge to the house of Bro. Houldsworth, at the
Sign of the Buck, Tib Lane, by a majority of thirteen members then present, " also
that the Sick Funds being below the value specified in the By-laws they be dis-
continued till such times as our funds do increase."

At the latter end of the year 1831, Bro. Hunter made a proposition " that
the Arch shall be ' a special thing ' from the Craft, and with respect to the Sick
and Funeral Funds, the contributions of members were increased to 2/- per month
per member, the sick to receive 7 /- per week till such times as the funds shall be
above £20." The £20 was afterwards deposited in a local bank to meet this.

MASONIC BENEFIT SOCIETY IN GRAND LODGE 1799.

While considering the subject of these Masonic Friendly Societies, it may be
of interest to refer to the Masonic Benefit Society established by the Grand Lodge
of England in 1799, and the following are extracted from the Minutes of Grand
Lodge : —

EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES OF MEETING OF GRAND LODGE HELD

APRIL 10th 1799.

At the same meeting, the Earl of Moira, who presided, " acquainted the Grand
Lodge that several Brethren had established a Masonic Benefit Society, by a small
quarterly contribution, through which the members would be entitled to a weekly
Ailowance in Case of Sickness or Disability of Labour, on a Scale of greater Advantage
than attends other Benefit-Societies ; representing that the Plan appeared to merit not
only the Countenance of Individuals, but of the Grand Lodge, as it would eventually

Discussion. 223

be the Means of preventing many Applications for Belief to the Fund of Charity,
whereupon it was

RESOLVED, That the Masonic Benefit Society meets with the Approbation of
the Grand Lodge, and that notice thereof be inserted in the printed Account of the
\ Grand Lodge."

Note. This was done, and the above extract is taken from the published pro-
ceedings of Grand Lodge, transmitted to the private Lodges on record.

In the following year — April 9th, 1800 — a further resolution was passed
recommending to the Provincial Grand Masters ' ' to give every Aid and Assistance
in their Power, within their respective Provinces, to promote the Object and
Intentions of the Masonic Benefit Society."

The institution of this Society is included among the "Remarkable
Occurrences in Masonry," printed in the " Freemasons' Calendar " for 1801, anil
is continued in subsequent editions down to the year 1814, and possibly later; but
the earliest post-Union calendar available for present reference is the edition for
1817, in which there is no mention of the Benefit Society.

RULES AND ORDERS

of the
MASONIC BENEFIT SOCIETY.

Within the first two years about 3,000 names were enrolled, and sub-
scriptions amounting to several thousand pounds were received.

The following are abstracted from the Rules and Orders of the Society : - -

Any brother of fair character, being a subscribing member of a regular Lodge
und\er the constitution of England, and recommended by a member of the Society who
is Master of a Lodge is capable of admission.

No person above 45 years of age' is admitted a member of this Society, unless he
give proper security that he will not become chargeable in his own person to the fund;
which though under this restriction, shall always be liable to the provisions for his
widow and children, after his decease.

The subscription is one guinea per annum; and at the end of twenty-four months
J .he subscriber becomes a free member, and is enlitled to all the benefits of the Society.

Members when sick lame or blind, are to be entitled to fourteen shillings per
week.

Members in reduced circumstances, and imprisoned for debt, are to be allowed
a sum not exceeding four shillings per week, if found not unworthy of aid.

Members who through old age become incapable of earning their living, are to
be allowed six shillings per week till the first general court ; and afterwards such a
pension for life as their situation may require, and the funds of the Society will admit.

The widows of members, if their circumstances require it, are to be allowed the
sum of four shillings per week, and two shillings per week for every lawful child under
twelve years of age.

The orphans of members, not otherwise provided for, are to be entitled to the
sum of four shillings per week for their maintenance, and a further sum at a proper
age as an apprentice fee.

A General Court of all the subscribers is to be held over a year, to fill up any
vacancy which may have happened among the trustees, choose committee men, make
bye-laws, &c. The other affairs of the Society are to be managed by a quarterly and
monthly committee of Auditors, and an Actuary,

224 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

LODGE OF RELIEF 42, BURY, LANCS.

The Bye-Laws of this Lodge drawn up in 1734 were revised on the 24th
June, 1751, and the following addition made at the end of Bye-Law No. 7: —

"That there shall be 20/- allowed out of the Fund for a Coffin of any deceased
member to be made by any of ths brothers whom he shall choose, and if it so happen y

that his share of the above fund according to the- number of members that then belong -■'

the Lodge should amount to about 20 shillings he shall have a right to dispose of the
overplus to whom he thinks proper, but if he does not choose it, then it shall go to the
use of the Lodge, and if the Deceased has not chose the person that shall make him his
Coffin, the Master shall determine it."

On the 11th July, 1771, the Bye-Laws were again revised, and the following
addition was made : —

"The sum of 4/- per week was allowed to any sick member of 3 years standing,
instead of as before leaving the amount to be fixed by the majority of the brethren.

" In the event of death, a Shroud and Sheet were to be provided in addition to
an Oak Coffin."

In 1784 the Bye-Laws were again revised, and the following are extracted
from them : —

"12th. And no Member of our Lodge but what shall clear off their Arrairs at
least twice each year, that is each Meeting befor the two St. John's, and if they Refuse
so to do not to have the benifit of the Sick if they stand in need of it."

" 14th. The forfits to be paid into the Fund for the Use of the Sick and to be
entred into the Book with great Accuracy."

" 16th. And if any of our Members that as been the perfixt time do fall sick or
lame they are to inform the Master or Wardens, and the Bror. that Dwells near them
to visit them, and the Money to be paid to them by the Master or Wardens orders and
by no other Members and a Bill brought in of the same the next Lodge night."

The following is extracted from a Minute of 28th April, 1831: —

"A letter was read from Lodge No. 477, Greyhound Inn, Richmond, Surrey,
(now Lodge of Harmony, No. 255) asking us to join them in a fund to relieve the ag~vd
and distressed brethren, we having a fund for that purpose, the offer was declined."

It would appear that a Masonic Charity existed in Sheffield from 1805-1834,
" when it was dissolved by mutual consent and the funds in hand amounting to
over £1060 were divided amongst the thirty-seven surviving members."

The following notes are extracted from the Minutes of the Anchor and Hope
Lodge, Bolton: —

Up to 1st September, 1768, no record is made of the amount of monthly
subscription, or as the Minutes call it, " Monthly Club," but on this day an entry
is " being first night each pd 9d."

The closing entry in this old record book is : —

"8th Feb. 1776. Our Lodge assembled in ample form. Monthly Club reed 11/-."

In Leeds there was also a Masonic Charity in existence about the year 1818,
and the illustration of the Advertisement Card of the Leeds Masonic Benefit
Society is, I think, of some interest.

Discussion. 225

Bro. C. Gotjgh writes: —

The only contribution which at present I can make is just this, that the
"Mr. Giffard his Brewer" must have been the Mr. Gyfford who took over the
Brewery founded in 1740 by Thomas Shackle, and known as the Woodyard
Brewery in Long Acre. The firm ultimately developed into Combe and Co., and
is now merged in Watney, Combe, Reid and Co., Ltd. The Brewhouse in Castle
Street, Long Acre, was for many years commonly termed Gyfford's Brewhouse.
In those days, as at the present, the practice obtained for Brewers to take charge
of the monies of Clubs and Societies held at public-houses, and allow interest on
same.

Beer at 4d. per gallon was cheap in those days. I fancy there was no Beer
Duty or Malt Tax then. Probably also it was brewed at a low gravity — at least,
we will hope so, when you work it out as one gallon per man.- But, then, in those
days our forbears were better trained and practised in the art of drinking than
we are at the present time. Still, we should not have great difficulties in finding
men " good enough " for a gallon even now.

Bro. C. Lewis Edwards writes: —

I send a copy of Revised Rules of (Benefit) Society of Free and Accepted
Arch Masons of the United Chapter of Prudence No. 149 — commenced 15th March,
1802, published in 1808 — and a further revision of the Rules of the same Society
published in 1812.

The phraseology of many of the rules, including the general exhortation, is
identical with many which the W.M. referred to in his most interesting paper.

The curious thing is, 1 cannot trace the No. 149.

In Lane's Masonic Records, the United Lodge of Prudence No. 83 was
constituted in 1753, and the places of meeting of the Chapter Benefit Society
coincide with the Inns printed on the frontispiece of both of the publications,
viz., " White Lion," Oxford Street, and " Boar and Castle," Oxford Street (1803).
The Constitution of the United Chapter of Prudence was not chartered until
October 29th, 1818, so that this is evidence of the existence of a Royal Arch Benefit
Society in 1802, before the Chapter was separately constituted, when the Rules
were "revised." It is not unreasonable to suppose, from the striking similarity
of language employed in these Rules and the earlier Rules mentioned by the W.M.,
that the enclosed are much older than 1802, but the investigation does suggest
this question : Was there a separate Society for the Lodge, or was the Benefit
Society attached to the Arch Chapter and restricted entirely to Royal Arch Masons ?

You may keep the enclosed copies and include them in the Lodge Library
if you think them useful.

226 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Bro. W. Wonnacott writes as follows in reply: —

I appreciate very much the vote of thanks passed by the Brethren, moved
by my Senior Warden, who touches in the course of his remarks upon the matter
of Masters' Lodges. It is an extremely interesting subject upon which much has
been found out since Bro. Lane wrote his paper, requiring some additions to the
list of such Lodges known to him at the time, and any new edition of his
Masonic Records will require amplification in this respect. Nothing, however, is
jet known of the work or constitution of these Lodges, and it is only by the
examination of early records that we shall be able to piece together sufficient
information to throw light on this very mysterious subject. We are able now to
gather that a Masters' Lodge was a distinct body from the F.C. Lodge, with its
own funds and often its own furniture, but it is impossible to go into the matter
now excapt at greater length than the limits of a reply would justify.

Another point raised by Bro. Levander is the difference between General,
Public and Private Lodge nights. This is easily explained, the General being the
Quarterly, or in some instances, the Annual night: Public Lodge nights were the
occasions when visitors were admitted, and Private nights were limited to special
business at which the attendance of visitors was not thought desirable. Many of
the old Bye-Laws regulate these meetings, the earliest regulations known to us
being those of the Swan and Rummer Lodge, in fores in 1726, where No. 1 lays it
down

That the Second & Fourth Wednesday ... be appointed
our Lodge Nights for receiving visits, &c. (Approved),

being what was termed public nights, when no making of candidates was done, as
indicated in No. 14,

That the making of new Brethren be not in Lodge Hours this of a
Lodge Night, But a By-day or time' be appointed for ye same, and
that left to the discretion of the Master. Approved.

In this Lodge the term of office was half-yearly, so that a General night, or what
we should now call an Installation night, occurred every six months.

Similarly in the case of the Friendly Society, the numerous extracts I have
given will sufficiently show, in the light of this explanation, the distinction between
the various occasions of the meetings mentioned by Bro. Levander.

So far as I am aware, no other copy of the Rules, Orders, &c, of the Friendly
Society has yet come to light. Its contents gave much entertainment to me while
engaged upon collecting the information here presented to the Quatuor Coronati
Lodge, and was sufficient reward for the midnight oil expended upon the pursuit
of the subject.

Bro. Gordon Hills is, in my opinion, quite correct in assuming that the
Committee of Charity was the model upon which the philanthropy and procedure
of the Friendly Society were based, and the same applies to the other instances of
later Benefit Societies of a Masonic or related nature, examples of which have been
cited in the course of the discussion.

The modesty of Bro. Gough deterred him from joining in the discussion
but it has not prevented me from divesting his letter to me of its privacy, in order

isatssion.

22?

that the brethren, may benefit by his valuable suggestion. It gives me the oppor-
tunity of thanking him for much valuable and important information on this and
other subje'cts in the course of our frequent correspondence, and I know others are
.similarly indebted to him.

Bro. Calvert does not deal with the subject matter of my paper, and I must
ask him to forgive me if I do not here comment upon the examples he has brought
forward. The contribution is a valuable one, nevertheless; but circumstances at
present prevent me from going into the details. Also to Bro. Edwards I must
similarly express thanks for having drawn attention to the Rules of the Royal Arch
Chapter of Prudence, directly founded in part upon those of the Friendly Society.
He is at some loss to reconcile the number of that Chapter \yith the existing
Lodge, etc., of Prudence, but I must refer him to the list of Chapters given in
Hughan's English Masonic Rite, where N"o. 149 is given as the United Chapter of
Prudence, founded in 1808, thus connecting the Lodge and Chapter at the Boar &
Castle, and the White Lion in Oxford Street. I believe that the records of this old
Chapter are still in existence.

228

Transactions of the, Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

NE OF THE TWO LANDMARKS OF THE CRAFT." — The

lamented death of Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley has deprived
Freemasonry of perhaps its most brilliant controversialist,
whose firmness in upholding his views was only equalled by
his unfailing courtesy to opponents. And it is because I am
sure that, had he lived, he would have desired these words to
have been written, I now refer to what he said in a footnote
in A.Q.C., vol. xxviii.-, page 141.

In a paper on The Special Lodge of Promulgation, 1809-1811, printed in
A.Q.C xxiii., 37-59, I discussed at some length the resolution passed by the
members of the Lodge of Promulgation on October 19th, 1810: — "Resolved that
it appears to this Lodge that the ceremony of Installation is one of the two Land-
marks of the Craft and ought to be observed," particularly on pages 50-54; and
on page 51 referred to Dr. Crawley's assertion in Ccementaria Hibernica (1895)
that: " The other Landmark alluded to is the interchanged mode of recognition."
It may be remembered that my contention was that the word " two " was an error
in making the copy of the Minutes of the Lodge of Promulgation, which is in the
Library of Grand Lodge, and that the right word, and the one really intended to
appear upon the Minutes was " true," and not " two." It is obvious that if this
be so, and the Minutes should read " one of the true Landmarks," all discussion
or speculation as to what "the other Landmark " might be is irrelevant, as a
question of what " the other " was could only arise if the phrase " one of the two
Landmarks " were correct.

It could have been wished that Dr. Crawley had himself added to the com-
ments which are annexed to the paper ; he did not, however, do so. Last year, in
what proved, unhappily, to be his last contribution to our Transactions, to a men-
tion of the Lodge of Promulgation paper as a whole he appended a footnote stating
that I, as its writer, had " broached an original hypothesis, to the effect that the
phrase ' Two Ancient Land Marks ' embodied a clerical error in the Minutes of
the Lodge. Our W.M. has supported the hypothesis with the utmost skill and
ingenuity, but the explanation seems superfluous in view of the known facts."

The circumstances being as they are, and as Dr. Chetwode Crawley's state
of health forbade communication with him at any time after the appearance in
print (which also constituted my first knowledge) of his reference to the ' ' two
Landmarks " or its accompanying footnote, it is right, to prevent misapprehension
by readers for whom the topic may have interest, to say here that I am unable to
attach a definite meaning to Dr. Crawley's words, " the explanation seems super-
fluous in view of the known facts ' ' ; and that it is beyond my power even to suggest
to what " the known facts " were intended to refer.

It is with all respect and reverence that, in adhering to the views set forth
in vol. xxiii. — that " one of the true Landmarks " were the words intended to be
placed upon the Lodge of Promulgation Minutes — I am constrained to take notice

Notes and Queries. 229

that Dr. Crawley cited the dabated phrase as " Two Ancient Land Marks "; and
that differences between those words and " the two Landmarks of the Craft," which
are the actual words in the Lodge Minutes, may have given rise to possible con-
fusion or misunderstanding. I can only record my deep regret that the illness
and subsequent death of our distinguished brother have placed it beyond our power
to solicit his reasons for the view he took of what is certainly an interesting, and
historically important, question. W. B. Hextaxl.

Bro. Bartholomew Ruspini. — In reference to the account of this celebrated
Brother given in the St. John's Card for 1915, I have no doubt that he was initiated
into our Order in 1762 in a Lodge (No. 116) then meeting at the Bush Tavern in
Bristol. The only records of the proceedings of the Lodge now existing are con-
tained in the Cash-book covering the period from 1754 to 1769, in which is the
following entry : —

" 1762

Ap 1 7 th Cash Rec d B r Springer for Making & Craft £1.10.0

Cox • Ditto £1.10.0

Ruspini Do. £1.10.0 "

In the earlier years after Bartholomew Ruspini came to England he travelled
about the country and practised his profession as dentist in the various towns he
visited. Unfortunately, I have been unable to meet with any notice of him in
the Bristol newspapers of the exact date ; but doubtless his coming was announced
in the Press. The following advertisement appeared in the Bristol Journal of
July 12th, 1766: —

" Mr. Ruspini, Surgeon Dentist, takes this Method to acquaint the
Nobility and Gentry, that hs is just returned from Dublin to his House
in Westgate-street, Bath, and on receiving their Commands he will
wait on them. Mr. Ruspini is extremely sorry that many Ladies and
Gentlemen have been disappointed of his Dentrifice, [sic], occasioned
by his long unexpected Stay in Dublin. Now they may be supplied
with it at his House aforesaid, and at Mr. Loggan's, at the Hotwells,
Bristol, where any Messages will be taken in for him.

Mr. Ruspini fixes natural Teeth, which never change colour,
with the greatest Ease and Dexterity."

The Hotwells were then a fashionable resort, whither people came to take
the waters. It is clear that Ruspini must have had an important connection in
Bath to have induced him to have a house there, and it is also evident that he made
a practice of going to Bristol from there.

The two following advertisements from Pope's Bath Chronicle and Weekly
Gazette will, I hope, prove of interest in throwing some further light upon Bro.
Ruspini's life at the time. The second one shows that in 1764 he was already
sufficiently engaged in London to have " lodgings " there.

October 12th, 1763.

" Mr. Ruspini

Takes this Method to acquaint the Nobility and Gentry, that he is
removed from the Circus, Bath, to his House in Westgate-ftreet, near

230 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Westgate-house, and on receiving their Commands, he will wait on

, them.

. He cures the Scurvy in the Gums; first cleans the Teeth from
that corrofive tartarous gritty Substance, which hinders the Gums .f row
growing, infects the Breath, and is one of the principal Causes of the
Scurvy. His Dentifrice, which is free from any corrcfive Preparation,
will reftore the Gums to their priftine State, preferve the Teeth, ana
render them perfectly white, will faften thofe that are loofe, and
prevent them from further Decay. He fills up with Lead or Gold thofe
that are hollow (so as to render them ufeful) and prevents the Air

1 getting into them, which generally aggravates the Pain.

He makes and fixes Artificial Teeth, which cannot be distin-
guifhed from natural ones, with the greateft Eafe and Elegance.
!]•"■ His Dentifrice, with proper Brufhes and Directions, may be
had as above, at 2 s 6" each Pot, and 6 d the Brush."

October 25th, 1764.

" Mr. Ruspini,

Surgeon Dentist

r Begs Leave to acquaint the Nobility and Gentry, that he is now at his

Houfe in Weffcgate-ftreet, Bath, and, on receiving their Commands, he

. . will wait on them.

His Dentrifrice may be had as above, and at his Lodgings in
London; at Mrs. Weft's, in Duke-ftreet, St. James's, at 2 s 6 d each Pot,
and proper Brufhes at 6 d each. Each Pot is fealed with his Coat of
Arms, with the Motto ' Deo et Amicis.' "

The entry in the Cash-book already quoted is also interesting because the
Bro. Springer mentioned is no doubt the Joshua Springer who was for many years
the Deputy Provincial Grand Master of Bristol and the most prominent local
Mason. He was an optician and mathematical instrument-maker, and his identity
is shown by various records of purchases and repairs for the Lodge, although his
Christian name is never once mentioned. He was said to be " exceedingly perfect
in all that related to the Ceremonial and Instructions in the several degrees."
This was supposed to be " greatly the effect of a curious custom which he had
adopted. He had," said a contemporary Brother, " Chambers at the Hotwells
for medical Electricity, a remedy much in fashion in his day. As he went dow?i
in a Number Coach he always worked a lecture to himself, and in that way became
perfect . . . also before he went to sleep he exercised his memory in the
same manner, going on until he forgot all and fell insensibly into the arms of
Morpheus."

Thus we find both Springer and Ruspini were in the habit of visiting the
Hotwells, and the fact of their being initiated together leads to the supposition
that they were previously on friendly terms and had made this arrangement
between themselves. Since Springer is described in a local directory as a
" Mathematical, Philosophical, optical and musical Instrument-maker," the
requirements of a dentist were also probably within his power of supplying, and
Ruspini is likely to have become acquainted with his fellow-candidate in this way,
if in no other.

Notes and Queries. 231

There are three other references to Bro. Ruspini in the Cash-book, namely,

(1762) (Cash Rec d )

"June 24 th To Do. of Bro. Ruspini p. T. Hamilton 12.0"

"Nov. 2 To Do. of Bro. Ruspini pr. B r . Mills to Xmas 6.0"

(1763)
"Dec. 27 To Quart", of Bro. Ruspini 18.0

Raising Master 5.0 "

It would appear that Bro. Ruspini then resigned his membership of the
Lodge, since no further entries refer to him

When preparing our history of " Freemasonry in Bristol," Bro. Littleton
and I placed our conclusions before our late Bro. Sadler, and he wrote as follows: —

" I am sorry to say I cannot furnish full particulars of Ruspini's Masonic
• career. He came to England about 1750 and practised in various parts
of the United Kingdom until the year 1766, when he came to reside
permanently in London. The earliest reference I can find of him in
the Grand Lodge Records is undated, but I imagine it was prior to
1770, when he became a member of the St. Alban's Lodge (now No. 29),
and served as Grand Steward for that Lodge in 1772. The Register
does not state whether he was initiated in that Lodge or only joined it.
I have not a particle of doubt that the Ruspini you refer to having
been made in No. 116 in 1762 is identical with the brother who sub-
sequently became so justly celebrated, and who resided for many years
in Pall Mall, and, indeed, who died there in December, 1813. I con-
sider your find as most important, from a Masonic point of view, it
not having been hitherto known when and where he was initiated.
Indeed, I am so confident that he was the man, that I have entered it
in my note-book, with other items under his name, as an established
fact."

In this opinion Bro. Hughan fully agreed.

In Pope's Bath Chronicle of Thursday, April 16th, 1767, is the following
interesting announcement : —

" On Monday last was married at St. James' Church, London, by the
Rev. Dr. Swiney, Mr. Ruspini, Surgeon-Dentist, to Miss Elizabeth Ord,
daughter of Francis Ord, Esqre., of Longridge Hall near Berwick upon
Tweed, and a near relative of Edwin Lascelles, Esq., member for the
county of York."

Bro. Henry Sadler, in his history of the Lodge of Emulation, No. 21, which
Bro. Ruspini joined in 1769 and belonged to for many years, said he afterwards

"attained considerable eminence both masonically and sdcially. He
was surgeon-dentist to the Prince of Wales and one of the
founders of the Prince of Wales's Lodge in 1787, a Lodge estab-
lished by brethren attached to the person of His Royal Highness.
He was appointed Grand Sword Bearer in 1791, and continued
in that office until 1813. His title of Chevalier he received from the

■ 232 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Pope, who, in recognition of his general benevolence and hospitality to
foreigners in distress, created him a Knight of the Golden Spur — it is
said ' without solicitation from any quarter.' "

In Bro. Blizard Abbott's " History of the Royal Masonic Institution for
Girls," are some further interesting particulars of the life of Bro. Ruspini. He
was born at Romacoto, near Bergamo, in Italy, about the year 1730, being descended
from " an ancient and honourable family." He first studied surgery at the hospital
at Bergamo, and acquitted himself there with great success in his work. He then
decided to devote himself to dentistry, and to this end became a pupil of the dentist
of the King of France in Paris. Having completed his studies, he came to England
about 1750, and settled in London in 1766 " under the patronage of the Princess of
Wales (the mother of George III.), and many other distinguished people."

Bro. Ruspini died on December 14th, 1813, when he must have been about
eighty-three years old, just a fortnight before the actual completion of the Union
of the Grand Lodges, an object that is believed to have been very much 'desired by
him. Cecil Powell.

Bartholomew Ruspini.-— The date of the birth of Bartholomew Ruspini which
you give as 1727 would seem to have been regarded as uncertain even in his life-
time, for in a biographical sketch of the eminent Mason and philanthropist, which
appeared in The Freemason' $ Magazine for December, 1793, it is stated that he was
born " about the year 1730," at Romacoto, near Bergamo in Italy. As the same
authority further states that he took his diploma in surgery at the hospital in
Bergamo in 1748 and proceeded to Paris, where he studied dentistry undor
M. Capran, dentist to the King of France, before proceeding to England in 1750.
the date you assign to the event is probably correct, as it is more likely that he
cualified at the age of 21 than at 18. The European Magazine for July-December,
1813, in an obituary notice of Ruspini, gives his age as 86 years, which would make
1727 the date of his birth.

In 1787 Ruspini published " A Treatise on the Teeth " which ran into many
editions, and in the same year he dedicated to the King a volume, entitled " A
concise relation of the effects of an extraordinary Styptic, lately discovered : in a
series of letters from several Gentlemen of the Faculty and from Patients, to Barfch.
Ruspini, Surgeon-Dentist to His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales." The
preparation treated of is the Balsamic Styptic, a specific said to have been adequate
in all cases of external and internal hemorrhage, which Ruspini introduced in no
practice after two years of continuous experiment.

In addition to the Masonic associations of the Chevalier Ruspini mentioned
in your sketch, he established the Lodge of the Nine Muses, and he was made
Master of the Royal Lodge in 1778. In 1788 he w"as Treasurer of the Cumberland
School. In 1789 he joined the Lodge of Regularity. Another Lodge with which
he enjoyed a long connection was the St. Albans, now No. 29, of which he was
elected Treasurer in 1782 and Master in the following year. He attended fairly
regularly from 1782 to 1790, but in the next four years he only made one appearance
in Lodge, although he remained a subscribing member until 1796, and there is no
entry in the minutes of his discontinuing. He was present as a visitor in March,
1802. / Albert F. Calvert.

Notes and Queries.

23X

Old time punishments The following extract from Old time ■punishment?,

by William Andrews, F.R.H.S., Hull: Wm. Andrews & Co., 1890, page 212, may
be of interest: —

In the curious ordinances which were observed' in the reign of Henry VI. ,
for the conduct of the Court of Admiralty for the Humber, are
enumerated the various offences of a maritime connection', & their
punishments. In view of the character of the court, the punishment
was generally to be inflicted at low-water mark, so as to be within the
proper jurisdiction of the Admiralty, the chief officer of which, the
Admiral of the Humber, being, from the year 1451, the Mayor of Hull.
The court being met, & consisting of " masters, merchants & mariners,
with all others that do enjoy the King's stream with hook, net, or any
engine," were addressed as follows: " You masters of the quest, if you,
or any of you, discover or disclose anything of the King's secret counsel,
or of the counsel of your fellows (for the present you are admitted to bo
the King's counsellors), you are to be, & shall be, had down to the low-
water mark, where must be made three times, O Yes ! for the King,
& then & there this punishment, by the law prescribed, shall be
executed upon them; that is, their hands & feet bound, their throats
cut, their tongues pulled out, & their bodies thrown into the sea."

J. Heron Leppee.

Tylers' Coats — The portrait in oils of Montgomerie, Guarder of Grand.
Lodge, 1736, in my possession, represents him as attired in a dark blue coat trimmed::
with gold lace, and a red waistcoat. T. Francis.

234

Transactions of the Quatiior Coronati Lodge.

OBITUARY.

T is with much regret that we have to record the death of the
following Brethren : —

Jacob Barker, of High Stanners, Morpeth, Northumbsr
land, on March 8th, 1916, in his 73rd year. Our deceased
Brother held office as Past Provincial Grand Organist, Durham,
and Past Provincial Grand Standard Bearer in the Royal Arch
of Northumberland. His membership of our Correspondence
Circle commenced in January, 1895.

Samuel Russell Baskett, of Evershot, Dorchester, on the 12th March, 1916.
Our Brother held the rank of Past Provincial Grand Warden and Past Provincial
Grand J. : his membership of our Correspondence Circle commenced in 1887, his
number on the Roll being No. 36.

Rai Bahadur Lala Bhawanidas Batra, of the Punjab, in April, 1916. Bro.
Batra had held office as Senior Warden of the Lodge of Industry, 1485, and was a
member of the Chapter of the Punjab No. 782, as well as of our Correspondence
■Circle since May, 1906.

William John Chetwode Crawley, LL.D., D.C.L., of Sandford, Dublin, on
the 13th March, 1916. Bro. Crawley was a Past Master of Lodge No. 357 (I.C),
and Grand Treasurer for Ireland. For eminent services rendered as an Historian
of the Craft he had been honoured with high rank in Grand Lodges of several foreign
jurisdictions. • He joined our Lodge in June, 1887, and was for many years a
member of the Permanent Committee.

George Strickland Criswick, whose death occurred on the 26th January, 1916,
iti the eightieth year of his age. Our Brother was a Fellow of the Royal
Astronomical Society. As a Mason he was a Past Master of the Royal Naval
College and United Service Lodge 1593, holding the distinction of London Rank.
In the Royal Arch he was a P.Z. of Trafalgar Chapter 1593. He was elected to
membership of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1891.

William Hayman Cummings, Mus.Doc, of Dulwich, S.E., in April, 1916.
He had acted as Grand Organist in the Craft and Royal Arch : his election to
membership of our Correspondence Circle was in 1900.

William Dumolo, of Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 2nd December, 1915, who
had held the office of Provincial Grand Inner Guard, Munster. His membership
of our Correspondence Circle dated from October, 1888.

Lieut. Alfred Tomlin East, of the Indian Army Reserve, Roorkee, who died
on active service on the 27th April, 1916. Our Brother was a member of
Beauchamp Lodge No. 1422, and joined our Correspondence Circle in June, 1915.

Obituary. 235

Alfred Joseph Faulding, of Paddington, W., on the 1st February, 1916.
Bro. Faulding was the reigning Master of the Lodge of Unity No. 183, and his
membership of our Correspondence Circle dated from January, 1907.

Francis Frederick Giraud, of Faversham, Kent, on the 10th April, 1916,
in the 84th year of his age. He had been appointed to the office of Provincial
Grand Warden and Provincial Grand J.; his membership of the Correspondence
Circle dated from May, 1891.

Alfred William Harris, of Littlehampton, on the 22nd April, 1916, in his
-55th year. Our Brother was initiated in 1897 in the Howard Lodge of Brotherly
Love No. 56, and was Master in 1905. He was appointed Provincial Grand
Director of Ceremonies in 1909. He was a Founder of the Pentalpha Lodge
No. 3164 at Pulborough in 1906, and Master in 1914. He took the Royal Arch
Degree in the Cyrus Chapter No. 38, and in 1912 was First Principal, as well as
of the Sinai Chapter No. 3164. He joined our Correspondence Circle in October,
1910.

Herbert Thomas James, of Bridge of Weir, on the 15th February, 1916.

A Past Master of the Harbour of Refuge Lodge No. 764 and P.Z. of the Fawcett

"Chapter No. 764, and held the rank of Past Provincial Grand Deacon in the Craft,

and Past Provincial Grand Treasurer in the Royal Arch, and was elected to our

Correspondence Circle in June, 1906.

Richard Lambert, of New Orleans, on the 6th December, 1915, at the age
of 87. He held the offices of Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana,
Grand Secretary of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, Grand Recorder of
the Grand Council R. & S.M., and Grand Recorder of the Grand Commandery K.T.
He joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1887, his number on the list being 75.
.and since October, 1888, he had acted as our Local Secretary for Louisiana.

Sir John Macpherson-Grant, Baronet, of Ballindalloch Castle, Ballindalloch,
in 1914, who had occupied the office of Provincial Grand Master, Inverness-shire,
-and Substitute Grand Master. His membership of our Correspondence Circle
■dated from the year 1894.

Captain Joseph B. Mansfield, of Leytonstone, in 1916. His death occurred
whilst commanding his ship, which was struck by a submarine. Our Brother was
a member of the Royal Oak Lodge No. 871, and joined our Correspondence Circle
in November, 1908.

Samuel Walshe Owen, L.R.C.P., of Kensington, on the 2nd April, 1916.

A Past Master of the City of London Lodge No. 901 and of the Ionic Lodge

No. 227, and a P.Z. of the Jordan Chapter No. 201. Bro. Owen had been a
member of our Correspondence Circle since 1898.

Alfred Bryant Price, of New York City, on the 1st January, 1916. He
held the rank of Past Grand Deacon in the Craft, and that of Past High Priest in
Chapter No. 2. His membership of our Correspondence Circle commenced in
June, 1906.

236

Transactions of the Quatiior Corona ti Lodge..

Charles Willerton Richardson, of Streatham, S.W., in February, 1916, who
had held offics, in Bombay, of District Grand Chaplain and that of District Grand
Sword Bearer in the Royal Arch. He was a Past Master of Truth Lodge No. 944.
and a member" of our Correspondence Circle since May, 1905.

E. Shrier, of London, in 1916. Our Brother was a member of the Duke of
Connaught Lodge No. 1558, and P.Z. of the Henry Levander Chapter No. 2048,
and joined our Correspondence Circle in November, 1912.

John Campbell Thompson, of Hull, in March, 1916. A Past Master of
Kingston Lodge No. 1010, and a member of our Correspondence Circle since May,,.
1906.

Sir Samuel James Way, Bart., PC, D.C.L., LL.D., of Adelaide, in
January, 1916, 80 years of age. He had filled the office of Lieutenant Governor
and of Chief Justice of South Australia for nearly forty years. He was a very
prominent Freemason, representing the Grand Lodge of England in South
Australia, and was Grand Master and Grand Z. in that jurisdiction. He became-
a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1891.

George Wormal, of Stafford, on the 16th April, 1916. He had held office
as Provincial Grand Warden and Provincial Grand Scribe N. His membership of
our Correspondence Circle dated from June, 1895.

FRIDAY, 5th MAY, 1916.

HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. \V.
Wonnacott, W.M. ; W. B. Hextall, I. P.M. ; F. W. Levander, S.W. ;
Cecil Powell, J.W. ; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain; W. J.
Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C, Secretary; Gordon Hills, I.G. ; J. P. Simpson,
P.A.G.R., P.M.; E. H. Dring, P.M.; and Dr. W. Wynn Westcott,
P.G.D., P.M.

Also the following members of the Correspondence Circle : — ■
Bros. Major J. N. Blood, G. Smets-Mondez, G. H. Luetchford, G. Arthur Gale, W. A.
Tharp, P.A.G.P., J. Martens, A. F. Calvert, A. Cadbury Jones, Walter Dewes, M. de
Smet de Naeyer, F. J. Boniface, J. Sargeant Stacy, James Scott, Harry Tipper, P.G.P.,
H. S. Beaman, W. Wyld, J. Plunkett Bowley, O. H. Bate, F. J. Asbury, Dr. W.
Hammond, P.G.D., W. F. Keddell, J. Russell McLaren, Thomas R. Rand, A. S. Lewis,
\V. C. P. Tapper, L. G. Wearing, H. C. Lake, Dr George Norman, A. G. Boswell, J.
Inkster, F. P. S. Cresswell, F. W. le Tall, G. C. Williams, C. Isler, D. Taylor, A. F.
Parker, Charles Efford, Digby L. Cropper, L. Danielsson, A. Y. G. Campbell, P. E.
Reinganum, C. H. Lee, Andrew Reid, F. E. Lewis, Reginald C. Watson, J. Pfoctor
Watson, J. F. H. Gilbard, and Rev. C. J. S. O'Grady.

Also the following visitors: — J. Wendrickx, of Lodge Pax Concordia; George P.
Grose, of Royal Life Saving Lodge No. 3339; J. M. Huddlestone, P.M. of Archimedean
Lodge No. 3613; C. H. Bowden, W.M. of Stockwell Lodge No. 1339; J. M. Morley, of
Penshaw Lodge No. 3194; T. Heads, of Borough Lodge No. 424; R. J. Lake, of Cecil
Lodge No. 449; Isaac Levy, of Olicana Lodge, No. 1522; William Young, of the Middlesex
Yeomanry Lodge No. 3013; and John Borthwick, of the George Price Lodge, No. 2096.

Letters of apology for absence were reported from Bros. E. Conder, L.R., G.
Greiner, P.A.G.D.C; William Watson; Dr. H. F. Berry, I.S.O. ; Thomas J. Wesiropp ;
J, E, S. Tuckett; Count Goblet d'AMella; Sir Albert Markham, P,Djs,G,M., Mfilta ;

238 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Hamon le Strange, P.Prov.G.M., Norfolk; John T. Thorp, P.A.G.D.C. ; F. H. Goldney,
P.G.D. ; and S. T. Klein, L.R.

A vote of sympathy was unanimously passed with the relatives of the late Bro.
Dr. William John Chetwode Crawley, on whose life and work the W.M. addressed the
Lodge. (See page 239.)

Fourteen Brethren were elected to membership of the Correspondence Circle.

The Secretary called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.

By Bro. Alfred Gates, Sherborne.

Razor, with Masonic emblems, made by R. [Rhoda] Rodgers & Son, Norfolk Works,
Sheffield, a firm not now in existence. The Razor is believed to have been made about
40 years ago. Presented to the Lodge.

Walking Stick with a number of emblems engraved or burnt in. Some of these
emblems are unusual in connexion with Masonry. The name Esau Eadds, and date 1825
are included in the ornamentation, and also a Thistle, which suggests a Scotch origin,
but nothing is known except that it belonged to the father of the present owner who is
a farmer in Dorsetshire.

By Bro. J. Colvin Watson, Cardiff.

Apron of plain leather, with lower corners cut off, and flap with double curve, the
whole edged with black ribbon. A former owner was a Mason, and it is suggested that
this Apron was worn by him at Masonic funerals. Other specimens of this pattern are
known, but it has hitherto been considered that they are not Masonic. Definite informa-
tion on the ooint would be welcomed.

A hearty vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to those Brethren who had
kindly lent these objects for exhibition, and made presentations to the Lodge Museum.

Bro. E. H. Dring read the first section of his paper on "The Tracing or Lodge
Board." A report of the discussion which ensued will be found after the second section
re&d fit the June Meeting.

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. 239

%tx Uftemormm*

WILLIAM JOHN CHETWODE CRAWLEY.

Before proceeding with the business of the evening the W.M. rose and said :
Bretheen,

From the outward signs of mourning in the Lodge, as well as from the
intimation received with the summons for this meeting, you will have gathered
that a heavy blow has fallen on us by the recent loss of a member of this Lodge
in the person of William John Chetwode Crawley, who died on the 13th March
last, at the age of 72 years, and I must detain you for a few minutes while we pay
our tribute of respect to the memory of our departed brother.

To the sister Grand Lodge of Ireland our sympathies will go but in the
removal by the hand of death of one of its most distinguished members, who for q
number of years took a most active part in its affairs and held high office in the
Irish Craft, needless to say adorning by his genial presence and kindly assistance
the deliberations of that assembly which now must feel most severely the blank
caused by the summons of our friend to the Grand Lodge above.

But it is as a member of our, own Inner Circle that this loss will be felt
most heavily, in the departure from our midst of the talented brother who for a
long series of years has enriched the printed transactions of this body by numerous
scholarly contributions from his facile pen, of sterling value to the Masonic student.
Crawley, I am afraid, was known to but few of us in the flesh, for his residence
in Dublin would not lead us to expect him often at our meetings, but some of us
have been privileged to meet him, a fairly regular attendant, at our Summer
Outings. It is as a Masonic student of the first rank that the name of Dr.
Chetwode Crawley is best known to us, from the time he stepped into his own
particular niche of fame as the author of " Caementaria Hibernica, being the
Public Constitutions which have served to hold together the Freemasons of
Ireland," of which the first part appeared in 1895 and the continuation of which
was published in the years 1896 and 1900, a work to which no tribute is now
necessary, as its learning and soundness of argument have already received the
unstinted reward of Masonic students all over the world. He showed by this
remarkable work that he was detached from the crowd of visionary historians and
had become a leading light of the Authentic School of Masonic writers, along with
Gould, Hughan, Eylands, Speth and others, the soundness of his arguments being
at all times framed in convincing language, combined with elegance of style, great
fluency, and ease of expression.

Our brother was born at Hampstead on the 15th November, 1843, and after
a notable career as a student at Trinity College, Dublin, graduated as a Bachelor

246 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronatl Lodge.

of Arts in the first class at the Irish University, and to the close of his life he was
closely associated with that body in its educational work. He is known as the
author of various textbooks and manuals, some of which ran through many,
editions, such as on Historical Geography, and the Handbook on Competitive
Examinations, and he was the editor of the Open Competition Handbooks. As a
Doctor of Laws, as well as a Doctor of Civil Law, he had for twenty years a seat
on the Council of Dublin University, and was the Director of the Dublin Academy
of Military Classes. He was also Chairman of the Dublin Council of Teachers'
Guilds, and a member of the Council of the Classical Association. Of many of
the learned Societies he was a well-known member, among them the Royal Society
of Antiquaries of Ireland, the Royal Geographical Societies of England and of
Ireland, the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, the Royal Historical Society,
and was a foundation member of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and
Ireland.

Chetwode Crawley, whose portrait appeared as the frontispiece of tiie 1907
volume of the A.Q.C., first saw the light of Masonry in the year 1873, being
initiated in the Scientific Lodge No. 250 of the Irish Constitution, a Lodge which
became merged in the following year in No. 357, now known as the Trinity
College Lodge, of which he was founder and in 1876 the Master, and of which,
too, he was the Secretary for many years. As a faithful guardian of the ritual
of Irish Masonry he was in 1880 the elected Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge
of Instruction, and held that office down to the year 1893. This body is peculiar
in that it has no counterpart in the English or Scottish bodies, and is the sole
repository of the ritual, and safeguard against changes and innovations in
ritual working, for in Ireland, as elsewhere, the printing of the esoteric ceremonies
is severely discountenanced. In 1881 the Grand Lodge of Ireland counted him
as Grand Inner Guard, the first of a series of progressive steps in the Grand
Lodge which is another peculiarity of the Irish Craft, it being the practice to
promote a brother triennially to higher rank by electing him to a more important
office. Thus in 1884 he became Grand Sword Bearer, in 1887 Grand Steward,
and later Grand Senior Deacon, while in 1904 he was Grand Treasurer, to which
office he was re-elected on each occasion down to the end of a busy Masonic life.
The Irish Craft paid him the compliment in 1905 of naming the Lodge No. 395
after him, the Chetwode Crawley Lodge.

In the Royal Arch he was exalted in the year 1874 in No. 357, and joined
in 1876 the University Chapter No. 33 : the same year he also joined the Israel
Chapter No. 126, of which he was the M.E. King in 1877. He received the Mark
degree in the University Chapter.

The sovereign Masonic bodies of Ohio, Iowa, and British Columbia each of
them conferred on him the rank of Past G. Warden of their respective constitutions.

In the Order of High Knights Templars he held the rank of Past Great
Chancellor of the Great Priory of Ireland, Grand Commander of the Temple and
Knt. G. Cross, and was the elected representative of the Great Preceptory of
Instruction of Ireland.

As a Prince Mason he was Secretary of the Furnell Chapter No. 4, Grand
Secretary General and Keeper of the Archives of the Grand Chapter of Ireland,
and Grand Chancellor 33° of the Supreme Council of Ireland.

In Memonartl. 24 1

Chetwode Crawley was elected to the Inner Circle of the Quatuor Coronati
Lodge on the 2nd June, 1887, and has been for a long time a member of its
Permanent Committee. With the extreme modesty which was one of his greatest
characteristics he did not for some years contribute to our Transactions, although
brief articles and other contributions are to be found in the Masonic press, until
1895, the year in which Fasciculus Primus of his " Caementaria Hibernica "
appeared, when on St. John's Day in Harvest he attended this Lodge for the first
time, to read a paper on " Medals," and to take part in the discussion on Gould's
historical sketch of the Gormogons and the Duke of Wharton. This first essay on
his part commenced a long series of learned articles in the A.Q.C., scarcely a
volume appearing since that date without some valuable contribution, often several
in one year, from our departed brother's pen.

His other writings, apart from our own volumes and his monumental work,
the " Caementaria," are but few, but none the less valuable for their scarcity.
In 1898 he wrote the introductory chapter to Sadler's "Masonic Reprints and
Historical Revelations," a lengthy preface which dealt with early Irish Free-
masonry and Dean Swift's connection with the Craft, and in which he made
skilful use of the re-discovery of the 1688 Tripos which in 1808 had been printed
by John Barrett, D.D., in his work " An Essay on the Earlier Part of the Life
of Swift," London, 1808.

Such is the brief outline of the activities of our departed brother. Of him
it may be said, as of another worthy of the mid-eighteenth century,

" Masonry in Ireland might be said to be in a Twilight for Want of its
proper Lustre."

W. Wonnacott.

LIST OF MASONIC WRITINGS BY W. J. CHETWODE CRAWLEY.

1. Legal Episodes in the History of Freemasonry, Freemason, Christmas Number,

Dec. 18, 1899.

Reprinted as a pamphlet by Kenning.

Dealt with the cases of Thos. Smith v. Wm. Finch, 1814; the Associated
Lodges seceding from the present Grand Lodge of Scotland, 1808 ;
and the Irish case of Alex. Seton v. W. F. Graham, 1808, for libel.

2. The International Compact, 1814. A.Q.G. xxviii., 141.

First appeared as a pamphlet, reprinted from the
Diamond Jubilee Number of the Freemason.

3. Notes on Irish Freemasonry, in various volumes of the A.Q.G.

I. Miss St. Leger (Hon. Mrs. Aldworth) and the

Lodges claiming her as a member. ,, viii., 53.

II. Three lost Lodges (Irish Lodges at Norwich, the

Middle Temple, and at Beziers, France). ,, ,/ 79.

III. Medals. „ „ HO.

242

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

IV. The Old Lodge at Bandon.

V. The Saokville Medal.

VI. The Wesleys and Irish Freemasonry.

VII. Some early Irish Certificates and their story.

VIII. The Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Grand Lodge
of Pennsylvania.

4. The Ordeal of the Poker.

5. The Masonic MSS. in the Bodleian Library.

6. Rabbi Jacob Jehudah Leon.

7. A Monograph on the Dillons.

8. Marcus Graecus Eversus.

9. Wheeler's Lodge (the original of the Royal Alpha Lodge,

now No. 16).

10. The Chevalier D'Eon.

11. The Rev. Dr. Anderson's non-Masonic writings.

12. Mock Masonry in the Eighteenth Century.

13. Contemporary comments on the Freemasonry of the Eighteenth

Century.

14. The Craft and its Orphans in the Eighteenth Century.

15. Masonic Blue.

16. Two Corner Stones laid in the olden time.

17. The Old Charges and the Papal Bulls.

18. The Templar Legends in Freemasonry.

19. The Legend of the SS. Quatuor Coronati.

Short Articles and Minor Contributions.

20. The Sign of Assent.

21. The two SS. John Legend.

22. Discussion on Bro. Conder's paper on " Mrs. Aldworth."

23. A curious historical error.

24. Discussion on Bro. Hughan's paper on " The Three Degrees.'

Reviews.

25. Gratton's " Freemasonry in Shanghai."

26. Beever's " Thornhill Lodge" No. 1514.

27. H. Le Strange's " Freemasonry in Norfolk."

28. Thorp's " French Prisoners' Lodges."

29. Hughan's " Jacobite Lodge at Rome " 1735-37.

A.Q.G.

ix.,

xiii.,

142.

XV.,

100.

xvi.,

69.

xvii.,

137.

ix.,

83.

xi.,

xii.,

150.

xii.,

23.

xiv.,

114.

xiv.,

205

xvi.,

229.

xviii.,

28.

? ?

129.

201.

xxiii.,

167.

309.

xxiv.,

21.

47,
107,
251,
125.

xxvi.,

' 45,
146,
221.

xxvii., 158.

A.Q.G.

vii.,

55.

viii.,

156.

21.

X.,

J J

139.

ix.,

122.

123.

125.

XV.,

45.

xxiii.,

198

Transactions of the Qtiatuor Coronati Lodge.

243

THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TRACING OR LODGE BOARD.

BY BRO. E. H. DRIN'G, P.M.

PART. I. THE EVOLUTION.

RETHREN, the paper I am about to read to you this evening
is the outcome of a study of our old Tracing Boards I have
pursued during the last few years. I started it by collecting
photographs of old Tracing Eoards all over the country, and it
was my original intention only to make a record of those old
boards that survive and to let them form the basis of an ordinary
Lantern lecture.

I found, however, that the subject could not be dismissed so casually, and
when our Secretary asked me to deliver a lecture on the History of the Tracing
Board to our members on June 24th I decided to present the lecture to you in two
sections, the first, which I place before you this evening and which I shall call
the " Evolution of the Tracing Board " is very controversial: the second section,
the " Development of the Tracing Board," which I shall read on June 24, being
simply a record of those old Tracing Boards, painted before Harris popularised
them, which are still in existence, and in regard to which there is little or no
controversy.

As may be readily imagined there is great difficulty in collecting material
for a paper on a subject like the present, and beyond occasional notes in the
minute books of old Lodges and various manuscript catechisms one has to rely upon
the early exposures and spurious rituals of Freemasonry and certain negative
evidence which can be inferred from old Masonic writers. Had Bro. E. L. Hawkins
been spared to continue his papers on The Evolution of Masonic Ritual I am sure
it would not have been necessary for me to have touched on many of the points I
shall have to place before you this evening.

It is unnecessary for me to remind you that although the Grand Lodge of
England tacitly countenances the use , of Tracing Boards, inasmuch as they are
anointed at the consecration of all new lodges, Grand Lodge has never authorised
any particular pattern nor defined the nature of them.

It will perhaps be advisable for me to remind you of what some so-called
Masonic lectures say of the Tracing Board : —

Name the immovable Jewels.

The T.B. & the R. & the P. A.

Their uses ?

The T.B. is for the M. to lay lines & draw designs on .

Why are they called Immovable ?

244 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Because they lie open & immovable in the L. for the Brethren to
Moralise on.

There is a beautiful comparison between the immovable Jewels & the
furniture of the L. which I will thank you for.

As the T.B. is for the M. to lay lines and draw designs on, the better
to enable the brethren to carry on the intended structure with
regularity and propriety, so the V. of the S.L. may justly be
deemed the spiritual T.B. of the G.A.O.T.U.,

There is a suggestion here that the Tracing Board had at some time an
individual, separate existence as a drawing board for the Master to lay lines on,
etc. (in the same way as the Trestle Board exists at the present day in American
Freemasonry), but I hope to be able to demonstrate that in English Freemasonry
it has now only an emblematical existence as an item on that piece of furniture
which is now called the Tracing Board, but which I prefer to call and shall call
throughout the remainder of this paper the "Lodge Board."

I may premise that the true Tracing Board is that Drawing Board which
in Harris' Lodge Boards is generally depicted lying on the ground before the
pedestal in the Lodge Board of the First Degree. In the early boards it is quite
plain, but as the designs of the Lodge Board became elaborated a ground plan was
added, which is popularly supposed to represent the ground plan of King Solomon's
temple.

Manuscript Catechisms & Spurious Rituals.

It will be within the recollection of all of you that Grand Lodge was formed
in 1717 and the first Book of Constitutions was published in 1723. In the following
year there appeared The Grand Mystery of the Freemasons discovered, followed in
1730 by Prichard's Masonry Bisected and by other works at subsequent dates,
which aimed at exposing the secrets and ritual "of Freemasonry. The most popular
of them was entitled Jachin and Boat, and it was reprinted a large number of
times. Another exposure, which is also fundamentally a spurious ritual of the
Moderns, was issued under the title of Hiram or the. Grand Master Key in 1764.

It was doubtless owing to these revelations as much as to the ascribed
' reason ' that Grand Lodge made those variations in the ritual which they admit
having done in the 1784 Constitutions? and which were readjusted at the Lodge
of Promulgation, "the substance of which was to alter the Landmarks, namely
the First and Second Degrees reversed." 2

This is confirmed by the resolution of Grand Lodge April 12, 1809, " That
it is not necessary any longer to continue those measures which were resorted to in
or about the year 1739 respecting Irregular Masons, and do therefore enjoin the
several Lodges to revert to the ancient Land Marks of the Society."

1 Constitutions, 1784, p. 240 (note). " This illegal and unconstitutional claim obliged
the regular Masons to adout new measures to detect these impostors and debar them and
their abettors from the countenance and protection of the regular Lodges. To accomplish
this purpose more effectually, some variations were made in the established forms ; which
afforded* a subterfuge at' which the refractory brethren readily grasped."

2 Francis (T.). History of the "Howard" lodge of Brotherly Zove No, 56, 1898 ;
u. 36.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 245

Whether the rise of impostors was the cause of this resolution (as alleged
by Grand Lodge) or not, cannot be demonstrated, but there is little doubt
that somewhere about that time the movement which eventuated in the Grand
Lodge of the Antients was begun.

Within a few years of the institution of this Grand Lodge of the Antientf,
their system was exposed in its turn in The Three Distinct Enochs, and we are
thus in possession of spurious exposures of the Ritual, Catechisms and Forms of
both the Grand Lodge of the Antients and the original Grand Lodge of England
or Moderns.

Now, brethren, with all due deference to that characteristic trait of English-
men, a staunch belief in the opinions which have been handed down to them, I may
say that, in my opinion, these various publications probably give a fairly reliable
account of Freemasonry in England in the middle of the eighteenth century.
Though they may not always emulate that nightmare of the present day of being
letter perfect, they appear to describe the essentials of the ceremonies of the period
with a certain correctness that will be apparent to any one who cares to consult
them. To such an extent is this so that I may assert that either the writers were
conversant with Masonic practice or that the compilers of the ritual had recourse
to and adopted these exposures.

I may add further, speaking professionally, that there would not have been
such a continual demand for these spurious rituals as is shewn by the number of
times they were reprinted, had they not been used in some manner by the Craft.
There was not such a general curiosity among laymen to understand the secrets of
Freemasonry in the eighteenth century to account for the large numbers printed,
any more than there is in the present day to account for the large numbers of the
various so-called ritual's that are printed now.

In addition to these exposures there was published on the continent in 1745
a spurious ritual founded probably on Prichard's Masonry Directed but much
amplified, 1 entitled L'Ordre des Francs Macons trahi. It was illustrated with
detailed engravings. This was translated into English and in its turn further
amplified and published in 1766 under the title of Mahhabone or the Grand Lodge
Door Open'd. Another translation in which the editorial additions are much
more restricted was published in or before 1768, under the title of Solomon in
all his Glory, and this was illustrated with four plates copied from those in the
1745 original.

In the Scots Magazine of March 1755, there is published an exposure,
entitled A Mason's confession, which purports to be printed from a manuscript
that was written in 1727. There is little doubt that it was written by a Scotsman,
and it has a certain value.

In none of the earlier English exposures do we find any mention of a
Tracing or Trestle Board, but we find designs of " the Drawing on the Floor of the
Lodge," to which I will recur presently.

1 Extract from Masonry farther Dissected, 1738 (A.Q.C. ix., 83):— "The French
being a People of peculiar Vivacity, as is well known, they have doubtless made great
Improvements in Masonry, certainly with a laudable View of out-doing our Flegmatick
Islanders,"

246 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

The earliest reference to anything resembling a Tracing Board I have been
able to trace is one in the Minutes of the Old King's Arms Lodge No. 28: —

In 1733 on the motion of the Master the Brethren acquired
" de Clerc's Introduction on the Principles of Architecture" and a
Drawing Board and T. for the use of the Master and his Lodge.

This does not necessarily imply that the drawing board was to be used for drawing
on it Masonic emblems. We know that in the first two decades of Freemasonry
scientific and archaeological lectures were delivered in Lodges, and this might easily
have been what we should term now a Blackboard and a Trestle or easel on which
to place it. The T. might equally mean a T square.

But in the Minutes of the same Lodge we have the following entry : —
December 1st, 1735.

A motion was made that the Foot Cloth made use of at the
Initiation of new members should be defaced on Acct of convenience, 1
carried nem. contradicente.

A second Motion was made that our Right Worshipful Brother
Sir Cecil Wray's picture late D.G.M. (sic) and that the cloth mentioned
should be applyed to that purpose and that our Bro. West should be
appointed to draw the same and that the Lodge do pay for it when done.
Bro. West was pleased to desire that he might have the pleasure
to present the Lodge with Sir Cecil's Picture if his Worship would do
him the Honour to sit to him. This was a most acceptable proposition
to the Society and Bro. West's Health was proposed and drank to wifcli
great satisfaction.

What this " Foot Cloth " was we cannot determine, but if one may hazard a guess
it was probably a cloth oa which was shewn the method of progression.

A more important entry is found in the Minutes of the Lodge meeting at
the Theatre Tavern, Goodman's Fields 2 : —

1736/7 Bro. Goudge made a present to this Lodge of a painted cloth
March 14 representing the severall forms of Mason's lodges.

This is the earliest reference I can find to any delineation of the several forms of
Masons' Lodges. Any solution as to what it represented can be only conjectural.

Between this reference to a " Painted cloth " and the next that I have
been able to trace in England there is a lapse of 55 years.

In Scotland we find a solitary entry as follows: —

1759 Lodge of Edinburgh (Murray Lyon, History of the Lodge of Edinhurgh,
1873). It having been represented that a Painted Cloth containing
the Flooring of a Master's Lodge was hanging publicly exposed in a
painter's shop, and they, considering that the same might be of

1 Bro. Songhurst suggests that the reason of it being no longer convenient may he
owing to the "alterations" made in the ritual by G.L.. as it is quit. 1 problematical that
the alterations were made "in or about 1739." It is more than probable that they were
made earlier.

2 According to Lane, this Lodge lapsed about 1761 and the warrant appears to
have been transferred about the same period to the Lodge now known as No. 35 The
Medina Lodge, West Cowes. Isle of Wight. (SVp Hughan's History, 1889.)

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 247

pernicious consequences to Masonry, ordered the same to be sent for,
and in regard that the use of such painted Floorings was expressly
forbid, instructed the Lodge St. Andrews (to whom it belonged) not
in the future to use any such Floors.

This entry might well refer to the introduction of some French Lodge cloth,
but I think it would be stretching a point to suggest that the English quotation
refers to a French cloth, although it is possible. The entry is, however, instructive,
as it shews that " floorings," which certainly later in the century, in Scotland,
were identical with Lodge boards or Lodge cloths, were known in Scotland and
prohibited there in 1759.

Is it possible that this was also the case in England ? The only evidence I
have hitherto traced is the entry in the Theatre Tavern Lodge, and I think that
is inconclusive. There is, however, no doubt that from the absence of any
similar entries in the Minute Books of other Lodges (so far as I have at present
been able to trace), and of the absence of any mention of such cloths in the Lodga
inventories, until fifty years afterwards, such Lodge cloths were not in general use.

Drawing the "Lodge."

This is probably the true foundation of the modern Lodge Board, and in
regard to it we have somewhat more evidence on which to form a decision.

The earliest mention is in the Carmick MS. of the " Old Charges" (dated
1727), in which there is a plan "This figure represents the Lodge."

In the History of the Lodge of Felicity from 1737 to 1887 (W. Smithett),
there is the following entry : —

Among Expences of the Night Jan. the 16 1738/9 is Tyler for
drawing ye Lodge 0.2.6. ; and on this night Brother Lumble Brother
White Brother Wilson and Brother Kitchin was reasd. Masters and
paid there 5s each.

In the Minutes of the Grenadiers Lodge 1 : — ■

1753 Sep. 26. Bro. Lister, ente d a member of this Lodge

Nov. 14th Agreed by this Lodge that Bro. Lister be a free member
for Drawing the Lodges except no making or raising in the quarter then
he is under obligation to pay.

The latest manuscript reference 2 I have is a document in Grand Lodge

Library. In the Tyler's bill for the making of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales by

the Duke of Cumberland, February 6, 1787, are the following items: —

Portridge of a Large Drawing Board 3/-

Drawing of a Lodge 3/-

In the Mason's Confession (Scots Magazine, March, 1755), which purports
to have been written in 1727, we find the following: —

What's the square pavement for ?

For the Master Mason to draw his ground draughts on.

1 At present this exists only in MS.

2 There are various other entries in the Appendix q.v.

248 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

From Jachin and Boaz we get the following details of Drawing the Lodge : • —

He [the candidate] is also learnt the Step, or how to
advance to the Master upon the Drawing on the Floor, which
in some Lodges resembles the grand Building, termed a Mosaic
Palace, and is described with the utmost Exactness. 1 They
also draw other Figures, one of which is called the Laced Tuft,
and the other the Throne beset with Stars. There is also repre-
sented a perpendicular Line in the Form of a Mason's Instrument,
commonly called the Plumb-Line; and another Figure which represents
the Tomb of Hiram, the First Grand-Master, who has been dead almost
Three Thousand Years. These are all explained to him in the most
accurate Manner, and the Ornaments or Emblems of the Order ary
described with great Facility. The Ceremony being now ended, the
new-made Member is obliged to take a Mop out of a Pail of Water
brought for that Purpose, and rub out the Drawing on the Floor, if
it is done with Chalk and Charcoal. Then he is conducted back, and
every Thing he was divested of is restored; and he takes his Seat on
the Right Hand of the Master. He also receives an Apron, which he
puts on, and the List of the Lodges is likewise given him.

In the Three Distinct Knocks we have the following details: —

The Explanation of the following figure which is cdl the Drawing
that is used in this Sort of Masonry, called the Host Antient by the
Irishmen}

It is generally done with Chalk or Charcoal on the Floor, that
is the Reason that they want a Mop and Pail so often as they do : before
when a Man has been made a Mason, they wash it out; but People
have taken Notice and made Game of them about the Mop and Pail :
so some' Lodges use Tape and little Nails to form the same Thing and
so keep the World more ignorant of the Matter.

This Plan is drawn on the Floor, East and West; the Master
stands in the East with the Square about his Neck and the Bible before
him, which he takes up and walks forward to the West, near the first
Step of an oblong Square; where he kneels down in order to give that
Solemn Obligation to him that has already knelt down with his Left-
knee bare, bent upon the first Step; his Right-foot forms a square with
his naked Right hand upon the holy Bible etc.

And so to the Second and Third Degree of Masonry; as is shewn
upon the Steps.

Attention may be drawn to the phrase in the former extract " rub out the
Drawing on the Floor if it is done with Chalk and Charcoal," and in the latter
extract "It is generally done with Chalk or Charcoal." It may be inferred that
there existed other methods of depicting the ' Form of the Lodge ' besides the Tape

x Tlie first sentence of this quotation is a good example of bad editing. It is
most probable that the sentence originally read: "... the Drawing on the Flooi'
which in some Lodges resembles a Mosaic Pavement and is described with the utmost
exactness." Thus, it would have been comprehensible. The editor of the original French
manual was probably the culprit, for " pave mosaique " is easily commuted into " palais
niosaique."

2 The italics are mine. E.H.D.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 243

and Nails such as a Lodge cloth, or by the design being made in sand or clay. Bro.
Hammond informs me that in Cornwall the use of sand for this purpose was in
vogue until fifty years ago. A record of the use of these materials is perpetuated
in some so-called Masonic Lectures, although the reference is not generally under-
stood. In Lecture 1, Sec. vii. : —

How long should an E.A. serve his master?

Seven years .

How should he serve him 1

With Freedom, Fervency and Zeal.

Excellent qualities, what are their emblems ?

Chalk, Charcoal and Clay.

Both in . the Three Distinct Knocks and in Jachin and Boaz the Initiate
recites his experiences as follows : —

He (the S.W.) taught me to take one step upon the first step of
a right angle oblong square, with my Left Knee bare bent, my Body
upright, my Right Foot forming a Square, my naked Right Hand upon
the Holy Bible with the Square and Compass thereon my Left Hand
supporting the same; where I took that solemn Obligation or Oath of
a Mason.

Bearing these points in mind we can examine the plan (see fig. 1) in the
Carmiclc MS. 1

The Lodge is in the form of a triangle, which is probably the earliest form
of a Masonic Lodge and one still used in Germany and Scandinavia. 2 The Warden
(or Master) is seated in the East, but the other officers are not shown, although in
Lodges where this form of the Lodge is perpetuated the two wardens sit in the West
facing the Master.

In Prichard's Masonry Disected, 3 1730, p. 9, there is the question: " Where
stands your Wardens? " "In the West."

There are only two steps at the West end of the Lodge instead of the three
steps in the later designs, and it is possible that our late Bro. Gould would have
enlarged on this fact, but I do not care to do so. The positions of the E.A.'s,
F.C.'s, and M.M.'s are shewn (but in each instance the singular case is used), and
on each long arm of the triangle are shewn (by numbers) the seats of the brethren.
On the floor of the Lodge are shewn the Square, Compasses, Plumb-rule, Gavel,
Trowel, two (only) lesser Lights, and what I think is intended to be a Blazing Star
around which are noted the points of the Compass. [On reading again Bro.
Hughan's description I have little doubt that he was correct in calling it a Compass,
and I may add that it was intended to serve as a pointer and not necessarily as a
symbol.]

The Lodge plans from Jachin and Boaz and the Three Enochs require no
comment except that they both mention two Deacons, although the position of the
Junior Deacon is not specified in the latter plan. (See figs. 2, 3.)

1 The MS. itself is reprinted and described by Bro. Hughan in A.Q.C. xxii., pp.
95-115.

2 See Kupfersclimidt, A Glimpse at Early Freemasonry in Germany (A.Q.C. ix.,
162), and Gaskill on Continental Masonry (Trans, of the Author's Lodge i., 112).

3 Also in Masonry farther Dissected, 1738 (A.Q.C. ix., 84).

250 Transactions of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

One deduction may, perhaps, be made from the language used in these two
last-mentioned books. In the Three Distinct Knocks (that is the Ritual of the
Antients) it is specifically stated of the Figure that it is " all the drawing that is
used in this Sort of Masonry," whereas in Jacliin and Boaz (the Ritual of the
Moderns) it is stated "they also draw other figures. . . . These are all
explained to him in the most accurate Manner." One would deduce from this
that the figures on the floors of the Modern Lodges were much more elaborate than
those in the Antient Lodges, a point that it will be good to bsar in mind. In
Lodges working under the Grand Lodge of Ireland, Lodge Boards are practically
unknown and seem never to have been in use except during a period between 1839
and 1850 {vide Appendix Q. 43). l

My conviction is, although I only reason from analogy, that the Antients,
continuing more exactly the traditions of the Operative Masons, displayed on the
floor of the Lodge-room the operative tools and so-called jewels, while the custom
of the Moderns was to draw them on the floor. Royal Arch Masons will remember
how certain operative tools are displayed in the Chapter, and this leads
me to believe that the same practice obtained originally in the three Craft
degrees. I think the frontispiece of the 1756 edition of the Constitutions is to a
certain extent confirmatory of this (see fig. 4).

That the jewels and other items displayed on the Lodge Board had a
separate existence is shewn in Q. 9, which is from an inventory of Lodge
Relief, Bury, Lanes., which, however, was a Modern Lodge. It mentions two
painted pillars, a painted square pavement, an indented tasel, two large mahogany
pillars with balls, 3 candlesticks, viz., W.S. & B., a brass sun, moon, letter G,
Pair of Compasses, Wood Squares, Brass ditto, etc.

Q. 7 also shews that at St. Ives in Cornwall the jewels were somewhat
cumbrous, as the Master of the Druids Lodge at Redruth invites the M. of the
former Lodge to a Festival, saying, If not too cumbersome we wish you to bring
your marble blocks and triangles to ornament our Lodge with.

Q. 37, Inventory of Lodge of Fortitude 281, Lancaster, dated 1795, men-
tions a setting Maul, Heavy Maul, Bee Hive, Coffin and Ruler.

In the penultimate paragraph of the Addresses to the Reader of the 2nd
edition of Ahiman Eizon, Laurence Dermott writes as follows: —

" Nor is it uncommon (among the Moderns) for a tyler to receive
ten or twelve shillings for drawing two sign posts with chalk &c. and
writing Jamaica rum upon one and Barbadoes rum upon the other, and
all this (I suppose) for no other use than to distinguish where these
liquors are to be placed in the lodge."

Although this paragraph is generally thought to refer to the ' ' alterations ' '
to which I have already referred, I think it has a deeper meaning and that Dermott's
intention is to satirise the elaborate designs on the floor that were a feature among
the Moderns.

To assist the Tyler in drawing the " Lodge," shaped templates cut out of
metal seem to have been used. Two sets and a portion of a third set are in the
possession of Grand Lodge and are exhibited in the Grand Lodge Museum. One

1 For the sake of brevity I shall use the letter Q, as signifying a quotation in the
Appendix.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 251

set belonged originally to the Royal Alpha Lodge, and when they presented it to
the late Librarian of Grand Lodge, he had them painted by one of the Masonic
purveyors. The other set and a half has, happily, been kept in its original con-
dition.

Although 1 call them templates these pieces of metal may have been used
as ornaments and lain on the floor of the Lodge. At present we have no means
of ascertaining.

There is also evidence that so late as 1820 the Mosaic Pavement and the
Tesselated Border were separate items, for we find that (Q. 34) the Salopian
Lodge invested in a . . Mosaic Pavement, Tesselated Border and Blazing

Star.

In Q. 11 we also find mention of " 1 cloth painted round the edges," which,
probably, was the Tesselated Border.

In Q. 15 we find :

" A Mosaic floor cloth with the four initial letters brass (new painted)."

They were probably B.J.M.B. or P. T.F.J.

In regard to the statement about the Mop and Pail, I can find no confirma-
tion, but I do not think there is any reason to doubt its correctness. It is generally
considered that Hogarth's picture of "Night" (reproduced in A.Q.C. ii., p. 90)
contains an allusion to it.

Nor have I been able to find any definite confirmation of the statement about
the use of " Tape and little nails " in outlining the Lodge, but I think that the
former of the following entries, taken from the Minutes of the Anchor and Hope
Lodge No. 37 (edited by Bros. Newton and Brockbank, 1896), refers to this
usage (Q. 4) : —

1765 April 20. Paid for 10 yds. of Ferritting 1 @ 2d. pr. yd. 1/8

1773 Jan. 24. Half a piece of ribbon, 18 yds. ]2/6

In the second entry, the ribbon was probably for use in making collars.

Floor Cloths and Floorings.
There are various references to Floor Cloths in the old Minutes, e.g. ;

Q. 15 1776 A Mosaic Floor Cloth.

Q. 25 1798 To cash paid for Floor Cloth and gilding Balls £2.12.6.

but I think that, at least, so far as England is concerned, the term Floor Cloth
always refers to the Mosaic pavement with or without the indented border.

In Scotland, however, we get the term " Floorings," which I cannot look
upon as synonymous with the Mosaic pavement, as we have the following entries: —

Q. 6. 1769 Different floorings for the lodge.

i Ferret= originally a silk tape or narrow ribbon used for fastening or lacing; now
a narrow worsted or cotton ribbon used for binding, for shoe strings, etc. — Century
Dictionary. Ferret. 2 Ferreting. A stout tape most commonlv made of cotton, but
also of silk.— N.E.D,

252 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.

Q. 10. 1722 Make the necessary floorings with proper ornaments
. -. on boards.

Q. 17. 1783 The flooring of the Fellow Crafts and Master Masons
painted and framed.

which clearly shew that there was a difference between the degrees, which could
not apply to a Mosaic pavement.

Before I leave these designs I should like to draw your attention to a
symbolical plate which might easily be taken for an early example of a Tracing
Board. It is the frontispiece to " Langley's The Builders Jewel, 1741 " (see
fig. 5), but I am sure it is only intended as an allegorical design.

In the Westminster Journal of May 8, 1742, there was published an account
of the " Solemn and Stately Procession of the Scald Miserable Masons as it was
marshalled on Tuesday the 27th past." It was a mock procession that as a
practical joke preceded the grand procession of the Freemasons when they marched
from the house of the Grand Master in Brook St. to Haberdashers' Hall at the
Quarterly Communication of April 27 (see fig. 6).

In this plate there are represented two columns borne by men, one called
Boaz, the other Jachin, a large banner with various Masonic emblems within an
indented border, followed by six smaller banners on which are depicted various
symbolical designs, including one with the letter G on it.

In a cart at the end of the procession there is a coffin with a skull, cross
bones and the letters M.B. drawn on the lid.

It must be remembered that this is a skit on the Grand Lodge of the
Moderns, and it does not follow that what the caricaturist depicted actually existed
among the fraternity. But in the key below the print there occur the following
passages : —

The true original Mason-Lodge (i.e., the large Banner).

Upon which poor old Hyram made all his entr'd 'Prentices. The
Masons, for want of this, are forced to make something like it with
chalk on the Floor whenever they take the Culls in; that is, when they
have a Making.

The Letter G.

Signifying Geometry or the fifth Science, and for the Sake of which all
Fellow-Crafts are made. This Letter G. is the Essence of the Fellow-
Crafts Lodge; For bsing placed in the Middle of the Blazing Star,
which is the Center of the enter'd 'Prentices Lodge, it then becomes a
Fellow-Crafts' Lodge.

There also occurs the following rhyme : —

Jachin and Boaz I have seen,
An enter'd 'Prentice I have been;
A Fellow Craft I am most rare
By Perpentashler and the Square.

to which I shall have occasion to refer later on,

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 253

I think that each one of these three extracts is instructive and too circum-
stantial to be ignored. I also deduce from the boldness of the skit and the expense
attached to it, that the author of it was a wealthy man of education.

" Drawing the Lodge " in France.

In the French exposure of Freemasonry which I have mentioned, L'Ordre des
Francs Macons trahi, 1745, there are two series of plates which represent the Form
of the Lodge, one of which purports to be copied from a series published in Paris, but
styled incorrect, while the second series is called the Veritable Plan. The same design
(which was drawn on the floor) served for the Apprentice and Fellow-craft degrees
with the difference that in the latter degree the pointed cube or ashler was drawn
instead of the rough ashler. Various differences will be noticed, such as the position
of the candlesticks, one on each side of the Master and one in the S.W.j the
introduction of the three windows, which are in the position of the three candle-
sticks in the English plans, seven steps to the floor of the Lodge, and the howpe
dentelee.

In t'ae 3rd degree there are various details which are interesting. The word
written across the design and called the Ancien Mot de Maitre has probably a
good foundation.

According to Kuperschmidt (A.Q.G. ix., 163/4), these designs were utilised
in the same way in Germany and Denmark in 1747.

The series of designs said to have been published in Paris, and which are
stated to be incorrect, is the series dedicated to Leonard Gabanon.

Trestle Board.

It has been suggested that the term Trestle Board or Trasel Board is a
corrupt form of the term Tracing Board, but I do not think that it is at all
necessary to go so far for the origin of the term, but to look upon the Trestle Board as
simply a Board placed on trestles. 1 Moreover, the earliest mention of the term Tracing
Board in conjunction with speculative Masonry that I have been able to find, either
in manuscript or in print, is some fifty years subsequent to the mention of Trasel
Board. {See Q. 3.)

It is in Mahhabone or the Grand Lodge Door Open'd, 2nd ed., 1766, p. 73,
that I have found the earliest printed mention of the specific term Trasel Board: —

What are the immovable Jewels 1

The Trasel Board which the Masters drew their designs upon.

As I have before pointed out, this spurious ritual is very greatly influenced by
the L'Ordre des Francs Macons trahi, 1745.

In Solomon in all his Glory, 1768, which is an amplified translation of the
same French work, we find: —

What do you mean by the immovable jewels ?

I understand by them the board which the masters draw their designs

upon.

1 There is a greater probability that the term Tracing Board is a corruption of
Trestle Board, but I do not support the assumption,

254 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.

In the original French work the catechism is as follows (p. 161) : —

Quels sont les trois (Bijoux) immobiles ?

La Pierre brute pour les Apprentifs; la pierre cubique a pointe pour
aiguiser les outils des compagnons; et la Planche a tracer sur laquelle
les maitres font leurs Desseins.

In the later editions of Masonry Dissected we find the following question
introduced : —

What are the immovable Jewels ?

The Trasel Board, Rough Ashler and Broached Thurnel.

What are their uses ?

A Trasel 1 Board for the Master to Draw his Designs upon.

Before we go further, I would point out that between the first use of the
term Trasel or Trestle Board and the first use I have been able to trace of the term
Tracing Board we have the use of the word " Lodge " to signify something analogous
to Tracing Board or Lodge Board.

The first mention I have found of this term is in Preston's Illustrations of
Masonry, 1772. In the explanation of the " Plan of the Grand Gala " a space in
the centre of the Temple marked M is called the " Lodge."

In the second edition of the same work, 1781, in describing the ceremony
of Consecration, he makes use of the phrase (p. 94): " The lodge which is placed
in the center covered with white satin"; (p. 95): "the Lodge is covered." In
describing the ceremony at the Dedication of Masonic Halls he states (p. 115) : " The
lodge is then placed in the centre on a crimson velvet couch. . . . The three
lights and the gold and silver pitchers with the corn, wine, and oil are placed on the
Lodge, at the head of which stands the pedestal, with the Bible open and the
Square and Compass thereon, and the Constitution rolls on a crimson velvet
cushion."

In the Constitutions of 1784 (p. 318 note) there is given an account of the
Dedication of the New Grand Lodge Hall in 1776, in which it states: —

About half past 12 o'clock, the procession entered the hall in the
following order: Grand tyler with a drawn sword. — Four tylers carry-
ing the lodge covered with white satin.

The lodge was then placed in the centre of the hall and the three lights,
with the gold and silver pitchers containing the corn, wine and oil
were placed thereon; the Bible, compasses, square and Book of Con-
stitutions on a velvet cushion being placed on a pedestal.

This "Lodge" did not consist of the three lesser lights, nor of the V.
of the S.L., nor the working tools, which are all specified in the last quota-
tion as being borne by various brethren. I think, therefore, that this " Lodge "
was a board on which had been drawn the " Form of the Lodge," and was placed
on trestles in the centre of the Temple of Grand Lodge.

I have no doubt in my own mind that the term Trestle Board is purely a
metaphor for the " Lodge," and was so called because the latter was placed upon
trestles. It is an example of an object assimilating and becoming denominated by
one of its attributes.

1 In some editions, such as the 30th edition, Trasel is printed Tarsel.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 255

I would also remind you of the phraseology of the title of the first extract
I made from the procession of the Scald Miserables (see p. 252): —

" The true original Mason-Lodge,"

which is applied to the symbolical banner or board which was in the procession.

In the Appendix there will be found two examples of the use of the word
"Lodge" as applied to the Lodge Board: — •

Q. 26, prior to 1813. The candidate had the Lodge explained to him.
Q. 27, 1805. Highly necessary to have a Lodge for the purpose of
better describing the same to the new Initiated in future.

This term ' the lodge ' is continuously used by subsequent writers until the
middle of the last century in describing the ceremony of the consecrating a
Lodge. In some English provinces the old form "let the Lodge be uncovered"
and " I now anoint the Lodge " is still in use at this ceremony. In London our
present Grand Secretary uses (or did use) the term " Lodge Board," while our
present Pro Grand Master uses the term "Tracing Board."

This use of the word " Lodge " to denote the Lodge Board is exemplified
in many old Lodges in the provinces at the present day, and when a person
is placed in the N.E. corner of the " Lodge," he is placed at the N.E. corner of
the Lodge board, which is near the centre of the Lodge-room (and not in the N.E.
end of the Lodge-room) , and the Junior Deacon gives the person definite instructions
in regard to the position of his head. This method is still adopted in some London
workings, but was discontinued some fifty years ago in the Lodge of Improvement
which has a very large number of English Masonic followers.

I have little doubt that the introduction of the Trestles to support the board
on which the ' ' Lodge ' ' was drawn was a natural development from drawing the
" Lodge " on the floor. It may have been due, as it has been suggested, to the fact
that whereas the Lodges in the first part of the eighteenth century met in coffee
houses the floors of which were sprinkled with sand or sawdust, in the latter half
of the century the appointments of the Lodge-rooms were more luxurious and the
floors carpeted. This may have been so in a few instances, but I doubt very much
if it was the general rule. I think myself it was due simply to a question of
convenience.

As to the permanent existence of the "Lodge" or, if my conclusions be
correct, the " Drawing of the Lodge on the Trestle Board," I think that " negative
evidence " can be deduced from the fact that Hutchinson, in his Spirit of Masonry,
1775, makes no mention of the " Lodge " or Trestle Board, although he deals with
the Furniture and Jewels of the Lodge. I cannot think that if such an important
item was in general use in a permanent form he could have withheld from
soliliquising on it.

It is also more than probable that in many cases where the term Trestle
Board occurs in Lodge Minutes it refers to a portable table on trestles which could
be placed in position quickly when the Lodge was at refreshment and as quickly
removed when it was at labour. One meets with entries like the one in Osborn's
Freemasonry in W. Cormvall (p. 79), where two Trassle Boards (one of mahogany
with ornaments) are mentioned as belonging to the Druid's Lodge of Love and
Liberality in 1795.

256 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

So as to place the subject openly before you, there arises in my mind
another possibility of the meaning of the word Trestle Board, which is exemplified
in the frontispiece to the 1784 Book of Constitutions. It is a Trestle Board or
table on which are displayed the working tools, the jewels and two globes. This
custom is still in use at the Windsor Lodge, and particulars are given in a very
interesting communication from Bro. Gordon P. G. Hills (see discussion post).

Tracing Board.

If I have been a long time coming to the term Tracing Board it is simply

because I have not been able to find any modern example of its use before the year

1815.

There is one solitary but well-known mention of the term in the Fabric Rolls

of York Minster: —

Inventory of Stores, A.D. 1399,
ij tracyng bordes

but I have been quite unable to trace any further use of it, or even any suggestion
of its use in a Masonic sense, until the entry in Q. 32 from Turner's History of
the Blandford Lodge, 1897, viz. —

1815 Dec. 22. Memo. Bro. Harrison paid the Tyler of Lodge Amity Poole,
one shilling for the loan of the Tracing Board.

The earliest printed mention of the term I have traced up to the present is
in Oliver's Signs and Symbols, 1826, but there may be earlier occurrences of the
term which this paper may bring to light.

With regard to the origin of the term Tracing Board, it is my firm convic-
tion that, instead of it being, as one might easily suppose, a recrudescence of an
old term, it is nothing else but a translation of the French term which is found in
L'Ordre des Francs Macons train, 1745, viz., Planche a tracer.

But in that work the Planche a tracer is simply an item in the " Drawing of
the Lodge," and it is the same in Solomon in all his Glory, where, however, it is
designated as "the floor to be delineated upon," and takes the form of a plain
square board or drawing board.

In the early Lodge Boards used in the first degree there appears this same
drawing board, and in the later examples, as in all modern Lodge Boards, a ground
plan is found drawn upon this drawing board, which is popularly supposed to
represent the ground plan of the temple.

It is this drawing board which I suggest is the true Tracing Board and that
the term Tracing Board has been misapplied to the "Lodge," "Lodge Board "
or " Trestle Board." It is another example of an object assimilating and being
denominated by one of its attributes.

At this point I think we may come to a temporary halt, and in my next
paper I shall shew you a number of photographic slides I have had taken illustrating
the gradual development of the earliest forms of Lodge Boards now in existence.

fhe Evolution and Development of the tracing or Lodge Board. 257

There are, however, several subsidiary points that I should like to take this
opportunity of placing before you, as they are essentially correlated to the Evolu-
tion of the Lodge Board. I shall divide them into two divisions : (1) the term
Dented Ashler, with its variations and developments, and (2) the term Broached
Dornal or Thurnel, with which the former is generally associated.

In Prichard's Masonry Bisected, 1730, we find: —

Have you any Furniture in the Lodge ?

Yea.

What is it?

Mosaick Pavement, blazing Star and indented Tarsel.

In the Sloane MS. 3329 (ed. Woodford): —

How many jewels belong to your L. ?

There are three, the square pavem'nt, the blazing star and the Danty

tassley.

In the Mason's Confession (Misc. Lat., O.S., 92). Scots Magazine, March,
1755, p. 135: —

How many jewels are there in your lodge ?

Three.

What are these three ?

A square pavement a dinted ashler and a broached dornal.

In the Crawley MS. : —

Are there any jewels in your lodge ?

Three, perpendester, a square pavement, an brohed-mall.

In the later editions of Masonry Dissected (such as that of 1774), i.e., after
the publication of the translations of the French Rituals, the catechism is amplified
thus : —

p. 10. Have you any furniture in your L. ? Yes.

What is it ? Mosaic Pavement, Blazing Star and Indented Tarsel.
What are they? M.P. the ground Floor of the L., Blazing S. the
Centre, and indented Tarsel the Border round about it.

p. 11. What are the immovable Jewels? Trasel Board, Rough Ashler and
Broached Thurnal. 1

What are their uses ? A Trasel Board for the Master to draw his
Designs upon, R.A. for the F.C. to try their Jewels upon, and the
B.T. for the E.P. to learn to work upon.

There is little doubt that the compilers of the earlier English Rituals con-
founded jewels and furniture, or it may be that the Craft in England had not
clearly differentiated them. But from these sources we get the following curious
terms and associations : —

!In 1787 ed., p. 9 Thurnel =Thurnul (PThumul).
Trasel =Trazel.
and in the 30th ed. Trasel=Tarsel.

258 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. .

Prichard 1730 Indented tarsel associated with M.P. & B.S.

Sloane danty tassley S.P. & B.S.

Scots Magazine dinted ashler • S.P. & B.Dornal

Crawley MS. Perpendester S.P. & B.D.

Scald Miserahles Perpentasliler (see p. 252).

Indented Tarsel, danty tassley, dinted Ashler,

Perpendester and Perpentashler.

Some years ago, when I first lighted upon the term " perpent' achillar," in
Willis' Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle Ages (who quotes it from
Kistoria. Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, p. cxxxvi.), it struck me that it was the
origin of the modern Masonic term " perfect ashler," as it was in exact opposition
to the term " rough ashler."

I did not expect, however, to find an instance of the word perpend being
connected with Freemasonry, and I was surprised, when collecting material for this
paper, to come across two instances of it, viz., perpendester and perpent
ashler, and I have now no hesitation in suggesting that perpendashler is the
original form of the term perfect ashler, and I even have the hardihood to suggest
that indented tarsel, danty tassley, dinted ashler are corrupt forms of the same
term.

The following quotations are from the New English Dictionary : —

Parpen, parpend, parpent, perpend, perpent, etc.

1. In Masonry, A stone which passes through a wall from side to side,
having two smooth vertical faces; a stone squared or dressed for this
purpose.

Among other references: 1579-80. The pillars of this temple
are cut out of a quarry of marble called pentlike marble, and they were
squared parpine, as thick as long. 1712. Lay here and there Stones
that reach the whole Thickness of the Wall, that is to say, such as make
the Surface on both Sides, which Workmen call Making a Parpin.

3. 1429. lxxxii et di' fott of perpendaschler, vjd;

1845. Perpentstone, a large stone reaching through a wall so as to
appear on both sides of it; the same as what is now usually called a
bonder, bondstone or through, except that these are often used in
rough-walling, while the term perpent-stone appears to have been
applied to squared stones or ashlar ; in Gloucestershire ashlar thick
enough to reach through a wall, and shew a fair face on both sides is
called Parping Ashlar.

Ashlar.

1450. Manners and Household Expenses. Every asheler is xii ynche

thykke and xviii ynches long.

1611. Cotgrave. Attendants, ashlers, binding stones.

1677. Plot's Oxford. The Free-stone ... if cut into oblong or

other sorts of squares of a lesser bulk they then call it Ashler.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 259

I am quite aware that my suggestion is, at first sight, a forced one, but I
hope to be able to convince you that it is well grounded. In my opinion
the circumstances under which these forms were evolved are sufficient to
account for the most base corruptions. When one considers that the early
Masonic terms were unusual technical terms, handed down orally from Operative
Masons and adopted by Speculative Masons who did not understand them
and had never seen them spelt, I do not think that anyone can wonder
at the peculiar variations which ensued in various parts of Great Britain, and at
the varied attempts to put the mysterious words into a grammatical form. It
must also not be overlooked that although there were a certain number of educated
men in the ranks of Freemasonry in the eighteenth century the large proportion
of the Freemasons then were tradesmen and working men of very limited education.
It must also bs remembsred that these various terms descended to us from the
original source by a numbsr of devious channels which were absolutely unconnected
and that each was subjected to improvised editing and correction. In some cases,
such as in the " Procession of the Scald Miserables," the term was correctly edited,
but in other cases the corruption became only worse corrupted, until absolutely new
forms were evolved by the different copyists or ignorant editors. I have had a
curious example of this in Jfche typing of the manuscript of this paper. My
secretary, who is a most accomplished and cultured lady, transformed the word
" perpendashler," with which she, naturally, was not acquainted, into "per-
pendicular." I can flatter myself that it was not owing to my bad writing.

The way in which the word perpentashler became corrupted is as follows: —
The accented syllable or dominating sound in perpent or perpend is the second, pent
or pend, and it is this sound that has always caught the ear of brethren. The
word itself being unfamiliar and the unaccented first syllable being slurred over,
the scribe wrote down indented or dinted as the equivalent of what he had heard.
Danty I look upon as a still further corrupted form of indented or dinted.

The corruption of ashler into tarsel or tassley is still simpler. In both forms
we get the accented syllable in ashlar, viz., the first; the 't' sound is a case of
prothesis and has been assimilated from the final ' t ' sound in the preceding word
perpend, perpent, indented or dented.

In old French we find a germane word aisselle derived from the same source
as the English word ashler, and in Ducange, we find the Latin equivalent aisella.

I do not propound this derivation without much thought and consideration.
I know that the phrase ' dented ' or ' indented ' ashler is perfectly comprehensible
but hardly apposite, although I cannot find any record of the term other than in
these exposures and rituals; whereas in perpendashler we have an operative term
which was in general use for several centuries, and is essentially apposite.

When we consider that the modern term is neither dented nor indented
ashler but "perfect" ashler, which, although comprehensible, does not convey
an operative idea to one's mind, I think my assumption that perpendashler is the
original form is quite logical.

So far as ' indented tarsel ' or ' danty tassley ' may be considered as the
equivalent of ' lacy tassel ' I can find absolutely no confirmation. I am aware
that tarsel or tassley may easily be a synonym of tassel, but I cannot trace a single
instance in English literature in which indented or dented is used in the sense of
dentellt or lacy.

260 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Bearing in mind my suggestions, if we turn to L'Ordre des Francs Macons
train we shall find that the catechism is more in consonance with what we look upon
as the correct form. We find the sentences: —

1 How many Ornaments are there in the L. 1
Three.

What are they ?

The Mosaic pavement, the blazing star and the lacy tuft (or tassel) [i.e.,
perpendashler] .

I have no hesitation in suggesting that this catechism is a translation of an
English original in which was included the term " indented tarsel," which we find
in Prichard's Masonry Bisected, 1730. Not being able to understand the term, the
compiler translated it into la. houpe dentelee, and it was incorporated into the
French Lodge Boards in the form of an interlaced rope or cable with a laced tassel
at each end.

This French Ritual did not appear in an English guise until it appeared
incorporated in Mahhabone, 1776, and later in Solomon in all his Glory, in which
work the drawings of the Lodge as printed in the original French edition of 1745
are reproduced.

In the former the Catechism is as follows : —

Name them (the Furniture in your Lodge) ?
Mosaic Pavement, Blazing Star and Indented Tuft.

In the latter the Catechism is as follows :

Name them (the Ornaments of your Lodge) ?

The Mosaic Pavement, the indented tuft and flaming star.

What use are they applied to ?

The Mosaic pavement ornamented the inside of the temple, the indented

tuft covered its extremities, and the flaming star enlightened the chamber

in middle.

We have, therefore, by 1766 (in Mahhabone) the new term of ' indented
tuft ' which is said to cover the extremities of the Mosaic pavement, and is figured
as a rope with a tassel at each end of it, and ' indented tarsel ' which (in Masonry
Dissected, 1774, ante, see p. 257) is defined as the border round the Mosaic pave-
ment.

If my first assumption be accepted, that ' indented tarsel ' (of Masonry
Disected, 1730) is a synonym of ' dented ashler ' and perpendashler, we must look
upon the definition in Masonry Dissected of 1774 as an attempt to reconcile the
English exposure with the recently-published translation of the French exposure.

A still further development arose, as the term ' indented tarsel ' became
interpreted into ' indented tesselated border,' and at the same time by a different
course into the corner tassels which at the present day are generally seen on
Lodge Boards, but which are not seen on the earlier Tracing Boards.

1 p. 160 Combien y a-Wl d'ornemens dans la logo?
Trois.

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 261

It is in this sense that I understand Q. 5, in which we find, in the
inventory of the Lodge Relief, " a indented Tasel," i.e., an " indented tesselated
border " which surrounded the Mosaic pavement.

Broached Dornal, Bkoached Thurxel or Thurnul and Brohed-mall.

In the quotations I have given at the bsginning of this section of sub-
sidiary points (p. 257) it will be found that this term is associated as follows: —

Scots Magazine Broached Dornal associated with Square Pavement & Dinted Ashler

Prichard (later Thurnal \ _, , ,_, , „ ~ , . , ,

I. ■ Trasel Board & Rough Ashler

editions) Thurnul J

Crawley MS. Brohed mall " S.P. & Perpendester

As will be seen, we have this term twice associated with the Square pave-
ment, once with the Dinted Ashler (Scots Magazine), once with the Perpendester
(Crawley MS.), and twice with the Trasel Board and the Rough Ashler.

The word broach has various meanings, but the one I suggest as best fitting
the context is that in the New English Dictionary, especially the third quotation
from Jamieson's : —

Broach. 8. techn. To pick, indent or furrow the surface of stone
with a narrow pointed stone chisel called a broach or puncheon. (The
kind of work produced varies in different localities.)

1544. In hewinge, brochinge and scaplyn of stone for the chapell.

1703. To broyeh or broach as Masons an Atchler, when with the small
point of their ax, they make it full of little pits or small holes. 1808.

Jamieson. To broach, to rough -hew..

Broached. 3. The murus would be built with . . broached

stones at Ouseburn and plain stones elsewhere.

In Holme's Academy of Armory it is also defined: —

Broach, to hew away the rough skabling stroaks, hewing.

Again in Holme, p. 394: —

Broach, an axe or masonic axe, this having a broad sharp end doth cut
away and make smooth the stone from all its irregular blows and dents
made by the pickaxe in hewing it to its form that it should be, the first
working is termed broching, the latter axeing.

I suggest that Dornal and Thurnal are synonymous with Ornal, defined in
the New English Dictionary : —

Ornel (a Fr. ornel pi. ornaulx, 14-15th c. in Godefroy) a kind of rather
soft white building stone.

1442 in Willis and Clark Cambridge 1886. Fraughtage of x tonne of
ornell fro london vn to ye College.

1443 ibid. Fraught of Cj quarter and a half of Ornel,

262 Transactions of the Qualuor Coronati Lodge.

Dr. W. A. Craigie, one of the editors of the New English Dictionary, has
been good enough to send me copies of the two references which have been collected
for that Dictionary of another form of the word, viz., " Urnel " : —

Unial. 1348. Ace. Exch. K.E. 471/1 m.3.

Simoni Bolle pro iiij. xj. pedibus de Asshelere emptis pro
predicta posterna . . . Eidem pro ij s . pedibus de Vrnal
emptis pro eodem in grosso xv. s.

Urnel. 1365-6 Will de Sleford's Acct. in Archasol. xxxvii. 24 (1857)
Between five and six thousand feet of stone called Urnell were
bought at 8s. the hundred, without frightage.

App. taken from Brayley & Britton Palaces, etc. (1836),
187.

There is, therefore, little doubt that the forms dornal and thurnel are
instances of prothesis and that they have assimilated the end consonantal sound of
the preceding word, in the same way as the word newt, which took to itself the ' n '
of the word an, and from an ewt became a newt.

So I think that there is little doubt that a broached dornel or thurnel is the
synonym for a rough hewn stone, which has not been shaped.

Those brethren who are familiar with the North of England and Scotland
will recollect the numerous houses and walls built of rough stone, with
squared corners and bond stones. It is in the working of these two different kinds
of stones (the one a rough-hewn unworked stone, the other a squared worked ashler),
that, in my opinion, we find the distinction between the work of the Apprentice
and the Craft Freemason.

There is also in the New English Dictionary, under Broaching: —

5. Comh. broaching thurmal, thurmer, turner, a chisel for broaching
stone,

but no quotations are given of their use, and in view of the definition I now suggest,
I think the entry incorrect, and that its origin will be found in the Supp*- to
Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary. I may add that no entries appear in the New
English Dictionary of thurmel, thurmer, turner as synonymous with chisel.

Lodge Board of the Second Degree.

Although the point I am about to raise really comes into the province of the
second part of my paper, I should like to put it before you this evening, as there
may be no opportunity for discussion at our next meeting.

It is:

Which is the correct point of the compass from which the staircase into
the middle chamber of King Solomon's temple as depicted on our Lodge
Boards should spring ?

The Evolution and bevelopmeui of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 263

I will remind you of certain questions given in some so-called Lectures : —

Where did our ancient B n go to receive their wages ?

In the middle chamber of King Solomon's Temple.

How did they get there ?

By the P h y or entrance on the south side of the building.

After our ancient B n had entered the P h y, where did they

arrive ?

At the foot of the winding staircase.

Whom did they meet to oppose their ascent ?

The ancient J.W.

By whom was it {i.e., the middle chamber) t . . . d?
The ancient S.W.

If this catechism be correct, I submit that all Lodge Boards are incorrect
in which the staircase springs from the North.

If the winding staircase spring from the North, the entrant would not find
there the ancient Junior Warden, who would be at the South entrance.

If it spring from the North, the entrant would be accosted by the Senior
Warden.

There is no doubt that there was a diversity of opinion on this matter in the
first decade of the last century, as you will see from the following figures : —

fig. 31 (Cole) in which the entrance is in the West,
fig. 56 (Bowring) in which the entrance is in the South,
fig. 53 (ditto) in which the entrance is in the North.
In the Harris board the entrance is in the North.

It has been suggested to me that the foot of the Lodge Board should face
the Master, as in tlis 3rd Degree, but, unfortunately for the suggestion, the early
Lodge Boards have the points of the compass painted on their borders.

The true position of the two pillars in the porchway of King Solomon's Temple
has always been a point of discussion, but Bro. J .T. Thorp 1 has successfully demon-
strated that the pillar Jachin was at the S.E. corner of the porchway and Boaz was at
the N.E. corner of it. Therefore, looking towards the porchway and the middle
chamber from the East, where the principal entrance to the temple was situated,
Jachin would be on the left hand and Boaz on the right. That is entirely
inconsistent with the Bible and Josephus, in which Jachin is said to have been
placed on the right hand of the porchway and Boaz on the left. Whiston, in an
editorial note (it is not part of the original text, as Bro. Thorp thought) says: —

By the right hand is meant what is against our left when we suppose
ourselves going up from the east gates of the courts, towards the
Tabernacle : whence it follows that the pillar Jachin on the right hand
of the Temple was on the south, against our left hand; and Boaz on
the north against our right hand.

'A Lecture on the Two Pillars, 1886.

264

trun met ions of the Quatuor Coronuti Lodge.

It follows, therefore, that in order to find the pillar Boaz on our left, we
have to look at the porchway from the inside of the middle chamber, or from the
West. So as to conform with this fact the occidentation of King Solomon's Temple
has been turned conventionally in Masonic Lodgss into an orientation, and the
altar placed in the East instead of the West, as at Jerusalem.

This conventional reversal does not affect the other two points of the compass,
North and South, which still retain their original positions with the Junior Warden
in the South.

Therefore, when we are told that the ancient Brethren entered by the South
entrance in order to obtain their wages, where they were met by the Junior Warden,
I think it reasonable to expect to find that the winding staircase on our Lodge
Boards should spring from the South, as shewn in the earlier of Bowring's Lodge
Boards, and not from the North, as in our modern Lodge Boards.

Brethren, I must add, in closing, that nothing I have said must be taken
as reflecting in the slightest degree on Freemasonry in the twentieth century. As
a Lodge of Research, we members of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge are only concerned
in elucidating the origins — the modern developments do not come within our
purview. Even in this present time of war and sadness Freemasonry in all its
glorious splendour permeates the whole of this planet, and local developments,
casual divergences and lingual differences can never alter nor detract from the
fundamental truths on which it is founded, which raise it above all political, racial
or literary jealousies.

Transactions of the (Juatuur Coronatl Lodge.

265

SUMMER OUTING, LONDON, JUNE, 1916.

BY BUG. (JG1WGX P. U. BILLS, L.H., I. (J., J070.

S it was felt that, under the circumstances of the war, a visit
this year to the Provinces would have been both inadvisable
and impracticable, arrangements were made for the Brethren
to meet in London, so as not to forego this pleasant annual
occasion for fraternal intercourse, but to suit the method to
the times. The programme for the ' Outing ' commenced on
the afternoon of Thursday, June 22nd, when it was arranged
that the Brethren should be welcomed by the Master and Wardens at the new
home of the Lodge, No. 27, Great Queen Street, over against Freemasons' Hall.

Accordingly there was a goodly gathering of the Brethren, when a very
pleasant afternoon was spent, and opportunity afforded for the inspection of the
treasures of the Library and Museum, an ample display of which had been prepared
by the exertions of our indefatigable Bro. Secretary. It was indeed a great
satisfaction to see the books and collections belonging to the Lodge so well housed,
and to offer Bro. Songhurst heartiest congratulations on the successful accomplish-
ment of their removal — a serious undertaking at any time, but especially so under
recent conditions.

For Friday, June 23rd, a perambulation of the City had been planned,
the buildings chosen for inspection being examples of Sir Christopher Wren's
Churches and the Halls of some of the City Companies, for access to which the
various authorities concerned had given their kind permission. The sequel proved
that the choice had been aptly made, and the route was clearly denned, so that
the programme was easily carried through with a degree of punctuality often
aimed at but seldom so closely adhered to — almost to the minute. The Brethren
assembled at Apothecaries' Hall, in Water Lane, at the foot of Ludgate Hill. A
visit was paid to the department where drugs are dispensed, and a quaint old
Latin text reminds the Apothecary that even Dittany — a plant ranking back to
classic times as a sovereign remedy — is useless without the Divine blessing; and
thence passed upstairs to the Hall where examinations are held, and a minstrels'
gallery bears witness to other uses and honoured customs. The fine suite of adjoin-
ing rooms, with memorials of distinguished benefactors, was examined, and the
history of the Company and its building briefly reviewed by Dr. W. Bramley Taylor,
Librarian to the Company.

Originally a part of the Grocers' Company, this trade fraternity became a
separate entity by Charter of James I. in 1617. It owed much to Gideon da
Laune, apothecary to Anne of Denmark, his Queen, who founded a hall for the
Company on the present site. This, burnt down in the great Fire of 1666 and
speedily re-built, was much enlarged and improved in 1786, and so has survived
through changes to the present day.

266 Transactions of t)it (Juataor Coronuti Lodge..

A visit was next paid to Stationers' Hall, where a kindly welcome was
afforded to us by a very courteous .official of the Company, who conducted us over
the building and explained the interesting history of the Company still conducting
its trade pursuits as of old. The Company was incorporated in 1556, but claims
a much more lengthy pedigree. In 1903 its 500th anniversary was celebrated,
dating back to the Textwriters, Limners, and others who bound and sold books in
those days at shops or stations in Cheapside, whence their name. The Stationers'
Hall had already occupied two earlier sites in the same neighbourhood before they
came to the present position near Amen Corner. This Hall fell a victim to the
Fire, but the registers, probably because away from the building in the custody
of the Clerk, have survived to record the early history of the Company. In 1674
the present Hall was built and adorned with its handsome oak wainscoting. We
found it further embellished with a handsome series of modern stained glass
windows commemorating Caxton and other worthies of the trade, the connection
with the Archbishops of Canterbury, as licensing authorities, and, in the case of
the St. Cecilia window, one of the many extraneous purposes for which the Hall
has served. Another window records the valuable services of the Company in
connection with the production of the present Authorised Version of the Holy
Scriptures, when, not only was accommodation provided for the revisers, but a
handsome contribution was also made to the cost of the undertaking. The Hall
is hung around with shields bearing the coats of arms of the officers of the
fraternity, such as formerly adorned the State barge, sold some years ago to Oriel
College and long in use as the Club barge on the river at Oxford. The musical
festivals of St. Cecilia's Day were for many years celebrated in this fine Hall; it
was also frequently let for funerals, used as a parish church during the repair of
St. Martin, Ludgate, and, as is specially interesting to us, was one of those City
Halls used by Grand Lodge for its place of Meeting. 1 Space will not allow one
to dwell on the interesting history of the Company and its treasures, the beautiful
carving which embellishes the Court Room, and the portraits of worthies con-
nected with the Company, which still flourishes like the great plane-tree outside,
which marks the yard where the Stationers formerly superintended the burning
of heretical books condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities.

A brief visit to the Guild Hall was the next objective, but in the midst of
so much special business leading to the occupation of the rooms for Committees,
etc., and the great Hall being prepared for the election of the Sheriffs on the morrow,
it was impossible to do justice to this historic building : there was no time for a
glance at either the Library or Museum; one portion of the ancient crypt was
visited, ani$ our party rested a few minutes in the room known as the Court of
Aldermen, to admire its ceiling, embellished with paintings by Sir James
Thornhill; whilst attention was drawn to the coats of arms with which the
panelling is enriched, commemorating the holders of the Mayoral rank since 1780.

The next station on our pilgrimage was the Church of St. Laurence Jewry,
where the Rector, Bro. the Rev. Stephen Barrass, extended a kindly welcome, and
pointed out the features of interest. This Church, erected from the design of
Sir Christopher Wren in place of that lost in the great Fire, contains some of the

'A reprint of the Minutes of G.L. held at Stationers Hall on Dec. 27th. 1728,
appears in Q.C.Antiijrapha x.. 93.

Summer Outing. 267

finest work of the celebrated Grinling Gibbons in the carving of the pulpit, organ-
case, Western doors, and Vestry. The organ, erected by Rene Harris in 1684,
has a magnificent case embellished with Gibbons' carving, which the Rector claimed
as one of the three finest organ-cases in the world. The Vestry is a delightful
room adorned with panelling and beautiful carving, the ceiling has paintings of
the apotheosis of St. Laurence, whilst a gruesome painting of the Martyrdom, by
Spagnaletto is over the fireplace, and in an opposite corner stands a clock, by
Cornelius Herbert, purchased in 1712, which is of special interest as having come
from a clockmaker who occupied one of the shops on old London Bridge.

At this point the proceedings were adjourned for lunch at the Cannon
Street Hotel, when 98 Brethren sat down.

The usual loyal toast duly honoured, Bro. Secretary, by a cunning device
of sortilege, as practised by adepts of old, and not perhaps altogether unknown
in other circles to-day, decided who should visit the Innholders Hall or that of
the Tallow-chandlers, as it was not possible for all the Brethren to go to both,
and we were soon once more started on our perambulation.

Crossing the street, we assembled at the Church of St. Swithin, London
Stone — called after that ancient palladium of the City, lodged, since 1798, in a
niche outside its South wall. Here again we were gathered in another church
bearing its testimony to the wonderful activities of Sir Christopher Wren. The
building, which is covered by an octangular cupola, has a tower at the N.W.,
rising, with its spire, to a height of 150 feet, and took the place of a thirteenth
century building. The carvings of the pulpit and altar were attributed to
Grinling Gibbons, and the name of Namur, now again familiar through war,
as in bygone days, drew attention to a fine memorial to Michael Godfrey, first
Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, who lost his life there in 1695, having
been sent there on business to the camp of King William III.

Our next visit was paid to the Hall of the Vintners' Company, in Upper
Thames Street. The street frontage, built in handsome guise within the last few
years, leads to the Hall rebuilt after the fire mainly on the site of the mediaeval
buildings, where time out of mind wines from sunny shores across the Channel
have been unloaded on the quays. The Vintners' Company had been in existence
for many years before it received its Charter of Incorporation from Henry VI. in
1437, and the courteous official of the Company who kindly received and conducted
us, drew our attention to two most valuable relics of that century, a beautiful
tapestry panel, a church hanging dated 1466, with two subjects depicted, St. Martin
sharing his coat with a beggar man, and St. Dunstan celebrating Mass, and
a very fine hearse cloth, or pall, one of those few examples still preserved by the
City Companies. The pall is of purple velvet and gold embroidered with heraldic
cognisances, the legend of St. Martin, the Pieta and Death, St. Martin's connection
with the Vintners' Company apparently being that amongst those of whom he
was patron, were "penitent drunkards." The Court Room affords beautiful
examples of Grinling Gibbons' craftsmanship, and contains a picture of the Patron
Saint by Rubens, and a series of historical portraits. Here also we saw the noble
carved Master's chair, a relic saved from the great Fire. The plans of the Irish
Estates pointed to a much later period of the Company's history. The Hall, paved
with marble, the halls handsomely wainscoted, and with a beautiful screen enriched

268 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

with carving, boasts a tablet giving a list of members who have attained the
Mayoralty of the City, dating back to John Adrian, 1270-1. Sir Henry Picard,
who served in 1356, and was Master of the Company in 1363, entertained the five
Kings, Edward III. of England, David of Scotland, John of France, and the Kings
of Denmark and Cyprus, an event which it is said is still commemorated by the five
cheers with which the toast of the Vintners' Company is honoured. The Vintners'
Company formerly ■ exercised far-reaching powers of licensing, and enforced the
standard purity of wines by penalties severely exacted. As late as 1609, a pair of
stocks for the punishment of the refractory was part of the furniture of the Common
Hall. The Vintners' and the Dyers' Companies share with the Crown the owner-
ship of the swans on the Thames, the Vintners' birds being distinguished by their
mark of " two nicks " on the beaks, from which is said to be derived the not unusual
device for the signboard of an Inn of " the Swan with two Necks."

At this point our Brethren divided accordingly as their lot had fallen to visit
the Halls of the Innholders or tho Tallowchandlers. Those of the former class
proceeded to the Hall of the Innholders in College Street, and no doubt found a
kindly welcome and many interesting features to note in the Hall rebuilt after the
Fire, and very considerably restored and rebuilt some thirty years ago, yet retaining
relics of the old work in panelling, glass, and pictures, and the traditions of the
Company, carrying its history back to the days of Henry VI.

Those of us who were fortunate enough to be chosen to visit the home of the
Tallow Chandlers Company soon found ourselves comfortably seated in that charm-
ing little Hall, where we were greatly indebted to Bro. J. Douglass Mathews,
Architect to tire Company, who very kindly gave up his time to come and meet us
there, and read a most interesting account which he had been good enough to
prepare. This Company was fortunate in preserving its records at the time of the
Fire, from which it appears that the Society was in active operation in 1426 ; the
first Charter was granted by Edward IV. in 1462. The Hall suffered the usual fate
in 1666, was rebuilt in 1672, and restored in 1871.

Our party was again united at St. Stephen's, Walbrook, where a few minutes
to spare on our time table afforded a welcome opportunity to sit down and admire
at leisure the graceful proportions of Sir Christopher Wren's beautiful interior
crowned by the dome and lantern supported above the octagonal central portion
of the building. In the words of an eighteenth century writer, active in Masonry of
those days, Bro. John Noorthouck, "it is not only said to be Sir Christopher's
masterpiece; but that Italy cannot produce a modern edifice equal to this in taste,
proportion, and beauty." l The same author tells us that as regards the Mansion
House, then not long (1753) completed according to the design of George Dance,
the elder, the feeling of criticism ran exceedingly high, so that whilst he esteemed
it as " an elegant design in the stile of that great master Palladio," others would
" condemn and abuse it as a miserable performance," which " we are told of a
gentleman in one of the northern counties, who every year took a journey to
London with no other view but to enjoy the pleasure of " expressing his contempt
for this building. It is doubtful, if even in these enlightened days artistic suscep-
tibilities would carry the feelings of our North countrymen so far !

1 Noorthouck's History of London (1773), p. 675, quoting Groslev's Tour to London
II.. p. 94. ■ m

Summer Oiitimj.

269

It was under the roof of this historic building that we finally assembled, by
kind invitation of the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor, R.W. Bro. Sir Charles Wakefield,
J.G.W., for afternoon tea, with the added pleasure of a close inspection of the City
mace, swords of State, and some fine specimens of the City plate. We left the
Mansion House, only regretting that the exigencies of his public engagements had
prevented our distinguished Brother from extending to us the personal greeting he
would have desired, and ourselves from expressing our thanks for his kind hos-
pitality.

So this pleasant day drew to a close, and we parted with many expressions of
thanks for the kind co-operation of those who had made our perambulations so in-
teresting. Some of the Brethren hoped to meet again at Lodge the following
evening, whilst others could not remain for that meeting, but all, I am sure, were
at one in feeling that the Outing of 1916 marks an important epoch in the history of
our Lodge, and will long continue to be associated in our minds with the most
pleasant recollections of the past,

From the sad years of Life
We sometimes do short Hours, yea, Minutes strike,
Keen, blissful, bright, never to be forgotten;
Which, thro' the dreary gloom of Time o'erpast,
Shine like fair sunny spots on a wild waste. 1

'Joanna Baillio.

27 ) Traiixttctionx of t/ir Qnatitor Coro/inti Lothje..

THE WORSHIPFUL SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES.
A Short Sketch of the History of the Society.

BY THOMAS GAER, M.D., A LIVERYMAN OF THE SOCIETY

^s>

N a short sketch like the present no attempt can be made to give
a complete history of the origin of the Guilds and Livery
Companies of the City of London. The Frith Guilds, which
existed in Saxon Times, were formed largely for the protection
of trade and of those who followed it.

Sir Walter Besant, who did so much to elucidate the history
of the City of London, thought that these London Guilds united
in the time of Athelstan (A.D. 925-940) to form a Merchant Guild for the control
of trade.

It was, however, in the time of Edward III. (A.D. 1327-1377) that the City
Companies, who were the successors of the Guilds, were placed on a proper and
recognised footing. They were incorporated as crafts or misteries, and their heads
became Masters and Wardens, and the right of election of Members of Parliament
was restricted to their members.

The great majority of the members of the City Companies are no longer of the
trade their Company was originally founded by, but the Society of Apothecaries is
one of the great exceptions to this rule, the overwhelming majority of the members
of this Company being medical practitioners.

This tendency of members of most of the other Companies to belong to a dif-
ferent calling to that of the founders of their Company is no modern innovation,
even as far back as the time of Edward I., Richard de Chigwell was a member of
the Fishmongers' Company, but was actually a wool importer and owner of one
of the three ships supplied by the City of London to Edward I. for his Navy.

The first corporate body from which this Society was derived, of which we
know anything, was the Guild of Pepperers, which came into existence without a
license, and is mentioned in the Pipe Roll of 1179-80, and which was allied with the
Spicers. Many of their members were of Italian origin, including Andrew Bukerel,
Citizen and Pepperer, who was Mayor of London, 1231-36, and John de Gisors, who
was Mayor in 1245-46. This Guild ultimately fell into difficulties, and in 1345 some
Pepperers founded a new fraternity of Pepperers, which was to include Pepperers
of Soper's Lane and Spicers of the Ward cf Cheap, as well as other members of
the two trades or misteries who dealt in peppers, spices, and drugs. In 1373 the
name Grocer was first applied to this Company. Nearly 100 of London's Lords
Mayor have been members of the Grocers' Company. In 1428 the first Charter
was granted by Henry VI, to the Company of Grocers. In 1562 " the Apothe-

jf'Ae Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. 271

caries" were spoken of as "Freemen of the Company," i.e., Grocers. In 1607
the third Charter of the Company of Grocers included the Grocers and Apothe-
caries as one incorporated body. In 1615 the Apothecaries petitioned the King for
a separate incorporation, which was granted in 1617. This was part of a general
movement of the time to separate callings which bordered on professions from
those which were trades, e.g., the Scriveners and the Musicians; although the
Surgeons were not successful in getting separated from the Barbers until much
later, in 1745.

In 1701 a case was carried on appeal to the House of Lords re a Mr. Rose,
which settled once and for all that an apothecary was legally able to practise
medicine, and that he was entitled to visit and prescribe for a patient. Since that
date an apothecary has been a legally qualified practitioner, and for nearly two
centuries afterwards the bulk of the general practice of the country was in his
hands.

The Society of Apothecaries consists of a Master, two Wardens, and a Court
of twenty-one Assistants, who are the governing body; the Livery, Freemen known
as the Yeomanry, and Apprentices. The Livery is limited to 150 and consists of
selected Freemen, who, in common with the Liverymen of the other City Companies,
elect annually two Sheriffs, the City Chamberlain, and other officials. They also
annually nominate two Aldermen for the office of Lord Mayor, the final choice
resting with the Court of Aldermen who, acting on precedent, appoint the first
nominee. Liverymen also, with certain restrictions as to residence, have a vote
for the Members of Parliament for the City. They are called Liverymen because
in former times each Guild or Company clothed its voters in a distinctive gown or
Livery. Formerly each Company regulated its respective trade in and around
the City, and for many centuries a given trade or calling could not be practised
by anyone who was not "free" of the Company which controlled that trade.
Traces of this power still remain : —

The Fishmongers st-'ll appoint Inspectors of the Fish Market at Billingsgate.

The Goldsmiths still affix their Hall-mark on assayed Gold and Silver.

The Stationers hold the Copyright Register of all books and publications.

The Founders affix a legalising stamp to brass weights.

The Scriveners still control all Notaries in and around London .

The Gunmakers view and prove gun barrels.

The Plumbers, the Spectacle Makers, the Turners, and the Farriers grant
diplomas in their respective trades; while the Apothecaries, the only Company
which has the title of Society, grants licenses, after due examination, to practise
Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery throughout the Kingdom.

It was the Apothecaries Act of 1815 which gave power to the Society to grant
licenses to practise Medicine throughout England and Wales. This was not the
first time that the powers of a City Company had been so extended, as in 1447
the Grocers' Company* had their jurisdiction enlarged to include the whole
Kingdom.

The Apothecaries Amendment Act, 1874, gave the Society further powers.

The Medical Act, 1886, gave the Society power to examine in Surgery as well
as Medicine, while the Act of 1907 gave to Licentiates of the Society the right to
the title of Licentiates in Medicine and Surgery.

2^2 1 raliiactionx of /lie (Jtiahior Corona'/ Lodi/r.

Long may the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of the City of London
continue to exist and to justify its heraldic motto

OP1EERQUE PER ORBEM DICOR.

Authorities : —

" The History of the Society of Apothecaries." (J. R. B. Barrett, M.A.

"The Apothecary, Ancient and Modern, of the City of Loudon." George Corfe,

M.D.
"The Guilds of the City of London and their Liverymen." J. C. Thornley and

Geo. W. Hastings, M.A
" The City Companies of London and their Good Works." Rev. P. H. Ditchfield,

M.A.

" The Gilds and Companies of London." George Unwin.
" London." Sir Walter Besant.

/' ranx/tr/ u>n< <>l the (Jiinhinr ( 'uronal I Lixhjc.

273

FRIDAY, 24th JUNE, 1916.

j],HK Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 'i p.m. Present : — Bros. AV.
AVonnacott, AV.M.; AV. B. Hextall, l.P.M. ; F. AV. Levander, S.AV. ;
Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch.. Chaplain; AV. J. Songhurst, P. AG. DC,
Secretary; Gordon Hills, LG. ; E. H. Dring, P.M..; Dr. AV. AVynn
AVesteott, P.G.I). . P.M.; and Edward Armitage. P.Dep.G.D.C P.M.

Also the follow ing members of the Correspondence Circle: —
Bros. Frank Hughes. F. W. le Tall, John C. Mitchell. AV. K. Thomas.
Sydney AV. Parfoet, Guy M. Campbell. J. Littleton, Dr. AV. Hammond. P.G.D., John
Boddy. AValter Dewes. Martin AV. AVilkes, J. Smith, AV. N. Bancroft, H. McLachlan.
Hugh C. Knowles. Geo. C. Williams. J. Heron Lepper. S. Jacobs, P. J. Helming, F. A.
Powell. P.G.St.B., Alfred Davis, John J. Biley, John Holt, AV. H. Smith, A. J. Cross,
AV. Knowles, Henry Cheshire. AVm. A. Tharp, P.A.G.Pt., George Simpson. J. F. H.
Gilbard. Alfred Gates. G. A. King, P. A. G. Keg., Col. H. AV. Morrieson, P.Dep.G.D.C, A.
J. Prewer. L. G. Wearing, AV. E. Soltau. F. P. Baxter, J. AVm. Stevens, F. Inskipp. A.
C. Beal, 0. H. Bate, S. W. Kodgers. Henry Hyde, A. F. Calvert, AV. C. P. Tapper, G.
AV. Carter, Percy AV. Mallory, A.G.D.C., Hy. Kaborn. E. M. Poach, George M. Doe',
Sydney Meymott. H. M. Baker. F. Boniface, Percy H. Horley, Andrew Keid, T. D.
Buglfl.ss, J. AValter Hobbs. Thomas Leote. V. Fighiera. Henry Lovogrovo, P.A.G.Sup.AV..
J. R. H. Inkstor, Leonard Danielsson. A. G. Boswell. C. Gough, and J. Procter AVatsou.

Also the following Visitors: - Bros. H. Edwards, P.Pr.G.I).. Berks.; A. Ross,
W..M. Junior Engineers Lodge No. 291.'$; J. II. Seakins, Londesborough Lodge No. 1081;
J. AV. Dring. P.M. AVest Kent Lodge No. 1297; Bertram G. Cole. Anglo Ledge No. ,'i,")17;
G. Stainer, Lord Charles Boroslord Lodge No. 2404: and H. L. Vardley. S.W. Grenadiers
Lodge No. (j(i.

Letters of apology l'o- non-a ttendanee were received from Bros. E. Cornier. L.R.:
H anion le Strange, Pr.G.AL. Norfolk; Thos. .) . AVestropp, Dr. H. F. Berry, I.S.O. ;
G. Greiner. P.A.G.D.C.; AV. H. Rylands, P.A.G.D.C. ; F. H . Goldney, P.G.D. ; Admiral
Sir Albert Markham. P.Dis.G.M.. Malta; Sydney T. Klein, L.R.; Cecil Powell; AVilliam
Watson: .1. P. Rylands: and .Major J. E. S. Tuckett.

The Skcuktahy called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.

My Mro. Suymous Bki.i.. Dep. Pr.G.M .. Noi'thuniberland.

Aiii.MAN lU.zox. London, 1S07. A handsomely bound copy, with shield-shaped
leather labels inside the covers bearing the following inscriptions: — ''Presented by the
Master of the Atboll Lodge No. l.'il. To Thomas Bunion, Esq. Grand Patron. 1811."
"The. R' Worshipful Thos. Bunion. Esq. Grand Patron. Officers 1811. Bro. R.
I'Vnnings, W. Master. R. Thompson. P. Master. R. Duke, S. Warden. J. Senior, J.
Warden. Rev. J. Parkin, Chaplain. G. Angus, Treas 1 '. T. Foster, Secy."
"French Prisoners" Ji'.wki,. Oval; mounted as a Locket.

AIehai., silver. " Royal Masonic Institution for Boys. P'esented to James Sander,
Diivies for general good conduct, I8S0." (H.Z.C.. ;il4).

My Bro. Frxk.st II. Cook. Dep.Pr.G.Al .. Bristol.

Kngra\ed Jkwki.. o\al. silver, with usual Craft and other emblems : and inscrip-
tions which identify the original owner as Serg 1 William Diiekett. 8.'i 1 '' 1 Rog'\ of Lodge

2/4 Transactions of flu- (Jiititiior ('orunati LutUjc.

No. 125. Dublin, June 1808. It is no v owned by a descendant of this brother, who states
that it was worn from a silver chain round the neck, under the uniform, thus serving as
a kind of identification disc.

By Bro. Major Johx N. Blood.

Quart Mug, Sunderland lustre nzve, with Arms of "The 1.17.0. of Mechanics."
These include representations of the Sun, Moon, and Seven Stars ; an Eye ; Square and
Compasses; Ark and Dove; Crossed Keys; Lamb and Flag; Ladder of two or three rungs;
a Pentalpha ; Cock; Crossed Swords with the fetters T.C.I*., etc. Stevens (Cyclopcediu
of Fruternitiex, 1899, p. 141) gives some particulars of an American "Independent Order
of Mechanics," and suggests that its Founders were Oddfellows. An English Order has
not yet been traced.

By Bro. Albert F. Calvert, London.

Sword, probably French, with Masonic emblems o:i Guaid and Pommel.

Jewel of tin- Surgeon to the Boyal Grand Arch Constitutional Sols. 178-5. Seo
.l.(,U\, x.w. (1912). 28.

Large Silver Stab of twelve points, p-olably connected with the Orange Society.

Leather ApiiON with design printed from an engraved plate " Published by J. Cole,
Old St'., and 22. Mount Pleasant. City Road." about 1800.

Silk Apron with design printed from a j.late designed by J. L. Cross and engraved
by N. & S. S. Jocelyn.

Leather Ai-kox with design hand drawn

Pierced silver-gilt Jewrl with 'nsoHption "John Howard. No. 611. Trent Lodge."
This name and number were borne by the present Yarborough Lodge No. 422. between
1834 and 1849.

Silver Crkscent Moon, with "J. Higson. Y.G.. 1807," engraved at the back.
" Y.G." probably means A' ice Grand, but it is not known to what Society the jewel
belongs.

Pierced silver Jkwli. presented to Beavis AYood. 4th May. 17(52.

Oval Jewel, silver-gilt and enamelled, with pendant maul; probably worn by a
Senior Grand Deacon under the Scottish Constitution.

Silver S(JI'ark, set in paste.

Silver Daocjeu. with handle set in paste.

Officers' Coij.au Jkwkls of the Old King's Arms Lodge No. 28.

P.M. Jewk.l. similar to those now or fo"merly worn in the Lodge of Emulation No.
21, Grenadiers Lodge No. 66. St. Thomas's Lodge No. 142 and the Koyal York Lodge of
Perseverance. No. 7. In tin- on? formerly belonging to the Lodge of Felicity No. 08 the
held was cut out. See A.Q.C., xxvi. (1913), o. It is suggested that this design was that of
the Master's jewel under the Antients. but it will be noticed that three of the Lodges here
mentioned were warranted by the Moderns

By l?-o. Alered Gatks, Sherborne.

Churchwarden Ton.H'CO-l'li'K, with Masonic emblems on bowl.

Tracing Hoard, about (5Jin. by 8'in., the main design being cut in black paper
after the manner of a Watch paper; tools and other emblems in black and gold.

Hro. K. H. DiiiNi; read the following paper, which was illustrated by lantern

slides : - ■

Trav-iaetioiix of the. Qiiatiior Cnioniitl Lodqt.

•275

THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TRACING OR LODGE BOARD.

BY BUG. E. II. lJRIXCJ, P.M.

PART II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LODGE BOARD. 1

I HE Development of the Lodge Cloth or Lodge Board was gradual
but rapid, and I think that ten or fifteen years at the most will
cover the period between the introduction of Lodge Cloths into
English Freemasonry and the use of Lodge Boards. I have
not yet been able to meet with a dated Lodge Cloth earlier than
1810, but I reproduce a photograph of a Lodge Board which is
dated 1800. It is probable that the idea originated in France,
where the bulk of Freemasons in the eighteenth century were of a higher social
standard than English Freemasons. In fact, the idea has crossed my mind that
the rapid strides made in the use of Lodge Cloths somewhere about 1790 to 1800
may have been due to the numerous French emigres and prisoners of war who were
in England at that time. It is only an imaginative idea which I have not been
able to substantiate, but it may have some value. In any case the difference
between the luxury of the hotels in which the French Masons met at the end of
Louis XVIth's reign and the sanded floors of the coffee houses in which the English
Masons met at the same time, is, I think, a sufficient reason for thinking France to
be the birthplace of the Lodge Cloth and Lodge Board.

In the first part of this paper I stopped with the introduction of the Trestle
Board, which I concluded consisted of a board on trestles on which was drawn the
" Form of the Lodge," and which was also designated the " Lodge," the " Lodge
Board," as well as various other terms.

The transition from drawing the Form of the Lodge on the Lodge Board
at each meeting and drawing it permanently on a cloth which could be placed on
the Trestle Board or on the floor of the Lodge is a very natural one. In fact, it is
such a very natural development, that its earlier adoption must have been due
either to prejudice, sentiment, or authoritative ruling. Whatever the cause, its
effect certainly became inoperative somewhere about 1790 or a few vears later.

Lodge Cloths.

Probably the earliest that is now in existence is that in the possession of the
Kirkwall Kilwinning Lodge 38. 2 This is a long scroll 18ft. 6ins. long and 5ft. 6ins.
wide, of linen, which hangs on the West wall of the Lodge to which it belongs. It
consists of a series of central panels of a Biblical and Masonic nature, enclosed by
two lateral borders : on one side the border represents the rivers Tigris and

1 Owing to various circumstances I have found it impossible to incorporate in this
paper all the material I have collected. Various additions will be found in Appendix 111.
-A. < L >.<'. x., 79 and 193, whore fuller details will bo found.

276 Traiixactioiix of flic Qitntintr CofontiU Ltithjt.

Euphrates, while the other depicts the wanderings of the Israelites in the desert.
One could profitably devote a whole evening to the study of this remarkable relic,
but I have selected for illustration the bottom panel, which relates to Craft Masonry
(fig. 15).

It requires little explanation, but I would point out one or two items. The
letter M on the left and the cipher on the right refer to M.H.B., as I take the cipher
to be a combination of H.B. Next to the beehive at the base of the picture is an
object which I cannot determine, it may possibly be a form of level. On the left oi
the picture below the crossed pens is an object which I take to represent a winding
staircase, but the drawing is elementary. The two figures on the tops of the pillars
are very grotesque. The cryptic inscription on the altar is a reference to various
texts of Scripture. I think that it was designed after 1790 but before 1800.

The Cestrian Lodge (No. 425) at Chester possesses a very interesting Cloth
which has achieved notoriety on account of Oliver's fallacious reproduction of it
in his ltevehttitiiix of a xquare (p. 120). It will be seen that there is no appearance
of any Greek inscriptions at the base, nor of the symbols which Oliver introduced
and which have given rise to so much controversy (fig. 16).

According to Oliver the Cloth originally belonged to the Feathers Lodge
No. 209, afterwards the Loyal British Lodge, erased in 1828. It met at the
Plume of Feathers, Bridge St., Chester.

An example of a very similar if not the same design is in the possession of the
Unity Lodge (No. 321, formerly 606 and 403,) at Crewe (fig. 17). It is in much better
preservation and shews the number of the Lodge, No. 403, for which it was painted,
and this fact gives a possible clue to its date. The Unity Lodge was founded on Dec.
21, 1806, with the number 599, which in 1814 was altered to 606 and in 1832 to 403.
In 1863 it was re-numbered 321. If, therefore, the No. 403 is the original number-
ing on the Lodge Cloth, it must have been painted between 1832 and 1863. The
number may, however, have been added some years after the Cloth was painted,
or it mav have been tampered with. I have met with several examples of dates,
etc., having been altered on Lodge Boards.

It will be noticed, as I proceed, that various types of Lodge
Cloths and Lodge Boards appeared in different parts of England, and that each
type is usually only found in one particular locality. The Lodge Cloth of No. 425 is
of a local type probably designed by some artist living in Chester or the neighbour-
hood, and the Cloth of No. 321 is no doubt an imitation of it.

The Lodge of the Marches (No. 61 1) Ludlow possesses a Cloth of very original
design (fig. 18). It is the only one T have met with in which the hand of the
Master is depicted drawing on the true Tracing Board. It originally belonged to
the Silurian Lodge consecrated in 1791.

Trinity Lodge (No. 254) Coventry has a Lodge Cloth of a conventional type
(fig. 19).

It will be noticed that the designs are now becoming more elaborate and con-
ventional, and therefore of later date, but 1 wish to draw your attention to the Lodge
Cloths together, then to the Lodge Boards together, although some of the designs
on the Boards are certain] v earlier than some of the Cloths.

In the Museum of Grand Lodge there is preserved a set of three Lodge
Cloths which it is stated originally belonged to the Lodge attached to the 7th Light
Dragoons, dated 1810 (figs. 20, 21, 22). The scene at the base of the first Cloth

The Evolution ttiiil Development of the Traeine/ or Lothje Board. 277

depicts " the high hills and low vales even in the valley of Jehosophat ." The three
figures on the roof in the 2nd degree refer to the three Great Masters. The third
Cloth is very instructive as the symbols consist of the heavy beetle, the setting level
and a plotting pin. It will be observed, as we proceed, several other instances of the
heavy beetle which I have no hesitation in saying is the correct form of the heavy
maul. It is a formidable weapon, 801bs. or more of hard wood fitted on to a handle
4ft. long, and well designed to kill anybody if struck by a blow from it. The setting
level is well known among all working masons, and the plotting pin is known to
everyone who lays out plans of buildings. It is the equivalent of the reel and line.

The Palladian Lodge (No. 120) Hereford possesses a very well designed Cloth,
but of a late date. It may be so late as 1820 (fig. 23).

But perhaps the most interesting Lodge Cloth I have met with is one that
is temporarily in the hands of Bro. Hammond, the Librarian of Grand Lodge, by
whose kindness I am able to exhibit it this evening. It is not possible to reproduce
it.

It consists of a large sheet of coarse black linen canvas measuring about 8ft.
by 6ft. On one side of it there are painted in white the usual conventional symbols
of the first and second degrees. On the reverse, however, the following symbols
can be deciphered : the point within a circle bounded by parallel lines, a ruler or
rod ( ?Aaron's rod), a coffin, a pot of manna and the two tables of the Law._ There
is another emblem which is obliterated in the left upper corner.

It is a most primitive Lodge Cloth, and gives an excellent idea of the kind
of Cloth that was used before the more ambitious types came into vogue. I have
no data to assist me in dating it.

Lodge Boards.

I have as a matter of expediency treated Lodge Cloths separately from
Lodge Boards, but as I remarked before some of the existing Lodge Boards are
earlier than some of the Lodge Cloths.

The earliest dated Lodge Board I have traced, and probably the earliest in
existence in Great Britain, is the set belonging to Lodge Faithful (No. 85) at
llarleston, Norfolk (figs. 24, 25, 26). In the first Board are found in addition to
the usual emblems a beehive, a sundial, a trowel, and a cornucopeia. It will be
noticed that instead of a tesselated border there is a cord in each of the lateral
borders. On the third Board there is the date 5800-1800. In the base there is an
arcade of columns in front of which are five columns representing the five Orders of
Architecture.

Although not in strict chronological order I will draw your attention next
to the set of Boards in the possession of Lodge Friendship (No. 100)' Great
Yarmouth (figs. 27, 28, 29). They are dated 1809, when the Lodge was meeting
at Norwich, but belong to the same type as the Harleston set. In spite of the slight
differences both sets might easily have been painted by the same artist. In the
centre of the second Board the letter G. is surrounded by the initials of the seven
Liberal Arts and Sciences. What is appaiently an arch at the base of the third
Board was, I think, intended to be a scroll on which was written 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15,
as in the Harleston set. It is possible that originally the set belonged to the Union
Lodge (No. 52) Norwich, which lost its Boards about 1820.

278 Transaction* of the Qualuor Coronati Lodge.

The earliest instance of the Lodge Board being printed is in a series of plates
which is sometimes found in copies of Cole's Illustrations of Masonry 1801 (figs.
30, 31, 32). It is a type that had a certain popularity, and although the diamond
pavement, as distinguished from the square pavement, appeared in the local Lodge
Cloths of the Cestrian and Unity (Crewe) Lodges, Cole seems to have been the first
to popularise this solecism in England. It will be noticed that in the second Board
he places the entrance to the winding staircase in the N.W. In tho third Board he
depicts the heavy beetle, setting level and plotting pin. It lias been suggested to
me that the various groups of dots have a cryptic Pythagorean meaning, but I think
that they were intended purely for ornamental effect. It is also interesting to note
that Cole did not believe in indented borders.

Lodge No. 24 Newcastle-upon-Tyne possesses a unique set of circular Lodge
Boards, in which I think the influence of Cole's designs can be traced. There is a
tradition that they originally belonged to the Lodge at Swalwell, now Industry
No. 48, but I give you that for what it is worth. I have not been able to get any
authoritative evidence as to their original home. They are about 18 inches in
diameter (figs. 33, 34, 35).

Bro. J. Browne, who published The Master Key 1798, also designed a series
of Lodge Boards, but it never sems to have been engraved or published. It only
exists in a set of drawings which were reproduced in the Masonic Illustrated ,
January, 1903 (fig. 36). The second Beard is particularly interesting, firstly on
account of the arch which dominates the whole picture, and secondly on account of
the entrance to the winding staircase being in the South. In the third Board there
are three peculiar looking objects which look like bombs, but which probably are
intended to refer to the three Grand Masters. There are also 14 smaller bomb-like
objects which no doubt are intended to be looked upon as representing 14 F.C.'s.
The 15th F.C. who is catching hold of a shrub is also of unusual occurrence in Lodge
Boards.

An early Board is in the possession of the Inhabitants Lodge -(No. 153)
Gibraltar. It depicts the Craft, Eoyal Arch and Templar degrees. It is in poor
condition, but it is reproduced in A.Q.G. xiii. , 37. It is dated 1809.

The Loyal Cambrian Lodge (No. 110) Merthyr Tydvil possesses a very well
designed set in which the Cole's influence can be easily traced (figs. 37,38). The Lodge
was constituted in 1810, but there is no evidence as to when the Board was acquired.
Originally it was used as a Lodge Cloth and has only recently been framed. The
first two degrees are depicted on the same face, and the third degree (which is I think
a little later addition) is on the reverse. As a matter of fact, I am inclined to think
that it was a custom in many places to have only one Lodge Board on the face of
which were depicted the emblems of the first two degrees, and that the third degree
was illustrated by concrete symbols on the floor of the Lodge. And the further
thought has also suggested itself to me that where examples of Lodge Boards shew
the first two degrees on the same face, the Board illustrating the 3rd Degree has
been painted at a later period. I simply make these remarks in parentheses, as in
order to substantiate such a theory it would be necessary to examine critically the
painting of many sets of Boards in various parts of the kingdom, which task I cannot
undertake at present. Photographs do not always give the desired information. In
some cases, however, I am sure the suggestion holds good.

In the third Board there is an emblem which I have not been able to
determine. It may be Aaron's rod, or a surveying staff or a ruler. I do not

The Evolution and. Development of the Traeiiuj or Loilije Board. 279

remember another instance ol its occurrence, excepting the black canvas Lodge
Cloth exhibited this evening. I do not think it is intended to represent a pencil.

The same Lodge also possesses a Lodge Board which is generally thought to
be connected with the Eoyal Arch degree, but which is probably an allegorical
design intended to depict the combination of Craft and Roval Arch Freemasonry
(fig. 39).

Lodge Harmony (No. 133) Faversham possesses a set of Lodge Boards which
also show indebtedness to the Cole's type (figs. 40, 41, 42). But instead of the
plotting pin in the third Board we have the surveying staff, which in this instance I
do not think can be questioned. If it be meant to represent a 24 inch gauge
I can only regret the artist's lack of proportion. This set is also noticeable as depict-
ing a man catching hold of a shrub.

Bro. H. Dartnell, of Sevenoaks, possesses an interesting set of Boards which
was probably painted by a local artist (figs. 43, 44, 45). The emblems in the third
Board are the heavy beetle, the level and the plumb rule. It also is one of the few
sets that depict a man catching hold of a shrub.

Bro. Jacobs, who lived at 3, Charles Street, Hatton Gardens, was a designer
of Lodge Boards which had merit. He never achieved great popularity although
he engraved and published his designs in a portable form in the same way as did
John Harris. The set I have chosen for illustration is in the private possession of
a Brother in Staffordshire (figs. 46, 47, 48). I understand there is a similar set which
belongs to Lodge Freedom (No. 77), at Gravesend, but I have not been able to
examine it.

On the first Board there are depicted the three sacrifices of Abraham, Moses
and Elijah, while the design in the right lower corner may be meant to represent
the " still small voice " or the " burning bush "; I cannot determine which. On
the third Board will be noticed the figures 3000. It is the earliest instance of the
occurrence of this date I have found on Lodge Boards.

The Royal Naval Lodge (No. 59) possesses a good set of Boards, which shew a
decided advance on the earlier designs (figs. 49, 50, 51). I cannot.be sure if the
artist of this set influenced Bowring or was influenced by him, but there are certain
marked similarities which shew a connection. The great distinguishing feature of
Bowring's designs, "the key which hangs in a Brother's defence," is in this set
absent, for the key lies and does not hang. It will be noticed in the second Board
that the winding staircase springs from the North, and that the tools in the third
Board are the heavy beetb, the plotting pin and the setting level.

I now come to the Boards painted by Josiah Bowring, whom I have no
hesitation in acclaiming as the greatest and most correct of the old Lodge Board
designers. His glory may have been eclipsed by others who, greatly indebted to
him, were more fortunate than he was, but his merit has never even been challenged
by any of his successors. Very few particulars of his life are known. He was
initiated in 1795, lived at Dove Court at Moorfields, and was by profession a portrait
painter. 1 In 1831 Grand Lodge voted him £20 as for six months previously he
had been much afflicted with gout. In March, 1832, his widow. was relieved with
a further £5, so he must have died in. the latter half of 1831 or very early in 1832.

1 A.Q.C. xxiii., 192.

280 Tr<t>imctioi>$ of the Qnattior Coronati Lodijc .

The first set 1 reproduce is the celebrated set which now belongs to the Lodge
of Union (No. 38) at Chichester and which was described in A.Q.C. xxiii., 191-2.
It was ordered in accordance with a Lodge resolution (see Q. 31) in September, 1811,
and the third Board bears the date 1811 (figs. 52, 53, 54). In the first Board it will
be noticed that for the first time in the illustrations I give, the key which
Jiangs and does not lie (i.r. the key or tongue of Good Report), hangs from Jacob's
ladder. In the second Board the winding staircase springs from the North, while
the scene below it is a much daintier piece of landscape painting than is usually
seen on Lodge Boards. In the third Board the head is also particularly well painted.
The tools in this Board are the heavy beetle, the setting level and a maul.

I also reproduce for the purpose of differentiation another set by J. Bowring,
which he painted for the St. George's and Corner Stone Lodge (No. 5) in 1817 (figs.
55, 56, 57). The first Board is better designed than that in the Chichester set. The
second Board, however, shews the winding staircase as springing from the South, rot-
reasons which I gave in the first half of this lecture I am convinced that that position
of the staircase is the correct one. We have no information as to the reasons- that
induced Bowring to make this change in his design, but a man who was such a
careful worker and who had such a deep insight into the correctness of the details
which entered into the composition of the Lodge Board, would not have made such
a sweeping alteration lightheartedly. In the third Board various alterations will
be noticed — the heavy beetle and setting level have disappeared, while a real
Tracing Board has been introduced on which are lying the pencil, skirrett and
compasses. But the great and striking note of the design is the introduction of
Hebrew characters on the name-plate which represent M.B., T.K. (or C).

It is one of the functions of a lecturer not only to point out striking details,
but to lead his audience to draw inferences from them and base conclusions on those
inferences. On many occasions the question has been asked, Why are the cryptic
letters and figures on the name-plate in the latter day third Lodge Boards reversed ? l
Although the topic is really outside the limits I have set for this lecture, that is
the Development of the Lodge Board up to the time of Harris, I should like to
suggest a solution to the question. In the last design of Bowring's we see the
letters are in the Hebrew character, and I have formed the theory that either
through ignorance or in a fit of carelessness, Harris transcribed the Hebrew letters
he found on Bowring's boards into cryptic letters and overlooked the fact that
Hebrew was written from right to left. It has been suggested that Harris was a
Jew, and should therefore have known better, but I am dubious on this point. I
knew his son well and cannot recall any signs of Semitism in his features.

While I am writing about John Harris, I may remark that it is not generally
known that he was identical with the Harris who was the finest facimilist England
ever produced, and his work has and will always cause the very greatest difficulties
to book collectors. He died at Croydon about 1872, and his son, who was really a
tailor, continued in a desultory manner, his father's business of facsimiling leaves of
rare books until about 1880, when he disappeared from my ken.

That the reversal of the cryptic letters was not immediately adopted bv
everybody is shewn by a set of Lodge Boards in the possession of St. John the

1 Through some hipxti;: inhimi. in an early design of about 1X'2~> the artist, instead
of writing _j> for '!'.(.'.. wrote -J < and this error lias been perpetrated in all the
latter day Hoards, with of course an equally enoneous explanation of the meaning.

The JCrotiitioii and Development of the Truelnij or hod ye Hoard. 281

Baptist Lodge (No. 475), Luton (fig. 58). This Lodge was consecrated in 1841, and
it is probable that the boards are of that date, but there is no definite information
available. In any case they are not very much earlier. In the third Board we
have the cryptic letters reading from left to right, instead of from right to left,
as in Harris's boards. It is curious that this Board perpetrates the correspondmg
error in regard to T.C. which is exjiressed in this ca«e as > L instead of < L
The Board also shews that the artist thought that the heavy maul should be repre-
sented as a heavy beetle, and not a small one-handed maul.

There is a Bowring set in the possession of Ledge Burlington (No. 96). It
is signed and dated 1814, but the date on the third Board has been altered to 1833,
when, perhaps, the set was transferred from another Lodge. There is nothing
singular in the design so far as I remember.

St. George's and Corner Stone Lodge (No. 5) possesses another beautiful set
of Boards, which, I think, they value more than the Bowring set (figs. 59, 60, 61).
It will be noticed that the tools on the third Board are the heavy beetle, the setting
level and a plotting pin.

A distinctive local type is shewn in a set of Boards in the possession of All
Souls Lodge (No. 170) at Weymouth (figs. 62, 63, 64), a similar set belonging to
Lodge 137, Poole. Tiie most striking characteristic of these designs is the represen-
tation of a lying-in-state in a chamber of the Temple hung with heavv curtains and
the Higli Priest censing the body. On the reverse of the Boards are two drawings of
the camp of French prisoners which stood at Weymouth at the time the Boards were
painted. The third Board is dated 1809. The artist's signature, G. Robins, is on
the square ashlar on the first Board.

At Bristol the brethren have a series of Boards of a distinctly local type (figs.
65, 66, 67). The first of these consists of a combination of the first two degrees. In
the corners are depicted the four cardinal virtues: Temperance, Fortitude, Prudence
and Justice. The other two Boards contain the first degree only. It is probable that
they were all painted by the same artist. I cannot hazard a guess as to the date
of the design. I understand that Bro. Cecil Powell intends to investigate their
historv.

I also draw your attention to a curious painted marble Board which is in the
Museum of Grand Lodge (fig. 68). I can give no particulars as to its origin or date,
but it has a strong family likeness to the scries of Bristol Boards to which I have just
referred.

I have tried to put before you as concisely as possible the Evolution and
Development of the Lodge Board, and I have purposely refrained from entering
into the later developments made by Harris and the designers of the Victorian era.
They form a distinct chapter which would entail little labour for any brother to
write, but I must say the subject does not interest me. Erroneous ideas,
mistaken conceptions, meticulous detail, m fact, all the bad qualities of the
Victorian age permeate them, and, to my idea, the sooner we return to the pure
realistic designs of Bowring or some of his contemporaries the better.

Li conclusion, I must heartily thank the hundreds of correspondents, not
only in Great Britain but in America and our Colonies, who have assisted me in
my labours. Sometimes I have had to be persistent before 1 could ascertain what
I wanted, but I have rarely met with a rebuff, or anything but a really fraternal

282 Transactions of the. Qtiatnor Coronati Lodge.

desire to help me. Many brethren would not allow me on any consideration to
pay for the photographs they have had taken specially for me, and I take this
opportunity of thanking them for their kind courtesy. Other brethren who had
also dipped into the subject unhesitatingly sent me copies of their notes, and among
those who so did I would especially mention Bro. L. Roese, of Hatsford, Ledbury,
Bro. C. Gough, of South Woodford, and Bro. Seymour Bell, D.Pr.G.M. Northum-
berland, P.G.D., who have been particularly kind and self-denying.

I know I have been an awful worry to many secretaries, but if I have they
must remember it was in a good cause. I would remind them of what my dear old
mother used to say when she thrashed me, " It hurts me more than it hurts you.' :
It was more worry for me to write to them so often and persistently, than it ever was
for them to reply.

AI'/'JLXDIX 1.

Q. 1 . Lodge of Felicity, No. 58 meeting at the Gun Tavern Jermyn-St.

1737 April 6. At the same time was admitted a member of the Lodge by the
consent of the Lodge, Will™ Coulston — " Drawer to the House " — was
made a mason gratis. At the next Lodge night under the head of
expenses is: " P d Tyler and Drawer 2 s / " and similar subsequent entries.
On Jan. 16. 1738/9, " Paid Tyler for drawing y° lodge 2 s /6."

The word "drawer" here means waiter or "cork drawer or beer
drawer."

Q. 2. Lodge held at "The Lebecks Head" Fleet St., No. 246 (Minute Books
now in custody of Grand Lodge).

1760 June 27. Item, it is agreed to pay the Tyler 2 s /6 for summoning and
Tyling and 5/sh. when there is one or more makings for Drawing the
Lodge.

1761 Meh. 20. It was ballotted for and agreed that every Member proposed
to be Raised Master should pay a deposit of 5/sh. to be forfeited in
case of noil attendance in order to defray the expense of Drawing the
Lodge.

1761 Oct. 16. New bye-law. That the Tyler shall have 2 s /6 for each nights
attendance, summoning &c, and five shillings for Drawing a Lodge,
provided there is a making or Raising, if not to be paid nothing for
Drawing the Lodge, and if any member whatever be Raised or made,
to be paid the sum of 5/sh.

Q. 3. Salisbury Lodge (Elias de Dereham, now 586).
Goldney's Wiltshire, 1880.

1749 Dec. 27. Paid for the table & print £1.11.6
1765 Ap. 5. Paid for painting the cloth l/ s -

1801 Mar. 14. The W.M. proposed that some artist be employed to paint
a proper design to be used at makings and raisings.

1809 Oct. 25. The Lodge, borne by four Lewises.

The Evolution and Development of the Traeinij or Lodi/e Hoard. 283

Q. 4. Anchor & Hope Lodge No. 37. (Newton, 1896.)
1765 Ap. 20. p. 25. Cash Account:

Paid for 10 yds of Ferritting @ 2 d pr yd. 1/8

[Ferret — Originally a silk tape or narrow ribbon used for fastening
or lacing; now a narrow worsted or cotton ribbon used for binding,
for shoestrings etc. (Century Dictionary. )]

Q. 5. Ship No. 240 St. Ives. (J. G. Osborn, Freemasonry in W. Cornwall,
1901.)
1765 Among the articles bought for the use of the lodge " a Tressell Board."

Q. 6. St. Andrew Kilwinning No. 31 S.C. (B. Wylie, Mother Lodge Kilwin-
ning, Glasgow, 1882.)
1769 Feb. 10. The Eight Worshipful and the Secretary had wrote to Bro.
Lachlan Duff at Edinburgh to send here the form of a diploma and
different floorings for the Lodge, and as now the Lodge is informed that
Bro. Duncan Grant, of our Sister Lodge is going soon to Edinburgh,
they recommend to the Secretary to wait of him and desire that he should
call on said Bro. Duff to settle with him the most expeditious way of
transmitting the above articles here.

Q. 7. Osborn, Freemasonry in W. Cornwall from 1765 — 1828.

1771 Aug. 17. p. 41. Letter from Master of the Druids Lodge at Eedruth '
to the Master of the Ship Lodge at S. Ives giving them an invit" to a
Masonic Church Festival & saying :

If not too cumbersome " we wish you to bring your Marble
Blocks and Triangles to ornament our Lodge with."

Q. 8. ibid

1768 p. 9. The sum of 8/3 was ordered to be paid to Bro. Eichards for
suspending the perfect and rough Ashlars.

Q. 9. Lodge Belief No. 42, Bury, Lanes. (E. A. Evans, 1883.)

1771 June 24. Inventory includes:

Two painted pillars, a painted Square Pavement, a indented
Tasel, two large mahogany pillars with balls, 3 candlesticks
viz. W.S.B. A brass Sun, Moon, letter G. etc. Pair of
Compasses, Wood Squares, Brass ditto etc.

Q. 10. Lodge Kelso No. 58 S.C. (Vernon, Eoxburghshire, Peebles and Selkirk-
shire, 1893).

1772 Dec. 28. The Lodge was visited by M 1 ' Eamsay painter; the E.W.
recommended to the meeting some painted floorings, which the meeting
took to consideration and approved thereof and therefore appoint M r
Eamsay to make the necessary floorings with proper ornaments on canvas
for which he shall be paid. The Lodge also in consideration of his paint-
ing the boards, made him Honorary Member.

284 Traicacliotift of the Q utit nor t'oroiittti Lodge.

Q. 11. Anchor k Hope Lodge No. 37. (Newton, 1896).
1773 Jan. 24. Half a piece of ribbon, 18 yds 12V6
Feb. 11. 2 Brass Columns XI. 2. 6.

1788 In the inventory of contents of Lodge Chest dated Feb. 27,
1 cloth painted round the edges.

Q. 12. Shakespear Lodge No. 99. (A.Q.C. xviii., 112)

Fee to Tyler for preparing or drawing a Master's Lodge 2 8 /6
1773-4 Purchase " A Lodge Board 16/-"

A Whiting Box and penknife XI. 1.6

Q. 13. Osborn, Freemasonry in W. Cornwall, 1765-1828.

1773 p. 45/52. Oration delivered at Prov. G.L. of Cornwall at Falmouth on
Dec. 27:

" Suffer the impression of Moral principles to sink deep into
the Tressel Board of your mind."

Q. 14. Marquis of Granby Lodge, No. 124. (W. Logan, 1886).

1775 July 4. A schedule of the Jewels and other Furniture of and belong-
ing to this Lodge : —

A Letter G and a slate;

A Tracel Board, and Square (not now existing).

Q. 15. J. Armstrong, History of Freemasonry in Cheshire, 1901.

1776 Nov. 22. Schedule of Furniture &c belonging to the Lodge now held
at the Coach and Horses, Northgate St., Chester, taken 22nd Nov. 1776
by John Dennil, Sec. : —

A Mosaic Floor Cloth with the four initial letters, brass (new
painted).

(Originally the Horse & Groom Lodge, Chester, 1739, now said to be
represented by the Cestrian Lodge No. 425.)

Q. 16. .Hughan's Sketches and Reprints, 1871.

1779 Schedule of the Regalia of the Grand Lodge of All England at York
1779 : —

* ' Two painted Floor Cloths " | these are still preserved at York |
one refers to the W.M. degree.
From Bro. T. B. Whytehead's Paper on the " Relics of the Grand Lodge at
York " (A.Q.C. xiii., 104/5) these seem to be '' an emblematical drawing " by Bro.
Beckwith and a " Lodge Board " (sic). The latter however, from the reproduction
of the Certificate which is copied from it (Hi'ul, plate 9), seems rather to be also an
" emblematical drawing."

Q. 17. St. John Kilwinning, No. 6 S.C. (R. Wylie, Mother Lodge Kilwinning,
Glas., 1882).
1783 Feb. 4. The Master proposed having the flooring of the Fellow Crafts
and Master Masons painted and framed as also a neat box for holding
the Mort CI oath, .... the three floorings and cushion, etc.

The, Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Hoard. 285

Q. 18. C. H. Maiden, History of Freemasonry on Coast of Coromandel, Madras ;
1895.
1786 Procession at Consecration of Lodge Perfect Unanimity, Madras

" The Lodge covered with white satin carried by four tylers."

Q. 19. S. John's Lodge No. 279, Leicester (Consecrated Nov. 11, 1790). (W. M.
Williams, 1892).
1791 A sum of five guineas was voted from the Lodge Funds to M r Smith
junior for an emblematic cloth painted by him for the lodge.
It is possible that this was a Lodge Cloth.

Q. 20. Druid's Lodge of Love and Liberality. (J. G. Osborn, W. Cornwall, 1901).

1791 Feb. 15. Bro. Marshall of Truro presented the Lodge . . . with a
Tressle Board for which he was most respectfully thanked.

Q. 21. ibid, p. 79. Inventory of Furniture taken June 27, 1795: — ■

One Trassle Board

Mahogany Trassle Board with Ornaments.

do. dated 1 April, 1813: —
One Trassell board.

Q. 22. Domatic Lodge No. 177. (G. B. Abbott, 1886).

1793 May 28. A motion was made and seconded and unanimously carried,
that this Lodge should be provided with a proper cloth painted for
making masons and that Bro. Thos. Butler Painter P.M. of 194 (who
was present as a visitor) shall be ordered to prepare forthwith. Whether
this order was carried out does not appear.

1795 Mch. 31. Bro. Jarvis produced a making cloth for which he was paid
£5.5

Q. 23. St. James Lodge at Uxbridge. (Reed's Masonry in London & Middlesex,
1906).

1796 Sep. 15. p. 45. For a drawing board 2 s /6.
(There is nothing to shew what it was for).

Q. 24. Royal Brunswick No. 296. (W. H. Stacey & J. F. Moss, 1893).

1797 Oct. 4. In a procession in connection with laying the foundation stone
of Sheffield General Infirmary: "The Lodge covered with white satin
and carried by four master masons."

Q. 25. Loyalty No. 320. Mottram in Longdendale, Cheshire. Date of Warrant
Oct. 10. 1798. (Wagstaffe and Renshaw, 1898.)

1798 Dec. 31. To cash paid for " Floor cloth " and gilding Balls £2.12.6.

Q. 26. Hengist Lodge 195, Bournemouth. (P. H. Newnham, 1890).

1813 prior to. Once or twice it is recorded that the " candidate had the
Lodge explained to him." (No mention of a Lodge Board until 1835).

286 Transactions of the Qiiatuo?' Coronatl Lodge.

Q. 27. St. John Baptist No. 39 Exeter. (A. Hope).

1805 May. It was discussed that it is highly necessary to have a Lodge for
the purpose of better describing the same to the new Initiated in future,
when it was agreed that Bro. Hemer would produce apuratus for the
purpose before the next Lodge night.

1833 May 13. Bro. Lewis, W.M. proposed that Lodge 46 procure the Floor
Cloths necessary to illustrate the three Degrees of Freemasonry, also

that Mr. Sharland, of this city, Artist, had offered to paint the

same in lieu of his Initiation. Mr. Sharland was thereupon pro-
posed to be initiated, as soon as the paintings were ready, by Bro. Lewis,
seconded by Bro. Titherly.

1834 Dec. 2. Bro. Lewis W.M. proposed that the three Tracing Boards be
provided at the expense of the Lodge at the sum offered by Mr. Hake,

seconded by Br. . Bro. Lewis also proposed Mr. Wm. Hake of

this City, Artist, aged 23 as a Candidate to be Initiated on the next
Lodge night, seconded by Bro. Titherly.

At the next Lodge, Mr. Hake was duly ballotted for and
unanimously approved of, and the three Tracing Boards ordered to be
got ready as soon as possible. Mr. Hake was initiated in the following
month, Feb. 1835, but was not passed and raised until the autumn of
1839. In Jan. 1839 " A Lecture was given (Fellow Craft Degree) on
the Floor Cloth " and at the same meeting Bro. Hawkes was instructed
" to call on Bro. Hake, to know if he can finish the Floor Cloths imme-
diately, If not that the panes be sent to Bro. Pridham for completion."

Bro. A. Hope (P.M., 39) thinks that the boards may have been finished
by Pridham. He also suggests that Bro. Hake was the brother of Augustus Hake
the Brighton barrister, who lived to be a centenarian.

Q. 29. Lodge of Unity No. 183. (Speth).

1809 April 24. A motion was made by Bro. Godwin and seconded by Bro.
Faulkner that a Lodge Board be furnished in the three degrees at the
expense of the Lodge. An amendment was proposed by Bro. Treasurer
Jones that the same be left open for the generosity of the Brethren and
he offered himself to subscribe one guinea.

1810 Dec. Bro. Paull presented the Board which he had offered to give when
the matter was raised of his initiation, and the lodge paid Bro.
Bowring eight guineas for painting it in the three degrees.

Q. 30. Eecords of the Bedford Lodge. (The Eosicrucian, N.S., I. p. 37-40).

1810 March. The thanks of this Lodge were voted to Bro. Ireson, P.S.W.
& to Bros. Stewart and Bologna jun r for their valuable present of a
Lodge Board, exceedingly well designed for the first and second degree
and painted by B r Massey.

'The Evolution and Development of the tracing or Lodge Board. 287

The Committee assembled, to audit the accounts, recommended
that a new set of Lodge Boards to illustrate the three Degrees of Craft
Masonry be provided for the use of the Lodge; and with the view to
fixing the respective illustrations of each degree by the most approved
recent alterations that Br. Secretary Harris [not to be confounded with
John Harris the designer. E.H.D.] be deputed to wait upon the Grand
Secretaries Brs. White and Harpur to ascertain if any additional plan
or design has been sanctioned by the Grand Lodge or if the Boards now
in use at the Grand Stewards Lodge may be considered as the general
standard of masonic emblematical perfection : and that he report the
result of such enquiries the ensuing Lodge night.

In January 1825 on the report of Br. Harris it was unanimously
resolved that the recommendation of the Committee be carried into effect
and that the sum of £10.10.0 be paid to Br. Kittrick for painting the
same. On the same evening the unanimous thanks of the Lodge were
voted to Br. Paul P.M. for his truly generous offer to provide mahogany
Lodge Boards, properly seasoned and fully prepared for the touch of
the artist.

In February 1827 . . . the thanks of the members, accom-
panied by a Masonic emblem in silver, was presented, in open Lodge,
to Br. Thomas Kittrick for the very scientific and masterly style in which
he has depicted on the Lodge Boards the several masonic emblems illus-
trative of the three Degrees of the Craft; and likewise for his liberality
in defraying the expenses incurred beyond the sum voted in January
1825.

Q. 31. Lodge of Union No. 38, Chichester. (A .Q.C. xxiii., 191). In Minutes of
L. of Friendship 624.
1811 Sept. Resolved that tressel boards with emblems painted thereon
(suitable to each degree) should be obtained from London.

(No further entry, but they were most probably the set painted
by Bo-wring now in the possession of the Lodge).

Q. 32. Blandford No. 665 of 1815. (By G. E.Turner, 1897).

1815 Dec. 22. Memo. Bro. Harrison paid the Tyler of Lodge Amity, Poole,
one shilling for the loan of the Tracing Board — and which is repaid to
him by the Treasurer.

Q. 33. Shakespeare Lodge No. 99. (E. A. Ebblewhite, 1904).

1818 Nov. 26. A sum of £15 was paid to Mr. Joseph Bowring on the 26th
November for the " Tracing Boards, case etc. for the three degrees."
These tracing boards which measure 5ft by 2ft each and are fitted with
hinges to fold over are still in our possession, but in a sadly neglected
condition. From what still remains on the canvas, it is evident that
they were well painted and their restoration should not be delayed.

288 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Q. 34. Salopian Lodge No. 262 (Modern). (Graham's Shropshire, 1892).

1820 The Lodge invested in a painted cloth representing the seven Liberal
Arts; also a Mosaic Pavement, Tesselated Border and Blazing Star.

Q. 35. Amity Lodge 137. (Poole, by A. C. Chapin, 1897).

1821 Mcli. 21. A Tracing Board was presented by Bro. G. W. Ledgard.
(A duplicate of that possessed by 170 All Souls, Weymouth).

Q. 36. Witham Lodge, Lincoln. (Dixon's Lincolnshire, 1894).

1824 June. Bro. Kobt. Tate of the Tuscan Lodge No. 14 London, gave an
explanation of the Floor Board of the First Degree.

Q. 37. Lodge of Fortitude 281, Lancaster. (H. Longman, 1895, p. 28).

1825 Jan. 6. Inventory includes :

Setting Maul, Heavy Maul, Bee hive, Coffin and Ruler.

Q. 38. Royal Union Lodge, Uxbridge. (A..Q.C. xix., 106).
1827 Inventory includes :

1 Floor cloth, printed pattern
1 Masonic Floor cloth.

Q. 39. "The Mason's Miscellany or First and Last Stone of the Jerusalem

Church," Edinburgh, 1830.

1830 p. 128. " I wiil now turn our attention to some of the immoveable

jewels which belong to our Lodge, and the first that we shall take notice

of is a Board, with a few lines angles and perpendiculars designed upon

its surface. This is what we term the Tracend Board."

Q. 40. Cestrian No. 425 (Chester). (J. Armstrong, Cheshire, 1901).

1835 Jan. 9. A new Tress-sl board ordered

1836 Church Service. " In front of the pulpit was suspended the new floor
cloth of the lodge."

Q. 41. Lodge Jedburgh St. John 104 S.C. (Vernon, Roxburghshire, Peebles, and
Selkirkshire, 1893).

1842 Inventory of property of 1842 (when the Lodge collapsed — being
resuscitated 17 years later) :

" also a Tassal cloath and sword."

Q. 42. Lodge Castle No. 1621, Bridgnorth. (Freemasonry in the Province of
Shropshire, by A. Graham, 1892, p. 71).
The working tools are more fitted for an operative than a speculative
lodge; the level is about 4ft. wide by 3ft. high and the other tools are
made in proportion.

} jthe Evolution and Development of the Traciny or Lodge Board. 289

APPENDIX II.

1st Oct., 1914.
Dear Brother Bring,

As far as I can make out, the Tracing Board was probably in use
in Ireland between 1839 and 1850. It is mentioned in Ahiman Rezon
of the former date, and is omitted in the edition of 1850. It is believed
to have been quite unknown here prior to 1839, and was then introduced
into the working through the influence of Archdeacon Mant, who took
it up. I do not think drawings in chalk, etc., were in vogue here.

Yours, etc.,

H. F. Berry.

My dear Sir and Brother,

Yonkers, N.Y., April 19, 1916.

I am unable to answer your question as to the general use of the
trestle board throughout the United States, but will make prompt
enquiry among several friends who will be able to inform me, and advise
you.

So far as the jurisdiction of New York is concerned, it is in use
only, I may say, erratically. Its significance is occasionally referred to
in the lectures, but so far as I can find, there is no reference to it in what
is called the " standard work." It's form is usually a rectangular board
without covering or ornamentation, about two feet by eighteen inches,
and in the second section, as we call it, of the third degree, it is in some
lodges placed in the chair of the Junior Warden, which in that portion
of the degree is vacant.

I will gladly inquire further and inform you what I have dis-
covered.

Very truly yours,

W. C. Prime.

Yonkers, N.Y., May 20, 1916.
Dear Sir and Brother,

My previous letter to you acknowledging receipt of yours of the
20th of March was somewhat ill-considered in view of my statement
that the Trestle Board figured nowhere in our Ritual excepting in the
Third Degree. I overlooked the universal reference to it throughout
the United States in the Entered Apprentice Degree as one of the
movable jewels, which are the rough ashlar, perfect ashlar and Trestle
Board. These same jewels are your immovable jewels.

Since writing you, I have made some examination of Masonic
Literature, with a view to obtaining the information which you request,
and am able to answer neither of your questions fully. Not having
heard from my correspondents, I am not in a position to answer your
inquiry regarding the general use or reference to the Trestle Board in
the various jurisdictions in this country, or as to its form.

l!90 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

As to the origin of the Trestle Board, it may be that the following
will give you some light.

In the first place you appear to use the term Trestle Board as
synonymous with Tracing Board, and your own inquiry is directed to
the evolution of the Tracing Board. So far as I know, the Tracing Board
or Tracing Cloth to which you refer [i.e., as it is erroneously called by
English Masons. — E.H.D.] is not used at all in this country. I am
familiar with it as used in the English Lodges. We have no such thing
here that I know of. The Trestle Board as I understand it is not the
same thing. As a part of the lecture in the First it is referred to as
above stated as one of the movable jewels and its symbolism is stated
by the lecturer substantially as hereinafter referred to in the abstract
from Webb's Monitor. Its form so far as I am informed is what I have
indicated in my last letter, that is-, a plain rectangular board.

In his Free Mason's Monitor, Thomas Smith Webb, P.M.,
Monitor Lodge, Albany, pub. Salem, Mass. 1812, under the head of
First Degree, in the lecture he says :

" The movable and immovable jewels also claim our attention in
this Section. They are the rough ashlar, perfect ashlar and Trestle
Board. . . ."

He then proceeds to describe the symbolism of these jewels, and
of the Trestle Board says :

" And by the Trestle Beard, we are reminded that as the opera-
tive workman erects his temporal building agreeably to the rules and
designs laid down by the master on his Trestle Board, so should we,
both operative and speculative, endeavour to erect our spiritual building
agreeably to the rules and designs laid down by the Supreme Architect
of the Universe in the book of life, which is our spiritual Trestle Board."

In the True Chart or Hieroglyphic Monitor, Jeremy L. Cross,
N.Y. 1850, the same language is used referring to the Trestle Board in
the First Degree, with diis exception, in the last line following the word
universe it says: "in the great books of nature and revelation which
is our spiritual, moral and Masonic Trestle Board."

In Cross' Monitor there is a series of Charts, one of which shows
the Trestle Board with the movable jewels, rough and perfect ashlar,
the Board being a rectangular affair with certain geometrical designs
or outlines upon it.

In these early Monitors and in some more modern ones is a series
of Charts referring to the symbols or emblems of the respective degrees.
They correspond in certain respects with the Tracing Boards or Tracing
Cloths illustrated in your circular of December, 1914, but certainly none
are on exhibition in our Lodges and I am not aware that they ever were.
I have seen in certain of our Lodges, Charts or emblems of the several
degrees, usually framed and hanging on a wall. They are somewhat
similar to some of your Tracing Boards, but are rarely examined and
practically never referred to. In some Lodges it is customary to illus-

The Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge Board. 291

trate the lectures by stereopticon slides exhibited upon the screen. These
slides are more or less formal or stereotyped and somewhat follow the
idea of the Tracing Cloth in their arrangement of the symbols.

The Free Mason's Monitor, Daniel Sickles, N.Y. 1869, follows
the identical language of the Cross Monitor.

Richardson's Monitor of Free Masonry, Jabez Richardson, N.Y.
Lawrence Fitzgerald 1860, employs practically the same language in the
First Degree, and in the lecture in the Third Degree refers to Hiram
Abiff whose custom it was daily at high twelve to enter the s. s. and offer
his adoration to the ever living. God, and draw his designs on the Trestle
Board for the Craft to pursue their labors. This is substantially the
same statement that I made in my last letter.

Ahiman Rezon, Daniel Sickels, Macoy, N.Y., 1893, contains the
same language, and gives an additional explanation.

The Standard Grand Lodge Monitor, J. J. Little & Co., N.Y.,
1904, uses the same language.

In the Grand Lodge Monitor of N.Y., 1908, there is a slight
change.

Free Masonry Illustrated, Jacob O. Doesburg, Chicago, Ezra A.
Cook, 1903, employs much the same language in the First and Third
Degrees as Richardson supra.

Free Masons' Manual, How, London, John Hogg, 1881, seems
to ignore the Trestle Board, end describes the Tracing Board as the
masonic carpet lying in the center of the Lodge.

The Ritual of Free Masonry, London, W. Reeves (no date), nar-
rates the Ritual in the First Degree in much the same language as ours
(p. 29), referring to the Trestle Board as one of the immovable jewels
with same symbolism as we give it.

I shall write you further when I have answers from my corres-
pondents regarding the use in several jurisdictions of the Trestle Board
and Tracing Board.

It will interest you to know that I have found available Monitors
of South Carolina, Texas, Massachusetts, Maine, New York, and New
Jersey, in all of which there is no mention so far as I have found of
Tracing Board or Cloth, and in all of which the Trestle Board is referred
to in substantially the same terms.

Fraternally,

W. C. Prime.

API'KXDIX III.

Some Rough Notes on Lodge Boaeds in the possession or various Lodges.

I did not originally intend to print this census, and unfortunately destroyed
many notes of boards I have examined because the boards were after 1820. How-
ever, I print such notes as survive.

292 Tfditaartioiix of the Qiuttnor i'ovonati Lodge.

United Grand Lodge of England.

Lodge Cloths formerly belonging to the 7th L. Dragoons, dated 1810.

See figs. 20, 21, and 22.
Two sets and part of a third set of metal plates of emblems, used for
laying on the floor, or as templates.
A painted marble board.

See fig. 68.

No. 4. Royal Somerset House and Inverness.

A fine combined 1 st and 2 nd Degree board of an entirely original design.
'It is a water-colour drawing on paper (at present, 1917, in bad con-
dition and rapidly falling to pieces) mounted on hinged panels. In the
foreground are the usual emblems, and in the left corner there is a
stalk of corn on which is falling a shower of rain from a heavy cumulus
cloud at the top of the board — an artistic and uncommon idea. In the
midground are two columns standing on each side of an entrance to a
Greek temple, the door of which is guarded by a sentinel. The steps
to the entrance face due West. Above the pediment is the letter G,
over which is an open Bible bearing a square and compasses, one point
of the latter being disclosed. Still higher is a ladder with the letters
F.H.C. between the rungs. The border is of the Greek key pattern,
with tassels at each corner, and an eye in the centre of the top border.
Outside the E. S. and W. borders there are depicted three columns on
* which the three Lights were intended to be placed. My original inten-
tion was to reproduce it, but it requires to be laid on canvas before
justice can be done to it. So far as I know it is unique.

The second and third boards are of the Harris type, about 1840.

No. 5. St. George's and Corner Stone.

A set of Bowring's boards dated 1817.

See figs. 55, 56 and 57.
Another set of L.B.'s, about the same date.

See figs. 59, 60 "and 61.
A painted marble board.

No. 9. Albion.

Harris Boards, dated 1849.

No. 19. Royal Athelstan.

A set of the L.B.'s on cardboard (about lOins. by 8ins.), published by
Bro. Jacobs, 3, Charles Street, Hatton Garden.

No. 24. Newcastle upon Tyne.

See figs. 33, 34 and 35.

No. 28. Old King's Arms.

An early set of ( 'Harris) Boards, circa 1825. The third board is a copy
of an earlier type, with H AB and AL 3000 on it.
A marble L.B. (see Bro. A. F. Calvert's note).

No, 29. St. Alban's.

A set of L.B.'s about 1840.

The Evolution and Dei'el/ipiiient of the Tracing or Lodije Board. 293

No. 34. Mount Moriah. Modern L.B.'s.

No. 38. Union, Chichester.

See figs. 52, 53, 54.

No. 39. St. John the Baptist, Exeter.

Early L.B.'s of the Harris type (see Q. 27).

No. 46. Old Union.

Modern L.B.'s.

A coloured Marble board.

A 3° L.B. cut to the shape of the design, which is of about 1830.

No. 59. Royal Naval.

See figs. 49, 50 and 51.

No. 77. Freedom, Gravesend.

L.B.'s of Godwin and Jacob's type (not seen).

No. 80. St. John's, Sunderland.

Harris type, dated 1849, and traditionally painted by T. Godfordson,
a master-painter and P.M. of the Lodge.

No. 85. Faithful. Harleston, Norfolk.
See figs. 25, 26 and 27.

No. 88. Scientific, Cambridge. Late boards.

No. 90. St. John's. Late boards.

No. 91. Regularity.

An interesting and original set painted by A.T.E. (or A.E.T.), 7,
Millbank Street, Westminster, February 28th, 1833. At the base of
each board is the inscription " Presented to the Lodge of Regularity by
B r Sam 1 Clay, P.M., March 28, 1833."

One Thomas Edmonds, Timber .Merchant, lived at 7, Millbank
Row (which is not the same as Millbank St.), Westminster, in 1833.
This may be the artist.
A coloured Marble board.

No. 94. Phoenix Lodge, Sunderland.

In his history of this Lodge Bro. Todd dilates on a set of early L.B.'s
belonging to the Lodge, but I have been unable to get precise
information about them.

In the account of the " Summer Outing, 1908," the late Bro. Dr. Walshe
Owen wrote: On the walls also were the T.B.'s of the Lodge; all most
deeply interesting. All were very different to those we know in the
South, and though the differences, for obvious reasons, cannot be
explained in detail, it is to be hoped that our Q.C. Lodge may be able
to obtain photographs of them. The third was what might be called
(by a Zoologist) the most aberrant from the normal. A recumbent figure
was upon it, but the artist had apparently copied it from a Crucifix,
and simply altered the extended arms and put them to the side, parallel
with the body. Beneath was an " Arc rule " or Sector, with the num-
bers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15. (A .Q.C. xxi., 220).

294 Transactions of the Qitattior Corouati Lodge.

No. 96. Burlington.

A set of Bowring L.B.'s, dated 1814, but the date on the third board
altered to 1833. In the second board the staircase springs from the
north.

No. 99. Shakespeare (see Q. 33).

A set of Bowring L.B.'s.

No. 100. Friendship, Yarmouth.

See figs. 27, 28 and 29.

No. 108. London.

A marble board (see note by Bro. A. F. Calvert).

No. 110. Loyal Cambrian, Merthyr Tydfil.
See figs. 37, 38 and 39.

No. 111. Restoration, Darlington.

First and second L.B.'s of the Cole type, painted by W. Weddell, 1823.

No. 120. Palladian, Hereford.
See fig. 23.

No. 125. Prince Edwin's, Hythe.

First and second L. cloths, framed (not seen).

No. 132. Unity, Ringwood.
Modern L.B.'s.

No. 133. Harmony, Faversham.

See figs. 40, 41 and 42.

No. 137. Amity, Poole.

Similar to those belonging to 170 All Souls.
See figs. 62, 63, 64.

No. 139. Britannia, Sheffield.

The first and second boards ar3 an early Harris type. The third board
is earlier and is peculiar in having no inscription or letters either on
the name-plate or elsewhere, while the figure 5 is represented three
times by a pentalpha. On the reverse there can be seen (beneath a
coat of thick, black varnish, which has defied all attempts made to
dissolve it) the outlines of the emblems of the first two degrees, including
a beehive. In the inventory of the lodge taken in 1810 " a tracing
board " is mentioned, which might possibly be the same as the present
third degree board.
See fig. 69.

No. 143. Middlesex Lodge.

Has a very interesting painted floor-cloth. Although of a late date
(A.L. 5832) it may well have been influenced by, or adapted from, an
earlier cloth of about the time of the Union. It is 17'. 3" long by
8' . 0" wide, with an ' indented ' border. At the corners are emblems
indicating the natural virtues. In the centre are the ' Middlesex '
arms (the Lodge adopted its present name in 1824), and around these
in a circle are arranged emblems roughly pointing to the positions of

Die Evolution and Development of the Tracing or Lodge lioard. 295

the various officers, with others that are so worn as to be difficult of
identification. Outside the circle are groups of Working Tools, Ashlers,
a Lewis, Sun, Moon and Stars, interlaced triangles, an eye surrounded
by the Serpent of Etarnity, the letters B-L.R.T., emblems representing
the theological virtues, etc.

No. 153. Inhabitants, Gibraltar.

Lodge cloth, reproduced A.Q.G., x., 79.

No. 157, Bedford.

L.B.'s painted by Bro. Kittrick in Jan. 1825 (see Q. 30). They are
still lying in Freemasons' Hall cellars.

No. 169. Temperance.

Late L.B. not now in use.

No. 170. All Souls, Weymouth.

See figs. 62, 63 and 64.

No. 173. Phoenix.

Modern boards.

No. 181. Universal.

An unusual design of about 1830-40. There is no artist's name.

No. 189. Sincerity, Plymouth.
Harris boards.

No. 192. Lion and Lamb.

These L.B.'s are illustrated in Hughan's History of the Lodge, 1894.
They are of about the date 1830-40.

No. 194. St. Paul's.

Godwin and Jacob's set on cardboard.

No. 240. St. Hilda, S. Shields.

Not identified, probably early Harris.

No. 251. Loyal, Barnstaple.

Possess a set formerly belonging to the Royal Cumberland Lodge, Bath,
which was raffled in a lottery in 1842 (see Notes on S. George's Lodge
No. 112, Exeter, 1909).

No. 254. Trinity, Coventry.

Second and third degree boards of the Cole type and a third degree

board of an early Harris type.

There seem to be other L.B.'s of an interesting nature, but I regret

I have not, up to the present, been able to get to Coventry to examine

them.

No. 277. Friendship.

Late boards, one dated 1856, another by Kenning.

No. 279. St. John's, Leicester.

Bowring type (?). Acquired in 1821.

296 Transactions of the Qualuor Coronati Lodge.

No. 284.. Shakespeare, Warwick.

Bowring set. See Q. 34.

No. 301. Apollo, Alcester.

Early Harris type (?).

No. ?i'jb. St. John's, Lower Broughton, Salford.

Bro. Thos. Smith writss me that the lodge possesses Tracing Cloths of
the first and third degrees, in a very dilapidated condition, but I cannot
identify their type, and have been unable to see them.

No. 349. St. John and St. Paul, Valetta, Malta.
Modern boards.

No. 360. Pomfret, Northampton.

Bro. S. B. Wilkinson writes " We have a cloth here, which probably
dates from 1819, when the lodge was consecrated. We have four sets
of Tracing Boards, the oldest painted on mahogany panels appear to be
of the Bowring type."

No. 384. St. David's, Bangor.

Set of Kenning's boards.

No. 403. Hertford, Hertford.
Early Harris type.

No. 419. St. Peter's, Wolverhampton.

An interesting set, possibly of the date of the consecration of the lodge,
i.e., 1834. It is probably the work of a local artist, as the third board
is of a much earlier type than the others.

No. 475. St. John the Baptist, Luton.
See fig. 58.

No. 526. Honour, Wolverhampton.
Early Harris boards ( ?).

No. 685. Northumberland, Newcastle on Tyne.

Apparently the work of a local artist, greatly influenced by Harris.

Bro. F. W. Levaxder said: —

Bro. Drin g stated at the commencement of the paper, to which we have lis-
tened with so much interest, that the portion of his subject that he would bring
before us to-day would probably lead to the expression of different opinions. How-
ever that may be, one cannot fail to recognise that a vast amount of time and labour
must have been spent in bringing together such a store of information on a subject
that has been so much — or rather, entirely, neglected, and be grateful therefor.

To the various terms mentioned by Bro. Dring, as applied to the forerunner
of the " Tracing Board," may be added the " Makeing Cloth," a term used, for
instance, in the Minutes of the Lion and Lamb Lodge, No. 192, in 1796, and in
those of St. Michael's, No. 211, as late as 1820. In the Minutes of the Lodge of

hiscuissiuii. 29 rf

Emulation, No. 21, the term " Forming Board " occurs in 1783. In his recently
published History of Mount Moriah Lodtje, Bro. Howkins quotes from the Minutes
of 12th June, 1812, " Bro. Aldhous explained the ' Board and Banner ' and a little
later ' the Cloth.' " The latter is, no doubt, the '•' foot cloth " mentioned by Bro.
Bring. If it were not for the fact that in the Minutes of the Old King's Arms
Lodge, No. 28, under date of 1st December, 1735, it is stated that the Foot Cloth
was used at Initiations, one might be tempted to think that the position of the feet
shown in plate IV. of the Abbe Perau's Le Secret de-s Francs Macon* tralii had some-
thing to do with the foot cloth.

With respect to this French work I am not aware if it is or is not generally
known that at least three different issues emanated from Amsterdam in 1745. The
text in all is practically the same, the difference being in the arrangement of the
Preface, etc., the type used and the slight alterations noticeable in the different
sets of plates. In one copy the " Avertissement " is omitted; disregarding this and
the songs at the end of each volume, they contain respectively 142, 240 and 240
pages.

In the anonymous work L'A nti-Macon, 1748, the reply to the question about
the Jewels closes with " la pierre a tracer, sur laquelle les Maitres font leurs dessins."
This would hardly be a misprint for plancJic.

Bro. Cecil Powell said: —

It is evident from the testimony of many old records that in the Eighteenth
Century the Board was considered an article of great importance in a Lodge. It
may have been meant to represent to the Brethren a visible symbol of the regularity
of their proceedings. Sometimes it took the form of a painted cloth, and, although
the general idea was no doubt the same, there were various methods to carry it out.

It is probable the Lodge Board of those days corresponded to our modern
Tracing Boards in its use and in bearing a symbolical design, and that it was such a
one which was carried at the consecration of Freemasons' Hall. The ' Lodge '
drawn upon the floor was doubtless meant to serve the same purpose, and an ex-
planation of the various objects pourtrayed was a prominent part of the ceremony
of admission to the different degrees. Another method was to form a design by
means of separate metal representations of the various objects.

The real Tracing Board in the minds of the Brethren of that time was, I
consider, a board upon which plans were drawn, so that they might be carried out by
the workmeu — " la planche a tracer " of the French Lodges alluded to by Bro. Dring.

In Bristol there is on the reverse side of our Tracing Board of the First Degree
a Mosaic pavement in perspective, and this, I believe, represented the true Tracing
Board on which the Master could set out his plan.

In 1893 the late Bro. Sir C. Purdon Clarke read a most interesting paper before
the Lodge 1 upon " The Tracing Board in Modern Oriental and Medieval Operative
Masonry," in which he stated that in Persia plans for building are made on " u
sectional lined Tracing Board, every square of which represents either one or four

1 A.Q.C, vi., 99, etc.

.298 Transactions of tlic Qitatitor t'oronati Loiltje.

bricks." These Tracing Boards, he said, " are the key to the mystery of their craft,
and Masons will understand the significance of the discovery that they represent in
miniature scale the floor of the master builder's work-room," where the work was first
set out. He also showed that the same method was in vogue in ancient Egypt. In
proposing a vote of thanks for the paper, Bro. Speth expressed his opinion that this
was the correct idea of our Tracing Boards. I suggest that ours in Bristol with the
mosaic pavement just mentioned was of this kind.

In allusion to Bro. Dring's description of a table with various emblematical
articles upon it at Windsor, I may say that in our Lodge-room the centre is occupied
by a table (six feet long and three feet six inches wide) covered with a blue cloth
ornamented with a gold cord and tassels. The Tracing Board of the First Degree is
supported upon the table by four old brass figures denoting Faith, Hope and Charity
(two being of this last description) . At its western end stand two small brass columns
the one Corinthian and the other Ionic. For the two other degrees another (smaller)
board, having the Fellow Craft design on one side and the Master Mason's on the
other, is put upon the top of that of the First Degree. On the table are also set
the two Ashlars with the particular Working Tools required during the evening,
and for an initiation three cutlasses lie on either side. For a raising a ' triangle,'
or derrick, stands between the Ashlars. Around the table, upon the floor, are three
handsome candlesticks in the East, West and South, with seven, five and three
steps forming the foot of each respectively. Formerly a " pot of manna,"
"Aaron's rod," and "Tables of stone" were used, and these articles are still in
existence. When in connection with instruction given the " N.E. corner of the
L." is spoken of by us, it means that of the table.

The earliest record we hav3 in Bristol of a Lodge Board is in the cash book
of Lodge 116, meeting at the Bush Tavern in 1756 —

s d
" By paid Bro 1 ' Pring for repairing the Board 5.0"
" By paid Brother Moffett for painting the Board 4.0"

It may be presumed that the painting included some kind of design or the carpenter
would have been able to finish the work himself, and, considering the weekly wages
of a labourer were then only six or seven shillings, some amount of skill and time must
have been required. This board may perhaps have had a mosaic pavement painted,
and other objects drawn upon it according to the degree. As, at a somewhat later
date, the sum of fifteen pence was paid for "pencils," (which may have been of
chalk), it would seem a design was usually drawn.

In an inventory of the Lodge of Hospitality, then No. 382, compiled between
1770 and 1780, are the following articles —

' ' 1 small trei'sal board 7 . 6

1 large do. & trefsals 8.0"

Possibly these were used for separate purposes, or the smaller one may have stood
upon the other', just as our Tracing Board and its supports stand upon the table.

In the Minute Book of Lodge No. 137, meeting at the Fountain Inn, Bristol,
there is mentioned a " painted cloth " in 1755.

With regard to the articles I brought up for exhibition, the wooden repre-
sentation of a waterfall, showing a hole to support another emblem, is perhaps the

Disciix-timi. 299

most curious. The others are paintings upon flat pieces of metal, and almost all
belong to the Moira Lodge of Honour No. 326. In an inventory of this Lodge,
dated July 7th, 1813, are

1 Tracing Board & Green baize cover "}
1 Green Cloth J"

[The bracket shows that these were used together.]

4 large size Cardinal Virtaes painted upon tin.
3 smaller size ditto ditto.

3 Squares and Compasses painted upon Tin for the three different degrees.
1 large size Ear of Corn, Fall of Water &c painted upon Tin.

1 small size ditto.

2 pillars painted upon Tin & Letters J & B for ditto.

5 small jewels painted upo.i tin, namely, 2 squares, 1 level, 1 plumb, 1
twenty four in. gauge.

10 Figures painted upon tin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
1 Letter G in Tin.

It will be noticed that there was a Tracing Board as well as the painted
pieces of metal. These latter were therefore no doubt placed upon the board, and
were not, I submit, used as Bro. Dring suggests, as templates to assist the Tyler in
" drawing the Lodge." The ornamental character of the columns is also a strong
argument to this effect.

Bro. W. J. Songhukst said: —

For the ordinary Mason probably one of the most interesting points raised
by Brother Dring is that which relates to the direction from which the staircase
springs, and while I entirely agree that the South is the correct position, I am not
quite in accord with him in his suggested reasons for the differences. It is, of
course, quite possible that the change of direction was made from a mistaken
conception of the orienting of King Solomon's Temple, which may have had some
influence upon Lodge practice, but the stations of the three principal officers were
in early Continental designs marked by three closed doors, conveying the idea that
these were being guarded by thos-s who sat within; and brethren who carefully
consider ritual and ceremonial, will find something to justify a suggestion that
these principal officers were considered to have power to admit or refuse admission
through their respective doors, situated East, West and South. The position of a
winding staircase in King Solomon's Temple is indicated in 1. Kings vi. 8, where
it is stated that it was on the right side of the house, and in 1. Kings vii. 39, the
w T ord right is seen to have the meaning of South. The spectator in Holy Writ is
therefore considered as looking towards the East with the South on his right hand,
and this is exactly the position from which the boards were intended to be viewed.
Further, if we were to accept the suggestion of Bro. Dring, we should still be left
without, any explanation of the reversal of the Third Board, which has undoubtedly
been subject to Jewish influence, though I think not to such an extent as would
account for a reversed cypher.

300 Trtinxdcliniis of the Qii/ituor ('uniimtt Loi/i/r.

My own feeling has been that all three Boards were turned round, and that
the reversal was due to the adoption of a mechanical process for the purpose of
reproduction. The engraver put the design upon his plate exactly as he had it
before him, and of course in the printing everything was turned over from right
to left. In the first Board this would not matter at all, for the relative position
of pillars representing styles of architecture was of no consequence. In the third
Board the only material difference would be that the inscriptions were made to
read backwards. But in the second Board the staircase would be wrong, and when
this was discovered, it was only considered necessary to remove the letters indicating
the points of the compass, so that in the engravings or lithographs there is generally
nothing to shew in which direction that Board was intended to be placed.

This theory appears to answer admirably unless we can find any original
designs — painted Boards or Floorcloths — with the entrance towards the North,
and Bro. Dring has found one such Board painted by Bowring. It therefore
becomes necessary to look into the matter a little more closely.

It is admitted on all hands that shortly after the formation of Grand Lodge
certain "Alterations in the established forms " were officially made. Exactly when
this took place we do not know. The Moderns themselves gave the date as about
1739, but probably it was ten years or more earlier. Nor do we know the extent of
the alterations; but they were sufficient to warrant the formation of the Grand
Lodge of the Antients, which claimed to retain the primitive practices. It has
been generally assumed that the alterations consisted merely of substitution of
modes of recognition; that in effect nothing was really changed, but was merely
transferred from one place to another. On this point I fancy that Dermott has
not been sufficiently studied. While his statements are capable of being read only
as ridicule and derision, I think he intended something more, and I seem to see,
for instance, in his statement that the Apron was turned upside down so that the
wearers tripped over the strings, an indication 'that everything was altered even
to the minutest detail. This idea receives some confirmation from an eighteenth
century Manuscript Ritual in the Library of Grand Lodge. When it was acquired
some years ago by Bro. Sadler, he and I read it very carefully, and came to the
conclusion that the " Alterations in the established forms " were very far-reaching.
Is it too much to assume that an alteration in the second Board was one of these?
If this be admitted we may consider the custody of the two Boards by Bowring,
one of which shews a Northern and the other a Southern entrance. The former,
painted in 1811, was for the present Lodge of Union No. 38 Chichester, originally
warranted by the Moderns in that year. The second Board, shewing a Southern
entrance, was painted in 1817 — after the Union — for the Lodge of St. George and
Corner Stone No. 5, which sprang from the Antients in 1756. Thus the difference
in the two Boards may well indicate the Modern practice of pre-Union times, and
the return to Antient practice after the Union.

I have found in the possession of the Old Union Lodge No. 46 another
specimen of a Marble Tracing ' board.' It shews the T. square, with Pencil and
Compasses, and Euclid i. 47, and it has an indented border. At present no ' boards '
of this class have been traced outside London. In some of the Northern Provinces
Mahogany or Ebony boards seem to have been in use, the emblems being inlaid
in lighter coloured wood. A specimen in the collection of the Quatuor Coronati

Discussion. 301

Lodge measures about 22 in. * 16 in., and shews a Square, Compasses, Level, Plumb-
Rule, and various geometrical figures from Euclid.

I quite agree with Bro. Dring that a weapon weighing " 501bs. or more of
hard wood fitted on a handle 4ft. long" would certainly "kill anybody if struck
by a blow from it," but I cannot understand that such a weapon would be
deliberately selected either for offence or defence, if other tools, lighter and handier,
were obtainable.

Bro. Albert F. Calvekt said: —

While I am able to endorse Bro. Dring's statement that only a few
references to Trestle Boards or Tracing Boards are to be found in the published
histories of Lodges, my experience inclines me to the opinion that the old minute
books contain many useful allusions to the subject which the compilers of the histories
have either overlooked or considered of insufficient interest to warrant remark or
quotation. Bro. Dring can find no mention of the Trasel Board before 1766, and
no reference to the Tracing Board until about 1816. In my History of the Old
King's Arms Lodge I quoted a minute of 1761 in which a Tressell Board is men-
tioned, and I have distinct recollections of finding similar references to the subject
when going through old minute books of other Lodges of an earlier date than that
mentioned by Bro. Dring.

Bro. Dring is compelled to the conclusion that the Trestle Board was simply
a board placed upon trestles, and he therefore finds himself in disagreement with
those who believe that the board described as Trestle or Trasel is often a corruption
of the term Tracing Board. In this finding I am unable to concur, for assuming
that Trestle Boards and Tracing Boards were distinct articles, they should not have
been confounded, although this was frequently done by the secretaries of the period
who were often as casual in their descriptions as they were confusingly indifferent in
their orthography. I have come across many references in old records to Trestle,
Trassel and Trasel Boards where Tracing Boards were meant, and so far from fifty
years elapsing between the introduction of Tracing Boards and Trestle Boards, we
can prove the use of both between 1760 and 1767.

I think it must be admitted that the small mosaic marble boards or stones were
intended to serve as Tracing rather than Trestle Boards, yet the old minute writers
allude to them as Tressel, Tracing, and Trassel Boards. It is clear that both Trestla
Boards and Tracing Boards were in use prior to 1800, but, while Tracing Boards were
generally employed about that time, Trestle Boards were more uncommon, and
were in consequence seldom referred to.

The inlaid marble Tracing Boards appear to have been introduced about 1780,
and during the ensuing years they were acquired by a limited number of Lodges, it
may be assumed that they were not largely used from the facts that while they
were too expensive to attain wide acceptance, the Lodges possessing such articles
would preserve them with exceptional care, and, although they were made of a
material which " neither moth nor rust doth corrupt," and are not likely to have
been worn out or destroved, verv few .of them are known to be in existence. I have

302 Transaction* of tJn Qnalnor Coronal} Loth/e.

traced references to five of these inlaid stones in ancient minute books. One of the
stones referred to in these records has disappeared, but I have arranged for the other
four to be produced here for your inspection this evening. I am convinced that other
specimens must have survived the hundred and thirty-six years that have elapsed since
their introduction, but I have not yet come across them.

•The references to them in the minute books I have examined commence in
April, 1785, in the records of the Lodge of Regularity No. 91. This entry appears
in an Inventory of the Lodge prepared at that date, and is as follows : —

" A Marble Tracing Stone in Mahogany Case."

It is evident from this that the stone had been acquired at an earlier date, and
that the reference to its acquisition must have been made in a minute book which has
since disappeared.

The next entry, dated 20th March, 1787, in the minutes of the Old King's
Arms Lodge No. 28, records that: —

" Bro. Wren presented to the Lodge an elegant Tressle Board, for which the
R.W.M. in the name of the Lodge returned him their thanks and ordered it to be
inserted in their minutes."

On the 3rd April of the same year (1787) the London Lodge, No. 108,
' ' Resolved to purchase a very handsome inlaid Marble Tressell Board offered to this
Lodge by Bro. Best for Five Guineas and a half."

The last reference in chronological order appears in an Inventory of the
Albemarle Lodge, meeting in 1796 at the Albemarle, in Dover Street, which became
the Corner Stone Lodge in 1773, was united with the St. George's Lodge (Antients)
No. 5 in 1843, and is now known as the St. George's and Corner Stone Lodge No. 5.
The entry, dated February 1796, is as follows : —

" A Masters Marble handsome inlaid Tracing Board in a gilt frame glazed in
a box."

The other inlaid marble Tracing Board belongs to the Robert Burns Lodge No.
25, but I have been unable to trace the date upon which it was acquired.

The appended excerpts from the minute books of a number of Lodges, dating
from 1733 to 1829, either corroborate or challenge the conclusions arrived at by Bro.
Dring on several subjects dealt with in his paper, and for that reason may, I hope, be
regarded as relevant and interesting.

ASHLERS.

Albermarle Lodge, united with St Georges & Corner Stone Lodge No. 5.

November 1769. Paid towards a rough Astley to Br. Honey and fixing the Lewis
on the Perfict.

Corner Stone Lodge now St Georges & Corner Stone No. 5.

12th September 1775. Proposed this night to make a present of the old rough
Ashler and perfect Ashler to the Crown Lodge in Essex
Street, Strand.

Jerusalem Lodge No. 197.

October 5th 1773. Ordered that a rough Ashler and a perfect Ashler also a square
and compasses be purchased for the use of the Lodge.

Discussion. 303

Corner Stone Lodge.

January 1782. Inventory.

A marble perfect Ashler. Lewis fixt in ditto.
Marble Rough Ashler.

London Lodge No. 108.

1st March 1785. Ordered that a rough and perfect Ashler, and a Wand be pro-
vided for the use of this Lodge.

Lodge of Regularity No. 91.
April 1785. Inventory.

A marble perfect Ashler in mahogany oase.

A stone rough Ashler.

An old perfect and rough Ashler.

A Triangle with brass work for the perfect Ashler.

London Lodge, No. 108.

6th December 1785. Paid for two Jewels (Ashlers) £3—10—0.

Old Kings Arms Lodge No. 28.

March 1787. R.W.M. proposed that the Lodge should be furnished with a

Rough and Perfect Ashler.
2nd Oct. 1787. Rough & Perfect Ashler £3— 3—0.
6th November 1787. Paid for a Lewis 7/6.

Albemarle Lodge (now No. 5).
February 1796. Inventory.

Marble Perfect Ashler.
Rough Stone Ashler.

London Lodge No. 108. Inventory.

2 Mahogany Ashlars
1 Marble Ashlar.

FOBMING THE LODGE.

Lodge of Friendship No. 6.

October 17th 1751. Forming Lodge 5/-
November 17th 1751. Forming Lodge 2/6
November 21st 1751. Forming Lodge 5/-

Old Kings Arms Lodge No. 28.

January 17th 1764. " The Lodge was formed and drawn."

Jerusalem Lodge No. 197.

February 20th 1771. The Tyler shall be paid two shillings and six pence for

forming either a Fellow craft or Masters Lodge-
September 16th 1772. The Tyler having made a mistake in forming the Entered
Apprentices Lodge the Raising was deferred till Lodge
night after the next.
October 5th 1773. Order'd by the Worshipful Master a Raising for the next
night, and that a Masters Lodge shall be formed
accordingly.

London

i Lodge

). 108.

5th

Feb rus

try

1772.

February

1772.

7th

February

1772.

3rd

April

1772.

21st

April

1775

15th

April

1777.

15th

April

1777

15th

April

1777

14/-

4/-

2/6

5/"

304 Transactions of the Quatuor Coroiiati Lodge.

4 Brothers Paid for making. , 12—12—0

4 Brothers Paid for forming the Lodge 10/-

4 Brothers Paid for forming Lodge of 2nd and

3rd Degree.
Paid Tyler for forming.
Paid Tyler for forming a Lodge of the third

Degree
Tyler for summonsing and attendance
Forming the Lodge
Five Raisings

Old Kings Arms No. 28.

5th May 1796. 2 Lodges Drawn 5/-

Loudon Lodge No 108.

March 1803 Inventory.

1 Tylers small forming board.

2 Forming Boards.

Old Kings Arms No. 28.

16th January 1815. Resolved to purchase Hieroglyphics for the three Degrees.

Lodge of Regularity No. 91.

22nd January 1818. Resolved that in future the Tyler should not be allowed any
extra charge of Lodge Boards for Initiation etc., but in
lieu thereof his monthly attendance should be increased to
7/6 to include everything.

CLOTHS.

Old Kings Arms No 28.

3rd December 1733. The acting Master represented that whereas the institution
of new Brethren was attended with more than ordinary
and perhaps an unnecessary Trouble it was therefore
moved that a proper Delineation should be made on
Canvas and be deposited in the Repository ready for those
occasions and Br. Hayman was appointed to take
and execute that Masters Diiections on this point.

Lodge of Relief. ' No 42. Bury, Lanes.
14th July 1771. Cash Account

" To Blue line'g and tape with a No," 9/9

24th June 1771. Inventory.

1 Carpet. 4 Brass letters E. W.S.N.

A Brass Sun, Moon, a letter G, etc.

A painted Square Pavement, a indented Tasel.

Lodge No 4 of Antients (Now united with Royal York Lodge of Perseverance No 7.)
1796. The Lodge ordered " A painted cloth for the use of makings."

In an Inventory prepared in 1802 this is described as a " Making Cloth."

Discussion. "J"

Philanthropic Lodge No 304 Leeds.

28th December 1801 . Brother Fotherby presented the Lodge ' ' with the ground
floor, 2 yards by 4."

Lodge No. 3 of Antients (united with St George & Corner Stone No. 5).
June 1807. Painting new floor cloth £3 — 3 — 0.

BOARDS.

Old Kings Anns No 28.

6th January 1761. Our Brother Cole K. W. Past Master not finding any
instructions on the tressell board for carrying on the
Business was obliged to close the Lodge in Due Form and
time.

Lodge of Friendship No 6.

2nd March 1767 Ordered a Tracing Board.

Albemarle Lodge (united with St Georges & Corner Stone No 5.)
July 1768 Agreed to have a trasing board.

Corner Stone Lodge (Now St Georges & Corner Stone No 5.)

January 1778. This night Brother Collins returned the Trassle Board in a most

elegant frame.
January 1782. Inventory.

Tressel Board framed and glazed.

Tresslc Board for makeings with hinges.

A framed Stool for ditto.

London Lodge No 108.

1st March 1785. Ordered that a Tracing Board be provided for the use of the
Lodge.

Lodge of Regularity No 91.
April 1785. Inventory.

A Masters Lodge Board.

A marble Tracing Stone in mahogany case.

Old Kings Arms No 28.

November 1785. K.W.M. directed Brother Dow to purchase a Tressle Board.

London Lodge No 108.

3rd April 1787. Purchased a very handsome inlaid Marble Trassell Board from
Bro. Best for Five Guineas and a half.

Old Kings Arms No 28.

March 1787. Br. Wren presented to the Lodge an Elegant Tressle Board.

Somerset House Lodge No 4.

.February 1790. The Assistant Secretary reported that the Lodge Board was
missing.

Royal York Lodge of Persevereucj No 7.
1793 Inventory.

A Tresing Board.

306 Transaction's of the Quatuor C'oronati Lodge.

Albemarle Lodge (United with St Georges & Corner Stone No 5.)

February 1796. Inventory.

A Deal Making Board.

A Masters Marble handsome inlaid tracing board in a gilt frame
glazed in a box .

Lodge of Regularity No 91.
1829. Inventory.

A triangle board complete.

London Lodge No 108.

March 1803 Inventory. 1 Mahogany Tracing Board

17th Oct. 1803 Mr. Dykes presented to the Lodge a handsome Tracing Board.

Westminster & Keystone Lodge No 10.
1803. Cash Account.

Paid for drawing board 2/6.

Old Kings Arms No 28.

2nd June 1814. The tracing board was then illustrated and explained by the
R.W.M. in his usual superior manner.

Lodge of Regularity No 91.

30th January 1829. Inventory.

A marble Tracing slab or mosaic Pavement.
A Triangle Board compleat.

JOHN HARRIS.

Bro. Dring has referred to John Harris, who will always be remembered in
connection with his designs for Tracing Boards, and a few words about him may not
be irrelevant. He was initiated into Freemasonry in 1818, and, at that time, was
a miniature painter and architect 'iral draughtsman. In 1823 he published a small
set of designs for Tracing Boards, which were dedicated to His Royal Highness the
Duke of Sussex, M.W.G.M., etc. This dedication was probably without permission,
and it does not imply that they werj officially approved or recognised. About 1846,
the Emulation Lodge of Improvement called for designs for new Tracing Boards, and
those sent by Harris were accepted. The prize set were used in that Lodge, and sets
were painted by him for a number of other Lodges. He continued to devote himself
to the improvement of his Tracing Boards, and, in 1849, he published a set which was
generally adopted as the standard design by the Craft.

In 1857, when he lost his sight, and was practically without means, he sold
his collection of Facsimiles at Messrs. Sotheby's, and was a candidate for the Annuity
Fund. At the time of his death, about 1872, he was over 80 years of age and had
been almost blind for the last fifteen years of his life.

Discussion . 307

Professor W. A. Craig ie writes fin follows : —

Oxford English Dictionary,

Old Ashmolean, Broad Street,
Oxford,

8th May, 1916.
Dear Sir,

Many thanks for the copies of your proofs, which I have read with interest.
The following are the only comments which occur to me on the various points : —

(1) Your view that Tracing Board is an alteration of Trasel (= Trestle) Board
seems well-founded and could only be shaken by earlier evidence for the Tracinij
form.

(2) Indented Tarsel, etc.

The chief difficulty here is that Tarsel is the earliest form. This is actually a
15-16th cent, variant of Tassel, but that does not appear to help.

The other forms are probably two from the start, viz.,

dinted (or dented) ashler

perpend ashler.
Banty tassley might be re-written as rfmiti/t asslei/ (for tisxler) and danti/t may
represent the Scottish form den tit.

I should regard dented or dinted as a synonym of broached. A stone which
went right through a wall, so as to " shew a fair face on both sides," i.e., a perpend
ashler, might very well have both ends dressed in this manner.

This would make it unnecessary to argue that the one term must be a corrup-
tion of the other.

(3) Another possible explanation of domed is the frequent occurrence of
(pierres, etc.) d'ornaid.r in Old French. The further change of d to th does not
present much difficulty: compare the conversion of de to the in names of Scottish
nobles.

Thanks for permission to keep the proofs, which I shall place among the
supplementary material for the Dictionary.

Yours sincerely,

W. A. Craigie.

Bro. T. Francis writes: —

I have perused with much interest the proof of the paper on The Evolution
of the Tracing Board by Bro. E. H. Dring and must admit that it is treated in his
usual masterly style and will be much appreciated by many readers of A.Q.C. My
remarks are not of a very extended nature so I will briefly relate the circumstances
which lead me up to the theory I wish to propound. It is many years since I came
across the two words Broached Thurnel, which I could not understand. I looked up
the Encyclopaedias of Mackey, Mackenzie and Woodford and found that while they
all agreed that it was a stone, that was about all they could say of it, not knowing
whether it was a rough or perfect Ashlar, and there the matter rested for several
years,

308 Transactions of the Qiiatnor (,'oronati Lodye.

Some sixteen or twenty years ago I purchased a Mark Jewel of a type
previously unknown to me, and on showing it to the late Bro. H. Sadler, at Free-
masons' Hall, he went to one of th 3 cases and brought out nine or ten similar to mine,
remarking that they were called Lozenge or Trowel shape, to which I made no reply,
considering that they were not like either.

The Broached Thurnel occasionally cropped up, and I had in my mind certain
sticks rather more than two feet in length, about an inch in diameter at one end and
pointed at the other, which were used in Norfolk in thatching hay and corn stacks.
They were driven through the thatch with a mallet along the eaves and ridge two or
three feet apart as the work proceeded, the bond turned round them and then
again driven in three or four inches more. These sticks were called broches, so T
turned to broach, in the New English Dictionary, and found plenty of examples of
its meaning, comiug to Broaching Thurm.il, a chisel. I then turned to that word,
but could not find it denominated as a broach or broch, as a chisel is described as
being bevelled on one or both sides, hence a cutting instrument. However, it gave
one instance of being bevelled on four sides. This implement has a cutting edge of
about one-eighth of an inch, and in this neighbourhood is called a Point or Prichet,
and is used for executing Sparrow pecked work : that is making incisions in the face
of a stone in appearance like the marks of a small bird's beak in a soft substance.
This is done when the stone is ■//;■ situ. This implement in some districts may be
called a broach or broaching chisel.

On looking again at the Jewel referred to I came to the conclusion that it
represented a keystone for an angle-headed doorway or window, but I did not know
where to find an example as I could not remember having seen any such depicted in
any work on Architecture, but had a slight recollection that I had seen such windows
in sketches of old Continental houses. However, on coming to live at Binstead, Isle
of Wight, two years ago I came across a cottage with angle-headed chamber windows,
and there was the Keystone, shaped like the Jewel, but slightly more acute, both in
the upper and lower angles.

Bro. Dring having evolved for us the correct meaning of Thurnel there is now
something tangible to prove my theory, which is that this Keystone is the Broched
Urnel : the prefix broached refers to the more acute shaping of the lower angle of
the stone. It is that curiously wrought stone neither square nor oblong which
became the head of the corner.

Once in the lecture is mentioned a Pointed Cube, which Bro. Dring does not com-
ment on. I think it may refer to this stone, which is not correctly a cube though it has
five equal sides. I would add I have seen engravings of Masonic Ornaments : a square
stone the top finished off with a four-sided pyramid, which may have been evolved
from the designer having come across a similar entry, but no such moulded stone
could ever have had any place in Operative Masonry. In a paper entitled Extracts
from old Minute Hooks in the Grand Lodge Muniment Boom, by Bro. Dr. William
Hammond, P.G.D., A.Q.C. xxviii., 13, is a reference to Broach and Trunell in
January, 1753. If this entry is correct I think it is the first mention of Broach in
the Lodge furniture, but I am inclined to think it is an error of the scribe for
Broached Thurnel. Anyhow, it may be accepted that such a stone was in existence
at that date, and it appears to me extraordinary that all knowledge should have
been lost. I should think such a stone or a wooden imitation may still be found

Discussion. 309

amongst the lumber of some old Craft or Mark Lodge. The date-mark on the jewel
is 1782 and the maker's initials are C.F.

I cannot define the difference between Setting Mall and Heavy Mall : the first-
named is an implement used by Paviors in setting the ashlers. They are of different
shapes. In one the head is like that of a Mason's Mallet, with a handle about three
feet in length. Another is like a flat cheese, about three inches thick, with the edges
and sidss rounded off by use; and another with a mallet head generally made from
the limb of a tree, about four or more inches in diameter, with one end wedge-shaped,
and about half-an-inch face, which is used for driving earth under the stones, and is
often called a Setting Beetle. There is likewise another implement made from the
trunk of a tree, about three feet long, the base being six or eight inches in diameter,
with a vertical handle in the top and a horizontal one three or four inches down the
side. This is generally called a ram; sometimes a two-handled beetle.

These implements are not used in wall building, as an Ashler, as long as it
floats, can be driven up to the joint by a tap from the hammer or even the fist.
The Broaching Mall I cannot comprehend.

The Gavel has a cutting edge on one side of about two-and-a-half inches long
in a line with the handle, and bevelled on both sides, the other end being a four-
sided pick, the handle sufficiently long to be used with both hands, and is used in
the Quarries for rough squaring, where it is called a Cavel; but I do not find it in
the Dictionary of the Isle of Wight, W. H. Long, 1886.

Bro. Dring refers to one error in the New English Dictionary. I note another,
under the head of Gavel, where it is entered as a Mason's Setting Mall. There is a
chisel called a Pitcher, which is very abruptly bevelled on one side, the other being
perfectly straight, which is held close to the stone and is driven with a heavy hammer
called a Pitch Hammer, to perfectly square the ashler; the side to be faced is then
more smoothly finished off. The Mason's Hammer has a head of about six inches
in length, with a head at one end and a chisel point at the other. The so-called
wooden gavels used in some Lodges are a poor imitation of the Operative Tool.

In the Howard Lodge of Brotherly Love No. 56, which was originally a
London Lodge, there is, in addition to the four-and-a-half inch cube in the N.E., a
stone in the S.E. measuring six-and-a-half inches long, four wide, two and three-
quarters thick. It is also a Perfect Ashler, but may be intended to represent a
Perpend. It would be interesting to know if a similar stone is preserved in any
other Lodge.

Bro. Andrew Hope writes: —

re The Tracing Board of " All Souls " Lodge at Weymouth, No. 170.

I have not the means at hand to comb it out, but I believe that Lodge was
transferred from Tiverton and was a Lodge worked at that place by French
Prisoners of War on parole, prior to 1811, and I think the original name was
" Toutes Saintes."

There was a French Lodge at Tiverton working under the title of "Lea
Enfants de Mars " about that period, for three brethren of that Lodge visited the
Lodge at Kelso and so signed their names in the attendance book,

310 Transactions (if the Qnatitor f'ormwfi Lodge.

The peculiar feature of the Weymouth Board almost suggests a Continental
origin — possibly French ? Whether these two Lodges were in some way identical
or the one the successor of the other I do not know. The Lodge " Les Enfants de
Mars " is mentioned in Bro. John T. Thorp's book on French Prisoners' Lodges in
England, and I have seen somewhere a printed reference to the other.

Bro. Redfern Kelly writes: —

I congratulate Bro. Dring very cordially on his truly interesting contribution
to our now increasing treasury of valuable Masonic knowledge; and, as for the few
observations I now propose to make on the subject of this discourse, I trust that he
will recognize, in them, an endorsement of his views, generally,, rather than any
attempt at frivolous or ungenerous criticism of his admirable dissertation.

There would seem to exist, still, as indeed there has existed for a long period
of years past, even among well informed brethren, a difficulty, arising from a
confusion of terms, as to which of two designations, " Tracing Board " or " Trestle
Board," is the more correct. In my opinion the terms are convertible, the former
being the more correct of the two ; and that neither of them was in use in very
early days, the designation " Floor Cloth " being probably the oldest known. The
practice followed in those days was evidently that of depicting certain symbolical
diagrams, probably having an architectural application, upon the actual floor of the
Lodge room, with the aid of chalk, or charcoal, or perhaps both. Later on, it may
be, that from simple linear diagrams, the illustration of the Craft symbolism became
somewhat more extensive, and elaborate, and involved more skill on the part of the
delineator. This method of illustration was, it must be admitted, not only essentially
crude (and to the cultured mind not by any means attractive), but it was' also
decidedly inconvenient, not to say, in many instances, impracticable; arid, there-
fore, the more convenient and portable form of Masonic " Floor Cloth," or Carpet,
would naturally be substituted for the more primitive method. These old Floor
Cloths were, of course, usually painted on canvas, and were in many cases carried
upon rollers; and, for still further convenience, they were, in some instances, when
not spread out upon tables, laid upon portable boards, which latter were supported by
light trestles; whence, doubtless, will have arisen the designation " Trestle Board "
and its many corruptions " Trasel," " Tarsel," " Tressell," etc.

The use of Tracing Boards has not altogether been confined to the Craft
degrees, for I have in my possession copies of those tableaux, upon which are to be
found numerous symbols, appertaining to the various degrees: — Craft, Mark, Royal
Arch, Order of the Temple, and other so-called higher Masonic grades. Such
Tracing Boards were, indeed, freely used throughout Ireland, in those early days
prior to the creation of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter, in 1829, and the Grand
Encampment of H.K.T. in 1836; their use was, however, discontinued many years
ago. In the Appendix to the "Ahiman Rezon," or the Irish Book of Constitutions,
issued in 1839, the Tracing Board is referred to in a Craft Lecture, but the reference
does not occur in more recent issues. The writer of the Lectures, R.W. Bro. the
Ven. Archdeacon of Down, Walter B. Mant (at that time Provincial Grand Master

of Carie and Dunluce), was initiated in the " Apollo " Lodge, York, a number of

ttiscusswn. 311

years previously, and doubtless introduced from England the Craft. Tracing Board.
I have observed, upwards of fifty-four years ago, Tracing Boards hanging upon the
walls, in some instances in Lodge-rooms, but more often in their Ante-rooms; and
although I have, in my early Masonic days, sometimes made use of them, in
illustrating my Lectures to Candidates, I never recognized them, nor were they
then acknowledged by Grand Lodge, as being, in any sense, requisite to Masonic
ritual instruction.

As to Bro. Dring's reference to the Mosaic Pavement and the tesselated
border being considered as separate entities, I am inclined to think they were always
intimately, and inseparably associated, one with the other. In Ireland (at all
events in the year 1862, but for how long previously I have no personal knowledge,)
the so-called Mosaic Pavement has been in evidence, and consisted of painted black
and white squares, surrounded by an indented, tooth-shaped, or so-called " Tesselated
Border." In the centre of the Pavement ' was invariably depicted, in gold, the
emblem known as the " Blazing Star." The tout emtemble was, as a rule, painted
on ordinary oil cloth; the dimensions of the latter being about nine feet by six feet.
I have seen. these Floor Cloths, or Carpets, in several Masonic Rooms, but I have
never known their presence to be regarded as being a sine qua non, : although their
use has not, at any time, been formally prohibited by Grand Lodge.

As to the allusion to Scottish " Floorings," these must, I think, clearly have
referred to the Tracing Boards of the various Craft degrees; no other explanation
seems to be practicable.

As to the expression " The Lodge," which is an object sometimes borne in
Masonic Processions, I have always understood this to refer to an " Altar," in Craft
ceremonial (or to the '•' Ark," in a Royal Arch ceremonial), or to a portable imita-
tion thereof, such as I have known to be carried in several processions associated
with the ceremonial of Dedication of Masonic Halls, and in quite a number of which
functions I have had the pleasure of participating.

As to Bro. Dring's preference for the term "Lodge Board," for which he
quotes precedents, in the years 1773, 1809, and 1810, this seems to me to be quite
an appropriate term; but I rather fear that many brethren, having become, so to
speak, wedded to the designation Tracing Board, it may be difficult to secure for it
a (jeneral acceptance. If, however, the Grand Lodge of England leads the way, it
will doubtless be followed, except, perhaps, by our American brethren, who have
adopted the much less appropriate designation, "Trestle Board."

Brc. Henry Lovegrove writes: —

I am very sorry that I cannot attend to hear the paper read by W.Bro. Dring
as I have for years wished to have clear explanation of the various terms ' ' Tracing-
Board," "Trestle Board," and "Lodge Board."

The words parpen or perpend no doubt refer to the perfectly squar* stone, as
the term is used to this day in bricklaying: " the perpends to be properly kept,"
that is the vertical joints in the different courses shall be true and exactly over each
other .

312 Transaction's of the Qnatnor Voronati Lodge.

Perpend ashlar would be perfect aMar, as the term ashlar now applies to
stones on the face which do not run through the wall, and this stone with perfect
beds and joints would be considered perpend, or perfect.

1 have gone through many books but can find nothing about "perfect"
ashlar.

In Operative Masonry ashlar means worked stone which is used of various
thicknesses for faciny the wall and is backed up with rubble stone or brick, so that
the term " perpend ashlar " could not apply to a through stone faced at both ends.

It is most unusual for a wall to be built entirely of wrought stone, even in
the case of important buildings.

I .have a building going on now with large stone pilasters the bonders of
which go through the wall, and the spaces between are ashlar, backed up by brick-
work.

Perfect may mean worked in the best manner, or, as I before said, a corrup-
tion of " perpend."

It is possible that Bro. Dring may show by one of his slides what was drawn
on the floor, and it is clear that after a time a board was used standing on trestles,
and on this board the emblems formerly drawn on the board were properly painted.

In the lectures it would be convenient if the tracing boards stood on trestles
now.

Bro. W. B. Hextall write*: —

We are indebted to Bro. Dring for an acceptable paper, anything in which
it is almost ungracious to question; but it lias been well said 1 that "in a matter
where we can only theorise, one man's opinion is as good as another's," and I have
one or two doubts which I will indicate.

1 agree that what are known as " spurious " rituals have more archaeological
value than is often given to them, and supply material for comparison and
inference hard to find elsewhere.

It is mainly upon the expression ' ' Drawing the Lodge ' ' that I am not quite
in agreement : it appears to me that one meaning of the phrase has been too much
taken for granted, in the past as well as now.

In the Appendix to the paper we have the Felicity Lodge instance of a
" Drawer to the House " being made a member on April 6, 1737. At A.Q.C. xvii.,
57-8, the late Bro. W. J. Hughan referred, as the earliest known instance of such
an appointment, to

1725-6. Feby. 3. Joseph Atherton, a Drawer, was admitted a member to attend
this Lodge.

ibid. May 11. Albert Wood, the Drawer, was also admitted.

Bro. Dring tells us that the word " Drawer " means, in this connection, a
waiter or cork-drawer; but I doubt it. " Drawer " was so used by Shakespeare,
but I think it will be found that that meaning of the word had dropped out of

1 By the Rl'v. Augustus Jessopn, D.D.

Diicus/siui) . 313

general use a good while before the Masonic revival of 1717; and this is no more
affected by " drawer " occurring occasionally in eighteenth century literature, than
by an isolated use of the word by Charles Dickens a century later. The collocation
of words, " Tyler and Drawer," in the Felicity Minute seems to me to point to
' ■' Drawer " in a restricted and Craft sense ; the fact probably being that to one
or more individuals was entrusted the " drawing " for all the Lodges that met at
a particular tavern; and even if he or they combined in their persons the supply of
both moral and physical requirements on the part of members, the appellation would
be derived from the former, and not the latter, division of their labours. If
Masonic use of the terms " draw," " drawer," and " drawing " did in truth
originate from tapsters and tavern-servers, then I should rather confidently con-
jecture that it took its rise from some face the appreciated and enjoyed by the old-
time convivial brethren, but which have failed to come down to us. Hogarth's
picture, Xiyht, does not assist, for the figure in it which has been variously
described as a tavern-waiter or a tyler is performing a duty which might well have
fallen to either; though I incline to the former — a view in which Hogarth's fullest
living commentator agrees. 1 I may point out that the use of " M r " (or omission
of " Brother") in the Minutes quoted proves nothing as to the persons intended
being non-Masons ; the same thing often occurs in early Grand Lodge Minutes ;
and I read " M 1 ' " merely as indicating non-membership of a particular Lodge,
and not of the Craft. I am certainly unconvinced that the primitive designs from
which our tracing-boards have developed were at any time habitually manipulated
by the staff of taverns which the Lodges honoured by their presence.

" The Lodge " is accepted by Bro. Dring as meaning a wooden board,
generally, if not always, having devices drawn or painted upon its surface. I
think it very likely that not only did the word ' ' Lodge ' ' (as applying to an article
of Masonic furniture) come to be used in very loose fashion, but that it was often
spoken and written of without much definite idea as to what it was , or what was
meant by the expression. Take the minute of the Royal Sussex Lodge at Worthing,
as given in A.Q.C. xvii., 46, 48: —

1823. Feby. Ordered that Bro. Palmer be desired to add to the Form of
the Lodge an Indented Border, forwith.

1825. August. Thanks of the Lodge to Bro. Palmer for the addition made by
him to the Lodge Board . . . and also to Bro. W. A'.
Cooper for the Present made by him to the Lodge of a Tracing
Board.

In much written on the subject of Lodge paraphernalia it appears to be
overlooked that in the early days of Freemasonry one necessary adjunct of a
properly equipped Lodge was an Ark. The late Bro. Revd. A. F. A. Woodford
wrote 2 that an ark was " often used in Lodges as a symbolical emblem. More
attention used formerly to be be paid to it. One of the best instructed Masons we
ever knew always contended that every Lodge should have its symbolic ark."
In the Minutes of the Royal Union Lodge, Uxbridge, for 1827 is: " Agreeable to
the resolution of last Lodge night an inventory of the whole of the property of
the Lodge was taken, and deposited in the Ark." 3

1 Mr. Austin Dobson, e.r rel., September, 1909.

2 Masonic (' ' u eh > pert I hi, 1878. Tit., Ark.

3 Heed's Masonry in London and Middlesi'j:, 1906.

314 Transact ionx of the Quatuor Coronatb Lodije.

Our P.M., Bro. Dr. . Wynn Westcott, in 1893, said in a paper,, which is
printed at A.Q.V. vi., 12-16: "A further feature which some. Masonic .Lodges
have borrowed from the symbolism of the Tabernacle, is the possession of. a cista
mystica, a secret coffer, representing the sacred Ark within the Tabenuach? • of
Moses. In the Ceremony of Consecration of a new Lodge in the .United, Spates,
Bro. Daniel Sickles, of New York, in his. ' Freemasons' Guide ' of 1867, says. that
the 'Lodge' is an oblong box covered with white linen, which is placed upon, a
table in front of the Grand Master, and is surrounded with three candles, and
vessels of corn, wine, and oil. This, is also an old emblem in our English rites,
but, so far as I can ascertain, it is not now in general use. . It was used to. .hold
the Warrant and Book of Constitutions." Tt has elsewhere been remarked . that
although the Craft originated in Christian times and amongst Christian people, it
yet possesses marked and characteristic Jewish histories and traditions which are
not to be accounted for, or explained, by belief or reverence accorded to the. Jewish
Scriptures by a body so largely consisting, in Great Britain, of those of the Christian
faith. 1 Without examining reasons, or debating whether the Ark of early Masonic
usage was Noachian or Mosaic, that Judaism was strongly perceptible in. post-
revival Masonry is sufficiently evident 2 ; and what appears to be the Ark as then
used in Craft Lodges is depicted in the Masonic plate in Picart's Ceremonies et
Continues lteliijieuses, 1735, placed at the side of the Master's chair. 3 At the
Grand Assembly at Freemasons' Hall on 27th December, 1813, to perfect the
Union, we read that "the two Grand Masters . . . then advanced to the
Ark of the Masonic Covenant, prepared . . for the edifice of the. Union, and

in all time to come to be placed before the Throne [and after applying the appro-
priate working tools to the Ark and declaring it to be the symbol of the Grand
Edifice of Union] the two Grand Masters placed the Act of Union in the interior
of the Ark, upon which they, according to ancient rite, poured forth corn, wine,
and oil." 1 Shortly before, the " Plan " presented by the Secretary of the Lodge
of Promulgation on 22ud December, 1809, had included the recommendation that
there should be prepared, " for preservation, in an Ark to be kept sacred for that
purpose a Pandect of the Science of Speculative Freemasonry." It is hardly
necessary to suggest that the " Ark of the Covenant " at the Union coincides with
the " Ark of the testimony "; "in the ark thou shalt put the testimony "; and
" thou shalt cover the ark with the vail "; of K, rod us; and " the ark wherein is
the Covenant of the Lord," of J Chronicles.

Bro. Dring has given references to " the Lodge covered with white satin,"
one being the Dedication of the New Hall in 1776, where (1784 Constitutions,
318n.) "the lodge was uncovered," and subsequently, "The lodge was then
covered." I own I am not so easily persuaded that this " lodge " was in reality
'what for shortness we will call a " trestle board "; though it seems clear enough
that (as the late Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley wrote at A.Q.C. xviii., 140): "The
design was drawn or stencilled on the floor of the Lodge-room. ... It was
popularly spoken of as ' The Lodge,' and the appellation was used in a way that

1 The Israelites found in the Ani/lo-Sa.rons, by AYilliam Carpenter, 1874.

2 See Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley us to the "likely antecedents " of Anderson and
Desaguliers in regard to the introduction to the Craft of the Hiramic Legend. A.O.C. xii.,
144. .

3 Reproduced at A.Q.C xxiii., 126. The plate was reversed in Picart's second
edition. 1737.

4 This Ark was destroyed in the fire at Freemasons' Hall in 1883.

Discussion . 315

lias been wont to puzzle the tiro who seeks to investigate the early development of
Freemasonry under the Grand Lodge of England." The j'rincijiles of Free-
Masonry Delineated, Exeter, 1777, has in ' Ceremony of Consecration ' (page 50) ;
'•'The Grand Master, attended by form themselves in Order round the

Lodge in the Center . . . ; Incense is scattered over the Lodge . ." Dr.

George Oliver, in The Bool- of the Lodge, 3rd edit., 1864, page 71, says: "There
should be an Ark or Lodge in the centre, covered with a veil of the three Masonic
colours." Much that is obvious in the way of " covered with white satin "; covered
and uncovered; and "incense scattered" over it; as applied to an Ark, seems
unaccounted for in the case of a trestle-board, and inapplicable to it. And though
the quotations from Minutes show that " the Lodge " must have become so used in
common parlance, it is needful to bear in mind that (if I am correct) its meaning,
as applied to trestle-board or tracing board, was a corruption of the true and
original significance. '

The Mosaic ark contained the two tables of stone, the pot of manna, and
Aaron's rod; all enumerated in an old MS. Third Lecture as "ornaments of a
M.M.'s Lodge"; and appearing on the reverse of the large Lodge Cloth which
was exhibited by Bro. Dring when he read his paper; a very early example, but
undated. The concurrence just noted — as far as it goes — seems to favour an Ark
meaning for the term " Lodge."

As to " drawing the Lodge " ; in a list of property of the Lodge of Emula-
tion which was found to be missing in June, 1783, is " a Forming Board " (Sadler's
Lodge of Emulation, Xo. 21, 1906, 82); and in Hughan's Apollo Lodge, Tori,-,
1889, 33, occurs this minute of 26th June, 1775: "Resolved to make Bro. Robt.
Mountain' [one of the two Tylers] a gift of one Guinea for his care in drawing of
the Candlesticks " ; the' first extract may assist as to " form of the Lodge"; but
I hardly suppose the 1 second will be found helpful. The Loel'i/e of E /nidation,
iYo. 21, also furnishes these: — .;.--.-■■■:•-■

1761. Feb. 13th. Bro. Williams presented his bill for making a Trassel
Board with Hieouglyficks of Masonry.

1763. March 11th. A Motion was made [and carried] that a proper Board be
made for the Tyler to draw his Lodge on.

At A..Q.C. x., 81, the late Bro. Speth wrote: "The earliest form of our
modern moveable tracing board was that of a floor-cloth, consisting of various
symbolical designs, of which the Mosaic pavement was usually, though not always,
a feature. The actual tracing board, sometimes coiled aho a square, was blank."
I quote for the sake of the words italicised.

In some Lodges it is still the custom to display actual operative tools upon
the floor of the Lodge; and also the emblems of mortality in like real and actual
fashion at the appointed time.

The flaming sword which is found in the Cloth belonging to the Cestrian
Lodge (and said by Dr. Oliver to represent Mercy) may be regarded by the light
of a note and illustration' at A.Q.C. vi., 196, of a flaming sword nearly four feet
long, fixed upon a wooden stand, the property of the Constitutional Lodge, No. 294,
Beverley, with references to similar swords at the Humber Lodge, No. 57, Hull,
and at the Old Globe Lodge, No. 200, Scarborough, the last, in 1893, unfortunately

316 Transactions of the Qnatnor Coro/iafi Lodge.

missing. A passage there quoted from Ahimaii Itrzon, 1764, is interesting in the
same connection.

Among the many details which invite notice is the occurrence of the Trowel
as a Craft symbol in " This figure Represents the Lodge " l which forms part of
the Carmick MS., 1727; and in one or more of the Norfolk Province Boards of
circa 1800. The following, from A Glossary and Etymological Dictionary of
obsolete and uncommon -words ... by William Toone, second edition, 1834,
may not be quite irrelevant : —

Aperner; a drawer or waiter at a tavern, was so called from the circum-
stance of their wearing aprons; an apron man.

Board; a table was anciently so called. Our ancestors took their meals
on loose boards, supported by trestles, and this continued till
Shakspeare's time, and probably after.

Drawer; a tapster, one who draws liquor for the guests of an inn — now
superseded by the more modern waiter.

Mall; a heavy hammer or wooden club, flattened at the end.

Bro. Gordon Hills writes: —

I should like to offer these few comments and to express my sincere apprecia-
tion of Bro. Dring's excellent and valuable papers.

I agree with him in thinking that the designation which best describes the
apparatus, the complex history of which he is so ably elucidating, is the "Lodge
Board." The Trestle Board or Tracing Board was really only one item of many
accessories which have come to be associated in one object. It is the concrete repre-
sentation of the abstract and symbolic Lodge and at the consecration of a Lodge
is treated as such. In the old operative days the Master would work on a tracing,
drawing or plotting board, probably supported on trestles, for his own use, either
resting there or on a more upright trestle or easel conveniently placed for the
guidance of the craftsmen. On the floor of the Lodge the designs would be set out
to larger scale or full size, and I believe it \? from lines forming squares for guidance
in carrying this out and from lines designed to assist adjustment from one scale to
another traced on the workshop floor that the pavement-like patterns on the symbolic
Lodge Boards are derived. Templates, squares and other instruments, tools and
perhaps a model of the intended building would be necessary adjuncts, of which we
find symbolic successors employed to-day. It is a little tempting to associate the
expression "Tracing" Board with methods of setting out — the tracing according
to lines serving the purposes of modern sectional drawing paper or the more simple
centre and other lines required as the foundation of the least intricate drawing,
but I do not think that we must read into it any more meaning than simply a
" Drawing " Board. At a later stage of the symbolic evolution we find the various
accessories no longer merely drawn on the floor, or depicted on a floor cloth, but
raised on a table, which again suggests a reasonable origin of the expression
"Trestle " Board, and we recognise that the congeries representing the " Lodge "
is a " Board."

^lso illustrated at A.Q.C. xxii., Ul-113.

Discussion. 317

Bro. Cecil Powell lias described a present use which seems to illustrate this
stage of the development and of which he will no doubt give us some particulars; a
further step is reached in customs I have witnessed in Lodges at Windsor and
High Wycombe, which led me to write Bro Bring some letters which he has kindly
mentioned. The information, so far as it strictly bears upon this subject, is more
briefly stated in the following sentences.

At the Etonian Lodge of St. John, meeting with two other Lodges of much
more recent date at the Masonic Hall, Windsor, Tracing Boards after the modern
fashion are in use, but the working tools of the three degrees are placed on an
erection in the middle of the Western part of the Lodge. At Windsor the tools
rest in little wooden trays on cushions of blue (1°), claret (2°), and black (3°), on
what is practically a box 2ft. 5iu. high, 2ft. 4in. wide, and 4ft. East to West,
covered in altar fashion with red stuff, and having on the top a white satin cloth
with gold fringe on which the trays already mentioned lie ready to be handed to
the Master in the course of the ceremonies. The use is on the same lines at the
Wycombe Lodge No. 1501, which has not only inherited this custom, but also
acquired some very interesting old furniture and properties from the senior of
the Windsor Lodges at the time of its consecration in 1874.

A glance at the history of the Etonian Lodge of St. John may give a possible
clue to the date when these and other customs, which I need not now enter upon,
had their rise. The Lodge was founded at Eton by a Warrant from the Grand
Lodge of the Antients in May, 1813, being a re-issue of No. 284 9th Regiment of
Dragoons, Macclesfield, dating from 27th May, 1794, which gave the new founda-'
tion a good precedence on the roll of the United Grand Lodge so soon to be formed.
I fancy we may infer that the members would have a bias towards working according
to any peculiarities of the Antients, and the fact that some of them were members
of another Lodge of the same allegiance, No. 269, dating from 1791, then called
St. John's Lodge, and meeting at Windsor, seems to me to support such an idea.

This No. 269 became, in 1818, St. George's Lodge, and was finally erased in
1838. There had been two earlier Lodges at Windsor, both of the Moderns, the
first St. George's dating from 1759, erased as No. 198 in 1773, and the Lodge of
St. George, of 1785, erased as No. 385 in 1813. There are breaks between, but
perhaps there was a link of Membership as well as of name which would carry
traditions back to 1759. At any rate, members of the Etonian might perpetuate
usages of the Antients as far back as 1791 in St. George's Lodge No. 269. The
Etonian Lodge moved to Windsor in 1825.

The model of a building would be a common feature in an Operative Lodge
for working purposes, and it seems to me that the elaborate Ark of the Covenant
structure, which proved by level, plumb and square, and consecrated with the usual
libations, was the "Lodge" at the inauguration of the United' Grand Lodge in
1813, and may enshrine some memory of such an adjunct. It is also, I think, worthy
of note, that in old days, the chest which in Lodge may have been used to bear
working tools, or the Lodge Board, and also to form a receptacle for the
paraphernalia, — handsome examples of which have survived, — would be called an
" ark " in common parlance. The word would be suggestive to our ritualists long
after the chests or arks, which, as usual articles of domestic furniture, gave their
name to the craftsmen who made them, — the arkwrights, — were superseded by the

318 Tranmrtions of the Quatiior Coronati Lodr/e.

cupboards and chests of drawers which better serve more modern uses. Of course,
in old days the Lodge dues might be kept in a variety of boxes ranging from the
size of a pint pot, to the dimensions of a parish chest, the representations of which
we might expect to find amongst the paraphernalia of a symbolic Lodge.

I almost feel that Bro. Dring seems tempted to put too high a value on the
professing revelations of the eighteenth centurv, yet, as Bro. Gould wrote, in his
Concke History (p. 299) : " Leaving these spurious rituals for what they are really
worth — and it may be remarked that the value set upon them has never been a high
one — we may occasionally, from amid a mass of otherwise unintelligible matter, pick
out an item or suggestion, calculated to throw light on the past of Freemasonry."
The passages of catechism which Bro. Dring cites certainly seem to point to con-
siderable uncertainty on the part of the compilers, and clearly there is plenty of
opportunity for it; an uneducated Operative and an uneducated Speculative could
easily get confused as to the meaning, pronunciation, let alone spelling of technical
terms, translation backwards and forwards through French sources gives further
opportunity, and then, when you find unauthorized persons attempting, with no
proper knowledge of the Craft, to deal with these matters, no wonder if the results
are chaotic and so eventually altogether unreliable.

I have no doubt that Bro. Dring's reading of Perpendeste and PerpentaMer
are perfectly justified. Danty tassleii and its variations are not more far-fetched
than " Peter Gower " and the like, and so are most ingenious and welcome sugges-
tions, whilst the clearing up of that puzzling word thurnal must be hailed with
delight by those whom it has mystified. " Dented " or " indented " explain them-
selves, but without Bro. Dring's explanation the rest of the expression is a difficulty,
although the cord as it appears on some of the Tracing Boards is quite capable of a
reasonable symbolic application on other lines.

I do not think that the word -perpend and its variations should be pressed
too far. I think it explains some expressions, but the word ' perfect ' is quite
understandable and apt, and was certainly intended in some connections. There
seem to be two very distinct lines of derivation merged in the variations of this
word, yet both conveying the same ultimate meaning: — parpen, parpend, parpen f,
the old French parpaine/, " a through stone," which I find in a Dictionary of 1815
noted as " pierre a deux paremens. A large stone in a building as thick as the
wall." Perpend, etc., seem derived from the word perpendicular, and may have
arisen from a false analogy applied to the French word. At any rate, " keeping
the perpends " is at the present day a workman's term for keeping the vertical
joints of one course of brickwork or masonry perpendicularly over those of another
course. The perpent atones or perpenders may be explained as so called because
their ends are perpendicular with the wall faces. Ashlar has nowadays a definite
meaning of dressed stone, formerly it seems to have meant nothing more definite
than a stone cut to shape and worked more or less finely as distinguished from a
mere rubble stone got out of the quarry in the form in which it came most readily
to hand, and I find it so described as a free stone, which it is worth noting may be
used as a term devoid of all reference to the hardness or softness of its texture
for working purposes as free from the native rock. The root idea of the word
ashlar and its many variants of old, — ashler, achelor, aschelere, assheler, aslure,
astler, achlere, estlar, — is an axe or adze. The Romans called an adze ascia, and
acisailas was a mason's axe. I do not consider that the words perpend or parpend

liiiscitssioH. 319

or the variations convey any special degree of workmanship as regards the finish,
what is meant is a stone wrought oblong. In building operations there are two
main elements in any walling be it of brick or stone, the units lying parallel to the
face and those at right angles thereto; and the proper disposition of these interlaces
and holds the materials together, constituting what is called " the bond." In the
" perpend ashlar " we have only one of these elements — the long binding stone.
The other element, a much shorter stone, which, for symbolic purposes, might well
be represented as a cube, is not always in evidence. In such expressions as " By
Perpentashler and the square" and "the square pavement," the real meaning
might' be squared ashlar, not the instrument, and the possible use of the word
■pavement as equivalent to a pavement atone would give more sense to the associations
of some of the catechisms. The passage from which Bro. Dring's " perpent
achillar " is quoted is in the original closely followed by. a reference to similar work
in connection with a parapet, and " perpent " as applied to a wall seems to have
sometimes merely meant that the stones were wrought and in sight on both faces as
would be the case in such a wall.

The broach is primarily a spit, skewer, pin, and as a verb means " to shape
stones roughly," an operation performed with what is now called " a punch," a kind
of chisel used, as a modern text book says, ' ' with the hammer for removing all
yuperfluous waste." (Purchase's Practical Masonry, 1896.) " Broach " is also a
term for a spire, and especially for the pyramidal base from which an octagonal
spire springs. HenCe we see that the squared stone with a pyramidal top in some
French illustrations is a legitimate rendering of the term, in fact, as a pointed
stone, a keystone or voussoir would not be an unintelligent rendering of a " broached
thurnal," but what depths may be plumbed by the misapplication of technical
terms is well exemplified by a quotation from a French catechism at the beginning
of last century, which describes " la pierre cubique " as being for the companions
" pour aiguiser leurs outils," reducing it to little more or less than a sharpening
stone or whetstone. I note an old English word, perpoynt, which looks akin to
our researches, but further reference proves that its only possible connection is it3
spines — it means a porcupine — which render it indeed a prickly subject, which I
take as an omen warning me from further trespassing on this thorny path of deriva-
tions where Bro. Dring himself only ventures to tread with modesty.

I think that Bro. Dring rather unnecessarily labours the point of identifying
the heavy maul or mall with the beetle. I fancy that neither term must be taken
to bear a precise meaning, but it is clear that the Masonic associations of the mall
place some restrictions on its size, and although it was used by workmen of a grade
inferior to a master, that consideration puts a pavior's beetle out of the question.
At the present day one of the tools included in the equipment of the Royal Engineers
is called a " mall," and is a wooden hammer with a head about eleven inches long
and seven inches diameter, fitted with a handle about three feet six inches long, and
weighing perhaps twelve to fourteen pounds, very like the representations on some
of the Tracing Boards. In the Coventry Smith's portion of the mediaeval pageant,
part of Pilate's insignia was a " mall " — a club with a stuffed head of leather and
wool — with which he laid about him lustily to afford the comic relief with which our
forefathers expected those representations to be seasoned.

320 Trail tact it/ it* of flic Qiiatuor L'oriinati Loiitje.

Bro. C. Gough write*: —

In connection with a paper read to the Lodge a short while ago, a remark
was made that it would for a long time serve as a kind of " jumping-off stage " for
other papers on subjects somewhat akin to it. With equal truth the same may be
said of the paper (in two parts) with which you have just favoured the Lodge.
Not only does it tend to a concentration of one's thoughts on the main theme, but
it opens new vistas from which views may be obtained on matters subsidiary to that.
For example, take the ' Trowel.' In the columns of recent issues of the MUeeUanea
Latomorum (a medium for Masonic Notes and Queries which is gradually becoming
better known) several references have been made to the Trowel, which, so far as
English Craft Masonry is concerned, has become obsolete as a symbolic implement.
Excepting the solitary, yet significant, allusion to it in the Charge, to the Entered
Apprentice, it is nowhere mentioned in the Ritual of Blue Masonry. In times
gone by it seems to have played an important part in the symbolical teachings of
the Order, and at various times, and in various places, it was specially allocated to
different officers. In America to-day it is considered as being essentially the work-
ing tool of the Master Mason. Now on some of the many lantern slides of ancient
Masonic Floor Cloths and Tracing Boards, which you exhibited to your audience,
the Trowel found a place, so affording proof that at one time it was regarded as a
useful implement of Craft Freemasonry. My recollection does not enable me to
say whether it was depicted only on the Tracing Board of the Third Degree.
Possibly ifes disappearance from the Lodge Tracing Board may to some extent
synchronize with its disuse in Lodge ceremonial, but much consideration would
doubtless be needed before adequate grounds could be found upon which to base
such a theory.

Not the least interesting of the many features of the paper and its many
illustrations were the different inscriptions on and relative to the coffin in the Third
Degree. Commencing with letters denoting well-known words, the inscriptions
were frequently varied until at the present day we have cryptic characters with
quite a different signification, and — what gives rise to much speculation, — these
letters, and the numerals used with them, are made to read from right to left, like
the Hebrew words on some of the more recent Tracing Boards. Bro. Songhurst
lucidly presented the suggestion that this reversal, and what looks like similar
reversals of designs on the Boards of the other two degrees, may have been due
originally to errors in the mechanical reproductions of the drawings. The extreme
plausibleness of this proposition prevents it from being summarily dismissed, but,
on the other hand, one naturally looks round in the hope of finding some evidence,
however slight, to substantiate it

Bro. J. T. Thorp write*: —

I rather favour your idea that Lodge Cloths were possibly introduced by the
French Prisoners of War. The " Royal Sussex " Lodge No. 353, Repton, has an
old Cloth, dated 1812, which originally belonged to the French prisoners at Asliby
de la Zouch; the founders of No. 353 bought all the French Lodge furniture when
they returned home at the peace of 1814. I saw this Cloth some years ago — it was
very dilapidated, but the painting thereon could be traced. On one side were the
emblems of the 1st and 2nd Degrees, and on the other side those of the 3rd Degree;
my attempt at photographing it was not a success.

Ijiscuxsioii. 321

Dear Bro. Dring,

You may be glad to have a note on one small point arising out of the
interesting paper you gave us on Friday afternoon; the Ruler is at the present
time one of the Working Tools in Dutch Masonry, the candidate, in one of his five
journeys in the 2nd degree, the only degree in which Tools are used, carries the
Ruler and Compasses, and is told that they are to test his work.

A Tracing Board much the same as the French ones you shewed us is still

in use in Dutch Lodges in South Africa.

Yours fraternally,
O. H. Bate.

Bro. E. H. Drixg writ ex as follows, in reply: —

I must first express my sincere gratitude for the very warm reception that
has been given to my paper. I had doubts whether many of my views, some of
which are decidedly iconoclastic, would meet with the general approval of the
members, but I am agreeably surprised to find that I do not appear to have
disturbed unduly the equanimity of any of our brethren. Perhaps after publica-
tion, when a larger circle of students shall have read the paper, the criticisms will
not be so lenient.

Nobody knows better than myself the incompleteness of the material I have
placed before the Lodge. Pioneer work is only the first phase towards finality,
which can only be attained by gradual development and the co-operation of later
workers. Although I think I have gleaned fairly well the printed histories of
Lodges, there must be many old manuscript records and minutes in existence which
should provide new material for the subject of my paper. Even in the case of
some of the printed histories I feel sure that the original records might bear re-
examination, as many editors have very vague notions as to what is worthy of
being printed, and in some cases a plain reprint of the original minutes would have
been preferable to some of the editorial attempts that have been made in the past.

Bro. Levander draws attention to the " Makeing Cloth " mentioned in the
Minutes of No. 192. It may possibly have been a Lodge Cloth.

But the divers names which were given to the Lodge furniture by different
recorders will always cause confusion and be a stumbling block. What is called a
Floor Cloth, or Foot Cloth, or Lodge Cloth, etc., etc., may in individual instances
have been intended for what is now generally called the Mosaic or Square Pave-
ment but which some purveyors of Masonic furniture still call the Floor Cloth.

It was for this reason that I purposely did not refer to Bro. Purdon Clarke's
paper on "The Tracing Board" (A.Q.V. vi.), which was designed to draw an
analogy between the original form of the Tracing Board (i.e., Master's Drawing
Board) and what is now called the Mosaic or Square Pavement, which has nothing
whatever to do with Lodge Boards or the modern Tracing Boards.

I cannot agree with Bro. Powell's suggestion that the design on the reverse
of the Lodge Board at Bristol was intended to represent the true Tracing Board.
The simple fact that it is in perspective would destroy its worth as a Drawing
Board, for to be of any use the lines in a sectional Drawing Board must be square.
It is probable that it has a connection with the R.A. degree.

I was very pleased that Bro. Powell exhibited the small metal Emblems
belonging to Moira Lodge of Honour No. 326. They were undoubtedly never
intended to be used as Templates but to be laid on a board, and it is quite possible
that the emblems in G.L. were designed for a similar purpose.

'322 Transactions of the (juttttior Coronati Lo<]ije.

Their existence also leads me to suggest that a Trestle Board was used for
laying them on, and thus may have been a cause for the confusion between the
terms Trestle Board and Tracing Board. The emblems shewn were too small to
have lain on the floor.

It cannot be assumed because the Inventory mentions a Tracing Board as
well as the Emblems, that there was any connection between them. The T.B.
mit/ht have been intended to supersede the use of the Emblems altogether. I
have had myself to be very careful in drawing these inferences, as inventories
include properties, both in use and disused, that have been acquired at long intervals
of time.

I quite agree with Bro. Songhurst's contentions. The theory of the reversal
of the boards through reproduction is untenable, because the Arabic numerals on
the third of Harris' boards and the letter G- on the second board are not reversed.

I myself evolved a theory similar to his about the difference in the spring
of the staircase being due to the divergencies between the Antients and the
Moderns. I am morally convinced that that is the reason but I have found it
difficult to substantiate it. Varying from Bro. Songhurst, I started on the theory
that the Antients' custom would naturally be the more accurate, and expected to
find that the staircase in their boards sprang from the S., but I found I could not
always definitely prove it, although the concensus of evidence tends to that assump-
tion. I found it most difficult to ascertain (with the exesption of a few cases) for
what particular Lodge any set of Boards had been painted — so many Lodges have
combined with other Lodges or bought the furniture of erased Lodges that one can
only rely on the most unimpeachable evidence. It must also be borne in mind
that these combinations have been repeated in some Lodges more than once, while
in other instances the number of the Ledge painted on them originally has been
altered. In fact, the study of Lodge Boards is beset with many pitfalls.

I am also in agreement with Bro. Songhurst that the alterations which took
place about 1730 (or pessibly even earlier) were more extensive than the most
forward of our leaders believe. I tried to think out a reason for the form of the
Lodge being altered from that of a triangle to a parallelogram, but the war pre-
vented me from carrying out this as well as other projects. From the fact that
the triangular form exists in Scotland, and is the only form in use in Denmark,
Norway and Sweden, I think it may be inferred that the alteration took place in
historic times. The whole question involves much examination, but I daresay
that a comparative study of the various workings and traditions in America and
on the Continent would, after the elimination of various modern accretions, result
in us obtaining a better idea of the earliest working of Masonic ritual. ' Much has
still to be done in the United Kingdom.

I am extremely pleased to have made a recruit in Bro. A. F. Calvert, for
his remarks and quotations have been very helpful. If he had only sent me a
copy of his History of the Oh! Kiny's Arms Loth/e I should have been able to
incorporate some of his remarks in my paper. ' As a matter of fact, however, a copy
was lent to me, and I made a few jottings, but I afterwards found that my notes
were unintelligible, and I had not an opportunity to verify them. As I have said
above, I am sure that there are many references in old Minute Books to be found
if only attention be drawn to the matter.

Dixcnf*ion . 323

I am inclined to think with Bro. Calvert that the marble boards to which he
refers were intended to represent the orujiiinl Tracing Board, for the emblems
depicted on them as a rule are the ordinary Lodge jewels with a plan of a building,
and that they were subsidiary to the Lodge Board.

It will be noted that all the Lodges that he quotes as possessing these boards
were Modern Lodges, except the Robert Burns Lodge No. 25, in regard to which
he has been unable to get full particulars. But even No. 25 may have come under
French influence.

I may say that I have been perhaps too eclectic in printing the notes I have
made from Lodge Minutes, but I accumulated such a quantity that I found it
necessary to delete all but the most relevant. Those that Bro. Calvert has sent
have been printed in full.

In regard to Prof. W. A. Craigie's letter I am afraid I have been at cross
purposes with myself in regard to the derivation of the term Tracing Board. I do
not remember suggesting that Tracing Board was an alternative of Trasel ( = Trestle)
Board, but I suppose I must have done so.

In any case I am quite prepared to recant, but in doing so I shall suggest a
compromise, which at present, however, I must say candidly is but a suggestion.

It must be remembered that in the use of these terms at least two great and
temporarily antagonistic bodies were involved, the ' Antients ' and the ' Moderns.'

In the one body, 1 suggest, the Trestle Board was used and was the accepted
term of the object however spelt.

In the other body (which provisionally I suggest was the Moderns who were
very much more influenced by French Masonry than the Antients) the term in
use was Tracing Board, i.e., tjlanche a tracer, and that this term was applied not to
a Lodge Board, but to a true Tracing Beard, such as the inlaid or painted marble
boards, which I should not be surprised to discover were made in and imported from
France.

It is common ground that the members of these two bodies mingled together
very much during the last two decades of the eighteenth century, however much
they may have been at enmity at an earlier period.

I therefore think it quite feasible that confusion arose in the minds of the
brethren of one G.L. who visited Lodges belonging to the other G.L., and that it
resulted in the general adoption of the specious term Tracing Board, however
incorrect it may be to designate a Trestle or Lodge Board.

The entries that Bro. Calvert has produced shew that the marble Tract n;/
Boards (not Lodge Boards) were so called in 1785, and that four (out of the five)
he mentions belonged originally to Modern Ledges as well as the one mentioned
by Bro. Songhurst as belonging to No. 46 Old Union. This gives additional force
to my suggestion.

In France the term /'hutch r a tracer has been used since 1776, and is still
used to signify a Report of or Minutes of a Lodge meeting. 1

I agree with Bro. Kelly that during the past century the Mosaic Pavement
and the Tesselated Border were inseparable, but I do not think that they were so
in the eighteenth century.

If Bro. Lovegrove means by the phrase perpend =■ the perfectly square stone,
a stone square with the surfaces of the wall, I agree with him ; J?ut a perpend need
not necessarily be a cube, it is generally an oblong.

1 See Library Catalogue of the G.L. of Scotland 1906, p. 144, ct seq.

324 Transactions nf the Qmitiior Coron/iti Lixhje.

Whatever the word ashlar may mean now, it meant in the seventeenth
century and earlier a piece of unshaped stone, unless otherwise qualified.

I am afraid I cannot agree with Bro. Hextall's suggestion as to the meaning
of the word "drawer." I think the meaning of the quotations is that two
waiters were admitted as "serving brethren," which is more probable than two
draughtsmen being admitted within three months into the same Lodge. I
will even go further and suggest that " Tyler and Drawer " originally meant Tyler
and waiter, and that the Tyler, instead of sitting down to a comfortable dinner as
is the modern custom in London, assisted in serving refreshments as is still the
general custom in the smaller provincial towns.

Bro. Hextall's notes (as also those of Bros. Kelly and Gordon Hills) about
the Ark = the Lodge, opens up another story.

It will have been noticed that throughout my paper I have only made one
definite allusion to Royal Arch Masonry. I had hoped to write a further short
essay on the " Relationship between the Craft and R.A. Masonry in Early times,"
but at present the material is very meagre and unsatisfactory.

It must be remembered that for several decades before the Union the R.A.
degree was conferred uzider both of the G. Lodges, in one perhaps more often
than in the other. It is possibly owing to that fact that one finds on the early
Craft Lodge Boards, such items as the Sacrifices of Abraham and David, the
Burning Bush, Aaron's Rod, the Pot of Manna, the Jar of Incense, the Trowel,
etc., all of which are now, in conjunction with the Ark of the Covenant, only found
in connection with the R.A. (At least, they should be, although the practice is
falling into desuetude in England.)

The questions arise : (a) Were the.se symbols used during the eighteenth
century in connection with Craft Masonry, or (b) Do they appear on the Craft Lodge
Boards as R.A. symbols on account of that degree being worked in the Lodge to
which those Lodge Boards belonged ?

I am not able to answer either of these questions definitely.
If the answer to (a) be in the affirmative, as I am inclined to think at
present it should be, when and under what circumstances were they relegated to
the R.A. ? And since when and why have they fallen into such general disuse in
the R.A. ?

Now for the application of this digression.

I have a perfectly open mind about the " Lodge " in some connections being
synonymous with an Ark. It is quite possible and more than probable, and I should
not be surprised if the box described by Bro. Gordon Hills as still being used in
the Etonian Lodge at Windsor, is a " Lodge " or " Ark."

In the same way as I should expect to find old (generally disused)
ceremonies and a purer ritual in an old-fashioned out-of-the-way village, where
the Lodge has been adamantine against modern attempts to uniformity of working,
so should I there expect to find a genuine Lodge or Ark.

I think that to the three ordinarilv accepted Masonic meanings of the word
Lodge we may add two if not three more, viz., 1, Lodge=The Form of the Lodge;
2, Lodge = Lodge Board; 3, Lodge = Ark.

I have already replied to some of Bro. Gordon Hills' remarks. It would
be impolitic for me to try to refute Bro. Gould's politic dictum. Verb sap.

The houpe dent flee could be applied reasonably to Craft or R.A. Masonry
if it were not for- the fatal word denteUe,

Discussion. 325

Bro. Hills' note about Perpend needs attention in reading. Perpend only
seems to be derived from the word perpendicular. As a matter of fact, the two
words had originally nothing in common, as parpend or perpend is derived from
per and pnn>ws,-i.e., through the cloth or wall.

I am afraid I must lay stress on the word Perpend. 1 As I have stated
above, I cannot find that ashlar meant anything else in the seventeenth century
but a lump of unwrought stone, and that the word perfect, in combination with
it, would convey no meaning to an Operative Mason.

I think that pirrre ciibiqiie a point is a mis-translation through ignorance
of " broached dornal," however excusable it may be.

It was unconsciously that I belaboured the identification of the heavy maul.
It arose thiswise. I exhibited some of these slides a year or two ago at Portland,
where many of the brethren were associated with the quarries, and when I pointed
out the difference between the long-handled maul and the short-handled maul, they
immediately introduced me to the heavy beetle, which they affirmed was the tool
depicted on the Lodge Boards. The square and other jewels exhibited in their
Lodge were genuine operative tools, two feet or more in height, but I must admit
a heavy beetle was not among them.

I have received a very amusing letter from Bro. A. Cadbury Jones (which
I am sorry I have misplaced) in which he gives a modern instance of prothesis.
A preceptor recently asked him if he could identify the plant ' vacacia,' as it did
not appear in any dictionary. When told that he mispronounced the word, the
preceptor gave the usual official stereotyped reply that he had been taught to
pronounce it so forty years ago, and ergo it was correct. Bro. Jones, bearing in
mind my remarks on the subject, pointed out that the preceptor had unconsciously
added the 'v' sound from 'of' to acacia and thus coined a new word. The
resulting falling upon one another's necks must have been laughable.

I have to thank Bros. Francis, Hope, Gough, and Bate for their useful
notes. I have also to thank, in addition to those brethren previously mentioned,
our late W.M. Bro. F. W. Levander, Bro. Hextall, and, above all, Bro. W. J.
Songhurst, for the great assistance they have given me in sending me notes at
various times. The last-named, has, as is his wont', been unsparing in his sugges-
tions, out-spoken in his criticisms, but very long-suffering in the many calls I have
made on his patience and knowledge.

I need hardly say that I shall be glad to receive any relevant quotations
from unpublished records that brethren may find, for I think that I have only
explored the fringes of the subject and that many developments may arise.

I cannot close without saying how very beneficial it is to students to be
able to place their views before the Q.C. Lodge, where they are sure to find
impartial but fair criticism, entirely free from acrimony and jealousy, and ready
assistance from every interested brother. Brethren, I thank you.

1 1 find I have omitted to draw attention to throe instances of the word ' diamond '
in connection with early Masonry which have given much trouble to students and which
1 think are entirely due to an editorial attempt to correct a corrupt form of ' perpend.'
The first occurs in the Flying Post, No. 4712, 1723. How many precious Jewels are there
in Masonry? Four; Sauare, Astler, Diamond and Common Square. The second occurs
in the Grand Mystery of Freemasons Discover' it, 1724. How many precious Jewels?
Three; a square Asher, a Diamond and a Square. The third occurs in Masonry Disecteil,
1730. Jachin and Boaz I have seen,

A Master Mason I was made most rare.

With diamond, ashler and the square.
The last quotation I think clinches the question,

326

Transactions of the (Juatuor Coronati Lodge.

FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES, AS A FREEMASON.

BY BRO. ALFRED F. BOBBINS, P.G.D., Pres. B.G'.P.

HE question put by Bro. Wonnacott in A.Q.G. xxix., 73, " How
is it he [Frederick, Prince of Wales] was entertained as a Mason
at the Devil Lodge in 1731 1 " seeing that the always accepted
date of his initiation was 1737, was prompted by an undated
extract from an unnamed newspaper of the earlier year. As the
matter is one of considerable interest to the Craft, because
Frederick was the first Prince of Wales to join our Order, it is

worth close investigation, the fruit of which, as pursued by myself, shall now be

given.

This starts from the point that the suggested dates " [Thurs.] Dec. 2nd
? 1731 " are erroneous, except as to the queried year. I have searched every daily
and weekly journal of the period which apparently remains in existence; and I
find the following paragraph, the only one of the kind, in The Daily Post of
Saturday, December 4, 1731, placed at the top of the news headed "London":

" Last Night his Serene Highness the Duke of Lorrain, the Prince of
Wales, and several of the Nobility were at a Lodge of Free-Masons at
the Devil Tavern near Temple-Bar, where they were handsomely enter-
tained by the Brethren."

If this visit really took place — and the statement is extremely precise,
though I shall show later my reason for doubting its details — it came towards the
close of a day of pleasure-taking by the Duke of Lorraine, then nearly at the end
of a prolonged semi-State visit to this country, the principal incident in which day's
enjoyment is thus recorded in The Daily Advertiser of the same December 4:

" The same Day [ Yesterday = December 3] his Eoyal Highness the Duke
of Lorrain, accompanied by Count Kinski and several Persons of Distinc-
tion, went to the French Play-House in the Hay-Market, and saw a
Battle fought between the two Noted Champions, viz. Mr. Figg and
Mr. Sparks, which was fought with great Spirit and Dexterity, whereby
they gain'd great Applause, and Mr. Figg carry 'd the Day; after which
there was a famous Boxing-Match at the same Place."

The Daily Journal — strangely silent throughout the long visit concerning
the Duke's movements, about which its competitors were somewhat lavish — said
nothing concerning him on that December 4; but The Daily Courant, describing the

Frederick, Prince of Wales, as a Freemason. 327

attendance at the second match, threw a personal touch into its account which is
worth note :

' ' The Beauty and Judgment of the Sword was delineated in a very extra-
ordinary Manner by those two Champions [Figg and Sparks,] and with
very little Blood-shed. His Serene Highness was extremely pleas'd,
and express'd his intire Satisfaction and ordered them an handsome
Gratuity."

It is decidedly interesting to read, not only in the next column, but exactly
side by side with this, a publisher's advertisement, in which the following were the
fifth and sixth items in the second and enlarged edition of " A Collection of Recipes
and Letters lately inserted in The Daily Journal," the other four being concerned
with cures for the gout, whooping cough, and certain ailments and nuisances better
left undescribed :

" 5. The Mystery of Masonry, as publish'd in the Daily Journal, with
the several Letters on that Occasion.

" 6. The Origine of Free Masonry in England together with the Clause
made against their Meetings and Combinations in the Reign of
Henry VI.

" Collected for the Sake of such as would keep by them these efficacious
and salutary Prescriptions. And of such Free Masons as are desirous
to convince the World, that nothing Criminal, or greatly Indecent, is
practised at their Meetings, as has been, surmiz'd by many credulous
Persons of both Sexes, Ill-willers to the Fraternity.

" Printed for T. Warner, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row.
Price 6d."

For something concerning the original of this publication, reference may be
made to A.Q.C., vol. xxix., p. 20.

At Ibid, p. 73, the date of the newspaper extract above given but there
unidentified is assigned to Thursday, December 2, 1731; but on Wednesday,
December 1 — as is attested by reports in The Daily Courant, The Daily Advertiser,
and The Daily Post of December 2 — the Duke of Lorraine dined with the Duke
of Norfolk at the latter's house in St. James's Square, the first journal testifying
that he had been " entertain'd in a most elegant Manner," the second that the
entertainment was " sumptuous," and the third that it was " most sumptuous and
magnificent." The Daily Advertiser added a point which would indicate that it
was not on that evening that the Duke of Lorraine, in any case, would have had
leisure to attend any Masonic function, for after dinner he " retir'd some time, and
return'd to his Grace's House to be present at the Assembly, on which Occasion
it was expected there wou'd be a vast Concourse of the Nobility "; and that the
occasion was one of more than ordinary importance was proved by the fact, men-
tioned in Bead's Weekly Journal of the following Saturday, December 4, that
" several Persons of the first Rank and Foreign Ministers dined at Table with his
Highness."

It is not impossible, of course, to conjecture that at this great gathering
something of Freemasonry was talked of or arranged, as fehe Duke of Lorraine's

328 Transactions of the Qnatnor Coronati Lodge.

host had only recently laid down the Grand Mastership, in the course of which he
had shown his deep interest in the Craft. Head, of January 2, of this same
year, 1731, had recorded that:

" His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Grand Master of the Antient and
Honourable Order of Free-Masons, has presented to the Brotherhood
upwards of a hundred Pounds, in order to buy a handsome Sword of
State (which is to cost about 40/. and to be used at the Head Lodge
at their Making), a large Folio Book for entering the Names of all the
Brothers belonging to the several Lodges and for other Uses."

But to return to the alleged visit of the Prince of Wales to a Masonic
gathering at the Devil Tavern on December 3, 1731. Bro. Levander (A.Q.C.,
vol. xxix., p. 12) observed, concerning the special paragraph now under examina-
tion :

" The information is too vague to enable one to determine which Lodge
is meant, as members of several Lodges went to the Devil in that year ' ' ;

and Bro. Wonnacott, in correction, says that only one Lodge (No. 8) met there
at the time. But the real correction is that it was a Quarterly Communication of
Grand Lodge, which plainly was referred to, the official Minutes, as edited by Bro.
Songhurst (p. 210) giving details of the " Quarterly Communication held at the
Devil Tavern within Temple Bar on Friday December 3 d 1731."

The question at issue, however, is whether the Prince of Wales was present.
It may be that the Duke of Lorraine attended, for he is known to have been a
Mason at the time; but, on examination of the whole available testimony, I cannot
avoid the conclusion that the statement that he was accompanied by the Heir-
apparent was a slip of the contemporary journalist, and I have known such even
in these far better organized news-service days. It is not merely that so widely
interesting a circumstance was mentioned in only one newspaper, at a moment its
rivals were daily giving precise accounts of all the Duke of Lorraine's goings out
and comings in, but that I cannot trace any special association or kinship between
the Duke and the Prince which would have accounted for their being together on
such an occasion, half-a-dozen years before the latter, on the evidence available, is
known to have been a Mason.

What is that evidence ? There is the precise and detailed statement of
Anderson, in his 1738 edition of the Constitutions, that, at " an Occasional Lodeje,
held at the Prince, of Wales's Palace of Ketr near Richmond," on November 5,
1737, with Desaguliers as Master, "His Pot/a! Highness FRIDEKIC Prince of
Wales was in the usual Manner introduced, and Made an Knter'd Prentice and
Fellow Craft. Our said lloyal Brother FRIDERIC was made a |$ta*tet*
|ffela«i3« by the same Lodge, that assembled there again for that Purpose,
And ever since, both in the Grand Lodge and in particular Lodges, the F raternit >/
joyfully remember his Royal Highness and his Son, in the proper Manner."
As the son referred to, afterwards George III., was not born until May 24 (reckoned
as June 4 from the change of the Calendar in 1751,) 1738, and this particular
edition of the Constitutions was published in that year, the "ever since" is a
touch of Anderson's own grandiloquence which, more than anything, has rendered
suspect among many Masons some of his plain statements of fact that are correct.

Prederiek, I'rince of U ales, as a V reemason. 329

That his statement as to the date of the Prince of Wales's initiation is among these,
I have not the smallest doubt. It was recorded in a work specifically dedicated to
the Heir-apparent as " A Master MASON, and Master of a LODGE "; and it is
impossible to believe that Anderson, acting, as he declared, " By Order of the
Geand Lodge," could have dared fabricate either the statement in the dedication
or the narrative in the body of the work.

In dealing with a matter of this kind, however, it does not suffice to be con-
tent without obtaining corroborative testimony, if possible of . discovery. In the
present instance, it is possible, for in Read of Saturday, November 12, 1737, it
was recorded :

" We hear that on Saturday last [November 5] was held at Kew a Lodge
of Free-Masons, where Dr. Desaguliers presided, when there were
admitted several Persons of high Distinction as Brethren of that Order."

The Prince of -Wales, it is to be noted, was at that time in residence at
Kew, and was not to return to his town house in St. James's Square until the
December ; and Read always was favoured with friendly paragraphs concerning
him and his movements, as, for example, its announcement on the preceding
October 29:

" We hear that his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales is to have his
Guards again, when his Royal Higlmess's Family comes to Town for
the Winter."

That the carefully-worded paragraph in Read, which conveyed information
only to those who could read between the lines, has escaped the notice of Masonic
historians until now, must be set down to its marked reticence. But that was a
moment when such caution was specially desirable in the Prince's own interests,
for he was being bitterly assailed on various hands and for divers causes. In the
very month of his initiation, sneering or slanderous or, at the best, depreciatory
statements concerning him were appearing in The Country Journal, Or, The Crafts-
man and The Grub-street Journal ; and it may well have been that, while glad to
ally himself with so growingly powerful a section of society as the Freemasons were
then becoming, he was not desirous of arousing, perhaps, further controversy con-
cerning his movements by allowing the step he had taken to be publicly emphasized.
The fact of his initiation, however, remains, and can continue to be accepted as
having been at Kew on Saturday, November 5, 1737.

330 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodije.

OBITUARY.

T is with great regret that the death of the following Brethren is
announced : —

Robert Jeffreys Beamish, of Gravesend, in July, 1915.
He had held the office of Provincial Assistant Grand Director of
Ceremonies in Kent, and also that of Provincial Grand Standard
Bearer (R.A.). Bro. Beamish was elected to membership of.qur
Correspondence Circle in 1903.

Capt. William Pyt Bennett, E.G. A., of Kirkee, who was killed in action
on the 15th July, 1916. Bro. Bennett was a Member of the Aldershot Army and
Navy Lodge No. 1971, and of the Correspondence Circle since June, 1912.

W. J. G. Bkirree, of Durban, Natal, in February, 1915. Bro. Burree was

elected to membership of our Correspondence Circle in November, 1911.

Councillor Norman Buchanan, of Osborne House, Yeovil, who died on
17 th January, 1916, from the effects of an accident. He was born on the Island
of Lewis in the Hebrides on the 30th December, 1857. In 1889 he established a
business at Yeovil. In 1912 he was elected Mayor, being re-elected in each of the
following three years. Bro. Buchanan was initiated in the Lodge of Brotherly
Love No. 329 in 1895; in 1905 was installed Master, and subsequently held the
office of Treasurer for three years, and for the past seven years acted as Secretary.
He was P.Pr.G.W. of Somerset, D.C. of the Somerset Masters' Lodge No. 3746,
and a member of the Dorset Masters' Lodge No. 3366, and the St. Mary Lodge
No. 707, joining our Correspondence Circle in January, 1914.

Frank Dodd, of 2, Pump Court, Temple, London, E.C., on Monday, 31st
July, 1916, at the age of 58. The funeral took place on Wednesday, 2nd August,
at Kensal Rise Cemetery. Bro. Dodd was born at Bradford, Yorks., in Septem-
ber, 1857; and was initiated in The Friendship Lodge No. 206, London. He
joined the Jubilee Masters Lodge No. 2712, London, on 19th June, 1903, and
became its Master in 1911. He was exalted in the Hope and Unity Chapter
No. 214, of which he became Z. In Grand Lodge he held the appointment of
Assistant Grand Registrar in 1909, and in Grand Chapter that of Deputy Grand
Registrar in 1913; and he was Vice-President of the R.M.B.I., and Life Governor
of the two Educational Institutions. He became a member of our Correspondence
Circle in October, 1910.

Charles Fursman Efford, of Bombay, on the 14th June, 1916; a Pass
Master of the Lodge of Truth No. 944, and a member of Emulation Lodge No. 1100,
Past District Grand Organist and District Grand Chaplain (Bombay). He became
a member of the Correspondence Circle in June, 1909.

John Frederick Hamlyn, of Rivermead, Bray, Berks., who died on the
23rd June, 1915. Pie was a Past Master of the Brixton Ramblers Lodge No. 3347,
and a member of our Correspondence Circle since June, 1911.

John Haviland, M.A., erf Bognor, on the 27th June, 1916. He held the
offices of Past Grand Deacon in the Craft, and Past Assistant Grand Sojourner in

Obit navy. 331

the R.A. In November, 1904, he was admitted to membership of our Correspon-
dence Circle.

Ferdinand Krasa, of West Hampstead, London, N.W., on the 25th May,

1915, who was a member of the Red Rose of Lancaster Lodge No. 1504, and joined
the Correspondence Circle in January, 1899.

Thomas Stirling Lee, a well known sculptor, of Chelsea, on the 28th June, '

1916, in the sixtieth year of his age. Bro. Lee was a Past Master of the Old
Westminsters' Lodge No. 2233, and held the rank of Assistant Grand Superin-
tendent of Works of England. He became a member of the Correspondence Circle
in January, 1906.

F. A. Lindsay-Smith, of Regents Park, London, N.W., on the 19th June,
1915; a member of the Shakespear Lodge No. 99, and of our Correspondence
Circle since March, 1914.

The Rev. Charles Edward Little, of the Vicarage, Lumb-in-Rossendale,
on the 6th June, 1916. Our Brother was a Past Master of the Lodge of Hospitality
No. 1697 and Past Provincial Grand Chaplain, East Lancashire, and was elected
to our Correspondence Circle in May of this year.

Cuthbert Walter Mapleton, of Schubert Road, Putney, S.W. P.M. of
the Argonauts Lodge No. 2243, and a member of the Lodge of Unions No. 256.
Bro. Mapleton had been appointed to London Rank, and in June, 1890, was
elected to our Correspondence Circle. He died in 1916.

Theo, Michell, of Bournemouth, on 15th February, 1916. He held the
rank of Past District Grand Superintendent, Madras, and had been a member of
our Correspondence Circle since November, 1903.

John Miller, at 25, Roxborough Avenue, Harrow, on the 20th July, 1916,
in his 76th year. Our Brother held the rank of Past District Grand Warden and
Past District Grand Sojourner in the Argentine Republic, and had been a member
of our Correspondence Circle since January, 1901.

William Miller, P.Pr.G.D.C, and Ass.G.D.C. (R.A.) Hants, and I. of W.,
who died at his residence, Mount Edgcombe, Denville, Havant, in April, 1916.
He joined the Correspondence Circle in March, 1904, having been initiated in the
Royal Sussex Lodge No. 342 in 1865. He subsequently joined the United Service
Lodge No. 1428, Portsmouth, the Temperance Lodge No. 2068, and the Hamp-
shire Lodge of Emulation No. 1990, in all of which he served as Master, and held
the rank of P.Z. in the United Service Chapter No. 1428.

• William Peers, of Hoole, Cheshire, in 1916. Bro. Peers, who joined our
Correspondence Circle in May, 1905, was a Past Master of Independence Lodge
No. 721, and had held the office of Provincial Grand Treasurer.

Jose Fernandez Pellon, of Havana, Cuba, on 3rd July, 1916, in the 64th
year of his age. He was a Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge, and had been
Grand Secretary for thirteen years. In the Supreme Council 33° A.A.S.R. he
was Grand Minister of State. Greatly beloved by the Craft as a learned man and
Mason, his funeral was a fraternal demonstration of love and esteem. By profes-
sion he was a lawyer, and occupied the Government position of Diplomatic Counsel-
lor of the State Department. He joined the Correspondence Circle in May, 1893.

332 Ti'inix/irtioiix af tlif Quatiior Corona ti Lout/?.

George Alfred Pickering, of the Guildhall, London, in 1914, who had held
the office of Grand Steward, and was a Past Master of the St. Alban's Lodge No. 29,
having been a member of our Correspondence Circle since March, 1892.

Herbert Pilkington, of Chesterfield. He was a Past Master of Scarsdale
Lodge No. 681, and a member of the Perseverance Lodge No. 573, and held the
rank of P.Pr.G.R. in Derbyshire. He died on the 24th November, 1916, having
been elected as a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1914.

The Rev. James Holme Pilkington, of Framlingham, Suffolk, on the 28th
December, 1916, at the age of 60 years, Past Grand Chaplain, Deputy Provincial
Grand Master, and Grand Superintendent of Suffolk. Bro. Pilkington was
initiated in the Fidelity Lodge No: 555 in 1888, and became a member of our
Correspondence Circle in June, 1903.

Hermann Balthazar Ritz, M.A., of Hobart, Tasmania, in March, 1916.
He held the rank of Past Grand Chaplain, and that of Past Deputy Provincial
Grand Superintendent, under the Scottish Constitution. He became a member of
our Correspondence Circle in October, 1907.

Robert Roy, of London, on 25th June, 1916. Bro. Roy was a member of
the Isaac Newton Lodge No. 859, and Past Provincial Grand Pursuivant, Cam-
bridgeshire. He was an earnest Rosicrucian, being a founder of the University
College, S.R.I. A., Cambridge, and a very prominent member of the Metropolitan
College, having served in all its offices. His membership of our Correspondence
Circle dates as far back as 1888. His funeral took place at the Old Fulham Church,
on 29th June.

William Mitchell Shaver, of Topeka, Kansas, who died in 1916, in his 56th
year, after a period of six weeks' failing health. By his death is removed one of
the best teachers of Masonry in the State of Kansas. He was initiated at Newton
in 1882, advancing through the various offices until he was made Master of his
Lodge in 1887. He was a member of the Magnolia Lodge No. 231, afterwards
consolidated with the Newton Lodge No. 142. In 1890, he was appointed Deputy
Grand Master of Grand Lodge, and in 1897 was honoured by the post of Grand
Master. In January, 1906, he was made Secretary of the Scottish Rite Bodies, a
position he occupied until his death. His election to our Correspondence Circle
took place in January, 1903.

Edward Teare Taubman, of Brown County, South Dakota, U.S.A., in
January, 1916. Bro. Taubman held the rank of Past Master of Lodge No. 38,
and was a member of Chapter No. 14. In May, 1895, he was elected to member-
ship of our Correspondence Circle.

Charles James Thompson, of Beckenham, on 4th July, 1915. He was
appointed to London Rank, and was a Past Master of the Lombardian Lodge
No. 2348, joining our Correspondence Circle in October, 1908.

Mark Anthony Toomey, of Chatswood, N.S.W., in May, 1916. Bro.
Toomey held the appointment of Past Deputy Grand Secretary for N.S.W., and
joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1906, and acted for several years as
our Local Secretary.

Edward H. Wolfe, of Rushville, Indiana, on 21st August, 1916. Inspector
of Lodges. He joined our Correspondence Circle in March, 1912,

FRIDAY, 6th OCTOBER, 1916.

HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. W.
Wonnacott, W.M. ; W. B. Hextall, l.P.M. ; F. W. Levander, S.W. ;
Gordon Hills, as J.W. ; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain; W. J.
Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C., Secretary; Dr. Wynn Westeott, P.G.D., P.M.;
and J. H. McNaughton, Tyler.

Also the following members of the Correspondence Circle: —
Bros. Hugh 0. Knowles, John E. Fawcett, George Elkington, J. H.
Seakins, Herbert Burrows, A. E. Robinson, H. E. Sadler, Percy
Allen, B. T. Crew, John Church, Percy G. Mallory, A.G.D.C, J. Heron Lepper, A. J.
Prewer, A. F. Calvert. Walter Dewes, J. R. H. Inkster, Walter H. Brown. P. G. Stew.,
John Hobinson, F. T. Boniface, A. H. Dymond, G. A. Greene, S. J. Fenton, L. G.
Wearing, Rev. H. G. Rosedale, P.G.Ch.. C. Gough, W. F. Keddell, S. AV. Rodgers,
Thos. B. Band, Digby L. Cropper, A. C. Beal, James Powell, P. A. G. Beg., J. S. Stacey,
1). Taylor, L. Danielsson., J. Walter Hobbs, W. Hammond, and F. W. Mitchell.

Also the following visitors: — Bros. E. G. Barling, of the Gooch Lodge No. 1295;
J. I). Goble, of the Lodge of Research No. 200 (T.C.); and G. A. AVebzelL of the Duke
of Edinburgh Lodge No. 1259.

Letters of apology for non-attendance wevv reported from Bros. Hamon le Strange,
Pr.G.M., Norfolk; E. Cornier, Sir Albert Markham. P.Dis.G.M.. Malta; Count Goblet
d'Alviella ; S. T. Klein; G. Greiner, P.A.G.D.C. ; William AVatson ; F. J. W. Crowe,
P.A.G.D.C.; Cecil Powell; E. Armitage, P.Dep.G.D.C. ; J. T. Thorp, P.A.G.D.C;
J. E. S. Tuckett; Thos. J. Westropp ; and H. F. Berry, I.S.O.

Bro. Frederick William Levander, P.Pr.G.W., Middlesex, was elected as Master
of the Lodge for the ensuing year; and Bro. Hamon le Strange, Pr.G.M!., Norfolk, was
re-elected as Treasurer. Bro. J. H. McNaughton was re-elected Tyler.

One Lodge, one Library, and forty Brethren were admitted to membership of
the Correspondence Circle.

334 Transactions of the Quattmr Coronati Lodge.

The Secretary called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.

By Bro. Seymour Bell, P.G.D., Dcp.Pr.G.M., Northumberland.

Medal. English Lodge of Bordeaux. Marvin, LXXII. ; HZC, 492.

Marvin, CCXXXY. ; HZC, 493.

,, St. Antoine du parfait contentement.

Marvin, CCCXXXVI1I. ; HZC, 755.

Cambaceres. Marvin. LIV. ; HZC, 467.

La Parfaite Fnion, Douai. Marvin, CXVIII. ; HZC, 502.

La Parfaite Reunion, Paris. Marvin, CLX. ; HZC, 624.

Grand Orient of France. Marvin, DCI. ; HZC, 707.

Commandeurs de Mont Thabor. Marvin, CXLIX. ; HZC, 731.

St. George, Hamburg. Marvin, CXIII. ; HZC, 97.
,, Five Lodges, Hamburg. Marvin, CXV. ; HZC, 102.

L. A. von Guionneau, Berlin. Marvin, OCCLIX. ; HZC, 12.
,, Lodge Jonathan, Brunswick. Marvin, V. ; HZC, 27.

,, Frederick, Crown Prince of Prussia. Marvin, CCCLXIT. ; HZC, 15.

Masonic Halfpenny Token.

By Bro. W. K. Thomas, Bristol.

Linen Handkerchief, about 29" x 26", with design printed from an engraved
plate. In the centre an emblematical group of Faith, Hope and Charity, pillars repre-
senting Orders of Architecture, an Arch with prominent Keystone, etc., in a Chippendale
border. Within this border at the foot is the Inscription: — "By permission of the
R:W:G:M: Engrav'd by Bro r Dent, Ball Alley, Lombard Street, London. Mary
AVare, Excudit, Crayford, Kent."

Around this central design are grouped the emblems of the Master, Past Master,
Wardens, Treasurer and Secretary, with the dates A.L. 5769 and A.D. 1769.

The Handkerchief has an ' indented ' border within which are verses from the
song "Hail Masonry! Thou Craft divine! " the last bringing in the name of the Duke
of Beaufort, who was Grand Master of the Moderns 1767-1771. (See illustrations.)

By Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett, Marlborough.

Printed Circular dated Freemasons' Hall, 17th July, 1830, addressed to "356.
The Master of the Lodge of Loyalty of Freemasons, Private Room, Marlborough," as
follows : —

W. Master,

We are commanded by the M.W. Grand Master, His Royal Highness
the Duke of Sussex, to state, for the information of the Craft at large, that
it is contrary to the Regulations of the Order for any Private Lodge to
present any Petition or Address to the Throne : and that when any Address
is voted by a Provincial Grand Lodge it must be forwarded by the Provincial
Grand Master to the Grand Secretary, in order that the M.W. Grand Master
may take the proper steps to submit the same to His Majesty.

Exhibits. 335

Upon the present melancholy Occasion of the Decease of His late Most

Gracious Majesty King George the Fourth, the Patron of the Order, all Lodges

are to be put into Mourning until the end of the present Year, that is to say,

the Collars of all the Officers are to be covered with Black Crape, and every

Brother will wear Black Gloves and place three Black Rosettes upon his

Apron.

With fraternal regard, we are,

W. Master,

Your faithful Brothers,

Will 111 H. White, \

f G.S.
Edw. Harpek, '

The Regulations as to Mourning will be noted as differing from those in force at
the present day. The Lodge of Loyalty, to which this cony of the Circular was sent, was
originally The Wilts Militia Lodge No. 282, started in 1784. It went out of existence in
1834. The "Private Room" was at the Royal Oak, in the High Street, Marlborough,
and the Master of the Lodge at the time was Bro. Charles Roff. For further particulars
of the Lodge see Bro. Tuckett's Xutes on Freemasonry in the Town of Marlborough,
1768-1831,, p. 25, et seq.

By Bro. T. Francis, Hyde, l.W.

Nine Jewels from his collection, as follows : —

1. Circular Jewel, engraved, dated 1763.

2. Oval Jewel, pierced, dated 1767.

3. Oblong Jewel, engraved, with cypher J.E.B., and name — John Benjamin.

4. Circular Jewel, engraved,— John Rutter. No. 238, Chorley. No. 238 was

a Lodge of the Antients, meeting at Chorley from 1787. It lapsed
before 1838.

5. Oval Jewel, engraved, — M. McDonough.

6. Oval Jewel, engraved, — Lennox Lodge No. 165. 5801. The name of the

original owner has been erased. The Lodge was constituted by the
Moderns in 1763, and is now No. 123, meeting at Richmond, Yorkshire.

7. Oval Jewel, engraved, no name or date.

y. ,. ., ,, •, ■., .-.. .■>

(See Illustrations.)

The following papers were read : —

By Bro. W. Wynn Westcott, on "The Resemblances of Freemasonry to
the Cult of Mithra."

By Bro. Gordon Hills, on "Side Lights on Freemasonry from the
Autobiographies of John Britton, F.S.A. (1771-1857), and the Rev. Richard
Warner (1763-1857)."

336

Transactions of the. Quatnor Coronati Lodge.

THE RESEMBLANCES OF FREEMASONRY TO THE

CULT OF MITHRA.

BY BED. WM. Wl'Xy V.'ESTCOTT, P.M., 2070 and <S7.f; l'.C.l): ,10°

ANY writers have exercised their ingenuity in finding points of
resemblance between Freemasonry, its ideals and ceremonies,
and. certain older institutions whether religious or civil. Some
have gone beyond the assertion of resemblances and have
declared that Freemasonry, as we know it to-day, has descended
from these Institutions, or has been beholden to them for its
inspiration and for many peculiarities of doctrine and pro-
cedure.
Freemasonry has been affiliated by essayists to the Ancient Mysteries of
Egypt and Greece, to the Collegia of Eome, to the Essene Brotherhood and to the
Culdees of old, as well as to the much later Vehm-Gerichte of Westphalia, the
Steinmetzen, the Trade Guilds, the French Compagnonage and the Rosicrucians ;
even our origin from the Celtic Druids of Britain and Normandy has been inferred.
I have upon a former occasion expressed my dissent from the assertion that
modern Freemasonry has relation to the Essene Fraternity, which practised a form
of ultra-strict Judaism, and whose members were celibates who lived in almost
monkish seclusion about the time of the establishment of the Christian religion.

In these notes upon the Cult of Mithra (Persian), Mithras (Greek) or Mitra
(Sanscrit), the " Genius of the Heavenly Light," I shall show that this ancient
Persian religion spread in the course of time to Europe, and has left its traces in
ruined temples and sculptures, which have been found in Italy, Germany, France,
and even in England. In Greece its remains are few, because the Greeks hated the
Persians with whom they had many Wars, and so they did not tend to adopt a
Persian cult. It was not only a form of Faith and rule of conduct openly pro-
fessed, but it also gave secret Initiation to its priests and more learned worshippers.
This institution made use of secret temples and mysterious ceremonial of a
religious and moral nature, was of pre-Christian origin, and had as part of its
system a mode of progress by grades or stages, each with its mystical and symbolic
name, available for its devotees, but there does not appear to me to be any basis
for the suggestion that the origin of Freemasonry had any relation to it, for almost
all that is known of Mithraism is of quite recent discovery, due to archaeological
and architectural research among the ruins of many countries.

Antecedent to modern investigations there was but little available informa-
tion upon the origin and doctrines of Mithraism, the worship of Mithra as the Sun
God; reliance was placed upon short notices to be found in the " De Iside et
Osiride " and " Life of Pompey " by Plutarch, who died A.D. 120. It is referred
to by Porphyry, who died A.D. 305, in his " Cave of the Nymphs " and in his " De
Abstinentia " ; and bv Nonims in his " Dionvsiaca " about 410. The Christian

The llese.mhhuices of F reemaxonry to the Cult of Mithra. 337

Fathers St. Jerome, who died A.T). 420, Tertulliau, in his Be Corona and De
pnescriptione llnr':ticonim : about 200, and Justin Martyr, 160, give short accounts
condemning the Mithraic cult as a form of paganism.

These notices were in the last century commented on by encyclopaedists and
by writers on forms of religion, and were fancifully exaggerated by some mystics,
as by Eliphaz Levi, and were mentioned by Masonic authors such as Kenneth
Mackenzie and R. F. Gould, also quoted by C W. King from the Gnostic point of
view, and by Hammer Purgstall, the German critic, in his " Mithraica," 1833.
Montfaucon, in his splendidly illustrated twelve volumes of " L'Antiquite
Eipliquee," 1719, furnishes numerous plates of ancient Mithraic sculptures.
Thomas Hyde, on the remains of the Religiou of Ancient Persia (1700), may be
consulted, and G. R. S. Mead has printed A Mithraic liitual, 1907.

The most complete account of Mithraic remains is to be found in the works
of Frank Cumont " Textes et Monuments figures relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra,"
1896-99, and " Les Mysteres de Mithra," : 1913. Cumont was a Professor at the
University of Ghent.

A summary of recent discoveries and opinions has been written by F. Legge,
and also a valuable essay by H. Stuart Jones.

It was generally stated that the worship of Mithra originated from Zend,
Iranian or Persian Mazdeism, a religion founded by Zoroaster, also called
Zarathrustra, who was an inspired sage about whom nothing definite is known,
but it is considered that he flourished about 700 B.C. The Avesta or Zendavesta
is the sacred volume associated with this religion. Modern researches have led to
the opinion that the cult of Mithras as a Sun God must have preceded the founda-
tion of the Zoroastrian religion by many hundred years, even before; the Aryan
race separated into Western and Indian branches; at any rate, his name is found
both in the Zend Avesta and the Vedas of 'the Hindoos. . ■ ■

Mithra worship may. have sprung from the cult of the Magi of Media, a
nationality which was dominant before that of Persia. The Medes and Persians
were famous nations of Western Asia for many centuries, and the boundaries of
their Empire varied greatly from age to age : Media became subject to Persia
about 560 B.C., while Persia remained a notable Empire until it was conquered
by the Mohammedan Arabs about 640, A.D. The present-day Parsees of India
are now the only representatives of the Zoroastrian faith. They hold a festival
in honour of Mithra on the 16th day of the 7th month, but there are now no
worshippers of Mithra alone. Mithraism spread from its home in Asia through
Greece and its colonies into Italy, and became in Rome itself as famous as that of
its Egyptian competitor the cult of Serapis. It extended over a great part of
South aud Western Europe and even reached Britain, being spread by the Roman
soldiers who adopted the worship of Mithra in great numbers; they were intro-
duced to this cult at the period of Pompey in his wars with Cilicia. Botli of these
cults were, however, abolished by the domination of Christianity under the
Emperor Constantine about A.D. 330.

The God of this world, according to Zoroaster, was Ahura Mazda, King of
Light and Spirit of the Sun, often called Ormuzd by English authors — a great being
having many resemblances to the old Hebrew Mosaic ideal of Jehovah. The cult
was at first, at any rate, a monotheistic one, but later became dualistic, prominence
being given to the existence and powers of an evil Deity named Angra Mainyus,
the Evil Mind, also called Ahriman, who is always in conflict with the God of Good.

338 Transact io it 8 of the Qiiatuor Curonatt Lodge.

We find references also made to a veiled Deific Principle, shrouded in mystery,
superior even to Ormuzd, the Creator and World Ruler. He was named in the
' Vendidad " — Zervana Akarana, or Zervan Akerene, "Eternal Light" or
possibly " Boundless Time," of whom nothing can be conceived, known or declared
— a Supreme Being without attributes or qualities comprehensible to man. He is
the Absolute, the Sat of the Vedantists and the Ain Suph of the Kabalists of
mediaeval Judaism. He may have been considered as the source from whom first
the Good God Ormuzd, and later Ahriman the Evil Principle, came forth after
the creation of this world. The Zoroastrian faith postulated the subsequent
appearance by Emanation of Six Ameshaspentas or Amshaspands springing from
Ormuzd and making with him a Septenary of Powers; these great Beings may be
compared with the Christian ideas of Archangels. Then followed a second series
of Angelic Emanations named the Izeds or Yazatas (adored ones), who were
twenty-eight in number, of whom the earlier Sun God Mithra was called the First
and Chief; he was the invincible hero fighting the evil powers. A third series
then followed, and were named the Ferouers, who were unlimited in number.
C. W. King, in his work upon the Gnostics, looks upon these as the Active Thoughts
of God. The evil being Ahriman also produced a numerous progeny of wicked
spirits, but he was cast down by Ormuzd from his high estate. He is comparable
to the Christian ideal of Satan as the Devil.

Ormuzd, the Creator, formed the world and set life upon it; the same Zend
word meant both " Life " and a " Bull," which was the Persian symbol of this
World. Ahriman destroyed the first World-Being, but from its elements Ormuzd
formed the first human pair; these were tempted by Ahriman (or Arimanes) and
fell, and so their descendants were ever after exposed to the malice of Ahriman,
the Evil Being, as the great Tempter.

This scheme of thought obviously led to the idea that a Saving Grace must
be put into action, and the Sun God Mithra, who was at first by the Zoroastrians
considered only as one of the Izeds, became worshipped as a God and as the
Saviour of mankind from the effects of its fall from grace.

It has been suggested that the later Mithraism was Mazda worship, greatly
influenced by Chaldean astrological notions. The name Mitra is the ancient
Sanskrit Indian word for the Sun, and it is said by C. W. King to be also the
Zend (Iranian) word meaniug the Sun; the word Mitra in also meant " friend."
Many students have associated Mithra with Apollo, the Sun God, Phoebus,
Hyperion, Phanes and Dionysos of the Greeks, as well as with Fire and Light
as sources of benevolent force and energy; he is distinctly related to the Indian
Vedic Varuna, God of the Heavens — the Greek Ouranos and the Chaldee Shamas.

As the cult of Mithra arising anew from the Persian faith spread into
Europe, the great First Powers appear to have been gradually lost sight of, while
the Saviour Mithras became exalted into the position of Godhead; in this manner
Mithraism rose to be a separate religion, gave rise to a form of Mystery worship,
developed a priesthood and formulated a system of secret Initiation of which only
a few titles and sketchy outlines have come down to us from Greek and Latin
authors.

An attentive study of architectural remains has, as I have already
mentioned, added fresh light to these old notices; from these sources I have taken
these notes upon Mithraic mystic rites, in which some see an origin of the Masonic
ideal.

The Rexemhlmices of Freema-tonry to the Cult of Mithra. 339

Mithraic religious worship was commonly conducted in caves or grottoes to
secure its secrecy, or in temples (xpelaea) built to resemble the natural caves used in
earlier times, and from the period of its introduction to Greek and Roman countries
statuary formed a constant feature ; in these caves have been discovered numerous
sculptured bas-reliefs illustrating scenes in the life of Mithra. While Christians
demolished these buildings very thoroughly, yet sufficient remains have been found
to illustrate the legend of Mithra pretty completely. In Britain even some
fragments have been found ; in London, while digging a sewer near Walbrook,
several portions of white marble sculpture, now preserved at the London Museum ;
others at Caerleon upon Usk; Chester; York, the old Eboracum; Housesteads,
the old Borcovicum near Hadrian's Wall, and at Rochester, the old yindobala,
near Elsdon, both in Northumberland. The British Museum has secured a very
perfect bas-relief from Asia. In Germany at Saalburg, Osterburken, Heddernheim,
etc. At Merida in Spain and Patrae in Greece.

The most constant design is that called Tauroctonia, which represents
Mithras slaying a Bull by stabbing, and he is wearing a pointed, so-called Phrygian
cap. The central act of worship was probably the annual slaying of a Bull in
commemoration of the great and symbolic slaying of the World-Bull by this World
Saviour. The Mithraic temples were always small, and where devotees were
numerous man)' were constructed ; classical authors call these places by the words
antrum, crt/pta, and apelaenm. In some places there was a pronaox, or fore-court,
then stone steps leading down into a vault :• these were often under private
dwellings. In Rome were found 75 pieces of sculpture and 100 inscriptions, and
there are remains of Mithraic places of worship under the Church of Ara Caeli
and San Clemente. At Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber four crypts are known
by their ruins, and the one found there by Cavaliere Lanciana is the most perfect
known (Seethe "Athenaeum," 1886).

From the details left by the Greek and Latin authors, supplemented by a
study of the still-existing sculptures, it has been found possible to describe at
least five sculptured scenes which, taken together, illustrate the myth or legend
of the Mithraic cult.

1. The Birth of Mithras. He is represented as springing from a rock,
wearing a pointed cap and holding a dagger and a torch, sometimes a
solitarv figure, in other cases two men like shepherds are the witnesses
of the Miraculous Birth : hence M. was called in ancient stone inscrip-
tions — petra t/enctrix, tlieox e.r petras (Firmicus Maternus) and
petnxjenex Mithras. In some designs the two men are torch-bearers,
one holding up his torch, the other holding his down. A serpent with
an egg in some cases lies around the rock.

2. Mithras and the Tree. He stands beside a leafy tree, and appears
to be tearing off some leaves for clothing and eating the fruit; -in some
cases he is again seen leaving the tree fully clothed. (Query — emblematic
of the fall of man of Genesis of the Old Testament).

3. Mithras and the Rock. He appears again with the Phrygian cap,
but kneeling and shooting an arrow at a rock or hillside, whence a
stream of water issues; a man kneels beside this stream, catches the
water in his palms and drinks : this act represents Mithras as saving
the world from a drought sent by Ahriman, the Evil One,

340 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronuti Lodge.

4. Mithras and the Sun. (Several scenes.) He appears to crown
the Sun, who kneels before him, using the left hand, while in the right
he holds a cornucopia; recognition of the value of the Sun's light and
heat.

(b) Mithras and the Sun stand together, clasping each other's
right hands.

(d) Mithras and the Sun together at a banquet with men standing
around. The Christian fathers especially condemned these scenes and
destroyed all copies of them.

5. Mithras and the Bull. This is no earthly Bull, but is the Goshurur;
or Heavenly Bull of the Avesta. (Many scenes.) The Bull in a boat
upon the water, for Ahriman has sent a deluge upon the world. The
Bull coming out of the gable end of a house on fire; in one example
two figures are setting this house on fire. (Saarburg.) The taking of
the Bull; the Bull at large, grazing in a field; Mithra seizes it by its
iiorns, leaps upon its back, drags it by the hind legs, or carries it into
the cave of Mithraic worship.

Lastly the slaying of the Bull, the Tauroctonia, the most notable
scene with many variations, used as a sort of altar-piece. The most
complete Tauroctonic designs show Mithras kneeling upon the Bull,
which is crouched down ; Mithras, wearing the pointed Phrygian cap
(of liberty), tunic, and a cloak, stabs the Bull with a dagger near its
right shoulder. This scene is in a cave; a scorpion seizes the testes of
the dying Bull, while a dog laps up the blood flowing from a stab wound.
A dog, the companion of Mithras, is seen in the foreground as if bark-
ing up at the dying Bull; a bird like a crow is seen above; he is the
messenger of Ormuzd : ears of corn springing from the tail of the
animal or from beside it, show the good gifts resulting from the
sacrifice. In some cases torch-bearers stand one on each side of the
Bull, their names, Cauti and Cautopati, are words of unknown mean-
ing; instances are referred to in which these figures hold emblems of
the Equinoctial Signs — Cancer and Capricornus, or Taurus and Scorpio.
The slaying of the World Bull leads to the production of animal life.

At Heddernheim, near Frankfort-on-Main, Germany, there is a scene on
the reverse of the great slab; Mithras stands beside the slain Bull, receiving in his
right hand a bunch of grapes from the Sun, in his left hand a horn for drinking
or a cornucopia : initiates stand around, a radiated cup hangs upon a pole, and
several animals are also drawn in the upper part of the scene. The Tauroctonic
sculpture at Osterburken is considered the best example extant. In some
sculptures these scenes are supplemented by Zodiacal figures, by Kronos or Time,
by Atlas, Oceanus, the Fates and Zeus with his Thunderbolt. At one period the
Goddess Anaitis (Astarte, Aphrodite) was associated with Mithras in sculptures,

The Resemblances of Freemasonry to the Cult of Mithra. 341

The ancient Persian work named " Bundahish," which gives a theory of
cosmogony after the Zoroastriau ideals throws some light upon these mythical
scenes. It narrates that the first creation of Ormuzd was of Goshurun, the
Heavenly Bull, that this Bull was killed by the evil Aliriman, and that from its
side came Gayomort, the first man; from its tail all Vegetable Life was produced,
from its blood Wine was created, and from its seed all varieties of animals were
evolved .

In Mithraic sculpture we find Mithras slaying the Bull at the Order of
Ormuzd, whose word is brought by his messenger the crow or raven. Aliriman is
represented only by the Serpent who is to poison all human life at its source.

We may all of us invent some allegorical explanation of these scenes, and
no one can be sure of offering the truth, but one point is certain, and that is that
the Bull has been at all times the symbol of generation, of virility, of fertility and
rebirth; and that its death, even as providing food, leads again to life.

Porphyry tells us that the cave in which the slaving is nerformed was deemed
to represent the universe.

Other suggestions have been made in explanation of the sculptures, re-
membering that Mithras was a Solar deity. In the birth scene, the torch-bearers,
with one torch up and the other down, may refer to the rise and setting of the Sun.

In the later period of Mithra worship in Italy, there was a blending with
the more usual Solar worship of Apollo as the Sun god, as we read of Mithra as
Sol invicfus, Dens inrictus Mithras, ])eus Sol invictiis Milliras; before its abolition
we also find Mithras associated with the Pagan Mufjna Mater, the great mother
goddess. As Mithra worship was fading out, the Emperor Julian made an attempt
to restore its dominance, but this failed, and persecution by Christian authorities
caused its extinction : the Christian priests were especially bitter against the
Mithraists because of the similarities which Christianity offered to the methods of
Mithra worship, for both used a ceremony of baptism, a sacred meal, the act of
anointing, and both offered salvation by a Divine messenger.

As a Religion which gave rise to a secret form of Initiation, we are met bv
the difficulties associated with an investigation of all other secret sodalities, and in
this case again we may be surprised at the success of preserving secrecy which was
attained. Every secret association must possess some form of pledge to maintain
its status, and in practice every such pledge has been taken in conjunction with
some form of ceremonial ; secret titles and signs of recognition follow quite
naturally, and as some must rule and some obey, an official group becomes
necessary, and eminence in work leads to the creation of grades of distinction and
each one develops a secret ritual and system of signs, words, etc.

In the case of Mithraic Initiation we find just the same system evolved,
and although no scrap of ritual has come down to us from 2,000 years or 3,000 years
ago, yet we have some fragments of knowledge as to the grades and their titles, but
their secrets are gone for ever.

Initiation was conducted by the Patres of the cult, but we have no certain
knowledge as to whether priests alone were admitted to them, or whether thev
were conferred upon other worshippers as rewards for gifts or services rendered
or for religious devotion.

There are many extant sculptured figures which tend to confirm the state-
ments of Jerome that there were Seven Grades of secret knowledge, in which
mystic rites were performed and rituals were recited, probably sacred songs were

342 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.

sung and secrets conferred : designs of all these seven grades have been traced by
recent investigators upon the ancient stone inscriptions and designs. These grades
were given in succession to the Mustes, Sac.ratus or devotee after a long course of
preparation.

In Greek

and Latin

Raven,

Korax,

Corax.

2.
3.

Hidden One,
Soldier,

Kruphios (secret)
Stratiotes,

Cryphius, or some say
Gryphius, or griffin.

Miles.

Lion,

Leon,

Leo.

Persian,

Perses,

Persis.

Sun Follower
or Courier of
the Sun

Helio-Choreutes

Heliodromus.

Father,

Pater,

Pater Sacrorum.

and the seniors of these last were named Patres Patrorum.

The sculptures show that members of these grades wore special dresses and
masks or headgear to represent these animal forms, etc., at least, the Celebrant
certainly wore a special costume at the Ceremonies. Jerome describes the destruc-
tion by Christians of a set of figures representing these Grades. (Epist. cvii.)
Inscriptions also name the Ceremonies as Hierocoracica, Leontiaca, Persica,
Heliaca, and Patrica.

Augustine noted that he had heard that " some members flap their wings
like birds, imitate the cries of ravens, and others growl like lions"; his remarks
are all intended to be contemptuous and insulting to these mystics.

Soma old authors explained these practices as being illustrations of
Astronomical details, and so related to the Zodiacal Signs, and to gods of the
planets which had mostly animal secondary attributions in Greco-Roman
mythology.

Cumont remarks that many cults of ancient nations of Asia Minor,
Mysteries of Greece and Egypt, consecrated animals to definite gods, goddesses,
and religious ideals; perhaps this practice was a survival of prehistoric forms of
belief, and related to the totems, which were animal forms related to certain
tribes, sects, and families. We remember, of course, that the Four Quarters of
the Earth were associated with Lion, Bull, Man and Eagle, and that these symbols
were allocated by the Hebrews to the Four Cherubim and by the Christians to
the Four Evangelists.

The ancient Greek Kronos, emblematic of Time, was considered as Lion-
headed; Venus as Love, as a Dove; Jove with an Eagle; Apollo is shown with
a Swan.

Preliminary to admission to the secret grades we read that candidates had
to pass a long period of probation, of cleansing both moral and physical, and
of prolonged abstinence from meat food, and that they suffered "many other
privations. After severe tests a form of baptism per lavaeriirn. was carried out
and solemn oaths administered, and Tertullian states that in the grade of " Miles "
a mark was put upon the forehead. In the grade of " Leo " there was a ceremonial
meal of Bread and Wine (soma in India, haoma in Persia) in memory of the meal
partaken of by Mithra and Helios, and in all grades there must have been the
recitation of ritual, prayers and mantras.

The llesemblanees of Freemasonry to the Cult of Mithra. 343

Minutius Felix stated that the Mithraists kept a Birthday of the Sun on
December 25th each year — dies natalis invieti. Some old authorities describe a
curious lion-headed figure representing Zervana Akarana or Eternal Time as being
placed in a secret recess of the Mithraic caves, in which it would appear that
artificial light must have been used. They assert that worshippers knelt before
this figure, an unusual practice for Romans, who stood in prayer.

Some Christian Fathers mention a simulated death in the secret ceremonials,
and an iiuafjo resurrection-is, or symbolic return to life, and the biographer of
Commodus the Emoeror, who was a great official in Mithraic rites, vero homicidio
'polluit actually killed a man, we may presume accidentally.

The Seven Grades of Mystic Initiation were intended to represent a form
of Metempsychosis, or a succession of births and lives, one stage to be passed in
each of the planets before perfect purity and wisdom could be obtained by any
individual Ego. (See Origen "contra Celsum " VI. 22.)

The old Christian Fathers are answerable for the assertion that the admis-
sion to the First Grade of Mithra was marked by terrible trials by fire, air and
water; but these are of doubtful authenticity, for so many Mithraic caves were of
too small a size to make it possible to carry out elaborate tests.

1. The 1st Grade of Haven; its name was due to this bird being sacred
to the Sun.

2. The '2nd Grade of Gryphius has been called the Man of the Secret
or the Occult Man.

3. In the 3rd Grade of Miles or soldier we know from Tertullian that
a Crown was offered to the aspirant, who refused it saying, "No,
Mithras is my Crown," and he never after could wear a garland on
the head.

4. In the J/th Grade of the Lion we read that the aspirant's hands
and lips were anointed with honey, the food of the blessed in Heaven;
this association of the lion with the bee and honey, reminds us of the
Riddle of Sampson; see Judges xiv.

5. The oth Grade of Verses, conferred the special cap of the Persian
Mithra, now called the Phrygian cap of liberty.

6. The 6th Grade of Ileliodromus once more marked the identity of
Mithras with Helios, Sol, the Sun in the Heavens; type of heat, light
and benevolence.

7. The 7th Grade of the 1'ater or Father was conferred upon the most
learned elders and directors of the community : they seem to correspond
to Grand Lodge Officers.

Some classics asserted that the first Three Grades of Raven, Occultist and
Soldier conferred Initiation indeed, but not participation in the Sacred Wisdom;
they were like the Christian Catechumens, and that no members under the Grade
or " Leo " were able to obtain the true secrets and become Metechontes, perfected
ones. There is no doubt that in one of the ceremonies there was either a real
Tauroctony or a symbolical slaying of a Bull, but it is uncertain when this took
place.

344 Transactions of the Quatiior Coronati Lodge.

It may be that the Mithra worship of Ancient Persia had only a priesthood
and no secret grades, which were only developed after the Mithraic cult had been
established in Europe.

It may also be remarked that, amid the hundreds of sculptures and inscrip-
tions that have been described, there is no trace of any priestess, woman initiate,
or even of any gift from a woman. It was the French author Ernest Renan, in
his " Marc Aurele," 1880, who gave this reason why the Mithraic Initiation
resembled Freemasonry. On the other hand, many other Oriental cults and,
Egyptian Mysteries admitted women and sometimes conferred upon them very
high grades, titles and dignities.

There can be no doubt that the secrecy, rituals and ceremonials of an
occult sodality do produce intense devotion among its members, and the hope of
advancement grade bv grade to a ruling position is well calculated to conserve an
enthusiasm for progress toward a goal of which all the seniors of a young member
speak as of unparalleled importance. This same result is quite apparent in our
own times, for almost every Entered Apprentice seeks his Third Degree, Lodge
Officers aim at the dignity of a Worshipful Master, and Past Masters, according
to their position, means and opportunities, aspire to office in the Grand Lodge of
the Nation.

Let us hope that the Brethren forming our own Grand Lodge have not only
Masonic knowledge but business ability, for it seems likely that the near future
will bring on proposals for important changes in our Institution of Free and
Accepted Masons.

A cordial vote of thanks for the valuable and interesting paper was unani-
mously passed to Bro. Dr. Wyun Westcott.

Bro. Canon Horsley said:- —

The following points occurred to me on reading Dr. Westcott's interesting
paper : —

1. " The cult of Mithraism was abolished by the domination of Christianity
under the Emperor Constantine about A.D. 330."

Sozomen. however, says that the Mithrion at Alexandria was
given by Constantine ' to the church of the Alexandrians ' asT07rov Iprifnov
7ra\(u ytvofjievov i.e., a place for a loin/ time deserted.

2. "In the grade of 'Leo' there, was a ceremonial meal of Bread and
Wine."

But Justin Martyr says it was one of Bread and Water.

The three chief degrees were, as in most religions, those of
Kddapa-i's or Purgation; Muiy<rts or Initiation; and Te/\<fio)cn,s or Con-
summation. Comparable in Christianity to Baptism, Confirmation,
and Communion.

3. I am puzzled as to the rite or ritual of Tauroctonia, since Dr. Westcott
speaks of two slayings of the World-Bull, one by Ahriman, the Evil
One, and one by Mithra, the World Saviour. To which does the rite
refer ?

Discitisstu/i. 345

To put the origin and development of Mithraism in the form of
a series of epochs, the following seems the order: —

A. In the beginning Zervana, the Eternal Light.

B. From him proceeds Ormuzd, the Creator and Life-giver.

C. From Zervana also, as a later emanation, comes Ahriman, the Evil
Principle.

D. Ormuzd forms a World-being of which a Bull is the symbol (since the
Zend word for Life means also Bull.)

E. Ahriman destroys this Being or Bull.

F. From the elements of the Bull Ormuzd forms the first human pair.

G. This pair tempted by Ahriman, and fall.

H. Then Mithra, one of a xecoitd emanation of angels from Ormuzd, comes
into being.

I. Later, he is deified as the Sun God, and becomes a Saviour of humanity.

J. Later still the worship of Mithras causes the earlier and greater Powers
to be forgotten and neglected.

The central act of the worship of Mithras was the Tauroctonia,
to commemorate the slaying of the World-Bull by this World-Saviour.

There is some confusion, apparently, as to whether the Bull was
slain as good by the Evil One or slain as evil by the Good One.

4. It seems to me that it is easy to attach too little importance to those
points in Masonic ritual which indicate that the speculative side retains
much which came originally from some form of Sun-worship, of which
Mithraism may be historically the chief, although not the only,
exponent.

Bro. Dr. G. A. Greene said: —

It has always been difficult to obtain an adequate view of Mithraism, for it
is true that neither in classical authors nor in the writings of the Christian Fathers
is much information given as to the specific cult in question, and what there is is
largely coloured by the prepossessions of the writers. I may, however, refer those
interested in a religion which played a considerable, though still somewhat obscure,
part in the history of the period during which Christianity arose and was becoming
prominent, to an excellent little treatise by Mr. W. J. Phythiaii-Adams in Messrs.
Constable's series, entitled " Religions Ancient and Modern," in which the known
facts are well marshalled and their import pointed out. To my mind, the origin
of the cult and its early historv in Eastern countries is of much less interest than
its development in the Roman Empire. Mithraism was encouraged and put for-
ward bv the later Emperors as a formidable opponent to that Christian religion
which was threatening to dethrone all the many deities of the Empire. Mithraism
could be engrafted, as Christianity could not, upon the other mythologies acknow-
ledged by the State. Moreover, it was essentially a military religion, and seemed
therefore to be appropriate to a time when the great problem was to confront the

'3i6 Transaction* of the Quatnor Voionati Lodge.

efforts by which the Germans were attempting to effect (and ultimately did effect)
the destruction of Roman civilisation. I have little doubt but that it is owing to
this fact that the popularity of the Mithraic mysteries began to increase in the later
years of the Antonines, and especially during the reign of Commodus; that is to
si'.y, in the days when the decline of the Empire, not yet quite apparent, was about
to shew itself as an imminent danger. When Diocletian" for a time restored the
glory and security of the Roman state, he shewed special favour to the cult of
Mithras, and at a later period the Emperor Julian made a great effort to encourage
its growth, because, no doubt, it was a military religion suited to the great military
necessities of the time.

For it is a notable feature of this origiually Oriental faith that it was
introduced and spread, not in and from the great centres of civilisation, but along
the military roads and in the camps where the legions lay ready for the defence of
the Empire against the barbarians. Of course, there were spelasa at Rome (one
under the present church of San Clemente — not far, by the way, from that of the
Quattro Incoronati), and we have just been told of one in London; but it remains
the fact that the military roads were the arteries along which the cult made its
way into the remotest parts, and that most of its monuments are situated on those
roads.

I cannot say that any real connection, satisfactory to my mind, can be seen
to exist between Mithraism and the Craft. Symbolism, secrets, mysteries, a
ceremonial ritual, tests and trials were common to many other cults. I must not,
however, pass over an interesting passage in the little book to which I have already
referred, and which is as follows: — " Yet before the neophyte had climbed to this
spiritual eminence [that cf full participation] a last and greatest trial of his
fortitude and fidelity still awaited him. By his previous tests, he had partially
accomplished the act of spiritualisation, and since then by continual purification
had brought his body, thus subdued, into a condition of preparedness for the
supreme moment of transmutation. Now he had to Die."

It would be well not to lay too much stress on this passage, which would be
less impressive had other words been employed. It must be remembered that a
symbolic death was a feature common to all the Mysteries.

After the reign of Julian, Mithraism made but a short struggle, and was
soon extinguished by the permanent victory of Christianity.

Bro. J. it. Lepper said: —

The only point to which I wish to draw the attention of the brethren is a
curious document in the Bibliothi que Jatio/iale in Paris, which is supposed by
some to contain the fragments of a liturgy used in one of the degrees of Mithra.
It is contained in a papyrus which according to experts was not written later than
the fourth century, at a period therefore when the worship of Mithra was in full
bloom. Albrecht Dieterich, who has published the original Greek text with a
German translation, is of opinion that it is a veritable fragment of the liturgy used
in the mysteries : if so, while much remains inexplicable, enough is left to show,
that the religion which inspired it was not lacking in ethical teaching. The text
is very mutilated, and interlarded with the hocus-pocus of a professed magician,
who made use of it in his alchemistic rites; still it is worth attention, as though

Discussion. 347

much of it seems unmeaning, it may yet contain a garbled version of part of the
Mithraic ritual. I have translated the fragment in full from the German transla-
tion of Dieterich : a short synopsis of it may be of interest.

The manuscript begins by stating, that these mysteries are now written down
for the first time in order to confer immortality on a child, which probably means
a neophyte, the writer having soared to a height whence he can survey the whole
scheme of the mysteries. The remainder consists in prayers to be said by the
initiate (mustes) at various portions of the ceremony, and what seem to be moral
explanations of the imagery unfolded to his eyes. It seems to teach the doctrine
of transmigration of souls, with a purpose akin to that of the Fravashis of the
earlier cult, and to impress that the ills attendant on humanity are negligible, becaus*
existence on earth is only given to prepare the soul for an ascent into heaven.
Secrecy is enjoined more than once; and astronomical allusions meet us at every
turn. The language is poetic, as shown in the following short prayer: " I am a
star, which goeth on its wandering course with you, and shineth up out of the
depths."

To give an example of what may be called the stage directions, the neophyte
is told, that after the foregoing invocation has bean uttered he will see " five-
pointed stars a many " coming from the sun's disc, filling up all the atmosphere,
a promise which certainly must not be taken literally. The path travelled by the
neophyte then seems to lead him to various obstacles, which are passed by means
of prayers and by speaking certain words, represented, provokingly enough, only
by contractions in the original. At a culminating point in the ceremony a god
makes his appearance, " young, with fiery locks, in a white garment and scarlet
red mantle, with a circlet of fire." The fire-god is succeeded by Mithra himself,
who is described exactly as we see him on the monuments; and the ceremony seems
to end with him accepting the neophyte as his follower in response to this prayer :

"Be greeted, Lord of the water; be greeted, Founder of the earth; be
greeted, Dictator of the spirit. Lord, I depart born again; while I am raised,
and since I am raised, I die; born by the birth, which forms life, I become
redeemed in death, and go the way thou hast founded, which thou hast decreed
as a law and fashioned as a sacrament (mystery)" !

If Albrecht Dieterich be right in his conjecture, that here we have a
veritable fragment of Mithraic liturgy, we can only regret that we do not possess
more of the same kind.

As regards the apparent total extinction of Mithra worship, the reason is
not hard to find.

A religion which jealously conceals its own tenets, while tolerating those of
every other sect, as did the followers of Mithra, and seeks no converts, aims at
embodying the chosen few of a nation alone; and while its influence may be great
and noble in its own sphere, it will never appeal to the imagination of the common
herd, and its martyrs, seers and prophets need expect no wider circle of recognition
than is afforded by a very small state within a state : yet the approbation of a
chosen few will not be without its value to the happy recipient, and the bond of
brotherhood prove the strongest of ties whether in the spelsa of Mithra or the
lodgerooms of the Craft.

348

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

SIDE LIGHTS ON FREEMASONRY

FROM THE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES OF JOHN BRITTON, F.S.A.
(1771-1857), AND THE REV. RICHARD WARNER (1763-1857).

BY BEO. GOEDOX 1'. G. HILLS, L.B., I.G., 2076.

OHN BKITTON wrote his "Auto-Biography" 1 at the close of
his life, and, in fact, did not live to fully carry out his intentions
about it; but, as it is, we have an account of a truly wonderful
struggle for education and advancement, and the book gives
much interesting information about his country life; the minor
amusements and recreations of London in his younger days, and
the performers and frequenters; the antiquarian and literarv
patrons and associates of his later years; and particulars of his many works in
the paths of topography and archaeology.

The Rev. Richard Warner published his "Recollections" 2 in 1830, and
gives the story of his young days in much happier surroundings. He, too, is very
discursive about his literary friends and associates, and during his sojourn at Bath,
having been perhaps the best known man of letters resident there, was w r ell
acquainted with those who frequented that city. The two men were contem-
poraries and friends, and, as I think their memoirs clearly indicate, members of
the Craft; in the case of Mr. Britton we can say certainly, and there is little less
doubt as regards Mr. Warner. The references to Freemasonry are but in passing;
the authors did not set out to write on the subject ; but the information is perhaps
for that very reason the more interesting because it is, as it were, unpremeditated
— not studied — serving to illustrate the Masonic doings and characters of the times
and the esteem in which our institution was held. The early life of Britton discloses
a dreary prospect, and to that I draw particular attention, as it so aptly illustrates
the state of things which produced the multitude of Clubs and Societies with which
the papers of Bro. HextalF and Bro. Levander* have made us acquainted, and with
some of which he was evidently connected.

John Britton was born July 7th, 1771, at Kington-St. Michael, near
Chippenham, of parents in humble station of life, his father being a baker and shop-
keeper, and farming a few acres of land. Britton gives a depressing picture of
the village life in which his first sixteen years were passed, and contrasts it with
Miss Mitford's "florid description of rural scenery" in her sketch of "Our
Village," modelled on the hamlet of Three Mile Cross, more happily
situated near Reading. The main street, though " a public road, was
rarely traversed by a post chaise, or private carriage; a strange cart,

1 The Auto-Biography of John liritton. F.S.A., London: printed for the author,
as presents to Subscribers to "The Britton Testimonial," M.DCCC.L., 2 vols.

2 Literati/ Recollections, by the I?ev. Richard Warner, F.A.S., London : Longman,
&c., 1830, 2 vols.

3 Some Did -time Clubs and Societies. A.Q.C. xxvii., 25.

1 The Collectanea of the Sev Daniel Lysons, F.U.S., F.S.A., Part II. A.Q.C. xxix.,
p. 7.

Side Lights on Freemasonry. 349

or a waggon, was seldom seen; and a stage coach, then called a 'diligence,'
never. . . . Mailcoaches were not invented ; the few letters which were
sent to and from the metropolis, and by cross posts, being entrusted to a mail-
cart " with a single horse by which the letters from Bath, Bristol, and the West
of England were carried to London at the speed of four miles an hour, and so
taking about thirty hours on the road between Bath and the Metropolis. Kington
had no " resident 'squire, clergyman, or person above the rank of farmer or village
tradesman." At first there was no newspaper, afterwards the introduction of one
of the Bath papers created an epocli in the community. Farmer Robbins and a
crony retailed the news by "pieces and scraps" at the carpenter's, the tailor's,
and the blacksmith's shops, in a colloquy which lasted probably an hour at each
station, punctuated by the comments of an appreciative audience: — " Well, well ! "
— "Indeed!" — "Is it true?" — "Strange." — "What! in foreign parts?" —
" That Lunnun is a mortal queer place." — " Well ! I shall never zee ut, nur any
o' the papistes." — " Roman Catholics, papists and devils were synonymous at
Kington, and in many other country villages." Winter brought a little more
excitement in connection with the Duke of Beaufort's hounds, or Sir James Tylney
Long's Harriers. What education the boy received was of scanty description under
teachers of various grades of accomplishment, who carried on their schools in the
villages, 1 the result of which, however, was that he was imbued with a love of
reading, and he evidently made the most of his very limited opportunities up to
his thirteenth year, when the home called him to help in baking and farm work
and stopped further schooling. In contrast to the " lamentable illiteracy " of the
father's side of the family, the relatives looked up with awe to the social position
of Mrs. Britton's brother, Samuel Hillier, who was " well and successfully settled
in London" as chief clerk to a Master-in-Chancery. To this relative the lad of
sixteen owed his emancipation from village life, as he took him to town and
apprenticed him for six years to Mr. Mendham, of the Jerusalem Tavern, Clerken-
well Green, to be instructed in the "whole art and mystery of a wine merchant."
He complains that, not having paid any premium, no trouble was taken to teach
the "arts or mysteries" or "tricks of the trade," and towards the close of his
servitude he became very depressed and out of health. He gives a list of the books
with which he endeavoured to improve his education, read by " candle light, in the
cellar, and at occasional intervals only," snatched from his labours in bottling off
and corking "dozens of wine." He tells us that-. —

Dr. Dodds' " Reflections on Death," his " Thoughts in Prison," and
all his other writings were familiar to me at that time; as were Ray's
" Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation," Derham's
" Astro-Theology," and " Physico-Theology," as well as Benjamin
Martin's numerous and pleasing writings on Natural and Experimental
Philosophy. The miscellaneous works of Smollett, Fielding and Sterne
were likewise perused with great avidity.

At this time he became acquainted with Mr. E. W. Brayley, entering into partner-
ship with him in the venture of a popular ballad on the Powder tax — levied at a

1 He liked in after life to remember that some of this education was acquired at
Yatton-Keynel or Church-Eaton, th'? rillajje at which John Aubrey started his education
in 1633, who was like him born in Kington parish. In 1845 Britton published a Memoir
of Aubrey, and in 1847 an edition of that antiquary's Natural History of Wtltshirp.

350 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

guinea a head — to be sold at a penny, a pirated edition of which, despite the poem
had been entered at Stationers' Hall, running to 70,000 copies. Released from the
wine cellars, Briton tells us —

The period until the adoption of literature as a profession involved ;.;t
least seven years of vicissitudes, privations and hardships: though
occasionally relieved by occupations which produced a bare livelihood.
In my poor and obscure lodgings, at eighteen-pence per week, I indulged
in study; and often read in bed during the winter evenings because I
could not afford a fire.

Then follows a passage which refers to some of the Clubs and Societies which I have
mentioned, evidently of very various standings, some, no doubt, even serving a
valuable purpose amongst the limited educational opportunities of those times:—--

When my finances allowed, I frequented free-and-easy, oddfellows',
and spouting clubs; but my expenses never exceeded sixpence a night.
These associations led to debating societies, then very numerous
and popular in London, to private theatres, and to lectures: but the
last were very rare.

Employment was gained as a cellarman, and after a time the more congenial
atmosphere of a solicitor's office was reached, in which three years of " tedious
routine " were passed.

A spouting club at Jacob's Wells, Barbican, occupied one of my evenings
in every week, during the winter, the Odd Fellows' another, and Free-
and-Easys one or two more. In all of these I formed many acquaint-
ances, and secured a few real friends. ... It was my custom
to dine at an eating-house in Great Turnstile, Holborn
the meal, with beer, seldom exceeding ninepence. Here I
became acquainted with several persons, both male and female.
One of questionable nature in this respect excited much
curiosity and speculation. . . . This was the noted Chevalier
D'Eon. At the time I met him, he dressed in female attire, and was
respectable and respected. Though an occasional guest at this humble
house of refreshment, it was evident that he had been accustomed to
refined society, and was courteous, well-informed on various subjects,
and communicative. I own that I always hailed the meeting, and that
it induced me to prolong my dinner-time to the last moment.

Britton gives some particulars of this remarkable character, of whose history our
Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley's 1 exhaustive papers give a full account. Another
occasional guest at this resort was Sir John Dinely, Bart., the eccentric Knight of
Windsor, to whom Bro. Levander's 2 papei- has introduced us. He it was who
circularized " the fair Ladies of Great Britain, old and young," to come to his
assistance that he might end his single blessedness in matrimony. Britton specially
notes dining with him on one particular occasion, May 25, 1798. " His conversa-
tion was fluent and jocular, manifesting good education and select society."

iThe Chevalier D'Eon. A.Q.C. xvi., 229.

2 The Collectanea of the B<?v. Daniel Lysons, F.B.S., F.S.A. A.Q.C. xxviii., 51.

Side Lights on Freemasonry . 351

Attendance at Debating Societies led to friendships and experiences, and the small
means were eked out by engagements for singing and reciting, as we are told: —

" Readings and Music " were popular sources of amusement in London,
about fifty years back; and I not only exhibited myself in Mr.
Baxter's Room, at the North side of the Strand, but at a large room
in Foster Lane, in another at the " Globe," Fleet Street, and, lastly,
in two others at the Freemasons' Hall and in the Argyle Rooms.

Even in the days of Wine-cellar employment an essay on " Bachelorship "
had been contributed to the columns of the "Attic Miscellany." Britton also
sent notices of the Societies he frequented to the " Sporting Magazine," and
speculated in " The Odd Fellows Song Book," price Is., but the most successful
of these literary ventures was his " Life and Adventures of Pizarro," 1799, which
enabled him to glean a little from the harvest which the popularity of Sheridan's
play of " Pizarro," adapted from Kotzebue's German original, was then affording
to Drury Lane.

We must not, however, linger over these matters, which led up to the work
of Britton's life for which his introduction to Brayley had been a first step.
" Strange as it may seem," he writes, " it can be safely affirmed that to this
partnership are to be attributed the ' Beauties of Wiltshire,' the ' Beauties of
England and Wales,' the ' Architectural Antiquities,' the ' Cathedral Antiquities,'
Mr. Brayley's ' History of Westminster Abbey,' as well as many other publica-
tions.". In 1798 Britton accepted the commission from Mr. Wheble, of Warwick
Square, the publisher of "The Sporting Magazine," to write "The Beauties of
Wiltshire," and started on his travels to collect information.

Nowadays, with the abundance of books available in every branch of
topography, we can hardly realize how much we owe to Britton and his contem-
poraries in the inauguration of more popular works on the variety of subjects which
this title covers. Many of Britton's works remain of very permanent value, and
particularly the illustrations, of which he so greatly raised the standard, despite
further knowledge since gained, which has corrected some misapprehensions cf
those days. He tells us that,

Conscious of my own deficiencies — of my ignorance of topography,
antiquities, and literary compositions — I hesitated, felt reluctant and
diffident, for I knew not how and where to begin. It is true I had
read some volumes on topography and archaeology, but found them dull
and uninviting. They seemed to trifle on trifling matters and affected
much parade of learning, where it appeared to be disemployed and mis-
applied.

The illustrations, too, were as unsatisfactory as the texts, where such were forth-
coming.

At that time the first " Walk through Wales," by the Rev. R. Warner,
was attracting much attention and critical commendation. I read it
with avidity, was pleased with it, and found that such writing did not
require much recondite learning, and need not be encumbered and con-
fused by technical terms, or dull details of genealogy, manorial and
parochial history, and useless lists of rectors and vicars, with long
inscriptions on tombs, in Latin, Greek, and bad English.

352 Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati L oil ye.

The " Walk " was " written in a fluent, familiar, and pleasant style; clear
and vivid in its descriptioas, entertaining in its anecdotes of persons and adventure,
and calculated to excite curiosity in the reader." Such is the praise accorded to
the work of his friend, whose reminiscences we' shall consider hereafter.

Another more extensive tour, in 1800, in company with Mr. Brayley, laid
the foundations for their joint task in the production of " The Beauties of England
and Wales." But any attempt to enumerate a tithe of the later productions to be
identified with Mr. Britton's labours would carry us far beyond the concern of this
paper, in which I endeavour, as little as possible, to stray away from what I con-
sider has a bearing on our inquiries.

We have a reference to one of the County Societies in vogue at the time,
when Mr. Britton mentions how the dinners of the Wiltshire Society, at the Albion
Tavern, were enlivened by the presence of Tom Moore. The poet finds in Britton a
keen apologist in opposition to those who would accuse him of having neglected
his wife for society, and Mrs. Moore receives a warm eulogy for her good sense in
not " tying him to her apron string." Our friend almost seems to speak with
personal feeling on the subject, so much so that he devotes a long footnote to
" a very analogous case, within his own knowledge," in which a wife,

finding that her husband was partial to company, and particularly that
of his superiors, both in station and intellectual powers, and that he
wished for variety and amusement by country excursions, and by
frequent attendances at London Societies, soirees, theatres, exhibitions
and dinner parties, had the good sense to rather encourage than to
check these "partialities and habits," though at the expense of a
solitary home, because she saw how good these things were for her
husband, and that home, however, was never gloomy, nor haunted by
suspicion, or the dread of evil doings abroad. On the return of her
husband, whether after hours or days, she received him with smiles
and manifestations that she had often thought of him during absence,
by trying to make home more attractive, and by numerous little
improvements and domestic attractions.

Indeed, the picture of a most admirable woman: no wonder, as the writer tells us,
that, when a less active period of -life was reached, " that home ultimately became
a haven for security, and a sort of terrestrial heaven for conjugal happiness " !

Whether this reference has any bearing or. Masonic usages, past or present.
I must leave the Brethren to decide, but the following anecdote makes Brother
Britton's membership of the Craft beyond dispute. He tells us: —

In 1815 I was introduced, at a Freemasons' Lodge, to Prince Sanders,
a complete negro, who was said to be an agent from Christophe, King
of Hayti, and who had obtained access to, and the patronage of, the
Duke. of Sussex, W. Wilberforce, and other persons of note. This was
a passport even to Freemasons and to fashionable Society. The
" Prince " became popular, was lionized in the metropolis, lived in gav
style, told artists and authors that he was commissioned by " his royal
master" to engage several of both classes to emigrate and settle in
Hayti, where the King would confer fortune and fame on them. Some
were tempted to send specimens of their respective works; and I became

Side Litjhts on Freemasonry. 353

one of Mr. " Prince " Sanders's dupes, by confiding to his friendly
charge five large paper copies of three volumes, valued at £25. Of
these I never heard more; but found that my new friend, in whom I
had no suspicion of roguery, continued to visit, and be visited by,
several distinguished persons, from the West End of London. He
resided in the vicinity of Tavistock Square, and one night assembled,
at a Soiree, a large party of nobles, gentry, and ladies, amongst whom
were the Duke of Sussex, Mr. Wilberforce, and other personages of
rank. Before he quitted London, he published an octavo volume, with
his portrait, engraved by Charles Turner. Its title is: " By Authority.
Haytian Papers : A Collection of the very Interesting Proclamations,
and other Official Documents; together with some account of the Rise,
Progress, and Present State of the Kingdom of Hayti. With a Preface
by Prince Sanders Esq., Agent for the Haytian Government. London:
printed for W. Reed, 17 Fleet Street." 8vo., 1816. This volume is
a curiosity. I never heard what became of its editor, after he left
London; but I learnt that several other persons, as well as myself,
had been imposed on by him.

Among references to literary men, printers and publishers, we come upon
a notice of Bro. Stephen Jones (1763-1827), P.M. of the Lodge of Antiquity,
Secretary of the Order of llarodim (1793), friend and executor of Bro. William
Preston.

After speaking of the printing office of Mr. John Nichols, in Red Lion
Passage, whence issued the " Gentleman's Magazine," premises afterwards occupied
by Valpy, the publisher of the " Delphin Classics," Bro. Britton continues: —

Nearly opposite to the printing-office last referred to was a small house
occupied by Stephen Jones, " a gentleman with whom I was on familiar
terms for many years." He was Secretary to a Freemasons' Lodge,
and was occasionally employed by some of the publishers to edit and
arrange miscellaneous papers, make indexes, &c. He first appeared, in
1791, as abridging Burke's "Reflections"; and two years afterwards
his name was attached to an Abridgment of Ward's " Natural History,"
in three vols. In 1796 he produced ." A Biographical Dictionary in
Miniature." . . . He produced several other publications, which
are specified in Watt's liihliotheea Britannia!, the last of which is " A
Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language," a large octavo
volume. The third edition of the work, now before me, has the author's
autograph, with the date of 1798. He also edited a new edition of the
" Biographia Drainatica " : this was harshly criticised, when he pub-
lished a pamphlet, entitled " Hypercriticism Exposed, in a Letter to
the Readers of the Quarterly Review," 8vo., 1812. Towards the end
of life, my respected friend, a man of mild disposition, strict honesty,
and unblemished character, was embarrassed in circumstances, applied
to, and received pecuniary aid from, the Literary Fund. Dr. N.
Drake, in a letter to Cadell and Davies, respecting his large work,
" Shakspeare and His Times," says, " S. Jones was the compositor to
my Essays on Periodical Literature, and I was perfectly satisfied with

354 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

his accuracy and attention," whence he strongly recommended him to
those publishers to make the index to his two quarto volumes.

Mr. T. E. Jones acted as secretary to Mr. Britton for many years, and
completed the " Auto-Biography." It would be interesting if he were a relative
of Stephen Jones, but I do not know if this was so.

Some of the would-be humorous Clubs, whose names have come down to us,
never existed, except on paper: for one such Britton was himself responsible.

An anonymous volume, published in 1806, caught the public fancy under
the title of " The Miseries of Human Life; or the Groans of Samuel Sensitive and
Timothy Testy." The author was Rev. James Beresford. This led to the issue
of a number of imitations, supporting or opposing, after the humour of the day.
One such was "The Comforts of Human Life; or the Smiles and Laughter of
Charles Cheerful and Martin Merryfellow." Britton entered the lists with his
"The Pleasures of Human Life, investigated Cheerfully, elucidated Satirically,
promulgated Explicitly, and discussed Philosophically, in a Dozen Dissertations;
by Hilaris Benevolus & Co., Fellows of the London Literary Society of Lusorists."
12mo. (Longman, 1807.) The book was illustrated by Rowlandson. The idea was
' ' a pretended Society, comprising amongst its members Hilaris Benevolus, Simon
Specific, David Demurrer, and other fabulous personages attached to literature,
science, and the arts, who are supposed to hold meetings to examine, canvass and
discuss the most noted and popular acts, deeds, and things done, performed and
committed in the British metropolis." The various members deliver themselves of
their views on the Pleasures of Literature, Law, Fashion and Politics, and the
volume was facetiously dedicated " to the Respectable Booksellers and publishers
of Great Britain." The title of the supposed Society was probably suggested by
The Lusorium described as " a miscellany of songs, essays, dramatic scenes, &c, of
broad comic humour," published by an early friend, Charles O'Brien.

On July 7th, 1845, a public dinner was given at the Castle Hotel, Richmond,
to compliment Mr. Britton on attaining his seventy-fourth year, and in recognition
of "the extent and usefulness of his literary publications": nearly a hundred
guests sat down, and the outcome was the raising of a Testimonial Fund, in return
for which the recipient expressed his intention of writing his biography and pre-
senting copies to the subscribers. Another result of this gathering was that on the
13th December following a select party of these friends dined together at Free-
masons' Tavern and agreed to form " The Britton Club," to meet during the
winter, at each others' houses.

This seems to have led to many pleasant meetings, and was quite in the
spirit of the times, in which many similar select dining clubs flourished ; and it
had this in common with its contemporaries, that it was commemorated in verse.
The Secretary, Mr. Jerdan, "the veteran editor of the Literary Gazette," com-
posed the lay of the Club, entitled " Laus Clavse Brittonis," mentioning each
member 1 and his characteristics, which, starting with an invocation of the Muse,
the result of which seems rather disappointing, finally winds up with these verses: — •

1 The names mentioned arc: — Sheriffs Hill and Wm. Cubitt, Tooke (political
writer, son of Home Tooke's patron), Thomas Cubitt (Contractor), Dr. Conolly of
Hanwell, Sills Gibbons of Winchmore Hill, Peter Cunningham "of antique lore,"
George Godwin of "The Builder," Grissell (Contractor), Humfrey, barrister, Jerdan
and Britton.

Side Lights on Freemasonry. 355

' ' What think ye of such Club ? There yet remain
The Scribe, so oft reproved for wretched jest,
To whom ye owe this load of doggrel strain,
Proof that more ways than one he is a pest.

And lastly, firstly, John of various fame,

None higher than this social plan to have hit on,

Thus crowning with immortal bays the name
Of the true, gifted, honoured, lively liritton.

Eat, then, and drink, be merry while ye may;

Toss the champagne, replenish oft the bowl;
Quaff, daff, quaff again; our's the bright way, —

The feast of frolic, and the flow of soul."

At a meeting of the Club held at Mr. Thomas Grissell's residence, Norbury
Park, July 10th, 1849, Brother Britton, the honoured president, thus delivered
himself, incidentally putting on record his estimate of Freemasonry: —

Man is a gregarious, social animal ; and from the earliest ages to
the present time, we find he has ever been eager to cultivate intercourse
with those of congenial thoughts and habits. Hence Societies on large,
and Clubs on small, scales have been formed; friendships have been
cemented, and the otherwise rough and rugged paths of life have been
smoothed and Macadamized. From the Free-Masons' and the
Noviomagians', to the Odd Fellows' and the Beef-steak Clubs, there
are many shades of fraternal, friendly and useful associations. Let us
rank this amongst their number, and whilst we cultivate and cherish
social intercourse, and the '' gaities and gravities " of conversation, lot
us endeavour to blend wisdom with wit, and thus verify the old maxim
by being at once " merry and wise."

Confessing himself unequal "to do justice to the annals of the Britton
Club," he eulogises the harmony preserved by each " brother Brittonian " —

Wit and mirth, with abundance of good humour, have prevailed;
whilst repartee, conundrum, and epigram, have given light and shade,
vivacity and vitality, to each successive scene.

A friend, who knew him well, wrote of Britton's " genial kindness and
benevolence," that he was " not content with merely accepting the opportunity
to perform a kind office; it was rather his practice to seek out and make the
opportunity when it did not present itself." He passed away January 1st. 1857,
and was buried at Norwood Cemetery, where his grave is marked by a rude
monolith specially designed to commemorate his interest in Stonehenge, amongst his
many antiquarian associations.

Kiciiard Warner was born at Marylebone, October 18th, 1763, the son of " a
respectable London tradesman." In his sixth year he was at a boarding school near
London, and until the family removed their home and went to live near Lymington
in 1776. Mr. Warner writes in eulogistic terms of the country scenery and sur-
roundings, and the tone of society at this little country town: — " It had a moral
and social beauty . , . and being no thoroughfare, was secure alike from the

356 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.

contamination of imported vice; the introduction of novel crime ; and the ever-
shifting absurdities of an unnatural and unhealthy refinement." The type of
visitors who came for its " humble baths " and " calm but cheerful retreat
added only a wholesome gaiety to the town, without infringing upon its established
system of social intercourse." Two o'clock or at the latest three o'clock was dinner
time; tea at six, and supper at nine left " two or three hilarious hours, rendered
not less festive by the ample bowl of well mixed punch which reeked in the centre
of the table," and remained after the removal of the cloth, during which " the room
echoed . . . with the song and the duett, the catch and glee, the good-
humoured sally and contagious laugh," but ere midnight all had retired " in good
humour with themselves and others."

Some interesting particulars are given about smuggling, which was very
rife in the neighbourhood, and which our friend admits came to be "a public
nuisance."

Warner was sent to a School at Christchurch, then housed over the Lady
Chapc-1 of the fine old Minster Church, and boarded with the headmaster, Rev
William Jackson. He tells the following story 'if an early essay in emulation of
Freemasonry, wholly irregular and clandestine, in which he was ably supported
by his fellow pupil, Jasper Jeans: —

In the town of Christ Church a inasonic lodge had existed for
many generations. Jeans and myself had seen a funeral procession of
the surviving brethren, burying a deceased member ; had marked and
admired their white aprons, cocked hats and curious symbolical insignia;
and had heard much of the mysterious proceedings of the society, in a
public-house, adjoining the mansion in which we dwelt. This was quite
sufficient to set the (/cuius of the two friends in motion. We resolved
on having a masonic society; a lodge; and a secret, of our own: and
having obtained from the master, an exclusive right to a summer-house
in the garden; we proceeded to draw up a code of laws for the associated
body, (into wdiich all the boarders w r ere admitted); to prepare a secret
(the very essence of the institution) ; and to appoint the officers, neces-
sary for conducting the business of the lodge. The secret was rather an
adoption than an original manufacture; being a modification of the
puzzle proposed by the Princess Turandocte, to her numerous lovers,
in the Persian Tales : but, to render it marvellous to the initiated ;
and to prevent its being communicated by them to the exoterics,
required much thought and deliberation. Nor was the appointment of
the tjrand master and ti/ler without its difficulty. Both Jeans and
myself had a secret longing for the former dignity; and I know not
how an amicable arrangement on this point could have been effected
between us ; had I not, fortunately, suggested, that the latter office
was unquestionably the more honourable and important of the two;
as "it involved the responsible and hazardous duty, of securing the
lodge from violation; the members from interruption; and the secret
from detection; and that for these purposes, a naked sword was
entrusted, exclusively, to the hand of the tyler." The last remark
effectually settled the matter. Jeans, who was as fond of the imple-

Side Lights on Freemasonry. 357

merits of war, as Achilles in his youth, accepted his post: the lodge
was formed, and I presided. For some months, the business of our
meetings went on as briskly, and as much to the benefit of the public,
as that of other masonic assemblies; and, I doubt not, that the
existence of our lodge, would have been co-eval with the duration of
the school; had not an untoward circumstance occurred, which, though
it did not strangle the infant in its birth, prevented it from completing
the first year of its age. The autumnal fair-day of Christ-church
approached ; and as the parents of several of the boys were then to
dine with the master, Jeans and myself determined to hold a grand
lodge in the evening of the anniversary; and to invite the parlour com-
pany to visit us in our glory, as soon as the occult operations of the
brotherhood should be completed. The weekly pocket-money of the
several members, was accordingly tabooed , for one month preceding the
appointed evening; thrown into a common fund; and expended by
the stewards, in apples, gingerbread, tarts, and six bottles of a heady
concoction, humourously called by the honest vintner Moan tain Wine.
The dry-business of the evening, had I conceive, upon this memorable
occasion, been considerably curtailed; since, long before the parlour
guests arrived at the lodge, the bottles had been drained; the eatables
devoured; and, the consequences of such a symposium, become fear-
fully apparent. Jeans, whose vision had been completely obscured, by
the regular homage which he had paid to the president's toasts; mis-
took the master's party, for a gang of interlopers; and laid about him
so stoutly with his sword, that, could he have given direction to the
instrument, the entertainments of the evening, would have terminated
more seriously than in a farce. The iyler being at length over-powered
and secured, the party burst into the room; and beheld a scene, by no
means satisfactory to themselves, or creditable to the lodge. The
president had quitted the chair, and lay prostrate beneath the table,
amid several of his sympathising brethren. Other members, who had
preserved their centre of gravity, slumbered in their seats; and many
of the remainder, afforded visible proofs of the truth of an old saying,
which should be had in due remembrance at every public feast, that,
" abstinence is far better than surfeit " — while the causes of all these
marvellous phenomena, were sufficiently obvious, in the chaotic appear-
ance of "the board of green cloth," strewed with fragments of the
products of the confectioner's shop; and crowned with half a dozen
empty bottles. The night's jollification was followed by a severe
reckoning in the morning; but, what grieved the president, tyler, and
brethren, more than any other infliction, was the magisterial decree, —
" that the code of laws should be burned: the sword broken: and the
lodge adjourned sine die."

No doubt we see here, in embryo, the capacity for organisation with tact,
which would stand for much in Warner's ministerial career of after life : Jeans,
the man of action, joined the Navy, and died early, of African fever.

It is interesting to inquire what was the Masonic original on which this
escapade was founded. I do not doubt this account, written in 1830, owes some

358 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

of the proprieties of its descriptions to the writer's subsequent experience of a
regular Lodge. The Lodge, whose proceedings were so appreciatively watched, is
now called the Lodge of Hengist, No. 195, and meets at Bournemouth. In those
days it was held at New Inn, Pokesdown, Christchurch, being No. 405 on the
Register of Grand Lodge. Brother Sadler, in his Life of that energetic Mason,
Thomas Dunckerley (1724-1795), tells us that when this Lodge was founded by
Warrant of November 23, 1770, it was probably the first constituted by him in
his capacity as Provincial Grand Master for Hants and the Isle of Wight. Mem-
bers of the Jeans family, whose "ancestors" Warner tells us "had long been
settled " at Christchurch, were eminent among the chief supporters of the Lodge.
Thomas Jeans, a founder, and the first J.W., was the son of Thomas Jeans, well
known as holding the office of Mayor of the Town no fewer than eight times between
1731 and 1755. He had previously been initiated in what is now known as the
Lodge of Amity No. 137, held at Poole, and he continued an active Mason until
his death near the close of the century. His son Thomas Jeans was one of the
first initiates in 1771, and afterwards became a clergyman and Doctor of Divinity.
Another member of the Lodge, Joshua Stevens Jeans, was brother of the first
J.W., and brought further recruits for the Lodge in his sons Thomas and Joshua.
This Thomas Jeans, nephew of the first J.W., became a Doctor of Medicine, and
was the mainstay of the Lodge during the first half -century of its existence, serving
the office of Master for at least fifteen years, and had a son, yet another Thomas
Jeans, who was initiated in the Lodge in 1797, and grandsons, William Jeans,
B.A. (Oxon), and Robert Jeans, initiates in 1836. Thomas, initiated St. John's
Day, 1797, was an Architect, who designed Government buildings at Christchurch,
Malta, Gibraltar, and elsewhere, and died at Bath at the age of 92. Rev. Thomas
Jackson, Vicar of Christchurch and Master of the School, had married a Miss
Jeans, only sister of Thomas Jeans, M.D., and Rev. Joshua Jeans, D.D., 1 and
had the assistance of the latter in coaching some of the upper-boys. This gentle-
man, Warner tells us, was a poet of some power, and yet did not disdain " the
gay and sportive style." Two of his off-hand compositions are quoted as examples:
one of the effusions takes the form of some patriotic lines commencing — •

" Hark ! the nations shout around !
Hark ! the loud indignant sound !

Swells the angry main !
Hence; avaunt, ye savage brood !
Ye who thirst for freemen's blood :
Hence, to Seine's polluted flood,

And flee Britannia's plain."

This and three other verses " were written at a party in 1797"; and sung
by "the author" to the noble Masonic tune of "Hiram the Architect." Poor
Jasper Jeans, the energetic Tyler of Warner's early primitive masonry, was a
cousin of Dr. Jeans and Mrs. Jackson; surely his early death deprived the Craft
of one who might have become an ornament to it !

1 Successively Rector of Dipdene, Hants, and Seviocke, Cornwall. Educated at
Winchester and Queen's College, Oxford; born 1757, he died 1807 at Amsterdam, where
he was chaplain of the newly-built English Church.

Side Lujlits on Freemasonry. 359

Rev. James Talman, who Bro. Thomas Jackson succeeded as Vicar in 1766,
was a founder of No. 405 and appointed Prov. S.G.W. in that year. Jackson was
an initiate of the Lodge in 1771, and took an active part in the proceedings until
shortly before his death in 1802. A son, Eev. Richard Jackson, was initiated in
the Lodge early in 1797.

Richard Warner, described as a London Merchant, father of Rev. Richard
Warner, was initiated and became a member of the Lodge in 1776, "proposed,
approved and raised to the First Degree of Masonry " on January 4th; on July 23rd
" this night became a quarterly subscriber," and on August 6th " was raised to the
Second and Third Degres of Masonry."

Speaking of the social amenities of the district, Mr. Warner tells us of
pleasant excursions to the New Forest, Beaulieu Abbey, in which visitors,
designated " the high bred sojourners in the town," delighted to join. " It is in
my recollection," he says,

" (for the notice he obligingly bestowed upon young people made a
strong impression upon my mind), that on more than one occasion, a
personage, even of lioijul blood, honoured these little schemes of rural
enjoyment with his presence ... I allude to a Mr. Dunkerly, who
bore a commission in some militia regiment ... an illegitimate
son of George the Second, and bearing an extraordinary resemblance
to George III. . . . His early life and manhood had been passed
in obscurity, and his education neglected ... In scholastic re-
quirements, therefore, he was deficient ; but his natural talents were
far above par : and while his ' high bearing ' and polished manners,
evinced that lie sprang from no common stock, the pleasantry of his
wit, and the charms of his conversation were strong evidences, of a
mind, rich in original powers; of an acute and attentive observation
of mankind; and of a comprehensive experience, applied to the
accumulation of practical wisdom. . . . Mr. Dunkerly, among his
other talents, numbered the faculty of making very good verses : and
in one instance at least, directed it to a very patriotic purpose; that
of cheering the country under the inauspicious events of the American
war," with his "well known stanzas beginning with the words: —

Come, ye lads, who wish to shine

Bright in future story;
Haste to arms ! and form the line

That leads to martial glory":

which were " generally and enthusiastically sung through the country."

For three years Bro. Dunckerley held a commission in the South Hampshire
Militia. In his early career he served in the Navy, but after his recognition at
George III.'s hands he studied, and was called to the Bar in 1774. The later years
of his life were devoted to Freemasonry, and his zeal and powers of organisation —
he was Provincial Grand Master of eight Provinces, Superintendent of Royal Arch

360 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Masonry in eighteen Provinces, and G.M. of the Order of the Temple '—must
always give this worthy Past Senior Grand Warden of England a very special
place in the grateful recollections of the Craft.

Disappointed of a promised nomination for Winchester, Warner ffemained
at Christchurch School, and left for an Attorney's office. In October, 1787, he
matriculated at Oxford from St. Mary's Hall, and, after keeping eight terms, left
without taking a degree. This proved an obstacle to ordination in Winchester
Diocese, but by the friendly offices of Warren Hastings, the Archbishop of York,
Dr. Markham was persuaded to intervene, and ordained him; and so, after
serving three months' curacy in that Diocese, the young deacon was licensed as
assistant to his friend, Rev. William Gilpin, of Boldre near Lymington. This
gentleman, the author of various works 2 on "Picturesque Beauty," no doubt
fostered the topographical and literary tastes which his young colleague developed.
A friendship with Francis Grose (1731-1791), the well-known antiquarian who
helped him in his early efforts, also sped him on the path before him. Warner
started his literary work with Guides to Lymington and Southampton, and
followed with "An Abridged Civil and Natural History of the Isle of Wight"
(suggested by Sir Richard Worsley's " History."). He dilates on the charmingly
unsophisticated simplicity of the Island in those days and the " halcyon times of
the beautiful district, when (according to Sir Richard Worsley) no foxes or
attorneys were to be found in it; and when, one of the latter profession being
discovered there, the inhabitants affixed a bundle of lighted candles to his coat skirt
and shipped him off for the main land." Captain Grose contributed some useful
information to the publication of a curious old book on Cookery — " Forme of
Cury " 3 — which was another product of these days, in a reference to table adorn-
ments, " as are wont to be seen, but not eaten, as a horse rosted, a cat in gely,
little lysars (lizards) with whot broth," from a sixteenth century treatise. 4

We meet with a curious conceit of applying geometrical figures to describe
the personal appearance of Captain Grose " of marvellous form, and most facetious
memory," who it is said thoroughly appreciated a joke launched at " his peculiarities
in point of shape." " Could his back-front have been contemplated, distinct
from the surmounting head, and appended legs, it would have conveyed a correct
idea of a perfect mathematical square; while the goodly obverse would present as
just a notion of the moiety of an accurate circle, which had been nicely divided
through the centre," — which suggests that the good antiquary and captain,
adjutant and paymaster of militia had almost accomplished the difficult operation

1 l?ro. Sadler gives the numbers and provinces. C'kakt (p. 11), Dorset. Essex,
Gloucester, Hereford and Southampton. City and County of Bristol, and the Isle of Wight.
Royal Akch (p. 2o9), Bristol, Devonshire, Durham, Gloucester, Herefordshire, Kent.
Somersetshire. Surrey, Warwickshire. Cornwall. Dorsetshire, Essex, Hampshire, Isle of
AViglit, Nottinghamshire. Suffolk, Sussex and Wiltshire. Bro. Sadler's information about
the Brothers Jeans, of Lodge 40o, is derived from the History of the Lodge of Heiujist,
Xt>. l'.lo, compiled by the Rev. P. N. Neunhain during his Mastership in 1870, to which I
have referred, but it does not afford us further information beyond what I have quoted.

2 Observations relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, 2 vols., 1790, dealing
chiefly with the Highlands of Scotland, followed by 2 vols, dealing with the English
Lake District. — Remarks on Forest Scenery, 2 vols. — The Art of Sketching Landscape,
&c.

3 Aitti<[uit«tes (Julinaria: ; or curious tracts relating to the culinary affairs of the
old English: with preliminary discourse; notes: and illustrations by the Rev. Richard
Warner of Sway, near Lymington, Hants.. London, Blamire, 1791. The use of an
illustration by Carter, whose permission it was supposed had been obtained, though it
had not. cost the Editor £70 for adverse law proceedings.

4 The Dial of Princes, compiled bv Don Anthcnv Guevana, Chronicler to the
Emperor Charles V. Printed by Richard Tottill. 1582.

Side Lights on F ree masonry . 361

of squaring the circle. It was on an antiquarian tour through Scotland that Grose
became acquainted with Burns, who celebrated his friendship in the song
beginning, " Ken ye aught o' Captain Grose," and in the poem, " Hear, land o'
cakes, and brither Scots," warned them of him as " the chield amang them taking
notes," and wrote: — ■

' ' If in your bounds you chance to light
Upon a fine fat fodgel wight,
O' stature short, but genius bright,

That's he — mark weel;
And wow ! he has an unco slight
O' cauk and keel.
* * * *

" But wad ye see him in his glee
For rneikle glee and fun has he,
Then set him down, and twa or three

Gude fellows wi' him;
And 'port, O port ! shine thou a wee
And thex ye'll see him!"

Another eccentric character is mentioned — Sir Jacob Wolfe, Bart. — " a
most worthy " but " singular " man " who always wore an equilateral t riant// e
hat, and carried his gloves in the front spout of it."

After four years at Boldre, Mr. Warner undertook the curacy of Fawley, a
place with a bad reputation for unheaithiness in those days, to which his experience
proved no exception. In 1794 he moved to Bath as curate in charge of the newly-
built chapel of All Saints in Walcot parish, and very shortly obtained still better
preferment in the curacy ''of the populous parish of St. James" in the city
itself, where he ministered for the period of twenty-three years. Naturally he
has much to say of the " plialan.r t>f literati " amongst whom " it was my good
fortune to alight," but it is beyond our bounds to enumerate the names or to
linger over the interesting and kindly anecdotes in which he commemorated his
friends amongst whom he seems to have held a very creditable and respected
position. In this interesting environment his archaeological tastes soon bore fruit
in his Illustrations of the Roman Antiquities of Bath, published by order of the
Mayor and Corporation in 1797, the success of which, despite its very inaccurate
printing, 1 led to the undertaking of a much more ambitious work, his History of
Hath, 1801, " which though much criticised has not been superseded." Meanwhile
in 1798 he published his first Walk through Wales, the record of a tour made in
company with his parishioner, Mr. Richard Cruttwell, printer and editor of the
Bath Chronicle. A further trip was followed by a second volume in 1799; and
to this succeeded A Walk through some of the. Westtm Counties of England.
published 1800; other works on the same lines, Excursions from Bath and A
Tour thornt/h the Northern Counties, brought this special phase of his literary
labours to an end. Britton, who, as I have pointed out, acknowledged the
inspiration Warner's work had given him when he started his task of popularizing
topography, wrote of his friend: — "His two 'Walks in Wales' had acquired
great celebrity, and consequently the author was ' the lion ' of Bath coteries.

1 The printer's errata amounted to some 156 in 111 pages.

362 Transactions of the Quatitor Coronati Lodye.

Rather beauish in dress and manners, and with well curled hair, as shewn in the
portrait to his ' History of Bath,' he was severely reprimanded by ' The Anti-
Jacobin Review,' which pronounced him a coxcomb." 1

Warner would not have liked it to be forgotten that lie published several
useful works dealing with his own special sphere of theology, his sermons, too, were
printed — he was a much esteemed preacher; but I must draw these extracts to a
close with something which illustrates his efforts in a lighter vein.

For the years 1820, 1822, and 1823 Mr. Warner wrote the New Year's
Addresses of the Distributors of the Bath Chronicle. That for January 1st, 1820,
has a reference which is of interest to us : — The scene is " A Kitchen Party at
Squire Openheart's," and weather-beaten Tom Trudge receives a double gift from
the Squire and a hearty welcome from the maids. Miss Prim, Lady Straddle's
maid, says : —

" My Lady always is maintaining,

Your paper's still most entertaining;

And when (though seldom) pleased, will tell

Some news from the Bath Chronicle;

Of dear Freemasons, who, of late,
Met, their new hall to dedicate;
And, headed by the Royal Grand
(Bowing, and holding hat in hand),
March'd to the Lodge, in sober state,
Their secret craft to celebrate.
Oh ! how I wish they would but show it !
I'd give the world and all to know it!"

Bridget Sobersides (Miss G'rowga why's governess) reproves her: —

" Fye, fye, Miss Prim, you're much to blame,
To speak with praise on :_,uch a theme,
I can't endure the wicked craturs,
They're nothing more than woman-haters
For, if they loved our sex, tli3 fellows
Would, readily, their secret tell us;
Besides, they carry swords and trowels,
To thrust into each others bowels;
And, in their lodge, have irons hot,
To burn, or singe — / know not what !"

Tom Trudge replies: —

" Lord love your soul, my worthy dame,
You need not be in such a flame
About these honest mason brothers,
They're harmless as our buried mothers.

1 This article was written by the Kev. John Whittaker, and his splenetic criticism
probably afforded a good advertisement for the work. Mr. AVarner's politics were
Whig, and he was on intimate terms with Rev. Dr. Samuel Parr — " the Whig Dr.
Johnson," which probably had much to do with Mr. Whittaker's attacks, written whilst
he was sojourning at Bath for his health under medical order to abstain from all studies
and writing !

Side Lights on Freemasonry. 363

— The instruments you rave about,

Some upright principle, point out,

Which every mason, good and true,

Will steadily through life pursue.

— Thus, in the trowel bright, you see

An emblem meet of industry;

The sword speaks this intention plain —

With life he'll Church and King maintain;

The apron shews he's always ready;

The level marks him ever steady;

And by the square is understood,

His views are just, his meaning good

That he'll from every wrong forbear,

And deal with all men on the square.

His secret, too, need not alarm,

Because it never can do harm -.

It only teaches worthy ends;

To love as brothers, live as friends. —

Ah ! would to heaven, I could see

Such principles of amity

O'erspreading now my native land

And Peace and Order, hand in hand,

Marching, like masons in a hand;

And sowing, wheresoe'er they went,

The seeds of virtue and content!"

I hardly think we should have this appreciation at such length unless the
hand that wielded the pen was that of a Brother Mason. As such I believe we
have good grounds for claiming Rev. Richard Warner. We see that his father
was a Mason and he lived amongst members of the Craft; perhaps some day we
may find the record of his membership either in the earlier days of his clerical
career in Hampshire or later on at Bath.

The meeting referred to in connection with the recent dedication of a New
Masonic Hall which was graced by the presence of the Duke of Sussex refers not
to the present fine premises in the occupation of the Craft at Bath, but to an
earlier building in York Street now used as a Friends' Meeting House.

As time went on other preferments were conferred upon our friend, some
to be relinquished; in 1817 he gave up his cure at St. James', Bath. In 1827
he was presented to the rectory of Chelwood, near Bristol, which, with that of
Great Chalfield to which he had been appointed in 1809, he continued to hold until
his death. Britton tells of a visit which he paid to his friend at Chelwood Rectory
_ in their later days, " when," he writes, " I saw him serene and happy, in August,
1851, in the eighty-ninth year of his age." The former as we have already seen,
passed away January 1st, 1857, and Mr. Warner did not long outlive him; he
died July 27th, 1857, and was bured in Chelwood Chancel.

364 Transactions of the Quatitor Coronati Lodge.

A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Bro. Gordon Hills for his very
interesting paper.

Bro. W. B. Hextall said: — ■

The only comment that occurs to me is that Bro. Gordon Hills has so
effectively epitomized his two authorities as to render comment superfluous, if not
impossible; and the only resource of would-be critics is to add such small data as
they can.

The full title of Britton's publication of 1799 was " The Enterprizing
Adventures of Pizarro."

Ero. Stephen Jones and his literary work are noticed in A..Q.C. xxiii.,
63, 276. He was appointed to deliver the first of the Prestonian Lectures, to
endow which £300 in consols was bequeathed by William Preston in 1818 : re-
peated enquiry lias been made in recent years as to the present condition of this fund.
The last Prestonian Lecture seems to have been delivered about 1860, and the
latest known phase of the fund to have been the appointment in 1881 of two new
trustees, both of whom are now dead. 1 According to .4 Bioc/raphical Dictionary
of LiviiKj Authors, published in 1816, the printed works of the Rev. Richard
Warner at that date numbered thirty-six volumes.

Bro. Thomas Jeans, who was Master of the Lodge of Hengist for fifteen
years, was a Doctor of Medicine, and appears to have joined the Lodge of Concord
No. 494, Southampton, in January, 1792, possibly with the view to his delivery,
on August 3rd following, at a Masonic ceremony of laying the foundation stone
of All Saints' Church, Southampton, an Oration which is printed in the Freemason \
Magazine for 1794. 2 Dr. Jeans is elsewhere named as the author of a "Treatise
on the Gout," 179*2, and was a correspondent in Arthur Young's "Annals of Agricul-
ture," 1784, etc.

Francis Grose (1731-1791), the Captain of Militia, was a fellow infinite
jest, and a how vivant, and, besides his antiquarian works, left behind him a col-
lection of more or less odd matter known as Grose's " Olio"; and, as Bro. Gordon
Hills tells us he contributed to a book on Cookery, it is perhaps satisfactory to find
included in the "Olio" an essay, "On the inconveniences and mortifications to
which persons, too delicate and dainty in their food, are liable." The second
edition of the last-named work (1796) contains a poetical " Sketch of Francis
Grose, Esq., F.A.S., by a Friend " 3 ; the Friend being here stated as a Mr. Davis,
of Wandsworth, whose description of the Captain's appearance may be contrasted
with the geometrical figures of which we have heard: —

Grose to my pen a theme supplies,
With life and laughter in his eyes.
Oh ! how can I survey with pleasure,
His breast and shoulders ample measure;

1 Miscellanea Latamorum, III., 99.

2 See Sadler's Thomas Dwncl-erley, 141. 151-8 (1891).

3 The Sketch had nreviouslv anneared in the "Gentleman's Magazine" for Julv,
1791.

Discussion. 365

His dimpled chin, his rosy cheek,
His skin from inward lining sleek.
When to my house he deigns to pass,
Through miry ways, to take a glass,
How gladly ent'ring in I see,
His belly's vast rotundity !
But though so fat, he beats the leaner
In ease, and bodily demeanour;
And, in that mass of flesh so droll
Resides a social, gen'rous soul.

It is hardly a slur upon- Grose's convivial reputation to find that an obituary
notice of him records: " When he was adjutant and paymaster in the Hampshire
Militia, his only two books of account (as he used pleasantly to tell) were his
right and left hand pockets." Whether the financial result proved equally
pleasant to all concerned, we are left to surmise.

The consecration of the Masonic Hall at Bath, at which the Duke of Sussex
presided, took place on September 23rd, 1819. An account of it is in the late
Bro. T. P. Ashley's Sketch of Croft Masonry in the City of Bath, 1894, page 14.
The Rev. Richard Warner's name does not occur in that work, nor is it in the
list of Masters from 1732 of the Royal Cumberland Lodge No. 41, Bath, in the
same author's Ahriih/ed History of the above Lodge, 1873.

There was a clerical contemporary of Richard Warner's in the Rev. John
Warner, D.D. (1735-1800). "Jack" Warner, as he was often called, did
occasional duty for the notorious Dr. Dodd at Hockcliffe, 1 and resided there for
several years later. He was a friend and protege of George Selwyn, the wit and
boon companion of the Prince of W'ales; and though too unlike in their pursuits
to render much confusion likely, still, as he held the living of Stourton, not very
far from Bath, and frequently visited at two houses, described as " noted for their
hospitality," near Christchurch, it is well to note that there were two clergymen
bearing the same surname; and that Richard, in his Excursions from Bath, 1801,
published soon after John Warner's death, mentions that he found the parishioners
of Stourton still mindful of his namesake's impressive pulpit eloquence. The two
Warners do not appear to have been related. 2

Bro. Gordon Hills writes in reply: —

I have to thank Bro. Hextall for the interesting additions his remarks
afford to what I included in my paper. I found that in writing it I was introduced
to some very interesting characters, but the main difficulty has been not what to
say, but what to leave unsaid about some of them, so as to keep the paper within
reasonable distance of a Masonic connection. Indeed, one feels that the officers

'As to Dr. William Dodd, A.Q.C. xix., 132-185; xx., 352; xxvii., 191
* Eight Friends of the (heat, by W. P. Courtney, 1910,

366 Transactions of the Qnatnor Coronafi Lodge.

of the South Hampshire Militia must have formed a body with a decidedly literary
tone, for Dunckerley found there as associates — besides Grose, the antiquary —
Mitford and Gibbon, the historians, and it was as a fellow officer in the regiment
that William Mitford made the acquaintance of Gibbon, who persuaded his friend
to emulate his own labours as historian of Rome by writing a History of Greece.
It was owing to Mr. William Mitford that Rev. Wm. Gilpin, under whom Mr.
Warner served as assistant curat3, had come to Boldre. Gilpin had founded and
carried on the well-known Preparatory School at Cheam, which exists to the
present time, at which Mitford had been a pupil, and in due time he was enabled
to reward his old master by presentation to this living.

Jerdan, "the scribe" of the Britton Club, left the record of a chequered
career which would challenge comparison with Bro. Britton's, but I do not know
if he was a member of the Craft.

Bro. Songhurst's assistance has made it possible for Jerdan's, as well as
the portraits of Britton, Warner, Grose and Dunckerley, to appear as illustrations
of the paper.

The portrait, said to be that of Dunckerley, is of special interest, being" a
new discovery, the property of Bro. Tuckett, who, in kindly offering it for
exhibition and reproduction, writes that " it bears a marked resemblance to
Thomas Dunckerley. This portrait was purchased in Kin/jston, and came from
Hampton Court. That it is T.D., of course, I cannot assert, but it is sufficiently
like him to be interesting. The drawing is amateurish and very unequal, but has
some merit. If it is T.D. (and I think it is quite likely that it is), it shows him
at an age different from either of the only two portraits hitherto known."

Grose is a character whom one might well expect to have been a Mason in
his day, but whose membership of the Order, so far, is not established. In
Bro. Stewart Watson's well-known picture of Burns' reception in Cannongate
Kilwinning Lodge on March 1st, 1787, Grose appears in the foreground wearing
Masonic clothing. Unfortunately, the picture, painted in 1845-6, is wholly
imaginary as to the circumstances, referring to an appointment of the poet as
Laureate and his enthronement which never occurred. Probably a tradition arose
out of a magnified account of compliments paid to the poet, which afterwards
took a more concrete form, for which, I suppose, we may say, "poetic license,"
and the idea of what ought to have been done, are the only excuses. It was not
until two years later than the date of this supposed episode, in 1789, after the
close of Burns' activities in Edinburgh, when he had married and settled at
Ellisland, that, at the home of his friend Riddel, the scholar and antiquary, whose
property, Friar's Corse, adjoined the poet's farm, he was introduced to Grose, then
on his antiquarian tour of Scotland.

Pro. Wonnacott's careful investigations of the proceedings of the Lodge of
Reconciliation give us the records of the attendance of a Brother J. Britton from
Lodges Nos. 1 and 37, both belonging to the Antients, on August 18th, 1814, and
May 9th, 1815, respectively, but we cannot say whether these refer to the Brother
John Britton under our consideration. No record of a Bro. J. Britton appears
in Bro. Charles Belton's "History of the Grand Masters Lodge No. 1."

I have also to thank Bro. C. Gough for the trouble he has taken to send
me some particulars of Bro. Britton's voluminous publications, and especially for

Discussion.

3P7

drawing my attention to Bro. C. J. Whitting's " History of the Lodge of Hengist "
(1897), which gives a much fuller account than the little book published by Bro.
Rev. P. H. Newnham in 1870, on which I was relying. I have availed myself of
Bro. Whitting's "History" to amend my references to the Lodge of Hengist in
the body of my paper, and particularly to unravel the rather complicated relation-
ships of the Jeans family so intimately connected with this interesting Lodge.
Bro. Newnham had confused the Thomas Jeans, first J.W., with his nephew,
Thomas Jeans, M.D., who afterwards took a leading part in the Lodge for many
years, but this point the later historian was able to correct and to add further
particulars, no doubt much helped in the family history by the information of a
member of it — a grandson of Bro. Thomas Jeans, M.D. — still living at Christchurch
in 1897.

368

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

'ORATOR' HENLEY, M.A., 1692 1756.

BY BRO. IF. B. II EXT ALL, P.M., 2076.

N his first paper on The ' Collectanea ' of the Rev. Daniel Lyons,
F.R.S., P.S.A., road on March 5th, 1915, and printed in
A.Q.G. xxviii., 36, we were told by our late Bro. F. W.
Levander that a folio volume of scraps and illustrations put
together by Lysons, and dealing with the well-known John
Henley, M.A., was in the British Museum Library; and some
desire was expressed that this should b3 adequately dealt with.
It so happens that some short time be-fore I had looked through the volume in
question, and noted such comparatively small portions as had allusion to Free-
masonry; and as we are now unhappily deprived of Bro. Levander's painstaking
and practised hand, it is perhaps well to reproduce here what was found; whilst the
following references to Henley in Ars Qua t nor Coronatornin may be of use to future
writers. It should be borne in mind that no mention of Henley appears in official
records of the Craft; that he was an adept, and industriously persistent in the art
of self-advertisement; and that assertions which imply that he was a member of
the Craft must be received as assertions only, and not as facts which are either
proved or accepted.

VOL. PAGE.

xxv., 365. His initiation at Prince William Lodge, Charing Cross.
(Pennsylvania Gazette, Aug. 20, 1730.)

iii., 186. \ Dedication to Henley of " A New Model for the Rebuilding of

xii., 158. " Masonry on a Stronger Basis than the former . . . By

xxii., 219. f "Peter Farmer Esq. . . . London, 1730." (Daily

xxv., 366. J Journal, Nov. 18, 1730.)

xi., 31. -I " The Freemasons have made choice of Rev. Mr. Orator Henley
xxi., 243. - " as their Chaplain." (Read's Weekly Journal, June 9,
xxv., 369. J 1733.)

[There is no official record of Grand Chaplains before 1775.]

xxv., 370. Appointed as Chaplain at the Grand Lodge held March 30th.
(St. James' Evening Post, 1734.)

xxvii., 32. Was a member of the Robin Hood Society at its first opening.

(The History of the, Robin Hood Society, 1764.)

The Lysons volume of Collectanea consists mainly of cuttings of advertise-
ments from contemporary newspapers, very few names of which appear, and shows
that Henley was a constant, and doubtless profitable, customer, to that department

' Orator ) Henley, M. A., Mtt-tiub. 369

of the Press. Several of the excerpts here given appear merely as a few words
which have had to be disinterred from a long paragraph comprising other and quite
different topics; and this accounts for their fragmentary character.

1730. June 13. At the Oratory, The Corner of Lincoln's Inn Fields, near

Clare-Market, . . . On Wednesday, to entertain the Right
Worshipful the Deputy Grand-Master, in the absence of the Grand
Master, the Grand Wardens, and the most antient and honourable
Society of Free and Accepted Masons, will be an Eulogium of
Masonry, and a Gentleman will be ready to dispute on Gormogonism.

(The Craftsman and Fot/s Journal.)

A MS. note (by Lysons ?) says, "A Society called the
" Gormogons was instituted in 1724. Mist's Journal. They
" were a kind of Freemasons."

1731. Nov. 13. On Wednesday Evening next, will be New Discourses.

II. The Oration will be on All Signs in the World,
or a Learned Charge to the Honorary Free-Ma3ons, jocose; the
first Attempt of the Kind.

Bro. Henry Sadler described the Honorary Masons as rather
an important body about that period, and quoted a newspaper
cutting of their procession by water from Whitehall to Rich-
mond, in 1731. (A.Q.C. xxiii., 327. 1910.)

1732. Sept. 30. Tomorrow. In the Evening, . . . Another Question,

— whether a Jew can be a Mason; or a Mason can be made on a
Sunday", caused by a Letter on a late Making in Cheapside.

Reference may be had to A.Q.C. xi., 30, where Bro. Dr.
Chetwode Crawley quoted a newspaper account of the Sunday
proceeding alluded to, and also an advertisement by Henley
in Fotj's Journal of Oct. 7, 1732, " On Wednesday will be an
" Oration . . . the cause of the Jew-Masons fully clear'd,
" and the Affair of the Bricklayers Lodge from Barbican to
"the Rose in Cheapside disclos'd."

1741. Nov. 7. At the Oratory ... In the Evening will be Home

Subjects, . . . free Thoughts of a Free-Mason .

1742. April 24. The Lecture will be on History of Amphi-

theatres, rival Diversions; Processions of Masons and Sons of the
Clergy. . . .

,, June 19. The Oratory this Week is sixteen Years old, and the
Orator blesses his Friends, and laughs at his Enemies.

1745. May 4. "Presage of a Free-Mason Emperor." (Englishman's
Journal.)

,, June 15. " States Free-Masons."

,> ,, 29. "Reason for Free-Mason Generals."

370 Transactions of the Quatuor Coroimti Lodye.

1752. Jan. 13. The Brethren of the Antieut and Honourable Order of

Gregorians, belonging to the Marlborough Head Chapter in St.
Katherines', are desired to attend Tomorrow at Six in the Evening
in order to elect a Grand and Officers for the ensuing year.

By Order of the Grand
M. S. Secretary.

,, Jan. 18. "Truest Complement (sic) to the Gregorians."

Feby. 29. Masons bad.

1753. March 2. The Censors of our Advertisements continue their Blunders

when they ought to be Masonry, Cabala, Rosicrucian

Love, Alchymist, the Technic, the Profund; in a World of Con-
juration;

1754. May 15. Prayer for Gregorians.
,, May 25. Bucks, weeping !

There is no reference to the Craft later than the above; and Henley died
in October, 1756.

The Lysons volume of cuttings has a title-page, printed specially for it at
the Strawberry Hill Press, together witli the following printed note: —

This volume was formed by the Rev. Dan. Lysons for the Hon. Horace
Walpole. It contains . . . several hundred advertisements from
the Journals of the period, 1726-56, which show the art and skill with
which | Henley] seized hold of the topics of the dav to call attention to
himself and his preaching; illustrated with some curious explanatory
prints.

Henley is recorded as having preached a sermon at the Cockneighs' Feast
at Clerkeivwell. (A.Q.C. xxix., 42.)

He married the " Sister to a J. P., afterwards Knighted," at Bow, in
Feby., 172 -;}, She died in 1737; and a correspondent wrote in the (Jentle.man'x
Mayazine of January, 1738: "As many went to see the Wife as to hear the
" Husband. . . . She always had a hand in his most elaborate discourses.
" And those Orations which appear to have had the most Fire, and to be least
" intelligible to vulgar Understandings, were the Redundancies of her Pen."

The question, " Was Henley himself a Freemason? " should probably, upon
such information as we have, be answered in the negative, notwithstanding the
assertions of the public prints in the Bodleian Library (ante). Expressions which
are used in his writings and advertisements may tell either way, and certainly
there are none that show a serious animus against the Craft on his part, whilst
some would be consistent enough with his membership if supported by any known
facts; and if it were not the case that he in no way seems to have made any plain
assertion or claim to be himself regarded as a Freemason. There seems some
ground for supposing that at one time he looked upon the masonic craft with

•Orator' Henley, .¥..1 ., 1G02-l7r,Ci. 371

favour, but later en included its members within the many classes against whom
his orations and writings were directed; and this is to some extent apparent in
the advertisements above quoted. It will be remembered that the alleged date of
Henley's initiation is given as c. August, 1730. In that year he commenced to
publish a weekly sheet, " The Hyp Doctor; by Sir Isaac Ratcliffe of Elbow Lane,"
and in No. 48, November 2nd to 9th, 1731 (more than a year after the announce-
ment in the Pennsylvania (,'azette), he thus wrote, in the form of a letter from
a Norwich correspondent: —

When abroad, I accouter myself with a Bush'd Beaver, a great Wigg, a
bread Cravat, an Agate-headed Ebony Stick, a sedate Countenance, a
CDiisiderate Eye, an important Mump of the Mouth, a Step as perpen-
dicular as a Free-Mason, a wise Shrug of the Shoulders, and a speech
deliver'd like the Greek Oracle cut of the Oak Tree, with a long Eccho
and a shaking Noddle. . . these characteristicks of a Man of

Judgment, who has known the World.

This net over-respectful allusion is hardly atoned for by the suggestion in
a later " Hyp-Doctor," of 1739, " Let a New-house [of Commons] rise, like
" Milton's Pandcemonium m his Paradise Lost, and none sit there but Patriots
" and Free-Masons." Earlier, in his " Oratory Transactions," April 5, 1727,
Henley had written, " To the memory of Inigo Jones, The Rise and Progress of
" Masonry, the Vindication of it, from its old unpublish'd Constitutions, and
" proving Masonry in all Arts, Sciences, and Professions." It may with con-
fidence be inferred that Henley's programmes were like the outside of some Shows,
often worth more than the entertainment provided for the paying audience inside.

One particular circumstance creates a strong impression on my mind that
Henley was not of the Craft. It will be remembered that the year of his supposed
initiation was 1730. In John Nichols' Illustrations of Literary History, vol. ii.,
308 (1817), is set out a letter dated September 21, 1754, addressed by Henley to
Dr. William Stukeley (initiated a Freemason in 1721, and from 1748 to his death
in 17(55 resident in London; A.Q.C. vi., 128, 1893), imploring medical assistance
for his housekener aud himself, and commencing, " Very Reverend and (what is
better) Very good Sir." Though not a necessary implication, it may be
suspected that Stukelev had befriended Henley bef oretime ; and it is in any case
hardly likely that a man like Henley in calibre, enterprise, and persistency would
refrain (as in his letter he does) from all reference to a mutual membership of the
Craft, had such existed.

Henley was not a favourite with his contemporaries, and his name figures
in many ' skits ' of the period. This specimen is from The /'resent State of the
Literati, a Satire. London, 1742: —

Worse than the Rascal Cur's ear-piercing Notes,
When a whole Village strain their envious Throats;
Worse than when sland'rous Macer stuns the Hall,
And worse than Henley, who is worst of all. 1

1 T ennnot trace Macer, who was doubtless some small but noisy notoriety, long
since forgotten.

372 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

The following adventure, which befell Henley after the eventful " Forty-
five," and obituary notice, are taken from Toone's Chronological Historian
(1828): —

1746. Dec. 4. The Eev. Mr. Orator Henley was by order of the Earl of
Chesterfield, one of his Majesty's principal secretaries of state,
delivered into custody of a messenger, in order to be examined on
a charge of endeavouring to alienate the minds of his Majesty's
subjects from their allegiance, by his Sunday harangues at his
Oratory chapel. [He was some days after admitted to bail.
Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1746, page 666.]

1756. Oct. 14. Died, John Henley, M.A., the noted orator of Clare-market,
who for such a number of years contributed to the amusement of
the low and profane, by his exhibitions, and was a plain proof
that resentment, vanity, pride and self-sufficiency will carry even
men of some considerable share of learning and knowledge further
than the dictates of good sense, religion, or morality will justify.
He was in the 64th year of his age.

Henley by his will left practically all he possessed to his housekeeper, and
in it valued his manuscripts, in number about 6,000, at a guinea apiece: on a sale
by auction in June, 1759, " the produce fell very short of a hundred pounds."

Nichols says, "A print of 'Orator Henley christening a child' has lately
"been engraved by Mr. Ireland from a sketch by Hogarth, probably in 1745,
" when the Orator was about 50. As no real picture of him is known to exist,
''this print will be acceptable to collectors." 1 At A.Q.C. xxviii., 40, is repro-
duced a print which appears to be the one alluded to, lettered as engraved by
G. Cruikshank.

1 A full account of Henley (from which some particulars above given have been
taken) is in Nichols' History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester, vol. ii. (1795);
and a notice of him in connexion with Hogarth's paintings is in Lod^e of Research
No. 2429 Transactions, 1908-9. The year of Henlev's death is given by mistake as
1742 at .4.0.6'. xxviii., 57.

Ue0titml of tlje £ouv (&voxvxieb &lavtt)V8+

THURSDAY, 8th NOVEMBER, 1916.

HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. W.
AVonnacott, W.M.; W. B. Hexta'], I. P.M. ; F. AY. Levander, S.W. ;
Cecil Powell, ,T.W. ; Canon Horsley, P.G.Ch., Chaplain; Hamon le
Strange, Pr.G.M., Norfolk, Treas. ; AY. J. Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C,
Secretary; Gordon Hills, I.G. ; .J. E. S. Tuckett, Steward; Past
Masters, Bros. Edward Macbean, J. P. Simpson, P.A.G.R., and
Edward Armitage, P.Dep.G.D.C. ; also Bro. J. H. McNaughton,
Tyler.

Also tlie following members of the Correspondence Circle: — Bros. Alfred Davis,
Walter H. Brown, P. G. Stew., AY. Y. Hucks, Hugh C. Knowles, H. A. Badman, W. T.
Storm. Walter Lawrance, P.A.G.Sup.W., John Church, R. Acheson Webb, L. G. Wearing,
A. F. Calvert, L. de C. Ingram, F. P. Baxter, S. Jacobs, O. H. Bate, A. E. Jones, H. W.
Ashdown. James Powell, P.A. G.Reg., Rev. C. J. S. O' Grady, Harry Tipper, P.A.G.P.,
Herbert Burrows, Alfred C. Silley, S. W. Rodgers, F. W. le Tall, W. Hammond, W. C. P.
Tapper, Algernon L. Collins, P.A.G.D.C, Chas. E. Cassal, P.Dep.G.S.B., Herbert Y.
Mayell, J. Walter Hobbs, John C. Mitchell, J. G. Gould, J. H. Seakins, L. Danielsson,
A. Y. Mayell. and Dr. H. G. Rosedale, P.G.Ch.

Also the following visitors: — Bros. James Thomson, L.R., Scots Lodge No. 2319;
J. B. Marshall, S.AY., United Northern Counties Lodge No. 2128; Rev. C. H. Bowden,
W.M., Stockwell Lodge No. 1339: S. R. Clarke-, P.M., Campbell Ledge No. 1415; A. M.
Latham, Dep.M., Old Wellingtonian Lodge No. 3404; L. J. Weit, P.M., Hiram Lodge
No. 2416; A. Saxon SneU, P.M.. Britannic Lodge No. 33; E. Elliot, Derwent Lodge
No. 40; Guildford E. Lewis, P.M., St. Botolph's Lodge No. 2020; Robert Hornby, Royal
Commemoration Lodge No. 1585; AY. A. Mills, S.AY., Cannon Lodge No. 1539; and
Ramsden AYalker, P.M., t'nited Northern Counties Lodge No. 2128.

Letters of apology for non-attendance were received from Bros. Sir Albert
Markham, K.C.B., P.Dis.G.M., Malta; W. H. Rylands, P.A.G.D.C; AVilliam AY a-tson ;
H. F. Berry, I.S.O.; T. J. AYestropp ; F. H. Goldney, P.G.D. ; E. Conder, L.R. ; Dr.
AV. AYynn AYestcott, P.G.D. ; Sydney T. Klein, L.R.; F. J. AY. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C;
John T. Thorp, P.A.G.D.C; end E. H. Dring, P. At.

374 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

Bros. Herbert Bradley, C.S.I. , Arthur Lionel Vibert, and Roderick Hildegar
Baxter were proposed as Joining Members of the Lodge.

Nino Brethren were admitted to membership of the Correspondence Circle.

Bro. Frederick William Lbvander, Past Provincal Grand Warden of Middlesex,
the Master Elect, was regularly presented for Installation, and was installed as Master
of the Lodge by Bro. W. Wonnacott, assisted by Bros. W. B. Hextall, J. P. Simpson,
.and Edward Armitage.

The following Brethren were appointed Officers of the Lodge for the ensuing year

S.W. Cecil Powell

J.W. Gordon Hills

Chaplain Canon Horsier, P.G.Ch., P.M.

Treasurer Hamon le Strange, Pr.G.M., Norfolk, P.M.

Secretary W. J. Songhurst, P.A.G.D.C.

B.C. F. H. Goldney, P.G.D., P.M.

S.D. Dr. H. F. Berry, 1.8.0.

J.D. T. J. Westropp.

I.G. J. E. S. Tuckett

Stew. William Watson

Tvler J. H. McNaughton

It was duly proposed and seconded, and carried by acclamation: — "That Bro.
Ernest William Malpas Wonnacott, Past Provincial Grand Deacon of Hertfordshire,
having completed his year of office as Master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076,
the thanks of the Brethren be, and hereby are, tendered to him for his courtesy in the
•Chair, and his efficient management of the affairs of the Lodge; and that this Resolution
.be suitably engrossed and presented to him."

The Secretary called attention to the following

EXHIBITS.
By Bro. T. Francis, Ryde, I.W.

Nine Jewels from his collection, as follows : —

10. Circular Jewel, pierced, with date, A.M. 5783. (See Illustration.)

11. Pierced Jewel, engraved, no date. (See Illustration.)

12. Silver Gilt Jewel, with Hall Mark of 1809. Probably not Masonic. (See Illustra-

tions.)

Exhibit*. 375

13. Silver Gilt Jewel, with inscription : —

"W m Smith, C.E., P.G.S. & P.M. of Castle Lodge of Harmony 26 & of
Britannic Lodge 33 both in London also P.M. of the following Provincial
Lodges, viz. Scientific Lodge 840 (Bucks), Gooeh Lodge 1238 (Midd ex ) also a
Proxy Master in the Grand Lodge of Scotland." The oldest part of this
inscription is undoubtedly " Castle Lodge of Harmony 27," all the rest having
evidently been added at a later date, when probably the No. 27 was altered
to 26. The Jewel may perhaps have originally belonged to this Lodge, and
have been worn by its representative for the time being on the Board of Grand
Stewards. (See Illustrations.)

14. Collar Jewel, with Hall Mark of 1786. (See Illustration.)

15. Collar Jewel. Square and segment of Circle, enclosing Irradiated Sun with large

Crystal in centre. At the back the following inscriptions : — " Voted by L. & P.
Lodge 493 Leeds. Mar. 1807. A Token of Esteem to our faithful Brother T.
Trant. Prcemium ac Privilegium. Industrial & Virtutis." Loyal and Perfect
was a Modern Lodge founded in 1790, and erased in 1832.

16. P.M. Collar Jewel of present regulation pattern, set in paste. An inscription at

back reads :— " Presented December 30th 1834 By the Members of the Lodge
of Honor and Generosity No. 194 to B r John Canham Jun r Past Master and
Secretary." The Lodge is the present No. 165.

17. Collar Jewel, probably of a Lodge Steward.

18. Silver Gilt Collar Jewel, with Hall Mark of 1817. It is suggested that it may have

been worn by a Grand Chaplain. The design can be attributed to Michael
Devon who wrote, up the Minutes of Grand Lodge round about 1760 and
embellished them with specimens of his skill as an illuminator. (See Illustra-
tion.)

By Bro. S. Jacobs, London

Large Silk Handkerchief, with numerous Masonic emblems printed in black.
Presented to the Lodge.

By Bro. J. K. S. Tuckett, Marlborough.

Certificate issued ]0th March, 5784, by the Lodge La Men Aimee, Amsterdam, in
favour of David Capadose Pareira. The Certificate, which is written in French, includes
the three degrees, and is signed by J. Douwes, Yen. M rc ; Hendrick Melissen, premier
Surveillant; H. Bastcrt, second Surveillant ; and J. Capityn, junior, Secretaire; and
■counter-signed by G. M. i Koen, 1- jjrji. Sec. It has two seals attached to a pink coloured
ribbon.

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Brethren who kindly lent these objects
for exhibition.

The W.M, delivered the following Installation Address

376

Transaction." of the Quatnor Coronati Lodge.

Brethren,

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

— *

T has been the custom in this Lodge from its foundation for the
newly-appointed Master to deliver on the night of his Installa-
tion an Inaugural Address. The choice of a subject becomes
increasingly difficult for each succeeding occupant of the Chair,
inasmuch as it must be one that has not been previously brought
before the Lodge, and at the same time it must not be of a con-
troversial character, so that nothing may interfere with the
harmony that should prevail when we celebrate the Festival of the Four Crowned
Martyrs — the four skilful stone masons who preferred the crown of martyrdom to
making images of heathen gods.

But before commencing my Address I wish again to tender my sincere thanks
to my Brethren for the very high honour and great privilege they have conferred
upon me by selecting me as Master of this distinguished Lodge. I trust that when
another Brother succeeds me, it will be found that I shall have carried out the
duties of that high office to their satisfaction.

I wish also to say a few words respecting certain events that have happened
within the last few months. In the By-laws of our Lodge are enumerated the
several objects that its founders had in view. One of these was " To acquire
permanent London premises and open a Reading Room' for the Members." The
latter we have had for some time, but the acquisition of premises in London suitable
for our purpose is by no means an easy matter. We made a start on the death of
our lamented Bro. Speth by renting rooms in a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields,
which afforded space, limited though it was, for an office and our Library and
Museum. In a few years' time W3 had to leave and find accommodation elsewhere,
which we succeeded in obtaining at No. 52 in this street. Gradually this also
became too limited for our ever-increasing Library and Museum. Just at the
right time it was found that a house, almost opposite the rooms then in our
occupation, was to be let, and our energetic Secretary, Bro. Songhurst, neglected
no effort to secure it. In this he eventually succeeded, and the Lodge must be
congratulated on the result. I wish, in the name of the Lodge, to thank him
very heartily for the trouble he took over the whole matter, not forgetting the
removal and re-arrangement of our property.

As we are now approaching the two hundredth anniversary of what is
frequently called the " Revival of Masonry," I have thought that it will not be
inappropriate to draw attention to the laws that have been laid down at various
times for the government of the Craft.

The little that is known of Masonic events that occurred between the
celebrated Assembly and Feast held at The Goose and Gridiron Ale-house on

Inaugural Address. 377

St. John Baptist's day, 1717, and the 24th of June, 1723, when the Minutes of
Grand Lodge commence, is contained in half-a-dozen pages of the second
edition of the Book of Constitutions. Some regulations are stated to have
been drawn up in 1720 and approved on the 24th of June, 1721. At the Grand
Lodge held on the 29th of September, 1721, the Grand Master (the Duke of
Montagu) and the Lodge " finding fault with all the old Gothic Constitutions,
Order'd Brother James Anderson, A.M., to digest the same in a new and better
Method." In the following December a committee of fourteen was appointed to
examine and report on Anderson's manuscript. This with some amendments was
ordered in 1722 to be printed, and its publication took place in the following year,
forming the first of the many editions of the Book of Constitutions. It is a
matter of history that in many Lodges, when time permitted, sections of the
Book of Constitutions were read to the Brethren both when at Labour and when
at refreshment. This fact, as well as the comparatively small numbers of copies
that were printed, may recount for their scarcity, especially those in good con-
dition. The 1723 edition has the following title-page: — " The / Constitutions / of
the Free-Masons, / Containing the / History, Charges, Regulations &c. / of that
most ancient and Right / Worshipful Fraternity. / For the Use of the
Lodges. / London : / Printed by William Hunter, for John Senex at the Globe, /
and John Hooke at tire Flower-de-luce over-against St. Dunstan's / Church, in
Fleet-street. /In the Year of Masonry— 5723 / Anno Domini— 1723." There is
also a pseudo-heraldic vignette. The volume commences with a four-page dedica-
tion to the Duke of Montagu by the Deputy Grand Master, J. T. Desaguliers.
In consequence of this some writers spoke of the book as Desaguliers's Constitutions.
We then have " The Constitution, History, Laws, Charges, Orders, Regulations,
and Usages of the Right Worshipful Fraternity of Accepted Free Masons; col-
lected from their original Records and their faithful Traditions of many Ages."
Then come " The charges of a Free-Mason, extracted from the ancient Records of
Lodges beyond the Sea, and those cf England, Scotland and Ireland, for the use
of the Lodges in London." Next come the " General Regulations, compiled first
by Mr. George Payne, anno 1720, when he was Grand-Master"; "The Manner
of Constituting a New Lodge, as practis'd by his Grace the Duke of Wharton, the
present Right Worshipful Grand Master," and (pages 73, 74) the Approbation of
the publication of the book, signed by the Grand Officers and the Masters and
Wardens of particular Lodges. In this list we find against Lodge " XVII. James
Anderson, A.M., Master, the author of this Book." This is the first time that
the author's name is mentioned. Some Masonic songs conclude the work. The
supposed great value of the "History," which begins by stating that "Adam
must have had the Liberal Sciences, particularly Geometry, written upon his
heart," and that he " no doubt taught his sons Geometry," has long since been
discounted. In later editions, however, the historical part that deals with the
actual doings of Grand Lodge, being kept up to date, is distinctly valuable.

But it is with the Regulations that we are concerned to-night, and it is my
intention to show how these varied as opportunities arose for publishing new laws
ow 7 ing to the stock of the several editions becoming exhausted.

At the Quarterly Communication held on February 24th, 1735, Anderson
stated that all the copies of the first edition had been sold, and that he had put

378 Transactions of the Qiiatuor Coronati Lodge.

together some additions and alterations for a new edition. A committee was
appointed to report on the manuscript. According to the Minutes of Grand
Lodge Anderson also complained that " one William Smith said to be a Mason
had without his privity or Consent pyrated a considerable part of the Constitutions
of Masonry aforesaid to the prejudice of the said Bro. Anderson it being his Sole
Property." The new edition was printed in 1738. On page 133 we find "the
book call'd the Free Mason's Yade Mecinn was condemn'd by the G. Lodge as a
pyratical and silly Thing, done without leave, and the Brethren were warned not
to use it, nor encourage it to be sold." This is usually taken to refer to a book
with the following title-page 1 : — "Pocket Companion / for / Free-Masons. / Deus
nobis Sol et Scutum. / London: / Printed and Scld by E. Eider in Blackmore- /
street, near Clare-Market. / MDCCXXXV.," having a Dedication signed by
W. Smith. At page 47 begins "A Collection of the Songs of Masons . . ."
dated 1734, and at page 95 " An exact List of Regular [English] Lodges according
to their Seniority and Constitution." Then cotr.es the publisher's announcement
of new books, dated December 12th, 1734. If this is so, it seems curious that
Anderson, who must have known the exact title of the book in question, and, as
author, would be responsible for what he wrote, should have permitted the wrong
title to appear. More than that, the same wording was repeated in all the
editions printed in the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, I must acknowledge
that all my efforts to obtain from either this or the other side of the Atlantic any
information concerning a " Vade mecum," the date of which will suit the circum-
stances, have hitherto met with no success. Since no name is given to the book
in the Grand Lodge Minutes, it may, perhaps, be suggested as an alternative that
the wrong title was purposely given in the Constitutions in order to throw people
off the scent.

The dates of the various editions in the eighteenth century are 1723, 1738
(1746, the previous one with a new title-page), 1756, 1767, 1784. Proceeding
onward up to the date of the last general revision, new editions were issued in
1815 (the same revised in 1819), 1827, 1841, 1847, 1853, 1855, 1858, 1861, 1863,
1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873, 1884. These 21 editions may well be divided into
groups, which will help us in the study of them. I may here say that I do not
intend at present to examine those later than 1819. The first and second were the
work of Anderson. He died in 1739, and the Rev. Jchn Entick headed the com-
mittee entrusted with the bringing out of the edition of 1756. Though the next
edition, that of 1767, bears Entick's name on the title-page, its position indicates
that he had nothing to do with its production. In 1776 Preston brought out an
Appendix, containing only the historical part brought up to date. John
Noorthouck was responsible for the fifth. This was not only the last of the
eighteenth century editions, but also the last to contain the story of the
transactions of Grand Lodge, that had been commenced in that of 1738 and was
continued to date. At the Union in 1813 arrangements were made for a new
edition, the preparation of which was entrusted to Bro. William W T illiams, the
Provincial Grand Master of Dorset. Sundry amendments were afterwards made

1 A somewhat variant and more extensive edition, also printed by E. Rider, was
published at Dublin in the same year. This has an approbation signed by the Grand
Master, Deputy Grand Master and Wardens of the Grand Lod^e of Ireland for 1734 and
a list of the Irish Lodges,

Inaugural Address. 379

and corrected sheets were brought in 1819. : This edition, the last of the quarto
size, differs vastly from its predecessors, for Williams had, and embraced, the
opportunity of taking his rules from various sources and adapting them to circum-
stances. The next edition, that of 1827, was a reprint of the previous one, and
was the last to be compiled by one who was not an actual official of Grand Lodge,
all the later ones being published by the Grand Secretary under the authority of
Grand Lodge. Various alterations having been made from time to time in
succeeding years, the work was thoroughly revised, and the 21st edition was
published in 1884. This would, therefore, have been an excellent date at which to
conclude my resume and comparison of the laws by which the Craft had been
governed at various times, but it was thought more compatible with the occasion
not to proceed further than the Constitutions of the Union.

In the course of my examination of the editions selected my attention was
occasionally drawn to various points of minor importance. For instance, the first
edition cannot be said to bo that of the Constitutions of the Grand Lodge of
England, for we find that the Lodges are spoken of, at one time as " being in
London " ; at another, ' ' in and about the cities of London and Westminster. ' '
In later editions Lodges are described as being " within the Bills of Mortality," or
" within the London district," or " about town," or "in the country."

Then, too, different terms are applied to the Craft in passages only a few
pages apart; for instance, " the Free-Masons," " that most ancient and Right
Worshipful Fraternity," " the Right Worshipful Fraternity of Accepted Free
Masons," " the Antient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons,"
"the Ancient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons."

On the other hand, I may be permitted to draw attention to a ruling agreed
to as long ago as April 6th, 1736, that has been not only not repealed, but re-
printed in every succeeding edition of the Book of Constitutions to the present
day. We are told that, if a matter is to be determined by the votes of the mem-
bers of a Lodge, the voting is "to be signified by each holding up one hand." It
is difficult to conceive why holding up is so frequently considered now-a-days to be
equivalent to holding out.

The term " Chapter," as applied to assemblies of masons, occurs in one of
the Statutes of Labourers passed in 1425, and is met with more than once in the
Constitutions. Anderson, in the 1723 edition, says "The Master of a particular

1 The copies of the 1815 edition evidently did not sell as rapidly as was desired,
for in the Grand Lodge Minutes of December 6th, 181-5, we find a letter addressed to
the Master of every Lodge by the Grand Secretaries by order of the Grand Master : —
" W. Master, — We beg to acquaint you, that the Laws and Regulations for the Govern-
ment of the Craft, which have been approved and confirmed by the Grand Lodge, and
which will form the Second Part of the Book of Constitutions are now ready for delivery ;
the First Part of the Volume is preparing, and will bo forwarded to the Subscribers with
as little delay as possible. — The whole work will not exceed Thirty Shillings, but the price
cannot, at present, be precisely ascertained.

Each Subscriber is to pay One Pound at the time the order is given, and the
remainder is to be paid when the First Part is ready for delivery.

Each Lodge must, of course, possess a copy, and should there be any member of
your Lodge desirous of having one, you are requested to send his name, and remit the
Money with- your own, giving Instructions to us by what conveyance thev are to be
sent. . . ."

Again, in the Minutes of March 5th. 1817, is the following foot-note: — "Some
Lodges not having yet procured a Copy of the Second Part of the Book of Constitutions,
containing tho Laws of the Grand Lodge, they are desired, forthwith to apply to the
Grand Secretaries for the same, the price of which, one Pound, is to be remitted with
the Application."

As regards the First Part, which was never published, a note in Miscellanea
Latomorum, New Series, vol. i., p. 6, may be profitably consulted.

380 franmcfio/is of the Quatuur Coronnti Lodge.

Lodge has the right and authority of congregating the members of his Lodge into
a Chapter at pleasure." The difference, however, between a Lodge and a Chapter
is nowhere set forth. The expression appears for the last time in the 1784 edition.
The term " Principal " also occurs in the first edition, in which it is said, speaking
of certain difficulties thai might arise in the election of a Grand Master, " the
Deputy shall act as Principal." This did not appear later than in the edition of
1827.

It goes without saying that, as time went on, it was found necessary to
increase the number of officers in the Grand Lodge and in particular or private
Lodges. At first a Grand Master, his Deputy and two Grand Wardens sufficed
for Grand Lodge, and a Master and two Wardens for a private Lodge. In what
is known as Roberts's Constitutions of 1722 occurs the following "Additional
Order," said to have been made and agreed upon on December 8th, 1663, " That
for the future the said Society, Company and Fraternity of Free-Masons shall be
regulated and governed by one Master, and as many Wardens as the said Company
shall think fit to chuse at every yearly General Assembly."

With respect to the position in Grand Lodge of the Deputy Grand Master,
it is laid down in the 1756 Book of Constitutions that he is to bs on the Grand
Master's left hand, but this is changed to the right in the 1767 edition. A
Secretary was first appointed in 1723. In 1721 one Brother volunteered his
services as Steward; the number was increased in 1723 and 1724 to six. In 1725,
1726 and 1727 there was again only one for each year; in 1728 the number was
fixed at twelve (" alluding to the twelve signs of the Zodiack "), and so continued
till 1815, when nine Lodges were added to the list from which Stewards were
selected. These were not strictly speaking Grand Officers, the prefix " Grand "
first occurs in 1725. A Treasurer was first appointed in 1729, and a Grand
Master's Sword Bearer in 1733. In addition to these, we find in the Constitutions
of 1784 (which gives a chronological list of the Grand Officers, 1717-1783) a Grand
Chaplain. In the next edition, that of 1815, Deacons are mentioned for the first
time among the Grand Officers, as well as a Registrar, a Superintendent of. the
Works, a Director of the Ceremonies and an Organist. The first mention of
Deacons in a private Lodge is met with, according to Sadler, in April, 1754, but
according to Gould, in the previous July.

Apparently, it was not till the first edition after the Union, that of 1815,
that it was thought necessary or advisable to publish strict rules regarding clothing,
though certain articles of Masonic clothing are specified in the Minutes of 1723,
and again of 1727 and 1731. The jewels to be worn by Grand and Past Grand
Officers were — so far as the number of Officers in earlier times went — the same as
those of the present day. With the exception of the jewels of the actual and Past
Grand, and Deputy Grand, Master and the Wardens, that is of the four Grand
Officers, all are to be within a wreath composed of a sprig of acacia and an ear of
corn. Though the wording of the last part has been continued to the present day,
we are nowhere told that the wreath is to be engraved or in relief on a ring-shaped
plate of gold. It was not till the edition of 1853 that the Treasurer was excluded
from the list. It was settled in 1725 that the Treasurer should be nominated by
the Grand Master and approved of by the Grand Lodge, but he did not rank as a
Grand Officer till 1753. Nor did at first the Grand Master's Sword Bearer, being
appointed not by Grand Lodge but by the Grand Master himself.

Inaugural Address. 381

In the section headed " Of Private Lodges," in the edition of 1815, the
Inner Guard is mentioned as one of the officers, but no jewel is assigned to him.
In the same edition it is laid down that a Fellow Craft's apron is to be the same
as that of the Entered Apprentice, but " with sky-blue rosettes at bottom, strings
of the same colour, with silver tassels." It had been arranged that this edition
should be revised and re-issued in three years' time with any amendments that
might have been agreed to. In the revised edition of 1819 we find that the Fellow
Craft's apron is deprived of its tassels and a jewel is assigned to the Inner Guard.

All the editions from 1723 to 1819 are of quarto size; the remainder are in
octavo, nearly all from 1855 being issued also in the more familiar small size.
With the exception of the Dedication and Sanction " a new edition, carefully
revised, and continued to the present time," was brought out in 1769, in octavo.
This pirated edition is identical with that of 1767, the particulars respecting the
meetings of Grand Lodge from April, 1767, to May, 1769, being contained in an
Appendix. The reprint is of value as it contains a copy of the Charter of Incor-
poration proposed in 1769 by the Duke of Beaufort. After this had been approved
of by a majority of the Lodges, a Bill was brought into Parliament in 1772 by the
Deputy Grand Master, the Hon. Charles Dillon. On the dav fixed for the Com-
mittee stage the Bill was withdrawn. This is not mentioned in the edition of 1784.
This pirated, spurious or unauthorised edition was printed also in Dublin, or
rather, from the exact resemblance between the two in every detail excent the title-
page and some illustrations, it would be more correct to say, as has been suggested,
that some of the sets of sheets were bound up with a new and more extensive title-
page, either in London or in Dublin. It bears no date: the imprint is: —
"Dublin: Printed for Thomas Wilkinson in Winetavern- Street, the corner of
Cook-Street. At said Wilkinson's may be had all the sorts of Free-Mason books
now extant."

So far, I have read only the introduction to the subject that I have selected
for my Inaugural Address, namely, A comparison of the Regulations laid down
in the various editions of the Book of Constitutions from 1723 to 1819. Such a
comparison, which is quits ready for the press, does not lend itself to being read
aloud, but will appear in our Transactions. As you are aware, three numbers
of these are issued annually. Of the present volume only one part has, for
weighty reasons, which I need not here particularise, appeared as yet. If parts 2
and 3 should each b? as lengthy as the first (for which I am partly responsible)
our twenty-ninth volume would, with the usual St. John's Card, extend to about
700 pages; this, to say the least, would be inconvenient. I am not b3traying a
secret when I say that it is intended to publish the remainder of my Address in
the first part of the next volume.

Before sitting down may I express the sincere hope, in which I know you
all join with me, that the blessing of peace may before very long be again
vouchsafed to us and to the whole world; that our Lodge may continue to flourish
and the members of both Circles be enabled earnestly to pursue their researches
in Freemasonry, as they have been doing for the last thirty years ?

Brethren, I thank you for the attention you have so kindly given me, and
I greet you well.

382 Transaction* of the Qitutuor Coronati Lodye.

At the subsequent banquet, Bro. W. Wonnacott, I. P.M., proposed " The Toast
of the Worshipful Master": —

Brethren,

Although I have yielded up to my successor the gavel of Master, there yet
remains an important and exceedingly pleasant task to be fulfilled, of proposing
to you at the festive board that we should in time-honoured form accept as the
toast of the evening the health of the brother who now holds the blue ribbon of
the Craft, the Master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. It is our custom, on the
Feast Day of the Four Crowned Martyrs, to submit with this health a slight
sketch of the career of the newly-installed brother in his own particular sphere,
and to add a few particulars of his Masonic record.

In Bro. Frederick William Levander we have one who has not spent an
idle life. His years have now passed the allotted span, and in summing up to-
night what he has accomplished you will agree with me that he has a long and
honourable record, and in the enjoyment of the ease with dignity which is the
reward of faithful service we may add our congratulations on attaining the lofty
position he now adorns as a Mason, the crown of his Masonic career. The family
of Levander is of Swedish extraction, resident in this country over a long period.
His brother, Henry Charles Levander, M.A., was a well-known Mason, particularly
in the Province of Middlesex. Frederick William was born in the year 1839
at the Devonshire port of Exmouth, his father residing at the time at Exeter,
where he practised as a dentist. As a lad he was educated at the Exeter Grammar
School, where he had a successful career as a student of the classics, winning many
classical prizes and carrying off the medal for Latin verse : at leaving he was head
of the school. Hoping to obtain a degree at some University, this hope was not
realised, through the fores of circumstances, and brought him a severe disappoint-
ment. Taking up the scholastic profession, he became a teacher, specializing in
the Latin language, and as such held many important posts. At first he was an
assistant in a school preparatory for Woolwich and Sandhurst, but later became
an Assistant Classical Master at the University College School, his connection with
which lasted for forty years, from 1869 until his well-earned retirement in 1909 :
besides this he did a great deal of private coaching in which his successful results
brought him a throng of pupils.

His health in his younger days did not permit of active participation in
outdoor sports, so for relaxation he turned to the liberal arts and sciences, and
adopted as his particular hobby that of Astronomy; Electricity, too, has claimed
him as an earnest student, and he has accomplished much in microscopical re-
search, besides being devoted to antiquities in general.

In the astronomical world his record is a somewhat remarkable one, for,
being master of the theoretical side of the science, he has combined with it the
practical knowledge of the inventor of special apparatus for the purpose of
facilitating his own researches as well as of others. As long ago as 1860 he
published his observations on the two planets Mars and Saturn, and these remarks
have been endorsed and honoured by reproduction in various works which have
since been printed. These planetary observations were made with a small but
exceedingly fine telescope, which he mounted himself as an equatorial instrument,
the better to be able to follow the movements of the heavenly bodies, and, let it

Inaugural Address. 383

be remembered that, in the days I speak of, it was only the wealthy who were
catered for by the instrument makers, and the cost of scientific appliances was
almost prohibitive. To counteract this tendency, Bro. Levander devised an
equatorial mounting for telescopes of moderate size, which proved sufficiently
accurate for all reasonable purposes without being at all costly, and his was the
first of this pattern to be made possessing these important characteristics. As a
reward of merit, this gained for him the Fellowship of the Royal Astronomical
Society, an honour he still enjoys as one of the oldest of our astronomical students.

Soon after the year 1877, which was marked by the discovery of the moons
of Mars, he invented and brought into use a solar and sidereal diaphragm eye-
piece, which practical piece of apparatus was intended to facilitate the observation
of very faint bodies in close proximity to brighter, and, therefore, more over-
powering ones. His paper on this device was read to the Royal Astronomical
Society in the year 1879. Several years later it was figured in detail in a French
scientific publication and claimed as the original production of some savant on
the other side of the Channel.

Another branch of his special subject, that of the true colour of the stars,
claimed his attention over a long period, and in order to assist in their proper
classification and nomenclature, he brought forth another invention, an instrument
intended to assist those who, from lack of proper training or suffering from the
optical defect known as Daltonism, were unable to record correctly the tints of the
stars. By the use of this instrument the light of a star under observation was
denoted by the wave-length of the light it emitted. This enabled him to classify
accordingly and catalogue nearly 5,000 stars.

For many years he was a member of the Liverpool Astronomical Society :
he was a foundation member of the British Astronomical Association, has served
on its Council since 1895, was its Librarian for eleven years, has been the Editor
of its Proceedings since the year 1900, and occupied the Chair of President of the
Association from 1906 to 1908.

In electricity he has also done a great deal as a student and inventor.
When Professor Silvanus Thompson published his work he selected for illustration
a tangent galvanometer designed and produced by Bro. Levander, the merit of
which was its accuracy combined with a lower cost than any similar piece of
apparatus then existing. Applying his practical knowledge of electricity to railway
work, he was forestalled by only two days in the invention of a signal which should
automatically indicate in the signal box the position of a distant signal, a device
now in universal use on all the railways.

In the literary department of the scholastic world we find many works and
educational books have been produced by him, among them may be mentioned
" Memorabilia Latina," " Solutions of Questions in Magnetism and Electricity
set at the University of London Preliminary Examinations in Science," and
among his many contributions to scientific magazines and popular works we may
record several in the publications of the Royal Astronomical Society and the
British Astronomical Association. He has been industrious in compiling many
annual Indexes, and General Indexes of the Notes and Proceedings of the Societies
with which he has been so long connected, and one in particular with which his
name is associated is Sir David Gill's important work on the Royal Observatory
at the Cape of Good Hope,

384 Transactions of the Qvatuor Coronati Lodge.

Let us turn now to his Masonic record. At tlie age of 22 he was made a
Mason on 16th May, 1861, in No. 961, now 663, the Wiltshire Lodge of Fidelity
at Devizes; his association with this Lodge was not of long duration. He next
joined the Campbell Lodge No. 1415 at Hampton Court on 21st May, 1873, aud
served as its Master in 1877, being installed on 14th July of that year, and again
in 1894, besides which, for twenty years he acted as Secretary of this Lodge.
When the Henry Levander Lodge No. 2048 at Harrow was constituted in 11884,
Frederick William Levander, brother of the worthy Mason after whom the Lodge
was named, was one of the Consecrating Officers, and joined it in 1906, but
resigned in February, 1909. Our Master was honoured in the year 1880 with the
collar of Prov. S. Grand Deacon in the Province of Middlesex, and three years
ago was promoted to the higher rank of Prov. S.G. W'arden.

He' might, had he been so inclined, have followed his brother Henry as
Prov. G. Secretary and Prov. G. Scribe E. of his Province, for he was offered those
posts,- but at the time thought fit to decline.

Bro. Levander was exalted on 9th February, 1874, in the Royal Arch in
the Panmure Chapter No. 720, a Chapter which has since become attached to the
Globe Lodge and bears the number 23, and he filled various offices therein up to
2nd A.S., until his resignation in 1879. He was a founder of No. 142, St. Thomas's
Chapter, and became its Z. in 1883, serving a second term of office as its First
Principal in 1892, being also Scribe of the Chapter for nearly twenty years, lie
joined the Henry Levander Chapter No. 2048, was its Z. in 1891, and again in
1912. In 1891 he was elected Prov. G. Treasurer (Royal Arch) of the Province
of Middlesex, and in 1914 received the higher rank of Prov. Grand J.

In the cause of Charity we may note that he was for twenty years ah Annual
Subscriber to each of the three Institutions, and has served as Steward and is a
Life Governor of both the Girls' and the Boys' Institutions.

The year 1890 saw him become a member of our Correspondence Circle,
and he has done yeoman service to our Lodge as its Local Secretary for Middlesex
and North London for many years. In 1912, on the Feast of St. John the Baptist,
Bro. Levander became a member of this Lodge, and to-night attains the summit
of his ambition as its Master. I need scarcely remind you of two of his contribu-
tions to our Transactions, one on the mysterious body known as the Sols, a paper
I can only characterise as full of patient research, and his more recent contribution
on Clubs and Societies, revealing in an equal degree his patient industry and keen-
ness as a Masonic student. Another service he has rendered to the Craft at large.
When Bro. Edward L. Hawkins died (he was S.W. of our Lodge at the time) it
was feared that the little periodical known as Miscellanea Latomorum would,
through the death of its founder, pass into oblivion, but Bro. Levander came
forward and rescued the publication from an untimely end, and has been its
Editor since the lamented death of Bro. Hawkins.

Brethren, I ask you to rise and honour in due form the health of our
Worshipful Master, and in doing so to join me in the wish that his year of office
may be both a pleasant and prosperous one, and that the G.A.O.T.U. may permit
him to carry out the duties of his high office with satisfaction to himself and
advantage to the Lodge.

Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

385

NOTES AND QUERIES.

OBERT SAMBER'S " EBRIETATIS ENCOMIUM."— At the end

of this well-known work (or rather translation) by Robert Samber
there is a 17-page Postscript signed ' F. Sans-terre ' and dated
' May 1. 1723. From my Garret in Bandy-legged Walk.' On
page 204 (I quote from the edition of 1812, London. For C.
Chappie) there is an allusion to Freemasons other than the
familiar one in chap. xv. : —

Thirdly and lastly, I wish in chap, xxiii. in your answer to the objec-
tion, " That one cannot trust a man that gets drunk," you had been
pleased to have taken notice of the taciturnity and continency of the
right worshipful the free masons in this respect. For though other-
wise they are free enough of speech, yet I do assure you, as to secrets,
though some of them love the creature very heartily, and carouse
abundantly, yet has it never been known, though never so fuddled,
(for free masons will get fuddled,) that they ever discovered any of
their secrets. This is irresistible, irrefragable, irrefutable or if you
will, to speak (norunt dialectics ) in stylo infinito, non-resistible, non-
refragable, and non-refutable, and, indeed, is my Arf/umenturn 2>al mare
Scotisticum .

Instead of the ' Cavalier ' Frontispiece of the 1723 2nd edition, this of 1812 has
one representing a Divine, a Soldier and a Justice of the Peace (?) carousing at a
table, a winged figure with scythe in the background, and the floor strewn with
empty bottles. Motto: — Vi vim its Dam. Biliimus.

In 1714 a certain Henri Albert de Sallengres published a work entitled
L'Eloge de 1'Yvresse which Robert Samber turned into his book of 1723 Ebrietatis
Encomium by translating, altering .and adding to it. I have lately become the
possessor of a fine copy of a re-issue of the original work with title-page as follows : —
Elof/e de 1'Ivresxe. . . . Xouvelle edition, Revue, corrir/ee, ef consid erabl e-
rnent miymentee. A. Jincchopolh, De Vlmprimerir dn viev.x Silene, V An de la
Yigne J/S.7.J. Et a 1'aris, Chez Michel, Lihraire et Commissionaire, rue de 1'Arbre
Sec, X" .'W. An VI. The date is of course 1798. The Avis de 1'editeur ascribes
the authorship of the original to: —

Un homme d'un esprit facetieux et d'une vaste erudition, M. Sallengres,

but says it came out ' Vers le milieu de ce siecle.' The editor, whose signature is
P.A.M.M., admits that he has taken very considerable liberties with the work of
de Sallengres. I was surprised and somewhat disappointed to find no mention of
Freemasonry in this 1798 reprint.

J. E. S. Tuckett.

386 Transactions of the Qnatitor Coronati Lodge.

Non-Jurors and Freemasons. — A Compleat History of the, Rebellion from
its First Rise, in 17kf>, to its Total Suppression, at the glorious Battle of Ciilloden
in April, lllfi. . . . By James Ray, of Whitehaven, Volunteer, is generally
considered to be one of the best narratives of Prince Charles Edward's spirited
venture. It was first published in the winter of 1746/7, but there are several later
editions. In a footnote describing Manchester, Ray makes the following reference
to the Craft, which is interesting in more respects than one. It is not included in
Bro. Dring's list in A.Q.C., vol. xxv., p. 353: —

This Town has a good Market-Place, and a modern Exchange, with
many other elegant and magnificent Buildings. Here is likewise a
small Baptist Meeting-House, and a Jacobite Nonjuring-Chapel. I
don't know of what Body the Congregation consists, they not allowing
any to come amongst them but such as are of their own Sort, who (like
the more worshipful Society of Free Masons) are under an Oath not to
divulge what is transacted there, except it be to a just and lawful
Jacobite, as he or she shall appear to be upon Examination.

It is well-known that the bulk of the Clergy at Manchester at the time of the '45

were Jacobites, particularly so in the case of the Fellows of the Collegiate Church.

(See The Poems of John Byrom , ed. by Dr. A. W. Ward for the Chetham Society.

1894. Vol. i., p. 332.) The phraseology of the extract given above will be noted.

Is it known if James Ray was a Mason ?

J. E. S. Tuckett.

Engraved Summonses. — The engraved summons of St. Paul's Lodge,
circa 1825 (p. 24 ante), has a curious error, as it mentions the Crown & Vulture,
Cornhill. It should be the George and Vulture. The engraver may have had in
his mind the former meeting place of the Lodge, the Crown and Anchor in the
Strand.

The Lodge of Peace & Plenty at the Red Lion, Horslydown Lane (p. 25 ante).
This summons has been dated as circa 1776. In my opinion it cannot be earlier
than 1786, in spite of the fact that the Lodge was at the Red Lion in the former
year. The engraved summons bears the name of the Lodge as well as of its meeting
place; there is as yet no satisfactory proof that it was known by the name of
" Peace & Plenty " prior to 1786. It may then be more safely dated as circa 1786,
and not 1776.

The engraved summons of the Bedford Lodge, undated, at p. 9 (ante), may
be dated at the close of 1788, or later. In October of that year the thanks of the
Lodge were voted to Bro. Hixon for engraving a plate for summonses. This plate
was evidently engraved after the removal of No. 241 in August of 1788 to the
Coal Hole Tavern, Fountain Court, Strand.

The Master, Bro. Robinson, whose name apnears on this summons, was
William Robinson, later Treasurer of the Lodge.

W. Wonnacott.

Society Of College Youths. — I was reading recently A.Q.C., volume xxix.,
Part I., and at page 43 I found in the late Bro. Levander's paper on the
"Collectanea" of the Rev. Daniel Lysons, F.R.S., F.S.A., a reference to two
advertisements of the College Youths Society, dated respectively November 3rd,

iVotes and Queries. 387

1753, and November 3rd, 1786, and I gather from the way in which Bro. Levander
referred to them he was quite unaware of the history, and even possibly of the
existence of the Society of College Youths, or, as it has been called for some time
past, the Ancient Society of College Youths, and I have pleasure in sending you a
few notes which may be of interest, since doubtless there are other members of the
Quatuor Coronati who are in a similar condition of ignorance.

The Society was founded as far back as 1637, on November 5th of that year,
by Lord Brereton, Sir Cliffe Clifton, and others who were, I understand, courtiers
and associates of the King. The name was taken from the fact that they first met
to practise campanology at St. Martin's Church, College Hill, Upper Thames Street,
which Church was afterwards destroyed in the Great Fire of London, 1666.

The technical side of the Society will in this connection hardly be of interest,
though a great deal could be written of it, as it is the best known and in every
way the most prominent of the Ringing Societies. What is more apropos of Bro.
Levander's paper is some account of the constitution and method of management.
For some long time past the officers of the Society have been a Master, Treasurer,
Secretary, two Trustees, and two Stewards, all of whom are elected at an annual
meeting held at a date approximating as nearly as possible to November 5th in each
year, at which period also there has been wont to be an annual festival.

In other days, the Master, with his Officers and members of the Society,
would officially attend Divine Service at St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, preceded by
their Beadle, who carried a Staff surmounted by a small silver bell suspended in a
frame of embossed silver and bearing around the crown the motto " Intactum sileo
percute-dulce cano 5 Nov. 1762," and at the subsequent festival the Society was
frequently honoured with the company of the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and other
civic authorities. For many years there was a Branch of the Society at Hertford
in which the Marquises of Salisbury were wont to take a peculiar interest.

Many men whose names are historical have been connected from time to
time with the Society, amongst whom may be cited Sir Richard Everard, Sir Henry
Tulse, Sir John Bollis, Baronet, Sir W. Culpepper, several members of the Cecil
family, Slingsby Bethell, Esq., afterwards Lord Mayor of London, Sir Watkin
William Wynne, Sir Henry Hicks, Admiral Francis Geary, Sir Watkin Lewis,
M.P., afterwards Lord Mayor, Samuel Birch, Esq., afterwards Lord Mayor, John
Powell Powell, Esq., Quex Park, Isle of Thanet (Mr. Powell erected a tower in
his Park in which he placed a peal of 12 bells), Sir Bartle Frere, K.C.B., Sir
Arthur P. Heywood, Sir Symonds D'Ewes, Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice,
and many others, not the least among whom is our V.W. Bro. the Ven. Archdeacon
Sinclair, P.G.C.

At the present time, or perhaps I should say in times immediately preceding
the War, as the Government has practically stopped bell ringing, the Society's
official meetings are at Southwark Cathedral, St. Paul's Cathedral, St. Mary-le-
Bow, Cheapside, St. Michael's, Cornhill, and St. Giles', Cripplegate, all of which
towers contain peals of twelve bells. There are, of course, many other meetings,
which, however, are not regarded as official.

One should not leave the subject without recording that another Society
exists, known as the Royal Society of Cumberland Youths. This was founded in
the year 1746, being then known as the London Scholars Society. The name was
changed when, on the return of the Duke of Cumberland with his army from the

388 Tranxactionx of the Quutuor L'oromtti Lodge.

battle of Culloden Moor, in 1746, the London Scholars were ringing to welcome
him at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, which so pleased the Duke that he presented the
Society with a silver medallion, 1 still worn by the Master at official meetings, and
gave them permission to style themselves " The Royal Cumberland Youths."

There has always existed between the two Societies a spirit of emulation
which has been of great advantage to the " Exercise " as the practice of ringing is
technically called. Each of these Societies prohibits membership of the other
Society. Rule 14 of the College Youths Society at present is as follows: —

" Any member joining the Cumberland Society will cease to belong to
this Company and forfeit all rights of membership."

Another interesting rule of the College Youths Society, which, however, was
abolished some twenty years ago, enacted that : —

"No person under the age of 21 shall become a member of the Society
without the previous sanction of his parents or guardians."

John C. Mitchell.

Uniforms in Lodges. — Although with the single exception of the Stewards
Lodge, no Masonic body has actually adopted the practice of wearing a distinctive
Uniform, the advisability of such an innovation was discussed in several Modern
Lodges towards the close of the eighteenth century, and in at least four Lodges
resolutions upon the subject were formally agreed. The only reference to such
proposals that I have been able to trace are all in the unpublished Minutes of Lodges
whose histories have yet to be written, and, curiously enough, in all these Lodges
Bro. Chris. Cuppage was either a member'or the paid secretary. I have no evidence
on which to base the assumption that the suggestions with regard to uniforms
emanated from Cuppage, but I should not be at all surprised if such was the case,
and the subject may have been raised by him for no other purpose than to create a
discussion. It is even possible that the consideration of the proposal was suggested
to the worthy schoolmaster by the debate that had previously taken place on the
subject in the premier Lodge of the Antients. As early as 1787, three years before
the question is mentioned in any Modern records, the Grand Master's Lodge, No. 1
of the Antients, resolved that the brethren should appear in regular uniform, viz.,
the coat ttlain blue cloth, and the waistcoat buff Kersimere, with an emblematic
button, which was an exact imitation of the Whig costume of the period. Whether
or not the Moderns borrowed the idea from the precedent created by their rivals in
the Craft, the proposals were certainly debated in the Lodge of Friendship, and I
have seen the entries in the Minutes of that body, but as their records are not before
me I am unable to give extracts of the proceedings. In the St. Albans Lodge,
No. 29, under date 6th December, 1790, we read: —

" The R.W. Master proposed that the members of the Lodge do in future
meet the Lodge in the following uniform, viz. : — a Green coat with a
black velvet collar and a Buff waistcoat. The buttons to be metal with
the letters A.L. engraved thereon, which proposition being seconded by
Bro. Johnson was unanimously agreed to."

1 The medallion is about 2J inches in diameter, with a Battersea enamel portrait
of the Duke, surrounded by a band of dark green enamel, inscribed, " Pro patria et
amico," the whole being enclosed by a chased floral border.

Xotes und Queries. 389

In the Somerset House Lodge the matter was introduced and dismissed in
two entries, dated 9th May, 1791, and 14th November, 1791, as follows: —

" A motion was made and seconded that a uniform be worn by the mem-
bers of the Lodge, when after some discussion thereon, the further
consideration was postponed to the next meeting of the Lodge."

" The further consideration of the motion relative to a uniform to be worn
by the members of the Lodge was postponed until a further meeting."

In the Koyal Lodge, 3rd May, 1792, it was: —

Resolved unanimously that it be recommended that the Lodge do adopt
an uniform consisting of a Plain blue coat yellow button with Crown
to be engraved with white waistcoat and Black Breeches.

" Moved that the members do appear at the Lodge in uniform — full dress
and mourning always excepted."

It is impossible to conjecture what influences were at work among the mem-
bers to cause them to negative the resolution, but a fortnight after unanimously
approving a Lodge uniform we read in the Minutes of a meeting held on 17th May,
1792: —

" Resolved to omit that part of the Minutes relating to adopting an
uniform."

It would be interesting to know if a similar proposal was debated or adopted
in any other Lodges of th-3 period, especially if the motion was before any Lodge
which was not favoured with Cuppage's membership or professional services.

Albert F. Calvert.

Thomas Grinsell. — In the third edition of Laurence Dermott's A hi man
Rezon, dated 1778, the following foot-note appeared for the first time, and was
repeated in the issues down to at least 1807: —

Brother Thomas Grinsell, a man of great veracity (elder Brother of the
celebrated James Quin, Esq.) informed his Lodge No. 3 in London in
1753, that eight persons, whose names were Desaguliers, Gofton, King,
Calvert, Lumley, Madden, De Noyer and Vraden, were the geniuses to
whom the world is indebted for the memorable invention of Modern
Masonry.

Mr. Grinsell often told the author, that he (Grinsell) was a Free-
mason before Modern Masonry was known. Nor is this to be doubted
when we consider that Mr. Grinsell was an apprentice to a weaver in
Dublin, when his mother was married to Mr. Quin's father, and that
Mr. Quin himself was seventy-three years old when he died in 1766.

Bro. R. F. Gould, so long since as 1881, effectually displaced the statements
in Dermott's first paragraph by showing that in Anderson's Constitution*, 1738,
the account is given of an Occasional Lodge at Kew Palace on 5th November, 1737,
which was held by the identical eight persons whom Dermott names as founding
Modern Masonry in 1717, for the admission into the Craft of Frederic, Prince of
Wales, who was then " made an Enter'd Prentice and Fellow 'Craft," and after-

390 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge,

wards " made a Master Mason by the same Lodge that assembled there again for
that Purpose." 1 Anderson gives the eight surnames in precisely the same order
as does Dermott; and those who can resist the conclusion that the latter took them
from Anderson, whose list he copied in slightly abbreviated form into his 1778
Ahiman, are possessed of much fortitude. Findel's History of Freemasonry, 1869
and 1871, repeats Dermott's assertion, but with less of circumstance; and Gould,
in his History, vol. ii., 287 (1885) gives the quotation from Dermott, without
further comment than a reference to Anderson.

I have found no particulars of Thomas Grinsell. Hughan (supra) writes
of him, " he having been born in 1693 " — but this is obviously an error, as it was
the younger half-brother, James Quin the Actor, and not Grinsell, who was born
in that year. Gould, in quoting the Grinsell passages from Dermott, has nothing
personal of Thomas Grinsell; whilst Sadler tells us that the latter only joined
No. 3 in 1753, and in 1754 petitioned, and was relieved with forty shillings cm
account of his great age. 2

It is very significant that no mention was made of Grinsell, and the important
information he is said to have imparted to Dermott, in either the first or second
editions of Ahiman liezon, 1756 and 1764; although Dermott, who was born in
Ireland 1720, initiated there 1740, came to England soon after 1746, and was
appointed Grand Secretary of the " Antient " Masons in 1752, 3 so worded the
second portion of his Grinsell foot-note as to raise a strong inference that their
confidences existed at a time that would have made their inclusion in the earlier
editions perfectly feasible. I do not now inquire further as to Grinsell's "Lodge
No. 3 in London," as my present interest is with his alleged assertion that " he
was a Free-mason before Mcdern Masonry was known."

James Quin, the Actor (1693-1766) was grandson on the paternal side to a
Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1676; his father married a supposed widow who turned
out to have a husband living in 1693, so that Quin was illegitimate. All accounts
of his life agree as to this, and the Dictionary of National Biography has it that
the lawful husband was "by name Grinsell," so far corroborating Dermott. The
D.N .B. further says that on the death of his father in 1710 Quin brought a suit in
chancery against " his uterine brother Grinsell," but abandoned it for want of
funds. The Life of Mr. James Quin, Comedian, 1766, has no mention of any
Grinsell, except that by Quin's will, dated 10th July, 1765, a legacy was given
" unto William Grinsill, one of the Arts Masters of Bridewell Hospital, London,
Five hundred pounds." Quin lived virtually all his life in England, and the last
fifteen years of it at Bath.

In Notes and Queries of 3rd February, 1866, there appeared, above the
signature " Jubela," a request for information as to the time of death and place
of burial of this Thomas Grinsell, recalling Quin's unlucky birth and making a
variety of assertions; amongst them, that Thomas Grinsell founded Modern or
Accepted Masonry in England; that his figure appears in the cart with Jachin
and Boaz, Jamaica and Barbadoes Rum, in the well-known engraving of 1742,

JHushan (Urn/in of tin' English ltite, 1884.. 18-20; 1909, 40-42) observes that
"the memory of Grinsell and the accuracy of Dermott are proved to be of much the same
character."

2 Masonic Fads and Fictions Q887), 112.

3 Bywater's Laurence Dermott and his Work, 1884.

Notes and Queries. 391

showing ' ' Procession of Scald and Miserables Accepted Masons passing Old
Somerset House "; and that Dermott gave his account of Thomas Grinsell in the
sscond edition of A hi man liezon, but on his afterwards joining the "Modern"
Masons, and becoming Deputy Grand Master in 1787, suppressed the second edition
almost entirely. As the supposed occurrence of Grinsell does not exist in the
" Procession " print at all, whilst the allusion to " Rum " is traceable to Dermott's
own words in A hi man liezon, " Nor is it uncommon for a tyler to receive ten or
twelve shillings for drawing two sign-posts with chalk, charcoal, &c, and writing
Jamaica (rum) upon one, and Barbadoes (rum) upon the other"; and as the
assertion that Dermott ever joined the ' ' Modem ' ' Masons must be almost unique
in its absurdity, it may be conceded that the correspondent was wise in adopting
a nom de plume.. No replies seem to have appeared. It will be remembered that
Dermott became Deputy Grand Master of the " Antient s" in 1771, retiring from
the office in December, 1787, and dying in June, 1791.

Given to the public for the first time in Notes and, Queries of 17th May,
1856, and since printed in various editions of The Gompleat Angler, is a letter
written by Isaak Walton to " my worthy friend Mr. Edward Hall," dated 26th
November, 1670, 1 which has by way of postcript: —

" If you incline to write to me direct your letter to bo left at Mr. Grinsell's
a grocer in King streite in Westminster."

And by a codicil to his will, dated 16th August, 1683 (he died the following
December) Walton gave a ring to (amongst others) " my cousin Greinsell's Widow."
An authority on Waltoniana tells me that the surname Grinsell is still found in
Birmingham or its immediate neighbourhood.

These memoranda are all I have to offer towards elucidation of the foot-note
in the Ahiman liezon of 1778, etc., which has hardly received the attention it
deserves, as bearing with significance on the value of Dermott as a truthful and
reliable historian of the Craft, or the opposite. His foot-note relating to Grinsell
was printed, and doubtless penned, at a time when controversies between the
" Antient " and " Modern " Masons were sharp, and methods not very scrupulous;
and only a few months after Dermott had been the recipient of assurance from the
" Antient " Grand Lodge of " their readiness to rescue his character from the false
and malicious insinuations propagated by " the prominent " Modern " brother,
Thomas Dunckerley 2 ; terms which go far to indicate the spirit prevailing in the
opposing camps. How far Laurence Dermott may have strayed from literal truth
in his assertions concerning Thomas Grinsell we can hardly know with certainty,
but to inquiring members of the Craft his foot-note in Ahiman Rezon, 1778, and
onwards, offers suggestive and promising material.

W. B. Hextall.

John Wilkes, 1727-1797. — In tha year 1769, in which John Wilkes was
initiated into Freemasonry, that virulent and victorious opponent of the Earl of
Bute was a prisoner in the King's Bench gaol, a martyr in the cause of Liberty
and the popular idol of his age and generation. It was declared by an astute judge
of the political situation of the period that " had George III. possessed a bad and
Wilkes a blameless character, the King would have been driven from his dominions,"

1 The original MS. is at Trinity College, Dublin.
JBywater, 45; Sadler's Thomas Dunckerley (1891), 227.

392 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

If the private life of Wilkes was not without reproach, his public career was with-
out fear, and at a time of administrative tyranny and political corruption he was
the adored champion of purity and freedom in public life. He was also the most
gregariously constituted and clubbable man of his epoch. He was in his early
twenties, and wedded to a pious heiress some ten years his senior, when he became
one of the founders of the Hell-fire Club and a member of the Loyal Association
which was established to combat the cause of the Stuarts.. A cause, however
serious, did not conflict with Wilkes's inclination towards conviviality, and he could
wear the badge which pledged him to the defence of the House of Hanover and
preside over the pagan ceremonies of the Medmenham confraternity with equal
aplomb. In 1754 he was admitted to the Sublime Society of Beefsteaks, and in
1757 the elective society of St. Stephens received him as Member for Aylesbury.
In 1768 he became an associate of the community incarcerated in the King's
Bench prison, and in the following year the Ancient Family of Leeches invested
him as their Chief Counsellor, and presented him with a superb badge of office.
In 1769 he was also made an "honorary brother" of the Most Noble Order of
Bucks, and from 1771 to 1779 he officiated among the City Fathers as Sheriff and
Lord Mayor of London and City Chamberlain, and he continued in the latter
much-coveted post until his death in 1797. Wilkes loved the society of his fellows,
and by his brilliant gifts of rhetoric and repartee he held his own against all comers.
A man of irrepressible high spirits, charm of manner, and mental energy, he won
the approval of persons so differently constituted and divergently placed as Dr.
Johnson and George III. — the former declared him to be a scholar possessed of
" great variety of talk," and the latter was constrained to admit that he had never
met so well-bred a Lord Mayor.

I have two badges which possess a threefold interest, since apart from their
artistic value they serve as mementoes of a once virile patriotic league and an
equally flourishing convivial society of the eighteenth century, and they have a
further claim on our attention as relics of the idolised " Friend of Freedom." It
is curious, also-, to remember that while Wilkes wore the medal of the Loyal
Association in 1745 as a pledged defender of the House of Hanover against the
pretentions of the Stuarts, he was presented with the special badge from the
Ancient Family of Leeches, a quarter of a century later, while undergoing
imprisonment for his virulent campaign against the government of the Georgian
Sovereign. The splendid badge of the Hanoverian National Defence Association
of 1745, to give that loyal organisation its official title, is blazoned on the obverse
with St. George piercing the shield of France, supported by the British lion and
the Austrian eagle, while for crest it has Britannia set between four flags, and
below the shield is the motto " For Our Country." The reverse of the Wilkes'
badge is occupied by the armorial bearings of the owner. The large medal
engraved for Wilkes as Chief Counseller of the Leeches is a handsome piece of -work,
and the inscription states that it was presented to him by the society as " a Token
of their approbation of his Patriotic Conduct in the Glorious Cause of Liberty."

.In Parliament, Wilkes found a career, and in his civic offices a remunerative
avocation, and the various societies of "Monks," "Leeches," "Bucks," and
" Beefsteaks," of which he was a member, provided him with recreation, refresh-
ment, and an audience. What, at this stage of his popularity, had Freemasonry
to give him, which he could not obtain elsewhere ? The answer would appear to

Nates and Queries. 393

ba very little, perhaps nothing at all, — but by virtue of his intellectual gifts, his
social standing, and his political achievements, he was eligible for initiation in
the Order, and when he duly presented himself he was formally admitted. We
read in a manuscript note appended by an anonymous chronicler to a copy of the
Engraved List of 1769, which is preserved in the British Museum, that: —

All Societies and all Parties were carried away with ye popular
frenzy of ' Wilkes & Liberty,' and among ye rest, the quiet and peace-
able Freemasons came in for their share, for on March 3rd, 1769, ye
Members of ye Lodge held at ye Jerusalem Tavern in Clerkenwell
attended at ye King's Bench Prison and made Mr. Wilkes a Mason.

The Gazetteer and Jew Daily Advertiser of 6th March of that year added the

information that the ceremony was performed " by virtue of a Dispensation of the

Grand Master and in the presence of the Grand Officers."

All the available facts relating to the association of Wilkes with Masonry

are contained in the foregoing quotations, yet with the exception of the date of

his making and the name of the Lodge in which he was made, the authenticity of

the particulars has not yet been established. On 10th March, four days after the

publication of the paragraph in The G'azeteer, the report of the Dispensation and

the presence of the Grand Officers was officially contradicted by Grand Lodge in a

statement communicated to the daily Press. The reference to the intitiation

having taken place in His Majesty's prison was left unchallenged. On the other

hand the Minutes of the Jerusalem Lodge of 3rd March, 1769, while containing

nothing to indicate that the Lodge night was not regularly held at the Jerusalem

Tavern, record in the list of those present on the occasion, the names of three Grand

Officers, viz. : Bro. Maschall, Bro. French, and Bro. Thomas Dobson, R.W.M.

And in contravention of the denial issued by Grand Lodge, the Minutes include

an explicit statement with regard to the Dispensation. The following is the

entry : —

Jerusalem Lodge, 3 d March 1769.

Present

Bro'\ Maschall P:G:M.

Bro 1 '. French G.S.

The Pi'. Worshipful Bro 1 '. Tho s . Dobson Master

Bro 1 '. Jones ,

r> i- du u Wardens

Bro 1 . Pellatt J

Bro r . Nightingale, Bro 1 '. How, Bro 1 '. Fleetwood, Bro r . Willett.

Bro 1 '. Hart, Bro 1 '. Phillips, Bro 1 '. Umfreville, Bro v . Fosbrooke,

Bro r . Reeve, Bro 1 , Steele, Bro r . Roberts

This Lodge was regularly opened in due form

By Virtue of a Dispensation under the Hand and Seal of Charles Dillon
Dep y . Grand Master bearing Date the 3 d Day of February 1769 by
Virtue whereof, and in the Name of Henry Somerset Duke of Beaufort,
Grand Master of Masons, this Lodge proceeded to making John Wilkes
Esq 1 ', and George Bellas Esq r . (they having been duly ballotted for at
a former Lodge Night to be made Masons) attended and were made
Masons and became Members of this Lodge and raised Ma atey Master
Masons.

o94 Transactions of flic Qtiatitor Coronati Lodge.

M r . John Churchill was proposed by Bro 1 '. Fosbrooke to be made
a Mason, and being Ballotted for was carried Nem Con and he was
accordingly made a Mason and raised a Master Mason.

Bro 1 '. John Read and Bro 1 '. Francis Lewis Burgeois attended this
Lodge as Visitors, were desirous of being made Master Mafons and were
raised Master Masons accordingly.

It is a historical fact that on 18th June, 1768, Wilkes was fined £1,000 and
sentenced to one year and ten months' imprisonment, and that he was discharged
on 17th April, 1770. It is also a fact that he was initiated in the Jerusalem
Lodge on the 3rd March, 1769, but whether he was made in the King's Bench
prison or not, is a question upon which the statement issued by Grand Lodge and
the records of the Jerusalem Lodge maintain a resolute silence. In the matter of
the other particulars these two authorities contradict one another with categorical
exactness.

Most of the Lodges meeting in the neighbourhood of Clerkenwell made
monetary presents to Wilkes during his incarceration, and it was announced in
the newspapers of 10th March, 1769, that: "The sum of twenty guineas left on
Friday last with the turnkey of the King's Bench prison, by the gentlemen of the
Jerusalem Lodge, when Mr. Wilkes was made a Mason, was distributed among the
poor prisoners." With that statement we reach the end of our knowledge of the
career of John Wilkes as a Freemason. It is surmised that upon his liberation he
would pay an early visit to the Jerusalem Tavern and acknowledge the obligation
he was under to the brethren, but if he did, the Secretary failed to record his
appearance, and no documentary evidence has been produced to show that he ever
attended his Mother Lodge or evinced the slightest further interest in the Craft.
As a man possessed of extraordinary ability, influence, and popularity, he is of
interest to all Masons, but as a Mason he is nothing more than a name inscribed
in an old Minute book. The people could return him to Parliament, the City
could load him with honours, the "Leeches" and "Bucks" of the period could
appoint him Chief Counsellor, and invest him with badges of office, but the road
to preferment in Freemasonry is long, and each step is the reward of singular merit,
of assiduity in the mastery of its rites, and the practice of its principles. It is
possible that Wilkes was, by nature, too impatient to seek eminence in a Craft which
is so barren of lightly-won dignities, sinecures, and honorary distinctions.

Albert F. Calvert.

Transactions of th<: Qiiatuor Coronati Ludye. 395

OBITUARY.

T is with much regret that we have to record the death of the
following Brethren : —

William Charles Cave-Browne, of Trichinopoly, on the
4th November, 1916. He was a Past Master of the Lodge of the
Reck No. 260, and had held the office of District Grand Warden
of Madras. In the Royal Arch he was P.Z. of the Rock Chapter

.No. 260, and Past District Grand Director of Ceremonies. In October, 1906, Bro.

Cave-Browne was elected a member of our Correspondenca Circle.

John Henry Edge, K.C., of 16, Clyde Road, Dublin, in September, 1916,
who was a representative of the Grand Lodge of Iowa at the Grand Ledge of
Ireland. He was a Past Master of Lodges No. 143 and No. 728, and P.K. of
■Chapter No. 143, all under the Irish Constitution. Our Brother was the author
of An Irish V to pin, first published in 1906, and had contributed to the pages of
A.Q.d. He joined our Correspondence Circle in January, 1913.

James Fraser, of Johannesburg, whose, death occurred on 27th August,
1916, at the Alexander Hotel, Muizenberg. Bro. Fraser, who joined our Cor-
respondence Circle in January, 1903, was a native of Inverness, Scotland, aiu went
to South Africa in the early eighties. Two vears previous to his death he retired
from his practice as an Accountant, to take up farming in the Klerksdorp District,
but his health failed after a short residence there. Our deceased Brother was a
Past Master of the Johannesburg Lodge No. 2313, and a Past District Grand
Warden in the Transvaal.

Thomas Fraser, who passed away in his sleep at 99, Bedford Court
Mansions, London, on the 20th July, 1916, in his 60th year. Our late Brother
was initiated in the Eccentric Lodge No. 2488 in 1893, and was a Pounder of the
Richard Clowes Lodge No. 2936, the Jubilee Masters Lodge No. 2712, and the
Wilma Lathom Lodge No. 3243. In 1907 he was elected as Grand Treasurer in
Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter, and he was a prominent member of the Governing
bodies of all degrees and Orders connected with the Craft. He had been a great
traveller and was well known in the East, as well as in the United States and in
Canada. He attended as a member of three Deputations from the Great Priory
of England to the Triennial Conclaves of the Grand Encampment of the Knights
Templar at San Francisco, 1904; Saratoga, 1907; and Chicago, 1910. He was
elected to our Correspondence Circle in March, 1904.

Reginald Goodall, of Lindenhurst, Chobham, Surrey, on 3rd May, 1916.
Bro. Goodall was a member of the Eccentric Lodge No. 2488, and was elected to
membership of our Correspondence Circle in March, 1913.

William Charles Huxtable, of Sanquhar Road, Forres, Scotland, on the
22nd August, 1916; a member of the Excelsior Lodge No. 617 and of our Cor-
Tespondence Circle since June, 1903.

396 Transact ion x of the Qualiior Coronati Lodi/e.

Thomas Leete, of 9, Church Street, Kensington, London, W., on the 18th
October, 1916, after a brief illness, at the age of eighty. Bro. Leete was initiated
in the City of London Lodge No. 901 in April, 1896, and subsequently passed the
Chair: exalted in the Westbourne Chapter in 1899, and attained the rank of P.Z.
therein. He was a Founder of the Earls Court Lodge No. 2765, and after occupy-
ing the Chair of W.M. was appointed to London Rank in 1914 as its representative.
He had been a member of our Correspondence Circle since January, 1904.

Frederick William Levander, F.R.A.S., P.Pres. Brit. Astron. Assoc, who
died at his residenca, 30, North Villas, Camden Square, N.W., on 20th December,
1916, having been installed as Master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge on 8th
November. An account of our lamented Brother's career appears on p. 382 ante.

Bedford McNeill. The death of Bro. McNeill, of London Wall Buildings,
on September 18th, 1916, at the age of 55, was a source of great regret to his many
friends. He graduated in 1880 at the Royal School of Mines, and soon made for
himself a name as a mining engineer, not only in England but also in America.
In 1893 he published the telegraphic code that bears his name: an enlarged edition
was brought out in 1908, and was considered so useful as to be employed universally
by the mining and kindred professions. To enumerate all the Societies, etc., of
which he was a leading light, would mean a long list, but some may be mentioned.
He was a Fellow or Member of the Institute of Chemistry, the Iron and Steel
Institute, the Geological Society and Geological Club, the Committee of the Royal
School of Mines Old Students' Association, the Royal School of Mines Advisory
Board, the Mining Committee of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, and the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Of the last-named he
filled the office of President for 1913-14, delivering a clear-sighted Presidential
Address on March 13th, 1913. It was during Bro. McNeill's presidentship that
definite action was first taken to secure a Royal Charter for the Institution, and
much of the work in connection with this was discharged by him. Bro. McNeill
was a member of Lodges 2127 and 2878, in both of which he passed the Chair;,
was of London Rank, as well as a Past Provincial Grand Deacon of Staffordshire.
He joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1903.

ERRATA.

Page 8 (facing) : The original summons of the Tuscan Lodge is in the Banks.
Collection at the British Museum, not in the Lvsons ' Collectanea.'
Page 9: Note 2, line 3. For Chales read Charles.
Page 268 : Line 5 from bottom. For which read indeed.
Page 273 : First line. For Friday read Saturday.
Page 276 (facing) : For Unity read Trinity.
Page 310: Line 8. For now read ever.
Page 324: Line 12. For opens read open.
Page 331 : Line 23. After Superintendent add of Works!
Page 350: Line 3. For Briton read Britton.

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