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N ATTEMPT TO ILLUSTRATE THE
L AFFINITIES AND ANALOGIES
aiigeay fy
ED IN JAVA BY THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. FL. & G.S.
ig
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New York
State Qallege of Agriculture
At Goruell University
Sthaca, N.Y,
Library
Plate 1.
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Drawn by F Cartes London. Published by Kingsbury. Larbury.& Allen, Aptl 1825. :
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Lissauchenius rufifemoratus.
Pericalus cicindeloides.
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ats Lae is
TO THE
HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS
OF THE
Honourable ECast-Jndta Company,
THIS WORK
IS, WITH THEIR PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANTS,
WILLIAM SHARP MACLEAY,
AND
THOMAS HORSFIELD.
PREFACE.
For several years after his arrival in Java, the principal pursuits of Dr. Horsfield
were Botany and Materia Medica, but as numerous insects were constantly occurring to
him during his botanical excursions, he was naturally and almost imperceptibly led to
the collection of these beautiful and interesting animals. Like most other entomologists
he commenced his career in the science by paying attention to Lepidopterous insects,
to the collection of which he was the more induced by their great abundance in cer-
tain districts, during the latter part of the rainy season. The Coleopterous and other
insects, which have been deposited by him in the East-India Company’s Museum,
were principally collected towards the end of his residence in the island, which he
finally quitted in 1817, on its being ceded to the Dutch.
In the year 1812, or soon after the conquest of Java by the British arms, Dr. Horsfield’s
original plans were considerably enlarged, in consequence of the liberal patronage which
was bestowed on his researches, by the Honourable East-India Company, through the
friendly medium of Sir Stamford Raffles, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island. At
this time Dr. Horsfield was established in an extensive plain, elevated nearly 200 feet
above the level of the ocean, and situated near the middle of the island, in regard both
to itslength and breadth. ‘This plain is highly fertile, and with very little exception,
is in a complete state of culture. The soil is a deep vegetable mould which, near the
banks of several large rivers that flow through it, is mixed with sand. Here the col-
lection of insects was carried on with zeal and perseverance, not only by Dr. Horsfield
himself, but by various native assistants, who had been properly trained to this pur-
suit. His attention, as may be conceived, soon extended itself to all Annulose animals
without exception, and his assistants were accordingly instructed to look for them in
every situation, and as far as possible, to leave no place unexamined. During these
researches, therefore, the party being provided with all the usual implements of
entomological collectors, neglected none of the ordinary resorts of insects, such as
flowers, decayed wood, carcases of dead animals, ponds, &c., and consequently, the
collection now in the possession of the East-India Company, may very fairly be con-
sidered as affording a general view of the entomology of the above-mentioned plain.
When any remarkable deficiency is observed in particular natural groups, we may at
least conclude, that such insects are on this plain comparatively very rare. Accord-
ing to Dr. Horsfield’s general observation, indeed, those insects which live on plants,
b shrubs,
vi PREFACE.
shrubs, and trees, are extremely abundant in Java; while such as in more temperate
climates are commonly found in various situations near the surface of the earth, are
limited to a few families. At the same time, however, it may be well to bear in mind,
on regarding the immense proportion of herbivorous insects in the collection, that
from the nature of Dr. Horsfield’s more immediate pursuits, he was particularly led
to collect on plants.
From the plain just mentioned, in which, on account of the extension of agriculture
and a numerous population, the variety of vegetable and animal productions is neces-
sarily limited, Dr. Horsfield often made journeys, in different directions, through the
more wild and uninhabited parts of the island. Some of these were undertaken
almost exclusively for entomological research, and were particularly directed at the
proper seasons to a long range of hills extending parallel to the southern coast of the
island, and rising to an elevation of 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean.
The base of this range is of a mixed nature; partly calcareous, partly trappean,
and the hills are covered with trees and shrubs, although in many places the vegeta-
tion is less abundant and luxuriant than in the volcanic district, which constitutes a
long series in the centre of the island. The great bulk, however, of the Coleoptera
to be described in the following pages, was collected in the southern ranges, or on
hills of nearly the same elevation, near the foot of the large volcanos, in the centre of
the island. And here may be stated a curious circumstance in entomological geogra-
phy, observed by Dr. Horsfield, namely, that the temperature which exists from an
elevation of 1,000 to that of 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean, is most produc-
tive in Coleopterous insects ; and, consequently, that this order occurred most abun-
dantly in the southern and lower central ranges. The Lepidoptera; ou the other
hand, appeared to be most abundant at an elevation of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet,
that is on the declivities of the high volcanic peaks. On such lofty situations, the
luxuriance of vegetation greatly.exceeds that of the southern ranges; and here, at
the height of nearly 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, multitudes of the most bril-
liant and rare Lepidoptera were taken, and from the quantity of larvae observed by
Dr. Horsfield, he conceives that many more species remain still to be collected.
If the collection can be considered defective, Dr. Horsfield imagines that it is only
scanty in such species as may be peculiar to the districts which extend from the
immediate confines of the ocean to an elevation of 200 feet. On the south coast the
hills rise so abruptly from the sea to an elevation of several hundred feet, that proba-
bly few species were lost by these shores not having been examined ; but along the
northern coast of the island, which in many cases is low, and bounded by extensive
plains of sand, there possibly remains much to be discovered,
It
PREFACE. vii
It may therefore be stated in recapitulation,—1st. That this collection affords a
general sample of such Coleoptera and Lepidoptera as are to be found in the exten-
sive plain which is situated south of Samarang (one of the principal towns on the
northern coast), and which extends from the declivities of the mountain Merapi, in
the west of the island, to those of the mountain Lawu, in the east.
2dly. That in frequent excursions made from the capital Suracarta (which is situated
in the plain above-mentioned), towards the eastern and western boundary of the
native princes territory, and towards the ranges extending along the southern coast
of the island, both Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were carefully sought after, but were
almost exclusively collected on plants.
3dly. That the fertile acclivities of the volcanic series, extending longitudinally
through the centre of the island, and covered with a profusion of the most luxuriant
vegetation, have afforded a large proportion of the Lepidoptera in the collection ;
while in the western extremity of the island, which comprises many uncultivated
tracts of country highly productive in insects, the opportunities which Dr. Horsfield
possessed for collecting were comparatively limited.
From what has now been stated, it must sufficiently appear that this collection is
not brought under the notice of the public as a complete one. Many species indeed
have lately been described from the continental collections as inhabitants of Java,
which will not be found in the following list ; and it is possible that many more still
remain undescribed in the cabinets of the King of the Netherlands, M.M. Westermann,
Reinwardt, &c. But this much may be said with the strictest truth, namely, that Dr.
Horsfield has brought to England so fair a sample of the Entomology of Java, that if
it be deficient in several species, it is probably not deficient in many peculiarly new
forms. And if so much can be said of the extent of our materials, still more may be
promised with respect to their intrinsic value; for Dr. Horsfield will be found to have
paid such attention to the metamorphoses of Lepidoptera, as has enabled him to bring
to the shores of Europe a more valuable mass of entomological information, than had
ever hitherto been collected within the tropics.
Having thus given an outline of the mode and localities in which this valuable col-
lection was made, and some notions with respect to its extent, I may be allowed to
say a few words on the plan of descriptive catalogue that has been employed to make
thespecies known.
Scarcely one of the many voyages and travels which at present teem from the
press, is considered as scientifically ushered into the world, unless it be accompanied
by an appendix containing descriptive catalogues of the animals or plants which may
have occurred in the course of the expedition. The nature, use, and proper object
b@ : of
aii PREFACE.
of such catalogues become, therefore, questions not altogether without interest. A
descriptive catalogue in Natural History is nothing else than a list of species, accom-
panied with such descriptions as may be judged sufficient to make these species
known ; and it is evident that a number of various catalogues, having very different
objects in view, may be drawn up to correspond with the terms of this definition. A
catalogue, for instance, may be formed like that of Buffon, with an express contempt
of technical nomenclature anda thorough disregard of system; the interest of the
work depending wholly on that of the history of the individual species described, and
the fecundity of imagination, or floridness of style with which their respective
manners are developed. Such is, so far as concerns true science, the least profound,
and therefore the most ancient sort of descriptive catalogue ; although indubitably it is
in certain cases quite sufficient for the purpose of making known the animal intended to
be described. ‘Thus, considering the horse merely as a domesticated animal, no scien-
tific description can so eloquently, so admirably depict it as that of Buffon, and yet from
such a description, we gain no notion whatever of the place which this noble creature
holds in the great plan of creation. For all that we learn by it, there need scarcely be
more than two insulated beings in the world, man and the horse. The consequence is,
that such catalogues only suit for giving popular accounts of a few of such remarkable
plants and vertebrated animals, as are directly connected with the habits of man.
‘They seem to proceed, not only on the idea of all design, all order being absent in the
creation as a whole, but also as if the infinitely greater part of organized forms need
scarcely have been created. It would be absurd, even if it were possible, which it
certainly is not, to adopt such a plan of catalogue for the description of insects or
shells ; for the interest taken by the public in these ‘ Animated Natures,’ depends
either on the number of anecdotes they contain, or upon our having already, in the usual
course of life, acquired directly or indirectly some notion of the animals described, and
therefore some curiosity to know more of theirmanners. Such a catalogue, therefore,
is truly unscientific; but at the same time, and certainly for this reason it is the most
popular of any. To understand it requires no previous acquaintance with Natural
History ; and to read it, we are told, is all that is necessary for the common purposes
of life. ‘True indeed it is, that a horse, a dog, a bee, any animal in fact which is
already interesting to us from its immediately affecting the interests of man, may in
this way be described, so that every characteristic trait, every particular of their man-
ners shall be detailed : and yet it is easy to prove, that both tne reader and writer of
such descriptions may remain utterly unacquainted with Natural History as a science.
They know no more ot it, necessarily, than that person knows of astronomy who may
have observed the change of seasons, or the difference in the length of days and
nights.
PREFACE. ane
nights. Buffon himself, to whom such catalogues owe their chief reputation, was
more properly the historian of a few natural objects, than the “ Historian of Nature.”’
This, perhaps, to the generality of readers, will appear a bold assertion, when directed
against a man so celebrated ; and may indeed startle any person who has been accus-
tomed to allow the following parallel to be correctly drawn. ‘ Linnaeus saisissoit avec
Jinesse les traits distinctifs des étres ; Buffon embrassoit d’un coup d’eil les rapports les
plus éloignés.”” But I confess that the truth of this distinction, so indisputable in the
eyes of French naturalists, has never yet been apparent to me; and so far from attri-
buting general views of the plan of creation to Buffon, in preference to Linneus, I
do not conceive that the mode in which he studied Natural History, could ever have
led him beyond a well-written “ Animal Biography.” It is not indeed asserted, that
Buffon was destitute of general notions on the creation; for this with a man of
genius, looking at so divine a work, was impossible: still less is it asserted that he
was deficient in the powers of generalizing; but what I mean is, that his ideas of
nature were from the foundation wrong, his mode of studying her works errone-
ous,-and his general conclusions, therefore, almost always false. For the truth of
my position, I have only to refer to those parts of his works that touch on what
is truly the science of Natural History: as for instance, to take one of the most
profound of them, his account of birds that have not the power of flying. All
that can be said in favour of the above distinction, is, that if Buffon had an
eye for seizing any relations of affinity, they were indeed “ les plus éloignés.”
Leaving, therefore, such a plan as his to those inventive imaginations, those crude
theories, and that pompous flowery style, which can alone give it any peculiar interest,
the modern writers of Faune or Flore, have invariably been obliged to resort to
systematic descriptive catalogues. All of these however may, I conceive, be reduced
to two kinds—those which are founded on artificial systems, and those which are
grounded, not on any particular artificial system, but on the endeavour to disco-
ver the natural system. Of the first kind, that is, of those which are drawn up
according to the pre-conceived importance of some one or two particular organs,
is the justly celebrated Systema Nature of Linneus.
We have seen that by such a plan as that of Buffon, it would be impossible to
make known the forms of every insect, shell, or moss, that may occur in distant coun-
tries, and recourse is therefore had to a systematic catalogue waich, by referring to the
arrangement of some classical work, such as the “Systema Nature,” or the ‘“ Regne
Animal,” enables the traveller at once to give a name to the object he describes, and
the reader to know it by that name. The advantage of such a descriptive catalogue
is, that to scientific characters and technical descriptions, written with the precision
of Linnzeus, may thus be subjoined the histories of the rarest animals, written with the
eloquence
x PREFACE.
eloquence of a Buffon. While, therefore, it records the manners and economy of
such beings as most directly affect our habits of life, it also admits that of which an
unscientific catalogue is incapable; namely, the means of making the lowest animal-
cule or lichen of a distant country, nearly as well known to us in point of form, as a
horseor an oak. A systematic descriptive catalogue, founded on an artificial system, 1s
indeed very convenient for the description of newly discovered animals, when the
principal object in view is the possibility of their being useful or injurious to us in
the course of life. Those fire-side travellers who limit their researches in Natu-
ral History to such points, as being acquainted with the forms of the cereal plants
used by the peaceful Hindoos, or with those of the animals eaten by the savages of
the Polar regions, require nothing more than this species of catalogue; and so far all
may be right. But if we descend to the description of minute mosses or insects on
this plan, it is difficult not to imagine that our leisure hours might have been better
employed. Unless it be for killing time, it is difficult to conceive what possible pur-
pose it can serve, to name and describe some thousands of minute insects and shells,
which we may never see but in the cabinet of’ a collector, Certain insects, indeed,
may attract a portion of attention on account of the uses to which they may be applied
by man, or the injuries which they may inflict on him. Thus the cochineal insect
of America, or the destructive locust of Africa, may excite some share of interest in
the general reader of an entomological systematic catalogue ; but these are only drops
in a vast ocean of species, and the writer of such a catalogue, founded on an artificial
system, must, when he has done his best, content himself with the credit of having
enabled some virtuoso to give barbarous names to a few dried beetles.
If, however, a descriptive catalogue can be formed, not resting on the preconceived
importance of any particular organ or organs, but, on the manner in which the whole
animal structure varies, and having, therefore, for its object the discovery of the general
plan of creation, it is obvious that the lowest insect or polype derives importance from
this object. Organized nature is a complicated chain of beings, of which chain each
species forms a link. Every new species added to our list, serves thus to increase our
knowledge of this stupendous system,—a system that ought to excite in every breast
the most intense interest ; not merely as one of the works of our Creator, but as that
particular work of the Divine Hand, which has been designed with direct reference to
ourselves. A minute beetle of Java, therefore, which of itself scarcely raises a thought
in our minds beyond what may originate in its splendour of colour, or its eccentricity
of form, becomes absolutely important when described in reference to its fellows. Not,
indeed, that with respect to the particular fact itself, the world need care much to
Know that some tribes of beetles are constructed on a plan beautiful and regular
beyond measure; but when, in consequence of this knowledge, a similar beauty and
regularity
PREFACE. xi
regularity are detected in other branches of the organized creation, even in that with
which we ourselves are immediately connected, and the presumption thus arises that
they extend throughout nature; then at least ought naturalists to attend to this
delightful field for discovery, and by none ought it to be despised. Those who
take up the subject in this light, will even excuse the entomologist for making
insects the particular object of his study, in preference to the other branches of
nature, Entomologists indeed, when their researches are properly directed, may truly
say with the poet,—
“ In tenui labor, at tenuis non gloria.”
For it is among insects, above all other groupes of animals, that, owing to their
myriads of species, the mode in which nature’s chain is linked—a mode, the know-
ledge of which comprizes all knowledge in Natural History—will be most evident,
and therefore most easily detected. Nay, with a view to the discovery of the natural
system, a local descriptive catalogue of insects, arranged according to their natural
affinities, is more useful than a descriptive catalogue of Vertebrata on the same plan ;
and this, because the comparative paucity of vertebrated species in a given place will
render such a catalogue infinitely more disjoined, than any similar list of Annulose
animals ever can be.
It is obvious also, that such a catalogue may contain vivid descriptions of such
animals as of themselves are interesting to mankind, while it admits of even more
scientific precision than the most copious of those which are founded on artificial
systems. The very situation of an animal in a catalogue, which is arranged correctly
according to natural affinities, may point out a thousand particulars, both of its economy
and structure, that could never have been arrived at by the most elaborate description.
The sole disadvantage attending this sort of catalogue is, that it ceases to be a dic-
tionary of nomenclature, to which a perfect tyro in entomology may, with certainty,
resort for the name of any insect he has collected. And, undoubtedly, if a person be
unacquainted with the Linnean genera of insects, I fear that he will not be able to
make much use of the following observations; but if, on the other hand, he should
know these genera, he can, in my opinion, have little difficulty in comprehending
every thing here stated.
I am not aware that any local descriptive catalogue of insects has ever yet been at-
tempted, with reference to the discovery of a natural arrangement, unless, perhaps, it
_be the admirable Monographia apum Angle ; but even the plan of this work had only
reference toafew Hymenoptera, and consequently, was inapplicable to other insects, and
much moreso to all other animals. The reader will, therefore, take into consideration
the difficulties I encounter in commencing a catalogue of insects, on a plan of investi-
gating
xu PREFACE.
gating Affinities and Analogies which is conceived to be applicable to the whole of organ-
izedmatter. The most comprehensive view that, in this world at least, man can evertake
of nature, must be but a glimpse of the reality, and must, consequently, be always sus-
ceptible of infinite improvement. As yet, moreover, we have not even arrived at the
threshold of nature’s temple ; so that I shall have attained the utmost I can hope for,
if I should be found to have made a nearer approach to it, than had ever yet been made
in the same branch of entomology. The attention of naturalists in different countries,
andin widely different departments of Natural History, having lately been turned towards
the laws which regulate the distribution of organized nature, and their works in general
being easily referred to, I shall not in this place enter into the theory. The staunch
partizans of Linnzeus, however,—those who account the Systema Nature to be Nature’s
system,—will not be displeased to find, that in the following pages the Linnean genera
of Coleoptera, even those which, by Fabricius and Latreille, were most widely broken
asunder, now again become groupes, and this merely by following the filum ariad-
neum of affinities, and certainly without any remarkable partiality on my part to the
learned Swede’s character as an entomologist. It cannot, however, be denied, that
almost in every case his genera are natural groupes, although he erred in making
them all of the same rank, and appears to have had no idea whatever of the manner
in which they are connected.
I have only now farther to observe, that it shall be my earnest endeavour to render
this work useful to persons resident in the Indian Archipelago, not merely by enabling
them to know the species they may meet with, and so to commence a science which
may eventually prove an agreeable source of amusement; but by informing them of
the circumstances to which they ought to pay most attention, and thus making their
labours tend to the development of the plan of creation.
My next and principal endeavour shall be not only to render the Javanese species
of Annulosa known to European collectors, but to shew the places which they respec-
tively occupy in the scale of created being. In the meanwhile let the young naturalist
bear in mind, that it is not the ready ability to give a name to an object, which ought
to be considered the grand, the ulterior aim, the “ atimus Jinis”’ of his observations,
but, as Linnzeus says, the discovery of the natural system ; and of this the meanest atom
that lives, the Monas itself, may perhaps form a link as necessary towards our proper
comprehension of the whole, as any other animal, however large, or however intelligent.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
INTRODUCTION. i
As this Work is to be conducted with as much reference as possible to those general prin-
ciples of natural distribution which I have laid before the Public, both in the Hore Entomologice
and the Transactions of the Linnean Society, the reader may easily perceive that there will be
some novelty in the arrangement, as well as in the matter arranged. In abandoning, however,
that division of Coleoptera which is founded on the number of joints in the tarsi, and which has
acquired so much vogue on the Continent, it may be necessary to shew that I am countenanced
by some authority. I shall, for this purpose, therefore, content myself with citing the following
words of M. Latreille: that is, of the distinguished naturalist to whom the Tarsal System owes
much more of its celebrity than to its inventor. ‘ Articulorum tarsorum progressio numerica
decrescens in methodo naturali non admittenda.’—(Gen. Crust. et Ins. vol. i. p. 172.)
It will also be seen that I commence with the Adephagous Coleoptera, not indeed because they
form a particularly rich part of the Hon. East-India Company’s collection, and still less from any
notion of the Linnean genus Cicindela having a peculiar title to this pre-eminence, but because
they constitute that department of the science which at present most engages the attention of
Continental Entomologists. In the course of this investigation I shall have several new genera,
or rather subgenera, to propose, of which the characters in some cases must necessarily rest on
refined, and even minute considerations. Now, as the object I have in view is to make known
in a definite manner all the species that may be new, I cannot hope to carry this my intention
into execution without adopting some of those delicate distinctions, which result from the mode
of investigation that has lately been pursued by M. Bonelli, in his study of these insects. f
have, indeed, little choice to make : for I must either expose myself to a charge very frequently
at present brought against Entomologists—namely, that they disgust persons with the science
by the multitude of names with which they load it ; or I must display unpardonable ignorance of
the many excellent observations which could never have been discovered, nor can now be
explained, without such a mode of discrimination being resorted to. When, therefore, I venture
to add to the already overwhelming number of subgenera into which the Linnean genus Carabus
has been divided, I have to state in excuse, that this course of proceeding is adopted from the
conviction that it is impossible to assign some of the new Javanese forms to any of those genera,
which MM. Dejean and Bonelli have almost entirely founded on the examination of European
B ‘ insects.
2 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
insects. If, in short, new subgenera are here made, it is because otherwise I should have had
either to refer all the new Javanese insects to European subgenera, with the characters of which
they do not agree; or to assign them to large groupes, where the Entomologist would have had
to search for them among some hundreds of species, and at last have ended his toil with com-
plete uncertainty as to their identification.
If my subgenera were in every case natural, or if I could in every case display their true
place in the series of affinity, I should as little think of offering an apology for minuteness
of investigation, as my readers would expect it. In that event, a sufficient answer would be,
that certain affinities were pointed out by such minute discrimination, while the resulting series
was natural; but this I am sorry to say cannot be pretended in every case, and particularly in
that of one of the families into which the Linnean Caradus shall here be divided. Conse-
quently the new subgenera of this family, viz. the Harpalide, must rest their stability first on
their own merits, as serving to make new forms definitely known ; and secondly, on the little
value of every argument that has hitherto been used to prove the minuteness of modern Ento-
mological genera. Indeed, on this last head I cannot refrain from calling the reader’s attention
to a few curious facts, which will serve to illustrate an argument that has already been ably sus-
tained by Mr. Spence, in his monograph on the genus Choleva.
There is nothing which makes the fertility of design that has characterized the Creation so
incontestably evident, as the variation of structure that sometimes prevails in groupes of an in-
ferior rank, such as genera or families. It is indeed manifest, that if a groupe like the Vertebrata
be ofa primary degree, and the number of species it contains be nevertheless small, then the divi-
sions willbe more decided and more easily seized than if the number of species were great. But if
the groupe be not of a primary nature like the Linnean genus Carahus, and yet the number of
species contained in it be great, then the difficulties of distribution are augmented, owing to the
number as well as to the minuteness of the differences to be seized. And yet it is such difficult
ground that we ought in a particular manner to cultivate, if we wish to attain a true knowledge
of nature; and this remark truly deserves attention from those who object to that delicacy of
research which has characterized the labours of MM. Clairville, Bonelli, and Dejean, among the
Harpalide, The distinctions of these Entomologists are, it is true, often minute; but when we
observe that the groupes characterized by such distinctions contain twenty, thirty, sometimes
more than a hundred species, we necessarily say that, for the sake of convenience alone, it were
to be wished that even these groupes, minute as they are, could be subdivided. But while this de-
licacy of discrimination is useful for the artificial purposes of nomenclature, it becomesindispensably
necessary in the study of affinities. More than 1600 species of the Linnean genus Carabus have,
for instance, come within my cwn knowledge. Now, supposing a new species to occur, which
indeed happens every day, what definite idea of its structure or affinities can possibly be obtained
by a person who refers it to a groupe of 1600 beings of so many various forms? And if these
1600 species compose but one genus, as they do according to Linneeus, what person can be found
with either time or inclination to identify the specific name of one of them ? Indeed, this cireum-
stance of itself has rendered the identity of many species of Linnaeus, and even of Fabricius,
quite uncertain. For example: “ Carabus alatus ater nitidus, elytris striatis antennis rufis”
(Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. i. p. 189) is a description that will apply to hundreds of insects, of
structure,
INTRODUCTION. 3
structure, economy, and appearance all totally different from each other. On this account,
therefore, Clairville and Bonelli merit the greatest praise for the assiduity and perseverance
they have shewn in the study of the Harpalide. heir labours, however, soon gave rise to the
complaint that every species was thus becoming a genus, and that confusion instead of order
was thus arising from their innovations. This complaint, indeed, has gradually died away
among Entomologists ; but it has, in consequence, become a charge levelled generally against
Entomology, by certain persons who are ignorant of the present state of the science. The
genus Carabus of Linneeus has, above all others, given rise to such charges ; and it must there-
fore not a little surprise these critics to know, that after all the various mutilations which the
genus Carabus of Bonelli has undergone, it appears in the collection of M. Dejean, whose
catalogue, be it remembered, is very far from being extensive in extra-European insects, to con-
tain about twice as many species as Linnzeus has described of bis genus Carabus. In the 13th
edition of his Systema Naturze, the latter describes only forty-three of his genus Carahus, which
isa groupe of four modern families; whereas Baron Dejean’s collection contains eighty-three
species of the modern genus Carabus ; and I know of about forty more. No genus can rest on
more refined considerations than the genus Harpalus, as it at present stands; yet Dejean’s
catalogue contains ninety-two species, of which sixty-three are European. On looking at this
catalogue, we find that the average number of species Baron Dejean possesses in each of his
eighty-six genera made out of the Linnean genus Carabus, is ten; that is, the same number
which Persoon, in his last edition of the Synopsis, describes in each of his 2280 genera of plants ;
and yet, as Decandolle has well observed, in the Théorie Hlémentaire de la Botanique (p. 222),
Persoon has in reality fewer genera, in proportion to the number of plants he knew, than
Linneeus ; for while the former assigns ten species to each of 2280 genera, the latter naturalist
only allows six species at an average to each of 1260 genera. So that if 1500 species of Linnean
Carabus exist in collections,we may double thenumber of published subgenera, and yet allow fewer
subgenera, in proportion to the number of species we know, than Linneeus did of genera in that
portion of nature with which he was best acquainted. So much for the observation that every
species is now a genus in Entomology,—an observation that has had its origin entirely in the
inadequate idea generally prevailing as to the number of annulose species which exist. We
every day hear of the difficulty of natural history having increased, and doubtless it is increasing
every hour: but this is owing to the number of new species which are pouring in upon us.
Still a great advantage has accrued to the science from the augmentation of our collections ;
for if the study of natural affinities was formerly impossible, it has now come within
the reach of every person who does not allow himself to be frightened by the multitude of
names which necessarily crowd the pages of the best modern works on natural history. Names,
after all, are only formidable when marshalled in an index ; and the difficulty they present to the
young naturalist not only vanishes when it is encountered, but soon is found to be his best aid,
in combating difficulties of infinitely greater importance.
With respect to my general distribution of Clairville’s Adephaga, I have little more to say,
than that it is asketch of natural affinities which the reader of the Hore Extomologice will find
to illustrate certain questions there left in doubt. And if I have not been able to adopt that
exposition of these insects which has lately been given to the public by my friends MM. Latreille
B 2 and
4 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
and Dejean, it has at least been as closely attended to as I judged either consistent with nature
or convenient for use.*
Some of the new subgenera here proposed being founded on external characters, it may be
necessary to premise, that where the specimen was unique or very rare in the collection, I had
not, of course, the permission to dissect it. I hope, therefore, that this circuinstance will be
taken particularly into consideration, by those who may have occasion to refer to the following
- descriptions, which I shall now proceed with.
* I have not, for instance, thought it advisable to lay so much stress on the form of the external joint of the
palpi as these gentlemen have done. The validity of my reasons for differing from them in this respect may be
judged on aperusal of P. i. p. 4, Hore Entomologice. As to the general distribution of M. Latreille, it is confessed by
himself to be artificial, and therefore I need offer no apology for abandoning it,
-ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 5
\
COLEOPTERA.
AN attempt has been made in the Hore Entomologice to shew that if we gradually limit our
views, and descend from the consideration of the kingdom Animalia to the department or sub-
kingdom dnnulosa, from this again to the class Mandibulata, and then to the order Coleoptera,
thus leaving each groupe for one of its component minor groupes, we shall at length observe
the last-mentioned, viz. the order Coleoptera, to resolve itself into five minor groupes, which I
have termed tribes. Now one of these tribes consists of insects having Chilopodiform larve ;
that is, their larvee are carnivorous, having their head furnished with ocelli and strong man-
dibles, generally pierced for suction. Their body is subdepressed, composed of angular, or at
least of laterally incontinuous segments, of which all, or at least a certain portion, are each
covered with a corneous lamina. Some one of the hinder segments of the body (in general the
penultimate or last) is moreover always furnished with at least two styliform appendages, which
are sometimes corneous, sometimes membranaceous, and sometimes articulated. From this
general resemblance of the larvee to young Chilopoda, the tribe may be termed
CHILOPODOMORPHA.
Character Typicus.
Larva chilopodomorpha plerumque carnivora, corpore processubus duobus posticis styliformibus
dorsalibus seniper instructo. ty
Imaco plerumque pentamera, mandibulis corneis, mavxillis bipartitis vel processubus duobus ;
lacinid interiori in unguem corneum incuroum fere semper desinente ; lacinid exteriore seepius biar-
ticulatd interdum palpiformi.
I have elsewhere shewn that nature appears to have varied less in the structure of the
maxille than in any other part of the mouth of Coleoptera, and have consequently inferred that
the Entomologist ought to pay particular attention to the form of the maxille in the perfect
insect. In the tribe having Chilopodiform larve, we have a remarkable example of the truth of
this reasoning, for a particular modification of that form of maxillze which is general to this tribe
caused the carnivorous insects, or Adephaga of Clairville, to be early separated from all other
Coleoptera by a most anomalous character, viz. that of having six palpi. When Savigny, how-
ever, reduced to one general structure the mouth of all winged insects, it followed as an imme-
diate consequence, that Coleoptera do not differ so much among themselves as that two or three -
families should have four maxillary palpi and all the rest only two. We find, accordingly, that
a more philosophical view of the subject did not fail to be taken by M. Latreille, as soon as he
had weighed with due consideration the theory of M. Savigny.* For instance, the maxilla of
Coleoptera may be described generally as being composed of several pieces which are often
entirely confluent, and generally so far confluent as to form one mass; the interior palpi (as they
are called) of adephagous insects forming almost the only known exception to the rule. But even
* Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Hist. Nat., art. Bouche, p. 242. zt
6 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
in this case the proper view of the maxillz is, that they terminate in two lobes, generally ciliated,
and often confluent, the external lobe being in its typical state connected with the internal lobe
by an articulation, and the internal lobe being terminated by an unguis. Of this typical maxilla
Passalus affords a good example ;* and among the Petalocera, we find it distinguishable in the
whole family of Geotrupide. We have an example of the confluence of the maxillary pieces,
that is, of a complete departure from the typical maxilla, in Aigus ; and, indeed, the Thalero-
phagous Petalocera in general, but particularly the Anoplognathide, exhibit little or no traces of
the above typical structure of the maxilla.
The Maxilla of such Coleoptera as have Chilopodiform larvee, possesses, however, a peculiar
character, which may be considered as typical in reference to the groupe. The external lobe is
not only connected with the internal by an articulation, but itself consists of two pieces.
Sometimes, as in the Linnean genera Cicindela, Carabus, Dytiscus, and Gyrinus, this biarticulate
external process of the maxilla is slender and cylindrical, and consequently palpiform, occasion-
ing these genera to be characterized as having four maxillary palpi. Sometimes, as in the
Linnean genera Hydrous+ and Staphylinus,t this biarticulate process is dilated and not palpi-
form. Sometimes again, as in certain species of the Linnean genus Si/pha, the two pieces
which form the external lobe of the maxilla are confluent or soldered together, although the
typical structure remains visible, or the outer piece is converted into a penicilliform lacinia,
adapted to the particular economy of the insect.
The tribe of Chilopodomorpha is divisible as follows, into five stirpes 7. e. races; or, which is
the same thing, into two groupes; one of which contains two stirpes, and is typical of the tribe;
while the other contains three stirpes, more immediately conducting to other tribes, and which
may therefore be termed aberrant.§
Stirpes. Exempla typica.
a 1. Normal groupe, consisting of insects having ¢
z linear or setaceous antenne, with the exterior 1, GEODEPHAGA wssseessessseens Canaets,
5 biarticulate process of the maxilla palpiform. 2. HYDRADEPHAGA sec eseceseee Dytiscus
2 AvepHaca of Clairville.
Aue aes : :
& j 2. Aberrant groupe, consisting of insects having ( 3. PHILHYDRIDA....+6.4444.4+ Hydrophilus.
4 their antennz clavate, or, at least, graduall
I ; é Pe Y< 4, Nuc ilj
5 l thickening towards the apex, while the ex- Ties Slee Oe Gi
ternal lobe of the maxilla is not palpiform. 5. Bracnetyrra (Lat.) ...Staphylinus.
That this tribe is a natural groupe, sufficiently appears from the above series of five stirpes
returning into itself, and forming as it were a circle. Thus, from the Geodephaga, or genera
Cicindela and Carabus of Linneus, we pass by means of Omophron to the Hydradephaga, or
genera Gyrinus, and Dyticus of Linneus. From these again we pass to the Linnean genus
Flydrous, which, until his entomological career was nearly over, the great Swede confounded
always with Dyticus. Part of the Philhydrida, such as the modern genus Elophorus, was by
Linneus
" For this and the following examples, the reader may consult the figures given in the first part of the Hore
Entomologice.
+ Hydrophilit Lat. Gen, Ins. et Crust, vol. ii, p- 62.
t Kirby, Lin. Transact. vol. 14, p.i. p. 100.
§ The terms applied by M. Fries to such groupes, viz.
centric and radiant, I have not thought proper to adept, for
reasons that will be found at length in the Transactions of
the Linnean Society, Vol. 14, p- 59.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. fk
Linneus placed in his genus Silpha, to which, without doubt, Elophorus approaches by some of the
less typical insects of that groupe, which M. Latreille, in the Genera Insectorum, has named Ne-
crophaga. From the Necrophaga we pass by means of Micropeplus to Staphylinus,* and then
Lesteva (the Carabus staphylinoides of the Entomologia Britannica) willserve to conduct us back
again to the Terrestrial Adephaga.
I now proceed to the consideration of that normal groupe of the Chilopodomorpha, which
is the same with the
COLEOPTERA ADEPHAGA of Clairville and Latreille.
Character Essentialis.
Maxille lobo interno unguiculato, ungue interdum articulo inserto ; loho externo palpiformi
sepissime biarticulato, qud de causé sex palpos apud Adephaga quidam enumerant.
The Adephaga of Clairville compose one of those dichotomous groupes which M. Fries
would term a centrum. They are remarkable for having been characterized as possessing four
maxillary palpi, two to each maxilla. This excellent characteristic may, however, as above
explained, be more accurately understood by accounting all Coleoptera as having only two
maxillary palpi, and the Adephaga to be only peculiar in having a biarticulate process to the
maxilla, which in some species is degraded to a mere spine. The typical structure of the
maxilla in adephagous insects seems to be that of the Cicindelide, where this organ has both
the external and internal lobe biarticulate. In all the other Chilopodomorpha the external joint
of the internal lobe, when it exists, is as in Cicindela, unguiform, but confluent with or soldered
to the first joint.
These predaceous insects evidently form two very natural groupes, viz. the Terrestrial and
Aquatic Adephaga, the former of which is much more numerous in species than the second.
A. GEODEPHAGA.
Aprepuaca Trrrestria, Lat. Carasus et CrctnpELa, Lin. Pedes tantummodo gressorii.
Corpus oblongum raro ovatum. Pedes postict motu horizontali et verticali; lamine pectorales
quibus inseruntur magnitudine mediocres.
B. HYDRADEPHAGA.
Apepuaca Aquatica, Lat. Dyricus et Gyrinus, Lin. Pedes natatorti. Corpus ovatum.
Pedes postict motu tantum horizontali ; lamine pectorales quibus inseruntur maxime.
If the five following families of terrestrial ddephaga, which coincide with those of MM. Latreille
and Dejean, be natural, then the subdivision of them will probably depend on the form of the
mentum, which deserves particular attention. But although I believe the following table to be
a very near approximation to the truth, I am inclined to think that the accurate demarcation of
the respective families depends on the forms of the larvee. Thus, the Cicindelide and Carabide
are distinguished from all the other terrestrial Adephaga, in having the styliform appendages to
the body of their larvee corneous ; but the Cicindelide have them dorsal and affixed to the eighth
segment of their body, in order to suit their mode of life; whereas, the Carabide have them
caudal.
* © Sous quelques rapports les Brachélytres avoisinent les Adéphages et sous plusieurs autres les Boucliers et
les Nécrophores.”—Lat. Regne Animal, vol. iii. p. 216.
8 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
caudal. That the other three groupes of terrestrial Adephaga may be distinguished by their
larva: in like manner, I infer from a circumstance recorded by M. Latreille, who says, that the
larva of Aristus has the form and manners of the larvae of Cicindelide, a circumstance perhaps
only to be accounted for on those principles of natural distribution which I have explained at
length, Hore Entomologice, Part ii. p. 518.
GEODEPHAGA. Familia. nav tkoxny.
1. Normal groupe. Maxillee apice articulate. 1. Cicindehide volantes.
Tibie antice haud emarginate. ; Maxille haud apice articulate. 2. Carabide mingentes.
Elytra haud truncata abdomine haud pet 3. Harpalide currentes.
2. Aberrant groupe. dunculato.
Tibize anticee emarginate. ( Elytra haud truncata abdomine pedunculato. 4, Scaritide fodientes.
Elytra truncata abdomine haud pedunculato. 5. Brachinide crepitantes.
The Adephaga Terrestria of Clairville having attracted the attention of all the most cele-
brated of modern Entomologists, and having been much more studied than any other groupe
of insects whatever, it is singular that so little should have hitherto been done towards their
natural arrangement. M. Latreille, even in the very first number of the work which he and Baron
Dejean have commenced on the Coleoptéres de ? Europe, abandons the hope of effecting a natural
arrangement. When I therefore attempt to combat this difficulty in the above rough sketch, it
is because it becomes necessary, in order that my readers may form an adequate notion of Dr.
Horsfield’s acquisitions in this branch of natural history. The five families I have given above
answer, with very little variation, to the dbdominales, Cicindelete, Truncatipennes, Bipartiti and
Thoracicit of Latreille: who, however, seems to be little more aware of their mutual connexion
than he is of the groupe Chilopodomorpha. The above names, indeed, used by him, I do not
adopt, because, in the first place, they disturb that harmony of nomenclature which is so
essential to the interests of Entomology ; and, secondly, because they appear fanciful, and do not
sufficiently express the characters of the respective families. I have thus thought proper to
name them from the most remarkable or best known genus in each. M. Latreille has another
family called Swbulipalpes, composed solely of his old genus Bembidion, and of which the prin-
cipal distinctive character is the subulate form of the last joint of the maxillary palpi, as if
there were not insects in almost every adephagous family which possess this character. The
family of Subulipalpes is therefore clearly to be abolished, and we shall find that the natural
place of Bembidion is in one of the five families above laid down.
On examining the five families in the above table, we find the stirps returning into itself
and being thus a natural groupe; for it is easy to perceive that Hlaphrus has a connexion both
with the Cicindelide and Carabidae, that Panageus and Licinus lead us from these last to the
Harpalide, that Acinopus and Cephalotes lead us from these by means of the genus dristus to
the Scaritide, that Siagona conducts us from the Scarilide to the Brachinide, from which
by means of Anthia and Manticora we return to the Cicindelide. That parallel analogies exist
in these families, cannot be doubted by any one who considers the genera Colliuris, Agra,
Dischyrius, Stomis and Cychrus, or Megacephala, Anthia, Scarites, Chlenius and Carabus, or
Cicindela, Graphipterus, Siagona, Blethisa, and Nebria, &c. &c. The genus Enceladus seems
a sare the opposite points of the circle of affinity, by connecting the Carabide with the
Scaritide.
In
-ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 9
In the further investigation of these families, which I shall now enter upon, I must regret my
inability, for the present, to separate the genera from the subgenera with any certainty.
Fam. 1. CICINDELIDE.
Of this family I shall offer the following Synopsis Generum, both because the number of
known genera is so small, and because MM. Latreille and Dejean seem to consider it almost im-
possible to express by one tabular view the affinities which exist in the group. It must however
be premised, that if we judge Cicindela campestris to be the type of the extensive genus Cicindela
we find C. gracilis Pall. and C. coarctata Dej., leaving it for the genus Ctenostoma of Klug (Caris
of Fischer), while by means of Euprosopus 4. notatus Lat. we approximate to Megacephala.
SYNOPSIS GENERUM COGNITORUM.
1. Ctenostoma Klug.
Mentum apice emarginato | 2+ Cicindela Lin.
medio dentato. 3. Euprosopus Lat.
4. Megacephala Lat.
Dap Faby Chale stapeostana eeeteaaesesetsada sa sea Manticora. Fab.
6. Therates Lat.
7. Colliuris Fab.
8. Tricondyla Dej.
Mentum apice emarginato
medio haud dentato.
By recollecting the approximation of the extremities of this series, we have all the Cicin-
delide with long cylindrical bodies placed together. M. Latreille founds his primary division of
the Cicindelide on the comparative length of the penultimate joint of their palpi: a consideration
so vague, that we can scarcely be surprised that he should, as he says, have found it impossible to
arrange them according to their affinities. The above distribution of the family has, however,
the advantage of combining all the considerationsupon which the two arrangements given in the
“© Coleoptéres d’ Europe” are founded, and nevertheless, avoids the glaring inconsistency of
separating
* Genus PLATYCHILE Nobis, Manricora Fab.
Antenne cylindric, articulo tertio secundo fere triple longiore.
Labrum transversum, medio anticé bidentato.
Mandibulé exsertz, arcuate, tridentate, dentibus apice nigris.
Palpi mazxillares articulo ultimo obconico crassiore precedente breviore.
Palpi labiales articulis duobus primis brevissimis, penultimo longo fere cylindrico, ultimo securiformi.
Mentum emarginatum medio unidentatum.
Caput magnum planum. Thorax planus in medio canaliculatus, angulo postico utrinque porrecto subspinoso. Abdomen
insecti dimidii longitudine, sessile, cordiforme, thorace latius, elytris supra convexis haud connatis tectum. Pedes ante-
riores, in maribus saltem, tarsorum articulis tribus primis dilatatis, quarto brevissimo processuque laterali, ultimo tenui
unguibus acutis. Tibie omnes apice spinose.
Pata. P. levis tota pallida capite bipunctato elytris sub lente variolosis : variolarum centro eminente.
Manticora pallida? Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 167.
Habitat ad Caput bonz spei. Mus. Macleay.
Obs. This curious insect connecting Manticora with Megacephala, only differs from the Manticora pallida of
Fabricius in not having connate elytra.
C
10 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
separating Ctenostoma from the long-necked Cicindelida, as the first does; or of placing
Ctenostoma near Therates, us in the second. It is a curious proof of the value of the table given
in Hore Entomologice, pt. 1. p. 4, that an arrangement may thus be found, which will keep
together the insects of a similar formation of palpi, and which may nevertheless not be grounded
on the consideration of these organs.
The voracious insects which compose this family are all extremely active in their perfect state,
and inhabit sandy districts, as it is in the sand that the artful and wary larvee dig cylindrical pit-
falls for their prey.
I shall now proceed to the description of such species of this most natural family as Dr.
Horsfield collected in Java. They all belong to the three genera Colliuris, Therates, and Ci-
cindela, and eight out of fourteen of them are quite new. ‘The length of their body, as well as
that of the other insects described in this work, is always measured in inches or parts of an inch.
Genus. COLLIURIS Fab.
1. Drarpr. C. cerulea antennis clavatis: clava cinereo-fusca, femoribus rufis tibis tarsisque cyanets, his
albopubescentibus.
C. Diardi. Lat. & Dej. Col. d'Europe, p. 67.
Long. corp. §
Caput labro quadrato septemfido, dentibus zqualibus, mediis obtusis, lateralibus acutis. Palpi articulo
ultimo obconico apice subtruncato. Antenne breves filiformes clava sex-articulata. Thorax nec
abrupté constrictus nec transversé striatus. Elytra apice truncata fere levia.
2. EmarcinaTa. C. cerulea thorace subvilloso, antennarum articulis tertio quarto quintoque medio rufis sex ultimis
cinereo-fuscis.
C. longicollis. Lat. Gen. Crust. & Ins. t. 1. tab. 6. fig. 8.
Long. corp. fere +
Caput labro subsemicirculari septemfido, dentibus zequalibus subacutis. Palpi articulis ultimis obconicis
abrupté truncatis apice securiformi. Antenne mediz filiformes vix clavate. Thorax haud abrupte
constrictus vel transverse striatus. Elytra apice dentibus acutis. Pedes femoribus rufis, tibiis tarsisque
cyaneis, his, posticis praesertim, albo pubescentibus.
3. Tupercutara. C. cerulea thorace bis abrupte constricto, antennarum articulis tertio quartoque apice rufis
quinque ultimis cinereofuscis.
Long. corp. %
Caput labro subsemicirculari septemfido. Padpi articulis ultimis obconicis apice rotundatis. Antenne
vix clavate longe filiformes. Thorax constrictione anteriore arctissima et sic fere tuberculatus. Pedes
postici femoribus ferrugineis, tibiis cyaneis apice ferrugineis, tarsorumque articulis cinereis villosis,
duobus ultimis nigris.
4. Arwopr. C. viridicerulea thorace transversé substriato antennis haud clavatis pallidis : articulo primo
subcyaneo.
Long. corp. 3%
Caput labro subsemicirculari, dente Jaterali minuto reliquis equalibus. Palpi pallidi articulis ultimis
ovatis. Antenne longissime filiformes. Thorax fere glaber haud abrupté constrictus. Elytra apice
sutura maculaque media ferrugineis. Pedes pallidi tibiis posticis ferrugineis, apice tarsisque albis.
M.S. Josephi Arnold, M.D. nature indagatoris peritissimi.
9. Horsrrecpr,
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 11
9°. Horsrrexpiu. C. cerulea thorace transvers® striato antennis haud clavatis : articulis tertio et quarto apice,
reliquis basi pallidis.
Long. corp. %
Caput labro semicirculari septemfido, dente laterali minore reliquis zqualibus. Palpi articulis pallidis
apice nigris; ultimis ovatis. Antenne longissimz filiformes. Thorax haud abrupté constrictus.
Pedes postici femoribus rufis, tibiis cyaneis apice albis, tarsorumque articulis primis albis sed penul-
timo ad apicem ultimoque nigris.
Genus THERATES. Lat. Evaycuze Bon.
6. Humerauis. T. atroviridis eneus, elytris punctatis basi plicatis testaceis apice bispinosis pedibus testaceis.
Long. corp. $+
Caput atroviride nitidissimum levissimum oculis magnis nigris ; labro testaceo octofido, dente laterali dis-
tincto majore reliquis equalibus. Mandibul@ nigre. Palpi testacei. Antenne nigre basi testacer.
Thorax atroviridis nitidissimus levissimus subcylindricus subcanaliculatus antice posticeque constrictus.
Elytra atroviridia nitidissima basi testacea plic& depressa sutura nigra, apice dehiscentia bidentata,
dente apicali majore acuto nigro. Corpus subtus nigrum ano rufo. Pedes testacei tarsorum articulis
ultimis nigris.
Oss. MM. Latreille and Dejean have figured two other Javanese species of this genus,
which they name c@rulea and spinipennis. T. humeralis seems to come between the two; but is
evidently most closely allied to Z. spinipennis. The genus itself undoubtedly approaches to
Cicindela in affinity.
Genus CICINDELA.
7. Versrtcotor. C. atroceruleus thorace bis constricto elytris atris, apice violaceis ; margine maculis tribus
viridienets.
Long. corp. $ +
Insectum nitidum generi precedenti proximum. Caput atroceruleum rugis striatum fronte depresso oculis
magnis prominentibus. Labrum viride. Mandibule testacez apice nigre. Palp: testacei articulis duobus
ultimis viridibus. Antenne nigre basi cerulee. Thorax THERATIS latere posticéque viridis. Elytra
trimaculata maculis viridibus marginalibus ; humerali elongata posticé latiore, media transversa, pos-
ticaque triangulari. Corpus subtus ceruleum. Pedes atrocerulei.
8. Quapripuncrara. C. cyanea nitida labro lined media albida, elytris punctis duobus pone medium niveis.
C. 4—punctata. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 239.
Long. corp. +5
9. Awatis. C. enea, elytris punctatis: margine cyaneo, antennis fuscis, ano pedibusque rufis.
C. analis. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 236.
Long. corp. $+
10. H&TEROMALLA. C. subcylindrica cuprea, elytris punctis albis ; tribus marginalibus alidque parva media.
Long. corp. % + -
Caput cupreum rugis striatum, facie viridi ; labro carinato cupreo, apice quinque-dentato nigro. Palpi pallidi
articulis duobus ultimis nigris. Antenne nigre basi cupree. Thorax rugis striatus cupreus cylindricus
antice vix constrictus, lateribus lineaque transversa postica viridibus. E/ytra punctata cuprea sutura
C2 elevyata
12 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
elevatA maculis quatuor, humerali minima, mediarum duarum marginali majore posticaque triangulari.
Corpus subtus atroceruleum. Pedes femoribus tibiisque subpiceis.
11. Semmrrrrata. C. atra, thoracis margine pectoreque aureis, elytris vitta submarginali abbreviata punctisque
quinque albis.
C. semivittata. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 237.
Long. corp. 4
12. AURULENTA. C. cyaneo auroque variegata, elytris punctis quatuor albis: intermedio lunato.
C. aurulenta. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 239.
Long. corp. 3
13. Fuwerea, C. atrécuprea elytris punctis tribus marginalibus primo humerali lunulaque apicis clavata albis.
Long. corp. i
Caput post oculos rugosulum punctis duobus subviolaceis. Labrum nigrum. Palp: atrocuprei apice
cerulei. Antenne nigre basi cupree stipite aureo, Thorax canaliculatus lineis duobus transversis.
Scutellum violaceum. Elytra punctata. Corpus subtus atroceruleum lateribus pectoris aureis. Pedes
femoribus cupreis, geniculis tibiarum apice tarsisque atroceruleis.
14. Tremesunpa. C. olivacea-subenea, elytris margine laterali interrupto lunula humerali clavata apicalique
dentata strigdque media recurva clavata.
Long. corp.—fere 3
Species C. trisignate Dus. affinitate proxima. Caput cupreo-aneum rugis striatum, labro albo palpisque
testaceis articulo ultimo viridi. Antenne nigre basi cupree stipite aureo. Thorax cupreo-zneus
canaliculatus lineis duobus transversis, lateribus pilosulis. E/ytra subpunctata punctis vix elevatis
striga media incumbente et clava fere separata. Corpus subtus viridiazeneum, lateribus pilis albis hirsutis.
Pedes viridieenei albo-hirsutuli, femoribus cupreis.
Fam. 2. CARABIDE.
The collection does not contain any insect very near the type of this family, the character per
eacellentiam of which, is to have the maxille without any articulated unguis at the apex, and the
anterior tibia without any emargination on their inner side. In receding from the genus Carabus,
which is the type of the groupe, and advancing to meet the Harpalide, the first appearance ot
the tibial emargination may be traced at the apex by an oblique linear canal in some insects.
which nevertheless truly belong to the family. This canal, however, in some cases, does not
advance so far as the anterior face of the tibia.
When irritated, this family of insects possesses, in a remarkable degree, the property of spirt-
ing out from the anus an exceedingly acrid and volatile fluid.
Genus. PANAG/EUS Fab.
15. Cereus. P. niger clypeo glabro, occipite thoraceque profunde punctatis, elytris striis punctatis maculisque
duabus undatis melleis : anticd latiori marginali.
g Long corp. $+
Caput punctis scabriusculum clypeo labroque glabris. Thorax suborbicularis punctis profundis scabri-
usculis. Scutellwm minimum triangulare. Elytra striis decem impressis punctatis, scutellari brevis-
sima ;
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 13
sima ; maculisque duabus cereo-flavis, antici subhumerali a quinta stria ad marginem et postica
versus apicem a quinta strid ad nonam undulatis. Corpus subtus atronitidum. Pedes nigri. .
Subgenus LISSAUCHENIUS Nobis. Panaga#us Wiedemann? Carapus Fab.
Lahbrum transversum antice haud emarginatum.
Mandibule acute, sinistré majore.
Palpi mazillares elongati articulo quarto obconico apice truncato.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo magno securiformi.
Mentum dente sintis simplicee
Subgenus Panageo certe affine. Collum distinctum. Os acutum. Thorax canaliculatus
marginatus nitidus subquadratus utrinque rotundatus antice posticeque angulatus. Corpus
alatum. Tarsi maris antici articulis tribus dilatatis.
Oss. This genus differs from Panageus in having the labrum not émarginate, the last joint
of the maxillary palpi not triangular, the middle tooth of the mentum simple and the thorax
neither suborbiculate or entire, and scarcely wider than the head. The antenne are mutilated
in the only specimen of the genus which Dr. Horsfield has brought to England.
16. Rurrremoratus. L. ater capite thoraceque viridieneis, elytris sulcatis punctatis maculd postica flava.
3 Long. corp. +
Caput leve labro palpis antennisque nigris, his basi subpiceis. Thorax punctatus ovatus anticé posticéque
truncatus lateribus marginatis. Elytra convexiuscula atronitida stria prima ad scutellum brevissima.
Corpus subtus nigrum. Pedes nigri femoribus rufis. 2
Oxs. This insect comes very near to the description of Carahus posticus in Fabricius, the
only difference being that the latter insect has the “ thorax levis” and the ** pedes fulvi.” The
Panageus chalcocephalus of Wiedemann, which is also a Javanese insect, may possibly belong
to the same subgenus.
Fam. 3. HARPALIDZ.
We know comparatively so little of the exotic species of this most numerous family, that it is
impossible for me at present to give its natural distribution with any degree of certainty. This
is, indeed, my only apology for the want of regularity, which the Entomologist cannot fail to
discover in the order of the following genera, which, moreover, I am quite unable to distinguish
from the subgenera. The inability to separate genera from subgenera, is the unavoidable con-
sequence of not knowing the natural distribution of the family.
Genus CHL/ENIUS Bon.
17. Cuvcrus. C. capite thoraceque subeneis elytris atroviridibus : margine testaceo pedibus testaceis corpore nigro.
C. Cinctus Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 138.—61. :
C. Xanthocrus Wiedemann, Zoologisches Magazin. Band. 2. st. 1. p. 68.
9 Long. corp. vix $
Caput vix thorace angustius cupreum leviusculum, facie viridizened, labro testaceo, mandibulisque piceis.
Antenne testaceee. Palpi testacei articulo ultimo haud truncato. Thorax marginatus punctulatus.
Elytra
14 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Elytra striata stria prima ad scutellum brevissim&. Corpus subtus atronitidum abdominis margine
testaceo.
Oss. This appears to be the Carabus cinctus of Fabricius, but is not the Carabus cinctus
of Olivier, which is European, and has had a new specific name given to it by Duftschmidt.
The true C. cinctus above described seems to be found throughout India, for there is not sufficient
difference in Wiedemann’s description of his C. Xanthocrus to separate it from our insect.
18. Apicatrs. C. niger capitis thoracisque latertbus cupreis, elytris obscuro-nigris macula apicali pedibusque flavis.
Long. corp. fere i ,
Caput thorace paulo augustius labro palpis antennisque piceis. Thorax marginatus posticé punctatus.
Elytra striata stria prima ad scutellum brevissima.
19. Quapricotor. C. niger capite thoraceque cupreis, elytris obscurts ore antennis pedibusque rufis.
Carabus 4-color. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 180.
——— Oliv. Ins. 35. tab. 10. fig. 111.
& Long. corp. $
Ons. The only difference that appears between the unique specimen in Dr. Horsfield’s collection,
and the description of Fabricius is, that the latter’s insect has the head and thorax viridizeneous
instead of cupreous. From his C. ¢enwi-collis, our insect differs in having a rounded, instead of
a narrow thorax.
20. Mrcans, C. elytris auro micantibus, apice macula testacea, pedibus rufis.
Carabus micans Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 151. 115.
Carabus analis Oliv. Ins. 35 t. 10. fig. 115.
: g Long. corp. %
Oss. Although Olivier gives Senegal as the habitat of his C. analis, it nevertheless seems to be
the same with the C. micans of Fabricius and our insect. If Olivier’s species should prove different,
it is, at least, clear that he has not sufficiently characterized it.
21. Fravicurratus. C. captte thoraceque viridieneis elytris obscuro-nigris striis quarta quintaque ante maculam
transversam interruptis.
Long. corp. £
Caput viridizneum labro mandibulisque nigris, palpis antennisque nigro-piceis his basi illis apice tes-
taceis. Thorax subquadratus marginatus lateribus convexis punctatus subcupreus margine viridizneo.
Elytra atra obscura punctulata striata stria prima ad scutellum brevissima, quarta et quinta medio-
interruptis et ante maculam posticam marginalem subcruciatam flavam confluentibus. Corpus subtus
atro-nitidum. Pedes femoribus flavis geniculis tibiisque nigris, tarsis piceis.
Genus CATASCOPUS—Kirby.
Antenne articulis secundo et tertio fere equalibus.
Labrum oblongo-quadratum arcuatum, antice angustius et profunde emarginatum, lobis
rotundatis singulo setis tribus instructo.
Mandibule edentule acute crassz breves incurve.
Palpi
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 15
Palpi breves crassi articulo ultimo ovato apice subtruncato.
Labium obconicum convexum setis terminalibus instructum. Paragloss@ labio duplo lon-
giores magne rotundate.
Mentum dente medio vix conspicuo.
Caput haud thorace latius. Thorax convexiusculus truncatus obcordatus anticé latior late-
ribus sinuatis. Elytra margine postico unidentato convexiuscula lateribus parallelis.
Oss. Mr. Kirby has published so excellent a description of this genus in the 14th vol. of the
Linnean Transactions, that the above generic character may appear superfluous ; and, indeed, it is
only here given for the purpose of comparing the species more readily with the following genus
Pericalus, to which they approach very near in affinity. Both genera have their elytra preemorso-
truncate at the posterior margin.
22. Execans. C. viridiaureus labro mandibulis palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, elytris sulcato-striatis striis
lateralibus punctatis latere aureo.
C. elegans. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 184. 76.
Elaphrus elegans Weber Obs. Ent. p. 45.
Tachys elegans Schon. Syn. Ins. 1. p. 221.
Long. corp. %
Caput pone oculos nigros punctatum collo levi. Thorax linea anticd transvers4 curva alidque media
longitudinali fossulaque utrinque postica impressus. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra marginata lateribus
aureis stria scutellari brevissima. Corpus subtus atronitidum.
Oss. Fabricius takes no notice of the emargination at the apex of the elytra, which is a
character of the genus. The Carabus elegans of Olivier belongs to quite another genus.
23. QuaDRimacuLaTUS. C. viridiaureus labro palpis antennisque piceis, pedibus rufis, elytris striatis ; maculis
duabus flavis.
Long. corp. }
Oxs. This last species differs in several important respects from Catascopus elegans, which
comes nearer to the species described by Mr. Kirby, and named by him C. Hardwickit. The
Carabus splendidulus of Fabricius, also belongs to the genus which thus contains four described
species.
Subgenus PERICALUS Nobis.
Antenne articulo tertio elongato.
Labrum oblongum distinctum antice emarginatum,
Mandithule porvectz subparallele.
Palpi mandibulis vix longiores tenues cylindrici.
Mentum bidentatum medio plano truncato.
Caput thorace latius collo distincto. Oculi globosi valde prominuli. Thorax depressiusculus
obcordatus profundé canaliculatus, antice emarginatus angulis subporrectis acutis, antice
latior lateribus sinuatis subreflexis. Elytra marginata postice unidentata. Abdomen
depressiusculum antice angustius.
Oss.
16 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Oss. This genus is in some respect or other connected with Sphodrus, as may be seen on
examining the elongate mandibul, cylindrical palpi, long third joint of the antenne, and
obcordate form of the thorax. The specimen in the collection of the East India Company
being unique, I am unable to give more than external characters.
24. CremwpeLomes. P. cyaneus facie labro pedibusque nigris antennis piceis elytris striatis.
Long. corp. fere 7
Caput pone oculos rugis striatum collo glaberrimo. Mandibule nigre. Palpi ferruginei. Antenne
apice pubescentes. Thoraz lateribus rugosulis, linea postica transversa impressus. Elytra fere sulcata
sulco scutellari brevissimo et ad apicem pilis paucis raris longis instructa. Corpus subtus atronitidum.
Pedes trochantere ferrugineo.
Genus REMBUS Lat.
Oxs. The synopsis of the family of Carabiques given in the work of MM. Latreille and Dejean,
ought to be consulted for the characters of this genus. It is, however, easily to be known
by the deep semicircular emargination of its short transverse labrum. It seems to come near
both to Licinus and Badister ; from the former it differs in having the three tarsi of the anterior
feet less dilated in the males, and from the latter in the labrum, mentum, and palpi.
25. Pouirus. R. ater nitidus labro antennarumque articulis basalibus nigro-piceis ; his apice pubescentibus
pallidioribus.
Carabus politus Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 189.
Carabus indicus Herbst. Arch. p. 163. n. 21. p. 29. fig. 11.
$ Long. corp. 3 +
Oss. The specific character given to this insect by Fabricius is so vague, that 1 have deemed it
necessary to make a new one as above.
Subgenus DIROTUS Nobis.
Antenne versus apicem pubescentes, stipite minimo globoso, articulo primo obconico
crassiore tertio quali sed secundo duplo longiore, articulis ultimis eequalibus filiformibus
apicali subulato.
Labrum quadratum, antice sex setis ciliatum, vix emarginatum, angulis subacutis.
Mandibule acutissimz porrectze attenuate apice arcuate basi vix unidentate.
Maxille longe tenues falciformes compresse, latere interno spinis brevibus acutis armato,
angulo basali setis armato; processu. dorsali articulo basali longo tenuissimo, secundo
precedente fere triplo breviore cylindrico. RELY r
Palpi maxillares articulo stipitali_ mininio;)|sedundo:crasso‘subovato, tertio tenuissimo vix
obconico preecedentibus simul sumptis longiore, ultimo. sabconico breviore.
ii Palpisapiales arsieule primo crasso subeylindrico: brevis secundo brevissimo globoso, tertio
ovis preacedentibys, simul isumptis, fare: duplo:jongiore tenui obconico, ultimo subobconico
asswobsdreviore apice abtuge-o. BISuPOUBE aol ‘
Lahium subquadratum apice truncato setis duabus terminalibus. Paraglossa utrinque
Hie
27a membranacea
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 17
membranacea, tenuis, cylindrica vel potius subulata, labio multo longiore.
Mentum tridentatum dente sinus simplice.
Thorax longior quam latior, convexus, marginatus, medio canaliculatus.
Oss. This subgenus has the habit of Dolichus, from which it is not far in affinity.
26. Susripescens. D. atronitidus palpis antennis tarsisque piceo-rufis, thorace brevissimo, elytris striatis atro-
iridescentibus.
Long. corp. $+
Caput totum levissimum. Elytra strid prima ad scutellum brevissima, sculptura marginali irregulari.
Corpus subtus atronitidum pedibus nigris.
Subgenus COLPODES Nobis.
Antenne articulo tertio elongato seu duorum primorum simul sumptorum longitudine ;
articulis tribus primis nitidis, reliquis pubescentibus.
Labrum transversum quadratum integrum.
Mandihule elongate trigone, apice acute incurve.
Palpi macillares articulo tertio tenui obconico, quarto zquali cylindrico-ovali vix truncato.
Mentum sinu simplice.
Caput fere longitudine thoracis. Thorax obcordatus, antice emarginatus, postice truncatus,
lateribus rotundatis haud sinuatis, marginibus subreflexis. Corpus convexiusculum
elytris striatis posticé sub-emarginatis. Pedesantici g tarsorum articulis omnibus dila-
tatis, penultimo bilobato lobo anteriore majore.
Oss. This subgenus has some counexion with the genera Sphodrus and Anchomenus ; from the
former it may easily be distinguished by its thorax; and from the latter by its antenne. The
posterior sinuation of the elytra seems to indicate a relation to Catascopus.
27. Bruwneus. C. atrobrunneus concolor nitidus ore ferrugineo, antennis apice rubris, geniculis tarsisque piceis.
Long. corp. 4+
Caput leve facie media elevata lateribusque rugosulis. Antenne articulis ultimis octo rubris pubescenti-
bus apice ciliatis. Thorax lined antica transversa, media longitudinali, fossulaque utrinque postica
impressus. Elytra stria suturali brevissima.
Subgenus OMASEUS Zieg.
Oss. The following species differs from the type of the subgenus which, according to German
catalogues, isthe Carabus melanarius of Illiger, or C. leucophthalmus of Fabricius, in having the
last joint of the maxillary palpisecuriform. I do not, however, think it necessary to separate it
generically from that insect.
28. VirivicoLis, O. niger capite viridi: clypeo oreque nigris, thoraceviridt: margine nigro, elytris atropurpurets
3 Long. corp. 1 1
D Genus
ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
=
ie 2)
Subgenus CATADROMUS Nobis.
Antenne setacee articulis septem ultimis pubescentibus, articulo tertio preecedentibus
simul sumptis breviore.
Labrum breve, latum, transversum, antice subemarginatum, medio quatuor setis instructo,
angulis rotundatis.
Mandibule validissime capite paulo breviores, subtrigone, extus convexe intus concave,
basi wnidentatee, apice acutissimee incurve.
Mawille subtrigone intus setis ciliata, apice ungue acuto armato; processus dorsalis arti-
culo basilari obconico, apicali subcylindrico incurvo vix subulato.
Palpi mazillares articulo stipitali brevissimo ovato, secundo et tertio zequalibus hoc obco-
nico illo incurvo subcylindrico apice subcrassiore, articulo quarto vel apicali breviore
obconico apice obtuso.
Palpi labiales quasi mento affixi, stipite minimo tuberculiformi, articulis primo subobconico
et secundo subgloboso quasi articulum unum albo-annulatum versus apicem con-
strictum formantibus, articulo tertio obcenico intus setis duabus instructo, articulo
ultimo breviore seta una instructo, obconico, apice obtuso.
Labium stipite occulto, obconicum lateribus subsinuatis, margine antico emarginato, angulis
setis duabus terminalibus instructis. Paraglosse vix labii longitudine, utrinque dis-
tinctze, membranacee, tenues, subclavatz, apice obtuse.
Mentum tridentatum dente sinus simplice acuto.
Elytra apice sinuata vel potius emarginata. ¢ Zarsi anteriores articulis tribus dilatatis.
Oss. This subgenus differs from Omaseus in having the elytra emarginate at the apex and the
middle tooth of the mentum simple instead of emarginate. It approaches also to Platysma
nigra in affinity, and has some relation to Cephalotes Bon. (Broscus Panz); but this is much
less remarkable than the former affinity.
29. Tevesriomwes. C. atronitidus viridi-marginatus elytris sulcatis : sulco a suturaé secundo bipunctato mar-
gineque viridi-punctato.
Carabus tenebrioides. Oliv. Ins. N°. 35, p. 17. 8.
Long. corp. 24
Oxs. This insect, of which a wretched figure is given by Olivier, is the largest and band-
somest of the Javanese Adephaga. A piceous variety in my father's collection is the very
specimen from which Olivier took his description and figure. Its identity, therefore, with the
above species is completely ascertained, and its nigropiceous colour in all probability merely
results from its having been a young insect when taken. ,
Genus DICELINDUS Nobis.
Antenne setacee thorace longiores articulis primo et tertio zqualibus, ultimis octo
pubescentibus.
Labrum transversum quadratum.
Mandibule
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 19
Mandtbule ut in Dicelo.
Palpi mawillares articulo penultimo et ultimo sequalibus, hoc cylindrico ovali.
Mentum dente sinus bifido.
Thorax transverso-quadratus lateribus rotundatis marginatis, antice emarginatus, postice
truncatus, medio canaliculatus, fossula lineari utrinque postice impressus.
Corpus valde depressum elytris striatis. Pedes antici maris tarsorum articulis duobus
dilatatis.
Oss. The affinities of this genus would be very difficult to discover were it not for a Brazil
insect, which I believe forms M. Latreille’s genus Microcephalus,* and which clearly connects it
with Dicelus. This Brazilian insect has the subquadrate mentum of Dicelindus, and the securi-
form palpi of Dicelus. 141 may also be worth while to compare our insect with Amara
and Dinodes.
30. Feispraticus. D. nigro-iridescens levissimus labro antennis tarsisque piceis, elytris septemstriatis : margine
exarato postice subcatenulato.
Long. corp. %
Caput atronitidum, postice subiridescens, facie bifossulata, labro quadrato piceo. Antenne articulis basa-
libus nitidis piceis, reliquis pubescentibus rufis. Thoraz politissimus iridescens. Scuteldum minutissimum.
Elytra sicut Felspath politissima. Abdomen subiridescens. Pedes nigri tarsis ferrugineis.
* In protesting against the slovenly mode lately adopted by some continental naturalists, of publishing generic names
without defining the genera to which they are applied, I must express my regret at seeing it now resorted to by those
who have most powerfully appealed against it. Because they are themselves well acquainted with the insects to
which they assign certain names, they fancy that others must also know them, forgetting that the general adoption of
the name must always depend on the accurate definition of the relation which exists between it and the insect. At least
I hope, that it is this species of oversight which alone occasions the grievous inconveniences of which Entomology has
to complain ; for I can scarcely suppose that naturalists, to whom the science owes so much in other respects, would
condescend to confuse it, or thwart its progress for the mere sake of securing, by a doubtful priority, so trifling an
advantage as a generic name, and so miserable a fame as must depend upon such priority. Certain it is, however, that
inextricable confusion iyst arise from this course of proceeding, unless it be now at once firmly resisted; and unless
Entomologists resolve to abide by the maxims laid down on this subject by Linnzus and Fabricius. Proceeding
on the principles laid down by these great authorities, who have both declared characters absolutely necessary,
in order that genera may be known, I am sure that the reader will consider me justified in considering no name as
secure, unless it be accompanied with a character. In these pages all names of mere catalogues, whether generic or
specific, shall be as much overlooked as if they never had existed. In some few cases, perhaps where the names like
Rembus, Omaseus, are assigned to described insects, and the meaning of the author is thus, in some measure, ascer-
tained, I may choose not to increase the confusion by refusing to adopt them, although M. Latreille has most truly said,
that even such names without characters, “ ne sont que de simples indications et n’imposent aucune loi.”
I ought here to observe, on my own part, that it may possibly be found that M. Wiedemann has published in the
pages of his Zoologisches Magazin, some few of the species here described ; and of course, his names in such cases
must be adopted as having the right of priority. Although I haye long been in expectation of receiving the work
complete, I unfortunately, at present, only possess some loose sheets of it, which I owe to the kindness of Dr. Escholtz.
In every instance, however, where I could obtain M. Wiedemann’s names, I have carefully adopted them, for his
descriptions are not only detailed, but very accurate.
D 2
20 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Genus TRECHUS Clairv.
31. Convexus. T. atronitidus pedibus antennisque piceis, his ad basin palpisque pallidioribus, elytris substriatis.
Long. corp. 3
Insectum Cephalotis habitu parvulum alatum vix huic generi associandum. Caput nigronitidum latitudine
thoracis. Antenne articulis subequalibus primo duobus sequentibus simul sumptis breviore, articulis
quatuor ultimis crassioribus, apicali longiore ovato. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo subulato cum
tertio breviore quasi articulum unum fusiformem formante. Thorax convexus marginatus obcor-
dato-truncatus, basi angustior, latior quam longus, medio vix canaliculato. Elytra striis sub lente
distinctis, prima ad scutellum brevissima.
Oss. Although I have assigned this little insect to the genus Trechus, lam aware that it differs
from it in many respects. The only specimen however in the collection is so mutilated, that I
cannot venture to found a subgenus upon it, and therefore present as full a description of it as its
being pasted down on paper will permit me to make. It agrees with the characters of Trechus
given in the Regne Animal of M. Cuvier ; but these have been too vaguely drawn up to enable
a beginner to form a correct idea of the genus.
Subgenus GNATHAPHANUS Nobis.
Antenne articulis fere zequalibus secundo breviori.
Labrum transverso-quadratum, angulis anticis rotundatis.
Mandibule sub clypeo fere occultz ; sinistra ad basin solum apparente.
Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo subsubulato, tertio obconico breviori.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo preecedente breviore, subulato, acuto.
Mentum breve, transversum, dente sinus minimo simplice.
Caput transverso-quadratum, latius quam longum, antice truncatum facie brevissima.
Thorax ut in Harpalo, sed fossula lineari brevi utrinque postice impressus. Corpus
oblongum. lytra striis irregularibus punctisque discalibus, apice emarginata ve!
excisa.
- Oss. To this subgenus the Harpalus Thinbergi, of Schénberr appears to belong. It differs,
however, from the following species, in being pubescent.
32. Vutwerrpennis. G. ater, elytris decem-striatis : strié secundé brevi spatioque inter strias tertiam et quartam
septem punctato.
Long. corp. % +
Insectum nitidiusculum. Caput linea transversa antica utrinque fossulata. Palpi articulo ultimo Piceo.
Antenne obscure pubescentes. Thoraz lateribus posticeque marginatus, medio canaliculatus. Scu-
tellum inconspicuum. Elytra marginata strid secunda cum prima ad scutellum confluente ; striis
quarta et quinta, sexta et septima apice confluentibus, spatio inter septimam et octavam bi-vel-tri-
punctato, illoque inter decimam et striam marginalem punctato scabroso. Pedes nigri.
Genus HARPALUS Lat.
33. PuwncricaBris. H. niger antennis apice rufo-pubescentibus, labri limbo antico brunneo Sexpunctato, facte
transversé-lineata. ;
Long. corp. 4
Caput
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. : 21
Caput lined transversé angulis deflexis. Thorax levissimus marginatus margine subrugosulo, linea
media longitudinali, fossulaque utrinque postice inconspicua. Elytra striata strid secundaad scutellum
brevi.
Ons. The following description of an insect unique in the collection is taken from so mutilated a
specimen, that although I am almost sure it is not a true Harpalus, I cannot venture to assign
it to any other subgenus. Although it has a punctured thorax the habit is rather that of Gna-
thaphanus than of Ophonus Dej.
34. Puncruxatus. H. mger, totus subtilissime punctulatus, elytris pubescentibus striatis, pedibus flavis larsisque
piceis.
Long. corp. %
Caput labro transverso quadrato subemarginato.
Suhgenus AMARA Bon.
35. Tricotor. A. nigra elytris eneis, labro nigro, palpis antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. corp. 4
Caput linea faciali transversa utrinque fossulata. Thorax convexus, marginatus, levissimus, vix canalicu-
latus sed fossula postice utrinque impressus. lytra striata strid secunda ad scutellum inconspicua.
Corpus subtus nigrum.
36. Suzoxiracea. A. nigronitida labro femoribusque piceis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, elytris eneo-olivaceis
viridibus via nigris.
Long. corp. $ +
Caput nigronitidum latum transversum labro semicirculari. Thorax planus, lateribus posticeque margi-
natus, vix postice utrinque impressus. lytra striata margine punctato, strid secunda brevi tertiaque
versus apicem punctis aliquot raris.
37. Suzanea. A. nigronitida labro piceo, antennis bast pedibusque rufis, thorace postice utrinque impresso, elytris
nigro-anets.
Long. corp. vix. i
Precedente paulo minor differt antennis basi solum rufis, thorace sulcis tribus posticé distinctis, femoribus
nigris elytrisque haud viridibus.
Subgenus DIORYCHE Nobis.
Antenne \ineares, pubescentes, articulo tertio duobus preecedentibus s.s. breviore.
Labrum transverso-quadratum angulis rotundatis.
Mandibule breves. é
Palpi mazillares articulo quarto subulato, precedente obconico breviore.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo acuto sub-subulato.
Mentum sinu simplice angusto.
Caput facie emarginatéa. Thorax latus; punctatus, marginatus, canaliculatus, obcordato-
quadratus, antice emarginatus. Elytra striata, apice sinuata vIx emarginata.
38. Torra. D.atronitida antennis ferrugineis, pedibus flavis, elytris nigro-eneis : strits tertid sextaque punctatis.
Long. corp. # +
Caput
22 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Caput labro piceo palpisque ferrugineis. Thorax posticé creberrime punctatus. Elytra strié secunda ad
scutellum brevi, spatio inter strias tertiam et quartam, quintam et sextam punctato. Core ferruginez.
Oss. The Carabus flavilabris of Fabricius perhaps comes near to this insect, if not to the
subgenus Colpodes.
Subgenus HY PH/EREON Nobis.
Antenne pilosule vel pubescentes articulo tertio secundo duplo longiore.
Labrum quadratum.
Mandibule \ongiuscule acute.
Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo elongato tenui obconico.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo breviori subulato.
Mentum dente sinus simplice parvo acuto.
Caput oblongum glabrum, facie lateribus subparallelis utrinque fossulatis. Thorax levis,
nitidus, canaliculatus, subquadratus, lateribus rotundatis, antice marginatus, marginibus
lateralibus subpunctatis subreflexis, posticoque subpunctato, fossula utringue vix con-
spicua. Elytra strid secunda ad suturam brevi.
39. Reruexus. H. atronitidus antennis oreque piceis, pedibus obscuris ; Semoribus testaceis, thorace postice punciis
scabroso.
° Long. corp. = +
Caput mandibulis nigris palpisque rufis. Antenne obscuro-picez apice pallidiores. Elytra striis pro-
fundis. Corpus subtus atronitidum, ano obscuro.
Subgenus HYPHARPAX Nobis.
Antenne longitudine thoracis, apice crassiores, pubescentes, articulis secundo et tertio
zequalibus.
Labrum quadratum.
Mandibule \ongiuscule acute.
Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo elongato, tenui, obconico.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo breviori subulato.
Mentum tridentatum. ;
Caput triangulare inter oculos bifossulatum glabrum. Thorax brevis, convexiusculus, levis-
simus, transverso-quadratus lateribus rotundatis ; lined media longitudinali haud marginem
anticum attingente fossulaque postica utrinque lineari. ytra striata striis equalibus.
40. Larerauis. H. atronitidus ore antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, clytris strits lateralibus creberrime punctu-
latis apiceque ferrugineo.
Long. corp. fere 1
Caput atronitidum labro piceo, palpis ferrugineis. Thorax postice trilmeatus.
Genus ANAULACUS Nobis.
Antenne moniliformes, crassz, vix capite longiores,articulis secundo et tertio fere equalibus.
Labrum breve, latum, transverso-quadratum, angulis obtusis, antice vix emarginatum.
Mandibule \ate trigonie latere externo incurvo.
Palpi
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 23
Palpt mavillares articulo ultimo brevi cylindrico apice vix tenuiore.
Paraglosse distinct tenues cylindricee membranacez.
Mentum trilobum.
Caput triangulare levissimum inter oculos haud bifossulatum. Thorax duplo latior quam
longus, antice emarginatus, postice yix convexus, levissimus canaliculatus. Corpus totum
depressiusculum latum abdomine sessili. Scwtel/um indistinctum. Elytra submarginata.
Pedes quatuor postici spinosuli. ;
Al. Szrrcrrennis. A. atronitidus ore antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, elytris levissimis nigrosericeis : maculis
duabus rufis.
Long. corp. fere 4
Caput atronitidum labro piceo, mandibulis palpisque ferrugineis. Thoraz atronitidus lateribus pilis paucis
ciliatis. Elytra atra sericea macula sagittiformi rufa ad humeros alteraque securiformi ad apicem.
Corpus subtus atronitidum.
Oss. This is one of those singular and apparently anomalous forms which occur not un-
frequently among the Harpalide.
Subgenus JALPHNIDIUS Nobis.
Antenne capite duplo longiores, apice crassiores pubescentes moniliformes, articulo secundo
et tertio eequalibus.
Labrum transverso-quadratum, antice vix emarginatum.
Mandibule late trigone latere externo incurvo.
Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo elongato tenuiore subsubulato.
Menti sinus simplex.
Caput triangulare leevissimum, inter oculos haud bifossulatum. Thorax marginatus, duplo
latior quam longus, antice emarginatus, fere sinuatus, postice lobatus lavissimus canalicu-
Jatus utrinque postice vix fossulatus. Corpus totum depressiusculum oblongum abdomine
pediculato. Elytra submarginata striata strié prima scutellari brevi indistinctaé. Pedes
quatuor postici spinosuli. :
42. Apetromes. ZB. atronitidus labro pedibusque nigro-piceis, antennis palpisque ferrugineis, elytris holosericeis
atris.
Long. corp. =
Subgenus CHLOSTOMUS Nobis.
Antenne articulis ultimis novem pubescentibus, subzequalibus, secundo breviore.
Labrum tranversum, ad basin latius, margine antico pubescente emarginato sex setis dis-
tinctis, lobis rotundatis. ;
Mandibule subinzequales crasse arcuate, apice obtuse, crenatz, sub labro latentes. _
Palpi brevissimi ; mazillares avticulo ultimo longo subulato acuto.
Labium minimum, paraglossis fere duplo longioribus laminam membranaceam subqua-
dratam, antice bilobatam, basi augustiorem formantibus.
Mentum in ore concavo deflexum, dente sinus minimo acuto vix conspicuo.
Caput
24 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Caput levissimum facie subemarginata. Thorax circuli segmentum majus formans, mar-
ginatus, convexus haud canaliculatus, suborbicularis, margine antico truncato
lineAque transversd impresso. Elytra apice subsinuata, striata, stria primé ad scutellum
brevissima.
Oss. The affinity of this subgenus seems to be towards Licinus and Badister.
43. Prerpss. C. atronitidus antennis obscuris : articulis duobus primis pallidioribus, pedibus pallido-piceis, elytris
apice subpiceis. ]
Long. corp. vix 4
Caput levissimum labro nigro, mandibulis corporeque subtus nigropiceis.
Fam. 4. SCARITIDZ.
The typical character of this family, which appears more numerous in the new world than ip
the old, consists in the broken antennz, the pedunculated abdomen, the semilunar thorax,
and digitated anterior feet.
MM. Latreille and Dejean, in their late work, Coleoptéres d’ Europe, seem to regard the
Scaritide as animals not carnivorous. But against this opinion, so contrary to what might
have been judged from analogy, we have the authority of two accurate observers, MM. Olivier
and Lefebre de Cerisy. The latter naturalist, who, from his residence at Toulon, possesses many
facilities for studying their economy, has made some most interesting observations on the Genus
Scarites, and particularly the S. Gigas of Olivier. He finds them to be nocturnal insects of
prey. During the day, they lurk almost without motion in the holes which they dig in the earth,
but at night they sally out and prey on the various Melolonthide, &c. which may happen to fall
in their way.
The only three species of the family which Dr. Horsfield found in Java belong all to the
typical part of it.
Genus CLIVINA Lat.
44, Sazuzosa. C. nigro-brunnea capite linea antica transversali: vertice haud impresso, elytrorum striis fere
crenatis.
Long. corp. + +
Insectum Clivind arenarid Lat. angustius, corpore minus convexo. Caput frontis medio haud puncto
impresso. Thorac lateribus truncatis vel saltem quam in C. Arenaria haud tam convexis.
Genus SCARITES Fab.
45. Semicrrcuaris. S. mandibulis canaliculatis, thorace postice rotundato, elytris punctato-striatis : strid tertid
unipunctata.
An Scarites punctum, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. Band 2. s. 1. p. 38?
Long. corp. fere £.
Insectum totum atronitidum. Caput vix bisulcatum sed lateribus striatis. Thorax levissimus, margi-
natus, canali medio lineam anticam transversalem impressam attingente haud ultra progrediente.
Elytra marginata striis punctatis impressis punctoque strie a sutura tertie versus apicem impresso.
Oss.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 2
cov
Oss. This species, if not a variety of a Bengal insect described by Wiedemann under the
name of S. punctum, comes exceedingly near it.
46. Inpus. S. mandibulis substriatis, thorace postice subtruncato, elytris lineato-striatis strid tertia bipunctata.
Scarites indus Oliv. Ins. 2. no. 36. tab. 1. fig. 2.
Long. corp. 4%
Insectum S. subterraneo Fas. affine, totum nigronitidum. Caput sulcis duobus rugosulis impressum.
Thorax levissimus marginatus, canali medio lineam anticam transversalem impressam attingente haud
ultra progrediente. Elytra marginata striis impressis; strié a sutur4 tertid punctis duobus mediis
hoc apicem versus illo basin versus impressa.
Oss. This species was confounded by Fabricius with his §. swbterraneus, an American insect,
which would have been an ditelabus with Degeer.
Fam. 5. BRACHINID.
In this family, as well as in the last, we have rarely, if ever, that dilatation of the tarsal joints,
which often marks in so extraordinary a manner the difference of sex among the Harpalide
and Carabide.
The typical insects of the family are gregarious, and well known for the detonating mode
of defence which they employ against their enemies. This curious property results from the
rapid volatilization when exposed to the air of an acrid liquid analogous to that which we have
already noticed in the Carabide, but which in the Carabide retains its liquid state on being
ejected from the anus. Theconstruction of the twosacs which secrete this fluid is explained by
Cuvier in the Régne Animal.
Each of the three first insects to be described in this family might have been assigned to new
subgenera, as they do not accurately coincide with Bonelli’s characters for the genera Dromius,
Lamprias and Lebia; but as their place in the system is visible at first sight, I have judged it
unnecessary to multiply subgeneric names.
‘ Genus DROMIUS Bon.
47. TerraspiLotus. D. nitidus, capite nigro, thorace nigropiceo, elytris atris striatis: maculis duabus flavis.
Long. corp. vix
Caput nigrum labro oblongo quadrato antennis palpisque piceis. Thorax obcordatus latior quam longus
depressiusculus canaliculatus lateribus subreflexis. Elytra maculis duabus hac basali illa posticali.
Corpus subtus pedesque picei.
Ors. This species has the middle tooth of the mentum indistinct, and thus toa certain degree
leaves Dromius. Carabus notulatus, of Fabricius, appears to come near to our insect, which,
with the following species, has the elytra very little truncated, if at all.
Genus LAMPRIAS Bon.
48. Ruricers. L. rufa nitida, elytris cyaneis striatis medio depresstusculis : strivs profundioribus, oculis genicu-
lisque nigris.
Long. corp. is
Oss. This species appears to be more common on the continent of India than in Jaya.
E Genus
26 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Genus LEBIA Lat. ia ;
49. Spcenpiputa. L. rufa, oculis albis, thorace marginato, elytris striatis viridieneo-marginatis apice
truncatis.
An Lebia marginalis, Wiedemann Zool. Mag. Band. 2. s. 1. p. 60 ?
Long. corp. i
Insectum omnino splendidulum corpore subangusto. Caput rufum clypeo inter antennas fossulato, eee
magno quadrato, mandibulis latis inermibus apice acutis. Mentum lobis latis sed maxillarum basin
haud tegentibus. Antenne articulo tertio brevissimo. Thorax truncato-obcordatus rufus BERG
canaliculato. Scutellum inconspicuum rufum. Hlytra abbreviata abrupté truncata pulcherrima.
Corpus subtus nitidissimum rufum, Pedes rufi.
Oss. This species comes so near to a Bengal insect described by Wiedemann as L. marginalis,
that I must leave the separation of them to the entomologist who may have it in his power to
examine both.
Subgenus ORTHOGONIUS Dej.
Antenne breves crassiuscule.
Labrum transverso-quadratum, antice emarginatum lobis rotundatis, singulo setis tribus
antice instructo.
Mandibule inzequales, subtrigone, late, superne convex, angulate, subtus concave, basi
subdenticulate, apice acutissime incurve.
Macxille sinuate apice latiores, latere interno membranaceo ciliato haud spinuloso vel
setoso, processu dorsali articulo ultimo oblongo tenui ovato vel fusiformi; dorso pone
palpos duobus tuberculis setigeris instructo.
Palpi maxillares articulo primo brevissimo, secundo maximo crasso obconico subincurvo,
tertio obconico, quarto conico, his duobus quasi articulum unum oblongum ovatum
formantibus, ultimo tertio breviore.
Palpi labiales articulo basilari (labii stipiti affixo) brevissimo lato, articulo secundo brevi ob-
conico vix subgloboso, tertio obconico preecedentibus simul sumptis longiore, quarto
preecedente breviore subconico vel potius subulato. e
Lahium angustum subcylindricum apice clavatum setis duabus instructum. Paraglosse
labio haud longiores lata angulis rotundatis membranaceis; Stipes labii magnus semicir-
cularis menti sinum fere implens.
Mentum sinu edentulo seté utrinque instructo angulisque acutis.
Caput facie anticd setis sex instructa.
Pedes unguibus subtus denticulatis tarsorumque
articulo penultimo bilobato.
Oss. As M. Dejean has assigned a name to this subgenus in a manuscript catalogue, I have
thought proper to adopt it, although the genus is now for the first time characterized. It agrees
with the three former genera in having the ungues of the tarsi denticulated beneath, and the
elytra subtruncated at the apex ; but in most other respects of external appearance it differs
widely from the Brachinide in general. It has the habit of a Nebria, and possibly approaches
to this genus or to Blethisa in affinity. Judging from the ciliated membranaceous maxille,
I suspect that this genus is not very carnivorous in its habits.
50. PrercaBris
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. w7
50, PremaBris. O. nigro-brunneus capite nigro, thorace sulco transverso postice impresso, elytris striis sub-
punctatis.
Long. corp. $ +
Caput nigrum labro palpisque piceis. Antenne picez, apice pilosule obscure. Thorax canaliculatus antice
haud marginatus, duplo latior quam longus, lateribus subreflexis, quadra media impressa, angulis
fossulatis. Elytra strié secundd ad scutellum brevi. Corpus subtus piceum. Pedes picei tibiis
nigris.
51. Brunnizapars. O. brunneus capite thoracis disco elytrorumque limbo nigris, thorace anchoré dorsali
impress margineque pallido, elytris striato-punctatis.
Long. corp. fere i
Caput labro palpis antennisque brunneis, his apice obscuris hirsutis. Thorax canaliculatus, duplo latior
quam longus, fossula utrinque postice impressus. Elytra stria prim4 et secunda ad scutellum brevi
confluentibus. Corpus subtus brunneum. Pedes nigriusculi femoribus brunneis.
52. AureRNANs. O. niger thorace sulco transverso postice impresso, elytris striis via geminatis, interstitits alterna-
tim punctulatis.
Plochionus alternans, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. Band. 11. s. 1. p. 52.
Long. corp. §+
Caput palpis brunneis labro antennisque nigris, his apice pubescentibus. Thorax antice marginatus cana-
liculatus duplo latior quam longus, fossula utrinque postice impressus. Elytra strid secunda ad sen-
tellum brevi cum prima confluente. Corpus subtus nigro-brunneum pedibus nigris.
Ozs. The above-mentioned three species come very near to the genus Plochionus of Dejean,
and accordingly Wiedemann appears to have referred all the species of the genus Orthogonius
with which he was acquainted, to Plochionus, viz. his P. duplicatus, P. acrogonus, aud P. alternans.
Plochionus, however, has a more western geographical situation, no species being, to my know-
ledge, found farther east than Bordeaux, while America appears the metropolis of the genus.
Some species of the genus Plochionus may be expected to occur in the south of England or
Ireland, particularly the P. Bonsfilsii of Dejean.
“ Genus DRYPTA Fab.
53. Lrvgota. D. rufa elytris punctatoestriatis pubescentibus : vitid media rufa, pedibus rufo-testaceis ; genieulis
picets.
An Drypta lineola, Meg. apud Dej. Catal. p. 2.?
Long. corp. =
Caput rufum convexum punctatum oculis albis, mandibulis maxillisque apice piceis, palporum maxillarium
ruforum articulo ultimo ovato. Antenne rufe articulo secundo longissimo apice piceo. Thorax
punctatus subcylindricus haud capite longior, truncato-obcordatus, postice marginatus, medio canali-
culatus. Elytra apice vix truncata nigra, striis decem, scutellari brevissima, vittaque media longitu-
dinali rufa haud basin sed suturam ad apicem attingente. Abdomen subtus atro-viride.
Ops. This species varies, or at least the D. lineola which comes from the continent of India
is so near to it, that it is scarcely possible tu assign distinct specific characters to them. A
New Holland Drypta, which I have named “ dustralis,” differs also from the above only in
having
E 2
28 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
=
having the palpi, antenne and feet black, the coxe and base of the femora being rufo-
testaceous.
5&4 Unmenrara. D. cyaneus femoribus sanguineis, elytris postice unidentatis : decem stris punctorum inter-
stitiisque punctatis.
Long. corp. %
Caput cevuleum punctatum oculis albis, mandibulis piceis, palpis maxillaribus longissimis rufis articulo
ultimo ovali sericeo-albicante. Antenne rufz articulo basilari conspicuo, secundo ad apicem quartoque
ad basin piceis. Thorax capite multo longior punctatus subcylindricus medio haud canaliculatus.
Elytra apice abrupte truncata vel unidentata pubescentia. Corpus subtus nigro-cyaneum. Pedes
coxis testaceis, femoribus rufis, geniculis tibiisque piceis, tarsis rufescentibus.
Ors. In Bn. Dejean’s catalogue we find a manuscript-name “ longicollis” assigned without any
description by Megerle to an Indian Drypta. As I conceive this entomologist may only have
obtained a knowledge of such Indian insects as were collected by M. Fichtel, I account his
D. longicollis, although the name will equally apply to the above Javanese insect, to be a native
of the Continent. Drypta longicollis differs in that case from D. nidentata, in being atro-
cyaneous with yellow femora, in having truncated but not dentated elytra, and in having the
fourth joint of the antennez altogether rufous. Drypta flavipes of Wiedemann, a Bengal insect,
seems to be still another distinct species.
Subgenus APTINUS Bon.
55. Occrerratis. A. alatus ater capite flavo : vertice nigro, thorace bimaculato, elytris sulcatis flavo bimaculatis.
g Long. corp. 2
A, bimaculato Lat. et A. fulminanti Fas. affinis sed alatus. Caput flavescens postice punctatum macula
media nigra campanulaté. Antenne flavescentes articulo basilari nigro. Thorax niger marginatus
subcanaliculatus macula utrinque ferrugined. Elytra atra sulcis haud striulatis striis elevatis ad apicem
pallidis, macula humerali rotunda strigaque media abbreviata flexuosa clavata transversa valde an¢ulata
flavis. Corpus nigrum. Pedes flavi geniculis nigris.
Oss. Bonelli has separated the genus Brachinus from 4ptinus, on no other account than that
the latter is apterous. If, however, we reckon B. sclopeta Fab. to be the type of one genus, and
B. ballsta, Ill. of the other, the insect above described, although winged, will come nearer to
the latter than to the former. The fact is, that dptinus has not yet been properly separated
from Brachinus.
M. Dejean appears to be acquainted with other Javanese species of the genus than the one
mentioned above.
Genus PLANETES Nobis. Hexzvo Dej.
Antenne articulo primo et quarto equalibus et hoc secundo tertioque simul sumptis
longiore.
Labrum quadratum antice yix emarginatum.
Palpi maxillares articulo secundo duobus ultimis simul sumptis equali, tertio obconico,
quarto oblongo crasso apice obtuso.
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo securiformi sed vix tertio crassiore.
Mentum tridentatum.
Caput
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 29
Capué ut in genere Taro Cuarrv. Thorax subquadratus canaliculatus postice angustior angulis anticis
rotundatis. Corpus valde depressum.
Oxs, This genus is intermediate between Tarus Clairv. (Cymindis Lat.) and Helluo, Bon. ;
from the latter it differs in the labrum not being acuminate, and from the former in the shape of
the maxillary palpi and thorax.
96. Bimacuxatus. P. ater labro palpis antennis pedibus elytrorumque macula media ferrugineis elytris sulcato-
striatis.
Long. corp. 4
Caput atronitidum transversé punctatum facie levi bipunctata antice truncata. Thorax atronitidus punc-
tatus. Elytra atra depressiuscula sulcata, sulcis profunde striatis macula versus basin ovali ferru-
ginea. Corpus subtus atrum.
Oss. This species may perhaps be found too near the Carabus Stigma of Fabricius, but cer-
tainly is not the same with the Hedluo distactus of Escholtz, described as a Javanese insect in
Wiedemann’s Zoological Magazine ; although I suspect the latter to be also a Planetes, from
what Dr. Escholtz says of the thorax being proportionally longer than in his Helluo impictus, a
species found in Bengal. Helluo distactus, differs from Planetes bimaculatus in being striated and
having each stria marked with two rows of points. None of these species, however, are true
Helluones, and the mistake has arisen from the continental entomologists being so little ac-
quainted with the original Hedlwo of Bonelli, Heliuo costatus, which is a New Holland insect.
Stirps. 2. HYDRADEPHAGA. Hyprocanrzanr Lat.
In the Geodephaga the binary subdivision of the groupe is not very distinct, because the cha-
racteristic marks of each subdivision insensibly pass into each other. In this stirps of aquatic
carnivorous insects it is however different, for the binary subdivision is remarkably distinct,
and I know as yet of no insect which can satisfactorily fill up the hiatus that occurs between
the Gyrini of Linnzeus and his Dytisci.
The larvee of the Hydradephaga differ from those of Geodephaga in being tetiyea aquatic, and
therefore breathing by tracheal branchiz. Their prothorax also, or that segment of the body
which corresponds with what is usually called the thorax of the perfect insect, is not of a
more corneous texture than the other segments.
I shall not at present attempt to divide the Hydradephaga into families, but content myself
with giving the following approximation to a natural arrangement. The genus Heplitus of
Clairville seems to form the type of a family which I have not here ventured to designate.
Hy praADEPHAGA. Familie.
1. Normal groupe,
Pedes antici longi,
Antenne breves.
Gyninvs Lin.
1. Gyrinide.
to
*
*
*
2. Aberrant groupe. E 3. ** *
Pedes antici breves, )
° vornerh,
Antenne setacee lineares. < 4. Dyti
Dytiscus Lin. ne
Fam.
30 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Fam. 1.GYRINIDZ.
Degeer, in his immortal work, has observed, “ Les Tourniquets approchent Dequeoup des
Searabés-d’eau ou des Dytisques ;” but the remark was neglected by Latreille until lately. In
his Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum he placed the Gyrini and Parni in the same family,
named by him Otiophori, thus confounding a relation of analogy with one of affinity.
I know not whether I am quite right in considering these insects as belonging to the normal
groupe of Hydradephaga ; but certainly, both in their perfect and larva form, they are farther
distant from the Carabi than Dytiscus. As however it is imposible to proceed naturally in
a linear series of description, I begin with this Hydradephagous family, which is known to every
entomologist by its gregarious sportive nature and its auriform antenne.
The larve of Gyrinide are exactly Scolopendre in appearance, the tracheal branchiz
answering to the false feet of the Chilopoda. The perfect insects are almost the only Hydra-
dephaga that possess a metallic lustre. oe
Genus DINEUTUS Nobis. Gyaiwus Lat.
Antenne brevissime apice subacute.
Labrum semicirculare haud ciliatum.
Paipi clavati.
Pedes antici fere corporis longitudine.
Oss. These few characters, although merely external, will sufficiently separate this genus
from Gyrinus. M. Latreille has observed that, the exterior biarticulated lobe of the maxille,
or (as it is more commonly called) the internal maxillary palpus becomes evanescent in the
exotic Gyrini, as well as in certain exotic generaof Geodephaga such as Therates.
57. Potztus, D. nigro-eneus levissimus, clypeo nigro-piceo angulis rugosulis aurets, pedibus anticts piceis posticis
pallidts.
Long. corp. 3
Genus GYRINUS.
58. Denripennis, G'. niger vix eneus elytris postice unidentatis apice truncato-sinuatis punctulatis substriats.
Long. corp. i +
Labrum nigrum. Corpus subtus nigro-eneum vix cupreum ano hirsuto. Pedes antici picei posticis
quatuor rufis.
Ozs. I am uncertain whether this species be sufficiently distinct from the Gyrinws Indus of
the supplement to the Ent. Syst, a species which Fabricius afterwards abandoned in the Syst.
Eleutheratorum.
59. Limearus. G. elytris apice truncato-sinuatis striatis ad suturam eneis, vittd media sub-cupread margineque
viridt.
Long. corp. vix. %.
Caput viride vertice subcupreo labrique margine viridi, g Caput punctis duobus sub-impressis.
Fam.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 31
Fam. 4, DYTISCIDZ.
The larvee of these insects have not the lateral branchial appendages of the Gyrinide, and
are therefore much less scolopendriform. Indeed their sub-convex and rather conical body
with various other circumstances might, on a first view of them, make us place them out of
their natural situation ; but their obvious analogy to the larvee of Hemerobii, as well as to the
larvee of Geodephaga, will serve to make them known to the practical entomologist.
There are few insects so voracious as the Dytiscide, and their power of moving at will either
in the water, in the air, or on the earth, gives them ample means of satisfying their
rapacity.
I may in this place make the remark, that aquatic insects do not among themselves differ so
much in form as terrestrial insects. It is not merely that they are fewer in species, and therefore
may be expected to form fewer genera, but that the tropical genera of aquatic insects are much
the same with our own, or at least are not so different from each other as the tropical and Euro-
pean Geodephaga. Another remark to be made is, that aquatic insects are in general as large
or larger with us than they are within the tropics. I know of no Hydrophilide larger than our
Hydrophilus piceus; and the largest of the Dytiscide, that has ever come under my notice, is
the D. latissimus of Sweden. The only exception to this remark among the Hydradephaga
occurs in the Gyrinide, as for instance in the genus Dineutus above described.
Genus COLYMBETES Clairv.
60. OcropEcru-macuLaTA. C. niger capite maculis tribus, thorace marginali, elytris vitta marginali maculisque
novem flavis.
Long. corp. &
Caput maculis tribus mediis Thoraxgque macula marginali flavis. Elytra striis tribus punctorum obso-
letissimorum, vitté marginali nec basin nec apicem attingente, maculis flavis tribus basalibus,
quatuor mediis fasciam fere formantibus et duabus apicalibus. Corpus subtus nigrum abdominis late-
ribus rufo-maculatis. | Pedes quatuor antici flavi.
61. Fazrrez. C. collo nigro, thorace rufo, elytris cinereo-rufoque striatis.
Dytiscus varius. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. i. p. 267, 48.
Long. corp. 3
Oss. Fabricius described an insect in the Ent, Syst. which he found in the Banksian cabinet,
and called it D. varius. Afterwards he confounded a Sumatra insect, which he found in Daldorff’s
cabinet, with his D. varius, and altered the original specific character to suit his new insect,
which I here call D. Fabricit.
62. Sururais. C. elytris cinereo-nigroque variegatis: striis tribus punctorum impressis sutura nigra lineaque
utringue rubra.
Long. corp. 4
Caput obscure ferrugineum punctis duobus impressis medio utrinque nigrum, ore palpis antennisque
testaceis. Thorax glaber levis marginatus subcanaliculatus rufus macula media transversali nigra.
Elytra punctis numerosissimis approximatis nigris cinereisque variegatis, striis punctorum obsoletis,
margine exteriore rubro. Corpus subtus nigrum, pedibus quatuor anticis femoribusque posticis piceis.
63. Virratus.
@
32 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
63. Virratus. C. ater levis elytris vittd sub-marginali flavd : maculd baseos atra-
Dyfiscus vittatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 190 14,
—_——__ , Oliv. Ins. 40. tab. i. fig. 5.
Long. corp. 4
Oss. The black spot on the yellow vitta in this species varies exceedingly.
64. Fascratus. C. elytris flavis : fasciis duabus sutura punctoque apicis nigris.
Dytiscus fasciatus. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 189, 9.
, Oliv. Ins. 40, tab. 2, fig. 19.
Long. corp. 4 +
Genus DYTISCUS. Lin.
65. GrisEus. D. cinereus thorace punctis duobus nigris elytris fascia dentata nigra.
Dytiscus griseus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1, 191, 16.
_—____—,, Oliv. Ins. 40. tab. 2, fig. 12.
Long. corp. 4 +
Oss. This species appears to be very generally dispersed over the warmer latitudes, as it
oecurs in my father’s collection from Bengal, Bombay, Italy, Spain, France, and even from the
Island of St. Bartholomew, in the West Indies, where it was collected by Dr. Forstrom. This
West Indian specimen only differs from the rest in wanting the black spots on the thorax, which
spots are also evanescent in European varieties of D. griseus.
66. Rucosus. D. nigro-viridis, clypeo thoracisque margine lateralt flavis, elytris medio rugosulis vitta marginale
interrupta.
Long. corp. 1,3.
Caput atrum clypeo labroque flavis antennis palpisque pallidis. Zhorax nitidus striis duabus laterali-
bus alidque anteriori transversa leviter punctulatis. EZytra nigra limbo levissimo nitido, striis tribus
punctulatis exaratis, vitta marginali flava postice fracta apicem elytrorum haud attingente. Corpus
piceum lateribus pedibusque anticis pallidis.
67. Lrusatus. D. olivaceus thoracts elytrorumque margine flavo, abdomine atro: maculis lateralibus testaceis.
Dytiscus limbatus. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1, p. 258, 2.
Dytiscus aciculatus. Oliv. Ins. 13, 6. tab. 3, f. 30.
Long. 1 3
Stirps. 3. PHILHYDRIDA.
Entomologists in general, with the exception of M. Latreille and his followers, have allowed
a close affinity to exist between this stirps and the Hydradephaga, and nothing but the difficulty
of making this affinity accord with the other parts of his system could ever have made so acute mh
entomologist as M. Latreille to doubt so obvious a truth. Originally both these stirpes were
known under the common denomination of Hydrocanthari, and Linneus comprized all the
species under the generic name of Dytiscus, separating the groupe into two sections, which cor-
respond with our stirpes Hydradephaga and Philhydrida. To these sections, in process of en-
tomological investigation, he gave the names of Dytiscus and Hydrous, but finally for this last
groupe adopted the word Hydrophilus, which had been already appropriated to them by Geof.
froy
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 33
froy. Still, however, the Dytisci and Hydrophili were kept close to each other as neighbouring
groupes by Linnzus, Geoffroy, Fabricius, and Olivier, until M. Latreille thought proper to
separate them.
Olivier seems to have well remarked that Degeer’s opinion as to the number of joints in the an-
tennee of Hydrophilus piceus being only nine, is founded rather on appearance than on truth, and
that the real number corresponds with that of the Dytisci, namely eleven, the only difference
being that the eighth and tenth joints are here very minute. Their place is marked by the dis-
tances which intervene between what are commonly considered the second and third, and the
third and last joints of the clava. The fact however is, that the number of joints in the antenne
is in these two stirpes subject to some variation from the typical number, which in Coleoptera
is eleven.
I have already alluded to those two divisions of the maxilla in Hydrophilus of which one cor-
responds with what is usually termed the internal maxillary palpus in ddephaga, although it now
ceases to be palpiform. In some genera however, such as Spercheus, which come nearest to
the Hydradephaga, the outer process of the maxilla is long, slender, and truly palpiform. Fabri-
cius accordingly, when he instituted the genus Spercheus assigned six palpi to it, as well as to
Dytiscus. The feet, indeed, of the Philhydrida, as well as other points of their external anatomy,
their larve and their habits, all prove their affinity to the Lydradephaga.
The larva of Hydrophilus piceus is long and somewhat conical, and bears great resemblance to
that of a Dytiscus, the body being terminated in both by twe filiform processes, which seem useful
for the respiration of the insect. One grand difference between them, as Lyonnet has shown in
contravention of a curious fancy of M. Frisch, is that the head of the larva of Hydrophilus being
adapted to its habit of preying on small mollusca as they float in the water, is inclined towards
its back, whereas in the other it has its usual inclination towards the belly. Both larve are thus
carnivorous, quit the water when full-grown, and having made an oval cocoon, undergo meta-
morphosis in the earth.
The Philhydrida appear, when arrived at their perfect state, to be insome degree herbivorous,
or at least to lose in a great measure the carnivorous habits of the Hydradephaga ; they seem
therefore to indicate an approach towards insects truly herbivorous. Perhaps Hydrophilus piceus
is as voracious an animal as belongs to the stirps; yet we may learn how inferior it is in voracity
to an Adephagous insect, from the anecdote recorded by Clairville, on the authority of Dr. Es-
per, who having confined an insect of this species in a glass of water with a Dytiscus marginalis,
not more than half its size, soon found it yield itself an easy prey to the latter, which having
detected a vulnerable part between the head and thorax, greedily devoured it. M. Miger, also,
who observed so well the singular manners of this family, and who has given so detailed an ac-
count of them in the fourteenth volume of the Annales du Muséum, ascertained that the greatest
part of the food of the perfect insects is derived from aquatic plants.
I shall offer the following arrangement of the Philhydrida as an approximation to the natural
one ;
r Philhydrida
34 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
PHILHYDRIDA.
1. Normal groupe? { 1. Heterocerida ? 7
Palpi antennis breviores 2, Parnide, (analogous to the Gyrinide.}
2, Aberrant groupe ? 3. Helophoride.
Palpi antennis longitudine {4 Hydrophilide, (analogous to the Dytiscide.)
saltem zquales. 5. Spheridida ?
In this table, although the affinity of Spheridide to Hydrophilide, and of Heteroceride to Par-
nide is incontestable, I have thought proper to mark the place of the Spheridide and Heteroce-
ride with doubt, as their connection is not very distinct. The fore tibize, however, in both
families are spinous ; and the tetramerous genus Georissus seems to be of some use in uniting
these discordant groupes.
Fam. 1. HETEROCERID.
The type of this family is tetramerous, but its affinity to the Parnide has never been con-
tested. Dr. Horsfield has brought no insects from Java that can be safely assigned to the
groupe.
Fam. 2. PARNIDA. Purnipea. Leach.
In the Genera Insectorum et Crustaceorum M. Latreille has placed the type of this family or the
true genus Parnus in the same family with Gyrinus, and has called the whole group Otiophori.
He thus mistook a very obvious relation of analogy for one of affinity ; and accordingly, in
the Considérations Générales and the third volume of the Reégne Animal, we find that he sepa-
rates Parnus and Gyrinus, giving them their proper affinities, but taking little or rather no notice
of the analogy which exists between them. The genus Potamophilus of Germar (Hydera of
Latreille) appears to lead off to Octhebius of Leach, and other insects of the next family.
Subgenus DRYOPS. Leach.
68. Harpwicxu. D. olivaceo-fuscus aut nigricans, tomentosus, elytris punctorum impressorum lineis octo tar-
sisque omnibus rufescentibus.
Long. corp. Z.
Oss. This subgenus is characterized by Dr. Leach in the third volume ef his Zoological
Miscellany, page 88, and may be easily known from Parnus by its wanting the thoracic longitu-
dinal fossule of the latter genus. Dryops Hardwickii differs from the type and only other
known species of the subgenus, (that is from D. Dumerilii, which is a South of Europe inseet,)
in having a darker colour, and the points of the elytra impressed instead of elevated. I have
named this new species after Major-General Hardwicke, a gentleman to whom every naturalist
is indebted for the zeal and science he has displayed in the prosecution of the several depart-
ments of Oriental Zoology.
Fam. 3. HELOPHORID.
There are no species of this family among Dr. Horsfield’s insects. The groupe is remarkable
among the Philhydrida for the metallic lustre which generally characterizes the insects which
compose
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 39
compose it, and which only again occurs in the contiguous family of Hydrophilide. They.
appear to lead naturally to Berosus, and such other genera of the next family.
Fam. 4. HYDROPHILIDZ.
The analogy between the larger insects of this family composing the genus Hydrous and
the larger Dytisci is too striking to escape the notice of the most cursory observer.
Their manners, their larvae, the singular dilatation at the extremity of the anterior tarsi of their
males may all serve to shew us how Linneus came to name the type of this family Dytiscus
piceus.
The most singular habit known of this insect is that the female spins out of her abdomen a
gummy matter, which forms an envelope for her eggs, and these, disposed symmetrically in
their oval receptacle, float about on the surface of the water until the larve are hatched.
It is not known how many other genera of the family possess this curious economy.
The insects of this family which come from tropical climates prove, by their near affinity to
European insects, how much fewer typical forms there are of aquatic insects than of terrestrial.
Subgenus BEROSUS. Leach.
69. Puncueuus. B. griseo-flavescens, capite scutello thoracisque macula medié divisd nigris, elytris striatis :
maculis tribus.
Long. corp. 3.
Insectum supra punctulatum. Elytra maculis tribus obscuris striisque nigris impressis, interstitiis crebré
punctatis, punctis nigricantibus.
Oss. This genus often retains some of the metallic lustre of the Helophoride.
Genus ENHYDRUS. Meg.
70. Pauens. E. albicans nitidus punctulatus, thorace maculis quatuor obscuris transversé dispositis elytrisque
obsoleté striatis.
Long. corp. 5%.
Genus SPERCHEUS. Fab.
71. Pxarycepuatus. 8. infra nigricans, supra scabriusculus cinereus, elytris lineis quatuor elevatis: dorso
bituberculato, pedibus subferrugineis.
Long. corp. 3;+
Oss. This curious little insect is truly a Sperchews, and thus becomes the second species of the
genus that is known to entomologists.
Genus HYDROUS. Lin. Leach.
72. Pattrpreazris. H. olivaceo-niger, elytris striis punctorum tribus, margineque vagé punctulato.
Long. corp. 14.
Hoc Insectum ab alio Americano (H. Fuscrparer mihi) ex Insula Sanctz Trinitatis simillimo differt cor-
pore convexiore breviore, colore dilutiore, palpis crassioribus, et antennarum articulo sexto praceden-
tibus simul sumptis multo breviore. ar
J F2 73. Bilineatus.
36 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
73. Brttnearus. H. nigropiceus, elytris sulculis punctorum duobus obsoletis, lined medié punctorum wagoram,
aliisque marginalibus.
Long. corp. 1,%,.
Insectum preecedenti simillimum, sed differt corporis longitudine, elytrorum sculptura lineisque punctorum
vagis marginalibus tribus vel quatuor, femoribus branneis, articulo palporum ultimo brevi crassiore
subsecuriformi.
Fam. 5. SPH H#RIDID .
it is not my intention to attempt at present the accurate determination of the natural place
and boundaries of this family, because it would require a more minute and detailed investiga-
tion than the limits of alocal Fawna will admit. The remarkably close connexion, however,
which exists between M. Latreille’s Hydrophilii and Spheridiota both in construction and eco-
nomy, induces me to describe in this place the only two species of Spheridium which are to be
found in Dr. Horsfield’s collections ; and, indeed, although I would not by any means be supposed
to lay down my arrangement as certain, or for the present attempt to give more than a general
statement ofthe near affinity which exists between this family and the last, yet 1 cannot forbear
calling the attention of the entomologist to the circumstance of the genus Spheridium possess-
ing those two processes to their maxilla, which form so prominent a character of the Philhydrida
as a stirps.
This family is less aquatic than ‘any of the four preceding, and I agree with Fabricius in think-
ing that such genera as Phalacrus, Agathidium, &c., may safely be assigned to it. Tt is true that
Latreille has separated them from Spheridium, because they are tetramerous; but by parity of
reasoning, since Leterocerus and Georissus are also tetramerous, he ought to have ‘separated the
first from the vicinity of Parnus and the other from that of Elmis. It is the evil, however, of
half-artificial systems like that which is founded on the number of jcints in the tarsi, that while
they are at utter variance with natural affinities, they do not even answer the humble pur-
poses of a catalogue.
The similarity of certain species of this family to Petalocerous insects has often been Te-
marked, and in fact it is from these insects that a transition is made to the Chilognathomorpha
or Coleoptera having larvee which resemble Chilognatha.
Genus SPHERIDIUM. Fab.
74. Hypropuitorpes. SS. atronitidum punctulatum, palpis antennis tarsis thoracisque lateribus nigro-rufescen-
tibus, elytris punctorum striis Impressis.
Long. corp. ,7,.
Nien 2 : : oe te q + 7° .
Oxs. This species indisputably proves the close affinity of Spheridium to the last family.
15. Manemarom, S. elytris immaculatis maculisve obsoletis, thoracis elytrorumque margine externo pedibusque
JSerrugineo-lutescentibus.
Spheridium Scarabecoides, Var. D. Lat. Gen. Ins. et ‘Crust. vol. ii. p. 72.
Spheridium marginatum, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vo). i. p. 93.
Long. corp. 25
cas Without attempting to decide the question, whether ‘all those insects which IlKiger consi-
ers as v; Cy pvely le) ie 5 eee .
sas varieties of Spheridium Scarabcoides be really distinct species, I shall merely say, that the
above
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 37
above described Javanese insect will be found to differ from the European S. marginatum in no
respect, except perhaps that of size. With respect to the general affinities of the genus Sphe-
ridium, it may be sufficient to mention, that this insect would have been a Dermestes with Lin-
neeus and Geoffroy, and an Hister with Degeer.
Stirps 4. NECROPHAGA. Lat.
We now come toa stirps so close in affinity to the Philhydrida, that Dumeril has combined
them in one groupe, to which he has assigned the name of Helocera, from the antenne in
both being in a similar manner clavated.
The Necrophaga, however, of Latreille, as this stirps is characterized in the Genera Insectorum
et Crustaceorum, vol. i. p. 239, is a most natural groupe, distinguished from the Phithydrida by
their habits being less aquatic, their mouth being prominent, and mandibles generally ex-
serted. The first joint of the maxillary palpi is also evanescent in this stirps, so that these organs
may in general be described as three-jointed. Indeed it is only the Dermestide, or fifth family of the
Necrophaga, which retains any character of the Spheridide, and the Dermestide are also among
the least Chilopodomorphous insects of the tribe, being closely allied to the Byrrhide, and so
leading to the Chilognathomorpha. Linnzus and Geoffroy both observed the affinity existing be-
tween the Dermestide and Spheridide, and have even described the S. scarabeoides as a Dermes-
tes. It is from insects, situated between the types of these two families, that the Byrrhide take
their rise, and lead us to the tribe of insects having Chilognathiform larvz or Chilognathomorpha.
Although the stirps of Necrophaga comprizes many herbivorous insects, we find that each
family composing it, has not merely a disposition to feed on animal matter, but retains, more-
over, many vestiges of the predaceous habits of the more typical insects of the tribe. Thus
among the Si/phide, the Silpha 4-punctata climbs the oak for the purpose of devouring the
caterpillars, of which so many species infest this tree. Several other Silphe attack live terres-
trial Mollusca, just as we have seen the neighbouring stirps of Philhydrida prey on certain aqua-
tic animals of the same sub-kingdom. The disposition of many of these insects to feed on fungi,
is in accord with a general remark to be made on carnivorous Coleoptera, namely, that as the
aberrant insects of any groupe leave the living -animal food, which forms the entire subsistence
of the normal part of the same groupe, they prey on dead animal matter, or, in preference to
other vegetable matter, on fungi.
With respect to the affinities which connect the families of this stirps, I shall, according to my
usual practice, avail myself of the arguwmentwm ad verecundiam, in explaining them. True it is,
indeed, that no naturalist has yet thought of combining these observations, and the consequence
has been, that M. Latreille, among others, has never, in his various works, given the same
urrangement of the stirps twice.
M. Latreille has shewn the affinity of the Dermestide and Scaphidide, in what perhaps is
the most able of his works, I mean the Histoire Générale des Insectes, etc. vol. ix. p. 190 and 233,
where he has made one family of them, and thus adopted an opinion of Degeer.
In his Considérations Générales, p.176, as well as the Histoire Générale, Latreille has more-
over shewn the affinity of the Scaphidide to the Silphide, thus adopting an opinion of Linnzeus
and Geoffroy. I
nh
38 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
In his Genera Insectorum et Crustaceorum, vol. ii. p. 2 and 8, Latreille has proved the affinity
of the Silphide to the Nitidulide, thus adopting another opinion not only of Linnzus, but of
Degeer and Olivier.
In the same Histoire Générale, and Genera Insectorum et Crustaceorum, Latreille thinks the
affinity of the Nitidulide and Engide so close, that he makes only one family of them, thus
adopting an opinion of Geoffroy and Fabricius.
Finally, in the Histoire Générale, vol. x. p. 16, M. Latreille acknowledges that the Engide
have, “ beaucoup de rapport avec les Dermestes,” thus adopting an opinion of Linneus, Scopoli,
Geoffroy, Fabricius, and Olivier.
Now these various affinities have never yet been supposed to lead to any general consequence,
and nevertheless if connected, which, as was before said, they never yet have been, they pro-
duce the following symmetrical table of the stirps:
NECROPHAGA.
1. Aberrant groupe? 5. Dermestide.
Antennarum clava brevis articulis solummodo duobus é
vel tribus ? pe ere:
Dermestes Lin. 3. Nitidulide, (leading by Micropeplus to the Brachelytra.)
2. Normal groupe?
Antennatum clava elongata valde perfoliata quatuor ) 2. Silphide.
vel quinque articulis.
SILpHA Lin. 1. Scaphidide.
The Necrophaga thus comprize almost all those insects which Linnzeus called either Der-
mestes or Silphe. So close indeed is the affinity of these two Linnean genera, that of the
modern genus Nitidula we find one species assigned by the Swedish naturalist to his genus
Silpha, and another to his genus Dermestes.
The Nitidulide lead, by means of Cercus and Micropeplus, to the Brachelytra. That Micro-
peplus is an insect which leaves the typical Necrophaga, is clear from its different antenne, and
from its having been described as a Staphylinus by so many authors.
Many, if not the greatest part, of Latreille’s Taxicornes belong to this stirps, which, however,
has too few Javanese species in it to induce me at present to investigate it accurately. I shall
therefore now content myself with saying, that Latreille’s groupe of Clavicornes, as given in
the Dictionnaire d’ Hist. Naturelle, is altogether artificial. It is a heterogeneous collection, that
is not only inferior to all his former groupings of this family, but is even inferior to what M.
Dumeril had already done in characterizing his Helocera.
Fam. 1. SCAPHIDID.
The first thing which strikes us in the appearance of this family is the remarkable relation of
analogy which it bears to the Mordellide, the place of which, in their own circle of affinity, is
thus pointed out. Mr. Spence has, among other pertinent remarks on the genus Choleva ies
the 11th volume of the Linnzan Transactions, justly observed, that the resemblance beteecn
Mordella and Choleva is merely superficial. So also is the relation between Scaphidium and
Ripiphorus,
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 39
Ripiphorus, which last genus is not nearer in affinity to Mordella, than Scaphidium is to Cho-
leva. M. Latreille, however, in the Regne Animal, has sufficiently proved the very obvious and
close affinity of Scaphidium to Choleva, which it is rather surprising that so acute an en-
tomologist as Mr. Spence should ever have doubted. A more than sufficient recompense,
however, for the above error is, that Mr. Spence saw that Choleva had an affinity both with
Dermestes and Silpha. He has also shewn the relation between it and the genus Anisotoma of
Knoch, and thus proved his being no servile follower of the Tarsal system. In short, I would
recommend the study of his excellent Monograph on Choleva to all who may wish to understand
something of this family, which seems to be, as he observes, more common in Europe than in
the other quarters of the globe. Dr. Horsfield found none in Java.
The external process of the maxillee in the genus Choleva, although not distinctly articulated,
is always linear or sublinear, and thus affords some ground for Herbst’s describing one species
as a Carabus, if indeed Mr. Spence be correct in suspecting him to have done this.
Fam. 2. SILPHIDZ.
That Dr. Horsfield should have brought from Java none of the typical insects of this family, which
are also those of the stirps, I attribute rather to their rarity than to there being no Silphe or Necro-
phori on the island. The disgusting nature of the substances in which such insects are to be found,
and their peculiar habits, give them often an opportunity of escaping the eye of an observer, even in
these temperate climes ; and we can easily conceive how the same habits should give them tenfold
security in tropical countries, where the putrid effluvia of dead carcases are as dangerous as
offensive. That Silphe may be found in the Indian Archipelago I conclude from their being
ascertained to.exist in New Holland and on the continent of India.
The larvee of Silphide possess a flat elongate body, terminated laterally by a somewhat sharp
angle, and having the last segment provided with two conical appendages. They enjoy that
activity which is the general character of Chilopodiform larvee, and know how to search out
fresh food for themselves, when they have consumed that which the parent insect had provided
fur them. When fully grown they bury themselves in the earth, and there undergo meta-
morphosis.
The abbreviated elytra of Necrophorus mark the typical insects of the groupe, and shew the
strong relation of analogy which they bear to Creophilus, and the other corr esponding genera of
the contiguous stirps of Brachelytra.
Genus PELTIS. Fab. Taymazus Lat.
96. Ovazts. P. ovata castanea limbo dilutiore, thorace elytrisque punctis impressis.
Long. corp. 74:
Insectum P. ferruginee Fab. quodammodo affine, at corpore minus convexo minusque oblongo. Llytra
punctata lineis sex impressis punctulatis, serieque punctorum excavatorum in interstitiis disposita.
Oxs. This genus has certainly an affinity to Colobicus, and possibly therefore to Eledona. It is
at the extremity of the family.
Fam.
40 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Fam. 3. NITIDULIDZ. MNririputarrz Lat.
The larve of this family resemble those of the last very closely, as may be seen on: inspect-
ing the figure of the larva of Mitidula varia Fab. (Silpha grisea Lin.) given by the late Mr.
Curtis, in the second volume of the Linnzan Transactions. This larva seems to live on putrid
vegetable matter.
The perfect insects of the family are to be found in almost all substances, some inhabiting
flowers, and others carrion. They differ from the Silphide by their mandibles. being biden-
tate at the apex, and in general by their anterior tarsi having the three first joints dilated.
From the Engid@ they may be distinguished by their more peltate form and transverse thorax. in
Genus NITIDULA. Fab.
77. Prera. N. ovalis, fronte bipunctata, clypeo truncato, elytris punctulatis : stries elevatis setigerts.
Long. corp. ¥7,.
Ozs. Species N. grisee Liv. (N. varie Fas.) simillima, at brevior et convexior. Caput ferrugineum punc-
tulatum fronte utrinque fossula impress4, clypeo antice truncato, labro emarginato. Thorax ferrugineus punc-
tulatus pilis albis raris vestitus. E/lytra nigro ferrugineoque varia.
Fam. 4. ENGID.
The typical insects of this family differ in general from those of the last by their elongate form,
or by the semi-lunar termination of their maxillary palpi, and minuteness of the penultimate joint
of their tarsi. In the genus Cryptophagus the sexes may be distinguished by a difference in the
number of joints of their posterior tarsi. And if Mycetophagus, and even Triplaz, belong to this
family, as I suspect they, with their immediate affinities, will be found to do, then tetramerous
insects belong to the stirps of Necrophaga as well as to the Philhydrida. Accurate examination,
however, seems to prove that such insects are not truly tetramerous; the penultimate joint of
the tarsi, which is so minute in Engis, becoming in Triplax only more evanescent. The manner
in which this change is effected, becomes manifest on comparing the genera Ips, Engis, T: riplax,
and Erotylus. The connexion existing between these, no one can doubt, and, indeed, M. La-
treille long since remarked it. I am not however prepared to say, that the Erofyli fall into
this tribe ; but if they should eventually be proved to have this situation in nature, it will be
another instance of that manifest relation which exists between the stirps of Necrophagous
insects and the Linnean genera Cassida, Chrysomela, and Coccinella. It is, perhaps, by the
Erotyli that the opposite points of the circle of Coleoptera meet, for I do not think that this genus
will go well among the true insects with anopluriform larvee. As to the Erotyli being tetra-
merous, it is a circumstance to which little importance ought to be attached, since the five
articulations of the tarsi are visible in several species, and other insects which are close to the
genus, such as Mr. Kirby’s genus Spheniscus, are heteromerous.
Phaleria and its affinities seem also to have a faint relation to these insects, as well as Cerylon
Sylvanus, &c. But without estimating the degree of importance that ought to be attached to such
relations, Ishall not at present attempt to do more than indicate them, since the true limits of
this
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 4]
this most difficult family must depend in a great measure on our better acquaintance with their
larvae. Perhaps it would be better for the present to consider the typical insects of the groupe as
unascertained, and the propriety therefore of the family name Engide as at least doubtful. It is
observable, however, that all these insects were Dermestes with Linnzeus and Fabricius; and, as
in another part of the work I shall have to return to this subject, iathe mean time I shall merely
remark, that from the Helopide this groupe may easily be distinguished by their clavate antenne.
Genus DACNE Lat. Hwers Payk.
M. Latreille, in his Précis de Genres founded the genus Dacne on the species of insect
called by Herbst, Ips humeralis ; and soon after Paykull, in the Fauna Suecica, gave the generic
name of Engis, with appropriate characters, to the same insect. Fabricius, in the Systema
Eleutheratorum, adopted this genus with the name given to it by Paykull, and placed in it an
American insect, the Erotylus bifasciatus of Olivier (Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat.), which insect is,
however, sufficiently distinct, by its maxillary palpi having their last joint hammer-shaped,
whereas the European insect (Ips humeralis of Herbst) has the same joint only obtusely subu-
late. I leave, therefore, the original name of Dacne with the last-mentioned insect, and give
the name of Engis to those exotic insects which coincide with Engis fasciata of Fabricius, in
the above description of their palpi, ana which differ from true Erotyli, in having the
penultimate joint of their tarsi visible, although very small.
18. SzxnoTaTsa. D. antice angustior, nigro-nitida, thoracis angulis anticis, elytrorumque fasciis duabus
transversis cruentis.
Engis secnotata, Wiedemann Zool. Mag. 2. 1. 131.
Long. corp, 2
Caput vertice concavo anteanarumque clava tomentos4 murina. Thorax antice angustior, ad angulos
subproductus lunulaque cruenta insignis, posticé vix fossulatus. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra striis
punctorum obsoletis, et maculis duabus transversis undatis cruentis, antica dentata humerum versus.
Corpus atronitidum. Pedes nigri tibiis ad apicem tomento brunneis.
79. QuavrimacuLa. D. nigronitida pubescens punctulata, elytris maculis transversis: humeralt mediaque rufis,
humero scutelloque nigris.
Engis quadrimacula, Wiedemann Zool. Mag. 2. 1. 132.
Long. corp. 4
Antenne nigre. Thorax niger, antice subangustior. Elytra striis punctorum obsoietis, ad scutellum
nigra, maculé humerali utrinque excisa, media lunulata. Corpus atronitidum. Pedes nigri tibiis ad
apicem tomento brunneis.
Genus ENGIS. Nobis.
The genus Oxyporusamong the Brachelytra has its labial palpisomewhat like those of this genus.
80. Verticaus. E. atra, verticis maculis duabus, thoracis annulo irregulart, elytrorum fasciis duabus apice-
que rubris.
Long. corp. 13%
Caput nigrum, vertice ad oculos bimaculato, antennarumque clava tomentosa. Thorax niger, marginatus,
fossulis ad marginem posteriorem tribus minutis, annulo medio rubro ad angulos protento et lineam
G dorsalem
42
8].
82.
83.
84.
85.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
dorsalem versus obscuriori. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra nigra marginata punctorum lineis septem
obsoletis, apice et fasciis dentatis tribus rufis, sutura et fascize humeralis maculis duabus nigris. Cor-
pus oblongum aterrimum. Pedes nigri tibiis plantisque tomento brunneis.
Annutara. E. nigro-nitida, thorace postice subpunctato, elytris annulis duobus rufis, pedibus atropicers.
Long. corp. 34
Caput palporum articulo maxillarium ultimo rufo antennarumque clava tomentosa. Elytra lineis punc-
torum octo obsoletis, annulis basali et posticali rufis. Scutellum nigrum. Corpus oblongo-ellipticum.
Cruenta. E. nigronitida, thorace utrinque macula longitudinali, elytris lunula basali maculaque posticé
sanguineis.
F Long. corp. 4
Caput bifossulatum. Thorax niger marginatus, fossulis tribus ad marginem posticum obsoletis, linea
utrinque longitudinali posticé subfurcata. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra nigra lunula humerali macula-
que apicali rufis. Corpus oblongum aterrimum. Pedes nigri tibiis plantisque tomento brunneo.
Luwnutata. E. nigro-nitida, thoracis maculis tribus anticis, elytrorum cruce basali lunulaque posticé
sanguineis.
Long. corp. 34
Caput subpunctatum. Thorax maculis tribus anticis linearibus brevibus rufis. Elytra lineis punctorum
obsoletis, cruce humerali vel lunula caudata humerum amplectente et lunula posticali simplice san-
guineis. Pedes nigri tibiis plantisque tomento brunneis.
Lirvrara. £. nigronstida, thoracis medio maculis annulato, elytris ad apicem lituraé marginali sanguinea.
Long. corp. 4
Thorax maculis obscuris rufis annulum quasi in medio formantibus. Elytra lineis septem punctorum ob-
soletis. Scutellum nigrum. Pedes nigro-picei.
Susrotunp4. E. nigronitida, capite thoraceque subpunctatis, elytris fasciis duabus lunulatis dentatis
rubris: sutura nigra.
Long. corp. 2
Elytra nigra, lineis punctorum octo obsoletis, lunulisque rubris, anticd humerum, posticd apicem am-
plectentibus. Pedes nigro-picei.
Oss. This species comes very near to the genus Erotylus, in general habit and the structure
of the tarsi.
Genus HELOTA. Nobis.
Antenne vix capitis longitudine, sub clypeo ad mandibularum basin inserte, undecim-
articulate, articulo basilari sub-obconico crasso, secundo subgloboso, tertio obconice
longiore ; clava crass4 tomentos& compress orbiculari tri-articulata.
Labrum membranaceum sub clypeo occultum, margine lineari vix apparente.
Mandibule subtrigonz, valide, corneze, extus rotundate, apice acutae, intus sub-emarginate
. tenues.
Mazxille breves, ad basin cornez, subtrigone, apice submembranacee, laminate, truncate,
subquadratee,
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 43
subquadrate, ciliatee: processu dorsali palporum longitudine, basi subcorneo, apice
membranaceo, ciliato.
Palpi mazillares articulo primo obconico, secundo pateriformi, tertio vel ultimo praeceden-
tibus simul sumptis fere longiore, subsubulato.
Palpi labiales clavati, vix labio longiores, articulo primo subgloboso, secundo obconico,
tertio vel ultimo maximo crasso cylindrico apice truncato perforato.
Lahium membranaceum, medio crassiusculum, apice emarginatum, lobis lateralibus rotun-
datis ciliatis sub-diaphanis.
Mentum breve, latum, corneum, transverso-quadratum.
Caput horizontale subtrigonum clypeo antice rotundato. Thorax magnus subquadratus,
"supra convexiusculus, posticé lobatus. Scutellum minimum. Corpus depressiusculum
coxis fere equé dissitis. Tarsi breves quinque-articulati, articulo primo minimo vix
conspicuo, secundo tertio et quarto subtus setigevis, ultimo aliis simul sumptis longiore
infra longitudinaliter fossulato, fossula ad apicem inter ungues in processum setis
duabus instructum desinente.
Genus Buprestidarum habitu quodammodo fruens.
86. Vuicorsz. H. supra viridieneus punctatus, thorace eminentiis leevissimis, elytris geminatim striatis: litura
media flavo-bimaculata.
Long. corp. ¥7-
Caput viridiaeneum, antice et ad latera punctatissimum, oculis albis, collo subtus testaceo, antennis basi
piceis apicem versus nigrioribus, et clavze obscure articulo ultimo rufescente. Thorax viridizeneus,
punctatus, lineis duabus mediis postice confluentibus, et maculis duabus lateralibus nigris nitidis-
simis eminentibus. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra viridienea, striis punctorum geminatis, et latera versus
lineis elevatis; litura medié longitudinali nigra maculis duabus magnis flavis levioribus insigni.
Corpus totum subtus testaceum nitidum. Pedes testacei geniculis et unguibus nigris.
Hac species ab amico tam rei entomologice perito quam studioso N. A. Vigors Armigero nomen mutuatur.
Oxs. This insect presents perhaps one of the most curious and novel forms of the whole
collection. Its brilliancy and variety of colour, its beauty of sculpture and its similarity at first
sight to the Linnean genus Buprestis, altogether render it a most extraordinary insect to be
placed among the Necrophaga: yet it cannot be doubted that the true place of this curious
insect is in this stirps. The only other insects to which it bears any similarity are the Buprestidae,
and it will prove perhaps, by reason of the strong relation of analogy which it bears to this groupe,
most useful in shewing their place in their own tribe. That it does not, however, belong to the
Buprestide clearly appears from its horizontal head, the lateral insertion of its clavate antenne,
the structure of the lower surface of its body, and above all from its organs of manducation. In
all these particulars, on the other hand, it agrees with the general characters of the Necrophuga,
some of which, such as the genus Languria, display a similar brilliancy of colour, and aform even
more longitudinal. Near to this genus, therefore, and to Dacne I conceive HelotaVigorsii to come,
since it also agrees with the latter in the form of its antenne and structure of mouth. The
feet nevertheless are constructed differently from those of both these genera, for although ou
insect is with still greater difficulty detected to be pentamerous, the minute evanescent oe
Gc 2 i
44 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
is not as with Dacne and Languria the fourth but the first. anguria and the insects imme-
diately allied to it differ from the typical characters which I have ventured to attribute to the
aberrant groupe of Necrophuga, inasmuch as the clava of their antenne is often composed of
more than three joints and sometimes even of five. Helota, however, as before said, has its
antenne and mouth similarly constructed with those of the more typical insects of the stirps or
at least with Dacne, to which it is much nearer allied than to Engis.
The dorsal process of the maxilla is also in this genus beautifully distinct, and even presents
a trace of being articulated. This circumstance of itself as well as the number of joints in the
palpi separates Helota from the Buprestide, and places it in this family, for although other
families in other tribes, as I have before shewn, may analogically present the bilobed maxilla,
and thus approach to the typical structure of that organ, the pieces of the maxilla in all the
Buprestide, which I have dissected, are confluent and indeed present a very uniform cha-
racter wholly different from that of our insect. Moreover the typical character of the maxillary
palpi in Coleoptera is that they are quadri-articulate, but in the Necrophaga generally as well as
in our insect, the first joint is evanescent, so that such palpi may be described as tri-articulate
in which respect they differ wholly from those of the Buprestidae.
Genus LANGURIA. Lat.
This genus was established by M. Latreille on the examination of an insect, L. bicolor, which
was brought from North America by M. Bosc. The genus, however, has not been hitherto pro-
perly characterized, since under a high lens it appears to be truly pentamerous, the penultimate
joint of the tarsi being very minute, as in Engis. The validity of M. Latreille’s generic character
will, therefore, depend on his description of the clava of the antenne, which he considers as con-
sisting of five articulations—a description which, if true, will exclude all the following Javanese
species from the genus. The fact seems io be, that Languwria is divisible into several subgenera,
which may be made to depend on the form of the antennee. Thus from the West Indies and
Brazil, we have Langurie with short antennz, and a very thick clava composed of five joints ;
while from the continent of India, we have such species as Languria elongata Wat. (Trogosita
elongata Fab.), which have long filiform anteune, with a very indistinct attenuated clava, con-
sisting of three joints. The form of Z. bicolor Lat. seems common to Asia and America.
Nevertheless as my object is not to make new genera, but to render new species sufficiently
known, I shall leave the following species in the genus Languria, of which I reckon the prin-
cipal characters to be its linear body, clavate antenna, filiform maxillary palpi, and evanescent
fourth joint of the tarsus.
87. Pynamipara. L. rufa thoracis punctis tribus nigris, capite elytrisque virtdi-eneis, antennis chalybeés
Semoribusque testaceis.
Long. corp. 3
Caput supra viridizeneum subtus nigrum, antennis chalybeis: clava quadriarticulata. Thorax rufus mar
gine antico et postico, puncto medio, alioque utrinque laterali nigris. Scutellum nigrum. - Elytra
pyramidata viridiznea nitida striis punctorum impressa. Abdomen sublineare pyramidatum vel
apicem versus gradatim attenuatum, subtus convexum rufum; ano viridieneo. Pedes chalybei coxis
nigris, femoribusque, geniculis exceptis, rufis.
Oss. A
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 45
Oss. A Javanese species described by Wiedemann under the name of L. splendens comes
very near to this species, and his Languria tripunctata, a Bengal insect, scarcely differs from it
except in size and in its feet being altogether of a greenish black colour,
88. Morro. L. nigro-nitida, capite thoraceque punctatis, hoc fossulis duabus linearibus, elytris atro-eneis
puncto-striatis.
Long. corp. 3%
Caput nigrum punctatum labro piceo antennisque nigris. Thorax quadratus, punctatus, fossulis duabus
brevibus posticis longitudinalibus impressus. Scutellum nigrum. lytra atroznea striis septem
punctorum impressa. Corpus subtus pedesque nigri.
89. Tesracza. L. nitida, elytris punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque nigris, coxis femoribusque ad basin fer-
ruginets.
Long. corp. fere 3
Insectum supra ferrugineum. Caput subpunctatum, articulo antennarum basilari subferrugineo. Thorax
levissimus. Elytra vix obscuriora striis octo punctorum impressis. Corpus subtus ferrugineum.
Oss. An insect which Fabricius describes from Sumatra, under the name of Trogosita fili-
formis (Syst. Eleuth. 1, 152, 12), comes very near to the above species ; indeed only differs from
it, according to the description there given, in that it has the elytra smooth. This, however,
may be an error of Fabricius, as the insect I have described above, under the name of Languria
testacea, appears to be widely dispersed, and occurring in my father’s cabinet non the conti-
nent of India, seems not unlikely to be also a native of Sumatra.
This insect clearly shews that Cerylon and other genera of similar structure are most erro-
neously placed by Latreille with the Bostrichide, for it forms a most complete transition from
Languria to Cerylon.
Genus MEGAUCHENIA. Nobis.
Antenne capite subduplo longiores, thorace tamen breviores, undecim-articulatz, articulo
secundo crasso obconico, tertio brevi, quarto longo, reliquis ad clavam brevibus, subglo-
bosis; clava orbiculari compressa triarticulata.
Labrum exertum, transversum, corneum, apice bilobum, angulis rotundatis.
Mandibule vix exerte, depresse, trigone, extus incurve, apice acutissimz intus uni-
dentate, et basin versus ciliate. .
Mazille basi cornee processu apicalimagno membranaceo falciformi, intus ciliate, pro-
cessu dorsali inconspicuo.
Palpi mazillares triarticulati, articulis basilaribus brevibus, obconicis, articulo ultimo
oblongo ovali, apice subulato, praecedentibus simul sumptis longiore.
Palpi lubiales brevissimi articulo basilari inconspicuo, secundo et tertio obconicis.
Labium membranaceum, apice bilobum, lobis subacutis.
Mentum breve, corneum, basi retusum, apice subtrigonum.
Corpus elongato-quadratum, fere parallelopipedum, depressiusculum. Thorax quadratus
longior quam latior, ab abdomine pedunculo nullo disjunctus. _Elytra corpore breviora.
Tihie
46 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
Tibi ad apicem latiores, extis denticulate. Tarsi articulis quinque primis subpulvil-
latis vel apice setigeris, articulo quarto minimo.
Oss. Megauchenia is a difficult genus, but appears to havea strong affinity to Languria and to
Cerylon, indeed principally differs from M. Latreille’s description of this last, according to what I
have been able to observe, in having the clava of the antenne of three distinct joints with the
labrum emarginate, and, in being pentamerous, in which last respect it agrees with Languria. 1
suspect, however, that the Xylophagi of Latreille (which at present form a most artificial assem-
blage) are in general pentamerous, and that it is merely owing to the minuteness of the fourth
joint, and to the small size of the insects themselves, that they have been placed by the entomolo-
gists of the French school between the Linnean genera Curculio and Cerambyx—groupes be-
tween which the transition is immediate and perfect. “ Natura opifex rerum, non facit saltus.”
It is in this stirps, as has been before said, that we find the maxille recede the farthest from
their typical form; it is in this stirps therefore that of the whole tribe we find the most herbi-
vorous insects. This is curious, certainly, but corresponds with an-observation to be made on
the herbivorous tribes of Coleoptera, namely, that where in an herbivorous groupe such as the
Petalocera, we meet with a family such as the Trogide endued with an appetite for animal matter,
we find its maxille approaching in structure to those of the Adephuga,or at least to be furnished
with two processes.
90. Szrrpznnis. M. atropiceus, capite thoraceque subsetigero punctato-striatis : striis alternatim setigeris.
Long. corp. 53.
Caput clypeo anticé marginato, antennis piceis clava tomentosa. Thorax marginatus lateribus rugosulis-
Elytra punctorum seriebus striata setisque brevibus spiniformibus instructa. Corpus subtus Pedesque
picei. Tarsz sub-pulvillati.
Genus SYLVANUS. Lat. permesres Lin. Fab.
This genus is said to have some relation to Trogosita, but on the nature and value of
such relation, I am not at present able to offer any decided opinion. It may, however, be
observed, that M. Latreille has described Silvanus as having two processes to the maxillz, and
Trogosita as possessing only one. Such a remark may lead us to suspect a relation between Sid-
vanus and the Cucwitde, which is not improbable ; but however this may be, I repeat that a great
portion of doubt must still hang over this arrangement of Latreille’s Xylophagi, inasmuch as
we know not how many of them truly belong to the stirps of Necrophaga. No greater service can
indeed be rendered to this part of entomology than by accurately dissecting these minute insects,
of which so many genera and species are to be found in England; I question, however, whether
it may be advisable to attempt at present a natural arrangement of them, because so few of the
exotic species are known, and such wide chasms appear between several of the known genera.
91. Denricutatus. 8S. fuscus, thorace crenato punctulato : lineis duabus impressis, elytris punctato-striatis, an-
tennarum clava quadriarticulata.
Long. corp. ao
Insectum S. sexdentato majus. Caput clypeo punctulato utrinque ante oculos unidentato antennis fuscis.
Thorax
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 47
Thorax lateribus sexdentatis, dorso subcarinato, fossuld utrinque longitudinali anticé posticéque
profundiore. Elytra pallidiora punctorum seriebus striata. Corpus fuscum pedibus fuscis.
Oss. The Dermestes sexdentatus of Fabricius, which is the same with his Colydium frumen-
éarium and the Ips frumentaria of Olivier, but which appears different from the Corticaria fru-
mentaria of the Entomologia Britannica, comes so very near to our species that I have little doubt
of its food being analogous. It probably infests rice, as other species of the genus are found in
moist sugar.
Genus TRIBOLIUM, Nobis. Cozyprum Herbst.
Antenne undecim-articulate, sub clypeo ad mandibularum basin inserte, articulis basil-
aribus octo globosis sub-zqualibus, apicem versus vix crassioribus, tribus ultimis clavam
laxam efformantibus; articulis nono et decimo subpateriformibus, ultimo transverso ovali.
Os sub clypeo plano transverso ad latera rotundato absconditum.
Ocul clypeo fere cincti. Thorax transverso-quadratus submarginatus. Corpus depressius-
culum sublineare. Tarsi articulis quinque.
Oss. This genus appears closely allied to Colydium and also to have some sort of relation to
Colobicus. From the latter it differs in the antennz and form of body; from the former in the
form of head and in being pentamerous. I am indeed inclined to think that the Colydium rufum
of Latreille (Gen. Insect. et Crust. Vol. 3. p. 21.) belongs to this genus, if it be not identical with
our species; but the description of the Colydium rufum by this entomologist is too vague to
admit of certainty on the subject.
As the specimen is unique in the collection of the East-India Company, I have been under the
necessity of contenting myself with a generic description founded on external characters alone.
Herbst has very justly remarked the strong connexion which exists between this genus and
Dermestes, and there is indeed no doubt of its belonging to the stirps of Necrophaga, as its larva
scarcely differs from that of Dermestes except in not being so hirsute.
92. Cuasraneum. T. ferrugineum, capite thoraceque subtilissimé punctatis, elytris punctato-striatis.
Colydium castaneum Herbst. 7. 282. tab. 112. fig. 13. E.
An Colydium rufum, Lat. Gen. Ins. et Crust. vol. iii. p. 21?
An Colydium rufum, Fab. Syst, Eleuth. 2. 557.11 ?
Trogosita ferruginea, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1. 155. 23.
Ips testacea, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 179. 14?
Synonymia Trogosite ferruginee apud Fabricium corrigenda, antennarum enim clava in Lycto navale
Ent. Syst. 1.2. 504. 10, est biarticulata.
Long. corp. 4.
Clypeus ante oculos depressus angulis truncatis. Antenne apice pallidiores. Thorax fossula utrinque
-ad marginem posticum impressa. Elytra seriebus punctorum inter strias duabus obscuré impressa.
Corpus subtus obscuro-piceum pedibus rufis.
Oss. This insect is by Fabricius stated to be most destructive to rice, that is if it be the
Ips testacea of the Supplement, but of this I have great doubts, as the description is so loose and
vague that it might suit a Sylvanus. I have, however, found the Tribolium rufum alive among
insects from India, and according to Herbst it is very destructive in such situations, he having
received
48 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
received it as, he says, an uninvited guest in a collection of insects from the East-Indies. Fabri-
cius says of his Trogosita ferruginea “ Habitat in India utraque destruens animalia in Museis
asservata, panem, aliaque.”” The name of Xylophagi given to this groupe of insects by Latreille,
seems indeed to be one of the most inappropriate that he could have chosen, since I do not know
that there is any ascertained instance of a species devouring wood. He grouped them,
however, with the Bostrichide, to which they have little or no immediate affinity, and which
are true Xylophagi. Many of the present insects indeed are to be found under bark, but
this residence may be owing to their taste for the fungi and dead animal matter which
usually abound in such situations. Those with the habits of which we are. acquainted
devour fruits, corn, and decayed animal matters. Thus the celebrated Degeer ascertained
that his Tenebrion du lard, which is a species of Latridius, in its larva state devours bacon.
The figure and description of this larva proves satisfactorily that these insects are properly placed
among the Necrophaga and near the Dermestide. ‘There appears moreover to be a strong rela-
tion of analogy between the form of Latridius and certain species of the contiguous stirps of P/i/-
hydrida, such as for instance the Hydrene among the Elophoride.
The Tribolium castaneum is often to be found in collections as an English insect, but is only,
as I suspect, a visitor of our island.
Fam. 5. DERMESTIDA.
That this family was in the opinion of Linneus closely connected with the last, sufficiently
appears from the following sentence in his Biga Insectorum, ‘‘ Unde patet genera insectorum
nova admodum esse rara, nisi ante cognita quispiam vellet separata ut Hydrowm a Dytiscis,
Ipsidem a Dermestibus.”’ In several genera of the last family the mandibles are short and thick,
concealed under the clypeus, and in these insects the mandibles are always of this construction.
Herbst has given an excellent magnified figure of the larva of the common Dermestes and
this figure sufficiently proves that we are here at the very extremity of Chilopodiform larve.
It is indeed from this family that we proceed to the neighbouring tribe of Chilognathiform
larvee.
Genus DERMESTES. Lin.
93. Vuxprnus. D. niger subtus albidus capite thoracisque lateribus cinereo-villosis, scutello testaceo-villoso,
elytris submurinis.
Dermestes vulpinus. Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1. 314. 12.
Long. corp. J.
Oss. This destructive insect appears to be very generally dispersed over the old world. It is at
least too common in France, the whole of the south of Europe, Africa, and India. In my
father’s collection there is also one marked as from Cayenne. The ubiquity, however, of such
insects as these which inhabit skins, &c. may be owing to their attendance on man.
Genus CHELONARIUM. Fab.
94. VitLosum, C . nigropiceum nitidum subpunctatum, elytris substriatis, tarsis rufescentibus, antennarum
articulis ultimes pallidis.
Long. corp. 3.
Insectum totum villo denso cinereo obtectum.
Oss.
ANNULOSA JAVANICA. 49
Ons. The occurrence in Java of genera like this, hitherto supposed to be peculiar to America,
is a circumstance important in entomological geography, and which we shall frequently have
_ occasion to allude to. In the mean time I shall observe that the antennz of the only specimen
in the East-India Company’s collection have lost their last joints, having only two of that
setiform part which so singularly distinguishes this genus from all others known. (Vide Lat.
Gen. Ins. et Crust. Vol. 2. p. 44.) Such antennz agree in scarcely any respect with those of
other Chilopodomorpha, and I am therefore by no means convinced of the propriety of placing
this insect here, and must consider the matter as undecided until a more accurate investigation
shall have been made from an unmutilated specimen.
Stirps 5. BRACHELYTRA.. Lat.
It isa singular circumstance that no insect of this stirps, which is the same as the Linnean
genus Staphylinus was collected by Dr. Horsfield. This at all events proves the extreme rarity
of such insects in Java. Of their existence in the island I have no doubt, since they have
been brought both from New Holland and the Continent of India, and it would therefore be
remarkable did they not occur in the intervening islands. When it is considered that the
British species of this stirps are so numerous, it appears very extraordinary that not one should
have occurred in Java. But in this, as in all other tropical climates, the surface of the earth is
almost exclusively occupied by ants, and according to Dr. Horsfield, where the common ants
are not found the Termites or white ants possess the territory. These two tribes, which are
constantly at war, or rather, which clear away and destroy each other as their numbers res-
pectively predominate, have in a great measure divided the surface of the island among them-
selves. From their incredible numbers, particularly of the common ant, little is left on the
surface for other insects. Swarming on every spot, and incessantly in motion, they attack and
devour whatever animal matter they meet with in a much shorter period than would be thought
possible by a person who had not witnessed the fact. But nevertheless whenever in his excursions
Dr. Horsfield observed the carcase of any animal, he and his assistants carefully examined it, and
from the care they took in such labours, he is convinced that had Silphide, Staphylinide and
such carrion-feeding families of insects occurred in any tolerable abundance, they could scarcely
have escaped his researches. With respect to such genera of Brachelytra as inhabit flowers,
he scarcely conceives, had they been common, that they could have escaped him, as he was in
constant habit of collecting on plants and flowers.
In the third volume of the Réegne Animal, M. Latreille has divided his groupe of Brachelytres
into four sections, which he terms Fissilabres, Longipalpes, Applatis and Microcephales, all
of which are apparently natural groupes. Now if to these we add his grand division of Dimerous
insects, we have the whole of the Brachelytra, which may therefore be arranged thus :
BracHELYTRA.
2, Aberrant groupe ? 5. Tachyporide, vel Microcephales Lat.
Caput haud thoracis 4, Pselaphide, Leach vel Dimera Lat.
magnitudine. 3. Omalide, vel Applatis Lat.
il, Normal groupe ? aig 2 Din 1 Longipal) Lat.
Caput thoracis § : Plande, ; Ve ae oes
magnitudine. ” 1. Staphylinide, vel Fissilabres Lat.
H The
Ped
50 ANNULOSA JAVANICA.
The apparently dimerous tarsi of the Pselaphide are not of themselves alone sufficient to throw
these insects out of the stirps, for we may perceive the articulations of the tarsi to disappear
in Oxytelus and several genera of the neighbouring family, which the Tarsal System with its
usual inconsistency, places widely apart from the Pselaphide.
From the Omalide by means of the genus Lesteva, we return to the Geodephaga into which
stirps we enter by Lebia and other of the Bruchinide, a family of which the distinguishing or
typical character depends on an approach to the short truncated elytra of the Brachelytra. In
Lesteva, moreover, and such other genera of this stirps as come nearest to the Geodephaga, the
outer process of the maxilla is slender and palpiform. So it is that, whether nature be regarded
at the root or at the extreme branches of her tree, we always find her pursuing the same plan,
and constantly displaying as much unity as beauty.
Turis Work, which is intended to contain systematic
by Dr. Horsfield in Java, will be published in Gitar. The Species wil be arranged, as ze
nearly as_ possible, according to their natural affinities ; and in onder ‘o make ‘this, "the
important part of the ee
leading observations on the economy and anatomical structure vs the Families, as may, it is
hoped, render the work interesting t to Naturalists in general, as well as to the Entomologist.
The plan of the Author, how ever, will be beet under: stood on a habe of the first Number.
The second Number is now in progress for publication, and will contain the whole of the
Coleoptera having Iuliform es
The Insects deseribed are arr fied! in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company,
where they may be inspected under the regulations ianiaed at their Library.
*
" SPEEDILY WILL BE PUBLISHED,
PLANTA JAVANIC A RARIORES, ae
DESCRIPTE ICONIBUSQUE Ce ay
OS IN INSULA JAVA, ANNIS 1802—1817, LEGIT ET INVESTIGAVIT
THOMAS HORSFIELD; M. -D. S.L. et G.S.
DES CRIP TIONES zr CHARAC TERES,
E SICCIS ELABORAVIT,
Nec non hier ashes de earum Structura et Affinitatibus passim adjecit, :
ROBERTUS BROWN, S.R. et L.S., &c. &c. &c.
In this Work will be given Figures and Descriptions of the more remarkable new or imperfectly known
Plants, contained in a Herbarium of Two Thousand Species, collected in the Island of Java, by Dr. Hons-
FIELD, and deposited by him in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Company.
The size of the Work will be a large Quarto. Each Plant will be figured on a separate Plate; the
subjects selected will not exceed One Hundred; and the Work will appear in Numbers, containing
Eight Plates,
Both the Engravings and Descriptions are in a state of forwardness, and it is proposed to publish the first ©
Number early in the course of the present season.
expriptions of all the Insects collected
more clear, the Descriptions will be interspersed with, such me
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