Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara Priamus Supplement 24

PRIAMUS

Serial Publication of the Centre for
Entomological Studies Ankara

Supplement
Number 24 16 09 2011 ISSN 1015-8243

An illustrated synopsis and keys to afrotropical genera of
the epifamily Dolichopodoidae (Diptera: Empidoidea)

Igor Ya. Grichanov 1

Abstract: An illustrated synopsis and keys to afrotropical genera of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae (Diptera:
Empidoidea). - Priamus Supplement 24: 1-98, 305 figs.

The use of the epifamily rank Dolichopodoidae (type genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) is proposed for the
Dolichopodidae s. lat., incorporating paraphyletic families Dolichopodidae and Microphoridae and
subfamily Parathalassiinae incertae sedis that shares features of both Dolichopodidae and Microphoridae.
Additionally, the use of the epifamily rank Empidoidae (type genus Empis Linnaeus, 1758) is proposed for
the rest families of the superfamily Empidoidea. A brief synopsis of 84 genera of Dolichopodidae s.s. and 3
genera of Microphoridae and Parathalassiinae is given along with illustration of habitus of some typical
and rare afrotropical species. Revised keys to afrotropical genera of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera)
are compiled. Illustration of typical characters of most afrotropical genera is given. Dactylonotus meuffelsi
Grichanov, 1998, is placed in synonymy to D. rudebecki Vanschuytbroeck, i960 (syn. nov.)- The
following recombinations are also proposed: Amblypsilopus prysjonesi (Meuffels et Grootaert, 2007),
comb, nov., Bickeliolus gerlachi (Meuffels et Grootaert, 2007), comb, nov., Lichtwardtia melanesiana
(Bickel, 2008), comb. nov. The genus Machaerium Haliday, 1832 is recorded from the Afrotropics for
the first time.

Keywords: Diptera, Empidoidea, Dolichopodoidae, Dolichopodidae, genera, Afrotropical Region,
synopsis, key.

1 All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection Podbelskogo 3, 196608 St. Petersburg- Pushkin, Russia - E-mail: Qrich.anov(3)mail.ru
(received on 12 Sept. 2011, accepted on 13 Sept., 2011)

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Table of Contents

Introduction 3

A brief synopsis of afrotropical genera of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae 4

Family Dolichopodidae 4

Subfamily Diaphorinae 4

Subfamily Dolichopodinae 7

Subfamily Hydrophorinae 13

Subfamily Medeterinae 14

Subfamily Neurigoninae 19

Subfamily Peloropeodinae 20

Subfamily Rhaphiinae 22

Subfamily Sciapodinae 22

Subfamily Sympycninae 27

Subfamily Xanthochlorinae 30

Family Microphoridae 30

Subfamily Parathalassiinae 30

Key to afrotropical subfamilies of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae 31

Key to afrotropical genera of Diaphorinae 33

Key to afrotropical genera of Dolichopodinae 34

Key to afrotropical genera of Hydrophorinae 38

Key to afrotropical genera of Medeterinae 39

Key to afrotropical genera of Peloropeodinae 41

Key to afrotropical genera of Sciapodinae 41

Key to afrotropical genera of Sympycninae 43

Key to afrotropical genera of Parathalassiinae 44

References 45

Illustrations 50

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Introduction

The Dolichopodidae s. str. fauna of the World is very large, with over 7400 described
species belonging to 273 genera, including nearly 100 fossil species and 29 fossil genera
(Grichanov, 2003-2011). The subfamilies Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae, which are
included by some recent authors (e.g., Sinclair & Cumming, 2006; Moulton & Wiegmann,
2007; Lim et al., 2010) in an expanded concept of the Dolichopodidae (i.e. Dolichopodidae s.
lat.), comprise about 100 species (including 13 fossil species) and 13 genera (ibid.). I
believe that this unranked name within the superfamily Empidoidea is both unnecessary
and unsatisfactory. It is undoubtedly also not desirable to treat the lineage as superfamily
or to sink Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae within Dolichopodidae that would merely
deflate all the Dolichopodidae s. str. names by one rank. The use of the epifamily rank,
however, overcomes many problems by assigning a rank to Dolichopodidae s. lat. between
family and superfamily and has the advantage of having minimal impact on either the
dolichopodid or the microphorid classification. I therefore propose the use of the epifamily
rank Dolichopodoidae (type genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) for the Dolichopodidae s.
lat., incorporating paraphyletic families Dolichopodidae and Microphoridae and subfamily
Parathalassiinae incertae sedis that shares features of both Dolichopodidae and
Microphoridae. Additionally, I propose the use of the epifamily rank Empidoidae (type
genus Empis Linnaeus, 1758) for the rest families of the superfamily Empidoidea. A similar
problem arised and was similarly solved, considering the termite and the cockroach
classification (e.g., Eggleton et al., 2007).

Fifty-two genera of Dolichopodidae and one parathalassiine genus were listed in the
Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region (Dyte & Smith, 1980), of which many
ones were later placed in synonymy, renamed or removed from the regional fauna. Three
genera contained no named species, whereas two genera comprised only doubtful records
of palaearctic species. All listed species were removed from the genera Cymatopus,
Dolichopus and Sciapus; nevertheless, some new species were later described in these
genera. Only 41 genera listed in the Catalogue are recognized in the Afrotropics by now.
Since 1980, a number of new afrotropical genera of the family have been also revealed or
described. Recently, Grichanov (2010a) provided a revised checklist of afrotropical genera
of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae. Approximately 270 species of the family are known
from the Democratic Republic of Congo, representing the largest recorded dolichopodid
fauna of any African country (Grichanov et al., 2011).

In the present paper, I give a brief synopsis of all afrotropical genera, including 84
genera of Dolichopodidae, one genus of Microphoridae and two genera of Parathalassiinae,
along with habitus illustrations of some typical and rare species and references to the most
recent keys to species of dolichopodid genera. Usually key characters of the subfamily rank
are listed below in the generic diagnoses. Here I give also keys to all afrotropical
subfamilies and genera along with illustration of key characters of most genera. A few non-
afrotropical genera (marked with square brackets) from adjacent Regions were also
included into the keys. Subfamily keys to genera are arranged alphabetically, but
Parathalassiinae are given at the end. Line drawings and photos were made by the author
of this paper.

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A brief synopsis of afrotropical genera of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae

Family Dolichopodidae
Subfamily Diaphorinae

Achradocera Becker, 1922 (Figs. 1-4)

This genus was formely regarded as a subgenus of Chrysotus or Diaphorus. There are
four described afrotropical species of 17 world species, mainly neotropical ones, with two
species extending in the Nearctic Region (Bickel, 2009). One of these, A. barbata (Loew),
ranges from Chile to the USA, and also French Polynesia and Tonga in the Pacific. Small-
sized species. This diaphorine genus is close to Chrysotus Meigen, differing in following
characters: male postpedicel globular, reniform or conoid with subapical arista-like stylus;
lower postocular surface with fine unmodified setae. There are no suitable keys to the
afrotropical fauna.

Aphasmaphleps Grichanov, 2010 (Figs. 5-8)

This genus is known from Senegal by a male A. bandia (Grichanov, 2010b). I saw an
additional material from Botswana and Madagascar. Small-sized species. Head with
occiput concave; pairs of strong postvertical, strong vertical and strong ocellar setae
present; male eyes joined across lower face with anteroventral facets enlarged; postpedicel
subtriangular, with dorsoapical arista-like stylus. Mesonotum with little pruinosity; setae
black; acrostichals biseriate; 5 dorsocentrals present, with posteriormost pair slightly
offset laterally; lower part of proepisternum with pale seta just above coxa, subtended
dorsally by shorter seta; upper part of proepisternum with 1 weak white seta; lateral
scutellar setae absent. Femora without true preapical anterior bristles. Costal wing vein
extending beyond tip of R4+5, but not reaching vein M; R 4+5 ending not far from wing apex;
vein M ending at wing apex; distal parts of R4 +5 and Mi+ 2 slightly diverging and slightly
convex anteriorly, parallel at apex; dm-cu much shorter than distal part of CuAi. Abdomen
with short black vestiture; male postabdomen with tergum and sternum 7 greatly reduced;
segment 8 with 2 strong diverging setae which project posteriad; hypopygial foramen left
lateral; epandrium circular with phallus following curvature of epandrium; epandrial lobe
with 2 apical setae; surstylus digitiform; postgonite present; cercus short, rounded.

Argyra Macquart, 1834 (Figs. 9-12)

This genus is largely holarctic and oriental, with more than 100 described species.
About 40 species are known from Palearctic Region, one from Neotropics. Two species
were described from Ethiopia and Kenya (Grichanov, 1998), both lacking argyraceous
tomentosity on body, as well as an undescribed species from DR Congo. Argyra amicta
(Wiedemann, 1824) was described from "Guinea" without reliable diagnostic characters,
with its types being probably lost. Medium-sized species; occiput concave; antennal
postpedicel pressed laterally, bladelike to subtriangular, with distinct apex and dorsal to
dorsoapical arista-like stylus; costa extending beyond tip of R4+5, ending at apex of vein M;
vein M unbroken; hind coxa with external vertical row of 3-4 setae decreasing in length
ventrally; scape with dorsal setae (bare in some species). A key to afrotropical species was
provided by Grichanov (1998a).

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Asyndetus Loew, 1869 (Figs. 13-16)

This cosmopolitan genus is defined (together with Cryptophleps Lichtwardt) by the
synapomorphy of the broken and displaced vein M which readily distinguishes it from the
closely related and probably ancestral genus Diaphorus. Asyndetus can be common in
littoral habitats, including arid coasts (Bickel & Sinclair, 1997). Some 100 species are
described from all regions of the World. Asyndetus is rather abundant in African
collections, but representing only 8 species. I keep only a few new species from this genus,
but a great amount of material with known species. Small to medium-sized (body length
1.5-4.5 mm); upper part of proepisternum with 2-4 fine setae; acrostichals usually
present; male segment 8 often with strong projecting setae. There are no suitable keys to
the afrotropical fauna.

Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 (Figs. 17-20)

Some 320 species are described from the World. Chrysotus is rather abundant in
African collections, but representing only 16 species. I keep only a few new species from
this genus, but a great amount of material with known species. This diaphorine genus is
close to tropical Achradocera Becker, differing in following characters: male postpedicel
globular, reniform or conoid with long subapical arista-like stylus; lower postocular surface
with fine unmodified setae. Small species; males and females with frons wider than face;
face narrowing downward; eyes shortly haired; male eyes very narrowly separated or
contiguous on face (sometimes widely separated), with enlarged facets toward face;
propleuron with 2-3 bristles on lower part. R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 usually convex anteriorly and
parallel apically (Bickel, 2009). C. longipalpus Aldrich, 1896, has the most remarkable
distribution pattern, occurring in the Neotropical (St. Vincent, Grenada), Oriental (Chagos
Arch.: Diego Garcia), Australasian (Hawaiian Is.) and Afrotropical Regions (3 males and a
number of females: Mauritius: Curepipe, Bel Ombre and Nicoliere Mts., collected by AM.
Hutson in June, 1971, and deposited in the collection of the Natural History Museum,
London), being introduced also in the Palaearctic (UK and Finland). There are no suitable
keys to the afrotropical fauna.

Cryptophleps Lichtwardt, 1898 (Figs. 21-24)

This is an Old World genus comprising one species from Ivory Coast and Namibia, two
from the Seychelles, one transpalearctic species, four from Australia, and ten from western
Pacific island groups. I have also examined material from Saudi Arabia. The genus occurs
in a variety of habitats, including tropical coastal mudflats, mangroves, rainforests, and
temperate woodlands (Bickel, 2005). Small species; costa not extending beyond tip of R 4+5 ;
distal vein M gently sinuate or broken or weakened, with distal section often displaced;
vein R4+5 ending along distal anterior wing margin, well before wing apex; distal parts of
R4 +5 and Mi +2 strongly diverging; upper part of proepisternum usually bare; acrostichals
absent or microscopic; male segment 8 without strong setae.

Dactylonotus Parent, 1934 (Figs. 25-28)

This genus comprises one New Zealand and four southern African species. Grichanov
(1998b, 2000a) redescribed D. rudebecki Vanschuytbroeck, i960 (as D. meuffelsi
Grichanov, 1998, syn. nov.) and D. univittatus (Loew, 1858). Medium-sized species.
Antennal pedicel with fingerlike projection overlapping postpedicel; postpedicel with
distinct apex, with relatively short dorsal arista-like stylus, either basal or subapical in
position; occiput convex or flat; male frons and face broad; posterior four femora with
anterior subapical bristle in both sexes; costa extending beyond tip of R 4+5 , ending at apex
of vein M; vein M unbroken; male segment 8 with strong projecting setae.

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Diaphorus Meigen, 1824 (Figs. 29-32)

Some 260 species are described from the World, including about 40 palearctic ones.
Diaphorus is rather abundant in African collections, but representing 21 species. I keep
only a few new species from this genus, but a great amount of material with known species.
Small- to medium-sized species; male eyes contiguous or narrowly separated on frons; face
rather wide and parallel-sided; postpedicel rather small and short, usually wider than long;
arista-like stylus with very short basal segment; acrostichals biseriate; wing usually
somewhat wedge-shaped, with greatest width before middle; male segment 8 with 4-8
strong bristles. There are no suitable keys to the afrotropical fauna. D. alsiosus (Meunier,
1910) is known from rather recent Zanzibaran copal (Pleistocene/Holocene) (Grichanov,
2008a).

[Melanostolus Kowarz, 1884]

There are six palaearctic species of Melanostolus. It was most probably in error
recorded from Kenya (see Dyte and Smith, 1980). See Grichanov et al. (2011a, 2011b) for
the generic diagnosis and illustrations.

Nurteria Dyte et Smith, 1980 (Figs. 33-35)

This genus with three known species is an unrevised genus originally described in the
Diaphorinae (Parent, 1934). Several undescribed species of the genus from southern Africa
share some features with the Sympycninae. Small-sized species; antennal pedicel without
finger-like projection; male sternite 8 without strong setae; occiput convex or flat; male
frons and face broad; posterior four femora with anterior subapical bristle in both sexes;
costa extending beyond tip of R 4+5 , ending at apex of vein M; vein M unbroken.

Shamshevia Grichanov, 2011 (Figs. 36-39)

The genus Shamshevia is described from Namibia to accommodate a new species, Sh.
hoanibensis Grichanov, 2011. Despite flattened posterior mesonotum, the new genus is
placed in the subfamily Diaphorinae and is considered close to the genus Dactylonotus,
differing from the latter in peculiar characters of male antenna, wing and genitalia. Body
and wing length less than 2 mm; body and legs with all bristles white. Antennal scape with
long pointed ventral process; pedicel with short visible base, with long concealed conus
reaching basal 1/3 of postpedicel; postpedicel flat, long, band-like, with pointed apex.
Arista-like stylus basodorsal, with long segment 1 and short segment 2. Palpus large, ovate,
white, with short apical seta. Thorax entirely dark brown. Wing with R 4+5 and Mi +2
subparallel in middle part and slightly divergent on apical part of wing; Mi+ 2 broadly
curved anteriorly in apical half; dm-cu faint, located at wing base, at level of r-m. Abdomen
in Shamshevia has hypandrium weakly sclerotized, fused with epandrium, simple,
triangular; parameral sheath long, narrow, simple, cylindrical; postgonite exposed,
reaching apex of surstylus.

Trigonocera Becker, 1902 (Figs. 40-43)

There are 9 described Old World species, including 3 afrotropical species (Naglis, 1999;
Grichanov & Mostovski, 2009a). T. rivosa Becker, 1902, was recorded from Egypt, Cape
Verde Is. and Taiwan. Small- to medium-sized species; frons narrow; face wide and
parallel-sided; postpedicel large, usually with acute apex; arista-like stylus apical; 506
dorsocentrals, acrostichals biseriate; wing with large anal area; femora without preapical
bristles; male tergum 6 bare, genitalia small, hidden within pregenital segments.

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Urodolichus Lamb, 1922 (Figs. 44-47)

There are 5 afrotropical (from Seychelles and Madagascar) and one oriental (Sri Lanka)
and one australasian (Papua New Guinea) described species. Medium-sized species;
antenna short, positioned at upper quarter of head, with dorsal arista-like stylus; no
flattened posterior area on mesonotum; acrostichals biseriate; hind femur without real
preapical bristle; hind coxa with exterior bristle, hind basitarsus much shorter than next
segment; wing vein M i+2 with usually distinct sinuation at 2/5 of distal part; male segment
7 rather long. A key to afrotropical species of Urodolichus was provided by Grichanov
(1998c).

Subfamily Dolichopodinae

Afrohercostomus Grichanov, 2010 (Figs. 48-51)

The genus is established within the tribe Dolichopodini for 13 species and subspecies of
Hercostomus and two new species, distributed from South Africa to Ethiopia. Length, 3 to
6 mm; body dark metallic; face gradually narrowed towards palpi, broader in female;
clypeus flat, not reaching lower margin of eyes; palpus and proboscis small; vertical setae
stronger than postverticals; male antennomeres simple; arista-like stylus shortly
pubescent; pleural surface in front of posterior spiracle bare; mesonotum with distinct
dark metallic spot above notopleuron; acrostichals, presutural and sutural bristles well
developed; hind coxa with 1 strong external seta at middle; femora yellow, at most hind
femur black at extreme apex; one strong posterior to posteroventral preapical seta on the
mid femur; hind femur with one subapical anterodorsal seta; male fore tarsus simple, but
with velvety pilosity on the ventral surface; three apical segments of male hind tarsus
usually flattened and slightly widened; 1, 2 or 3 apical segments of the same tarsus usually
silvery pilose on one side; 5 th segment of male mid tarsus often silvery pilose; wing evenly
greyish, almost hyaline, simple in both sexes; veins R4+5 and Mi +2 nearly parallel or slightly
convergent; M i+2 almost straight or slightly convex anteriorly; abdominal spiracles 7
enlarged; hypandrium fused to epandrium except apex; postgonite distinct; surstylus
bilobate; cercus flat, comparatively small, usually simple and subtriangular, light, with ring
of usually short marginal setae or hairs of different length. A key to known species is
compiled by Grichanov (2010c).

AJroparaclius Grichanov, 2006 (Fig. 52)

The genus is established for two species originally described in Paracleius Bigot, 1859.
The species are included in a key compiled for the latter (Grichanov, 2004). They are
distributed in Madagascar, Burundi and DR Congo. AJroparaclius is close to
Pseudoparaclius, both having arista-like stylus short pubescent, with hairs shorter than
basal diameter of stylus; hind tibia without strong ventral setae, usually with a row of very
fine short setae. Nevertheless, they are apparently paraphyletic due to different wing
venation and hypopygium morphology. Wing vein M i+2 with right-angular curvation
towards R 4+5 at 2/3 of distal part, forming deep anterior arc in distal third; stylus
middorsal; male legs simple; epandrium large, suboval, nearly twice longer than high;
hypandrium and phallus thin along their whole length and simple; distoventral epandrial
lobe very small, immediately following epandrial seta; postgonite and surstylus relatively
short; surstylus with dorsal lobe distinctly broader than ventral lobe; cercus small, simple
(Grichanov, 2006a).

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Afropelastoneurus Grichanov, 2006 (Figs. 53-56)

The genus is established for five species originally described in Hercostomus,
Paracleius and Pelastoneurus Loew, 1861. The species are included in a key compiled for
Paracleius (Grichanov, 2004). They are distributed in DR Congo and Equatorial Guinea
(Fernando Poo). One more undescribed species from DR Congo is waiting description.
Afropelastoneurus differs in strictly straight and nearly parallel wing veins R^+s and Mi+ 2 ,
in position of anterior subapical seta on hind femur (far from apex, i.e. at distal 2/3 to
3/5), in different morphology of male genitalia (simple hypandrium and aedeagus, narrow
and simple postgonite, long and narrow distoventral epandrial lobe, etc.). Vein M i+2
beyond crossvein dm-cu straight and subparallel to R4+5; male fore legs often modified
(except A. fernandopoensis); hind femur simple, with anterior preapical seta positioned
far from apex, i.e. at distal 2/3 to 3/5; 5 dorsocentrals; pleura with cluster of fine hairs in
front of posterior spiracle; arista-like stylus with long hairs; wing brown, usually with pale
transverse stripe just beyond crossvein dm-cu; thorax and abdomen bluish-black, spot
above notopleuron dull black, notum with dark medial longitudinal stripe and usually a
dark spot in front of scutellum; lower margin of clypeus subtriangular; hypandrium
simple, not fused to epandrium laterally near basiventral epandrial lobe; cercus small,
simple, with a few distinct strong distal setae; postgonite narrow (Grichanov, 2006a).

Apelastoneurus Grichanov, 2006 (Figs. 57-60)

The genus is established for 47 species originally described in Paracleius, Paraclius
Loew, 1864, and Pelastoneurus. The species are included in a key compiled for Paracleius
(Grichanov, 2004). They are distributed all over the tropical Africa including adjacent
islands (Madagascar, Seychelles, St. Helena). The genus, as currently recognized, is a
polyphyletic assemblage of species, sharing many characters with the New World
Paraclius arcuatus and Pelastoneurus vagans lineages, though well differing from both
lineages. It includes 3 groups and a number of ungrouped afrotropical species. It is quite
probable that some of these species are linked with unrevised groups of neotropical and
oriental species that are placed currently within Paraclius and Pelastoneurus.
Nevertheless, Apelastoneurus micrurus lineage seems to be restricted to the Old World.
Afrotropical species of Apelastoneurus differ from the New World Paraclius arcuatus
lineage and Pelastoneurus vagans lineage by the following complex of characters. Head
usually not wider than high; face usually moderately narrow; male face narrower than
female face. One long and strong vertical at the top of head, usually arising from a small
mound, one shorter postvertical as a linear continuation of postocular setal row, a pair of
strong ocellar setae present; palpus with 1 short, usually black, seldom yellow seta;
antenna positioned at upper third, rarely at middle of head; arista-like stylus often
pubescent; postpedicel usually subtriangular, asymmetric; 1 strong and 1-3 hairlike
humeral, 1 posthumeral setae present; proepisternum with 1 strong seta above fore coxa
and several short hairs; at least some species (confusibilis group) bearing pleural cluster of
fine hairs in front of posterior spiracle; fore coxa with short black hairs anteriorly and
black setae at apex; mid coxa with 1 strong external setae in addition to anterior hairs; hind
coxa with 1 external seta; mid femur with 1, sometimes with 2 or more strong anterior
subapical setae; hind femur often flattened laterally, high, with at least 1 anterodorsal and
usually 1 anteroventral setae; hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral seta, without setae
above. Vein Mi+ 2 usually distinctly bent in distal part, with more or less strongly
convergent R4+5 and M i+2 ; if R4 +5 and M i+2 straight and weakly convergent, then subapical
seta positioned at distal third or just behind the middle of hind femur; female oviscapt
usually hidden, simple (Grichanov, 2006a).

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Argyrochlamys Lamb, 1922 (Figs. 61-64)

The genus includes seven species recorded from the Afrotropics (Angola, Ghana,
Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Tanzania, Seychelles and Mauritius), the Oriental Region (Chagos
Archipelago, Sri Lanka) and the southernmost part of the Palearctic Region (two species
from southern Egypt and Oman) (Grichanov, 20iod). Species of Argyrochlamys are
restricted to ocean beaches and are sometimes collected in crab burrows (e.g., Ocypode
Lamarck, Ocypodidae); at present, their ecological role within these burrows is unknown
(Grichanov, 2004; Brooks, 2005). Body medium-sized, non-metallic; head grey, with
whitish pollen, wider than high, with frons and face broad in both sexes; frons distinctly
wider than high; thorax yellow, pale-grey to dark grey or blackish with whitish-grey pollen;
antennal stylus dorsal to apical, bare; 6 dorsocentrals, fifth pair usually strongly offset
medially; vein M i+2 beyond crossvein dm-cu usually with strong anterior bend and strongly
convergent with R 4+5 ; dm-cu located at about half wing length; abdomen yellowish brown;
hind basitarsus of male with elongate comma-shaped posterobasal projection; male
genitalia with proctiger brushes absent; female oviscapt usually with a pair of rod-like
strong ventral lobes, exposed, if projections reduced, then setae of body and legs pale. A
key to all species was provided by Grichanov (20iod).

Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (Figs. 65-68)

Six species of Dolichopus were included in the Catalogue of the Diptera of the
Afrotropical Region by Dyte and Smith (1980), of which three species were transferred to
other genera and three species were excluded from the fauna of Afrotropics (Grichanov,
2004). At the same time, one new species was described and 3 more species were recorded
for the region for the first time (ibid.). Now there are four known afrotropical species of
about 620 world species (mainly holarctic ones). D. afroungulatus Grichanov, 2004, is
only endemic of continental Afrotropics, distributed from South Africa to Ethiopia.
Records of at least two European species CD. festivus Haliday, 1832 and D. sabinus
Haliday, 1838) need confirmation as they could be mislabelled if not accidentally
introduced in the Afrotropical Region. Dolichopus has many links with Hercostomus and
Lichtwardtia, differing from the first genus in hind basitarsus bearing 1-3 strong setae
above, and pteropleuron having a group of fine hairs in front of posterior spiracle; from the
second one in M i+2 being sigmatoid at middle of distal part, rarely with one stublike vein.
Body medium- to large-sized. A key to known afrotropical species was published by
Grichanov (2004).

Hercostomus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 69-72)

Some 470 species are described from the World, including about 130 palearctic ones.
Hercostomus, as currently recognized, is still a polyphyletic assemblage of species, sharing
many characters with the closest genera (Brooks, 2005). Recently 14 afrotropical species
have been separated in the genus Afrohercostomus, and 21 afrotropical species in the
genus Neohercostomus (Grichanov, 2010c, 2011a). So, about 20 afrotropical species
belong to the true Hercostomus, i.e., to the nominotypical Hercostomus longiventris
lineage (Hercostomus sensu stricto) (Brooks, 2005). Body medium- to large-sized. Thorax
lacking distinct dark spot above notopleuron; mid femur with one strong posterior
preapical about even with anterior preapical; hind femur with anterior seta positioned at
apex, usually not or slightly flattened laterally; wing rarely darkened in anterior half; wing
vein Mi+2 weakly sinuate, with flexion at basal third or at middle of distal part and
sometimes with subapical flexion; antennal pedicel normal; epandrial lobe reduced to 1-2
setae; basiventral epandrial lobes and hypandrium forming a complex of entangled
asymmetrical lobes; male cercus light or dark; female hemitergite 9+10 with 4 thick setae.

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Nectar-feeding is known in some species of Hercostomus. A key to afrotropical
Hercostomus sensu lato species was published by Grichanov (2004).

Katangaia Parent, 1933 (Figs. 73-74)

There are three described species in this genus endemic for continental Afrotropics.
The genus was associated with the dolichopodine genus Polymedon Osten Sacken, 1877
(Grichanov, 2004), now synonym of Tachytrechus; but it was considered incertae sedis by
Brooks (2005). Katangaia is an enigmatic genus that possesses typical dolichopodine
characters, such as a dorsally setose scape, in combination with several non-dolichopodine
characters. This genus shows a resemblance to Tachytrechus, particularly in the structure
of the clypeus, which is elongate and rounded below. These characters, albeit
synapomorphic for Tachytrechus, also occur in other dolichopodine genera (e.g.,
Dolichopus, Hercostomus). Tachytrechus and Katangaia also share a strong basiventral
seta on the hind basitarsus. Unlike Tachytrechus, in which the posterodorsal part of the
postgonite is distinctively upturned and laterally flared, the postgonite of Katangaia is
simple. Katangaia lacks a distinct pedicel condyle, has a partially setose male abdominal
tergum 6, and lacks anterior preapical setae on the mid femur and strong external bristle
on the hind coxa. Probably the most striking autapomorphy of Katangaia is the large male
cercus, which has claw-like medial projections. Frons is low, antennae are positioned at the
top of head; postpedicel with apical stylus; M i+2 with weak flexion at basal 2/5 of its distal
part, joining costal vein just before wing tip. A key was provided by Grichanov (2004).

Lichtwardtia Enderlein, 1912 (Figs. 75-78)

This genus was synonymised with Dolichopus Latreille (Brooks, 2005); but being
quite distinct in the Old World tropics (Zhang et Yang, 2005; Yang et al., 2006; Selivanova
et al., 2010; etc.). The genus has palaeotropical area with 17 described afrotropical and 5
oriental and australasian species including Lichtwardtia melanesiana (Bickel, 2008)
[Dolichopus], comb. nov. Species of Lichtwardtia differ from the related genera of the
tribe Dolichopodini in the complex of characters such as follows: one strong anterior
subapical seta is present on the mid and hind femora; the face is slightly narrowed at upper
third and somewhat widened towards clypeus; arista-like stylus is long pubescent; wing
vein Mi+2 is broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, having
anteroproximal (basal part of Mi) and posterodistal (M 2 ) stublike veins; R 4+5 and distal
part of Mi are nearly parallel. A key to afrotropical species was provided by Grichanov
(2004).

Neohercostomus Grichanov, 2011 (Figs. 79-82)

The genus includes 21 species from continental Afrotropics, assigned formerly to
Hercostomus. Body length, 1.2 to 3.4 mm; body dark metallic; face gradually narrowed
towards palpi, slightly broader in female; clypeus flat, not reaching lower margin of eyes;
palpus and proboscis small; vertical setae stronger than postverticals; male antennomeres
simple; male postpedicel securiform, with basidorsal stylus; arista-like stylus shortly
pubescent; pleural surface in front of posterior spiracle usually bare, but N. ashleyi
Grichanov, 2011, has katepisternum (above mid coxa) bearing 3 fine black setae and
anepimeron (in front of posterior spiracle) bearing one fine black seta anteriorly;
mesonotum without distinct dark spot above notopleuron; acrostichals, presutural and
sutural bristles well developed; 5 pairs of strong dorsocentral bristles decreasing in length
anteriorly with several hairs in front of the 1 st pair; hind coxa with 1 strong external seta at
middle; legs mostly yellow, hind femur usually black or brown in at least apical third; one
strong posterior to posteroventral preapical seta on the mid femur; mid and hind femora
with one subapical anterior bristle; mid and hind tibiae without strong ventral setae; male

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tarsi usually simple; rarely fore tarsus modified; wing usually hyaline, rarely wing apex
modified in male; veins R4 +5 and M i+2 nearly parallel or slightly convergent; M i+2 almost
straight or slightly convex anteriorly; abdominal spiracle 7 invisible; hypandrium free,
usually entire, but always with long thin basal lobe; postgonite distinct; surstylus bilobate;
male cercus narrow, often ornamented with processes or bunches of long cilia. Three
species, all from South Africa, are separated in the subgenus Subhercostomus Grichanov,
2011. It is similar to Neohercostomus in all respects except as noted. Length, about 3 mm;
legs mostly yellow with hind femur entirely yellow or brown at apex; lower postocular setae
black; male wing modified at apex, with blackish or brownish spot or white margin at apex
of Mi+ 2 ; hypopygium sessile, directed ventrally; epandrium rounded, with asymmetrical
lobes; left epandrial lobe strongly expanded distoventrally, without long setae; male cercus
small, suboval, without processes or bunches of long cilia; surstylus not fused to
epandrium, arising distally or distodorsally; dorsal surstylus distinctly bilobate. A key to
afrotropical species was provided by Grichanov (2011a).

Pseudargyrochlamys Grichanov, 2006 (Figs. 83-86)

The genus is established within the subfamily Dolichopodinae for four species
originally described in Paracleius. All they inhabit South Africa. The genus is very close to
Argyrochlamys, differing in head being distinctly higher than wide; female face is narrow;
female oviscapt has weak ventral lobes. Body non-metallic; head higher than wide; frons
black, grey or brownish pollinose, high, as high as face; male face very narrow, female face
slightly wider, both almost parallel-sided; thorax mainly yellow-orange with only black
longitudinal stripe on mesonotum to mainly black with only metepinerons yellow-brown,
weakly to densely pollinose; arista-like stylus basodorsal, bare; 5 dorsocentrals in two
regular rows; vein M i+2 is distinctly bent in distal part, reaching costa near the tip of wing;
R4+5 and Mi+ 2 subparallel at apex; dm-cu located at about basal third of wing, very short;
hind femur bears one true anterior subapical bristle; hind coxa has 1 strong external
bristle; hind basitarsus without setae above; hind basitarsus of male without comma-
shaped posterobasal projection; abdomen mostly orange-yellow with black dorsolateral
spots; male genitalia with proctiger brushes absent; female oviscapt hidden, simple
(Grichanov, 2006a). The species are included in a key compiled for the Paracleius
(Grichanov, 2004).

Pseudohercostomus Stackelberg, 1931 (Figs. 87-89)

Three species were described from Chile, Indonesia and oriental China. Indonesian P.
echinatus Stackelberg, 1931, was recorded from DR Congo (Grichanov, 2004). Brooks
(2005) considered Pseudohercostomus incertae sedis, rejecting its placement in
Dolichopodinae. Yang et al. (2006) followed Grichanov (2004), placing it in
Dolichopodinae. Small species; frons high; scape microscopically haired dorsally; hind
coxa with 1 strong external seta; hypopygium small and encapsulated; cercus small,
suboval. Apparent autapomorphic features of the genus include the possession of a very
wide metepimeron, the bilobate male sperm pump and the distinctive female terminalia
with tergum 9+10 densely covered with spines. Stackelberg (1931) considered the 4 rows of
acrostichals present in P. echinatus to be a generic character; however, Brooks (2005) have
examined a female of an undescribed species from New Guinea, which clearly possesses
biserial acrostichals.

Pseudoparaclius Grichanov, 2006 (Figs. 90-93)

The genus is established for 14 species originally described in Paracleius, Paraclius and
Pelastoneurus. They are distributed all over the tropics of continental Africa.
Pseudoparaclius is close to Afroparaclius (see diagnosis of the latter). Wing vein M i+2

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convex posteriad, having gentle curvation towards R4+5 at middle of distal part, joining
costa far before wing apex; arista-like stylus positioned behind middle of dorsal side of
postpedicel, usually at distal 2/3 or 3/4; male fore or mid legs often ornamented;
epandrium large, trapezoidal, longer than high, with shorter ventral side (lateral view);
hypandrium thick at base, usually with 2-3 relatively broad lobes; phallus short,
concealed; distoventral epandrial lobe greatly expanded distally, often having 2 long
modified setae; postgonite long, narrow [except P. sanjensis (Grichanov, 2004)]; surstylus
with long thin lobes; cercus well developed, often with inner lobe or fold bearing brush of
hairs; proctiger reduced (Grichanov, 2006a). The Pseudoparaclius species are included in
a key compiled for Paracleius (Grichanov, 2004).

Pseudopelastoneurus Grichanov, 2006 (Figs. 94-97)

The genus is established for two species originally described in Pelastoneurus. They are
distributed from Sierra Leone in the West to Kenya in the East and Angola in the South. P.
diversifemur (Parent, 1935) is well distinguished by 4 rows of acrostichal setae. This
character along with hypopygium morphology and general habitus is rather similar to
those in Pseudohercostomus echinatus Stackelberg. Nevertheless, P. echinatus has straight
wing vein Mi+ 2 ; while P. diversipes (Parent, 1935) (sister species of P. diversifemur) has
biseriate acrostichals. Postpedicel rounded, with oval apex, as long as high, with
microscopic hairs; arista-like stylus middorsal, with hairs 3-4 times longer than basal
diameter of stylus; lower postocular setae entirely black; acrostichal setae multiseriate or
biseriate; Mi+ 2 having strong curvation towards R^ just behind middle of distal part, then
forming gentle arc, being subparallel to R4+5 at apex; thorax and abdomen black; fore and
mid femora yellow, hind femur black except apices; hind tibia with row of only fine ventral
setae; hypopygium encapsulated, non-pedunculate (6-7* segments very small), with very
small, rounded epandrium; distoventral epandrial lobe fused with epandrium, short and
broad, apicoventral in position, having 2 strong and long setae; 1 strong pedunculate
epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; hypandrium middorsal, simple; phallus thin,
concealed; postgonite narrow, as long as surstyli, slightly curved; surstylus with 2 straight
lobes; ventral lobe somewhat shorter and narrower than dorsal lobe of surstylus; cercus
small, suboval (Grichanov, 2006a). The species are included in a key compiled for
Paracleius (Grichanov, 2004).

Sybistroma Meigen, 1824 (Figs. 98-101)

This genus contains 50 western and eastern palearctic species and one species S.
bogoria (Grichanov, 2004) described from Kenya (Grichanov, 2004). Middle-sized (body
length 3-5 mm); vertex somewhat flat; ocellar tubercle with 2 strong ocellars; verticals as
long as or slightly shorter than ocellars, postverticals distinctly shorter than verticals; face
narrowing downward; eyes narrowly separated; clypeus short and small (1/7-1/5 as long as
combined length of face and clypeus), contiguous to eyes laterally, with straight lower
margin; not reaching lower margin of eyes; antennal scape haired dorsally, swollen;
pedicel usually reduced; arista-like stylus 1-2 segmented, dorsal to subapical, nearly bare,
longer than width of head; antennal sockets close to each other, close to inner margin of
eyes; scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, apical pair strong, lateral pair 1/5 as long as apical
pair; pteropleuron without hairs in front of posterior spiracle; hind coxae with 1 outer
bristle at middle; mid and hind femora each with 1 preapical bristle; hind femur slender, 8-
9 times longer than wide; hind tarsomere 1 without dorsal bristle, shorter than tarsomere
2; M slightly curved towards R4+5, distinctly ended before wing tip.

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Tachytrechus Haliday in Walker, 1851 (Figs. 102-105)

There are 154 described species of Tachytrechus, of which 15 occur in the Afrotropical
Region. Middle-sized (body length 3-5 mm); eyes dichoptic; vertex distinctly concaved;
ocellar tubercle distinct; hind basitarsus without setae above; several strong anterodorsal
setae in apical half of the hind femur in addition to the true anterior subapical seta; face
narrowed under antennae and somewhat widened towards clypeus; clypeus long and wide
(1/3 as long as total length of face and clypeus), convex, reaching or beyond lower margin
of eyes, visible in lateral view; postpedicel usually short and suboval; stylus short and bare;
wing vein M i+2 usually with gentle curvation before the middle of distal part, then running
towards R 4+5 and reaching costa far before the tip of wing. A key was provided by
Grichanov (2004).

Subfamily Hydrophorinae

[Anahydrophorus Becker, 1917]

This monotypic genus is known from Spain and North Africa. It was most probably in
error recorded from DR Congo (see Dyte & Smith, 1980). See Negrobov (1978) for
redescription of A. cinereus (Fabricius, 1805), Grichanov et al. (2011a, 2011b) for
illustrations.

Aphrosylus Haliday in Walker, 1851 (Figs. 106-107)

Five of the 31 (mainly Mediterranean) described species of Aphrosylus are found in
the Afrotropical Region (Rampini, 1982; Rampini & Munari, 1987). They were described
from Sierra Leone, Senegal and Cape Verde Islands, though I saw a species from South
Africa. Small-sized species. Labellum usually hook-shaped in lateral view; arista-like stylus
apical; fore tibia at apex with distinct erect spinose seta; male hind basitarsus simple,
without strong seta. There are no suitable keys to the afrotropical fauna.

Cemocarus Meuffels et Grootaert, 1984 (Figs. 108-111)

The genus was created for single South African species C. griseatus (Curran, 1926)
found later in Namibia. Second species was described also from South Africa (Grichanov,
1997a). I saw material with additional undescribed species from Namibia and South Africa.
Moderate-sized black species without metallic shine; face very broad in both sexes; clypeus
prominent, hemispheroid; palpi not very large, bristled, no apical; frons broad with a pair
of frontal bristles in front of the ocellar tubercle; pair of postverticals; postoculars
uniseriate above, becoming finer and multiseriate below; antenna short, with large
postpedicel; scape conoid, longer than pedicel which is ring-like, with triangular
protuberance on the inside and the outside; postpedicel trapezoid with a small dorsal and
longer ventral projection, the remarkably short arista-like stylus inserted between them
(subapical); thorax dusted, arched above, the posterior fourth with a more or less concave
posterior slope; chaetotaxy: acrostichals biserial or uniserial, 6 dorsocentrals, 4 scutellars;
3 fine prothoracic hairs (no bristles), pleura further bare; legs rather short, simple in
structure (no raptorial modifications), without peculiar bristles; all femora somewhat
thickened; fifth tarsal segments long and broad with well-developed pulvilli; wing narrow,
nearly as long as thorax and abdomen together; costa shortly spinulose, reaching tip of
M i+2 ; crossvein dm-cu beyond middle of the wing, as long as or longer than apical segment
CuAi; abdomen dusted, cylindrical, longer than thorax; hypopygium sessile, cerci long. No
sexual dimorphism (Meuffels & Grootaert, 1984).

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Cymatopus Kertesz, 1901 (Figs. 112-114)

World fauna numbers 19 species. Single afrotropical species C. stuckenbergi (Grootaert
& Grichanov 2008) was described from Madagascar (body length 3.5 mm). It belongs to
the longipilus group of species characterised by non-raptorial fore legs and ornamented
hind legs; the costa runs around the wing. The group probably represents a new subgenus
or even genus of the family to be created in the future. Cymatopus is close to Cemocarus,
differing in rounded postpedicel without dorso-apical excavation, with apical stylus; 7 th
male tergum greatly reduced.

Epithalassius Mik, 1891 (Figs. 115-118)

The genus is mainly Mediterranean, with seven species commonly occurring on sand
beaches near the sea coast. Nevertheless, E. africus Parent, 1930, is described from
environs of Brazzaville, far from the Ocean. The species is known by a female that does not
entirely correspond to generic concept of Epithalassius, being also the only non-maritime
species in the genus. Unfortunately, antennal postpedicel is partly broken in the holotype;
therefore, it is impossible to be confident in generic assignment of the species.
Vanschuytbroeck (1976) recorded E. corsicanus Becker, 1910, from St. Helena. Body
medium-sized. Labellae normal in lateral view, without long protruding hypopharynx;
antennal postpedicel bisegmented; stylus dorsoapical or strictly subapical; prescutellar
depression developed; wing crossvein dm-cu located just behind level of Ri; abdomen
without strong posterior marginal setae on terga; hypopygium small; epandrial lobes well
developed, bearing strong apical setae; cercus bilobate. A key to known species was
provided by Grichanov (2008b).

Hydatostega Philippi, 1865 (Figs. 119-122)

This genus was restored and separated from Hydrophorus by Hurley (1995). Three
species of the genus are known from the Nearctic and restricted mainly to montane regions
(Pollet et al., 2004). At least five species have been found in the Neotropics; they are
confined to high altitudes or high latitudes (Hurley, 1995). Two of these species are known
from the Juan Fernandez Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and one species, from the environs
of the Straight of Magellan (Robinson, 1970). All three Atlantic Hydatostega species
inhabit three major Tristan da Cunha islands. Hydatostega is close to Hydrophorus,
differing in anepimeron bearing seta or tuft of fine hairs anteriad of posterior spiracle. The
last key to these species was provided by Grichanov (2005).

Hydrophorus Fallen, 1823 (Figs. 123-126)

Hydrophorus includes 119 species, of which 12 occur in the Afrotropical Region. Body
medium- to large-sized. Head with distinct cheek; antennal postpedicel with apical
incision; scutellum usually with 2 pairs of scutellar bristles; fore femur distinctly swollen,
with ventral spines; fore tibia with a row of ventral bristles. A key to species was provided
by Grichanov (1997a).

Liancalus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 127-130)

The Afrotropical Region includes 6 of the 19 described species of Liancalus. This genus
is uniquely characterized by a fingerlike projection on the proepimeron. Body large-sized.
Scutellum usually with 3 pairs of bristles; hind femora cylindric; hind tarsomeres 1-2
much elongated, subequal in length; males and often females with wing veins variously
modified, but M 1+2 without double right angle bend; crossvein dm-cu distinctly oblique,
much longer than distal section of CuAi vein. A key to afrotropical species was provided by

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Dyte (1967). Later one more species, L. dytei (Negrobov et al., 1987), was described from
DR Congo.

Machaerium Haliday, 1832 (Figs. 131-133)

This genus includes three western Palaearctic species, of which Mediterranean M.
thinophilum (Loew, 1857) is here recorded from the Afrotropics for the first time
(Tanzania: Kimboza Forest Reserve, 11.IX.1977, leg. Mahunka; a male in the collection of
the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest). Body medium-sized. Facial suture
indistinct or hardly marked at eye margin; postpedicel usually elongate in male, shorter in
female, bulbous at base and abruptly narrowed distally, with acute apex; stylus apical or
strictly subapical; acrostichal setae in two regular rows; hind coxa with 2 erect black outer
bristles; R 4+5 and M i+2 parallel at apex; M i+2 weakly sinuate. See Parent (1938) and
Maslova & Negrobov (2006) for redescriptions and key to species.

Orthoceratium Schrank, 1803 (Figs. 134-137)

Two species are known from West Palearctic, of which O. lacustre (Scopoli, 1763) was
recorded from Tanzania (Grichanov, 1997a). See Negrobov (1979) for redescriptions. Body
large-sized. Scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles; hind femur flat; wing veins unmodified
except Mi+2 with two right angle bends in male, moderately sinuous in females.

Thinophilus Wahlberg, 1844 (Figs. 138-141)

Twenty two of the 120 described species of Thinophilus occur in the Afrotropical
Region. T. indigenus Becker, 1902, has a broad distribution including the southern
Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical Regions. Body small- to large-sized. Acrostichals
absent; 4-6 dorsocentrals; scutellum with 2 or 4 strong bristles; arista-like stylus dorsal,
rarely apical (males) or subapical (females); tibia usually with strong setae; Mi +2 usually
curved. The last key was provided by Grichanov (1997b).

Subfamily Medeterinae

Corindia Bickel, 1986 (Figs. 142-145)

This genus was originally described from Australia by 9 species (Bickel, 1986). Four
species were later described from the savanna belt of tropical Africa (Grichanov, 199 8d,
2000b), and 10 undecribed species were mentioned from Costa Rica (Bickel, 2009). It is
closely related to the stem-mining genus Thrypticus, differing in female oviscapt soft
rather than blade-like and sclerotized, male surstylus and cercus usually not deflexed
dorsad. A key to three afrotropical species was provided by Grichanov (i998d).

Craterophorus Lamb, 1922 (Figs. 146-149)

This genus is endemic of western Indian Ocean islands, with 5 species described from
Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. The following characters are considered to be of
generic importance: acrostichal setae absent; 5 pairs of dorsocentral setae of
approximately equal length; arista-like stylus dorsal; R 4+5 and M i+2 weakly or strongly
convergent; male 1 st tergum with a pair of dorsal bulbs; female with several strong bristles
at the same place. A key was provided by Grichanov (i998e).

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Demetera Grichanov, 2011 (Figs. 150)

Eight species included formerly in the Medetera melanesiana group of species (Bickel,
1987; Grichanov, 2009a) are known from Old World tropics. The genus is the closest to
Saccopheronta. D. demeteri (Grichanov, 1997c) is the only afrotropical species (Ethiopia).
Antenna black; face and clypeus usually shiny metallic blue-violet; dorsocentrals strong,
prominent, usually 4-5 present; acrostichals well developed, biseriate; lateral scutellar
setae present; mid and hind femora bare of major anterior preapical seta; male fore leg
normal, without flattened tarsomeres; male hind femur with rows of long anterior and
anteroventral setae; Mi+ 2 not strongly arched, but lies almost subparallel to R4+5; tendency
in some species for the distal half of male abdominal segment 6, all of segments 7 and 8,
and basal portion of epandrium to be pale cream and weakly sclerotized, in contrast with
metallic green of anterior segments; tendency for hypopygial foramen to become
dorsobasal in position; epandrium strongly flattened dorsoventrally; only single (dorsal)
surstylar arm present, and tending towards prolongation (ventral surstylar arm totally
absent or present only as seta-bearing mound); surstylus fused to epandrium, without
evidence of suture; aedeagus sometimes with internal appendix; cerci fused medially,
usually with elongate ventrolateral arm, separated by furrow from the more dorsobasal
portion.

Dolichophorus Lichtwardt, 1902 (Figs. 151-154)

The formerly palearctic genus Dolichophorus was considered the sister taxon of the
Medetera aberrans + melanesiana species groups (Bickel, 1987). Bickel supposed that
these groups could be placed within the Dolichophorus. Grichanov (1997c) considered the
aberrans group as a Pantropical genus Saccopheronta Becker and supposed that
melanesiana group should be separated in an independent genus of Medeterinae.
Grichanov (2009a) has found three species of Dolichophorus in the Afrotropical Region
(D.R. Congo, Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Madagascar) in addition to three
palearctic species and supposed that M. maai Bickel, 1987, described from Malaysia
belongs to Dolichophorus. Additionally, Medetera hamata Parent, 1936, known from D.R.
Congo, is remarkable in having strong apical spine on fore coxa in both sexes (Parent,
1936), the diagnostic character of the genus Dolichophorus. Size 1.5 to 3.0 mm; body
usually shining, weakly pollinose; fore coxa with long anteroapical spine or hook of cilia,
shorter in females; at least fore and hind coxae yellow; male fore tarsomeres 1 and 3
usually modified, with remarkable apical setae or processes, rarely simple, but with slightly
thickened tarsomeres 1-4; R 4+5 and M i+2 weakly convergent, almost subparallel. A key to 6
known species was provided by Grichanov (2009a).

Euxiphocerus Parent, 1935 (Figs. 155-158)

The genus Euxiphocerus was described by a single species E. wulfi Parent, 1935, from
the Rutshuru River area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Grichanov (2009b)
described two new species of the genus, considering the Euxiphocerus as a member of the
medeterine tribe Systenini. At present the species of the genus are known from DR Congo,
Kenya, South Africa and Namibia. The following character states are common to
Euxiphocerus and Systenus, distinguishing them from other Medeterinae and Systenini:
R4+5 and Mi+2 subapically bowed; distal sector of R4+5 and M i+2 with flexion; posterior pair
of acrostichals is distinctly larger than preceeding pair and offset laterally; 6 strong
dorsocentrals; male postpedicel elongate, tapering; 7 th male abdominal segment with
tergum and sternum distinct. Euxiphocerus differs from Systenus in the following
characters: postocular bristles flattened; male antennal pedicel greatly reduced; male
postpedicel 5-6 times longer than high at base; male 7 th abdominal segment short;

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hypopygium sessile, with large epandrial lobe, with broad and deeply divided dorsal and
ventral arms of sur stylus. A key was provided by Grichanov (2009b).

Grootaertia Grichanov, 1999 (Figs. 159-163)

Seven species of Grootaertia were described from South Africa and one species from
Namibia (Grichanov, 1999a, 2000b; Grichanov et al., 2006). One more South African
species awaits description. The genus is most close to Paramedetera, differing in apical
arista-like stylus; distal sectors of R 4+5 and M 1+2 weakly arched anteriorly; 7 th abdominal
segment semicircular, narrow, not forming pedicel; hypopygium sessile, asymmetrical;
hypandrial lobes absent; phallus with large lateral lobes; female oviscapt with simple fused
9 th hemitergites bearing simple setae. The morphology of male and female genitalia in
Grootaertia species is rather primitive and variable. Therefore, the genus is likely to be the
most ancestral group of the subfamily. A revised key was provided by Grichanov et al.
(2006).

Medetera Fischer von Waldheim, 1819 (Figs. 166-169)

The Afrotropical Region includes 36 of the 330 described species of Medetera. Tiny
to medium-sized flies (1.2-5 mm). Fore coxa with short anteroapical setae not forming
spine or hook; all coxae dark or only fore coxa yellow, rarely fore and hind coxae yellow;
body rarely shining; R4 +5 and M i+2 strongly convergent; dm-cu distinctly shorter than or
(rarely) equal to maximum distance between R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 ; apical part of CuAi usually less
than 2.5 times longer than dm-cu; male anterior tarsus simple, rarely with elongate hairs;
if R4+5 and Mi+ 2 weakly convergent, then dm-cu distinctly shorter than maximum distance
between R^ and M i+2 . A key to afrotropical species was provided by Grichanov (1999a).
Later 9 more new species and subspecies were described (Grichanov, 2000b).

Medeterella Grichanov, 2011 (Fig. 164)

Nine species included formerly in the Medetera salomonis group of species (Bickel,
1987a; Grichanov, I997d) are known from Old World tropics. The genus resembles
superficially Nikitella, strongly differing in male postabdomen morphology and other
characters. M. pospelovi (Grichanov, I997d) is the only afrotropical species (Ghana).
Antennal colour either all black or with scape and pedicel yellow; thoracic setae black;
acrostichal setae present, biseriate; either 4-6 dorsocentrals present, or with 2-3 strong
dorsocentrals bordering mesoscutal depression and only short setulae present anteriorly;
lateral scutellar setae present; mid and hind femora bare of major anterior preapical seta;
males with subapical dorsal seta on hind tibia; males sometimes with distinctive ventral
setae on mid and/or hind femora, or with orientated silvery pruinosity; wing vein M i+2
bowed posteriorly beyond dm-cu, slightly flexed just before apex; surstylus usually fused
into single arm, with membranous attachment to epandrium or fused to the latter; cercus
secondarily segmented, with distal section of cercus articulated with basal section;
tendency for distal section of cercus to become enlarged and expanded, sometimes with
corresponding decrease in strength of surstylus. As noted by Bickel (1987a), the secondary
segmentation and articulation of the cercus is an unusual character, possibly unique in the
Diptera Brachycera.

Nikitella Grichanov, 2011 (Figs. 170-173)

Nikitella includes the single species N vikhrevi (Grichanov, 2011b), from Senegal.
Antennal colour black; facial suture distinct at eye margins only; thoracic setae light
brownish, mostly short; acrostichal setae present, biseriate; one pair of long dorsocentrals
present; lateral scutellar setae present; mid and hind femora bare of major anterior
preapical seta; males without subapical dorsal seta on hind tibia; males with distinctive

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ventral setae on fore and mid femora; hind femur with row of strong anterodorsals; wing
vein M 1+2 bowed posteriorly beyond dm-cu, slightly flexed just before apex; male
postabdomen symmetrical and segments 7 and 8 reduced; hypopygium sessile; foramen
positioned strictly basally and symmetrically in sagittal plane (unique to the subfamily);
surstylus not fused to epandrium; male cercus simple.

Paramedetera Grootaert et Meuffels, 1997 (Fig. 165)

This genus contains 15 oriental species and one afrotropical species P. sierraleonensis
Grichanov from Sierra Leone (Grichanov, 1999a). Paramedetera are minute species on
slender, unbristled legs with a medeterine stature. They share with the Medeterinae a
strong proboscis, a quite elevated ocellar callus, a humpbacked thorax and a stalked
hypopygium. The females have generally unmelanized areas on the terga. Paramedetera
can easily be distinguished from Medetera because the veins 1*4+5 an d Mi+ 2 are not
converging. Very few somatic characters are available to identify the species. Male genitalia
are characteristic but should be macerated. On the other hand, the species are more easily
recognized in the female sex, because they possess specific unmelanized areas on the terga
(Grootaert & Meuffels, 1997a).

Saccopheronta Becker, 1914 (Figs. 174-177)

The Pantropical genus with 47 described species including 14 afrotropical ones. It was
synonymised with Medetera (Bickel, 1985), but was restored by Grichanov (1997c). Body
small-sized; face and clypeus usually with pruinosity; R4+5 and Mi+ 2 weakly convergent,
almost subparallel; dm-cu about as long as or longer than maximum distance between 1*4+5
and Mi+ 2 ; apical part of CuAi usually 2-4 times longer than dm-cu; male tarsomeres 2 and
3 of fore leg thickened or enlarged and flattened; epandrium cylindrical, elongate, more
than twice as long as high; hypopygial foramen always dorsolateral in position with
tendency to becoming median. A key to afrotropical species was provided by Grichanov
(1999a).

Systenomorphus Grichanov, 2010 (Figs. 178-181)

This monotypic genus differs from other systenin genera in the following characters:
body mainly black; antennal postpedicel elongate-ovoid, with rounded apex, flattened
laterally, at most 2 times as long as its basal height, as long as high in female, antennal
pedicel reduced in both sexes; stylus subapical-dorsolateral; postocular bristles flattened;
R4+5 and M1+2 subapically parallel; 2 nd -6 th sterna membranous or only weakly sclerotized;
hypopygium pedunculate, with setosed peduncle; hypandrium bilobate; aedeagus
trilobate; epandrium deeply emarginated laterally at middle, with surstylus fused with
cercus, forming left and right semi-cylinders; epandrial lobe large, with more than two
epandrial setae; strong lateral epandrial setae in distal half of epandrium; male cercus with
small distal setose lobe (Thrypticus-like). S. katyushae Grichanov was described from
South Africa (Grichanov, 20ioe). Body size, 2.7 mm.

Systenoneurus Grichanov, 2010 (Figs. 182-185)

This monotypic genus differs from other systenin genera in the following characters:
body mainly brown-black; antennal pedicel reduced, with two apicodorsal setae long in
both sexes, 2/3 length of scape; male postpedicel elongate-triangular, flattened laterally
except base, 2 times as long as its basal height; stylus longer than postpedicel, subapical-
dorsolateral; postocular bristles simple; male fore tarsus with 4-5* segments and claws
distinctly modified; 4th, 5th and 6th sterna well sclerotised, segment 6 mostly concealed,
glabrous, with small triangular posterodorsal emargination in middle; segment 7 with
tergite and sternite distinct, glabrous; tergite 7 forming very narrow ring within segment 6;

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sternite 7 forming two small rounded plates at apex of segment 8; tergite 8 large, covering
epandrium almost totally (lateral aspect); sternite 8 present as pair of very small
baculiform sclerites at narrow ventral apex of tergite 8; hypopygium sessile; hypandrium
bilobate; aedeagus trilobate; epandrium without ventral epandrial lobes; surstyli with left
and right dorsal lobi asymmetric; cerci fused at base. S. ovechkinae Grichanov was
described from Madagascar (Grichanov, 20ioe). Body size, 2.9 mm.

Systenus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 186-187)

Until recently the genus was known from the Holarctic Realm only. New palearctic,
australian, afrotropical, neotropical and oriental species were described during the last
decades. Now 28 species are known in the World. Size usually 2.0 to 3.0 mm; postocular
bristles simple; R , and M,„ subapically bowed; distal sector of R, , and M„ with flexion;
posterior pair of acrostichals distinctly larger than preceding pair and offset laterally;
usually 6 strong dorsocentrals; antenna sexually dimorphic; male antennal pedicel not
reduced; male postpedicel elongate, swollen at base, tapering, with apical or strictly
dorsoapical stylus; male 7 th abdominal segment with tergum and sternum distinct, long,
forming peduncle for hypopygium; dorsal and ventral arms of surstylus usually fused, with
emargination at apex, or only ventral arm broad; epandrial lobe usually reduced to 2
pedunculate setae; female terga 9+10 divided medially into 2 hemitergites, each bearing a
row of 4 spines. Grichanov & Mostovski (2009b) have discovered the genus in the South
Africa with one described (S. africanus Grichanov, 2009) and at least one undescribed
species.

Thrypticus Gerstacker, 1864 (Figs. 188-191)

Of the 90 described species of Thrypticus, 7 occur in the Afrotropical Region. Small
species; R 4+5 and M 1+2 behind mid wing parallel to apex; Mi +2 without flexion; usually 5 or
fewer dorsocentrals; antenna usually similar in male and female; male postpedicel usually
short, rounded; acrostichal setae present; hind coxa with 2 lateral setae; body coloration
usually bright metallic green; female oviscapt blade-like, sclerotized, narrow in dorsal
view; male 7 th abdominal segment with tergum and sternum fused or sternum greatly
reduced; male surstylus strongly deflexed dorsally, usually lying conformably with
similarly deflexed, oblong-shaped cerci. A key to afrotropical species was provided by
Grichanov (1999a). Later one more new species was described (Grichanov, 2000b).

Subfamily Neurigoninae

Neurigona Rondani, 1856

There are 157 described species worldwide. Two records of unidentified females from
the Afrotropics (Seychelles and Central Africa) have been published (see Grichanov,
20101). Antenna yellow or brownish; thorax usually yellow, sometimes with metallic green
spot(s), rarely wholly metallic green; acrostichals biseriate; legs yellow, mid and hind
femora without anterior preapical bristle; wing anal vein usually well developed, reaching
wing margin. Male genitalia large and mostly exposed; surstylus very large and broad,
partly covering cercus, divided into two partly overlapping arms; cercus with broad base.

Tenuopus Curran, 1924 (Figs. 192-195)

This genus is endemic of continental Tropical Africa, with 13 described species. Long,
mostly yellow body; one pair of ocellar, occipital and postvertical bristles; proboscis with a
pair of black lateral setae and yellow hairs; scape bare, pedicel with digitiform appendix

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upon first flagellomere, more developed in males; arista dorsal, short pubescent.
Mesonotum convex, no mesoscutal flattening; six or seven dorsocentral bristles with first
bristle somewhat smaller; scutellum with two strong bristles. Legs mostly yellow, coxae
with yellow hairs and black bristles, hind coxa with one external bristle; mid and hind
femora usually with one subapical seta. Wing vein R 2+3 reaches costa in apical fifth of wing,
being nearly parallel with R 4+5 ; Mi with gentle arc to apex, reaching costa before wing apex,
near R 4+5 ; M 2 usually present as fold on membrane; dm-cu straight, bm-cu reduced.
Abdomen of six segments with strong marginal bristles, without tergal window in segment
l, and with less sclerotised "pseudotergite" between segments 1 and 2; 7 th segment and
hypopygium small, epandrium usually concealed; cercus short and simple, surstylus
usually long, often bifurcated; at least one very long and a few short epandrial lobes.
Convex mesonotum and subapical femoral setae do not agree with a concept of the
subfamily Neurigoninae. However, the general habitus and remarkable male secondary
sexual characters in some species (such as ornamented fore tarsus and enlarged surstylus)
do not allow to place Tenuopus out of the subfamily. A key was provided by Grichanov
(2000a).

Subfamily Peloropeodinae

Acropsilus Mik, 1878 (Figs. 196-199)

Of the 30 described species of Acropsilus, 8 occur in the Afrotropical Region. A.
brevitalus (Parent, 1937) described from Afrotropics was found in Israel. Ulrich (1981) and
Bickel (1998) considered Acropsilus incertae sedis, rejecting its placement in
Peloropeodinae and Grichanov (1998) associated the genus with the Diaphorinae. Yang et
al. (2006) followed Negrobov (1991), placing it in the Peloropeodinae. Small species; body
less than 2 mm, mostly black; bristles on head and thorax dark; posterior slope of
mesonotum slightly flattened but not depressed; acrostichal setae absent; veins R 4+5 and
Mi+2 more or less parallel; hind basitarsus distinctly shorter than 2 nd tarsomere; male
cercus usually white-ivory coloured and subtriangular, and bearing pale setae; female
clypeus with 4 setae. Grichanov (19981) provided a key to afrotropical species. Grichanov
et Mostovski (2009a) placed Campsicnemoides Curran, 1927 in synonymy with
Acropsilus.

Griphophanes Grootaert et Meuffels, 1998 (Figs. 200-203)

The genus was described for a single species G. gravicaudatus (Grootaert et Meuffels, 1997b;
as Griphomyia) from Thailand, though Lim et al. (2010) have mentioned an undescribed oriental
species of the genus. Grichanov (2010g) described new species G. congoensis and G. garambaensis
from savannahs of d.r. Congo. Grootaert & Meuffels (1997b) distinguished their new genus
from other Peloropeodinae mainly by the presence of a distinct anal vein which runs
parallel to the hind margin of the wing and a stalked hypopygium which lies free under the
abdomen. Indeed, species of the type genus Peloropeodes Wheeler, as well as of
Micromorphus and Meuffelsia have sessile hypopygium with very short segment 7.
Nevertheless, some species of Peloropeodes and Micromorphus have weakly developed
wing anal lobe (e.g., Grichanov, 2000c) and one of the afrotropical species of
Griphophanes has normal anal lobe. The type species was described with 5 dorsocentrals
and uniseriate acrostichals, while both afrotropical species bear an additional small 6 th
dorsocentral seta anteriorly and biseriate acrostichals. Griphophanes is probably the only
peloropeodine that lacks a carina at the inside of male abdominal segment 8 (Lim et al.
2010). The G garambaensis is remarkable in having highly elongate hypopygial peduncle.
Consequently, the genus Griphophanes is distinguishable from Peloropeodes at present by

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only male secondary sexual characters. A key to all species was provided by Grichanov

(2010g).

Meuffelsia Grichanov, 2008 (Figs. 204-206)

This genus is endemic of South Africa, with two described species (Grichanov &
Mostovski, 2008). Length less than 2.0 mm; body dark, with dark setae; dorsal part of
postcranium slightly concave; face without setae, relatively broad, slightly narrowed
downward; pedicel globular; postpedicel small, subtriangular; stylus dorsoapical; labella
with 6 pseudotracheae; posterior part of mesonotum distinctly flattened and slightly
depressed; acrostichals biserial; 6 dorsocentrals; scutellum with 2 strong bristles and 2
minute adjacent lateral hairs; fore and mid coxae with anterior and apical cilia; hind coxa
with 1 seta at middle; legs simple, with simple setae; mid and hind femora with strong
anterior subapical seta; hind tarsus simple; wing nearly as long as body, relatively broad;
dm-cu short; segment 7 small, with tergum broad and sternum reduced; segment 8 large;
hypopygial foramen left lateral; hypopygium with rounded-ovate cercus; hypandrium long
and thick, asymmetrical, fused at base to epandrium; ventral surface of epandrium bare;
surstyli asymmetrical, with left dorsal arm shorter or longer than right one, both broad,
bearing a few short setae, and ventral arms of surstyli subequal in length, thin, directed
ventrad, bearing a few short setae at apex; oviscapt with tergum 9+10 split medially into
two arcuate narrow hemitergites, each bearing 4 short black acanthophorites; female
cercus short, widened distad; anal plate broad, wider than long.

Micromorphus Mik, 1878 (Figs. 207-210)

There are 3 described afrotropical species of 28 world ones (Grichanov & Mostovski,
2009a). Minute species; acrostichal setae absent; arista-like stylus dorsal; scutellum with
only one pair of setae; hind femur with true subapical bristle; male hind basitarsus without
basal spur curved upward; crossvein dm-cu rather short, at least 4 times shorter than
apical part of CuAi; hypopygium sessile. There are no suitable keys to the afrotropical
fauna.

Nepalomyia Hollis, 1964 (Figs. 211-214)

This genus is mainly an oriental one with totally 65 known species, of which four
species are known from the Nearctic, two species from the Afrotropics and two species
from the Palearctic Region (China and the Russian Far East). I saw material with
additional undescribed species from Mauritius. Grichanov (20iog) described new species N.
kotrbae and N. reunionensis from Reunion. Body minute to small-sized; upper occiput
distinctly concave; male face distinctly narrowed downward; arista-like stylus apical or
subapical, inserted in notch of postpedicel; acrostichals distinct, usually biseriate;
scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, lateral pair very short and hair-like; crossvein dm-cu at
most 2-3 times shorter than apical part of CuAi; male with symmetrical claws on fore
tarsus; male mid coxa without apical spine of glued cilia; abdomen as long as thorax;
hypopygium sessile, rather large and mostly exposed. Revising the genus Nepalomyia,
Runyon & Hurley (2003) provided a diagnosis with major characters that are rather
common in other genera of the subfamily. Wang et ah (2009) diagnosed the genus as
having the arista-like stylus arising from the apical concavity of the postpedicel and hind
tarsomere 1 of males with a basal spur directed upwards. Nevertheless, species of the genus
Acropsilus also have the arista-like stylus arising from the apical concavity of the
postpedicel and species of the other genera of the Peloropeodes group (except
Micromorphus) also have male hind basitarsus bearing a basal spur directed upwards
(e.g., Grichanov, 2000c; Grichanov & Mostovski, 2008). Bickel (2009) distinguishes the
New World Nepalomyia from Peloropeodes by biserial vs. uniserial acrostichals. However,

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all Old World Peloropeodes species have biserial acrostichals (Grichanov 2000c), while
some of the oriental species of Nepalomyia bear irregularly paired acrostichal setae that
are totally lost in at least N. pingbiana (Yang et Saigusa, 2001). Having reduced male
segment 7 and enlarged hypopygium, Nepalomyia is close to Peloropeodes, differing in
apical or subapical arista-like stylus and in shape and setation of hypopygial appendages.
In addition, males of Peloropeodes have fore tarsus with asymmetrical claws and mid coxa
usually bearing an apical spine of glued cilia. Nevertheless, new species described recently
in both genera diffuse their border step by step.

Peloropeodes Wheeler, 1890 (Figs. 215-218)

This genus includes 29 described species, of which five are known from the
Afrotropical Region (Grichanov, 2000c; Grichanov & Mostovski, 2009a). Body small-
sized; male face distinctly or strongly narrowed downward; one longer dorsal seta on
antennal pedicel; arista-like stylus dorsal; usually six pairs of dorsocentral bristles;
acrostichal setae in two regular rows; one strong and one hairlike intraalar setae, one
strong propleural seta; male with asymmetrical claws on fore tarsus; male mid coxa usually
with apical spine of glued cilia; male hind tarsus simple; crossvein dm-cu straight,
positioned at middle of wing, forming right angles with M i+2 and CuAi, at most 2-3 times
shorter than apical part of CuAi; abdomen as long as thorax, with reduced 5-6* sterna;
hypopygium sessile. It is worth noting that the nearctic species of Peloropeodes have
uniserial acrostichals (Bickel 2009), while palearctic and afrotropical species of the genus
have biserial acrostichals. There are no suitable keys to the afrotropical fauna.

Subfamily Rhaphiinae

Rhaphium Meigen, 1803 (Figs. 219-222)

Rhaphium comprises about 200 described species including 15 from the Afrotropical
Region. Body small to large-sized (1.5-5.7 mm), but usually small in African species.
Upper part of proepisternum in front of anterior spiracle with long hairs; postpedicel
triangular, and usually much longer than basal width; arista-like stylus strictly apical;
male cercus often elongate; veins M and R 4+5 often slightly bowed with respect to each
other. A key to the afrotropical species of the genus was provided by Grichanov (1995),
though some synonyms were later established (Grichanov, 2001).

Subfamily Sciapodinae

Amblypsilopus Bigot, 1888 (Figs. 223-226)

Bickel (1994) restored the genus that accommodates now about 320 species known
from all parts of the continental tropics and subtropics and from adjacent islands. 49
afrotropical species are known from the continent and from adjacent islands (Madagascar,
Reunion). Some of them were previously included in Sciopolina Curran, 1924, that is
characterised by modified wing venation. Ethiosciapus prysjonesi Meuffels et Grootaert,
2007, described from Seychelles also belongs to this genus [Amblypsilopus prysjonesi
(Meuffels et Grootaert, 2007), comb. nov.]. Amblypsilopus is not strongly defined, and it
represents a large pan -tropical genus which is possibly polyphyletic (Bickel, 1994). Body
usually appearing delicate, with elongate legs; vertex distinctly excavated; male vertical
bristle usually weak and reduced; female vertical bristle always strong; male clypeus

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narrowed and distinctly free from eye margin; female clypeus always adjacent to sides of
eyes; pedicel with short dorsal and ventral bristles; postpedicel usually subrectangular to
subtriangular; arista-like stylus usually distinctly dorsal, and rarely longer than head
width, or if apical or dorsoapical, then always with following characters: male arista-like
stylus rarely with apical flag; tibial chaetotaxy often weak, especially in males; acrostichals
biseriate, usually with 3-6 pairs, never sexually dimorphic. 4-5 paired dorsocentrals, male
usually with anterior dorsocentrals weak and hair-like; 2 paired scutellars, lateral pair
weak and short. Femora almost always without strong ventral bristles; major dorsal bristle
in mid tibia usually present in females but absent in males; male hind tarsomeres 3-5
sometimes flattened ventrally and padlike; wing usually hyaline, but sometimes with apical
maculations; crossvein dm-cu straight and usually forming right angle with vein M;
hypandrium asymmetrical, with narrow left lateral arm; aedeagus with dorsal angle;
epandrial lobe with 2 strong apical bristles; surstylus often with large ventral lobe and
digitiform dorsal projection; cercus various. A key to afrotropical species was provided by
Grichanov (i998g), though some more species were later described (Grichanov, 1999b,
2003) and some more are waiting descriptions.

Bickelia Grichanov, 1996 (Figs. 227-230)

This monotypic genus is similar to Sciapus (sensu Bickel, 1994) and Mascaromyia in
thoracic chaetotaxy, and overall habitus. It is clearly distinguished from other genera of
Sciapodinae by distinct anterior preapical seta on mid and hind femora, narrow tomentous
face and frons, presence of vertical setae in both sexes, presence of 2 fine ventral
propleural setae, branched vein M, modified hypopygium (Grichanov, 1996a). B. parallela
(Macquart, 1842) is known from Mauritius, Seychelles and Chagos Archipelago, being
probably an old colonist giving adaptive radiation of numerous neo-endemic species of
Mascaromyia on western Indian Ocean islands.

Bickeliolus Grichanov, 1996 (Figs. 231-234)

This genus (originally subgenus of Ethiosciapus) includes 7 species from Continental
Africa, Seychelles and Madagascar (Grichanov, 1996b), differing from Ethiosciapus in
strong vertical seta on male frons; usually bare femora; cercus usually with apical brush of
long hairs; acrostichals short or absent; alula usually reduced. Mascaromyia gerlachi
Meuffels et Grootaert, 2007, described from Seychelles also belongs to this genus
[Bickeliolus gerlachi (Meuffels et Grootaert, 2007), comb. nov.]. A key was provided by
Grichanov (i998g).

Chrysosoma Guerin-Meneville, 1831 (Figs. 235-239)

There are 238 described world species (inhabiting Old World tropics mainly) species,
of which 68 occur in the Afrotropical Region. This sciapodine genus is close to
Plagiozopelma Enderlein, 1912, differing in following characters: vertex and frons usually
with pruinosity; male frons often with hairs on lateral slope; male scape rarely swollen and
vaselike; pedicel often with long ventral and dorsal setae; fore coxa without strong lateral
spine-like setae. Body often stout, large; vertex strongly excavated in both sexes; strong
postvertical seta present, in line with postocular bristles; male frons usually with group of
fine setae or with weak vertical seta; female frons with strong vertical bristle; postpedicel
of both sexes usually elongate triangular; apical arista-like stylus, much longer than width
of head; acrostichals developed as 3-5 strong pairs; male usually with 2 strong posterior
dorsocentrals and weak hair-like anterior dorsocentrals; female usually with 5 strong
dorsocentrals; lateral scutellar bristles weak, even lost; fore femur usually with strong
ventral bristles; fore tibia usually with strong dorsal chaetotaxy; wing usually hyaline but
sometimes with brown maculations; crossvein dm-cu usually sinuate, sometimes

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externally convex or bowed; if crossvein dm-cu straight, it makes an acute angle with M;
hypandrium with narrow left lateral arm; aedeagus with dorsal angle; epandrial lobe with
2 strong apical bristles; surstylus usually with large ventral lobe and digitiform dorsal
projection; cercus mostly forked. Grichanov (1995b, 1999b) recognised three subgenera
including nominotypical one, of which Kalocheta Becker and Mesoblepharius Bigot seem
to be confined to Tropical Africa, characterizing by very long posterior or posterodorsal
setae on male mid basitarsus and usually on mid tibia; Kalocheta is further characterizing
by male and female arista-like stylus that is strongly flattened and strap-like with hairlike
apical part. C. snelli Curran, 1927 is remarkable in its distribution from coasts of Tanzania
and Kenya across Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Aldabra, Rodriguez and Seychelles to
western Indian coast (Goa), Chagos Archipelago and Maldives (closely related C.
leucopogon (Wiedemann, 1824) is distributed from western Indian coast to Pacific islands
and coasts of China and Australia). A key to afrotropical species was provided by
Grichanov (i998g).

Condylostylus Bigot, 1859 (Figs. 240-243)

The genus includes about 300 species, being mainly Pantropical with an extremely
high diversity in the Neotropical Region and reaching to the southern Palaearctic Region in
the Far East (Bickel, 1994). Afrotropical fauna was recently studied by Grichanov (1996c,
i998g, 1999b, 2000b, 2003, 20ioh), reaching to 21 species (excluding species transferred
to Parentia). They form three distinct species groups. In fact, only C. paricoxa species
group has all characters typical of generic concept (Bickel, 1994). C. pateraeformis group
seems to be confined to Afrotropical Region, characterizing by abnormal wing venation,
while C. burgeoni group (=Aldabromyia Meuffels & Grootaert, 2007) is a transitional
group between the former two ones. Generally, frons of both sexes with raised setose
mound bearing strong vertical seta; M beyond M 2 usually sharply recurved basally; both
pairs of scutellar bristles long; wing often with dark brown bands, sometimes enclosing
clear window; arista-like stylus dorsal to dorsoapical; pedicel with long dorsal and ventral
setae; both sexes with 4-5 strong dorsocentrals; hypopygium often rather small. A key to
the afrotropical species of the genus was provided by Grichanov (i998g); a key to
pateraeformis group - by Grichanov (2003); a key to paricoxa species group - by
Grichanov (2010I1).

Dytomyia Bickel, 1994 (Figs. 244-245)

Five species of the genus Dytomyia are known from Australia and New Guinea and
five species from Madagascar (Grichanov, 2003). Vertex not strongly excavated;
postvertical setae strong; vertical seta strong in both sexes; face and clypeus broad in both
sexes, and male clypeus adjacent to lateral eye margins or only slightly separated;
postpedicel rounded subtriangular; arista-like stylus various, dorsoapical to apical, and
length about equal to head height. Acrostichals usually short and irregularly paired, or
absent; 4 strong dorsocentrals present in both sexes, not dimorphic; median scutellar setae
strong, laterals absent. Legs mostly yellow, not greatly elongated; female fore femur with
3-4 short pale basoventral setae; male fore basitarsus swollen, and basally forming ventral
cushion with dense pale pile; male hind tibia sometimes with irregular swelling or callus at
half. Wing crossvein dm-cu straight or gently bowed. Abdominal vestiture rather reduced,
consisting mostly of short hairs, with only a few strong setae along distal tergal margins;
abdominal plaques reduced in size on male; phallus with dorsal angle; cercus with short
ventral section which arises at base and appears to be freely articulated with main cereal
body, and is perhaps homologous with "Organ X" of Sciapus (Bickel, 1994). A key to three
afrotropical species of the genus was provided by Grichanov (i998g).

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Ethiosciapus Bickel, 1994 (Figs. 246-249)

This genus includes 9 species from Continental Africa, Madagascar, Comores,
Seychelles and St.Helena, differing from close Bickeliolus Grichanov in male frons bearing
a group of hairs laterally; femora usually with long black ventral hairs; cercus usually with
short or long hairs, but without apical brush; 3 long acrostichal setae; alula well developed.
A key was provided by Grichanov (i998g).

Gigantosciapus Grichanov, 1997 (Figs. 250-253)

Thirteen species of the genus occur in humid tropics of continental Africa (Grichanov,
i997e, i998g). Gigantosciapus has some similarities with Plagiozopelma and
Chrysosoma, but has many differences such as follows. Vertical setae or hairs absent in
both sexes; two pairs of strong postvertical setae placed far from line of postocular series;
face and frons narrow; postpedicel very long, tapering into the long apical arista-like
stylus; pleura usually yellow; acrostichals short and weak; 2 strong dorsocentral bristles
and 3 or 4 weak hairs anteriorly in both sexes; all tibiae and basitarsomeres usually with
strong bristles in both sexes; wing vein dm-cu straight or slightly convex, anal lobe and
lower calipter usually reduced; phallus dorsally with a few denses; surstylus greatly
developed; epandrial lobe prominent, but not prolonged and curved, with numerous setae;
cercus and surstylus long and broad, simple. A key was provided by Grichanov (i998g).

Mascaromyia Bickel, 1994 (Figs. 254-257)

There are 29 described species confined to western Indian Ocean islands including
Chagos Archipelago (Grichanov, I996d, 2003; Meuffels & Grootaert, 2007). Rather small,
delicate sciapodines with elongate yellow legs. Male head higher than wide; vertex very
shallowly excavated; frons polished metallic green; proclinate vertical setae present in both
sexes, often more strongly developed in female; face and clypeus very narrow in both sexes,
with male usually holoptic on the face and female almost holoptic; scape usually somewhat
prolonged; scape and pedicel usually yellow, postpedicel black; arista dorsal, arising from
base of postpedicel and not much longer than width of head. Thorax usually metallic
green; acrostichals biserial, but highly reduced and often restricted to anteriormost
mesonotum, or totally absent; dorsocentrals strong, 5-7 present, not sexually dimorphic;
lateral scutellar setae absent. Some species with anteroventral row of black setae on male
hind femur; female fore femur in basal third almost always with group of 3-5 strong
ventral bristles, each bristle arising from a distinct mound-like pedicel; males with fore
femur usually bare; femora usually without anterior preapical setae. Female and
unmodified male wings with short M and Mi arching and becoming subparallel with R 4+5 ;
dm-cu straight; male venation of Mauritius species often strongly modified. Male tergum
and sternum 7 well developed; hypopygium showing wide range of morphological
diversity; sometimes compact, with short modified cerci. Mascaromyia is similar to
Sciapus (that absent on the islands) in many respects. Keeping in mind that some
palearctic species of Sciapus are lacking anterior preapical seta on femora, and some
undescribed species of Mascaromyia bear this seta, the two genera may be confidently
recognized by male postabdomen morphology only. A key was provided by Grichanov
(2003).

Mesorhaga Schiner, 1868 (Figs. 258-261)

There are 96 world species including 7 afrotropical species. Hind femur only with
anterior preapical bristle; propleuron without strong ventral setae; Vein M 2 absent,
without fold or indication on membrane; dorsocentral bristles strong in both sexes; arista-
like stylus usually dorsal; strong vertical seta present in both sexes; clypeus adjacent to

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margin of eyes. A key was provided by Grichanov (i998g). Later two more species were
described (Grichanov, 1999b, 2000b).

Parentia Hardy, 1935 (Figs. 262-265)

Parentia is speciose in Australia and adjacent islands with about 70 known species
(Bickel, 1994). It is the dominant sciapodine element in the New Zealand fauna, showing
its possible Gondwanan origin. Five afrotropical species of the genus are confined to
southern Africa. Male with pair strongly diverging ocellars and 2-3 pairs of shorter
posterior setae on tubercle, which are weakly developed in female; postvertical setae
strong, positioned as last of the postocular series; strong curved vertical seta present in
both sexes; males sometimes with additional hairs on lateral slope of frons; face slightly
bulging in male; face expanded laterally in males; clypeus often separated from face by
strong frontoclypeal suture, especially in males; clypeus often semicircular in anterior
view, and at most only slightly separated from sides of eyes in males; head often relatively
wide and 'dumb-bell' shaped, and vertex usually strongly excavated; male pedicel
sometimes with corona of strong apical setae; postpedicel subrectangular to subtriangular,
with dorsal or dorsoapical arista. Acrostichals usually present as 2-4 long pairs, but
sometimes reduced; male usually with 2 strong posterior dorsocentrals, and 3-4 distinctly
weaker anterior dorsocentrals; female with 4-5 strong dc; lateral scutellar setae usually
strong, about half to two-thirds length of medians. Femora in male often with long, distally
decreasing anteroventral and posteroventral bristles whose colour, number and size are
often species specific; female femora usually with much shorter anteroventral and
posteroventral setae; Fore tibia usually bare of major setae; mid tibia usually with offset
antero-posterodorsal setal pair in basal quarter, except where modified in males; male mid
tibia and basitarsus sometimes covered with short black porrect setae or modified with
rows of outstanding setae; male mid tibia from one-fifth to half usually with swollen callus
with smooth excavated posterior groove; male hind tarsomeres 3-5 almost always flattened
and padlike ventrally. Wing vein M 2 usually arcuate and forming a broad U-shaped figure
with Mi; male costa usually with anteroventral row of crocheted or modified setae from
base to end of R 2+3 (sometimes absent); male Ri very long, extending subparallel to R4+5 to
end in distal third of wing; female Ri usually ending in basal half of costa; crossvein dm-cu
straight, and forming near right angle with M; haltere usually black in males and yellow in
females. Abdomen usually entirely metallic green, without the matt brown tergal bands;
abdominal terga with long black and sometimes undulating posterior setae; female terga 2-
5 each with 3-4 abdominal plaques, reduced in size in male; hypandrial arm rather short,
arising beyond midlength of hypandrium and usually extending only slightly beyond apex
of hypandrial hood; aedeagus elongate, extending well beyond apex of hypandrial arm;
dorsal angle present or absent; setose mound often present on lateral walls of genital
chamber within the epandrium, dorsad of epandrial lobe; male cercus usually with ventral
projection or lobe (Bickel, 1994). There are no suitable keys to the afrotropical fauna.

Plagiozopelma Enderlein, 1912 (Figs. 266-269)

There are 101 world species (inhabiting Old World tropics mainly) including 17
described afrotropical species. This sciapodine genus is close to Chrysosoma Guerin-
Meneville, differing in following characters: frons highly polished metallic blue-green;
male frons bare or with single weak vertical seta only; male scape often swollen and
vaselike; fore coxa with either 3 to 7 strong lateral spine-like setae (stronger in females
than males), or fore coxa with 3 strong black distolateral setae. Bickel (1994) separated
afrotropical species in the bequaerti group that has males with thickened and ornamented
arista-like stylus (spectacularly modified in some species). A key was provided by
Grichanov (i998g).

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Sciapus Zeller, 1842 (Figs. 270-273)

This genus contains 70 holarctic species including 55 from the Palaearctic Region,
one from the Orient (Taiwan) and one species, S. endrodyi Grichanov, described from
Ghana (Grichanov, I997f) and found in Gabon (unpubl.). Vertex often rather shallowly
excavated; strong postvertical seta developed at end of postocular row; proclinate vertical
setae present in both sexes, often more strongly developed in female; scape usually
somewhat prolonged; face and clypeus usually equally broad in both sexes, at least as wide
as the width of the antennal bases; arista dorsal, arising from base of postpedicel and not
much longer than width of head; male head relatively high, higher than wide. Thorax often
heavily grey pruinose; black dots sometime present around origin of setae on the pruinose
thorax; acrostichals biserial, 8-10 short pairs present, but sometimes reduced or absent;
dorsocentrals strong, 5-7 present, decreasing in size anteriorly, without sexually dimorphic
hair-like dorsocentrals in males; lateral scutellar setae usually reduced and hairlike. Hind
femur with distinct anterior preapical seta in both sexes(absent in some palearctic
species); male legs often variously modified; female forfe femur in basal one-third often
with group of 3-6 strong ventral setae, each seta arising from a distinct mound-like pedicel;
these are also sometimes strongly developed on males. Wing sometimes modified in males,
with distorted venation, wing prolonged and narrowed, or distally expanded. Abdomen
elongate; abdominal plaques present on terga 2-5, but reduced in males; aedeagus and
hypandrium arising from epandrial base and usually arching over the epandrium;
hypandrium asymmetrical, with narrow left lateral arm, arising near base; aedeagus with
distinct dorsal angle; epandrium usually with strong projection along ventral margin basad
of epandrial lobe, and bearing epandrial setae; epandrial lobe often greatly elongated and
projecting distad; surstylus often prolonged; male cerci either free and simple or forming
unpaired ventral projection ("Organ X" of Becker, 1918) which sometimes is detached from
the dorsal cercus (or connected basally within the epandrium), and appears to be derived
from the proctiger (Bickel, 1994).

Subfamily Sympycninae

Campsicnemus Haliday, 1851 (Figs. 274-277)

The genus numbers about 280 species with an extremely high diversity of endemic
species in the Hawaiian Islands and French Polynesia (Evenhuis, 2009). Two species were
described from central Africa, one from South Africa, being also recorded from Namibia; C.
magius (Loew, 1845) was reported on St.Helena (introduced?), as well as (erroneously)
two more palearctic species. Tiny to medium-sized flies; face narrow in middle, extending
downward; antennal arista-like stylus dorsal; usually 4, rarely 5 dorsocentral bristles;
acrostichal setae absent or uniseriate; R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 more or less parallel; hind femur with
subapical bristle; male legs usually modified and ornamented, rarely simple; female
abdomen flattened dorsoventrally. A key was provided by Grichanov (1998I1). The genus
seems to be rare in African collections, but I saw some undescribed afrotropical species
including three endemic species from St.Helena.

Chaetogonopteron De Meijere, 1914 (Figs. 278-281)

This genus comprises jj mainly oriental, but also some palearctic and australasian
species. Afrotropical Ch. nectarophagum (Curran, 1924) shows some extent of colour
variability and appears to be widely distributed in many countries of Africa and on
adjacent islands, reaching southern Palearctic and western Orient (Grichanov, 2006b).
Three species were recently described in the genus from Seychelles (Meuffels & Grootaert,

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2007, 2009). Nevertheless, two of the newly described species were placed in the
Sympycnus Loew (Grichanov, 2008c) and another one is most probably a synonym of Ch.
nectarophagum. The species belongs to a rich oriental group of species having two basal
segments of male hind tarsus shortened and 2 nd segment of hind tarsus bearing
apicoventral worm-like process (clidium). Thorax and abdomen usually partly or mostly
yellow in Chaetogonopteron males and females. Ch. sobrium (Meunier, 1910) is known
from rather recent Zanzibaran copal (Pleistocene/Holocene) (Grichanov, 2008a). It is
quite probable that it belongs to Ch. nectarophagum or its predecessor.

Lamprochromus Mik, 1878 (Fig. 282)

There are 12 holarctic species including 9 from the Palaearctic Region and one
afrotropical species, L. belousovi (Grichanov, 2008c), from DR Congo. Body small, often
yellow-brown to black; antennal arista-like stylus dorsal; mesonotum with two large
velvety black (palaearctic species) or mat-brown lateral spots; usually four pairs of
dorsocentral bristles, but only 3 strong dorsocentrals in L. belousovi; acrostichal setae
usually in two regular rows, but few uniseriate acrostichals in L. belousovi; hind femur
with true subapical bristle; male tarsi unmodified; hypopygium with undivided surstylus.
The afrotropical species was included into keys to Sympycnus (Grichanov, 2008c) and
Telmaturgus (Grichanov, 2011c).

Olegonegrobovia Grichanov, 1995 (Figs. 283-286)

This genus is endemic of Tropical Africa, with six described species, though some
species were probably described from the Orient in the genus Teuchophorus. It was
synonymised with Teuchophorus (Meuffels et Grootaert, 2004), but see Grichanov et
Mostovski (2008). Olegonegrobovia species differs from other sympycnines in bare
propleuron in addition to presence of strong setae at the end of male anal wing lobe in
almost all species. Afrotropical species of Teuchophorus could be easily distinguished by
presence of 2 rather than 1 postverticals, 3 propleural cilia, strong ventral subapical seta on
hind tibia, slightly diverging rather than parallel wing veins R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 , strongly oblique
crossvein dm-cu forming acute (ca. 6o°) angle with CuAi in addition to strongly thickened
costal vein IN male. The two genera differ from one another in many male secondary
sexual characters, e.g., in Teuchophorus fore basitarsus is much shorter than 2-5*
segments combined; 5, 6 and 7 th sternites present; 7 th tergite is symmetrical, positioned
basally to epandrium, not fused with 8 th tergite; 8 th segment is basodorsal in position;
epandrium is small, with mostly middorsal foramen; phallus is simple; dorsal and ventral
surstyli are separated from base; while in Olegonegrobovia fore basitarsus is longer than
2-5* segments combined; 5, 6 and 7 th sterna are absent or membranous; 7 th tergum is
asymmetrical, positioned right-basolaterally, fused with 8 th tergum in the middle of
epandrium; 8 th segment left-basolateral in position; epandrium is large, with mostly left
basolateral foramen; phallus is trilobate; dorsal and ventral surstyli are fused almost to
apex. Teuchophorus and Olegonegrobovia share such characters as uniseriate acrostichals
and 2 pairs of strong intraalar setae (Grichanov, 1995c, I996e, 2000c). There are no
suitable keys to the afrotropical fauna.

Sympycnus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 287-290)

Twenty-seven of the 273 described species of Sympycnus occur in the Afrotropical
Region. Usually small species; antennal scape bare; distal inner margin of pedicel straight;
acrostichals distinct, even though sometimes small; usually six, rarely 5 pairs of strong
dorsocentral bristles; metepimeron without hairs; mesonotum without black or brown
lateral spots; segments of fore tarsus usually simple or shortened, rarely ornamented with

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remarkable hairs; two basal segments of hind tarsus not shortened; male hind basitarsus
rarely ornamented with remarkable setae or hairs; 2 nd segment of male hind tarsus never
having worm-like process; male 3 rd segment of the same tarsus shorter than 2 nd , often
bearing one or more modified setae; 4 th tarsomere usually longer and thinner than 3 rd ,
often polished; male surstyli usually projected, usually fused with each other, being also
fused at base with epandrium; epandrial seta, if present, never long and pedunculate;
female face usually narrow; clypeus rarely bulging (5. simplicipes Becker, 1908). A key was
provided by Grichanov (2008c). The genus Sympycnus was divided into three species
groups (Grichanov, 2008c). Afrotropical Sympycnus Group II is considered to be part of
the nominotypical Sympycnus pulicarius lineage (Sympycnus sensu stricto). Species
Group I is in fact an intermediate group between Sympycnus and Lamprochromus Mik,
but having typical Sympycnus-like hypopygium. Afrotropical Sympycnus Group III was
united with the genus Telmaturgus (Grichanov, 2011c).

Syntormon Loew, 1857 (Figs. 291-294)

Syntormon includes about 100 species, of which 14 occur in the Afrotropical Region.
S.flexibilis Becker, 1922 is widespread around the Pacific Basin, including oceanic islands,
and also St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean (West European S. setosus Parent, 1938,
known by females only, may also belong to this species). Usually small species; scape hairy;
postpedicel distinctly elongated, rarely short, with a finger-like apical inner process
projected into basal inner concavity; arista-like stylus apical or subapical; male tarsi often
modified and/or ornamented. A key was provided by Grichanov (2001).

Telmaturgus Mik, 1874 (Figs. 295-298)

This genus comprises eighteen species including eleven afrotropical, four oriental,
one palaearctic, one nearctic and one neotropical species. Body small (about 2 mm);
occiput convex; male face narrowed gradually downward; female clypeus broad, strongly
bulging; antennal scape bare; distal inner margin of pedicel straight; arista-like stylus
dorsal, sometimes lanceolate at apex in male, long pubescent in female; notopleural
depression without black or brown lateral spots (but present in T. kovali); acrostichals
distinct, even though sometimes small; usually uniseriate; 5 dorsocentral bristles with 1 st
and/or 2 nd pairs being greatly reduced to hairs; so, only 3 or 4 pairs of strong dorsocentrals
present (but 5 or 6 pairs in Indonesian species known from females); scutellum with 1 pair
of strong setae and pair of microscopic lateral hairs; metepimeron without hairs; male fore
tarsomeres rarely simple, usually shortened, some of them often flattened or ornamented
with processes, spines or remarkable hairs; last four segments of hind tarsi regularly
decreasing in length; male hind basitarsus sometimes ornamented with remarkable setae
or hairs; epandrial seta on male epandrium undeveloped; phallus usually simple and thin.
Telmaturgus can be defined by a combination of such synapomorphies as modified male
fore tarsomeres and strongly bulging female clypeus in addition to bare antennal scape and
regularly decreasing in length last four segments of hind tarsus, but any of the character
states may also occur in other Sympycninae. A key was provided by Grichanov (2011c).

Teuchophorus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 299-302)

This genus contains 115 mainly oriental species and one species T. caprivi described
from Namibia (Grichanov, 2000c), but also some nearctic and australasian species. The
palearctic fauna of Teuchophorus totals about 20 species. Body small-sized; thoracic
pleura dark; frons broad, narrowing towards antennae. In male, eyes often contiguous on
face for a short distance; postpedicel more or less triangular; arista-like stylus dorsal; 5-6
pairs of strong dorsocentrals; acrostichals uniseriate or absent (exceptionally irregularly
biserial); male legs often modified and (or) adorned; male wing usually with costal callus

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(stigma) between tips of Ri and R 2+3 ; crossvein dm-cu joining CuAi at distinctly oblique
angle; apical section of M turned up immediately after dm-cu. See also diagnosis of
Olegonegrobovia.

Subfamily Xanthochlorinae

Xanthochlorus Loew, 1857 (Figs. 303-305)

There are 14 species of Xanthochlorus known from the Palearctic Region, one from
the Nearctic Region and one, X. kustovi Grichanov from Afrotropics (Madagascar;
Grichanov, 20ioi). The genus can be easily separated from others by the yellow or
brownish thorax and abdomen. Body less than 3.5 mm; dorsal postcranium feebly concave;
mesonotum with flat mid-posterior slope; R2+3 and M i+2 nearly straight and parallel behind
dm-cu; hind coxa with 1 outer bristle at basal 1/3; anterior preapical bristles on the mid
and hind femora absent; dorsal bristles on the slender fore tibia absent; male abdominal
tergum 6 rectangular in lateral view, bearing hairs or bristles; male segment 7 small.
Female abdominal segments 6-7 enlarged, visible, and normally sclerotized, wholly
covered with hairs (just like tergum 5); hemitergites longer than wide, widely separated,
without thick spines.

Family Microphoridae

Schistostoma Becker, 1902

The genus currently includes 21 species distributed in the northern hemisphere
mainly (Palearctic - 15; Nearctic - 3; Afrotropical - 3) (Chvala, 1987; Shamshev, 1993,
Shamshev & Sinclair, 2006). The species of this genus are quite small, greyish flies
occurring in southern areas and inhabiting sandy biotopes. The number of scutellar
bristles is a distinct character, which occurs in both sexes and can be utilised for
distinguishing Schistostoma (1 or 2 pairs) from Microphor Macquart (3 or 4 pairs)
anywhere in the world. This is quite valuable, considering that the male and female
genitalia also appear to be distinct for each genus.

Subfamily Parathalassiinae

Amphithalassius Ulrich, 1991

This genus is endemic of South Africa, with two described species. Postpedicel conical or
pear-shaped, tapering apicad; prothoracic precoxal bridge partly developed; acrostichal
bristles uniserial at least behind, sometimes reduced; face wide in both sexes, not
narrowing in middle; postocular bristles uni- to biseriate; female 8 th tergite not cleft
(Ulrich, 1991).

Plesiothalassius Ulrich, 1991

This genus is endemic of South Africa, with three described species. Postpedicel
globular or oval, broadly rounded at apex; prothorax without precoxal bridge; acrostichals
paired and flanked by accessory bristles; face moderately wide in both sexes, more or less
narrowing in middle; postocular bristles multiseriate; female 8 th tergite deeply cleft
(Ulrich, 1991).

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Key to afrotropical subfamilies of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae

1. Discal cell present, emitting 3 veins to wing margin, veins Mi and M 2 arising
independently from discal cell; costa running around the wing; body is black or greyish 2

- Discal cell fused with 2 nd basal cell; Mi+ 2 usually with a curvation or stub-like M 2 at
middle of its distal part (M rarely forking apically into Mi and true M 2 ); costa ending at
Mi, sometimes at tip of R 2+3 ; body generally metallic or yellow, rarely greyish
(Dolichopodidae s. s.) 3

2. Arista-like stylus bisegmented; male eyes contiguous on frons

Microphoridae (Schistostoma Becker)

- Arista-like stylus one-segmented; male eyes widely separated on frons . Parathalassiinae

3. Vertex strongly excavated on either side of ocellar tubercle, or if weakly excavated, vein
M distinctly branched, with M 2 present at least as a fold on membrane (absent in
Mesorhaga); scutum usually short, about as wide as long; hypopygium exerted;
posterior mesonotum not flattened 4

- Vertex usually not excavated (excavated in some Urodolichus, but these have
unb ranched M); vein M 2 absent or present only as short stub-vein; hypopygium various

5

4. Vertical setae absent in both sexes; antennal pedicel forming short thumblike
projection on inner side of postpedicel; abdominal segment 1 without tergal window;
hypopygium mostly exerted, but with small segment 7; hypandrium strongly reduced ....
Neurigoninae in part (Tenuopus Curran)

- Vertical setae strong in at least females, ofen hairlike in males; antennal pedicel simple;
abdominal segment 1 with tergal window anteriorly; hypopygium exerted, and
distinctly pedunculate; hypandrium usually well developed and asymmetric (reduced in
Condylostylus) Sciapodinae

5. Scape with setae on dorsal surface (scape microscopically haired in Katangaia and
Pseudohercostomus); male hypopygium usually pedunculate and enlarged, and
projecting forward under preabdomen (hypopygium small and encapsulated in
Pseudohercostomus and Pseudopelastoneurus); mid- and hind femora with strong
anterior preapical setae; all tibiae with strong setae; posterior mesonotum not flattened

Dolichopodinae

- Without the above combination of characters (some species of Argyra and Syntormon

have hairy scape) 6

6. Posterior mesonotum distinctly flattened and slightly depressed, from one-third to one-
half of surface between dorsocentral setae, and distinct from curved anterior
mesonotum 7

- Posterior mesonotum not flattened, or at most only slightly or apparently flattened
immediately anteriad of scutellum 12

7. Mid- and/or hind femur with distinct anterior or anterodorsal preapical seta

Peloropeodinae

- Mid- and hind femur bare of major anterior preapical seta 8

8. Body and legs covered with dense grey tomentum usually obscuring cuticle;
mesonotum flattened in posterior quarter only, and flattened area not concave but with
weak margin; postpedicel ovate and conical with apical arista-like stylus; palpi often
enlarged; found on marine coasts Hydrophorinae in part

- Body tomentum usually not dense, and underlying cuticle visible; mesonotum usually
strongly flattened or even slightly concave with distinct margin; other features various 9

9. Wing vein M i+2 distinctly sinuate at middle of distal part, with flexion (bosse alaire) in
membrane; hind basitarsus usually longer than next segment; arista-like stylus usually
dorsal; male genitalic capsule usually globular, on peduncle formed by short segment 7,
and sometimes enfolded by preceding abdominal segments; face with dense

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tomentosity Neurigoninae in part (Neurigona Rondani)

- Wing vein Mi+ 2 straight or regularly curved, without distinct flexion; hind basitarsus
usually much shorter than next segment; arista-like stylus usually apical or rarely
subapical; male genitalic capsule ovate to pyriform, on peduncle formed by exserted
segment 7, and usually not encapsulated or enfolded by preceding abdominal segments;
male abdominal segments 4 and 5 unmodified; face often with metallic cuticle 10

10. R2+3 and Mi+2 distinctly curved and convergent behind dm-cu; dorsal postcranium
distinctly concave; body usually dark coloured, rarely mostly orange or yellow-brown;
male segment 7 usually well developed Medeterinae

- R2+3 and Mi+2 nearly straight and parallel behind dm-cu (Xanthochlorus Loew) or
weakly curved anteriorly and distinctly divergent in distal third of wing (Shamshevia
Grichanov); dorsal postcranium feebly concave; thorax and/or abdomen clear yellow,
with or without dark spots dorsally; male segment 7 small 11

11. Antennal scape with long pointed ventral process; pedicel within postpedicel with long
concealed process reaching basal 1/3 of postpedicel; postpedicel flat, long, band-like,
with pointed apex; arista-like stylus basodorsal, with long segment 1 and short segment
2; wing with R^+5 and M i+2 subparallel in middle part and slightly divergent on apical
part of wing; dm-cu faint, located at wing base, at level of bm-cu

Diaphorinae in part (Shamshevia Grichanov)

- Antennal scape simple; pedicel without process; postpedicel about as long as high, with
indistinct apex; arista-like stylus apical or subapical, with very short segment 1 and long
segment 2; R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 subparallel on apical half of wing; dm-cu distinct, located at
middle of wing Xanthochlorinae (Xanthochlorus Loew)

12. Pair of large postvertical setae usually present on dorsal postcranium, out of line with
postorbital series; abdomen often dorsoventrally flattened; postorbital setae strong
dorsally, but as field of fine, pale hairs across ventral postcranium; crossvein dm-cu
equal to or longer than distal section of CuAi; male face usually wide; fronto-clypeal
suture distinct, at least laterally; clypeus usually produced anteriorly; palpus usually
large in both sexes, and covered with short setae; eye pubescent; hypopygium
encapsulated at abdominal apex Hydrophorinae in part (also see couplet 7)

- Postvertical setae, if present, near vertex; abdomen usually ovate, and rarely
dorsoventrally flattened; postorbital setae usually as distinct row of setae on lower
postcranium, even if pale coloured; crossvein dm-cu usually shorter than distal section
of CuAi; male face often narrow with fronto-clypeal suture obscured; palpus usually
small, although sometimes enlarged in males only; other characters various 13

13. Mid and/or hind femora with distinct anterior preapical seta; antenna usually set high
on head, about one-quarter distance from vertex; head usually ovate in anterior view,
higher than wide; anal angle often reduced or lost; male tarsomere 5 rarely with
enlarged pulvilli, fore tibia often with anterodorsal row of short setae on distal half;
lateral seta ofhind coxa usually near middle Sympycninae

- Mid and hind femur without anterior preapical seta, or such apparent preapicals
indistinct from background setal field; antenna usually near middle of head, two-fifths
to one-half distance from vertex; head spherical in anterior view, about as wide as high;
anal angle often well developed (both sexes); male tarsomere 5 sometimes with
enlarged pulvilli; foretibia without anterodorsal row of short setae on distal half; lateral
seta ofhind coxa in basal quarter 14

14. Upper part of proepistemum in front of anterior spiracle with long hairs; postpedicel
triangular, and usually much longer than basal width; arista- like stylus strictly apical;
male cercus often elongate; veins M and R 4+5 often slightly bowed with respect to each
other Rhaphiinae (Rhaphium Meigen)

- Upper part of proepistemum in front of anterior spiracle with few fine setae or one
strong seta or bare; arista-like stylus at most strictly subapical or inserted in apical

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incision; other features various Diaphorinae

Key to afrotropical genera of Diaphorinae (Figs. 1-47)

1. Posterior mesonotum flattened; body yellow-brown; chaetotaxy light

Shamshevia Grichanov

- Posterior mesonotum not flattened, or at most only slightly or apparently flattened
immediately anteriad of scutellum; body usually dark, with dark bristles 2

2. Costa not extending beyond tip of R4+5; distal vein M gently sinuate or broken or
weakened, with distal section often displaced 3

- Costa extending beyond tip of R4+5, usually ending at apex of vein M; vein M unbroken,
rarely weakened 6

3. Vein R4+5 ending along distal anterior wing margin, well before wing apex; distal parts
of R4+5 and M1+2 strongly diverging 4

- Vein R4+5 ending almost at wing apex; distal parts of R 4+5 and M i+2 subparallel, slightly
diverging or bowed with respect to each other 5

4. Upper part of proepisternum with 2-4 fine setae; acrostichals usually present; male
sternite 8 often with strong projecting setae Asyndetus Loew

- Upper part of proepisternum usually bare; acrostichals absent or microscopic; male
sternite 8 without strong setae Cryptophleps Lichtwardt

5. Acrostichals biseriate; male antenna very long (4/5 the body length); male fore and mid
tarsi modified; male sternite 8 with 2 strong projecting setae Aphasmaphleps Grichanov

- Acrostichals absent; male antenna about as long as head height; male fore and mid tarsi
simple; male sternite 8 without strong setae (western Pacific) ... [Phasmaphleps Bickel]

6. Occiput concave; antennal postpedicel usually pressed laterally, bladelike to
subtriangular, with distinct apex and dorsal to dorsoapical arista-like stylus 7

- Occiput convex or flat; antennal postpedicel usually globular, reniform, conoid or
budlike, with indistinct apex, or with slender apical projection, and with subapical or
apical, rarely dorsal, arista-like stylus inserted sometimes in apical incision 9

7. Hind coxa with external vertical row of 3-4 setae decreasing in length ventrad; scape
with dorsal setae (bare in some holarctic species) Argyra Macquart

- Hind coxa with one external seta at basal quarter; scape bare 8

8. Wing vein Mi+ 2 with rather distinct sinuation at 2/5 of distal part; arista-like stylus
dorsal; antennae positioned at upper quarter of head; male segment 7 rather long

Urodolichus Lamb

- Wing vein M i+2 nearly straight; arista-like stylus dorsoapical; antennae positioned at
middle of head; male segment 7 short (Azores) [Falbouria Dyte]

9. Posterior four femora with anterior subapical seta in both sexes; male frons and face
broad 10

- Posterior four femora without distinct anterior subapical seta, at most with stiff hairs;
male eyes usually convergent or contiguous above or below antennae 11

10. Antennal pedicel with fingerlike projection overlapping postpedicel; male sternite 8
with strong projecting setae Dactylonotus Parent

- Antennal pedicel without fingerlike projection; male sternite 8 without strong setae

Nurteria Dyte et Smith

11. Acrostichal setae absent; female clypeus with four projecting setae; male segment 7
rather long; postgonite prominent, often with a group of pedunculate setae

A cropsilus Mik

- Acrostichals present, biseriate; female clypeus without setae; male segment 7 short;
postgonite reduced 12

12. Antennae positioned at middle of head; upper part of proepisternum with 2-4 fine

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setae; wing usually broadest at basal quarter, with nearly straight R 4+5 and M veins

Diaphorus Meigen

- Antennae positioned at upper quarter to third of head; upper part of proepisternum
usually bare; wing usually broadest at middle, with convex anteriorly R 4+5 and M veins .

13

13. Face nearly parallel-sided, subequal in width to frons; male postpedicel budlike, with
abruptly drawn-out apex; male sternite 8 with strong projecting setae; hypopygial
surstylus and epandrial lobe long and thin; male cercus with long distoventral
projection Trig onocer a Becker

- Male eyes convergent or contiguous below antennae; female face distinctly narrowed
downwards; male postpedicel globular, reniform, conoid (Chrysotus) or with slender
apical projection (Achradocera); male sternite 8 with simple hairs, rarely with short
thick setae; surstylus and epandrial lobe broad; male cercus without distoventral
projection 14

14. Male postpedicel with slender apical projection bearing apical arista-like stylus, and
lower postocular surface of male with many flattened pale setae ... Achradocera Becker

- Male postpedicel globular, reniform or conoid with subapicai arista-like stylus; lower
postocular surface with fine unmodified setae Chrysotus Meigen

Remarks

1. Bickel (1998) considered Acropsilus incertae sedis, rejecting its placement in Peloropeodinae
and Grichanov (1998) associated the genus with the Diaphorinae. Yang et al. (2006) followed
Negrobov (1991), placing it in Peloropeodinae.

2. Nurteria with three known species is an unrevised genus originally described in Diaphorinae.
Numerous undescribed species of the genus from Southern Africa share some features with
Sympycninae (see key to the latter subfamily).

Key to afrotropical genera of Dolichopodinae (Figs. 48-105)

1. Antennal scape microscopically haired dorsally 2

- Scape with setae on dorsal surface 3

2. Hind coxa without strong external bristle; frons low, antennae positioned at the top of
head; hypopygium large, pedunculate; cercus large, bisegmented Katangaia Parent

- Hind coxa with 1 strong external seta; frons high; hypopygium small, encapsulated;
cercus small, suboval Pseudohercostomus Stackelberg

3. Wing vein Mi+ 2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip,
having two stublike veins; 1*4+5 an d distal part of Mi+ 2 (Mi) nearly parallel; hind
basitarsus with a distinct bristle above, sometimes short Lichtwardtia Enderlein

- M1+2 not broken as above, R4+5 and distal part of Mi+ 2 usually converging; hind
basitarsus with or without dorsal bristles 4

4. Hind basitarsus with 1-3 strong setae above; M i+2 sigmatoid at middle of distal part,
sometimes with a stublike vein M 2 Dolichopus Latreille

- Hind basitarsus without setae above, rarely with 1-2 feeble dorsal setae, slightly longer
than diameter of basitarsus (a few species of Afrohercostomus and Poecilobothrus);
Mi+ 2 various 5

5. Several strong anterodorsal setae in apical half of the hind femur in addition to the true
anterior subapicai seta; face narrowed under antennae and somewhat widened towards
clypeus; wing vein M i+2 usually with gentle curvation before the middle of distal part,
then running towards R4+5 and reaching costa far before the tip of wing; stylus short
and bare; postpedicel usually short and suboval Tachytrechus Haliday

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- Hind femur usually with one true anterior subapical seta; face regularly narrowed
towards clypeus or parallel-sided; wing vein M i+2 either with curvation beyond the
middle of distal part or Mi+ 2 reaching costa near the tip of wing; stylus often pubescent;
postpedicel usually subtriangular, asymmetric 6

6. Wing vein Mi+ 2 almost straight or slightly and regularly convex anteriorly; M i+2 and
R 4+5 subparallel or slightly convergent 7

- Wing vein M i+2 distinctly bent in distal part with strongly convergent R 4+5 and M i+2 ; or
M i+2 sinuate, with flexion at basal third or at middle of distal part and sometimes with
subapical flexion, and distal parts of M i+2 and 1*4+5 usually distinctly convergent 11

7. Thorax with distinct dark spot above notopleuron; some segments of male tarsi often
remarkably coloured and modified; hypandrium simple; male cercus small, simple,
with a few distinct strong distal setae; postgonite narrow 8

- Thorax lacking distinct dark spot above notopleuron; male tarsi usually not remarkably
coloured or modified; hypandrium often lobate; cerci and postgonite various 9

8. Pleura with cluster of fine hairs in front of posterior spiracle; hind femur with anterior
preapical seta positioned far from apex, i.e. at 2/3 to 3/5 length from base; 5
dorsocentrals; arista-like stylus with long hairs; wing brown, usually with pale
transverse stripe just beyond crossvein m-cu; notum with dark medial longitudinal
stripe and usually a dark spot in front of scutellum; lower margin of clypeus
subtriangular; male mid tarsus with ist-4th segments often clear white; male hind tarsus
simple; male abdominal spiracles 7 not enlarged; hypandrium mainly free, fused to
epandrium basally near basiventral epandrial lobe Afropelastoneurus Grichanov

- Pleura bare in front of posterior spiracle; hind femur with anterior seta positioned at
apex; 6 dorsocentrals; stylus shortly pubescent; wing evenly greyish, almost hyaline;
upper notum evenly coloured; i st -4 th segments of male mid tarsus not remarkably
coloured; three apical segments of male hind tarsus usually flattened and slightly
widened; 1, 2 or 3 apical segments of the same tarsus usually silvery pilose on one side;
male abdominal spiracles 7 enlarged; hypandrium short conical, fused to epandrium
laterally

Afrohercostomus Grichanov

9. Mid tibia with at least one strong ventral seta; scape with pointed apicoventral process;
male postpedicel subtriangular, with middorsal arista-like stylus

Hercostomus Loew (part)

- Mid tibia with at most one row of few weak ventral setae; scape without pointed
apicoventral process; male postpedicel securiform, with basodorsal arista-like stylus 10

10. Legs mostly yellow with hind femur blackish or brown in at least apical third; male
wing simple at apex; lower postocular setae black or white; hypopygium pedunculate,
directed anterially, with elongate epandrium; epandrium with symmetrical lobes;
epandrial lobe narrow, weakly to moderately projected distad, with 1-2 long ventral
setae; male cercus usually narrow, often ornamented with processes or bunches of long
cilia; surstylus often fused to epandrium Neohercostomus Grichanov (s.s.)

- Legs mostly yellow with hind femur entirely yellow or darkened at apex; lower
postocular setae black; male wing modified at apex, with blackish or brownish spot or
with white margin at apex of M i+2 ; hypopygium sessile, directed ventrally, with
rounded epandrium; epandrium with asymmetrical lobes; left epandrial lobe strongly
expanded distoventrally, without long setae; male cercus small, suboval, without
processes or bunches of long cilia; surstylus not fused to epandrium

Neohercostomus (Subhercostomus Grichanov)

11. Distal segment of antennal stylus (arista) plumose, dorsal and ventral hairs longer than
lateral hairs and usually widely spaced; wing vein M i+2 beyond crossvein m-cu usually
with strong anterior bend and distinctly convergent with R 4+5 ; clypeus usually strongly
bulging and subequal in height to face (often taller than face in females); proboscis

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large; 5 dorsocentral setae; hind coxa usually with lateral seta near apex; apicoventral
epandrial lobe absent or weakly developed to well-developed; proctiger brushes usually
present (New World) [Pelastoneurus vagans lineage]

- Antennal stylus bare to strongly pubescent, not plumose (i.e. with dorsal and ventral
hairs longer than lateral hairs); proctiger brushes rarely well-developed (e.g., Paraclius
arcuatus); clypeus rarely strongly bulging; other features various 12

12. Body non-metallic; head grey, with whitish pollen, wider than high, with frons and face
broad in both sexes; frons distinctly wider than high; thorax pale-grey to dark grey or
blackish with whitish-grey pollen; antennal stylus dorsal to apical, bare; 6
dorsocentrals, fifth pair usually strongly offset medially; vein M i+2 beyond crossvein m-
cu usually with strong anterior bend and strongly convergent with R4+5; m-cu located at
about half wing length; abdomen yellowish brown; hind basitarsus of male with
elongate comma-shaped posterobasal projection; male genitalia with proctiger brushes
absent; female oviscapt usually with a pair of rod-like strong ventral lobes, exposed, if
projections reduced, then setae of body and legs pale Argyrochlamys Lamb

- Body non-metallic; head higher than wide; frons black, grey or brownish pollinose,
high, as high as face; male face very narrow, female face slightly wider, both almost
parallel sided; thorax mainly yellow-orange with only black longitudinal stripe on
mesonotum to mainly black with only metepinerons yellow-brown, weakly to densely
pollinose; antennal stylus basodorsal, bare; 5 dorsocentrals in regular rows; vein Mi+ 2 is
distinctly bent in distal part, reaching costa near the tip of wing which has nearly
parallel R4+5 and M i+2 ; m-cu located at about basal third of wing, very short; abdomen
mostly orange-yellow with black dorsolateral spots; hind basitarsus of male without
comma-shaped posterobasal projection; male genitalia with proctiger brushes absent;
female oviscapt hidden, simple Pseudargyrochlamys Grichanov

- Body usually metallic, dark; frons distinctly wider than high; 5-6 dorsocentrals,
penultimate posterior pair usually in line or weakly offset medially; venation variable,
but m-cu located at about half wing length; hind basitarsus of male without comma-
shaped posterobasal projection; female oviscapt usually hidden, simple 13

13. Face of male very narrow and strongly converging below; face and clypeus broad in
female with sides subparallel or convergent below; antennal stylus dorsal, near base,
distal segment strongly pubescent; 5 dorsocentrals; section of M i+2 beyond crossvein
m-cu with strong, arcuate anterior bend beyond middle, strongly convergent with R 4+5 ;
hind femur wide and flat with anterior preapical near apex; hypopygium with elongate
anterior apicoventral epandrial seta and distinctive elongate ventral surstylus;
apicoventral and basoventral epandrial lobes not developed; proctiger brush sometimes
well-developed; male cercus lacking basolateral tail (New World)

[Paraclius arcuatus lineage]

- Face of male moderately narrow, usually slightly converging at suture; usually 6
dorsocentrals; vein M i+2 variously curved in apical part towards anterior wing margin,
rarely with strong arcuate anterior bend; hind femur various; epandrium with
developed apicoventral epandrial lobe bearing apical setae (except Hercostomus);
proctiger brush reduced; male cercus with more or less distinct basolateral tail 14

14. Wing vein M i+2 weakly sinuate, with flexion at middle of distal part, and sometimes
strongly sinuate in males; male antennal pedicel greatly reduced; hind femur with
anterior seta positioned at apex, usually not flattened or slightly flattened laterally;
epandrial lobe well developed; hypandrium usually free, basoventral, simple or
complex

Sybistroma Meigen

- Wing vein M i+2 weakly sinuate, with flexion at basal third or at middle of distal part and
sometimes with subapical flexion; antennal pedicel normal; hind femur with anterior
seta positioned at apex, usually not or slightly flattened laterally; epandrial lobe either

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reduced to 1-2 setae (Hercostomus) or well developed (Poecilobothrus); hypandrium
either simple, fused to epandrium laterally to middle (Poecilobothrus), or basiventral
epandrial lobes and hypandrium forming a complex of entangled asymmetrical lobes
(Hercostomus) 15

- M1+2 distinctly bent in distal part with strongly convergent R4+5 and M i+2 , or M i+2
strongly sinuate, usually distinctly convergent with R 4+5 ; antennal pedicel normal; hind
femur with anterior preapical seta positioned usually far from apex, i.e. at 2/3 to 3/5
length from base; hind femur often wide and flat; epandrial lobe well developed, often
finger-like; hypandrium usually simple, free, basoventral 16

15. Thorax with distinct dark spot above notopleuron; wing vein M i+2 irregularly sinuate,
often with subapical flexion; wing distinctly darkened in anterior half along major
veins; one strong posterior to posteroventral preapical seta on mid femur; hypandrium
short conical, fused to epandrium laterally; male cercus dark; female hemitergite 9+10
with 5 thick setae (western Palaearctic) [Poecilobothrus Mik]

- Thorax lacking distinct dark spot above notopleuron; wing vein M i+2 regularly sinuate,
though sometimes weakly; wing rarely darkened in anterior half; mid femur with 1
strong posterior preapical about even with anterior preapical; hypandrium forming a
complex of entangled asymmetrical lobes; male cercus light or dark; female hemitergite
9+10 with 4 thick setae Hercostomus Loew (part)

16. Antennal stylus long-pubescent, with hairs at least 1.5-2 times longer than basal
diameter of stylus; hind tibia usually with strong ventral setae, if hind tibia with fine
setae, then distoventral epandrial lobe stick-shaped; vein M i+2 various, often gently
curved or sinuate; at least some species (confusibilis group) bearing pleural cluster of
fine hairs in front of posterior spiracle Apelastoneurus Grichanov

- Antennal stylus short-pubescent, with hairs shorter than basal diameter of stylus; hind
tibia without strong ventral setae, usually with a row of very fine short setae; vein M i+2
convex posteriad, having gentle curvation towards R 4+5 at middle of distal part
(Pseudoparaclius) or M i+2 with right-angular curvation towards R4+5 at 2/3 of distal
part, forming deep anterior arc in distal third (Afroparaclius); distoventral epandrial
lobe never stick-shaped 17

17. Wing vein M i+2 convex posteriad, having gentle curvation towards R 4+5 at middle of
distal part; stylus positioned behind middle of dorsal side of postpedicel, usually at
distal 2/3 or 3/4; male fore or mid legs often ornamented; epandrium large,
trapezoidal, longer than high, with shorter ventral side (lateral view); hypandrium thick
at base, usually with 2-3 relatively broad lobes; aedeagus short, concealed; distoventral
epandrial lobe greatly expanded distally, often having 2 long modified setae; postgonite
long, narrow; surstylus with long thin lobes; cercus well developed, often with inner
lobe or fold bearing brush of hairs Pseudoparaclius Grichanov

- Wing vein M i+2 with right-angular curvation towards R 4+5 at 2/3 of distal part, forming
deep anterior arc in distal third; stylus middorsal; male legs simple; epandrium large,
suboval, nearly twice longer than high; hypandrium and aedeagus thin along their
whole length and simple; distoventral epandrial lobe very small, immediately following
epandrial seta; postgonite and surstylus relatively short; surstylus with dorsal lobe
distinctly broader than ventral lobe; cercus small, simple Afroparaclius Grichanov

Remarks

1. Brooks (2005) considered Katangaia and Pseudohercostomus incertae sedis, rejecting its
placement in Dolichopodinae. Yang et al. (2006) followed Grichanov (2004), placing them in
Dolichopodinae.

2. Pelastoneurus vagans and Paraclius arcuatus lineages are defined after Brooks (2005).

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Key to afrotropical genera of Hydrophorinae (Figs. 106-141)

1. Postpedicel usually globular at base, elongated, with drawn-out or conical apex, with
apical, rarely subapical arista-like stylus; vertical (fronto-orbital) setae present;
posterior mesonotum usually flattened in posterior quarter, but flattened area with
weak margin; palpi often enlarged 2

- Postpedicel usually short, not much longer than high, laterally flattened, with rounded
apex; arista-like stylus usually dorsal, rarely subapical on short postpedicel; verticals
often short or absent; posterior mesonotum usually not flattened; palpi various 6

2. Proboscis with generally protruding hypopharynx; palpus large and triangular;
antennal postpedicel bulbous at base and abruptly narrowed distally; arista-like stylus
apical with long recurved, generally protruding hypopharynx; palpus large and
triangular; antennal stylus either apical or middorsal; wing crossvein m-cu located far
behind level of Ri; prescutellar depression undeveloped 3

- Proboscis normal in lateral view, without long protruding hypopharynx; palpus small
and ovate; stylus dorsoapical or strictly subapical 4

3. Arista-like stylus apical; fore tibia at apex with distinct erect spinose seta; male hind
basitarsus simple, without strong seta Aphrosylus Haliday

- Arista-like stylus dorsal; fore tibia without spinose seta at apex; male hind basitarsus
curved, with strong seta (Canary Islands) [Teneriffa Becker]

4. Wing crossvein m-cu located just behind level of Ri; antennal postpedicel bisegmented .

EpithalassiusMik

- Wing crossvein m-cu located far behind level of Ri; antennal postpedicel non-divided.. 5

5. Postpedicel trapezoidal, with subapical stylus located in dorso-apical excavation; 6 th
and 7 th male terga well developed Cemocarus Meuffels & Grootaert

- Postpedicel rounded, without dorso-apical excavation, with apical stylus; 7 th male
tergum greatly reduced Cymatopus Kertesz

- Postpedicel bulbous at base and abruptly narrowed distally, with ventral excavation, with
strictly subapical stylus; 7 th male tergum greatly reduced Machaerium Haliday

6. Antennal pedicel forming a more or less distinct projection into postpedicel; distal part
of CuAi longer than m-cu; acrostichals absent Thinophilus Wahlberg

- Antennal pedicel simple, without projection; distal part of CuAi usually shorter than m-
cu; acrostichals absent or present 7

7. All tibiae without apical setae; R 2+3 , R 4+5 , and M 1+2 straight and parallel; 4 pairs of
dorsocentrals; wing hyaline; male cercus short; acrostichals absent (Egypt; Oriental
Region) [Paralleloneurum Becker]

- Tibiae usually with strong setae; Mi+ 2 usually curved; either one pair or at least 5 pairs
of dorsocentrals; acrostichals usually present 8

8. Mesonotum with small setae; no more than one pair of dorsocentrals; acrostichals in
two rows; arista-like stylus subapica (western Mediterranean) [Anahydrophorus Becker]

- Mesonotum with several strong dorsocentrals; acrostichals in one row, rarely absent or
biseriate; arista-like stylus usually dorsal 9

9. Anepimeron with seta or tuft of fine hairs anteriad of posterior spiracle

Hydatostega Philippi

- Anepimeron bare anteriad of posterior spiracle 10

10. Fore femora thickened, ventrally with strong bristles and spines; postpedicel with
apico-ventral incision Hydrophorus Fallen

- Fore femora not thickened, without strong ventral bristles or spines; postpedicel
without incision 11

11. Proepimeron rounded at base of fore coxa; scutellum with 4 setae; hind femur flat;
wing veins unmodified except Mi+ 2 with two right angle bends in males and fair
sinuation in females Orthoceratium Schrank

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- Proepimeron with ventral digitiform projection behind base of fore coxa; scutellum
usually with 6 setae; hind femur cylindric; males and often females with wing veins
variously modified, but Mi+ 2 without double right angle bend Liancalus Loew

Key to afrotropical genera of Medeterinae (Figs. 142-191)

1. R4+5 and Mi +2 subapically bowed (except Systenomorphus); distal sector of R 4+5 and
M1+2 with flexion; posterior pair of acrostichals distinctly larger than preceding pair and
offset laterally; usually 6 strong dorsocentrals; antenna sexually dimorphic (females of
Euxiphocerus are unknown); male postpedicel elongate; male 7 th abdominal segment
with tergite and sternite distinct; female terga 9+10 divided medially into 2
hemitergites, each bearing a row of 4 spines (Systenini) 2

- R4+5 and Mi+2 subparallel or convergent with M usually arched anteriorly; M i+2 without
flexion; acrostichals absent or aligned in two rows; usually 5 or fewer dorsocentrals;
antenna usually similar in male and female; male postpedicel usually short, rounded or
subtriangular; male 7 th abdominal segment with tergite and sternite fused or sternite
greatly reduced; female hemitergites usually without spines 5

2. Male abdominal sterna 4-6 well sclerotized; segment 6 mostly concealed, glabrous;
tergite 7 forming very narrow ring within segment 6; hypopygium sessile; male fore
tarsus with 4-5* segments and claws distinctly modified; antennal pedicel very short,
with two apico-dorsal setae long in both sexes, 2/3 length of scape; male postpedicel
elongate-triangular, stylus longer than postpedicel Systenoneurus

- All abdominal sterna membranous or only weakly sclerotized in male; hypopygium
either sessile or pedunculate; male fore tarsus always simple; antennal pedicel with ring
of more or less equal and short apical setae; male postpedicel never regularly
triangular; stylus usually shorter than postpedicel 3

3. Body mainly black; antennal postpedicel elongate-ovoid, with rounded apex, flattened
laterally, at most 2 times as long as its basal height in male, as long as high in female;
stylus subapical-dorsolateral; hypopygium pedunculate; hypandrium bilobate;
aedeagus trilobate; epandrium deeply emarginated laterally at middle, with surstylus
fused with cercus, forming left and right semi-cylinders; male cercus with small distal
setose lobe; male cercus bearing thin long ventral process Systenomorphus

- Body usually metallic green or with distinct green or bluish reflection; postpedicel long,
at least 2.5 times longer than high at base, swollen at base, tapering, with apical or
strictly dorsoapical stylus, ovoid in female; hypopygium either sessile or pedunculate;
hypandrium and aedeagus simple; surstylus not fused with cercus; male cercus without
apicoventral process 4

4. Postocular bristles flattened; male antennal pedicel greatly reduced; male postpedicel
5-6 times longer than high at base; male 7 th abdominal segment short; hypopygium
sessile, with large epandrial lobe, with broad and deeply divided dorsal and ventral
arms of surstylus Euxiphocerus Parent, 1935

- Postocular bristles simple; male antennal pedicel not reduced; male postpedicel at most
3-4 times longer than high at base; male 7 th abdominal segment long, forming peduncle
for hypopygium; epandrial lobe usually reduced to 2 pedunculate setae; dorsal and
ventral arms of surstylus usually fused, with emargination at apex, or only ventral arm
broad Systenus Loew, 1857

5. R4+5 and M1+2 behind mid wing parallel to apex; acrostichal setae present; hind coxa
with 2 lateral setae; body coloration usually bright metallic green (Thrypticini) 6

- R 4+5 and Mi +2 convergent, at most subparallel at apex; if those veins parallel behind
mid wing to apex, then acrostichal setae absent or hind coxa with one lateral seta; body
coloration usually dark (Medeterini) 7

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6. Female oviscapt blade-like, sclerotized, narrow in dorsal view; male surstylus strongly
deflexed dorsad, usually lying conformably with similarly deflexed, oblong-shaped cerci

Thrypticus Gerstacker

- Female oviscapt soft, male surstylus and cercus usually not deflexed dorsad

Corindia Bickel

7. Acrostichal setae absent 8

- Acrostichal setae present, usually biseriate 10

8. Arista-like stylus dorsal; male 1 st tergite with a pair of dorsal bulbs; female with several
strong bristles at the same place; 5 dorsocentral setae of approximately equal length

Craterophorus Lamb

- Arista-like stylus apical or apicolateral; male and female 1 st tergite unmodified; usually
4 dorsocentral setae of approximately equal length 9

9. Arista-like stylus apicolateral; distal sectors of R 4+5 and Mi+ 2 straight and parallel; male
7 th abdominal segment forming pedicel; hypopygium symmetrical; foramen
basolateral; hypandrial lobes present; aedeagus without lateral lobes

Paramedetera Grootaert et Meuffels

- Arista-like stylus apical; distal sectors of R4+5 and Mi+ 2 parallel, weakly arched
anteriorly; 7 th abdominal segment semicircular, narrow; hypopygium sessile,
asymmetrical; foramen dorsolateral; hypandrial lobes absent; aedeagus with large
lateral lobes

Grootaertia Grichanov

10. Wing vein M i+2 bowed posteriorly beyond dm-cu, slightly flexed just before apex; if vein
M straight, then male cercus secondarily segmented, with distal section of cercus
articulated with basal section 11

- Vein Mi+2 bowed anteriorly beyond dm-cu, rarely straight; cercus never bisegmented 12

11. Facial suture distinct at eye margins only; male with ventral spine-like setae on fore
and mid femora; male postabdomen symmetrical and segments 7 and 8 reduced;
hypopygium sessile; foramen positioned strictly basally; male cercus simple

Nikitella Grichanov

- Facial suture distinctly separating clypeus; males with or without distinctive ventral
setae on mid and hind femora; abdominal segments 7 and 8 developed, asymmetrical;
epandrial foramen positioned left laterally; cercus bisegmented . Medeterella Grichanov

12. Fore coxa with long anteroapical spine or hook of cilia, shorter in females; at least fore
and hind coxae yellow; male fore tarsomeres 1 and 3 usually modified, with remarkable
apical setae or processes, rarely simple, but with slightly thickened tarsomeres 1-4;
body usually shining, weakly pollinose; R4+5 and Mi +2 weakly convergent, almost
subparallel Dolichophorus Lichtwardt

- Fore coxa with short anteroapical setae not forming spine or hook; all coxae dark or
only fore coxa yellow, rarely fore and hind coxae yellow; male fore tarsus differently
modified or simple; body rarely shining 13

!3- R4+5 and M i+2 strongly convergent; dm-cu distinctly shorter than or (rarely) equal to
maximum distance between R 4+5 and M i+2 ; apical part of CuAi usually less than 2.5
times longer than dm-cu; male anterior tarsus simple, rarely with elongate hairs; if R4+5
and M i+2 weakly convergent, then dm-cu distinctly shorter than maximum distance
between R 4+5 and M i+2 Medetera Fischer von Waldheim

- R4+5 and Mi +2 weakly convergent, almost subparallel; dm-cu about as long as or longer
than maximum distance between R 4+5 and M i+2 ; apical part of CuAi usually 2-4 times
longer than dm-cu; male tarsomeres 2 and 3 of fore leg thickened or enlarged and
flattened (Saccopheronta) or simple 14

14. Face and clypeus usually with pruinosity; male tarsomeres 2 and 3 of fore leg thickened
or enlarged and flattened; epandrium cylindrical, elongate, more than twice as long as

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high; hypopygial foramen always dorsolateral in position with tendency to becoming

median Saccopheronta Becker

- Face and clypeus shining blue-violet, with no pruinosity; male fore leg normal;

epandrium dorsoventrally flattened; hypopygial foramen usually basal in position

Demetera Grichanov

Key to afrotropical genera of Peloropeodinae (Figs. 196-218)

1. Acrostichal setae absent 2

- Acrostichals distinct, even though sometimes small 3

2. Arista-like stylus dorsal; scutellum with only one pair of setae; hind femur with
subapical bristle; male hypopygium sessile Micromorphus Mik

- Arista-like stylus apical or subapical, inserted in notch of postpedicel; scutellum with
additional pair of hair-like setae; hind femur without subapical bristle; male
hypopygium pedunculate Acropsilus Mik

3. Crossvein dm-cu very short, at least 5 times shorter than apical part of CuAi, located at
basal 1/3 of wing length; male face broad, slightly narrowed downward; face under
antennae twice as wide as height of postpedicel Meuffelsia Grichanov

- Crossvein dm-cu at most 2-3 times shorter than apical part of CuAi; male face
distinctly or strongly narrowed downward 4

4. Abdomen longer than thorax; male with symmetrical claws on fore tarsus; male mid
coxa without apical spine of glued cilia; hypopygium pedunculate

Griphophanes Grootaert & Meuffels

- Abdomen as long as thorax; hypopygium sessile; other features various 5

5. Arista-like stylus dorsal; male with asymmetrical claws on fore tarsus; male mid coxa
usually with apical spine of glued cilia Peloropeodes Wheeler

- Arista-like stylus apical or subapical, inserted in notch of postpedicel; male with
symmetrical claws on fore tarsus; male mid coxa without apical spine of glued cilia

Nepalomyia Hollis

Key to afrotropical genera of Sciapodinae (Figs. 223-273)

1. Mid and/or hind femora with distinct anterior preapical setae (absent in some
palaearctic Sciapus species) 2

- Femora without strong anterior preapical setae 4

2. Both mid and hind femora with anterior preapical setae; tarsi simple; propleuron with
more or less strong ventral setae Bickelia Grichanov

- Hind femur only with anterior preapical seta; some segments of at least fore tarsus
often modified; propleuron without strong ventral setae 3

3. Each male cercus forming at least one ventral projection with various ornamentations;
basoventral projections always slender, paired and free Mascaromyia Bickel (part)

- Male cerci never forming free paired basoventral projections Sciapus Zeller

4. Vein M 2 absent, without fold or indication on membrane; dorsocentral bristles strong
in both sexes; arista-like stylus usually dorsal; strong vertical seta present in both sexes;
clypeus adjacent to margin of eyes Mesorhaga Schiner

- Vein M 2 present, even if as fold or indication on membrane; other features various .... 5

5. Both pairs of scutellar setae long; wing often with dark brown band; arista dorsal or
dorsoapical; pedicel usually with long dorsal and ventral setae 6

- Scutellum usually with one pair of strong setae, lateral setae short, hairlike or absent;
other features various 9

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6. Male hind tibia anteriorly in basal half with distinct callus or areole; hypandrium and

aedeagus long and thick; surstylus and/or epandrial lobe well developed

Parentia Hardy

- Male hind tibia without distinct callus or areole; hypandrium, aedeagus, surstylus and
epandrial lobe greatly reduced (Condylostylus Bigot) 7

j. Frons with a strong front vertical bristle arising from hairy mound; fore tibia with 1-2
long apicoventral setae Condylostylus paricoxa species group

- Frons with a strong front vertical bristle only, with at most one fine hair on small
mound; fore tibia without long apicoventral seta 8

8. Male wing venation abnormal: Mi+ 2 (fork-handle) strongly curved towards posterior
wing margin, Mi continued nearly in the same line as M i+2

Condylostylus pateraeformis species group

- Male wing with normal female-type venation Condylostylus burgeoni species group

9. Arista usually apical on triangular first flagellomere; m-cu often sinuous; arista usually
long, and more than half body length in females; male arista sometimes with apical
flag; fore tibia often with long setae 10

- Arista usually distinctly dorsal on subrectangular postpediceland rarely longer than
head width, or if apical or dorsoapical, then always with following characters: male
arista rarely with apical flag, tibial chaetotaxy often weak, especially on males; m-cu
usually straight 16

10. Vertical setae or hairs absent in both sexes, m-cu straight or slightly convex, pleura
usually yellow, postpedicelvery long, frons and face narrow, acrostichal setae weak and
short, all tibiae and first tarsomeres with strong bristles in both sexes; cercus simple

Gigantosciapus Grichanov

- Strong (at least in female) or hairlike vertical setae present, m-cu often sinuous,
postpedicelusually short, frons and face usually broad, acrostichal setae often long 11

11. Crossvein m-cu usually straight, 2 or 3 long acrostichal setae present, legs elongate,
with a few major setae, male fore tibia sometimes with strong curved posterior
subapical seta; cercus simple Amblypsilopus Bigot (part)

- Crossvein m-cu usually sinuouse; tibiae often with major setae; cercus usually deeply
forked 12

12. Frons highly polished metallic blue-green; male frons bare or with single weak vertical
seta only; male scape often swollen and vaselike; fore coxa with either 3 to 7 strong
lateral spine-like setae (stronger in females than males), or fore coxa with 3 strong
black distolateral setae Plagiozopelma Enderlein

- Vertex and frons usually with pruinosity; male frons often with hairs on lateral slope;
male scape rarely swollen and vaselike; fore coxa without strong lateral spine-like setae;
pedicel often with long ventral and dorsal setae (Chrysosoma Guerin-Meneville) 13

13. Male mid basitarsus and tibia without long setae Chrysosoma s.s.

- Males with very long posterior or posterodorsal setae on mid basitarsus and usually on
mid tibia 14

14. Male and female arista-like stylus strongly flattened and strap-like with hairlike apical
part Chrysosoma (Kalocheta Becker)

- Arista-like stylus simple Chrysosoma (Mesoblepharius Bigot)

15. Male cercus with distinctive sclerotized basal hook; male fore basitarsus flattened and
forming ventral cushion with dense pale pile; lateral scutellar absent 16

- Male cercus without sclerotized basal hook; other features various 17

16. Male with strong vertical seta; femora usually bare; cercus usually with apical brush of
long hairs; acrostichals short or absent; alula usually reduced Bickeliolus Grichanov

- Male with group of hairs laterally on frons; femora usually with long black ventral
hairs; cercus usually with short or long hairs, but without apical brush; 3 long
acrostichal setae; alula well developed Ethiosciapus Grichanov

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yj. Hypopygium globular, with basal foramen; face wide; 3 strong dorsocentral setae; male
fore basitarsus slightly broadened, with ventral pile Dytomyia Bickel

- Hypopygium various, usually with lateral foramen; face narrow; fore basitarsus usually
simple 18

18. Male usually with some anterior dorsocentrals weak and hairlike; vertical setae in
males usually strongly reduced, or lateral frons with dense hairs; female fore femora
rarely with strong basoventral setae; cercus usually simple . Amblypsilopus Bigot (part)

- 4 to 5 dorsocentrals, all strong in both sexes; strong vertical setae present either in both
sexes or in females only; proclinate vertical setae sometimes absent in males; cercus
usually with two strong ventral projections; female fore femora often with stout
basoventral setae Mascaromyia Bickel (part)

Remarks

1. Species groups in the genus Condylostylus are defined after Grichanov (2010I1).

2. Subgenera of Chrysosoma are defined after Grichanov (1995b, 1999b).

Key to afrotropical genera of Sympycninae (Figs. 274-302)

1. Antennal pedicel, seen on inside face, forming a more or less long thumb-like
projection into postpedicel; scape often with hairs above; arista-like stylus apical or
subapical; anepimeron in front of posterior spiracle and metepimeron with fine pale

hairs; female face bulging, in lateral view projecting beyond curvature of eye

Syntormon Loew

- Antennal pedicel simple, vase-like or globular, without thumb-like projection;
anepimeron and metepimeron bare (metepimeron in Campsicnemus, in front of
posterior spiracle, with fine hairs); arista-like stylus often distinctly dorsal; female face
usually not bulging, conforming with curvature of eyes 2

2. Abdomen broad, dorsoventrally flattened, and often short; face of both sexes narrowest
near middle, extending downward; metepimeron, in front of posterior spiracle, with
fine hairs; fore tibia without anterodorsal row of short setae on distal half; male fore
and/or mid leg often strongly modified Campsicnemus Haliday

- Abdomen usually cylindrical; face of both sexes parallel or gradually narrowed
ventrally; metepimeron bare; other features various 3

3. Acrostichal setae absent; last fore segments of all tarsi regularly decreasing in length ...4

- At least few distinct acrostichals, even though sometimes small 5

4. Mesonotum often yellow, with two large black or brown lateral spots

Sympycnus Loew (Group I)

- Mesonotum regularly dark, without black or brown lateral spots Nurteria Dyte et Smith

5. Mesonotum with two large mat-brown lateral spots; male tarsi unmodified

Lamprochromus Mik

- Mesonotum without mat-brown lateral spots; male tarsi often ornamented 6

6. Three or 4 pairs of strong dorsocentrals; male anterior tarsomeres rarely simple,
usually shortened, some of them often flattened or ornamented with processes, spines
or remarkable hairs; last four hind tarsomeres regularly decreasing in length; male
hind basitarsus often ornamented with remarkable setae or hairs; female clypeus
strongly bulging Telmaturgus Mik

- At least 5 pairs of strong dorsocentrals; fore tarsomeres usually simple or shortened,
rarely ornamented with remarkable hairs; last four hind tarsomeres of male usually
irregularly decreasing in length; male hind basitarsus rarely ornamented with
remarkable setae or hairs 7

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j. Two rather than one postverticals, strong ventral subapical seta on hind tibia, wing
veins 1*4+5 an d M i+2 slightly diverging rather than parallel, strongly oblique crossvein
m-cu forming acute (ca. 6o°) angle with CuAi; mid femur with ventral bristles in basal
part; male wing costa with long and thick stigma beyond Ri; epandrial foramen mostly
middorsal Teuchophorus Loew

- One postvertical seta; wing veins R4+5 and M i+2 parallel; epandrium with mostly left
basolateral foramen 8

8. Five pairs of strong dorsocentrals; two basal hind tarsomeres shortened; male hind
tarsomere 2 with apicoventral worm-like process; tarsomere 3 longer than 2; tarsomere
4 shorter than 3; female face narrow Chaetogonopteron De Meijere

- Usually 6, rarely 5 pairs of strong dorsocentrals; two basal hind tarsomeres not
shortened; male hind tarsomere 2 never having worm-like process 9

9. Proepisternum without setae, with microscopic hairs; male anterior tarsomeres simple;
male hind tarsomere 3 shorter than 2, often bearing one or more modified setae;
tarsomere 4 usually longer and thinner than 3, often polished; dorsal and ventral
surstyli separated Sympycnus (Group II)

- Proepisternum with seta; male anterior tarsomeres rarely simple, usually shortened;
last four hind tarsomeres regularly decreasing in length, simple; strong setae usually
present at end of anal wing lobe; dorsal and ventral surstyli fused almost to apex

Olegonegrobovia Grichanov

Remarks

1. Species groups in the genus Sympycnus are defined after Grichanov (2008c).

2. Sympycnine genus Micropygus keys also to Peloropeodinae (see key to the latter subfamily).

Key to afrotropical genera of Parathalassiinae

1. Postpedicel conical or pear-shaped, tapering apicad; prothoracic precoxal bridge partly
developed; acrostichal bristles uniserial at least behind, sometimes reduced; face wide
in both sexes, not narrowing in middle; postocular bristles uni- to biseriate; female 8 th
tergite not cleft Amphithalassius Ulrich

- Postpedicel globular or oval, broadly rounded at apex; prothorax without precoxal
bridge; acrostichals paired and flanked by accessory bristles; face moderately wide in
both sexes, more or less narrowing in middle; postocular bristles multiseriate; female
8 th tergite deeply cleft Plesiothalassius Ulrich

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Grichanov, I. Ya. 2004. Review of Afrotropical Dolichopodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). St.

Petersburg: VIZR RAAS: 1-244.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2005. Systematic notes on Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Tristan da Cunha.

Zoosystematica Rossica, 14(1): 171-172.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2006a. New genera and new combinations for afrotropical Dolichopodinae

(Dolichopodidae, Diptera). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 17(1): 23-34.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2006b. Systematic and faunistic notes on Afrotropical Chaetogonopteron De

Meijere (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 15(1): 167-168.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2008a. Systematic notes on Sciapodinae from Baltic amber and on

Dolichopodidae from Tanzanian copal (Diptera). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 4(1): 137-

139-
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2008b. Systematics of the genus Epithalassius Mik, 1891 (Diptera,

Dolichopodidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 4(1): 131-136.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2008c. Afrotropical Sympycnus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae).

International Journal of Dipterological Research, 19(1): 17-65.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2009a. Review of the genus Dolichophorus Lichtwardt, 1902 (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae, Medeterinae). Far Eastern Entomologist, 201: 1-16.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2009b. Systematics of the genus Euxiphocerus Parent 1935 (Diptera,

Dolichopodidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5(1): 127-131.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2010a. A checklist of afrotropical genera of the family Dolichopodidae

(Diptera). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 21(3): 203-218.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2010b. Aphasmaphleps, a new genus of long-legged flies from Senegal, with a

key to the genera of Afrotropical Diaphorinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). African Invertebrates

51(2): 405-412.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2010c. A new genus of Dolichopodini from Tropical Africa (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 21(3): 183-194.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 20iod. Species of the genus Argyrochlamys Lamb, 1922 (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 6(1): 113-115.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2010c Two new genera of Systenini from South Africa and Madagascar

(Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Medeterinae). International Journal of Dipterological Research,

21(1): 79-90.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 20iof. West-Palearctic species of the genus Neurigona Rondani (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). Russian Entomological Journal, 19(3): 249-256.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 20iog. Discovery of Griphophanes Grootaert & Meuffels and Nepalomyia

Hollis in the Afrotropical Region with a key to Afrotropical genera of Peloropeodinae (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). Zootaxa, 2668: 1-20.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 20ioh. A new species of Condylostylus Bigot, 1859 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

from Tanzania and a new generic synonym. Far Eastern Entomologist, 216: 1-10.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2010L Discovery of Xanthochlorus in the Afrotropical Region with a key to

species of the Xanthochlorus helvinus species group (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). International

Journal of Dipterological Research, 21(3): 219-223.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2011a. A key to the afrotropical genera of the subfamily Dolichopodinae with

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descriptions of newtaxa (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Far Eastern Entomologist, [230]: 1-36.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2011b. Three new genera of Medeterinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Old

World tropics and Australasia. Far Eastern Entomologist, 225: 1-16.
Grichanov, I. Ya. 2011c. Species of the genus Telmaturgus Mik, 1874 (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 7(2).
Grichanov, I. Ya., Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. & P. Grootaert. 2006. An annotated checklist of

Namibian Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with the description of a new species of Grootaertia and a

key to species of the genus. African Invertebrates, 47: 207-227.
Grichanov, I. Ya., Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. & P. Grootaert. 2011. New records of

Dolichopodidae from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Diptera: Empidoidea). CESA News

64: 12-22, 16 figs.
Grichanov, I. Ya. & M. B. Mostovski. 2008. Meuffelsia, a new genus of long-legged flies from

South Africa, with a key to Afrotropical peloropeodine and allied genera (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). African Invertebrates, 49(2): 159-170.
Grichanov, I. Ya. & M. B. Mostovski. 2009a. Long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) in

the collection of the Natal Museum: A review of C. H. Curran's types, new synonyms, and new

combinations. Zootaxa, 2194: 37-53.
Grichanov, I. Ya. & M. B. Mostovski. 2009b. Discovery of Systenus in the Afrotropical

Region with a description of a new species (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Zoosystematica Rossica,

18(2): 285-290.
Grichanov, I. Ya., Negrobov O. P. & O. V. Selivanova. 2011a. Keys to Palaearctic

subfamilies and genera of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera). CESA News, 62: 13-46, 195

figs.
Grichanov, I. Ya., Selivanova, O. V. & O. P. Negrobov. 2011b. A brief synopsis of

Palaearctic genera of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Ukrainska entomofaunistyka, 2(2):

11-40.
Grootaert, P. & I. Ya. Grichanov. 2008. A first record of Cymatopus (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae) from Madagascar with the description of a new species. Bulletin de I'Institut

Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Entomologie, 78: 275-278.
Grootaert, P. & H. J. G. Meuffels. 1997a. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea

XIV. Paramedetera, a new genus in the Medeterinae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11: 309-319.
Grootaert, P. & H. J. G. Meuffels. 1997b. Griphomyia (Diptera, Dolichopodidae,

Peloropeodinae) a new genus from southern Thailand. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 127(2),

107-114.
Lim, G. S., Hwang, W., Kutty, S. N., Meier, R. & P. Grootaert. 2010. Mitochondrial and

nuclear markers support the monophyly of Dolichopodidae and suggest a rapid origin of the

subfamilies (Diptera: Empidoidea). Systematic Entomology, 35: 59-70.
Maslova, O. O. & O. P. Negrobov. 2006. A review of species of the genus Machaerium

(Dolichopodidae, Diptera). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 17(2): 107-111.
Meuffels, H. J. G. & P. Grootaert. 1984. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea I:

The genus Cymatopus Kertesz with a discussion on Abatetia Miller and Cemocarus gen. nov.

Indo-Malay an Zoology , 1: 141-158.
Meuffels, H. & P. Grootaert. 2004. The genus Teuchophorus in South-east Asia and New

Guinea, description of new species, species groups and their phylogeny (Insecta, Diptera,

Dolichopodidae). Journal of Natural History , 38: 143-258.
Meuffels, H. & P. Grootaert. 2007. New longlegged flies (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) of

Seychelles. Phelsuma, 15: 28-62.
Meuffels, H. & P. Grootaert. 2009. Family Dolichopodidae. In: Gerlach, J. (Ed.). The Diptera

of the Seychelles islands. Sofia, Bulgaria and Moscow, Russia: Pensoft: 117-143.
Moulton, J. K. & B. M. Wiegmann. 2007. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the

superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43: 701-

713-
Naglis, S. M. 1999. A new species of Trigonocera Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from

tropical Africa. Studia Dipterologica, 6(2): 333-335.
Negrobov, O. P. 1977—1979. Dolichopodidae, Unterfamilie Hydrophorinae, Unterfamilie

Rhaphiinae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Stuttgart, IV, 29,

316 (1977), 319 (1978), 321-322 (1979): 354-530.

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Negrobov, O. P. 1991. Dolichopodidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic

Diptera. Volume 7. Dolichopodidae-Platypezidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest: 11-139.
Negrobov, O. P., Grootaert, P. & B. Coulibaly. 1987. Description d'une espece nouvelle du

genre Liancalus Loew, 1857 (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) du Zaire. Bulletin de I'lnstitut Royal des

Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Entomologie, 57: 157-159.
Parent, O. 1934. Additions a la faune ethiopienne (Dipteres: Dolichopodides). Bulletin de la

Societe Royale entomologique d'Egypte, 18: 112-138.
Parent, O. 1938. Dipteres Dolichopodides. In: Faune de France, 35. L'Academie des Sciences de

Paris, Paris: 1-720.
Rampini, L. 1982. Due nuovi Aphrosylus della Sierra Leone (Diptera, Dolichopodidae).

Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura, N. 255, Sezione: Missioni ed esplorazioni - VIII

(Ricerche biologiche in Sierra Leone): 41-46.
Rampini, L. & L. Munari. 1987. Due nuovi Aphrosylus Walk, afrotropicali (Diptera,

Dolichopodidae). Bollettino delMuseo civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 1986, 37: 99-106.
Runyon, J. B. & R. L. Hurley. 2003. Revision of the Nearctic species of Nepalomyia Hollis (=

Neurigonella Robinson) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae) with a world catalogue.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96(4): 403-414.
Selivanova, O. V., Negrobov, O. P. & D. Yang. 2010. Redescription of the holotype of

Lichtwardtia formosana (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with new data on its synonymy.

Zoosystematica Rossica, 19(1): 143-146.
Shamshev, I. V. 1993. A review of species of the genus Schistostoma Becker (Diptera,

Microphoridae) of the Ukraine, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie,

72(3): 684-697 [in Russian; English translation: Entomological Review, 1994, 73(4): 73-87].
Shamshev, I. V. & B. J. Sinclair. 2006. The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa,

with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. 1.: Microphorinae). African

Invertebrates, 47(2): 335-346.
Sinclair, B. J. & J. M. Cumming. 2006. The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and

classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera). Zootaxa, 1180: 1-172.
Stackelberg, A. A. 1931. Dolichopodidae der Deutschen Limnologischen Sunda-Expedition.

Archiv filr Hydrobiologie Supplementband, 8: 771-782.
Ulrich, H. 1981. Zur systematischen Gliederung der Dolichopodiden (Diptera). Bonner

Zoologische Beitrdge, 31 (1980): 385-402.
Ulrich, H. 1991. Two new genera of parathalassiine-like flies from South Africa (Diptera,

Empidoidea). Bonner Zoologische Beitrdge, 42: 187-216.
Vanschuytbroeck, P. 1976. Fam. Dolichopodidae. In: La Faune terrestre de l'lle de Sainte-

Helene (Troisieme Partie). Annales Musee Royal de YAfrique Centrale, Tervuren, ser. 8(215):

49-57-
Wang, M., Yang, D. & P. Grootaert. 2009. New species of Nepalomyia from China (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae). Zootaxa, 2162: 37-49.
Yang, D., Zhu, Y. J., Wang, M. Q. & L. L. Zhang. 2006. World catalog of Dolichopodidae

(Insecta: Diptera). China Agricultural University Press, Beijing: 1-704.
Zhang, L. & D. Yang. 2005. A study of the phylogeny of Dolichopodinae from the Palearctic and

Oriental Realms, with descriptions of three new genera (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Acta

Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30(1): 180-190.

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l. Achradocera africana Parent, 1934, male
habitus

2. Achradocera africana Parent, 1934, apex of
abdomen

3. Achradocera africana Parent, 1934, male

antenna 4 Achradocera africana Parent, 1934, wing

6. Aphasmaphleps bandia Grichanov, 2010,
apex of abdomen

5. Aphasmaphleps bandia Grichanov, 2010,
male habitus

Figs. 1-6 - Achradocera, Aphasmaphleps.

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y. Aphasmaphleps bandia Grichanov, 2010,
male head

8. Aphasmaphleps bandia Grichanov, 2010,
male wing

9. Argyra sp. (DR Congo), male habitus

10. Argyra sp. (DR Congo), male head

11. Argyra sp. (DR Congo), male wing

12. Argyra kireichuki Grichanov, 1998,
hvpopveium

13. Asyndetus virgatus Curran, 1926, male wing ^ Asyndetus virgatus Cu rran, 1926, apex of

abdomen
Figs. 7-14 - Aphasmaphleps, Argyra, Asyndetus.

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16. Asyndetus decaryi Parent, 1929, head

15. Asyndetus virgatus Curran, 1926, male
habitus

17. Chrysotus indifferens Curran, 1924, male l8 . chrysotus indifferens Curran, 1924, female
habitus head

19. Chrysotus indifferens Curran, 1924, wing

20. Chrysotus malachiticus Speiser, 1910, apex
of abdomen
Figs. 15-20 -Asyndetus, Chrysotus.

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21. Cryptophleps rothi Couturier, 1978, male
habitus

22. Cryptophleps rothi Couturier, 1978, head

23. Cryptophleps rothi Couturier, 1978, wing

24. Cryptophleps rothi Couturier, 1978, apex of
abdomen

26. Dactylonotus univittatus (Loew, 1858), head

25. Dactylonotus univittatus (Loew, 1858), male
habitus

Figs. 21-26 - Cryptophleps, Dactylonotus.

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27. Dactylonotus rudebecki Vanschuytbroeck,
i960, wing

28. Dactylonotus grandicornis Parent, 1934,
apex of abdomen

H

30. Diaphorus lawrencei Curran, 1926, male
head

29. Diaphorus lawrencei Curran, 1926, male
habitus, in alcohol

31. Diaphorus insufficiens Curran, 1925, wing

32. Diaphorus brunneus Loew, 1858, apex of
abdomen
Figs. 27-32 - Dactylonotus, Diaphorus.

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33. Nurteria bicolor (Parent, 1934), male
habitus

35. Nurteria bicolor (Parent, 1934), male wing

36. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov, 2011,
male body in alcohol

37. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov, 2011,
wing

38. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov, 2011,
hypopygium
Figs. 33-38 - Nurteria, Shamshevia.

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39. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov, 2011,
male antenna

40. Trigonocera munroi (Curran, 1926), wing

41. Trigonocera munroi (Curran, 1926), male

habitus 42 Trigonocera munroi (Curran, 1926), head

43. Trigonocera munroi (Curran, 1926), apex of
abdomen

44. Urodolichus Iambi Grichanov, 1998, male
habitus

46. Urodolichus Iambi Grichanov, 1998,
hypopygium

45. Urodolichus Iambi Grichanov, 1998, wing

Figs. 39-46 - Shamshevia, Trigonocera, Urodolichus.

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f

0,2 mm

/ T

47. Urodolichus Iambi Grichanov, 1998, head

48. Afrohercostomus natalensis Grichanov,
2010, male habitus

0.2 mm

49. Afrohercostomus natalensis Grichanov,
2010, antenna

50. Afrohercostomus natalensis Grichanov,
2010, wing

i w

H^

""■f p

0.2 mm

51. Afrohercostomus natalensis Grichanov,
2010, hypopygium

^-"^ *-"

52. Afroparaclius thompsoni (Grichanov, 2004),
hypopygium (a) and male wing (b).
Figs. 47-52 - Urodolichus, Afrohercostomus, Afroparaclius.

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53. Afropelastoneurus sp. (DR Congo), male 54- Afropelastoneurus martius (Grichanov,

habitus 2004), hypopygium (a) and male wing (b).

56. Afropelastoneurus sp. (DR Congo), male
wing

55. Afropelastoneurus sp. (DR Congo), male
head

0*2 mm

?A (A

\ 4mB?«. ' ■ *

K 9

w*

58. Apelastoneurus gabonensis (Grichanov,
57. Apelastoneurus gabonensis (Grichanov, 2004), male head

2004), male habitus

Figs. 53-58 - Afropelastoneurus, Apelastoneurus.

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59. Apelastoneurus gabonensis (Grichanov,
2004), male wing

60. Apelastoneurus gabonensis (Grichanov,
2004), hypopygium

62. Argyrochlamys angolensis Grichanov, 2004,
hypopygium

61. Argyrochlamys impudicus Lamb, 1922,
female habitus

63. Argyrochlamys angolensis Grichanov, 2004, ^ Argyrochlamys angolensis Grichanov, 2004,
male antenna male wing

65. Dolichopus afroungulatus Grichanov, 2004,

wing

66. Dolichopus afroungulatus Grichanov, 2004,
hypopygium
Figs. 59-66 - Apelastoneurus, Argyrochlamys, Dolichopus.

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68. Dolichopus afroungulatus Grichanov, 2004,
male head

67. Dolichopus festivus Haliday, 1832, male
habitus

70. Hercostomus patellitarsis (Parent, 1934),
male head

69. Hercostomus patellitarsis (Parent, 1934),
male habitus

Figs. 67-70 - Dolichopus, Hercostomus.

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71. Hercostomus patellitarsis (Parent, 1934),
male wing

72. Hercostomus perturbus Curran, 1924,
postabdomen

73. Katangaia ethiopiensis (Grichanov, 2004),

wing 74. Katangaia ethiopiensis (Grichanov, 2004),

hypopygium

75. Lichtwardtia angularis (Macquart, 1842),
male habitus

76. Lichtwardtia fractinervis (Parent, 1929),
head

77. Lichtwardtia sukharevae Grichanov, 1998,
wing

78. Lichtwardtia angularis (Macquart, 1842),
hypopygium
Figs. 71-78 - Hercostomus, Katangaia, Lichtwardtia.

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8o. Neohercostomus manningi Grichanov, 2011,
antenna

79. Neohercostomus silvicola Grichanov, 2011,
male habitus

81. Neohercostomus ashleyi Grichanov, 2011,
wing

82. Neohercostomus ashleyi Grichanov, 2011,
hypopygium

83. Pseudargyrochlamys barracloughi
(Grichanov, 2004), head

84. Pseudargyrochlamys barracloughi
(Grichanov, 2004), wing

85. Pseudargyrochlamys michaeli (Grichanov,
2004), hypopygium
Figs. 79-85 - Neohercostomus, Pseudargyrochlamys.

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86. Pseudargyrochlamys barracloughi
(Grichanov, 2004), male habitus

87. Pseudohercostomus echinatus (Stackelberg,
1931), male habitus

88. Pseudohercostomus echinatus (Stackelberg,
1931), wing

89. Pseudohercostomus echinatus (Stackelberg,
1931), apex of abdomen

90. Pseudoparaclius afer (Curran, 1926), wing n , ,. ,. ,.. ,„ ,.

r ° 91. Pseudoparaclius funditor (Curran, 1926J,

hypopygium

Figs. 86-91 - Pseudargyrochlamys, Pseudohercostomus, Pseudoparaclius.

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93. Pseudoparaclius funditor (Curran, 1926),
male head

92. Pseudoparaclius funditor (Curran, 1926),
male habitus

95. Pseudopelastoneurus diversifemur (Parent,
/ !935)> apex of abdomen

94. Pseudopelastoneurus diversifemur (Parent,
!935)> male habitus

Figs. 92-95 - Pseudoparaclius, Pseudopelastoneurus.

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97. Pseudopelastoneurus diversifemur (Parent,
1935), male wing

96. Pseudopelastoneurus diversifemur (Parent,
!935)> male head

98. Sybistroma bogoria (Grichanov, 2004),
male habitus

99. Sybistroma bogoria (Grichanov, 2004),
head

100. Sybistroma bogoria (Grichanov, 2004),

wing

101. Sybistroma bogoria (Grichanov, 2004),
hypopygium
Figs. 96-101 - Pseudopelastoneurus, Sybistroma.

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102. Tachy trechus pteropodus Schiner, 1868,
male habitus

104. Tachytrechus imperator Curran, 1927,
wing

106. Aphrosylus sp. (South Africa), male
habitus

103. Tachytrechus luteicoxa Parent, 1929,
head

105. Tachytrechus bracteatus
(Wiedemann,i830), hypopygium

107. Aphrosylus sp. (South Africa), male head
Figs. 102-107 - Tachytrechus, Aphrosylus.

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108. Cemocarus griseatus (Curran, 1926),
male habitus

109. Cemocarus stuckenbergi Grichanov,
1997, head

110. Cemocarus stuckenbergi Grichanov,
1997, wing

111. Cemocarus griseatus (Curran, 1926),
hypopygium

113. Cymatopus stuckenbergi (Grootaert &
Grichanov 2008), wing

112. Cymatopus stuckenbergi (Grootaert &
Grichanov 2008), male habitus

Figs. 108-113 - Cemocarus, Cymatopus.

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114. Cymatopus stuckenbergi (Grootaert &
Grichanov 2008), hypopygium

115. Epithalassius corsicanus Becker, 1910,
wing

116.

Epithalassius corsicanus Becker, 1910,

male habitus 117. Epithalassius corsicanus Becker, 1910, head

118. Epithalassius corsicanus Becker, 1910,
hypopygium

119. Hydatostega carmichaeli (Walker,
1849), head
Figs. 114-119 - Cymatopus, Epithalassius, Hydatostega.

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121. Hydatostega christopherseni (Frey,
1954), wing

120. Hydatostega carmichaeli (Walker,
1849), male habitus

122. Hydatostega tristanensis (Macquart,
1847), male genital appendages

124. Hydrophorus spinicornis Loew, 1858,
male head

123. Hydrophorus spinicornis Loew, 1858,
male habitus

Figs. 120—124 — Hydatostega, Hydrophorus.

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125. Hydrophorus spinicornis Loew, 1858,
wing

126. Hydrophorus spinicornis Loew, 1858,
apex of hypopygium

127. Liancalus vaillanti Dyte, 1967, male habitus 128. Liancalus peringueyi Curran, 1926, head

129. Liancalus peringueyi Curran, 1926, wing

130. Liancalus vaillanti Dyte, 1967,
postabdomen

'

^^^1

qfrV ^PK^HHP^

'■■ v

-*

V

0.1 mm

132. Machaerium thinophilum (Loew, 1857),
postabdomen

131. Machaerium thinophilum (Loew, 1857),
male habitus

Figs. 125-132 - Hydrophorus, Liancalus, Machaerium.

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134. Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli, 1763),
male habitus

133. Machaerium thinophilum (Loew, 1857),
male head

!35- Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli, 1763),
antenna

136. Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli, 1763),
wing

137. Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli, 1763), 138. Thinophilus bipunctatus Curran, 1926, wing
hypopygium
Figs. 133—138 — Machaerium, Orthoceratium, Thinophilus.

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140.

Thinophilus imperialis (Curran, 1924),
head

Thinophilus munroi Curran, 1926, male
habitus

141. Thinophilus ciliventris Grichanov, 1997,

abdomen 142. Corindia verschureni Grichanov, 1998, wing

144. Corindia verschureni Grichanov, 1998, head
143. Corindia verschureni Grichanov, 1998, male

habitus

Figs. 139-144 - Thinophilus, Corindia.

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145- Corindia verschureni Grichanov, 1998, ^6. Craterophorus currani Grichanov, 1998,
1 • wins

hypopygmm &

147. Craterophorus currani Grichanov,
1998, male habitus

148. Craterophorus currani Grichanov, 1998,
head

149. Craterophorus currani Grichanov, 1998,
hypopygium

150. Demetera demeteri (Grichanov, 1997),
hypopygium

D.5 mm

151. Dolichophorus friedmani Grichanov, 2009,

antenna

152. Dolichophorus friedmani Grichanov, 2009,

wing

Figs. 145-152 - Corindia, Craterophorus, Demetera, Dolichophorus.

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iS4.Dolichophorus luteoscutatus (Parent, 1936),
hypopygium

153. Dolichophorus friedmani Grichanov,
2009, male habitus

155. Euxiphocerus savannensis Grichanov,
2009, male habitus

156. Euxiphocerus savannensis Grichanov,
2009, male antenna

157. Euxiphocerus savannensis Grichanov,
2009, wing

fr

159. Grootaertia irwini Grichanov, 2000, wing
158. Euxiphocerus savannensis Grichanov, 2009,
hypopygium
Figs. 153-159 - Dolichophorus, Euxiphocerus, Grootaertia.

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160. Grootaertia kuznetsovi Grichanov,
1999, male habitus

161. Grootaertia brevipennis Grichanov, 2000,
head

162. Grootaertia skorpionensis Grichanov, 2006, 163. Grootaertia skorpionensis Grichanov, 2006,
hypopygium, left lateral aspect hypopygium, right lateral aspect

i64.Medeterella pospelovi (Grichanov, 1997), l65 Parame detera sierraleonensis Grichanov,
apex of hypopygium 1999> hypopygium laterally and ventrally

Figs. 160-165 - Grootaertia, Medeterella, Paramedetera.

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167. Medetera maynei Curran, 1925, head

166. Medetera penura Curran, 1926, male
habitus

169. Medetera cimbebasia Grichanov, 2000,
168. Medetera vaalensis Grichanov, 2000, hypopygium

wing

170. Nikitella vikhrevi Grichanov, 2011, male

171. Nikitella vikhrevi Grichanov, 2011, head
Figs. 166-171 - Medetera, Nikitella.

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172. Nikitella vikhrevi Grichanov, 2011, wing

YJ2>-Nikitella vikhrevi Grichanov, 2011,
postabdomen

174. Saccopheronta arnaudi Negrobov,

Vanschuytbroecket Grichanov, 1981, male , ..

habitus 1 ^" Saccopheronta caffra (Curran, 1927), head

176. Saccopheronta caffra (Curran, 1927), wing

177. Saccopheronta glabra Negrobov,

Vanschuytbroeck et Grichanov, 1981,

hypopygium

i 7 8.Systenomorphus katyushae Grichanov, ^9- Systenomorphus katyushae Grichanov,

2010, male antenna

2010, female antenna

Figs. 172—179 — Nikitella, Saccopheronta, Systenomorphus.

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Systenomorphus katyushae Grichanov,
2010, wing

181. Systenomorphus katyushae Grichanov,
2010, postabdomen

0,3 mm

182. Systenoneurus ovechkinae Grichanov,
2010, male antenna

183. Systenoneurus ovechkinae Grichanov,
2010, female antenna

184. Systenoneurus ovechkinae Grichanov,
2010, wing

185. Systenoneurus ovechkinae Grichanov,
2010, postabdomen
Figs. 180-185 - Systenomorphus, Systenoneurus.

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186. Systenus africanus Grichanov, 2009,
male habitus

187. Systenus africanus Grichanov, 2009,
antenna, wing and hypopygium

188. Thrypticus kataevi Grichanov, 1998, male

habitus x ^9- Thrypticus kataevi Grichanov, 1998, head

190. Thrypticus kataevi Grichanov, 1998,
wing

191. Thrypticus kataevi Grichanov, 1998,
hypopygium
Figs. 186-191 - Systenus, Thrypticus.

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193. Tenuopus acrosticalis Curran, 1927, head

192. Tenuopus maculatus Parent, 1931, male
habitus

194. Tenuopus acrosticalis Curran, 1927, wing

195. Tenuopus taitensis Grichanov, 2000,
hypopygium

196. Acropsilus brevitalus (Parent, 1937),
male habitus

Figs. 192-197 - Tenuopus, Acropsilus

197. Acropsilus brevitalus (Parent, 1937), head

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198. Acropsilus brevitalus (Parent, 1937),
wing

199. Acropsilus brevitalus (Parent, 1937),
hypopygium

200. Griphophanes congoensis Grichanov,
2010, male habitus

201. Griphophanes congoensis Grichanov,
2010, head

202. Griphophanes garambaensis
Grichanov, 2010, wing

203. Griphophanes garambaensis Grichanov,
2010, hypopygium, right lateral aspect
Figs. 198-203 - Acropsilus, Griphophanes.

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205. Meuffelsia erasmusorum Grichanov, 2008,
204. Meuffelsia erasmusorum Grichanov, antenna and wing

2008, male habitus

206. Meuffelsia erasmusorum Grichanov, 207. Micromorphus aristalis (Curran, 1926),

2008, hypopygium female holotype habitus

— . » ■*> »■ ■■»»» •» ■ * ■» ' »*'

208. Micromorphus aristalis (Curran, 1926),

wing

209. Micromorphus M . maraisi Grichanov,
2000, antenna

211. Nepalomyia kotrbae Grichanov, 2010, wing

210. Micromorphus maraisi Grichanov,
2000, hypopygium

Figs. 204-211 - Meuffelsia, Micromorphus, Nepalomyia.

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213. Nepalomyia kotrbae Grichanov, 2010, head

1

O.l mm

214. Nepalomyia kotrbae Grichanov, 2010,
hypopygium (after maceration)

212. Nepalomyia kotrbae Grichanov, 2010,
male habitus (after maceration)

215. Peloropeodes niger (Curran, 1926), female
holotype habitus

216. Peloropeodes decembris Grichanov, 2000,
head
Figs. 212—216 — Nepalomyia, Peloropeodes.

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217. Peloropeodes decembris Gnchanov, 2000, ^^Tr. 7 j j l • /-. • x.

1 r 218. Peloropeodes decembris Gnchanov, 2000,

wing ^ , .

hypopygium

219. Rhaphium currani (Parent, 1939), male
habitus Vanschuytbroeck, 1951), hypopygium

220. Rhaphium sexsetosum (Vanschuytbroeck,
1951), hypopygium

222.

221.

1. Rhaphium shamshevi Grichanov, 1995,

Rhaphium shamshevi Grichanov, 1995, °

head

Figs. 217—222 — Peloropeodes, Rhaphium.

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224. Amblypsilopus stuckenbergorum (Irwin,
1974), head

223. Amblypsilopus stuckenbergorum (Irwin,
1974), male habitus

225. Amblypsilopus tenuicauda (Parent, 1936),
wing

226. Amblypsilopus rosaceus (Wiedemann,
1824), hypopygium

227. Bickelia parallela (Macquart, 1842), .

male habitus 2 Bickelia parallela (Macquart, 1842), head

Figs. 223—228 — Amblypsilopus, Bickelia.

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229. Bickelia parallela (Macquart, 1842),
wing

230. Bickelia parallela (Macquart, 1842),
hypopygium

232. Bickeliolus trochanteralis (Curran, 1924),
head

231. Bickeliolus trochanteralis (Curran, 1924),
male habitus

233. Bickeliolus trochanteralis (Curran,
1924), wing

234. Bickeliolus maslovae (Grichanov, 1996),
hypopygium
Figs. 229—234 — Bickelia, Bickeliolus.

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235. Chrysosoma tricrinitum Parent, 1933,
male habitus

236. Chrysosoma villiersi (Vanschuytbroeck,
1970), male head

237. Chrysosoma villiersi (Vanschuytbroeck,
1970), male wing

238. Chrysosoma villiersi (Vanschuytbroeck,
1970), female head

'

*,

1

1 *.

fc

'

I

'

V

WJF^i

0.2

mm

*

I

239. Chrysosoma mesotrichum (Bezzi, 240. Condylostylus erroneus Grichanov, 2003,

1908), hypopygium

male habitus

Figs. 235-240 - Chrysosoma, Condylostylus.

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242. Condylostylus erroneus Grichanov, 2003,
male wing

24i.Condylostylus erroneus Grichanov, 2003,
male head

243. Condylostylus erroneus Grichanov, 2003,
hypopygium

244. Dytomyia deconinckae Grichanov, 1998,
hypopygium laterally

246. Ethiosciapus flavirostris (Loew,
i858),wing

245. Dytomyia deconinckae Grichanov,
1998, cercus ventrally

Figs. 241-246 - Condylostylus, Dytomyia, Ethiosciapus.

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248. Ethiosciapus finitimus (Parent, 1939), head

249. Ethiosciapus bicalcaratus (Parent, 1933),
hypopygium

247. Ethiosciapus finitimus (Parent, 1939),
male habitus

251. Gigantosciapus africanus (Parent, 1933),
male antenna

252. Gigantosciapus africanus (Parent, 1933),
male wing

250. Gigantosciapus africanus (Parent, 1933),
male habitus

Figs. 247-252 - Ethiosciapus, Gigantosciapus.

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253-

Gigantosciapus africanus (Parent, 1933),
hypopygium

254. Mascaromyia leptogaster (Thomson,
1869), male habitus

255. Mascaromyia leptogaster (Thomson,
1869), head

256. Mascaromyia leptogaster (Thomson,
1869), wing

257. Mascaromyia leptogaster (Thomson,
1869), hypopygium

258. Mesorhaga demeyeri Grichanov, 1998,
head
Figs. 253-258 - Gigantosciapus, Mascaromyia, Mesorhaga.

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259-

Mesorhaga demeyeri Grichanov, 1998,
male habitus

jf

r .-■■

U-vfl

VI

262. Parentia substenura Grichanov, 1999,
male habitus

260. Mesorhaga demeyeri Grichanov, 1998,
wing

261. Mesorhaga demeyeri Grichanov, 1998,
ypopygium

263. Parentia angustipennis (Loew, 1858),
antenna

264. Parentia angustipennis (Loew, 1858),
wing

265. Parentia substenura Grichanov, 1999,
hypopygium
Figs. 259-265 - Mesorhaga, Parentia.

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267. Plagiozopelma daveyi (Parent, 1939), male
head

268. Plagiozopelma daveyi (Parent, 1939), wing

266. Plagiozopelma bequaerti (Curran, 1926),
male habitus

269. Plagiozopelma daveyi (Parent, 1939),
hypopygium

270. Sciapus endrodyi Grichanov, 1997, male 271. Sciapus endrodyi Grichanov, 1997, head
habitus (in alcohol) (in alcohol)

Figs. 266-271 - Plagiozopelma, Sciapus.

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O.Z mm

272. Sciapus endrodyi Grichanov, 1997, wing

273. Sciapus endrodyi Grichanov, 1997,
hypopygium

275. Campsicnemus sp. (St. Helena), male head

274. Campsicnemus sp. (St. Helena), male
habitus

276. Campsicnemus coffer Curran, 1926,
wing

277. Campsicnemus yangi Grichanov, 1998,
hypopygium
Figs. 272—277 — Sciapus, Campsicnemus.

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III

ll \ \

Oil

ft ^

2.79. Chaetogonopteron nectar ophagum (Curran,
1924), head

278. Chaetogonopteron nectarophagum
(Curran, 1924), male habitus

280. Chaetogonopteron nectarophagum
(Curran, 1924), wing

28i.Chaetogonopteron nectarophagum (Curran, 282 - Lamprochromus belousovi (Grichanov,
1924), hypopygium 2 ° o8 )> hypopygium

„ ■ ■ m» a j » * »TgiJr > W HWW » ■ »■

283. Olegonegrobovia longicauda Grichanov,

2000, antenna

284. Olegonegrobovia barkalovi Grichanov,

1995, wing

Figs. 278-284 - Chaetogonopteron, Lamprochromus, Olegonegrobovia.

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.

SN

(

285. Olegonegrobovia longicauda Grichanov,
2000, male habitus

287. Sympycnus caffer Loew, 1858, male
habitus

289. Sympycnus caffer Loew, 1858, wing

288. Sympycnus caffer Loew, 1858, male head 290. Sympycnus davidyani Grichanov, 2008,

hypopygium
Figs. 285-290 - Olegonegrobovia, Sympycnus.

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292. Syntormon madagascarensis Grichanov,
2001, head

2gi.Syntormon madagascarensis Grichanov,
2001, male habitus

293. Syntormon coffer Curran, 1925, wing

294. Syntormon tamatave Grichanov, 2001,
hypopygium

295- Telmaturgus congensis Grichanov, 2 ? 6 - Telmaturgus congensis Grichanov, 2011

2011, male habitus

head

Figs. 291—296 — Syntormon, Telmaturgus.
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•

297. Telmaturgus congensis Grichanov, 2011,
wing

298. Telmaturgus congensis Grichanov, 2011,
hypopygium

299. Teuchophorus caprivi Grichanov, 2000,
male habitus

300. Teuchophorus caprivi Grichanov, 2000,
head

301. Teuchophorus caprivi Grichanov, 2000,
male wing

302. Teuchophorus caprivi Grichanov, 2000,
hypopygium
Figs. 297-302 - Telmaturgus, Teuchophorus.

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&£.

0,2 mm

wftr' ','.

f m •£ u * m j\

p.

%Ll

/

*

.

0,1 mm

304. Xanthochlorus kustovi Grichanov, 2010,
hypopygium

303. Xanthochlorus kustovi Grichanov, 2010,
male head

305. Xanthochlorus kustovi Grichanov, 2010, wing
Figs. 303-305 - Xanthochlorus.

98

Priamus Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara Supplement

Number 24 16 09 2011 ISSN 1015-8243

Priamus & Priamus Supplement ISSN 1015-8243

Priamus is the first international serial publication of the Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara (CESA), established
in 1981. It appears in volumes at irregular intervals. It includes shorter original articles of the research workers of the
Centre, regarding taxonomy, nomenclature, morphology, bibliography, check-list, catalogue of Insects, especially
Lepidoptera, as well as papers on faunistic, ecological and distributional researches. The publication languages are
Turkish, English, German and Uighurian.

Priamus Supplement is the first international, online publication of the Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara
(CESA), established in 2006 in accordance with the Publications Rules of the ICZN. It appears at irregular intervals as
PDF format and announced in the internet site of the CESA. It includes larger original articles and theses of the
research workers of the Centre, regarding morphology, bibliography, check-list, catalogue of Insects, especially
Lepidoptera, as well as papers on faunistic, ecological and distributional researches. The publication languages are
Turkish, English, German and Uighurian.

Centre for B\A,tovviolDP)ical Studies, Av^iarix

(A scientific Consortium)
(co-operation of research workers for pure-scientific, not commercial purpose)

Web Page of the Cesa: http://www.cesa-tr.org/

Scientific Serials: Priamus & Supplement (ISSN 1015-8243) 2 , Miscellaneous Papers (ISSN 1015-8235) 3 ,
Memoirs (ISSN-8227) DVD Films , Iconographia Insectorum Cesa Publications on African Lepidoptera (series) , Cesa News
[online] 8 , Cesa Books 9

Owners / Sahipleri - Editors / Yayincilar: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Omer Kocak (c/o Yiiziincii Yil University, Turkey) - Editor Assistent:
Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhabbet Kemal Kocak (c/o Yiiziincii Yil University, Turkey).

Editorial Board of all Scientific Serials / Biitiin Bilimsel Yayinlarm Yayin Kurulu: Insecta, taxonomy, nomenclature, ecology,
faunistics: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Omer Kocak (Yuziincii Yil Universitesi, Turkey), Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhabbet Kemal Kocak (Yiiziincii Yil
University, Turkey), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selma Seven (Gazi University, Turkey); Homoptera: Dr. Emine Demir (Turkey). Orthoptera:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Unal (Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey), Asst. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Hiiseyinoglu (Mersin University,
Turkey), Asst. Prof. Dr. Yasar Giilmez (Gazi Osman Pasa University, Tokat). Coleoptera / Chrysomelidae: Assoc. Prof.
M.S.Mohammedsaid (Malaysia). - Plant taxonomy, flora and vegetation: Asst. Prof. Dr. Fevzi Ozgokce, Asst. Prof. Dr. Mural Unal
(Yiiziincii Yil University, Van, Turkey).

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Correspondences should be addressed to: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Omer Kocak, c/o Yiiziincii Yil University, Fen
Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Boliimu, Kampus, Van / Turkey. - e-mail: cesa tr@yahoo.com.tr

All serials are recorded regularly by the Zoological Record,
Thomson Reuters, Enterprise House, Innovation Way, Heslington, York, YOlO 5NY, United Kingdom

ts-emea-york.dcsadmins(S thomson.com

Cesa ©1966-2011

- http://www.cesa-tr.org/Pri.htm - earlier issues of Priamus as pdf available after corresponding ; Priamus Supplement (online) pdf
available

3 http://www.cesa-tr.org/Miscell.htm - earlier issues as pdf available after corresponding

4 http://www.cesa-tr.org/Memoirs.htm - pdf available

5 http://www.cesa-tr.org/CDF.htm

6 http://www.cesa-tr.org/Icon.htm

7 http://www.metafro.be/Members/Cesa/internet savfas.^OR/base view - pdf available
8 http://www.cesa-tr.org/Cesanews.htm pdf available

» http://www.cesa-tr.org/Cesabooks.htm CD format

99