Democratic Kampuchea is moving forward.

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DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA

IS MOVING FORWARD

Ince, sbVefisignty and
prosperous Democratic

DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA

The State of Kampuchea is an independent, united, peaceful, neutral, non-aligned ,
sovereign and democratic State in her territorial integrity.

The State of Kampuchea is the State of the wokers . peasants and other labourers
of Kampuchea.

The official name of the State of Kampuchea is: DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA.

The National Day is celebrated on April 17th, commemorating the Glorious
Victory of April 17th, 1975 and the founding of Democratic Kampuchea.

NATIONAL FLAG

The National Flag of Democratic Kampuchea has the
following form and meaning:

The ground colour is red with a yellow three-tower mo-
nument in the. centre.

The red ground colour symbolizes the revolutionary
movement, the resolute and valiant struggle of the people of
Kampuchea for national liberation and nationel defence and.
edification .

The monument in yellow colour symbolizes the national
tradition and the people of Kampuchea who defend and edify
a more and more glorious country.

NATIONAL ARMORIAL BEARINGS

The National Armorial Bearings are represented by a
system of dikes and irrigation canals symbolizing modern agri-
culture, and factory symbolizing industry, enclosed within
two garlanded sheaves of paddy, and bearing below the in-
scription : « DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA)*.

NATIONAL ANTHEM: « GLORIOUS APRIL 17 th »

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LENTO

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MAESTOSO

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FORTISSIMO

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ni train iai: a tni ju u]n 1 mi n ajuj

1 - Bright red Blood which covers towns

and plains
Of Kampuchea, our Motherland,
Sublime Blood of workers and peasants,
Sublime Blood of revolutionary men
and women fighters I

2 - The Blood changing into unrelenting

hatred
And resolute struggle,
On April 17th, under the Flag of the

Revolution ,
Frees from slavery I

R efrain

Long live , long live Glorious April

17th I
Glorious Victory with greater
signification
Than the times of Angkor I

3 - We are uniting to edify

Splendid and democratic new Kampuchea

and new society
With equality and justice.
Firmly applying the line of

independence, sovereignty
And self-reliance.
Let us resolutely defend
Our Motherland, our sacred Soil
And our Glorious Revolution I

Refrain

Long live, long live, long live,
Democratic and prosperous new Kampuchea I
Let us resolutely raise high
The red Flag of the Revolution I
Let us edify our Motherland I
Let us make her advance with great leaps,
So that She will be more glorious and
more marvellous than ever I

(non versified translation)

GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

LOCATION AND AREA

Democratic Kampuchea is situated in the
South East Asia, roughly between 10 and 15
degrees of North Latitude and between 102
and 108 degrees of East Longitude . The area
is estimated at 181.035 square kilometers.lt
extends over a distance of 540 kilometers from
North to South and of 570 kilometers from
West to East.

It is bordered in the West and North by
the Kingdom of Thailand .in the North by the
Lao People's Democratic Republic , in the East
by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In the
South West, it is bordered by 460 kilometers
of sea coast , including many dozens of islands ,
such as KohKong, KohTang, KohWay.Koh
Tonsay, ...
RELIEF

Democratic Kampuchea is an old marine
gulf filled up by the alluviums of the Mekong
river and the volcanic rise during the quaternary
era. This geological formation explains the
presence of sandy or granito-basaltic soils
( called red soils ) in the mountainous massifs
covered with dense forests and in the table-
lands, of sandy clay soils in the plains and
very fertile alluvial soils along the banks of
the Mekong river and lakes.

The relief of Kampuchea has the form
of a wash-basin orientated from North-west
to South-east. It is bound to the South by
the sea , and to the South-west and West by
table-lands and ranges of mountains ( ranges
of Cardamones and ranges of Elephant at the
medium height of 1 .000 meters with the highest
peak being that of Aural at 1.813 meters),
to the North ( ranges of Dangrek at the medium
height of 700 meters ) ■ to the North-east and
to the East ( table-lands of Rattanakiri, Haut-
Chhlong and Mondulkiri ) . The Southeastern
part is flat and taken up by the valley of the
Mekong river.

The center of the wash-basin is taken
up by the plain of the Mekong river and that
of the Great Lakes.

The Mekong river runs across Democratic
Kampuchea from the North to the South at
500 kilometers long. It is a majestic river of
which the width can reach 3 kilometers at
certain places. It is navigable in all year round
from the city of Krati6 in a distance of 300
kilometers. In front of the capital Phnom Penh,
the Mekong river is divided into two branches :
the first holds its original name, the second
is called Bassac . It is also at this place where
the Mekong river meets the Tonle Sap river
and joints it to the Great Lakes. The subdivision
of the Mekong river into two branches and
its junction with the Tonle Sap river form a
big X which is called « Chakdomuk » or « Four
Arms » made up by the high Mekong to the
North-east, the low Mekong to the South-east,
the Bassac to the South-west and the Tonle Sap
river to the North-west.*

The Great Lakes constitute in the North-
western part of the country, an immense natural
water reservoir and overflow of 1 50 kilometers
long and 35 kilometers wide, covering an
area of 3.000 square kilometers at a depth of
2 meters during the low water. But during the
high water, this area passes beyond 10.000
square kilometers and the water depth reaches
14 meters.

The Tonle Sap, a river of 136 kilometers
long and 500 meters wide joins the Great Lakes
to the Mekong river. In rainy-season, at the
rising of water , the water of the Mekong river
flows into the Great Lakes. In dry-season,
at the fall of water, the water of the Great
Lakes springs backwards into the Mekong river.
The Tonle Sap offers then this particularity of
having a current which changes the direction
twice a year with the rising and the fall of
the Mekong river.

CLIMATE

Situated in the tropical zone and subject
to the action of monsoons, Democratic Kam-
puchea has a hot and humid climate. The
average temperature of the hottest months is
30°C , that of the coolest months is 26<>C . The

DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA

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Monument of Angkor Wat
( First half of the 12 th century )

Bas-relief of the Monument of Bantei Srey
( 967-A.C. )

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year is divided into 3 seasons : a rainy season ,
hot and humid, from mid-May to October ; a
dry and fresh season from November to Fe-
bruary ( minimum 16°C ) ; a dry and hot season
from March to mid-May ( maximum 40°C )

ECONOMY

Democratic Kampuchea is essentially an
agricultural country. The main culture is rice
which constitutes the basic food of the po-
pulation . Among the cereals and oleaginous
plants there are corn, beans, peanuts, soy-
bean,... and numerous varieties of potatoes,
sweet potatoes, manioc. Fruits and vegetables
are abundant. Tea, coffee and pepper are also
cultivated. The principal industrial cultures
are: rubber, coconut, cotton, sugar cane, jute,
kapok, tabacco, grass cloth, mulberry for
silk-worms . . .

The forests in Democratic Kampuchea
are among the most beautiful forests in the
Southeast Asia and have the best species of
trees. The animal life is represented by the
herds of wild elephants, bovines, different
kinds of deers, civet-cats, squirrels,...

Rivers and lakes are very rich in fishes
and fresh-water crayfishes. Sea coasts are
also full of fishes.

The minerals have still been not much
exploited .

Geographical survey (continued...)

There are iron , coal , bauxite, phosphate, kaolin ,
gold, precious stones marble, lime...

POPULATION

Since always t the people of Kampuchea
live in the present territory. Since morertffan
two thousand years they have their political
and economical entity, their history, their
traditions, their culture, their civilization, their
art •

The marvellous monuments of Angkor
considered by the whole Humanity as one
of the master - pieces over the world, give
the resounding evidence of the brilliant civili-

zation and the creative spirit of the working
people of Kampuchea .

At present, Democratic Kampuchea has
a total population of 8.000.000 inhabitants
of workers, peasants and labourers living in a
society where there is neither rich nor poor ,
neither exploiting class nor exploited class and
where equality, justice, democracy, harmony,
happiness prevail in the large national union.

The people of Democratic Kampuchea
include Khmers (99 percent) and numerous
national minorities living all together in the same
and great family, closely united for defending
and edifying the country .

The national and official language is

Khmer .

Struggle of the people of Kampuchea against foreign invasion. Bas-relief 35 meters long and 3 meters high in the monument
of Bayon , Angkor Thorn (end of the 12th century), in The Eastern part of the South wing-wall, external gallery.

TWO YEARS AFTER LIBERATION

On April 1 7 , 1 975 , after having waged, with determination for 5 years and
one month ( March 18, 1970 to April 17, 1975 ) , a stubborn and full of sacrifices
revolutionary war of national and people's liberation against the barbarous and
devastating war of aggression of the US imperialists and their lackeys of all
kinds, the people of Kampuchea and their Revolutionary Army have totally and
definitively liberated themselves from exploitation and oppression of imperialism,
colonialism, neo-colonialism and all exploiting classes. The whole Nation
has gained back its soul. The worker- peasant people have gained back their
dignity and, with their Revolutionary Army, become master of their country and
the State power, firmly holding in their hands the destiny of the nation, in full
independence and sovereignty.

During these past two years, the worker-peasant people and the Revolu-
tionary Army of Democratic Kampuchea , under the just and clearsighted leadership
of their Revolutionary Organization , have overcome innumerable obstacles and
hardships, and they have achieved many exploits. Thanks to their resoluted and
stubborn struggle, to their determination , to their pure patriotism and to their lofty
revolutionary spirit, they have consolidated the worker- peasant State power and
the gains of the Revolution , and they have won successive great victories in all
fields of the national edification. By firmly abiding by the line of independence,
sovereignty and self-reliance, they have engaged themselves, everywhere in the
country, in an impetuous, vast and deep revolutionary mass movement with the
firm conviction that the way of independence and sovereignty is a way full of
difficulties and endurances, but that it is the way of honour and dignity.

In two years, they have given the proof of their entire capabilities in mo-
bilizing all their physical , moral and intellectual forces and all the natural resources
to successfully defend and edify with determination and enthusiasm the indepen-
dent, united, peaceful, neutral, non-aligned, souvereign Democratic Kampuchea
within her territorial integrity.

AN IMPETUOUS, VAST AND DEEP

Everywhere in the country, at the countryside, in the factories and in
the units of the Revolutionary Army, joy, enthusiasm and emulation prevail.

The trade -union workers, the cooperative peasants, men and women
fighters and cadres of the Revolutionary Army mobilize all their physical, moral
and intellectual forces and they put forward their creative spirit and their in-
genuity, their combativity and their revolutionary heroism in conformity with
the principle of independence, sovereignty and self-reliance to successfully fulfil
their revolutionary tasks of national defence and edification . Being masters
of the destiny of their country, with determination and revolutionary opti-
mism , they have transformed with their own hands the nature to build up a new
prosperous and sound society where happiness, equality, justice and genuine
democracy prevail, with neither rich nor poor, neither exploiting class nor
exploited class, a society in which all the people live in harmony and in
large national union and are closely united' together to participate in the
production work, to defend and to edify the country.

Ten thousands, twenty thousands, thirty thousands people are working
in each worksite for building up reservoirs, canals, dikes,... The works are
rapidly going forward . The rural areas of Democratic Kampuchea are under-
going deep changes.

The mobilization of this powerful collective force has been possible thanks
to the ardent patriotism and to the close union of all worker-peasant people
and the Revolutionary Army under the leadership of the Revolutionary Orga-
nization, and also thanks to the existence of trade -unions and cooperatives

* td

'<**& * i sH iji *

of agricultural production
which have been set up
all over the country and
endowed with a lofty com-
munity spirit. In the diffi-
cult situation left over by
the devastating war of
aggression and when the
people were short of
everything, this collective
force has surmounted all
difficulties and obstacles
and won great victories in
all fields (political, defen-
ce, economic, cultural,
social ... ). These victories
would not be possible
without many acts of
abnegation and heroism
raised up by the revolu-
tionary mass movement.

REVOLUTIONARY MASS MOVEMENT

These victories have
rapidly improved the living
conditions of the worker-
peasant people and the
Revolutionary Army who
have benefited then all the
fruits of their efforts. Their
pride and their attachment
for the Revolutionary Power
and the community regime
of the new society have
been further strengthened,
and they are more than
ever determined to defend
their Motherland and the
gains of the Revolution,
and to redouble their efforts
in rapidly edifying the new
society.

With determination and revolutionary optimism, they are transforming with
own hands the nature to build up a new prosperous and sound society.

MASTERING THE WATER

« Taking agriculture as fundamental factor
and industry as important factor on the basis
of the principle of independence, sovereignty
and self -reliance », such could be defined the
line set up by the Revolutionary Organization
of Democratic Kampuchea for the edification
of an independent national economy.

In Democratic Kampuchea, an agricul-

tural country, agriculture is the main source
of capital accumulation in order to progres-
sively edify light and heavy industries. In the
present phase of national edification , everything
including industry is put into the service of
the development and modernization of the
agriculture and most particularly on rice-grow-
ing. For this purpose, the mastery of the
water is a vital necessity.

Harnessing the rice-fields in form of checker-board and the systems of irrigation

11

« WITH WATER WE HAVE RICE , WITH RICE WE HAVE EVERYTHING »

New rice -field

WHEN THERE IS WATER THE SCENERY IS FRESH, LIFE IS PLEASANT,
HUMOUR IS LIVELY, CULTURE IS EVERGREEN.

Newly built canal « April
17 » of 49 kilometers long
in the North-east region,
irrigating tens thousands
of hectares of lands.

Under the slogan «with water we have
rice, with rice we have everything)), the coope-
ratives of agricultural production have mobilized
their forces in harnessing the rice-fields in form
of checker- boards and the irrigation systems.
They have carried out important hydraulic works
to irrigate now immense areas of lands, in dry
season as well as in rainy season , and thus to
make two crops of rice a year in all fertile soils*

Before Revolution , during the dry and hot
season (March to mid-May), the rural areas
were arid. Now, they are covered by many hun-
dred thousands of hectares of, dry season rice cul-
ture. The water is gushing forth. And when there
is water, the scenery is fresh, life is pleasant,
humour is lively, culture is evergreen. Never the
countryside has known such radical changes.

The scenery of rice-fields in checker-boards,
networks of irrigation, canals, dikes, and water
reservoirs coming into view everywhere in the
countryside shows that, thanks to the cooperatives ,
the peasants have acquired a great mastery of
the water and have attained a high political con-
sciousness. It strengthens the confidence of the
worker-peasant people in the radiant future of
their motherland and that of their own's.

(1 ) - (2 ) - Water-gates in the Northwestern region

(3) -Small hydro-electric power plant for the needs of the

cooperatives
(4 ) -Water-gate on the Prek Thnot river for irrigating many

thousands of hectares of lands

13

Watergate in Pursat region entirely
built out of wood .

The dam of Baray Tuk

Thta in Siemreap region
built in the period of
Angkor, damaged during
the war, has been rapidly
repaired and can keep
water for irrigating the
rice-fields in both districts
of Siemreap and Puok .

The dam on the Prek Thnot river in Kompong

Speu region { in the West ) damaged during

the war has been completely repared by the

cooperative peasants.

W^ter gate in the clislnU of Ponhea

Lu ( near Phnom Penh ) regulating

the water from t ho Tonle Sap river for

irrigating the rice -fields.

RICE. CROWING

Before Revolution , the agriculture and espe-
cially rice-growing was very backward . The poor
peasants individually exploited small plots of land
for a rent of about 50 per cent of the crop and
they were prostrated by the usury at the rate of
12 per cent a month. As for the landowners and
the capitalists, everyone seized upon many hun-
dreds of hectares of land and had agricultural
machinery. But for everyone, the cultures depended
mainly on the atmospheric conditions. Furthermore,
fertilizers and insecticides imported from foreign
countries were very expensive and were not practi-
cally used.

On Mai 20, 1973, in the thick of the war
of aggression of the US imperialists who had
mobilized all their air forces in the Pacific and
South-east Asia against Kampuchea alone, the
first cooperatives were established.

During the people's and national liberation
war, these cooperatives were the solid bases for
the front and the rear. At the front, they were an
inexhaustible source of supplies, of men and
women fighters, of moral and material support. At
the rear, they had abolished all feudalist and
capitalist conditions of production, mobilized all
forces and means of production and solved all the
problems of supplies, in full independence and
sovereignty .

At present , the coo-
peratives of agricultural pro-
duction are all over the
country. They are at the
same time, the basic units
of the people's power and
those of the agricultural
production .

In a parallel direction
with the movement of hy-
draulic works for mastering
the water, these coopera-
tives push forward and
maintain an impetuous mo-
vement of making fertili-
zers and insecticides from
the resources existing abun-
dantly everywhere in the
country.

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«2s&

1* — ~-

The mostly used fertilizers are natural
fertilizers made up of fertilizing plants ( such
as eupaterium, ... ) , manures, compost, mud,
silt, ... Every year, each cooperative prepares
tens of thousands of tons of fertilizers in order
to improve the soils at an average of 10 tons
per hectare.

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The insecticides have been prepared from
3 poisonous plants and are very effective , for
*y destroy the insects and have fertilizing ef-
;ts on the cultures. Each cooperative has its
m workshop for preparing insecticides.

Moreover, much care is given to the
ection of seeds. Before harvesting, the best
rs with the maximum of big grains have been
lected and kept in stocks.

Ab ove : Planting out rice by the col-
lective force of the coope-
rative peasants.

Left : New look and new method
of work in the rice - fields
organized in the cooperatives
of agricultural production .

Right : Spreading natural fertilizer
in the newly planting out
rice -fields. Each hactare re-
ceives 10 tons of natural
fertilizer.

& ■ m . w n

Finally, the cooperatives of agricultural
production have always discovered and made
tools and agricultural machinery more and more
up-to-date, better suitable to the needs of the
development of production , and they have pro-
gressively equipped themselves with motor-pumps ,
planting-machines, threshing-machines, winno-
wing-machines

Jtfr«»«W> *- * ^m ** A**1 4 *»j f***!m^A. » ».»*W*,^ ,

Besides all these agricultural technics, the
cooperatives attach a particular importance to the
organization , the repartition and the use of forces
and means of production: labours, draught-
animals, machinery, tools,...

A great impulsion is then given in all fields
to the rice-growing production. At present, in
the countryside, there is no dead season.

In 1975, the cooperatives have obtained
a sufficient crop to cover the needs of the na-
tional consumption. In 1976, the crop was
better than in 1975. It could feed the whole po-
pulation and has some surplus for exportation.
In 1977, two years after liberation, Kampuchea
has again exported rice.

All these speedy results have been achie-
ved in a difficult situation left over by the deva-
stating war of aggression , when the cooperatives
of agricultural production were short of every-

thing and the worker-peasant people had
nothing else than their empty hands . But the
just and clearsighted leadership of the Revolu-
tionary Organization, the collective force of the
worker-peasant people and the Revolutionary
Army, their lofty political consciousness, their
determination of struggle, their community
consciousness and life, their abnegation and
endurance in front of all difficulties , and finally
their creative spirit for the service of their
Revolution and their Motherland have been
the determinant factors.

These results have further strengthened
the confidence of the worker-peasant people
and the Revolutionary Army in their capabilities
to edify the country and in the line of the
Revolutionary Organization consisting in tran-
sforming the backward agriculture into a mo-
dern agriculture abiding by the position of
being independent , sovereign and self-reliant.

'V

(1 )- Collecting green fertilizers
(2) - Chopper- machine for green fertili-
zers made by cooperative peasants
(3) -Crushing phosphate fertilizer in a
cooperative workshop

(1 ) - Spraying of insecticide

(2) - Mobilizing all energies to perma-

nently irrigate rice -fields and
•land : with windmill and pedal
bucket -chain

(3) -...with motor -„pump

(4) -...with noria

/ \

Collecting the best ears having the maximum of big grains for selection of seeds. Some varieties of paddy have more

than 660 grains per ear.

19

Rural scene of Democratic Kampuchea during the
harvesting season .

An excellent harvest, result of the collective force of the worker-peasant
people and the Revolutionary Army , their lofty political consciousness .
their determination of struggle, their community consciousness and
life, their abnegation and their endurance in front of all difficulties.

^

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SECONDARY CULTURES

Corn has widespreadly grown in Democra-
tic Kampuchea . It is the second cereal grown in
the country. Its output has reached 4 tons per
hectare.

The industrial cultures include in the first
place, the hevea-culture for which the fertility of
red soils and the climatic conditions are very fa-
vorable. The war of aggression of the US imperia-
lists has destroyed it many thousands of hectares.
But since liberation, the trade-union workers have
brought these areas into exploitation and at present,
the rubber- planting area is 40.000 hectares and has
increased from year to year. The average output
in latex is one of the highest in the world.

The sugar palm-trees or «thnot» ( boressus
flebelliformis ) are very widespread and very typical
of the rural area in Kafmpuchea . One sugar palm-
tree produces yearly about 400 liters of juice
extract from inflorescences. This quantity of
juice can be transformed into 26 kilograms of
very flavoured sugar. The pulp of the fruit con-
stitutes an excellent dessert and the root is used
for medicine. The trunk of the tree can be used
for making water-mains and joist. The leaves can
be used as dividing walls, roofs or bags. The
petioles can be transformed into cords.

The culture of cotton is in full strides and
it produces two crops a year with a yearly output
of 5 to 7 tons per hectare. It supplies many
textile factories.

The culture of jute has been developed
and supplies the factory of making rice-bags.

Among the other industrial cultures there
are coconut, sugar cane, tobacco, kapok, mul-
berry for silk-worms, grass-cloth, ...

(1) -Hevea

(2) - Coconut

(3) - Cotton

"Star

riitmfc

V

(1 ) - Corn

(2) - Sugar palm - tree

(3) - Sugar cane

(4) - Kapok
(ft) - Jute
(6) - Tobacco

EXTENSION OF THE CULTURES
OF FRUIT-TREES AND VEGETABLES

Democratic Kampuchea has plenty of fruits and vege-
tables. The favorable climate and the fertile soils especially
the alluvial soils along the rivers, the black soils and
the red soils of volcanic origin are very well suitable to the
cultures of fruit-trees and vegetables.

Under the slogan «grow, grow, grow everywhere and
not to leave out any inch of land», the peasants of the coo-
peratives of agricultural production . the workers of the trade-
unions, the units of the Revolutionary Army, the different
organisms and services grow fruit-trees and vegetables. This
movement extends all over the country. They grow in the
fields, in the villages, alongside the roads, on the banks
of the rivers, ponds and reservoirs, on the dikes, around
the habitations, the factories and the working places, in
the rural areas as in the cities where the slightest lots of
land and the old empty areas have been transformed into
gardens of fruit-trees and vegetables.

Among the fruits, there are mangos, bananas, man-
goustans, durions, jack-fruits, ramboutans, longans, letchis,
papayas, sapodillas, water-melons, citrus fruits, pineapples,
grape-fruits,... Among the vegetables, there are manioc,
soybeans, sweet potatoes, beans, gourds, turnips, cucumbers,
tomatoes, green peppers, lettuces, onions, aubergines,
cabbages, spinachs, avocado-pears, ...

Kampuchea is therefore evergreen because she is co-
vered not only by paddy and industrial, oleaginous and cereal
plants but also by fruit-trees and vegetables. The develop-
ment of the culture of fruit-trees and vegetables has rapidly
improved the living conditions of the population, and at
the same time, transformed the scenery at the countryside
and in the cities.

(1 ) - Bananas

(2) - Oranges

(3) - Ananas

(1 ) - Ramboutans

(2) - Papayas

(3) - Durions

(4) - Water-melons

(5) - Mangoustans

(6) - Longans

J * *v

^

(1 ) - Abundant crop of vegetables in

a cooperative

(2) - Cucumbers

(3) - Cabbages

(4) - Long beans

m

ij» ^ v\«

2b

(1 ) - Manioc

(2) - Indian potatoes

(3) - (4) -Gourds

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Since liberation, the breeding of oxen,
buffalos, horses and elephants for transport and
agricultural production works, as well as the
raising of pigs, poultry, fishes, turtles, frogs
and eels for consumption are in full strides.

Oxen and buffalos are close « comrades-
in-labour »of the peasants. At the present stage
of national edification, the cooperatives of agri -
cultural production, adhering to the position of
independence, sovereignty and self-reliance, rely
on the forces of oxen and buffalos in the agri-
cultural works. They attach a particular impor-
tance to the development of these forces. The
animals have been bred with affection in well-
covered and clean cattle-sheds.

(1 ) - Breeding of oxen
(2) -Bath for buffalos
(3) - Close «comrades in labour»of the peasants

27

(1 ) - raising of pigs

(2) -raising of chickens for consumption

(3) - ducks and eggs

(4) - preparing foods for animals

The breeding of horses and elephants is
widespread for they help a lot in transports and
heavy jobs. In the mountainous regions for exam-
ple, elephants are very appreciated for they can
travel long distances up hill and down dale,
through streams, marshlands and forests.

The raising of pigs and poultry has con-
siderably been developed for it has been under-
taken everywhere by the cooperatives of agricul-
tural production, the trade unions, the units of
the Revolutionary Army, the differents organisms
and services. For this purpose, production centers
have then been established.

The animal husbandry is everywhere in
full strides and becomes progressively to be in-
dustrial. It brings about an important contribution
to the improvement of living conditions of the
people.

Al&f^^^i

FISHING

FISHING IN FRESH WATER

The Tonle Sap river, the Mekong river, the
Bassac river, the innumerable streams, lakes, ponds,
and even the paddy-fields constitute as much ichthyo-
logical reservations. The Great Lakes of Tonle Sap are
well-known for being the richest place in fishes in the
World. This wealth comes essentially from the parti-
cular conditions of the regime of water which brings
during the high water the area of the Great Lakes from
3.000 square kilometers up to more than 10.000 square
kilometers, decupling its volume of water and transfor-
ming the surrounding flooded forests into an immense
reservoir of plankton and favorable breeding places.
In an area of 10.000 square kilometers, the Great Lakes
produce each year about 10 tons of fishes per square'
kilometer.

There are about 200 kinds of fishes in the fresh
water of Kampuchea. Besides, there are large quanti-
ties of shrimps and big crayfishes (30to40 centimeters
long excluding their claws ).

The fishing season starts with the fall of water.
The period of « miraculous fishings » is in December,
January and February at 7 days each time before the
full moon.

Before the Revolution, the fishing places were
divided into individual fishing lots belonging to the
capitalists. At present, all the fishing products have
become the collective properties of the people.

A miraculous fishing in the Great Lakes

A fresh water fish weighing HO kg
Fishing in the sea

29

With fishes, the cooperatives make salt
dry fishes, smoked fishes, fish pastes called
«Prahoc» and Phaak», fish sauce called
«Tuk Trei». The wastes of fishes are used as
manures for the cultures of vegetables or are
transformed into fish powder for animal food .

The cooperatives make by themselves
different fishing tools, such as screens, drag-
nets, sweep-nets, bow- nets, and even boats
and equipments for conserving and transporting
fishes. Besides, they attach great importance
to the protection and development of fishes,
to the safeguard of flooded forests surrounding

the Great Lakes which are favorable to fish breeding
and reproduction in the high water season.
Furthermore, the cooperatives develop fish breeding
in the water reservoirs and irrigation canals they
have built.

FISHING IN THE SEA

Many kinds of fishes, lobsters, shrimps,
prawns, crabs and other crustaceas as well as
different shell-fishes (oysters, clams,...) lie hid-
den within the seacoasts of Kampuchea.

Being well- sheltered by many islands, the
seacoasts of Kampuchea constitute the refuges of
predilection for the shoals of migrating fishes.
The fishing in the sea is carried out all year long.

With rice, fish is one of the main com-
ponents of food of the people of Kampuchea.
But in spite of a very important consumption,
the production is greatly in surplus, allowing the
exportation of large quantities of fresh water
fishes and sea fihses, fresh or dry.

(1 ) - Preparing fish sauce called «Tuk Trer »

(2) - Smoking fresh water fishes

(3) - Drying salt fresh water fishes

COTTACE

Before the arrival of the colonialists, cottage indus-
try in Kampuchea had been very developed, especially in
cartwright and ploughwright, forge, textile, pottery. But the
colonialists and imperialists together with the traitors and
exploiting classes had oppressed and even assassinated the
craftsmen aiming at reducing to nothing the local production
and to replace it by the importations of foreign products.

During the revolutionary people's and national libe-
ration war, the cottage industry has taken strength again.
Adhering to the position of independence, sovereignty and
self-reliance, the people of Kampuchea and their Revolu-
tionary Army have made everything they needed from local
raw materials: traditional and modern weapons, agricultural
tools, boats, carts, material, medicine, food products,...

Since liberation , the cottage industry is an important
sector of production. Its fundamental role is to satisfy
the immediate and long-dated needs of the development
of rice-growing and current life.

At present, in the cooperatives of agricultural pro-
duction, foundries, manufacturing workshops of tools and
equipments in iron, manufacturing workshops of equipments
in wood produce a great quantity of axes, long knives,
scythes, hoes, sickles, hammers, ploughs, harrows, carts,
bucket chains,... and are able to satisfy in time the needs
of the cooperatives. Besides, workshops of mechanical

-^

INDUSTRY

construction, spinning and weaving, factories of fish-
sauce and soy-sauce, factories of foods for animals, paddy
husking-machines, factories of soap, pottery and jars,
brick-works, tile-works,... are in full strides and actively
contribute to solve all the current problems of material life.

All these workshops are not limited to gather the
traditional know-how and experiences. They have proceeded
to many improvements and creations. Thus, the forges,
which had from the beginning only one blowing-fan, are
transformed into foundries. The workshops of the cottage
industry have also recuperated old gasoline engines to
make them suitable for motor- pumps after having converted
them into fuel oil engines orgasogene engines for economi-
cal reasons. The workshops of cartwright and ploughwright,
which before made only simple bucket-chains, have now
produced big hydraulic wheels suitable to many rammers
in wood for husking the paddy. The cottage industry
workshops make also winnoving-machines and threshing-
machines in wood, paddy husking-machines, automatic
choppers of green fertilizers, power-looms or semi-auto-
matic looms in wood.

The cottage industry workshops have often included
repairing workshops. They have been progressively grown
up. With the accumulation of experiences and knowled-
ges, the workmen have better mastered the technics and
transformed the workshops into manufactories or small
factories.

t^v;

(1 ) - Five wooden automatic winnowing machines
operating with a 4 HP engine. They can win-
now 20 tons of paddy a day

(2) - Making oxen -carts in a cooperative

(3) - A manufacturing workshop of equipments in

wood producing bucket-chains

(4) - Products of a manufacturing workshop of tools

and equipments in iron
( 5 ) - Products in silk of weaving workshop
(6) - A spinning and weaving workshop

INDUSTRY

Just after seizing the political power, the working
class has taken over the technical power . A new ge-
neration of men and women workers is born , consi-
sting of young men and women fighters of the Revo-
lutionary Army issued from the peasants of poor and
inferior middle strata . They are endowed with the
profound love for the people, the Motherland and the
Revolution , and with a lofty spirit of collectivity. They
are armed with the revolutionary position of independence,
sovereignty and self-reliance , the position tempered
during the 5 years of the people's and national libera-
tion war . At the present stage of the Revolution, they
place their abnegation, their stubbornness, their enthu-
siasm, and their creative spirit for the service of national
defence and edification .

While the cooperatives of agricultural production
mobilize all their efforts to solve the problem of water
and to modernize and develop agriculture, the trade-
unions concentrate their forces in repairing the damaged
factories, rebuilding the factories destroyed by the war
and increasing the industrial production . This production
is put into the service of agricultural development and
modernization and of the improvement of the living
conditions of the worker-peasant people, that is for the
strengthening of national independence and sovereignty.

(1 ) - Moulding

(2) - New foundry under construction

33

n the neo-colonial regime before liberation,
the factories were equipped with imported outfits
and machinery, relied on the foreigner for spare
parts and raw materials. The machine-tools were
rarely operated by the nationals. Now, the new
generation of men and women workers of Demo-
cratic Kampuchea has entirely taken over the func-
tioning of all the factories which have henceforth
supplied with local made spare parts and acces-
sories and with raw materials produced in the
country.

At the same time, under the slogan « Do the
utmost to rapidly increase the production in quantity
and quality while spending less», the trade-unions
have built new factories , restored and improved
the existing equipments and adopted new methods
of production which increase the output while
reducing the cost.

( 1 ) - New generation of workers in a
machines tools workshop

(2) - Local made spare parts

(3) - Woman worker determined to take

in fiands the technical power

35

In order to help agriculture to be developed and
modernized and in order to improve the living con-
ditions of the people in adhering to the principles of
independence, sovereignty and self-reliance in confor-
mity with the economic policy of the Revolutionary
Organization , the trade-unions have multiplied , enlarged
and modernized the foundries , and they have created ,
improved and produced equipments for hydraulic works,
motor-pumps of all kinds, agricultural machinery such
as paddy planting- machines, motor - cultivators , see-
ders , harvesters , threshing - machines , husking - ma-
chines, winnowing- machines, grinding - machines of
natural fertilizers , . . . For all these products , the
workers have worked in close cooperation with the
peasants. The agricultural machinery produced by the
factories meets perfectly with the needs specified by the
cooperatives of agricultural production whicl> often
produce them in their own workshops.

rmnrm

(1 ) - Automatic threshing -machines

(2) - Combine -harvesters

(3) - Semi-automatic threshing-machines

(1 ) - Factory of making crepe-rubber

(2) - Hose-pipes for moto-pumps

(3) - Sandals and tyres for bicycles
( 4 ) - Factory of making jute bags

( 5 ) - Manufactures of clothes

( 6 ) - Factory of making tyres

( 7 ) - Textile factory

(8) - Factory of making sewing threads

( 9 ) - Factory of making blankets

Salt- pans

Household requisites

Besides the production of agricultural tools and ma -
chinery, the trade -unions have developed the factories of
making crepes - rubber and goods from rubber (tyres for
cars, bicycles and moto-bicycles, sandals, hose-pipes for
moto- pumps , ... ) They have also increased the production
of jute bags, bran oil, looms, material, clothes, blankets con-
struction materials (cement, bricks, tiles, ...) the production
of salt, household requisites (ustensils, pottery, earthen-
wares,... ). All these factories use the local raw materials:
rubber latex, cotton Jute, rice, limestone, clay,...

The trade-unions have given proof of their great
combativity and their fruitful ingenuity. While serving the
modernization of agriculture, they have progressively deve-
loped and strengthened foundations of the heavy industry.
Thanks to their firm revolutionary consciousness, to their
high spirit of responsibility, to their ardent patriotism and to
their lofty sense of national honour, the trade-unions have
closely linked the practical work to the theoretical studies, drawn
in collectivity the lessons from their experiences, and have
rapidly mastered the technique and science. Under the correct
leadership of the Revolutionary Organization, they have sco-
red great successes and consolidated their confidence in their
own forces to edify an independent, strong and prosperous
national industry. Within the space of two years, they have
brought about an active and important contribution to the
deep transformations which are taking place in the whole
country, to the consolidation of the national defence and
the gains of the Revolution, to the rapid development of
national edification and to the firm conviction of the worker-
peasant people and their Revolutionary Army in the brilliant
and prosperous future of Democratic Kampuchea.

39

Cement factory

Communication Lines and Transports

By the end of 1975, all communication
lines have been re-opened to the traffic. Parti-
cularly, the railroads of which the bridges had
been destroyed and the rails removed in hun-
dreds of kilometers during the war have since
November 1975 been repaired. Since then, the
railway traffic has been resumed on the whole
network which connects the Northwestern regions
( Battambang, Pursat, Kompong Chhnang ) to the
seaport of Kompong Som, via the capital
Phnom Penh, for about 700 kilometers. The roads
badly damaged and cut off at numerous places
and of which almost all the bridges had been
destroyed, have also brought' into service again.
Hundreds of enemy's ships sunk during the war
have been removed from the waterways. The
international airport of Pochentong and the seaport
of Kompong Som have been re-opened to normal
traffic.

In order to respond to the consecutive
increasing needs of transport for the development
of production in all fields, all the traditional and
modern means of transport are mobilized. In the
forestry and mountainous regions, the transport
by elephant is very appropriate. In rural areas,
the oxen-or buffalos-carts are mostly used, for
they are better suitable, But the mostly used
means of transport are ships, barges and boats,

for the waterways are many and most economic.
The railways and roads are used where the water-
ways are not available.

Furthermore, applying with determination
the principles of independence, sovereignty and
self-reliance, the trade-unions build ships and
barges in wood with a capacity from 200 to 500
tons, and they have built ships entirely in steel
with a capacity of 500 tons. Likewise, they build
many waggons and tank-waggons to increase the
capacity of the railway transport:

Finally, the transport of electric power by
cable has also been developed with the construc-
tion of hydro-electric dams.

With the development of agricultural and
industrial production, the exchanges between the
cooperatives of agricultural production, between
the factories, between the cooperatives and the
factories have been intensified. In the same
way, the activities in connection with the
international trade have further been developed.
The improvement of communication lines, the
building of new roads and new traditional and
modern means of transport are then very important
tasks, to which all the trade-unions of communi-
cation lines and transports settle down day and
night with ardour and diligence.

41

A newly -built ship entirely in steel with a
capacity of 500 tons.

(1) -Transport by elephant in moun-
tainous regions

(2) - Traditional oxen -carts

(3) - Transport by horse - carts in rubber

plantation

Construction of tank -waggons

.^Liy&Sfeifc^

Transporting agricultural equipments to the
cooperatives by railways

Seaport of Kompong Som

43

fc$

m¥

ms&B?.

Ml- 70 to 80% of the railroad and highway's bridges were destroyed during

the war. They have then progressively been repaired. Here is a railroad s

bridge under reparation.
( 2 ) - Transport by trucks is important for rapidly dispatching goods to or from

the cooperatives
(3). High voltage lines have been developed to meet the need's of industry

and the improvement of the living conditions of the people

EDUCATION OF THE NEW GENERATION

The policy on education, litterature and culture
is to proceed in close connection with practical work,
production, love for Motherland, national defence and
edification. The studies have then been essentially
carried out in the factories and agricultural cooperatives.

Before liberation, pupils and students were cut
off from practice, from the real conditions of their
country, and they did not know how to do anything
concretely. They knew nothing about the natural scien-
ces of their country. They only relied on foreign techni-
cians and materials, on foreign methods and norms.
They could not then fulfil the tasks of national cons-
truction for the good of the people, for the improvement
of the living conditions of the people.

The entrance of a school

A classroom

At the library

45

( 1 ) - Political education

(2) - Chasing away birds from eating the

paddy

(3) - Taking care of the animals

(4) - Growing vegetables

( 5 ) - Collecting green fertilizers

In the present system of education, the children study
basic cultures, from 2 to 3 hours a day in the classroom with
■ new kind of handbooks. But most particularly, in the remai-
ning hours, they participate in the factories of making agricul-
tural tools and spare parts, of repairing machinery and engines
of different vehicles (cars, motocycles, tractors,...). In the
cooperatives of agricultural production, they participate in all
works : growing rice and vegetables, collecting and making
natural fertilizers and insecticides, building dams, canals,
reservoirs and different systems of irrigation, breeding oxen,
and buffalos, raising pigs and poultry,... They perfectly know
the early rice, intermediary rice, late rice, the duration of their
vegetative cycle. They know when, where and how to carry
out the sowing and the planting out. They can tell the diffe-
rent between low paddy-fields and high paddy-fields. They
know how to master oxen and buffalos, being master of the
nature in which they live. Briefly, they perfectly know the
natural sciences of their country and are fond of production
works, oxen, buffalos, fields and rice-fields, rice and other
cultures, systems of irrigation, canals and other hydraulic
achievements. They love their villages and their Motherland.
They love and respect the people with whom they live closely.
They are well-disciplined and masters of themselves, skilful
and very alive, neither fearful nor presumptuous or insolent.
This close liaison between theory and concrete practice
in the specific conditions of their Motherland has made the
children rapidly progress in all fields : political, ideological,
organizational, cultural , technical and scientific. Being aware of
its brilliant future, the new revolutionary generation is happy,
enthusiastic and proud to earnestly fulfil their tasks for the
service of the Motherland, the People and the Revolution.

(1 ) - Training at the machines-tools
workshop

(2) - Learning how to repair the

engines

(3) - Participating in making agricul-

tural equipments

Social and Medical Development

Before liberation , the poor peasants had lived in misery.
They lived in the old huts having holes and opening to the
wind and rain, and in the unhealthy environment. They were
short of everything to eat their fill, to clothe and to take
care of themselves.

In the present new society, the worker-peasant people
have no more worried about these above problems . Every-
thing is taken in charge by the State and the collectivity. The
worker- peasant people have been assured to have sufficient and
different kinds of food. It is not yet abundant, indeed, but
the quality and quantity have unceasingly increased with the
progress achieved in the economical development. Clothes
are supplied by the cooperatives and trade-unions. It is not
indeed luxury but the quality is always getting better. Besides,
the cooperatives have built for each family new houses , well-
arranged, clean, in conformity with all hygienic rules and
surrounded by different cultures. These houses are built out
of wood with their roofs in tiles. Since their ancestors, it is
the first time that the poor peasants live in such confortable
houses. Each cooperative, each district, each region has
established its annual programme on housings for the popu-
lation. Furthermore, the cooperatives of agricultural produc-
tion of which some have more than one thousand families,
have their schools, their common building for meals and

meetings, their different workshops of
cottage industry, their paddy grain -
storages, their cattle-sheds, their
animal husbandry centers, etc... The
satisfaction of social , economical and
cultural needs of the inhabitants has
then been assured and improved as
in proportion to the successes won
in the tasks of national defence and
edification.

Above : Happy and proud to participate in the edification of
the new and prosperous Kampuchea with full con-
fidence in their brilliant future

Left : Newly -built housings in a cooperative of ,-. .
tural production

(1 ) - The cooperative doctors getting ready for regular medi-
cal visit

(2) - Medical care given at the worksite

(3) - Learning from olds -aged peasant on traditional medicine

(4) - Regular medical visit at home

(5) - Making of traditional medicine

(6) - For the eradication of malaria

(7) - Fabrication of serum
(8 ) - Vaccination

(9) - Surgical operation in a distiict hospital

10) - Traditional medicine produced by the cooperatives

A~. \ \ fCl^*S»&S

1 . i£fe*a*dfc. . i

49

In the medical field , each cooperative , each district .
each region has its own dispensary and hospital. Every-
where, doctors are permanently with the workers and
peasants for giving them cares in the villages as at the
worksites of the agricultural and hydraulic works. Being
sons and daughters of the poor workers and peasants or
peasants of middle inferior strata, these doctors are who-
leheartedly devoted to the Revolution, the Motherland and
the People whose health is their main concern . To
fight against malaria which had caused grave disturbances
in the works for national defence and edification , a three
year plan has been elaborated for putting an end to this
disaster. In only one year, this plan has already been
achieved to 70%. The case of malaria has considerably
been reduced. Besides, a particular importance is given to
the preventive medicine and to the hygienic measures.
The vaccinations against the contagious diseases ( cholera
smallpox .... ) are generalized and periodic . The hygienic
measures have been carried out permanently . All muddy
places have been eliminated . The cattle - sheds and the
animal husbandry centers are built far from housings
and kept constantly clean.

1 t~4

%

iMh

As for medicine, each cooperative, each district,
each region has its own center of making traditional
and modern medicine, from the raw materials in the
country. Pharmaceutical researches have also been car-
ried out in these centers to use to the maximum the
abundant pharmaceutical resources of the country and
also to develop the preparation of extracts for the
composition of modern medicine. The effectiveness of
traditional medicine is very satisfactory and increased
with experiences , when that of modern medicine meets
with the international norms. The doctors have im-
proved and developed their knowledges by studying
in practice and making use of this practice in the con-
crete conditions of the country. They have then rapidly
mastered the various medical specialities such as sur-
gery, gynecology, ophthalmology, pneumology, gastro-
enterology, ... The young medical students have been
trained in conformity with this method and rapidly follow
the line laid out by their revolutionary elders .

Having unceasingly improved their social, econo-
mical, material, and sanitary conditions, the worker -
peasant people have full possibility to mobilize all their
physical, moral and intellectual forces for defending and
rapidly edifying a sound and prosperous new society.

(1 ) - Pediatry

(2) - Surgical operation in Phnom Penh's hospital

(3) - Testing of medicine for effectiveness

(4) - Verification of medicine after preparation

(5) - (6) - Fabrication of medicine in ampoules
(7 ) - Making of tablets

(8) - Fabrication of vaccins

(9) - Testing of medicine on rabbit for effectiveness

FOREIGN POLICY

Democratic Kampuchea, born after the great
victory of April 17th, 1975, resolutely follows
the policy of non-alignment. This is a strategical
and non-occasional position, for it corresponds
to the profound aspirations of our people. We
have firmly abided by this position since 1955,
and this position was constantly prevailing during
the whole war for national and people's libera-
tion against the barbarous war of aggression of
the US imperialists and their lackeys (1970-
1975). After our victory, we have repeatedly
proclaimed this position . Our Constitution has
made it clear as follows:

« Democratic Kampuchea resolutely
remains in the great family of non-
aligned countries ».

For centuries, we had been victim of inter-
ventions, interferences and aggressions. During
this period, we had lost a lot of our territories
and our country was meanly reduced to slavery.
Our national dignity was despised and our people
had lived in the worst misery. We had almost
completely lost our national soul. Now, our
country and our people are liberated. Therefore,
our people have recovered their national dignity
together with their soul. They are endowed with
ardent and pure patriotism . They have no feelings
of contempt or hostility for the others. They have
no intention of expansion, annexation or aggres-
sion with regard to any country. Our Constitution
stipulates as follows:

<c Democratic Kampuchea is endowed with
goodwill and firmly determined to maintain close
and friendly relations with all countries having
common borders with her, and with all countries
throughout the world, near or far, on the strict
basis of mutual respect of sovereignty and terri-
torial integrity ».

« Democratic Kampuchea abides by a policy
of independence, peace, neutrality and non-align-
ment. No foreign country whatever is allowed to
establish military bases on her territory. She
stands resolutely against all foreign interference
in her internal affairs and fights resolutely against
all subversive and aggressive acts from outside. ..»

« Democratic Kampuchea never interferes in
any case in the internal affairs of other countries.
She scrupulously abides by the principles that
every country is sovereign and has the right to
dispose and decide by itself its internal affairs
without foreign interference ».

Our country is small, with a small popula-
tion and remains still poor. But our people, like
all other peoples, cherish independence and peace.
Like other peoples too, they have to resolutely
defend their national independence and their ter-
ritorial' integrity. Our people, like other peoples,
need to be master of their own destiny, and in
any case, they do not want any foreigner to do
it at their place. Therefore, like other peoples,
our people have to defend the principles of equa-
lity, mutual respect of independence, sovereignty,
territorial integrity and mutual interests. We have
always respected and defended these principles,
for these are the aspirations of our people. We
all, small, medium-size and weak countries the
world over, are extremely attached to these
principles and are safeguarding and defending
them resolutely. That is our profound conviction.

It is for this reason that Democratic Kampu-
chea remains in the great non-aligned family. The
great non-aligned family is ours. The place of
Democratic Kampuchea is in the great non-aligned
family which we are sincerely attached to. We
are determined to carry out our activities within
this great family to defend and consolidate the
sacred principles of non-alignment, and that, by
all our forces and in accordance with the possi -
bilities of our country which is just out from
the war.

At the same time, Democratic Kampuchea
does her utmost to jointly unite with and support
t he revolutionary movements of the peoples in the
world and with the movements of struggle of the
brotherly peoples in the Third World for inde-
pendence, freedom, democracy, friendship and
social progress. We will do everything to bring
them support and we consider this as a revolu-
tionary noble duty. Our country is small, our
people remains still poor and we are just out
from the war. Nevertheless, we try our best to

53

express our solidarity with and bring them our
support, particularly in the political and moral
lelds. Our determination is unshakable to remain,
n all circumstances, by the side of the brotherly
peoples of the Third World against imperialism,
;olonialism and against any act of interference
and aggression from outside.

We are firmly confident that the sacrifices
consented by our people in their struggle for
national and people's liberation against the war
of aggression of the US imperialist constitue a
modest contribution to the struggle of the peoples
of the world against imperialism and colonialism.
They modestly contribute at the same time to
the strengthening of the non-alignment principles.

The Heads of State, the Heads of Government and the Representatives of the Heads of State of the Non-aligned
Countries at the opening of the Colombo Conference (August 16, 1976) .

Our people are convinced that their present
efforts to win success in the pursuit of the Re-
volution in their country , in the rehabilitation of
economy and in the national edification based on
the principles of independence, sovereignty and
self-reliance, will be another modest contribution
o the revolutionary movements of the peoples in

the world, to the movements of struggle of the
brotherly peoples in the Third World, and to the
consolidation of the cause of our great non -
aligned family. Our slogan is the following: it is
only by striving to carry out well our revolution
by ourselves that we could well contribute to the
revolution in the world and to the struggle of
the peoples of the Third World .

( Excerpt from the speech of the President of the Presidium of the State of Democratic Kampuchea at the 5th Summit
■ Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. —Colombo-Sri Lanka-16-19 August 1976)

THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY OF KAMPUCHEA

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Swimming across the river to attack the enemy.

The Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea was
founded on January 17th, 1968, starting from
the underground guards created in 1961 after the
Revolutionary Organization had defined in 1960
the strategic and tactical lines of the national
democratic revolution. These underground guards
had been organized into guerilla units which had
progressively been transformed into regional and
regular forces. Consisting of young poor workers
and peasants, the Revolutionary Army has consen-
ted tremendous sacrifices and, day and night,
in dry season as in rainy season, enduring all
kinds of hardships and privations, shorting of
everything, food, medicine, clothes, ammunitions.
It valiantly fought during the guerilla war, the
front war, the civil war and the revolutionary
people's and national liberation war against the
war of aggression of the US imperialists and their
lackeys until the glorious historic victory of
April 17th, 1975.

It is not then an army trained from any
military Academy, but it is the product of the re-
volutionary movement itself. It has started from
scratch with almost empty hands. But educated
and led by the Revolutionary Organization of
Kampuchea, it has assimilated and mastered in
the flames of combats, the line, strategies and
tactics of the people's war. It is an army born,
grown up and tempered in the blazing flames of
the revolutionary war. Its power is in its lofty
ideological, political, and organizational level,
and in the correct revolutionary line of the
Revolutionary Organization of Kampuchea, line
of independence, sovereignty and self-reliance.
Those are the determinant factors of the victory
won by the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea
against the war of aggression of the US im-
perialists, in spite of having no ship, no plane,
no tank, and only some cannons captured from
the enemy.

55

The Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea is not and
will never bean aggressive army. But in case of aggres-
sion against Democratic Kampuchea by any country
whatever, it will resolutely fight closely united with the
worker-peasant people as many years as needed to de-
fend the independence, sovereignty and territorial integri-
ty of the country.

After liberation, gun in one hand and hoe in the
other, men and women fighters, and cadres of the Revolu-
tionary Army have valiantly defended the country and the
gains of the Revolution and actively participated in the
works of national edification . In close collaboration with
the trade-unions and the cooperatives of agricultural
production, the Revolutionary Army's units always awa-
keningly hold their revolutionary vigilance and are deter-
mined to wipe out the enemy of all kinds to resolutely
oppose against all acts of aggression, subversion, and
interference in the internal affairs of the country. They
have successfully prevented the enemy of all kinds from
infiltrating inside the ground and maritime frontiers and
undermining the Revolution from outside and inside. In
parallel with their activities of national defence, the Revo-
lutionary Army actively participates in developing many
fallow lands in the continent and in all the islands of
Democratic Kampuchea. It takes an active part in all national
construction works. It lives, works with the worker-
peasant people, shares their weal and woe. It forms
with the worker- peasant people a one and the same body,
the same flesh and the same blood.

(1 ) - (2) - Units of the Revolutionary Army

(3) -Women fighters during the war

(4) -Women fighters growing rice

(5) -A unit of the Revolutionary Army developing fallow lands in an
island for different cultures to solve their living self-reliantly

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Entirely devoted to the Revolutionary Organization, to
the Nation and to the worker-peasant people, the Revolutio-
nary Army continues to strengthen itself in all fields, ideological,
political, organizational, and material. It now fulfils all the
required conditions of a genuine army of three arms: land,
naval , air . It is a genuinely revolutionary army who have valiantly
assured the defence of the ground and maritime frontiers, of
the air space and the entire national territory, always ready
to resolutely wipe out rationally and scrupulously the enemy
of all kinds, being always master of the situation and carrying
out, with a lofty sense of responsibility, the military, foreign and
internal policy of the Revolutionary Organization of Kampuchea.

(1)-and (2) -Taking an active part
in all national construction works

(3) -Always with a lofty revolutionary
vigilance

(4) -Determined to resolutely safeguard
the gains of the gains of the Re-
volution and defend the indepen-
dence . sovereignty and territorial
integrity of the Motherland .