Dictionary of Southern African Place Names
P E Raper
Head, Onomastic Research Centre, HSRC
CONTENTS
Preface
Abbreviations ix
Introduction
1. Standardization of place names
1.1 Background
1.2 International standardization
1.3 National standardization
1.3.1 The National Place Names Committee
1.3.2 Principles and guidelines
1.3.2.1 General suggestions
1.3.2.2 Spelling and form
A Afrikaans place names
B Dutch place names
C English place names
D Dual forms
E Khoekhoen place names
F Place names from African languages
2. Structure of place names
3. Meanings of place names
3.1 Conceptual, descriptive or lexical meaning
3.2 Grammatical meaning
3.3 Connotative or pragmatic meaning
4. Reference of place names
5. Syntax of place names
Dictionary
Place Names
Bibliography
Preface
Onomastics, or the study of names, has of late been enjoying a greater measure
of attention all over the world. Nearly fifty years ago the International
Committee of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS) came into being. This body has held
fifteen triennial international congresses to date, the most recent being in
Leipzig in 1984. With its headquarters in Louvain, Belgium, it publishes a
bibliographical and information periodical, Onoma, an indispensable aid to
researchers.
Since 1967 the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
(UNGEGN) has provided for co-ordination and liaison between countries to
further the standardization of geographical names. To date eleven working
sessions and four international conferences have been held.
In most countries of the world there are institutes and centres for onomastic
research, official bodies for the national standardization of place names, and
names societies.
South Africa has not been lagging behind in this regard. Since 1939 a Place
Names Committee (now the National Place Names Committee or NPNC) has
seen to the standardization of official place names, while since 1970 the
Onomastic Research Centre of the Human Sciences Research Council has
undertaken, stimulated and helped to co-ordinate research into names. The
Names Society of Southern Africa was founded in 1981 and has held three
national congresses to date. At universities in Southern Africa research into
names has been and is being undertaken, particularly at post-graduate level. As
a result of all of these onomastic activities, publications have proliferated.
However, most of them have been of a specialist nature. Furthermore, general
works on names such as C Pettman's South African Place Names Past and
Present (1931, reprinted by Lowry Publishers in 1985) and P J Nienaber's Suid-
Afrikaanse Pleknaam woordeboek (1963, reprinted for the HSRC by Tafelberg
in 1972) either do not contain names given during the past fifty years, or are out
of print.
This book seeks to provide a semi-popular guide to the major place names in
Southern Africa: names of cities, towns, villages, mountains, rivers,
promontories, bays, and other cultural and natural features In its compilation the
recommendations of the United Nations on Geographical Names and the
requirements of the National Place Names Committee have been taken into
account, while at the same time an attempt has been made to provide accurate,
interesting and valuable data for the use of travellers, tourists, cartographers,
researchers, and everyone interested in Southern African place names. The
introductory chapters are intended not as comprehensive treatises on all aspects
of place names, but as brief glimpses into some of the fascinating problems
which have occupied linguists, philosophers and onomasticians over the years.
Finally, thanks are extended to all who were involved in the compilation of this
work, particularly to Mrs P F Nel and Mrs S S Smit for their assistance with the
proof-reading, and to Mrs Smit for helping to compile the bibliography.
Bop
Bophuthatswana
Bots
Botswana
C
Cape Province
Cis
Ciskei
Escom
Electricity Supply Commission
HSCR
Human Sciences Research Council
Iscor
(South African) Iron and Steel Corporation
Km
kilometre(s)
Les
Lesotho
m
metre(s)
Moc
Mozambique
N
Natal
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
n.d.
not dated
O
Orange Free State
RGN
Raad vir Geestes wetenskaplike Navorsing
S
South-West Africa/Namibia
SWA
Swaziland
T
Transvaal
Trsk
Transkei
Ven
Venda
Introduction
1. Standardization of place names
1.1 Background
The place names of Southern Africa present fascinating and intriguing
linguistic, cultural, sociological and psychological patterns. The oldest names
are those of the San (Bushmen) and Khoekhoen (Hottentots), probably the true
indigenous peoples of the country, and those of the African peoples. From the
second half of the 15th century, Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, German
and other names were given. The evolution of Afrikaans further enriched the
geographical nomenclature. Settlement, colonization and immigration,
particularly as a result of the exploitation of metal and mineral resources, and of
urban and industrial development, added names from Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
Italian, Indian and other languages.
As may be expected, cultural and language contact between these peoples is
reflected in the place names of the country. Older names were altered, adapted,
translated (wholly or in part), and supplanted. Hybrid forms, with part of the
name in one language and another part in a different language, came into being.
It also happened that many names were spelt in different ways by different
people and at different times. Moreover, some individual places came to bear
more than one name, bestowed by different language groups.
The variety of forms and spellings resulted in a measure of confusion and some
problems in communication, with a concomitant wastage of time, expense and
energy.
These and similar problems are, of course, not unique to Southern Africa, but
occur world-wide, with greater or lesser ramifications, depending on the
linguistic and other relevant conditions applying in the various countries.
1.2 International standardization
Efforts towards the international standardization of geographical names date
from as early as 1820, when attempts were made to develop a script or alphabet
which could be used world-wide to write place names. Since then, various
national and international organizations have given attention to the problem of
international standardization, inter alia the International Committee of
Onomastic Sciences, the International Civil Aviation Association, the Pan
American Institute of Geography and History, and similar organizations. In
1953 the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations requested the
Secretary-General to draft a framework of a programme aimed at maximum
uniformity of writing geographical names, and to set up a small group of
consultants to deal with the matter.
In 1960 the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
(UNGEGN) came into being. Since that date eleven sessions of the UNGEGN
have been held, as well as four international Conferences on the standardization
of geographical names.
The UNGEGN comprises experts in the fields of cartography and linguistics
designated by governments of states at the invitation of the Secretary-General of
the United Nations. Experts participating in the sessions of the UNGEGN serve
in their personal capacities as individuals of recognized competence and
experience in their respective fields. In 1984 the Permanent South African
Mission to the United Nations in New York designated Dr P E Raper to
represent the Republic of South Africa in the UNGEGN.
The UNGEGN has the task of providing for continuous coordination and liaison
between countries to further the standardization of geographical names.
One of the fundamental guidelines for the international standardization of
geographical names is that it be based on national standardization.
1.3 National standardization
1.3.1 The National Place Names Committee
As early as 1936 it was realized that a measure of standardization of place
names in South Africa was necessary, and a committee was appointed by the
then Minister of the Interior to investigate the situation. At the recommendation
of this committee, a Place Names Committee, later to become the National Place
Names Committee (NPNC), was appointed in 1939. Comprising experts in the
various languages of the country, onomasticians, and representatives of state
departments and academic institutions, this committee has a mandate which
includes
(a) the gradual correction of the spelling of all geographical names in the
Republic of South Africa;
(b) the approval or rejection of all proposed new place names;
(c) the consideration of all cases where a change of name is desired;
(d) the compilation of dictionaries of geographical names; and
(e) the standardization of foreign place names in Afrikaans.
The work of the NPNC has led to the publication of Official Place Names in the
Union and South-West Africa (1951), and Official Place Names in the Republic
of South Africa and in South-West Africa (1978), as well as a Manual for the
Giving of Place Names (1979). A list of official place names approved between
1978 and 1985 is currently in preparation, while from 1986 the official names
approved will be published annually.
All of the above publications, however, deal with official place names, that is,
names of cities, towns, townships, post offices, railway stations, sidings,
airports, stopping places of South African Transport Services buses, etc.
The compilation of dictionaries of geographical proper names has been
entrusted to the Onomastic Research Centre of the Human Sciences Research
Council. Since these dictionaries are to include names of cultural entities as well
as those of geographical features, and since these names originate in all the
various languages spoken in the country, it is clear that the compilation of these
dictionaries must be based on intensive scientific research, and that this is a
long term undertaking.
The present publication may be regarded as a first step towards the final work.
It includes the names of the most important cities, towns, townships, villages,
regions, mountains, rivers, lakes, forests, and other features. Where such names
have been approved by the NPNC, they have been marked with an asterisk.
1.3.2 Principles and guidelines
One of the primary functions of the NPNC is the recommendation for the
approval or rejection of proposed new official place names. In order to facilitate
matters for organizations and persons wishing to propose such names, the NPNC
has formulated a number of principles and guidelines. These read as follows:
1.3.2.1 General suggestions
1. The following names should be avoided:
(a) Names already existing in the Republic or in South-West Africa;
(b) names of well-known places in other countries;
(c) names having the same or almost the same spellings or having the same
pronunciations as or very similar pronunciations to existing names: this
would eliminate unnecessary confusion, e.g. in the postal, telegraph or
telephone services;
(d) names that are blasphemous, indecent, obscene, vulgar or unaesthetic;
(e) names that are discriminatory or derogatory in regard to race, colour,
religion, sex, political affiliation or other social factors;
(f) names that are too long, clumsily compounded or impractical (more
especially in view of the limited space available for such names on post
office or municipal date-stamps, on railway tickets, on station name boards,
etc.);
(g) names that consist of no more than the name of a person and are therefore
likely to cause confusion between place and person;
(h) names that are too easily translated and may therefore lead to dual forms;
(i) names that may be interpreted as advertising a specific firm or product.
2. Existing names that are satisfactory and acceptable should not be changed
without good reason.
3. Where there is a clear connection between a proposed name and the specific
place, e.g., where a motorbus halt is given the name of the farm on which it
is situated, or where a post office is given the name of the suburb in which
it is situated, the spelling of the new name should be the same as that of the
place from which the name has been derived.
4. New names should not be used on name-boards, in advertisements, etc.,
unless they have been approved by the Committee.
5. It is a known fact that almost any name given to a place will in time, by
association or otherwise, become firmly attached to that place. However, for
aesthetic reasons, and considering factors such as the population group
preponderating in a place or locality, it is advisable for a name with a more
appropriate connection with the place or locality concerned to be given right
from the start. This can be done by choosing names that are descriptive of
local geographical features: names associated with rock formations or the
flora and fauna which are or have been characteristic of the locality; names
connected with historical figures and/or events; or names associated with
the traditions, way of life and background of the local inhabitants, etc. 1
See the Introduction to Official Place Names in the Republic of South Africa and in South West
Africa, compiled by the Place Names Committee (Pretoria, Government Printer, 1978); summarized in
Raper, P.E., Nienaber, G.S. and Marais, J.S.B. Manual for the Giving of Place Names (Pretoria,
HSRC, 1979). Quotes are from the latter publication, but have been adapted.
1.3.2.2 Spelling and form
The NPNC has laid down that
(a) The recognized spelling and forms of writing of the language from which
the name is derived should be adhered to as far as possible.
(b) Diacritical signs should be used in accordance with the requirements of the
language.
A. Afrikaans place names
(1) Simplexes
Names consisting of a simplex should not cause any problems.
(2) Compound names
Compound names are normally written as one word. The following two
types will serve as examples.
(i) Boesmankop, Bultfontein, Klawerkuil, Koedoedraai, Each of these names
consists of two parts which in a non-onomastic context are two nouns.
Sometimes the two parts are also linked with an -s, for example in
Boesmanskraal, Broedersput, Klawershoek. Note: (i) Sometimes there is
uncertainty as to which one a of the following pairs is admissible: laagte or
leegte, rand or rant, olien or oliewen, wilge or wilger, et cetera. It is
suggested that local custom should decide the issue. However, this freedom
of choice no longer exists in the case of -stat and -stad. The form -stat is
now retained only in Dingaanstat, in all other cases the form -stad is used,
(ii) Names of the following kind are also written as one word: Brugo (from
Bruwer and Hugo), Krudoring (from Kruger and doring), Palfon (from
Palmiet/bntez'n); also letter names such as Eljeesee (L.J.C.) and syllable
names such as Delmyn (from delwery and mynbou), et cetera,
(ii) Diepkloof, Nuweland, Swartrand, Warmbad. These, and most names
compounded of an adjective plus a noun, are written as one word.
(a) Hyphens
The hyphen is used in combinations with contrasting or distinguishing
additions, such as Agter, Voor, Groot, Klein; Nuwe, Ou; Bo, Onder; Noord,
Suid, Oos, Wes. They occur before or after a place-name, for example
Agter -Sneeub erg, Groot-Brakrivier, Nuwe-Mosbank, Noord-Rand, Somerset-
Oos, Riebeek-Wes. In an ordinary word which is not a distinguishing place-
name, such additions are normally affixed to the ordinary word without a
hyphen. In this way one finds BoTautesberg, but Boplaas; Groot-
Drakenstein, but Grootvloer; Wes-Transvaal, but Weskoppies. Note: Where
certain vowels occur together in such combinations, a hyphen is used to
facilitate legibility, for example Bo-erf (instead of Boerf), Perde-eiland
(instead of Perdeeiland), et cetera. Hyphens are also used in place-names
consisting of two words linked by en, for example Haak-en-Steek, Rus-en-
Vrede, Hoog-en-Droog.
(b) Compound names that are written separately
Cases do occur in which parts of a compound place-name are written
separately.
We write Jan Smuts lug haw e. All compounds consisting of a Christian name and
a surname are treated in this manner. The Christian name or names are written
separately, the surname is dealt with according to the rule, and in this case it is
joined to the next component. Initials are dealt with in the same manner as
Christian names, in other words they are also written separately from the
surname, e.g. J. G. Strijdomtonnel.
(ii) We write De Clerqville, Du Toitskloof, Le Rouxsrivier, Van Blerkskraal, Van
der Merwesrus; in other words, when a place name consists of a surname of
the type beginning with De, Du, Van, Van den, Van der, the prefixed parts in
the place-name are also written separately. Note: There used to be a tendency
to write names of this kind all as one word, for example Dewetsdorp,
Vanderbijlpark, Vanwyksvlei. Where this form of writing has become
traditional it must be retained.
(iii) Ou is written separately when it precedes a personal name or nickname in
place names such as Ou Thomas se Loop, or where the Ou no longer has any
distinguishing or contrast value, for example Ou Handelspos. Note: Compare
this to what was said under "hyphen" above.
(iv) Place-names consisting of combinations with the possessive se between the
words are written separately, for example Beck se Plaas, Booi se Kraal, Lof
se Dam, and many others.
(v) Where the definite article Die forms the first word in a place-name, it is
written separately, and there is a tendency for the words following it to be
written separately as well, for example Die Hollandse Saal, Die Onderste
Aar, Die Ou Elands, Die Ou Vaal.
(vi) The components of place-names consisting of a numeral plus a noun used in
the plural form are written separately; for example Drie Susters, Veertien
Strome, Twee Riviere, each element beginning with a capital letter. If the
numeral is followed by a noun in the singular form, the elements are written
as one word: Driefontein, Tweespruit, Vyfhoek.
(vii) Place-names comprising phrases such as Agter die Berg, Hoek van die
Berg, Koppie Alleen, Op die Tradou, are written separately. In these cases
only the main words begin with capitals.
(viii) Place-names consisting of two verbs such as Aanhou Hoop, Help Soek,
Kom Kyk are written as separate words.
B. Dutch place names
Historically there is a fairly large number of geographical names derived from
Netherlandic.
The Committee maintains the general principle of giving an Afrikaans form to
certain names that are submitted in the Dutch form, for example Blouberg,
Noupoort, Seekoeivlei and Sondagsrivier. Dutch names are retained where the
Dutch spelling has become the accepted form and is being used as such. For
example, we write De Dooms, Franschhoek, Volksrust, Zeerust. This rule
normally applies to important places. The Dutch spelling can also be retained if
a post office or siding, et cetera, is named after the farm on which it is situated
and the farm name has a registered Dutch spelling and the Place Names
Committee is requested to retain the old spelling. Each case is decided on merit.
C. English place names
English names already existing overseas that are given to places in South Africa
in most cases retain their original spelling and form. English names that were
formed and given in this country, however, may differ in spelling and form from
the "imported" names.
(1) Simplex names
There should be no problems in regard to the spelling of simplex names.
(2) Compound names
It is not easy to provide guidelines for the spelling of compound English
place-names. In practice a certain degree of irregularity is found in the
writing of such place-names. For example, names ending in crest, end, gate,
hill, view, may be written either as one word or as two. Thus are encoun-
tered Wavecrest but Leisure Crest; Teaksend but Flats End; Westgate but
North Gate; Foxhill but Calf Hill; Redhouse but Blue House; Aloeridge
but Gravel Ridge; Bayview but Mountain View. The Place Names
Committee has studied the written form of English place-names in South
Africa. An analysis of certain types of word combinations has indicated that
in some cases a pattern, or at least a tendency, can be discerned in the
writing of English place-names.
(a) Names that are written separately
The following types of place-names are normally written as separate words:
(i) most names of which the first part is one of the following adjectives: Bonny,
Golden, Lower, Old, et cetera; New, Rocky, Sweet, et cetera. Examples are
Bonny Rest, Golden Grove, Lower Adamson, Old Place; New Centre, Rocky
Hill, Sweet Hope;
(ii) names in which the generic term is still strongly felt as a common noun, e.g.
Amatole Basin, Algoa Bay, Brighton Beach, Nagle Dam, Albert Falls, Cape
Flats, Bretby Mine, Table Mountain, Sand River, Berg River Valley;
(iii) most names of which the second part is a plural noun, e.g. Birch Acres,
Beecham Woods, Broken Slopes;
(iv) names with Crown, Fort, Loch, Mount and Port as the first part, e.g. Crown
Reefs, Fort Beaufort, Loch Maree, Mount Frere and Port Alfred;
(v) names of which the second part indicates the situation, e.g. Beaufort West,
Boksburg North, Modder East, Randfontein South;
(vi) names consisting of a numeral plus a noun, e.g. Four Pines, Three Sisters,
Twenty Four Rivers;
(vii) names consisting of Glen plus a personal name, e.g. Glen Karen, Glen
Lynden;
(viii) phrases used as place names, e.g. Ascot on Vaal, Henley on Klip, Ebb and
Flow, The Hole in the Wall;
(ix) names of which the first part is written with an apostrophe, e.g. Davey's Halt,
Gordon's Bay, Eagle's Crag, Lion's Head;
(x) names consisting of the abbreviation St plus a proper name, e.g. St Andrew's,
St Mark's.
(b) Names written as one word
The following kinds of place-names are normally written as one word:
Names ending in bourne, bury, combe, dene, hurst, lea, leigh, mere, wick, et
cetera. For example Ashbourne, Woodbury, Ashcombe, Forestdene,
Meadhurst, Birchleigh, Buttermere, Thornwick, et cetera;
(ii) names beginning with Broad, Cross, Gay or Middle, e.g. Broadlands,
Crossmoor, Gayridge, Middlebrook;
(iii) names beginning with Bal, Brae, Clan, Craig, Dal, Holm, Pen, Sel, Strath, et
cetera. For example Balcraig, Braeview, Clanville, Craigend, Dalview,
Holmleigh, Pendale, Selcourt, Strathcona, et cetera;
(iv) names composed of syllables or parts of names or words, such as Atcem from
(Atlas Cement Company), (Coronation Brick), Navex (Navarro Exploration),
Soweto (South Western Townships).
D. Dual forms
In South Africa where English and Afrikaans are the official languages, one may
expect a large number of place-names that are used in the one language also to be
used in a translated form in the other language. In the course of time dual forms of
names have established themselves for the same places.
Three kinds of translations can be differentiated, viz.
(a) names of which all the parts are translated, e.g. Bloedrivier - Blood River;
Coffee Bay - Koffiebaai; Drieankerbaai - Three Anchor Bay, et cetera;
(b) names of which both parts are ordinary words in the language concerned, but
only the second part is translated, e.g. Bergrivier - Berg River; Melkbosrand -
Melkbos Ridge, et cetera;
(c) names of which the first part is a personal name and the second a generic
term, e.g. Boshoffweg - Boshoff Road; Caledonplein - Caledon Square.
In terms of the country's policy of bilingualism the members of each
language group have the right to insist on the form they use in the natural
context of their own language. For official purposes, however, precedence
may be given to one form, that is, the "first of the two equals". This
precedence is based on the derivation and linguistic composition of the name,
its age, the population group preponderating in the locality concerned, et
cetera.
We write Brighton North, but Randfontein-Suid. In combinations of this kind
the precedence form in the first type is normally English, and in the second,
Afrikaans. In the first type the main word is derived from English, in the
second from Afrikaans. The part of the name which indicates the name type
or the point of the compass, or which constitutes a descriptive addition will
be indicated in the same language as the main word in the precedence form.
Thus we write Bay Road (Bayweg), Bergrivier (Berg River), Oos-Rand (East
Rand). The precedence form is given in italics. Combinations of which the
first part is a word derived from an indigenous language are written as one
word if the second part is Afrikaans, and as two words if the second part is
English, e.g. Gamtoosrivier, Kaya Fort.
E. Khoekhoen (Hottentot) place names
The Khoekhoen languages have become virtually extinct within the borders of
the Republic. The possibilities of these languages producing any new place-
names are therefore very slight. There is, however, a large number of farms and
other places with Khoekhoen names of which some may be submitted to the
National Place Names Committee for approval as official names. The following
principles will apply in such cases.
(a) Khoekhoen place names are normally written as one word.
(b) Diacritical signs to indicate pitch, nasalization, et cetera, are not rendered in
writing.
(c) Clicks are not indicated.
(d) Established forms of spelling, such as Henkries, Kango, Knysna, are left
unchanged.
(e) Spelling should be changed as little as possible except that at the end of a
name:
(i) -p may be standardized as -b;
(ii) -bep/-beb/-bes, -beep/-beeb/-bees, -biep/-bieb/-bies may be standardized as -
bib/-bis;
(iii) -sep/-seb/-ses/-sieb/-sies, et cetera, can be normalized as -sib/-sis; -rep/-res as
-rib/-ris, et cetera.
(f) The sound (x) is represented by ch, except in cases where it has already
become established, e.g. Gamka, Khorixas. Compounds of which one element
is Khoekhoen and the other Afrikaans, or English, are dealt with according to
the principles applying to Afrikaans or English place names. We therefore
write Gouritsrivier, Congo Caves, Kei Mouth, Naab se Berg. Khoekhoen
place-names that have been taken over via an African language and have
been Europeanized, are dealt with according to the principles applying to
place names from African languages.
F. Place names from African languages
When place-names from Bantu or African languages are given to places in a
White area, the spelling of the names may be adapted to the pronunciation of the
White language concerned. Thus we find Kyalami instead of iKhayalami ("my
home") ; Silkaatsnek from the Europeanized Silkaats which is Moselekatse in
Sotho and uMzilikazi in Zulu.
Firmly established or traditionally adapted African language place-names in
White areas remain unchanged, e.g. Congella, Illovo, Isando, Umbogintwini, et
cetera.
Names of places in self-governing territories and in urban areas inhabited by
Blacks are written in accordance with the officially recognized orthography of the
language concerned. The diacritical signs of the languages are also written in
place-names in these areas. Personal names and surnames used in or as place-
names are also spelled in accordance with the recognized orthography.
In the Nguni languages the locative prefixes; o-, ku-, ko-, and kwa- are joined to
the component following. Likewise the "subject" prefixes z- and u- are joined to
the following component. The initial consonant of the component is always
written with a capital letter. If the name is in isolation, or at the start of a
sentence, then the first letter (be it vowel or consonant) is also written with a
capital letter. Thus we find the following situation:
Isolation/ Within sentence
Start of sentence
Eduleni eDuleni
Empangeni eMpangeni
UMthatha/Emthatha uMthata/eMthatha
KwaJoj o kwaJoj o
IGoli/EGoli etc. iGoli/eGoli etc
Ga and Ha in the Sotho languages are written as one word with the following
component; both the Ga/Ha and the next component begin with capital letters, for
example GaDikgale, GaRankuwa.
In Tsonga Ka and eka and the component following them are written as separate
words, for example eka Mpofu, eka Mhinga.
In Venda Ha and the personal name following it are written as one word. The Ha
begins with a capital letter and the personal name with a small letter, e.g.
Hamasia, Hamakuya.
Kwa in the Sotho languages is regularly omitted before place names.
When a place-name consists of a contraction or an abridgement of more than one
word, it is written as one word, e.g. Thabatshweu, iNtabankulu.
2. Structure of place names
Generally speaking, it may be stated that the structure of place names varies
according to the language of origin of the names. Khoekhoen names, for instance,
are characterized by masculine endings -b or -p and feminine endings -s, thus
Goab, Neip, Goms. In addition, they may include locative morphemes such as -se,
-si, -re, -ri, -te, -ti, -be, -bi, -bee, etc, which generally occur in the penultimate
position, as in Nababeep, Komtes, Gobabis, Gobaseb.
Toponyms from the African languages are characterized by locative prefixes such
as Sotho Ga (GaDikgale), Nguni Kwa (KwaMashu), Venda Ha (Hamasia),
Tsonga eKa (eKa Mhinga), or by prefixes and suffixes, such as Nguni o-ini
(Otobotim), e-ni (Edulini), o-eni (Obenjeni), etc.
What seems to be a universal feature of place names is that some are
compounded, consisting of more than one element, while others are non-
compounded, consisting of one element. Examples are Springs as opposed to
Table Mountain. Compounded names apparently preponderate. By and large, too,
names of natural features seem more often to be descriptive and consequently
lexically transparent, while names of cultural features are more often derived
from personal names, inversions, acronyms, anagrams, etc.
Compounded names generally consist of a term indicating the type of feature to
which the name refers (mountain, river, etc.), and a term which describes,
qualifies or modifies it. The former is known as the generic term (or generic) and
the latter the specific term (or specific).
An analysis of place names has indicated that the generic term usually refers to
elevations and depressions, the presence of water, or settlement, demarcation,
allocation or division of land. Thus occur names such as Attakwas Mountains,
Enselsberg, Girinaris, Thaba Bosiu; Bonnievale, Gamkaskloof, Otjikoto,
Tsubgaos; Albert Falls, Bronkhorstspruit, Nossob, Manzimnyama; Bellville,
Boland, Nuhub, Roggeveld, Windhoek.
Specific terms are usually of a more varied character. They may be descriptive of
colour (Blouberg, Heigariep), size (Great Fish River, Klein-Karoo), or shape
(Gouib, Spitskop, Table Mountain); they may refer to fauna or flora encountered
there (Crocodile River, Gamka, Taung; Knysna, Umhlume, Wilge River); they
may be descriptive of the type of soil or rock (Duineveld, Kalk Bay, Modder
River); they may refer to climatological conditions (Cold Bokkeveld, Noagore,
Terra dos Bramidos); they may refer to people in authority (Colesberg, Land van
Waveren) or to owners of land (Adendorp, Odendaalsrus) or someone who had a
link with the place (Daveyton, Trappe's Valley).
Because the original lexical meaning is irrelevant in toponyms, a generic term is
sometimes not regarded as a word with meaning, and another, different generic
may be added to the name; or else a new generic may be added to an existing
name to indicate an extended entity. Thus names occur such as Breede River
Valley, Karkloofrivier, Fairmount Ridge.
Hybrid place names are those in which elements from more than one language
occur, eg Hout Bay, Kei Mouth, Buffalo Nek. Sometimes a generic term from a
specific language is added to an existing name already containing a generic. In
such instances tautology may occur, eg Cheridouws Poort, Nossob River,
Heidelberg Hills, Waterkloof Glen.
The converse may, of course, also happen, namely that the generic term is
omitted altogether, eg The Dargle (River), Knights (Station), Warden (Town). In
such cases the names are said to display a zero generic term.
It will be noted that in most cases, and in most languages, the specific term
precedes the generic, as in Piketberg, Soetap, Westville. Examples of names in
which the generic term precedes the specific are Amanzimtoti, Lake Mentz, Mount
Frere, Ntababovu, Port Beaufort, Thabatshweu.
3. Meanings of place names
3.1 Conceptual, descriptive or lexical meaning
A cursory glance at any reasonably comprehensive list of place names will
probably indicate a number of things. Firstly, it will be noted that each name
consists of a word, or of more than one word. Secondly, some of the names will
immediately be 'understandable', or apparently semantically transparent, while
others will be semantically opaque. Thirdly, each name will be the appellation of
a particular place or geographic entity.
Several comments on these observations may be in order. Place names, or
'toponyms', as they are also called, are proper names. As is the case with
common names, or common nouns, each consists of a spoken or written form and
an internal content, sense or meaning. A name also refers to, or denotes, an extra-
linguistic entity.
There may be a number of reasons why the 'meaning' of a name is not readily
discernible. The name, or a part of the name, may be in an unknown language; the
name may be so old that the word(s) from which it is derived is or are no longer
in current use; or the name may have been so greatly adapted (some say
'corrupted') that it is no longer recognizable.
In addition to the fact that there are names which do not have a readily discernible
meaning, there are also names the meanings of which are not relevant to the
entities, eg geographical names used for cultural features. These and similar
considerations have prompted linguists, philosophers and others to ask the
question whether names have meaning at all. Some scholars maintain that proper
names, including place names, have no meaning, while others aver that names are
the most meaningful of all words.
Names are an integral part of language, and a primary function of language is to
communicate. It would therefore seem to be unreasonable to assume that names
have no meaning at all. Yet some clearly do not appear to 'mean' very much,
except to indicate what a particular place is called. The solution to the problem
seems to lie in what is meant by 'meaning'.
Normally the meaning of a common name may be determined by consulting a
dictionary. Thus the Concise Oxford Dictionary (6th edn, 1980, p 712) gives the
meaning of mountain as, inter alia, 'large natural elevation of earth's surface,
large or high or steep hill, esp. one over 1 000 ft. high'. This definition will hold
for every mountain, and a mountain can be defined in terms of these characteris-
tics, which are applicable to all members of the class of mountain. No such
definition is possible for a proper name. Rietfontein may appear to mean 'reedy
fountain', but when it is the name of a suburb of Pretoria, or of a post office, that
is not, or no longer, its meaning.
In the above cases what is meant by 'meaning' is dictionary meaning, also termed
logico-semantic, lexical, descriptive or conceptual meaning. Most scholars today
maintain that proper names do not have current lexical meaning. Yet Table
Mountain immediately calls to mind the idea of a mountain in some way
resembling a table, namely being flat on top; Blue Lagoon obviously refers to the
colour of such a feature. If, on the other hand, current lexical value were a
prerequisite or defining characteristic of a name, Congo, Namib, Nossob, Parys
and others would not qualify as such.
The problem may be solved by distinguishing between synchronic and diachronic
meaning. Synchronic meaning is that which is discernible in the name at a (the
present) point in time, diachronic meaning that which may be discerned by
viewing the name through the course of time. Synchronically, names are
generally regarded as being devoid of lexical or conceptual meaning.
Diachronically, when a name is viewed as being derived from (a) descriptive
common noun(s), the etymological meaning may be either discerned or traced.
Thus an apparently transparent name is homonymous with its appellative
counterpart. For place names such as these, which have counterparts which are
common nouns or appellatives (Table Mountain as opposed to 'table mountain'),
the terms appellative name or semi-appellative name have been coined. At which
stage a common noun like '(the) pine grove' becomes a proper name like
Pinegrove, cannot always be determined. But when it does attain this status of a
proper name, the dictionary meaning becomes irrelevant. Thus a name like
Coldstream, originally applied to a brook in which there is cold water, is also
applied to a post office and a town. Rietfontein, originally 'a fountain at which
reeds grow', has also become a residential suburb, a farm, a hospital, and so forth.
In the course of time the lexical or dictionary meanings of the common nouns
underlying the place names may become forgotten, but the name itself survives.
Thus there are place names still existing derived from languages which have died
out, and of which even the peoples who spoke these languages no longer exist. In
such cases research is necessary to trace the etymology.
The determination of that etymology has been described as only the first step in
onomastic investigation. Yet it is often an indispensable step. Too often have
name scholars fallen into the trap of assuming that a name means what it seems to
mean. Take a name like Koppies, for example. Patently derived from Afrikaans,
this name could mean 'hillocks', 'little heads' or 'cups'. Since Koppies is a geo-
graphical name, one would presume the meaning to be 'hillocks'. One would be
wrong. Referring to a place in the Northern Cape, the name Koppies is derived
from a San or Khoekhoen word meaning 'wild sage' (Tarchonanthus
camphoratus).
Similarly, an obviously English name such as The Coombs is not English at all,
but Khoekhoen; it means 'river of wild olive trees' (Olea africana).
Thus the examples could proliferate. Armoed is not derived from Afrikaans, nor is
Koringhuis, Aap se Kloof or Katjiesberg. Goodhouse is not English. Any
onomastician who takes a name at face value runs the risk of talking or writing
nonsense. Onomastics is not a guessing game.
A lovely example of misunderstanding is the following. In the Northern Cape is a
hill with the Khoekhoen name Goariep. This name has correctly been explained
in English as 'granite boss'. Not being familiar with the word boss in the sense of
'protuberance', the editor of an Afrikaans publication has translated it as 'graniet-
baas', literally 'granite master', from a homonym of bossl
Meaningless words are alien to language, and the human mind when confronted
with sounds which seem familiar, will imbue those sounds with what it conceives
to be the correct and appropriate content or meaning. Thus folk-etymological
adaptations of names such as those above come into being, and thus incorrect
etymologies of names are sometimes given.
In this publication the etymologies have been furnished as encountered in various
sources. Some of them, such as those of the Khoekhoen and Zulu names, are
based on research and may be regarded as reliable. In other cases the most likely
or most acceptable etymology (or the only one available) has been given.
Sometimes more than one possibility has been mentioned. It is trusted that this
publication will serve as the basis for further toponymical study.
3.2 Grammatical meaning
If lexical or descriptive meaning is absent in place names, grammatical meaning,
which involves such aspects as number, case and gender, is only peripherally
present. It has been stated that names are always definite. Definiteness is linked to
existence of the referent, not existence in reality, but existence in the realm of
interpretation of speaker and hearer. Thus a place name like Xanadu or Jurie
Steyn 's Post Office is just as valid as Pretoria or Zeerust.
The notion of definiteness implies that a name cannot be used, for example, with
an indefinite article. If one speaks of 'a Johannesburg', 'another Vrededorp', and
so forth, the notion behind these utterances concerns the characteristics of the
entities bearing the name. It has been said that in such phrases the proper names
are being used as common names.
A second aspect of place names is that they are always inherently singular or, to
be more specific, each proper name selects and identifies, in a particular context,
an individual member of a discrete set. Apparent plurals, such as Die Spitskoppe,
The Crags and so forth, are felt to be collectives and therefore singular.
3.3 CONNOTATIVE OR PRAGMATIC MEANING
As has been stated above, some authorities maintain that names are the most
meaningful of all words. If, as has been shown, names generally contain virtually
no descriptive or lexical meaning, something else must be meant. That something
is connotative meaning, that is, the connotations that come to mind when a name
is heard or read. These associations attach themselves to the name via the feature
to which the name refers, the extra-linguistic entity bearing the name. This
connotative or associative meaning is subjective, being dependent on one's
knowledge of the place. Thus the name Durban may call to mind an experience in
a particular hotel, the beach and all its attractions, the Bluff, the Esplanade, the
rickshas, the milling crowds, shark-nets, oil-polluted shores, a honeymoon, or
whatever. To someone who does not know the place, it will have as little meaning
as, say, Muressa. To this category of meaning belong such factors as social
standing (it is 'better' to live in Houghton than in Mayfair), stigma (Watergate),
and so forth.
Thus, depending on one's background knowledge of a place, the name of that
place may have an infinite number of connotations differing from speaker to
speaker, though in the case of better-known entities some of these associations
may be shared.
4. Reference of place names
The most important function of a place name is to refer to an entity; that is, to
select one particular entity from a host of others of a similar or different nature,
and to identify it and distinguish it from others.
If the name Stellenbosch is used in a particular context, speaker and listener will
normally both realize that the university town 48 km east of Cape Town, famous
for its wine estates and oak trees, is being referred to. This use of place names to
refer to one specific, unique entity in a particular context led some scholars to
speak of a name as referring individually or uniquely. These terms were later
misunderstood; it was thought that what was meant was that a name can have
only one referent, such as Popocatepetl is supposed to have. In actual fact few, if
any, names have only one referent and, if that were to happen, there is nothing
preventing that name from being bestowed on another entity and destroying its
uniqueness.
What is meant by referring individually or uniquely, is that, in a specific context,
only one entity is referred to when a particular name is used. Thus no matter how
many places there are with the name, say, of Nooitgedacht, when this name is
used, it will refer to only one specific place within that particular context.
5. Syntax of place names
When speaking of the syntax of names, a distinction should be made between
internal and external syntax. By the former is meant the grammatical relationships
embedded in the name itself. Thus the internal syntax of Cisiqua would be
something like 'river, the water of which has a salty flavour', ie 'salt(y) river';
that of Champagne Castle would be 'mountain with a shape reminiscent of a
castle, on which an altercation arose over a bottle of champagne'. It is clear from
these examples that the internal syntax of place names differs widely from that of
common nouns, and that it presents an intriguing field of study.
By the external syntax of place names is meant the relationship between these
names and other items in the same utterance, sentence or construction. The
criteria most often proposed as appertaining to place names are
(i) that they are not used in the plural;
(ii) that they do not accept modifying restrictive relative clauses; and
(iii) that they do not occur with the range of articles available to common nouns.
As regards the first of these statements it has been argued that, because place
names are inherently definite, they must always be singular. Most names, indeed,
have a singular form, eg Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Table Mountain. They may,
however, have a plural form, eg Springs, Twenty-four Rivers. In such instances,
however, it has been pointed out that the name is a collective plural, a pluralia
tantum. Springs, originally the term for a number of fountains, has become the
name of a town; Twenty-four Rivers is the name of a single river with a number of
channels, also used for other features; Outeniqua Mountains refers to a mountain
range. In a statement such as 'There are four hundred Rietfonteins in Transvaal',
Rietfonteins is not a plural name; what is meant is 'There are four hundred places
called Rietfontein in Transvaal'.
The second thesis, namely that place names do not accept modifying restrictive
relative clauses, has been the object of some contention. At this juncture it would
seem that place names differ to a considerable extent from, for instance, personal
names in this respect, and that any conclusions would have to be based on an
analysis of a representative body of information. Factors such as the occurrence
of names including the definite article (eg The Heads) would need to be taken
into account, since the syntactical use of such names may be different in certain
instances from that of names which do not contain a definite article. The
behaviour of place names in conjunction with adjectives or restrictive phrases,
too, promises to yield interesting results.
The question of articles used in conjunction with place names is a complex one.
In a number of instances the definite article is part of the name, eg The Coombs,
in other cases the definite article is expressed as a zero article; in other words, it
does not appear in speech or writing. However, in certain syntactic constructions
the definite article may be explicit, particularly when modifiers are employed;
compare 'the Mayfair I remember', 'the beautiful Orange Free State', 'the fairest
Cape in all the world'.
It is generally accepted that place names do not take indefinite articles, because
place names are inherently definite. In utterances such as a Benoni, a different
Vrededorp, the place names are said to be employed as common nouns, ie
referring to characteristics of the entity bearing the name.
This particular distinction is a very nebulous one, however, and the last word on
the subject has still to be spoken.
From what has been said above, it will be clear that the various aspects of place
names are intricately interwoven. For many years scholars have studied them and
made certain pronouncements. In a number of cases a measure of clarity has been
achieved; in other instances the confusion and fuzzy thinking persists or has been
aggravated. It has not been my intention to solve problems here, but to highlight a
number of salient features in the hope that interest may be stimulated and our own
place names studied with the intensity names in other countries have enjoyed.
Dictionary
1. Notes on the entries
The entries take the following form.
1.1 Names appear in bold characters. Officially approved names are preceded by
an asterisk. Names printed bold within the text are dealt with at the relevant
alphabetical place and may be referred to.
1.2 Situation of the entity or feature to which the name refers appears in brackets.
(a) The letter or abbreviation reference indicates administrative division - see
Abbreviations.
(b) The four-figure reference indicates latitude and longitude. Thus 2829 means
28°S., 29°E. The reference is always to the north-western corner of the one-
degree square.
(c) The following letter, or two letters, indicates the quarter or sixteenth of the
relevant degree square and is determined as follows: The degree square is
divided into four and each quarter is labelled A, B, C, D (see Fig 1).
29°
i
w
A
B
C
D
Fig
I
•
Each of these quarters is again divided into four and numbered A, B, C, D (see
Fig 2).
29°
i
I
I
28°
A I B
A
A B
C —
A B
D
Fig 2
For example reference 2829 AA means that the relevant feature is situated in the
large block A, and in the smaller block A of that block; 2829 DB means the
feature is in the large block D and in the smaller block B within the block D. The
alphabetical reference is thus to the quarter-degree block (30'), and then to the
sixteenth-degree block (15').
This method of indicating the situation serves another purpose as well. The
various official map-sheets compiled by the Directorate of Surveys and Mapping
are referred to in terms of degree square. Thus reference numbers for 1:50 000
maps are, for example, 2728 AA Elandskop, 2729 CC Hopedale, etc. The location
indicator given between brackets thus also serves as a guide to the map-sheet on
which the name of the feature can be found. References without the alphabetical
indicators (eg 2728) are to larger-scale maps (1:250 000 Topographical and Topo-
cadastral).
1.3 Description of feature, that is, indication of the topographic category such as
city, island, mountain, river, township, village, etc.
1,.4 Description of the location in terms of distance and direction from other
entities.
1.5 In the case of cultural or man-made features, such as cities, towns, etc, a brief
account of establishment, official status, historical highlights, etc.
1.6 Language of origin of the name'(if other than English).
1.7 Meaning and (if known) origin of the name.
2. Pronunciation of place names
2.1 When geographical names are spoken, they tend to be pronounced as though
they belonged to the language of the speaker or to the language in the context
of which they are being used. Thus Afrikaans names would be anglicized
when spoken by English-speaking persons, and English names pronounced as
though they were Afrikaans when pronounced by Afrikaners.
2.2 This tendency is particularly strong in the case of Khoekhoen since the
Khoekhoen languages are no longer extant in the Republic of South Africa.
Thus not only are the suction consonants or clicks omitted, but the original
pitch (high, middle, and low) is ignored, and the names are pronounced as
though they were Afrikaans or English. This phonological adaptation is
sometimes reflected in the orthography.
2.3 Geographical names derived from the various African languages, too, are
adapted phonologically (and orthographically) to Afrikaans and English.
2.4 In view of the complexity of the phonological situation, it has been deemed
advisable to dispense with an indication of pronunciation of place names at
this stage.
3. Translation of generic terms
The translation of Afrikaans generic terms is sometimes not given in the text.
Thus, for example, Van Wyksvlei is explained as having been named after a
farmer with the surname Van Wyk. For a fuller understanding of such names, the
reader is referred to the following list of Afrikaans generics with their
approximate translations.
A word of caution is in order, however. Because the topography and climate of
Southern Africa differ from those elsewhere in the world, the terms used to
explain the Afrikaans generics are not precise. A vlei, for example, is actually a
hollow in which water may collect during rainy seasons, but the term may also be
used for a marsh, swamp or bog. The designation 'swamp' for Dronkvlei, for
example, does thus not necessarily signify a permanent swamp.
aar underground watercourse
akker field, plot of land
baai bay
bad bath, (mineral) spring
bank shelf
berg mountain
bron spring
bult hillock, ridge, rise
burg
castle, (hence) town
dal
dale, dell, glen
dam
dam, reservoir
deel
part, portion
dorp
town
drif
ford
eiland
island
fontein
fountain, spring
fort
fort, stronghold
gat
hole
grot
cave, grotto
heuwel
hill
hof
court, garden
hoogte
height, prominence
huis
house, home
kamp
camp, paddock
kasteel
castle
klip
stone, rock
kloof
gorge, ravine
kolk
eddy, pool
kom
basin, bowl
kraal
corral, kraal, village
krans
cliff, precipice
kruin
crown, summit, crest
kuil
pool
laagte
depression, dip, valley
land
land, field
leegte
depression, dip, valley
loop
watercourse
ghawe
airport
meer
lake
mond
mouth
myn
mine
nek
neck, col
neus
promontory, shoulder (of
mountain)
oog
fountain(head)
oord
place, resort
pan
pan, basin, hollow
pas
(mountain) pass
plaas
farm, place
Poel
pool
Poort
gateway, defile
pos
post
punt
point
put(s)
well
Rand
edge, rim
Rant
ridge, range of hills
Rif
reef
rivier
river
rug
ridge, hill
rus(t)
rest, repose
sloot
ditch, furrow, gully
spits
peak, summit
spruit
creek, stream, tributary
stad
city
stasie
station
stroom
stream
val
fall(s)
vallei
valley
veld
field, pasture
vlakte
plain, flat(s)
vlei
Marsh, moor, swamp
Vliet
brook, rivulet
Wal
bank, embankment, wall of dam waterval
woud forest, wood
Place Names
Abel Erasmus Pass (T 2430 DA).
Mountain pass some 11 km long
between Hoedspruit and Ohrigstad.
Named after a well-known farmer
and civil servant from the days of the
Transvaal Republic. The J G
Strijdom Tunnel forms part of the
pass.
*Abenab (S 1918 AC). Village some
32 km north of Grootfontein. It came
into being in 1921 to serve a mine
producing lead, vanadium and zinc,
which closed down in 1958. Of
Khoekhoen origin, the name is said
to mean 'climbing river'.
*Aberdeen (C 3224 AC). Town
some 55 km south-east of Graaff-
Reinet, 155 km east-south-east of
Beaufort West, 32 km south of the
Camdebo Mountains. Laid out on the
farm Brakkefontein as a settlement
of the Dutch Reformed Church in
1856, it became a municipality in
1858. It is named after Aberdeen in
Scotland, birthplace of the Reverend
Andrew Murray of Graaff-Reinet,
relieving minister.
Abna (C 3421). Khoekhoen name for
the Vals River, tributary of the
Gourits River. The Afrikaans name,
meaning 'false river', is a direct
translation.
Acacia Park see Akasiapark
*Acornhoek (T 2431 CA). Village
some 29 km south-east of Hoedspruit
and 165 km north-west of Komati-
poort. The name is variously
explained as being an adaptation of
Eekhoornhoek ('squirrel corner');
derived from the German surname
Eichhorn, and named after the acorn-
like fruits of the mabula tree.
*Adams Mission (N 3030 BB).
Settlement west of Amanzimtoti and
south of Durban, in the Umlazi
district. Established in 1836, it was
destroyed by Dingaan but rebuilt in
1839. Named after the American
missionary Dr Newton Adams who
arrived in Natal in 1835 and who
played a prominent role in respect to
this mission. Adams Mission is an
important educational institution.
*Addo (C 3325). Region east of the
Sundays River, some 72 km north-
east of Port Elizabeth. In 1931 about
680 ha were enclosed to form the
Addo Elephant National Park. The
name is also borne by a railway sta-
tion, post office and bridge. Of
Khoekhoen origin, the name proba-
bly means 'euphorbia ravine'.
*Adelaide (C 3226 CB). Town some
22 km east of Bedford, 37 km west
of Fort Beaufort and 91 km north of
Grahamstown. Founded as a military
post in 1834, it gradually developed
until it achieved municipal status in
1896. It was named after Queen
Adelaide, wife of William IV of
England.
Adendorp (C 3224 BC). Village
some 8 km south of Graaff-Reinet, in
the Sundays River Valley. Named
after the former owner of the farm, N
J Adendorff, who sub-divided it into
smallholdings in about 1858. Muni-
cipal status was attained in 1878.
Agter-Bruintjieshoogte (C 3226).
Region north of Bruintjieshoogte,
embracing the upper reaches of the
Little Fish River. Named after Nic de
Bruyn, or De Bruin, former heem-
raad of Swellendam.
Agterwitsenbergkom (C 3319).
Region in the Ceres district, meaning
'basin behind the Witsenberg'. See
Witsenberg.
Aguada de Sao Bras (C 3422).
Portuguese name of Mossel Bay,
given by Vasco da Gama on 26
November 1497. 'The watering-place
of St Blaize', so called because Da
Gama filled his casks with fresh
water there on the name-day of St
Blaize. Cape St Blaize takes its name
from this bay.
Agulhas (C 3420 CC). Coastal resort
near Cape Agulhas, some 32 km
south of Bredasdorp. Portuguese for
'needle', the name is said to have
been given to the cape because the
compass-needle was seen to point
due north, that is, with no magnetic
deviation. The Agulhas Bank is
reputed to be the richest fishing area
in the Southern Hemisphere.
Agulhas, Cape see Cape Agulhas
Aiab (S 2417/2517). Khoekhoen
name of the Lewer rivier, 'liver
river', which is a direct translation.
*Ai-Ais (S 2717 DC). Holiday resort
with hot mineral springs, in the bed
of the Fish River, some 128 km west
of Karasburg and 224 km south-west
of Keetmanshoop. From Khoekhoen
/Ae-/aes, 'firefire', ie 'hot as fire'.
Aigams (S 2217 CA). Nama name
for Windhoek. From /ae, 'fire',
//gams, 'water', the name refers to
the hot springs there.
Aigams (S 2818 BD). Nama name of
Warmbad. From lael/gams, 'fire
(hot) water', the name refers to the
hot springs there.
Airob (S 2417/2517). Khoekhoen
name of Lewer rivier, 'liver river', a
translation.
Akasiapark (C 3318 DC). Residen-
tial area for civil servants, members
of Parliament and railway officials,
laid out on part of Wingfield, a
former naval aerodrome. Named
Sassar from 1947 to 1 December
1959, then Acacia Park, after the
Port Jackson willows (Acacia
cyanophylla) growing there.
Albania (C 2824). Region bounded
by the Orange River in the south, the
Vetberg line in the north, the Vaal
River in the west and the Rama-
Belmont line in the east. Named after
Albany.
Albany (C 3325). Region established
on 7 January 1814 by Sir John
Cradock (1762-1811), Governor of
the Cape Colony from 1811 to 1812.
Bounded by the Great Fish River in
the north, Bruintj eshoogte in the
south, the Bosberg in the west and
the Suurberg in the east. Named in
honour of the Duke of York.
Formerly this was the Suurveld.
Albasini Dam (T 2330 AA). Dam at
the foot of the Soutpansberg, named
after Joao Albasini (?-1885), head of
the Magwamba tribe, Vice-Consul
for Portugal and superintendent of
the African peoples in the Soutpans-
berg under the ZAR.
Albert (C 3026). Region between the
Stormberg and the Orange River,
embracing approximately the present
districts of Albert, Wodehouse and
Aliwal North. Named after the
consort of Queen Victoria.
*Albert Falls (N 2930 AD). Water-
fall in the Umgeni River, 22 km
north-east of Pietermaritzburg and
13 km west-south-west of New Han-
over. Probably named after the
consort of Queen Victoria. It is also
the name of a railway station 30 km
from Pietermaritzburg.
*Albertinia (C 3421 BA). Village
50 km west of Mossel Bay. It was
laid out in 1900 on the farm Groot-
fontein and became a municipality in
1920. The name is derived from the
surname of Johannes Rudolph
Albertyn (1847-1920), the first
Dutch Reformed minister to serve
the community.
*Alberton (T 2628 AA). Town 6 km
south-west of Germiston and 11 km
south-east of Johannesburg. It was
laid out on the farm Elandsfontein in
1904 and attained municipal status in
1939. Named after General Hendrik
Abraham Alberts, chairman of a
syndicate which purchased the estate
in 1904.
*Alexander Bay (C 2816 CB-DA).
Cove on the west coast, 7 km south
of the mouth of the Orange River, in
the Namaqualand district. Named
after Sir James Edward Alexander
(1803-1885), British officer and
explorer.
*Alexandra (T 2628 AA). Township
some 13 km north-east of Johannes-
burg. Presumably named after Queen
Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII
of England.
*Alexandria (C 3326 AB). Town
some 112 km north-east of Port
Elizabeth. Originally Olifantshoek,
the name was changed in 1873 to
Alexandria, after Alexander Smith, a
Scottish minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church in Uitenhage.
Alfred County (N 3029). Region
bounded by the districts of Mount
Currie, Umzimkulu, Ixopo, Port
Shepstone and Bizana. Named after
Prince Alfred, son of Queen Victoria,
who visited Natal in 1860.
Algoa Bay (C 3325 DD). Large inlet
on the Indian Ocean, between Cape
Padrone and Cape Recife, on which
Port Elizabeth is situated. Named
Angra da Roca by Bartolomeu Dias
in 1488, subsequently renamed Bahia
da Lagoa, which was corrupted to
Algoa Bay. Of Portuguese origin, the
name means 'marsh bay',
*Alice (Cis 3226 DD). Town on the
Tyume River, some 120 km north-
west of East London. It was named
in 1847 by the Governor, Sir
Peregrine Maitland, after Princess
Alice, the second daughter of Queen
Victoria. Municipal status was
attained in 1852.
*Alicedale (C 3326 AC). Village in
the Albany district, some 42 km west
of Grahamstown. Named after Alice
Slessor (nee Dale), wife of the engi-
neer who constructed the railway.
Aliwal North (C 3026 DA). Town
on the banks of the Orange River,
some 195 km from Bloemfontein, on
the road to East London. It was
founded in 1849 and named by the
Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir
Harry Smith (1847-1852), to comme-
morate his decisive victory over the
Sikhs under Runjeet Singh at Aliwal
in India on 28 January 1846. Munici-
pal status was achieved in 1882.
Aliwal South (C 3422 AA). Alterna-
tive name about 1850 for Mossel
Bay.
*Alkmaar (T 2,530 BD). Hamlet on
the Crocodile River, some 18 km
west of Nelspruit. Named after a
town in the Netherlands, 32 km
north-north-west of Amsterdam.
*Allanridge (O 2726 DC). Gold-
mining town 14 km north of Oden-
daalsrus and 34 km north of
Welkom. It was founded in 1950 and
is administered by a village manage-
ment board. Named after Allan
Roberts who interested himself in
prospecting for gold in the OFS.
*Amajuba (N 2729 BD). Also
Majuba; mountain 14 km south-west
of Volksrust and 32 km north of
Newcastle; the scene of an historic
battle in the First Anglo-Boer War.
The name is derived from Zulu and
means 'hill of many doves'. It has
given its name to the post office
Amajuba and the railway station
Majuba.
*Amalienstein (C 3321 AD). Former
mission station of the Berlin
Missionary Society, 22 km east of
Ladismith, on the road to Calitzdorp.
Named after Amalie von Stein, bene-
factress of German missions.
Amandelboom (C 3120 BD). Origi-
nal name of Williston. Afrikaans for
'almond tree', it refers to the
situation of the Rhenish mission
station from which the town devel-
oped, and was used from 1845 to
1919.
*Amanzimtoti (N 3030 BB). Town
and holiday resort on the South
Coast, 29 km south-west of Durban.
It was founded in 1928, proclaimed a
township in 1939 and became a
borough in 1952. In 1961 Amanzim-
toti, Isipingo Beach and Isipingo Rail
were amalgamated into a. single
municipality. Named after the
Manzimtoti River; the name is
derived from Zulu and means 'sweet
water' or 'the water is sweet'.
Amatikulu (N 2931 BA). Town
some 130 km north-east of Durban,
near Gingindlovu. Named after the
Matigulu, also spelt Amatikulu,
River. From Lala or Zulu, probably
'large water', ie 'large river'. The
approved form is aMatikulu.
*Amatole (Cis 3227 DB). Mountain
range, subsidiary of the Winterberg
range, 15 km north-east of Alice and
between Seymour and Stutterheim,
extending westwards to the Great
Fish River. The name is of Xhosa
origin and means 'weaned calves'.
Ameis (S 2718 CB). Khoekhoen
name of Grunau, which is a trans-
lation: 'green surface', 'green face'.
*Amersfoort (T 2729 BB). Town
56 km south of Ermelo and 72 km
south-east of Bethal, on the banks of
the Schulpspruit. It was founded in
1876 and proclaimed in 1888.
Named after the city Amersfoort in
the Netherlands by its founder, F
Lion Cachet.
Amphlett (N 2929 AB). Hill on the
ridge leading to Cathkin Peak, 50 km
west of Estcourt. Named after G T
Amphlett, president of the local
mountain club in 1908.
Amstel (C 3418 AA). Name applied
until 1657 to the Liesbeek River,
after the canal flowing through
Amsterdam in Holland.
Amsterdam (O 2728 CD). Original
name of Reitz.
*Amsterdam (T 2630 DA). Town
some 77 km east of Ermelo. Part of a
Scottish settlement established by
Alexander McCorkindale, it was
proclaimed a town in June 1881. At
first called Roburnial the name was
changed on 5 July 1882 to Amster-
dam, after the Dutch city where the
State Secretary, Eduard Bok, was
born, and out of gratitude for Dutch
sympathy during the First Anglo-
Boer War (1880-1881).
Amsterdam Flats (C 3325). Region
between the Swartkops and Coega
rivers, near Port Elizabeth. Named
after the Dutch East India Company
ship Amsterdam which was wrecked
on 15 December 1817. The settle-
ment Amsterdamhoek was also
named after that ship.
Andalusia (C 2724 DD). Former
name of Jan Kempdorp. Named after
Andalusia in Spain.
Anenousberg (C 2917 BC). Moun-
tain some 56 km north of Springbok,
in the Namaqualand district. Derived
from Khoekhoen !Nani #nus, 'the
side of the mountain'.
*Anerley (N 3030 CB). Holiday
resort some 111 km south-west of
Durban and 10 km north-east of Port
Shepstone. Said to be named after a
district in the south-east of London.
Angra da Roca (C 3325). Bay now
known as Algoa Bay, thus named in
1488 by Bartolomeu Dias.
Angra das Vaccas (C 3421 BD).
Old name for Vleesbaai. Named after
the cows the Portuguese mariners
saw grazing there.
Angra das Voltas (S 2615 CA).
Former name of Luderitz Bay. Por-
tuguese for 'bay of tacks', the name
was given in 1488 by the Portuguese
mariner Bartolomeu Dias because
contrary winds caused them to make
many tacks there.
Angra dos Ilheos (S 2615 CA). Now
Luderitzbucht. 'Bay of little
islands', named by Dias; subse-
quently Angra Pequena, 'penguin
harbour' and Luderitzbucht.
Angra dos Vaqueiros (C 3421 BD).
Now Mossel Bay. 'Bay of herds-
men'; thus named by Dias because
he saw many cattle on the shore.
Renamed Aguada de Sao Bras
('watering-place of St Blaize') by
Vasco da Gama in 1497 and Mossel-
baai by Paulus van Caerden in 1601.
Angra Pequena (S 2615 CA). Now
Liideritzbucht. 'Small bay'.
Anhalt-Schmidt (C 3323 CB). Sta-
tion of the Berlin Missionary Society
in the Uniondale district. Named
after the missionary Schmidt who in
1737 began to work among the
Hottentots, and his birthplace in
Moravia, Anhalt.
Anis (S 2317 AC). Nama name of
Rehoboth, meaning 'smoke', from
the steam seen at the hot springs on
winter mornings.
*Anysberg (C 3219-3320). Moun-
tain range west of the Little Swart-
berg, forming portion of the northern
boundary of the Ladismith district.
Named either after aniseed (Pimp-
inella anisum), 'anys' in Afrikaans,
or after an anise-scented buchu
(Diosma vulgaris).
*Apiesrivier (T 2528). River which
has its source in the Fountains
Valley and flows through Pretoria.
Said to have been named after the
large numbers of vervet monkeys
which lived in the trees on its banks
between Daspoort and the Fountains
Valley. An alternative derivation is
that it takes its name from Tshwana
('the little monkey'), son of and
successor to Musi, chief of a branch
of the Nguni tribe which settled in
the Transvaal some 350 years ago at
the time of the Nguni migration to
Natal. The Ndebele name is Enzwa-
buklunga, Enzwabuhlungu or
Entsabotluku, from en Zubuh-
lungu, 'the one that hurts', 'painful',
after the sharpness of the stones.
*Aranos (S 2419 AA). Village in
the Gibeon district, on the banks of
the Nossob, some 176 km from
Mariental. Supplanted the name
Arahoab owing to confusion with
Aroab. Derived from Arahoab and
Nossob.
*Ariamsvlei (S 2819 BB). Village
with post office and railway station,
between Keetmanshoop and
Upington, 16 km west of Nakop.
The name is derived from
Khoekhoen, # ari am, 'raisin-bush
(Grewia) fountain'.
Armoedsweiding (C 3421). Region
abutting on the Vals River, probably
where Weltevreden is now situated.
Thus named on 26 January 1689 by
Isaq Schrijver. 'Poor grazing',
'pasturage of poverty'.
Arniston (C 3420 CA). Village
officially known as Waenhuis-
krans, named after the British
troopship Arniston which was
wrecked in Marcus Bay some 40 km
north-east of Cape Agulhas on 30
May 1815 with the loss of 372 lives,
and with 6 survivors.
*Aroab (S 2619 DC). Village some
170 km east of Keetmanshoop. The
name is derived from Khoekhoen #
aro (Zizyphus mucranatus) and lab,
'river', after this type of thorn -tree
growing on the banks.
Arthur, Lake see Lake Arthur
Artjesvlei (C 3419). Region in the
Hermanus district, bounded by the
Babilonstoring range in the north
and the Kleinrivierberge in the
south. Named after the wild peas
growing there, the name was used
from about 1870. Also Atchasvlei,
now Ertjiesvlei.
*Asab (S 2517 BD). Settlement
some 100 km south of Mariental.
Derived from Khoekhoen, the name
means 'new place'.
Asbestos Mountains (C 2823). Moun-
tains in the Hay district, formerly
known as Rooiberge, a term now only
applied to the hills north of Tsineng.
Known, in Afrikaans as Asbesberge,
which has the same meaning.
Asherville (N 2930 DD). Township
some 8 km north-west of Durban city
hall. Named after a former city
councillor, Mrs Mary Asher, who was
particularly interested in the welfare of
the Indian population.
*Ashton (C 3320 CC). Town at the
foot of the Langeberg, 10 km south-
west of Montagu and 19 km east-
south-east of Robertson. It was
established in 1897 on the farm
Roodewal and attained municipal
status in January 1956. Named after
the first station-master.
*Asrivier (O 2828 AD). River some
8 km south-east of Bethlehem which
flows into Loch Lomond. Afrikaans
for 'axle river', the name was given
because the axle of a wagon broke at a
ford here during the Great Trek,
causing some delay.
Attaquas Kloof (C 3321 DD). Ravine
some 43 km north-west of Mossel
Bay. Named after the Attaqua group of
Khoekhoen. Variants of the name
include Atquaskloof, Attakwaskloof,
Artaquas and Hartequaskloof. There
is also an Attaquaskloof 23 km south-
west of Caledon (C 3419 AC-AD).
Attaquas Mountains (C 3321).
Mountain range between George and
Mossel Bay. Named after the Attaqua
group of Khoekhoen, it is also
encountered as Attakwasberge.
*Atteridgeville (T2528 CA). Town-
ship 11 km west of Church Square in
Pretoria, established in 1939 and
named after Mrs M P Atteridge,
Chairman of the City Council's
Committee for Non-European Affairs
at that time.
Auas Mountains (S 2217 CA). Range
some 56 km long, part of the Damara-
land Highlands, in the Windhoek
district. Derived from Khoekhoen, the
name is said to refer to a type of tree
growing there which bears small,
hard, red berries.
Augrabies Falls (C 2820 CB).
Waterfall in the Orange River,
40 km north-west of Kakamas,
88 km west of Upington. From
Khoekhoen (Korana), probably
'hollow place'. Formerly the names
King George's Cataract and
Hercules Falls were given but did
not survive. The Afrikaans form
Augrabieswaterval has been
approved.
*Augrabieswaterval
see Augrabies Falls
*Auob (S 2418-2620). Tributary of
the Nossob, which it joins at Twee
Rivieren at the Botswana border
after 'flowing' south-east for some
560 km past Stampriet, Gochas,
Eindpaal and Mata Mata. The name
is of Khoekhoen origin and means
'bitter river'.
*Aurora (C 3218 CB). Town 43 km
north-west of Piketberg and 29 km
south of Redelinghuys. Established
in 1906, it was named after the
Roman goddess of dawn.
Aurora Peak (C 3127). Slightly
east of the Drakensberg. After the
Roman goddess of dawn, it is said to
be so named because of its situation
in the Eastern Cape, and because it
is one of the first peaks to catch the
rays of the rising sun.
*Aus (S 2616 CB). Village some
125 km east of Luderitz and 114 km
west of Konkiep (Goageb). The
name is derived from Khoekhoen
and probably means 'snake
fountain', 'place of snakes'. Aus
became a municipality in 1949.
*Avontuur (C 3323 CA). Town
some 13 km south-east of Union-
dale. Afrikaans for 'adventure', the
origin of the name is obscure. The
river from which the town takes its
name was known thus in 1778.
B
*Babanango (N 2831). Mountain
38 km north-west of Melmoth. Said
to have been named after an incident
in which the child of a Zulu chief of
the Buthelezi tribe was lost in the
mist. He was found by his brother
who called 'Baba nango!' - 'Father,
there he is!' An alternative explana-
tion is that the name is derived from
that of a tree or shrub, ibabanango,
but existing dictionaries list no such
word. The name is also borne by a
stream.
*Babanango (N 2831 AC). Town
some 58 km north-west of Melmoth.
Founded in 1904, it probably takes
its name from the geographical
features nearby, the stream and the
mountain.
Babilonstoring (C 3318 DB).
Mountain at the entrance to the
Paarl Valley, between Stellenbosch
and Paarl. The name, bestowed prior
to 1690 and also encountered as
Babylons Toren, means 'tower of
Babel'; the reference is to its height.
*Badplaas (T 2530 DC). Health
resort with hot sulphur springs near
the Buffelspruit, 48 km east of
Carolina on the road to Barberton.
Known to the indigenous people as
Emanzana, 'healing waters'. Dis-
covered in 1876, it was proclaimed
state property on 6 November 1893.
In December 1947 it was proclaimed
a township. The name is Afrikaans,
derived from Dutch, and means
'bathing place', 'spa'.
Bahia de Sao Francisco (C 3425
AA). 'Bay of St Francis', now St
Francis Bay. This Portuguese name
was given by Perestrelo to Golfo
dos Pastores, 'bay of the shepherds'.
Bahia dos Vaqueiros (C 3421 BD).
Former name of Fish Bay; given by
Bartolomeu Dias in February 1488,
meaning 'bay of the cowherds'.
Bahia Formosa (C 3423 AB). Now
Plettenberg Bay. Meaning 'beautiful
bay', it was given this name in 1576
by the Portuguese navigator Manuel
de Mesquita Perestrelo.
Bain's Kloof Pass (C 3319 CA).
Mountain pass over the Drakenstein
range 29 km west-north-west of
Worcester, between the Breede
River Valley and Wellington.
Started in 1849 and opened in Sep-
tember 1853. Named after its
builder, Andrew Geddes Bain (?-
1864), road engineer, explorer and
geologist.
*Bain's Vlei (0 2926 AA). Settle-
ment on the road to Kimberley, situ-
ated 8 km west of Bloemfontein,
Named after the owner, Andrew
Hudson Bain, who bought it in
1849.
Bakens River (C 3325 CD). River
near Port Elizabeth. Afrikaans,
originally Dutch; 'beacon river', so
called because Ensign August
Beutler erected a beacon at its
mouth when demarcating the terri-
tory of the Dutch East India
Company in 1752. It also served as
a beacon for sailors seeking the
landing-place. The spellings Baak-
ens, Baaker and Baker are also
encountered.
Bakoven (C 3418 AB). Settlement
on the west coast of the Cape
Peninsula, south of Camps Bay.
'Baking oven', possibly after an off-
shore rock of that shape; the name is
Dutch in origin.
Balelasberg (N 2730). Branch of
the Drakensberg, named after an
Amahlubi chief, Langalibalela, who
lived there, 'The scorching (libalele)
sun (langa)' .
*Balfour (C 3226 DA). Village at
the foot of the Katberg. Established
as a station of the Glasgow Mission-
ary Society in 1828 by John Ross
and McDiarmid, and named after
Robert Balfour, first Secretary of
the Society.
*Balfour (T 2628 DA). Town and
post office, some 80 km southeast of
Johannesburg, Established on the
farms Vlakfontein No. 101 and No.
108 which belonged to Frederick
Stuart McHattie, and named
McHattiesburg after him in 1897.
Proclaimed on 16 February 1898, it
was renamed Balfour on 15
February 1905, after Arthur James
Balfour, Prime Minister of Great
Britain, 1902-1905, who visited
South Africa in that year.
Bamboesberg (C 3126). Mountain
range south-east of Steynsburg and
north-east of Hofmeyr; an extension
westward of the Stormberg Range.
'Bamboo mountain', probably from
the Cape bamboo (Arundinaria
tesselata) growing in the ravines,
used in former times for whip
handles.
*Bandelierkop (T 2329 BD).
Village some 35 km south-west of
Louis Trichardt, on the route from
Pietersburg to Beit Bridge.
Afrikaans for 'bandolier hill"; said
to have been named after an incident
in which a burgher, Jan du Preez,
was sent back to fetch the bandolier
he had left behind when the
commando struck camp.
*Banghoek (C 3318 DD). Mountain
glen near Helshoogte. Said to have
been so named because lions and
tigers presented a danger at night
and caused people to be afraid
(Afrikaans 'bang'), and because the
dangerous Helshoogte had to be
crossed. The Banghoek Mountains
take their name from this glen.
Bantry Bay (C 3318 CD). Exten-
sion of Sea Point, Cape Town,
where the coast becomes rocky and
precipitous, 6 km west of Cape
Town. Formerly called Botany Bay.
Possibly named after Bantry Bay in
Ireland.
*Barberspan (T 2625 DA). Pan or
depression containing water, 20 km
from Delareyville. Some 3 km wide
and 11 km long, it receives its water
when the Harts River, next to which
it is situated, overflows. Afrikaans
for 'barbel depression', after that
type of fish. The pan was
proclaimed a nature reserve in 1949.
*Barberton (T 2531 CC). Town at
the foot of the Makonjwa Moun-
tains, 45 km south-west of
Nelspruit. Named after Graham
Hoare Barber (1835-1888) who
discovered a rich gold-bearing reef
there in 1884. Became a
municipality in 1904.
*Barkly East (C 3027 DC). Town
some 116 km south-east of Aliwal
North. Laid out in 1874 on the farm
Rocky Park and named after Sir
Henry Barkly, Governor of the Cape
from 1870 to 1877. Became a
municipality in 1881.
*Barkly Pass (C 3127 BB).
Mountain pass 10 km long over the
southern Drakensberg, between
Barkly East and Elliot. Named after
Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of the
Cape, 1870-1877.
*Barkly West (C 2824 DA). Town
on the Vaal River, some 36 km
north-west of Kimberley. Formerly
known as Klipdrift, it began as a
camp for alluvial diamond diggers
in 1869. In 1870 it was named
Barkly West, after Governor Sir
Henry Barkly. Occupied by Boer
forces for four months during the
Second Anglo-Boer War and re-
named Nieu-Boshof. Became a
municipality in 1881.
Barmen (S 2216 B). Former
mission station of the Rhenish
Missionary Society, 24 km from
Okahandja, established in 1844 as
Neu-Barmen. Named after the
headquarters of the Society at
Barmen in Germany; now Gross-
Barmen.
*Barrydale (C 3320 DC). Village
on the Tradouw River, 42 km north-
east of Swellendam. Named after
Joseph Barry, a merchant well
known in the 19th century. Became
a municipality in 1921.
*Bashee (Trsk 3128 CD). Popular
adaptation of Mbashe; occurs as a
station name, in Bashee Bridge, etc.
*Basuto Hill (O 2829 AC). Hill on
the west bank of the Wilge River,
5 km south-south-west of Harri-
smith. Named in memory of the
murder by Matselaan of H O Dreyer
and J Simbeeck on 29 March 1866.
He was believed to be a member of
the Basotho (Basuto), but in fact he
was a Zulu.
*Bathurst (C 3326 DB). Town on
the Kowie River, 55 km southeast of
Grahamstown and 15 km north-west
of Port Alfred. Founded in 1820 and
named after Lord Bathurst, Secre-
tary of State for the Colonies, by Sir
Rufane Donkin (1733-1841), Acting
Governor of the Cape at that time.
Baviaanskloof (C 3323-3324).
Ravine 161 km long in the
Baviaanskloof Mountains. Dutch,
'baboons ravine', from the large
numbers of baboons encountered
there.
Baviaanskloof (C 3419 BA).
Original name of Genadendal,
station of the Moravian Missionary
Society in the Caledon district. The
name is of Dutch origin and means
'baboons ravine'.
Baviaansrivier (C 3226). River in
the Somerset district. The name is
Dutch for 'baboons river', translated
from the Khoekhoen Gomee. Also
encountered as Prehns Rivier,
Bobotyana and Incwama.
Baynes Mountains (S 1712 BA-
BB). Mountain range in the northern
part of South-West Africa, border-
ing the Kunene River. Named after
Maudslay Baynes, the first white
man to follow the Kunene basin on
foot from the Ruacana Falls to the
west of the mountains, which he did
in 1911.
Bay's Hill (T 2528). Hill near
Pretoria; named after the Queen's
Bays, a British regiment in the
Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-
1902).
*Beaufort West (C 3222 BC).
Town 573 km from Cape Town,
established in 1818 on the farm
Hooyvlakte. Named by Lord Charles
Somerset, Governor of the Cape,
1814-1826, after his father, the fifth
Duke of Bedford. Became the first
municipality in South Africa on 3
February 1837.
Bechuanaland (C 2623). Region
north and south of the Molopo
River. After 1880 the districts of
Gordonia, Kuruman, Mafeking,
Taung and Vryburg became known
as British Bechuanaland. In the
nineties Gordonia developed as an
independent district, and the area
north of the Molopo became
Bechuanaland Protectorate. Named
after the BaTswana, popularly called
Bechuana or, in Afrikaans, Betsjoe-
ana.
*Bedford (C 3226 CA). Town
85 km south-east of Cradock.
Founded in 1854 on part of the farm
Maasstrom which belonged to Sir
Andries Stockenstrom, and named
by him after the Duke of Bedford.
Became a municipality in 1856.
*Bedfordview (T 2628 AA).
Township 7 km from Germiston and
11 km from Johannesburg, east of
the latter. Laid out as agricultural
plots on the farm Elandsfontein
under the name Geldenhuis Estate
Small Holdings. The name was
changed on 4 February 1926 to
Bedfordview, after Bedford Farm,
the property of Sir George Storrar,
which could be seen from there.
Bega River (C 3326 CB-DA).
Tributary of the Bushmans River,
rising north-west of Alexandria and
flowing eastwards along the border
between the Alexandria and Bath-
urst districts. Of Khoekhoen origin,
the name probably means 'milk-
wood (river)'.
Belekazana (C 3226 DB/3227 CA).
Xhosa name for Hogsback. Derived
from ulu-beleka, 'carry on the
back', because the hill resembles a
mother carrying a child on her back.
*Belfast (T 2530 CA). Town some
210 km east of Pretoria, situated in
the foothills of the Drakensberg.
Established in 1890 on the farm
Tweefontein, and named after
Belfast in Ireland, birthplace of John
O'Neill, father of Richard C
O'Neill, owner of Tweefontein. Be-
came a municipality in 1966.
*Bell (C 3327 AB). Village 30 km
south-east of Peddie and 80 km
south-west of East London. Named
after Charles Davidson Bell (1813-
1882), Surveyor-General in 1857.
Bell's Kop (T 2630 BD). Hill 82 km
east of Ermelo. Named after Robert
Bell, resident Justice of the Peace
for the Ermelo district who, with 12
constables, was murdered by Bekana
and his Swazi followers while
collecting tax which the Swazis,
living on farms allocated to Scottish
settlers, refused to pay.
*Bellville (C 3318 DC). Town
19 km east of Cape Town and 10 km
south of Durbanville. Originally
known as Twelve Mile Stone, after
its distance from Cape Town, it
received its present name in 1861.
Named after Charles Davidson Bell,
Surveyor—General of the Cape from
1848 to 1872; it became a
municipality in 1940.
Ben Dearg (C 3127 BB). Peak 2
770 m high in the Drakensberg,
27 km north-east of Elliot. Named
after Ben Dearg in Scotland, which
it resembles.
*Benoni (T 2628 AB). Town 29 km
east of Johannesburg and about
8 km north-west of Brakpan. It
developed from a gold-mining
camp. Named by Johann Rissik, the
surveyor who was experiencing
difficulty with this piece of
uitvalgrond - land between occupied
farms - in 1881, after the biblical
Benoni, son of Rachel (Gen. 35:18).
The name is Hebrew and means 'son
of my sorrows'. Became a munici-
pality in 1907.
*Berea (Les 2927 BC). Station of
the French Missionary Society,
established in 1843. Scene of British
victory over the Basotho under
Moshesh in 1852 and of a battle in
1865 between the Basotho and
Orange Free State forces under
General Fick. The origin of the
name is biblical (Acts 17:10-11) and
refers to the place to which Paul and
Silas were sent. Subsequently it
became fashionable for an elevated
site and is borne by suburbs of
Durban and Johannesburg.
*Berg River (C 3218). River rising
in the Jonkershoek Mountains 15 km
south-east of Stellenbosch, and at
Assegaaibos near Franschhoek, and
debouching into the Atlantic Ocean
in St Helena Bay near Velddrif,
129 km north of Cape Town. The
name is encountered in Van
Riebeeck's journal of 15 November
1657. Given by Abraham Gabbema
in 1657, the name means 'mountain
river' and refers to the seemingly
impenetrable range of mountains at
the foot of which it flows in a
northerly direction. It formerly bore
the name Rio de Santiago or
Santiaguo. The form Bergrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
Berg River, Little (C 3319).
Tributary of the Berg River. Rises
near Tulbagh and joins the Berg
River south-east of the Twenty-four
Rivers at the farm Mond van de
Kleine Bergrivier. The name was
given by Pieter Cruythoff's expedi-
tion on 7 February 1661.
Bergriviervallei (C 3318). Region
bounded in the east by the Draken-
stein Mountains and in the west by
Paarlberg. First settled and culti-
vated in 1687 when Governor Simon
van der Stel allocated 33 farms of
51 ha each. Afrikaans for 'mountain
river valley', it takes its name from
the Berg River which flows through
it.
*Bergville (N 2829 CB). Town on
the Tugela River, 52 km southwest
of Ladysmith and 19 km north-west
of Winterton. It was laid out in 1895
on the farm Klein Waterval and
became a municipality in 1961. The
name was given in 1903 and refers
to its situation at the foot of the
Drakensberg, popularly known as
The Berg.
*Berlin (C 3227 DC). Village some
20 km east of King William's Town.
Founded in 1857 by German settlers
of the British-German Legion and
named after the German capital. The
name is also borne by a settlement
with a mission station and shops
below the Pienaars River Dam in
Transvaal.
*Berseba (S 2517 DD). Station of
the Rhenish Missionary Society
some 97 km north-west of Keet-
manshoop, at the foot of the Bruk-
karos Mountain. Founded in 1850
by Samuel Hahn (1805-1883) and
named by him with reference to the
biblical Berseba (Gen. 21:31), 'well
of the oath'.
*Bethal (T 2629 AD). Town 150 km
east of Johannesburg. Established on
portion of the farm Blesbokspruit
and proclaimed on 12 October 1880,
it attained municipal status in 1921.
Named after two sisters, Elizabeth
du Plooy and Alida Naude, wives of
the original owners of the farm.
*Bethanie (T 2527 DA). Station of
the Hermannsburg Missionary
Society 37 km south-east of Rusten-
burg, established in 1864. Of bib-
lical origin (Matt. 26:6 and Mark
14:3; 11:1), the name is Hebrew for
'house of sorrow or misery'.
Bethanien (S 2617 AC). Village
30 km north of Goageb and 160 km
west of Keetmanshoop. Established
in 1814 as a station of the Rhenish
Missionary Society at Uigantes by J
H Schmelen and named by him. The
reference is biblical (Mark 11:1).
'House of misery'. Approved as
Bethanie.
*Bethany (O 2925 DB). Station of
the Berlin Missionary Society es-
tablished in 1834 by Gebel and
Kraul to serve the Korana. Hebrew
for 'house of misery'. The railway
station was renamed Wurasoord in
1919, after C Wuras,
charge of it then.
who took
*Bethelsdorp (C 3325 CD).
Mission station of the London
Missionary Society, 20 km north-
west of Port Elizabeth. Established
in 1803 by J T van der Kemp on the
farm Roodepas of Theunis Botha.
From the Hebrew Baith-eel, 'house
of God'.
*Bethlehem (O 2820 AB). Town
250 km north-east of Bloemfontein
and 260 km south of Johannesburg,
established in 1860 on the farm
Pretoriuskloof and proclaimed in
1884. Named after the biblical
Bethlehem (Judg. 17:7), the birth-
place of Jesus. 'House of bread', so
called because wheat was found to
thrive there.
*Bethulie (O 3025 BD). Town
193 km south of Bloemfontein, es-
tablished on 4 March 1863 and
named Heidelberg; renamed after
the nearby mission station in 1872
to avoid confusion with the Heidel-
bergs in the Cape and Transvaal.
*Bethulie (O 3025 BD). Mission
station. Originally Moordenaars-
poort, so named because many San
and Griquas were killed there by
Basotho. A mission which had been
established by the Reverend Clark
of the London Missionary Society in
1829 was taken over by Jean Pierre
Pellissier of the French Missionary
Society in 1835 and named
Verheullpolis. The directors of the
Society preferred a biblical name
and in the same year renamed it
Bethulia (Judith 4:6,7), Hebrew,
'maiden of the Lord' or 'chosen by
God'. Now spelt Bethulie.
*Betty's Bay (C 3419 BD). Village
and holiday resort east of Cape
Hangklip, some 16 km west-south-
west of Kleinmondstrand. Named
after the only daughter of Arthur
Youldon, chief director of the com-
pany Hangklip Beach Estates.
Bidouw Mountains (C 3219 AB).
Mountains some 39 km east-north-
east of Clanwilliam. Named after
the indigenous biedou or bietou
plant (Chrysanthemoides monili-
fera), they have given their name to
the Bidou River, a tributary of the
Doting. The name is also spelt
Biedouw.
Biela Bela (T 2428 CD). Tswana
name of Warmbad, meaning 'it boils
of its own accord', referring to the
hot springs there.
*Big Bend (Swa 2631 DD). Village
83 km south of Stegi (Siteki) and
57 km south-east of Manzini. The
name refers to a large bend in the
Great Usutu River there, and is also
borne by an irrigation scheme.
*Biggarsberg (N 2829-2830).
Mountain between Buffelsrivier and
Wasbank, 8 km south of Glencoe. It
was named after Alexander Biggar
(?-1838), a British colonist whose
servants overturned a cart there in
December 1838.
Bilanhlola see Bulanhloya
Bira (Cis 3327). River rising near
Peddie and flowing south-east past
Wooldridge to enter the Indian
Ocean at Madagascar Reef, south-
west of Hamburg. The name is a
Xhosa adaptation of the Khoekhoen
Bega, Begha, Becha, etc, meaning
'milk (river)'.
Bird Island (C 3218 AB). Small
island near Lambert's Bay, since 27
October 1962 joined to the coast by
a concrete wall. Named after the
thousands of sea-birds which
congregate there. Also known as
Penguin Island.
Bird Island (C 3326 CD). Island
some 64 km east of Port Elizabeth
and 8 km from Cape Woody, in the
Alexandria district. So called
because many seagulls inhabit it and
the surrounding islands. The Dod-
dington was wrecked on it in 1755.
Bisho (Cis 3227 CD). Capital city of
the Ciskei, situated several kilo-
metres north-east of King William's
Town. It takes its name from the
Buffalo River which flows past it;
the name is Xhosa for 'buffalo'.
*Bisi (Trsk 3029). Tributary of the
Mzimkulu. It rises in the Drakens-
berg north-east of Kokstad and
flows eastwards to enter the main
stream south of Umzimkulu.
Derived from Xhosa u-bisi, 'milk'
and was formerly known as Ibisi.
*Bivane (N 2730-273i). Tributary
of the Pongolo River, it rises in the
Balelasberg and flows between
Paulpietersburg and Vryheid to
enter the main stream north-west of
Louwsburg. Uncertain whether this
Zulu name is derived from beva, 'be
angry', 'roar', or from ubivane,
'rising and falling', or from imba-
vana, impivane, 'waterbuck'.
B J Schoeman Airport (C 3327
BB). Airport 13 km north-west of
East London, on land acquired in
1938 and named Collondale after a
local farm. Named after Barend
Jacobus (Ben) Schoeman (1905-
1986), former Minister of Transport.
B J Vorster Airport (C 2824 DD).
Airport at Kimberley, named after
Balthazar John Vorster (1915-1983),
former Prime Minister of the
Republic of South Africa.
*Blanco (C 3322 CD). Village some
8 km west of George. Founded in
1847 as a builders' camp, it was at
first known as White's Villa, after
Henry Fancourt White, engineer on
the Montagu Pass built between
1844 and 1847. The name was later
changed to Blanco, a play on the
name 'White'.
Blesberg (O 2926 BB). Voortrekker
name for Thaba Nchu, Derived from
Afrikaans bles, 'blazed', or 'bald'.
Thus 'blazed mountain', 'bald
mountain'.
Blesbokspruit (T 2628). Stream
rising between Springs and Delmas
and flowing south-west past Nigel
and Heidelberg to its confluence
with the Suikerbosrand River south-
west of the latter town. The name,
Afrikaans for 'blesbok stream',
refers to the fact that the area around
the source of this stream was a
favourite hunting-place of these
animals.
Blijde Uitkomst (S 2818 BC).
Station of the London Missionary
Society at the site of the present
Warmbad. It was established in
1805 by Christian and Abraham
Albrecht but destroyed in 1811 by
Khoekhoen under Jager Afrikaner.
The name is Dutch for 'joyful
deliverance'.
*Bloedrivier (N 2830 BA). Afri-
kaans name for Blood River, tribu-
tary of the Buffels River. The name
refers to the famous battle between
12 000 Zulus and 460 Voortrekkers
on 16 December 1838.
*Bloemfontein (O 2926 AA).
Capital city of the Orange Free State
and judicial capital of the RSA. It
was established in 1846 by Major H
D Warden on the farm Bloem-
fontein, originally owned by a
Griqua, Mauritz Pretorius. It has
been claimed to have been named
after a person with the surname
Bloem or after an ox with this name.
Probably, however, it was named
after flowers growing at the foun-
tain, from Dutch bloem, 'flower'.
Municipal status was attained in
1880.
Bloemhof (T 2725 DA). Town
170 km north-east of Kimberley,
established in 1866 on the farm
Klipfontein, which belonged to John
Barclay. Said to have been named
after white lilies covering the veld.
An alternative explanation is that it
derived its name from the flower-
garden of Barclay's daughter, later
Mrs Webster. In either event the
name is derived from Dutch bloem,
'flower'.
*Blood River (N 2830 BA). Tribu-
tary of the Tugela River. It rises
north-east of Utrecht and flows
southwards, joining with the Buffels
River 29 km east of Dundee and
entering the Tugela at Vantsdrift,
north-east of Kranskop. Known to
the Zulu as Ncome, 'the pleasant
one'. The English name, and its
Afrikaans equivalent of Bloedrivier,
refer to a famous battle on 16
December 1838 between 12 000
Zulus and 460 Voortrekkers, when
the waters were coloured with the
blood of the fallen. The Afrikaans
form Bloedrivier is preferred for
official use.
*Blouberg (C 3318 CB). Hill some
5 km north of Bloubergstrand, on
the northern border of the Cape
district. 'Blue mountain', from the
colour the hill assumes when viewed
from ships approaching Table Bay.
Originally it bore the Dutch form
Blaauwberg.
*Blouberg (T 2328-2329). Moun-
tain west of the Soutpansberg. Afri-
kaans, 'blue mountain'. Called
Mouna a senna morini ('the man
with no hair') by the local people,
referring to the absence of bush or
grass on its summit. The name
Blouberg is also borne by a settle-
ment on its slopes, north of
Pietersburg.
*Bloubergstrand (C 3318 CD).
Village 24 km from Cape Town, on
the shore of Table Bay. Originally
in the Dutch form Blaauwberg
Strand, it takes its name from the
beach named after the hill, 'blue
mountain beach'. Scene of a battle
in 1806 which heralded the second
British occupation of the Cape.
Bloukrans Pass (C 3323 DC).
Mountain pass 6 km beyond the
Groot River Pass, on the route
between Knysna and Storms River,
in the Tsitsikamma Forest. Con-
structed by Thomas Bain and
completed in 1884, it possibly takes
its name from the Bloukrans River.
Afrikaans, 'blue cliff.
Bloukransrivier (N 2830). River,
scene of the murder of the Voor-
trekker leader Piet Retief and more
than 500 of his followers by the
Zulu on 17 February 1838. Afri-
kaans, the name means 'blue cliff
river'. The Zulu name is Msuluzi,
'the one which disappears'.
Bluff (N 2931 CC). Promontory
and suburb of Durban, extending
8 km from the entrance to Durban
harbour and separated from The
Point by the channel forming the
entrance to the harbour. Known to
the Zulu as isiBubulangu. A bluff is
a headland or point with a broad,
perpendicular face and the name is
thus most apt.
*Blyde River (C 3225 CA). Stream
rising on the Groot Bruintjies-
hoogte north-east of Pearston and
joining the Voel River, a tributary
of the Sundays River, 13 km south
of Pearston. Of Dutch origin, the
name means 'happy river'. The
reason for the name is unknown.
The Afrikaans form Blyderivier is
preferred for official use.
*Blyderivier (T 2430). River rising
in the Drakensberg and joining the
Olifants River 13 km south of
Mica. Dutch 'happy river', so
called because in 1844 Hendrik
Potgieter and others returned safely
from Delagoa Bay to the rest of
their party of trekkers who had
considered them dead. While still
under this misapprehension they
had named the rivier where they had
been encamped, Treurrivier, 'mourn-
ing river'.
*Blythswood (Trsk 3228 AA). Pres-
byterian mission station near Butter-
worth. Named after Captain Matthew
T Blyth, first Chief Magistrate of the
Transkei. It is an important education
centre.
*Blyvooruitsig (T 2627 AD). Town-
ship serving the Blyvooruitzicht Gold
Mining Co from 1937, incorporated
into the Carletonville municipal area
on 1 July 1959. 'Joyous prospect', this
Afrikaans name is derived from the
Dutch Blyvooruitzicht.
Bobbejaanberg (C 3318 AD). Moun-
tain, modernization of Baviaansberg,
so named by Simon van der Stel after
baboons living in caves there. 'Baboon
mountain'.
*Boboyi River (N 3030 CD). River
debouching between Oslo Beach and
Shelley Beach. Possibly from Zulu
ubobuyi, 'hoopoe' (Upupa africana),
a bird which is common in the area. It
has also been stated that the name is
derived from a type of grass growing
on the banks, and also that it is derived
from Zulu bhoba, 'prattle', 'drill a
hole'; thus 'bubbling brook'.
*Bochum (T 2329 AC). Settlement
some 93 km north-west of Pietersburg,
on the route to Doringpad. A corrup-
tion of Bochim, a biblical name (Judg.
2:1 and 5), given by the German
missionary Carl Franz and his wife
Helen to a mission station they
established there in 1890.
*Bodiam (Cis 3327 AB). Village
8 km from Bell and 38 km from
Peddie, near the mouth of the
Keiskamma River. Named after
Bodiam Castle in England. Formerly
known as Mandy's Farm.
Boesmankop (O 2927). Hill so named
by the Hottentots of William Corn-
wallis Harris because on 2 January
1836 the draught oxen of their
expedition were stolen and eaten by
San. 'Bushman hill'.
Boesmanland (C 2920-3021). Afri-
kaans name of Bushmanland.
Boesmansberg (C 3225). Early name
for Bosberge.
Boesmanshoed (C 3024 AD). Moun-
tain some 32 km west of Colesberg.
Also encountered as The Mosque
because of its shape, and as
Chinaman's Hat, the reference being
to the Bushmen or San in that vicinity
who were known in the 18th century
as 'Chineesen' or 'Chinese Hotten-
tots'. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'Bushman's hat'.
Boesmansrivier see Bushman's River
*Boetsap (C 2724 CD). Village
between Barkly West and Vryburg.
From Tswana bucwa, 'fat', 'sleek', it
is said to refer to the condition of the
cattle there; Bootschap as recorded by
the early missionaries.
*Boipatong (T 2627 DB). Township
in Vanderbijlpark municipal area,
founded in 1955 under the name
Tsirela but renamed to avoid confu-
sion with a similar name. 'Place of
shelter', because the owner of the farm
had permitted unemployed families to
live in huts on the farm.
*Boitumelong (T 2725 DA). Town-
ship 5 km from Bloemhof, on the farm
Klipfontein No HO 344. Tswana,
meaning 'place of happiness', from the
fact that the residents were happy to
move to the new township.
Bokkeveld (C 3219). Region between
Clanwilliam and Tulbagh, east of the
Bokkeveld Mountains. Named after
the millions of springbok which
migrated thither in former times. The
Cold Bokkeveld is east of the Cold
Bokkeveld Mountains and north of
Ceres, the Warm Bokkeveld south of
it.
*Boknesstrand (C 3326 DA). Village
19 km south-east of Alexandria, at the
mouth of the Boknes River, from
which it takes its name. Formerly
called Jammerfontein. The name
Boknes is derived from Khoekhoen
and means 'father's river'. The forms
Bocna, Bokana etc. are also
encountered.
*Boksburg (T 2628 AB). Town
22 km east of Johannesburg, between
Benoni and Germiston. Established on
2 March 1887 on Vogelfontein and
named in honour of Willem Eduard
Bok (1846-1904), Transvaal State
Secretary. Became a municipality in
October 1905.
Boland (C 3318). Region approx-
imately between the mouth of the Berg
River and Swellendam, in the Western
Cape; the precise boundaries are not
clearly defined. Although situated at a
low elevation, it was so called because
the Berg and Breede rivers flow from
here to the Onderveld east and north of
the Hex River Mountains. 'Top
country', 'upper area', 'land above'.
Bomvanaland (Trsk 3128). Region
north of the Bashee River, extending
some 32 km from the coast towards
the Umtata River, and bounded by
Galekaland in the south and by East
Tembuland in the west. Named after
the Bomvana tribe of Xhosa who
inhabit it, it later became known as the
district of Elliotdale.
Bomvini (N 2831 AA). Stream 18 km
east-north-east of Hlabisa. From Zulu
isibomvu, ubombvu, 'red ground';
ibomvu, 'red clay'. Literally 'at the
red ground'.
Bomvu Ridge (Swa 2632 AA).
Southern extremity of the Ngwenya
Mountains and site of a haematite
mine. Derived from Swazi, the name
means 'red ridge', referring to the
colour imparted by the haematite or
'blood-stone'. In mining activities
important archaeological and anthro-
pological evidence has been
unearthed, eg that haematite was being
mined there some 30 000 years ago.
Ntababomvu is the Swazi name.
*Bon Accord (T 2528 CA). Dam and
irrigation works on the Apies River,
14 km north of Pretoria. Completed in
1924 and adapted in 1931. Possibly
named by General J C Smuts (1870-
1950), former Prime Minister, after an
old estate called Bon Accord, part of
De Hoop, in Gardens, Cape Town,
granted to Johannes Smuts in 1777.
Bondels Reserve (S 2818). Reserve
for the Bondelswarts tribe of Khoek-
hoen, 72 km x 24 km in extent, near
Karasburg. The name is derived from
that of the Bondelswarts tribe. Liter-
ally 'bundle blacks', the name is a
translation of Khoekhoen ! Garni
#nun; the origin is uncertain.
*Bongolethu (C 3322 CA). Township
10 km east of Oudtshoorn. Derived
from Xhosa, the name means 'our
pride'.
*Bonnievale (C 3320 CC). Town
64 km south-east of Worcester, in the
Breede River Valley. Founded in 1922
and named after the railway siding
which had been called Vale since its
opening in 1902 and Bonnie Vale in
1917. Municipal status was gained in
April 1953.
*Bontberg (C 3221 AC). Mountain
40 km east of Sutherland; named thus
because of its red spots against the
black background. The name is
Afrikaans, meaning 'dappled moun-
tain'.
Bontebok National Park (C 3420).
Reserve near Bredasdorp, between
Caledon and Swellendam, south of the
Langeberg. Established in 1931 and
named after the bontebok (Damaliscus
pygargus), which were settled here and
thus saved from extinction. The
Afrikaans form Bontebokpark has
been approved for official use.
Bontebokvlakte (Trsk 3127). Region
near the Swartkeirivier, on the border
of Silva, a station of the Moravian
Mission established to serve the Tam-
boekies. Named after the bontebok
(Damaliscus pygargus).
*Bosberg (C 3225 DA). Region
bounded by Swaershoek in the north
and Somerset East in the south.
Encountered in 1711 as Boschberg,
the name is derived from that of the
mountains. Afrikaans for 'bush
mountain', after the vegetation on the
slopes.
Bosberge (C 3225 DA). Mountains
near Somerset East, so named because
they are covered with trees and shrubs.
Formerly known as Boesmansberg or
Bosjesmans Berg. 'Bush mountains';
the name is Afrikaans.
*Bosbokrand (T 2431 CC). Village
32 km east of Pilgrim's Rest, on the
route between Nelspruit and Tzaneen.
Formerly Bushbuck Ridge, a name it
translates, after the bushbuck (Trage-
laphus scriptus) which occurred there
in great numbers.
*Boshof (O 2825 CA). Town 55 km
north-east of Kimberley. Established
in March 1856 on the farm Vanwyks-
vlei, which had been named after a
Griqua who sowed his crops on it from
time to time. Named in honour of
Jacobus Nicolaas Boshof (1808-1881),
second President of the Orange Free
State (1855-59) and founder of its civil
service. Became a municipality in
1872.
*Boskop (T 2626 BA). Village 16 km
north of Potchefstroom, renowned as
the site of the discovery in 1913 of the
first fossil skull found in South Africa.
Approved for a post office, Potchef-
stroom, and a station on the route
Potchefstroom-Welverdiend, the name
is Afrikaans and means 'bush hill'.
*Bosveld see Bushveld
Botany Bay (C 3318 CD). Name of
the present Bantry Bay until at least
1839. Named after a botanical garden
which Dr F L Liesching and Jean
Jacques de Ziegler had there for the
cultivation of medicinal herbs.
*Botha's HU1 (N 2930 DC). Village
37 km north-west of Durban, on the
road to Pietermaritzburg. It was named
after a settler, Philip Rudolph Botha,
grandfather of General Louis Botha
(1862-1919), first Prime Minister of
the Union of South Africa.
*Bothasig (C 3318 CD/DC). Town-
ship 2,5 km from Milnerton, laid out
on the farm Bosmansdam and named
after it, but renamed in 1966 after P W
Botha, then Minister of Community
Development and subsequently Prime
Minister and State President of the
Republic of South Africa.
*Bothaville (O 2626 BC). Town
78 km north-west of Kroonstad. Estab-
lished in 1893 on the farm Botharnia,
a portion of Gladdedrift which had
been bought by Theunis Louis Botha,
and named after him.
*Bothibelong (T 2628 BA). Township
3 km north of Delmas. The name is
derived from Sotho and means
'protection'.
*Bot River (C 3419 AA). Village in
the Caledon district, 93 km southeast
of Cape Town. It takes its name from
the river on the west bank of which it
is situated. The form Botrivier is
preferred for official use.
Bot River (C 3419 AC). River rising
in the Groenland Mountains and
flowing south into the Botriviervlei
which enters the Indian Ocean north-
west of Mudge Point. The name is
derived from Botter ('butter') Rivier, a
translation of Khoekhoen Gouga. Said
to be so called because in the early
18th century people from Cape Town
went there to obtain butter from the
Khoekhoen, who had their kraals there
because the grazing was good. Other
forms of the name include Boter
Rivier, Both, Butyrosum and Boater.
Botshabelo (T 2529 CB). Mission
station of the Berlin Missionary
Society, 13 km north of Middelburg,
founded in 1865 on the farm Bosch-
hoek (now Toevlugt) by Alexander
Merensky, to serve the Bapedi. 'Place
of refuge', so called because a fort was
built to protect the converted Bapedi
from attacks by Sekhukhune's
warriors.
*Bottelary (C 3318 DD). Region in
the vicinity of Bottelary Mountain,
Stellenbosch district. Said to have
been so named because it was the
common butlery for horses, farmers
coming from near and far to collect the
hay which the area produced in great
quantities. Another explanation is that
the mountain was so named because
provisions of the Dutch East India
Company were kept there; a 'bot-
telary' was the provisions-room on a
ship.
Bottelaryberg (C 3318 DD). Moun-
tain 8 km west-north-west of Stellen-
bosch, so named because provisions
were kept there by the Dutch East
India Company. 'Bottelary' was the
provisions-room on a ship. See also
Bottelary.
Bottelierskop (C 3422 AA). Hill
16 km north of Mossel Bay. Possibly
so called because of its resemblance to
a butler's cap; it has also been
suggested that the name is an
adaptation of 'Beutler' and that the hill
was so called to commemorate the
visit of August F Beutler, an ensign of
the Dutch East India Company who
led an expedition into the interior in
1752.
Bowesdorp (C 3017 DD). Former
town between Garies and Springbok,
60 km south of the latter. Established
on the farm Wilgenhoutskloof and
named after Henry Bowe, doctor in
Namaqualand. Situated in a narrow
valley between high mountains, there
was not sufficient water or space for
expansion, and the church, post office,
police station, shops etc were moved
to Kamieskroon 7 km away.
*Brackenfell (C 3318 DC). Village
26 km north-east of Cape Town, on
the route to Paarl. Named after the
farm Brackenfell, portion of Kruispad,
which George Henry Walton bought in
1901 and named thus because he was
reminded of Scotland. It became a
municipality in 1970.
*Brakpan (T 2628 AB). Town 37 km
east of Johannesburg. Founded in
1886 on the farm Weltevreden No 20
and proclaimed a township in 1912, it
was a suburb of Benoni until 1919
when it became a separate munici-
pality. Named after a pan of brackish
water on its outskirts; brak is
Afrikaans for 'brackish', pan is a
depression.
Brak River (C 2922 DB). Tributary of
the Orange River. It rises between
Richmond and Hanover and flows
265 km north-west to enter the Orange
20 km north-east of Prieska. The name
is derived from Afrikaans brak,
'brackish'.
*Brandberg (S 2114 AB/BA). Moun-
tain massif some 30 km from east to
west and 24 km wide, 86 km north-
east of Cape Cross, 136 km north-west
of Omaruru, on the eastern edge of the
Namib. Composed of pink granite
surrounded by Karoo sediments and
dark basaltic lava, the mountain
appears in a certain light to glow, and
the black rocks have a burnt appear-
ance. This phenomenon probably gave
rise to the name, from Afrikaans
brand, 'burn'. There are other
theories, eg that it was named after
Pieter Brand, who visited the country
in 1792. The Herero name,
Omukuruwaro, and the Nama name,
Daunas, Daures, Daureb, also mean
'burning' or 'burnt mountain'.
Brandboontjiesrivier (T,2330 CA).
River flowing through Duiwels-
kloof. Afrikaans, literally 'burning
bean river', after a plant which
grows there.
*Brandfort (O 2826 CB). Town
some 56 km north-east of Bloem-
fontein and 115 km south-west of
Winburg, established on the farm
Keerom on 30 October 1866,
proclaimed in 1874. Municipal
status was achieved in 1884. Named
after J H Brand (1823-1888), fourth
President of the Republic. He was
the son of Sir Christoffel and Lady
Catherina Frederica Brand. It is
sometimes claimed that the town
was so called because a fort on the
nearby Keeromkoppie was burnt
down by San or Basotho.
Brandvlei (C 3319). Region in the
vicinity of Worcester. Encountered
about 1776 in the spelling Brand-
valley, it owes its name to South
Africa's largest thermal spring;
derived from Afrikaans brand,
'burn'.
Brandvlei Dam (C 3319 CB).
Storage and irrigation dam 6 km
southwest of Worcester, on the
Breede River, built in 1920-22.
Takes its name from the original
vlei at the southern end of which is
South Africa's largest single thermal
spring. Also known as Lake Marais.
*Bredasdorp (C 3420 CA). Town
195 km south-east of Cape Town.
Established on 16 May 1838 on the
farm Lange Fontein, it became a
municipality in 1917. Named after
Michiel van Breda (1775-1847),
member of the Cape Legislative
Assembly from 1838 and first mayor
of Cape Town from 1840.
*Breede River (C 3220-3420).
River 325 km long, rising in the
mountains around Ceres and
debouching into the Indian Ocean at
Whitesands, 56 km south-east of
Swellendam. The name is derived
from Dutch breede, Afrikaans bree,
'broad' or 'wide', referring to its
course after its confluence with the
Riviersonderend, especially after
floods. Known before 1502 as Rio
de Nazaret. It seems as though the
present name is a translation of
Khoekhoen Sijnna. The form
Breerivier is preferred for official
use.
*Breerivier see Breede River
Bremersdorp (Swa 2631 AD).
Former name of Manzini; after a
trader, Albert Bremer.
Brenton Island (C 3325 DD). Island
19 km north-east of Port Elizabeth. It
was named after Sir Jahleel Brenton
(1770-1844), naval commander and
artist.
*Breyten (T 2629 BD). Town some
30 km north of Ermelo and 32 km
south of Carolina. It was laid out on
the western portion of the farm
Bothasrust, sold by Lukas Potgieter to
Nicolaas Breytenbach (1844-1918),
who helped check the Jameson Raid
and was fieldcornet of Ward 3 of
Ermelo in the Second Anglo-Boer
War. Surveyed by H Nott on 25
October 1906 and named Breyten, an
abbreviation of Breytenbach.
British Bechuanaland (C 2721).
Former region established when
Stellaland ceased to exist, originally
bounded by the South African
Republic on the east, by the Colony of
the Cape of Good Hope on the south,
by the Molopo River on the west, and
on the north by the Molopo to its
junction with the Ramathlabama
Spruit, and thence by that spruit to the
frontier of the South African Republic.
The territory was divided into the
districts of Mafeking, Taung and
Vryburg. It was extended in 1891, and
in 1895 consisted of the districts of
Kuruman, Taung, Vryburg and
Gordonia. In 1895 it was annexed to
the Cape. The name is derived from
that of the Batswana or BaTswana,
formerly known as Bechuanas.
British Caffraria (C 3227). Former
region in the Eastern Cape. On 23
December 1847 the borders were
defined as follows: from the mouth of
the Keiskamma River to the Kouga
Mountains; thence to the source of the
Klipplaats River; thence along the
right bank of this river to the Kei
River, and along the bank of the Kei
River to the sea. The region was
incorporated into the Cape Colony on
17 April 1866. The name is derived
from the term caffer or kaffir, now
having a derogatory connotation, to
refer to indigenous (black) people of
South Africa. It in turn is derived from
Chaldean cofar, 'infidel'. The eastern
section of Africa was called Cofar by
the Arabs because the inhabitants did
not have the same religion as theirs;
these people they called Cofars or
Caffers.
*Brits (T 2527 DB). Town on the
Crocodile River, some 50 km north-
west of Pretoria. Founded on 25 May
1924 on the farm Roode Kopjes and
named after the owner, Gert Brits, it
became a municipality in 1944.
*Britstown (C 3023 DA). Town
48 km west of De Aar, on the national
road between Cape Town and
Johannesburg. Laid out on portion of
the farm Gemsbokfontein in 1877 and
named after the owner, Hans Brits.
Became a municipality in 1899.
*Broederstroom (T 2527 DD). Settle-
ment in the Witwatersberg, south of
the Hartbeespoort Dam, in the Pretoria
district. Said to have been named after
two brothers of General Andries
Pretorius, namely H P N and H A
Pretorius, who lived there; the name is
derived from Dutch broeder,
'brother'.
*Bronkhorstspruit (T 2528 DC).
Tributary of the Olifants River. It rises
east of Springs and flows northwards
to its confluence with the Wilge River
8 km east of the town Bronkhorst-
spruit. Probably named after the water
plant Nasturtium officinale, known in
Afrikaans as bronkors and bronkhorst.
The spellings Bronkers and Brunkers
are found on early maps.
*Bronkhorstspruit (T 2528 DC).
Town 58 km east of Pretoria. It was
laid out in 1904 on the farm Honds-
rivier and named Erasmus after the
owner, C J G Erasmus. In 1935 the
name was changed to Bronkhorst-
spruit, after the stream of that name,
scene of a battle in December 1880
between a Boer commando under
Commandant Frans Joubert and
British troops under Lieutenant-
Colonel Anstruther.
*Bruintjieshoogte (C 3225). Region
in the present Somerset East district,
between the Sundays River, the
Renosterberg, the Swartberg, the
Winterhoeksberge, the Camdeboberg
and the Sneeuberg. Also encountered
as Bruynshoogte and De Bruyns-
hoogte. Probably named after Nic de
Bruyn, heemraad of Swellendam,
signatory of the report of the Border
Commission of 1769-1770 under R
S Faber and J F Mentz.
*Brukkaros (S 2517 DD-2518 CA).
Extinct volcano 40 km west of Tses
and 105 km north-west of Keet-
manshoop. The name is derived
from the Khoekhoen name Geitsi-
gubeb, 'large leather apron', worn
around the hips by women in former
times; bruk is presumably a German
adaptation of Afrikaans broek,
'trousers'; karos is a loanword
meaning 'leather apron', 'blanket',
etc. The name refers to the
resemblance between the mountain
and the article of clothing.
Brulsand (C 2822 CB). Region west
of the Langeberge, some 80 km
south of Olifantshoek. Named after
a sand dune which roars when the
sand is disturbed, thus 'roaring
sand'.
Buffalo River (C 2917). River
which rises in the Kamiesberg
between Springbok and Kamies-
kroon, and which flows past Spek-
takel and debouches into the
Atlantic Ocean at Kleinsee near
Grootmis, between Hondeklip Bay
and Port Nolloth. Said to have been
named by the expedition under
Simon van der Stel in 1685 because
buffalo were seen grazing on its
banks. The Khoekhoen name,
Koussie, variants Cous, Cousie,
Kouwsie, Kauzi, Touse, Tousi, has
the same meaning. Proclaimed the
northern border of the Cape Colony
in 1805. An alternative name was
Sand River.
Buffalo River (C 3227 DC). River
rising in the south-eastern parts of
the Amatole Mountains and flowing
south and east to enter the Indian
Ocean at East London. It was known
to the Dutch as Eerste Rivier ('first
river'). Twenty survivors of the
Stavenisse, wrecked between
Durban and East London, were
found there in 1686. The name,
Afrikaans Buffelsrivier, is translated
from Khoekhoen Kauka. The Xhosa
name is iQonce or Qonce.
*Buffeljags River (C 3320-3420).
River rising in the Langeberg range,
and flowing south into the Breede
River. Afrikaans (at first Dutch) for
'buffalo hunt river', it was so called
from its being at one time a noted
place for hunting buffaloes. The
Afrikaans form Buffeljagsrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
Buffelsrivier see Buffalo River
Buffels River (N 2730-2830). River
rising in the Drakensberg in die
Utrecht and Newcastle districts;
flows south-east to its confluence
with the Tugela 56 km east of
Weenen. Afrikaans for 'buffalo
river', the name is derived from the
large herds of buffalo which roamed
there in former times. The Zulu
name of the river is Mzinyati,
'home of the buffaloes'.
Bulanhloya (N 3030). Stream near
Ramsgate. Variants of the name
include Bilanhlola, Bilanhlolo,
Mbilanhlola and Mbilanhlolo. Zulu,
approximately 'dangerously boil-
ing', 'ominously stirring'.
*Bulembu (Swa 2531 CC). Asbes-
tos mining village 19 km west of
Pigg's Peak and 48 km south-east of
Barberton. Formerly named Have-
lock. The name is said to mean
'spider(web)', but the reason for the
name is not clear.
*Bultfontein (O 2826 AC). Town
113 km north of Bloemfontein.
Although approval for the establish-
ment of a village was granted in
1862, disagreement as to the site
delayed the laying out until 1873,
when it was decided to lay out two
towns, one at Bultfontein and one at
Hoopstad. The former was estab-
lished on the farm Bultfontein,
belonging to A McCullum and
named in 1874. Became a munici-
pality in 1938. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'hill fountain'.
*Bulwer (N 2929 DD). Town 8 km
north of Bulwer station on the
Donnybrook-Underberg line, at the
foot of the Marwagga Mountains.
Laid out in 1890 and named in
honour of Sir Henry Ernest
Gascoyne Bulwer (1836-1914),
Governor of Natal, 1882-85.
*Buntingville (Trsk 3128 DB).
Methodist mission station 15 km
south-east of Umtata. Originally
established by the Reverend W B
Boyce in 1830 as Old Bunting near
the village of the Pondo chief Faku
at the headwaters of the Umngazana
River, it was transferred about 1865.
Named after Dr Jabez Bunting
(1779-1858), the English Wesleyan
leader.
*Burgersdorp (C 3126 AB). Town
on the Stormberg Spruit, 359 km
north-west of East London. Estab-
lished on the farm Klipfontein,
purchased from Gert Buytendach on
27 December 1847, and named thus
either in honour of burger comman-
dos during the Seventh Frontier War
(1846-47) or, more probably,
because the citizens themselves had
taken the initiative in its establish-
ment; burger is the Dutch word for
'citizen'.
*Burgersfort (T 2430 CB). Settle-
ment and railway station 95 km
north-west of Lydenburg, on the
Belfast-Steelpoort line, near the
confluence of the Spekboom and
Steelpoort rivers. Named after the
hexagonal fort built during the
Sekhukhune War (1876-77- by
Captain C H von Schlickmann and
named after President Thomas
Francois Burgers (1834-81).
*Burnshill (Cis 3227 CC). Former
mission station of the Glasgow
Missionary Society, established at
the foot of the Amatole Mountains
in 1831. Named after the Reverend
John Burns, minister of the Barony
Church, Glasgow, one of the foun-
ders of the society. It was destroyed
in 1851.
*Bushbuckridge (T 2431 CC).
Range of hills east of Pilgrim's
Rest, after which the village of
Bosbokrand is named. Known by the
Bantu name Maviljan. The name is
derived from the many bushbuck
which inhabited the area in former
times.
Bushmanland (C 2920-3021).
Region bounded approximately by
the Orange River in the north,
Namaqualand in the west, the Sak
and Hartbees rivers in the east, and
Calvinia in the south. So named be-
cause the San, popularly called
Bushmen, lived there.
Bushmans River (C 3325-3326).
River rising near Ann's Villa in the
Albany district and flowing south-
east past Alicedale to enter the
Indian Ocean between Boknes and
Kenton on Sea at Boesmansrivier-
mond. Named after the San or
Bushmen. The Xhosa name for this
river is Qora.
Bushmans River (N 2929-2830).
Tributary of the Tugela River. It rises
near Giant's Castle in the Drakensberg
and flows north-east past Estcourt to
enter the Tugela 13 km north-east of
Weenen. Named after the San or
Bushmen, who lived in the vicinity.
Bushveld (T 2427-2429). Region
approximately bounded by the Stryd-
poort Mountains in the north, the
Highveld in the south and the
Drakensberg Plateau in the east.
Known in Afrikaans as (Die) Bosveld,
it takes its name from the low shrubs
or bushes which characterize it.
Busi (N 2830 AC). Stream also known
as Wasbankrivier, Dundee. 'The
ruler', from Zulu busa, 'rule', 'reign',
'display strength'.
*Butha Buthe (Les 2828 CC). Village
some 19 km south of Fouriesburg
(OFS). The name means 'place of
reclining', and is said to refer either to
three hills nearby resembling recum-
bent lions, or to be so named because
the Sotho chief Moshesh settled there
from 1820 to 1824, when he him to obtain water on the barren
established himself at Thaba Bosigo. summit, and the blacks withdrew.
*Butterworth (Trsk 3228 AC). Town
113 km from East London, on the
national road between Durban and
Cape Town. Developed from a station
of the Wesleyan Missionary Society
established in 1827 by the Reverend
W J Shrewsbury and named after
Joseph Butterworth, former treasurer
of the Society. The town was founded
in 1880 and became a municipality in
1904.
Buyskop (T 2428 CD). Hill 6 km
north of Warmbad, named after
Coenraad de Buys (1761-1823), an
outlaw who had several black wives.
A legend relates that, encircled on this
hill by hostile blacks for a week, he
flung down a j ar of water to show that
he had stronger powers which enabled
Cabo do Arrecife (C 3425 BA).
Named by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488,
now Cape Recife. This Portuguese
name means 'cape of reefs'.
Cabo do Padrao (S 2113 DB).
Portuguese name of Cape Cross. It
means 'cape of the padrao' or 'stone
cross', erected in 1485 or 1486 by
Diogo Cao.
Cabo Falso (C 3419 BD). Former
name of Cape Hangklip. It was thus
named because early navigators sailing
westwards mistook it for Cape Point
and sailed into False Bay instead of up
the western coast of the Cape Penin-
sula to Table Bay.
Cabo Tormentoso (C 3418 AD).
Former name of the Cape of Good
Hope. Given by the Portuguese
explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, the
name means 'stormy cape'. Later the
name was changed to Cabo da Boa
Esperance, 'cape of good hope'.
Cainsheneuj (C 3420). Khoekhoen
name of Grootvadersbos. It means
'blind-fly forest' and was recorded as
early as 1778.
*Cala (Trsk 3127 DA). Village on the
Tsomo River, 28 km southwest of
Elliot. The name is Xhosa for
'adjacent to', referring to its situation
west of the Drakensberg which here
extends north and south.
Calderwood (C 3226 DC). Settlement
some 12 km south-east of Fort
Beaufort and 116 km south-west of
Alice. It was named after Reverend
Henry Calderwood of the London
Missionary Society, author of Caffres
and Caffre Missions.
*Caledon (C 3419 AB). Town at the
foot of the Swartberg, 125 km east-
south-east of Cape Town and 72 km
north-west of Bredasdorp. First settled
in 1715, it became a popular health
resort on account of hot chalybeate
springs. At first known as Zwarte
Berg or Zwartebergbad, it was
renamed Caledon in December 1813,
after the Earl of Caledon, Governor of
the Cape from 1807 to 1811. In 1840 a
village management board was
instituted, and municipal status
attained in January 1884.
Caledon (O 3025 BD). Earlier name of
Bethulie; probably after the Caledon
River.
Caledon River (O 2828-3026). Tribu-
tary of the Orange, it rises in the
Drakensberg north-west of Lesotho and
flows 500 km south-west through the
districts of Clocolan, Ladybrand,
Wepener, Smithfield, Rouxville and
Bethulie, to enter the Orange east of the
town of Bethulie. It was named by
Colonel R Collins in 1809 after the Earl
of Caledon, Governor of the Cape,
1807-1811. It was formerly named
Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier by
Colonel R J Gordon, who discovered it
in 1777. The Sotho name of the Cale-
don is Mogakari, also spelt Mogokari
and Mogokare, from bokare, 'middle';
it flowed between the country of the
Sotho and that of the Mantatees. The
name Caledon River was applied by
proclamations of 8 March 1848 and 14
March 1849 to one of the four districts
of the Orange River Sovereignty; now
it is the Smithfield district.
*Caledonspoort (O 2828 CB).
Shallow cave overlooking the Caledon
River near the Fouriesburg-Butha
Buthe road, close to the Lesotho
border. Scene of San drawings of fish.
Meaning 'Caledon's defile', it was
named after the river which flows past
it.
*Calitzdorp (C 3321 DA). Town
56 km west-north-west of Oudtshoorn.
Established in 1821 as a settlement of
the Dutch Reformed Church, it
developed into a town and achieved
municipal status in 1911. Named after
Frederik Calitz who in 1821 donated
the land on which it was laid out.
*Calvinia (C 3119 BD). Town on the
north bank of the Oorlogskloof River,
just south of the Hantamsberg, 387 km
north-east of Cape Town. Established
in 1851 on the farm Hoogekraal, it
became a municipality in 1904. Named
after the religious reformer John Calvin
(1509-1564).
Camdebo (C 3224). Region south of
Graaff-Reinet and north of Agter-
Bruintjieshoogte and the Sneeuberg,
extending eastwards towards Pearston
and Somerset East. Of Khoekhoen
origin and meaning 'green hollow' or
'green hole', the name is derived from
that of a hippo-pool. Variant
spellings include Camdeboo, Camb-
deboo, Kamdeboo and Kandeboo.
*Campbell (C 2823 DC). Village
32 km north of Douglas, in the
Herbert district. Established as a
settlement of the London Missionary
Society with George Bartlett as
missionary. Originally known as
Knoffelvallei, it was later called
Grootfontein and then Campbell,
after John Campbell (1766-1840),
Director of the London Missionary
Society, who inspected the Society's
stations in the Cape between 1812
and 1814. The oldest church north
of the Orange River is at Campbell.
*Camperdown (N 2930 DA). Town
some 60 km by road north-west of
Durban. Laid out in 1865 on the
farm Camperdown, named to
commemorate the victory of the
British navy under Admiral Adwm
Duncan over the Dutch fleet under
Admiral Jan Willem de Winter in
October 1797.
*Camps Bay (C 3318 CD). Town-
ship 11 km south-west of Cape
Town, on the slopes of the Twelve
Apostles. Derived from the name of
Ernst Friedrich von Kamptz of
Mecklenburg (also encountered as
Otto von Kamptz of Koenigsberg), a
sailor who came to the Cape in 1778
and married the widow Anna
Wernich, who owned the farm
Ravensteyn adjoining the bay.
Cango (C 3322). Region along the
southern slopes of the Swartberg, in
the Oudtshoorn district. Of Khoek-
hoen origin, the name probably
means 'wet mountain'. The spelling
Kango is also encountered.
Cango Caves (C 3322 AC). Scenic
caves some 30 km north of Oudts-
hoorn in the south-western foothills
of the Swartberg. Discovered about
1780, the caves are a major tourist
attraction and were declared a
national monument in 1938. They
take their name from the Cango, ie
Khoekhoen for 'wet mountain'.
Caninga (C 3227 DD). Khoekhoen
name of the Qinira River. The
meaning is 'elands river'; Qinira is
an adaptation. Other variants
include Geneka, Kinigha, Kwine-
gha, Quinera and Quinegha.
Cannaland (C 3321). Region extend-
ing from Ezelj achtpoort to Platte Kloof,
situated north of the Outeniqua
Mountains. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and refers to the canna
root, an edible type of
Mesembryanthemum. Also encounter-
ed as Kannaland and Canaan 's Land.
Cape Agulhas (C 3420 CC). Cape at
the southernmost tip of Africa, almost
due south of Bredasdorp. It is officially
the meeting place of the Atlantic and
Indian oceans. The name is derived
from Portuguese and means 'needle',
probably given because the needle of
the compass showed no magnetic
deviation there but pointed due north.
Other names encountered include Cape
of Compasses, Needles of the Compass,
The Needles, Cabo das Anguillas and
Ponta de Sao Branddo.
Cape Columbine (C 3217 DD).
Promontory some 15 km north-west of
Vredenburg and 27 km north of
Saldanha. It was named after the
Columbine, a barque wrecked there in
1829. The most powerful lighthouse on
the coast of South Africa was built
there in 1936.
Cape Cross (S 2113 DB). Promontory
some 127 km north of Swakopmund.
The name is translated from Portuguese
Cabo do Padrao, given by Diogo Cao
in 1485 or 1486 when he erected a
stone cross (padrao) there. This cross
was taken to Germany in January 1893
and a replica was later erected on the
site. The first landing by a European in
Southern Africa took place here. The
cape is known in German as Kreuzkap.
Cape Flats (C 3418 BA). Region north
of False Bay, linking the Cape Penin-
sula to the mainland, extending from
Green Point, Woodstock and Salt River
to Bellville, Faure and Strand. Former-
ly known as De Groote Woeste Vlakte
('the large, wild flat'), Kaapsche
Duinen and Zand Vlakte.
Cape Hangklip (C 3418 BD). Tip of
the promontory, between Pringle Bay
and Farmers Bay, at the south-eastern
extremity of False Bay. Ostensibly
from Afrikaans 'hanging rock', the
name is probably an adaptation of
Hanglip, 'hanging lip', a name
consistently encountered until about
1795. It was formerly also known as
Cabo Falso, False Cape, False
Hangklip, and Sa Levre Pendante.
Cape Hermes (Trsk 3129 DA).
Promontory south of the mouth of
the Umzimvubu River, at Port St
Johns. Named after HMS Hermes, a
ship which was engaged in
surveying the coast.
Cape Infanta (C 3420 BD).
Extremity of a spur of the Potberg at
the southern side of the estuary of
the Breede River at St Sebastian
Bay, some 80 km south-east of
Swellendam. From Portuguese Cabo
de Infante, it was probably named
after Joao de Infante, captain of
Bartolomeu Dias's second caravel.
Cape Maclear (C 3418 AD).
Promontory at the southern tip of
the Cape Peninsula, adjacent to the
Cape of Good Hope. Named after
Sir Thomas Maclear (1794-1879),
famous astronomer at the Cape from
1834 to 1870, who laid the founda-
tion for a trigonometrical survey of
the Cape Colony.
Cape of Good Hope (C 3418 AD).
Southernmost point of the Cape
Peninsula, slightly west of Cape
Point. Named Cabo Tormentoso
('stormy cape') by Bartolomeu Dias
in 1488, it is said to have been
renamed Cabo de Bod Esperanca
('cape of good hope') by King John
11 of Portugal because the doubling
of the Cape gave hope of a searoute
to India. Some authorities believe
Dias himself bestowed the name.
The term is often extended to
include the entire Cape Province.
Cape Padrone (C 3326 DC).
Southernmost promontory on the
coast of the Alexandria district,
some 10 km south-west of Boknes,
15 km east of Woody Cape and
12 km south of Alexandria. The
name is derived from the Portuguese
padrdo, a stone cross erected to
mark Portuguese possession. Origi-
nally the place was named Padrdo
de Sdo Gregorio, dedicated to Saint
Gregory. Once the situation was
forgotten, Ponta do Padrdo was
indicated on 18th century maps as
east of the present Bird Islands,
which led to Cape Padrone being
marked as 80 km east of Port
Elizabeth.
Cape Point (C 3418 AD). Extreme
tip of the Cape Peninsula, slightly
east of Cape of Good Hope, at the
south-western extremity of False
Bay. It was formerly known by the
Portuguese name Cabo di Diab and
its translation, Devil's Cape.
Cape Recife (C 3425 BA). Promon-
tory south-east of Port Elizabeth, at
the southernmost portion of Algoa
Bay. Formerly Cap des Recifs,
Cabo de Recife or Arrecife, the
name is derived from Portuguese
and means 'reef. It is recorded as
early as 1576. Also spelt Receife.
Cape St Blaize (C 3422 AA). Pro-
montory at Mossel Bay. Known to
the Portuguese as Cabo Sao Bras, it
takes its name from Aguada de Sao
Bras, 'the watering-place of St
Blaize', a spring of fresh water
named by Vasco da Gama in 1497
on 26 November, the name-day of
that saint.
*Cape Town (C 3318 DC). Mother
city of South Africa, second largest
city in the Republic of South Africa;
situated between Table Mountain
and Table Bay. It developed from a
settlement established by Jan van
Riebeeck in 1652 and became a
municipality in 1839. Originally
referred to as Cabo de Goede Hoop,
a shortened form 'Cabo' or 'De
Caab' came to be used. In the 18th
century it was known as Het Vlek
('hamlet') van de Caab. The names
Cape Town and Kaapstad were
applied about the middle of the 18th
century. The Khoekhoen name,
Huigais, meaning 'stone place', was
first applied to the Castle but was
subsequently extended to include
Cape Town. The Afrikaans form
Kaapstad has also been approved
and enjoys the same status as Cape
Town.
Cape Voltas (C 2816 DA). Promon-
tory south of Alexander Bay and
north of Harrison Cove. The name
may be derived from the Portuguese
word for 'tacks', referring to sailing
manoeuvres. The possibility exists
that Dias's Angra das Voltas was
not Luderitz Bay, but here.
Caprivi Strip (S 1723-1725).
Region 482 km long and up to
80 km wide, in the north of South-
West Africa/Namibia. Named after
General Count Georg Leo von
Caprivi di Caprara di Montecuccoli,
German Imperial Chancellor who
succeeded Bismarck in 1890. It was
ceded to Germany by Britain in
1893.
*Carletonville (T 2627 AD). Town
some 72 km west of Johannesburg
and 71 km north-east of Potchef-
stroom. Laid out on the farm
Twyfelvlakte No 8, Oberholzer
district, and proclaimed on 28 Janu-
ary 1948, it became a municipality
on 1 July 1959. Named after Guy
Carleton Jones, a director of
Consolidated Gold Fields for 35
years.
*Carnarvon (C 3022 CC). Town
135 km north-east of Williston and
133 km north-west of Victoria West.
It was laid out in 1860 on land
belonging to the Rhenish Missionary
Society, and became a municipality
in 1882. At first known as Harms-
fontein and Schietfontein, it was
given the name Carnarvon in 1874
after Henry Howard Molyneux
Herbert, the Earl of Carnarvon
(1831-1890), British Colonial
Secretary.
*Carolina (T 2630 AA). Town
225 km east of Pretoria and 64 km
north of Ermelo. It is said to have
been laid out either on the farms
Goede Hoop and Groenvlei, or on
part of Steynsdraai, belonging to C J
Coetzee, and to have been named
after his wife, Carolina Coetzee, nee
Smit. He donated the land on
condition that the town be named
after his wife. Municipal status was
achieved in 1951.
Cashan Mountains (T 2527-2528).
Early name of Magaliesberg,
adapted from Khashane, the name
of a chief living there in former
times. A township of Rustenburg
bears the approved name Cashan.
*Cathcart (C 3227 AC). Town to
the east of the Windvogelberg,
146 km north-west of East London.
Developed after 1856 from a mili-
tary camp established in 1850. It
was named after Sir George Cath-
cart (1794-1854), Governor of the
Cape from 1852 to 1854. It became
a municipality in 1881. Centre of a
wool-producing area.
*Cathedral Peak (N 2829 CC).
Mountain peak in the Drakensberg,
some 30 km south-west of Bergville
and 70 km direct west-northwest of
Estcourt. Thus named by John
Sheddon Dobie. Formerly known as
Zikhali's Horn, after a Ngwanene
chief who lived at its foot. First
climbed in July 1917 by D W
Basset-Smith and R G Kingon.
*Cathkin Peak (N 2929 CC).
Named after Cathkin Braes, a hill
near Glasgow, by David Gray, a
Scot who settled in Natal in 1849.
The Zulu name, Mdedeke, is said to
mean 'make room for him', 'leave
him in peace', referring to the domi-
nant masculine aspect of the peak.
*Cato Ridge (N 2930 DA). Village
in the Camperdown district, some
30 km south-east of
Pietermaritzburg, near the Valley of
a Thousand Hills. Named after
George Christopher Cato (1814-
1893), the first mayor of Durban.
Cave of Hands (C 3321 CC). Rock
overhang in the Garcia Pass, 14 km
north of Riversdale, on the road to
Ladismith. Named after an abun-
dance of hand imprints, presumably
made by people of San physical
type, by applying paint to the palm
and fingers and pressing the hand
against the wall.
*Cedara (N 2930 CB). Agricultural
research station in the Lion's River
district, 26 km north-west of
Pietermaritzburg and 10 km south-
east of Howick. Established in 1902.
The name is said to be derived from
Sotho, meaning 'place where
nothing grows'.
Cedarberg (C 3219). Mountain
range in the Clanwilliam district,
within the catchment area of the
Olifants River. Named after a
species of cedar tree, Widdringtonia
cedarbergensis, which grows there.
Only the Dutch form Cederberg has
been approved. The name is also
borne by a mountain on the eastern
border of the Matatiele district.
There the name is inappropriate.
*Cedarville (C 3029 AC). Village
at the foot of the Cedarberg in the
Matatiele district, 48 km north-west
of Kokstad and 278 km from
Pietermaritzburg. Named after the
Cedarberg. In 1912 a village
management board was established.
*Ceres (C 3319 AD). Town on the
Dwars River in the Warm Bok-
keveld, 127 km north-east of Cape
Town, 16 km from Wolseley and
10 km from Prince Alfred's Hamlet.
Established in 1854, it became a
municipality in 1964. It was named
after the Roman goddess of
agriculture, by virtue of the fertility
of the soil. It is an important fruit-
producing centre.
Chaib (C 2824 BC). Khoekhoen
name of Windsorton; it means
'place of the kudu'.
Chamika (C 3323 CA). Khoekhoen
name of the Potjies River, a
tributary of the Kammanassie River.
It may mean 'lion river'.
*Champagne Castle (N 2929 AB).
Peak in the Drakensberg opposite
Cathkin Peak. The latter was given
this name in 1860 after an alterca-
tion between two climbers, David
Gray and a Captain Grantham of the
Royal Engineers, over a bottle of
champagne, half of which had been
consumed by one of them. For many
years Cathkin Peak bore both
names; then the name Champagne
Castle was transferred to its present
site.
Chanugaub (S 2615 CA). Khoek-
hoen name of Luderitzbucht; it
means 'crossing-place to the other
side'.
*Charl Cilliers (T 2629 CA).
Village some 32 km north of Stan-
derton. Originally known as Van
Tondershoek, it was named after the
Voortrekker Charl (Sarel) Arnoldus
Cilliers (1801-1871) in 1917.
Charles' Mount (C 3 318 CD).
Early name for part of Lion's Rump,
later transferred to Devil's Peak.
Also recorded as King Charles
Mount.
*Charlestown (N 2729 BD). Town
some 5 km south of Volksrust, in
the Newcastle district. Established
in 1889 and proclaimed a township
in 1906, it was named after Sir
Charles Mitchell (?-1899), Governor
of Natal from 1889.
Chavonnesberg (C 3319 CB).
Mountain near Worcester. Named
after Maurice Pasques de Chavon-
nes, Governor of the Cape from 28
March 1714 to 7 September 1724.
Cheridouws Poort (C 3322 BD).
Ravine in the Great Swartberg
through which flows the Agterberg
River, a tributary of the olifants.
From Khoekhoen Tsoaridaos,
'transverse pass'.
Chesterville (N 2930 DD). Village
between Cato Manor and Westville,
some 13 km west of Durban. Named
after T J Chester, a former manager
of the Native Administration
Department of Durban.
*Chrissiesmeer see Lake Chrissie.
The Afrikaans form is preferred for
official purposes, though both have
equal status.
*Christiana (T 2725 CC). Town on
the Vaal River, 113 km north-north-
east of Kimberley. Established on
the farm Zoutpansdrift in the
Bloemhof district. A health commit-
tee, established in 1895, controlled
the town until 1904, when municipal
status was achieved. It is presumed
to have been named after Christina,
daughter of M W Pretorius (1819-
1901), first President of the South
African Republic, later Transvaal.
Chuenespoort (T 2429 BA). Ravine
through the foothills of the Stryd-
poort Mountains, some 35 km south
of Pietersburg on the road to
Lydenburg, through which the
Chunies River flows. An adaptation
of the name of a Sotho chief,
Tshwene or Chuene, meaning
'baboon'. Referred to as the Klip
Poort in Louis Trichardt's diary.
Formerly it was known as
Chuniespoort.
*Chuniespoort see Chuenespoort
*Cicira (Trsk 3128 DA). River
rising west of Umtata and flowing
east, north-east and then north to
enter the Mtata north-west of
Umtata. Said to mean 'place of the
ear-ring', because of its looping
course.
Cisiqua (C 3420). Khoekhoen name
of the Soutrivier. The Afrikaans
name, meaning 'salt river', is a
translation.
*Citrusdal (C 3219 CA). Village
situated in the Clanwilliam district,
on the right bank of the Olifants
River, 188 km north-east of Cape
Town, almost midway between
Clanwilliam and Piketberg. Estab-
lished by the Dutch Reformed
Church in 1916, it achieved munici-
pal status in March 1957. The name
is derived from the production of
oranges (Citrus aurantium or C.
sinensis) in the surrounding valley.
*Clanwilliam (C 3218 BB). Town
at the confluence of the Olifants and
Jan Dissels rivers, at the foot of the
Cedarberg, 232 km from Cape Town
and 35 km from Graafwater. Laid
out on the farm Jan Disselsvlei, it at
first bore that name. On 1 January
1814 it was renamed Clanwilliam by
Sir John Cradock, Governor of the
Cape, 1811-1814, after his father-in-
law, the Earl of Clanwilliam. In
1901 it attained municipal status.
*Clarens (O 2828 CB). Village in
the Bethlehem district, 10 km from
the border between the OFS and
Lesotho, between Golden Gate and
Bethlehem. Laid out in 1912, it was
named after Clarens, situated
between Vevey and Montreux in
Switzerland, where President Paul
Kruger died.
*Clarkson (C 3424 AB). Moravian
Mission village in the Humansdorp
district, 26 km south-east of Asse-
gaaibos station and 60 km west of
Humansdorp. It was established by
Bishop H P Halbeck in 1839 and
named after Thomas Clarkson who
helped abolish the slave-trade.
*Clocolan (O 2827 DC). Town west
of Prynn's Berg, and some 166 km
north-east of Bloemfontein. Laid out
on the farms Harold and Rienzi in
1906, it became a municipality in
1910. The name is of Sotho origin,
said to be derived from hlohloloane,
'bump and fight', from an incident
in which the bumping over of a
basket filled with wheat led to a
fight; or 'pressed in the mountains'.
Cloete's Pass (C 3321 DD). Moun-
tain pass over the Vreyersberg
(1 111 m), north of Herbertsdale,
Mossel Bay district, descending to
the Gourits River Valley. Construct-
ed in the 1850s, it was originally
known as Cloeteskraal Pass.
*Coalbrook (O 2627 DD). Colliery
and settlement some 5 km from
Sasolburg. Probably named after
Coalbrookdale in England. Scene of
a major disaster on 21 January 1961;
435 workers were buried alive when
the mine collapsed.
Cobeeb (C 3319). Khoekhoen name
of Hex River. The Dutch name,
which means 'witch river', is a
translation. The reference is to a
witchdoctor or magician (male or
female), an influential figure in
Khoekhoen society.
*Cockscomb (C 3324 DB). Peak of
Table Mountain quartzite in the
Great Winterhoek Mountains, Uiten-
hage district, 48 km north of
Humansdorp, 1 759 m high. So
named from the resemblance of its
four pinnacles to the comb of a
rooster. It formerly bore the names
Craggy Mountain, Grenadier's
Cap, Four Sisters, Gefestonneerde
Berg, and Hommoequa.
*Coega (C 3325 DC). Hamlet 27 km
north of Port Elizabeth and 32 km
south-west of Ncanaha. It takes its
name from the Coega River. Derived
from Khoekhoen, 'ground river'.
Coega River (C 3325 CB-DC). Rises
north of the Winterhoek Mountains
and flows some 45 km south-east to
enter the Indian Ocean in Algoa
Bay, south-east of the mouth of the
Sundays River. Derived from
Khoekhoen, the name means
'ground river'. Variant spellings
include Cougha, Coecha, Koecha
and Koega.
*Coerney (C 3325 BC). River and
railway station 64 km north of Port
Elizabeth, on the route to Rosmead,
situated in the Sundays River
Valley, Alexandria district. Record-
ed as early as 1752 (journal of A F
Beutler), the name is derived from
Khoekhoen and means 'narrow (not
"small") forest'. Formerly also
known as Hoender Craal, from
Dutch parelhoender, 'guinea-fowl'.
*Coffee Bay (Trsk 3129 CC). Holi-
day resort in the Mqanduli district,
Tembuland, 80 km south-east of
Viedgesville. Named after the
hundreds of coffee trees which grew
from beans either scattered by a
shipwreck or by plunderers.
*Cofimvaba (Trsk 3227 BA).
Village 79 km east of Queenstown
on the route to Butterworth, in the
St Marks district, Tembuland. Prob-
ably named after the nearby stream
which, after rains, froths turbulently
and resembles milk. The name is
also said to be derived from cofa,
'press', mvaba, 'milk-bag' (of goat-
skin), done to break lumps of sour
milk. Another explanation is that the
sound of the water gurgling over the
rocks is reminiscent of the splashing
of milk in the bag when shaken.
Cogmans Kloof (C 3320 CC).
Mountain pass in the Langeberg
range, between Ashton and Mon-
tagu. The old pass was constructed
between 1873 and 1877, the modern
one between 1952 and 1953. Said to
be named after a Khoekhoen people,
known as the Koekemans, Cogmans,
Coggelmans, etc. Also encountered
as Kogmanskloof.
Cogmans River (C 3320 CC).
Flows through the Langeberg range.
Comprises the Keisie and Kingna
rivers after their confluence. Named
after a Khoekhoen people known as
the Cogmans, Kogmans, Koggel-
mans, etc.
Cold Bokkeveld (C 3219). Portion
of the Bokkeveld extending from the
Skurweberg towards Citrusdal.
Situated high above sea-level. The
name was given because this region
is indeed cold. It is said that grass
only starts sprouting towards
November.
*Coldstream (C 3323 DC). Village
east of Plettenberg Bay on the
Tsitsikamma coast, in the Joubertina
district. Famous for a burial stone
excavated nearby in 1910, depicting
a prehistoric artist holding brush-
feather and palette, indicating that
rock paintings were being executed
in South Africa some 2 000 years
ago. Said to be named after a cold
stream flowing past.
Coleford Nature Reserve (N 2929
CD). On the farms Coleford and
Sunnyside, 34 km south of Under-
berg. Named after a landowner,
James Cole.
*Colenso (N 2829 DB). Town
229 km north-west of Durban and
27 km south of Ladysmith. Estab-
lished in 1855, it became a township
in 1926 and a borough in 1958.
Named after the Bishop John
William Colenso (1814-1883), first
Anglican bishop of Natal and
champion of the Zulus. Scene of
battles during the Second Anglo-
Boer War, on account of the
strategic railway bridge there.
*Colesberg (C 3025 CA). Town
some 29 km south of the Orange
River, 29 km south-south-west of
Philippolis and 51 km north of
Noupoort. Established in 1830, it
was first named Toverberg, after a
nearby hill, but subsequently
renamed after Sir Galbraith Lowry
Cole (1772-1842), Governor of the
Cape Colony from 1828 to 1833.
Municipal status was attained in
1840.
Cole's Kop (C 3025 CA). Hill near
Colesberg, after which it is named.
It was formerly known as Toorberg,
Torenberg, Tooverberg and Toring-
berg, also Tower Mountain. Afri-
kaans toor, tower means 'bewitch'; a
misunderstanding of English tower
may have led to the names Toorberg
and Tooverberg.
*Coligny (T 2626 AD). Town some
27 km south-east of Lichtenburg.
Originally named Treurfontein, it
was renamed Coligny when it
became a town on 23 July 1923,
after Gaspard de Coligny, a
Huguenot leader who died in the
Massacre of St Bartholomew in
1572. Scene of sporadic diamond-
mining activities.
Columbine, Cape
see Cape Columbine
Committees Flats (C 3227).
Between Breakfast Vlei and the
Great Fish River. Derived from
Afrikaans Kommetjiesvlakte, 'plain
of small depressions', the name is
descriptive of the landscape.
Compassberg (C 3124 DC). Peak
2 540m high, 55 km north of Graaff-
Reinet, on the watershed between
the Orange and Sundays rivers. Thus
named by R J Gordon in 1778
because from the summit he could
see streams flowing in all directions.
Conception Bay (S 2314 CD). Bay
on the coast of South-West Africa,
121 km south of Walvis Bay.
Translated from the Portuguese
Bahia de Conceicdo, it was known
by the German name Empfang-
nisbucht. The reference is probably
to the Virgin Mary's immaculate
conception.
*Concordia (C 2917 DB). Village
in Namaqualand, 19 km northeast of
Springbok. It was established as a
station of the Rhenish Mission in the
early 1800s. In 1863 it was taken
over by the Nederduits Gerefor-
meerde Mission. The discovery of
the copper mine by Albert von
Schicht in 1940, named Concordia,
led to the growth of this village.
Conna (C 3322 CC). Khoekhoen
name of the Moordkuil. This
Afrikaans name, meaning 'murder
pool', is probably a translation of
Conna.
Constantiaberg (C 3418 AB).
Mountain (928 m) in the Wynberg
district, Cape Peninsula, south of
Table Mountain. It overlooks Hout
Bay in the west and Constantia
Valley in the east. It derives its
name from this valley, which in turn
takes its name from the estate, prob-
ably named by Simon van der Stel
after Constantia, daughter of
Commissioner Rijkloff van Goens.
Cony Island (C 3318 AC). Name
given in 1607 to Dassen Island by
Sir Edward Michelburne (?-1611),
army captain and explorer, after the
rock-rabbits (Procavia capensis),
also called coneys or conies, dassen
in Dutch, he saw there.
*Cookhouse (C 3225 DB). Village
some 170 km north of Port Elizabeth
and 24 km east of Somerset East, on
the west bank of the Great Fish
River, which formed the eastern
boundary of the Cape Colony until
1819. It is said to take its name from
a small stone house used for shelter
and cooking by troops camping on
the bank of this river. Another
explanation links the name to the
hot climate as experienced by the
troops stationed there. It is an
important railway junction.
*Cornelia (O 2728 BB). Village in
the Vrede district, situated on the
banks of the Skoonspruit, midway
between Frankfort and Vrede.
Named after Cornelia Mulder,
second wife of President F W Reitz,
it was proclaimed a township in
1917 and became a municipality in
1923. A famous fossil-site on the
farm Uitzoek is 10 km to the north.
Cornelia is the birthplace of the
well-known Afrikaans playwright, P
G du Plessis.
Cove Rock (C 3327 BB). Seaside
property some 16 km west of the
mouth of the Buffalo River, in the
East London district. It takes its
name from a well-known headland
known since the 17th century as The
Coffin after its shape as seen from
the sea. The name Coffin Rock was
corrupted to Cov Rock and then to
Cove Rock.
*Cradock (C 3225 BA). Town on
the Great Fish River, some 258 km
by road north of Port Elizabeth.
Established as a frontier outpost on
the farm Buffelskloof in 1813, it
was proclaimed a township in 1814
and named after Sir John Francis
Cradock (1762-1839), Governor of
the Cape from 1811 to 1814.
Municipal status was achieved in
1840. Five kilometres north of
Cradock are hot sulphur springs.
Cradock River (C 2924). Former
name of the Orange River above its
confluence with the Vaal. Named
after Sir John Cradock (1762-1839),
Governor of the Cape Colony from
1811 to 1814. The Khoekhoen name
for this portion of the Orange is
Nugariep, 'black river'.
*Creighton (N 3029 BB). Village in
the Ixopo district, 35 km northwest
of Ixopo, near the Transkei border.
Laid out in 1865, it has been
administered by a Health Committee
since 1947. It was named after Lady
McCullum (nee Creighton), wife of
Sir Henry McCullum, Governor of
Natal from 1901 to 1907.
Crocodile River (T 2530-2531).
Major tributary of the Komati. Rises
north of Dullstroom and flows
306 km, mainly eastwards, to the
confluence at Komatipoort. Named
after the many crocodiles which
frequent it. The name is also borne
by a major tributary of the Limpopo
River. The Afrikaans equivalent is
Krokodilrivier.
Crook's Corner (T 2231 AC).
Locality at the confluence of the
Levubu and Limpopo rivers. So
called because its situation close to
the borders of Mocambique, Trans-
vaal and Zimbabwe made it conve-
nient for poachers, ivory-hunters,
slavers and outlaws.
Cross, Cape see Cape Cross
Croydon (Swa 2631 BA). Settle-
ment some 55 km north-east of
Manzini. Laid out in 1924 on the
farm Croydon, named after the
borough in London, from which the
former owner, Buckham, came.
Cuighakamma (C 3323 AC).
Khoekhoen name of Toorwater.
Literally 'magic water'; the
Afrikaans name is a translation. The
reference is to a whirlpool in which
a Khoekhoen man was drowned.
*Cullinan (T 2528 DA). Mining
town some 35 km by road east of
Pretoria. Laid out in 1902 on the
farm Elandsfontein, it was named
after Sir Thomas Major Cullinan
(1862-1936), founder of the Premier
Mine, after whom the world's
largest diamond was named. Used as
a military training centre during
World War 2.
Cunnycamma (C 3321). Khoek-
hoen name of the Olifants River,
tributary of the Gourits. Meaning
'whirling water', the name probably
refers to eddies caused by potholes
in the bed.
Cwebeni (N 2832 CC). Zulu name
of Richards Bay. It means 'lagoon',
or 'large expanse of water', from
ichwebe.
D
Daan Viljoen Game Reserve (S 2216
B). In the Khomas Highland, 25 km
west of Windhoek; some 3 940
hectares in extent. It was opened in
1962 and named after Daniel T du
Plessis, Administrator of South-West
Africa. Stocked with game, including
klipspringers, kudu, gemsbok and
mountain zebra, it is a popular holiday
resort.
Daasdaap (C 3018 BC). Nonpe-
rennial watercourse rising north of
Bleskrans and extending north-east
and east to Sobabe Saltpan. Derived
from Khoekhoen, the name means
'grass depression'; the Afrikaans
translation Graslaagte has been
applied to a farm there.
Da Gama Park (C 3418 AB).
Township in the Simon's Town dis-
trict, north-west of the town. Situa-
ted in the Else River Valley, it was
established for 'navy men' and their
families. It was named after Vasco
da Gama (?-1524), the Portuguese
navigator.
*Dal Josafat (C 3318 DB). Indus-
trial township in the valley between
Paarl and Wellington, housing most
of the industries of Paarl. A ceme-
tery of the Huguenots was laid out
in 1692. Here are buried a number
of pioneers of the Afrikaans
language. The name is of biblical
origin, referring to a place of judge-
ment (Joel 3:1-2). Also encountered
as Daljosafat and Dal van Josafat.
*Dalmanutha (T 2530 CC). Station
some 16 km east of Belfast, on the
route between Pretoria and Maputo.
Named after the farm, which in turn
takes its name from a biblical town
on the Sea of Galilee (Mark 8:10).
The name is said to mean 'house of
widowhood'. The area is known to
the local inhabitants as Monometsi.
A clash between the Bakoni and
Matabele occurred here. It was also
the scene of the last pitched battle of
the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-
1902) which took place from 25
August 1900.
*Dalton (N 2930 BC). Village some
11 km east of New Hanover and
35 km south of Greytown. Named
after North Dalton in Yorkshire,
from whence came Henry Boast who
organized an immigration to Natal
in 1850 of people from Yorkshire. It
is the junction for the Noodsberg
line.
Damaraland (S 1913-2214). Region
historically south of the Kunene
River and north of Great Namaqua-
land; now situated east of the
Swakopmund district, west of the
Kaokoland and north of the Walvis
Bay and Karibib districts. Named
after the Damara, Dama or Berg-
damara, a Bantu people who speak
Nama.
Danger Point (C 3419 CB).
Promontory at the southern extre-
mity of Walker Bay, south-east of
Gans Bay, in the Hermanus district.
So named because reefs and rocks
present a serious hazard to ships
approaching the shore too closely.
The Birkenhead was wrecked here
on 26 February 1852 with the loss of
445 lives. A lighthouse 46 m high,
with a range of 29 km, was erected
here. The name Danger Point is also
borne by a promontory between East
London and Gonubie Mouth.
*Danielskuil (C 2823 BA). Village
142 km north-west of Kimberley
and 72 km north-east of Postmas-
burg. It takes its name from a cone-
shaped depression 6 m deep in the
dolomitic limestone; with a domed
covering, reminiscent of the biblical
'Daniel in the lion's den' (Afr kuil,
'hole', 'pit'). The Griqua leader
Adam Kok is said to have used this
depression as a prison, and to also
have kept snakes in it. The area is
known for rich asbestos deposits and
for diamonds, while marble is also
mined. The Tswana name of
Danielskuil is Tlaka le Tlou or
Tlaka-lo-Tlou, 'elephant reed'.
*Dannhauser (N 2839 AA). Town
between Glencoe and Newcastle,
some 8 km from the road between
Johannesburg and Durban. Pro-
claimed in 1937, it was possibly
named after Thomas Richard Dann-
hauser, a former acting landdrost of
Weenen.
Danskraal (N 2829 DB). Historic
site some 5 km north-east of Lady-
smith in the Klip Rivier district, said
to be the place where the Voor-
trekkers camped a week before the
famous Battle of Blood River on 16
December 1838 and where the first
vow was taken which led to the Day
of the Covenant. The name means
'village of dancing'; it was here that
the commando was entertained with
ceremonial dances by the Zulus of
Matowan or Nodotta.
Dap Naude Dam (T 2329 DD).
Storage dam in the Broederstroom, a
tributary of the Luvuvhu, some
16 km north of Haenertsburg. It was
built in 1957 and 1958 to supply
water to Pietersburg and named after
D J (Dap) Naude, who was a mayor
of Pietersburg seven times.
Dargle see The Dargle
*Darling (C 3318 AD). Town some
75 km south-west of Cape Town, in
the Malmesbury district. At first
known as Groene Kloof, it was laid
out in 1853 and named after Sir
Charles Henry Darling, Lieutenant-
Governor of the Cape from 1851 to
1854. From 1901 it was adminis-
tered by a village management
board, and in 1955 it achieved
municipal status.
*Dassenberg (C 3118 DC). Former
name of Heerenlogementsberg. It is
derived from Dutch dassen,
'coneys', 'rock-rabbits' (Hyrax or
Procavia capensis), and was given
by Simon van der Stel.
*Dassen Island (C 3318 AC).
Island some 5 km long and 2 km
wide, 58 km north-west of Table
Bay. So called because of the abun-
dance of rock-rabbits or conies
(Hyrax or Procavia capensis, dassen
in Dutch) encountered there. Named
Ilha Branca ('white island') by the
early Portuguese mariners, it was
renamed Elizabeth Eiland by Joris
van Spilbergen in 1601, and Coney
Island by Sir Edward Michelbourne
in 1605. The form Dasseneiland is
preferred for official purposes.
Daunas (S 2114). Nama name of
Brandberg. Derived from dau,
'burn', thus 'burnt mountain', the
same meaning as the Afrikaans
name. Also encountered as Daureb
and Daures.
*Daveyton (T 2628 AB). Township
some 16 km east of Benoni. Laid out
in 1956, it was named after Mrs M
Davey, a town councillor who
played a part in its establishment.
Regarded as a model township with
excellent amenities.
Dawebgaos (S 2416 DD). Nama
name of Maltahohe. 'Mouth of the
Daweb River'; the name Daweb is
derived from dawe (Tamarix
usneoides). These bushes grow in
the non-perennial stream which
flows through Maltahohe and enters
the Hutup.
*De Aar (C 3024 CA). Town some
806 km from Cape Town, 800 km
from Pretoria and 547 km from Port
Elizabeth. It was named after the
farm on which it was laid out; the
farm was thus named by its owner,
Jan Gabriel Vermeulen, in 1839, on
account of a vein (Dutch aar) or
subterranean watercourse there. The
town developed around the station
established in 1881, and was
formally laid out in 1902. It became
a municipality in 1904. De Aar is
the second largest railway junction
and the second largest postal centre
in the Republic of South Africa.
Olive Schreiner lived there between
1907 and 1913, when her husband
was town clerk. In 1914 a railway-
line to South-West Africa was laid
at the rate of 1,5 km per day.
*Dealesville (O 2825 DB). Town
some 70 km north-west of Bloem-
fontein, 55 km south-east of Boshof
and 111 km north-east of Kimber-
ley. It was laid out on the farm Klip-
fontein and named after the owner,
John Henry Deale. It was pro-
claimed a township in 1899 and
achieved municipal status in 1914.
The spas Baden-Baden and Floris-
bad are respectively 14 and 37 km
from Dealesville.
Debe (Cis 3227). Tributary of the
Keiskamma River, which it enters
south-east of Alice. Also encoun-
tered as Tewe and Deba. Derived
from Khoekhoen, the name means
'brackish river'. It has been trans-
ferred to Debe Hollows, Debe Flats,
Debe Nek.
Debe Flats (Cis 3227). Region in
the vicinity of King William's
Town. Although the name has been
stated to be derived from Xhosa
iDebe, 'tattooed person', from
numerous small depressions, it is
probably from Khoekhoen debe,
'brackish'. In this case the flats take
their name from the river.
*Debe Nek (Cis 3227 CC). Settle-
ment 19 km west-north-west of King
William's Town and 38 km east of
Alice. Takes its name from the Debe
(Khoekhoen for 'brackish') River,
from the defile ('nek') through
which the Debe River flows. This
was the site of the Battle of
Amalinda between Ndlambe and
Gaika in 1818. Now a health resort.
De Cuylen (C 3318 DC). Former
name of Kuils River. Also encoun-
tered as De Kuilen. 'The pools', the
name is Dutch.
*De Dooms (C 3319 BC). Town in
the Hex River Valley, 32 km north-
east of Worcester and 40 km south-
west of Touwsrivier. It takes its
name from the farm De Dooms
boven aan de Hex Rivier ('the
thorns on the upper Hex River')
known as early as 1725. A village
management board was instituted in
1933 and municipal status attained
in 1951.
De Hoop (C 3322 CA). Village of
the Dutch Reformed Church 16 km
west of Oudtshoorn. It was laid out
in July 1908 and so named with
reference to Rom. 5:5, 'hope maketh
not ashamed'; the definite article is
often used in Dutch and Afrikaans
in conjunction with abstract nouns.
De Kuiper's Drift (T 2531 BD).
Ford in the Crocodile River near
Komatipoort. It was so named on 10
October 1960 by General R C
Hiemstra in honour of Frans de
Kuiper who in 1725 led what was
probably the first expedition of
white people into the Transvaal
from the east, ie from Delagoa Bay,
to seek a route to Monomotapa.
*Delareyville (T 2625 CB). Town
96 km south-west of Lichtenburg,
82 km north-east of Vryburg,
114 km north-west of Wolmarans-
stad, and 61 km north of Schweizer-
Reneke. It was laid out in 1914 and
declared a border industry area in
1968. It was named after Jacobus
Hercules (Hendrik) de la Rey (1847-
1914), General of the Boer forces in
the Anglo-Boer War, who was shot
and killed by police when the
motor-car in which he was travelling
failed to stop at a road-block.
De Leeuwenberg (C 3318 CD).
Early name of the hill adjacent to
and north-west of Table Mountain.
Dutch for 'the lion mountain', it
comprises het Hoofd (the Head), de
Rug (the Back), de Bil (the Rump),
and de Knie (the Knee).
Delgada Point (C 3423 AB). Early
name of Cape Seal, at the south-
western extremity of Plettenberg
Bay.
*Delmas (T 2628 BA). Town some
19 km north-east of Springs and
73 km south-east of Pretoria. It was
laid out on the form Witklip in
1907, and has been administered by
a town council since 1965. Dialectic
French for 'small farm', the name
was given by Frank Campbell
Dumat, former owner of Witklip,
after his grandfather's farm in
France.
*Delportshoop (C 2824 AD).
Village at the confluence of the
Harts and Vaal rivers, in the Barkly
West district. It developed from a
diamond-diggers' camp and is said
to have given the name after the first
person to find diamonds there. The
public diggings were proclaimed in
November 1871, a village manage-
ment board was instituted in 1931,
and municipal status attained in
1970. Two Tswana names for
Delportshoop are encountered,
namely Tsineng, also spelt Tsining,
Tsening, Tsenin and Tsoneng, and
Dekgathlong, also spelt Dekhath-
long, Dekatlong, Dekgathlong,
Dikgatlhong, Likatlong and Likhat-
Ihong. The latter name means
'meeting-place', referring to the
confluence of the Vaal and Harts
rivers there.
*Dendron (T 2329 AD). Village
some 68 km north of Pietersburg,
managed by a health committee.
Laid out on the farm Duitsland. The
name is derived from the Greek
word for 'tree' and refers to the
abundance of indigenous trees in the
area.
*Deneysville (O 2628 CC). Village
and pleasure resort on the Vaal
Dam. Established in 1936 on the
farms Wilhelmina and Witpoort in
the Sasolburg district, it has been
administered by a village manage-
ment board since 1948. It was
named after Colonel Deneys Reitz
who was Minister of Lands when
the dam was built.
Denidouw (C 3323 BD-DB). Ravine
some 40 km south-east of Willow-
more. The name is Khoekhoen and
means 'honey ravine'. Variants
include Dienie Douw, Dine Dow and
Dniedouw.
De Qua (C 3323 AD). Khoekhoen
name (with the Dutch definite
article) of Aasvoelberg in the
Willowmore district. It means 'vul-
ture', so that the Afrikaans name is
a translation as regards the first
element, Aasvoel.
*Derby (T 2527 CC). Village
117 km west-north-west of Johan-
nesburg, 60 km south-west of Rus-
tenburg and 17 km east of Koster.
Laid out on portions of the farms
Rietfontein and Vlakfontein, it was
named after Lord Derby, British
Secretary of State.
Derm (S 2318 CA). Settlement
132 km north-east of Mariental and
24 km east of Uhlenhorst in the
Rehoboth district. Afrikaans for
'intestine', the name is translated
from Khoekhoen Guias. The reason
for the name is not known.
*De Rust (C 3322 BC). Village
35 km east-north-east of Oudts-
hoorn, between the Swartberg in the
north and the Kammanassieberg in
the south. It was laid out in 1900 on
the farm De Rust, from which it
takes its name, Dutch for 'rest',
'repose'.
*Despatch (C 3325 CD-DC). Town
26 km north-west of Port Elizabeth
and 10 km from Uitenhage, on the
route between these two places. It
came under the administration of a
village management board in 1942
and achieved municipal status in
1945. The name is derived from the
'despatching' of bricks made there
to other places. There was an unsuc-
cessful attempt to change the name
Despatch to John Vorster, after a
former Prime Minister of the
Republic of South Africa.
Devil's Peak (C 3318 CD). Moun-
tain 1 002 m high, north-east of
Table Mountain and connected to it.
Derived from Dutch Duyvels Bergh
or Duivels Berg, later Duivels Kop,
the name is said to refer to violent
winds which appear to blow down-
wards from the summit. It also bore
the names De Wind and Windberg,
as well as Charles Mount(ain)
(transferred from Lion's Rump;
after King Charles I of England),
Crown Hill, Duivenberg, Herbert's
Mount (given by Commodore
Humphrey Fitzherbert in 1620),
Dove's Mountain and Teufelsberg.
*Devon (T 2628 BD). Village some
18 km west of Leslie and 56 km
east-south-east of Springs. Named
after the home county in England of
the surveyor who laid it out.
Important for natural gas in the
vicinity.
*Dewetsdorp (O 2926 DA). Town
68 km south-east of Bloemfontein,
on the road to Aliwal North. It was
laid out on the farm Kareefontein in
1876 and at first bore this name.
Applications to the Volksraad in
1876 for the establishment of a
village failed, but another request in
1879 led to recognition in 1880
under the name Dewetsdorp, after
Field-Cornet Jacobus Ignatius de
Wet, father of General C R de Wet,
who took the initiative in its
establishment. Municipal status was
attained in 1890. Dewetsdorp was
the scene of heavy fighting in the
Second Anglo-Boer War. In 1927
the town hall was blown up, killing
the mayor and two councillors.
*De Wildt (T 2527 DB). Railway
station, police station and post
office 40 km west-north-west of
Pretoria, in the Brits district. It was
named after the engineer who in
1905 surveyed the railway-line
between Pretoria and Rustenburg,
E de Wildt. Famous for a speech
delivered on 7 December 1912 by
General J B M Hertzog which
ultimately led to the establishment
of the National Party.
D F Malan Airport (C 3318 DC).
Situated on the Cape Flats, south of
Parow. Officially opened in 1955,
but was in use before that. Named
after Daniel Francois Malan (1874-
1959), Prime Minister of the Union
of South Africa from 1948 to 1954.
Dias Point (S 2615 CA). Rocky
point with lighthouse, fog-horn and
radio station at the south-western
extremity of Luderitz Bay, 23 km
from Luderitz. Named after the
Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu
Dias, who erected a stone cross
there on 25 July 1488, dedicated to
St James.
Dicker Wilhelm (S 2616 CA).
Prominent mountain (1500 m)
35 km north-west of Aus, along the
road to Luderitz. German for 'the
thickset Wilhelm', the name refers
to Kaiser Wilhelm II whose orders,
like the insular mountain in the
otherwise flat Namib Desert, were
not easily lost sight of. The moun-
tain also bears the Nama name
Garub and the German translation
thereof, Grosse Tiger Berg.
Die Baai (C 3325 DC). Popular
name for Port Elizabeth; 'the bay'.
*Die Bakke (C 3422 AA). Holiday
resort at Mossel Bay. Named after
two steel tanks (Afrikaans bakke)
installed in 1884 to hold water piped
from the Outeniqua Mountains for
the use of transport-riders and
others.
Die Berg (C 3218 DD). Popular
name for Versfeldpasberg. The
name is Afrikaans and means 'the
mountain'.
Die Hel (C 3322). Colloquial name
for Gamkaskloof, region of 22 km in
the Swartberg, near Oudtshoorn,
north of Calitzdorp and east of the
Seweweekspoort. The pass leading
to the valley drops 579 m in just
over 3 km. The name may be
derived from the Afrikaans verb hel,
to incline or dip steeply, or the noun
helling; or it may be from the
English 'hell', referring to the
inaccessibility and inhospitability of
the region.
Die Hel (T 2529). Gorge cut by the
Olifants River into the escarpment
between Middelburg and Witbank
on the Highveld, and the Loskop
Dam in the Lowveld. Possibly
named thus for its inaccessibility.
*Die Kelders (D 3419 CB). Holiday
resort 19 km south-west of Stanford,
between Gans Bay and Hermanus.
Afrikaans for 'the cellars', the name
is derived from caves in sandstone
cliffs there.
*Die Moot (T 2527). Valley some
130 km long and 3 to 5 km wide,
between the Magaliesberg in the
north and the Daspoortrand and
Witwatersrand to the south, in the
districts of Brits, Krugersdorp and
Pretoria. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'valley between ranges of
hills'.
Diepgatwyk (C 3419 A). Region
between Caledon and Hermanus,
bounded by the Shawsberg in the
north and the Kleinriviersberg in the
south. 'Deep hole area', because of
its situation between the mountains.
Diep River (C 3323). River rising
north of Assegaaibos and flowing
south-east to join the Krom River
between Clarkson and Humansdorp.
Afrikaans or Dutch for 'deep river',
the name refers to the depth of the
ravine through which it flows.
Dieprivier (C 3423). Former name
of Bietourivier. The name is
Afrikaans for 'deep river'.
Dikgatlhong (C 2824 AD). Said to
be the Tswana name of Delports-
hoop; derived from dikgatlho,
'meeting-place', referring to the
nearby confluence of the Vaal and
Harts rivers; now spelt Likhatlhong.
There is also a Dikgatlhong in
Botswana (2525 CA).
*Dingaanstat (N 2831 AD). The
'stat' or village of Dingaan (Din-
gane, Udingane), Zulu ruler, 1795-
1840; known to the Zulu as Umgun-
gundlovu. Now a mission station of
the Dutch Reformed Church, it is
situated between Melmoth and
Babanango.
Dipka (C 3420 BA). Tributary of
the Breede River; rises south-west
of Heidelberg and flows south-west
to enter the main stream on the farm
Diptka's Mouth. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'brackish river'. Diptka is an older
spelling.
Disa River (C 3418 AB). River
rising on Table Mountain and flow-
ing south-west into Hout Bay.
Named after the Disa uniflora, a
flower formerly abundant at its
source. This river is also known as
Hout Bay River.
Disporecamma (C 3419). Khoek-
hoen name of Caledon. 'Hot water',
after the chalybeate springs there.
Doddington Rock (C 3325 DD).
Rock in Algoa Bay, off the mouth of
the Coega River, some 5 km south
of Bird Island. Named after the East
Indiaman Doddington which was
wrecked there on 17 July 1755 with
the loss of 247 lives. The 23
survivors lived on Bird Island for
seven months and reached the
mainland by constructing a vessel
from the wreckage.
Dogghakamma (C 3419 AB).
Khoekhoen name of the Swart-
rivier. The name means 'black
water', 'black river'; the Afrikaans
name is thus a translation.
*D6hne (C 3227 CB). Settlement
6 km north of Stutterheim. It was
founded in 1857 and named after
Jacob Ludwig Dohne (1811-1879),
first Berlin Society missionary in
South Africa and author of the first
complete dictionary in a native
language in this country, namely A
Zulu-Kafir Dictionary (1857).
Donkin River (O 2828). Former
name of the Elands River, thus
called in honour of Sir Rufane
Donkin (1773-1841), Acting Gover-
nor of the Cape Colony in 1820 and
founder of Port Elizabeth.
*Donnybrook (N 2929 DD).
Village some 80 km south-west of
Pietermaritzburg, in the Polela
district. It was named after a suburb
of Dublin, Ireland, by Robert
Comrie, the owner of the farm on
which it was laid out.
*Doonside (N 3030 BB). Holiday
resort on the Indian Ocean some
30 km south-west of Durban,
between Amanzimtoti and Illovo
Beach. At first the siding was called
Middleton, after its builder, but to
avoid confusion with Middleton in
the Cape the name was changed in
1910 to Doonside, after a house
called Lorna Doone which over-
looked the siding.
*Dordabis (S 2217 DC). Settlement
some 100 km south-east of Wind-
hoek, between Kapp's Farm and
Uhlenhorst. Derived from Khoe-
khoen, the name probably means
'the arid place'.
*Dordrecht (C 3127 AC). Town on
the northern slopes of the Storm-
berg, some 76 km north-north-east
of Queenstown and 88 km southwest
of Barkly East. It was established in
1856 on the farm Boschrand and
became a municipality in 1867. It
was named after Dordrecht in
Holland, in memory of an historic
synod of Reformed churches held
there in 1618-1619. Notorious for its
cold winters.
Doring River (C 3322). Tributary
of the Kammanassie River, flowing
north-east in the region between
George and Oudtshoorn. Afrikaans
for 'thorn river', the name is a trans-
lation of Khoekhoen Kaukou,
which literally means 'pricking
thorn'.
*Douglas (C 2923 BB). Town some
15 km south-west of the confluence
of the Orange and Vaal rivers,
117 km west-south-west of Kimber-
ley, and 162 km north-east of
Prieska. It developed around the
London Mission Station Backhouse,
established in 1838, and was
renamed in 1867 after Sir Percy
Douglas, Lieutenant-Governor of
the Cape Colony. In the same year a
village management board was
instituted. Municipal status was
attained in 1914. Diamond-digging
occurs here and a pleasure resort has
been laid out on the bank of the
Vaal River.
*Draghoender (C 2922 AC).
Former name of Marydale, now ap-
plied to a railway station and post
office 3 km to the north, in the
Prieska district. Derived from Afri-
kaans dragonder, 'dragoon'.
Drakensberg (2430 AA-3127 BB).
Mountain range some 1 046 km
long, extending eastwards from near
Dordrecht for 130 km, then north-
wards to near Tzaneen. Of Dutch
origin, the name means 'dragon
mountain'. The Sotho name is said
to be Quathlamba, Zulu Khahlamba,
variously explained as 'anything
thrown in a heap', 'a barrier, as of
pointed spears', etc. Other forms
include Kwahlamba, Kwathlamba,
Qathlamba, Quahlamba, etc.
Drakenstein (C 3319 CC). Region
some 50 km long and 20 km wide,
between the Roodezand Pass and
Paarl. Named in October 1687 in
honour of the High Commissioner,
Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede to
Drakenstein, who had visited the
Cape two years previously. It was
opened to farmers by Governor
Simon van der Stel in 1687. Early
accounts refer to the region as
including the valley from Groot-
Drakenstein to the modern Fransch-
hoek. That is why the French
Huguenots are said by some to have
settled at Franschhoek and by others
at Drakenstein.
Driekopseiland (C 2924 BA). Site
of rock engravings in the smooth
volcanic bed of the Riet River near
its confluence with the Modder
River, some 40 km south-west of
Kimberley. Afrikaans for 'three hill
island'.
Droedap River (C 2917 DD).
Watercourse extending from the
vicinity of Springbok in Namaqua-
land southwards to the Buffels
River. The name is a hybrid, from
Afrikaans droe, 'dry', and Khoek-
hoen #gab, 'dry marsh'. Older
forms Old Drooge Daap and
Drogedap are still borne by farms.
The Khoekhoen name of this
watercourse is Orokap, literally
'dry flat'.
Dronkvlei (N 3029 BB). Area near
Creighton, in the Ixopo district, so
called because the water in some
marshes there caused cattle drinking
it to become dizzy. 'Dizzy marsh';
the name is Afrikaans.
Droogedaap see Droedap River
*Drummond (N 2930 DA). Village
in the Camperdown district, 45 km
west of Durban. It was named after
F C Drummond, former director of
the Natal Land and Colonisation
Company.
Duiwel se Wereld (N 2731). Region
north-west of Louwsburg, character-
ized by rugged, impenetrable
ravines. Legend has it that at the
time of the Creation, the Devil was
permitted to create a portion of the
earth. When he was finished, he saw
that what he had made was inferior
to God's creation. So incensed was
he that he furiously tore his handi-
work asunder. The ruins are
therefore known as 'Die Duiwel se
Wereld' - 'the Devil's world'.
*Duiwelskloof (T 2330 CA).
Village in the Letaba district, 24 km
north of Tzaneen. Surveyed in 1919
and proclaimed in 1920, it is
administered by a village manage-
ment board. The name, Afrikaans
for 'Devil's ravine', was possibly
given by virtue of the rugged, awe
inspiring aspect, or because of the
difficulty with which laden wagons
trekked through it in the rainy
season. The railway station was
called Modjadji in 1914 but was
later renamed.
Duiwelspiek see Devil's Peak
Duiwenhoks River (C 3320-3420).
River rising on the southern slopes
of the Langberg range, flowing
southwards through Heidelberg, and
debouching into St Sebastian Bay at
Puntjie, 16 km east of the Breede
River Mouth. The name, meaning
'dovecote' or 'pigeon-hok', is of
Dutch orgin, and is encountered as
early as 1676. Such cotes were built
during the early years.
*Dukuduku Forest Reserve (N
2832 AD). Indigenous forest in the
Hlabisa district, south of Lake St
Lucia, east of Mtubatuba and north
of the Umfolozi River. The name is
of Zulu orgin and refers to the
impenetrability of the undergrowth,
being said to mean 'to hide' or 'to
attempt to find one's way'.
Dukuza (N 2931 AD). Zulu name of
Stanger; derived from uku-Tukuza,
'hide', 'conceal', 'keep secret'. It
was the site of the main village of
the Zulu chief, Shaka, founded in
1818.
*Dullstroom (T 2530 AC). Town
35 km north of Belfast and some
53 km south-west of Lydenburg. It
was proclaimed on 9 October 1893
and named after a merchant from
Amsterdam, Wolterus Dull, chair-
man of a committee which rendered
assistance to families who had
suffered losses during the First
Anglo-Boer War. The element
stroom, 'stream', refers to the
Crocodile River nearby. One of the
coldest towns in South Africa,
Dullstroom boasts the highest
station (2 076 m) and is the only
place in the country where beech
and elm trees grow; they were
planted by Dutch immigrants.
Dumbe (N 2730 BD). Zulu name of
Paulpietersburg. It is derived from
madumbe, a wild fruit (Colocasia
antiquorum) growing on the Dumbe-
berg south and east of the town.
*Dundee (N 2830 AA). Town 8 km
east of Glencoe and 77 km northeast
of Ladysmith. It was laid out in
1882, came under local adminis-
tration in 1897 and was proclaimed
a borough in 1902. It was named
after Dundee in Scotland, birthplace
of its founder, Thomas Paterson
Smith. The iron-ore and coal
deposits in the area have made it a
centre of mining and industrial
activity.
*Durban (N 2931 CC). City,
principal port and popular holiday
resort on the Indian Ocean.
Originally named Port Natal, it was
established in 1835 on land ceded
by the Zulu king Shaka in 1828.
Borough status was achieved on 15
May 1854 and city status in 1935. It
is named after Sir Benjamin
D'Urban (1777-1849), Governor of
the Cape from 1834 to 1838. Until
about 1870 the name was spelt
D'Urban.
*Durbanville (C 3318 DC). Town-
ship 28 km north of Cape Town and
8 km from Bellville. It was laid out
in 1806, came under the admini-
stration of a village management
board in 1897, and achieved muni-
cipal status in 1901. At first known
as Pampoenkraal, it was renamed
D'Urban on 2 September 1836,
after Sir Benjamin D'Urban,
Governor of the Cape from 1834 to
1838. To avoid confusion with
Durban in Natal, the name was
changed to Durbanville in 1886. No
industrial development is permitted.
*Du Toitskloof (C 3319 CC).
Mountain pass between Paarl and
Worcester on the national Johan-
nesburg - Cape Town road,
between the Drakenstein and Hawe-
quas mountains, north of the Du
Toit's Mountains. It was named
after Francois du Toit, who
obtained the farm Kleine Bosch in
1692 and who first used the route.
A road was made in 1785 and in
1821 a start was made with the
building of a pass. Between 1940
and 1949 the main road north was
diverted from Bain's Kloof to Du
Toitskloof.
Du Toit's Mountains (C 3319).
Mountain range east of Paarl,
northeast of the Wemmershoek
Mountains, and south of the Slang-
hoek Mountains and Du Toitskloof.
It is named after Francois du Toit, a
Huguenot who obtained the farm
adjacent to Du Toitskloof in 1692.
Du Toit's Pan (C 2824 DD).
Original name of Beaconsfield.
Named after Abraham Paulus du
Toit, owner of the farm Dorst-
fontein on which it was laid out in
1870, and a pan near the old
farmhouse.
Dutywa (Trsk 3228). Tributary of
the Bashee or Mbashe River.
Derived from Xhosa ukuduba, 'to
disturb', ukudutywa, 'be disturbed',
the name is said to refer to the
confused state of the Fingo and
Thembu at the time of the invasions
of the Zulu and Mfecane about
1820. The town Idutywa takes its
name from this river.
*Dwarsberg (C 3319). Mountain
extending in a north-westerly direc-
tion from the Hex River Mountains
and forming an obstacle before the
valley behind them. This Afrikaans
name accordingly means 'transverse
mountain'.
*Dwarsberg (T 2426 CD-DC),
Mountain range extending east and
west, situated some 80 km north of
Zeerust, Groot-Marico and Swart-
ruggens. From Afrikaans dwars,
'across', 'athwart', the name was
given because the range lies at right
angles to the Marico River which
flows through it near Tommiesrus.
*Dwarskersbos (C 3218 CA). Fish-
ing village in the Piketberg district,
some 11 km north of Laaiplek. Near
here the Portuguese navigator Vasco
da Gama first set foot on South
African soil on 7 November 1497
when he explored the present St
Helena Bay. A tidal wave 6 m high
struck Dwarskersbos on 27 August
1969. The name is said to be derived
from Afrikaans; kersbos is a type of
plant, Euclea polyandra, or
Sarcocaulon species.
*Dwars River (C 3219). Tributary
of the Olifants River, in the Clan-
william district. Afrikaans for
'athwart river', the name is probably
translated from Khoekhoen
Koignas. The Afrikaans form
Dwarsrivier is preferred for official
use.
Dwyka River (C 3221-3321).
Tributary of the Gamka River, rising
in the Beaufort West, Laingsburg
and Prince Albert districts and
flowing southwards to join the
Gamka west-south-west of Prince
Albert, thus forming the Gourits
River. Also encountered as
Debemka, Deepka, Dwinka, Debe,
and Brakke Rivier, the name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'brackish river'. The geological
series takes its name from this river.
Dyer(s) Island (C 3419 CB). Near
Sandy Point, Bredasdorp district,
some 3 km offshore. Presumably
named after Samson Dyer, a Negro
who came to the Cape from America
in 1806, reputedly the first person to
set foot on the island. Also encoun-
tered as Dias Island, which leads to
the question whether one name is
not an adaptation of the other.
*Dysselsdorp (C 3322 CB). Village
some 30 km east of Oudtshoorn, site of
a London Mission Station established
in 1838. Managed by the Oudtshoorn
Divisional Council since 1926.
Eastern Province (C 3124-3428).
Alternative and more popular term
for the Eastern Cape Province,
which officially came into being in
1786 when the Graaff-Reinet district
was established. In 1827 the State
Secretary, Bourke, defined the East-
ern Province as consisting of the
districts of Graaff-Reinet (including
Beaufort and the Winterveld),
Albany, George, Somerset and
Uitenhage. In 1852 Governor
George Cathcart determined that it
would consist of Albany, Albert,
Colesberg, Cradock, Fort Beaufort,
Graaff-Reinet, Grahamstown, Port
Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Somerset and
Victoria. When the Cape was
divided into seven electoral provin-
ces, the districts of Aliwal North,
King William's Town, East London,
Queenstown and Wodehouse
comprised the Eastern Province.
*East London (C 3327 BB). City
on the Indian Ocean, at the mouth of
the Buffalo River, some 320 km
east-north-east of Port Elizabeth. It
developed from a landing place for
troops in 1845 during the War of the
Axe. At first known as Port Rex,
probably after John Rex who was
engaged in taking surveys and
soundings, it was annexed to the
Cape and named East London on 14
January 1848. Municipal status was
attained in 1873 and city status in
1914.
Ebenezer (C 3118 CA). Mission
station of the Rhenish Missionary
Society at the mouth of the Olifants
River in the Vanrhynsdorp district.
It was established by Von Wurmb in
1831. The name is of biblical origin
(1 Sam. 7:12) and means 'stone of
help'. Also spelt *Ebenhaeser and
Ebenhaezer.
Ecca Pass (C 3326 BA). Mountain
pass some 15 km north-east of
Grahamstown. It takes its name
from the Ecca River, now known as
the Brak River, a tributary of the
Great Fish, which it enters 2 km
south of Committees. The name is
of Khoekhoen origin and probably
means 'salty' or 'brackish river'.
The name has been transferred to
Ecca Heights, and to the Ecca Series
of sedimentary rocks which overlies
the Dwyka Series.
*Edenburg (O 2925 DB). Town
85 km south-south-west of Bloem-
fontein. Laid out on the farm
Rietfontein in 1862, it became a
municipality in 1891. The name is
said to be either of biblical origin or
an adaptation of Edinburgh, name of
the birthplace in Scotland of the
Reverend Andrew Murray (1828-
1917), for many years the only
minister in the Orange Free State.
*Edenvale (T 2628 AA). Town
some 15 km east of Johannesburg,
10 km north of Germiston and 9 km
west of Jan Smuts Airport. It was
laid out on the farm Rietfontein in
1903 and became a municipality in
1942. Probably named after one of
the owners of the farm, John Eden.
*Edenville (O 2727 DA). Town
48 km north-east of Kroonstad and
50 km south-west of Heilbron. It
was established on the farms
Erfdeel-Noord, Langland and Wel-
gelegen in 1912, and attained muni-
cipal status in 1921. The name is
assumed to refer to the biblical
Garden of Eden, but this is
uncertain.
*Eerstegoud (T 2329 CD). Village
14 km south-west of Pietersburg.
Laid out in 1868, it was at first
called Marabastad. At the request of
the inhabitants the name was
changed about 1954 to Eerstegoud,
Afrikaans for 'first gold', in
memory of the discovery in 1871 of
the first gold in the Transvaal at
Eersteling by Edward Button.
Eerste River (C 3227). Now
Buffels River. Thus named by survi-
vors of the Stavenisse, wrecked in
1686, who built a new ship to sail to
the Cape. The name is Afrikaans
(originally Dutch) and means 'first
river'.
*Eerste River (C 3418). Rises in
the Jonkershoek, flows through
Stellenbosch and enters False Bay
west of the Strand. Named Eerste
Rivier ('first river') by Hieronymus
Cruse in 1669 because it was the
first river encountered en route to
the interior. The form Eersterivier
is preferred for official use.
Eibeb River (C 2917 DD). Tribu-
tary of the Buffels River, 40 km
south of Springbok, in the Nama-
qualand district. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'burn', 'hot', or 'fire river'.
Eibees (S 2818 BD). Khoekhoen
name of Warmbad. Derived from
/Aebes or /Aibes, 'fire (hot) place',
'hot spring'. The spelling Eibees
probably results from the German
pronunciation.
Ein (2816-2818). Khoekhoen name
for the western reaches of the
Orange River. Also encountered as
Tyen, Eijn, Eyra and /K'ei, the name
has been explained both as meaning
'river' and 'people', ie 'where the
people lived'.
Ekeberg Point see Point Ekeberg
*Elandsberg (C 3225 BA). Moun-
tain some 10 km north-east of Cra-
dock. Afrikaans for 'elands moun-
tain', it was named after the
antelopes (Taurotragus oryx) which
occurred there in great numbers.
The pioneer explorer Colonel Robert
Jacob Gordon (1743-1795) named it
and the other mountains there, such
as the Barbersberg and Michaus-
berg, Fiscaal Boers Gebergte.
Elandskloofberge (C 3318). Moun-
tains bordering on the Groenland.
Afrikaans for 'elands ravine moun-
tains', the name is said to be trans-
lated from Khoekhoen. These moun-
tains are thus also named after the
Taurotragus oryx.
*Elandslaagte (N 2829 BD). Farm-
ing and coal-mining centre some
26 km north-east of Ladysmith.
Afrikaans for 'elands flat', it was
the scene of one of the first battles
of the Second Anglo-Boer War, on
21 October 1899. Monuments have
been erected to the fallen on both
sides.
Elandspad (C 3418 BB). Former
name of Sir Lowry's Pass. Named
after the eland (Taurotragus oryx)
which followed this path to cross the
Hottentots Holland Mountains;
probably a translation of Khoekhoen
Gantouw.
*Elands River (O 2828). River
which rises at Mont-aux-Sources
and flows north to join the Wilge
River north-west of Warden. Named
after the eland (Taurotragus oryx)
which abounded there, it was
formerly known as Donkin River,
after Sir Rufane Donkin, Acting
Governor of the Cape in 1820. The
form Elandsrivier is preferred for
official use.
*Elim (C 3419 DA). Settlement
48 km north-west of Cape Agulhas
and 32 km south-west of Bredas-
dorp. Established as a Moravian
Mission Station in 1824, it was
given this biblical name (Exod.
15:27) which means '(palm) trees'.
Elizabeth Island
see Isla d'Elizabeth
*Elliot (C 3217 BD). Town on the
Slang River, 80 km south-west of
Maclear and 65 km south-east of
Barkly East, 9 km from the Transkei
border. It was established in 1885
and became a municipality in 1911.
Named after Sir Henry George
Elliot (1826-1912), Chief Magistrate
of the Transkeian territories from
1891 to 1902.
*Elliotdale (Trsk 3128 DC). Town
50 km south of Umtata, 22 km
south-east of Mqanduli. Named after
Sir Henry Elliot, Chief Magistrate of
the Transkei from 1891 to 1902.
*Elsburg (T 2628 AA). Town some
6 km south-east of Germiston. Laid
out on the farm Klippoortjie in 1887
and proclaimed a town in 1908, it
was named after the owner, F C Els.
It was administered by a health
committee from 1908 and by a
village council from 1938. Munici-
pal status was achieved in October
1957. It almost became the capital
of the goldfields instead of
Johannesburg.
Elsieskraal River (C 3318). Rises
on the flanks of the Tygerberg and
flows west and south-west to enter
the Swart River at Pinelands.
Formerly Elsjes Kraal Rivier, it may
have been named after Elsje van
Suurwaarde, wife of Andries de
Man, owner of the farm Dooden-
kraal in the Tygerberg and Secunde
in the time of Simon van der Stel.
Emanzana (T 2530 DC). Northern
Sotho name of Badplaas. Said to
mean 'healing waters', referring to
the medicinal properties of the hot
sulphur springs there.
Embekelweni (Swa 2631 AC).
Former royal village, 13 km north-
west of Manzini, of King Mband-
zeni of Swaziland.
Embokodweni (N 2831 BA). Given
as the name of a mission station
north-east of Mahlabatini. The name
is of Zulu origin and probably
means 'place of round stones'. See
Mbokodweni and Umbogintwini.
Embulamalokwe (N 2730 DD).
Stream some 22 km south-west of
Vryheid. The name is of Zulu origin
and may mean either 'place where
dresses are beaten' (ie washed) or,
more probably, 'place where dresses
are lifted' (ie when wading through
the stream).
*Empangeni (N 2831 DD). Town
some 160 km north-east of Durban
and 32 km west of Richards Bay. It
was laid out in 1885, attained
township status in 1931 and became
a borough in 1960. It takes its name
from the river, a tributary of the
Mhlatuze. The name is of Zulu
origin, but has been explained in a
variety of ways, for example as
referring to a type of plant (Cycada-
ceae or Oliniaceae) or, as is most
widely accepted, as derived from a
verb meaning 'grab', 'seize', 'rob'.
The latter theory is also open to
various interpretations; that the river
comes down in flood and robs
people of their crops; that cattle-
thieves were active there; and that,
because of the fertility of the soil, it
was necessary to grab or lay claim
to a piece of ground to prevent
disputes about ownership.
*Engcobo (Trsk 3128 CA). Town
85 km west of Umtata, 77 km north-
east of Idutywa, on a spur of the
Kumba Mountains. It became a
municipality in March 1917. Of
Xhosa origin, the name is said to
mean 'a place with trees and long
grass next to a stream'.
*Enon (C 3325 BC). Mission
station of the Moravian Society,
some 10 km east of Kirkwood and
5 km north of the Sundays River. It
was established in 1818. The name
is of biblical origin (John 3:23),
referring to a place in Samaria
where John baptized the people. It
means 'spring, fountain'.
*Enselsberg (T 2526 AC). Moun-
tain in the Marico district, north east
of Zeerust. The name is derived
from the surname of Johan Adam
Enslin, leader of the 'Jerusalem-
gangers', a religious sect which
trekked northwards and founded
Nylstroom. Known to the Northern
Sotho as Tshwenyane, 'place of the
small baboons'; formerly also
known as Kurrichaine, Kurrechani
or Kurrichaniberg , after a Huruthse
chief.
*Enstra (T 2628 AD). Township
on the farm Geduld in the Springs
district, proclaimed on 17 April
1943. Established primarily for the
first paper-mill of the South
African Pulp and Paper Industries,
the name is derived from 'enter-
prise' and 'straw', from which
paper was to be made.
Enta (O 2727-2728). Khoekhoen
name of the Vals River which rises
near Lindley and flows 300 km
north-west past Kroonstad to enter
the Vaal River west of Bothaville.
Also encountered as 'Nta and En-
taap, it means 'false or treacherous
river', so that the Afrikaans Vals is
a translation.
Entabeni (T 2230 CC). Forest
reserve with Louis Trichardt as
principal town. 'On top of the
mountain'.
EnZubuhlungu (T 2527-2528).
River, now either the Apies or
Pienaars. Zulu, 'the one which
injures, hurts', referring to the
sharp dolomite stones on the river
bed which hurt the bare-footed
Nguni women when they fetched
water.
Enzwabuklunga (T 2528). Ndebele
name for the Apies River. Said to
mean 'painful', referring to the
sharp stones on the river bed, the
name appears to be a variant of
EnZubuhlungu.
*Epukiro (S 2119 CA). Roman
Catholic mission station 93 km
northeast of Gobabis, founded in
1903 to serve the Tswana. The
name, derived from Herero, is said
to mean 'the country where one
gets lost'.
Eranchi (Swa 2531 DC). Former
name of Tshaneni.
*Erasmus (T 2528 DC). Former
name of Bronkhorstspruit; named
after C J G Erasmus, the owner of
the farm Hondsrivier on which it
was established in 1904.
*Ermelo (T 2629 DB). Town
237 km east of Johannesburg. Laid
out on the farm Nooitgedacht in
1879, it was proclaimed a town in
1880 and named after Ermelo in the
Netherlands, where the Dutch
Reformed minister Frans Lion
Cachet had been converted to Chris-
tianity. In 1901 Ermelo was razed to
the ground by the British forces, but
it was rebuilt after 1903.
Eros Mountains (S 2217 CA).
Extend from north-west to south-
east, situated to the north-east of
Windhoek. The name is Khoekhoen
and refers to the sour-plum trees
(Ximenia americana) which grow
there. Eros Airport, Erospark and
the farm Eros take their names from
the mountain.
Ertjiesvlei (C 3419). Region
between Babilonstoring range and
Kleinrivierberge in the Hermanus
district. '(Wild) pea marsh', former-
ly Artjesvlei, Atchasvlei. The
present name is Afrikaans.
Eseljagpoort (C 3322 DC). Defile
in the Outeniqua Mountains,
through which the Brak River, a
tributary of the Kammanassie River,
flows north-west; some 20 km
north-east of George. Derived from
Dutch Ezel Jacht Poort, the name
means 'zebra-hunt defile'; the zebra
was known as an esel (literally 'ass,
donkey').
*Eshowe (N 2831 CD). Town on the
Mlalazi River, some 140 km north-
east of Durban and 24 km north-
west of Gingindlovu. It was
proclaimed a town in 1915, and
became a borough in 1954. Famed
for its pine-trees and some 162 ha of
indigenous forest within the munici-
pal boundaries, Eshowe is said to be
named after the sound of wind in the
trees. Other explanations of this
Zulu name are that it means 'windy
place' and that it refers to a type of
plant growing there (Xysmalobium),
repellent to dogs and therefore used
in the preparation of hides. The
town was besieged for two months
in the Zulu War (1879-80) and it
became a town then.
Esselstein's Bay (C 3418 AB).
Early name of Simon's Bay. Also
spelt Ijselstein and Yselstein Bay, it
was named after a Dutch East India-
man which sheltered there in 1671.
*Estcourt (N 2929 BB). Town on
the Bushmans River, 256 km from
Durban and 30 km south-east of
Colenso. Laid out in 1848, it was
named Bushmans River Post or
Bushmans Drift. In 1859 the seat of
magistracy was moved from
Weenen to Estcourt. It became a
township in 1905 and reached
borough status in 1914. The name
was changed in 1863 to Estcourt,
said to be in honour of a British
member of Parliament, Thomas H S
Estcourt, a friend of an early settler,
J W Wilks.
*Evander (T 2629 AC). Township
80 km east of Springs, 8 km south of
Kinross and 48 km west of Bethal.
Laid out as a mining town by the
Union Corporation Ltd in 1955, it
was named after Evelyn Anderson,
widow of a former managing direc-
tor of the company.
*Evaton (T 2627 DB). Former name
of Residensia. Named after Eva,
daughter of James B Tucker, who
laid out the township in 1904 on the
farm Wildebeesfontein.
*Excelsior (O 2827 CC). Town in
the Winburg district, some 105 km
north-east of Bloemfontein and
55 km south of Winburg. It was laid
out in 1910 on the farms Excelsior
and Sunlight, and proclaimed a town
in 1911. The name is Latin and
means 'more elevated'.
Ezulwini (Swa 2631 AC). Village
11 km south of Mbabane and 13 km
north-west of Mahlanya. Takes its
name from an old settlement, 'place
of the heavens'. Hot magnesium
springs occur here, and there is a
drop of 610 m in 6 km.
Fafa (N 3030 AD/BC). River which
rises in the Ixopo district and flows
south-westwards to enter the Indian
Ocean at Ifafa Beach, south-west of
Bazley and north-east of Mtwalume.
Also spelt Ifafa, the name is derived
from Zulu. Generally thought to
mean 'the sprinkling one', the name
is explained as referring to the
sound of spray at rapids, or to the
falling of drops condensed in the
misty ravines through which the
river flows.
*False Bay (C 3418). Inlet open to
the south and bounded in the west
by the Cape Peninsula, in the north
by the Cape Flats and in the east by
the mainland from the Strand in the
north to Cape Hangklip in the south.
At first it was known to the Portu-
guese mariners as Golfo dentro das
Serras, 'bay between the moun-
tains', probably referring to Cape
Point and Cape Hangklip, 40 km
apart. The present name, and its
Afrikaans equivalent Valsbaai, are
derived from Cabo Falso (now
Cape Hangklip), 'false cape', so
called because early mariners often
mistook it for Cape Point and turned
north too soon. The form Valsbaai
is preferred for official purposes.
False Cape (C 3418 BD; 3419 CB).
Name applied to the present Danger
Point until about 1614, and
subsequently to the present Cape
Hangklip. Also known as False-
hood, the promontory derived its
name from early mariners mistaking
it for Cape Point and therefore
turning north too soon. It is a
translation of the Portuguese Cabo
Falso.
*Faure (C 3418 BB). Hamlet some
16 km south-west of Stellenbosch
and 13 km north-west of Strand.
Nearby is the kramat or tomb of
Sheik Yusuf (1626-1699), an
Islamic expatriate priest. Faure is a
common surname; it is uncertain
after whom this place was named.
*Fauresmith (O 2925 CB). Town
61 km north-west of Trompsburg
and 60 km north of Philippolis. It
was laid out in 1850 on the farm
Sannah's Poort and became a muni-
cipality on 13 December 1859. It
was named after the Moderator of
the Dutch Reformed Church, Philip
Eduard Faure, and Sir Harry Smith,
Governor of the Cape. Fauresmith is
the third oldest town in the Orange
Free State and one of the few places
in the world where the railway line
runs down the main street.
*Felixton (N 2831 DD). Village in
the Lower Umfolozi district, 10 km
south-east of Empangeni. First
settled in 1907, there is no local
authority. Said to have been named
either after Viscount Herbert John
Gladstone, nicknamed Felix, or after
a local pioneer, Felix Piccione.
Fermosa Bay see Bahia Formosa
*Ficksburg (O 2827 DD). Town in
the so-called Conquered Territory,
on the western bank of the Caledon
River and the eastern slopes of the
Imperani Mountain, 203 km east-
north-east of Bloemfontein and
67 km south-east of Senekal. It was
laid out in 1867 on the farms
Generaalsvlei, Kromdraai, Losberg
and Sikonjelasberg, and became a
municipality in May 1891. It was
named after Johan Izak Jacobus Fick
(1816-1892), Commandant-General
of the OFS, who played a prominent
role in the Basuto Wars of 1865-
1868.
Fingoland (Trsk 3227). Region
formerly comprising the territory
between the Great Fish River in the
west and the Keiskamma River in
the east, north of the Chusie and
Gwangwa rivers and south of an
imaginary line from the confluence
of the Tyume and Keiskamma
rivers. At present it incorporates the
districts of Butterworth, Nqamakwe
and Tsomo. Named after the Fingos,
a Xhosa people also known as the
Abambo, 'those from the east'. The
name Fingo is said to mean 'slaves',
'homeless wanderers'. These people
fought on the side of the British in
the War of the Axe in 1846.
Fiscaal Boers Gebergte (C 3225
BA). Former name of the Barbers-
berg, Elandsberg, Michausberg etc,
north-east of Cradock. Named thus
in 1777 by Colonel Robert Jacob
Gordon (1743-1795), pioneer
traveller, after Fiscal W C Boers,
who left the Cape on 12 April 1783.
Fish Bay (C 3421 BD). Inlet on the
coast of the Mossel Bay district,
23 km west of the present Mossel
Bay. Formerly Bahia dos Vaqueiros,
it was named Visbaai in 1601 by
Paulus van Caerden, the Dutch
navigator, because nothing was
found to eat except fish. The name
means 'fish bay'.
*Fish Hoek (C 3418 AB). Holiday
resort and residential area in the
Simon's Town district, on the west-
ern coast of False Bay, some 30 km
south of Cape Town. First settled
about 1818, the town was laid out
on the farm Vischhoek in 1919,
administered by a village manage-
ment board since 1927, and became
a municipality in 1940. Well known
for fossilized skeletons of Fish Hoek
Man, some 10 000 years old. The
name, partially translated from
Dutch, means 'fish corner'. It was
taken from the inlet, known as such
as early as 1672. The Afrikaans
form Vishoek is preferred for
official purposes.
Fish Hoek Bay (C 3418 BB).
Former name of Gordon's Bay; not
to be confused with Fish Hoek
which is on the opposite coast of
False Bay.
*Fish River see Great Fish River
Fish River (S 2417-2817). Tribu-
tary of the Orange River. It rises in
various headwaters north-west of
Mariental and flows south-east and
then mainly south to enter the
Orange at Rooilepel, some 40 km
south-west of Ai-Ais. The name,
also encountered as Afrikaans Vis-
rivier, is translated from Nama //Aub
or //Oub, 'fish'. The Fish River
Canyon, reminiscent of the Grand
Canyon in Arizona, is a popular
tourist attraction.
*Flagstaff (Trsk 3129 AB). Town
some 80 km south-east of Kokstad
and 45 km north of Lusikisiki. It
developed from a trading station
established in 1877 and derives its
name from the practice by the
owners of hoisting a white flag on
Sundays to indicate that the store
was closed. For many years it served
as a post of the Cape Mounted
Rifles.
Flesh Bay see Vleesbaai
Fleuve Large (C 3220-3420).
Former name of the Breede River.
*Florisbad (O 2826 CC). Health
resort with hot springs 45 km north-
west of Bloemfontein and 47 km
south-west of Brandfort, near the
Haagenstad salt-pan. Named after
Floris Venter who opened up the
mineral spring. Famous as a fossil-
site.
*Fochville (T 2627 AD). Town
50 km north-east of Potchefstroom,
20 km south-east of Carletonville
and 74 km south-west of Johan-
nesburg. It was laid out during
World War I on portions of the
farms Kraalkop and Leeuspruit, and
proclaimed on 15 November 1920.
In 1951 a village council was insti-
tuted. It was named after Marshall
Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929), Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Allied For-
ces in France during World War I.
Formosa Bay see Bahia Formosa
Formosa Peak (C 3323 DC). High-
est peak in the Tsitsikamma Moun-
tains, north-east of Plettenberg Bay.
Takes its name from Bahia Formosa,
'beautiful bay', now Plettenberg
Bay.
*Fort Beaufort (C 3226 DC). Town
147 km north-west of East London,
80 km north of Grahamstown and
22 km west of Alice. It was laid out
in 1837 around a fort of the same
name, built in 1822 by Lieutenant-
Colonel H Maurice Scott against
marauding Xhosas and named after
the Duke of Beaufort, father of Lord
Charles Somerset. Municipal status
was achieved in 1883. The War of
the Axe (1846) started as a result of
a dispute over an axe in a shop in
Fort Beaufort.
*Fort Cunynghame (C 3227 AD).
Saw-milling centre about 5 km
north-north-west of Dohne, at the
north-eastern foot of the Xolora
Mountains. It developed from a
military post and was named after
Lieutenant Cunynghame who was in
command of it.
Fort Frederick (C 3325 DC). Early
name of Port Elizabeth, taken from
a fort erected in 1798 to ward off
attacks by the French. Named after
Frederick, the Duke of York.
*Fouriesburg (O 2828 CA). Town
some 50 km south-south-east of
Bethlehem, 53 km north-east of
Ficksburg and 10 km from Cale-
don's Poort, where this river, the
border with Lesotho, is crossed by a
bridge. It was laid out in 1892 on
the farm Groenfontein and named
after the owner, Christoffel Fourie.
It was the scene of heavy fighting
during the Second Anglo-Boer War
(1899-1902) and was almost
completely destroyed.
*Fourteen Streams (C 2824 BB).
Railway junction some 3 km north-
east of Warrenton and 76 km north-
east of Kimberley, near the
Transvaal border. Said to be so
called because the Vaal River
divides into a number of streams at
low water; the Reverend John
Mackenzie stated in 1880 that there
was a series of gentle falls in the
river in the vicinity. The Tswana
name is Melacaneng, 'at the
streams'. The Afrikaans form Veer-
tienstrome is preferred for official
use.
Francistown (Bots 2127 BA). Town
north-west of Wolf Hills, 90 km
north-north-east of Serule and
88 km south-west of Plumtree. It has
been administered by a town
management board since 1962.
Named after one of four concess-
ionaires to whom Lobengula, the
Matabele chief, granted land in
1880, it is now the rallying point for
labourers working in the Republic of
South Africa; they are brought there
by air and travel to the Republic by
rail.
*Frankfort (C 3227 CB). Village
51 km north-east of King William's
Town. It developed from a settle-
ment of members of the British-
German Legion in 1857 and is
named after Frankfurt in Germany.
*Frankfort (O 2728 AB). Town on
the Wilge River, 124 km north of
Bethlehem, 55 km east of Heilbron
and 32 km south-west of Villiers. It
was laid out in 1869 on the farm
Roodepoort and became a munici-
pality in June 1896. Named by
Albert von Gordon, probably after
Frankfurt in Germany; early
documents also give the spelling
with u.
*Franschhoek (C 3319 CC). Town
on the Franschhoek River, a tribu-
tary of the Berg River, 30 km east of
Stellenbosch and 25 km southeast of
Paarl. It was established in 1860 and
attained municipal status in 1881.
Literally 'French corner', 'French
glen', it takes its name from the
region, so designated because
French Huguenot refugees were
settled there in 1688.
*Fraserburg (C 3121 DC). Town
on the Nuweveld Plateau, 509 km
north-east of Cape Town, 96 km
south-east of Williston and 110 km
north-east of Sutherland. It was laid
out in 1851 on the farm
Rietfontein and named after two
people, the Reverend Colin Fraser,
father of President M T Steyn's
wife, and the elder, Gerrit Jacobus
Meyburgh.
*Frederikstad (T 2627 CA).
Hamlet some 34 km south-west of
Carletonville and 23 km north of
Potchefstroom. It was established
in 1885 and named after Frederik
Wolmarans. Fighting took place
here during the Second Anglo-Boer
War. The name is also encountered
as Frederickstad.
Fugitives' Drift (N 2830 BC). Ford
in the Buffels River a few kilo-
metres from Isandlwana, south-east
of Dundee. It takes its name from a
group of British soldiers who fled
through here in the Battle of
Isandhlwana on 22 January 1879.
Fumfula (N 2831 CB). Tributary of
the Mfule River, 25 km southeast of
Melmoth. Of Zulu origin, the name
is said to mean either 'the gnawing
one' or 'the one which suddenly
appears', ie where one did not
expect a river, or from the under-
growth. 'The one which despoils' is
another explanation.
Fundudzi see Lake Fundudzi
Gaborone (Bots 2425 DB). Capital
of Botswana, 75 km north-east of
Lobatse and 21 km from the Trans-
vaal border. Founded in 1890, it was
named after Gaberone (or Gabo-
rone) Matlapeng (or Matlapin), a
chief who lived there at that time.
Until 1969 it was known as
Gaberones. The name is said to
mean 'it (the chieftainship) is not
unbecoming'.
Gaikaskop (C 3226 DB). Peak
north of Hogsback in the Amatole
Mountains some 40 km north-east of
Fort Beaufort. Apparently not
named after the Xhosa chief Gaika
or Ngqika, but derived from Xhosa
egqira, 'witchdoctor'. Also encoun-
tered on old maps as Luheri.
Gaikou (C 3320 A). Khoekhoen
name of the Witteberge, it probably
means 'shining mountain'. The
Afrikaans name, meaning 'White
mountains', thus approximates in
meaning to the Khoekhoen one.
Galekaland (Trsk 3228). Region
some 64 km by 48 km in the south-
eastern portion of Transkei, bounded
by the Kei and Bashee rivers, Fingo-
land, and the Indian Ocean. Main
towns are Kentani and Willowvale.
Named after Galeka or Gcaleka, son
of Palo and founder of the
AmaGcaleka tribe about the middle
of the 18th century.
Galgenbos (C 3325). Region
extending from the Gamtoos River
to the vicinity of Swartkops. Derives
its name from a former extensive
forest which was known as 't Galge
Bosch in 1776. Afrikaans (Dutch)
for 'gallows wood', the name is said
to be derived from a gallows carved
into the bark of a tree over the
names of a number of travellers. Of
the original forest only the Long-
more Reserve and other vestiges
remain. The station Galbos at the
western summit of Van Staden's
Pass takes its name from Galgenbos.
Gamdachama (C 3419). Khoek-
hoen name of the Steenbok River,
dating from 1707. Presumably a
misspelling of Gawdachama, the
name means 'steenbok river'; the
modern name is a translation.
Gamka (C 3221-3321). Tributary of
the Gourits River. It rises, in the
Beaufort West and Prince Albert
districts and flows south-west and
south to its confluence with the
Dwyka River some 25 km north of
Calitzdorp; thereafter these two
rivers form the Gourits. The name
is Khoekhoen and is generally
accepted as meaning 'lion river';
the explanation of 'deep river' is
also encountered, however.
Gamkaskloof (C 3321 DC). Ravine
in the Swartberg Mountains through
which the Gamka River flows.
Colloquially known as The Hell on
account of its inaccessibility. A
road was built to it in 1963.
*Gamsberg (S 2316 AD). Promi-
nent, flat-topped mountain some
90 km west of Rehoboth and
115 km south-west of Windhoek.
Also encountered as Tans, #Gansa,
Gans Bg., #Kans Berg and
#Ganzberge, the name is derived
from Khoekhoen #gan, 'shut',
'close'; thus 'screen mountain',
said to be so named because it shuts
all else from view.
Gams se Berg see Ghaamsberg
Gamtoos River (C 3325 CC).
Rising in the Sneeuberg, it flows
southwards for 560 km and enters
the Indian Ocean at St Francis Bay
near Humansdorp. The upper
reaches are called the Kariega, the
middle portion from near Winter-
hoek the Groot River, and the last
87 km the Gamtoos. Of Khoekhoen
origin, the name is probably
derived from that of a tribe, the
Gamtoos or Gamtouers, etc.
*Gansbaai see Gans Bay
*Gans Bay (C 3419 DB). Fishing
village south of Walker Bay, 48 km
south-east of Hermanus, 22 km
south-west of Stanford and some
6 km north-east of Danger Point.
Originally known as Gansgat, ie
'goose hole', after the wild geese
there, it was laid out on the farm
Strandfontein and became a munici-
pality in April 1962. The form
Gansbaai is preferred for official
use.
Gantouw (C 3418 BB). Short-cut
to the top of Sir Lowry's Pass in
the Hottentots Holland Mountains.
Derived from Khoekhoen, it means
'eland path', possibly from the
route those animals took to cross
the mountains.
*Ga-Rankuwa (Bop 2527 DB-2528
CA). Township 34 km north-east of
Pretoria and 10 km south-west of
Mabopane, it was opened in Feb-
ruary 1966 to serve the border
industry area of Rosslyn. The name,
given in honour of a respected
resident, is said to mean 'at the
master of the sheep'.
Garcia's Pass (C 3321 CC). Mount-
ain pass in the Langeberge, between
Riversdale and Muiskraal. Built
between 1873 and 1877 and moder-
nized in 1963, it was named after
Garcia, the Civil Commissioner at
Riversdale who discovered the route
and made a bridle-path.
Garden Castle (N 2929 CD). Peak
in the Drakensberg. Named Giant's
Castle by Sir Allen Gardiner in
1835, it was renamed in 1865 by
Surveyor-General Dr Peter Suther-
land after his mother whose maiden
name was Garden.
Garden Route (C 3318-3325).
National road and railway between
Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, and
more specifically between Swellen-
dam and Humansdorp, situated
between the coastal ranges and the
sea. Named thus because of the
beautiful scenery incorporating
majestic mountains, indigenous
forests, lakes, rivers and mountain
passes.
Garib (2816-3027). Khoekhoen
name of the Orange River, more
often encountered as Gariep; the
name means 'river'.
Garibams (S 2816 CB). Khoekhoen
name of Oranjemund, meaning
'river mouth', so that the Dutch-
German name has precisely the
same meaning.
Gariep (2816-3027). Khoekhoen
name of the Orange River. The
name means 'river', and is encount-
ered in names such as Transgariep
for the territory north of the Orange
River.
Gariepeis (C 2820 DD). Khoekhoen
name of Neuseiland. It literally
means 'river nose', so that the
Afrikaans name, which means 'nose
island', is a partial translation.
*Garies (C 3018 CA). Town in the
Namaqualand district, at the foot of
the Kamiesberg, 46 km south of
Kamieskroon and 146 km northwest
of Vanrhynsdorp. The name is
Khoekhoen and means 'couchgrass',
Afrikaans 'kweek'.
Garingberge (C 2823-2923).
Region in the vicinity of the Asbes-
tos Mountains. Afrikaans for 'cotton
mountains', the name refers to the
fibrous nature of the rocks.
*Garub (S 2616 CA). Mountain 1
500 m high 35 km north-west of Aus
and 11 km north of Garub siding in
the Luderitz district, between
Luderitz and Keetmanshoop.
Derived from Khoekhoen /garub,
'tiger mountain'; the German name
Grosse Tiger Berg is a translation.
Also known as Dicker Wilhelm.
Gasab River (C 3018 AB-BA).
Tributary of the Buffels River. It
rises near Stofkloof and enters the
Buffels at Kamassies. Also encoun-
tered as Kansaap, the name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'orange-thorn river', after the
Parkinsonia africana growing there.
Gatberg (C 3128 AC-CA). Moun-
tain some 22 km south-west of Ugie
and 18 km north-east of Elliot.
Afrikaans for 'hole mountain', the
name refers to an aperture formed
by two large rocks leaning against
each other. The Xhosa name is
Ntunjenkala or Untunjenkala. At
one time Gatberg was used as
regional name for the entire Maclear
district.
Gatsrand (T 2627). Range of hills
between Potchefstroom and Johan-
nesburg. Literally 'hole-ridge', it is
named thus because of numerous
caves, sink-holes and subterranean
caverns caused by weathering of the
dolomite. During the Second Anglo-
Boer War the Boer leader Danie
Theron (1870-1900) was killed here.
A monument has been erected to his
memory.
Gauka (C 3421 AA). Khoekhoen
name of the Vet River at Riversdale.
It means 'fat river', so that the
Afrikaans name is a translation.
Gcuwa (Trsk 3228). Tributary of
the Great Kei River; flows south
past Butterworth to the confluence
at Qombolo. The name is probably a
Xhosa adaptation of Khoekhoen
Goea and is said to mean 'densely
overgrown place'.
Geigoub (0 2725). Khoekhoen name
of the Vet River. Literally it means
'great fat', so that the Afrikaans
name is a partial translation. Also
encountered as Gy Koup, Gei/Houb,
Gykoub, Kei-cop and Ky Goup.
Geikheis (S 2116 DD). Khoekhoen
name of Okahandja. Derived from
Kai//khaes, it means 'large sand',
'place of large sand', which approx-
imates to the meaning of the Herero
name.
Geioub (S 2417-2817). Nama name
of the Fish River, tributary of the
Orange River. It means 'great or
large fish', so that the English and
Afrikaans names are translated.
Geitsigubeb (S 2517 DC-DD).
Alternative Khoekhoen name of
Brukkaros. It means 'large hind-
skirt or apron', the reference being
to the similarity in shape between
this extinct volcano and the article
of clothing made of leather and
formerly worn by women.
*Genadendal (C 3419 BA). Mora-
vian mission station south of the
Riviersonderend Mountains, 35 km
north-east of Caledon and 6 km
north-west of Greyton. Founded in
1737 by Georg Schmidt, it is the
oldest mission station in South
Africa. The name is of Dutch origin,
'dale of mercy'. Its picturesque
surroundings and buildings make it
a favourite spot for artists. Formerly
known as Baviaanskloof; the name
was changed in 1806.
*George (C 3322 DC). Town some
51 km north-east of Mossel Bay,
72 km south-east of Oudtshoorn,
8 km from the coast, on the southern
slopes of the Outeniqua Mountains.
The first town to be established after
the British Occupation of 1806, it
was proclaimed in 1811 under the
name George Town, after King
George III of England, who donated
a Bible to the church. It became a
municipality in 1884.
*Germiston (T 2628 AA). City
some 54 km south of Pretoria and
16 km south-east of Johannesburg.
Laid out on the farm Elandsfontein
in 1887, it bore that name until 1904
when it was officially named Ger-
miston, after a farm near Glasgow in
Scotland, birthplace of John Jack, a
gold-mining pioneer. It has the larg-
est railway junction in South Africa
and the largest gold refinery in the
world.
Gewelberge (C 3318 CD-3418 AB).
Afrikaans name for the Twelve
Apostles. Derived from the Dutch
Gevelbergen, 'gable mountains',
used in Van Riebeeck's time.
*Geysdorp (T 2625 CB). Town in
the Western Transvaal, some 24 km
south-west of Delareyville. It was
laid out in 1895 on the farm
Paardefontein. Probably named after
Commandant N C Gey van Pittius
(1837-1893), Administrator of the
Boer republic of Goshen.
*Gezubuso (N 3030 CA). Tributary
of the Msunduze River, southwest of
Pietermaritzburg, 5 km west of
Ndwedwe. Of Zulu origin, it is said
to mean 'where the faces are
washed'; various streams are used
for different purposes, and this one
is for washing, and, for example, not
for drinking.
Ghaamsberg (C 2918 BB-BD).
Mountain about 10 km east of Agge-
neys. Also encountered as Gams se
Berg and Gamsberg, the name is
derived from Khoekhoen /Gaams,
'grassy spring', probably after the
Aristida brevifolia growing there.
*Ghaap (C 2823 AD-BC). Plateau
some 130 km wide, bounded in the
east by the Harts River and in the
west by the Kuruman Hills, and
extending from the confluence of
the Orange and Vaal rivers
northwards to Vryburg. Also known
as Ghaap Plateau, Ghaap plato,
Ghaapseberg, Kaapseberg and
Kaap Plateau; the name is derived
from Khoekhoen #Hab, 'flat
mountain', 'plateau'.
*Giant's Castle (N 2929 AD).
Mountain in the Drakensberg, some
60 km west-south-west of Mooi
River and south-east of Champagne
Castle. So named in 1835 by
Captain Allen F Gardiner because it
resemble Edinburgh Castle from one
or two points. The name was trans-
ferred to its present position in May
1865 by the Surveyor-General, Dr
Sutherland, who named the original
Giant's Castle Garden Castle, after
his mother, whose maiden name was
Garden. Nearby are a popular
holiday resort and a game reserve.
Giant's Cup (N 2929 CB). Former
name of Hodgson's Peak; it was
bestowed in 1835 by Captain Allen
Gardiner because of its shape.
*Gibeon (S 2517 BA). Village on
the Fish River, 177 km north of
Keetmanshoop, 60 km south of
Mariental and 350 km south-east of
Windhoek. Founded as a Rhenish
mission station in 1862, it was
destroyed in 1870 but rebuilt. The
name is of biblical origin (Josh.
10:2).
*Gifkop (C 3223 AA). Hill south of
Katjiesberg near Beaufort West.
Afrikaans for 'poison hill', the name
is probably derived from Khoekhoen
Iga, an element occurring in
Kadiesberg, an alternate name of
Katjiesberg (which thus does not
mean 'little cat mountain', as one
would expect).
Gillitts-Emberton (N 2930 DC).
An amalgamation of fourteen town-
ships administered by a health
committee, established in 1939.
Situated in the Pinetown district,
29 km north-west of Durban, on the
road to Pietermaritzburg. Named
after an early pioneer, William
Gillitt, and his birthplace in
England, Emberton. Gillitts is the
approved form.
*Gingindlovu (N 2931 BA). Village
21 km south-east of Eshowe, in the
Mtunzini district. The name was
first applied to one of Cetshwayo's
military kraals nearby. Of Zulu
origin, it is said to mean 'place of
the big elephant' or, more possibly,
'swallower of the elephant',
referring to Cetshwayo's victory
over his brother Mbulazi in 1856.
*Glencoe (N 2830 AA). Town and
coal-mining centre on top of the
Biggarsberg, 10 km west of Dundee.
It was laid out in 1921 and achieved
borough status in 1934. It is named
after a valley in Scotland.
*Glackstadt (N 2731 CC). Village
some 32 km south-east of Vryheid.
Formed in 1906 as the centre for
farming families. The name is
German and means 'city of happi-
ness'. This village was probably
named after the city on the Elbe
River in Germany.
Gmaap (O 2825-2926). Khoekhoen
name of the Modder River. Also
encountered as Maap and Gumaap,
it means, 'brown river'.
Goadar (C 3228 CC). Early name
for the Gonubie River. Derived
from Khoekhoen, it means 'marsh
river'.
*Goageb (S 2617 CC). Settlement
31 km south of Bethanien, 69 km
west of Seeheim and 249 km east of
Luderitz. Of Nama origin, the name
means 'twin rivers'. Formerly
known as Konkiep, an adaptation of
the same name, it takes its name
from the Konkiep River, tributary
of the Fish River.
*Goas (S 2215). Roman Catholic
mission station 40 km south of
Karibib. The name is Khoekhoen
and means 'place of bullfrogs'.
Gobabeb (S 2315 CA). Research
station some 80 km south-east of
Walvis Bay, on the Kuiseb River.
The name is of Khoekhoen origin
and means 'place of the fig-tree'
(Ficus capensis).
*Gobabis (S 2218 BD). Town on
the Black Nossob River, 230 km
east of Windhoek. Site of a Rhenish
mission station since 1856 and of a
Roman Catholic mission station
since 1907, it grew into a village
with a management board in 1935
and a municipal council in 1944.
The name, of Khoekhoen origin,
does not mean 'place of elephants',
as is popularly supposed, but 'place
of arguing or discussing'.
*Gochas (S 2418 DD). Village on
the Auob, 64 km south-east of
Stampriet, administered by a village
management board since 1958. The
name is Khoekhoen and means
'place of many !go-bushes',
referring to Acacia hebeclada or A.
stolonifera.
Goea (Trsk 3228). Khoekhoen name
of the Gcuwa. The latter name is an
adaptation of the former and has the
same meaning, 'densely overgrown'.
*Goedgegun (Swa 2731 AA).
Former name of Nhlangano; Afri-
kaans for 'well granted', 'favour-
ably permitted'.
Goegamma (C 3321 BD). Head-
water of the Kruisrivier. Derived
from Khoekhoen, it means 'athwart
water', 'transverse river', so that the
Afrikaans name Kruisrivier is a
literal translation.
*Golden Gate (O 2828-2829).
Region on the watershed between
the Vaal and Orange rivers, south-
east of Bethlehem, east of Clarens,
south of Kestell, north of Lesotho
and west of Harrismith. The name is
derived from twin sandstone bluffs
which look golden at sunset, and has
been transferred to the Golden Gate
Highlands National Park, 4 271 ha
in extent, proclaimed in September
1963. Restocked with indigenous
animals, this reserve has two rest
camps and offers a wide variety of
facilities and entertainment.
*Golela (T 2731 BD). Town on the
southern border of Swaziland,
145 km south-east of Piet Retief.
Formerly spelt Gollel, the name is
of Swazi origin, said to mean 'place
of game'. This was a hunting ground
of the Nyawo tribe in former times.
The portion of the town across the
border, in Swaziland, was renamed
Lavumisa.
Golfo da Concepcaon (S 2214 CD).
Portuguese name of Walvis Bay.
Known as such in 1502, the name
seems to be a contraction of Golfo
de S Maria da Concepcao, 'bay of
the conception of St Mary'.
Golfo da Roca (C 3325 DD). Portu-
guese name of Algoa Bay; it was
given this name by the mariner
Bartolomeu Dias in 1488.
Golfo das Agulhas (C 3420 CA).
Portuguese name of Struis Bay.
Refers to Cape Agulhas just to the
south-west; named thus because the
compass-needle was observed to
point directly north, ie with no
magnetic deviation.
Golfo de Balena (S 2214 CD).
Portuguese name of Walvis Bay,
'bay of the whale', so that the
Afrikaans name is a translation.
Golfo dentro das Serras (C 3418).
Portuguese name of False Bay,
meaning 'bay between the moun-
tains', probably referring to Cape
Point in the west and Cape
Hangklip in the east of the entrance
to the bay.
Golfo de Sanelena (C 3218 CA).
Portuguese name of St Helena Bay.
Also encountered as Golfo da Santa
Elena, the name was bestowed by
Vasco da Gama on 7 November
1497. St Helena Bay is an
anglicization.
Golfo de Santa Maria da Vitoria
(S 2614 BB). Portuguese name of
Hottentot Bay. It was probably
named thus by Bartolomeu Dias on
23 December 1487, to commemo-
rate the Portuguese victory over
Castile at Aljubarotta in 1384.
Golfo de Sao Estevao (S 2615).
Bay 40 km south of Luderitz. Thus
named by Bartolomeu Dias in 1487
because he arrived there on 26
December, the day of St Stephen.
Subsequently named Elizabeth Bay
and Elisabethbucht, it is now the
site of the largest ghost-town in
South-West Africa/Namibia.
Golfo de S Maria da Conceicao (S
2214 CD). Portuguese name of
Walvis Bay. Also encountered as
Golfo da Concepcaon, it refers to
the Immaculate Conception of the
Virgin Mary.
Golfo de Sao Tome (S 2514 DB).
Portuguese name of Spencer Bay.
Named thus by Bartolomeu Dias on
21 December 1487, the nameday of
St Thomas.
Golfo dos Pastores (C 3425 AA).
Early name of St Francis Bay,
given by Bartolomeu Dias and
meaning 'bay of the shepherds'.
Changed to Bahia de Sao Fran-
cisco by Perestrelo.
Golfo dos Vaqueiros (C 3422 AA).
Portuguese name of Mossel Bay,
bestowed in July 1501 by the
navigator Joao da Nova because he
saw Khoekhoen with herds of cattle
there. The name means 'bay of
herdsmen'.
Gollel (Swa 2731 BD). Former
name of Lavumisa. Said to mean
'place of game', given because this
was a hunting-ground in former
times. The portion of the town
falling within the Republic of South
Africa is still known as Golela.
Gomee (C 3225). Khoekhoen name
of the Baviaans River. It means
'baboons river', the Dutch name
being a translation.
Gompiesrivier (T 2429). Tributary
of the Olifants River. It rises south
of Pietersburg and enters the main
stream 50 km east of Roedtan. Also
known as the Zebediela River. The
name is an adaptation of the
Ndebele name Ngumpe. It has
given its name to the settlement
Gompies. On the latest official
maps the name of this river appears
as Nkumpi.
*Gonubie (C 3227-3328). Former
name of the Gqunube.
*Gonubie (C 3228 CC). Seaside
town at the mouth of the Gqunube
(Gonubie) River, 21 km north-east
of East London. The name is said to
be derived from Khoekhoen and to
mean 'bramble river', after Royena
growing there. Since another name
for this river was Goadar or 'marsh
river', a connection is possible with
'mud', 'marsh', #goa in Nama.
*Goodhouse (C 2818 CC/CD).
Locality with a landing-strip, on the
southern bank of the Orange River,
60 km south-west of Warmbad and
60 km east-south-east of Vioolsdrif.
The name is a folk etymological
adaptation of the Khoekhoen
Gudaos, 'sheep ford', said to be the
place where the Namas crossed the
Orange River with their sheep when
they trekked from Little Namaqua-
land to Great Namaqualand.
*Goodwood (C 3318 DC). Town in
the Bellville district, 11 km east-
north-east from the centre of Cape
Town. Established in 1905, it
became a municipality in 1938. It
was named after a race-course in
England, as it was intended that
this, too, should be a racing centre,
but after one race the project was
abandoned.
Gordonia (C 2824). District with
Upington as principal town, bordering
on Botswana and South-West Africa.
Formerly known as Korannaland, it
was thus named after Sir Gordon
Sprigg, Prime Minister of the Cape
Colony four times between 1878 and
1892, who visited it in the company of
Sir Thomas Upington.
Gordonsbaai see Gordon's Bay
*Gordon's Bay (C 3418 BB). Town
in the north-eastern corner of False
Bay, 6 km south-east of Strand.
Known as Fisch Hoek in early times, it
was renamed after Colonel Robert
Jacob Gordon (1743-1795), traveller
and soldier. In 1902 it came under a
village management board, and in
1961 municipal status was attained. It
is a very popular resort.
*Goshen (C 2524). Former republic in
the vicinity of Mafikeng, established
on land granted to volunteers, mainly
from the western Transvaal, who
assisted Machabi in his defeat of
Montsioa in 1882. The name is of
biblical origin (Gen. 45:9, 10) and
means 'pasturage'. The republic was
nullified in 1885 and became part of
Bechuanaland. Other variants of the
name are Goosenland, Goshenland
and Gosen.
*Gouda (C 3319 CA). Town some
38 km south of Porterville, 14 km west
of Tulbagh and 61 km north-west of
Worcester. Prior to 1929 it was known
as Porterville Road. Of Khoekhoen
origin, the name Gouda is said to
mean 'antelope'. Another possible
explanation is 'honey path', 'honey
defile'.
Goudini (C 3319-3419). Region with
Rawsonville as principal town, also
including the Breede River Valley, Du
Toitskloof, Lake Marais, Stettynskloof
and Worcester. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin, and has been
explained as 'bitter honey', 'wild
honey', 'honey beer' and 'faecal
honey'. Noted as a health resort with
mineral springs. Other forms
encountered include Gaudini,
Gaudine, Ghaudinee, and Goudene
Dina.
*Goukamma (C 3322 DD-3422 BB).
River rising in the Outeniqua Moun-
tains and flowing south to enter the
Indian Ocean at Rowwehoek, some
10 km south-west of Knysna.
Derived from Khoekhoen and
encountered also as Daukama,
Doukoma, Gaukamma, Gowcomma
and so forth, the name means
'Hottentot-fig river', referring to the
Carpobrotus edulis.
*Goup (C 2823-2923). Region
between Prieska and Griquatown,
said by some to include Danielskuil.
Also encountered as Gouph, Coup,
Koub, and so forth, the name is of
Khoekhoen origin and probably
means 'flat, level, open country'.
Goup (C 3221-3222). Region incor-
porating the headwaters of the Leeu
and Gamka rivers south of the
Nuweveld Mountains and extending
eastwards past the present Beaufort
West. Of Khoekhoen origin, the
name has been said to mean 'fat',
referring to succulent vegetation or
well-fed stock; 'skeleton veld',
'smelly hole', etc: It probably means
'flat, level, open veld'.
Gourits River (C 3321-3421).
Formed by the confluence of the
Dwyka and Gamka rivers some
40 km west of Prince Albert, it
flows south past Calitzdorp and
enters the Indian Ocean between
Bull Point and Kanonpunt, some
30 km south-west of Mossel Bay.
Formerly known by the Portuguese
names Rio das Vaccas, Rio
Fermoso and Rio dos Vaqueiros, it
is also encountered as Gauritz,
Gouris, Gouds (incorrectly inter-
preted as Afrikaans or Dutch goud,
'gold'), Gaauwrits (incorrectly inter-
preted as Dutch gaauw, 'rapid', rits,
'rustling', and translated as 'rapid
rustling river'. The name is Khoek-
hoen and the river is generally
thought to be named after a Khoek-
hoen people who lived there. An
alternative explanation is that it
means 'diarrhoea river', from the
mud and debris deposited by flood-
waters.
Gqunube (C 3227-3328). River
formerly known as the Gonubie,
rising south-east of Stutterheim and
flowing south-east to enter the
Indian Ocean at Gonubie, some
20 km north-east of East London.
The name is a Xhosa adaptation of
the Khoekhoen name, said to mean
either 'brambleberry river', after
species of Royena, or 'marsh river'.
*Graaff-Reinet (C 3224 BA). Town
on the Sundays River, 296 km
north-west of Port Elizabeth, 42 km
north-east of Aberdeen and 105 km
south-west of Middelburg. It was
founded in 1786 and attained muni-
cipal status in 1845. Named after
Cornells Jacob van de Graaff,
Governor of the Cape (1785-1791)
and his wife, Cornelia Reinet (also
spelt Reynet).
*Graafwater (C 3218 BA). Town
some 285 km north-east of Cape
Town, 32 km west of Clanwilliam
and 32 km south-east of Lambert's
Bay. Administered by a local body
since 1950 and by a village manage-
ment board since 1953. The name is
Afrikaans and probably refers to a
hole dug in the bed of a river to
obtain water.
*Grabouw (C 3419 AA). Town on
the Palmiet River in the Caledon
district, 19 km south-east of
Somerset West and 69 km south-
west of Cape Town. It was founded
about 1850, obtained a village
management board in 1930 and
became a municipality in 1956. It
was named after Grabouw in
Germany, some say the birthplace of
the founder, Wilhelm Langschmidt,
and others the birthplace of the
mother of Von Schlicht, owner of
the farm on which it was laid out.
Grahamstad see Grahamstown
*Grahamstown (C 3326 BC). Town
128 km north-east of Port Elizabeth.
It grew from military headquarters
established in 1812 on the farm
Rietfontein (some say Noutoe, now
Table Farm), and named Graham's
Town after Colonel John Graham,
whose troops had cleared the
Zuurveld of Xhosas. It was laid out
in 1815, was administered by a
board of commissioners from 1837,
and became a municipality in 1862.
Became the centre of the British
Settlers of 1820 and obtained a
bishopric in 1853. Rhodes Univer-
sity is situated there.
*Graskop (T 2430 DD). Town
14 km south-east of Pilgrim's Rest
and 28 km north of Sabie. It was
laid out between 1880 and 1890 on a
farm belonging to Abel Erasmus,
Native Commissioner of the Trans-
vaal Republic. Named after a grassy
hillock (Afrikaans gras, 'grass', kop,
'hillock'). Originally it was a
mining camp. It is the best place to
view Edge of the Lowveld, with a
sudden drop of 700 metres.
*Gravelotte (T 2330 DC). Mining
centre 10 km north-east of Leydsdorp
and 52 km north-west of Hoedspruit. It
was established in 1916 and named
after the farm owned by a Prussian
missionary who had fought in the
Battle of Gravelotte (1870-71).
*Great Brak River (C 3422). Paver
forming the boundary between George
and Mossel Bay, rising in the
Outeniqua Mountains 16 km north of
Mossel Bay and 19 km from the
Indian Ocean. 'Brackish or salty
river', so called because the lower
reaches are tidal and therefore saline.
The Little Brak River, not a tributary,
is nearby; the epithet 'Great' serves to
distinguish between them. The name
was known in 1752.
*Great Brak River (C 3422 AA).
Village at the mouth of the river of the
same name, between Mossel Bay and
George. Founded in 1859 by the
Searle family who own a leather firm
there and still employ and house
almost the entire community. The
form Groot-Brakrivier is preferred
for official purposes.
Great Fish River (C 3125-3327). The
Great Fish River rises in various
headwaters between Graaff-Reinet,
Cradock and Middelburg, flows
mainly south, then east, and enters the
Indian Ocean 60 km south-east of
Grahamstown. The Little Fish River
rises in the Tandjiesberg 48 km south-
east of Cradock and joins the Great
Fish 56 km from Somerset East.
Translated from Khoekhoen Oub, it
was named Rio do Infante by the
Portuguese. Played an important role
in SA history as the border between
the colonists and the Xhosa.
Great Kei River see Kei River
Great Letaba River see Letaba
*Green Point (C 3318 CD). North-
western extremity of the promontory
at the northern end of the Cape
Peninsula. Known to the Portuguese as
Ponta da Praia, it was named Green
Point in 1675, making it the second
oldest English place name in South
Africa (Chapman's Peak is said to be
the oldest). The first lighthouse in
South Africa was erected here in 1824.
Grens see Border
*Greylingstad (T 2628 DD). Town
some 100 km south-east of Johannes-
burg, 58 km north-west of Standerton
and 50 km south-east of Heidelberg.
The name was first borne by a town
established in 1910 some 5 km south
of the present one and named after a
local pioneer, P J Greyling, step-son of
Piet Retief. In 1914 the name Grey-
lingstad was transferred to its present
site, laid out in 1913, replacing the
name Willemsdal, after Willem Bezui-
denhout, owner of the farm. The
original town was vacated. In 1920 a
town council was established.
*Greyton (C 3419 BA). Town on the
Sonderend River, 6 km east of
Genadendal, 39 km north-east of
Caledon and 145 km east of Cape
Town. It was established in 1854 and
attained municipal status in February
1910. Named after Sir George Grey
(1812-1898), Governor of the Cape
Colony from 1854 to 1859 and 1860 to
1861.
*Greytown (N 2930 BA). Town on
the Umvoti River, 64 km north of
Pietermaritzburg. It was laid out in
1850, proclaimed a township in 1896
and became a borough in 1915.
Named after Sir George Grey, Gover-
nor of the Cape Colony. It was the
scene of action during the Bambata
Rebellion of 1906; now the centre of a
wattle-growing industry.
Griekwaland see Griqualand
*Griekwastad see Griquatown
Griqualand (C 2824). Region compri-
sing the Hay district and the western
part of Barkly West. So called because
it was the home of the Griqua
Khoekhoen. Griqualand East, Griqua-
land West and Griquatown were also
named after them.
*Griquatown (C 2823 CC). Principal
town of the Hay district, 155 km west
of Kimberley and 117 km north-east
of Prieska. Formerly the station
Klaarwater of the London Missionary
Society, founded in 1802, it was
renamed Griquatown in 1813 by the
Reverend John Campbell (1766-
1840), missionary of the London
Missionary Society. From this the
town developed, becoming a muni-
cipality in 1910. It was named after
the Griqua, a Khoekhoen people
who lived there. The form
Griekwastad is preferred for
official purposes.
Groblersdal (T 2529 AA). Town on
the Olifants River, some 160 km
east-north-east of Pretoria, 105 km
north-east of Bronkhorstspruit and
140 km south-east of Nylstroom. It
was laid out on the farm Klipbank,
proclaimed on 9 March 1938, was
administered by a health committee
after 1940 and became a munici-
pality in October 1952. Named after
Willem Jacobus Grobler, owner of
the farm Klipbank, who was largely
responsible for the Hereford and
Loskop irrigation schemes leading
to the establishment of the town.
Groene Kloof (C 3318 AD). Former
name of Darling. Derived from
Dutch, it means 'green ravine'.
Groene Kloof (C 3318 CB). Early
name of Marare. Of Dutch origin, it
means 'green ravine'.
Groenpunt see Green Point
*Grondneus (S 2817 BB). Shoulder
between the Kuniab and Gamkab
rivers, north-east of their conflu-
ence, some 40 km east-southeast of
Ai-Ais. Afrikaans for 'ground nose'.
Neus is a common term for a
headland, promontory, shoulder and
similar features; Klipneus is some
60 km south-west of Grondneus.
The name Grondneus is possibly
translated from Khoekhoen # gui,
# kui, # guni, # kuni, 'nose'; the
Kuniab River which flows past it
possibly has the same meaning,
'nose river'. There is another
Grondneus at C 2820 BB, a settle-
ment with a post office and store,
about 60 km north-west of
Upington.
*Groot-Brakrivier
see Great Brak River
*Groot-Drakenstein
see Drakenstein
*Grootfontein (S 1918 CA). Town
60 km south-west of Tsumeb, 32 km
east of Otavi and 32 km south of
Abenab. It was founded in 1884 by
the Dorsland Trekkers as capital of
their Republic of Upingtonia, came
under the jurisdiction of a village
management board in 1933, and
attained municipal status in 1947.
Known to the Herero as Otjivandat-
jongue, 'hill of the leopard', and to
the Nama as Geiaus, Geious or
Kaiaus, 'large fountain'. The Afri-
kaans name is a translation of the
latter. The Hoba meteorite is near
Grootfontein.
*Groot-Marico (T 2526 AB). Town
38 km east of Zeerust. Although
settled as early as 1845, it was
founded on the farm Wonderfontein
in 1948 and is administered by a
health committee. There is no cer-
tainty as to the origin of the name; it
has been explained as meaning
'place of blood', 'place of cornering
and killing', 'the meandering or
erratic one', and 'pastures'.
*Grootmis (C 2917 CA). Settlement
near the mouth of the Buffels River.
Named thus because the fog hangs
over the coastline for days at a time.
'Large mist', the name is Afrikaans.
Groot-Noodsberg see Noodsberg
Grootvadersbos (C 3420). Forest
north-west of Swellendam. Origi-
nally much more extensive than
now, it was known as Cainsheneuj
or 'blind-fly forest' to the
Khoekhoen. The name is derived
from Dutch Grootvaders Bosch,
'grandfathers forest'.
Groot-Visrivier see Great Fish
River
Grootvloer (C 2920-3020). Region
some 50 km south-west of Kenhardt,
extending irregularly on either side
of the Sak River as far as Onderste-
dorings. The flat, clayey surface has
been formed by flood-waters of the
Sak River being impeded by dolerite
hills in the north and spreading up to
32 km across the Dwyka Flats.
Afrikaans for 'large floor', the name
is descriptive.
Groot-Winterberge
see Winterberge
Groot-Winterhoekberge
see Winterhoekberge
Gross-Barmen see Barmen
Grosse Tiger Berg (S 2616 CA).
Mountain between Liideritz and Keet-
manshoop, 35 km north-west of Aus.
German for 'great tiger mountain', the
name is a translation of Khoekhoen
Garub. The mountain is also known
as Dicker Wilhelm.
*Groutville (N 2931 AD), Mission
station several km south-west of
Stanger. Established in 1844 by the
Reverend A Grout (1803-1894) of the
American Missionary Society and
named after him. Formerly it was
known as Umvoti.
*Grunau (S 2718 CB). Village 51 km
north-west of Karasburg and 175 km
south of Keetmanshoop, The name is
German for 'green meadow' and may
be derived from the green vegetation
that springs up on the plain after rain;
translated from Khoekhoen Ameis.
Guanhop (C 2923 1313). Khoekhoen
name of Douglas. Said to mean 'sad
ford', Afrikaans 'jammerdrif, from a
skirmish between San and Korannas,
with heavy losses on both sides.
Guchas (C 2917 1313). Khoekhoen
name of Springbok. It is derived from
Guchas and means 'place or fountain
of many springbok', referring to Anti-
dorcas marsupialis. The Afrikaans
name is thus a translation.
Gudaos (C 2818 CC). Khoekhoen
name of Goodhouse, meaning 'sheep
ford'. The 'English' name is actually
an adaptation of Gudaos.
Gudwini (N 3030 1313). Tributary of
the Mkomazi River, east of Wartburg.
Zulu for 'at the dagga-pipe', the
reference is to the smoking of Canna-
bis sativa or wild hemp. This is done
by inserting the ox-horn pipe into cool,
damp clay, and drawing the smoke
through water to cool it. An alternative
explanation is that the name is derived
from igudu, a type of herb with a large
bulb-like root (Hypoxis latifolia)
growing there.
*Guguletu (C 3318 DC). Township
on the Cape Flats, 18 km southeast of
Cape Town, established in 1958.
The name is Xhosa for 'our pride'.
Gumaap see Gmaap
Gydo Pass (C 3319 AB). Mountain
pass 5 km north of Prince Alfred
Hamlet, between the Skurweberg
and Gydoberg, linking the Cold
Bokkeveld and the Warm Bokke-
veld. Derived from Khoekhoen, the
name has been thought to mean
'milkbush poort', after a type of
euphorbia growing there. More
probably, however, the name means
'steep pass'.
Gy Koup see Geigoub
H
*Haarlem (C 3323 CB). Village
16 km east of Avontuur and 29 km
south-east of Uniondale, in the
Langkloof. Originally laid out in
1856, it was taken over by the
Berlin Missionary Society in 1860.
The mission station was named
Anhalt-Schmidt, but the village had
already been named Haarlem and
bears that name today, presumably
after the city 19 km west of
Amsterdam in Holland.
*Haenertsburg (T 2329 DD).
Village 58 km east of Pietersburg
and 42 km south-west of Tzaneen.
Once the centre of the Woodbush
Gold Fields, it is now a timber
centre. Named after C F Haenert
who discovered gold there.
Hakha (S 2116 BA). Khoekhoen
name of the Omatako Mountains; it
means 'two stone hills'.
*Halfway House (T 2528 CC).
Town some 27 km north of Johan-
nesburg and 18 km north-west of
Kempton Park. It was laid out in
1890 and called thus because it was
the stop halfway between Johannes-
burg and Pretoria for the Zeederberg
coach service.
*Hamburg (Cis 3327 AD). Village
and holiday resort on the southern
bank of the Keiskamma River, 3 km
from its mouth, 11 km southeast of
Peddie, 74 km south of King
William's Town and 96 km south-
west of East London. It was
established in 1857 by members of
the British-German Legion after the
Crimean War and named after
Hamburg in Germany.
*Hamilton (O 3025 BB). Early
name of Trompsburg; after Sir
Hamilton Goold-Adams (1858-
1920), Lieutenant-Governor of the
Orange River Sovereignty from
1901 to 1910.
Hanas (S 2417 BA). Khoekhoen
name of Kalkrand. Derived from
lAnas, it means 'veld-bulb hole',
after the edible Moraea species
growing there.
*Hangklip (C 3418 BD). The south-
ernmost point on the eastern coast of
False Bay. The name, literally
'hanging rock', seems to be an adap-
tation of Hanglip, 'hanging lip',
after its shape. It was known to the
Portuguese as Cabo Falso and as
Ponta Espinhosa.
Hanglip (C 3418 BD). Older (and
correct) name of Hangklip. The
name, Dutch for 'hanging lip',
refers to the shape of this mountain,
like a lip hanging down over the
chin. In Dutch times this name was
always used. The modern form
Hangklip, 'hanging rock', seems to
be a corruption by the British.
*Hankey (C 3324 DD). Town in
the Gamtoos Valley, 27 km north-
east of Humansdorp and 64 km
west-north-west of Port Elizabeth.
It was established in 1825 as a
station of the London Missionary
Society and named after the
treasurer of this society, William
Alers Hankey.
*Hanover (C 3124 AB). Town in
the Karoo, some 720 km northeast
of Cape Town and 75 km south-
west of Colesberg. It was laid out
in 1854 on the farm Petrusvallei
and attained municipal status in
1885. Named after Hanover in
Germany, from whence came the
parents of Gert Gous, owner of the
farm.
Hans Merensky Nature Reserve
(T 2330 DA). Reserve on the
southern bank of the Great Letaba
River, 64 km east-north-east of
Tzaneen and 65 km north-west of
Phalaborwa. Named after a mining
geologist and diamond magnate.
*Hantam (C 3119 BC). Region
bounded by the Bokkeveld and
Namaqualand in the west, the
Renoster River in the east, Bush-
manland in the north, and the
Roggeveld Mountains in the south.
Calvinia, at the foot of the
Hantamsberg, is the main town. The
name is of Khoekhoen origin, most
probably derived from heyntame,
the Pelargonium bifolium, an edible
root. The Hantamsberg takes its
name from the same root.
Haradas (S 2518 CA). Alternative
name of the Mukorob, also known
as the Finger of God and Vinger-
klip. Derived from Khoekhoen, the
name means 'shake', an illusion
caused by the shimmering heat-
waves.
*Hardap (S 2417 BD). Irrigation
settlement and dam on the Fish
River, 24 km north of Mariental and
306 km south-east of Windhoek. Of
Khoekhoen origin, the name means
'nipple' or 'wart', and refers to a
round hill with a rock on top,
resembling a female breast in
profile. A popular holiday and
camping resort.
Hardeveld (C 3118). Region
extending northwards from the
Olifants River to near Garies,
bounded in the west by the Sandveld
and in the east and south-east by the
Kliprandstreek and the Knersvlakte.
The name is Afrikaans for 'hard
field'; the region forms a sharp
contrast to the soft, sandy coastal
regions north and south.
*Harding (N 3029 DB). Principal
town of the district of Alfred, at the
foot of the Ingeli range, 34 km
north-west of Izingolweni and
84 km north-west of Port Shepstone.
It was founded as a military outpost
in 1877 and proclaimed a township
in 1911. Named after Sir Walter
Harding (c 1812-1874) who in 1858
became the first Chief Justice in
Natal.
*Harrismith (O 2829 AC). Town
on the Wilge River, south-east of
the Platberg, 86 km east of Bethle-
hem, 53 km south-east of Warden
and 82 km north-west of Ladysmith.
Originally laid out in 1849 at
Majoorsdrif, 16 km west of the
present site, it was moved for lack
of water and established in 1850.
Municipal status was attained in
1875. Named after Sir Harry Smith
(1787-1860), Governor of the Cape,
1847-1852.
*Hartbeesfontein (T 2626 CB).
Mining town 29 km north-west of
Klerksdorp, 45 km east of Ottosdal
and 56 km south of Coligny. Named
after the farm on which it was laid
out, derived from an incident in
which two Voortrekkers, pursuing a
wounded hartebeest (Alcelaphus
caama), found it dead at a spring
(fontein). Proclaimed in 1955, it is
administered by a health committee.
Not to be confused with Hartebees-
fontein south of Stilfontein.
Hartbees River (C 2820). Tributary
of the Orange River, joining it
below the Augrabies Falls. The
upper course is the Sak River. The
name refers to the hartebeest
(Alcelaphus sp.) and is a translation
of Khoekhoen Kammaghaap.
Hartebeesthoek (T 2627 DC). Site of
a radio space research station between
Magaliesburg and the Hartebeespoort
Dam, for tracking satellites and doing
radio-telescope research of space.
Installed in 1961 by the Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research for
collaboration with NASA. The name
means 'hartebeest corner', referring to
Alcelaphus species.
*Hartenbos (C 3422 AA). Seaside
resort for railway employees belong-
ing to the Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuur-
vereniging, 8 km northwest of Mossel
Bay and some 40 km south-west of
George. Continually developed and
improved, it boasts the normal holiday
and recreational facilities as well as a
cultural museum and organized sport-
ing and cultural activities. It takes its
name from the farm Hartenbosch
granted in 1730 to Esias Engelbrecht
Meyer. Dutch, now Afrikaans, for
'hart thicket', it refers to antelopes
there in former times. The Hartenbos
River also derives its name from that
forest.
Hartingsburg (T 2428 CD). Original
name of Warmbad; it was given in
honour of Professor Pieter Harting
(1812-1885), father of the Nederlands-
Zuid-Afrikaanse Vereniging and
champion of the Transvaal Boers. This
name was in use between 1882 and
1920.
Harts River (T 2625 DA-C 2824
AD). Tributary of the Vaal River; rises
in the Lichtenburg district and flows
418 km south-west to its confluence
with the Vaal at Delportshoop, some
55 km north-west of Kimberley. The
name is a literal translation of
Khoekhoen # Gaoblgarib; 'heart
river', possibly named after a chief or
a tribe.
*Hartswater (C 2724 DD). Town on
the Pokwani River, some 23 km south
of Taung and 36 km north of Warren-
ton. Centre of the Vaal-Harts Irrigation
Scheme, it became a municipality in
April 1960. It takes its name from the
Harts River.
Harucharos (S 2517 DD-2518 CA).
Former name of Brukkaros, the
extinct volcano. Derived from Khoek-
hoen, the name is said to mean 'where
bulrushes grow in abundance'.
Haruncka (C 3323 CD). Khoekhoen
name of Matjies River. Literally it
means 'bulrush river'. Bulrushes are
known in Afrikaans as matjiesgoed,
ie 'things from which little mats are
made'. The Khoekhoen used such
mats to cover their round huts.
Haukaap (C 2921). Khoekhoen
name of the Sak River. It means
'river which gets lost', ie in the
sand.
Havelock (Swa 2531 CC). Asbestos
mining village 19 km west of Pigg's
Peak and 48 km south-east of
Barberton, linked to the latter by
what may be the world's longest
aerial cableway. Named after Sir
Arthur Elibank Havelock (1844-
1908), Governor of Natal from 1886
to 1889. Now known as Bulembu.
Havengaville (O 2727 CC). Origi-
nal name of Hennenman. After
Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga (1882-
1957), a former Minister of Finance.
The name was used from 1936 to
1947.
Hawequa Mountains (C 3319 CA).
Range north of the Klein-
Drakenstein Mountains, south-east
of Wellington. Named after the
Hawequa tribe of Khoekhoen, also
spelt Hawekwa, Obiekwa, Obiqua,
etc.
*Hawston (C 3419 AC). Fishing
village north-east of Mudge Point,
5 km north-west of Onrusrivier and
11 km from Hermanus. Named after
a certain Haw, a civil commissioner
of Caledon.
Hay (C 2822-2924). District and
division of which Griquatown is the
principal town, bounded by Post-
masburg, Prieska and Hopetown.
Named after Lieutenant-General
Charles Craufurd Hay (1809-1873),
Governor of the Cape Colony from
May to December 1870.
*Healdtown (Cis 3226 DC). Wes-
leyan Methodist mission station
10 km north-east of Fort Beaufort
and 15 km north-west of Alice.
Established in 1853 by the Reverend
John Ayliff and named after the
treasurer of the Wesleyan Methodist
Missionary Society, James Heald,
who had contributed towards a
training institution for teachers,
founded there in 1867.
*Heatonville (N 2831 DB). Settle-
ment some 13 km north-west of
Empangeni. Named after George
Heaton Nicholls (1876-1959),
member of Parliament for Zululand
from 1920, later also Administrator
of Natal and High Commissioner for
South Africa from 1944.
Hebron (C 2824 BC). Original
name of Windsorton. Of biblical ori-
gin (Gen. 13:18), the name means
'party', 'gathering', 'alliance'.
*Hectorspruit (T 2531 BC). Hamlet
some 30 km west of Komatipoort
and 80 km north-east of Pigg's
Peak. Named after a tributary of the
Crocodile River, the Hectorspruit,
which is said to take its name from a
hunting-dog which died there from a
tsetse-fly bite.
*Heerenlogement (C 3118 DC).
Historic cave some 26 km southwest
of Klawer and 18 km north of
Graafwater. Dutch for 'gentlemen's
lodgings', it was so named because
it was used for shelter by early
travellers. Famous for names of
almost 200 travellers inscribed in it
since 1712. A milkwood tree
(Sideroxylon inerme) growing out of
the rock was already there in 1777
when it was visited by Colonel R J
Gordon (1743-1795), later comman-
der of the garrison.
*Heidelberg (C 3420 BB). Town on
the Duivenhoks River, 29 km west
of Riversdale and 53 km east of
Swellendam. It was laid out on the
farm Doornboom about 1855 and
attained municipal status in March
1862. Named after Heidelberg in
Germany, where the Catechism was
drawn up by Olevianus and
Ursimus.
Heidelberg (O 3025 BD). Original
name (1863-1872) of Bethulie.
*Heidelberg (T 2628 AD). Town in
the Suikerbosrand, 50 km southeast
of Johannesburg, 30 km south of
Benoni and 54 km east of Meyerton.
Originating as a trading-post, it was
laid out on the farm Langlaagte in
1866 and attained municipal status
in 1903. Named after Heidelberg in
Germany where the trader, Heinrich
Ueckermann, had been trained. Well
known for the Heidelberg Kloof
pleasure resort.
Heigariep (2823-2924). Khoekhoen
name of the lower Vaal River.
Literally 'grey river'; the Afrikaans
name is a direct translation.
*Heilbron (O 2727 BD). Town
some 130 km south of Johannes-
burg, 72 km north of Lindley and
90 km west of Frankfort. It was laid
out in 1872 on the farm Rietfontein,
proclaimed a village in May 1873
and attained municipal status in
1890. Literally 'spring of salvation',
the name is said to be derived from
a strong spring supplying water, or
from an ancient town in Germany.
Heirachabis (S 2819 BA). Station
of the Roman Catholic Missionary
Society 80 km west of Nakop and
80 km east of Karasburg. The name
is Khoekhoen and means 'place of
gum' (from the Acacia dulcis); this
gum is sold for the manufacture of
sweets.
Heitsieibeb (C 2816 BD). Khoek-
hoen name of the Wondergat.
Regarded by them as a sacred place,
it is named after the Khoekhoen
deity Heitsieibeb.
Heiveld (C 3419 AD). Region
between Hermanus and Stanford,
between the Klein River and the
mountain slopes to the north. Liter-
ally 'heathfield', after proteas and
ericas growing there.
Hel see Die Hel
*Helpmekaar (N 2830 AD). Village
26 km south-east of Dundee. Afri-
kaans for 'help each other', the
name is derived from transport
riders having had to assist each
other in making a road over a nearby
hill.
Helshoogte (C 3318 DD). Mountain
pass between Stellenbosch and Pniel
to the north-east, over the saddle
linking Simonsberg and the Jonkers-
hoek Mountains. Built in 1854, the
name may mean 'Hell's height'
(Afrikaans), or it may be derived
from the verb hel, 'to incline
steeply'. Also spelt Hellshoogte.
Hendrik Verwoerd Dam (O 3025
D). Storage and irrigation dam on
the Orange River, south-east of
Bethulie and north of Venterstad. It
forms part of the Orange River
Project and a tunnel has been built
from Oviston southwards to
Teebusvlakte, a distance of more
than 80 km. Named after Hendrik
Frensch Verwoerd (1901-1966),
Prime Minister of South Africa from
1958 to 1966.
*Hendrina (T 2629 BA). Town
53 km north-west of Ermelo, 40 km
west-south-west of Carolina and
53 km south-east of Middelburg. It
was founded in 1914 on the farm
Grasfontein, administered by a
health committee from 1919, and by
a village council since 1926. It was
named after Hendrina Beukes, wife
of Gert Beukes, who owned the
farm.
*Henkries (C 2818 CC). Settlement
near the Orange River, 13 km west
of Goodhouse. Derived from Khoek-
hoen, the name, also encountered as
Henkrees, Henkeriss and Hamne-
ries, means 'mountain slope'.
Henkriesmond is also known as
Increase, a lovely example of
popular etymology, while the name
Henkries has led to a story in which
a dying man, found by Balis, is said
to have muttered he was 'hungry',
which became Henkries!
*Henley on Klip (T 2628 CA). Vill-
age and pleasure resort some 6 km
north-west of Meyerton and 8 km
south of Daleside. Named for its
situation on the Klip River, probably
in imitation of Henley on Thames in
England.
*Hennenman (O 2727 CC). Town
43 km south-west of Kroonstad,
16 km north-west of Ventersburg
and 20 km north-east of Virginia.
Originally a railway station named
Ventersburg Road, it was renamed
Hennenman in 1927 after a local
farmer, Petrus F Hennenman (1844-
1932). The town was established on
the farm Vredefontein in 1936 and
first named Havengaville, but it
attained municipal status under the
name Hennenman in 1947. Cement
is manufactured there.
Hennops River (T 2527 DD-2528
CC). Rises south-west of Pretoria
and flows west and north into the
Hartebeestpoort Dam near Pelin-
daba. Formerly Erasmus or Rasmus
River, it takes its name from the
farm Hennopsrivier, named after a
previous owner, the widow H
Hennop, about 1859. The upper
reaches are known as Kafferspruit.
*Henties Bay (S 2214 AB). Seaside
resort on the Atlantic Ocean just
south of the mouth of the Omaruru
River, 72 km north-west of Swakop-
mund, 100 km west of Usakos and
126 km south-west of Uis. The
Omaruru River flows underground
here, and a spring on the beach
supplies an abundance of fresh
water. Named after Hentie van der
Merwe of Otjiwarongo, who for
many years availed himself of this
facility in his holidays. Particularly
popular in summer when the air is
cooled by the Benguella current.
The form Hentiesbaai is preferred
for official use.
*Hentiesbaai see Henties Bay
Herbert (C 2923-2924). District
and division of which Douglas is the
principal town. Bounded by the
Orange River in the south, Hope-
town, Hay and Kuruman in the west,
Barkly West in the north, and
Fauresmith and Jacobsdal in the
east. It was named after Henry
Howard Molyneux Herbert, Earl of
Carnarvon (1831-1890), British
Colonial Secretary.
*Herbertsdale (C 3421 BB).
Village east of the Gourits River, in
the Langtou Valley, 56 km north-
west of Mossel Bay. It was estab-
lished in 1865 on the farm Hemel-
rood and named after James Benton
Herbert, who owned part of this
farm.
Herbert's Mount (C 3318 CD).
Former name of Devil's Peak, given
by Commodore Humphrey Fitzher-
bert in 1620.
Hercules Falls (C 2820 CB). Name
given by the traveller G A Farini
(Through the Kalahari Desert, 1886,
p. 398) to the Augrabies Falls, as
suggestive of its size as well as in
honour of the Governor of the Cape
Colony' (Sir Hercules Robinson,
later Lord Rosmead, 1880-89).
Hereroland (S 2017-2120). Region
traditionally inhabited by the Here-
ro, now bounded by Botswana,
Bushmanland and the districts of
Grootfontein, Otjiwarongo, Okahan-
dja and Gobabis. The name has been
variously explained as meaning 'to
rejoice', 'the ancient ones', and 'the
determined ones', the latter referring
to a decision taken by an ancestral
group to remain there and not to
move away to the present Botswana.
*Hermannsburg (N 2930 BB). Sta-
tion of the Hermannsburg Mission-
ary Society, situated some 20 km
east of Greytown. Established in
1854 and named after Hermanns-
burg in Germany, headquarters of
this society. General Louis Botha
was educated here.
*Hermanus (C 3419 AC). Town
and holiday resort between Onrus
and Mosselrivier, on the northern
shore of Walker Bay, 120 km south-
east of Cape Town and 47 km south-
west of Caledon. It was established
in 1855 and attained municipal
status in 1904. Originally named
Hermanuspietersfontein, after a
Dutch teacher who watered his
sheep there, it was shortened to its
present form in 1904.
Hermes, Cape see Cape Hermes
*Hermon (C 3318 BD). Village
22 km north of Wellington and 8 km
from Porseleinberg. Of Hebrew
origin, the name means 'elevated,
'exalted', the reference being to the
biblical Mount Hermon (Dent. 3:8,
9).
Herold's Bay (C 3422 AB). Holiday
resort west of Malgas River mouth,
some 24 km south-west of George
and east of Guano Bay. Named after
the first Dutch Reformed minister of
George, T J Herold (1812-1823).
*Herschel (Trsk 3027 CA). Village
19 km north of Lady Grey, east of
Aliwal North. Founded in 1879, it
was named after the astronomer Sir
John Frederick W Herschel (1792-
1871) who worked at the Cape from
1834 to 1838, inter alia making
observations of Halley's Comet.
*Hertzog (C 3226 DA). Village in
the Kat River Valley, 7 km south-
west of Seymour and some 27 km
north-east of Fort Beaufort. Origi-
nally named Tamboekievlei, it
received its present name in 1837,
after Willem Frederik Hertzog
(1792-1847), Assistant Surveyor-
General of the Cape Colony from
1828 and surveyor of the Kat River
Settlement.
*Hertzogville (O 2825 BA). Town
55 km north-east of Boshof, 48 km
south-east of Christiana and 46 km
south-west of Hoopstad. It was
founded in 1915 and attained
municipal status in 1924. Named
after General James Barry Munnik
Hertzog (1866-1942), former Prime
Minister of the Union of South
Africa and founder of the National
Party.
Hessekwaskloof
see Hessequas Kloof
Hessequas Kloof (C 3420 AA).
Ravine near Bredasdorp. Also
encountered as Essequas Kloof,
Hessekwaskloof, Hijsiquas Cloof
Hosiquas Kloof, etc, it was named
after a Khoekhoen people who lived
there.
*Hex River (C 3319 BC-CB).
Tributary of the Breede River, rising
north-east of De Dooms and flowing
south-west between the Hex River
Mountains and Kwadouwsberg to
enter the Breede River south of
Worcester. Dutch for 'witch river',
the name is variously stated to refer
to the ghostly atmosphere of the
deep ravine through which the river
flows, or to a legend of a lover who
plummeted to his death while pick-
ing a rare disa for Eliza Meiring,
who subsequently became deranged
and acted like a witch. Other
explanations link the name with
Afrikaans hek, 'gate', or with x's,
referring to the numerous times the
road crosses the river. Actually the
name appears to be a translation of
Khoekhoen Cobeeb, referring to a
witchdoctor or magician, a powerful
and influential figure in Khoekhoen
society. The Afrikaans form Hex-
rivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Hexrivier see Hex River
H F Verwoerd Airport (C 3325 DC).
Airport at Port Elizabeth, south of
Walmer and Humewood. It was
named after Hendrik Frensch
Verwoerd (1901-1966), Prime
Minister of South Africa from 1958
to 1966, when he was assassinated.
Hhohho (Swa 2531 CB). Village in
the Lomati Valley, 36 km northeast
of Pigg's Peak. The name is said to
mean 'dark' and may refer to its
situation among the mountains.
*Hibberdene (N 3030 DA). Village
and holiday resort on the Indian
Ocean, 98 km south-west of Durban,
in the Umzinto district, halfway
between Sezela and Port Shepstone.
Named after a former Postmaster-
General of Natal, C Maxwell-
Hibberd.
*Hillcrest (N 2930 DD). Town
between Botha's Hill and Emberton,
some 35 km north-west of Durban.
Laid out on the farm Emberton in
1943, it was so named after its
position on the crest of a hill over-
looking a valley to the north.
*Himeville (N 2929 DC). Village
145 km west of Durban, 5 km north-
east of Underberg and 125 km west-
south-west of Pietermaritzburg, at
the entrance to the Sani Pass.
Proclaimed a township in 1905, it
has been administered since 1954 by
a health committee. Named after Sir
Albert Henry Hime (1842-1919),
Prime Minister of Natal from 1899
to 1903.
Hlabeni (N 2929 DC). Flat-topped
hill some 12 km north-west of
Creighton. The name, also applied
to the region east and north-east of
the hill, to a forest, a river and a
mission station, is Zulu and means
'at the aloes'.
*Hlabisa (N 2831 BB). Village
between the Hluhluwe and Umfolozi
game reserves, some 40 km north-
west of Mtubatuba. Named after the
Hlabisa tribe of Zulus.
*Hlatikulu (N 2929 BA). Bush-
covered mountain, and tributary of
the Little Mooi River, 32 km south-
west of Estcourt. The name is
derived from Zulu hlati, 'bush',
khulu, 'large'; thus 'large forest'.
*Hlatikulu (Swa 2631 CD). Town
28 km north-east of Nhlangano,
founded in 1924. The name is
derived from Swazi ihlati, 'forest',
kulu, 'large', referring to densely
forested ravines in the area.
Hlawe (N 2931 CA). Tributary of
the Manzamnyama which flows into
the Tongati. Derived from Zulu
uhlawe, the name means 'place of
gravel'. Uhlawe is the Zulu name
for Tongaat.
*Hlobane (N 2730 DB). Coal-
mining centre 27 km east of Vryheid
and 31 km south-west of Louws-
burg. The locality was known as
such in the previous century and the
name applied to the town in 1924.
Of Zulu origin, it is said by some to
mean 'beautiful place', and by
others 'place of dispute'. It was the
scene of fighting in the Zulu War of
1879.
Hlotse Heights (Les 2828 CC).
Former name of Leribe, referring to
its situation overlooking the Hlotse
River.
*Hluhluwe (N 2831/2832). River
rising in the Nongoma district and
flowing east through Hlabisa into
Lake St Lucia. The name is derived
from the Zulu word for a type of
creeper growing on the riverbanks,
bobbejaantou in Afrikaans (Dalber-
gia armata).
Hluti (Swa 2731 BA). Village some
50 km south-east of Nhlangano, in
the Shiselweni district. It takes its
name from a nearby hill, the summit
of which, streaked with bush,
resembles the hair-style or Mute of
Swazi women.
*Hobhouse (O 2927 CA). Town
32 km north-east of Wepener and
51 km south-west of Ladybrand,
near the Lesotho border. It was laid
out on the farm Poortjie in 1912 and
attained municipal status in 1913.
Named after Emily Hobhouse
(1860-1926), author and philanthro-
pist who brought to public notice
abuses in concentration camps
during the Anglo-Boer War.
*Hochfeld (S 2117 BD). Settlement
135 km north-east of Okahandja.
The name is German and means
'high field', referring to the
altititude of the place.
Hodgson's Peaks (N 2929 CB).
Range of peaks about 3 km south of
the Sani Pass, 22 km north-west of
Himeville. Formerly Giant's Cup,
they are said to be named after a
farmer by the name of Hodgson who
was fatally wounded in the thigh
while tracking a group of San.
Hoedjies Bay (C 3317 BB). North-
ern portion of Saldanha Bay. Also
spelt Hoedjes, Hoeties, Hoetjies,
Odjens, Oetiens and Oetjens, the
name is believed to be derived from
the Dutch family name Oetgens van
Waveren.
*Hoedspruit (T 2430 BD). Town
some 28 km north-east of Acorn-
hoek and 27 km south-west of
Mica. It takes its name from the
farm and stream. Afrikaans for 'hat
stream', the name probably refers
to some local incident.
Hoerikwaggo (C 3318 DC).
Khoekhoen name of Table Moun-
tain; it means 'sea mountain', ie
'mountain at the sea'.
*Hofmeyr (C 3125 DB). Principal
town of the Maraisburg district,
64 km north-east of Cradock and
48 km south of Steynsburg. It was
laid out on the farm Boorfontein in
1873-74 and attained municipal
status in 1913. Originally it was
named Maraisburg, after Daniel
Marais, who played a leading role
in its establishment. To avoid con-
fusion with Maraisburg in Trans-
vaal it was renamed Hofmeyr in
1911, after Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
(Onze Jan), who achieved recog-
nition of Dutch as an official
language of South Africa.
*Hogsback (C 3226 DB). Village
27 km north-east of Alice and
48 km south-west of Cathcart, to
the south-east of Hogsback in the
Amatole range. Said not to be
named after the mountain for its
resemblance to the back of a hog,
but after Captain Hogg who was
stationed at Fort Mitchell and who
founded the village. Named Beleka-
zana in Xhosa.
*Hol River (C 3118 C-D).
Tributary of the Olifants River. It is
formed by the confluence of the
Soutrivier and the Varsrivier and
flows west past Lutzville and
Koekenaap. The name is Afrikaans
for 'hollow river'. The Khoekhoen
name is Koangaap, 'around the
back' (agterom). The Afrikaans
form Holrivier is preferred for of-
ficial purposes.
*Holrivier see Hoi River
Hommoequa (C 3324 DB). Khoek-
hoen name for Cockscomb, also for
the Great Winterhoek Mountains.
The name means 'blue cloud (moun-
tains)'.
*Homtini (C 3322 DD). Mountain
pass along the road past Rheenendal
and Highway, north-east of Knysna
and east of the Homtini River, a
tributary of the Goukamma. Com-
pleted by T C Bain in 1882. The
name is of Khoekhoen origin and is
said to mean 'difficult passage', or
'mountain honey'.
*Hondeklipbaai
see Hondeklip Bay
*Hondeklip Bay (C 3017 AD). Inlet
and fishing village on the west
coast, some 145 km south-east of
Port Nolloth, 86 km north-west of
Garies and 108 km south-west of
Springbok. It is named after a rock
(Afrikaans klip) 5 m tall which
resembled a seated dog (hond) until
its head was struck off by lightning.
The Afrikaans form Hondeklipbaai
is preferred for official purposes.
Hooge Kraal (C 3422 AB). Former
name of Pacaltsdorp. Of Dutch
origin, the name means 'high-lying
byre', 'village at a high elevation'.
*Hoopstad (O 2725 DD). Town on
the Vet River, 31 km south-east of
its confluence with the Vaal and
30 km west of Welkom. Laid out in
1876 on the farm Kameeldoorns, it
attained municipal status in 1905. It
was originally named Hauptstad,
after the surveyor, A P Haupt.
Literally 'capital', this name met
with disfavour, for Bloemfontein
was the capital, and it was changed
to Hoopstad, 'city (town) of hope'.
Not to be confused with Hopetown,
which is a different place.
*Hopefield (C 3318 AB). Town east
of Saldanha Bay, 40 km southeast of
Vredenburg, 138 km north of Cape
Town. Founded in 1852 on the farm
Langekuil, it became a municipality
in 1914. Named after two people
who laid it out, Major William
Hope, Auditor-General, and a Mr
Field.
*Hopetown (C 2924 CA). Town
133 km north-east of Britstown and
134 km south-west of Kimberley. It
was founded in 1853 or 1854, and
became a municipality in 1858.
Generally accepted as having been
named after Major William Hope,
Auditor-General and Acting Secre-
tary of the Cape, but there is a
tradition linking the name to an
ornament in the shape of an anchor,
symbolizing hope. Hopetown was
the site of the first discovery of
diamonds; the famous Star of
Africa came from the area.
Horn River (N 2729). Tributary of
the Tugela. It rises in the Drakens-
berg and flows east past Ballen-
geich. Translated from Zulu
Mphondo, 'horn', the reference is
to the perilousness of the river
when in flood, comparable to the
danger of the horn of an ox or bull.
*Hotazel (C 2722 BB). Town serv-
ing the manganese mines, 147 km
north of Postmasburg and 46 km
north-west of Kuruman. Takes its
name from the farm on which it was
laid out; a pun on 'hot as hell',
referring to the weather when the
farm was surveyed.
Hottentot Bay (S 2614 BB). Inlet
some 40 km north of Luderitz,
50 km south of Spencer Bay, on the
Atlantic seaboard. Probably named
using the popular but outdated term
for the Khoekhoen, this bay bore
the Portuguese name Golfo de
Santa Maria da Vitoria.
Hottentots Holland (C 3418).
Region between False Bay and the
Palmiet River, in the Somerset West
district. The name is encountered as
early as 1657 and indicated that the
area was regarded by the Khoek-
hoen as their 'Holland' or mother
country. The Hottentots Holland
Mountains take their name from
this region.
Houhoek Pass (C 3419 AA).
Mountain pass east of Sir Lowry's
Pass, over the Hottentots Holland
Mountains, south-east of the Krom
River and north-east of Botrivier.
The original pass went over a foot-
hill of the Paardeberg. Explained as
hout hoek or 'wood corner', hou
hoek or 'hold corner'; R J Gordon
in 1777 says it was so named
because farmers had a difficult time
crossing it.
*Houtbaai see Hout Bay
*Hout Bay (C 3418 AB). Inlet on
the west coast of the Cape Penin-
sula, north of the present Chapman's
Bay. It was named a year after Van
Riebeeck's landing at the Cape, on
11 July 1653, because of fine forests
encountered there; literally 'wood
bay'. The town Hout Bay is an
important fishing centre. The form
Houtbaai is preferred for official
purposes.
Hout Bay River (C 3418). Alterna-
tive name of Disa River; so named
because it flows into Hout Bay.
Houtema (C 3419). Khoekhoen
name of the Palmiet River, north-
westerly tributary of the present
Palmiet River. It means 'snake
river'.
*Howick (N 2930 AC). Town near
the Howick Falls, on the northern
bank of the Mgeni River, 23 km
north-west of Pietermaritzburg.
Established in 1850, it was pro-
claimed a township in 1916 and a
borough in 1961. It was named after
Viscount Howick, later to become
Earl Grey, Secretary of State for the
Colonies from 1846 to 1852.
*Howieson's Poort
see Howison's Poort
Howison's Poort (C 3326 AD).
Defile 8 km south of Grahamstown,
in the Albany district. It was named
after Captain Howison who con-
structed the road through the defile.
It is an important archaeological
site. The incorrect spelling Howie-
son's Poort is often encountered.
Huab River (S 2013-2014). Rises
west of Fransfontein and Khorixas
and extends south-west to the
Atlantic Ocean 10 km south-east of
Toscanini. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and probably means
'crooked bends'.
Huigais (C 3318 CD). Khoekhoen
name of Cape Town. Variously
explained as 'veiled in clouds',
'puff adder', 'place of snakes', 'nest
of otters'; the name actually means
'place of stone', referring primarily
to the Castle and thence transferred
to the city.
*Humansdorp (C 3424 BB). Town
93 km west of Port Elizabeth, north-
west of Cape St Francis. Laid out in
1849 on the farm Rheeboksfontein,
it was administered by a church
council until a village management
board was instituted in 1896.
Municipal status was attained in
1900. It was named Humansdorp (at
first Human se Dorp) after Matthys
Gerhardus Human, owner of the
farm Rheeboksfontein.
Hunca (C 3226 DC-DB). Khoek-
hoen name of the Kat River. Liter-
ally 'cat river', after the wild-cats
encountered there; Kat River is a
translation.
*Hutchinson (C 3123 CA). Village
and railway junction 12 km south-
east of Victoria West, 77 km west of
Richmond. Founded in 1885, it was
at first known as Victoria West
Road, but it was renamed in 1901
after Sir Walter F Hely-Hutchinson,
Governor of Natal from 1893 to
1901 and of the Cape Colony from
1901 to 1910.
I
Ibequa River (C 3019). Tributary
of the Kromme River in the Calvinia
district. Named after the Ibequa
Khoekhoen, also known as Abiquas,
Hawequas, Obiquas, and so forth.
The name Ibequa has also been
applied to a geological series.
Ibisi (Trsk 3029). Former name of
Bisi; it is derived from Xhosa u-bisi
and means 'milk'.
*Idutywa (Trsk 3228 AB). Town
some 132 km north-east of East
London and 29 km north-west of
Willowvale. It is named after a
tributary of the Mbashe, the
Dutywa. The name is derived from
Xhosa ukuduba, 'to disturb', passive
voice ukudutywa; thus 'the disturb-
ed or disordered one', said to refer
to the confusion and scattering of
the Fingo and Thembu by the inva-
sions of Mfecane and Zulu about
1820.
*Ifafa (N 3030 AD/BC). River
which rises in the Ixopo district and
flows south-eastwards into the
Indian Ocean between Mtwalume
and Sezela. The name is Zulu and
has been said to mean 'the sprink-
ling one', referring to drops caused
by the turbulent torrent at rapids, or
to the soft sound of drops condensed
from the misty ravines falling onto
the ground below. The name is also
borne by a mission station, beach,
post office and railway station.
*Ifafa Beach (N 3030 BC). Holiday
resort some 87 km south-west of
Durban, at the mouth of the Ifafa
River, between Bazley and Elysium.
It takes its name from the river; see
Ifafa.
IGoli (T 2628 AA). Nguni name for
Johannesburg, derived from the
English word 'gold'; it means 'at the
gold'.
Ijsselsteijn Bay (C 3418 AB). Early
name for Simon's Bay. Also
encountered as Ysselstein Bay and
Ijselstein Bay, it was so named after
a ship of that name which sheltered
there in 1671. In 1687 it was
renamed after Simon van der Stel.
Ikageng (T 2627 CA). Township
near Potchefstroom. The name is
Northern Sotho and means 'we built
for ourselves'.
Ikxab (C 3318 DC). Koranna name of
Cape Town, said to be an adaptation of
/UHkhaeb, 'stone place' (Castle); see
Huigeis. It has no connection with
Afrikaans Kaap(stad).
Ilha Branca (C 3318 AC). Early name
of Dassen Island. Portuguese for
'white island', the name probably
refers to the white guano deposited by
sea-birds.
Ilha Elizabeth (C 3318 AC). Early
name of Dassen Island. See Isla
d'Elizabeth.
Ilheo da Cruz (C 3325 DD). Portu-
guese name of St Croix Island. It
means 'island of the Cross' and is also
encountered as Ilheo da Santa Cruz
('island of the Holy Cross'), Ilheus da
Cruz and Ilheus de la Croix. The
name was given in 1486 by the
Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias.
Some of his men are said to have
called it Penedo das Fontes, 'rock of
fountains', after two springs of fresh
water they found on it.
Ilheos, Angra dos
see Angra dos Ilheos
Ilheos Chaos (C 3326 CD). Former
name of Bird Island; it was given in
1497 by Vasco da Gama and means
'flat' or 'low islands'.
Ilheos Siccos (C 2816 DC). Portu-
guese name for Soco Reefs; it means
'arid islands'.
Ilheus da Cruz see St Croix Island
Ilheus de la Croix
see St Croix Island
Illovo (N 3030 BB). Popular coastal
resort on the Natal South Coast,
between Winklespruit and Karridene,
34 km south-west of Durban. It takes
its name from the Lovu River. The
adapted form Illovo has also been
applied to a sugar estate and thence to
a brand of golden syrup.
lmbali (N 2930 CB). Township south-
west of Pietermaritzburg. Of Zulu
origin, the name is said to mean 'the
flower'. The form iMbali has been
officially approved.
Imbubo (N 2930 CA). Zulu name
for Swartkop, some 12 km west of
Pietermaritzburg. Said to mean
'covered with fur', referring to the
snow usually covering it in winter.
Impafana (N 2830). Zulu name for
the Mooi River, tributary of the
Tugela. It is said to mean either
'little eland' (Or eas 'carina) or 'the
greyish river'. Also encountered as
Mpofana.
*Impendle (N 2929 DB). Town
48 km west of Pietermaritzburg and
37 km north-east of Bulwer. It was
founded in 1894 and since 1948 has
been administered by a health
committee. The name, of Zulu
origin, means 'uncovered' or
'exposed', referring to a hill west of
the town.
Imperaniberg (O 2827 DD). Form-
er name of Mpharane, of which it is
an adaptation. It means 'flat-
topped'.
Imvani (C 3227 AA). Settlement
some 30 km north of Cathcart and
30 km west of St Marks. It takes its
name from the river nearby which in
turn was named after a type of wild
asparagus, A. stipulacens, the roots
of which are eaten either raw or
cooked. The form iMvani has been
approved.
Imvubu River (T 2527). Early
name of the Magalies River. Of
Zulu origin, the name means
'hippopotamus'.
Inachab (S 2717 BA). Tributary of
the Konkiep River. The name is
Khoekhoen and means 'river of
many thorns', referring to the
Tribulus terrestris or 'dubbeltjie'
found there.
*Inanda (N 2930 DB). Tributary of
the Mgeni River, north-west of
Durban. It takes its name from the
Nanda Mountain. Of Zulu origin,
the name means 'equally extending,'
referring to the flat-topped nature of
the mountain. In the Europeanized
form Tnanda' it has been applied to
a mission station, area, etc.
*Indwe (C 3127 AD). Town some
40 km south-east of Dordrecht and
34 km north-west of Cala. It was
founded in 1896 as a centre for low-
grade coal-mining activities which
started in 1867, and attained munici-
pal status in 1898. It takes its name
from the Indwe River, named after
the blue crane (Tetrapteryx para-
disea, Xhosa iNdwe), which occur-
red there in great numbers.
Infanta on River (C 3420 BD).
Seaside resort at the estuary of the
Breede River, at St Sebastian Bay,
some 80 km south-east of Swellen-
dam. Takes its name from Cape
Infanta several kilometres to the
south, and from its situation on the
Breede River.
Infante, Rio do see Ngagane
Ingogo (N 2729 DB). Locality some
25 km north of Newcastle, site of a
battle on 8 February 1881, during
the First Anglo-Boer War, in which
British casualties numbered 76
while Boer losses amounted to 8.
The name is derived from that of the
Ngogo River. The form iNgogo has
been approved.
*Ingwavuma (N 2732 AA). Village
south of the Ngwavuma River, east
of the Swaziland border, some
80 km north of Mkuze and 44 km
south-west of the confluence of the
Ngwavuma and Pongolo rivers. The
name, derived from that of the river,
may mean 'the river is growling',
referring to the roaring of a
waterfall, or 'the leopard or cheetah
is growling'.
Injasuthi (N 2930). Zulu name of
the Little Tugela River; derived
from nja, 'dog', sutha, 'full'; the
river when swollen by rains calls to
mind a dog which has eaten to
capacity.
Inqu see Inxu
Insuze see Nsuze
Intabamnyama (Trsk 3027 DA).
Peak some 30 km east-south-east of
Sterkspruit. Derived from Xhosa,
the name means 'black mountain'.
Inxu (Trsk 3128). Tributary of the
Tsitsa River; rises in the Drakens-
berg near Ugie and flows eastwards
to the confluence near Somerville.
Probably a Xhosa adaptation of San
or Khoekhoen gnu, 'wildebeest'
(Connochaetes gnu). Also encount-
ered as Inqu; iNxu has been approv-
ed.
Inyara (C 3226 CA). Xhosa name
of Bedford, also encountered as
iNyara. It is derived from Khoek-
hoen and means 'place of many
reeds'.
*Irene (T 2528 CC). Village 13 km
south of Pretoria and 10 km north of
Olifantsfontein. Founded by Alois
Hugo Nellmapius and named after
his daughter, Irene Violet. It deve-
loped after the Anglo-Boer War, and
was administered by a health
committee from 1947 to 1964, when
it was incorporated into Lyttelton.
*Isandlwana (N 2830 BC).
Mountain some 16 km south-east of
Rorke's Drift, 17 km south of
Nqutu, and 64 km south-east of
Dundee. Derived from Zulu, the
name is said to refer to the 'third
stomach' or reticulum of an ox,
which the hill resembles. An entire
British army of more than 770 was
surrounded and killed by Zulus here
on 22 January 1879.
*Isando (T 2628 AA). Industrial
township south-west of Kempton
Park, 22 km east of Johannesburg. It
was laid out on the farm Witkoppie
and proclaimed on 21 December
1949. The name is of Bantu origin
and is said to refer to the sound of a
hammer.
Isateki (Swa 2631 BD). Peak in the
Lebombo Mountains, south of
Siteki. Derived from isaTeki, the
name is said to mean 'place of much
marrying'; after a successful cam-
paign an impi was granted permis-
sion by Chief Mzwasi to get married
there. The town Siteki, formerly
Stegi, may take its name from this
peak.
Isipingo (N 2930 DD). Seaside
village and holiday resort 19 km
southwest of Durban, near the Louis
Botha Airport. It was proclaimed a
township in 1925. Takes its name
from the Sipingo River.
*Isipingo Beach (N 2930 DD).
Seaside resort immediately south of
Louis Botha Airport, south-west of
Durban, Derives its name from that
of the Sipingo River which enters
the sea there. Of Zulu origin, the
name has been variously explained
as referring to a type of vine
growing along the banks (Scutia
commersonil); to its winding course,
reminiscent of twigs intertwined to
construct a hut; to the ebb and flow
of the river with the tide, etc.
Isla de Cornelia (C 3318 CD).
Former name of Robben Island; it
was bestowed in 1601 by Joris van
Spilbergen in honour of his mother.
Isla d'Elizabeth (C 3318 AC).
Early name of Dassen Island. It was
bestowed by Joris van Spilbergen,
Dutch explorer, in 1601, after his
wife. Also encountered as Elizabeth
Island and Ilha Elizabeth.
*Ixopo (N 3030 AA). Town some
96 km west-north-west of Park
Rynie, 85 km south-west of Pieter-
maritzburg and 100 km north-east of
Kokstad. It was founded in 1878 and
has been administered since 1931 by
a health committee. At its establish-
ment it was named Stuartstown,
after Marthinus Stuart, the district
magistrate. However, the Zulu
name, after the Ixopo River, became
general. It is said to mean 'marsh',
referring to the squelchy sound
made by hoofs being withdrawn
from the mud. The forms Xobho and
Xobo are encountered for the name
of the river. This was the setting for
Alan Paton's novel Cry the Beloved
Country.
Jabiesiefontein (C 2819 CC-2918
BB). Former name of the Little Pella
River. It is derived from Khoekhoen
tsawi, 'black-ebony tree' (Euclea
pseudebenus), and Afrikaans fontein,
'spring'.
Jacaranda City (T 2528 CA). Pop-
ular name for Pretoria, referring to
the jacaranda trees (Jacaranda
acutifolia) lining the streets in many
parts of the city, which present a
beautiful spectacle in October when
they come into bloom. These trees,
indigenous to South America, were
apparently introduced about 70
years ago by J J Jameson, city
engineer of Pretoria at that time.
*Jacobsdal (O 2924 BA). Town on
the Riet River, 20 km south-east of
its confluence with the Modder
River, 60 km south of Kimberley,
and 154 km west of Bloemfontein. It
was established in 1859 on the farm
Kalkfontein and attained municipal
status in July 1860. Named after the
owner of the farm, Christoffel
Johannes Jacobs. It is known for
salt-pans nearby.
Jacobsdal (T 2526 CA). Hamlet
13 km south of Zeerust and 18 km
north-east of Ottoshoop. It was laid
out on the farm Vergenoegd and
named after its owner, David
Jacobs.
*Jagersfontein (O 2925 CD).
Mining town 11 km east of Faure-
smith and 48 km north-west of
Trompsburg. It was founded in 1878
on the farm of the same name,
proclaimed a town in 1882, was
administered by a village manage-
ment board from 1886, and attained
municipal status in 1904. Named
after the Griqua family of Evert
Jagers who owned the farm and
lived at the fountain. The second
largest diamond in the world, the
Excelsior, was discovered here in
1893.
Jahleel Island (C 3325). Island in
Algoa Bay, near Brenton Island.
Named after Sir Jahleel Brenton,
Commander of the Cape Naval
Squadron, by Captain Fairfax
Moresby, who was surveying the
coast in 1820. Formerly known as
Coega Rock and Coega Island, from
the river opposite the mouth of
which it is situated. See Coega
River.
Jakarandastad (T 2528 CA).
Afrikaans for Jacaranda City,
popular name for Pretoria.
James Mount (C 3318 CD). Early
name (from 1620) applied to a pile
of stones made on the upper part of
Lion's Rump, and subsequently to
that hill. Also encountered as King
James his Mount, Jeames Mount, and
Saint James Mount. It was named
after King James of England.
*Jamestown (C 3126 BB). Town
55 km south of Aliwal North.
Named after James Wagenaar,
owner of the farm on which it was
laid out.
Jammerberg (O 2927 CA). Moun-
tain several kilometres north-north-
west of Wepener, on the Lesotho
border. Afrikaans for 'mountain of
regret', literally 'sorry mountain',
the name is said to refer to an inci-
dent in which hunters killed a ribbok
ewe while she was giving birth and
regretted what they had done. It
would seem, however, that the name
is translated from Khoekhoen
Kouwe.
*Jammerdrif (O 2927 CA). Ford in
the Caledon River, some 4 km west-
north-west of Wepener. Presumably
takes its name from the Jammerberg
nearby.
Jan Dissels River (C 3219 AA/AC).
Rises in the Cedarberg east of Clan-
william and joins the Olifants River
north of this town. Named after a
botanist, Jan Dissel, who lived at
Renosterbosch early in the 19th
century.
Jandisselsvleidorp (C 3218 BB).
Early name (until 1814) of Clan-
willian, bestowed in 1808. Named
after Jan Disselsvlei, farm of the
botanist Jan Dissel.
*Jan Kempdorp (C 2724 DD).
Town some 96 km north of Kimber-
ley and 43 km west of Christiana, in
the Vaalharts Irrigation Settlement.
Laid out on the farm Andalusia, it at
first bore that name. The first
settlers bought plots in 1938, and
the town was proclaimed in 1953
and named afer General Johannes C
J Kemp, a former Minister of Lands.
Municipal status was attained in
1967. Situated in the Cape and
Transvaal, there was some confu-
sion as to the administration. In
1964 it was decided that it would
fall under the Cape authorities.
*Jansenville (C 3224 DC). Town on
the Sundays River, 87 km south of
Graaff-Reinet. Laid out on the farm
Vergenoegd in 1854, it was pro-
claimed in 1855 and became a
municipality in 1881. Said to have
been named after General Jan
Willem Janssens (1762-1838), the
last Batavian Governor of the Cape.
*Jan Smuts Airport (T 2628 AA).
Airport south of Kempton Park,
some 20 km east of Johannesburg
and 50 km south of Pretoria. Named
after Jan Christian Smuts (1870-
1950), Prime Minister of the Union
of South Africa from 1919 to 1922
and from 1939 to 1948. It was
opened in April 1952 and became
fully operational in June 1953.
Modernized and extended in the
seventies; new terminal buildings
are under construction.
J B M Hertzog Airport (O 2926
BA). Airport east of Bloemfontein.
It was named after James Barry
Munnik Hertzog (1866-1942),
founder of the National Party and
Prime Minister of the Union of
South Africa from 1924 to 1939. As
a result of his efforts Afrikaans and
English became the two official
languages of South Africa.
Jeffreysbaai see Jeffreys Bay
* Jeffreys Bay (C 3424 BB). Fishing
village and seaside resort some
72 km west of Port Elizabeth and
16 km east of Humansdorp, on the
western shore of St Francis Bay. It
developed from a trading post, was
already a popular resort in 1868,
was settled by members of the
public from 1918, administered by a
village management board from
1926 and attained municipal status
in 1968. The Jeffreys after whom it
is named is variously identified as a
trader, a ship-wrecked ship's captain
who survived by building a hut from
the wreckage, and a whaler from St
Helena who opened the first
commercial house there.
J G H van der Wath Airport (S
2618 CA). Airport some 7 km north-
west of Keetmanshoop. It was named
after Johannes Gert Hendrik van der
Wath, Administrator of South West
Africa from 1968 to 1971.
*J G Strijdom Airport (S 2217 CA).
Airport some 40 km east of Windhoek,
at Ondekaremba. Opened in 1965, it
was named after Johannes Gerhardus
Strijdom (1893-1958), Prime Minister
of South Africa from 1954 to 1958.
J G Strijdom Tunnel (T 2430 DA).
Road tunnel in the Abel Erasmus Pass,
completed in May 1959. Named after
a former Prime Minister of the Union
of South Africa, Johannes Gerhardus
Strijdom (1893-1958).
Joeys (T 2628 AA). Common nick-
name for Johannesburg.
^Johannesburg (T 2628 AA). Gold-
mining and industrial centre, largest
city in South Africa, 56 km south of
Pretoria, founded in 1886 on the farm
Randjeslaagte. A health committee
was instituted in 1887, a first elected
town council took over the admini-
stration in 1904, and city status was
acquired in 1928. In was named after
Johann Rissik, principal clerk of the
office of the Surveyor-General of the
Transvaal Republic, and Christiaan
Johannes Joubert, Chief of Mining and
member of the Volksraad. They
recommended that the land be
declared a gold-field, and that
Randjeslaagte or Doornfontein be the
site for the town.
Jonkershoek (C 3318 DD). Valley
between the Jonkershoek Mountains
and the Stellenboschberg. Takes its
name from a farm, Jan de Jonkers
Hoek, granted in 1683 by Van der Stel
to Johan Andriessen, nicknamed Jan
de Jonker.
Jordaan River (O 2828 AD). River
rising in the Rooiberg north-east of
Clarens and flowing north through
Bethlehem. The reference is to the
River Jordan which flows into the Sea
of Galilee.
*Joubertina (C 3323 DD). Town on
the Wabooms River in the Langkloof,
some 50 km north-west of Assegaai-
bos, 70 km south-east of Avontuur
and 213 km from Port Elizabeth. It
was founded in 1907 and named
after W A Joubert who was minister
of the Dutch Reformed Church in
Uniondale between 1878 and 1893.
Juanasburg (N 2829 DD). Former
name of Ladysmith, after Lady
Juana, wife of Sir Harry Smith,
Governor of the Cape from 1847 to
1852. The name was also borne by a
town on the Eastern Frontier; it was
established in 1848 but destroyed by
Xhosas on 25 December 1850.
Jukskei River (T 2628 AA). Tribu-
tary of the Hennops River. Rises in
various sources, flows north-west-
wards through the northern suburbs
of Johannesburg, and joins the Hen-
nops south of Hartebeespoort Dam.
Afrikaans juksei means 'yoke-pin';
the name is said to have been given
on 8 October 1853 by a prospector,
Pieter Jacob Marais, who discovered
traces of gold on the river-bank, and
a yoke-pin lying there.
Jutten Island (C 3317 B23). Island
at the entrance to Saldanha Bay.
Named Isle de Thomas Pan by
French trappers in the 17th century.
It was named Jutland Eijland by Jan
Wouterssen in 16569 this form is
regarded as erroneous, jut being a
beach-comber.
Juweel van die Karoo (C 3224
BA). Popular name for Graaff-
Reinet. The English equivalent,
Gem of the Karoo, is a translation.
K
*Kaaimans River (C 3322 DC).
River rising in the Outeniqua Moun-
tains north of George and flowing
south to enter the Indian Ocean near
Wilderness, some 15 km south-east
of George. Derived from Dutch or
Afrikaans kaaiman, 'leguaan', a
species of the monitor lizard, Vara-
nus niloticus. The form Kaaimans-
rivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Kaaimansrivier
see Kaaimans River
Kaap Agulhas see Cape Agulhas
Kaap Columbine
see Cape Columbine
Kaap die Goeie Hoop
see Cape of Good Hope
Kaap Hangklip see Cape Hangklip
Kaap Hermes see Cape Hermes
Kaap Infanta see Cape Infanta
Kaap Kruis see Cape Cross
Kaap Maclear see Cape Maclear
*Kaapmuiden (T 2531 CB). Village
42 km east of Nelspruit and 53 km
north-east of Barberton. It was
founded in 1895. The name is
derived from its situation where the
Kaap River flows into the Crocodile
River; it means 'Kaap mouth',
muiden meaning 'mouth'. See Kaap
River.
Kaap Padrone see Cape Padrone
Kaappunt see Cape Point
Kaap Recife see Cape Recife
Kaap River (T 2531 CB). Tributary
of the Crocodile River. It rises 165
some 15 km north-east of Barberton
and enters the main stream at
Kaapmuiden. Afrikaans for 'Cape
river', the name is said to have been
given by the Voortrekker M W
Pretorius because the area, with the
valley covered with mist, resembled
the Cape of Good Hope; the names
Kaapsehoop, Kaapvlakte and
Duiwelskantoor were bestowed in
conjunction with it.
Kaap St Blaize see Cape St Blaize
*Kaapsehoop (T 2530 DB). Hamlet
founded in 1884 as a gold-mining
camp, some 24 km south-west of
Nelspruit. Formerly a gold-mining
locality, it was named Kaapsehoop,
Afrikaans for 'hope of the Cape', by
optimistic prospectors who saw in the
rugged landscape and bizarre rock
formations a resemblance to the Cape
of Good Hope. Now an important
forestry centre.
Kaapse Vlakte see Cape Flats
*Kaapstad see Cape Town
Kaap Voltas see Cape Voltas
Kachatsus (S 2517 BB). Nama name
for Gibeon. 'Place full of tiresome or
tiring wars'.
Kafferkuils River (C 3421 AB).
Rises north-east of Riversdale, in the
Langeberg, and flows 56 km south to
enter the Indian Ocean at Still Bay.
The river is named after a type of
plant, Prionum palmita, which grows
along it. Literally 'Kaffir penis', which
the inflorescence resembles, 'kuiP
being derived from 'kul'.
Kagaberg (C 3226 CA). Mountain
some 5 km north-west of Bedford. The
name is derived from Khoekhoen
/axa, 'reedy', 'abounding in reeds'.
The name of the non-perennial stream
rising southwest of it, eNyara, is a
Xhosa adaptation of the same name.
Kaggakoe (C 3326 AC). Khoekhoen
name of Rietberg. The-Afrikaans
name, meaning 'reed mountain', is a
direct translation.
Kaiingveld (C 2920-3021). Region
at the point of contiguity of the
Carnarvon, Kenhardt and Prieska
districts. Probably named after
quartz pebbles resembling greaves,
kaiings in Afrikaans. The Kaiing-
bult (Afrikaans for 'greaves hill')
south and west of the Prieska-
Marydale line has the same origin.
*Kakamas (C 2820 DC). Town on
the Orange River, 80 km southwest
of Upington and 40 km west of
Keimoes. It grew from an irrigation
settlement established in 1898 for
farmers left destitute by the severe
drought of 1895-97 and the rinder-
pest epidemic of 1897. It was laid
out in 1931, came under a village
management board in 1948 and
attained full municipal status in
1964. Of Khoekhoen origin, the
name has been explained in a
number of ways, the most accept-
able being 'place of drinking (water
by stock)'. Gave its name to the
finest yellow clingstone peach.
Kalahari (2020-2428). Region
extending some 930 000 square
kilometres over the eastern portion
of South West Africa/Namibia, part
of the Republic of South Africa
north of the Orange River and into
neighbouring Botswana and Zim-
babwe. It is characterized by a lack
of surface water, and the name is
said to be derived from a Bantu
word kgalagadi denoting this
characteristic.
*Kalkbaai see Kalk Bay
*Kalkbank (T 2329 CB). Archaeo-
logical site some 64 km north-west
of Pietersburg. Discovered in 1947
and excavated in 1954 and 1966, it
indicates economic activity of
Middle Stone Age man more than
15 000 years ago. An Afrikaans
name, it means 'limestone sill'.
*Kalk Bay (C 3418 AB). Seaside
village and holiday resort 27 km
south of Cape Town, situated on the
western shore of False Bay between
St James and Fish Hoek. Used as a
fishery and whaling station between
1806 and 1811, a fishing village
developed by the 1860s. With
Muizenberg it became a munici-
pality in 1893 and in 1913 it was
incorporated into Cape Town
municipality. The name is of Dutch
or Afrikaans origin and means
'chalk' or 'limestone bay', referring
to lime-kilns employed here in the
17th century. The form Kalkbaai is
preferred for official purposes.
*Kalkfeld (S 2016 CC). Village
74 km north of Omaruru and 70 km
south of Otjiwarongo. It developed
from a railway-station built there in
1905 and was proclaimed a town-
ship in 1959. A village management
board was set up in 1963. The name
is German and refers to limestone
deposits occurring in the area. The
Herero name is Okovakuatjivi.
*Kalkrand (S 2417 BA). Village
74 km north of Mariental and
200 km south of Windhoek. It
derives its name, which means
'limestone ridge', from its proximity
to the escarpment called Die Kalk.
*Kalkrand (S 2517 B-2518 A).
Afrikaans name of the Weissrand; it
means 'limestone ridge', 'limestone
escarpment'. It is more widely
known as Die Kalk, 'the limestone'.
*Kamanjab (S 1914 DB). Village
170 km west-north-west of Outjo
and 160 km east-south-east of
Sesfontein. It was declared a town-
ship in 1958. The name, of Herero
origin but adapted, is said to mean
'large rocks' with reference to
granite blocks occurring there;
alternatively 'place of stones'.
Kamdebo(o) see Camdebo
*Kamiesberg (C 3018 AA-AC).
Mountain range in Namaqualand,
extending approximately from the
Richtersveld in the north to Garies
in the south. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin and probably
means 'grass veld mountain'.
*Kamieskroon (C 3017 BB).
Village in Namaqualand, 67 km
south of Springbok and 46 km north
of Garies. It came into being in 1924
when the village of Bowesdorp
moved there from a situation 7 km
to the south where there was a lack
of water. 'Crown (Afrikaans kroon)
on the Kamies(berg)', referring to a
peculiar rock formation on a 330
metre peak.
Kammaghaap (C 2820). Khoek-
hoen name of Hartbees River. Liter-
ally 'river of many hartebeests', so
that the present name is a trans-
lation.
*Kammanassie (C 3322-3323).
River rising 16 km east of Union-
dale between the Kouga and
Outeniqua mountains and flowing
120 km westwards to join the
Olifants River 2 km east of Oudts-
hoorn. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and probably means
'washing water', 'washing river'.
Kammanassie Mountains (C 3322
DA-DB). Range east of Oudts-
hoorn, between the Outeniqua
Mountains and the Swartberg. They
take their name from the Kamma-
nassie River.
*Kampsbaai see Camps Bay
*Kango see Cango
Kannakamkanna (C 3419 BB).
Khoekhoen name of Riviersonder-
end. Probably the Afrikaans name
is a translation, ie 'river without
end'.
Kannaland see Cannaland
Kanoep (C 3017 AD). Khoekhoen
name for the Spoeg River, 'spit
river'. From !hanu; the Afrikaans
name is a translation.
*Kanoneiland (C 2821 CA). Island
14 km long and 3 km wide in the
Orange River, 32 km south-west of
Upington, site of an intensive irri-
gation scheme started about 1940.
Afrikaans for 'cannon island', the
name is partly translated from
Khoekhoen Keboes, an onomato-
poeic rendering of a cannonshot,
said to have originated about 1878
in punitive expeditions against
Korana freebooters.
Kaokoveld (S 1712-1813). Region
comprising the north-western part
of South-West Africa/Namibia,
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in
the west, the Kunene River in the
north, the Hoanib River in the
south, and a line running north and
south about 14 east latitude. The
name is derived from Herero
okoako, meaning 'the left arm',
referring to the situation on the left
bank of the Kunene.
*Karasburg (S 2818 BA). Village
728 km south of Windhoek, 51 km
north of Warmbad, and 107 km
north-west of Onseepkans. Known
to the Nama as Nomsoros, it first
bore the name Kalkfontein-Suid, but
this was changed in 1939 to
Karasburg, to avoid confusion with
Kalkfontein. It was proclaimed a
town in 1938; a village management
board was instituted in 1939, and a
town council took over the admini-
stration in 1947. The name is
derived from that of the Karas
Mountains.
Karas Mountains (S 2718 BB).
Consisting of the Little and Great
Karas Mountains, parallel ranges
extending north and south between
Keetmanshoop and Karasburg,
separated by a valley about 30 km
wide. The Great Karas Mountains
are about 100 km in length and the
Little Karas Mountains extend about
40 km. The name Karas is Khoek-
hoen and has been said to mean
'gravelly soil' or 'rocky'.
*Karatara (C 3322 DD). Settlement
and forestry station on the Karatara
River which flows southwards into
Swartvlei. It is situated 5 km west of
Barrington and some 40 km north-
west of Knysna. It was founded in
1941. The name is of Khoekhoen
origin and probably means 'horse
hill', after a hillock to the north.
Previously the Karatara River was
known as the Tsao or Witterivier.
*Kareedouw (C 3324 CD). Town
114 km east-south-east of Avontuur,
3 km west of Assegaaibos and
50 km west of Humansdorp. It was
founded in 1905. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin and has been said
to mean 'karee pass', after karee
trees (Rhus spp.), or 'white gorge'.
More probably, however, the pass
was named after a Khoekhoen tribe
which lived there, the 'A' Caree.
*Kareefontein (O 2926 DA). Early
name of Dewetsdorp. 'Karee foun-
tain', from the kareeboom (Rhus
sp.).
*Karibib (S 2115 DD). Village
192 km north-west of Windhoek,
32 km east of Usakos and 66 km
south of Omaruru. It developed from
a trading post, followed by a
Rhenish mission station in 1902.
The name is of Khoekhoen origin
and refers to a type of plant, of the
Moraea species found there. Marble
of high quality is quarried there.
Kariega River (C 3325 AC-AD).
Rises north-west of Uitenhage in
the Great Winterhoek Mountains
and flows eastwards to its conflu-
ence with the Sundays River 8 km
west of Kirkwood. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'(river of) many steenbok'.
Kariega River (C 3326 AD-DA).
Rises west of Grahamstown and
flows southwards, entering the
Indian Ocean some 3 km to the east
of the mouth of the Bushmans
River. Derived from Khoekhoen,
the name means '(river of) many
steenbok'.
Karkloof River (N 2930). Rises
south-east of Mooi River and flows
south-east into the Albert Falls
Dam some 15 km north of Pieter-
maritzburg. Afrikaans for 'horse-
cart ravine', the name is said to
refer to a steep gorge on the road
from Howick where in 1845 a
farmer's cart was overturned and
wrecked when his horses took
fright. The Zulu name is
Mlambomunye, 'one stream',
'another stream'.
Karoo (C 3019-3225). Semi-desert
region encompassing more than
half of the Cape Province, bounded
by the Langeberg in the south and
extending eastwards to Cradock,
Pearston, Somerset East and
Venterstad, and northwards into the
Orange Free State. Also encoun-
tered as Carro, Caro, Carrow,
Karo, Karroo, Kuru and Xhaeruh,
the name is of Khoekhoen origin
and means 'hard', 'dry'. Sub-
divisions include the Great Karoo
north of the Swartberg, the Little
Karoo between the Langeberg and
the Swartberg, the Bo-Karoo north-
west of Carnarvon, and so forth.
*Karridene (N 3030 BB). Seaside
resort at the mouth of the Umzim-
baza River, 37 km south-west of
Durban, between Illovo Beach and
Umkomaas. Named after Lieute-
nant-Colonel Walter Karri-Davis, a
mining magnate and owner of the
ground where it was laid out.
Karringmelksrivier (C 3419).
Rises in the Akkedisberg and flows
north-west to join the Kleinrivier at
Oudekraal. Said to be an adaptation
of Karel Nel, the name of an early
inhabitant of the region, and not
from Afrikaans karringmelk,
'buttermilk'.
*Kasouga (C 3326 DA). Settlement
some 10 km north-east of Kenton on
Sea, near the mouth of the Kasuka
River. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and means 'place of
many tigers (leopards)'. The river
name Kasuka has the same meaning;
it is a Xhosa adaptation.
Kasuka River (C 3326 DA). Rises
in the hills between Bathurst and
Kenton on Sea and flows south-east
to enter the Indian Ocean near
Kasouga, some 6 km north-east of
the mouth of the Kariega River. Of
Khoekhoen origin but adapted to
Xhosa, the name means 'many
tigers' (ie leopards).
Kat River (C 3226 DB-DC). Tribu-
tary of the Great Fish River. It rises
in the Winterberg 30 km north of
Fort Beaufort and flows south to
enter the Fish north-east of Fort
Brown. Afrikaans for 'cat river', the
name is translated from Khoekhoen
Hunca, probably referring to wild-
cats which were encountered there.
It gave its name to the Katberg, the
Katberg Pass and the Kat River
Settlement.
Kaukauveld (1820-2022). Region
bounded by the Okavango River in
the north, the Omuramba Omatako
in the north-west and west, the
Sandveld in the south and the Oka-
vango Swamps in the east. Named
after the Kaukau San, also known as
the Auen.
Kayeni (N 3030 CB). Stream some
9 km east of Pietermaritzburg.
Derived from Zulu, the name means
'place of the Natal thorn trees'
(Acacia natalitia).
K D Matanzima Airport (Trsk
3128 DA). Airport some 12 km
northwest of Umtata. Presumably
named after Chief Kaizer
Matanzima (1915-), Prime Minister
of Transkei from 1963 to 1986.
Keboes (C 2821 CA). Khoekhoen
name of Kanoneiland. The name, an
onomatopoeic rendering of the
sound of a cannon (kanon in
Afrikaans), is said to refer to
punitive expeditions against free-
booters about 1878.
Keeromsberg (C 3319 DA).
Mountain some 15 km north-east of
Worcester and 11 km south-west of
De Dooms. The name is Afrikaans
for 'turn around mountain', indica-
ting that it was impossible to con-
tinue. The names of the Keeroms
River and the Keerom Dam into
which it flows have the same origin.
*Keetmanshoop (S 2618 CA).
Town 502 km south of Windhoek.
Founded as a Rhenish mission
station in 1866, it developed into a
town, being administered by a town
council after 1909 and attaining
municipal status in 1913. It was
named after Johann Keetman,
chairman in 1866 of the Rhenish
Missionary Society. The Nama
name of the place, Nugoaes, means
'black mud'.
*Keimoes (C 2820 DB). Town on
the northern bank of the Orange
River, 43 km south-west of
Upington and 76 km north of Ken-
hardt. It attained municipal status in
1949. The name is of Khoekhoen
origin and means 'large eye', ie
spring or fountain.
Kei River (Trsk 3227-3228). River
rising in a great semi-circle of head-
waters and flowing into the Indian
Ocean at Kei Mouth, north-east of
East London. The major tributaries
are the White Kei, the Black Kei,
and the Tsomo. Of Khoekhoen
origin, the name Kei means 'sand
(river)'. The Transkei takes its name
from this river.
*Kei Road (C 3227 DA). Village
27 km north-east of King William's
Town and 24 km south-east of
Stutterheim. It was so named after
its situation on the military road
between King William's Town and
the Kei River.
Keisie River (C 3320). Tributary of
the Kingna River. It flows east
along the northern circle of the
Langeberge and bends south to unite
with the Kingna south-west of
Montagu. The name is of Khoek-
hoen origin and means 'ugly'. The
reference is not clear.
*Keiskammahoek (Cis 3227 CA).
Town on the Keiskamma River,
42 km north-west of King William's
Town and 37 km south-west of
Stutterheim. Originally a frontier
post, it became a village after 1853
and attained municipal status in
1904. Takes its name from the
Keiskamma River.
Keiskamma River (C 3327). Rises
in the Amatole Mountains in the
Middeldrift and Victoria East
districts, and flows in a south-
easterly direction, entering the
Indian Ocean at Hamburg, 50 km
south-west of East London. The
name is of Khoekhoen origin and
means 'puffadder river'. The
Portuguese name for this river was
Rio de Sao Christovao.
Keiweg see Kei Road
*Kempton Park (T 2628 AA).
Town about 45 km south of Pretoria
and 27 km east-north-east of Johan-
nesburg. It was founded in 1903 on
the farm Zuurfontein, acquired a
health committee in October 1935
and achieved municipal status in
October 1942. It is said to have been
named after Kempten in Germany,
home of the owner of the farm, Karl
F Wolff. Another explanation is that
he named it after Kempton Park, a
horse-racing centre in England.
*Kenhardt (C 2921 AC). Town on
the Hartbees River, 110 km south of
Upington and 227 km north-west of
Carnarvon. It was founded in 1876,
a village management board was
instituted in 1881, and municipal
status achieved in 1909. The origin
of the name is unknown.
Kerete (C 3119 DA). Khoekhoen
name of Rebunieberg, meaning 'do
not call'; the reference is unknown.
*Kerkenberg (O 2829 CA). Moun-
tain in the Drakensberg, near the
Natal border, some 30 km east of
Witsieshoek. Named thus in Novem-
ber 1837 by the Reverend Erasmus
Smit after three adjoining open
spaces which he felt would serve
admirably as a place of worship.
*Kestell (O 2828 BC). Town 46 km
west of Harrismith and 45 km east
of Bethlehem. It was laid out in
1905 on the farms Mooifontein and
Driekuil, acquired a village manage-
ment board in 1906 and became a
municipality in 1906. Named after
the Reverend John Daniel Kestell
(1854-1941), minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church, author and
cultural leader.
*Keurbooms River (C 3323). Rises
in the Outeniqua Mountains and
flows south-east and south to enter
the Indian Ocean at Plettenberg Bay.
Named after the keurboom trees
(Virgilia capensis), growing along
the banks. The form Keurbooms-
rivier is preferred for official use.
Kgalagadi (Bots 2522-2622). Dis-
trict of which Tsabong is the head-
quarters, bordered by the Nossob
River in the west and the Molopo in
the south. The name is Tswana and
is said to mean 'semi-desert'.
Kgatleng (Bots 2426). District of
which Mochudi is the capital and
through which the Notwane River
flows. Probably named after the
Bakgatla tribe which lives there.
Khahlamba (C 3027). Zulu name of
the Witteberge, spurs of the
Drakensberg. Said to mean 'any-
thing thrown on a heap', 'a barrier
as of pointed spears' etc, referring
to the rugged appearance of these
mountains. See Drakensberg for
alternative spellings.
Khambathi (N 2930). Zulu name
for Table Mountain 20 km east of
Pietermaritzburg. Meaning 'camel-
thorn tree', it was bestowed because
it has a flat top, just as this tree has.
Kharaes (C 2821 AC). Khoekhoen
name of Upington, meaning 'place
of gravel', referring to the stones
washed by the Orange River. The
spellings Karis and Kharahes are
also encountered.
Khomas-Hochland (S 2216). Pla-
teau west of Windhoek, north-west
of the Kuiseb River and south-east
of the Swakop River. The element
Khomas is of Khoekhoen origin and
signifies hilly or mountainous,
rough terrain. Hochland is German
for 'plateau', 'highland'.
*Khorixas (S 2014 BD-2015 AC).
Principal town of Damaraland,
28 km south-south-west of Frans-
fontein and 135 km west-south-west
of Outjo. Of Khoekhoen origin, the
name refers to a type of tree
growing there, 'waterbos' in Afri-
kaans, with edible berries resem-
bling currants; possibly Salvadore
persica. The town was formerly
known as Welwitschia.
*Khutsong (T 2627 AD). Township
to the north-west of Carletonville.
The name means 'place of rest'.
*Kimberley (C 2824 DD). City
180 km west-north-west of Bloem-
fontein, 470 km south-west of
Johannesburg and 980 km north-east
of Cape Town. It developed from a
diamond-mining camp known as
Colesberg Kopje, De Beers New
Rush and Vooruitzicht, the latter
after the farm on which it
originated. In 1873 it was declared a
township and in 1877 attained
municipal status. City status was
attained in 1912. It was named after
the British Colonial Secretary, the
Earl of Kimberley. Tourist attrac-
tions include the Big Hole and the
diamond-mining museum.
King Charles Mount (C 3318 CD).
Early name (about 1624) for Devil's
Peak. Named after King Charles I of
England. At first the name was
borne by part of Lion's Rump, but it
was apparently transferred to the
more imposing peak in deference to
the monarch.
King George's Cataract (C 2820).
Name given by the missionary
George Thompson to the Augrabies
Falls; after King George IV of
England.
King James his Mount (C 3318
CD). Early name for Lion's Rump.
Also encountered as James' Mount,
Jeames Mount and Saint James
Mount, it was named after King
James of England.
*Kingsborough (N 3030 BB).
Borough on the Natal South Coast,
32 km south-west of Durban.
Originally known as Southern Um-
lazi, it comprises the holiday resorts
Doonside, Illovo Beach, Karridene,
St Winifred's Beach, Warner Beach
and Winklespruit. It became a town-
ship in October 1942 and reached
borough status in August 1952.
Probably named after Richard Philip
(Dick) King (1811-1871) who rode
along here from Durban to
Grahamstown on horseback to
secure assistance for beleaguered
British troops in 1842.
*King William's Town (C 3227
CD). Town on the Buffalo River,
54 km north-west of East London.
Founded in 1835 on the site of a
mission station established in 1825,
it became the headquarters of the
Province of Queen Adelaide, and in
1847 the capital city of British
Kaffraria. In 1861 it acquired civil
status and was proclaimed a
borough. It was named after King
William IV of England.
*Kinira (Trsk 3028 B). Tributary of
the Mzimvubu. It rises in the
Drakensberg north-east of Matatiele
and flows south and south-east to
join the main stream north-east of
Mount Frere. Also encountered as
Kenegha, Kenigha, Kenera and
Kiniha, the name is said to be
adapted from Khoekhoen and to
mean 'many eland'.
*Kinross (T 2629 AC). Village on
the watershed between the Atlantic
and Indian Oceans, between Devon
and Trichardt, 42 km west of Bethal,
19 km east of Leslie and about
70 km north-north-east of Stander-
ton. Proclaimed a village in Decem-
ber 1915, it acquired municipal
status about 1965. Named after
Kinross in Scotland, some say by
engineers constructing the Springs-
Breyten railway, others by the
surveyor of the town.
*Kirkwood (C 3325 AD). Town in
the Sundays River Valley, 80 km
north-west of Port Elizabeth and
51 km north of Uitenhage. It was
called Bayville in 1885 but re-
established in 1913 on the farm
Gouvernementswoning and named
after John Somers Kirkwood, who
pioneered the development of
irrigation locally. It acquired
municipal status in March 1950.
*Klaarstroom (C 3322 BC).
Village at the northern end of
Meiringspoort, about 60 km east of
Prince Albert and 95 km north-west
of Uniondale. Originally named
Pietersburg, its present name,
Afrikaans for 'clear stream',
probably refers to waters flowing
from the Swartberg into the
lowlands.
Klaarwater (C 2823 CC). Early
name of Griquatown. Afrikaans for
'clear water', the name is translated
from Khoekhoen Gattikamma.
Klapmutskop (C 3318 DD). Hill
near Klapmuts station, 11 km south-
west of Paarl and 16 km north of
Stellenbosch. Named after a type of
Dutch cap with ear-flaps, because
the hill has trees on top and down
two sides. The station was called
Bennettsville, after a person of the
name Bennett who offered land for
sale. The name occurs as
Clapmusbergh in documents dating
from 1657.
*Klapperkop (T 2528). Hill south-
east of Pretoria, on which is situated
Fort Klapperkop. 'Rattle hill', the
name is derived from the Afrikaans
hotter klapper, after the Strychnos
pungens which grows on the hills,
the fruit of which is edible and the
seeds of which rattle in the dried
fruit.
*Klawer (C 3118 DC). Town 24 km
west-south-west of Vanrhynsdorp
and 283 km north of Cape Town.
From the Afrikaans word for a type
of wild clover which grows there
after the rains.
*Klein-Brakrivier
see Little Brak River
*Kleinmond (C 3418 BC). Town
and seaside resort in Sandown Bay,
16 km east of Betty's Bay and
101 km south-east of Cape Town.
Proclaimed a township in 1929, it
acquired municipal status in 1959. It
was originally named Kleinmond-
strand, 'small mouth beach', be-
cause of its situation at the 'small
mouth' of the Bot River, which
forms a lagoon for the greater part
of the year. In 1960 the name was
shortened to Kleinmond. The
Afrikaans author D F Malherbe had
a seaside cottage there and it was
the setting of his novel Hans die
Skipper.
*Kleinsee (G2917 CA). Village just
south of Grootmis, at the mouth of
the Buffets River, 72 km south-east
of Port Nolloth and 105 km west of
Springbok. Known for its diamond-
mining operations. Founded after
1927. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'small sea', referring to a
lagoon at the mouth of the Buffets
River.
*Klerksdorp (T 2626 DC). Town
on the Schoonspruit, 166 km south-
west of Johannesburg and 138 km
north of Welkom. Already settled by
1837 and named by 1853, it devel-
oped rapidly after the discovery of
gold in 1886 and acquired municipal
status in 1903. It was named after
the first landdrost, Jacob de Clerq
(popularly De Klerk) (1791-1888).
The mines here are very rich and
produce 11 per cent of the world's
free gold.
*Klipplaat (C 3324 AB). Town in
the Jansenville district, some
200 km north-west of Port Elizabeth
and 75 km south-east of Aberdeen.
It takes its name from large slabs of
rock on the surface of the ground;
from Afrikaans klip, 'stone', 'rock';
plaat, 'sheet', 'slab'.
*Klip River (N 2829 BC-DB).
Tributary of the Tugela River, rising
near Van Reenen's Pass and flowing
south to its confluence with the
Tugela some 19 km south-east of
Ladysmith. Afrikaans for 'stone
river', the name has been given to
the district. The form Kliprivier is
preferred for official use.
*Kliprivier see Klip River
*Kloof (N 2930 DD). Town
between Pinetown and Emberton,
27 km north-west of Durban.
Proclaimed a town in 1942, it
became a municipality in 1961.
Originally it was named Kranzkloof,
from Afrikaans krans, 'cliff and
kloof, 'ravine', after a gorge flanked
by steep cliffs. The respective
names were transferred to the Kloof
Falls and the Kranzkloof Nature
Reserve.
Kloof Nek (C 3318 CD). Saddle
connecting Lion's Head to Table
Mountain. 'Ravine', 'col', or
'saddle'. The kloof was named by
1653. The nek was formerly also
known as Vlaggemans Hoogte.
Knersvlakte (C 3118 BC). Arid
region bounded by the Hardeveld in
the west, the Bokkeveld Mountains
in the east, the Kliprante in the north
and the Olifants River in the south.
Afrikaans for 'gnashing flat', the
name would appear to refer to the
harsh, waterless landscape and the
misery it occasioned travellers in
former times. It has also been
explained as named after a person
called Knecht, or servants (Dutch
knecht); the spelling Knechtsvlakte
does occur.
*Knysna (C 3423 AA). Town on the
Knysna Lagoon, at the mouth of the
Knysna River, 68 km east of George
and 33 km west of Plettenberg Bay.
It was formed in 1882 by the amal-
gamation of two hamlets, Melville,
founded in 1825, and Newhaven,
founded in 1846. Municipal status
was attained in 1881. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin and probably
means 'ferns' or 'fern-leaves'.
*Koes (S 2519 CC). Village 145 km
north-east of Keetmanshoop and
66 km south of Eindpaal.
Proclaimed a township in 1952, it
came under the administration of a
village management board in 1957.
The name is of Khoekhoen origin
and means 'place of villains', 'place
where dishonest people were found'.
Koesberg (O 3026 BD). Mountain
about 10 km west-north-west of
Zastron and 20 km north-east of
Rouxville. The name is presumably
derived from the San word for a
type of jackal, Vulpes chama.
*Koffiebaai see Coffee Bay. Both
forms have approved status, but the
latter is preferred for official use.
*Koffiefontein (O 2925 AC). Town
on the Riet River, 55 km northwest
of Fauresmith, 42 km south-east of
Jacobsdal and 58 km southwest of
Petrusburg. It grew from a diamond-
diggers' camp and was proclaimed a
town in 1892. Municipal status was
subsequently acquired. Literally
'coffee fountain', the origin of the
name is uncertain.
Koffierivier (C 3127). Alternative
name of Maxongo. Afrikaans for
'coffee river', the name may refer to
the colour of the water when the
river is in flood, or to the practice in
former times of stopping there to
drink coffee.
Kogmanskloof see Cogmans Kloof
Koignas (C 3219). Khoekhoen name
for the Dwars River. It means
'transverse river', 'athwart river', so
that the Afrikaans name is a
translation.
*Kokstad (C 3029 CB). Principal
town of the district of Mount Currie,
164 km north-east of Umtata and
72 km east-south-east of Matatiele.
It was founded in 1871 by the
missionary William Dower, and
became a municipality in April
1892. Named after the Griqua chief,
Adam Kok III (1811-1875) who in
1862 led his followers there from
Philippolis.
*Kolmanskop (S 2615 CA). Ghost
town and station 16 km southeast of
Luderitz. Founded as the result of
the discovery of diamonds in 1908.
Said to be an adaptation of the
surname Coleman.
*Komaggas (C 2917 DC). Settle-
ment 40 km south-west of Spring-
bok and 45 km north of Soebats-
fontein, on the Kamaggas River, a
tributary of the Buffels River.
Founded as a station of the London
Missionary Society in 1829, it was
taken over by the Rhenish Mission-
ary Society in 1843 and by the
Dutch Reformed Church in 1936.
Variously explained as 'abundance
of maws of animals' and 'place of
many wild olive-trees'; the latter
explanation is probably correct.
*Komatipoort (T 2531 BD). Town
at the confluence of the Komati and
Crocodile rivers, 93 km north-west
of Maputo and 120 km east of
Nelspruit. Named after the gorge
(Afrikaans poort) 200 m deep which
the Komati River has cut through
the Lebombo Mountains. The word
Komati is of Swazi origin and
means 'river of cows', ie hippos.
Komati River (T 2530-2632). Rises
near Ermelo and flows 700 km east,
then north and then south to enter
the Indian Ocean in Delagoa Bay
21 km north of Maputo. Derived
from Swazi, the name is said to
mean 'river of cows', meaning
'hippos'. Other names borne by this
river include Incomati, King George
River, Manice, Manissa, Oelwand-
hla, Oemkomagati, Oemkomagazi
and Oemkomanzi.
*Komga (C 3227 DB). Town 64 km
north of East London and 55 km
east of Stutterheim. It was founded
as a farming centre in 1877 on the
site of a military camp established
in 1854, and acquired municipal
status in 1904. Of Khoekhoen
origin, the name probably does not
mean 'brown', as has been stated,
but 'lots of clay', 'clayey'.
*Kommadagga (C 3325 BB).
Settlement 28 km west-north-west
of Riebeek East and 49 km north of
Paterson. The name is Khoekhoen
and probably means 'oxland' or 'ox
hill'. The origin is uncertain.
*Kommetjie (C 3418 AB). Seaside
village on the western coast of the
Cape Peninsula, about 7 km north-
west of Scarborough, and south-
west of Noordhoek. The Afrikaans
name means 'little basin'.
*Kommetjiesvlakte (C 3227).
Region between the Amatole Moun-
tains and the sea, situated roughly
between Breakfast Vlei and the
Great Fish River. Afrikaans for
'plain of little depressions' or 'small
hollows flat', the name refers to
numerous depressions on an average
3 m x 2 m big, and so close together
that a wagon could not fit between
them. The name has been adapted to
Committees Flats. Also known as
Amalinda, from Xhosa meaning
'wait'. This was the scene of a battle
in 1818 between the Xhosa chiefs
Ndhlambe and Gaika.
*Kompasberg see Compassberg
*Komsberg (C 2820 DD). Mountain
some 18 km south-west of Keimoes
and 26 km east-south-east of Kaka-
mas. Derived from Khoekhoen, the
name probably means 'rough moun-
tain', skurweberg in Afrikaans.
Konakwasberg (C 3118 CD).
Mountain in the Vredendal district,
south of the mouth of the Olifants
River. Probably not named after the
Konaqua or Gonaqua Khoekhoen, as
has been stated, but derived from
Khoekhoen and meaning 'cow
marsh mountain'; the modern name
Koeivleiberg is a translation. The
forms Kannakies and Knakkiesberg
are derived from it.
Koningsberg (N 2729 DD). Moun-
tain 1 995 m high, 16 km to the west
of Newcastle and about 25 km
south-east of Memel. It appears to
take its name from Konigsberg in
Germany, birthplace of the Reve-
rend A Prozesky who founded the
Konigsberg station of the Berlin
Missionary Society here in 1868.
Literally 'king's mountain'.
Konkiep River (S 2616-2816).
Tributary of the Fish River. It rises
in the Rooirand near Helmering-
hausen and flows south past
Bethanien and Goageb to enter the
Fish east of Verneukberg. The name
is an adaptation of Goageb, Khoek-
hoen for 'twin river'.
*Koo (C 3319 DB). Region between
Montagu and Matroosberg station.
Of Khoekhoen origin, the name
refers to the Fockea edulis growing
there. It has been adopted as brand-
name for canned fruit, vegetables
and jams.
Koonap River (C 3226 BC-CB-
DB). Tributary of the Great Fish
River, which rises in the Winterberg
and flows south-west past Adelaide
and then south-east to enter the
mother stream 35 km north of
Grahamstown. The name, of Khoek-
hoen origin, may mean 'murder
hole'. The incident to which the
name refers has been forgotten.
*Koopmansfontein (C 2824 AA).
Village 61 km north-west of Barkly
West, 115 km east of Postmasburg,
between Kimberley and Hotazel.
Said to have been named after a
Griqua called Koopman, who lived
at the fountain.
*Koppies (0 2727 BA). Town
63 km north-east of Kroonstad,
48 km west of Heilbron and 42 km
south-south-east of Parys. It was
laid out as a township in 1910 and
became a municipality in 1926. For-
merly Kopjes, meaning 'hills', the
name is derived from that of the
farm on which it was laid out,
Honingkopjes, Dutch for 'honey
hills', and has nothing to do with
wild sage or vaalbos
(Tarchonanthus camphor atus). That
Koppies, to which Pettman referred
in South African Place Names, is
situated in Griqualand West.
*Korannaberg (C 2722). Mountain
forming an extension of the Lang-
berg northwards from Dibeng:
Named after the Kora or Koranna,
an important Khoekhoen people.
Korannaland (C 2820). Region
inhabited by and named after the
Koranna (Korana, Koraqua, etc.)
Khoekhoen. From about 1773 to
1870 the name was applied to the
Orange River Valley from Koegas
westward to the Augrabies Falls. It
was also used to designate the entire
area forming the present district of
Gordonia.
*Koringberg (C 3318 BA). Village
146 km north-north-east of Cape
Town and 17 km north of Moorrees-
burg. Founded at Warren's Camp in
1923, it was thus named because it
is situated in a wheat growing area.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'wheat mountain'.
Korouw (C 3227). Khoekhoen name
of the Nkolo, a tributary of the
Nahoon River. The Xhosa name is
adapted from the Khoekhoen which
means 'claw'.
Kosi Bay (N 2632 DD). Lagoon on
the eastern seaboard, just south of
Ponta do Ouro, north of Boteler
Point, several kilometres south of
the Mocambique border. The name
is said to be derived from Zulu
ukosi or ukozi, for the black eagle
(Aquila verreauxi). Another expla-
nation links the name with that of
the Mkuze River, said to have been
applied here in error by Captain W F
Owen who surveyed the coast in
1822.
Kosmos (T 2527 DB). Township
and pleasure resort on the western
shore of the Hartebeespoort Dam.
Derived from the Greek word for the
universe, the name was given by
Johan Schoeman, founder of the
township, inspired by the serenity of
a moonlit night while he was rowing
on the dam.
*Koster (T 2526 DD). Town 58 km
south-west of Rustenburg and 72 km
west-north-west of Magaliesburg. It
was founded on the farm Klein-
fontein in 1913, and has been
administered by a village council
since January 1931. Said to have
been named either after Dr Herman
Jacob Coster (1866-1899), State
Attorney of the South African
Republic, after its surveyor, or after
Bastiaan Hendricus Koster, owner
of the farm Kleinfontein. The latter
explanation seems most plausible.
*Koue-Bokkeveld
see Cold Bokkeveld
Koueveld (C 3223-3224). Region
with the Sneeuberg extending across
it, between Graaff-Reinet and
Murraysburg. Takes its name from
the climate in winters when the
mountains are covered with snow.
Afrikaans, 'cold veld'.
Kouga (C 3323-3324). Tributary of
the Gamtoos, rising 5 km south of
Uniondale and flowing eastwards
through the Joubertina, Hankey and
Humansdorp districts, entering the
Gamtoos some 35 km north-west of
Humansdorp, just west of Andries-
kraal. The name is Khoekhoen and
means 'many hippos'. The Kouga
Mountains to the north and the
Kouga region take their names from
this river.
*Koup see Goup
Kouwe (O 2927 CA). Khoekhoen
or San name of Jammerberg. It
means 'mountain of regret', so that
the Afrikaans name is a translation.
Kowie (C 3326 BC-DB). River
with a tidal mouth navigable for
35 km. It rises south of
Grahamstown and flows 60 km in a
southeasterly direction, entering the
Indian Ocean at Port Alfred. The
name is probably derived from
Khoekhoen and means 'pipe river'.
Kowyn's Pass (T 2430 DD). Moun-
tain pass in the Drakensberg,
between Graskop and Bosbokrand.
Named after a former tribal chief.
*Kraai River (C 3223-3224). River
which rises in the Kamdeboberg
and flows south and then east past
Aberdeen. Not Afrikaans for 'crow
river', but derived from Khoekhoen
karee, referring to the kareeboom
(Rhus sp.). The name is also
encountered as Kalij and Rare. The
form Kraairivier is preferred for
official purposes.
*Kraairivier see Kraai River
Kraairivier (C 3026-3027). Tribu-
tary of the Orange. It rises west of
Naude's Nek in the Barkly East
district and flows in a westerly
direction through the Lady Grey
district, entering the main stream
5 km north-east of Aliwal North.
Although the name appears to be
Afrikaans for 'crow river', it is an
adaptation of 'Grey river', after
General Henry George Grey. He
was commander of the troops when
the name was applied by Colonel R
Collins in 1809, and later became
Acting Governor of the Cape
Colony.
Kraggakamma (C 3325-3425).
Region comprising the promontory
between St Francis Bay and Algoa
Bay, between the Van Stadens and
Swartkops rivers. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin and probably
means 'place of fresh water'.
*Krakeel River (C 3323 DD).
Tributary of the Kouga; rises to the
north of Formosa Peak in the Tsitsi-
kamma Mountains and flows
northwards to join the main stream.
From Dutch krakeel, meaning
'quarrel', the name is said to be
derived from a 'quarrel' which
results during floods at the conflu-
ence of the river with a tributary
previously called the Apple River.
The name has been transferred to
the village.
*Krakeel River (C 3323 DD).
Village in the Langkloof, east of
Avontuur and some 200 km from
Port Elizabeth. The name is taken
from that of the river. The form
Krakeelrivier is preferred for
official purposes.
*Krakeelrivier see Krakeel River
*Kranskop (N 2830 DD). Town
some 37 km north-east of Greytown
and 32 km south of Jameson's Drift
in the Tugela. It was founded in
1894 and has been administered by a
health committee since 1936.
Originally Hopetown, it was renam-
ed to avoid confusion with Hope-
town in the Cape. It takes its name
from a prominent peak of 1 127 m
with almost vertical faces; the
Afrikaans name means 'cliff hill'.
The Zulu name is Ntunjambili, 'two
openings'.
Krokodilrivier
see Crocodile River
Kromellenboogspruit (O 2925).
Tributary of the Riet River. It rises
near Jagersfontein and flows north
to enter the main stream east of the
Kalkfontein Dam. Dutch for
'crooked elbow stream', the name
refers to a sharp bend in its course.
Kromelmboogspruit (O 2627 D-
2727 D). Tributary of the Vaal
River. It rises near Heilbron and
flows north-west to enter the Vaal
between Parys and Sasolburg. The
name is Afrikaans and means
'crooked elbow stream'.
*Kroonstad (O 2727 CA). Town on
the Vals River, 217 km northeast of
Bloemfontein and 208 km south-
west of Johannesburg. It was laid
out on the farm Klipplaatsdrift in
1855. Generally accepted to have
been named after Kroondrift, a ford
so called because a horse named
Kroon broke its leg there. Explana-
tions linking the name to Kronstadt
near Leningrad and to the English
Crown (Afrikaans kroon) are
dismissed.
Kruger National Park (T 2230-
2531). Game reserve in the north-
eastern Transvaal, bounded in the
north by the Limpopo River, in the
east by Mocambique, in the south by
the Crocodile River and in the west
by a surveyor's line. Founded in
1898, it was gradually enlarged and
named after Stephanus Johannes
Paulus Kruger (1825-1904), last
President of the South African
Republic.
*Krugersdorp (T 2627 BB). Town
33 km west of Johannesburg, 61 km
south-west of Pretoria and 88 km
south-east of Rustenburg. It was laid
out in 1887 on the farm Paardekraal
as public gold-diggings. A health
board was established in 1902 and
municipal status attained in 1903.
Named after President Stephanus
Johannes Paulus Kruger of the
South African Republic.
Krugerskop (O 3025 BD). Hill
some 5 km north-west of Bethulie.
Named after Harm Kruger, owner of
the farm on which it is situated. It
was named Prins Willem de V Berg,
after Prince William of Orange.
*Krugerspos (T 2430 DC). Hamlet
25 km north-east of Lydenburg and
25 km south-west of Ohrigstad. It
was named after Pieter Ernst
Kruger, owner of the farm on which
it was laid out.
*Kruis River (C 3323 CC). Tribu-
tary of the Knysna River. It rises
near Dieprivier and flows west to
enter the main stream north-west of
Maraiskop. Meaning 'transverse
water', 'athwart river', this Afri-
kaans name is translated from
Khoekhoen Goegamma. The form
Kruisrivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Kruisrivier see Kruis River
Kub (S 2417 AB). Settlement on the
Fish River, in the Rehoboth district,
19 km west of Kalkrand and 92 km
north-east of Maltahohe. Founded
about 1899. The name is derived
from Nama //khub, 'thorn', so called
after the numerous Acacia trees
along the river. The first school for
whites in South-West Africa
/Namibia was opened herein 1903.
Kubiskou Mountains (C 3019 CD).
Range several kilometres northwest
of Loeriesfontein. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'bald-headed fountain mountain'.
*Kuils River (C 3318 DC). Rises
south of Durbanville and flows
southwards across the Cape Flats,
losing itself in the sands near False
Bay. Originally named De Kuylen,
'the pools', because in summer it
often dried up, leaving only a series
of pools. The present Afrikaans
name has the same meaning. The
form Kuilsrivier is preferred for
official purposes.
*Kuils Rivier (C 3318 DC). Town
in the Stellenbosch district, 25 km
east of Cape Town. Originally De
Cuylen, it was a post of the Dutch
East India Company. It developed
into a village during the 18th cen-
tury and attained municipal status in
1950. Takes its name from the river,
in which there are many pools,
Afrikaans kuil.
*Kuilsrivier see Kuils River
Kuiseb River (S 2314-2316). Rises
in the Khomas-Hochland and
extends south-west and then north-
west to lose itself in the sand south
of Walvis Bay. The name is derived
from Khoekhoen and probably
means 'root river', after edible roots
growing there. The Kuiseb forms an
effective barrier to the sand-dunes to
the south, as may be seen from
satellite photographs.
Kunene River (S 1711-1714). Rises
at 12°40'S in Angola, flows south
for 650 km and then westwards for
some 300 km between Angola and
South-West Africa/Namibia, enter-
ing the Atlantic Ocean at 17° 15' S.
Derived from an indigenous word,
okunene, 'on the right (northern)
side', referring to Angola. Known to
early travellers as the Nourse, to the
Ovambo as the Omulonga, and to
the Herero as Omuronga, meaning
'stream'.
Kuniab River (S 2817 BB). Tribu-
tary of the Gamkab River, joining it
some 40 km north-east of Gamkab-
mond on the Orange River. Of
Khoekhoen origin, the name
probably means 'nose river', referr-
ing to a bluff or headland shaped
like a nose.
Kurukuru (C 3325-3326). Khoek-
hoen name of the Suurberg and
Suurveld. It means 'to make sour',
referring to the sour, hard type of
grass growing there. The Afrikaans
component Suur, 'sour', is thus a
translation.
*Kuruman (C 2723 AD). Town,
centre of mining activities, 160 km
south-west of Vryburg and 232 km
north-west of Kimberley. Laid out
in 1887 on the left bank of the
Kuruman River, it was administered
by a village management board
from 1913 and attained municipal
status in 1916. The name is
sometimes said to be derived from
Tswana kurwana ('gourd') or from
kludu ('tortoise'). It may be derived
from Khoekhoen, meaning 'where
wild tobacco stands'.
Kwacao (C 3321-3322). Khoek-
hoen name of the Olifants River; it
means 'elephant river', so that the
Afrikaans name is a translation.
*KwaMashu (N 2930 DD).
Township some 19 km north of
Durban. Started in 1958 and com-
pleted in 1969. The name is a Zulu
adaptation of Marshall and means
'the place of Marshall', referring to
Sir Marshall Campbell (1848-
1917), former member of the
Legislative Assembly of Natal.
*KwaMbonambi (N 2832 CA).
Village, centre of sugar and timber
areas, in the Lower Umfolozi
district, 29 km north-east of
Empangeni, 30 km south-west of
Mtubatuba and 30 km north of
Richards Bay. Zulu, 'place of the
Mbonambi', a tribe which lived
there, the name means 'ill-omen'.
KwaMondi (N 2831 CD). Station
of the Norwegian Missionary
Society, 5 km from Eshowe. It was
founded in 1860 by Bishop H P S
Schreuder. The name is Zulu and
means 'the place of Mondi'. Mondi is
an adaptation of Ommund, referring to
Ommund Oftebro, the first pastor there.
KwaNogqasa (N 2930 AC). Zulu
name of Howick and the Howick Falls.
It means 'place of the tall (high)
pouring one', referring to the waterfall.
*Kwelera (C 3227-3228). River which
rises south of Komga and flows south-
south-east to enter the Indian Ocean
about 5 km north-east of Gqunube
Mouth at Gonubie. Presumably derived
from Goerecha, a Khoekhoen name
meaning 'many aloes'.
*Kwenxura (C 3228). River which
flows south-east and enters the Indian
Ocean 5 km north-east of Cintsa Mouth
and 10 km west-south-west of Haga-
Haga. Presumably an adaption of
Quenoncha, a Khoekhoen name
encountered as early as 1752 and
translated as 'people's ears'.
*Kyalami (T 2628 AA). Motor-racing
track 25 km north of Johannesburg.
Started in 1961, it was widened and
resurfaced in 1967. The name is of
Zulu origin and means 'my home'.
*Laaiplek (C 3218 CC). Former name
of Velddrif. Afrikaans, the name means
'loading-place'.
*Ladismith (C 3321 AD). Town at the
southern foot of the Little Swartberg,
82 km south of Riversdale and 35 km
west of Calitzdorp. It was laid out in
1852 on the farm Elandsvlei, a
municipality was instituted in 1862,
and an elected municipal council
installed in 1903. It was at first named
Lady Smith, after the wife of Sir Harry
Smith (1787-1860), Governor of the
Cape Colony from 1847 to 1852. To
avoid confusion with Ladysmith in
Natal, established in 1850, the name
was changed in 1879 to Ladismith.
*Ladybrand (O 2927 AB). Town at
the foot of the Platberg, 126 km east of
Bloemfontein, 37 km south-east of
Clocolan and 19 km north of Maseru. It
was founded in 1867 on the farm
Mauershoek and attained municipal
status in 1904. Named after Lady
Catharina Frederica Brand, wife of Sir
Christoffel Brand (1797-1875), first
Speaker of the Cape Legislative
Assembly.
*Lady Frere (Trsk 3127 CA). Princi-
pal town of the Glen Grey district,
situated on the Cacadu River, 51 km
north-east of Queenstown and 53 km
south-west of Cala. It was established
in 1879, was administered by a village
management council from 1886, and
became a municipality in 1900. Named
after the wife of Sir Bartle Frere (1815-
1884), Governor of the Cape Colony
from 1877 to 1880.
*Lady Grey (C 3027 CA). Town at the
foot of the Witteberge, 63 km east of
Aliwal North and 93 km north-west of
Barkly East. It was founded in 1858 on
the farm Waaihoek and attained muni-
cipal status in October 1893. Named
after the wife of Sir George Grey
(1812-1898), Governor of the Cape
Colony from 1854 to 1859.
*Ladysmith (N 2829 DD). Town on
the Klip River, 251 km northwest of
Durban, 25 km north of Colenso and
60 km south-east of Van Reenen's
Pass. It was founded in December
1847, proclaimed in June 1850, became
a township in 1882 and a borough in
1889, At first known as Windsor, after
a trader named George Windsor, it was
renamed after the wife of Sir Harry
Smith (1787-1860), Governor of the
Cape Colony from 1847 to 1852.
*Laersdrif (T 2529 BD). Town on
the Steelpoort River, 27 km south-
west of Roossenekal, 72 km north-
east of Middelburg and 11 km north-
east of Stoffberg. It was founded in
1907 on the farms Swartkoppies and
De Lagersdrift, and proclaimed a
township in July 1953. It takes its
name from the latter farm, which in
turn was named after a ford (Afri-
kaans drif, Dutch drift) at which a
Boer commando laagered during the
Mapoch War of 1882; a laager is
laer in Afrikaans.
*Laingsburg (C 3320 BB). Town
on the Buffels River, a tributary of
the Groot River, 274 km north-east
of Cape Town and 125 km south-
west of Leeu-Gamka. It was estab-
lished on the farm Vischkuil aan de
Buffels Rivier in 1881 and became a
municipality in' 1906. Named after
John Laing, Commissioner of
Crown Lands in the Cabinets of
Sprigg and Rhodes.
Laing's Nek (N 2729 DB). Low
mountain pass in the Drakensberg,
some 8 km south of Volksrust and
34 km north of Newcastle. Named
after the owner of a farm at its base,
a certain Laing. Scene of military
action between the Boers and the
British in January 1881. Sometimes
called Lang's Nek or Langnek.
Lake Arthur (C 3225 BB). Storage
dam in the Tarka River, 21 km east-
south-east of Cradock. Started in
1921 and completed in 1922, it was
named after Prince Arthur of
Connaught (1883-1938), Governor-
General of the Union of South
Africa from 1920 to 1924.
*Lake Chrissie (T 2630 AC).
Natural pan 9 km long and 3 km
wide, 24 km east of Breyten and
32 km north-east of Ermelo. Named
by Alexander McCorkindale, foun-
der of the New Scotland settlement,
after Christina Pretorius, daughter of
Marthinus Wessel Pretorius. The
form Chrissiesmeer is preferred for
official use.
Lake Fundudzi (Ven 2230 CD).
Natural lake 5 km long and 3 km
wide in the Soutpansberg Moun-
tains, Sibasa district, some 20 km
north-west of Thohoyandou. Sacred
to the Bavenda. The name is
possibly derived from the Venda
verb meaning 'to bow', since the
Bavenda bow with backs turned
towards the lake in respect for a god
of agriculture said to live in it.
Another meaning given is 'the lake
that covers a village', derived from
a legend. Crocodiles are abundant
and are considered sacred. In earlier
times corpses were thrown into the
lake to be devoured by them.
Lake Marais (C 3319 CB).
Alternative name for Brandvlei
Dam.
Lake Mentz (C 3325 AA). Dam in
the Sundays River, some 15 km
south-east of Waterford. Named
after Colonel H Mentz, a former
Minister of Water Affairs and
Irrigation.
Lake Ngami (Bots 2022 BC).
Situated at the southern portion of
the Okavango Delta, 80 km south-
west of Maun. The name is said to
be derived from San and to mean
'giraffe', from the verb 'to rock',
referring to the gait of these
animals. The lake, fed by the Ngabe
River (which probably has the same
meaning), was discovered by
Oswald, Murray and Livingstone in
1849.
Lake St Lucia (N 2732-2832).
Freshwater lagoon some 10 km east
of Hluhluwe. The northern part of it
falls within a restricted missile
range. The name is derived from
Santa Lucia, given by Portuguese
explorers in 1507.
Lake Sibayi (N 2732 BC).
Freshwater lake 8 km long and 5 km
wide west of Hully Point. The name
is derived from Zulu isibaya and
means 'cattle-pen', 'circle', 'enclo-
sure'; the land-locked lagoon
reminded the cattle-keeping Zulu of
this type of byre.
*Lambertsbaai see Lambert's Bay
*Lambert's Bay (C 3218 AB). Inlet
in the Atlantic seaboard, 64 km west
of Clanwilliam and 290 km north of
Cape Town. It was named after Sir
Robert Lambert, commander of the
naval station at the Cape from 1820
to 1821. Gave its name to the
fishing village founded on the farm
Otterdam in 1913, proclaimed a
local area under a divisional council
in 1929 and administered by a
village management board since
1934.
*Lamontville (N 2930 DD). Town-
ship south of Durban, on the Umlaas
River and next to Mobeni. It was
laid out in 1930 and named after the
Reverend Archibald Lamont, then
Mayor of Durban.
Land van Waveren (C 3319).
Region north of the Drakenstein
Mountains, approximately corres-
ponding to the present Tulbagh
district. The name was bestowed in
1699 by Willem Adriaan van der
Stel in honour of the Oetgens van
Waveren family, from which his
mother was descended. Before this
date, but also subsequent to it, the
region bore the name Roodezand.
*Langa (C 3318 DC). Township on
the Cape Flats, 11 km southeast of
the centre of Cape Town. Laid out
in 1927. The name is Xhosa and
means 'sun'.
*Langberg (C 2822). Mountain
range in the Northern Cape, extend-
ing some 130 km from the north
bank of the Orange River west of
Prieska northwards to link up with
the Korannaberg in the Postmasburg
district. As regional name it
includes the area from Boegoeberg
northwards to Dibeng. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'long moun-
tain'.
*Langebaan (C 3318 AA). Village
on the eastern shore of the Lange-
baan Lagoon, the long inlet south of
Saldanha Bay. Founded about 1870,
it developed into an important
fishing village and popular holiday
resort. The name means 'long track'
or 'course', and refers to the long
stretch of beach.
Langeberg (C 3319-3322). Moun-
tain range extending about 200 km
from Worcester, past Robertson,
Montagu and Swellendam, to the
proximity of George. The name is
Dutch and means 'long mountain'.
Langkloof (C 3322-3323). Valley
160 km long and 8 to 16 km wide,
between the Kammanassie and
Kouga mountains in the north and
the Tsitsikamma Mountains in the
south, stretching from Herold, north
of George, to Heights station, 12 km
east of Joubertina. The name.
meaning 'long ravine', was given by
Isaq Schrijver in 1689.
Lavumisa (Swa 2731 BD). Town in
the Shiselweni district, some
145 km south-east of Piet Retief and
115 km south of Siteki, on the
south-eastern border with Transvaal.
Formerly named Gollel, the town
was bisected by the Transvaal-
Swaziland border, and the part in
Swaziland renamed Lavumisa. The
spelling of the name of the portion
in Transvaal was changed to Golela.
*Lawley (T 2627 BD). Township
some 8 km south of Lenasia. Named
after Sir Arthur Lawley, Lieutenant-
Governor of Transvaal from 1902 to
1906, when he became Governor of
Madras.
Leabua Jonathan Airport (Les
2927 BC). Airport situated east of
Maseru. Named after Leabua
Jonathan (1914- ), Prime Minister of
Lesotho from 1965 to 1986.
Leandra (T 2628 BD). Township
some 45 km east-south-east of
Springs, comprising the former
Eendrag and Leslie. The name is a
combination of Leslie and Eendrag.
Lebombo Mountains (2331-2732).
Mountain range extending some
800 km from beyond the Mkuzi
River in the south past the Kruger
National Park to south of the
Limpopo River. It generally follows
the borders between Transvaal and
Mocambique and between Swazi-
land and Mocambique. The name is
said to be of Zulu origin and to
mean 'big nose', ie 'big ridge'.
*Leeudoringstad (T 2725 BA).
Town 29 km east of Wolmaransstad,
27 km north-east of Makwassie and
253 km south-west of Johannesburg.
It was laid out on the farm Rietkuil
in 1918 and proclaimed in Decem-
ber 1920. A health committee was
instituted in 1927 (some say 1932),
and a village council in October
1958. Took its name from Leeuw-
doorns, a railway station established
in 1908. Scene of a disaster in 1932
when a train with a cargo of dyna-
mite blew up. The name is Afri-
kaans for 'lion-thorn city', after the
Harpagophytum procumbens which
grows there.
*Leeu-Gamka (C 3221 DB). Town
at the confluence of the Leeu and
Gamka rivers, 56 km north of Prince
Albert and 78 km south-west of
Beaufort West. Formerly the name
was Fraserburg Road. The name is
tautological, Leeu being Afrikaans
for 'lion' and Gamka being Khoek-
hoen for 'lion river'.
Leeukop (C 3318 CD). Afrikaans
name of Lion's Head; it has the
same meaning.
*Leeurivier (C 3222). Western
tributary of the Gamka. Afrikaans
for 'lion river', it has the same
meaning as Gamka.
*Leipoldtville (C 3218 AB).
Village 40 km west-south-west of
Clanwilliam and 27 km south-east
of Lambert's Bay. Named after the
Reverend C F Leipoldt, Dutch
Reformed minister of Clanwilliam
from 1884 to 1910 and father of the
Afrikaans poet C Louis Leipoldt.
*Lenasia (T 2627 BD). Township
32 km south-west of the centre of
Johannesburg, near Lenz. It was
established in 1958. The name is
probably derived from Lenz, plus
the fact that Asians reside there.
*Leonardville (S 2318 DB). Village
on the Nossob River, 193 km north-
east of Mariental, 97 km north-west
of Aranos and 137 km south of
Gobabis. Laid out on the farm
Pretorius, it at first bore this name,
but was subsequently renamed after
the Reverend E J Leonard, a pioneer
minister of the Dutch Reformed
Church.
Leribe (Les 2828 CC). Village
some 20 km east of Ficksburg and
32 km south-west of Butha Buthe.
The name, given in 1853 by Mola-
po, son of Moshesh, is said to mean
either 'forehead', referring to a
nearby rock shaped like a baboon's
forehead, or 'undulating', referring
to the appearance of the mountain
slopes. Formerly it was known as
Hlotse Heights, from its situation
above the Hlotse River.
*Leslie (T 2628 BD). Village 63 km
west of Bethal and 56 km east-
south-east of Springs. Administered
by a village council, it was laid out
on the farm Brakkefontein and
proclaimed in December 1939, an
extension being proclaimed in
December 1957. Thought to be
named after Leslie in Scotland.
Marsh-gas from subterranean
sources occurs; one has been
burning continuously since 1936.
Letaba (T 2330-2331). More
correctly Great Letaba; tributary of
the Olifants River. It rises near
Haenertsburg at the northern extre-
mity of the Drakensberg and flows
eastwards for almost 100 km to its
confluence with the main stream
near the border of Mocambique. The
name is derived from Northern
Sotho le hlaba, dialectically le thaba,
'sandy river'. The district of Letaba,
with Tzaneen as principal town,
takes its name from the river.
*Letshoyang (T 2229). Former
name of the salt-pan to the north-
west of the Soutpansberg, which
takes its name from it, ie 'place of
salt'.
*Levubu (T 2330 AB). Village
some 10 km south-west of Remban-
der. Takes its name from the
Luvuvhu (or Levubu) River.
*Leydsdorp (T 2330 DC). Ghost
town 11 km south-west of Grave-
lotte and 53 km south-east of
Tzaneen. It developed from a gold-
mining camp and was proclaimed in
1890, but was virtually abandoned
when gold was discovered on the
Witwatersrand. Named after Willem
Johannes Leyds (1859-1940), State
Secretary of the South African
Republic from 1888 to 1897.
*Libode (Trsk 3129 CA). Village
some 28 km east-north-east of
Umtata and 75 km west-north-west
of Port St Johns. Said to have been
named after a former Pondo chief,
*Lichtenburg (T 2626 AA). Town
214 km west of Johannesburg and
63 km south-east of Mafikeng.
Founded in 1866 and proclaimed in
April 1873, it became a municipality
in 1904. Derived from Dutch lichten,
'lights', the name is said to refer to
a remark by President T F Burgers
while proclaiming the town that it
would be a shining beacon in the
Western Transvaal, or to have been
named after Lichtenburg near
Durbanville in the Cape, where the
lights of transport-riders could be
seen from a distance. Scene of a
diamond rush in the old days.
*Lidfontein (S 2418 AA). Centre
with postal and trading facilities in
the Rehoboth district, 85 km north-
east of Mariental. Afrikaans for
'joint fountain', the name is a
translation of Khoekhoen Anis. The
reason for the name is not known.
Liesbeek River (C 3418 AA).
Tributary of the Black River, rising
above Kirstenbosch on the eastern
slopes of Table Mountain, and
entering the main stream south of
Observatory. The name is derived
from Dutch, lies being a water-plant
found in the Netherlands and proba-
bly misapplied to a swamp-grass,
Diplachne fusca; beek is a little
stream. Originally this brook bore
the names Amstel, Zoete and
Varsche Rivier.
Limietberg (C 3319 CA). Portion of
a mountain range between the
Elandskloof Mountains and Hawe-
kwas Mountains, separating Wel-
lington from the Tulbagh Valley.
Said to have been the boundary or
limit (Dutch limiet) of the Cape
Colony at one stage. .
*Limpopo (T 2228-2229). Second
largest African river entering the
Indian Ocean. It rises as the Marico
and Crocodile, which unite and flow
eastwards, debouching 80 km north
of Delagoa Bay. Known to the
Portuguese as Rio do Cobre, Rio do
Ouro, to the Venda as Vhembe, to
the Zulu as ukupopoza, and to the
tribes of Mocambique as Mogom-
bene Mele. Said to be derived from
Ndebele ilimphopho, 'the river of
the waterfall', applying to its upper
course where such a feature occurs.
*Lindley (O 2727 DD). Town
60 km north-west of Bethlehem and
78 km south-east of Kroonstad. It
was laid out on the farm Brandhoek
in 1875, proclaimed a town in May
1878, donated to the Dutch
Reformed Church Council in 1885,
and transferred to the municipality
in December 1891. Named after
Daniel Lindley (1801-1881), Ameri-
can Presbyterian missionary who
became the first ordained minister to
the Voortrekkers in January 1840.
Razed to the ground in February
1902 by British troops but later
rebuilt.
Lion's Head (C 3318 CD). Peak
adjacent to and north-west of Table
Mountain, named for its resem-
blance to the head of a lion, or
because there were many lions on it.
It was known as Sugar Loaf in
early times, because of its resem-
blance to the conical loaf in which
sugar was then supplied to grocers
and from which it was chipped for
sale to the public. The Dutch name
was Suijkerbroot, sugar-loaf.
Lion's Rump (C 3318 CD). Lower
portion of the hill adjacent to and
north-north-west of Table Moun-
tain, adjoining Lion's Head. This
hill is said to resemble a reclining
lion, and the various parts were
given names of parts of the body -
head, rump and tail. The original
Dutch names were translated.
Lion's Rump formerly also bore the
names King Charles' Mount and
King James' Mount.
Lion's Tail (C 3318 CD). Former
name of Signal Hill, it was trans-
lated from the Dutch Leeuwe Staart.
It also bore the name of James'
Point.
*Little Brak River (C 3422 AA).
Rises in the Outeniqua Mountains
and flows 27 km southwards to
enter the Indian Ocean between
Mossel Bay and the mouth of the
Great Brak River. The name is
derived from the saline or brackish
quality of the water.
*Little Brak River (C 3422 AA).
Seaside resort and town at the
mouth of the Little Brak River
13 km north of Mossel Bay, from
which it takes its name. The form
Klein-Brakrivier is preferred for
official use.
*Llandudno (C 3418 AB). Seaside
settlement in the Wynberg district,
on the west coast of the Cape
Peninsula, 19 km south-west of
Cape Town. Named after Llandu-
dno in Wales.
*Lobamba (Swa 2631 AC). Princi-
pal royal village, situated 18 km
south of Mbabane, in the Hhohho
district, at the eastern part of the
Enzulwini Valley.
Lobatse (Bots 2525 BA). Town
76 km north of Mafikeng and
58 km north-west of Zeerust. Estab-
lished early in the 20th century by
the British South Africa Company,
it has become an important indus-
trial and administrative centre. The
name is of Tswana origin and
apparently means 'lumps of wood',
referring to the appearance of hills
in the vicinity.
Loerie (C 3325 CC). Settlement
some 25 km north-east of Jeffreys
Bay and 11 km north-north-west of
the mouth of the Gamtoos River.
Said to take its name from the
loeries or louries, a type of parrot
(Turacus corythaix) occurring there.
*Loeriesfontein (C 3019 CD).
Town some 90 km north-west of
Calvinia and 122 km north-east of
Vanrhynsdorp. Attained municipal
status in 1958. Said to have been
named after large numbers of louries
(Turacus corythaix), 'loerie' in
Afrikaans, formerly occurring there.
Conversely, it has been pointed out
that louries do not occur here, and
that the name is derived from the
Afrikaans verb loer, 'peer', 'peep',
'spy'.
Lombardskop (N 2829 DD). Hill
some 5 km from Ladysmith. Prob-
ably named after Commandant Jan
le Grange Lombard, one of the
officers who invaded Natal in the
Anglo-Boer War. During the Siege
of Ladysmith a cannon was
positioned on this hill.
*Londina (T 2530). Region in the
Lydenburg district, established in
1867 by Alexander McCorkindale as
a colony for Scottish immigrants.
Presumed to be named after London
in England.
Londina South (T 2730 BB). Now
Piet Retief.
Long Tom Pass (T 2530 CA).
Mountain pass between Lydenburg
and Sabie, in the Drakensberg. Said
to be named after a Creusot artillery
piece, popularly called 'Long Tom',
used by the Boers in the Second
Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), and
abandoned there. Two of these guns
were taken over the pass by General
Louis Botha in 1900.
*Lootsberg (C 3124 DC-DD).
Mountain between the Graaff-Reinet
and Middelburg districts, in the
Sneeuberg, on the eastern side of the
basin in which Bethesda Road is
situated. According to tradition the
name was given because a certain
Hendrik Loots was killed when his
carriage overturned on the old pass.
Lootsberg Pass (C 3124 DC).
Mountain pass over the Sneeuberg
between Middelburg and Graaff-
Reinet, highest in the Karoo. Said to
have been named after Hendrik
Loots who was killed when his
carriage overturned there.
Lord Hill (S 2718 BA). Highest
peak in the Great Karas Mountains,
88 km south-east of Keetmanshoop.
Named thus about 1836 by Sir
James Edward Alexander after Lord
Hill, who in 1828 succeeded the
Duke of Wellington as Commander-
in-Chief of the British Army. The
German name of this peak is
Schroffenstein.
*Loteni see Lotheni
Loteni Nature Reserve (N 2929
AD-BC). Situated some 28 km north
of Himeville and 7 km east of
Lesotho. Takes its name from the
Lotheni River.
*Lothair (T 2630 AD). Village on
the Bonny Brook, 65 km northeast
of Ermelo and 29 km south-east of
Chrissiesmeer. Situated in the area
settled by Scottish immigrants, it
was surveyed in 1878 and named
after Lothair, the novel written by
the Earl of Beaconsfield and
published in 1870.
Lotheni (N 2929 AD-DA). Tribu-
tary of the Mkomazi. It rises in the
Drakensberg south-west of Giant's
Castle and flows south-east to enter
the main stream south-west of
Trafalgar Kop. Of Zulu origin, the
name is said to mean 'at the ash', ie
'ash river', referring to the grey and
black stones which resemble ash.
*Louis Botha Airport (N 2930
DD). Situated south of the Mlazi
Canal and east of Isipingo, about
20 km south-west of Durban. Named
after General Louis Botha (1862-
1919), Boer leader, Prime Minister
of Transvaal from 1907 and first
Prime Minister of the Union of
South Africa from 1910 to 1919.
*Louis Trichardt (T 2329 BD).
Principal town of the Soutpansberg
district, 111 km north-east of
Pietersburg. It was laid out on the
farms Bergvliet and Rietvlei, sur-
veyed in 1898 and proclaimed in
February 1899. Municipal status
was achieved in 1934. Named after
Louis Trichardt (1783-1838), the
Voortrekker leader.
Lourens River (C 3418 BB). Rises
in the Stellenboschberg and Hot-
tentots Holland Mountains and
flows south for 16 km to enter False
Bay at the Strand. Said to be named
after Johann Lorenz Fischer who in
1673 established a post of the Dutch
East India Company in Hottentots
Holland. Also stated to have been
named after a certain Lauwrens who
drowned in it. At first it was called
the Tweede Rivier. Second oldest
bridge in South Africa was built
over it in 1845.
Louterwater River (C 3323 DA-
DC). Tributary of the Kouga River.
It rises in the Tsitsikamma Moun-
tains and flows north-east through
the Langkloof to the confluence
10 km north-west of Krakeel River.
Afrikaans for 'clear water river'.
This stream has also borne the name
of Apies, Groote Aapjes, Klippen-
drift and Klipriviertjie.
*Louwsburg (N 2731 CB). Town
and seat of magistracy of the
Ngotshe district, 53 km north-east of
Vryheid and 45 km west of Magudu.
Proclaimed a township in 1920, it is
named after David Louw, a local
pioneer.
Lovu (N 2930-3030). River which
rises west of Richmond and enters
the Indian Ocean at Illovo Beach
34 km south-west of Durban. Of
Zulu origin, the name has been said
to mean 'welcome', to be derived
from the name of a type of tree
(Cordia caffra), and to mean 'the
wild, ill-tempered one'. Also
encountered as Illovu, iLovu, uLovu,
Illovo, etc, it has given its name to
Illovo Beach and other places, as
well as to a well-known sugar estate
and a brand of golden syrup.
*Loxton (C 3122 AD). Town in the
Victoria West district, 68 km south-
east of Carnarvon and 126 km north
of Beaufort West. It was established
on the farm Phezantefontein in 1899
and became a municipality in 1905.
Named after the owner of the farm,
A E Loxton. Important wool pro-
ducing centre.
*Luckhoff (O 2924 DD). Town
82 km north-west of Philippolis and
56 km west of Fauresmith. It was
established in 1892 on the farm
Koffiekuil. Probably named after
Heinrich Jacob Luckhoff (1842-1943),
Minister of the Dutch Reformed
Church in Fauresmith at that time.
*Luderitz (S 2615 CA). Town on the
bay Luderitzbucht, 319 km west of
Seeheim and 298 km north-west of
Oranjemund. Named Angra das
Voltas by Dias in 1487 and Golfo de
Sao Cristovao by him in 1488, and
later named Angra Pequena. In 1883 it
was settled by staff of a company of
which Franz Adolf Eduard Luderitz
(1834-1886) was head, and named
Luderitzbucht after him; the name was
later abbreviated to Luderitz. Municipal
status was attained in 1920.
Lufafa (N 3030 AA). Tributary of the
Mkomazi. It rises north-west of Ixopo
and flows east and then north to enter
the main stream some 15 km south-
west of Richmond. Of Zulu origin, the
name is said to mean 'the fissure', or
'at the cleft', referring to a chasm
through which it flows.
*Luneburg (N 2730 BC). Station of
the Hermannsburg Mission Society just
south of the Transvaal border, some
17 km north-west of Paulpietersburg.
Established in 1854, it was named after
Liineburg in Germany.
*Lusikisiki (Trsk 3129 BC). Village
45 km north of Port St Johns in East
Pondoland. It developed from a mili-
tary camp established in 1894, was
surveyed in 1902 and administered by a
village management board since 1932.
The name is onomatopoeic, derived
from the rustling sound of reeds in the
wind.
*Lutzville (C 3118 CA). Village 22 km
north-west of Vredendal and 45 km
west of Vanrhynsdorp. Established at
Vlermuisklip after August 1923 and
named after its founder, Johan J Lutz.
Luvuvhu (T 2231-2330). Tributary of
the Limpopo River. Rises near
Bandelierkop and flows east and north-
east to enter the Limpopo near Pafuri.
The name is derived from Venda
Mvuvhu, a type of tree (Combretum
glomeruliflorum) growing on the
banks. For many years it was known as
the Pafuri, after the Venda chief
Mphaphuli. The older spelling
Levubu is also encountered.
*Lydenburg (T 2530 AB). Town
between the Steenkampsberg and
the Drakensberg, 320 km north-east
of Johannesburg. It was established
in 1850 on the farm Rietspruit. In
1902 a health committee was
instituted, in 1903 a local district
council, in 1904 a village council,
and in 1927 municipal status was
attained. The name is of Dutch
origin and means 'town of suffer-
ing', referring to the disease and
hardships which had led to the
abandonment of Ohrigstad.
M
*Maanhaarrand (T 2527 CD).
Hills 90 km north-west of Johannes-
burg, between Breedtsnek and
Hekpoort. Afrikaans for 'mane
ridge', the name refers to the simila-
rity of the outcrops to the mane of a
horse. As regional name it refers to
an area between Derby, Hartebees-
poort Dam, Magaliesburg, Pretoria
and Rustenburg.
Maap see Gmaap
Macassar Beach (C 3418 BB).
Resort on the shore north of False
Bay, near the mouth of the Eerste
River, some 8 km west of Strand. It
has been developed subsequent to
1964. Named because of the
proximity of the kramat or holy
tomb of Sheik Yusuf who came
from Macassar in the Dutch East
Indies and died in 1699.
*McGregor (C 3319 DD). Village
20 km south of Robertson. It was
established in 1861, a village
management board instituted in
1894 and municipal status attained
in 1907. Originally named Lady
Grey, but renamed to avoid confu-
sion with Lady Grey near Aliwal
North, after Andrew McGregor
(1829-1918), minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church in Robertson from
1862 to 1902.
*Machadodorp (T 2530 CB). Town
26 km east of Belfast and 50 km
north-east of Carolina. It was
founded in 1895 on the farm Geluk,
proclaimed in December 1904 and
administered by a village council
from 1907. Named after Joachim
Jose Machado (1847-1925), Gover-
nor-General of Mocambique, who
played a prominent role in the
survey of the Pretoria-Lourenco
Marques (now Maputo) railway
route. Popular health resort with hot
mineral springs.
McHattiesburg (T 2628 DA).
Former name (1897-1905) of
Balfour, Transvaal, given in honour
of Frederick Stuart McHattie, owner
of the farm Vlakfontein on which it
was established.
*Macleantown (C 3227 DC).
Village 34 km north-west of East
London and 46 km south-east of
Stutterheim. Named in April 1881
after Colonel John Maclean (1810-
1874), Chief Commissioner of
British Caffraria from 1852 and
Lieutenant-Governor of that terri-
tory from 1860.
*Maclear (C 3128 AB). Town on
the Mooi River, 172 km north of
East London and 80 km north-east
of Elliot. It was founded in 1876 as
a military camp and developed
rapidly, reaching municipal status in
1916. Named after Sir Thomas
Maclear (1794-1879), famous astro-
nomer who laid the foundation for a
trigonometrical survey of the Cape
Colony. Popular trout-fishing resort
set in beautiful surroundings.
Macloutsi see Motloutse River
Mac-Mac Falls (T 2430 DD).
Waterfall in the Waterval River
between Pilgrim's Rest and Sabie.
Named after the gold-mining village
nearby, which was so called either
after the MacClaughton brothers,
said to be the first diggers, or
because a list of diggers handed to
President T F Burgers contained so
many Scots names that he called it
Mac-Mac.
*Mafeking see Mafikeng
Mafeteng (Les 2927 CC). Village
26 km south-east of Wepener (OFS)
and 77 km south-west of Maseru.
Said to mean 'place of crossing', the
name refers to the site of the first
village of Mafeteng at a point where
the track crossed the Caledon River.
It was transferred to the present site
in 1874 when a magistracy was
established there. The name is
sometimes said to mean 'place of
unmarried women', referring to
unmarried daughters of a chief.
Scene of bloody fighting during the
War of the Guns (1800).
Mafikeng (Bop 2525 DC). Town on
the Molopo River in Bophutha-
tswana, 67 km south-west of Zeerust
and 62 km north-west of Lichten-
burg. Established in 1885 after
British annexation of the territory, it
attained municipal status in 1896.
Of Tswana origin and said to mean
'among the stones', 'place of rocks'
or 'at the stones', the name was
adapted to Mafeking, but has now
been restored as Mafikeng. Site of a
famous siege during the Anglo-Boer
War.
Magalakwin see Mogalakwena
Magaleng see Makhaleng
Magaliesberg (T 2527-2528).
Mountain range extending from
west of Rustenburg to east of
Pretoria. Named after a chief,
Mohale, whom the Voortrekkers
encountered there, and adapted to
Magali(e). Formerly known as the
Cashan Mountains, after a chief
named Khashane. The name
Magalies River has the same origin.
*Magaliesburg (T 2627 BA).
Village 32 km north-west of
Krugersdorp and 72 km east-south-
east of Koster. Takes its name from
the Magaliesberg.
*Magoebaskloof (T 2330 CC).
Mountain pass between Haenerts-
burg and Tzaneen, 61 km east of
Pietersburg. Adapted from Mak-
goba, the name of a Batlou chief
who was beheaded by Swazis.
'Makgoba's ravine'. The area is
known by the name Ga Makgoba.
*Magudu (N 2 A31 DA). Village
125 km east-north-east of Vryburg.
Formerly known as Magut, it was
named after a Zulu chief. Said to
mean 'enchanted'.
Magut see Magudu
Magwa Falls (Trsk 3129 BC).
Waterfall 148 m high, in a narrow
chasm some 14 km south-east of
Lusikisiki and 22 km north-east of
Port St Johns. Derived from Xhosa,
the name is said to mean
'wondrous'.
Mahalapye (Bots 23.26 BB).
Village 200 km north-east of
Gaborone and 150 km south-west of
Francistown. The name is thought to
be of pre-Tswana origin and to refer
to impala.
*Mahlabatini (N 2831 AB). Village
48 km south-west of Nongoma.
Established as a Norwegian mission
station, it became the seat of
magistracy of the Mahlabatini
district. The name is Zulu, said to
mean 'country of white, sandy soil'.
Known locally as Mashona, situated
on the Mashona Engashoni Ridge.
Maimani (T 2525 DB). Local name
of Ottoshoop. The name means
'cease to exist'.
*Majuba (N 2729 BD). Mountain
2 146 m high, 14 km south of
Volksrust and about 30 km north-
north-west of Newcastle. The name
is of Zulu origin and means 'doves',
'hill of doves', or 'dove-cote'. This
was the site of a famous battle on 27
February 1881 in which 92 British
troops under General Sir Pomeroy
Colley were killed and 134 wounded
when they were attacked by Boer
forces under General Piet Joubert,
who had stalked them in the dark.
Also encountered as Amajuba.
Makaling see Makhaleng
Makapaansgrot (T 2429 AA).
Historic cave some 20 km east-
north-east of Potgietersrus. Named
after an early Ndebele chief,
Magombane, also called Makopane,
Makopaan and Makapan, who,
together, with his followers, fled to
this cave after having brutally
murdered a party of Boer men,
women and children at Makapaan's
Poort in 1854. After a siege of 25
days they were wiped out by a
punitive expedition. Fossil remains
of Australopithecus were found
here.
Makhaleng (Les 2927-3026). Tribu-
tary of the Orange River. It rises in
the mountains about 50 km east of
Maseru and flows south-west to its
confluence with the Kolo-La Pere
north-east of Magalengbrug. Also
encountered as Makaling and
Magaleng, the name is said to be
derived from Sotho lekhada, 'aloe';
thus 'at the aloes'.
*Makwassie (T 2725 BD). Village
14 km south of Wolmaransstad and
78 km north-west of Wesselsbron. It
was laid out in 1907 and proclaimed
in 1910. The name is of San origin
and refers to Croton gratissimus, an
aromatic shrub which was dried and
powdered and used by women. At
first spelt Maquassi, it was
standardized as Makwassie in 1937.
The first white child in Transvaal
was born there, and the first printing
undertaken.
Malangeni (N 3030). Former name
of the Sezela River. Named after the
Malangeni tribe which lived there in
earlier times.
*Malelane (T 2531 BC). Village
48 km west of Komatipoort and
67 km east of Nelspruit. Established
on the farm Malelane, it was pro-
claimed in July 1949. Said to be
derived from emlalani, 'place of the
lala palms', or to be named after a
Swazi tribe and to mean 'guardians'
(of the ford in the Crocodile River).
The name Malalane has also been
approved.
*Maleoskop (T 2529 BC). Hill
20 km south-east of Groblersdal and
32 km north-west of Stoffberg.
Known to the early missionaries as
Maagdeberg ('virgin mountain'), it
was named after the Bakopa chief
Maleo whom the Boers attacked
there in mass in 1864 after he had
joined Mapoch in attacking Boer
settlements.
Malgas (C 3420 BC). Settlement on
the east bank of the Breede River,
25 km north-west of the mouth of
that river and 30 km south-east of
Swellendam. The name is probably
an adaptation of Portuguese Mangas
de velludo, 'velvet sleeves',
referring to the Cape gannet (Morus
capensis) with its black-tipped
wings.
Malmaniesrivier (T 2427). River
running parallel to the Molopo at a
distance of some 14 km. The name
is derived from Tswana and means
'the little one there on one side', or,
according to others, 'spoil'. Also
spelt Malmaine, Malmannie,
Malymany and Malmani.
*Malmesbury (C 3318 BC). Town
66 km north-east of Cape Town and
50 km north-west of Paarl. Estab-
lished in 1829, it became a
municipality in 1896. Named by Sir
Lowry Cole, Governor of the Cape
Colony from 1829 to 1834, after his
father-in-law, Sir James Harris, first
Earl of Malmesbury, who had died
some eight years before. Centre of
the Swartland, it is renowned for
wheat production and for a dialectic
rolling of the letter r in speech.
Maloti Mountains
see Maluti Mountains
*Maltahohe (S 2416 DD). Town
120 km west of Mariental and
137 km north of Helmeringhausen.
It was established in 1900 and
administered by a village manage-
ment board from 1945. Named after
Malta von Burgsdorff, wife of the
commander of the garrison at
Gibeon. 'Malta height'; the name is
of German origin.
Maluti Mountains (Les 2828-
2928). Range extending north-east
and south-west, in the north-western
part of Lesotho, forming the water-
shed between the tributaries of the
Caledon River and those of the
Orange River. The average elevation
is 2 700 m and snow occurs in
winter. The name means 'moun-
tains'. Also encountered as Maloti.
Mamba (N 2831 CC). Tributary of
the Tugela River. Rises near Osun-
gulweni about 25 km west of
Eshowe and flows south-west to
enter the Tugela at Mambulu Trust
Farm. Presumably named after the
mamba snake because of its tortuous
course, or because it is regarded as
dangerous, or because these snakes
occur there.
*Mamelodi (T 2528 CA). Township
16 km east-north-east of the centre
of Pretoria. Laid out in 1951, it was
first known as Vlakfontein but
renamed Mamelodi in July 1962
after President S J P Kruger, known
to the Bantu by this name; 'father of
whistling', or 'man who can imitate
birds'.
*Mamre (C 3318 CB). Village and
mission station 18 km south-east of
Darling. Established in 1808 by
Moravian missionaries, it was at
first known as Groene Kloof after
the Dutch East India Company post
established there in 1701 and
abandoned in 1791. Named after the
biblical Mamre (Gen. 13:18), a
name said to mean 'fattiness'.
*Mananga (T 2531 DD). Mountain
803 m high, about 7 km northeast of
Mhlume in Swaziland, and 10 km
from the point where the borders of
Transvaal, Swaziland and Mocam-
bique meet. Said to mean 'mountain
of the wilderness'.
*Mandini (N 2931 AB). Township
some 22 km north-east of Stanger.
Derived from Zulu, the name means
'place of the tiruculli trees (Euphor-
bia tiruculh)' which grow there.
Mangaung (O 2926 AA). Northern
Sotho name of Bloemfontein; it
means 'place of the cheetah'.
*Mankayane (Swa 2631 CA).
Village 61 km south-west of
Mbabane and about 33 km north-
east of Piet Retief. Formerly spelt
Mankaiana, the name is derived
from that of a chief, Mankayiyana,
meaning 'little steps'.
*Manyeleti (T 2331 AD). Game
reserve and holiday resort near
Acornhoek, on the eastern border of
the Kruger National Park, opened in
June 1967. The name means 'place
of the stars'.
Manyeleti (T 2431 DA). Tributary
of the Sabie River, which it enters
some 12 km east-north-east of
Skukuza. Also known as the Sand
River.
Manzamnyama (N 2829 BB). River
which rises in the Biggarsberg and
flows north into the Chelmsford
Dam. 'Black water', from Zulu
manzi, 'water', mnyama, 'black'.
Manzimhlope (T 2431 DC). Tribu-
tary of the Nwatindloptu. Rises
about 15 km west of Tshokwana and
flows south-east and south. The
name means 'white water' and is
presumably of Zulu origin.
Manzimtoti (N 3030 BB). River
which enters the Indian Ocean at
Amanzimtoti, 17 km south-west of
Durban. The name is said to be
derived from a remark by Shaka
when camping there : 'kanti amanz a
mtoti' - 'the water is sweet'. The
name has been adapted as Araan-
zimtoti for a popular residential and
holiday resort.
*Manzini (Swa 2631 AD). Town on
the Mzimnene River, 43 km south-
east of Mbabane and 57 km west of
Siteki. At first known as Kwa-
Manzini, after a petty chief, it was
renamed Bremersdorp after a trader,
Albert Bremer. In 1960 the Swazi
name Manzini, 'at the water', was
restored.
*Mapumulo (N 2931 AC). Settle-
ment some 42 km north-west of
Stanger and 38 km south-east of
Kranskop. Named after the Mapu-
mulo Zulu people who came to live
here after being driven out by
Shaka; the name is said to mean
'haven of rest'.
Mapungubwe (T 2229 AB). Hill of
archaeological significance, 1,5 km
south-east of the junction of the
Limpopo and Shashi rivers. 'Place
of the jackals', the name is derived
from Venda phunguvhwe or
phungubwe.
Maquassi see Makwassie
Marabastad (T 2329 CD). Former
name of Eerstegoud, after chief
Maraba; said to mean 'snake'.
*Maraisburg (C 3125). District of
which Hofmeyr is the principal
town. It is bounded by Middelburg,
Steynsburg, Molteno, Tarkastad and
Cradock. Named after Daniel
Marais, who played a prominent role
in the establishment of the town
Maraisburg in 1873-74. This town
was renamed Hofmeyr in 1911, but
the district kept its old name.
Maraisburg (C 3125 DB). Former
name of Hofmeyr.
Marais, Lake see Lake Marais
*Marble Hall (T 2429 CD). Village
26 km north-west of Groblersdal
and 96 km south-south-east of
Potgietersrus. Laid out in 1942 and
proclaimed a township in January
1945, it owes its development to the
Marble Lime Mine. Said to be an
adaptation of 'marble hole', where
fifteen varieties of marble occur.
Marburg (N 3030 CB). Settlement
near Port Shepstone, established in
1882 by Norwegian immigrants.
Probably named after Marburg, a
city 74 km north of Frankfurt in
Germany.
Marepe see Mariepskop
Maretlani see Marikana
*Margate (N 3030 CD). Holiday
resort on the Indian Ocean, 140 km
south-west of Durban, between
Uvongo and Ramsgate. It was
proclaimed a township in 1941 and a
borough in 1947. Named after
Margate, the seaside resort in
England.
*Mariannhill (N 2930 DD). Roman
Catholic mission station 16 km west
of Durban. Founded in 1882 as a
Trappist monastery, it developed
until in 1952 a health committee
was established. The name is
derived from those of the Virgin
Mary and Saint Anne.
Marico (T 2426). District of which
Groot-Marico is the principal town.
Of Tswana origin, the name has
been stated to mean 'there is blood',
'place of attack by a superior force',
'pastures', 'changeable', 'to go
round, like a solitary giraffe turned
out of a herd', etc.
*Mariental (S 2417 DB). Town
232 km north of Keetmanshoop and
274 km south-east of Windhoek.
Originally established on the farm
Koichas as centre for the railway, it
was proclaimed a town in 1920,
administered by a village manage-
ment board from 1925 and attained
municipal status in 1946. The name,
given by the Rhenish missionaries,
means 'Mary's dale'.
Mariepskop (T 2430 DB). Peak in
the Drakensberg, some 40 km north-
east of Ohrigstad and about 5 km
east of the Blyderivierspoort Dam;
also a settlement north-east of it.
Afrikaans for 'Mariep's hill', after
Mariep or Marepe, a chief of former
times.
*Marikana (T 2527 CB). Village
24 km east of Rustenburg and about
10 km north of the Buffelspoort
Dam. Derived from the name of a
stream, Maretlani, referring to a
shrub which grows there.
*Marquard (O 2827 CB). Town on
the Laaispruit, 169 km east-north-
east of Bloemfontein and 45 km
south-west of Senekal. It was estab-
lished in 1905 on the farm Varsch-
fontein and attained municipal status
in the same year. Named after J J T
Marquard, minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church in Winburg, who
had pleaded for the establishment of
the town.
*Marseilles (O 2927 AB). Village
113 km east of Bloemfontein and
24 km west of Ladybrand. It was
named after the seaport Marseilles
in France.
Marwagga Mountain (N 2929 BD).
Mountain at the foot of which the
town Bulwer is situated. 'One who
frowns', from its profile when
viewed from the south. Seems to be
an alternative name for King
George's Head.
*Marydale (C 2922 AC). Village
75 km north-west of Prieska and
120 km south-east of Upington.
Established in 1902 on the farm
Kalkput and named after Mary
Snyman, wife of the owner.
*Maseru (Les 2927 AD). Capital of
Lesotho, 19 km south of Ladybrand
(OFS), close to the Orange Free
State border. It was founded in 1869
as camp of the then High Commis-
sioner's Agent, J H Bowker. The
name is said to mean 'place of red
sandstone'.
Matamo (N 2929 BA). Tributary of
the Little Bushmans River. It rises
on the northern slopes of iNtabam-
hlope and flows north. Some autho-
rities maintain that this is the Zulu
name of the Little Bushmans River.
The name means 'mouthfuls', refer-
ring either to the abundance or
paucity of water.
*Matatiele (Trsk 3028 BD). Town
27 km south of Qacha's Nek and
29 km west-north-west of
Cedarville. It was established in
1874 and attained municipal status
in 1904. The name is derived from
Sotho mada-i-yila or matato-a-ile,
meaning 'the ducks have flown'.
Matikulu (N 2931 BA). River rising
south-west of Eshowe and flowing
south-east to enter the Indian Ocean
20 km south-west of Mtunzini.
Derived from Lala or Zulu, the
name has been variously explained,
but probably means 'large water', ie
'large river'. Also encountered as
Amatikulu, ie as name of the town
130 km north-east of Durban.
*Matjiesfontein (C 3222 AB).
Town 27 km west of Laingsburg and
54 km east of Touwsrivier. It was
laid out in the 1880s and purchased
in 1968 to be preserved for its
Victorian charm. The name is
derived from a type of sedge,
Cyperus textilis, used by Khoekhoen
to make mats (matjies) employed in
the construction of their huts.
Matjiesfontein has a healthy climate
for people with lung complaints.
*Matjiesrivier (C 3322 AC). Town
at the southern foot of the
Waboomsberg, some 37 km south of
Prince Albert, off the road to
Oudtshoorn. Afrikaans for 'little
mat river', the reference is to a type
of sedge (Cyperus textilis) growing
there, used by Khoekhoen in making
mats with which they made their
huts. Matjiesgoed is the common
name for this sedge, literally 'little
mat stuff.
Matlhwaring (Bop 2722 B-2723 B).
Tributary of the Kuruman River. It
rises some 45 km east of Kuruman
and flows north-west to the conflu-
ence 12 km north of Hotazel. The
name is derived from Tswana and
means 'at the wild olive trees', after
the Olea africana (olienhout trees)
on the banks. Variant spellings
include Matlowing, Maclareen,
Maquarien, Mokaring and Matlaure.
*Matroosberg (C 3319). Mountain
some 10 km north of De Dooms,
28 km east of Ceres, east of the Hex
River Mountains. Said to be named
after a shepherd who lived there,
Klaas Matroos, or else to be named
after a rock resembling a sailor
(matroos in Afrikaans) standing on
the bow of a ship.
Matsieng (Les 2927 DA). Village of
the Paramount Chief of Lesotho,
43 km south-south-east of Maseru.
Meaning 'the place of Letsie', the
name refers to Chief Letsie who
lived in the 19th century, and means
'the locust', bestowed because
Letsie was born during a locust
plague.
Matsikamma Mountains (C 3118
DB). Mountain range about 10 km
south-east of Vanrhynsdorp, in-
clined north-west and south-east,
between the Troe-Troe and Wiedou
rivers. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and probably means
'pools', kuile in Afrikaans, literally
'standing (ie stagnant) water'.
Matubatuba see Mtubatuba
*Mauchsberg (T 2530 BA).
Mountain about 12 km south-east of
Lydenburg, west-south-west of
Long Tom Pass. Named after a Ger-
man explorer, Karl Mauch (1837-?)
who discovered a small gold reserve
in the Barberton district.
Mann (Bots 1923 CD). Principal
town of the Ngamiland district,
507 km west-north-west of Francis-
town and about 300 km northeast of
Ghanzi. Primarily an administrative
and political centre. The name is
said to mean 'place of the Ma-u
(River)'.
Mazabeko (N 2830 AD-DA). Tribu-
tary of the Buffels River. It rises at
the south-eastern extremity of the
Biggarsberg and flows southeast to
enter the Buffels 25 km north-east
of Tugela Ferry. The name is Zulu
and may mean either 'mealie-cob
river' or 'ribbok river', after the
Pelea capriolus.
*Mazeppa Bay (Trsk 3228 BC).
Holiday resort on the Wild Coast,
175 km north-east of East London.
Named after the schooner Mazeppa
which took the surviving Voortrek-
kers of Louis Trichardt's party from
Delagoa Bay to Port Natal in 1839.
*Mbabane (Swa 2631 AC).
Principal town of the Hhohho
district, 43 km north-west of Man-
zini and 24 km south-east of Oshoek
on the Transvaal border. The name
may be derived from that of a for-
mer Swazi chief, or from a verb 'to
hollow', 'dig out', referring to
erosive action by a river.
Mbashe (Trsk 3128-3228). River
rising in the Drakensberg some
13 km north-east of Elliot and
flowing into the Indian Ocean
125 km north-east of East London.
Popularly spelt Bashee, as in Bashee
Bridge, etc. The name is Xhosa, but
it is uncertain whether it means
'dark river' or 'dangerous ravine',
or whether it was named after a
person called Mbashe. In 1554 the
Saint Benedict was wrecked at the
mouth of this river, and 322
survivors walked from there to
Lourenco Marques, now Maputo.
Mbawelanga (Trsk 3128). Peak in
the mountains near Tsolo. Xhosa,
'path of the sun', so called because
the first rays of the rising sun fall
here.
*Mbazwana (N 2732 BC). Settle-
ment and plantation some 50 km
east of Ubombo. Presumably takes
its name from the tributary of the
Mseleni. The name, of Zulu origin,
is said to mean 'small axe', after a
person called Mbazwana.
Mbembaneni (T 2429 AA). Early
Ndebele name for the area around
Potgietersrus. It means 'place of
limestone'; the name was subse-
quently supplanted by Lekalakeng,
from Afrikaans kalk, limestone.
Mbilo see Umbilo
Mbokodweni (N 2930 DC-DD).
River which rises 10 to 15 km
southwest of Mpumalanga and flows
east and south-east to reach the
Indian Ocean at Umbogintwini,
23 km south-west of Durban. De-
rived from Zulu, the name means
'place of round mill-stones' or
'grinding-stone river'. The adapta-
tion Umbogintwini has been applied
to the resort at its mouth north-east
of Amanzimtoti.
Mdedele (N 2929 CC). Zulu name
of Cathkin Peak. Its exposed situa-
tion creates the impression that it
dominates the range, almost like a
bully. Mdedele is thus said to mean
'make room for him', 'one which
must be left alone'.
Mdloti (N 2930-2931). River which
rises in various headwaters north of
the Valley of a Thousand Hills and
flows east-south-east past Verulam
to enter the Indian Ocean at Umdloti
Beach, 25 km northeast of Durban.
Derived from Zulu umdloti, a type
of wild tobacco growing along its
course, the name has been adapted
to Umhloti.
Meintjeskop (T 2528 CA). Hill in
Pretoria, on which the Union
Buildings are situated. Named after
Stephanus Meintjies of Graaff-
Reinet who purchased it in 1865 and
settled there.
*Meiringspoort (C 3322 BC). Pass
between De Rust in the south and
Klaarstroom in the north, through
the Zwartberg range, 38 km from
Oudtshoorn. Named after Petrus
Johannes Meiring, owner of the
farm De Rust on the Huisrivier, on
which the town De Rust was estab-
lished. It was completed in 1857 and
opened in 1858.
Melacaneng (C 2824 BB). Tswana
name of Fourteen Streams; it means
'at the streams'.
Melikane (Les 2928 DC-DD).
Tributary of the Orange River. It
rises at Lekhalo-La-Lethiba about
5 km south-west of Matabeng Pass
and flows south-west to enter the
Orange at Liqalabeng. Named after
a San chief who had stolen cattle
from the Basotho and was captured
at this river.
*Melkbosstrand (C 3318 CB). Sea-
side village and holiday resort on
the Atlantic seaboard, 32 km north
of Cape Town and 22 km northwest
of Durbanville. Afrikaans for 'milk-
bush beach', the name probably
refers to Sideroxylon inerme.
Formerly it bore the name Losperd's
Bay.
*Melmoth (N 2831 CB). Principal
town of the Mtonjaneni district,
53 km north of Eshowe and 54 km
south-south-west of Mahlabatini. It
has been administered by a health
committee since 1932. Named after
Sir Melmoth Osborn, Resident-
Commissioner after the annexation
of Zululand in 1879.
Mensvretersberg (Bop 2927 AA).
Mountain some 28 km north-east of
Thaba Nchu. Afrikaans for 'canni-
bals mountain', the name is said to
refer to various tribes who, fleeing
before the Zulus under Shaka, were
forced to resort to cannibalism to
survive, and, when this became a
habit, people were hunted by them
as though they were game.
Mentz, Lake see Lake Mentz
Mentzmeer see Lake Mentz
Meob Bay (S 2414 BC). Inlet on the
Atlantic coast, some 200 km south
of Walvis Bay and 29 km north-west
of the ghost town of Meob. Said to
have been named after a prospector
who worked there early this century.
Also recorded as Mitchell's Bay and
Mutzel Bay.
*Merrivale (N 2930 CA). Village
145 km north-west of Durban and
5 km south-east of Howick. Named
after Herman Merrivale, Secretary
of State for the Colonies in 1848.
*Merweville (C 3221 DA). Village
45 km north-west of Prince Albert
Road and 130 km south-east of
Beaufort West. It was established on
the farm Vanderbylskraal in 1904
and administered by a village
management board from 1921.
Named after the Reverend P van der
Merwe (1860-1940), minister at
Beaufort West of the Dutch
Reformed Church, and chairman of
the church council which estab-
lished the town.
*Messina (T 2230 AC). Copper-
mining town 16 km south of Beit
Bridge. It was founded on the farm
Berkenrode in 1904, was adminis-
tered by a village management
board from 1915, and proclaimed a
township in 1957. The name is said
to be derived from Venda musina,
'the spoiler', referring to copper
which softened the iron mined there;
more probably the name means
'copper'.
*Meyerton (T 2628 CA). Town
16 km north-east of Vereeniging and
55 km west-south-west of Heidel-
berg. It was laid out in 1891 on the
farm Rietfontein, administered by a
village council in 1953, and attained
municipal status in 1961. Probably
named after J P Meyer, member of
the Transvaal Volksraad.
*Mfazazana (N 3030 DA). River
which rises south-west of Mtwalume
and flows south-east to enter the
Indian Ocean 7 km north-east of
Hibberdene. Of Zulu origin, the
name means 'the small, despicable
woman', said to refer to a woman
who gave birth on the banks of the
river, which was in violation of the
local tribal taboo.
*Mfolozi (N 2730-2832). River
formed by the Black and White
Mfolozi rivers. It flows for 375 km
and enters the Indian Ocean through
the St Lucia estuary. Derived from
Zulu, the name is said to mean 'river
of fibre', referring to wild fig-trees,
the bark of which is used for
sewing-fibre, or to mean 'the erratic
one', after its meandering course.
Also encountered as Foloos,
Umfolozi.
Mfule (N 2831 CB-DA). Tributary
of the Mhlatuze, which flows east
and south-east to the east of
Melmoth. Derived from Zulu, the
name refers to a type of vine
(Adenia gummifera) occurring along
its lower reaches.
Mgababa (N 3030 BA-BB). River
rising north of KwaMadundubala
and flowing east to enter the Indian
Ocean 4 km south-west of Illovo
and 6 km north-east of Umkomaas.
Of Zulu origin, the name is said to
mean 'river of many channels' or
'river of jealousy'.
Mgeni (N 2930-3030). River rising
in the Lion's River district and
flowing 260 km eastwards to enter
the Indian Ocean 6 km north of
Durban. Derived from Zulu, the
name is said to mean 'the river of
acacia trees', after the Acacia
natalitia. Also encountered as
uMgeni, Umgeni, Umngeni, etc.
Mhlali (N 2931 AC-CB). River
which rises near Shakaskraal and
flows south-east to enter the Indian
Ocean at Umhlali Beach. Derived
from Zulu, the name is said to mean
'place of rest', referring to Shaka's
sojourn before triumphantly entering
his last village, Dukuza, where
Stanger is today. Another explana-
tion is that the river is named after
the monkey-orange trees (Strychnos
spinosa), umhlala in Zulu, growing
on the banks. Umhlali Beach takes
its name from this river.
Mhlanga (N 2931 AC). River which
enters the Indian Ocean just north of
Umhlanga Rocks. Also encountered
as Ohlanga, Mange, uMhlanga and
Umhlanga, the name is derived from
Zulu and means 'reed river', 'river
of rushes'; its lower reaches are
wide and sluggish and many reeds
(Phragmites communis) grow there.
Mhlatuze River (N 2831 CB). Rises
in the districts of Babanango and
Nkandla, and flows eastwards to
enter Richards Bay. Known to the
Portuguese as Rio das Pescarias,
'river of fishermen'. The name
Mhlatuze is Zulu and is said to
mean 'the mighty one', from
hlatuza, 'transgress', from the speed
and violence with which it comes
down in flood.
*MichelPs Pass (C 3319 AD).
Mountain pass 9 km long through
the Breede River Gorge in the
Skurweberg Mountains, linking
Ceres and the Tulbagh Valley. It
replaced Mosterd's Hoek Pass, was
opened in 1848 and modernized in
1946. Named after the Surveyor-
General and superintendent of works
in 1848, Charles Cornwallis
Michell.
*Middelburg (C 3125 AC). Town
357 km north-west of Port Eliza-
beth, 98 km north-west of Cradock
and 91 km south of Colesberg. It
was laid out in 1852 on the farm
Driefontein and became a munici-
pality in 1913. Named thus because
it is approximately equidistant from
Cradock, Colesberg, Steynsburg and
Richmond; middel is Afrikaans for
'middle'.
*Middelburg (T 2529 CD). Town
137 km east of Pretoria, 83 km north
of Bethal and 30 km north-east of
Witbank. It was established in 1866
on the farm Sterkfontein, and
attained municipal status in 1903. At
first named Nazareth but renamed
Middelburg in 1874, probably after
the Dutch city of that name.
*Middeldrift (Cis 3226 DD). Town
on the Keiskamma River, 45 km
west-north-west of King William's
Town and 16 km east-south-east of
Alice. It was founded in 1853 and
laid out in 1882. At first known as
Beaconsfield, it was renamed after
its situation at a ford (Dutch drift)
between two others.
Midmar Dam (N 2930 AC-CA). In
the Umgeni River, 24 km northwest
of Pietermaritzburg. It was opened
in October 1964. Named after the
farm Midmar, which was in turn
named after Midmar Castle in Scot-
land.
Mierland (C 2620). Region west of
Askham in the Northern Cape, west
of the Molopo and Nossob rivers,
with Rietfontein as its middle point.
It has been averred that the name is
a corruption of Meerland, 'lake
country', referring to pans or
depressions such as Hakskeenpan.
*Milnerton (C 3318 CD). Town
10 km north-east of Cape Town. It
was laid out on the farm Biesjes-
kraal in 1902 and attained municipal
status in 1955. Named after Sir
Alfred Milner (1854-1925), Gover-
nor of the Cape from 1897 to 1901,
and High Commissioner until 1905
after becoming Lord Milner.
Mkomazi (N 2929 A-3030 B).
River which rises in the Drakens-
berg north-west of Himeville and
flows south-east to enter the Indian
Ocean 48 km south-west of Durban.
The name is Zulu and is said to
mean 'she-whale river'. The town
Umkomaas takes its name from this
river.
*Mkondo (Swa 2630-2631). Tribu-
tary of the Great Usutu. It rises
north-east of Wakkerstroom and
flows east and north-east to enter
the Usutu south-east of Manzini.
Known as the Assegaai River in the
Transvaal, it would seem that the
name is derived from umkhonto,
'assegai'. However, it is stated that
the root word is umkhondo, 'spoor';
the name therefore means 'river of
footprints (of animals)'.
*Mkuze (N 2731 CA-2732 DC).
River which rises 24 km east of
Vryheid and flows eastwards
through the Lebombo Mountains,
then southwards, entering Lake St
Lucia at its northern extremity. Of
Zulu origin, the name may refer to
aromatic trees (Heteropyxis natalen-
sis), wild lavender, which grow on
its banks. An alternative explanation
is that it is derived from khuza,
'warn', 'remonstrate', 'bark', refer-
ring to a regiment of Shaka which
'roared' at the enemy.
Mlambomunye (N 2930). Zulu
name for Karkloof River, said to
mean 'one stream'.
Mlazi (N 2930 C-D). River rising
west of Mpumalanga and flowing
east-south-east to enter the Indian
Ocean via the Mlazi Canal just
north-east of Louis Botha Airport.
Of Zulu origin, the name means
'whey river', from its colour and
sourish taste. The form Umlaas is
encountered.
Mmabatho (Bop 2525 DC). Capital
of Bophuthatswana, just northwest
of Mafikeng. The name is of Tswana
origin and means 'mother of the
people or nation'.
*Modderpoort (O 2927 AB). Settle-
ment about 10 km north of Ladybrand
and 20 km north-east of Marseilles.
Established in 1819 as a mission
station at Lekhalong la Bo Tau, 'col of
the Tau tribe', the defile between
Viervoetberg and Platberg. The
Afrikaans name means 'muddy defile'.
*Modder River (O 2825-2926).
Tributary of the Riet River. It rises
near Dewetsdorp and flows westwards
to join the main stream at the station
Modder River in the Kimberley
district. From Afrikaans modder,
'mud', the name is encountered as
Maap, Gmaap, derived from Khoek-
hoen # goab, 'mud'. The form
Modderrivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Modderrivier see Modder River
Mogakare (O 2828-3026). Sotho
name of the Caledon River. It is
derived from bokare, 'middle', and
was so named because it flowed
between the country of the Sotho and
that of the Mantatees.
*Mogalakwena (T 2228 BD-2328
DD). Tributary of the Limpopo, rising
in the Waterberg and flowing north-
wards. Also spelt Magalakwin, the
name is derived from Tswana bogale,
mogale, 'fierce', kwena, 'crocodile'.
The upper reaches were called the
Nylstroom by the Jerusalemgangers.
*Mohaleshoek (Les 3027 AB).
Village some 48 km north-east of Zas-
tron (OFS) and 51 km south-east of
Mafeteng. Named after a chief,
Mohale, half-brother of Moshesh.
Scene of an ambush in 1858 in which
the Boers suffered heavy casualties at
the hands of the Basotho.
Moirosi's Mountain
see Mount Moorosi
Mokhotlong (Les 2929 AC). Village
some 96 km north-west of Himeville,
with which it is connected by a jeep
track over the Sani Pass. The name
means 'place of the bald ibis'
(Geronticus calvus). Some of the
highest mountains in Southern Africa
are situated in the vicinity.
Mokopu (Bop 2927 AC). Mountain
some 30 km south-east of Thaba
Nchu, also a river flowing west of it.
The name is Sotho, said to mean
'pumpkin'.
Molepolole (Bots 2425 BC).
Principal town of the Kweneng
district, 61 km north-west of Gabo-
rone and 97 km north-north-east of
Kanye. The name is Tswana for
'seat of judgement', named thus by
a former chief, Sechele, who resided
here as the representative of three
tribes.
Molopo River (2522 CB-2820 BC).
Tributary of the Orange River. It
rises in head-streams originating in
the Lichtenburg and Marico
districts; flows west for 800 km to
its confluence with the Nossob, then
south for 90 km to lose itself in the
sand near Abiquas Puts, and then to
reappear near the Orange River. The
name means 'river'. The form
Moloporivier is preferred for
official purposes.
*Moloporivier see Molopo River
*Molteno (C 3126 AD). Town
300 km north-west of East London
and 53 km south of Burgersdorp. It
was laid out in 1875 after the
discovery of coal and became a
municipality in September 1883.
Named after Sir John Charles
Molteno (1814-1886), first Prime
Minister of the Cape Colony,
serving from 1872 to 1878.
*Montagu (C 3320 CC). Town
195 km north-east of Cape Town.
Laid out on the farm Uitvlugt before
1851, it was administered by a
village management board from
1881 and became a municipality in
1895. Named in 1851 after John
Montagu (1797-1853), Colonial
Secretary at the Cape from 1843 to
1853. Renowned as a health centre
with mineral baths.
Montagu Pass (C 3322 CD). Moun-
tain pass over the Outeniqua Moun-
tains, between George and Union-
dale. It was built between 1844 and
1847 to replace Cradock Pass and
was named after John Montagu
(1797-1853), Colonial Secretary of
the Cape from 1843 to 1853.
*Mont-aux-Sources (Les 2828
DD). Peak of 3 600 metres in the
Drakensberg, where the borders of
Lesotho and those of the districts of
Bergville and Harrismith meet.
French for 'mountain of sources', it
was thus named in 1836 by the
missionaries T Arbousset and F
Daumas because headwaters of the
Orange, the Vaal and the Tugela
rivers flow from here in different
directions.
Mooi River (N 2930 AA). Town
158 km north-west of Durban and
30 km south-east of Estcourt. It was
proclaimed a township in November
1921 and attained borough status in
April 1959. Afrikaans for 'pretty
river', it takes its name from the
tributary of the Tugela which flows
past it and of which the Zulu name
is Mpofana. The form Mooirivier is
preferred for official purposes.
Mooi River (T 2626 DD-2627 AA).
Tributary of the Vaal, rising in the
Koster district and flowing south-
wards to its confluence with the
main stream 31 km south-west of
Potchefstroom. In Afrikaans it
means 'pretty river'.
*Mooirivier see Mooi River
Moordenaarspoort (O 3025 BD).
Now Bethulie. Thus named because
a large number of Griquas and San
were murdered here by Basotho.
'Murderers' defile'.
*Moorreesburg (C 3318 BA).
Town in the Malmesbury district,
105 km north-east of Cape Town
and 30 km north of Malmesbury. It
was laid out in 1879 on the farm
Hooikraal, was administered by a
village management board from
1882 and attained municipal status
in 1909. Named after J C le Febre
Moorrees (1807-1885), minister of
the Swartland congregation from
1833 to 1881.
Moot see Die Moot
*Morgenzon (T 2629 DA). Town
45 km south-west of Ermelo and
35 km south-east of Bethal. It was
laid out in 1912 on the farm Mor-
genzon and has been administered
by a village council since 1920.
Named after the farm, Morgenzon is
Dutch for 'morning sun'.
Morija (Les 2927 DA). Head-
quarters of the Lesotho Evangelical
Church, 43 km south of Maseru and
47 km north-east of Mafeteng. It
was established in 1833 by the
missionaries Arbousset, Casalis and
Josselin, and is today a well-known
educational centre. The name is
derived from the biblical Moriah
(Gen. 22:2; 2, Chr. 3:1), meaning
'provided by the Lord'.
Morosi's Country (Les 3027).
Former name of the Quthing district.
Presumably named after the Basotho
chief who waged constant war on
the colonists until 20 November
1878, when his mountain stronghold
was overrun and he was killed.
Morosi's Mountain
see Mount Moorosi
Moses (C 3323 DC). Popular name
of Formosa Peak and the region
north of the Tsitsikamma Moun-
tains; derived from formosa,
'beautiful'.
Moshaweng (Bop 2623 DD-C 2622
CD). Tributary of the Kuruman
River. Extends from west of Cassel
north-westwards past Dinopeng and
Laxey, then west and south-west to
enter the Kuruman at Frylinckspan.
Also encountered as Machua,
Mashaua, Mashow, Moshawa, etc,
the name is of Tswana origin and
means 'at the (white) sand'.
*Mosselbaai see Mossel Bay
*Mossel Bay (C 3422 AA). Inlet on
the southern coast, 409 km east of
Cape Town, between Fish Bay and
Victoria Bay. It was named Aguada
de Sao Bras by Vasco da Gama in
1497, Golfo dos Vaqueiros by Joao
da Nova in 1501, and Mosselbaai by
the Dutch navigator Paulus van
Caerden in July 1601, because
mussels (Dutch mossels) were all he
could find to replenish the ship's
stores.
*Mossel Bay (C 3422 AA). Town
409 km east of Cape Town, 90 km
south of Oudtshoorn and 55 km
south-west of George. It was
founded in 1848 and became a
municipality in 1852. Originally
named Aliwal, it was renamed after
the bay to avoid confusion with
Aliwal North. The form Mosselbaai is
preferred for official purposes.
Motloutse River (Bots 2127-2229).
Seasonal tributary of the Limpopo
River. It rises about 50 km south-west
of Francistown and flows south-east to
enter the Limpopo at Ratho on the
Transvaal border. Also encountered as
Macloutsi, Macloutsie and
Matloutsi, the name is derived from
Tswana tlou, 'elephant'.
Mouille Point (C 3318 CD). North-
ernmost promontory of the Cape
Peninsula, between Green Point and
Granger Bay. The name is derived
from French mouiller, 'to cast anchor'.
Mouna a Senna Morini (T 2228).
Mountain known as Blouberg, west of
the Soutpansberg. 'Man with no hair',
referring to the absence of grass and
other vegetation on its summit.
*Mount Ayliff (Trsk 3029 CD). Town
40 km south of Kokstad and 26 km
north-east of Mount Frere. Established
in 1878. It may have been named after
John Ayliff, who established a mission
station nearby; after William Ayliff,
who was an official dealing with Afri-
can affairs, or after James Ayliff, a
magistrate of Wodehouse.
*Mount Coke (C 3227 DC). Station
of the Methodist Missionary Society
18 km east of King William's Town. It
was established in 1825 by the
Reverend S Kay and named after Dr
Coke, founder of the Society.
Mount Currie (N 3029 AD). Moun-
tain some 10 km north of Kokstad; it
gave its name to the district of which
Kokstad is the principal town. Named
after Sir Walter Currie (1819-1872),
first Commandant of the Frontier
Armed and Mounted Police.
*Mount Edgecombe (N 2931 CA).
Settlement some 19 km north of
Durban and 8 km south of Verulam,
site of sugar-mill and research station.
Named after an estate in the west of
England.
*Mount Fletcher (Trsk 3028 CB).
Town in the Griqualand East district,
69 km north-north-east of Maclear.
Founded in 1882, it takes its name
from the mountain nearby. This was
probably named after the Reverend
John Fletcher of Madeley in
England, a friend of John Wesley,
although it is stated to have been
named after a Captain Fletcher who
was stationed there.
*Mount Frere (Trsk 3028 DD).
Town some 98 km north-north-west
of Umtata and 83 km south-west of
Kokstad. It was founded in 1876 and
named after the mountain at the foot
of which it is situated. This moun-
tain was named after Sir Bartle
Frere (1815-1884), Governor of the
Cape Colony from 1877 to 1880.
*Mount Moorosi (Les 3027 BB).
Mountain some 25 km north-east of
Moyeni or Quthing and south-east
of the Sinqu or Orange River.
Named after Chief Morosi or
Moorosi, who was killed in 1879
when the mountain was stormed by
Cape troops.
Moyeni (Les 3027 BC). Locality
where Quthing is situated, meaning
'place of the wind'.
Moyeni (N 2931 BA). Settlement on
the railway between Mtunzini and
Gingindlovu. Established by John
Dunn and still reserved for his
descendants. The name is Zulu and
means 'at the wind'.
Mpambanyoni (N 3030 AB-BD).
River which rises in various head-
waters west of Umkomaas, Scott-
burgh and Park Rynie and enters the
Indian Ocean just north of Scott-
burgh. Derived from Zulu, the name
is said to mean 'deceiver of birds',
either because it twists so often or
because it is lost in the undergrowth
at times; also 'where birds gather'.
Mpemvana (N 2730 DA). Settle-
ment some 20 km north of Vryheid.
It takes its name from the Mpem-
vana River which rises in the
Skurweberg north-west of Vryheid
and flows north-east. Of Zulu
origin, the name is said to mean
'place of the small waterbuck'. Also
encountered as Penvaan and
Imbivana.
Mpharane (O 2827 DD). Mountain
immediately west of Ficksburg,
separated from it by the road to
Clocolan. Also encountered in the
forms Imparani and Imperani, the
name is Sotho and is said to mean
'flat-topped'. There is also a
mountain named Mpharane in
Lesotho (2927 DC), about 35 km
south-east of Mafeteng.
Mphongolo (T 2230 D-2331 A).
Tributary of the Shingwidzi. It rises
near the Venda border in the vicinity
of Ntlhaveni and flows east and
south-east to enter the main stream
about 3 km north-west of Shing-
widzi. The name is said to be a
Swazi adaptation of Mapongole, the
name of a former Venda chief.
*Mpofana (N 2930 AC). Zulu name
for the Mooi River. Various expla-
nations are encountered, such as
'small eland', 'the greyish one', and
'wild mulberry tree'.
Mpofu (N 2829 BC). Hill 60 km
east of Harrismith and 32 km north
of Ladysmith. The name is of Zulu
origin and means 'eland'.
Mponjwane (N 2829 CC). Moun-
tain at the Lesotho border, 20 km
south-east of Mont-aux-Sources and
30 km west-south-west of Bergville.
Derived from Zulu, the name means
'little horn', referring to the shape
of this peak.
*Mpumalanga (N 2930 DC).
Township about 10 km south-south-
east of Cato Ridge and some 40 km
west of Durban. Derived from Zulu,
the name means 'sunrise', 'the sun
comes out'.
*Mqanduli (Trsk 3128 DD).
Village 30 km south of Umtata and
22 km north-east of Elliotdale.
Named after a nearby hill; of Xhosa
origin, the name is said to mean
'grindstone-maker', after a person
living there.
Msinga (N 2830). District of which
Tugela Ferry is the principal town.
Bounded by the districts of Dundee,
Nqutu, Nkandla, Umvoti and Ween-
en. The name is Zulu and is derived
from that of a high peak used as a
look-out for finding cattle which
have strayed. It means 'to spy', 'to
look out'.
Msuluzi (N 2830). Zulu name for
Bloukransrivier, meaning 'the one
which disappears'.
Msunduze (N 2832 A). Tributary of
the Mfolozi. It rises south of
Mtubatuba and enters the main
stream about 2 km from the mouth.
Probably derived from Zulu
sunduza, 'push aside', 'move',
'shift', referring to the action of the
waters when in flood of pushing all
in their path aside.
*Mtamvuna River (N 3029-3030).
Rises near the Weza Forest Reserve
and flows south-eastward for 80 km
along the Transkei border to enter
the Indian Ocean 2 km south-west of
Port Edward. Formerly Umtamvuna,
the name is of Zulu origin and is
said to mean 'reaper of mouthfuls',
referring to damage caused when in
flood; alternatively 'river of
reapers', or 'easy harvest', referring
to the fertility of the area.
Mtata (Trsk 3128-3129). River
which rises north-west of Umtata
and flows past this town in a south-
easterly direction with many convo-
lutions to enter the Indian Ocean
5 km north-east of Coffee Bay. The
name is derived from Xhosa. A
number of explanations has been
given, such as 'sneezewood river',
after Ptaeroxylon utile trees on the
banks; 'the seizer', 'appropriator',
after the large number of people
drowned in it; 'river of the dead',
from the custom of ceremoniously
casting the dead into it. In the form
Umtata the name has been trans-
ferred to the capital city of Transkei.
Mtentweni see Umtentweni
*Mtonjaneni (N 2731). The district
of which Melmoth is the principal
town. It is bounded by the Baba-
nango, Mahlabatini, Lower Umfo-
lozi, Eshowe and Nkandla districts.
The name is Zulu and means 'at the
little spring'.
Mtshesi (N 2929). Zulu name of
Boesmansrivier; probably means
'reddish-brown', from the muddy
colour of the water when the river is
in flood.
*Mtubatuba (N 2832 AC). Town
some 55 km south-south-west of
Hluhluwe and 28 km west of St
Lucia. Administered by a health
committee since 1950. The name.
formerly spelt Matubatuba, is Zulu
and is said to mean 'creator of
opportunities', referring to a chief of
the Mtetwa tribe who died in 1954.
*Mtunzini (N 2831 DD). Village
and holiday resort near the mouth of
the Umlalazi River, some 28 km
south-west of Empangeni. Adminis-
tered by a health committee since
1947. The name is Zulu and means
'place of shade', probably after the
indigenous trees growing there.
*Mtwalume (N 3030 A-B). River
which rises west of Highflats and
flows south-east to enter the Indian
Ocean 3 km south-west of Ifafa
Beach. The name is Zulu and proba-
bly refers to a type of tree, the bark
of which is used as a remedy for
dysentery. The seaside resort takes
its name from the river.
Muden (N 2830 DD). Township on
the Mooi River, 24 km northwest of
Greytown and 38 km south-east of
Weenen. It was established by the
missionary Reverend Heinrich
Rottcher and named after Muden in
Hanover, Germany, from whence he
came.
Mudge Point (C 3419 AC).
Promontory 2 km south-west of
Hawston and 10 km west of Herma-
nus, south-south-east of the mouth
of the Bot River. Named after
Lieutenant Mudge who was involv-
ed in surveying the coast in 1823
under the command of Captain
Owen.
*Muizenberg (C 3418 AB). Seaside
resort in the north-westerly corner
of False Bay, some 5 km north-east
of Fish Hoek. It developed from a
cattle-post to military outpost and
winter anchorage of the Dutch East
India Company in 1743. Generally
thought to have been named after
Wynand Willem Muijs, sergeant in
charge of the post in 1744 and later
commander of the garrison.
Mukorob (S 2518 AC). Sandstone
pillar, remnant of erosion processes,
some 40 km north of Tses. Also
called Vingerklip (Afrikaans 'finger
stone'), The Finger of God, Herero-
vrou ('Herero woman', the head-
dress and face of which this rock
resembles). The name is Khoekhoen
and is said to mean 'look at the
ankle', referring to the narrowing
between the base and the crown.
Mumcumqua (C 3324 DB). Khoek-
hoen name of the Cockscomb; it is
said to mean 'cloud mountain'.
Murchison (T 2330 DC). Mining
village 20 km north-east of Leyds-
dorp and 44 km west of Phalaborwa.
Named after Sir Roderick Murchi-
son, a geologist and former Presi-
dent of the Royal Geographical
Society, who prospected in the area.
Murchison Range (T 2330 DC).
Hills in the Letaba district, north of
the Selati River and south of the
tributaries of the Letaba, just north-
west of Gravelotte and about 40 km
east-south-east of Tzaneen. Named
after Sir Roderick Murchison, a
British geologist and former Presi-
dent of the Royal Geographical
Society, who prospected in the area.
Murray's Bay (C 3318 CD).
Harbour on Robben Island, named
after John Murray who had a
whaling-station there from 1806 to
1820.
*Murraysburg (C 3123 DC). Town
100 km north-west of Graaff-Reinet
and 72 km south-west of Richmond.
It was founded in 1856 on the farm
Eenzaamheid and became a munici-
pality in July 1883. Named after the
Reverend Andrew Murray Snr, who
was minister of Graaff-Reinet, and
Barend O J Burger, who played a
role in the establishment of the
town.
Muyshonds River (C 3222). Former
name, at the time when Swellen-
grebel was Governor of the Cape
Colony, of the Klein-Sondagsrivier.
Known locally as the Moordenaars
River, 'murderers river'. Of Dutch
origin, the name means 'polecat
river'.
Mvoti (N 2930-2931). River which
rises in the vicinity of Greytown and
flows south-east to enter the Indian
Ocean near Blythedale Beach,
south-east of Stanger. The name, of
Zulu origin, is said to mean 'the
quietly flowing one'.
Mweni (Les 2828 D). Area south of
Mont-aux-Sources, characterized by
magnificent peaks. Derived from
Zulu, the name means 'place of
fingers'.
Mzimkulu (N 2929-3030). River
which rises in the Drakensberg near
the Lesotho border and flows south-
east past Underberg and along the
Transkei border to enter the Indian
Ocean at Port Shepstone. Derived
from Zulu, the name probably
means 'large village'.
Mzimvubu (Trsk 2929 C-3129 D).
River which rises in the Drakens-
berg near Mount Macdonald, near
the point where the borders of
Transkei, Lesotho and Natal meet,
and which then flows south and
south-east to enter the Indian Ocean
at Port St Johns. The name means
'home of the hippopotamus'.
Formerly the river also bore the
names Sao Christovao, St Johns and
Wijd.
Mzinyati (N 2930). River flowing
across the Buffalo Flats. From Zulu
umzi, 'home', nyati, 'buffalo', thus
'home of the buffaloes'. Now
Buffelsrivier.
Mzumbe (N 3030 A-D). River
which rises several kilometres
southeast of Highflats and flows
south-east to enter the Indian Ocean
5 km south-west of Hibberdene.
Derived from Zulu, the name is said
to mean 'the dangerous one', 'the
bad one', or 'the winding one'.
N
*Nababeep (C 2917 DB). Copper-
mining town in Namaqualand,
16 km north-west of Springbok.
Founded in 1860 by the Cape
Copper Company. The name is of
Khoekhoen origin and means
'rhinoceros place'.
Nababiepsberge (C 2817 DC).
Mountain range extending about
15 km north-west and south-east,
situated about 10 km south-west of
Noordoewer and Vioolsdrif. Derived
from Khoekhoen and Afrikaans, the
name means 'rhinoceros mountains'.
Nabe (C 3323 BC). Khoekhoen
name of Witberg. Also encountered
as Nabee, Nabbe, the name means
'white', so that the Afrikaans name
is a translation.
Nabega (C 3323 CC-DC). Khoek-
hoen name of the Keurbooms
River. The Afrikaans name is
probably a translation. 'Rich in
keurboom trees (Virgilia oro-
boides)' , or 'abundance of keur-
boom trees'.
*Naboomspruit (T 2428 DA).
Town 42 km north-east of Nyl-
stroom and 51 km south-west of
Potgietersrus. It was founded on the
farm Vischgat in 1907 and adminis-
tered by a health committee from
1919. The name is Afrikaans but
derived from Khoekhoen; 'euphor-
bia tree stream', after the E. ingens
which grows there.
*Nadi (N 2830 DC). Tributary of
the Tugela River. It rises some
15 km north-west of Kranskop and
flows north-north-west to enter the
Tugela at Ngubevu, 17 km east of
Tugela Ferry. Of Zulu origin, the
name is said either to be derived
from that of a tribe, or to mean
'third stomach of an ox', referring to
its relationship to the larger and
more important Tugela.
*Nagle Dam (N 2930 DA). Gravity
dam in the Umgeni River, near its
confluence with the Umsinduzi,
some 50 km north-west of Durban.
It was named after William Nagle,
former city councillor of Durban
and chairman of the works commit-
tee responsible for the construction
of the dam in 1950.
Nahoon River (C 3227 DC-DD).
River which rises between Berlin
and Macleantown and flows south-east
to enter the Indian Ocean between
Beacon Bay and East London. The
name is derived from Khoekhoen and
probably means 'river of fighting'.
Also encountered as Cahoon,
Kahoon, Kahoona, Nagoerij, and
Nagoezij.
*Nakop (S 2819 BB). Hill on the
border between the Cape Province and
South West Africa/Namibia, 138 km
north-west of Upington and 134 km
east of Karasburg. Of Khoekhoen
origin, the name means 'tortoise
place', either because tortoises were
found there or referring to the shape of
the hill. Also encountered as Nakab;
the element kop is an adaptation
analogous to Afrikaans kop, 'hillock'.
Namaqualand (C 2816-3018). Dis-
trict of which Springbok is the prin-
cipal town. It is bounded by the
Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Orange
River in the north, the Vanrhynsdorp
district in the south and the Kenhardt
and Calvinia districts in the east.
Named after the Namaqua (plural of
Nama) tribe of Khoekhoen which
formerly inhabited it. In former times
that part of South West Africa south of
the 24th parallel of latitude was known
as Great Namaqualand, while the
present district of Namaqualand was
called Little Namaqualand. The region
is famous for wild flowers.
*Namib (S 1711-2515). Desert region
extending from about the Coroaco
River in Angola southwards to the
Orange River. It is bounded in the
west by the Atlantic Ocean and in the
east by the SWA escarpment. Consists
mainly of sand dunes, with gravel and
rock occurring in places. Vegetation
and animal life have become adapted
to the arid conditions. The oldest
desert in the world, it is often cold
from the Benguella current running
north past it. The discovery of
diamonds in 1904 led to the establish-
ment of important diggings. The name
is Khoekhoen in origin but the
etymology is unknown; earliest spell-
ings occur as Naanip, Naarip and
Narriep. The coastal strip from the
Kunene to the Ugab constitutes the
Skeleton Coast Park; from the Ugab
south-east to the Swakop is the 40 km
wide National West Coast Tourist
Recreation Area; east of the South
African territory between Swakop-
mund and Walvis Bay is the Namib
Naukluft Park, and south of the Kuiseb
are the Diamond Areas 1 and 2, to
which entry is prohibited.
Namutoni (S 1816 DD). Tourist
camp and fort in the Etosha Reserve,
108 km north-west of Tsumeb and
130 km east of Okaukuejo. Derived
from Ovambo, the name means
'high place which is visible from
afar'.
*Nanda (N 2930 DB). Table-topped
mountain some 17 km northwest of
KwaMashu and 25 km west-south-
west of Tongaat. Derived from Zulu,
the name means 'extending equally',
and refers to the shape of the
mountain.
Nanious (S 1913 BA). Khoekhoen
name of Sesfontein. It means 'six
fountains', so that the Afrikaans
name is a translation.
*Naosanabis (S 2318 DB). Khoek-
hoen name of Leonardville; it prob-
ably means 'arrow-shaped birth-
mark', referring to the impression
created by a thicket against a slope
nearby.
*Napier (C 3219 BD). Town
177 km south-west of Cape Town
and 16 km north-east of Bredasdorp.
It was laid out in 1838 on the farm
Klipdrift or Klipfontein, a village
management board was instituted in
1896 and municipal status attained
in 1938. Named in March 1840 after
Sir George Thomas Napier (1784-
1855), Governor of the Cape Colony
from 1837 to 1844.
Nardousberg (C 3118 DC-DD).
Mountain in the Clanwilliam dis-
trict; it is a continuation of the Pak-
huis Mountains in a northwesterly
direction. Of Khoekhoen origin, the
name has been said to mean 'flat
pass mountain' and 'narrow pass
mountain'; it may well mean 'black
pass mountain'.
*Narubis (S 2618 DC). Settlement
with post office, hotel and shops
68 km south-east of Keetmanshoop
and 100 km north-north-east of
Karasburg. The name is of Khoek-
hoen origin and means 'place of
Inaru trees', after the Euclea
pseudebenus.
Nasionale Kruger-Wildtuin
see Kruger National Park
Natal (N 2630-3130). Province of
the RSA, bounded by the Indian
Ocean in the east, the Drakensberg
range in the west, by Mocambique
and Swaziland in the north and
Transkei and the Cape Province in
the south. The name is derived from
Terra do Natal, 'land of the Birth',
ie of Christ. It was given because it
was on Christmas Day 1497 that
Vasco da Gama reached and named
it.
*Natalia (2826-3032). Historic
republic founded on 16 October
1840. It extended from north of the
Vaal River southwards to the Vet
River, and eastwards across the
Drakensberg, and had Pietermaritz-
burg as its capital. British annex-
ation of this republic in 1843, and of
the territory between the Orange and
Vaal rivers in 1848, put an end to it.
The name is derived from Terra do
Natal, subsequently Natal.
Nata River (Bots 2025-2027). Non-
perennial river which rises south-
west of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and
flows north-west and then southwest
into the Makgadigadi Pans at Nata.
The name is derived from the verb
nata meaning 'to drink'.
Naukluft Mountains (S 2416 AA-
AC). In the districts of Rehoboth
and Maltahohe, 160 km from the
coast and 80 km north-west of
Maltahohe. The Afrikaans-German
name means 'narrow ravine'; it is
translated from Khoekhoen Ohab,
literally 'narrow gorge'.
Naval Hill (O 2926 AA). Flat-
topped hill in Bloemfontein.
Formerly known as Bloemfontein
Hill, Bloemfontein Mount and
Tafelkop; the present name refers to
its resemblance to a coast-guard
post when in 1900 the Naval Bri-
gade was stationed there to defend
the city and naval guns were
mounted.
Nazareth (T 2529 CD). Early name
of Middelburg. The reference is
biblical (Matt. 2:23).
Ncome (N 2830 BA). Zulu name for
the Bloed River. Sometimes
explained as 'cattle'; a more widely
accepted explanation is 'pleasing',
'praiseworthy'.
*Ncwadi (N 2930 CC). Settlement
on the river of the same name, a
tributary of the Mkomazi, about
30 km south-west of Pietermaritz-
burg. Derived from Zulu, the name
apparently means 'conspicuous', from
a prominent hill.
Ndawana (N 2829 CC-CD). Tributary
of the Ngwangwane. It rises west of
Mount Sutherland near the Lesotho
border and flows east-south-east to its
confluence with the main stream south-
east of the Coleford Nature Reserve.
The name is derived from Zulu
indawo, a type of rush (Cyperus
esculens) used for making mats and
with a medicinal root tasting of ginger.
Ndlovini (Cis 3227 CA). Tributary of
the Gwiligwili. It rises about 15 km
east of the Hogsback and flows south.
The name is of Xhosa origin and means
'place of elephants'.
*Ndwedwe (N 2930 DB). Village
60 km north of Durban and about
20 km west-north-west of Tongaat. Of
Zulu origin, the name is said to mean
'long, bare table-land or ridge', or
'pensive', referring to its peaceful
setting in the Valley of a Thousand
ffills.
Nelson's Kop (O 2829 AB). Hill some
30 km east of Harrismith, said to have
been named after a merchant.
*Nelspruit (T 2530 BD). Town on the
Crocodile River, 320 km east of
Pretoria and 48 km north of Barberton.
Laid out on the farm Cascades, it was
proclaimed in January 1905, and
administered by a health committee
from 1912, by a village council from
1922, and by a municipality from 1940.
Named in 1891 after three Nel brothers
who grazed their herds there every
winter.
Neu-Barmen see Barmen
Neu-Deutschland see New Germany
Neuseiland (C 2820 DD). Island in the
Orange River about 10 km east of
Kakamas and 25 km west of Neilers-
drif. Afrikaans for 'nose island', the
name is a partial translation of Khoek-
hoen Gariepeis, 'river nose'. Neus-
berg, Neusspruit, Neushek and Neus-
poort will have the same Khoekhoen
origin. It would seem that the primary
name is Koekoeb, 'nose mountain',
from which Neusberg is translated.
Neutral Territory (Cis 3327).
Region between the Great Fish and
Keiskamma Rivers. It was declared
a neutral zone after the Fifth Xhosa
War (1819) and incorporated into
the Cape Colony in 1847, hence the
name.
*New Bethesda (C 3124 DC).
Village near the Kompasberg in the
Sneeuberg, 54 km north of Graaff-
Reinet. It was founded in 1875 as a
mission station and attained munici-
pal status in 1886. The name is of
biblical origin (John 5:2-4) and
means 'place of flowing water'. The
form Nieu-Bethesda is preferred for
official purposes.
*Newcastle (N 2729 DD). Coal-
mining town 294 km south-east of
Johannesburg, 352 km north-north-
west of Durban and 53 km south of
Volksrust. It was established in
1864, proclaimed a township in
1882 and a borough in 1891. Named
in March 1854 after the Duke of
Newcastle, Secretary of State for the
Colonies in 1852 and 1859.
*New England (C 3027 DC).
Region in the Barkly East and Lady
Grey districts. So called because it
was settled in 1860 by descendants
of the British Settlers of 1820.
*New Germany (N 2930 DD).
Town in the Pinetown district,
12 km west of Durban. It was estab-
lished in 1848 and became a munici-
pality in 1960. Originally Neu-
Deutschland and subsequently trans-
lated, the name refers to settlement
of the area by German immigrants in
1848.
*New Guelderland (N 2931 AD).
Region between the Tongaat and
Tugela rivers, some 16 km north of
Stanger. It was established about the
middle of the 19th century by a
certain Colenbrander as settlement
for immigrants from Holland, and
named after the Dutch province of
Gelderland or Guelderland. As a
result of Stanger' s increasing impor-
tance after 1910, New Guelderland
declined.
*New Hanover (N 2930 BC). Town
near the Noodsberg, 35 km north-
east of Pietermaritzburg and 37 km
south of Greytown. It was founded
in 1850 and has been administered
by a health committee since 1933.
Named after Hanover in Germany
by the German settlers.
New Scotland (T 2630). Region
south of Lake Chrissie, bounded by
the Vaal River, the Swaziland
border and the road between Ermelo
and Amsterdam. Thus named
because it was settled by Scottish
immigrants in 1867. Its headquarters
were named Roburnia, after the
Scottish poet, Robert Burns; later
the name was changed to Amster-
dam.
*Ngagane (N 2730 CC). Town
some 11 km north of Alcockspruit
and 35 km south-west of Utrecht. Of
Zulu origin, the name is variously
said to mean 'the unexpected one',
referring to the way the river may
suddenly come down in flood;
'thorn -tree river', referring to
Dichrostachys or Acacia trees
growing along the banks, or 'skele-
ton river', the reference being
uncertain.
Ngami see Lake Ngami
Ngamiland (Bots 2020). District of
which Maun is the capital. It takes
its name from Lake Ngami.
Nghabe (Bots 2021-2024). Non-
perennial river which rises north-
east of Makalamabedi and flows
west and south-west to enter Lake
Ngami from the north-east. The
name is believed to have the same
origin as Ngami and to mean
'giraffe'.
*Ngogo (N 2729 DB). River which
rises about 25 km north-west of
Newcastle and flows east-north-east
past Ingogo. Derived from Zulu, the
name has been explained as an
onomatopoeic rendering of water
gurgling over stones, as meaning
'river of corpses', or as referring to
klipspringers (Oreotragus saltator).
At Ingogo, 24 km north of New-
castle, a famous battle took place on
8 February 1881.
Ngome Forest (N 2731 CD).
Situated along the south-eastern
slopes of the Ngome Mountains,
from which they derive their name,
16 km north-west of Nongoma and
57 km east-south-east of Vryheid.
The name is of Zulu origin and
means 'precipitous heights'.
*Ngqeleni (Trsk 3129 CA). Village
in West Pondoland, 32 km southeast
of Umtata and about 40 km north-
north-west of Coffee Bay. The name
is derived from Xhosa ngqele, 'cold'
or 'frost'. Coldstream, which flows
past it, may have a name translated
from Ngqeleni, 'at the cold'.
Ngungununu (Trsk 3029 AB-BA).
Tributary of the Ngwangwane. It
rises about 40 km west of Creighton
and flows east, south-east and north
to enter the main stream at the Natal
border 17 km westsouth-west of
Creighton. Of Nguni origin, the
name is said to mean 'the sullen
one'.
Ngwangwane (N 2929 C-3029 B).
Tributary of the Mzimkhulu. It rises
near the Lesotho border south-west
of Underberg and flows south-east,
partly along the Transkei border, to
its confluence with the main stream
6 km south-west of Creighton.
Derived from Zulu, the name is said
to mean 'stork river' or 'locust-bird
river'.
Ngwavuma (N 2632 C-2732 A).
Tributary of the Phongolo which it
joins about 6 km south-east of
Ndumo. Of Zulu origin, the name is
said to refer to a type of tree
(Pseudocassine transvaalensis), of
which the bark is medicinal, or to
mean 'the growling one', from the
sound the river makes passing
through a ravine. Explanations
involving the leopard are considered
less probable.
Ngwempisi River (T 2630-2631).
Tributary of the Great Usutu. It rises
west of Leyden and flows mainly
east to the confluence about 6 km
south-west of Sidvokodvo. Literally
'leopard-wolf river', from Zulu
ingwe, 'leopard', 'tiger', and impisi,
'wolf. Said to refer to an incident in
which cattle were killed by an
unidentified creature. Some said it
was a leopard, others maintained it
was a wolf or hyena, hence the
name.
Ngwenya Mountains (Swa 2631
AA). Mountains in the north-
western part of Swaziland, between
the Komati and Little Usutu rivers;
also known as Bomvu Ridge. Swazi
for 'crocodile'; Ngwenya is also a
family name.
*Nhlavini (N 3030 AA-AB). Tribu-
tary of the Mkomazi. It rises
between Ixopo and Highflats and
flows north to enter the main stream
15 km south of Richmond. Derived
from Zulu, the name is said to mean
either 'river where berries grow' or
'honey-bird river'.
Nhlohlela (N 2732 CA). Tributary
of the Mkuze River. It rises in the
Ubombo Mountains and flows
north-east through the Mkuze Game
Reserve. The name is derived from
Zulu and is said to mean 'the
penetrator', after a narrow gorge
through which it flows, or 'the
gatherer', referring to the swamp
where the water gathers a few kilo-
metres before it joins the Mkuze.
*Niekerkshoop (C 2922 BD).
Village and asbestos mining centre
80 km south of Griquatown and
40 km north of Prieska. It was laid
out on the farm Modderfontein in
1902 and has been administered by a
village management board since
1904. Named after the owners of the
farm, brothers named Van Niekerk.
*Nieu-Bethesda see New Bethesda
*Nigel (T 2628 AD). Gold-mining
town 14 km north-east of Heidel-
berg and 21 km south of Springs.
Established on the farm Varkens-
fontein in 1909, it was proclaimed a
township in 1912 and became a
municipality in 1930. The name is
said to be derived from the novel
The Fortunes of Nigel by Sir Walter
Scott, which the surveyor was
reading when he discovered gold
there in 1886; another explanation is
that it was named after Nigel
MacLeish who discovered the Nigel
gold-mine.
Nisbet Bath (S 2818 BC). Former
name of Warmbad, given to the
mission station Blijde Uitkomst by
the Wesleyan Edward Cook in
honour of one of his supporters, and
the mineral springs there.
Njelele see Nzhelele
Njesuthi see Injasuthi
*Nkandla (N 2831 CA). Village
48 km north-west of Eshowe and
57 km south of Babanango, centre
of wattle plantations. It was the
scene of heavy fighting in the Zulu
Rising of 1906. The name is said to
be derived from Zulu kandla, 'tire',
'exhaust'.
Nkumpi (T 2429). Tributary of the
Olifants River. It rises some 35 km
east of Potgietersrus, in the Stryd-
poort Mountains, and flows south
to join the main stream at Groot-
klip, about 50 km east of Roedtan.
Formerly known as the Gompies
and also encountered as Ngumpe, it
is said to be named after an
Ndebele chief.
Nkunzi (N 2830 A). Tributary of
the Sundays River which it joins
about 10 km south-west of Was-
bank. The name is Zulu and means
'bull river', referring to the quali-
ties of this creature - strength,
forcefulness, etc.
*Nkwifa (N 3030 BC). Settlement
some 5 km west of Umzinto.
Named after the Nkwifa River
which flows past it. Derived from
Zulu, the name means 'the spewing
one', referring to the waterfall.
Noagore (C 3124-3224). Khoek-
hoen name of the Sneeuberg. It
seems that the Afrikaans name,
which means 'snow mountain', is a
translation.
Noakchaob (C 2917 AD-CB).
Khoekhoen name of the Stryrivier.
Meaning 'battle river', 'warlike
river'; the Afrikaans name is a
translation.
Noegare (C 3017). Khoekhoen
name of the Swartlintjies River. It
means 'black thong', so that the
Afrikaans name, which signifies
'black ribbon', is a translation. The
name has been explained as being
derived from that of a chief, from a
black thong worn by each member
of a Nama tribe that lived there,
and from the black aspect of
vegetation growing in the dry river-
bed, reminiscent from a distance of
a black thong. Also encountered as
Noegaree.
Noegareb (C3318 BA). Khoekhoen
name of Swartberg. The name
means 'black mountain', the Afri-
kaans name being a translation.
*Noetzekamma (C 3322 DD-3422
BB). Khoekhoen name of Swartvlei.
It means 'black water'; the Afri-
kaans name is a translation.
Nomsoros (S 2818 BA). Khoekhoen
name of Karasburg. It has been said
to mean 'chalky place with springs',
'the baking sun', etc, but probably
means 'bearded body', referring to a
place bordered with vegetation.
Nonesi's Nek (Trsk 3126 DD).
Mountain pass about 15 km north-
east of Queenstown. It was named
after Nonesi, wife of the Tembu
chief Umtirara, who was Queen
Regent of this tribe for many years.
She was arrested in 1868 for
incitement.
*Nongoma (N 2731 DC). Town
45 km north-east of Mahlabatini and
64 km south of Magudu. It was
established in 1887 and has been
administered by a health committee
since 1946. Originally known as
Ndwandwe after the tribe that lived
there, it was subsequently renamed
after the chief's village, Kwa-
Nongoma, 'the place of Nongoma',
derived from Zulu umngoma,
'witchdoctor'. Scene of fighting in
1888 between the rival Zulu chiefs
Isibepu and Dinizulu.
*Noodsberg (N 2930 BD). Moun-
tain in the Umvoti district, some
15 km east of Dalton. Afrikaans for
'mountain of anxiety', it was so
called because the early settlers fled
thither and erected a pallisade for
fear of the Zulus.
Noord-Kaap(land)
see Northern Cape
*Noordoewer (S 2817 DA). Settle-
ment near Vioolsdrif, 160 km south
of Karasburg, stretching 20 km
along the northern bank of the
Orange River. Afrikaans, the name
means 'north bank'.
*Noorsveld (C 3224). Region north
of Soutpansnek in the Witteberge,
between Jansenville and Pearston.
The name is derived from the noors-
thorn (Euphorbia caerulescens, E.
enopla) growing there. In times of
drought the plant is used for fodder
after the thorns have been burnt off.
Northern Cape (C 2721-3025).
Region originally comprising the
districts of Barkly West, Gordonia,
Hay, Herbert, Kimberley, Kuruman,
Mafikeng, Taung and Vryburg, all
north of the Orange River, but later
also including the districts of Hope-
town, Kuruman and Prieska.
*Norvalspont (C 3025 CB). Settle-
ment some 35 km east-north-east of
Colesberg and 35 km west-north-
west of Venterstad, on the southern
bank of the Orange River, below the
Hendrik Verwoerd Dam. Afrikaans
for 'NorvaPs ferry', it was named
after an enterprising Scot who
constructed a ferry here in 1848.
*Nossob River (S 2318-2620).
Tributary of the Molopo River. It
rises east of Windhoek and flows
south for 740 km. Said to mean
'running quietly', 'blackish river'.
*Nottingham Road (N 2930 AC).
Town 19 km south of Mooi River
and 59 km north-west of Pieter-
maritzburg. Founded in 1905 and
named after the Nottingham Regi-
ment which was stationed there
when trouble was expected from the
Basotho in the 19th century. A
popular trout-fishing area.
*Noupoort (C 2526). Town 54 km
south of Colesberg and 45 km north
of Rosmead Junction. It was laid out
on a portion of the farm Carolus-
poort, was administered by a village
management board from 1937 and
attained municipal status in 1942.
Afrikaans for 'narrow pass', the
name refers to a gap in the Carlton
Hills 27 km to the north-west.
*Nqutu (N 2830 BA). Village
24 km west-south-west of Barklie-
side and 53 km east of Dundee. Of
Zulu origin, the name is derived
from ingqutu, 'flat-topped vessel',
descriptive of a nearby hill from
which the village takes its name.
*Nseleni (N 2831 DB-2832 CA).
River which rises about 23 km east
of Melmoth and flows east and
south-east to join the Nsezi at the
town Nseleni about 17 km north-
west of Richards Bay. The name is
derived from Zulu and means 'bad-
ger river', or possibly 'channel
river'.
*Nsuze (N 2830 BD-2831 CC).
Tributary of the Tugela River. It
rises about 20 km west of Baba-
nango and flows east-south-east to
the confluence at Hotsprings, 20 km
north-east of Kranskop. Of Zulu
origin, the name means 'snake
river'.
Ntababovu Hills (Swa 2631 AA).
Mountains about 10 km south of
Bulembu and 20 km north of
Mbabane. Meaning 'red mountain',
the name refers to the colour
imparted by haematite ('blood-
stone') deposits which are exten-
sively mined. This is the only place
in the world where archaeological
research and mining activities are
conducted simultaneously. Thought
to be the world's oldest mining area;
30 000 years ago haematite was
being mined there. The name is also
encountered as Ntababomvu.
*Ntabamhlope (N 2929 B). Moun-
tain about 20 km south-west of
Estcourt. Derived from Zulu ntaba,
'mountain', mhlope, 'white', possi-
bly because it is covered with snow
every winter.
Ntabamnyama (N 2829 CB). Zulu
name for Spioenkop near Lady-
smith; it means 'black mountain'.
Ntabayikhonjwa (N 2929 AD).
Zulu name of Giant's Castle. Said to
mean 'the mountain at which one
must not point', from khonjwa,
passive of khomba, 'to point (with a
finger)'.
Ntinini (N 2830 BD). Tributary of
the White Mfolozi. It rises about
17 km west of Babanango and flows
north and north-east to the conflu-
ence at Simpsonskamp. Derived
from Zulu, the name means 'otter
river', 'at the otter'.
Ntsoanasatsi (O 2729 CD). Sotho
name of Tafelkop near Vrede. The
name means 'sunrise', from tsoha,
'rise', letsatsi, 'sun'. According to
legend, this was where the Basotho
people originated.
Ntumbane (N 2829 CA-CC). River
which rises east of Thabakuneta and
flows north-east into Woodstock
Dam. The name is Zulu and means
'the little one which bubbles out'.
*Ntunjambili (N 2830 DD). Hill
some 9 km north-east of Kranskop,
and settlement just north-west of it,
established as a station of the
Norwegian Missionary Society. Of
Zulu origin, the name means 'two
openings', referring to two apertures in
the hill, one of which has crumbled
away.
Nugariep (C 2924). Khoekhoen name
of the Orange River above its conflu-
ence with the Vaal River. It means
'black river', from the colour of the
rocks along its course.
Nugoaes (S 2618 CA). Khoekhoen
name of Keetmanshoop. It means
'black mud'; the former Dutch name
for the place, Zwartmodder, is a
translation of the Khoekhoen name.
Nukei (Trsk 3227). Khoekhoen name
of the Swartkei. It means 'black sand'.
The modern name is thus a hybrid,
swart being Afrikaans for 'black', kei
being Khoekhoen for 'sand'.
*Nuwerus (C 3118 AB). Village
16 km south-east of Bitterfontein and
70 km north-west of Vanrhynsdorp.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'new rest'.
Nuweveld (C 3121-3122). Region
north of the Nuweveld Mountains and
south of Loxton. Derived from Dutch,
this Afrikaans name means 'new field'
and was probably given because it was
different from that previously known
to the stock-farmers. It was first settled
about 1760. The Nuweveld Mountains
take their name from it.
Nuy River (C 3319 CB-DA).
Tributary of the Breede River. It rises
south of the Kwadouwsberg and flows
south-west to join the main stream
about 8 km south of Worcester. Of
Khoekhoen origin, the name has been
explained as 'porcupine river' or 'first
river'; it probably means 'willow
(river)'.
*Nyanga (C 3318 DC). Township on
the Cape Flats, 16 km south of
Bellville, Goodwood and Parow. It
was established in 1946. The name
means 'the moon', and was given in
conjunction with Langa, 'the sun'.
*Nylstroom (T 2428 CB). Principal
town of the Waterberg district,
125 km north of Pretoria and 29 km
north-east of Warmbad. It was laid
out in February 1866 on the farm
Rietvlei; a health committee was
instituted in 1903, a village council
in 1923 and a municipality in
October 1959. Afrikaans for 'Nile
stream', the name is derived from
that of a river nearby, called thus
because the 'Jerusalemgangers' mis-
took this river, the Mogalakwena,
for the upper reaches of the Nile,
and the hill Kranskop for a pyramid.
*Nzhelele (T 2230). Tributary of the
Limpopo River. It rises in the
Soutpansberg east of the town of
Nzhelele in Venda and flows west,
north and north-north-east to enter
the Limpopo about 32 km east of
Messina. The name is said to be
Venda for 'hawk' or 'eagle'.
o
*Oberholzer (T 2627 AD). Town
85 km south-west of Johannesburg,
just north-west of Carletonville.
Laid out on the farm Wonderfontein,
it was proclaimed in March 1939
and named after the owner of the
farm, Hendrik Oberholzer.
Obiekwaberge (C 3319 AA-AC).
Mountains about 8 km west of Tul-
bagh, extending north and south,
north of the Voelvleiberge and south
of Saronsberg. Named after the
Obiqua people, also known as
Ibequa, Hawequa and Abiqua.
Obonjeni (N 2930 BA). Zulu name
of Ubombo. It means 'on the big
nose', from its situation on the
Ubombo or Lebombo Mountains.
*Odendaalsrus (O 2726 DC). Gold-
mining centre some 13 km north of
Welkom and 62 km south-east of
Kroonstad. It was established on the
farm Kalkkuil in 1899; a village
management board was instituted in
1904, and municipal status attained
in 1912. Named after the owner of
the farm, J J Odendaal.
Oeba (C 3125-3327). Khoekhoen
name of the Great Fish River. It
means 'fish river', so that the
modern name is a translation.
*Ofcolaco (T 2430 AB). Settlement
43 km south-east of Tzaneen.
Named after the Officers' Colonial
Land Company which purchased
ground for settlement along the
Selati River in 1920. These retired
officers managed to make a reason-
able living by cultivating citrus and
sub-tropical fruit.
*Ogies (T 2629 AA). Coal-mining
town 29 km south-west of Witbank
and 70 km north-east of Springs. It
was laid out in 1928 on the farm
Oogiesfontein, 'fountain with many
"eyes" or springs'. The name is
derived from that of the farm.
Ohab (S 2416 AA-AC). Khoekhoen
name of Naukluft; it means 'narrow
ravine', so that the 'German' name
is a direct translation.
*Ohrigstad (T 2430 DA). Town
52 km north-east of Lydenburg and
77 km south-west of Hoedspruit. It
was laid out in 1845 but abandoned
in 1848-9 because of deaths caused
by malaria. Named Andries-Ohrig-
stad, after the Voortrekker Andries
Hendrik Potgieter and a merchant of
Amsterdam, Georgius Gerardus
Ohrig (1806-1852), a friend of the
Voortrekkers. The present Ohrigstad
was laid out in 1923.
*Okahandja (S 2116 DD). Town
72 km north of Windhoek and
180 km south of Otjiwarongo.
Established as a Rhenish mission
station in 1850 which was destroyed
but reopened in 1870. A municipal
council has administered it since
German times. The name, of Herero
origin, is variously said to mean
'ridge' and 'the small wide one',
referring to the bed of the
Okahandja River which is wider
than the main stream, the Swakop
River.
Okenyenya (S 2016 CC). Mountain
about 90 km north-west of Omaruru
and 105 km south-west of Outjo.
Derived from Herero, the name is
said to mean 'place of fine grass'. It
was formerly spelt Okonjainja.
*Okiep (C 2917 DB). Copper-
mining village 8 km north of
Springbok and 11 km south-west of
Concordia. It was established after
copper was found there in 1862. The
name, at first spelt O'okiep, is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'large brackish place'.
Okombahe (S 2115 AD). Reserve
for Damara, about 60 km west of
Omaruru. The name, derived from
Herero, is said to mean 'place of the
giraffe', after a mountain the shape
of which resembles a giraffe.
Okonjainja see Okenyenya
*01ifantshoek (C 2722 DD).
Village 60 km north-west of Post-
masburg and 80 km south-west of
Kuruman. It developed from a
police post and is administered by a
village management board. The
name is Afrikaans and means
'elephants corner or glen', referring
to skeletons found there. Possibly it
is translated from Tswana Ditlou.
*01ifants River (C 3118-3319).
River rising between Ceres and
Citrusdal, in the Great Winterhoek
and Cold Bokkeveld mountains, and
flowing north for 265 km, entering the
Atlantic 250 km north of Cape Town.
'Elephants river', it was named by the
landdrost of Stellenbosch, J Starren-
burg, early in the 18th century because
he saw a herd of 300 elephants there.
The Khoekhoen name was Tharak-
kamma or Trakamma. The form
Olifantsrivier is preferred for official
purposes.
Olifants River (C 3321-3323). Rises
in the Gourits basin and flows 215 km
westwards to its confluence with the
Gamka 16 km south of Calitzdorp,
after which it becomes the Gourits
River. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'elephants (river)'.
Olifants River (T 2332-2629). Tribu-
tary of the Limpopo, rising between
Breyten and Bethal and flowing north
and then east for 800 km to its
confluence with the Limpopo 40 km
east of the border with Mocambique.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'elephants (river)'.
*01ifantsrivier see Olifants River
Omambonde (S 2017-2018). Non-
perennial river extending from about
80 km north-east of Otjiwarongo to
Koblenz, where it joins the Omatako.
Derived from Herero, the name means
'camelthorn (river)'; after the camel-
thorn tree (Acacia giraffae).
*Omaruru (S 2115 BD). Town 70 km
north of Karibib and 220 km north-
west of Windhoek. Developed from a
Rhenish mission station established
here in 1870, it attained municipal
status in July 1909. The name is
Herero and is said to mean 'bitter
thick-milk', imparted by the cows
eating certain shrubs growing there.
Also explained as 'bitter water'.
Omatako Mountains (S 2116 BA).
Twin peaks 28 km south-west of
Prosit, 85 km east-north-east of
Omaruru and 85 km north-northwest
of Okahandja. The name, of Herero
origin, means 'buttocks', referring to
the shape of these peaks. The Omu-
ramba Omatako (Herero for 'dry
river') takes its name from these
peaks.
Omatendeka Mountains (S 1913).
Mountain range extending from the
Kunene River in the north to near
the Ugab River in the south, in the
southern Kaokoveld. Formed by a
lava mass; the upper layer of hard
rhyolite has inhibited erosion of the
lower bands, so that it consists of a
dissected plateau rising gaunt and
stark. The name is Herero and
means 'packed square'.
*Omitara (S 2218 AC). Settlement
122 km east of Windhoek and
106 km west of Gobabis. The name
is derived from Herero and said to
mean 'incomplete huts or shelters'.
Omukuruwaro (S 2114). Herero
name of Brandberg, meaning 'fire
mountain'.
Omuramba Omatako (S 1720-
2116). Non-perennial tributary of
the Kavango River. It rises between
Otjihaenamaparero and the Omatako
Mountains and extends north-east to
join the Kavango at Ndonga, 80 km
east of Rundu. It takes its name
from the Omatako Mountains;
omuramba is Herero for 'dry water-
course'.
*Omusema (S 2116 C-2216 A).
Non-perennial tributary of the
Swakop River. It rises about 8 km
west of Wilhelmstal and extends
south to join the Swakop at Otjim-
bingwe. The name is Herero and
means 'waterhole dug in a river-
bed'.
Onder-Bokkeveld (C 3119 C). That
portion of the Bokkeveld situated
west of the present Calvinia. Afri-
kaans for 'UnderBokkeveld', it is
probably so called to distinguish it
from the Warm and Cold Bokke-
veld.
Ongeluksrivier (C 3219-3220).
Non-perennial river which rises
north of Oliviersberg and extends
west and then north to join the
Tanqua River at Langdoring. Afri-
kaans for 'accident river', the name
refers to an incident here in which a
man was killed by a lion.
Ongers River (C 2923 CC-2123
BD). Tributary of the Brak River. It
rises south of Richmond and flows
north-west past Merriman to join the
Brak about 3 km east of Biega se
Berg. Stated to have been named
after a person by the name of
Ongers, or to be an adaptation of the
Afrikaans word ongerus, 'uneasy'.
*Onseepkans (C 2819 CB). Village
on the Orange River, 57 km north of
Pofadder and 107 south-east of
Karasburg. It was established as an
irrigation settlement in 1916 and
administered by a village manage-
ment board since 1936. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'bend in the river where orange-
thorn trees grow', referring to
Parkinsonia africana.
Oorlogskloof River (C 3119). River
rising near Downes and flowing
south, then west past Calvinia and
then south, along the eastern slopes
of the Bokkeveld Mountains. Named
after the farm Oorlogskloof. The
name means 'war ravine' and refers
to a battle between the colonists and
the San in the 18th century. It may
be a translation of Khoekhoen
Koebee.
Oos-Londen see East London
Oostelike Provinsie
see Eastern Province
Orange Free State (O 2724-3027).
Province of the RSA bounded by the
Transvaal, Natal, Lesotho and the
Cape Province. Takes its name from
the Orange River and from the fact
that in 1854 it became a free
republic. Formerly it bore the names
Transgariep, Orange River Sover-
eignty (1848-54) and Orange River
Colony (1902-10).
*Orange River (2816-3027). Rises
on the Natal-Lesotho border in the
Maluti Mountains, the Drakensberg
and Thaba Putsoa, and flows west-
wards for some 2 300 km to enter
the Atlantic Ocean near Oranje-
mund. Named by Colonel Robert
Jacob Gordon in 1777 and again in
1779 after Prince William V of
Orange. Former names were San
Eyn or Ein, Khoekhoen IGarib or
Gariep and Afrikaans Grootrivier.
The form Oranjerivier is preferred
for official purposes.
*Oranjekrag (O 3025 CB). Town-
ship on the northern bank of the
Orange River, 40 km west of
Bethulie and 30 km north-east of
Colesberg. Laid out in 1965-66 to
accommodate the builders of the
Hendrik Verwoerd Dam. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'Orange (River)
power'.
*Oranjemund (S 2816 CB). Diamond
mining town on the Orange River
8 km from its mouth, 300 km south-
east of Luderitz and 88 km north-west
of Port Nolloth. The name, hybrid
Dutch and German, means 'Orange
(River) mouth'.
*Oranjerivier see Orange River
*Oranjeville (O 2628 CC). Town on
the southern bank of the Vaal Dam,
14 km south-east of Deneysville and
46 km north-east of Heilbron. It takes
its name from the Orange Free State,
Oranje-Vrystaat in Afrikaans.
*Oribi Flats (N 3030 CB). Region to
the north-west of Oribi Gorge in the
Mzimkulwane River. Takes its name
from the oribi antelope (Ourebia
scoparia or O. oribi) encountered
there in former times.
Oribi Gorge (N 3030 CB). Ravine
some 20 km long and up to 300 m
deep, cut by the Mzimkulwane River,
20 km north-west of Port Shepstone.
Presumably named after the oribi
antelopes (Ourebia orebi or O.
scoparia) which were encountered
there in former times.
*Orkney (T 2626 DC). Gold-mining
town on the Vaal River, 12 km south
of Klerksdorp. It was proclaimed in
March 1940, was administered by a
health committee from 1942 and by a
village management board from 1958.
Municipal status was attained in
March 1962. Named after a gold-mine
on the farm Witkoppen, which took its
name from the Orkney Islands, from
whence the owner, Jackson, came.
Orokap (C 2917 DD). Khoekhoen
name of Droedap River. It means 'dry
plain'.
Os Picos Fragosos (C 3418). Early
Portuguese name for the Hottentots
Holland Mountains, extending south to
Hangklip. Encountered as early as
1503, it means 'broken peaks'. The
name is also said to refer to the
Bosberge and Steenberge situated
between Groote Schuur and Muizen-
berg on the Cape Peninsula.
*Otavi (S 1917 CB). Village some
60 km south-west of Tsumeb and
80 km west of Grootfontein. Said to be
named after a powerful spring remini-
scent of the one at Kaoko-Otavi and
therefore named Otavi. Of Herero
origin, the name is said to refer to the
pushing of a calf against a cow's udder
to make the milk flow; the water
emanating from the spring was
reminiscent of this action.
*Otjikango (S 2216 B). Herero name
of Barmen. It means 'the place of hot
springs'.
*Otjikondo (S 1915 CD). Settlement
with post office, shops and hotel,
83 km north-west of Outjo. The name
is Herero and means 'place of the
kondo-coloured cattle', ie red or black
with a strip of white across the back.
*Otjikoto (S 1917 CC-2017 AA).
Water-filled sink-hole some 100 m
wide and 110 m long and of uncertain
depth, generally thought to be about
60 m. The name is Herero and means
'deep hole'.
*Otjimbingwe (S 2216 AC). Station
of the Rhenish Missionary Society,
and reserve, 64 km south-east of
Karibib, at the junction of the
Omusema and Swakop rivers. It was
founded in 1849. Of Herero origin, the
name is said to mean 'place of refresh-
ment', from a spring in the Omusema
River, or 'place of the tiger'.
Otjimbonde (S 2016 CC). Herero
name of Rietfontein. It means 'place
of the coffee mimosa trees' (Acacia
hereroensis).
Otjomuise (S 2217 CA). Hereto name
for Windhoek. Meaning 'place of
smoke', it refers to the steam seen
above the hot springs in olden times.
Otjivanda-Tjongue (S 1918 CA).
Herero name of Grootfontein; it means
'hill of the leopard' or 'leopard flat'.
*Otjiwarongo (S 2016 BC). Town
69 km south-east of Outjo and
252 km north-west of Windhoek. It
developed from a Rhenish mission
station established in 1891 and a
German garrison posted in 1904. It
was administered by a village
management board in 1928 and
attained municipal status in 1939.
The name is Herero and is said to
mean 'place of fat cattle', or else
'pretty place'.
Otjozondjupa (S 2017 A-C).
Herero name of the settlement
Waterberg, 64 km east of Otjiwa-
rongo. It means 'place of the
gourds'.
*Ottoshoop (T 2525 DB). Village
in the Marico district, 30 km south
of Zeerust. It was founded on the
farm Zeekoevlei after the discovery
of gold in 1875. Named in 1895
after the landdrost of Marico,
Cornelius B Otto (1828-1909). The
name is Afrikaans and means
'Otto's hope'. About 1825 there was
a lake here several kilometres long;
this has subsequently disappeared.
Oub (S 2417-2817). Khoekhoen
name of the Fish River. It means
'fish'.
*Oudtshoorn (C 3322 CA). Town
on the Grobbelaars River, 72 km
north-west of George and 125 km
north-north-east of Mossel Bay. It
was laid out on the farm Hartebeest-
rivier in 1847, proclaimed a town in
1863 and became a municipality in
1887. Named after Baron Pieter van
Rheede van Oudtshoorn who came
to South Africa in 1741, was
Secunde in 1760, returned to
Holland in 1766 and was appointed
Governor of the Cape in 1772. He
died on his way to the Cape in 1773.
Oukamma (C 3419-3420). Khoek-
hoen name of Soutrivier. It means
'salt water' or 'salt river', so that
the Afrikaans name is a direct
translation.
Outeniqualand (C 3222). Region
between the present Knysna and
Mossel Bay, situated south of the
Outeniqua Mountains, east of
Ruitersboskraal and west of the
Krom River. Named after the Oute-
niqua Khoekhoen, whose name
probably means 'people who carry
bags (of honey)'.
Outeniqua Mountains (C 3322-
3322). Part of the range parallel to
the southern coast, with the Lange-
berg to the west and the Tsitsi-
kamma Mountains to the east.
Known to the Portuguese as Serra de
Estrella. Named after the Outeniqua
Khoekhoen who lived there.
*Outjo (S 2016 AA). Town 47 km
north-west of Otjiwarongo and
165 km south-west of Otavi. It deve-
loped from a German military post
established in 1895, was admini-
stered by a village management
board from 1930 and became a
municipality in 1944. The name is
said to be of Herero origin, referring
to a geographical feature known as
The Terraces, or to mean 'sweet
water' or 'sweetness'; more gener-
ally the explanation is accepted that
the name is derived from Khoe-
khoen but adapted to Herero, and to
mean 'place of evil', because people
died there of malaria and blackwater
fever.
Ovamboland (S 1714-1817).
Region bounded by Angola in the
north, Kaokoland in the west,
Kavango in the east and the Etosha
National Park in the south. Named
after the Ovambo who inhabit it; the
name occurs as Owambo according
to the modern orthography.
Overberg (C 3419-3420). Region
encompassing approximately the
present districts of Bredasdorp,
Caledon and Swellendam, but
formerly extending almost to Mossel
Bay. Afrikaans for 'over (the)
mountain', the name is derived from
Dutch Over 't Berg, 'over the
mountain', referring to its situation
east of the Hottentots Holland
Mountains.
Oviston (C 3025 DB). Township
8 km north of Venterstad, on the
southern bank of the Hendrik
Verwoerd Dam. It was established
in 1964-65 to accommodate workers
on the Orange Fish Tunnel. The
name is derived from the Afrikaans
Oranje-Vis-tonnel, 'Orange-Fish
Tunnel', near the entrance to which
it is situated.
Owambo see Ovamboland
Paardekop see Perdekop
Paardenberg see Perdeberg
*Paarl (C 3318 DB). Town 13 km
south-south-west of Wellington and
30 km north-west of Franschhoek.
Founded in 1690, it became a seat of
magistracy in 1839 and achieved
municipal status in 1840. Takes its
name from a round granite boulder
called Paarl (Dutch for 'pearl') by
Abraham Gabbema in October 1657
when he saw it glistening with dew
in the morning sun.
*Pacaltsdorp (C 3422 AB). Village
8 km south of George. It was
founded as a station of the London
Missionary Society under the name
Hooge Kraal in 1818. In 1886 a
village management board was
instituted. The name was changed to
Pacaltsdorp in honour of the
German missionary Carl August
Pacalt (1773-1818) who laboured
there from 1813 to 1818.
Padrao de Sao Gregorio (C 3326
DC). Original name of Cape Pad-
rone. It means 'pillar of St Gregory'
and was given by Bartolomeu Dias.
Pafuri (T 2231 AC). Region along
the Luvuvhu River to its confluence
with the Limpopo, in the north-
eastern section of the Kruger
National Park. Said to be an adapta-
tion of the Bavenda chief's name
Mphafuli or Mphaphuli.
*Palabora see Phalaborwa
Palachwe see Palapye
Palala River (T 2327-2328). Tribu-
tary of the Limpopo. It rises in the
Waterberg, some 40 km north of
Nylstroom, and enters the main
stream between the Magol and
Mogolakwena rivers north-west of
its source. The name is presumably
derived from that of the impala,
although the meaning 'one which
overflows', from Northern Sotho
lephalale, has also been encoun-
tered.
Palapye (Bots 2127 CA). Village to
the north-west of the Tswapong Hills,
50 km south-east of Serowe and 70 km
north-east of Mahalapye. The name,
referring to the impala antelope, was
transferred from a former capital of
Chief Khama, abandoned in 1902. The
name is also encountered as Palachwe
and Palapwe.
Palmiet River (C 3418 BD). Paver
which rises near Grabouw and flows
mainly south to enter the Indian Ocean
between Betty's Bay and Kleinmond.
Named after the rushes (Prionium
serratum) growing in it, known in
Afrikaans as palmiet. The Khoekhoen
name of this river was Houtema or
Koutema, 'snake river'.
Pampoenkraal (C 3318 DC). Early
name of Durbanville; it is Afrikaans
and means 'pumpkin byre'.
Papegaaiberg (C 3318 DD). Hill west
of Stellenbosch. Dutch for 'parrot
mountain', the name is derived from
the sport practised in the late 17th
century of shooting in turn at a
wooden target shaped like a parrot.
Parow (C 3318 DC). Town 16 km
north of Cape Town, between Bellville
and Goodwood. It was established in
1901 and attained municipal status in
1939. Named after Johann Heinrich
Ferdinand Parow (1833-1910), a
German ship's captain who was ship-
wrecked there and became the owner
of the land on which the town was laid
out.
*Parys (O 2627 CD). Town on the
south bank of the Vaal River, 120 km
south-west of Johannesburg, 15 km
north-east of Vredefort and 50 km
south-east of Potchefstroom. It was
laid out on the farm Klipspruit in
1876, proclaimed in 1882 and became
a municipality in 1887. Probably
named after Paris in France, the
Afrikaans form of which is Parys, at a
suggestion of a German surveyor
named Schilbach, who had partici-
pated in the siege of Paris in the
Franco-Prussian War.
*Paternoster (C 3217 DD). Fishing
village on the west coast, 16 km north-
west of Vredenburg, at Cape Colum-
bine between Saldanha Bay and St
Helena Bay. The name, Latin for
'Our Father', refers to prayers said
by Catholic Portuguese seamen
when shipwrecked; it appears as St
Martin's Paternoster on old maps.
*Paterson (C 3325 BD). Village
some 80 km north-west of Alexan-
dria and 21 km north of Ncanaha. It
was laid out in 1879 and named
after John Paterson (1822-1880),
member of Parliament and founder
of the Eastern Province Herald and
of the Grey Institute for Boys, who
established the town.
Pauga see Xauga
*Paulpietersburg (N 2730 BD).
Town 72 km south of Piet Retief
and 151 km north-east of Dundee. It
was established in 1888, proclaimed
a township in 1910, and attained
municipal status in 1958. Named
after President Paul Kruger and
General Piet Joubert, it was first
called Paulpietersrust, then Paul-
pietersdorp, and Paulpietersburg in
1896.
*Paul Roux (O 2827 BD). Town on
the Sand River, 35 km west of
Bethlehem and 25 km east of
Senekal. It was established in 1910
and attained municipal status in
1914. Originally named Duplessis-
ville, after Frans du Plessis, it was
renamed in honour of Paul Hendrik
Roux (1862-1911), a general during
the Second Anglo-Boer War and
minister of Senekal from 1897 to
1905.
Paul Sauer Dam (C 3324 DA).
Dam in the Kouga River, 10 km
northwest of Andrieskraal. Named
after Paul Oliver Sauer (1898-1976),
a former Minister of Lands and
Water Affairs.
*Pearston (C 3225 CA). Town
50 km north-west of Somerset East
and 72 km south-east of Graaff-
Reinet. It was laid out in 1859 on
the farm Rustenburg, administered
by a village management board from
1861 and became a municipality in
April 1894. Named after John Pears,
Dutch Reformed minister at Somer-
set East and first relieving minister
of Pearston.
*Peddie (Cis 3327 AA). Town
55 km south-west of King William's
Town and 67 km east of Grahams-
town. It developed from a frontier
post established in 1835 and named
Fort Peddie, and became a munici-
pality in 1905. Named after Lieute-
nant-Colonel John Peddie (?-1840),
who led the 72nd Highlanders
against the Xhosa in the Sixth
Frontier War.
*Peelton (Cis 3227 CD). Village
60 km north-west of East London
and 16 km north-east of King
William's Town. It was founded in
1848-49 as a station of the London
Missionary Society. Named after Sir
Robert Peel, former Prime Minister
of Britain and First Lord of the
Treasury in 1834; it takes its name
from the Valley of Peel.
*Pelgrimsrus see Pilgrim's Rest
*Pelindaba (T 2527 DD). Site of a
nuclear research reactor near the
Hartebeespoort Dam, in the Pretoria
district. Takes its name from the
farm on which it was established.
The name means 'the matter, is
settled' or 'the task is finished',
referring to the dam which was
completed when the water reached
its highest level.
Pelion Peak (C 3027 C). Peak 2 682
m high, in the Witteberge, 20 km
east of Lady Grey. Takes its name
from the farm Pelion. The reference
is to the peak in Greece, in myth-
ology home of the centaurs. Other
classical names in the area are Ossa
and Olympus.
*Pella (C 2819 CC). Roman
Catholic mission station 28 km
northwest of Pofadder. It was
established as a station of the
London Missionary Society about
1806, was taken over by the Rhenish
Missionary Society until 1869, and
then by the Roman Catholics in
1874. The name is of biblical origin,
referring to Pella east of the river
Jordan, to which the Christians went
when Jerusalem was sacked in AD
70. The Pella in Namaqualand was
the refuge of inhabitants of a
London Missionary Society station
near Warmbad destroyed by the
Khoekhoen under Jager Afrikaner.
Penedo das Pontes (C 3326 DB).
Early Portuguese name of Ship
Rock. It was given in 1488 by
Bartolomeu Dias to a rock on which
were two fountains; the name means
'rock of the fountains', leading some
authorities to believe that the present
Fountain Rocks at Port Alfred may be
the original Penedo das Fontes.
*Penge (T 2430 AD). Mining village
on the Olifants River, 37 km north of
Burgersfort. It was established after
amosite was discovered there in 1907.
Named after a suburb of London in
England.
*Penvaan see Mpemvana
*Perdeberg (C 3318 DB). Mountain
16 km south-east of Malmesbury and
17 km north-west of Wellington. Origi-
nally it bore the Dutch form of the
present Afrikaans name, Paardenberg,
'horses mountain', presumably after
zebras which inhabited it.
*Perdekop (T 2729 AD). Village
38 km north of Volksrust and 47 km
south of Standerton. Formerly Paarde-
kop, 'horses hill', from the practice of
keeping horses there when horse-
sickness prevailed in lower lying areas.
*Petrusburg (O 2925 AB). Town
70 km north of Fauresmith and 80 km
west of Bloemfontein. It was founded
in 1891 on the farm Diepfontein and
named after Petrus Albertus Venter,
from whose estate funds were taken to
buy it.
*Petrus Steyn (O 2728 CA). Town
45 km north-east of Lindley. Named
after the owner of the farm on which it
was laid out in 1914.
*Petrusville (C 3024 BA). Town
45 km north-east of Philipstown, 56 km
south-east of Kraankuil and 10 km
south of the Orange River. Founded
about 1877 on the farm Rhenoster-
fontein and named after Petrus Jacobus
van der Walt who had bought it in 1810
and donated a portion of it to the Dutch
Reformed Church in 1822.
Phalaborwa (T 2331 CC). Town in the
Letaba district, 104 km east of
Tzaneen, 9 km north of the Olifants
River. Built on the site of centuries old
mining operations, it was laid out on
the farm Laaste and proclaimed in July
1957. The name is said to mean 'it is
better here than in the south', referring
to the peaceful existence refugees
enjoyed there after fleeing from Swazi
and Zulu further south.
Phepaneng (T 2429). Early Sotho
name of the area around Potgietersrus.
'Place of limestone', it was supplanted
by the name Lekalakeng, derived from
Afrikaans kalk, 'limestone'.
*Philadelphia (C 3318 DA). Village
33 km south-west of Malmesbury.
Developed from a parish of the Dutch
Reformed Church established in 1863.
The name is of biblical origin (Rev.
3:7-13) and means 'brotherly love'.
*Philippi (C 3418 BA). Settlement on
the Cape Flats, established for agricul-
ture in 1878 and named after Dr Philip
Faure, first Dutch Reformed minister
of Wynberg.
*Philippolis (O 3025 AD). Town
58 km south-west of Trompsburg and
56 km north-north-east of Colesberg.
It was founded in 1823 as a station of
the London Missionary Society and
became a municipality in 1862.
Named after Dr John Philip (1775-
1851), Superintendent of the London
Missionary Society, who selected the
site.
*Philipstown (C 3024 AD). Town
56 km north-east of De Aar. It was
established in May 1863 on the farm
Rietfontein and became a municipality
in August 1876. Named after Sir
Philip Edmond Wodehouse (1811-
1887), Governor of the Cape Colony
from 1861 to 1870.
Pholela (N 2929 DC). Tributary of the
Mzimkulu River. It rises in the
Drakensberg north-west of Himeville
and flows south-east to its confluence
with the main stream. Derived from
Zulu phola, the name means 'cool
river' .
Phongolo (N 2730-2732). River rising
12 km east of Wakkerstroom and
flowing 470 km east and then north to
enter the southern part of Delagoa Bay
as the Maputo River. Derived from
Zulu, the name has been explained as
'trough-like', 'river of troughs' or
'long pools'.
Phuthiatsana (Les 2927-2928).
Tributary of the Caledon River
which it joins from the east some
20 km north-east of Ladybrand. Of
Sotho origin, the name is said to
mean 'the gatherer', referring to the
manner in which the flood-waters
sweep everything before them.
*Piekenierskloof (C 3218 DB).
Mountain pass between Piketberg
and Citrusdal, over the Olifants
River Mountains. The name, mean-
ing 'pikeman's ravine', refers to the
practice of posting sentinels and
pickets to defend farmers against
Khoekhoen marauders in early
times. It is stated, too, that in 1675
musketeers and pikemen were sent
after Gonnema's Khoekhoen after a
Khoekhoen raid but that the pikes
were too heavy to carry over the
mountains whither the raiders had
fled.
Pienaars River see Pienaarsrivier
*Pienaarsrivier (T 2528 AB).
Town some 55 km due north of Pre-
toria, north of the Pienaars River.
Said to be named after a local
pioneer with the surname Pienaar.
The Northern Sotho name of this
river is Moretele, from which the
Moreletaspruit derives its name. The
town Pienaarsrivier was established
in 1908.
*Pietermaritzburg (N 2930 CB).
Capital city of Natal, 77 km north-
west of Durban. It was established
in 1839, proclaimed a borough in
1854 and attained the status of an
incorporated municipality in 1855.
In 1857 it became capital of Natal.
Named after the Voortrekker leaders
Pieter Retief (1780-1838) and
Gerhardus Marthinus (Gerrit) Maritz
(1798-1839).
*Pietersburg (T 2329 CD). Town
275 km north-east of Pretoria and
58 km north-east of Potgietersrus. It
was established on the farm
Sterkloop in 1884, became the seat
of magistracy in 1886 and attained
municipal status in September 1903.
Named after Commandant-General
Piet Joubert (1831-1900), Acting
State President.
Pietpotgietersrust
see Potgietersrus
*Piet Retief (T 2730 BB). Town
110 km south-east of Ermelo and
108 km north-east of Volksrust,
15 km from the Swaziland border. It
was laid out on the farms Asloop
and Geluk (alias Metselklip) in 1884
and became a municipality in 1932.
Named after the Voortrekker leader
Piet Retief (1780-1838).
Pigg's Peak (Swa 2531 CC). Town
62 km north-east of Mbabane and
69 km south-east of Barberton (Tvl).
Named after its founder, William
Pigg, a prospector who discovered
gold nearby in 1884.
*Piketberg (C 3218 DD). Town
135 km north-north-east of Cape
Town and 26 km north-west of
Porterville. It was laid out in 1835
on the farm Grootfontein, was
administered by a village manage-
ment board from 1901 and attained
municipal status in 1906. Takes its
name from the Piquet Berg or
Piketberg, at the foot of which it is
situated. This name refers to the
posting of military guards (piquet or
piket) against marauding Khoekhoen
under Gonnema during the term of
office of Governor Isbrand Goske
from 1672 to 1676.
*Pilanesberg (Bop 2526-2527).
Mountain 56 km north of Rusten-
burg, consisting of a volcanic plug
27 km in diameter. Apparently
named after a Tswana chief, Pilane,
said to mean 'pretty' or 'eland'. The
entire mountain constitutes the
Pilanesberg Game Reserve. At its
southern foot is the pleasure and
entertainment centre Sun City.
*Pilgrim's Rest (T 2430 DD).
Town 15 km north-west of Graskop
and 45 km north of Sabie. It was
laid out as a gold-diggers' camp on
the farm Ponies Krantz in 1870. The
name is attributed to Alec Paterson
who is alleged to have welcomed
newcomers with the words 'Here
comes another pilgrim to his rest',
though it is also stated that the
diggings were named after an
Australian digger named Pilgrim. A
third explanation is that William
Trafford bestowed the name because
he felt that his pilgrimage was over
when he settled there. The town has
been preserved and restored as an
historic monument and is a popular
tourist and holiday resort.
*Pinelands (C 3318 DC). Town
8 km east of Cape Town. It was laid
out in 1919 on a section of the
Uitvlugt forest reserve, administered
by a local board from July 1921, and
became a municipality in May 1948.
*Pinetown (N 2930 DD). Town 19 km
north-west of Durban. It was laid out in
1848 on the farm Salt River Poort,
administered by a health committee
from 1925, proclaimed a township in
1942 and a borough in 1949. Named
after Sir Benjamin Pine (1809-1901),
Lieutenant-Governor of Natal from
1849 to 1856 and Governor from 1873
to 1875.
Piquetberg see Piketberg
*Pirie (Cis 3227 CC). Region in the
Amatole Mountains, 25 km north-west
of King William's Town, incorporating
an indigenous forest reserve. Named
after the Pirie Mission Station 4 km
from Mngqesha, established in 1830
and named after Alexander Pirie, then
Secretary of the Glasgow Missionary
Society and one of its founders.
Plet (C 3423 AB). Popular name for
Plettenberg Bay, of which it is an
abbreviation.
*Plettenbergbaai see Plettenberg Bay
*Plettenberg Bay (C 3423 AB).
Indentation in the south coast, between
Cape Seal and Keurboomsrivier.
Named after Joachim van Plettenberg
(1739-1793), Governor of the Cape
Colony from 1774 to 1785, who
erected a beacon there with the Dutch
East India Company's monogram.
Former names borne include Bahia de
la Goa, Angra das Algoas, Bay of St
Catherine, Bahia Formosa, Content
Bay, Keurbooms River Bay and Pisang
River Bay. The seaside resort 37 km
east of Knysna takes its name from the
bay. The form Plettenbergbaai is
preferred for official purposes.
*Plettenberg Bay (C 3423 AB). Town
and seaside resort on the bay of the
same name, 37 km east of Knysna.
Became a municipality in 1961.
*Pniel (C 3318 DD). Settlement and
Dutch Reformed mission station
between Stellenbosch and Groot
Drakenstein, established in 1843. The
name is of biblical origin (Gen.
32:30), referring to the place where
Jacob wrestled with God; it means
'face of God'.
*Pofadder (C 2919 AB). Town
151 km south-west of Kakamas and
185 km north-east of Springbok. It
developed from a station of the Inland
Mission founded in 1875, and named
after Klaas Pofadder, a Korana chief.
The town was laid out in 1917 and a
village management board was
instituted in 1937. Originally named
Theronsville, the name Pofadder was
restored in 1936.
Pofung (Les 2828 DD). Sotho name
of Mont-aux-Sources. Said to mean
'eland' or 'place of many eland', so
called because this animal was hunted
there.
Point Ekeberg (C 3424 BB). Former
name of Cape St Francis. It was thus
named by the Swedish traveller
Anders Sparrman (1748-1820) after a
kinsman of his, the Chevalier C G
Ekeberg, member of the Swedish
Academy of Sciences.
*Polela see Pholela
*Politsi (T 2330 CC). Village some
13 km north-west of Tzaneen, in the
district of Letaba. Named after its
situation in the vicinity of the
Mphuditsi River, the source of which
is near a forest; the forest, ditsi, is
seen as spitting (mphu) the river out.
Politsi is thus an adaptation of
mphuditsi or mphodutsi.
*Pomeroy (N 2830 CB). Town some
72 km north of Greytown and 56 km
south-south-east of Dundee. Named
after Sir George Pomeroy Colley, who
was killed in the Battle of Amajuba in
1881.
*Pongola see Phongolo
*Pongola (T 2230). Former name of
the Dobodzi. Named after Mapongole,
a Venda chief.
Ponta de S Brandao (C 3420 CC).
Name given by Bartolomeu Dias to the
present Cape Agulhas, probably on
16 May 1488, after the Irish monk St
Brendan (484-577), whose name-day it
is. The name was also used for some
time to denote the present Quoin
Pointy the present Danger Point is
also identified as Ponta de S Erandao.
Ponta Espanhosa (C 3418 13D).
Portuguese name of the present Hang-
klip, the most easterly point of False
Bay. 'Thorn point'.
*Port Alfred (C 3326 DB). Principal
town of the Bathurst district, at the
mouth of the Kowie River. It was
founded in 1825 and attained municipal
status in 1894. At first named Port
Frances, it was renamed in 1860 after
the second son of Queen Victoria,
Prince Albert, who visited the Cape, the
Orange Free State and Natal in 1860.
Port Beaufort (C 3420 )3D). Seaside
resort, formerly also a harbour, on the
north bank of the Breede River estuary.
Named after the Duke of Beaufort,
father of Lord Charles Somerset.
*Port Durnford (N 2831 DD). Inlet on
the Indian Ocean, 19 km south of
Empangeni. It and Point Durnford,
just to the south, were named after
either Midshipman Durnford who
accompanied Captain W F Owen in
1822 in the exploration of the coast by
the British survey ships Barracouta and
Leven, after Colonel A W Durnford of
the Royal Engineers, who was killed in
1879 at the Battle of Isandlwana, or
after Captain Durnford of the 27th
Regiment who was sent from Algoa
Bay with a division of 100 men to
assist Captain Smith, besieged at
Congclla in 1842.
*Port Edward (N 3130 AA). Coastal
village 13 km south of Margate and
4 km north of the Cape border at the
Mtamvuna River. It was founded in
1924 and is administered by a health
committee. Named after the Prince of
Wales at that time, who later became
King Edward VII.
*Port Elizabeth (C 3325 DC). City on
the shore of Algoa Bay, 32 km south-
east of Uitenhage and 137 km south-
west of Grahamstown. It developed
from a military station known as Fort
Frederick, established in 1799, after the
arrival of the 1820 Settlers, attained
municipal status in 1868 and became a
city in July 1913. Named in 1820 by
Sir Rufane Donkin (1773-1841),
Acting Governor of the Cape, after his
wife, Elizabeth Frances, who had died
of fever in India two years previously.
*Porterville (C 3319 AA). Town at
the foot of the Olifants River Moun-
tains, 27 km south-east of Piketberg
and 155 km north-east of Cape Town.
It was laid out in 1863 on the farm
Pomona, previously Willems Vallei,
and became a municipality in 1903.
Named after William Porter, Attorney-
General of the Cape Colony from
1839 to 1866.
Port Frances (C 3326 DB). Original
name (1825 to 1860) of Port Alfred.
Named after the wife of Colonel
Henry Somerset, son of the governor,
Lord Charles Somerset, or after the
wife of Sir Lowry Cole.
Port Grosvenor (Trsk 3129 BD). Bay
on the Indian Ocean, near Lusikisiki in
Pondoland. Named after the Gros-
venor, a ship which was wrecked there
on 4 August 1782. There is no port,
though there was a harbour from 1878
to 1885.
Port Natal (N 2931 CC). Early name
of Durban, derived from the Portu-
guese Terra do Natal, 'land of the birth
(of Jesus Christ)', given in 1497 by
Vasco da Gama because he reached it
on Christmas Day.
*Port Nolloth (C 2916 BB). Coastal
town, on the Atlantic Ocean, 80 km
south of the mouth of the Orange
River. It was founded in 1855 and
attained municipal status in 1857.
Named after M S Nolloth, commander
of the HMS Frolic, who surveyed the
coast in 1854.
*Port St Johns (Trsk 3129 DA).
Town at the mouth of the Umzimvubu
River. It was founded about 1884.
Presumably translated from Portu-
guese Sao Jodo, either after a ship
which foundered or anchored there, or
after the outline of a face, resembling
that of the apostle, against the
mountain. Prior to 1552 it was known
as Sao Christovdo.
*Port Shepstone (N 3030 CB).
Town and holiday resort on the
South Coast, at the mouth of the
Mzimkulu River, 122 km east-south-
east of Harding and 120 km south-
west of Durban. It was laid out in
1867, became a township in 1913
and a borough in 1974. Named after
Sir Theophilus Shepstone (1817-
1893), Secretary for Native Affairs
from 1856 and Administrator of
Zululand from 1884.
*Postmasburg (C 2823 AC). Town
67 km north of Griquatown and
58 km west-south-west of Daniel-
skuil. Originally a station of the
London Missionary Society called
Sibiling, it became a Griqua village
with the name Blinkklip. In 1890 it
acquired its present name, and
achieved municipal status in 1936.
Named after the Reverend Dirk
Postma (1818-1890), founder of the
Reformed Church.
*Potchefstroom (T 2627 CA).
Town on the Mooi River, 116 km
south-west of Johannesburg. It was
founded in November 1838 and was
the first municipality in Transvaal.
The name is said to be derived from
Potgieter, who founded the town and
who was chef or leader of the Voor-
trekkers, and from the stroom
(stream) on which it is situated.
*Potgietersrus (T 2429 AA). Town
220 km north-east of Pretoria,
58 km south-west of Pietersburg and
93 km north-east of Nylstroom.
Originally established in 1852, it
was abandoned because of fever and
hostile local inhabitants around
1870. It was re-established after
1890, administered by a village
council from 1904, and acquired
municipal status in 1935. At first it
bore the name Vredenburg but on
25 September 1858 it was renamed
Pietpotgietersrust after Pieter
Johannes, son of the Voortrekker
leader Andries Hendrik Potgieter.
The name was later shortened to
Potgietersrust and in 1939 the final t
was dropped.
Prentjiesberg (C 3128 AA). Moun-
tain some 10 km north-west of Ugie.
Meaning 'mountain of little
pictures', this Afrikaans name was
presumably given because of the
hundreds of Bushman paintings in
rock shelters or overhanging cliffs.
^Pretoria (T 2528 CA). Capital city
of Transvaal, 60 km north-north-east
of Johannesburg. It was founded in
1855 on the farm Elandspoort and
became the capital of the Republic in
1860. A town council was constituted
in 1902, and city status acquired in
October 1931. Named after the Voor-
trekker leader Andries Wilhelmus
Jacobus Pretorius (1798-1853), it was
also known as Pretoria Philadelphia,
Pretorium and Pretoriusdorp.
*Pretoriuskop (T 2531 AA-AB). Hill
in the Kruger National Park, 5 km east
of Numbi station and 42 km north-east
of Nelspruit. Named after President
M W Pretorius who resurveyed the
road to Lourenco Marques (now
Maputo) up to this point. The Pretorius-
kop Rest Camp takes its name from this
hill.
*Prieska (C 2922 DA). Town on the
southern bank of the Orange River,
130 km north-west of Britstown and
75 km south-east of Marydale. It
developed from a place to which
farmers migrated when the pans were
full, after rains. It was administered by
a village management board from 1882
and attained municipal status in 1892.
The name is derived from Korana and
means 'place of the lost she-goat'.
*Prince Albert (C 3322 AA). Town at
the foot of the Swartberg, 67 km north-
west of Oudtshoorn. It was laid out on
the farm Kweekvallei, a village
management board was constituted in
1881 and municipal status attained in
1902. Named after the Prince Consort.
*Prince Alfred Hamlet (C 3319 AD).
Village 9 km north of Ceres. It was laid
out in 1861 and named after the second
son of Queen Victoria.
Prince Alfred's Pass (C 3323 CC).
Mountain pass between Avontuur and
Knysna over the Outeniqua Mountains.
Constructed between 1861 and 1867, it
was named after Prince Alfred, the first
Duke of Edinburgh, who visited the
Cape in 1867.
Pringle Bay (C 3418 BD). Inlet on the
east shore of False Bay, 5 km north of
Cape Hangklip, and town on the
southern coast of this bay. Named after
Rear-Admiral Thomas Pringle, Com-
mander of the Naval Forces at the
Cape from 1796 to 1798.
Prins Albert see Prince Albert
*Protem (C 3420 AC). Hamlet some
30 km north of Bredasdorp and 40 km
south-west of Swellendam. The name
is an abbreviation of Latin pro
tempore, 'for the time being'; the
centre was to have served as a tempo-
rary railway junction.
*Pudimoe see Pudumong
Pudumong (Bop 2724 BC). Town
about 17 km north of Taung and
66 km south-west of Schweizer-
Reneke. Derived from Tswana, the
name means 'place of wildebeest'
(Connochaetes gnu). It formerly bore
the adapted name Pudimoe, still in
use for the station.
P W Botha Airport (C 3422 AB).
Airport about 8 km south-west of
George. Named after Pieter Willem
Botha, former Minister of Defence and
former Prime Minister, current State
President of the Republic of South
Africa.
Qacha's Nek (Les 3028 BA). Town
on the border between Lesotho and
Griqualand East, some 29 km north-
west of Matatiele. It developed from a
police camp established in 1888 to
combat cattle thieving. The name is
derived from that of Nqasha, son of
Chief Morosi by a San wife, and is
said to mean 'one who hides away'.
*Qamata (Trsk 3127 CD). Town
some 10 km north of St Marks and
14 km west-north-west of Cofimvaba.
The name is thought to be a Xhosa
adaptation of the name of a Khoek-
hoen deity. Also encountered as
Qamatha and Tamata.
Qhoasing (Les 2927 DD-3027 BB).
Tributary of the Orange River. It rises
in the vicinity of Pedlar's Peak and
Thaba Lethu, some 50 km east-south-
east of Mafeteng, and flows south-east
to enter the Orange at Phokola, 40 km
east of Mohale's Hoek. The name is
said to be a Sotho adaptation of the
San word ! kh wa, 'water'.
Qinira (C 3327 DB). River which
flows in a south-easterly direction to
the north-east of East London and
Beacon Bay. The name is adapted
from Khoekhoen and means 'elands
river'. Also encountered as Caninga,
Geneka, Kwinegha, Kwinera,
Quenera, Quinega and Quinera.
*Qolora (Trsk 3228 CB). River which
rises west of Kentani and flows south-
east to enter the Indian Ocean about
7 km north-east of the mouth of the
Kei River. Of Xhosa origin, the name
is said to mean 'ridged', 'full of
ridges'.
Qora (C 3325-3326). Khoekhoen
name of the Bushmans River, adapted
to Xhosa. Also encountered as
Cougha, the name probably means
'ground river', ie 'river of ground'.
Qua (C 3323 BA). Khoekhoen name
for Aasvogelberg. It probably means
'vulture', so that the Dutch name is a
translation. Also encountered as De
Qua.
Quaba (O 2825). Khoekhoen name of
the Modder River. It means 'mud
river', so that the Afrikaans name is a
direct translation. Other names
encountered include Gmaap, Gumaap,
Khaba, Kaiba and Muddy River.
Quaecoma (C 3218 AD). Khoekhoen
name of Verlorevlei. It means 'lost
water' or 'lost river'; the Afrikaans
name is thus a translation.
Quaelbergs Casteel (C 3320 CD).
Peak in the Langeberg, now known as
Twaalfuurkop and The Crown.
Named after Commander Cornells van
Quaelberg of the Dutch East India
Company, probably by Hieronymus
Cruse in 1666.
Quaiep see Quieep
Quathlamba see Drakensberg
*Queensburgh (N 2930 DD). Borough
14 km north-west of Durban, compri-
sing the townships Cavendish,
Escombe, Malvern, Moseley and
Northdene. It was proclaimed a town-
ship in 1952 and attained borough
status in 1954. Named in honour of
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain
who was crowned in 1952.
Queens River (T 2530-2531 C). Tribu-
tary of the Kaap River. It rises about
25 km south-west of Barberton and
flows north-east to enter the Kaap some
5 km north-west of Barberton. Named
after a chieftainess who ruled over a
village in the vicinity; apparently it was
a Swazi custom to allow a chief's wife
to govern a village.
*Queenstown (C 3126 DD). Town on
the Komani River, 205 km north-west
of East London. It was laid out in 1853
and attained municipal status in 1855.
Named after Queen Victoria of
England.
Quenera see Qinira
Quenoncha (C 3228 D). Older name
of Kwenxura. Of Khoekhoen origin, it
means 'people's ears'; the reason for
the name is unknown. The present
name is presumably a Xhosa adaptation
of Quenoncha.
Quieep (S 2318-2519). Khoekhoen
name of the Olifants River. Also
encountered as Quiep and Quaiep, it
means 'elephant river', so that the
Afrikaans name is a translation.
*Qumbu (Trsk 3128 BB). Town
61 km north of Umtata, founded . in
1876. The name is of Xhosa origin,
derived from amazimba aqumbu, 'the
corn has budded', or 'the corn is
swollen', referring to a tribal war
which occurred at that time of the
year.
Qumra (C 3227 BD-DB). Tributary
of the Great Kei River. It rises a few
kilometres west of Komga and flows
north-north-east to join the main
stream about 12 km north of Komga.
The name is a Xhosa adaptation of
Khoekhoen Komga or Komgha and
means 'abundance of clay', 'rich in
clay'.
Quoin Point (C 3419 DC). Promon- flows west to enter the Orange River
tory at the southern end of Jessie se 5 km north-west of Mount Moorosi
Baai, 34 km south-east of Gansbaai and 26 km north-east of Quthing.
and 42 km south-west of Napier. Also
encountered as The Gunner's Quoin
and The Wedge, the name refers to a
wedge-shaped block of wood, known
as a quoin, which was used to raise or
lower the muzzle of a gun in former
times. The reason for the name is
uncertain. The place was known in
early times by the Portuguese name
Ponta de Sao Brandao.
*Quthing (Les 3027 BC). Town some
53 km south-east of Mohale's Hoek.
The name is thought to be of San
origin and to be derived from
Phuthing, 'land of the Baphuthi'. The
district of Quthing was previously
known as Morosi's Country. The
name is also borne by a river which
rises near the Transkei border and
R
*Ramatlhabama (Bots 2525 C-D).
Tributary of the Molopo River. It
rises some 35 km north-east of
Mafikeng and flows south-west to
enter the Molopo at Mokatako,
some 10 km east of Makgobistad.
Of Tswana origin, the name is said
to mean 'to cross with legs apart',
referring to an incident in which
Chief Montsioa killed a lion at a
short distance.
*Randburg (T 2627 BB). Town
immediately north-west of and
adjacent to Johannesburg. It was
proclaimed on 1 July 1959 and
takes its name from the South
African monetary unit 'the Rand',
which superseded the South African
Pound; it was named after the
Witwatersrand, known colloquially
as The Rand.
Randfontein (T 2627 BA). Gold-
mining town some 24 km west of
Johannesburg. It was laid out on the
farm Randfontein in 1890 and
became a municipality in 1929. The
Randfontein Estates Gold Mine has
the largest stamp-mill in the world,
and a uranium plant. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'ridge foun-
tain', 'fountain on the edge'.
Rauteng (T 2628 AA). Northern-
Sotho name of Johannesburg. It is
derived from the Afrikaans word
goud, 'gold'; the R of Rauteng and
the g of goud are both gutturals. 'At
the gold', 'place of gold'.
*Rawsonville (C 3319 CB). Town
in the Goudini region, 16 km south-
west of Worcester. It was named
after Sir Rawson W Rawson,
Colonial Secretary at the Cape from
1854 to 1864.
*Rayton (T 2528 DA). Village
40 km east of Pretoria and 9 km
south of Cullinan. It was founded in
1903 or 1904 on the farm Elands-
hoek by the Montrose Diamond
Mining Company and named after
Mrs Ray Wollaston, wife of the
general manager of that company.
Readsdale River (C 3226 B-D).
Tributary of the Kat River. It rises
south of Boesmankrans and flows
south to join the Kat near Seymour.
Takes its name from Readsdale, in
turn named after James Read, a
missionary of the London Mission-
ary Society.
Rebunieberg (C 3119 DB). Moun-
tain about 8 km south of Calvinia.
The name is said to be an adaptation
of Afrikaans Roep jou nie, 'not
calling you', which in turn is
translated from Khoekhoen Kerete,
'do not call'.
Recife, Cape see Cape Recife
*Reddersburg (O 2926 CA). Town
60 km south of Bloemfontein and
74 km north-west of Smithfield.
According to various sources it was
founded in 1857, 1859, 1861 or
1863 on the farm Vlakfontein, and
attained municipal status in 1889 or
1894. Named in honour of Jesus
Christ, the Saviour, Redder in
Afrikaans. An entire British division
was captured there by General
Christiaan de Wet during the Second
Anglo-Boer War.
*Redelinghuys (C 3218 AD).
Village on the Verlorevlei, 60 km
northwest of Piketberg and 25 km
south-east of Elandsbaai. It was
founded in 1806 and is administered
by a village management board.
Named after J N Redelinghuys who
donated the land to the Dutch
Reformed Church.
*Rehoboth (S 2317 AC). Town
96 km south of Windhoek and
195 km north-west of Mariental.
Originally inhabited by the Swart-
booi group of Khoekhoen under the
name Anis, the name was changed
to Rehoboth by the missionary
H Kleinschmidt in 1844 when he
came to work among them. The
name is of biblical origin (Gen.
26:22) and means 'space', 'room'.
*Reitz (O 2728 CD). Town 51 km
north-north-east of Bethlehem and
85 km south-east of Heilbron. It was
founded in 1889 on the farm Stamp-
kop, portion of Langspruit, and
developed from a trading post for
transport-riders, Singer's Post,
named after the owner. Municipal
status was attained in 1903. At first
named Amsterdam, it was renamed in
1899 after Francis William Reitz
(1844-1934), President of the
Orange Free State, who proclaimed
it.
*Reivilo (C 2724 CA). Town 96 km
south-west of Vryburg and 55 km
west of Taung. It was laid out in
1917 on the farm Bruintjes Fontein,
proclaimed in 1941, and became a
municipality in 1967. At first named
Klein Boetsap after the Dutch
Reformed parish, it was renamed
Reivilo in 1927. The name is an
inversion of the surname of the
Reverend A J Olivier, local minister
of the Dutch Reformed Church from
1914 to 1921 and 1922 to 1926.
Remhoogteberge (S 2416 A).
Mountains north of the Naukluft-
berge, about 20 km north-west of
Bullsport. Afrikaans for 'brake-
height mountains', the name refers
to steep descents which could only
be negotiated by wagons if they
were held to with thongs tied to
their: wheels.
Renoster River (O 2727). Tributary
of the Vaal River which rises in the
Heilbron district and flows 160 km
westwards to its confluence with the
main stream 45 km west of Vrede-
fort. The river takes its name from
the many rhinoceroses (Afrikaans
renosters) shot there.
Rensburgkoppie (N 2730). Historic
hill some 12 km from Estcourt.
Named after Hans van Rensburg
who, together with fourteen others,
withstood an attack by Zulus in
1836. Rensburg spruit is also named
after him.
*Residensia (T 2627 DB). Name
given in 1962 to the former Evaton.
Probably derived from 'reside',
'residence'.
*Rhodes (C 3027 DD). Village on
the Bell River, 56 km north-east of
Barkly East. At first known as
Rossville, it was renamed after Cecil
John Rhodes (1853-1902), states-
man and politician. Renowned for
its cold climate.
Richardsbaai see Richards Bay
*Richards Bay (N 2832 CC). Town
25 km east of Empangeni and 60 km
south of Mtubatuba. Administered
by a health committee since 1954.
Takes its name from the bay at the
mouth of the Mhlatuze River, which
was named after Sir Frederick
Richards, Commodore of the Cape
station of the Royal Navy and
subsequently Admiral, who was in
charge of the naval force assisting the
land forces against the Zulu in 1879.
The Zulu name of Richards Bay is
Cwebeni, 'at the lagoon'.
*Richmond (C 3123 BD). Town on
the Ongers River, 96 km south of De
Aar and 138 km north-east of Graaff-
Reinet. It was founded in 1844 on the
farm Driefontein and attained munici-
pal status in the same year. Named
after the Earl of Richmond, father-in-
law of Sir Peregrine Maitland, Gover-
nor of the Cape from 1844 to 1847.
*Richmond (N 2930 CD). Town on
the Illovo River, 38 km south of
Pietermaritzburg and 46 km north-east
of Ixopo. It was established in 1850
and proclaimed a township in 1920. At
first named Beaulieu, it was renamed
soon afterwards after the Earl of Rich-
mond, father-in-law of Sir Peregrine
Maitland, Governor of the Cape from
1844 to 1847.
Richtersveld (C 2816-2817). Region
in the loop formed by the Orange
River before it flows into the Atlantic
Ocean, bounded in the south by the
road from Port Nolloth to Steinkopf.
Named after the Reverend W Richter
of the seminary of the Rhenish
Mission in Barmen, Germany.
Riebeecks Stad (C 3318 DC). Early
name of Cape Town. After Jan
Antonisz van Riebeeck (1619-1677),
first Dutch Commander at the Cape
and founder of the Cape Colony.
*Riebeek East (C 3326 AA). Village
in the Albany district, 39 km north-
west of Grahamstown. It was founded
in 1842 on the farm Mooi Meisjes
Fontein and named after Jan van
Riebeeck (1619-1677), first Dutch
Commander at the Cape. The modify-
ing element 'East' was subsequently
added to distinguish it from Riebeek
West. The form Riebeek-Oos is
preferred for official use.
*Riebeek-Kasteel (C 3318 BD).
Mountain of 914 m 21 km northeast of
Malmesbury. It was named in honour
of Jan van Riebeeck on 3 February
1661 by an expedition under Pieter
Cruythoff. The village, established in
the 1860s, takes its name from the
mountain, as does the Riebeeksrivier
which rises in it.
*Riebeek-Oos see Riebeek East
*Riebeek-Wes see Riebeek West
*Riebeek West (C 3318 BD).
Village some 50 km north-north-
west of Paarl and 61 km south-
south-west of Piketberg. It was
established as a parish of the Dutch
Reformed Church in 1858 and
named after Riebeek-Kasteel, at the
foot of which it is situated. It was
the birthplace of General Jan
Christiaan Smuts, former Prime
Minister of South Africa. The form
Riebeek-Wes is preferred for
official purposes.
*Riemland (O 2728). Region
comprising the districts of Bethle-
hem, Heilbron, Kroonstad, Lindley
and Reitz. Afrikaans for 'thong
country', the name is derived from
hunting activities in the 19th century
when game was killed not only for
meat but also for hides from which
thongs were cut. Hides and thongs
were traded and used as a medium
for exchange.
*Rietbron (C 3323 CC). Village
85 km south-east of Beaufort West
and 64 km north-west of Willow-
more. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'reed source', 'reed foun-
tain'.
Rio de Santiago (C 3218). Early
Portuguese name of the Berg River,
probably given by Nicolan Coelho,
captain of one of Da Gama's ships,
in November 1497. It means 'river
of St James', and was given because
it was on the name-day of that saint
that they reached it. Also
encountered as Samtiago, S. Thiago,
and Samtiagua.
Rio do Cobre (T 2228-2229).
Portuguese name for the Limpopo
River. 'River of copper', it was so
named by Vasco da Gama in 1498
because the people he saw there
were wearing copper ornaments.
Rio do Infante (C 3125-3327).
Early Portuguese name of the Great
Fish River. Named after Joao
Infanta, second-in-command of
Bartolomeu Dias, because he was
the first to set foot on land there in
1486.
Rio Fermoso (C 3321-3421). Early
Portuguese name of the Gourits
River. It means 'beautiful river'.
Riversdal see Riversdale
*Riversdale (C 3421 AA). Town on
the Vet River, at the foot of the
Langeberg, 29 km east of Heidel-
berg and 88 km west of Mossel Bay.
It was founded on the farm Doorn-
kraal in August 1838 and attained
municipal status in June 1849.
Named after Harry Rivers (1785-
1861), Commissioner and Resident
Magistrate of Swellendam from
1834 to 1841.
*Riverton (C 2824 DB). Pleasure
resort on the Vaal River, 27 km
north of Kimberley. Established in
1949, it is named after its situation
on the river.
*Riversonderend (C 3419-3420 B).
Tributary of the Breede River. It
seems to flow from the Theewaters-
kloof Dam and extends eastwards
for some 140 km, to enter the
Breede about 16 km west-southwest
of Swellendam. Afrikaans for 'river
without end', the name was appar-
ently given because difficulty was
experienced in locating its source
among the many headwaters and
tributaries. Also encountered as
River Zender End, Soonderendt,
Zonderend, Zoundereind, etc, it was
known to the Khoekhoen as
Kannakamkanna, which probably
has the same meaning.
*Riviersonderend (C 3419 BB).
Village 50 km north-east of Caledon
and 166 km east of Cape Town. It
was laid out in 1925 and became a
municipality in 1940. Afrikaans for
'river without end', it takes its name
from the river on which it is
situated.
*Robbeneiland see Robben Island
*Robben Island (C 3318 CD).
Island 2 km wide and 3.5 km long,
in Table Bay, 9 km north of Green
Point and 7 km west of Blouberg-
strand. The name is Dutch and
means 'seals island'. Other names
borne by the island are Seal Island,
Penguin Island, Robin (in French
documents) and Isla de Cornelia.
Formerly a leper colony and lunatic
asylum, it has been used since 1969
as a prison. During World War II it
played a key role in the defence of
Cape Town. The form Robben-
eiland is preferred for official
purposes.
*Robberg (C 3423 AB). Mountain
projecting into the sea, southwest of
Plettenberg Bay. 'Seal mountain',
named after seals seen lying on the
flat rocks at its foot. Known about
1576 as Ponta Delgada; the modern
English name is Cape Seal.
*Robertson (C 3319 DD). Town in
the Breede River Valley, 178 km
north-east of Cape Town and 46 km
south-east of Worcester. It was
established in 1853 on the farm
Over het Roode Zand and attained
municipal status in 1902. Named
after Dr William Robertson (1805-
1879), the first minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church in Clanwilliam,
and minister of Swellendam from
1834 to 1871.
*Robinson Pass (C 3322 CC).
Mountain pass over the Outeniqua
Mountains, between Oudtshoorn and
Mossel Bay. Constructed between
1867 and 1869, it was named after
the Commissioner of Roads, M R
Robinson.
Roburnia (T 2630 DA). Original
name of Amsterdam; after the Scot-
tish poet Robert Burns. The town,
proclaimed in June 1881, formed
part of a Scottish settlement
established by Alexander McCorkin-
dale. It was renamed Amsterdam in
July 1882.
Roderozendal see Bloemendal
Roggeveld (C 3119-3220). Region
between the Roggeveldsberge and
the Little Roggeveld, occupying
portions of the Fraserburg, Calvinia
and Sutherland districts and
extending northwards. Encountered
in 1774, the name is Dutch or Afri-
kaans for 'rye veld', referring to a
type of wild rye (Secale africanum)
growing there.
Roma (Les 2927 BC). Headquarters
of the Roman Catholic Church in
Lesotho, and important educational
centre, 35 km south-east of Maseru.
Established in 1862 by J F Allard
and J Gerard on land chosen and
donated by Chief Moshesh, it was
first known as Motse-oa-'Ma-Jesu,
'village of the Mother of Jesus'.
The name Roma originated with
early Protestant missionaries.
Roman Rock (C 3418 AB). Reef in
False Bay, about 1 km northeast of
Simon's Town. Named after a type
of fish (Chrysoblephus laticeps)
called 'roman' or 'red roman'. This
name is said to be derived from
Afrikaans rooiman ('red man').
Also encountered as Romansklip,
Romance Rock, Romanrots, Rooi-
mans Rock and Roymannsklip.
*Roodepoort (T 2627 BB). Town
19 km north-west of Johannesburg.
It originated as a gold-mining camp
in 1888 on the farm Roodepoort. A
health board was established in
1902, an urban district board in
1903 and a municipality in 1904.
The name is Dutch and means 'red
pass', from the colour of the soil in
the area.
Roodezand (C 3319). Region
between the Ubiqua Mountains in
the west and the Witsenberg in the
east. The name is Dutch and means
'red sand', referring to a range of
hills consisting mainly of red sand-
stone separating this region from
Drakenstein. The name was chang-
ed to Land van Waveren by W A
van der Stel in 1699; at present the
region coincides with the Tulbagh
district.
Rooibank (S 2314 BA). Locality in
the bed of the Kuiseb River, 32 km
south-east of Walvis Bay, source of
water supply for Swakopmund and
Walvis Bay. The Afrikaans name,
'red sill or rock-slab', was trans-
lated from Khoekhoen Awanghaus.
The Rhenish mission station
Scheppmannsdorf was situated
here.
*Rooiberg (T 2427 DC). Town,
archaeological site and tin-mining
area, 50 km west-north-west of
Warmbad, at the conjunction of the
Springbok Flats with the Waterberg
Plateau. The name is Afrikaans for
'red mountain'.
Rooiels (C 3419 BD). Township on
the east shore of False Bay, 5 km
north of Pringle Bay. Declared a
township in June 1948, it takes its
name from the farm and river of
that name, referring to the red alder
or butterspoon trees, Cunonia
capensis, which grew in the ravine.
*Rooigrond (C 2525 DD). Hamlet
16 km south-east of Mafikeng and
25 km south-west of Ottoshoop.
Afrikaans for 'red ground'. The
place was formerly known as
Vrywilligersrus and Heliopolis. Part
of the region Rooigrond, ceded to
Boer volunteers under Adriaan de la
Rey by Tswana chiefs in the 1880s,
became the republics of Goshen and
Stellaland.
*Roossenekal (T 2529 BB). Village
on the western slopes of the Steen-
kampsberg, 95 km north-east of
Middelburg. It was proclaimed in
January 1886 and named after two
soldiers who died in the war against
Mapoch's tribe - Stefanus Johannes
Roos, Field-Cornet of the Potchef-
stroom commando, and Frederick
Senekal, Commandant of the Rust-
enburg commando.
*Roosville (T 2625 DB). Temporary
name of Sannieshof; after Tielman
Roos (1879-1935), elected member
of Parliament for Lichtenburg in
1915.
*Rorke's Drift (N 2830 BC).
Historic ford and trading-post at the
Buffalo River, 37 km south-east of
Dundee, site of a famous battle
between British forces and Zulus.
Named after James Rorke who
established the trading-post in 1860.
*Rosmead (C 3125 AC). Village
12 km east of Middelburg and
75 km west-south-west of Steyns-
burg. It was founded in 1880 and at
first named Middelburg Road, but
renamed in 1883 after Sir Hercules
George Robinson, Lord Rosmead
(1824-1897), who was Governor of
the Cape Colony from 1880 to 1889.
Rossville (C 3027 DD). Former
name of Rhodes. Named after David
Ross, minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church at Lady Grey
from 1863 to 1908.
*Rouxville (O 2526 BD). Town
34 km north-east of Aliwal North
and 38 km south-east of Smithfield.
It was founded in 1864 on the farm
Zuurbult and named after the
Reverend Pieter Roux, minister of
the Dutch Reformed Church in
Smithfield from 1853 to 1874.
Ruacana Falls (S 1714 AC).
Waterfall on the Kunene River,
some 70 km north of Ombombo.
Probably an adaptation of Herero
orua hakakana, 'the hurrying of the
waters'.
Ruggens (C 3419). Region north of
the Duineveld, south of the Rivier-
sonderend Mountains, east of the
Houhoek Mountains, and between
Langvleipoort and Bonnievale.
Also encountered as Reuens and
Ruens, the name is Afrikaans for
'ridges' and refers to the undulating
landscape.
Ruige Rivier (C 3118-3319).
Former name of the Olifants River
in the Clanwilliam district. Dutch
for 'overgrown river', 'thicket
river', the name is translated from
Khoekhoen Tharakkamma.
*Rustenburg (T 2527 CA). Town
120 km west of Pretoria and 43 km
north of Derby. It was founded on
the farms Kafferskraal and Wit-
pensfontein in 1850, proclaimed in
1851 and became a municipality in
1918. The name is Dutch and
means 'town (originally "castle") of
rest'. Rustenburg is a popular
health resort, especially in the
winter months.
Rykoppies (T 2431 CC). Early
name of the Bosbokrand or Bush-
buck Ridge. Derived from Afri-
kaans, it means 'row of hills'.
*Sabie (T 2530 BB). Principal town of
the Pilgrim's Rest district, some 60 km
north-north-west of Nelspruit and
54 km east of Lydenburg. It developed
from a gold-diggers' camp on the farm
Grootfontein. A health committee was
instituted in 1916, and a village council
in 1924. It takes its name from the
Sabie River.
Sabie River (T 2530-Moc 2532).
Tributary of the Incomati River. It rises
in the Drakensberg south-west of Sabie
and flows mainly east to join the main
stream east of the Lebombo Mountains,
in Mocambique. The name is said to be
derived from Shangaan and to mean
'sand (river)'.
St Blaize, Cape see Cape St Blaize
St Croix Island (C 3325 DD). Island
in Algoa Bay, 7 km east of Coegas-
mond and 12 km south-west of the
mouth of the Sundays River. French for
'St Cross', this name has supplanted
the Portuguese Santa Cruz, Ilheo de
Santa Cruz, 'island of the Holy Cross',
bestowed by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488.
St Francis Bay (C 3425 AA). Just west
of Algoa Bay, between Cape Recife
and Cape St Francis. Derived from the
Portuguese Bahia de Sao Francisco
bestowed by Manuel Perestrelo in 1575
to Jeffreys Bay, which is included in St
Francis Bay. This bay was named
Golfo dos Pastores by Bartolomeu
Dias in 1488 and was also known as
Golfo dos Vaqueiros.
*St Helena Bay (C 3218 CA). Bay at
the mouth of the Berg River, on the
Atlantic coast, north of the land mass in
which Saldanha Bay is situated.
Derived from the Portuguese name
Bahia da Santa Elena, bestowed by
Vasco da Gama on 7 November 1497;
also encountered as Golfo de Sane-
lena, St Helen's Bay, Golfo de St
Elena, Santa Helena and St Martins
Bay.
St Helena Bay (C 3218 CA). Town on
the shore of the bay, from which it
takes its name.
*St Mark's (Trsk 3227 AB). Village
on the White Kei River, about 15 km
west of Cofimvaba and 40 km north-
east of Cathcart. It was founded in
1855 as one of four Anglican mission
stations named after the apostles.
St Sebastian Bay (C 3420 BD). Inlet
on the southern coast, at the mouth of
the Breede River, almost 60 km
south-east of Swellendam and 30 km
south of Heidelberg. It was apparently
named after King Sebastian of
Portugal in 1576 by Manuel
Perestrelo.
Sakolka (C 3325-3326). Khoekhoen
name of the Bushmans River. The
latter name seems to be at least a
partial translation.
*Sak River (C 2920-3222). Upper
portion of the Hartbees, tributary of
the Orange River. It rises about 13 km
north-west of Beaufort West and
flows north-east, past Williston,
Fraserburg and Brandvlei, to join the
Hartbees south of Kenhardt. Afri-
kaans for 'sinking (river)', because it
disappears into its sandy bed, the
name is translated from Khoekhoen
Haukaap. The form Sakrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
*Sakrivier see Sak River
Salamander Point (C 3318 AA).
Most north-easterly tip of the strip of
land forming the Langebaan Lagoon.
Named after the Salamander, a ship
which entered Saldanha Bay in 1660.
*Saldanha (C 3317 BB). Town north
of Saldanha Bay, from which it takes
its name, 13 km south of Vredenburg
and 177 km northwest of Cape Town.
Saldanha Bay (C 3317 BB). Inden-
tation in the western coast, some
90 km north-west of Table Bay.
Originally the name, in its Portuguese
form Agoada de Saldanha, was
given to the present Table Bay.
Meaning 'watering-place of Sal-
danha', it was named after Admiral
Antonio de Saldanha who was
wounded there by Khoekhoen in 1503
while taking water. In 1601 the
present Saldanha Bay was passed by
Joris van Spilbergen and he, presum-
ing he had reached Agoada de
Saldanha, applied the name to it. Thus
the name was transferred to the
entity now so designated.
*Salem (C 3326 AD). Settlement
about 20 km south of Grahamstown
and 20 km north of Alexandria. It
was founded as a settlement of the
Sephton party of 1820 Settlers. The
name is of biblical origin (Gen.
14:18) and means 'peace'; the local
application refers to a reconciliation
between sects.
Salisbury Island (N 2931 CC).
Island in the Bay of Natal at
Durban. It was named after the brig
Salisbury, in which British explorers
had visited the island in 1823 and
which brought them, under the
leadership of F G Farewell, H F
Fynn and J S King, to establish a
station at Port Natal in 1824.
Salpeterkop (C 3220 BD). Peak
20 km south-east of Sutherland. It
consists of a volcanic plug richly
impregnated with minerals. The
name is Afrikaans and means
'saltpetre hill'. It was visited by
Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon in
1778.
Samoep River (C 2819 DA-DC).
Non-perennial tributary of the
Orange River. It rises south and
south-east of Skuitklipkop and
extends north-west to join the
Orange near Steyerskraal, 20 km
northeast of Onseepkans. The name
is derived from Khoekhoen and
probably means 'San (Bushman)
fountain'.
*Sampofu (N 2830 CB). Tributary
of the Tugela River. It rises in the
vicinity of Pomeroy and flows south
to its confluence with the main
stream about 4 km west of Tugela
Ferry. Of Zulu origin, the name
means 'eland-coloured', ie brown-
ish-grey, from the colour imparted
to the water by the soil and rocks
over which it flows.
Sandlwana see Isandlwana
*Sand River (O 2826). Also Afri-
kaans Sandrivier and formerly Dutch
Zand Rivier. This river is famous for
being the site of the signing of the
Sand River Convention by which
Transvaal gained independence on
17 January 1852. Named after an
incident in which a wagon was
bogged down in the treacherous
sand and had to be unloaded before
being pulled free. The form Sand-
rivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Sandrivier see Sand River
*Sandton (T 2628 AA). Town
adjoining Johannesburg in the north
and north-east. Established as a
separate municipality in July 1969.
The name is derived from Sandown
and Bryanston.
*Sandveld (C 3218). Region bound-
ed by the Berg River in the south,
the Olifants River in the north, the
Atlantic Ocean in the west and the
Olifants River Mountains in the
east. The towns of Graafwater,
Lambertsbaai, Leipoldville and
Redelinghuys fall within it.
Afrikaans for 'sand field', the name
refers to the sandy nature of the soil.
Sandwich Bay (S 2314 AD). Inlet
some 50 km south of Walvis Bay,
on the Atlantic coast. The name is
said to be an adaptation of Dutch
zandvisch, 'sand-fish'.
*Sannieshof (T 2625 DB). Village
40 km north-east of Delareyville and
38 km north-west of Ottosdal. The
name was bestowed by John Voor-
endijk who was postmaster of
Lichtenburg, in honour of his wife
Sannie (nee De Beer), whom he
married in 1904.
Santa Cruz see St Croix
Santiago River
see Rio de Santiago
Sao Bras see Cape St Blaize
*Sarepta see Serepta
*Saron (C 3319 AA)
Mission
station at the foot of the Saronsberg
in the Tulbagh district, about 20 km
south of Porterville. Established by
the Rhenish Missionary Society, it
was later taken over by the Dutch
Reformed Church. The name, AM-
kaans for Sharon, is of biblical
origin (1 Chron. 27:29, Song of
Solomon 2:1), and means 'a plain'.
*Sasolburg (O 2627 DD). Town
16 km south of Vanderbijlpark and
48 km north-east of Parys. It was
established in 1950 to serve the South
African Coal, Oil and Gas Corpo-
ration. The name is derived from the
Afrikaans translation Suid-Afrikaanse
Steenkool-, Olie en Gaskorporasie.
Sassar (C 3318 DC). Former name
(1947-1959) of Acacia Park. It is
formed from the initial letters of Suid-
Afrikaanse Spoorwee/South African
Railways, the former name of the S A
Transport Services.
*Saulspoort (Bop 2527 AA). Village
at the northern foot of the Pilanesberg,
about 65 km north of Rustenburg.
Named after a former Bakgatla chief,
Tsheole, called Saul by the early
settlers.
Scharfenstein see Schroffenstein
Scheppmannsdorf (S 2314 BA).
Station of the Rhenish Missionary
Society, established at Awanghaus
(Rooibank) in 1845 by the Reverend J
H Scheppmann, and named after him
after his death in 1847, by the
Reverend J Barn. The name is German
for ' Scheppmann' s town'.
*Schoemansdal (T 2329 BB). Former
village at the foot of the Soutpansberg,
16 km west of Louis Trichardt. It was
founded in 1848 but destroyed by
Bavenda in 1867. Originally named
Zoutpansbergdorp or Oude Dorp, it
was renamed in 1855 after the
Voortrekker leader Stephanus Schoe-
man (1810-1890) who succeeded A H
Potgieter as Commandant-General in
1854. The name is now borne by a
town some 48 km east of Barberton.
*Schoemansville (T 2527 DD).
Village and holiday resort on the
shores of the Hartebeespoort Dam,
13 km south-east of Brits. It was
founded in 1925 by Johan Schoeman
and named after his father, General
Hendrik Schoeman (1840-1901).
Schroffenstein (S 2718). Alternative
name of Lord Hill. Also encountered
as Scharfenstein, German for 'sharp
stone', referring to the nature of the
mountain.
Schuckmannsburg (S 1724 DB).
Settlement in the eastern portion of
the Caprivi Strip, some 35 km east-
south-east of Katima Mulilo.
Founded in 1909 as a military
encampment and named after Bruno
von Schuckmann, who was Gover-
nor of South-West Africa from 1907
to 1910.
*Schweizer-Reneke (T 2725 AB).
Town on the Harts River, 322 km
south-west of Johannesburg and
58 km north-west of Wolmarans-
stad. It was founded in October
1888 and named after two officers
slain in 1885 during a battle against
the Korana, namely Captain
Constantin Alexander Schweizer
(1837-1885) and Field-Cornet C N
Reneke (also spelt Renecke and
Reyneke).
*Scottburgh (N 3030 BD). Seaside
resort on the Natal South Coast,
57 km south-west of Durban. It was
surveyed in 1860 and named after
Sir John Scott (1814-1898), Lieute-
nant-Governor of Natal from 1856
to 1864.
*Sederberg see Cedarberg
*Seeis (S 2217 BC). Hamlet 70 km
east of Windhoek. Derived from
Khoekhoen, the name means 'small
face' or 'small cheek', referring to a
mountain nearby.
Seekoei River (C 2530-3124).
Tributary of the Orange River,
rising in three headwaters, namely
near Richmond, and in the Kompas-
berg, and flowing northwards to its
confluence with the main stream
50 km north of Colesberg. Afrikaans
for 'hippopotamus (river)', it previ-
ously bore the name Plettenbergs
River, given by Colonel R J Gordon.
*Sekhukhune (T 2430 CA). Town
20 km west-south-west of Steelpoort
and 54 km west of Ohrigstad. It is
named after a Pedi chief, Sekhuk-
hune, who succeeded Sekwati in
1860 or 1861.
*Selati River (T 2330-2430). Tribu-
tary of the Olifants River. It rises
some 40 km south-east of Tzaneen
and flows north-east and then east to
join the Olifants 42 km north-east of
Hoedspruit. Also known as Ga-
Selati, the river is said to be named
after a former chief. The form
Selatirivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Selatirivier see Selati River
*Senekal (O 2827 BC). Town on
the Klipspruit, 184 km north-east of
Bloemfontein, 67 km west of Beth-
lehem and 66 km east-northeast of
Winburg. It was established in 1875
on the farm De Put and named after
Frederik Petrus Senekal (1815-
1866), who led the commando
against Witsie and fought in the
First and Second Basuto Wars of
1858 and 1865-66.
Serepta (C 3318 DC). Station of the
Rhenish Missionary Society near
Kuils River, incorporated into the
Dutch Reformed Mission in 1947.
The name is biblical (Luke 4:26),
derived from Sarepta in Sidon.
Serowe (Bots 2226 BC). Principal
town of the Ngwato district, 53 km
north-west of Palapye. It was at this
place that Queen Victoria was
petitioned in 1895 to extend her
protection over Bechuanaland
Protectorate by the chiefs of the
Bamangwato, Bakwena and Bang-
waketse tribes. The name is derived
from that of an edible wild bulb
which grows there.
Serra Branca (C 3325). Early
Portuguese name for the Suurberge;
meaning 'white mountain'.
Serra da Estrella (C 3322 D-3323
C). Early Portuguese name of the
Outeniqua Mountains, meaning
'mountains of the star'.
Sersantsrivier (C 3419 BA). Tribu-
tary of the Riviersonderend. It rises
about 15 km north-east of Caledon
and flows north to enter the main
stream some 3 km south of Gena-
dendal. Afrikaans for 'sergeant's
river', the name refers to the
devouring by a lion in 1725 of a
sergeant in the service of the Dutch
East India Company. The spellings
Sergentsrivier and Serjeantsrivier are
also encountered.
*Sesfontein (S 1913 BA). Town in
Kaokoland, 100 km east-northeast
of Nlowe Bay lighthouse. Afrikaans
for 'six fountains', the name is
translated from Khoekhoen Nanious.
*Seven Weeks Poort (C 3321 AD).
Mountain pass along the 17 km
ravine cut by the Seweweekspoort
River through the Swartberg,
between Prince Albert and Ladi-
smith. There are various explana-
tions of the name, eg that it is
derived from the surname of Louis
Zerwick of Amalienstein, that a lost
farmer took seven weeks to get out,
that a stock-thief hid there for seven
weeks, etc. The form Seweweeks-
poort is preferred for official
purposes.
*Seweweekspoort
see Seven Weeks Poort
*Seymour (C 3226 DB). Principal
town of the Stockenstrom district on
the Kat River Dam, 160 km north-
west of East London and 35 km
north-north-west of Alice. It was
founded in 1853 and named after
Colonel Charles Seymour who
served as Military Secretary to the
Governor, Sir George Cathcart.
*Sezela (N 3030 BC). River which
rises about 12 km south-west of
Umzinto and flows south-east to
enter the Indian Ocean south of the
town Sezela, 79 km south-west of
Durban. From Zulu meaning 'to
smell out', the river is sometimes
said to be named after a crocodile
which caught several of Shaka's
warriors who bathed in it. Another
explanation is that it means 'to
meander, like a dog following a
scent'.
Shiloh (C 3226 BB). Station of the
Moravian Missionary Society on the
Klippoort River, in the Queenstown
district. It was founded in 1818 to
serve the Tembu. The name is of
biblical origin (Josh. 18:1) and
means 'rest'.
Shoshong (Bots 2326 BA). Settle-
ment on the Bonwapitse, about
45 km west of Mahalapye. In former
times it was the chief village of the
Bamangwato tribe. Of Tswana
origin, the name is said to refer to a
type of thorn-tree growing there. It
has also been said to mean 'at the
river'.
*Sibasa (Venda 2230 CD). Town
72 km north-north-east of Louis
Trichardt. An adaptation of Tshi-
vhase, it was named after a Venda
chief.
Sibayi, Lake see Lake Sibayi
Signal Hill (C 3318). Situated
adjacent to and north of Table
Mountain. At first named Leeuwenbil
('lion's rump'), also King Charles
Mount and King James Mount. The
name Signal Hill, and Afrikaans
Seinheuwel, comes from the firing
of a cannon to signal that a ship had
been sighted in the bay.
*Sihota (C 3227 DB). Settlement
some 10 km north-east of Komga
and 26 km south-west of Butter-
worth, at the Transkei border. Of
Xhosa origin, the name is said to
mean 'secluded place'.
Sijnna see Synna
Sikelekehleni (N 2930 DA). Tribu-
tary of the Mgeni River. It rises
north-east of Inchanga Park and
flows north-north-east to join the
main stream about 15 km north-east
of Cato Ridge. Of Zulu origin, the
name means 'the deep, wide one', so
called because it flows through a
deep ravine.
Silkaatsnek (T 2527 DB). Mountain
pass over the Magaliesberg, 16 km
north-east of the Hartebeespoort
Dam and 24 km south-east of Brits.
The name is an adaptation of
Mzilikazi, after a famous Matabele
chief of former years. Silkaatskop at
T 2526 has the same derivation. The
name Mzilikazi is said to mean 'the
great abstainer'.
*Simondium (C 3318 DD). Hamlet
8 km south of Paarl. It was named
after Pierre Simond (1651-1713),
Huguenot minister at the Cape.
Simon's Bay (C 3418 AB). Inlet on
the eastern shore of the Cape
Peninsula, on False Bay, north-west
of Simon's Town and south of Mac-
kriel Bay. Originally named Ijsel-
stein Bay, after a ship that had
sheltered there in 1671, it was
renamed in 1687 after Simon van
der Stel (1639-1712), Governor of
the Cape from 1691 to 1699.
Simonsberg (C 3318 DD). Mountain
1 454 m high, north-east of Stellen-
bosch. Named in 1687 after Simon van
der Stel (1639-1712), Governor of the
Cape from 1691 to 1699. There is also
a Simonsberg at 34° 13' S, 18° 26' E,
south of Simon's Town on the Cape
Peninsula. It has the same origin.
Simonstad see Simon's Town
*Simon's Town (C 3418 AB). Town
and naval base on Simon's Bay on the
eastern coast of the Cape Peninsula,
36 km south of Cape Town. It devel-
oped from being the official anchorage
of the Dutch East India Company from
1743 and was named after Simon van
der Stel (1639-1712), Commander of
the Cape from 1679 to 1691 and
Governor from 1691 to 1699.
Sipingo River see Isipingo Beach
*Sir Lowry's Pass (C 3418 BB).
Mountain pass across the Hottentots
Holland Mountains, between Grabouw
and Somerset West. At first known as
Gantouw, Khoekhoen for 'eland's
path', and then as Hottentots Holland
Kloof or Onderkloof, it was rebuilt
and renamed in 1830 after Sir
Galbraith Lowry Cole (1772-1842),
Governor of the Cape from 1828 to
1833. It was reconstructed in 1958.
Siteki (Swa 2631 BD). Town 69 km
east of Manzini and some 15 km west
of the Mocambique border. Founded
in 1927, it is the administrative centre
of the Lubombo district. Formerly
known as Stegi, the name is derived
from isaTeki, 'place of much
marrying', referring to an impi of
Chief Mswazi which was given
permission to marry near here. A peak
in the Lebombo Mountains south of
the town bears the name Isateki.
Six Mile Spruit (T 2528 CC). Tribu-
tary of the Hennops River south of
Pretoria. Formerly called the Sterk-
stroom or Sterkspruit, it was
renamed about 1870 when it was
crossed six miles (10 km) southwest of
Pretoria by the road from Johannes-
burg to Pretoria.
*Skeerpoort (T 2527 DD). Village
24 km south of Brits and 32 km north-
east of Hekpoort, about 7 km south-
west of the Hartebeespoort Dam.
Afrikaans for 'shaving defile', the
mountain pass from which it takes
its name may have been so called by
the commando under Hendrik Pot-
gieter because they stopped there on
a Sunday to spruce up. Another
explanation is that a commando
under Casper Kruger purchased soap
and shaving equipment from a trader
to spruce up before entering
Pretoria.
Skipskop (C 3420 CB). Village
west of Arniston (Waenhuiskrans).
Afrikaans for 'ships' hill', it was so
named after the number of ships
wrecked there.
*Skoenmakerskop (C 3325 BA).
Village on the southern side of the
promontory on which Port Elizabeth
stands, 8 km west of Chelsea Point.
Afrikaans for 'shoemaker's hill';
this village, the hill, and the
Skoenmakersrivier nearby, are said
to have been named after Volcker
Schoemaker, a soldier who deserted
and settled in the Eastern Province.
*Skukuza (T 2431 DC). Rest camp
in the Kruger National Park, 48 km
east-north-east of Pretoriuskop and
43 km north-west of Lower Sabie.
Derived from the sobriquet for
Colonel J Stevenson-Hamilton, first
game ranger. Variously said to mean
'to scrape clean', referring to his
eradication of poachers, and 'he
who brings about changes'.
*Skurweberg (C 3319 A). Moun-
tain range to the north-east of the
Witsenberg, directly north of Ceres,
extending northwards west of the
Cold Bokkeveld. Originally spelt
Skurfdeberg and then Skurfteberg,
the name means 'rough mountain',
and is descriptive of its appearance.
*Slagtersnek (C 3225 DB). Moun-
tain pass several kilometres north-
north-east of Cookhouse, between
the Bosberg in the west and the
Great Fish River in the east.
Afrikaans for 'butchers' col', it was
so named after the brutal murder by
Xhosas of the landdrost of Graaff-
Reinet, Andries Stockenstrom
(father of Sir Andries), and thirteen
others on 28 December 1811. Also
notorious as the site of the repeated
hanging, after the ropes had broken,
of five farmers in 1815 after the so-
called Bezuidenhout Rebellion.
*Slurry (T 2525 DD). Village with
a large cement factory, 22 km north-
east of Mafikeng and 15 km south-
west of Ottoshoop. Named after the
mixture of limestone and other
components in the manufacture of
cement.
Smartt Syndicate Dam (C 3023
CB). Dam some 17 km west-south-
west of Britstown and 35 km east-
south-east of Vosburg. Named after
Sir Thomas Smartt (1858-1929),
founder of the syndicate which built
the dam, and Minister of Agriculture
from 1921 to 1924.
*Smithfield (O 3026 BA). Town
132 km south of Bloemfontein and
74 km west-north-west of Zastron. It
was laid out on the farm Rietpoort
in 1849 and named after Sir Harry
Smith (1787-1860), Governor of the
Cape Colony from 1847 to 1852. In
1860 a village management board
was instituted and municipal status
attained in 1948. Smithfield was the
scene of action during the Basuto
Wars, when the cannon called Ou
Grietjie, after Margaret (Tant
Grietjie) Finlay, wife of the cannon-
eer, was employed.
Smitswinkel Bay (C 3418 AD).
Inlet 11 km south of Simon's Town,
on the western coast of False Bay.
Afrikaans for 'smithy' or black-
smith's shop, it is probably
connected to the rocks in the
vicinity with the names of Aambeeld
('anvil') and Blaasbalk ('bellows').
At first called Patensie Bay; the
name Smitswinkel is encountered as
early as 1744.
Sneeuberg (C 3124-3224). Moun-
tain range to the east, north and west
of Graaff-Reinet. This name,
Afrikaans for 'snow mountain', is
probably translated from Khoekhoen
Noagore and refers to its blanket of
snow which sometimes lasts till the
beginning of November.
*Sodwana Bay (N 2732 DA).
Indentation north of Jesser Point on
the coast of Zululand, 120 km north
of Richards Bay. The name is
derived from Zulu and is said to
mean 'the completely lonely one', or
'the little one on its own'.
*Soebatsfontein (C 3017 BA). Settle-
ment 80 km south-west of Springbok
and 48 km north-west of Kamies-
kroon. The name, Afrikaans for 'beg-
ging or pleading fountain', dates from
an incident about 1898 in which
Hendrik S(t)ievert, a farmhand, was
murdered by San in spite of his
begging for mercy.
*Soekmekaar (T 2329 BD). Village
some 65 km south-east of Louis
Trichardt. Afrikaans for 'look for each
other', the name has been explained in
a variety of ways.
Soetap (C 2820 DC). Khoekhoen
name of Kakamas. It means 'ash
river', referring to the grey colour of
the soil.
*Somerset East (C 3225 DA). Town
at the foot of the Bosberg, 185 km
north of Port Elizabeth. It was founded
in 1825 and named after Lord Charles
Henry Somerset (1767-1831), Gover-
nor of the Cape Colony from 1814 to
1826 and owner of Somerset Farm on
which it was laid out. Municipal status
was attained in February 1837.
Somerset-Oos see Somerset East
Somerset Strand (C
Former name of Strand.
3418 BB).
Somerset- Wes see Somerset West
*Somerset West (C 3418 BB). Town
45 km south-east of Cape Town. It
was founded in 1822 and named after
Lord Charles Somerset (1767-1831),
Governor of the Cape Colony from
1814 to 1826. It is the oldest munici-
pality in the country, having attained
this status in January 1822.
Sondagsrivier see Sundays River
Sonderend Mountains (C 3419).
Range extending east and west,
parallel to the coast, forming the
watershed between the Sonderend and
Breede rivers. Afrikaans for 'without
end', it takes its name from the river;
see Riviersonderend.
Sonkwasdrif (C 3318 BD). Ford in the
Berg River, about 9 km northeast of
Riebeek-Kasteel and 15 km south-west
of Tulbagh. 'Sonquas ford', presum-
ably after the Sonqua or San (Bush-
men).
Sonquas Drift see Sonkwasdrif
Sordwana Bay see Sodwana Bay
Southey Pass (C 3320 DC). Temp-
orary name of Tradouw Pass; after
Robert Southey, Magistrate of
Swellendam from 1850 to 1859 and
later Colonial Secretary.
South Shepstone (N 3030 CB).
Original name of Port Shepstone.
*Soutpan (O 2826 C). Village 45 km
west of Brandfort. Afrikaans for 'salt
pan or depression', the name is derived
from a large geographical feature of
that type, on the slopes of which the
Florisbad archaeological site is
situated.
Soutpansberg (T 2229). Mountain
range extending about 130 km from the
Nylstroom in the west to the Rooirand
in the east, with Louis Trichardt at its
southern foot, roughly in the middle of
the range. Dutch for 'salt-pan
mountain', the name refers to such a
feature situated at its western base.
Formerly it was known as Ijserberg,
'iron mountain'.
*Soutrivier (C 3420). River rising east
of Caledon and flowing southeast past
Protem. Meaning 'salt river', the name
is a translation of Khoekhoen Cisiqua
or of the later Oukamma, literally 'salt
water', 'salt river'.
Soweto (T 2628 AA). Complex of
townships south-west of Johannesburg.
The name is derived from South
western townships.
Spandau Kop (C 3224 BC). Hill south
of Graaff-Reinet, banded with vertical
cliffs near its summit. Said to have
been named by a certain Werner after
Spandau near Berlin, although the
name is also connected with the
Afrikaans word spantou, a hide
thong or rope which holds the hind-
legs of a cow while it is milked. It
has also been suggested that the
name is of Khoekhoen origin.
Spekboom River (T 2430 CD).
Stream formed by the confluence
near Lydenburg of the Dorpsrivier
and the Sterkspruit. It flows north to
enter the Steelpoort River south of
Burgersfort. Named after the suc-
culent spekbome, literally 'bacon-
trees' (Portulacaria afra) growing
on its banks.
Spektakelpas (C 2917 DA).
Mountain pass east of the Buffels
River, about 22 km west of
Springbok. Afrikaans for 'spectacle
pass', the name is said to refer to an
incident in which an ox-wagon over-
turned and its female passengers fell
head over heels, causing a spectacle!
The Khoekhoen name of the place is
Hamgurakgubus.
Spencer Bay (S 2514 DB). Inlet on
the Atlantic coast between North
Point and Dolphin Head, 110 km
north-north-west of Luderitz. It was
named Golfo de Sao Tome by
Bartolomeu Dias on 21 December
1487. The present name, given in
the 19th century, possibly refers to
Captain John Spence, who had fish-
ing concessions along the coast. The
diamond settlement founded in 1910
and now a ghost town was named
after the bay.
Spioenkop (N 2829 CB). Hill 25 km
south-west of Ladysmith; scene of a
famous battle lasting from 17 to 24
January 1900, in which British
casualties numbered 1733, while the
Boer forces suffered 50 dead and
120 wounded. The name is AM-
kaans and means 'spy hill'. The
Zulu name is Ntabamnyama, 'black
mountain'.
Spitskoppies (S 2115 CC). Range
of mountains or huge rocks of pink
granite 40 km south-west of the
Erongo Mountains and 56 km north-
west of Usakos, consisting of the
Great Spitskop, the Little Spitskop
and the Pontok Rocks. Afrikaans for
'pointed hillocks', the name is
translated from Khoekhoen.
Spoegrivier (C 3017 A-B). Town
some 13 km west-north-west of Kar-
kams and 46 km east of Hondeklip-
baai. It takes its name from the
non-perennial stream which rises
north of it and extends south and
then west to enter the Atlantic
Ocean 20 km south-east of Honde-
klipbaai. Afrikaans for 'spit river',
the name is probably translated
from Khoekhoen Kanoep, referring
to a disease affecting cattle.
*Springbok (C 2917 DB). Princi-
pal town of the Namaqualand dis-
trict, 565 km north of Cape Town.
It was founded in 1862 as a copper-
mining centre under the name
Springbokfontein, administered by
a village management board from
1922 and became a municipality in
1933. Translated from Khoekhoen
Guchas, 'springbok' (Antidorcas
spp.), the name was shortened in
1911.
Springbok Flats (T 2428). Feature-
less plain around Warmbaths,
extending to the Waterberg and
Potgietersrus districts. Probably
refers to an abundance of springbok
here in former times. A fossilized
skeleton found here in 1929 may
represent an ancestor of the San,
Khoekhoen and Sub-Saharan Bantu.
*Springfontein (O 3025 BC).
Town 15 km south-west of Bloem-
fontein, 46 km east of Philippolis
and 38 km north-west of Bethulie.
It was laid out in 1904 on part of
the farm Springfontein and attained
municipal status in 1912. The name
is Afrikaans for 'spring which
jumps', 'jumping fountain',
'artesian fountain'.
*Springs (T 2628 AD). Town
47 km east-south-east of Johannes-
burg and 35 km north-north-east of
Heidelberg. At first a coalmining
town established in 1887, it experi-
enced new life after the discovery
of gold. It was laid out as a town-
ship in 1904 under the name
Springs, and became a municipality
in 1912. Takes its name from the
farm The Springs, surveyed in 1883
and named after springs of water
there.
Stampriet (S 2418 AD). Village
64 km north-east of Mariental and
45 km south-east of Lidfontein.
Originally Stamprietfontein or
'stamp reed fountain', the name is
translated from Khoekhoen Aams.
*Standerton (T 2629 CC). Town
on the Vaal River, 156 km south
east of Johannesburg and 64 km south
of Bethal. It was laid out in 1878 on
the farm Grootverlangen and attained
municipal status in 1903. Named after
Commandant Adriaan H Stander
(1817-1896), original owner of the
farm. Standerskop, a hill west of the
town, is also named after him.
*Stanford (C 3419 CB). Village
16 km east of Hermanus and 22 km
north-east of Gansbaai. It was founded
in 1857 on the farm Kleinrivier and
named after Sir Robert Stanford,
owner of the farm.
*Stanger (N 2931 AD). Principal
town of the Lower Tugela district,
72 km north-east of Durban. It was
founded in 1873, proclaimed a
township in 1920 and became a
municipality in 1949. Named after
William Stanger (1811-1854), first
Surveyor-General of Natal. The Zulu
name of Stanger is said to be Dukuza,
'secret place', 'place of concealment'.
It was the site of the main village of
the Zulu chief Shaka.
Steelpoort River (T 2429-2529).
Tributary of the Olifants River, rising
near Wonderfontein and flowing north
and north-east to their confluence.
Afrikaans for 'steal pass river', the
name may refer to the theft of tusks
from an elephant shot by a certain
Scholtz, by a Botha, after whom
Bothashoek was named. Another
explanation links the name to the theft
of cattle by the Bapedi.
*Steenberg (C 3418). Mountains
extending north-west from Muizen-
berg to the Constantiaberg. Dutch for
'rock or stone mountain', the name is
encountered as early as August 1657.
Steenbras River (C 3418 BB): Rises
in the Hottentots Holland Mountains
and flows into False Bay 6 km east of
Gordon's Bay. Named after a type of
fish called steenbras, Dutch
steenbrasem, 'musselcracker' (Petrus
rupestrus).
Stegi (Swa 2631 BD). Former name of
Siteki.
*Steinkopf (C 2917 BC). Town some
45 km north-north-west of Springbok,
in the Namaqualand district. Formerly
known as Kookfontein, it was estab-
lished as a mission station of the
London Missionary Society, but was
later taken over by the Rhenish Mis-
sion. Named after the Reverend Dr
Steinkopf, who visited England in
1842.
Stellaland (2624-2826). Small
republic established in July 1882 on
land given by the Koranna chief
David Massouw Piet Taaibosch to
Boer volunteers under Gerrit
Jacobus van Niekerk because they
assisted him in his struggle against
the Batlhapin chief, Mankoroane
Molehabanque. It was incorporated
into Bechuanaland and the Bloem-
hof district in 1884. Derived from
Latin and Afrikaans, the name
means 'star country'. It was coined
because a comet was visible in 1882
when the republic was founded.
*Stellenbosch (C 3518 DD). Town
in the Eerste River Valley, 48 km
east of Cape Town. Named in 1679
by Simon van der Stel after himself
and the Wilde Bosch or 'wild forest'
there. In 1685 the village was
founded and in 1840 it became a
municipality. Well known for its
university, wine-farms and oak-
trees.
*Sterkspruit (Trsk 3027 CB). Town
some 51 km south-east of Zastron,
96 km north-east of Aliwal North,
and 24 km from the Lesotho border.
It takes its name from the Sterk-
spruit, the watercourse on which it
is situated. The name is Afrikaans
and means 'strong stream'.
*Sterkstroom (C 3126 DA). Village
on the Hex River, at the southern
foot of the Stormberg, 272 km
north-west of East London. It was
founded in 1875 and became a
municipality in 1878. Afrikaans for
'strong current or stream', the name
refers to the Hex River.
*Steynsburg (C 2125 BD). Town
64 km south-west of Burgersdorp
and 48 km north of Hofmeyr. It
developed around the Dutch
Reformed Church established in
1872 and has been administered by a
village management board since
1874. Named after Douwe
Gerbrandt Steyn, grandfather of
President Paul Kruger.
Steynsdorp (T 2630 BB). Ghost
town near the Swaziland border, in
the Carolina district. It was founded
in 1885 and became the centre of the
New Paarl gold-field but was aban-
doned when the Witwatersrand
gold-fields were discovered. At first
called Painter's Camp, it was
named Steynsburg in 1886, after
Commandant J P Steyn of Lyden-
burg. The name was then altered to
Steynsdorp to avoid confusion with
Steynsburg in the Cape.
*Steynsrus (O 2727 DC). Town in
the Lindley district, 44 km southeast
of Kroonstad and 43 km north of
Senekal. It was founded in 1910 and
became a municipality in 1912.
Named after Marthinus Theunis
Steyn (1857-1916), last President of
the Orange Free State.
*Steytlerville (C 3324 AD). Town
on the Groot River, 164 km north-
west of Port Elizabeth and 90 km
east of Willowmore. It was founded
in 1876 on the farm Doorspoort and
attained municipal status in 1891.
Named after the Reverend Abraham
Isaac Steytler (1840-1922), minister
of the Dutch Reformed Church, and
Moderator of the Cape synod from
1909 to 1915. No liquor ever to be
sold there.
*Stilbaai see Still Bay
*Stilfontein (T 2626 DD). Gold-
mining town some 13 km east of
Klerksdorp and 37 km south-west of
Potchefstroom. It takes its name
from the Stilfontein Gold Mine,
which started production in 1952.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'still fountain', ie one which does
not bubble or flow.
*Still Bay (C 3421 AD). Seaside
village and holiday resort 79 km
south-east of Riversdale, at the
estuary of the Kafferkuils River
which forms the bay of the same
name. The township was proclaimed
in 1962 and attained municipal
status in 1966. The name refers to
the calmness of the water in the bay.
The form Stilbaai is preferred for
official purposes.
Stinkfontein Mountains (C 2817
C). Mountain range in the Richters-
veld, extending north and south
between Cornellsberg and Eksteen-
fontein, 30 km west of Kotzeshoop.
Afrikaans for 'smelly fountain
(mountains)', the name is translated
from Khoekhoen Ogas, literally
'stinking spring'.
Stockenstrom (C 3226 D). District
of which Seymour is the principal
town. It was named in 1844 after Sir
Andries Stockenstrom (1792-1864),
Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape
Colony from 1836 to 1839.
*Stompneusbaai see Stompneus Bay
*Stompneus Bay (C 3217 DB).
Village east of Shell Bay Point,
7 km north-west of St Helena Bay
and 20 km north of Vredenburg.
Named after a type of fish,
Chrysophrys globiceps. The form
Stompneusbaai is preferred for
official purposes.
Stormberge (C 3126 B-3127).
Mountain range extending east and
west from Molteno and Sterkstroom
in the west to south of Dordrecht.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'storm mountains'.
*Stormsvlei (C 3420 AA). Town on
the southern bank of the Rivier-
sonderend, some 17 km south of
Bonnievale and 50 km north of
Bredasdorp. Of Afrikaans origin, the
name means 'storm marsh'.
*Strand (C 3418 BB). Town at the
foot of the Hottentots Holland
Mountains, on the north-eastern
shore of False Bay, 48 km east-
south-east of Cape Town. It was
named Van Ryneveld's Town in
1850 by D J van Ryneveld,
Magistrate of Stellenbosch, who
purchased the land, and subse-
quently Hottentots Holland Strand,
Somerset Strand and The Strand,
the last in 1918, shortened to Strand
in 1937. Municipal status was
attained in June 1896.
Strandfontein (C 3418 BA).
Seaside resort 8 km east of Muizen-
berg, on the northern shore of False
Bay. It was laid out in 1962.
Afrikaans for 'beach spring', the
name is also borne by a seaside
resort in the Vredendal district,
south of the Olifants River Mouth.
Strandveld (C 3419 AD-CB).
Region consisting of a marine
terrace, extending from the Klein-
riviersvlei south-east along the
shore of Walker Bay to north-east of
Die Kelders. Afrikaans for 'coast
field', the name refers to the sandy,
calcareous soil.
*Struisbaai see Struis Bay
*Struis Bay (C 3420 CA). Bight some
20 km wide between Struis Point and
Northumberland Point, south of
Bredasdorp and northeast of Cape
Agulhas. Derived from Dutch Vogel
Struijs Baay, 'ostrich bay', a name
recorded in 1672, it was known to the
Portuguese as Golfo das Agulhas.
The form Struisbaai is preferred for
official purposes.
*Strydenburg (C 2923 DC). Town
55 km south-west of Hopetown and
75 km north-north-west of Britstown.
It was laid out in 1892 on the farm
Roodepan and attained municipal
status in 1914. Dutch for 'town of
argument', the name refers to
disagreement as to on which farm it
should be situated.
Strydpoort Mountains (T 2429 A-B).
Mountain range extending some
100 km, situated east of Potgietersrus
and north of the Springbok Flats.
Afrikaans for 'battle defile (moun-
tains)', there is no certainty as to what
gave rise to this name.
Stryrivier (C 2917 AD-CB). Trib-
utary of the Buffels River. It rises in
the vicinity of the Harrasberge about
30 km west-south-west of Steinkopf
and flows south-west and south to join
the Buffels at Bontkoei, 15 km north-
west of Buffelsbank. The name,
Afrikaans for 'argue river', 'battle
river', is translated from Khoekhoen
Noakchaob.
Stuartstown (N 3030 AA). Former
name of Ixopo. Named after M Stuart,
Resident Magistrate of the Ixopo
district, who was killed at the Battle of
Ingogo in 1881.
*Stutterheim (C 3227 CB). Town
south-east of the Xolora Mountains,
103 km north-west of East London
and 107 km south-east of Queenstown.
It was established in 1857 around the
Bethel Mission and became a munici-
pality in 1879. Named after Major-
General Carl Gustav Richard von
Stutterheim (1815-1871), Commander
of the British-German Legion which
built a fort there.
Sudwala Caves (T 2530). Caverns
35 km north-west of Nelspruit. Named
after Sudwala, an induna of Prince
Somquba, son of the Swazi king
Sobhuza I.
Sugar Loaf (C 3318 CD). Early name
(from 1606 on) of Lion's Head. It was
named thus after its shape, resembling
the conical loaf in which sugar was
formerly supplied to grocers and from
which it was chipped for retail sale.
Suikerbosrand (T 2628). Region
consisting of three ranges of hills,
situated some 25 km south of the Wit-
watersrand range, extending north-east
and south-west, in the vicinity of
Heidelberg and Balfour. Afrikaans for
'sugar-bush ridge', the name refers to
the Protea species growing there.
Sundays River (C 3325). Rises south
of Middelburg in the Sneeuberg range
and flows 373 km southwards past
Graaff-Reinet and Jansenville, enter-
ing Algoa Bay north of Port Elizabeth.
The name is thought to be derived
from the Dutch surname Zondagh;
Sondag is Afrikaans for 'Sunday'.
The Khoekhoen name was
Nukakamma, 'grassy river'.
Sundays River (N 2830). Tributary of
the Tugela River. It rises southwest of
Wasbank and flows south-east to enter
the main stream 20 km south-west of
Pomeroy. The name is a translation of
Dutch Zondags Rivier, said to be
named thus because a commando
under the Voortrekker leader Andries
Pretorius spent the Sunday of
8 December 1838 resting there.
*Sutherland (C 3220 DA). Town
97 km north of Matjiesfontein and
108 km south-west of Fraserburg. It
was laid out in 1858 on the farm De
List and attained municipal status in
1884. Named after Henry Sutherland
(1790-1879), minister of the Dutch
Reformed Church at Worcester from
1824 to 1859. Sutherland was the
birthplace of the Afrikaans poets D C
Esterhuyse, N P van Wyk Louw and
W E G Louw. It is notorious as being
the coldest place in the Republic of
South Africa.
Suurberge (C 3325 A-B). Mountain
range extending east and west from
south of Lake Mentz eastwards to west
of Alicedale. Derived from Dutch
Zuurbergen, the name means 'sour
mountains' and refers to the Suurveld,
after the type of grass growing there.
The name is apparently translated
from Khoekhoen Kurukuru.
Suurveld (C 3326). Region between
the Great Fish and Sundays rivers,
approximating to the present Albany
district. Also encountered in the Dutch
form Zuurveld, this name is Afrikaans
for 'sour veld', translated from Khoek-
hoen Kurukuru, referring to the type of
grass growing there. The name was
changed to Albany by proclamation of
4 January 1814.
*Swaershoek (C 3225). Region extend-
ing from the Grootvlakte northwards
to the Cradockberg and westwards
towards Pearston. Afrikaans for
'brothers-in-law glen', the name refers
to the limited number of families
living there, all related to each other,
namely Du Plessis, Erasmus, Jordaan
and Malan. The Swaershoek Moun-
tains (T 2428) were similarly named
after the related Swanepoel, Eloff and
Van Heerden families who lived there
since 1868.
*Swakopmund (S 2214 DA). Town
and seaside resort at the mouth of the
Swakop River, 40 km north of Walvis
Bay and 378 km west of Windhoek. It
developed from a military base
established in 1893, was developed as
a seaport and proclaimed a town in
1909. The name is derived from Nama
tsoa, 'posterior', xoub, 'excrement',
referring to mud and debris along the
river in times of flood.
*Swartberg (C 3318 BA). Mountain
some 10 km north of Moorreesburg.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'black mountain'; it is translated from
Khoekhoen Noegareb.
*Swartberg (C 3318-3323). Mountain
range some 200 km long, extending
from near Ladismith to Willowmore,
situated between the Great and Little
Karoo, and parallel to the Langeberg
and Outeniqua Mountains. Afrikaans
for 'black mountain'. This name is
also borne by the mountain at
Caledon; formerly it was known as"
Toring van Babel, 'Tower of Babel';
now it is also known as Caledonberg.
*Swartkops (C 3325 DC). Village on
the Swartkops River, 11 km north of
Port Elizabeth and 1,6 km from the
Indian Ocean. Afrikaans for 'black
hills', the name is said to refer to
surrounding hillocks crested with dark
shadows.
Swartland (C 3318). Region approxi-
mately corresponding to the Malmes-
bury district as it was in 1779. First
encountered in August 1701, the
name, Afrikaans for 'black country' or
'black land', does not refer to the
colour of the soil, which is generally
yellow, but to the renosterbossies and
bakkerbossies growing there; these
shrubs are greyish-black, and pitch
black when wet.
Swartlintjies River (C 3017 A-B).
Non-perennial stream that rises north
of Soebatsfontein and extends south-
west to enter the Atlantic Ocean about
5 km north of Hondeklipbaai. Ostensi-
bly Afrikaans for 'black ribbon
(river)', the name is a translation of
Khoekhoen Noegare, 'black thong
(river)'.
*Swartrivier (C 3419 AB-AC).
Tributary of the Bot River. It rises m
the Swartberg north-east of Caledon
and flows south-west to its confluence
with the Bot about 4 km south of the
town Botrivier. Afrikaans for 'black
river', the name is translated from
Khoekhoen Dogghakamma.
*Swartruggens (T 2526 DA). Town
56 km west of Rustenburg and 34 km
north-west of Koster. It was founded
in 1875 on the farm Brakfontein.
Afrikaans for 'black ridges', it takes
its name from a series of hills there,
formerly known as Zwartruggens.
*Swartvlei (C 3322 DD-3422 BB).
Lake about 14 km east of Wilderness
and 20 km west of Knysna. Afrikaans
for 'black marsh', the name is a
translation of Khoekhoen Noetse-
kamma, 'black water'.
*Swellendam (C 3420 AB). Town
225 km east of Cape Town and 53 km
west of Heidelberg. It developed
around the drostdy established in
1747, and attained municipal status in
1904. Named in October 1747 after
the Governor, Hendrik Swellengrebel
(1700-1760), and his wife, Helena ten
Damme.
Sydney on Vaal (C 2824 AD). Village
30 km north-west of Barkly West and
several kilometres south of Delports-
hoop. It was founded in 1902 and is
variously said to be named after
Sidney Mendelssohn, Director of the
Vaal River Diamond and Exploration
Company which owned the land, as
well as after its situation on the Vaal
River, and after Sydney Shippard,
Acting Attorney of the Executive
Council of Griqualand West in 1872.
Synna (C 3319-3421). Khoekhoen
name of the Breede River. It probably
means 'river of fighting'; the reference
is uncertain.
Taaibosspruit (O 2826 D). Tributary
of the Vet River. It rises west of
Verkeerdevlei and flows north to enter
the main stream about 10 km south of
Theunissen. Named after Gert Taaibos,
a Koranna chief who settled near the
Korannaberg, later in the Witteberge,
and who was killed near Ficksburg in a
skirmish with Moshesh.
Taba ka Ndoda (Cis 3227 CC). Moun-
tain 27 km west-north-west of King
William's Town. The name is Xhosa
and means 'mountain of the man'; the
reason for the name is uncertain.
Tabankulu (Trsk 3029 CD). Village
some 30 km east-south-east of Mount
Frere and 50 km south-south-west of
Kokstad. Of Xhosa origin, the name
means 'large mountain'. The village
was laid out in 1894.
Table Bay (C 3318 CD). Inlet north of
the Cape Peninsula, northeast of Table
Mountain and Cape Town. Named
Aguada da Saldanha in 1503, it was
renamed Tafel Baaij by Joris van
Spilbergen in 1601, by reason of Table
Mountain, whereby it is recognizable.
The English name has been used since
about 1623.
Table Mountain (C 3318 CD). Flat-
topped mountain 1 113 m high at the
foot of which Cape Town is situated,
between Devil's Peak in the south-east
and Lion's Head in the north-west. It
was named Taboa do Cabo by the
Portuguese admiral Antonio de Saldan-
ha in 1503. The name appears as Ye
Table about 1613.
Taboa do Cabo (C 3318 CD). Former
name of Table Mountain. Bestowed in
1503 by Antonio de Saldanha, this
Portuguese name means 'table cape or
head'.
Tafelbaai see Table Bay
Tafelberg see Table Mountain
Talana (N 2030 AB). Village 5 km
east of Dundee on the route between
Vryheid and Glencoe. The name is
Zulu and means 'little shelf, referring
to a flat-topped hill nearby, scene of a
famous battle on 20 October 1899,
between the Boers and the British.
Tamata see Qamata
Tamboekieland see Tembuland
Tamboekievlei (C 3226 DA). For-
mer name of Hertzog.
Tambookieland see Tembuland
Tandjiesberg (C 3224-3225).
Range of peaks about 50 km east of
Graaff-Reinet. Afrikaans for 'little
teeth mountains', the name refers to
the sharply toothed appearance of
these peaks.
Tankwarivier (C 3219-3220).
Tributary of the Doring River. It
rises to the north-west of the Klein-
Roggeveld Mountains and flows
northwest to join the Doring at
Elandsvlei, about 30 km east-south-
east of Wuppertal or 60 km north-
east of Citrusdal. The name is said
to be a variant of Sanqua or Sankwa,
referring to the San or Bushmen.
Tansberg see Gamsberg
Tarka (C 3225-3226). Tributary of
the Great Fish River, which it joins
19 km south-east of Cradock. The
name is of Khoekhoen origin and
probably means 'place of many
women'. The Xhosa name of this
river is apparently Umncumuba,
'willow-tree'.
Tarkastad (C 3226 AB). Town
61 km west of Queenstown, 79 km
east-north-east of Cradock and
76 km south-west of Sterkstroom. It
was laid out in 1862 on the farm
Boschfontein and became a munici-
pality in 1883. Named after the
Tarka River which flows past it.
Taucoue (C 3320-3321). Khoekhoen
name of the Groot River, which
flows south and south-east from
near Laingsburg to join the Gourits
River 40 km south of Calitzdorp. Of
Khoekhoen origin, it means 'buffalo
country river'.
Taung (Bop 2724 DB). Village 65 km
north of Warrenton and 58 km east of
Reivilo. The name is Tswana and
means 'place of the lion', probably
after a Barolong chief named Tau.
Famous for the fossil skull found in
1924 of the African ape-men,
Australopithecinae.
Teebus (C 3125 BC). Village some
18 km south-west of Steynsburg and
35 km north-north-west of Hofmeyr.
Afrikaans for 'tea-caddy', this name is
taken from that of a pointed hill; to the
north of this hill is Koffiebus, 'coffee-
caddy'.
Teiqua (C 3325 CC). Khoekhoen
name of the Gamtoos River. It means
'cold day'; the reason for the name is
uncertain.
Teja-Tejane see Teyateyaneng
Tekwini see Thekwini
Telemachuskop (C 3126). Hill of
2 080 m in the Stormberg range, about
50 km north-west of Dordrecht, 12 km
north-west of Jamestown. Probably
named after Corporal Telemacus, a
Khoekhoe who served in the Cape
Mounted Rifles.
*Tembisa (T 2628 AA). Township
north of Kempton Park and south of
Olifantsfontein. The name means
'place of promise'.
Tembuland (Trsk 3127). Region
consisting of Tembuland Proper,
Emigrant Tembuland and Bomvana-
land, later the districts of Emjanyana,
Engcobo, Mqanduli, Umtata, St
Marks, Southeyville and Xalanga. So
called because it was inhabited by the
Tembu or Amatembu, a Xhosa people,
formerly known as Tambookies or
Tamboekies, for which reason the
name of the region is also encountered
as Tamboekieland and Tambookie-
land.
Tendeka see Omatendeka Mountains
Terra das Trovoadas (C 3322-3323).
Early Portuguese name of the Lang-
kloof; it means 'land of thunder
storms'.
Terra de Sao Silvestre (S 2816
CB). Coast along the Atlantic Ocean
in the vicinity of the mouth of the
Orange River. Named thus on
31 December 1487 by members of
an expedition sent by Bartolomeu
Dias, after the saint on whose name-
day it was passed.
Terra do Natal (N 2729-3030).
Early Portuguese name for the Pon-
doland coast, subsequently transfer-
red to the present Natal. Named thus
in 1497 by the explorer Vasco da
Gama. It means 'land of the birth',
ie of Jesus Christ, because it was on
25 December that he passed it.
Terra dos Bramidos (C 2816 CB-
DA). Early Portuguese name for the
Atlantic coast south of the mouth of
the Orange River. It means 'land of
the thundering of the sea'.
Terra dos Fumos (Moc 2632).
Portuguese name for the coastal area
between Kosi Bay and Maputo. It
means 'land of the petty chiefs'.
Teyateyaneng (Les 2927 BA).
Town some 47 km north-east of
Maseru and 58 km south-west of
Ficksburg. It takes its name from the
Teja-Tejane River which rises west
of it and flows south-east to join the
Southern Phutiatsana at Sefikeng.
The name is said to mean 'the
winding little river'.
Thaba Bosigo (Les 2927 BC).
Dialectic name of Thaba Bosiu.
Thaba Bosiu (Les 2927 BC).
Isolated, flat-topped hill 18 km east
of Maseru. Venerated as the site
where the Basuto nation was foun-
ded and where Moshesh and other
kings are buried. Chosen as a fort-
ress by Moshesh in 1824, attacks by
Amangwane, Batlokoa, British,
Boer and Zulu forces were repulsed,
owing to the impregnability of the
sandstone cliffs encircling the
summit, cleft only by six narrow
defiles. The name means 'mountain
of the night', referring to a belief
that the mountain increases in size
at night - a superstition encouraged
by Moshesh, since it discouraged
attacks by night.
Thabana Ntlenyana (Les 2929).
Highest mountain in the Drakens-
berg, being 3 482 m, 40 km north-
east of Himeville. The name is said
to mean 'pretty little mountain'.
The spelling Thabantshonyana is
also encountered.
*Thaba Nchu (Bop 2926 BB).
Town 60 km west of Ladybrand and
64 km east of Bloemfontein. It was
established in 1893 and named after
the mountain to the south-east. The
name is Sotho and means 'black
mountain'.
Thaba Phatshwa (O 2927 AC).
Mountain several kilometres south-
west of the town Thaba Phatswa.
Thaba Phatswa (O 2927 AC). Town
some 30 km south-east of Thaba
Nchu and 22 km north of Hob-
house. It takes its name from the
mountain a few kilometres to the
south-west. Said to be of Tswana
origin and to mean 'black with
white spots'.
Thaba Putsoa Range (Les 2927 D).
Mountain range extending northeast
and south-west, parallel to and east
of the Makhaleng River, north-east
of Mohale's Hoek. Of Sotho origin,
the name is said to mean 'blue
mountain'.
*Thabatshweu (Trsk 3027 AD).
Mountain some 10 km north-east of
Sterkstroom. Of Xhosa origin, the
name means 'white mountain'.
Thaba Ya Sekhukhune (T 2429-
2529). Mountain range about 60 km
east of Marble Hall, north-west of
the Steelpoort River. Named after
Sekhukhune (? -1882), who became
king of the Bapedi after the death
of Sekwati in 1861. He fortified the
mountain.
Thabazimbi (T 2427 CB). Iron-
mining town 130 km north of
Rustenburg. It was laid out by Iscor
on the farm Kwaggashoek and
proclaimed in May 1953. The name
means 'mountain of iron'.
Tharakkamma (C 3118-3319).
Khoekhoen name of the Olifants
River. It means 'cutting-sedge
river', after the serrated-edged
Scirpus species growing in it.
*The Berg (2430-3127). Popular
name for the Drakensberg; berg is
Afrikaans for 'mountain'.
The Dargle (N 2930 A-C). Region
between 16 and 32 km west of
Howick. Takes its name from the
Dargle Stream, a tributary of the
Mgeni, which was probably so
called by Thomas Fannin, an Irish-
man who came to South Africa in
1847, after a stream near Dublin in
Ireland.
The Friendly City (C 3325 DC).
Popular name for Port Elizabeth.
Thekwini (N 2930-2931). Zulu
name for Durban. Primarily applied
to Durban Bay, the name is said to
mean either 'lagoon' or 'the one-
testicled one', referring to the
appearance of the bay.
Theopolis (C 3326 DA). Former
mission station of the London
Missionary Society, established in
1814 near the mouth of the Kasouga
River by the Reverend J G Ulbricht
but razed to the ground in 1851.
Named by Sir George Cathcart,
Governor of the Cape from 1811 to
1814; it means 'city of God'. The
name Theophilus still occurs for a
settlement.
*Theunissen (O 2826 BC). Town
11 km north of the Vet River and
102 km north-east of Bloemfontein.
It was laid out in 1907 on the farms
Smaldeel and a portion of Poortje,
and attained municipal status in
1912. At first known as Smaldeel, it
was renamed Theunissen in 1907,
after Commandant Helgaardt Theun-
issen who obtained permission for
its establishment.
Thohoyandou (Ven 2230 CD).
Capital of Venda. The name means
'head of the elephant'.
*Three Anchor Bay (C 3318 CD).
Small anchorage in Table Bay. The
name, first encountered in 1661,
possibly refers to anchors securing
chains stretched as defence across
the bay. The form Drieankerbaai is
preferred for official purposes.
Tierberg see Tijgerberg
Tijgerberg (C 3318 CD-DC). Range
of hills north of the Cape Flats,
north-east of Bellville, extending
north and south for some 6 km.
Derived from Dutch, it was referred
to in 1657 as Gevlekte Luipaerts-
berg, 'spotted leopard mountain'.
Also encountered as Tierberg and
Tygerberg, the name is said to refer
to the patchy vegetation remini-
scent of the colouring of a leopard
(Afrikaans tier, Dutch tijger.)
Toekomsrus (C 3322 CA). Town-
ship near Oudtshoorn. The name is
Afrikaans for 'future rest'. Since
this township is the furthest of
three, the colloquial name Blerrie-
ver ('bloody far') has come into
being.
*Tongaat (N 2931 CA). Township
in the district of Inanda, 45 km
north of Durban and 6 km inland
from the Indian Ocean. Established
in 1945 and now centre of a sugar
industry, it takes its name from the
Tongati River.
Tongaland (N 2632-2732). Region
in the northernmost portion of
Natal, bounded in the east by the
Indian Ocean, in the west by the
Pongolo River, in the south by
KwaZulu, and in the north by the
parallel of latitude from the
confluence of the Pongolo and
Maputa rivers to the Indian Ocean.
Named after the amaTonga, also
known as Ba-Tonga, Ba-Thonga
and Tonga, said to mean 'people
from the east', the region now
forms part of the Ingwavuma
district.
Tongati (N 2930 CA). River which
flows east past Tongaat and enters
the Indian Ocean 5 km south-west
of Ballito Bay and 10 km northeast
of the mouth of the Mdloti River.
The name, derived from Zulu, is
said to mean 'it is important to us'
or 'you are important because of
us', referring to legends involving
reaction to a denigrating remark in
the first instance, and to Shaka's
magnanimous view of a tribe he
had just made subservient to him.
Tonnesen Mountains (S 1813 AA-
AB). In the Kaokoveld, situated in
the valley of the dry Huarusib
River. It was named after the
German railway engineer T
Tonnesen who accompanied Dr
Georg Hartmann on his journey
through the Kaokoveld in 1900.
Toorkop (C 3321 AC). Highest
peak of the Swartberg range, situ-
ated 8 km north-west of Ladismith.
Afrikaans for 'magic hill', it is said
to be so called because it 'looks
different when viewed from various
angles'.
*Toorwater (C 3323 AC). Ravine
through which the Tarka River
flows through the Swartberg, 48 km
south-west of Willowmore. Afri-
kaans for 'magic water', translated
from Khoekhoen Cuighakamma, the
name is said to refer to an incident
in which a Khoekhoe man was
drowned in a whirlpool.
Tormentoso, Cabo
see Cabo Tormentoso
*Touws River (C 3320 AC). Town
82 km north-east of Worcester and
54 km west-south-west of Matjies-
fontein. It was laid out in 1921
around the railway station estab-
lished in 1877 as Montagu Road but
renamed Touws River in 1883. A
village management board was insti-
tuted in 1959 and a municipality in
1962. Named after the river of the
same name. The form Touwsrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
Touws River (C 3320-3321). Tribu-
tary of the Buffels River, rising in
the Matroosberg and flowing
through the Worcester, Montagu and
Ladismith districts to join the
Buffels 29 km south of Ladismith.
The name is derived from Khoek-
hoen and means 'ash river', possibly
after the Salsola aphylla or asbosse
('ash-bushes') growing there, but
more probably after the appearance
of the soil.
*Touwsrivier see Touws River
Tradou Pass (C 3320 DC). Moun-
tain pass across the Langeberg
between Barrydale and Suurbraak.
Following the old Tradouw Kloof, it
was opened in October 1873 and
named Southey Pass, but the name
was not popular and fell into disuse.
The name Tradou is derived from
Khoekhoen taradaos, 'woman's
pass'.
Traka River (C 3322). Tributary of
the Olifants River. It rises in the
Prince Albert district, north of the
Swartberg, and flows east and then
south, joining the Olifants 8 km
west of Barandas. The name is
derived from Khoekhoen and means
'women's river'.
Transgariep (O 2725-2931). Former
name for the area north of the Orange
River, specifically that between the
Orange and the Vaal. From Latin
trans, 'across', and Khoekhoen Igarib,
'river', for the Orange River.
Transkei (Trsk 3028-3229). Indepen-
dent state bounded by the Cape
Province, the Indian Ocean, Natal and
Lesotho. The name is derived from
Latin trans, 'across', and Khoekhoen
//khae, 'sand'; it is situated across or
beyond the Great Kei River.
Transvaal (T 2228-2731). Province of
the Republic of South Africa, bounded
by the Cape Province, Botswana,
Zimbabwe, Mocambique, Swaziland,
Natal and the Orange Free State. The
name is derived from its situation
across (Latin trans) the Vaal
(Afrikaans for grey, translated from
Khoekhoen /hai) River.
*Trappe's Valley (C 3326 BD).
Settlement about 10 km north-east of
Bathurst. Named after Captain Charles
Trappe who was Second in Command
of the 72nd Regiment at Grahamstown
in 1819. He was the founder of
Bathurst and Provisional Magistrate in
1820.
Treurrivier (T 2430 DD). Tributary
of the Blij derivier. 'River of sorrow',
thus named in 1844 by members of
Andries Potgieter's party while under
a misapprehension that he and others,
who had gone ahead to Delagoa Bay,
had died.
*Trichardt (T 2629 AC). Village
34 km west of Bethal and 32 km west-
south-west of Leandra, several
kilometres north-east of Secunda. It
originated as a settlement of the Dutch
Reformed Church and was proclaimed
in 1906. Named after Carolus
Johannes Trichardt (1811-1901), son
of the Voortrekker Louis Trichardt.
*Troe-Troe (C 3118). Region north of
the Doring River, north-west of the
Olifants River and west of the Bokke-
veld Mountains. Probably takes its
name from the Troe-Troe River.
Troe-Troe River (C 3118 D). Tribu-
tary of the Olifants River. It rises
between the Matsikamma Mountains
and the Koebee Mountains and flows
north-west, past Vanrhynsdorp, and
then south-west and west to enter
the main stream east of Vredendal.
Derived from Khoekhoen, the name
has been explained in a variety of
ways but probably means 'battle
river', after a skirmish or war in
former times.
*Trompsburg (O 3025 BB). Town
122 km south-west of Bloemfontein
and 56 km south-east of Philippolis.
It was laid out in 1891 on the farm
Middelwater and attained municipal
status in 1902. Named after the
owners of the farm, Jan and Basti-
aan Tromp. It was at first called
Jagersfontein Road, then Hamilton,
in honour of Sir Hamilton John
Goold-Adams (1858-1920), Lieute-
nant-Governor of the Orange River
Colony from 1901 to 1910.
Tsao (C 3322 DD). Former name of
the Karatara River. The Dutch Witte
Rivier is an indirect translation of
the Khoekhoen name; tsao means
'ash' and refers to the whitish-grey
soil.
Tsarachaibes (S 2417 DB). Khoek-
hoen name of Mariental. It means
'dusty face', ie 'dusty plain'.
Tshipise (T 2230 CA). Holiday
resort 66 km south-east of Messina
and 84 km north-east of Louis
Trichardt. It was developed from
1936. Formerly spelt Chipise, the
name is said to be derived from chia
fisu, 'burn', 'be hot', referring to the
mineral springs at 65°C.
*Tshirela (T 2627 DB). Former
name of Boipatong. It has approxi-
mately the same meaning, namely
'place of shelter'.
Tshitambo (T 2229). Peak in the
Soutpansberg. Derived from Venda
u tamba, 'to wash', the name means
'place where one goes to wash',
referring to the abundance of water.
Tshwane (T 2528 CA). Northern
Sotho name of Pretoria; said to
mean 'small monkey' or to refer to
the colour of a monkey, after the
Apies River, Tshwane in Northern
Sotho, which in turn was named
after the son of Musi, an early
Nguni chief.
Tshwenyane (T 2526 AC). Northern
Sotho name of the Enselsberg; it is
said to mean 'place of little
baboons'.
*Tsitsa (Trsk 3028-3129). River
which rises in the Drakensberg
about 80 km west of Mount Frere
and flows east and south-east to join
the Mzimvubu 36 km south-east of
Qumbu. Of Xhosa origin, the name
is said to mean 'to trickle', 'to
ooze', referring to the emanation on
the lower slopes of rain and snow
falling on the Drakensberg - an
average of 1 150 mm per annum.
Also encountered as iTsitsa.
*Tsitsikamma (C 3323-3423).
Region along the coast, south of the
Tsitsikamma Mountains, between
Plettenberg Bay and Humansdorp;
according to some authorities
extending as far west as George.
The name has been said to mean
'waters begin', an explanation borne
out by the high rainfall and the
occurrence of many rivers and
streams. The region has given its
name to the Tsitsikamma Mountains,
the eastern continuation of the
Outeniqua Mountains, and to the
Tsitsikamma River.
*Tsolo (Trsk 3128 BD). Village
some 42 km south of Umtata and
22 km south-west of Qumbu. The
name, derived from Xhosa, is said to
mean 'pointed', referring to the
shape of hills there.
*Tsomo (Trsk 3227 BB). Village
45 km east of Qamata and 48 km
west of Ndabakazi. Founded in
1877, it originated as a military
station known as Tsomo Post. The
name is derived from that of the
Tsomo River, on which it is
situated, which in turn is said to be
named after a Xhosa chief who lived
where the bridge now stands.
*Tsondab (S 2316-2416). Non-
perennial watercourse which starts
about 25 km north-east of Bullsport
and extends south-west and swings
north-west to enter the Tsondabvlei
some 50 km south-west of Saagberg.
The name is derived from Khoek-
hoen and means 'sand road', 'sand
path'.
*Tsumeb (S 1917 BA). Town
60 km north-west of Grootfontein
and 68 km north-east of Otavi. It
came into being after the discovery
of copper by Francis Galton in 1851,
being exploited after 1900. Munici-
pal status was acquired in 1965. The
name is said to be a Nama adapt-
ation of Herero and has been
explained as 'place of frogs' and
'evil place', the latter because malaria
was rife there in former times.
*Tugela Ferry (N 2830 CB). Magis-
tracy of the Msinga district. Named
thus because a ferry once operated
where the bridge now spans the Tugela
River.
Tugela River (N 2829-2931). Third
most important river in South Africa.
It rises on the eastern slopes of the
Drakensberg about 20 km south-east
of Witsieshoek, and flows some
560 km east and east-south-east to
enter the Indian Ocean 10 km north-
east of Zinkwazi Beach. The name is
derived from Zulu and means 'the
startling one', 'the awesome one'.
Tuinroete see Garden Route
*Tulbagh (C 3319 AC). Town 130 km
north-east of Cape Town and 56 km
north-west of Worcester. It was laid
out in 1795 and became a municipality
in 1861. Named after Ryk Tulbagh
(1699-1771), Governor at the Cape
from 1751 to 1771. The region was
formerly Land van Waveren; a portion
was named Tulbagh by J W Janssens
in 1804 as a district.
*Tweeling (O 2728 DA). Town 40 km
south of Frankfort and 37 km north-
north-east of Reitz. Afrikaans for
'twins', the name is derived from two
similar hillocks nearby.
*Twee Riviere (C 3323 DD). Town a
few kilometres east-south-east of
Joubertina. Afrikaans for 'two rivers',
it takes its name from two rivers which
rise in the Tsitsikamma Mountains to
the south and flow through it.
*Tweespruit (O 2927 AA). Town
27 km east of Thaba Nchu and 18 km
north of Hobhouse. Afrikaans for 'two
streams', the name refers to the town's
situation at the confluence of two
streams.
Twelve Apostles (C 3318 CD-3418
AB). Range of peaks behind (south-
west of) Table Mountain. The name is
an approximation, since there are more
than twelve peaks. These are named
Blinkwater, Porcupine, Barrier,
Valken, Kasteel, Postern, Wood,
Spring, St Peter, St Paul, St John,
Grove, St Luke, Judas, and
Houtbaaihoek.
Twelve Mile Stone (C 3318 DC).
Former name of Bellville; it was given
because of its distance 19,2 km from
Cape Town, marked with a stone.
*Twenty-Four Rivers (C 3318 BB-
3319 AA). Tributary of the Berg River.
It rises in a number of headwaters in
the Great Winterhoek Mountains,
which flow west to join the main
stream; this stream flows south and
then south-west to enter the Berg about
7 km west of Saron. The name is
presumably derived from the head-
waters and tributaries. The form Vier-
en-twintig Riviere is preferred for of-
ficial purposes.
Tygerberg see Tijgerberg
*Tylden (C 3227 AA). Village 37 km
south-east of Queenstown and 20 km
north of Cathcart. Administered by a
village management board. It was
named after Captain Tylden of the
Royal Engineers, officer in charge of a
campaign against the Tambookies
(Tembus) in 1851.
*Tyume (Cis 3226 D). Tributary of the
Keiskamma River. It rises near Hogs-
back in the Amatole Mountains and
flows south-west and south to enter the
main stream some 15 km south-east of
Alice. Of Xhosa origin, the name is
said to mean 'place where someone
was attacked'.
*Tzaneen (T 2330 CC). Principal town
of the Letaba district, 89 km south of
Soekmekaar and 104 km east of
Pietersburg. It was established in 1919
and administered by a village council
since 1939. A number of explanations
of the name occur, for example that it is
derived from dzana, 'dance'; from the
tsana shrub, of which the bark is used
for making baskets; from batsanene,
'people of small villages'; that it means
'in the basket' from its situation in a
hollow, etc. Of Sotho origin, the name
now seems to be accepted as meaning
'place where people gathered'.
u
*Ubombo (N 2732 CA). Village about
10 km north-east of Mkuze. It takes its
name from the Ubombo (Lebombo)
Mountain, on which it is situated.
Derived from Zulu Lumbombo, 'high
mountain ridge'. The Zulu name for
this village is Obonjeni, 'on the big
nose', ie 'ridge'.
*Ugie (C 3128 AA). Town at the
southern foot of the Drakensberg,
21 km south-west of Maclear. It
developed from a mission station at
Gatberg, established in 1863 by
William Murray and named Ugie by
him, after the Ugie River in Scotland,
where he had been born. The town was
founded in 1885, and in 1916 a village
management board was instituted.
Uhlawe (N 2931 CA). Zulu name for
Tongaat; it means 'place of gravel'.
Uigantes (S 2617 AC). Khoekhoen
name of Bethanien. It means 'place of
the stony spring'; Klipfontein is thus a
translation of Uigantes.
*Uis (S 2114 BB). Tin-mining town
129 km west of Omaruru and 193 km
north-north-east of Swakopmund. The
name is derived from Khoekhoen and
means 'place of brackish water'.
*Uitenhage (C 3325 CD). Town 34 km
north-west of Port Elizabeth. It was
founded on the loan-farm belonging to
Elizabeth Scheepers on the Swartkops
River and became a municipality in
1841. The name is derived from that of
the district formed in 1804 and named
by the Governor, J W Janssens, in
honour of J A Uitenhage de Mist
(1749-1823), Commissioner-General
from 1803 to 1804.
Ukupopoza (T 2228-2229). Zulu name
of the Limpopo River; said to mean
'swiftly flowing'.
*Ulco (C 2824 AC). Town some 15 km
north-west of Delportshoop and 60 km
west-south-west of Warrenton. The site
of extensive limeworks. The name is
derived from Union Lime Company.
*Ulundi (N 2831 AD). Town on the
north bank of the White Mfolozi
River, some 13 km south-west of
Mahlabatini and 51 km north of
Melmoth. Site of the royal village of
the Zulu, and of the final defeat of the
Zulus by the British on 4 July 1879.
The name is Zulu and means 'the high
place'; it is also applied to the
Drakensberg.
*Umbilo see Mbilo
*Umbogintwini (N 2930 BB).
Holiday resort on the Indian Ocean,
23 km south-west of Durban and 4 km
north-east of Amanzimtoti. The name
is an adaptation of Zulu Mbokodweni,
'river of round grinding-stones'; the
resort is named after the river which
enters the sea there.
*Umbumbulu (N 2930 DC). Town-
ship 13 km south-west of Durban and
19 km from the Indian Ocean. Derived
from Zulu, the name is said to mean
'place of the round knoll'.
*Umdloti Beach (N 2931 CA).
Holiday resort between Umhlanga
Rocks and La Mercy, about 25 km
north-east of Durban. It takes its name
from the Mdloti River which enters
the Indian Ocean to the north of it.
Also encountered as Umhloti.
Umfolozi see Mfolozi
*Umgababa see Mgababa
*Umgeni see Mgeni
Umgungundlovu (N 2930 CB). Zulu
name for Pietermaritzburg. It is said to
mean 'place of rumbling of the ele-
phant', referring to Dingane who, after
killing Shaka, adopted the title of 'The
Elephant' which Shaka had borne.
Umhlali (N 2931 AC). Town 56 km
north-north-east of Durban and 20 km
south-west of Stanger. Of Zulu origin,
the name is said to refer to wild
orange-trees (Strychnos spinosa)
growing there, or to mean 'resting-
place', referring to Shaka' s sojourn
there before going to Umzimkulu. It
takes its name from the Mhlali Paver
flowing past it. The form uMhlali has
been approved.
*Umhlanga Rocks (N 2931 CA).
Seaside resort in the Inanda district,
18 km north of Durban. Takes its
name from the Mhlanga River; Zulu
for 'river of reeds', which grow in the
sluggish lower reaches.
Umhloti see Mdloti
Umhloti Beach see Umdloti Beach
Umhlume (N 2931 CA-CC). Zulu
name of Durban Bay; possibly derived
from umhlume, a type of tree (Adania
galpinii) resembling mangroves,
which once hemmed the bay.
*Umkomaas (N 3030 BB). Town and
popular seaside resort at the mouth of
the Umkomaas or Mkomazi River,
50 km south-west of Durban. At first
known as South Barrow, it was
proclaimed in 1904. It takes its name
from the Mkomazi River, Zulu for
'whale-cow river'.
Umlaas see Umlazi
Umlalazi Nature Reserve (N 2831).
Situated between the districts of
Enseleni, Hlabisa, Mahlabatini and
Nongoma, at the mouth of the Mlalazi
River. Besides fine trees, including
mangroves, it is rich in birdlife, and is
the habitat of animals such as bush-
pigs, crocodiles, duikers and reed-
buck. Takes its name from the Mlalazi
(formerly Umlalazi) River; Zulu for
'sandstone river', 'whetting-stone
river' .
Umlalazi River see Mlalazi
*Umlazi (N 2930 DD). Township
18 km south-west of Durban centre, on
the southern bank of the Umlazi
(Mlazi) River, from which it takes its
name; Zulu for 'whey river', from its
colour and flavour.
Umlazi River see Mlazi
Umsunduze (N 2930 A-B). Tributary
of the Mgeni River. It rises a few
kilometres west of KwaDlozi and
flows east past Pietermaritzburg to
enter the main stream roughly 25 km
east of that city. Derived from Zulu
izundu, the name is said to refer to the
Phoenix reclinata growing on its
banks.
*Umtata (Trsk 3128 DD). Capital of
Transkei, 235 km north-east of East
London and 104 km west of Port St
Johns. It developed from a military
post established in 1882 and became a
municipality in November 1882. It
was named after the Mtata River on
which it is situated, said to refer to
sneezewood trees (Pteroxylon inerme)
growing on the banks.
Umtata River see Mtata
*Umtentweni (N 3030 CB). Seaside
holiday resort several kilometres
north-east of the mouth of the
Mzimkulu River, north-east of Port
Shepstone. It takes its name from the
Mtentweni or Umtentweni River
which enters the Indian Ocean there.
Umtentweni River see Mtentweni
Umvoti River see Mvoti
Umzimkulu (Trsk 3029 BD). Town
243 km north-east of Umtata and
18 km south-west of Ixopo. It
developed from a trading-post and was
laid out in 1884. Takes its name from
the Mzimkulu River on which it is
situated; Xhosa for 'big place', 'large
home', ie of the waters. The form
uMzimkhulu has been approved.
Umzimkulu River see Mzimkulu
Umzimvubu River see Mzimvubu
Umzindusi see Umzunduze
Umzinto (N 3030 AB). Town 63 km
south-west of Durban and 6 km from
the Indian Ocean. It was proclaimed a
township in 1950. The name is said
to be derived from Zulu umenzi-
wezinto, 'the kraal of achievement',
'the place of things (accomplished)'.
The form uMzinto has been
approved.
Umzinyati see Mzinyathi
Umzumbe (N 3030 DA). Town
some 5 km south-west of Hibber-
dene, south of the mouth of the
Mzumbe River, from which it takes
its name; of Zulu origin, it has been
explained as meaning 'the danger-
ous river', 'the winding river' and
'wild bean river'. The form
uMzumbe has been approved.
*Underberg (N 2929 CD). Village
5 km south of Himeville and 91 km
north-west of Ixopo. Administered
by a health committee since 1937.
The name is descriptive of its
position under (at the foot of) the
Drakensberg, popularly known as
The Berg.
Uniab (S 1913-2013). Non-perennial
river which rises in Damaraland and
extends south-west through the
Namib to reach the Atlantic Ocean
about 30 km north of Palgrave
Point. The name is derived from
Khoekhoen and means 'palm-tree
river'.
*Uniondale (C 3323 CA). Town
11 km north of Avontuur and 92 km
north-east of George. It was founded
in 1865 by the amalgamation of two
villages, Hopedale, established in
1856, and Lyon, established in
1860. Municipal status was attained
in 1881. The name refers to the
union of the two villages to form the
town.
Unumweni Castle (N 2829). Peak
3 355 m high, south of Mont-aux-
Sources. Climbed in June 1888 by A
H and F R Stockers. The name is
said to be derived from Zulu mweni,
'fingers'.
*Upington (C 2821 AC). Principal
town of the Gordonia district, on the
north bank of the Orange River,
32 km north-east of Keimoes and
194 km south-east of Olifantshoek.
It developed from the mission
station Olijvenhoutsdrift founded in
1871, and became a municipality in
1898. At first known as Olijven-
houtsdrift, it was renamed in 1884
after Sir Thomas Upington (1844-
1898), Prime Minister of the Cape
Colony from 1884 to 1886, who
visited it in 1884. The Khoekhoen
name of Upington is Kharaes.
Urigab (S 2218 AD). Nama name of
Witvlei. It means 'white marsh', so
that the Afrikaans name is a direct
translation.
Urikubeb (S 2218 AD). Nama name
of Witvlei. It means 'white marsh';
the Afrikaans name is a direct
translation. Also encountered as
Urikhuwis.
Urinanib (S 2517-2518). Nama
name of the Weissrand. Derived
from lurilnanib, it means 'white
ridge', so that the German name is a
direct translation.
*Usakos (S 2115 DC). Town 30 km
west of Karibib and 150 km north-
east of Swakopmund. It developed
from workshops of a copper-mining
company, was administered by a
village management board from
1927 and attained municipal status
in 1948. The name is derived from
Nama and probably means 'place
which grabs the hoof, referring to
the sticky yellow clay at the spring.
Utago (T 2730 AC). Zulu name of
the Wakkerstroom. The word utago
is used for copper wire employed as
ornament. As this wire is thin but
strong, the stream is narrow but
swift. An alternative explanation is
that the name, also spelt Utaka,
means 'awake', in which case the
Afrikaans name may be a transla-
tion.
*Utrecht (N 2730 CB). Town some
70 km north of Dundee and 42 km
east-north-east of Newcastle. It was
laid out in 1854 on the farm
Schoonstroom, proclaimed a town-
ship in 1904 and attained borough
status in 1920. Named in March
1856 after the city Utrecht in the
Netherlands.
Uvongo (N 3030 CD). Seaside
resort 132 km south-west of Mar-
gate. Constituted in August 1947, it
was proclaimed a township in 1949
and attained borough status in
October 1954. Derived from Zulu
ivungu, from the verb vungazela, the
name means 'the place of a low,
rumbling sound', referring to a
waterfall 23 m high in the Uvongo
or Vungu River, near the beach.
Vaal Dam (T 2628-2728). Dam in
the Vaal River, on the Transvaal-
Orange Free State border, between
Deneysville and Villiers. Built in
1935 at a cost of R3 264 000.
Supplies the Pretoria, Witwatersrand
Vereeniging Complex. Takes its
name from the Vaal River.
Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme (C
2724 D-2824 B). Irrigation scheme
between Taung in the north and
Warrenton in the south, between the
Harts and Vaal rivers, from which it
takes its name.
Vaal River (2626-2923). Tributary
of the Orange River. It rises near
Klipstapel in the vicinity of Breyten
and Lake Chrissie, and flows
1 355 km south-westwards to join
the Orange some 13 km west of
Douglas. Afrikaans for 'grey river',
referring to the muddy colour of the
water, the name is translated from
Khoekhoen Heigariep.
Vaccas, Angra das
see Angra das Vaccas
Vagevuurskloof (C 2919). Region
some 6 km due west of Pella, south
of Pella se Berg. Afrikaans for
'purgatory ravine', the name was
given by the 18th century traveller
Colonel R J Gordon in 1779,
because it is strewn with quartz-
stones which give off sparks at the
slightest touch, and because
Gordon's party traversed it with
great difficulty.
Val du Charron (C 3318 DB-3319
CA). French name of Wamakersvlei.
Said by some to be derived from the
pursuit of wagon-building, and by
others to be named after a French
refugee named Charron. Also
encountered as La Vallee de
Charron.
Vallei van 'n Duisend Heuwels
see Valley of a Thousand Hills
Vallei van Verlatenheid
see Valley of Desolation
Valley of a Thousand Hills (N
2930 DA-DB). Region covering
parts of the Camperdown, Ndwed-
we, New Hanover, Pietermaritzburg
and Pinetown districts. Formed
through erosion by the Mgeni and
its tributaries, it presents beautiful
undulating scenery north-west of
Durban, south-east of Wartburg and
east of Pietermaritzburg.
Valley of Desolation (C 3224 AD).
Region some 5 km south-west of
Graaff-Reinet, famous for basaltic
columns 90 m to 100 m in height. An
area of rugged beauty, it is a popular
tourist attraction.
Valley of Peel (C 3227 DA). Region
between Kei Road to the northeast and
Hanover to the south-west. Named
after Sir Robert Peel, First Lord of the
Treasury in 1834. Gave its name to
Peelton, a station of the London
Missionary Society.
*Valsbaai see False Bay
*Vals River (O 2727-2828). Tributary
of the Vaal River. It rises in the
Bethlehem district and flows north-
west for 300 km to its confluence with
the Vaal 16 km west of Bothaville.
Afrikaans for 'false or treacherous
river', the name is translated from
Khoekhoen Enta, Nta, Entaap, and
refers either to unexpected depths in
the river-bed or to changes in its
course in times of flood. The form
Valsrivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Valsrivier see Vals River
*Vanderbijlpark (T 2627 DB). Town
on the Vaal River, 13 km west of
Vereeniging and 65 km south-west of
Johannesburg. Founded as a steel-
producing town, it was proclaimed in
1949 and attained municipal status in
October 1952. Named after Dr
Hendrik Johannes van der Bijl (1887-
1948), first Chairman of Escom and
founder of the South African Iron and
Steel Industrial Corporation (Iscor),
who had recommended the town's
establishment.
Vanderkloof (C 2924 DD). Village on
the site of the P K le Roux Dam
(formerly the Vanderkloof Dam), 9 km
north-east of Petrusville. It was
established to house the labour force
constructing the dam. The name is
derived from the surname of Petrus J
van der Walt, and a ravine (Afrikaans
kloof) in the vicinity.
*Van Reenen (N 2829 AD). Village
in the Drakensberg, near the Orange
Free State border, some 32 km south-
east of Harrismith and 82 km north-
east of Ladysmith, at the top of Van
Reenen's Pass. Named after Frans
van Reenen (1816-1914), owner of
the farm and planner of the route of
the pass.
Van Reenen's Pass (N 2829 AD).
Mountain pass across the Drakens-
berg, between Harrismith and Lady-
smith. Constructed about 1856, it
has recently been widenend. It is
named after Frans van Reenen
(1816-1914), former owner of a
farm at its foot, who planned its
route.
*Vanrhynsdorp (C 3118 DA).
Town 307 km north of Cape Town,
23 km east of Vredendal and 80 km
north of Clanwilliam. It was laid
out in 1887 and attained municipal
status in 1913. Named after Petrus
Benjamin van Rhyn, owner of the
farm on which it is situated and
grandfather of Dr A J R van Rhyn,
the politician.
Van Sittert Mountains (C 2822).
Name bestowed by the Reverend
John Campbell of the London
Missionary Society to the Lang-
berg, in honour of Nicholas van
Sittert, a statesman.
Van Stadensriviermond (C 3325
CC). Coastal resort about 15 km
east of the mouth of the Gamtoos
River and 10 km south of Van
Stadensberg west of Port Elizabeth.
Afrikaans for 'Van Staden's river
mouth', it takes its name from its
position. The river and the moun-
tain are said to have been named
after Marthinus van Staden, who
owned a loan-farm there about
1744.
*Van Stadensrus (O 2730 AA).
Settlement some 30 km south of
Wepener and 35 km north-north-
west of Zastron. It was laid out on
the farm Mook in 1920 and
proclaimed in 1925. Named after its
founder, M H van Staden, who
purchased the farm in 1908 and
built the Egmeni or Egmont Dam
nearby.
*Van Wyksdorp (C 3321 CB).
Village on the Groot River, some
55 km south-east of Ladismith and
66 km north-east of Riversdale. It
was founded as a parish of the
Dutch Reformed Church on the
farm Buffelsfontein in 1904 and
named after the Van Wyk family.
*Van Wyksvlei (C 3021 BD).
Village some 82 km north-west of
Carnarvon and 157 km south-west
of Prieska. It was founded in 1882
and named after a farmer, Van Wyk.
Well known for its wheat production
and as an irrigation settlement.
Vaqueiros, Bahia dos
see Bahia dos Vaqueiros
Vechtkop see Vegkop
*Veertien Strome
see Fourteen Streams
Vegkop (O 2727 BD). Hill some
22 km south of Heilbron and 25 km
east-north-east of Edenville.
Formerly Dutch Vechtkop, the name,
Afrikaans for 'battle hill', refers to
an attack by 6 000 Matabele on
16 October 1836 on 35 Boers under
Sarel Cilliers, in which 430 Mata-
bele were slain as against two Boers
dead and 14 wounded.
*Velddrif (C 3218 CC). Fishing
village on the Berg River, some
35 km north-east of Saldanha and
55 km west of Piketberg. The name
is Afrikaans and presumably means
'field-ford', 'ford in the veld'.
Venda (Ven 2229-2330). Self-
governing state south of the
Limpopo River, west of the Kruger
National Park, and north-east of
Pietersburg. Formerly known as
Vendaland, it is so called because the
Venda or Bavenda inhabit it. The
name is said to mean 'world' or
'land'.
*Ventersburg (O 2827 AA). Town
50 km south of Kroonstad and
52 km north of Winburg. It was laid
out in 1872 on the farm Krom-
fontein and proclaimed in 1876.
Named after the owner of the farm,
the Voortrekker P A Venter. It was
the scene of fighting during the
Basotho Wars of 1858 and 1865,
and was destroyed by British forces
during the Second Anglo-Boer War.
*Ventersdorp (T 2626 BD). Town
55 km north-west of Potchefstroom
and 143 km west of Johannesburg. It
was founded in 1866 on the farm
Roodepoort and proclaimed a town
in June 1887. Named after Johannes
Venter, owner of the farm.
*Venterstad (C 3025 DD). Town
40 km south-east of NorvaPs Pont and
60 km north-west of Burgersdorp. It
was laid out in 1875 and attained
municipal status in 1895. Named after
the owner of the land on which it was
established, Johannes J T Venter.
*Vereeniging (T 2627 DB). Industrial
town on the Vaal River, some 50 km
south of Johannesburg. It came into
being following the discovery of coal,
was established on the farms Klip-
plaatsdrift and Leeuwkuil in 1882,
proclaimed a town in 1892 and became
a municipality in 1912. Dutch for
'association', the name is derived from
that of the company De Zuid-
Afrikaansche en Oranje Vrijstaatsche
Kolen- en Miner alen-Mijn Vereenig-
ing.
Verhuellpolis (O 3025 BD). Former
name of Bethulie. It was given by the
Reverend J P Pellissier of the French
Missionary Society in 1835, in honour
of Admiral Verhuell, first President of
the Society.
*Verkeerdevlei (O 2826 DD). Town
39 km south-east of Brandfort. Afri-
kaans for 'wrong marsh', the name
probably refers to an east-west flow of
water in an area where the direction is
normally west-east.
*Verkykerskop (O 2729 CD). Village
some 35 km east-south-east of Warden
and 40 km south-west of Memel.
Afrikaans for 'spy hill', literally 'far-
looker's hill', the name appears to have
been taken over from Tafelkop, a hill
2 153 m high to the south-west of it.
*Verlorevlei (C 3218). River in the
Piketberg district, at the mouth of
which the village of Elands Bay is
situated, while on its upper course is
the village of Redelinghuys. The name
is Afrikaans for 'lost marsh or valley';
the Dutch form Verloren Valleij is
encountered in 1724. It probably refers
to the way the waters lose themselves
in the reeds. Other names encounted
are Cleyne Oliphantsrivier of Zeekoe
Vallei (1685) and Zand Rivier (1862).
The Khoekhoen name was Quaecoma.
*Verneukpan (C 2921 CC). Flat, level
pan 56 km long and more than 10 km
wide, some 80 km south of Kenhardt.
Afrikaans for 'cheat or deceive pan',
'depression of deception', the name
refers either to mirages or to the false
impression of a lake created by the ex-
panse of shallow water after rains.
Famous for Sir Malcolm Campbell's
unsuccessful attempt to break the land
speed record of 372 km/h in his
Bluebird on 20 March 1929 when he
reached a speed of 351 km/h.
Versfeldpasberg (C 3218 DD). Plateau
on the Piketberg, named after J P E
Versfeld who built a pass to the
summit after 1876 when he bought the
farm Langeberg.
*Verulam (N 2931 CA). Principal
town of the district of Inanda, 31 km
north of Durban. Founded as a Metho-
dist settlement in 1850, it was
proclaimed a township in 1882.
Named after the Earl of Verulam,
under whose patronage these settlers
were brought to South Africa from St
Albans near the ancient Verulam in
England.
*Verwoerdburg (T 2528 CC). Town
10 km south of Pretoria. It was formed
by the consolidation of the townships
Clubview, Eldoraigne, Irene, Kloofsig,
Lyttelton and portions of farms, and
acquired municipal status in 1964.
Several townships were subsequently
added. Named in 1967 after Hendrik
Frensch Verwoerd (1901-1966), Prime
Minister of the Republic of South
Africa from 1958 to 1966.
*Vet River (C 3421 A). Tributary of
the Kafferkuils River. It rises near
Aasvoelkrans in the Langeberg and
flows south-east to join the main
stream several kilometres south-east of
Riversdale. Afrikaans for 'fat (river)',
the name is translated from Khoek-
hoen Gauka. The form Vetrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
*Vet River (O 2725-2826). Tributary
of the Vaal River. It rises in the Thaba
Nchu, Senekal and Marquard districts
and flows 242 km westwards to enter
the Vaal some 6 km south-east of
Bloemhof. Afrikaans for 'fat river',
the name is said to be a translation of
Khoekhoen Gy Koub, 'large fat'. The
form Vetrivier is preferred for official
purposes.
*Vetrivier see Vet River
Vhembe (T 2228-2229). Venda
name of the Limpopo River. Said to
mean 'the gatherer', or 'river that
digs deep down'.
Victoria East (Cis 3226). District of
which Alice is the principal town. It
is bounded by the Amatole Moun-
tains, the Tyume River, the Great
Fish River and the Kat River.
Named after Queen Victoria, it was
proclaimed in December 1847.
Victoria-Oos see Victoria East
Victoria-Wes see Victoria West
*Victoria West (C 3123 AC). Town
13 km north-west of Hutchinson and
88 km west of Richmond. It was laid
out on the farm Zeekoegat in 1844
and became a municipality in 1858.
Named Victoria in August 1844
after the Queen of England, the
suffix West was added in December
1855 to distinguish it from the
district in the Eastern Province.
*Vier-en-twintig Riviere
see Twenty-four Rivers
*Viljoensdrif (O 2627 DB). Coal-
mining village 8 km south of
Vereeniging. It takes its name from
the ford (Afrikaans drif) which was
closed to ox-wagons by President
Paul Kruger in 1895 to prevent
goods reaching the Witwatersrand,
thus forcing peple to use the
Pretoria-Delagoa Bay railroad.
Named after the owner of the place,
J H Viljoen, who established a ferry
in 1857.
*Viljoenshof (C 3419 DA). Village
some 45 km south-west of Bredas-
dorp, to the south of Elim. At first
called Wolfgat; the name was
changed to Viljoenshof in honour of
D J Viljoen, Dutch Reformed mini-
ster of Bredasdorp from 1904 to
1934.
*Viljoenskroon (O 2726 BB). Town
60 km north-west of Kroonstad. It
was laid out on the farm Mahems-
kuil in 1921 and attained municipal
status in 1925. Named after J J
Viljoen, owner of the- farm, and his
horse, Kroon.
Viljoen's Pass (C 3419 AA).
Mountain pass between Grabouw
and Villiersdorp, it crosses the
Groenland Mountains and follows
the ravine cut by the Palmiet River
through the Nieuwberg Mountains.
It was named early in the 20th
century after the pioneer of the
Elgin apple industry, Sir Antonie
Gysbert Viljoen (1858-1918).
*Villiers (O 2728 BA). Town on the
Vaal River, 120 km south-east of
Johannesburg and 88 km north-west
of Warden. It was established on the
farms Grootdraai and Pearson
Valley in 1882, proclaimed in 1891,
and became a municipality in 1917.
Named after the owner of the farms,
L B de Villiers.
*Villiersdorp (C 3319 CD). Town
32 km north-west of Caledon and
52 km south-west of Worcester. It
was founded in 1844 on the farm
Radyn and became a municipality in
1901. Named after its founder,
Field-Cornet Pieter Hendrik de
Villiers. The only moskonfyt factory
in the world is situated here.
*Virginia (O 2526 BB). Goldmin-
ing town on the Sand River, 143 km
north-west of Bloemfontein. It was
laid out in 1954 and is administered
by a village management board. The
name was carved on a boulder on
the farm Merriespruit by two Ameri-
can surveyors in 1890, and was sub-
sequently taken over by the railway
siding in 1892 and by the town.
Here is situated the largest sulphuric
acid plant in the Southern Hemis-
phere, producing 350 tons per day.
Visbaai see Fish Bay
*Vishoek see Fish Hoek
*Visrivier see Fish River
Visrivier see Great Fish River
*Vivo (T 2329 AB). Village in a gap
between the Blouberg and Sout-
pansberg, some 72 km west of Louis
Trichardt. The name is thought to be
derived from Sotho phefo, 'cold
wind', though it has been stated that
the hills resemble the spelling of
'Vivo' when seen from a certain
angle.
Vlaggemans Hoogte (C 3318 CD).
Former name of Kloof Nek, the saddle
linking Table Bay and Lion's Head.
'Flagman's height', after two
signallers whose hut was situated there
and who manned the signal station on
top of Lion's Head.
*Vleesbaai (C 3421 BD). Inlet on the
coast of the Indian Ocean, south-west
of Mossel Bay. Formerly known as
Angra das Vaccas, it was given the
name Vleeschbaai in 1601 by Paulus
van Caerden because here he could
obtain cattle from the Khoekhoen; the
name means 'flesh bay'.
Voel River (C 3225-3325). Tributary
of the Sundays River. It rises in the
Tandjiesberg north of Pearston and
flows south to enter the Sundays at
Lake Mentz 13 km east of Waterford.
Afrikaans for 'bird river', the name is
translated from Khoekhoen Canniga;
literally 'abounding in birds'.
*Voelvlei (C 3319 AC). Body of water
several kilometres south of Gouda and
some 22 km west of Ceres. Derived
from Dutch Vogelvalleij , the name
means 'bird marsh' and refers to the
abundance of waterfowl encountered
there.
*Volksrust (T 2729 DD). Town near
the Natal border, 240 km southeast of
Johannesburg, 53 km north of New-
castle and 80 km southeast of Stander-
ton. It was laid out in 1888 on the
farms Boschpad Drift, Rooibult or
Llanwarne, Verkyk and Zandfontein,
and proclaimed in 1889. Municipal
status was attained in 1904. The name
is Dutch for 'people's rest' and
probably refers to the burghers resting
there after the Battle of Majuba on
27 February 1881.
Voltas, Angra das
see Angra das Voltas
*Voortrekkerhoogte (T 2528 CC).
Military centre 10 km south-west of
Pretoria. Founded in 1900 as head-
quarters of the British Commander-in-
Chief, Lord Roberts, it was named
Roberts Heights after him. In 1938 it
was renamed Voortrekkerhoogte,
'Voortrekker height', to commemorate
the centenary of the Great Trek.
*Vosburg (C 3022 DB). Town
100 km north-north-west of Victoria
West, 70 km west of Britstown and
94 km north-east of Carnarvon. It
was founded in 1895 and became a
municipality in 1897. Named after
the Vos family, who owned the farm
on which it was laid out.
*Vrede (O 2729 AC). Town 60 km
south of Standerton and 216 km
south-east of Johannesburg. It was
founded on the farm Krynauwslust
in 1863 and proclaimed a town in
June 1879. The name is Afrikaans
for 'peace', and refers to the
settlement of a dispute over the
proposed site of the town.
*Vredefort (O 2727 AB). Town
15 km south-west of Parys and
76 km north-north-east of Kroon-
stad. It was laid out on the farm
Vischgat in 1876, proclaimed in
1881 and became a municipality in
1890. Literally 'fort of peace', the
origin of the name is unknown.
*Vredenburg (C 3217 DD). Town
165 km north-north-west of Cape
Town and 11 km north-north-east of
Saldanha. It was laid out in 1883
and attained municipal status in
1932. The name, meaning 'town of
peace', was given in 1875; prior to
that date the village bore the name
of Procesfontein, 'lawsuit fountain'.
Vredenburg (T 2429 AA). Original
name of Potgietersrus, bestowed at
its foundation in 1852. The name
means 'town of peace', referring to
a reconciliation between the Voor-
trekker leaders Andries Pretorius
and Hendrik Potgieter.
*Vredendal (C 3118 CB). Town
19 km south-east of Lutzville and
26 km west of Vanrhynsdorp. It
developed from the Olifants River
Irrigation Scheme and was laid out
in 1933, attaining municipal status
in 1963. Dutch for 'dale of peace',
the name is derived from that of an
old farm.
*Vryburg (C 2624 DC). Town
153 km south-west of Mafikeng and
205 km north of Kimberley. It was
founded in 1883 as the capital of the
Republic of Stellaland and attained
municipal status in 1896. The
citizens of the republic styled
themselves free citizens or burghers,
vryburgers in Dutch, from which
term the name of the town was
derived.
*Vryheid (N 2730 DD). Town
415 km north of Durban and 75 km
north-east of Dundee. It was
established as capital of the New
Republic on 12 November 1884,
attained the status of township in
1903 and became a borough in 1912.
Afrikaans for 'freedom', the name
refers to the freedom Lucas Meyer
and his followers hoped their
republic would bring.
Vrywilligersrus (C 2525 DD).
Former name of Rooigrond. It is
Afrikaans and means 'volunteers'
rest'; the ground was ceded by
Tswana chiefs in the 1880s to Boer
volunteers under Adriaan de la Rey.
Vuna (N 2731-2831). 'Tributary of
the Black Mfolozi, flowing south on
the western side of Nongoma to the
confluence at Dayeni. Derived from
Zulu, the name is said to mean 'the
harvester', because the river often
washes away the crops.
Vungu (N 3030 CC). River which
rises near KwaGamalakhe and flows
south-east to enter the Indian Ocean
at Uvongo. Said to be derived from
Zulu imvungu, 'murmuring sound',
'the growling one', referring to the
waterfall at the lagoon. Formerly
spelt Uvongo.
Vuurberg (C 3318 CD). Highest
point on Robben Island. Afrikaans
for 'fire mountain', the name refers
to signal-fires made here in the early
days of the Dutch East India
Company to indicate the arrival at
night of ships in Table Bay.
Vuurdoodberg (C 2818 CD).
Mountain near Goodhouse, south of
Ramansdrif on the bank of the
Orange River. Translated from
Khoekhoen /Ae//os, this Afrikaans
name means 'fire-death mountain',
from the rapidity with which the last
rays of the sun fade from it.
w
*Waenhuiskrans (C 3420 CA).
Seaside village on Marcus Bay,
24 km south-east of Bredasdorp.
Afrikaans for 'barn or coach-house
cliff, the name refers to a large sea-
cave in the vicinity. The name
Arniston has been applied to the
village by an estate agency, but it
has no official status.
Wagon Hill (N 2829 CB). Near
Ladysmith; scene of a number of
engagements during the Anglo-Boer
War, notably at the time of the Siege
of Ladysmith from November 1899
to February 1900. Named for its
shape. Known in Afrikaans as Plat-
rand, 'flat ridge'.
*Wakkerstroom (T 2730 AC).
Town on the Natal border, 27 km
east of Volksrust and 56 km south-
east of Amersfoort. It was laid out
on the farm Gryshoek, proclaimed in
1859, and administered by a village
council from 1910. Originally
named Marthinus-Wesselstroom, it
became known as Wesselstroom and
then Wakkerstroom, 'awake stream',
'lively stream', after the river,
which also gave its name to the
district, namely the Mzinyati.
Walker Bay (C 3419 A-C). Bay
between Mudge Point and Danger
Point, into which the Klein River
flows, and on the shore of which
Hermanus, Gansbaai and Die
Kelders are situated. Named after a
Mr Walker who was a Master in the
Royal Navy, and who discovered it
prior to 1833.
*Walvisbaai see Walvis Bay
*Walvis Bay (S 2214 CD). Inlet on
the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of
the Kuiseb River, south of Swakop-
mund and north of Sandwich Bay.
Named Golfo de Santa Maria da
Conceicao by Bartolomeu Dias on
8 December 1487, it was later
known as Golfo da Baleia or 'bay of
whales' by the Portuguese. This is
also the meaning of the present
Dutch-Afrikaans name. Variant
spellings include Waalvisch, Waal-
wich, Walefish, Walfish, Walvisch,
Walwish, and Woolwich.
*Walvis Bay (S 2214 CD). Town at
the mouth of the Kuiseb River,
29 km south of Swakopmund and
407 km west-south-west of Wind-
hoek. It was administered by a
village management board from
1925 and by a municipal council
from 1931. Takes its name from the
bay on which it is situated. The
form Walvisbaai is preferred for
official purposes.
*Warden (O 2723 BA). Town
56 km north of Harrismith and
106 km south-south-east of Villiers.
It was laid out on the farm Rietvlei
in 1912, proclaimed in 1913, and
attained municipal status in 1920.
Said to be named after Charles
Frederick Warden, landdrost of
Harrismith from 1884 to 1900.
Warmbad (S 2818 BD). Town
84 km north of Goodhouse and
50 km south of Karasburg. It
developed from a mission station
founded by the Albrecht brothers in
1805, was destroyed in 1811 and
reopened in 1818 by Robert Moffat.
A village management board was
instituted in 1925. Known to the
Khoekhoen as /Ai//gams, 'hot
water', the place was named
Warmbad, Afrikaans for 'hot bath',
after the hot springs there. Other
names borne by the place were
Blijde Uitkomst and Nisbet Bath.
*Warmbad see Warmbaths
*Warmbaths (T 2428 CD). Town
100 km north of Pretoria. It was
laid out in 1882 on the farms Het
Bad, Noodshulp, Roodepoort and
Turfbult, and attained municipal
status in 1932. The town was
proclaimed as Hartingsburg in
1882 but renamed Warmbad in
1920. Afrikaans for 'hot bath', the
name refers to a hot spring there;
the place was also known as Het
Bad ('the bath') and Badplaats
('place of the bath'). The form
Warmbad is preferred for official
purposes.
Warm Bokkeveld (C 3319). Re-
gion situated north of the Hex River
Mountains, with Ceres as principal
town. The name is Afrikaans for
'hot buck-veld'; it was so called to
distinguish it from the Cold
Bokkeveld.
*Warmwaterberg (C 3320 D).
Mountain range north of the Lange-
berg, between Barrydale and Ladi-
smith. Afrikaans for 'hot water
mountain', the name refers to hot
springs at its base which have been
medicinally exploited.
*Warner Beach (N 3030 BB).
Seaside resort on the Indian Ocean,
31 km south-west of Durban, between
Amanzimtoti and Doonside. It was
founded about 1910 and named after T
A Warner, who surveyed it.
*Warrenton (C 2824 BB). Town on
the Vaal River, 70 km north of Kim-
berley. It was laid out on the farm
Grasbult in 1884 and became a
municipality in 1948. Named after Sir
Charles Warren (1840-1927), soldier
and archaeologist, who was appointed
in 1877 to deal with land allocations
and mineral rights in Griqualand West.
*Wartburg (N 2930 BC). Village
27 km north-east of Pietermaritzburg
and 50 km south of Greytown.
Administered by a health committee
since 1950, it was named after the
castle in Saxony where Martin Luther
translated the Bible into German.
*Wasbank (N 2830 AC). Village on
the Wasbank River, 25 km southwest
of Dundee. Takes its name from the
Wasbank River.
Wasbank River (N 2830 A-C). Tribu-
tary of the Sundays River. It rises west
of Glencoe and flows mainly south to
enter the Sundays some 30 km west of
Pomeroy. Afrikaans for 'washing-
ledge river', the name is said to refer
to the large amount of washing done
there. The occurrence of a Wasbank-
spruit further north, west of Utrecht,
poses the question whether the
existence of rock slabs suitable for
washing did not give rise to the name.
The Zulu name is Busi, 'the dominant
one'.
Waterberg (S 2017 A-C). Plateau
64 km long and 15 km wide, in the
Otjiwarongo district. The name,
Afrikaans for 'water mountain', refers
to the numerous springs in the slopes.
It has given its name to the settlement
Waterberg some 64 km east of Otjiwa-
rongo, which is known in Herero as
Otjozondjupa, 'place of the gourds'.
Waterberge (T 2427-2428). Mountain
range extending roughly east and west,
between Potgietersrus and Thaba-
zimbi. The name is Afrikaans and
means 'water mountain', referring to
the hot and cold mineral springs there,
and to the abundance of water in
general; the Nyl, Palala and Pongola
rivers rise in this range.
*Waterval-Boven (T 2530 CB).
Town 262 km east of Pretoria and
14 km by road north-east of
Machadodorp. It developed from a
railway supply depot established on
the farm Doornhoek in 1895 and has
been administered by a health
committee since October 1898. The
name, Dutch for 'above the water-
fall', refers to the situation of the
town above falls in the Elands
River. Similarly Waterval Onder is
below the waterfall.
Waterval River (T 2628-2629).
Tributary of the Vaal River. It rises
near Leslie and flows south-west to
the confluence 25 km south of
Greylingstad. Afrikaans for 'water-
fall (river)', the name refers to a fall
of 12 m at the confluence.
Watervals River (T 2430 C-2530
A). Tributary of the Steelpoort
River. It rises some 32 km south-
west of Lydenburg and flows north-
wards to its confluence with the
main stream south of Burgersfort.
The name is Afrikaans and means
'waterfalls river'.
*Waveren see Land van Waveren
*Weenen (N 2830 CC). Town on
the Bushmans River, 35 km north-
east of Estcourt and 30 km east-
south-east of Colenso. It was laid
out in April 1838 and has been
administered by a town board since
1910. The name, Dutch for 'weep-
ing', refers to the massacre by Zulus
in February 1838 of 182 Voortrek-
kers in the neighbourhood after the
murder of Retief and his party by
Dingane (Dingaan).
Weeskind (C 3018 AC). Granite
peak in the Kamiesberg, just south
of Boegoeberg and some 8 km
south-south-west of Leliefontein.
Afrikaans for 'orphan', the name
refers to its solitary situation.
Weissrand (S 2517-2518). Plateau
up to 80 km wide, extending 300 km
from near Mariental to Gibeon, and
presenting a long line of cliffs when
viewed from the west. German for
'white ridge', the name is probably
translated from Khoekhoen Urina-
nib. Some sources indicate it as
extending parallel to and east of the
road between Gibeon and Asab.
*Welkom (O 2726 DC). Gold-
mining town 158 km north-east of
Bloemfontein and 66 km south-west
of Kroonstad. It was laid out on the
farm Welkom and proclaimed in
July 1948, and became a munici-
pality in January 1961. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'welcome'. Its
growth was so rapid that it is the
second largest town in the Orange
Free State.
*Wellington (C 3319 CA). Town
72 km north-east of Cape Town and
13 km north of Paarl. It was estab-
lished in 1840 and became a munici-
pality in 1873. Named by Governor
Sir George Napier after the Duke of
Wellington, who defeated Napoleon
at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
The town is well known as an
education centre. Prior to 1838 the
place was known as Wagenmakers
Valley.
*Welwitschia (S 2014 BD). Former
name of Khorixas. It was laid out in
1954 and attained a village manage-
ment board in 1957. Named after the
Welwitschia bainesii, the only South
African representative of the order
of Gnetales. This plant in turn takes
its name from the Austrian botanist
who discovered it, Friedrich Martin
Josef Welwitsch (1807-1872).
*Wepener (O 2927 CA). Town near
the Lesotho border, 127 km south-
east of Bloemfontein and 69 km
north of Zastron. It was established
as a buffer against the Basotho,
acquired a village management
board in 1875 and attained munici-
pal status in 1904. Named after
Lourens Jacobus (Louw) Wepe-
ner,(1812-1865), who was killed on
15 August 1865 in the storming of
Thaba Bosigo.
*Wesley (Cis 3327 AD). Village on
the Twecu, a tributary of the Chal-
umna River, 69 km south of King
William's Town. Founded by
William Shaw of the Wesleyan
Missionary Society in 1823, it was
probably named after the founder of
the Wesleyan Methodist Church,
John Wesley.
*Wesselsbron (O 2726 CD). Town
32 km east of Hoopstad and 48 km
north-west of Welkom. It was laid
out in 1920 and became a munici-
pality in 1936. Named after
Commandant Cornells J Wessels
who was in command of the Siege
of Kimberley from 13 October 1899
to 12 February 1900. Bron is Afrikaans
for 'source', 'spring'.
Westelike Provinsie
see Western Province
Western Province (C 3318-3520).
Colloquial term for the Western Cape
Province. In June 1827 the Secretary of
State, General Bourke, determined that
this region would incorporate the
districts of the Cape, Stellenbosch,
Swellendam (including Caledon), and
Worcester (including Clanwilliam, the
Nuweveld and Tulbagh).
*Westminster (O 2927 AA). Village
98 km east of Bloemfontein and 40 km
west of Ladybrand. It was founded
after the Second Anglo-Boer War
(1899-1902) by the Duke of West-
minster to settle British ex-soldiers, and
named after him.
*Westonaria (T 2627 BC). Town
some 45 km west of Johannesburg and
18 km south of Randfontein. It was
formed in 1948 by the amalgamation of
the townships Venterspost, proclaimed
in 1937, and Westonaria, proclaimed in
1938. At first called Venterspost; the
name was changed to Westonaria when
municipal status was attained in 1952.
The name is a homophone of 'western
area', after the township developing
company Western Areas Ltd.
*Westville (N 2930 DD). Town some
10 km west-north-west of Durban and
6 km east of Pinetown. It developed
from a settlement of German immi-
grants who arrived in 1948, and was
proclaimed a borough in 1956. Named
after Martin West, the first Lieutenant-
Governor of Natal, in 1845.
*Weza (N 3029 CB). Village some
20 km west of Harding and 50 km east
of Kokstad. It takes its name from the
Weza River, a northern tributary of the
Mtamvuna. Of Zulu origin, the name is
said to mean 'to cause to cross over'.
*White River (T 2531 AC). Town
26 km north-east of Nelspruit and
37 km south-west of the Numbi gate to
the Kruger National Park. It has been
administered by a village council since
1937. It takes its name from the river
nearby. The form Witrivier is
preferred for official purposes.
White's Villa (C 3322 CD). Former
name of Blanco. It was given in 1847
after Henry Fancourt White, an
engineer engaged in the construction
of the Montagu Pass between 1844
and 1847.
*Whittlesea (Cis 3226 BB). Village
37 km south of Queenstown. It was
founded in 1849 and became a defence
outpost in the Frontier War of 1850-
1853. Named after Whittlesea in
Cambridgeshire, birthplace of Sir
Harry Smith (1787-1860), Governor of
the Cape Colony from 1847 to 1852.
WUge River (O 2728-2829). Tributary
of the Vaal River. It rises in the
Harrismith district, on the western
slopes of the Drakensberg, and flows
400 km to enter the Vaal48 km north-
west of Frankfort. The name is
Afrikaans for 'willow (river)'.
*Wilge River (T 2529-2629).
Tributary of the Olifants River. It rises
in the vicinity of Devon and Leslie,
and flows north, north-east and east to
join the Olifants 32 km north of Wit-
bank. The name is Afrikaans for
'willow (river)'. The form Wilgerivier
is preferred for official purposes.
*Wilgerivier see Wilge River
Willem Pretorius Game Reserve (O
2827 AC). On the Allemanskraal
Dam, 32 km north of Winburg and
160 km north-east of Bloemfontein.
Named after Senator Willem Pretorius,
member of the Orange Free State
Executive Committee, who was instru-
mental in its establishment.
*Willem Pretoriuswildtuin
see Willem Pretorius Game Reserve
*Williston (C 3120 BD). Town
103 km north-east of Calvinia and
140 km south-west of Carnarvon. It
developed from the Rhenish mission
station Amandelboom established in
1845, and became a municipality in
1881. At first known as Amandel-
boom, it was renamed in 1919 after
Colonel Hampden Willis, Colonial
Secretary in 1883.
*Willowmore (C 3323 AD). Town
140 km north-east of Knysna and
117 km south-west of Aberdeen. It
was laid out in 1862 on the farm
The Willows. It is uncertain whether
the name is derived from this farm
name and that of its owner, William
Moore, or from the maiden name of
Petronella Catharina Lehmkuhl and
a willow-tree near her house.
*Willowvale (Trsk 3228 AD). Town
in Galekaland, 32 km southeast of
Idutywa. It was established as a
military post in 1879 and so named
because of its situation on a stream
with willow trees on its banks.
*Winburg (0 2827 CA). Town
116 km north-east of Bloemfontein
and 51 km south-south-west of
Ventersburg. It was laid out on the
farm Waaifontein in 1841 and
became a municipality in 1872. The
name, originally spelt Wenburg,
means 'town of winning'; it may
refer to a military victory over the
Matabele at Mosega on 17 January
1837, or to the triumph of the
protagonists of Waaifontein as site
of the town.
Wind Hill (C 3318 CD). Early name
of Devil's Peak. Bestowed because
of the violent winds which appear to
blow downwards from its summit.
*Windhoek (S 2217 CA). Capital of
South-West Africa/Namibia, 378 km
east of Swakopmund and 224 km
east of Gobabis. It developed from a
military post established in 1890,
became a municipality in 1909 and
attained city status in October 1965.
Named /Ail/gams by the Nama and
Otjomuise by the Herero, the place
was also known as Queen Ade-
laide's Bath, Elberfeld and Concor-
diaville. The name Windhoek,
Afrikaans for 'wind corner', is poss-
ibly an adaptation of Winterhoek,
near Tulbagh in the Cape; Jonker
Afrikaner, who first used the name
Windhoek, came from there.
Windsor (N 2829 DD). Former
name of Ladysmith, given after a
trader, George Windsor.
*Windsorton (C 2824 BC). Village
on the Vaal River, 50 km northeast
of Barkly West and 40 km south-
west of Warrenton. It was founded
in 1869 as a diamond-diggers' camp
and is administered by a village
management board. At first known
as Hebron, it was renamed after P E
Windsor who was instrumental in its
development. The Khoekhoen name
is Chaib, 'place of the kudu'.
Windy City (C 3325 DC). Popular
name of Port Elizabeth. Prevailing
winds have caused pine-trees on the
shore to lean permanently at an
angle.
Winterberge (C 3226 A). Mountain
range extending east and west, about
halfway between Tarkastad in the
north and Bedford, Adelaide and
Fort Beaufort in the south. Afri-
kaans for 'winter mountain', the
name is derived from the climate in
that season, when the peaks are
covered with snow for three months.
Also known as Thaba Yamoya,
'mountain of wind'.
Winterhoek Mountains (C 3324-
3325). These consist of the Great
Winterhoek Mountains with Cocks-
comb as highest peak, north-west of
Uitenhage, and the Little Winter-
hoek Mountains north of Steytler-
ville, Kleinpoort and Kirkwood. The
name, Afrikaans for 'winter corner
or glen', is derived from the loftiest
peaks being snow-covered in winter.
*Winterton (N 2829 DC). Village
on the Little Tugela River, 19 km
east-south-east of Bergville and
48 km south-west of Ladysmith. It
was laid out in 1905 and has been
administered by a health committee
since 1947. Originally called
Springfield, it was renamed in 1910
in honour of the Secretary for
Agriculture in Natal, H D Winter.
*Witbank (T 2529 CC). Coal-
mining and industrial town 115 km
east of Pretoria and 100 km east-
north-east of Springs. It was laid out
on the farm Swartbos in 1903 and
became a municipality in 1910. The
name is Afrikaans for 'white sill or
slab' and refers to an outcrop of
light-coloured rock near the present
railway-station. Twentytwo collie-
ries nearby produce two-thirds of
South Africa's coal.
Witberg (C 3320 A). Mountain
range extending east and west
between Touwsrivier and Laings-
burg, south of Matjiesfontein. For-
merly Witteberge, this Afrikaans
name, meaning 'white mountain', is
translated from Khoekhoen Gaikou.
*Witrivier see White River
Witsenberg (C 3319 AA-AD).
Mountain range extending north and
south, east of Tulbagh and north-
west of Ceres. Named in 1699 by
W A van der Stel after a friend,
Nicolaes Witsen, a Director of the
Dutch East India Company and
thirteen times Mayor of Amsterdam.
*Witsieshoek (O 2828 DB). Reserve
north-east of Lesotho and northwest
of the Bergville district. Named
after Oetse, also Witsie and Wetsi, a
Makholoko chief who lived there
from 1839 to 1856. Now named
Phuthaditjhaba, it is in the homeland
of Qua Qua.
Witteberge see Witberg
*Witvlei (S 2218 AD). Village on
the White Nossob River, 50 km west
of Gobabis and 178 km north-east of
Windhoek. It developed from a
German military station established
in 1898 and has been administered
by a village management board
since 1952. The name, Afrikaans for
'white marsh', is a translation of
Nama !Uri!khuwis. The Herero
name is Omataura.
Witwatersrand (T 2627). Region
originally extending roughly from
Springs in the east to Randfontein in
the west, thus corresponding to the
concentration of gold-mining and
industrial activities. After the
discovery of gold near Klerksdorp
and Potchefstroom in the south-
west, and Evander in the east, the
term was extended to include these
areas. Afrikaans for 'white waters
ridge', the name was first applied to
the watershed between the Vaal and
Limpopo rivers, and later extended.
The name has been used since about
1856.
Wlotzkas Baken (S 2214 AD).
Holiday resort on the Atlantic
Ocean, 32 km north of Swakopmund
and 42 km south-east of Henties
Bay. It developed from 1936 and is
occupied only during the summer
holiday season. Named after a
fisherman called Wlotzka and a
survey beacon on the coast.
Wodehouse (C 3126-3127). District
of which Dordrecht is the principal
town. It is situated along the north-
eastern slopes of the Stormberg range.
Proclaimed in 1871, it is named after
Sir Philip Wodehouse (1811-1887),
Governor of the Cape Colony from
1862 to 1870.
Wolfgat (C 3419 DA). Former name
of Viljoenshof. Afrikaans for 'wolf-
hole', it probably refers to hyena
(Crocuta crocuta), often wolf in
Afrikaans.
*Wolkberg (T 2330 CA). Mountain in
the Drakensberg, 25 km southwest of
Tzaneen. Afrikaans for 'cloud moun-
tain', the name refers to the fact that
the summit is often covered in cloud.
*Wolmaransstad (T 2725 AB). Town
245 km south-west of Johannesburg
and 56 km north-east of Bloemhof. It
was laid out on the farms Rooderand
and Vlakfontein in 1888, and
proclaimed a town in 1891. Named
after Jacobus M A Wolmarans, then
member of the Executive Council.
*Wolseley (C 3319 AC). Town some
14 km south-south-east of Tulbagh
and 17 km south-west of Ceres. It was
established on the farm Goedgevonden
in 1875 and attained municipal status
in 1955. Named after Sir Garnet
Joseph Wolseley (1833-1913), Com-
mander of the British forces in the
Zulu War in 1879; prior to that it was
known as Ceres Road.
*Wooldridge (Cis 3327 AB). Village
16 km east of Peddie. It developed
from a settlement of the German
Legion. Named after Colonel J W
Wooldridge who was an officer under
Baron von Stutterheim.
*Worcester (C 3319 CB). Town in
the Breede River Valley, 121 km east-
north-east of Cape Town and 52 km
north-west of Robertson. It was estab-
lished on the farms Langerug and
Roodewal in 1820 and became a
municipality in 1842. Named by Lord
Charles Somerset, then Governor of
the Cape, after his brother, the
Marquis of Worcester. Famous for its
winter sports, including skiing, and
for its schools for the blind and
deaf.
*Wuppertal (C 3219 AC). Mission
village 72 km south-east of Clan-
william. It was established in
January 1830 as a farm of the
Rhenish Missionary Society and
named after the valley (German
Ta/)of the Wupper River in
Germany, site of the Rhenish
Mission Institute at Barmen.
Xabane (Trsk 3128 BC). Tributary
of the Mtata. It rises about 8 km
south-west of Tsolo and flows south
to enter the main stream just above
the Mtata Dam north-west of
Umtata. The name is said to be
derived from Nguni ukuxabana, 'to
quarrel', referring to fights arising
over cattle-raiding.
*Xalanga (Trsk 3127). District of
which Cala is the principal town,
bounded by the districts of Indwe,
Elliot, Engcobo, St Marks and Glen
Grey. The name is derived from
Xhosa ixalanga, 'vultures', which
occur in large numbers; an
alternative explanation is that a hill
there resembles a vulture about to
fly-
Xobho (N 3030 AA-AB). Tributary
of the Nhlavini River. It rises near
Ixopo and flows east to join the
main stream at Dawn Valley, some
16 km north of Highflats. Derived
from Zulu, the name is said either to
mean 'marsh' or to be an onomato-
poeic rendering of the sound made
by a hoof being pulled free of the
sticky mud or squelchy marsh. Also
encountered as Xobo and Ixopo.
Xobo see Xobho and Ixopo
Xuka River (Trsk 3127-3128).
Tributary of the Mbashe. It rises
east of Cala and south of Elliot, and
flows south-east to enter the Mbashe
about 30 km east of Engcobo. The
name is said to be derived from
Xhosa xukuxa, 'gargle', referring to
the sound of water gurgling over
stones.
*Xuxuwa (C 3226 C-D). Tributary
of the Kat River. It rises west of
Fort Beaufort and flows south-east
to join the main stream near the
Ciskei border. Also spelt Xoxo, Xu-
Xuwe and Klu Klu (x being a click
similar in sound to kl), the name
refers to a former chief injured in a
skirmish, an incident which led to
the 1835 War. The name is said to
mean 'frog' or 'toad'.
Yellowwoods River (Cis 3227 CB-
CD). Tributary of the Buffalo River.
It rises north-west of Kei Road and
flows mainly south past King
William's Town to join the main
stream east of Zwelitsha. Named
after the yellowwood trees
(Podocarpus sp.) growing on its
banks. The Khoekhoen name of this
river is encountered as Kameka and
Kamka, adapted in Xhosa as z-
Ncemera.
Ysselstein Bay see Simon's Bay
Ysterfontein (C 3218 BA). Fishing
village in the Malmesbury district,
23 km west of Darling and 98 km
north of Cape Town. The name is
Afrikaans and means 'iron foun-
tain', referring to a fountain in the
ironstone formation there.
Ystervarkpunt (C 3421 BC).
Promontory on the southern Cape
coast, 15 km west-south-west of
Gouritsmond and 25 km south-east
of Albertinia. The name, Afrikaans
for 'porcupine point', at first Dutch
Yzervark Punt, is derived from the
porcupine (Hystrix africae-australis).
Yzervark Punt see Ystervarkpunt
Zakrivier see Sak River
*Zastron (O 3027 AC). Town at the
foot of the Aasvoelberg, 200 km
south-east of Bloemfontein and 72 km
south of Wepener. It was founded on
the farm Verliesfontein in 1876 and
named after Johanna Siberia Brand,
nee Zastron, wife of President Brand
of the Orange Free State.
*Zebediela (T 2429). Alternative
(older) name of the Nkumpi, it gave its
name to a famous citrus estate. Said to
be derived from the nickname of Chief
Mamukebe, who was friendly towards
white settlers at a time of general
hostility, and to mean 'diplomat' or
'peacemaker'. Another derivation is
'the one who conceals', referring to
cattle-rustlers who sought refuge in his
village.
Zebra Mountains (S 1713 AB). Range
extending north-west and south-east
for about 48 km, situated between the
Kunene, Omuhonga and Otjitanga
rivers in Kaokoland. Named after its
striped appearance caused by ironstone
ridges alternating with declivities in
which pale-coloured vegetation
occurs.
*Zeerust (T 2526 CA). Principal town
of the Marico district, 67 km north-
east of Mafikeng and 102 km west-
north-west of Koster. It was laid out in
1867 on the farm Hazenjacht, formerly
Sebatlani, proclaimed a town in
October 1880 and acquired municipal
status in 1936. The name is derived
from Coetzee-Rust, 'Coetzee's rest',
after the owner of the farm, Diederik J
Coetzee.
Zikhali's Horn (N 2829 CC). Former
name for Cathedral Peak; named after
an Ngwanene chief who lived at its
base.
*Zinkwazi (N 2931 B-D). River
which flows past Darnell and enters
the Indian Ocean at Zinkwazi Beach
some 10 km south-west of Tugela
Mouth. Derived from Zulu nkwazi,
'fish-eagle' (Haliaetus vocifer), which
nest in great numbers at the lagoon at
the mouth of this river.
*Zoar (C 3321 AD). Village and
mission station 21 km east of
Ladismith. It was founded by the
South African Missionary Society
on the farm Elandsfontein in 1817
and named after Zoar on the Red
Sea, mentioned in the Bible (Gen.
14:2-8). The name at first meant
'insignificance', but when Lot fled
thither from Sodom, it acquired the
meaning of 'refuge', 'haven'.
Zoeloeland see Zululand
Zotsha (N 3030 CD). River which
flows east-south-east to enter the
Indian Ocean at Izotsha, some 7 km
south-west of the mouth of the
Mzimkulu River. Of Zulu origin, the
name is said to be derived either
from that of a tribe which lived
there in former times, or after huts
built on its banks.
Zoutpansberg see Soutpansberg
Zululand (N 2730-2931). Historical
region north of the Tugela River
from its mouth to its confluence
with the Mzinyati, and thence to its
source in the Drakensberg. Named
after the Zulu people who inhabit it.
The name Zulu, said to be derived
from that of an early chief, is
believed to mean 'heaven'. The
name of KwaZulu will have the
same origin.
Zuurveld see Suurveld
Zwartland see Swartland
Zwartruggens see Swartruggens
*Zwelitsha (Cis 3227 CD). Capital
of the Ciskei, about 9 km southeast
of King William's Town. The name
is Xhosa and means 'new world',
'new land'.
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Driving along the national road, who has not wondered at the
eerie portent ol the signpost to Moordenaarspoort, or con-
sidered the intriguing possibilities of Pampoenkraal or Hotazal?
How many people know that the name ' Arniston', ol the seaside
vi I lage onlheCape coast, has no official status, and that its real
name is Waenhuiskrans?
In Hi is highly readable and entertaining book Peter Raper
tak es u s o n a fasc i n ati ng | o u rn ey of t h e h i g hways a n d by ways of
Southern Africa, sharing with us Ihe origins ol the names of
towns and villages, mountains and rivers Whether you are a
motorist, an adventurer or merely an armchair traveller, this
book has a multitude of facts and details that will amuse and
interest you
iged alphabetically for quick and easy reference, this is
much more than a reference book It may be dipped Into or read
from cover to cover and It contains a wealth of social , linguistic
storical information.
DR PETER RAPER is currenlly head of Ihe O
Centre of the Human Sciences Resea>
is also the South African representative I
Group ot Experts on Geographical Mames (UNGEG
,nson among co
n of geographical names
T f
9 780947"042066
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