Ethiopia and the Origin of Civilization

Ethiopia and the Origin of Civilization

A Critical Review of the Evidence of Archaeology, Anthropology, History
and Comparative Religion: According to the Most Reliable Sources and
Authorities

By John G. Jackson (1939)

"It is pretty well settled that the city is the Negro's great contribution to civilization, for it was in
Africa where the first cities grew up." E. Haldeman-Julius

"Those piles of ruins which you see in that narrow valley watered by the Nile, are the remains of
opulent cities, the pride of the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. ... There a people, now forgotten,
discovered while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A race of
men now rejected from society for their sable skin and frizzled hair, founded on the study of the
laws of nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe." Count Volney

"The accident of the predominance of white men in modern times should not give us supercilious
ideas about color or persuade us to listen to superficial theories about the innate superiority of the
white-skinned man. Four thousand years ago, when civilization was already one or two thousand
years old, white men were just a bunch of semi-savages on the outskirts of the civilized world. If
there had been anthropologists in Crete, Egypt, and Babylonia, they would have pronounced the
white race obviously inferior, and might have discoursed learnedly on the superior germ-plasm or
glands of colored folk." Joseph McCabe

The late Professor George A. Dorsey noted that "H. G. Wells' heart beats faster in nearly
every chapter of his Outline of History, because he cannot forget that he is Nordic, Aryan,
English British, white, civilized." (Why We Behave Like Human Beings, p. 40.) This
patriotic zeal of Mr. Wells' has, in truth, caused him to suppress certain facts that do not
fit into his pet theories. In the latest edition of his Outline of History, Mr. Wells ends his
chapter on The Early Empires with the following remarks: "No less an authority than Sir
Flinders Petrie gives countenance to the idea that there was some very early connection
between Colchis (the country to the south of the Caucasus) and prehistoric Egypt.
Herodotus remarked upon a series of resemblances between the Colchians and the
Egyptians." (Wells' New and Revised Outline of History, p. 184, Garden City, 1931.) It
would have been proper for Wells to have quoted the remarks of Herodotus, so as to give
us precise information on the series of resemblances between the Cholchians and the
Egyptians. Why he did not do so we shall now see. In Book II, Section- 104, of his
celebrated History, Herodotus states: "For my part I believe the Colchi to be a colony of
Egyptians, because like them they have black skins and frizzled hair." (See any English
translation of The History of Herodotus. The translation by Professor George Rawlinson
is the best. See also W.E.B. DuBois, The Negro, p. 31, and Count Volney's Travels in
Egypt and Syria, Vol. I. pp. 80-81.) After discussing the civilizations of Egypt,

Babylonia and India, Wells had already referred to them as a "triple system of white man
civilizations." (Outline of History, Chap. XIII, Sect. 5, p. 175) On concluding that the
civilization of Egypt was a white man civilization, he naturally would be careful not to
quote the above passage from Herodotus.

Most history texts, especially the ones on ancient history, start off by telling us that there
are either three, four or five races of man, but that of those races only one has been
responsible for civilization, culture, progress and all other good things. The one race is of
course the white race, and particularly that branch of said race known as the Nordic or
Aryan. The reason for this is obvious; the writers of these textbooks are as a rule Nordics,
or so consider themselves. However, prejudice alone will not account for this sort of
thing. There is a confusion among historians and anthropologists concerning the proper
classification of races, and this confusion is used by biased writers to bolster up their
preconceptions. It is therefore necessary that we discuss the subject of race classification
in a rational manner before proceeding further.

The early scientific classifications of the varieties of the human species were
geographical in nature. The celebrated naturalist, Linneaus (1708-1778), for instance,
listed four races, according to continent, namely: (1) European (white), (2) African
(black), (3) Asiatic (yellow), and (4) American (red). Blumenback, in 1775, added a fifth
type, the Ocieanic or brown race. This classification is still used in some grammar school
Geographies, where the races of man are tabulated as: Ethiopian (black), Caucasian
(white), American (red), Mongolian (yellow) and Malayan (brown). During the year
1 800, the French naturalist, Cuvier, announced the hypothesis that all ethnic types were
traceable to Ham, Chem and Japhet, the three sons of Noah. After that date race
classification developed into an amazing contest; a struggle which still rages. By 1873,
Haeckel had found no less than twelve distinct races of mankind; and to show the
indefatigable nature of his researches, he annexed twenty-two more races a few years
later, bringing the grand total of human types up to thirty-four. Deniker, in 1900,
presented to the world a very imposing system of race classification. He conceived of the
human species existing in the form of six grand divisions, seventeen divisions and
twenty-nine races. And despite all this industry among anthropologists, ethnologists and
the like, there is yet no agreement on the classification of races. Where one
anthropologist finds three racial types, another can spot thirty-three without the least
difficulty.

The Classifiers of race, however, regardless of how abundantly they disagreed with each
other as to the correct groupings of human types, were of unanimous accord in the belief
that the white peoples of the world were far superior to the darker races. This opinion in
still very popular, but modern science is making it hard for intelligent people to accept
the fallacy. Many years ago the German philosopher, Schopenhauer, remarked that,
"there is no such thing as a white race, much as this is talked of, but every white man is a
faded or bleached one." Schopenhauer possessed keen and sagacious foresight on this
point. For example, the English scholar, Joseph McCabe, expresses the following view as
the consensus of opinion among modern anthropologists: "There is strong reason to think
that man was at first very dark of skin, woolly-haired and flat-nosed, and, as he wandered

into different climates, the branches of the race diverged and developed their
characteristics." (Key to Culture, No. 11, p. 10.)

Professor Franz Boas, the nestor of American anthropologists, has divided the whole
human race into only two divisions. This classification of Boas' is admirably explained
by Professor George A. Dorsey:

Open your atlas to a map of the world. Look at the Indian Ocean: on the
west, Africa; on the north, the three great southern peninsulas of Asia: on
the east, a chain of great islands terminating in Australia. Wherever that
Indian Ocean touches land, it finds dark-skinned people with strongly
developed jaws, relatively long arms and kinky or frizzly hair. Call that
the Indian Ocean or Negroid division of the human race.

Now look at the Pacific Ocean: on one side, the two Americas; on the
other, Asia. (Geographically, Europe is a tail to the Asiatic kite.) The
aboriginal population of the Americas and of Asia north of its southern
peninsula was a light-skinned people with straight hair, relatively short
arms, and a face without prominent jaws. Call that the Pacific Ocean or
Mongoloid division. (Why We Behave Like Human Beings, pp. 44-45.)

Professors A. L. Kroeber and Fay-Cooper Cole are of the opinion that the peoples of
Europe have (been) bleached out enough to merit classification as a distinct race. This
would add a European or Caucasoid division to the Negroid and Mongoloid races of the
classification proposed by Professor Boas. If we accept this three-fold division of the
human species, our classification ought to read as follows: the races of man are three in
number; (1) the Negroid, or Ethiopian or black race; (2) the Mongoloid, or Mongolian or
yellow race; and (3) the Caucasoid or European or white race. This is the very latest
scheme of race classification.

Now that we have straightened out ourselves on the issue of the classification of races,
we may property turn to the main subject matter of this essay, i.e., the ancient Ethiopians
and their widespread influence on the early history of civilization. In discussing the origin
of civilization in the ancient Near East, Professor Charles Seignobos in his History of
Ancient Civilization, notes that the first civilized inhabitants of the Nile and Tigris-
Euphrates valleys, were a dark-skinned people with short hair and prominent lips; and
that they are referred to by some scholars as Cushites (Ethiopians), and as Hamites by
others. This ancient civilization of the Cushites, out of which the earliest cultures of
Egypt and Mesopotamia grew, was not confined to the Near East. Traces of it have been
found all over the world. Dr. W. J. Perry refers to it as the Archaic Civilization. Sir
Grafton Elliot Smith terms it the Neolithic Heliolithic Culture of the Brunet-Browns. Mr.
Wells alludes to this early civilization in his Outline of History, and dates its beginnings
as far back as 15,000 years B.C. "This peculiar development of the Neolithic culture,"
says Mr. Wells, "which Elliot Smith called the Heliolithic (sun-stone) culture, included
many or all of the following odd practices: (1) Circumcision, (2) the queer custom of
sending the father to bed when a child is born, known as Couvade, (3) the practice of

Massage, (4) the making of Mummies, (5) Megalithic monuments (i.e. Stonehenge), (6)
artificial deformation of the heads of the young by bandages, (7) Tattooing, (8) religious
association of the Sun and the Serpent, and (9) the use of the symbol known as the
Swastika for good luck. . . . Elliot Smith traces these associated practices in a sort of
constellation all over this great Mediterranean / Indian Ocean-Pacific area. Where one
occurs, most of the others occur. They link Brittany with Borneo and Peru. But this
constellation of practices does not crop up in the primitive home of Nordic or Mongolian
peoples, nor does it extend southward much beyond equatorial Africa. ... The first
civilizations in Egypt and the Euphrates-Tigris valley probably developed directly out of
this widespread culture." (Outline of History, pp. 141-143).

This ancient civilization is called NEOLITHIC by Wells. This is a mistake; for we have
overwhelming evidence that these ancient peoples had long passed out of the New Stone
Age stage of culture, and were erecting edifices which could only have been constructed
by means of hard metal tools. Iron is the very backbone of civilization, and the Iron Age
began very anciently in Africa. The researches of scholars like Boas, Torday and DuBois
would lead us to believe that the art of mining iron was first developed in the interior of
Africa, and that the knowledge of it passed through Egypt to the rest of the world. (See
W.E.B. DuBois, The Negro, pp. 114-116, Home University Library, New York and
London, 1915.)

In modern geography the name Ethiopia is confined to the country known as Abyssinia,
an extensive territory in East Africa. In ancient times Ethiopia extended over vast
domains in both Africa and Asia. "It seems certain," declares Sir E. A. Wallis Budge,
"that classical historians and geographers called the whole region from India to Egypt,
both countries inclusive, by the name of Ethiopia, and in consequence they regarded all
the dark-skinned and black peoples who inhabited it as Ethiopians. Mention is made of
Eastern and Western Ethiopians and it is probable that the Easterners were Asiatics and
the Westerners Africans." (History of Ethiopia, Vol. I., Preface, by Sir E. A. Wallis
Budge.) In addition Budge notes that, "Homer and Herodotus call all the peoples of the
Sudan, Egypt, Arabia, Palestine and Western Asia and India Ethiopians." (Ibid., p. 2.)
Herodotus wrote in his celebrated History that both the Western Ethiopians, who lived in
Africa, and the Eastern Ethiopians who dwelled in India, were black in complexion, but
that the Africans had curly hair, while the Indians were straight-haired. (The aboriginal
black inhabitants of India are generally referred to as the Dravidians, of whom more will
be said as we proceed.) Another classical historian who wrote about the Ethiopians was
Strabo, from whom we quote the following: "I assert that the ancient Greeks, in the same
way as they classed all the northern nations with which they were familiar as Scythians,
etc., so, I affirm, they designated as Ethiopia the whole of the southern countries toward
the ocean." Strabo adds that "if the moderns have confined the appellation Ethiopians to
those only who dwell near Egypt, this must not be allowed to interfere with the meaning
of the ancients." Ephorus says that: "The Ethiopians were considered as occupying all the
south coasts of both Asia and Africa," and adds that "this is an ancient opinion of the of
the Greeks." Then we have the view of Stephanus of Byzantium, that: "Ethiopia was the
first established country on earth; and the Ethiopians were the first who introduced the
worship of the gods, and who established laws." The vestiges of this early civilization

have been found in Nubia, the Egyptian Sudan, West Africa, Egypt, Mashonaland, India,
Persia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, South America, Central America, Mexico, and the United
States. Any student who doubts this will find ample evidence in such works as The Voice
of Africa, by Dr. Leo Froebenius; Prehistoric Nations, and Ancient America, by John D.
Baldwin; Rivers of Life, by Major-General J. G. R. Forlong; A Book of the Beginnings by
Gerald Massey; Children of the Sun and The Growth of Civilization, by W. J. Perry; The
Negro by Professor W.E.B. DuBois; The Anacalypsis, by Sir Godfrey Higgins; Isis
Unveiled by Madam H. P. Blavatsky; The Diffusion of Culture, by Sir Grafton Elliot
Smith; The Mediterranean Race, by Professor Sergi; The Ruins of Empires, by Count
Volney; The Races of Europe, by Professor William Z. Ripley; and last but not least, the
brilliant monographs of Mr. Maynard Shipley: New Light on Prehistoric Cultures and
Americans of a Million Years Age. (See also Shipley's Sex and the Garden of Eden Myth,
a collection of essays, the best of the lot being one entitled: Christian Doctrines In Pre-
Christian America.) These productions of Mr. Shipley, have been issued in pamphlet
form in the Little Blue Book Series, published by Mr. E. Haldeman- Julius, of Girard,
Kansas.

The efforts of certain historians to classify these ancient Cushites as Caucasoids does not
deceive honest historical students any longer. This may well be illustrated by a passage
from the pen of our scholarly friend Bishop William Montgomery Brown: "For the first
two or three thousand years of civilization, there was not a civilized white man on the
earth. Civilization was founded and developed by the swarthy races of Mesopotamia,
Syria and Egypt, and the white race remained so barbaric that in those days an Egyptian
or a Babylonian priest would have said that the riffraff of white tribes a few hundred
miles to the north of their civilization were hopelessly incapable of acquiring the
knowledge requisite to progress. It was southern colored peoples everywhere, in China,
in Central America, in India, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt and Crete who gave the
northern white peoples civilization." (The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism, Vol.,
p. 192.)

Quite a few Egyptologists have defended the idea that the ancient Egyptians
originally came from Asia. There never was any evidence to back up this view; and the
only reason it was adopted, was because it was fashionable to believe that no African
people was capable of developing a great civilization. Geoffrey Parsons refers to
Egyptian civilization in his Stream of History, p. 154, New York & London, 1932, as
"genuinely African in its origin and development." Herodotus came to the same
conclusion over 2,000 years ago, but he is not taken seriously by the majority of modern
historians, except where his facts agree with certain theories of said historians. Theories
are more precious to some scholars than facts, even when the facts flatly contradict their
theories. Dr. Froebenious, the great German anthropologist, has examined the ruins of
ancient cultures in southern, eastern and western Africa, of an antiquity rivaling those of
Egypt and Sumer. Sir John Marshall and Dr. E. Mackay have uncovered the remains of a
great Dravidian civilization in India, which rose to its peak over 5,000 years ago. The
newspaper generally report these discoveries as startling and unexpected. They tell us
that nobody ever dreamed that these ancient nations ever existed. This novelty, however,
does not exist for real students. Anyone familiar with the works of G. Elliot Smith, W. J.

Perry, Sir Godfrey Higgins, Dr. H.R. Hall, Sir Henry Rawlinson, John D. Baldwin,
Gerald Massey and General Forlong, will not be surprised at the very novel
archaeological discoveries announced by the press. Since we are dealing with historical
sources and authorities, a study of the researches of Sir Henry Rawlinson, the Father of
Assyriology, on the Ethiopians in the ancient East, is in order. The following extract is
condensed from an essay entitled: On the Early History of Babylonia:

1 . The system of writing which they brought with them has the closest
affinity with that of Egypt — in many cases indeed, there is an absolute
identity between the two alphabets.

2. In the Biblical genealogies, Cush (Ethiopia) and Mizraim (Egypt) are
brothers, while from the former sprang Nimrod (Babylonia.)

3. In regard to the language of the primitive Babylonians, the vocabulary is
undoubtedly Cushite or Ethiopian, belonging to that stock of tongues
which in the sequel were everywhere more or less mixed up with the
Semitic languages, but of which we have probably the purest modern
specimens in the Mahra of Southern Arabia and the Galla of Abyssinia.

4. All the traditions of Babylonia and Assyria point to a connection in very
early times between Ethiopia, Southern Arabia and the cities on the lower
Euphrates.

5. In further proof of the connection between Ethiopia and Chaldea, we must
remember the Greek tradition both of Cepheus and Memnon, which
sometimes applied to Africa, and sometimes to the countries at the mouth
of the Euphrates; and we must also consider the geographical names of
Cush and Phut, which, although of African origin, are applied to races
bordering on Chaldea, both in the Bible and in the Inscriptions of Darius.
(Essay- VI, Appendix, Book-I, History of Herodotus, translated by
Professor George Rawlinson, with essays and notes by Sir Henry
Rawlinson and Sir J. G. Wilkinson.)

The opinions of Sir Henry Rawlinson are reinforced by the researches of his equally
distinguished brother, Professor George Rawlinson, in his essay On the Ethnic Affinities
of the Races of Western Asia, which directs our attention to: "the uniform voice of
primitive antiquity, which spoke of the Ethiopians as a single race, dwelling along the
shores of the Southern Ocean from India to the Pillars of Hercules." {Herodotus, Vol. I.,
Book. I., Appendix, Essay XL, Section-5.) Rawlinson adds an explanatory note to this
section of his essay, which we here reproduce: "Recent linguistic discovery tends to show
that a Cushite or Ethiopian race did in the earliest times extend itself along the shores of
the Southern Ocean from Abyssinia to India. The whole peninsula of India was peopled
by a race of their character before the influx of the Aryans; it extended from the Indus
along the seacoast through the modern Beluchistan and Kerman, which was the proper
country of the Asiatic Ethiopians; the cities on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf are
shown by the brick inscriptions found among their ruins to have belonged to this race; it
was dominant in Susiana and Babylonia, until overpowered in the one country by Aryan,
in the other by Semitic intrusion; it can be traced both by dialect and tradition throughout
the whole south coast of the Arabian peninsula."

In the study of ancient affairs, folklore and tradition throw an invaluable light on
historical records. In Greek mythology we read of the great Ethiopian king, Cepheus,
whose fame was so great that he and his family were immortalized in the stars. The wife
of King Cepheus was Queen Cassiopeia, and his daughter, Princess Andromeda. The star
groups of the celestial sphere, which are named after them are called the ROYAL
family — (the constellations: cepheus, CASSIOPEIA and ANDROMEDA.) It may seem
strange that legendary rulers of ancient Ethiopia should still have their names graven on
our star maps, but the voice of history gives us a clue. A book on astrology attributed to
Lucian declares that: "The Ethiopians were the first who invented the science of stars,
and gave names to the planets, not at random and without meaning, but descriptive of the
qualities which they conceived them to possess; and it was from them that this art passed,
still in an imperfect state, to the Egyptians." The Ethiopian origin of astronomy is
beautifully explained by Count Volney in a passage in his Ruins of Empires, which is one
of the glories of modern literature, and his argument is not based on guesses. He invokes
the weighty authority of Charles F. Dupuis, whose three monumental works, The Origin
of Constellations, The Origin of Worship and The Chronological Zodiac, are marvels of
meticulous research. Dupuis placed the origin of the zodiac as far back as 15,000 B.C.,
which would give the world's oldest picture book an antiquity of 17,000 years. (This
estimate is not as excessive as it might at first appear, since the American ast5ronomer
and mathematician, Professor Arthur M. Harding, traces back the origin of the zodiac to
about 26,000 B.C) In discussing star worship and idolatry, Volney gives the following
glowing description of the scientific achievements of the ancient Ethiopians, and of how
they mapped out the signs of the zodiac on the star-spangled dome of the heavens:

Should it be asked at what epoch this system took its birth, we shall
answer on the testimony of the monuments of astronomy itself, that its
principles appear with certainty to have been established about seventeen
thousand years ago, and if it be asked to what people it is to be attributed,
we shall answer that the same monuments, supported by unanimous
traditions, attribute it to the first tribes of Egypt; and reason finds in that
country all the circumstances which could lead to such a system; when it
finds there a zone of sky, bordering on the tropic, equally free from the
rains of the equator and the fogs of the north; when it finds there a central
point of the sphere of the ancients, a salubrious climate, a great but
manageable river, a soil fertile without art or labor, inundated without
morbid exhalations, and placed between two seas which communicate
with the richest countries; it conceives that the inhabitant of the Nile,
addicted to agriculture from the facility of communications, to astronomy
from the state of his sky, always open to observation, must have been the
first to pass from the savage to the social state; and consequently to attain
the physical and moral sciences necessary to civilized life.

It was, then, on the borders of the upper Nile, among a black race of men,
that was organized the complicated system of the worship of the stars,
considered in relation to the productions of the earth and the labors of
agriculture. ... Thus the Ethiopian of Thebes named stars of inundation, or

Aquarius, those stars under which the Nile began to overflow; stars of the
ox or bull, those under which they began to plow, stars of the lion, those
under which that animal, driven from the desert by thirst, appeared on the
banks of the Nile; stars of the sheaf, or of the harvest virgin, those of the
reaping season; stars of the lamb, stars of the two kids, those under which
these precious animals were brought forth. ... Thus the same Ethiopian
having observed that the return of the inundation always corresponded
with the rising of a beautiful star which appeared towards the source of the
Nile, and seemed to warn the husbandman against the coming waters, he
compared this action to that of the animal who, by his barking, gives
notice of danger, and he called this star the dog, the barker (Sirius). In the
same manner he named the stars of the crab, those where the sun, having
arrived at the tropic, retreated by a slow retrograde motion like the crab of
Cancer. He named stars of the wild goat, or Capricorn, those where the
sun, having reached the highest point in his annuary tract, . . . imitates the
goat, who delights to climb to the summit of the rocks. He named stars of
the balance, or Libra, those where the days and nights being equal, seemed
in equilibrium, like that instrument; and stars of the scorpion, those where
certain periodical winds bring vapors, burning like the venom of the
scorpion. (Volney's Ruins of Empires, pp. 120-122, New York, 1926)

The traditions concerning Memnon are interesting as well as instructive. He was claimed
as a king by the Ethiopians, and identified with the Pharaoh Amunoph or Amenhotep, by
the Egyptians. A fine statue of him is located in the British Museum, in London. Charles
Darwin makes a reference to this statue on his Descent of Man which is well worth
reproducing: "When I looked at the statue of Amunoph III, I agreed with two officers of
the establishment, both competent judges, that he had a strongly marked Negro type of
features." The features of Akhnaton (Amennhotep IV), are even more Negroid than those
of his illustrious predecessor. That the earliest Egyptians were African Ethiopians
(Nilotic Negroes), is obvious to all unbiased students of oriental history. Breasted's claim
that the early civilized inhabitants of the Nile Valley and Western Asia were members of
a Great White Race, is utterly false, and is supported by no facts whatsoever. A similar
racial bias is shown by Elliot Smith in his work, The Ancient Egyptians and Their
Influence Upon the Civilization of Europe, p. 30, New York & London, 1911. "Not a few
writers," says he, "like the traveler Volney in the 18 th century, have expressed the belief
that the ancient Egyptians were Negroes, or at any rate strongly Negroid. In recent times
even a writer so discriminating as Ripley usually is has given his adhesion to this view."
(The writers referred to here, are Count Volney, the French Orientalist and Professor
William Z. Ripley, of Harvard University, an eminent American Anthropologist.)
Professor Smith is convinced that these men are wrong, because he holds that there is a
"profound gap that separates the Negro from the rest of mankind, including the
Egyptian." (Ancient Egyptians, p. 74.) Another English scholar, Philip Smith, is far more
rational in discussing this point:

No people have bequeathed to us so many memorials of its form
complexion and physiognomy as the Egyptians. ... If we were left to form

an opinion on the subject by the description of the Egyptians left by the
Greek writers we should conclude that they were, if not Negroes, at least
closely akin to the Negro race. That they were much darker in coloring
than the neighboring Asiatics; that they had their frizzled either by nature
or art; that their lips were thick and projecting, and their limbs slender,
rests upon the authority of eye-witnesses who had traveled in the country
and who could have had no motive to deceive. . . . The fullness of the lips
seen in the Sphinx of the Pyramids and in the portraits of the kings is
characteristic of the Negro. (The Ancient History of the East, pp. 25-26,
London, 1881.)

We read of Memnon, King of Ethiopia, in Greek mythology, to be exact in Homer's Iliad,
where he leads an army of Elamites and Ethiopians to the assistance of King Priam in the
Trojan War. His expedition is said to have started from the African Ethiopia and to have
passed through Egypt on the way to Troy. According to Herodotus, Memnon was the
founder of Susa, the chief city of the Elamites. "There were places called Memnonia,"
asserts Professor Rawlinson, "supposed to have been built by him both in Egypt and at
Susa; and there was a tribe called Memnones at Moroe. Memnon thus unites the eastern
with the western Ethiopians, and the less we regard him as an historical personage the
more must we view him as personifying the ethnic identity of the two races." (Ancient
Monarchies, Vol. I, Chap. 3.) The ancient peoples of Mesopotamia are sometimes called
the Chaldeans, but this is inaccurate and confusing. Before the Chaldean rule in
Mesopotamia, there were the empires of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and
Assyrians. The earliest civilization of Mesopotamia was that of the Sumerians. They are
designated in the Assyrio-Babylonian inscriptions as the black-heads or black-faced
people, and they are shown on the monuments as beardless and with shaven heads. This
easily distinguishes them from the Semitic Babylonians, who are shown with beards and
long hair. From the myths and traditions of the Babylonians we learn that their culture
came originally from the south. Sir Henry Rawlinson concluded from this and other
evidence that the first civilized inhabitants of Sumer and Akkad were immigrants from
the African Ethiopia. John D. Baldwin, the American Orientalist, on the other hand,
claims that since ancient Arabia was also known as Ethiopia, they could have just as well
come from that country. These theories are rejected by Dr. II. R. Hall, of the Dept. Of
Egyptian & Assyrian Antiquities of the British Museum, who contends that Mesopotamia
was civilized by a migration from India. "The ethnic type of the Sumerians, so strongly
marked in their statues and reliefs," says Dr. Hall, "was as different from those of the
races which surrounded them as was their language from those of the Semites, Aryans, or
others; they were decidedly Indian in type. The face-type of the average Indian of today
is no doubt much the same as that of his Dravidian race ancestors thousands of years ago.
. . . And it is to this Dravidian ethnic type of India that the ancient Sumerian bears most
resemblance, so far as we can judge from his monuments. ... And it is by no means
improbable that the Sumerians were an Indian race which passed, certainly by land,
perhaps also by sea, through Persia to the valley of the Two Rivers. It was in the Indian
home (perhaps the Indus valley) that we suppose for them that their culture developed. . . .
On the way they left the seeds of their culture in Elam. . . . There is little doubt that India
must have been one of the earliest centers of human civilization, and it seems natural to

suppose that the strange un-Semitic, un-Aryan people who came from the East to civilize
the West were of Indian origin, especially when we see with our own eyes how very
Indian the Sumerians were in type." {The Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 173-174,
London, 1916.) Hall is opposed in his theory of Sumerian origins by Dr. W. J. Perry, the
great anthropologist, of the University of London. "The Sumerian stories or origins
themselves tell a very different tale," Perry points out, "for from their beginnings the
Sumerians seem to have been in touch with Egypt. Some of their early texts mention
Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha. . . . Dilmun was the first settlement that was made by the
god Enki, who was the founder of Sumerian civilization. ... Magan was famous among
the Sumerians as a place whence they got diorite and copper, Meluhha as a place whence
they got gold. Dilmun has been identified with some place or other in the Persian Gulf,
perhaps the Bahrein Islands, perhaps a land on the eastern shore of the Gulf. ... In a late
inscription of the Assyrians it is said that Magan and Meluhha were the archaic names for
Egypt and Ethiopia, the latter being the south-western part of Somaliand that lay
opposite." {The Growth of Civilization, pp. 60-61, 2 nd Edition, Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, England, 1937, Published by Penguin Books, Ltd.)

Another great nation of Ethiopian origin was Elam, a country which stretched from the
Tigris River to the Zagros Mountains of Persia. Its capital was the famous city of Susa,
which was founded about 4,000 B.C., and flourished from that date to its destruction by
Moslem invaders about the year 650 C.E. (Christian Era). In speaking of the Elamites, H.
G. Wells H. H. Johnston, to have been Negroid in type. There is a strong Negroid strain
in the modern people of Elam." {Outline of History, p. 166.) Archaeological evidence
favors this view. Reginald S. Poole, the English Egyptologist noted that: "There is one
portrait of an Elamite (Cushite) king on a vase found at Susa; he is painted black and thus
belongs to the Cushite race." (Quoted by Professor Alfred C. Haddon, in his History of
Anthropology, p. 6, London, 1934. Thinker's Library Edition, published by Watts & Co.,
5 & 6 Johnson's Court, Fleet St., London, E. c-4, England.)

We cannot devote much space to the early inhabitants of India, though they were beyond
all doubt an Ethiopic ethnic type. They are described by Professor Lynn Thorndike as
"short black men with almost Negro noses." {Short History of Civilization, p. 227, New
York, 1936.) Dr. Will Durant pictures these early Hindus as "a dark-skinned, broad-nosed
people whom, without knowing the origin or the word, we call Dravidians." {Short
History of Civilization, Part I, p. 396, New York, 1935.) The student is advised to consult
pp. 650-666, of the new edition of Sir John A. Hammerton's Wonders of the Past, in
which there is an instructive article, with fine illustrations, by S. G. Blaxland Stubbs,
entitled: Wonder Cities of Most Ancient India. That Mr. Stubbs is a candid writer may be
seen from the following excerpt:

The early Aryan literature of India, the Hymns of the Rigveda, which, it is
commonly agreed, date from about 1,000 B.C., speak of the people whom
the proud Aryan invaders found in India as black-skinned barbarians,
Dasas or slaves. But Aryan pride of race has received something of a
shock from archaeological investigations carried out by Sir John Marshall
and, more recently, by Dr. E. Mackay in the valley of the Indus. Here

ample evidence has been found of a race whose complex civilization and
high culture were equal, and in some respects superior to those of early
Mesopotamia and Egypt.

These Asiatic black men were not confined to the mainland, for we are informed by no
less an authority than Sir Harry H. Johnston, that:

In former times this Asiatic Negro spread, we can scarcely explain how,
unless the land connections of those days were more extended, through
Eastern Australia to Tasmania, and from the Solomon Island to New
Caledonia and even New Zealand, to Fiji and Hawaii. The Negroid
element in Burma and Annam is, therefore, easily to be explained by
supposing that in ancient times Southern Asia had a Negro population
ranging from the Persian Gulf to Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago.
(See An Introduction to African Civilizations, by Willis N. Huggins. Ph.D.
and John G. Jackson, pp. 188-190, New York, 1937.)

Most readers of history know about the Celts, ancient inhabitants of Europe, whose
priests were known as the Druids. It is generally thought that these Celts were
Caucasoids, but Sir Godfrey Higgins, after much study came to the conclusion that they
were a Negroid people. Higgins wrote a ponderous volume entitled The Celtic Druids. In
the following passage from his Anacalypsis he modestly refers to it as an essay: "In my
essay on the Celtic Druids, I have shown that a great nation called Celtae, of whom the
Druids were the priests, spread themselves almost over the whole earth, and are to be
traced in their rude gigantic monuments from India to the extremity of Britain. The
religion of Buddha of India is well known to have been very ancient." (Higgins is here
referring to the first Buddha, who is supposed to have lived between 5,000 and 6,000
years ago, and not to Gautama Buddha who lived about 600 years B.C. There were at
least ten Buddhas mentioned in the sacred books of India.) "Who these can have been but
the early individuals of the black nation of whom we have been treating I know not, and
in this opinion I am not singular. The learned Maurice says Cuthies (Cushites), i.e. Celts,
built the great temples in India and Britain, and excavated the caves of the former; and
the learned mathematician, Reuben Burrow, has no hesitation in pronouncing Stonehenge
to be a temple of the black curly-headed Buddha." {Anacalypsis, Vol. I, Book I, Chap.
IV, New York, 1927.)

Though it is generally believed that Columbus discovered America, it is now definitely
known to students of American archaeology that Columbus came late. Professor Leo
Weiner has written a three volume work, Africa and the Discovery of America, in which
he argues that the New World was discovered by Africans long before the time of
Columbus. Professor Weiner was led to this conclusion partly from the following
evidence:

1. African works in American Indian languages.

2. Vases and pipe-bowls found in the ruins of the Mound-Builders, showing
Negro faces on their surfaces.

3. The presence of African foods in America, such the peanut and the yam.

4. The totemic organization of the Amerindians tribes, very similar to
African totemism. (Totemism is a sort of primitive theory of evolution.
For instance, certain tribes are divided into clans, and each clan is, as a
rule named after some species of animal. Let us suppose a tribe is divided
into four clans, bearing the following names: (1) eagle, (2) Bear, (3) Crow
and (4) Wolf. A member of the Bear Clan will consider himself as
descended from bears, a member of the Wolf Clan will tell you that he is a
wolf and that all of his ancestors were wolves, and so on; this clan
ancestor being known as the Totem. There are numerous definitions of
totemism, the best I have come across being the following one by
Professor A. VB. Haddon: "Totemism, as Dr. Frazer and I understand it in
its fully developed condition, implies the division of a people into several
totem kins, or as they are usually termed, totem clans, each of which has
one or sometimes more that one totem. The totem is usually a species of
animal, sometimes a species of plant, occasionally a natural object or
phenomenon, very rarely a manufactured article. . . . The totems are
regarded as kinsfolk or protectors of the kinsmen, who respect them and
refrain from killing and eating them. There is thus a recognition of mutual
rights and obligations between the members of the kin and their totem.
The totem is the crest of symbol of the Kin." We see vestiges of totemism
in our political organizations; for example, the Democratic DONKEY and
the republican ELEPHANT. Baseball clubs present an even better example
of totemistic atavism; for instance, who has not heard of baseball teams
bearing such names as: tigers, cardinals, bears, bees, bisons, etc.)
Weiner's theories have not been kindly received by his colleagues.
Professor H. J. Spinden sneers sarcastically in the following condensed
extract from Culture, the Diffusion Controversy, pp. 53-54, New York,
1927:

"Professor Weiner solves the riddle of old American civilizations
with an Arabico-Mandingo lexicon and derives everything of
importance in the New World from the highly civilized coast of
Gambia and Sierra Leone. From brightest Africa came the
principal American food plants, the Mayan calendar and the
Mexican religion. It may be added that Professor Weiner swarms
his Negroes across the Atlantic in no less than fifty voyages before
Columbus."

The Indian was not the original American. Professor Ales Hrdlicka of the Smithsonian
Institution, as authority on the Amerinds, contends that the ancestors of the Indians came
from Asia via Bering Strait 10,000 years ago. American civilization is older than that.
The ruins of Tiahuanaco, in Bolivia, according to Dr. Rudolph Muller, a noted German
astronomer, are between 10,000 and 14,000 years old. The remains of this ancient city
show that it was inhabited by a highly civilized people. (See an article entitled "The
Oldest City in the World," by A. H. Verrill, in the N. Y. Herald-Tribune Magazine, July

31, 1932.) Excavations in Mexico have produced equally startling results. Dr. Maximus
Neumayer, a distinguished Brazilian archaeologist, in cooperation with a group of
Mexican archaeologists, has made a very thorough study of the pyramids and monuments
in the vicinity of Mexico City. He estimates the monument of Cuicuilco to be about
13,000 years old. An interesting feature of this structure is that it resembles the Assyrio-
Babylonian type of architecture, bearing a striking resemblance to the Tower of Babel as
it has been restored by the Assyriologists. Dr. Neumayer also examined the pyramids of
Teotihuacan, which he estimates to be 4,500 years of age. He thinks that these pyramids
were built by a people akin to the Egyptians; and from their arrangement, suggests that
they form a sort of model of the solar system, with a pedestal in the center, representing
the sun. We must also mention the discoveries of Professor Ramon Mena, Curator of the
Department of Archaeology of the Mexican Government. This scientist explored the
ruins of the great city of Palenque, and concluded that the ancient metropolis was built
over 10,000 years ago. He also found that the inhabitants of the city were familiar with
the manufacture and use of Stucco. The celebrated French archaeologist, Desiree
Charnay, unearthed statues around Mexico City, more than fifty years ago, with faces
showing Negroid features. Pictures of some of them may be seen in Ignatius Donelley's
Atlantis, pp. 174-175. Donnelly also has illustrations of two similar statues, one from
Palenque and the other from Vera Cruz. Finding that the Indians show both Mongoloid
and Negroid ethnic traces, Charnay justly concluded that the Amerinds were a mixed race
of both Asiatic and African ancestry. (See The Ancient Cities of the New World, by
Desiree Charnay.) We have perfectly reliable proof of the presence of men of the
Ethiopian race in pre-Columbian America. Father Roman, one of he first Catholic
missionaries to arrive in the New World, records that a tribe of black men came from the
south and landed in Haiti, and that they were armed with darts of guanin (a composition
of gold, silver and copper), and were known as the black Guaninis. "These might have
been the Negroes of Quareca, mentioned by Peter Martyr d Angleria, or some other
American Negro nation," asserts De Roo, "the like of which there were many, as we may
see in Rafinesque's Account of the Ancient Black Nations of America. Such are the
Charruas of Brazil, the black Carabees of St. Vincent in the Gulf of Mexico, the Jamassi
of Florida, the dark complexioned Californians who are perhaps the dark men mentioned
in the Quiche traditions and by some old Spanish adventures. Such, again, is the tribe of
which Balboa saw some representatives in his passage of the Isthmus of Darien in the
year 1513. It would seem from the expressions made use of by Gomara, that these were
Negroes." {History of America Before Columbus, pp. 306-307, by P. De Roo,
Philadelphia and London, 1900.) Spanish and Portugese explorers found colonies of
black men on the eastern coasts of South and Central America, and in Yucatan and
Nicaragua. De Roo quotes John T. Short, author of The North Americans of Antiquity,
New York, 1880, on the similarity of African and American languages, as follows — "It is
worthy of note that several eminent scholars have observed the remarkable similarity of
grammatical structure between the Central American and certain transatlantic languages,
especially the Basque and some of the languages of Western Africa." {History of America
Before Columbus, pp. 164-165.)

Most of us are familiar with the Mayan civilization of Yucatan and Central America,
since American archaeologists have devoted many years of intensive research to these

territories. Among the speculations concerning the origin of this culture, those of
LePlongeon and Raquena are the most valuable. Professor Rafael Requena, a Venezuelan
archaeologist, holds that there was once an island in the Atlantic Ocean, of continental
dimensions, known to the ancients as Atlantis, that this island was settled by Egyptians,
who in turn established colonies in America before the submergence of Atlantis. The
findings of Professor Augustus LePlongeon are of great interest. This Franco-American
archaeologist discovered the ruins of a palace in Chichen Itza in 1 874. He found in this
structure, known as Prince Coh's Palace, pictographs and inscriptions which he was able
to decipher. The story, as unraveled by LePlongeon, may be read by the student in Queen
Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx, where the professor gives his interpretation of the
inscriptions and reproductions of the pictographs. Mrs. LePlongeon's work, Queen Moo's
Talisman, might also be consulted. The story runs roughly as follows:

About 1 1,000 years ago, two brothers Princes of Yucatan, sought the hand
of the ruling monarch of the land, Queen Moo, in marriage. The brothers
were named Coh and Aac, respectively. Prince Coh was the successful
suitor; which so enraged Prince Aac that he stabbed his brother through
the heart with a stone knife, which, needless to say, caused his death. Then
Aac attempted to force Queen Moo to wed him. The Queen, rather than
submit, decided to flee to Atlantis. On reaching the coast she learned that
great earthquakes had submerged Atlantis beneath the sea; so she sailed
for Africa instead, and ended her journey in Egypt. There she was hailed
as Queen, and erected the Sphinx as a memorial to her slain husband.

The foregoing story sounds like a fable, but there is probably a core of fact in it. If the
Sphinx, with its Ethiopian face, is a memorial to an ancient Mayan prince, it shows that
the Mayas were of African origin.

Where flows the river Nile,
The queen found rest;

There once again her days
With peace were blessed.

Did Moo a giant Sphinx from
Out of the ground

Cause to arise, and
Thus Coh's fame renew?

Did she immortalize
Her consort true?"
{Queen Moo's Talisman, p. 65, by Alice D. LePlongeon.)

That Atlantis was connected with the history of ancient Ethiopia there can be little doubt.
The Greek philosopher, Proclus, stated in his works that he could present evidence that
Atlantis at one time actually existed. He cited as his authority The Ethiopian History of
Marcellus. In referring to Ethiopian history to prove the existence of Atlantis, Proclus
plainly infers that Atlantis was a part of Ethiopia. (See Cory's Ancient Fragments of the
Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and Other Authors, London, 1876. See

also, Maynard Shipley's New Light on Prehistoric Cultures and Bramwell's Lost
Atlantis.) Although there is scientific evidence that an island of continental dimensions
once existed in what is now the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, many students of the
problem of Atlantis have located it in other parts of the globe, particularly in Central
America and Africa. Count deProrok ways that Atlantis, in the dimness of antiquity,
covered the region now occupied by the Sahara Desert. Kirchmaier placed it in South
Africa and Froebenius in West Africa. In reviewing James Bramwell's Lost Atlantis, Mr.
Lewis Gannett states that: "The German anthropologist Frobenius definitely locates it in
Nigeria, whose ancient civilization he relates to that of the Etruscans and the Assyrians."
{New York Herald-Tribune, Mar. 3, 1938.) Doctor Froebenius found ruins of palaces,
terra cotta fragments and beautiful statuary in Jorubaland, a district in Nigeria between
the Niger River and the Atlantic Ocean; and he heard among the Jorubians legends of an
ancient royal city and its palace with walls of gold, which in the long ago had sunk
beneath the waves. The German scholar, Eugen Georg, is a keen student of the Atlantis
question, and the following remarks of his are worthy of our attention:

The new age that began after the disappearance of Atlantis was marked at
first by the world-wide dominance of Ethiopian representatives of the
black race. They were supreme in Africa and Asia . . . and they even
infiltrated through Southern Europe. . . . During the present era — that is the
last 10,000 years — the white race... has come to possess the world.
According to the occult tradition, Semitic peoples developed wherever the
immigrating white colonists from the north were subjugated by the black
ruling class, and inter-mixture occurred, as in oldest Egypt, Chaldea,
Arabia and Phoenicia." {The Adventure of Mankind, by Eugen Georg, pp.
121-122, New York, 1931.)

So far we have given little or no attention to the evidence of comparative religion. The
study of ancient religious history is important, for religion, like philosophy, changes but
slowly. Institutional religion, being conservative and static in its outlook, has preserved
much ancient lore that would have otherwise been lost to the modern student. The Greek
philosopher Xenophanes (572-480 B.C.), pointed out a profound truth when he observed
that the gods men worship very closely resemble the worshippers. In the words of this
ancient sage: "Each man represents the gods as he himself is. The Ethiopian as black and
flat-nosed the Thracian as red-haired and blue-eyed; and if horses and oxen could paint,
they would no doubt depict the gods as horses and oxen." This being the case; when we
find the great nations of the world, both past and present, worshipping black gods, then
we logically conclude that these peoples are either members of the black race, or that they
originally received their religion in toto or in part from black people. The proofs are
abundant. The ancient gods of India are shown with Ethiopian crowns on their heads.
According to the Old Testament, Moses first met Jehovah during his sojourn among the
Midianites, who were an Ethiopian tribe. We learn from Hellenic tradition that Zeus, king
of the Grecian gods, so cherished the friendship of the Ethiopians that he traveled to their
country twice a year to attend banquets. "All the gods and goddesses of Greece were
black," asserts Sir Godfrey Higgins, "at least this was the case with Jupiter, Baccus,
Hercules, Apollo, Ammon. The goddesses Benum, Isis, Hecate, Diana, Juno, Metis,

Ceres, Cybele were black." (Anacalypsis, Vol. I, Book IV, Chap. I.) Even the Romans,
who received their religion mainly from the Greeks, admitted their debt to Egypt and
Ethiopia. This may be well illustrated by the following passage from The Golden Ass or
Metamorphosis, by Apuleius. The author, as an initiate of the Isis cult is represented as
being addressed by that goddess: "I am present; I who am Nature, the parent of things,
queen of all the elements . . . the primitive Phrygians called me Press imunitica, the mother
or the gods; the native Athenians, Ceropian Minerva; the floating Cyprians, Paphian
Venus ... the inhabitants of Eleusis, the ancient goddess Ceres. Some again have invoked
me as Juno, others as Bellona, others as Hecate, and others Rhamnusia; and those who
are enlightened by the emerging rays of the rising sun, the Ethiopians, Ariians and
Egyptians, powerful in ancient learning, who reverence by divinity with ceremonies
perfectly proper, call me by my true appellation, Queen Isis." (Doane's Bible Myths,
Note, p. 478.)

A study of the images of ancient deities of both the Old and New Worlds reveal their
Ethiopic origin. This is noted by Kenneth R. H. Mackezie in T. A. Buckley's Cities of the
Ancient World, p. 180: "From the wooly texture of the hair, I am inclined to assign to the
Buddha of India, the Fuhi of China, the Sommonacom of the Siamese, the Zaha of the
Japanese, and the Quetzalcoatl of the Mexicans, the same, and indeed an African, or
rather Nubian, origin." Most of these black gods were regarded as crucified saviors who
died to save mankind by being nailed to a cross, or tied to a tree with arms outstretched as
if on a cross, or slain violently in some other manner. Of these crucified saviors, the most
prominent were Osiris and Horus of Egypt, Krishna of India, Mithra of Persia,
Quetazlcoatl of Mexico, Adonis of Babylonia and Attis of Phrygia. Nearly all of these
slain savior-gods have the following stories related about them: They are born of a virgin,
on or near Dec. 25 th (Christmas); their births are heralded by a star; they are born either in
a cave or stable; they are slain, commonly by crucifixion; they descend into hell, and rise
from the dead at the beginning of Spring (Easter), and finally ascend into heaven. The
parallels between the legendary lives of these pagan messiahs and the life of Jesus Christ
as recorded in the Bible are so similar that progressive Bible scholars now admit that
stories of these heathen Christs have been woven into the life-story of Jesus. (These
remarkable parallels are discussed and interpreted in a pamphlet, Christianity Before
Christ, by John G. Jackson, New York, 1938.)

The late Mr. Maynard Shipley, President of The Science League of America, made a very
scholarly study of the various mythologies and religions of the world, and in the
concluding passage of a brilliant essay, Christian Doctrines in Pre-Christian America, he
offers a profoundly thought-provoking statement:

That the ancient pagan creeds, legends and myths — part of the universal
mythos — should be found embodied in the religion of the ancient
Mexicans, and that all these again are found to be but the original sources
of the modern orthodox Christian religion, is by no means inexplicable,
and need not be attribute to the subtlety of the Ubiquitous Devil. The
explanation is that all religions and all languages of the civilized races of
men had a common origin in an older seat of civilization.

Where that original center of culture was is another story.

The evidence seems to show that the "original center of culture," referred to by Mr.
Shipley, was that vast domain known to the classical geographers and historians as
Ethiopia. A study of religious images throws much light on this early civilization. The tau
(T-shaped) cross is thought by many Christians to be a unique emblem of their faith. The
fact is that this cross is of ancient Ethiopian origin. In the words of an outstanding student
of symbolism: "The Ethiopic form of the tau is an exact prototype of the conventional
Christian cross; or, to state the fact in its chronological relation, the Christian cross is
made in the exact image of the Ethiopian tau." (Sex Symbolism. P. 9, by William J,
Fielding, Little Blue Book No. 904.) The cross was known to all the great ancient
nations, and was sometimes shown with the image of a man upon it. The Church Father,
Minucius Felix, writing in the early part of the third century, severely rebukes the Pagans
for their adoration of crosses: "I must tell you that we neither adore crosses nor desire
them; you it is ye Pagans ... for what else are your ensigns, flags and standards, but
crosses gilt and beautiful. Your victorious trophies not only represent a cross, but a cross
with a man upon it." Commenting on the preceding extract, the American scholar, T. W.
Doane, notes that:

It is very evident that this celebrated Christian Father alludes to some
Gentle mystery, of which the prudence of his successors has deprived us.
When we compare this with the fact that for centuries after the time
assigned for the birth of Jesus Christ, he was not represented as a man on a
cross, and that the Christians did not have such a thing as a crucifix, we
are inclined to think that the effigies of a black or dark-skinned crucified
man, which were to be seen in many places in Italy even during the last
century, may have had something to do with it. (Bible Myths, p. 197, 7 th
Edition.)

The same writer also refers to "the Mexican crucified god being sometimes represented
as black," and that "crosses were also found in Yucatan, as well as Mexico, with a man
upon them." (Ibid., p. 201.)

The numerous black madonnas and infants in European cathedrals are discussed in detail
by Sir Godfrey Higgins in The Anacalypsis, Vol. I, Book JV, Chap. I, to which the
interested student is referred. However, the remarks of Mr. Shipley on this point are
worthy of our attention:

Very suggestive is the fact that representations of the virgin mother and
infant savior are often black. This is true in the case of the paintings and
images of Isis and Horus, of Devaki and Krishna, and in many cases of
Mary and Jesus. The most ancient pictures and statues in Italy and other
parts of Europe, which are adored by the faithful as representations of the
Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus, reveal the infant draped in white, but
with face black and in the arms of a black mother. . . . How does it happen
that the Virgin Mother of the Mexican Savior-God so closely resembled

the Black Virgins of Egypt and Europe? Had they not all a common
origin?" (Sex and The Garden of Eden Myth, pp. 50-51, by Maynard
Shipley, Little Blue Book No. 1 188.) Mr. A. H. Verrill, an American
archaeologist, visited an Indian shrine in a small town in Guatemala a few
years ago, and found that on a special festival day Indians traveled to this
little church to bow down to the image of a Black Christ. From the
attendant ceremonies, Verrill judged the rite to be of Mayan origin, (see
Verrill's Old Civilizations of the New World, New York, 1938.) The
Mayas possessed knowledge of the arts and sciences equivalent to that of
the ancients of the Old World, but upon that we cannot dwell, since
limitations of space forbid it. The reader is referred to Professor Paul
Radin's fine book on the American Indians, where after surveying the
marvelous scientific achievements of the Mayas of Yucatan and Central
America , Dr. Radin admits that: "No excavations have ever revealed to us
any civilization of a simpler nature from which this very elaborate culture
could possibly have been developed." (The Story of the American Indian,
p. 77, Garden City, 1937.) Egypt and Western Asia tell the same story. "In
each case we have a standard or measuring-rod of authentic historical
record," declares Samuel Laing, "of certainly not less than 8,000 and more
probably 9,000 or 10,000 years, from the present time; and in each case
we find ourselves at this remote date, in the presence, not of rude
beginnings, but of a civilization already ancient and far advanced. We
have populous cities, celebrated temples, an organized priesthood, an
advanced state of agriculture and of the industrial and fine arts; writing
and books so long known that their origin is lost in myth; religions in
which advanced philosophical and moral ideas are already developed;
astronomical systems which imply a long course of accurate observations.
How long this prehistoric age may have lasted, and how many centuries it
may have taken to develop such a civilization, from the primitive
beginnings of Neolithic and Paleolithic origins, is a matter of conjecture.
All we can infer is, that it must have required an immense time, much
longer than that embraced by the subsequent period of historical record."
(Human Origins, by Samuel Laing, p. 30, London, 1913.)

Much more could be said on this subject, but since this essay is addressed
mainly to readers who have little time for the study of history, it must be
made as concise as possible. The numerous citations from standard
scientific and historical works, it is hoped, will be of some benefit to
students who are out of reach of large public libraries, or who lack the
leisure time necessary for reading and research along these lines.