Guide for discussion leaders

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Discussion
Lead^s

"-A

COPYRIGHT 1944

BY THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

Tlii& paniplklet is one of j tLcries niadt' iivailalile hy llie War
De|ifitrtiiK;jit (ind<,'T ihc ftcrius- lilU' G. L Rf'arnitabir, As tlif
general tillc iniliiritlee, G. /- Rvtiiu!tablr [junifjhlt^tt^ provide
mnterinl wliicJi orienlation. aad efhictttion (>f1icers inny use in
eandiirtinfr proup ^lTP<.*nftf=ifinfri nr r<iri]iiie afl part of an ofF-rlntj'
education pro^r^m.

The conlfint of eadi puinjjhltrt has hem approved by tlic Hiti-
loHeaE Servi<"e B*>arrl of the Ann'riH:an Hfptnrical AfipocJaHon.

tt AR DEPARTMENT

WnsSiin^rinn 25, D, C, 26 Jiiiie 1944.

EM 1^ C /x RoiindiabU-c Guide jftr Dinrnssirtn F.^*^ticr,-i is puh-
lifihed for the information of ull eom'emrd,
[A.G. 3W).7 (26 June 44)]

BV UHDKK OK I HK yKCRKTARl OK WAR:

G. C MARSHALL.

Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL J

J- A, I LIO,

Major Ccnrrnl

Thp Mdjniani G^'ntTfil.

DISTRIBUTION: X

(Acliliiioiial ropiris ^linulrl he refriiipitinitefl froiii USAFI, Madi*

son, Wief^oii^iii, or Tienrest Over&<ia Braiuli. i

Guide for
Discussion Leaders

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

L VVhy discussion groupE in the Army? 1

II. Stimulating inter'eftt. ,..,,,..... t 7

III. Choosing aubfects i. H

IV. IHow to l«ad dlttus»ion 13

1 . Informal diituiiiort group, . _ . . _ , . 14

a. Pan-*1 df«UMlan :23

3, S[ngl8-ip«aker forum - 34

4- DI<l|O0U* , . _ . 4. 4. 1 4 « 4 4.W ■ I ■ , - I- 4 ■ - - I L 36

5. SKmpgilum . . ^ > ^7

i. Debala 7?

7. Qu«*1lqn box 39

V. Gr«iip dltc^Bii^n in Itolot^d uhtfi r r m,. ^^

VI* Checlcins th« results 4 S2

VIL Reference mci'terials 34

GUIDE FOR DISCUSSION LEADERS

^ "f ^

I. Why discussion groups in the Army?

Ohfp ie an Antij' of citizens Iraiiied mi democratic ways. It Ib
riiadf.- up i}i mm] ^iluraleJ nl {nihViv rs^^lioolb <iiiij univemtiea^
fisperi<:iice-d in liusiateea and profesBionn] life, accu^tonietl to
r^iulin;^ ncw£pap«^rfl and maf^Azuies and to Jra^in^ ^nt Iji>i:>k6
from public libjflrjee. TJicy li-av^ Jislenc-il lo rallio oOmrii^titatO^^S,
attended and taken jjart in fonimST signed pcUtio»J$, m^ri joined
caus^. Tb^y are Anieri^^n erlizen^ who ^^^ used to asking
rpiestione and to holding opinions alionl everyihin^ th-al touches
lli<?ir hvcp,

Whether llieir o|)iiiii>nd »re weU roimdecj or uot^^ tliey exprt^s
th«an freely. To llit? extent tlant thpy do not have facts from
whicli !o draw concliigions, llicir opinioiis are intely lo be un*
Houiid. If thej lack facts, their morale may be weakened hy
LLiLcer Lai lily tilimit the |airp02^ei<i and proltahle regiiltfi of the com-
bat for which they are so highly trained.

One of the most effective ways of making it po&sihJc for men
lo ptl at llie facia and lo prepare themr^elvert for ihe problems
ihat await them ab -i-itiKenH after the wa.r is to ntake it poBsible
for them to take part in informal discns^ion ^oiipe or forums.
Such (liseussioiir! afford a chance In cherk information and to
compare aiid leM OliJ opiljiiniS-

This pftmjdilet tells how to ttr^^vi'ize dif^cussion groiipr^ fihd
forums thai will serve thi* impnTrnnt educational piirpfwie,

I

Tli<^ objertjref* of a iliwusfti-on program in llift Army uTti
i. To fiiriiieh infumiLiJioiii, tkol otlierivi.^« ;iVcMLljk}>le Lra troops,
on intemtilJoiiHl, iktttionj^l, r<>iiu]jtiiijly, aji<I persoiml |tcob-

2, To tr^m intn in <Iemocr^1k mClhc-ds of sliidying and eolv-
ing community^ »atio»iiil, and inieniatiun^l probieme,

5. To offer men opportunity for orderly (-iKoliautErf^ and adjuat-
mciit of individital opinions on public jesues of contempo-
rary inip^rtani.'*'.

4. To Eitreii^tlien ninralc by aH^ivliiifi; men lo ret-o^iizo, ana-
iyze^ and iindert^tanil probleiiie tbal otLt«rwisL' may trouble
and ronfuH-t: iliem^

Warning? It is important thai :»ll f»ffirerp wlip ^rr piv^n or
who aaautne respoiu^ibilily For ori^anrzin^ or for leanlin^ Army
discussions interpret tbe tliinl nbjectivu wttli tMire. in pbni^in^
tliie olijc'clive ibo t^mpbasis lias hotn pJy*u'J di'labt'ralfly upmi
indivuluai opinioni;. U h desirnl ibat offiitially eonjueted off-
duty diftriiKSionH jillejnpl neidier lo iTidot'lrinate men willi a
parti<udar puint of view nor lu Teail them to any type of at^tion
flU4!b aa pa^iiing; resolutiuii?-^ iitjtialin|^ pt^lition^ or otli-t^rwise
crystallizing a group opinion. The purpose of ilie nn^etin^
gbouh] be that of olTerinfr infirrni-ation and providiiifr opportunity
for study. The leader fihonid nteel his proiip wiib ibe attitude
of an educator, rjoi with ibal of a propagaiidiBl.

IL Stimulating interest

For «>nic lime discuefiicin .pjonpp nnd fonjme of one type or
another bave be?n an active part of oJf'duty eduralion in many
Army Ciimps and comniynds. The ?iiccc&5 and per^islt^nct^ of
many of the^c ^roiL]i-^ Tnal^e it abviuUK Lbul llii^ i^ n kiiul of
ai!»ivity in wbieh many Artny men are iuLGrested. Reeeareh
studies within ibe Army have found pergonneJ to be (equally
iniere^ted in di&eussin^ problems related tf» the war and prob-
lems related In the home front.

It is to be expected- howrvi?r, ihat a relatively HTual! propor-
tion of any organization will show euBtained interest in nrgan^
ized di&cusflion us a phase of the off-dnly edui^otional prugram*
For those who are intereeled^ there is no better way of strenglh-
ening their iin Jeretanding <>r the war ami conaequently their
morale tlian by mental exerciBe on aigjiificaul and w^i^tli-while
questions. Their min-de, in any case, will be in<]iiinTL;£ und activ*.
ThifikiJi^ troiibleEoni? probleniB thronf^b wiU felr^njitheii their
^uQ^] iniiriil4?- Thai, in tuni, i^ Kkely to h&t^ome conta^ouB and
to hftve fi ^oo-fl effef^t up<»ih the OLorale of otht^r^ who da not join
in the dm-uBsioTi ^ronpa.

Any military personnel may waul to join vnluiiiary -diseuas-ion:
nffit'iirw, warrant oRirers, enliwied men, WAC |jerdonnel, or nurKi?-»,
Groups niaife np of all these clae&ea of indiTiduale have heen
BcicceBsfully organized. The decision whelhirr tu limit attendance
lo one or niorr nf thej<ri^ Har^Ke^ muftt be made in li^ht of local
i;on(l]tJonri wilhin tlie t:oniniand. It ia not inipikMr^ihle af^i thctt
civilians who work and live a\ an Amiy po*l may want to join
in organized diftcnwaion- In ni«sl inHiaitres, it is preferable for
llieni In have llitrir own group; Ijiit a^ain in ihis matlt^r the local
Bttnation will rule, ^'hiilevcr drcieion is niadt: to limit attend-
ance should bo Laken wiKb die purpose of <:r^aling favorable
ccjodilhrtiB for freedom and informality in. dis<;n5sion.

To organize .1 ftuccept^fid ^^is^'lfwion pr^np it id CMcnttal ^f*
delermiiie, iir&t, tli'^ quewtionB iHal the men will w^inl to diemwa.
The J^pt^'ial interests of the men at the time of i»rganizinrr tlie
fir.^t ineelingB in particular nhust be taken into account. Rpohote
and acadcfiaic topics will misfire; topics of inimcdrate con-ct^m
to llu' m(?n will enahle ihe leader lo rearh liia objective, (See
SecMon Til, Choosing eubjei^ts.)

An.oflicer responsible for organizing a voJiuitary diseusfliou
group is advjecd to do more tlian annniince that at 1930 on
Tlmrsday tlmre will he a meeting of inlere&ted personnel to
nrganizt* diNc:nj«fiinmi nf cum^nl and postwar isenes. The leader
or sponsor of the p^np shoidil do ^nme spade work iirat^ The

FIRST DO SOME SPADE WORK

fullimaii^ (kvi^-^.-Ei wjJI }n-l|> Jiliii 'it-u-riktiiiv lfc*jw mi^ij^ l>tTf^nj^
are iiileresleiJ aiaiJ -wliul riiihjci'lr^ lli^^y w(hi3M Jike 1o l^ilk :i)>oiiL

be (Tuickly g>r^-jjLLn.Ml mml iiiijijc<>^riij^|ji.-4i. Il f^lioiilU <'ont;iiT» Iwn
ty}>eE^ nf (|iieMii>iJi^. I'lhc hrEsL will iiu|uiri; wIji^IIk^p llie luoii aire
i]ik-n.':sl(^d ill an irjrjHirlitiaih lo ilif^L^iie^ under tnfurincil IrailcTe
eiibjeclti having In ilfi ^villi war mttl ji-i»^lnar jirul) kiii-.^ : wtietlit^r
they would |>n'rer In hear un e\|5erl j^^avt a short tnik on llic
pnddeja^ In lie IVdlo-^vci] h^ qiii-siioii^: or >vheiht-r ihey wii-iihl
prefer siniply lo hriir s^iei-iLd leiiiirers. The wi'ond type nf t\i\e^
tioji Vk^ill eEideiivnr lu dir^riiver iJili-rerils ni ^iterlfir r|ijestioiiti.
Three v^ayn^ of ireuiii^ ihL-* iiiriiriniiliriti nn- .'^iij^jieslciL Oin^ i^ to
let ihe men iimkr ;i free rlioire hy wriliiiw ihe ?4iil>jerls* ihey
w-onid choose oii t^everjl Idiiiik tiiie>« ruMowinu j HhitenienI liko:
■■'On t]iv Viiu^A liclin-^ urilc \ln^ ^iidfjrrr," whli-h y^tn nnidd (iki^
Lo disruKT^," A seroiid \\:9) iy In li^iit a du^^eii or ttK^ro .-^iibJrL-l!^

4

. I

CAMP X
Current Affairs Forum Questiounaire
It ie propcwed to organize a current affairs forum or dia-
cuseion gtoup for interested personnel to meet one evening
a week. You can assist the officer in charge to plan a pro-
gram of th^ greatest interest to the greatest number of men
by checking the answers to the questions below;

L Would you like to know more about current affairs?
yea □ no n

2. Which of the follovring melhoda of learning aboui current affaira
would you prefer? Chetk one.

n Speech by an authority, followed by queadon period.

G Speech by an autborily, without a question period.

Q Informal diacuesion of current affaire under trained leaders.

3. Check below three subjects which you personally would be most
interested to discuss or to hear discussed:

National Affairs: Jnternational Problems:

□ Plans for postwar employ- D Colonial policies

ment D Lend-lease

□ Problems of small business □ Price of lasting peace

□ Social security □ Propaganda in wartime
Q Universal military training

Personal Affairs: Enemies:

G Educational opporlunilies fur Q Germany

ftoldiers D Japan

D Marriai^e in wartime d What aboul the War Crim-

\^ Effect of working wives on inale?

postwar employment

Allie-*:
Q Russia
n China

n Britain and the British
n France
G Balkans
4'. Suggest below .^uhjectri in wbii:b you are interested but which
have not been mentioned under item No, 3:

( Namr )
(Grade and Organization)

FIGURE I.

5

eelefted from aTnoiig ijiternalionr^h national* community, and
prreoiial prolileintt. After t^ach euhjtxl a blank ie |>rovi43ed, Tlie
inatmi^lion accompanying: the Iret should t^t^h tht^l from three
to five choices be checked, A third vay is to coTiibine ihe fwo
li^eLh<ida ahove. Below the chei^k list the man may he aeked to
write ATI blank hnes any enhjeet in which he n interested, but
whit^h ha? not heen iiieliideJ in the liat. For a BuggeeH?d quea-
tionnaiTo see Figure 1.

Tlie leader (officer or (?nlisied man \ |>re|>arirtp the qne^^tion-
nairc will deride- whellier lie wil] pel more i>iitheijltc infornialion
from the nhen hy having the cj un^eti on n aires iinsi^ned. The disad-
vnnlu^e of iiJ^iiig unsized qitesitiojiiijiire^ ir^ that au opportunity
i* lost to eecure the name» of interested individualB.

2, Announeem^'nl: Once the plan^ for hohljn^ a meeting are
made, interest may he ttliimdaled or m-iintiiined by ajinounce-
menlB iu the camp newBpaper, over the loc^I hroaih-astiufr sys-
tem, on «]idi.^$ dnrhig^ movie showings, or at forni^tivns. Such
annouiieenierUs ar-e useful whether they deal viilh preliminary
meetings to determine ^roup intereslj^ orwilli information about
the lime, place, and snhjet-t of a S|>ei^ific discussion ihat has been
decided upon.

3» BulleliJi koarils: An ohvione vay to ^timiilale interef^t in
discussion j;roup5 — proposed or abeady funrlioniug — is to
maintain well-located bullelin boards. Poster?, niapa, newspaper
clippingft, and photographs should he effectively arranged, A
clearly printed heading which give* the discussion subject can
he uscA to tie the whole exhibit together.

Aiiutlicr Ifullehii Jioanl device as ta nidkc ii litil of inlri^j^uin^
qit^^hojie ^vhit'li arc huiainl lo cviue ii|j ilurisij; ihv difiriist^joiu
Arr^iigt ittf^ni immI^t soiiu? sutJi he«(-(|iiig ae '^Po ypu ever witii-

dcT - — ?'' and plat*? j j^Id^^t heltiw like **C'>me 10 iind giel

the aiiawer^."

Material on bulletin bourclfl ^]ioii]i1 be repil^r])^ -t'haiiijecL
Biall^liii hourrlg on wliij^h c^hihils arc Jiol 4.'on^tai]t]y oliihn^^^
arc of Jio viihie wlf^iii^iirvt^n

Yoii ilo iiol huMV- \o (Ji&t^jirjl llie itleu of |><JHten; anil m;i|it;
because yrui fr^ii]>oi rer]tiisili<kik |Ik?iii. Honaeinade otiee- -thtTc'e
at least one fair :irlEKl in every nntiil — uri* oFtrji niorp iiitereet-
pro-vokiii|x lliiiii profe^^iocinl jtroiliietions. Every uf^^re^^tiuii of
men foJJow^ with jnterest ihe rrcutioiiK of Jts members.

4- Moviei^; Filing lalinwii in ibc Ansiy often leave iinanftwerefl
qiif^tiont^ in the jniiiil^ itf die umlieiire. Tlie le^^lcr <^^n c-ap^tsJize
upon lliet^e by l>niin|r tin- iliHCUt^duin uf n ]>artioijlar i^Eie ini-
mediulely sifaer llio t^liiiwiiif- nr u t^liinnLitin^ filui. For exjiinple,
'The Baille dT Knfiftia" in tin- ''W]iy We Figlit" fcerieji nia\ stimu-
late a livrJy ilisin^jo]! uii ihn |nislWLir ;»H|>ir;ilions of llie U^S.S^R.

r-^

ONt GOOD ARTIST
IN EVERY OUTPIT

-^^^

Fdfl^

MOVIES OniN LEAVE UriAN^WERED QUESTIONS
IN THE MINDS Of 1HE AUDIENCE . . .

Similarly G, L Movie releaw^rt often jtroviilc |jn>vocative dip-
nisfion rriiiJ.irriul; G> I. I\1i>vir J^elea^e No. 15 4-<>-nlniiir^ a ^^L'ticm
iiJIi^d ''Tlir Duli'li TriLJilJou/' A^hidi mny Ij»^ "f*iid si* ^ Bl^it-ting
potJil lor Lalkijj|^ ov^t wluit i^luMjlfl l>& ilfitu^ ^ihoiit r-oloiii^.'s in thit

5. Exliibil:^ of liouk^ unil periiulH<al?i: LibriiTJuJiH- kno^ how
Id ;4rranur rvlill->i|s for liic piirjiot^e of ^iji^^ostin;^ rciHlilii^ In llit'
jneii. Shrtilitr eitlii]>il:^ reLiteil lo ii Buhjerl rlu»s«i for di^iLsbioii
may he arrmif^^ed Uv the leader with lln^ Iielp fif a ItJiraridti aiiil
ran l>e tsel up id eirlitr library or fler\ire i-liib- By siigt^twling
preliniTiiury ^r:£ll1i]l^^ i'\]taliilf^ will not i>iily ^l.iimilatc in1.er<^l in
tin :iiniiiii]irt;il Jitii^ii^r^ioii, but will also load ti> niort julornied
di»riie.siGn on tb(^ pari of g^ronp nK'mJHThf wbo do eouie read-
ing. The exhibil^ \UmI in whli dtM-n.s[^i(Mi pbin^ by inran^ of atl
iirreelin^ |n>r4l<'r ar r;ml, inn br iFt^rd rrlbtT lo |jrniitfhlt- llir idejt
of ^ronj^ diK:ii.'^ioii or it parliridiir iiifl'<'hPi^; llm' bii^* botii an-

iiciiincc^d- Tlie aflvanlagefl of library or service eluli eKhibits of
Jiflokg and period ir.i Is arc two. These esliihils are fleeii by ]arp«
numbers of men when thejr niiiuU are relaxed ajid receptive.
Second — itnd llirs h purlicnlarly irue of libraiy cxhihiu — ihey
are seen by officers ami men wlio have sufficient mldlcclnal
interest lo search for reading niateTials. Among ihb type of
personnel are foiinc) ihf ijnlivi(]ijiul:4 who will most de«ire U>
take pari in disfwsgioii.

6. OrganiKiti^ eoniniilleeB; EtiIict before promoting a vol-
utitstry Jiaeiisflion gro-up or very soon after llie initial publicity^
it nt^iy be an evcelleiDt plan imdor mtnie ri renin stances- to invite
a half dozt'n oHieerH mtti men to form an or^iniizin" ccknlmill(H^
The purpose of lifivinLr t^neli li coninnltiL'o is to start tht:* ^roiip
off with ibe estnlilisbed policy of hbtvJiip memlier^ of the ^rthup
delemtine their own progr;im, Mori* Hiislaiiied intereril in any
vfiluittiiry ucl]viiy is often secured If ibe parljcipanis Lave a
share in deciding ile nielhods and specific ohjcclivcs. The sug-
gestion for the Indnsion of I>olIi officers and cnli^icd men is
made becaiis*; it Uma been found by experien*^ thai free dis-
CDSsion on a common ^onnd by both ^dd^ greatly to the inler-
CBt in the activity. OfG.L-erH wbo join witli enlisl-ed men for this
purpose must act as fellow irnpilrerK if the full benefit of such
a joint activity is to be ntlained.

Nalurally care muM he e^enified in the election of men in-
vited to form ihe cuinmittee. Il is preferable to invite thci^^e
wliii mav have already CAprensed InlereAi in ibe prograrn. it
■will assist the work of the committee ]f (*ome of ihem have bad
experience on similar committees in prof<;^ional, biiHine^:^, OT
eonnnunily life. Each one ^should ideally have two ebaracter-
ieties. Hi? intellecliial interests sKonld be aueb tbict be T<^iili&e«
the impf>rtQni^e f>f a -ilixenry informed on pnbJic issues and lliat
be iiiid^rr^i^rid^^ the vaJiK" of diEcu^sjoji n^ a method of fttudy*
HW p^r&onality ^honld be on« lliat %>ill eimhle him Ut ?^]l the
program 1o other men willi ^hom he i? a»^J^ori<itcd.

7i Peri^onul invilnlMiJig: LWiiHj h h po^sjhle to discover
wJicil iriiiivldiJtiis are likely l«> have sj>CLi*ii intert-'Bt in foninis
and dieciisBiuii groiij)g. Interesl fjiieHti^iiiridire:*. if sigjieJ, wiil
give one clue, Cas-nal convcrsalion niiiy offer anolher. McmLera
of audi a conimiltee as tliat [leacribeil iibovi.' &lionld be able tH>
^ufjply niinic.3 of olher jjersojis aleo. Tlie nlli(;cr or cnl:glcd man
wbo 18 or>;(]Tii»lng llic propriini woiiFd tlo wel3 lo jol down any
oanies he ie iible to eeiriin; in iho ctiiinsr wf bi^ laorniiil eniitaets
wilb i}th(^rrs. BoUi leader am] ruinmittee nieiuher^ ran .slinnilitte
Ihteresl hi the ih(-eliiig» by i^^iiing {>rrji;onaJ iiivFljilione lo i^tteitd.

111. Choosing subjects

ChoDFiin^ RiibJETlK for fornm.^ i>r rlih^iiii^aion ^roiipN la a rrilreaT
pari i»r <ir^£iiiizi]i^ llie Jtelivily, No naallt^r w}i;il njt-lJiod oft^eleel-
ing siibj4^(-tf« is jdo|)UH^ it mIhmiIiJ ree^iiJl in :i ehoiee wbieh will
hold llnf izroup together, Tbr liMiler may have tn jniml e|je(.'i*ii^
fiubjrcts wbidi \iv. persuiia.lly hclieves art^ iiiipor!;iru fur the men
to disi'UJW. He shoiibl rcmcmlii^r. Iiowcvcr, lliiil he is. projuoliiig
a voiimtary arliviiy. Hi- ne^^dis In iind siibjt-i:!^ ijj>oii whicli he
cnn expect to ni^ke :i ftiiei^e^T^ful i^tarl. Once the ^roup is orgstii-
izcd, he wiJI have the opportunity of aelliii|^ g-uhjects for which
ihe iriemher^ — if .!)p|)roarbeil 'Void" diirinj; ibe drvrlDpincnt
period — mi^bl cx|jress lillle rnthu^i^i^ni.

One caution Ih to be (ihnerved m cboosinp snbjtctK No snhjert
will le:ul to a Viduidkle rlitieussioii iinle^ Uie eK^^eiilial farts are
jtviiihd)I<; to the ^roiijiL Limit, llienj. the rboice of Ruhj-ects either
tn thowe for ivliirh itilnqualr- rcfiTiMire miiteriiils arr at b^nrl, or
lo ihoRe fnr whirh .^ome available e?t|)erl can supply llie fartn aL
the meeting, Uiileni? tbi» eaiiUon in- observed, JiBciieEiOij nieeL-
infE^ srK: IJk-t-ly lo fail in tb^ir pnrpo^K; and may end .in hickertng
iLaI ri^artft UipfaTorably upon nionifrr h foilowf* ihiit trivial and
}ii|s;bly pers^tidl snlijeKM thiil mi^y l^ail la a ""'gripf: a&^ion'^ ^re
1o l>r f!liidiou5;ly avoided.

n

1- Aiialvsi^ iif iiitrri>l i|iM>->htifrnii^'tirf^!^: Tlikimint' iiH|n»rt:uil
iisr of \\\c (jii<>Miii:riJitrr ili^c-ritk'tJ cMrliir. In mimi iji;^ 1 In* ^ oti>
for ijucj^lioiijii (-lic'L'knl ar liiiitcLl [iy \]tf riiL-ti. Ii \4jll \tf iK^lpriii
to rearrange them iu tlie ortler t)( \}ii:(vTvncr. an iiidiciitcJ by
Ihe ijumlier of votes rei-eivei.l Ity cacli. The liMtJcr can lliurt
gel a Tow^U nicj ot llie peiieral inlerersi of lii."^ pnmj>- Tlie
^)>e-citie i^iibjcrlj^ Ifrcf^rrpJ isiEt liel|f liiui ilrli-nniiie whether.
ii] thi? niiiiii^ l3u' jji^ji iin^ mlrn'^t^'fl in rurrt'iiL \^iir ttr in |m>^I-
Var iiiii"filr*>ntf, wliHfuT lliey \>'insl I" ilifiiiM :iijl>iiTlt^ tti uiili-
Tar'y. leilrriKilioimL ii^)iiori;il. I'oiiuinini-ly. or |H'rH»ifciil inipi^rL

All :ki]«llV-r^l^ i>\ lli<> sitI will lit^ ]ii-l|i| III jiisii Ut n t>Vt>'^rnw\

eun-miithH', lit u^iii*^ llu- :iii;i]vsi.^ ii t^ tuA ut-t-<^.^2\ty Ti^^ ilu^
leittl^r «»r Lis r.nnmilt*'-e, if lie \\i\^ one. In i-Iioo-^u^ l:lii>#e aiih-
jpels ufhrfi li:i\*' fhr I.Tr»jrfil nuniln'^r af vohv. Tli.- d;i1^fe from
the qiie-^liuiiiiJiFn.' iiijiy be iiscfJ riitVuT ^k ;i jruj^Jf ^^^ rji,* run^r
oi iiilerf'jil lliey (3i!4|)Liv- The i-lioire nf <|iiej^!ioii^ for ili^'iit;-
F«ioii must Inkc itilo arrinini I he ;i\:iibhi1iiy iif rrlerenei'
jii^li'ri:^ fnr f^liirly. llii' i^rii'si'^rm* rii rhr riiiiiriKiiut oi' ^iiihil^le
expjTlfi. Mu- jqjil^ineni (if' \\tv liMih'r :ir]d lii> ('"iiimiittee, rhe
puhijcs of tJje coniiiJ;inilin^ ofRrer. ihe- lini^Jliu'-ris iif the juth-
Jecta r4iitfj^^eJ*le(L iinfl ^iniilsir eoii*i'lenUiniJS_

2. Vrn-tmnt i-mnniUwr: ll ha- iilrrinly lieni sire^^il Hi^n
iiUeresl itijiy he t^thitiil^ileil \t\ u^'vw^ iin i>r«£.^iiiiKiiif: i-flkiJiiiiillre.
If d evmniiiU.'r le iit^ivL ilir hesl iviiy lo j]K<kr h i-ffiTlivf i.-* Iti
five it Hir i^jiecliic juh of jihinniii;; ihr jtro^r:iin. iljc iiiiriw
hcrtt ran eviiininn llit^ iliiUi ^-rcurril h> ll>c Icnih-r frciin ititen-j^l
qiH'^1 11)1111 iiire^ uTtrl 4-;ui athl tlii'ir ii>ui iileas iihoiiF. lite (irffrr-
etu'e»^ of Jiii'ii ulru arc Jikcly In iblH-iiil ihj^ ]ii4'i'Itii<^«. Vf iht'
coiniiiittetr i^ r;ilU'(i hs^rcifn-r i-;irK. it i';ni ;i>wisl Ui llhe |ire|KLr:i"
tioii of the i|i9e.<-riojii];ifre, lite ruriariiillee ran -.tJ-nt rh-lrrnnin-
what use shall he mjttle tiH t■\|^fn^: whal r'\p('rlfl riiiy he
avaihihle: wlft-llit-r Id |i]:u> !^iii;i[1 ami ini^oriiuil jli^eiiK^i-iiiii
^ron|»K. Liri»*'i- foniiris:. or |>,iii«'l Jisnl^^^ii^Hkt; iilieri ami i^h^n-
the ni^f^liiigiK will hr ifflil? ^vli.'lhcr "ir);ilH meetini^^ or a eeried

■ ^■'••-"■' . 12 . ..' '"■ .■■■■"■

aliuiild be ptaiiiEed. If ii Beriew \a setilr<l Ti|ion. the rEirujuillee
can select >i lille fur !i likr ''(Ujaiii Blank roruiti^" or ^'G, L
RovuuhdlAer

3. PhrHMn^ ihp i|ii«>Blinii : \^^Iipij a inp'ir h;ni he^n ri&ci^^'^
upon, il ifi hn|i"rhint l<> |ihniM- ii ^ih ;i ilm-iirtsjiblp que^lion,
Such a rjnejilioii wtII cItmw <Ltteiifton ?^liar|jl}' lo a major is&iie
ciRgocialerl with tlir topir. Most Mirh (jii!i?slinns t^hoiild iink for
ii "yes'' or a '^lo" EinKwer. For exmiiple^ aw^nme thai the
Aiibjecl for ^tiscn^ioji i& the type of erntmiiiic :in<l poFitical
eyatem lh«l miiy enierge in Franre after ihe war. A i(it>ical
l>hra:ei»^ «f ihie r^ighjrrl lik<? '*"Pf>rtlwar branre" irt ri'lalively
iininterei^liii^ iin^l rerl^tinly mJi^fih-n* iin ilisi-nt^ublt^ Ipsik:. The
<|ueEtion. ^^^ ill ihe Fr«irh Re]>iihli<^ live a^ain Y" makef* ^
better pliri*"^insr H intiir^ llii> jiiarplifilin^ of fttrlG al>ont
J^eneh Bc^knomy itM-fl politi(<^ nmuTif] ihc iifTirinulivc jtnel ne^;i-
tiv^ positions which may be taken wilh respecl to ibt (juee-
tion. Sometimes a Irinlcr n>jy be lempH'il to phruse his
<|neMion !4o a«^ merely In ^nk for jnl'f>riii;b1ii>ii: "What gort of
government for postwar Fraiiee?" Tliis lype of tfiiestjon may
oecasionaDy appear appropriflle, biii ii is never ;ik gtrmig n
sprin^bnarfl frnm whirli to laimrh a <lisci)(»ion as a qnestion
thai points the iineiu' clearly.

IV. How to lead discussion

GniLip (li§eiii^iini ran be or^^nnKC-rl iih :i nnnil>er of (UfTereni
wayih. Tli-e^ nielluxls ii8ef1 tn a <^]\e]i eoniniand will ilepend
upon the local situation as jinl<;e(l by the IniHviihial who
1ake»4 the lead h» ibe planning. In niitf nntt^ gmnll and in-
formal discnssion ^roupta may be preferred, with Iit1?e use
of public epeakere. In aaiother. ihc jjopnlar American fonim
for a lar^c andiencc may hf- der*ire<l.

St\ rommrtn rnethoilfi of discn&eion Jire rlcecribeilp ll is
recommended thai the leader r^tinly iu puiiiriihir what h said
ab^tfl lufprninl r|i^;nt=*t*Ttirjf Eveji if rtne of fhp mnre formal din-

13

CuftsioJi fiieUin^ h chosen n& siiilaMe far use iu a jipveri romnmnil^
ntauy of die t^ugge^iions for coinliicliDg infitniiaE fiiseuBBioufi will
he found applicable to tlie panel, tLi<? forum, niu\ the t^ympn^^iiini
metliod^.

1, [nformal discussion ^roiip: Uiiclcr thou^litfiil jjkI elTec-
live leadership inroniul <IiKniKt!iii>n is the h<^st of all methods of
sitliiJiiing tlie objeclives oiitliiied in Section I. This is Iruc bi;-
canse the smull iiiiil iiifornml group encoiiraj^ea parlidpatioii by
every mOmb^r. Maximum IcuriiJu^ tif facts and exchange of
■viKWpojntft lE^ p-9»^ibl<.\ Morale is JntiJt up in eat^h indivi Jiml
%vho fi^elfl he ha^ had n direi.t *^liwrc in the proeeeJin-^. Furthor-
lEiore, the beet way to learn ia hy J^iiif^. If, ihorcfore, one of
the goals of diHcii^i^ion is- triLiuin^ in e:K|de)riit|r furu and opinioiis
related to impoFlanl puldic. issii-cs, Jtifonaiai discussion i^riHipa
will provide this traiiniij!; for a miirli larg4!r proporlioii of group
members llian the? more formal mclJLods suitable when uttenJ-
ance ia large.

Informal diEcus»!nn groups may profilJibly be limlicd Jii size.
<iive and tukc of question and opiiiiim between all memhcrs
normally will not be attained in a mcetiurr of riucIi more than
twenty or Iwcnty-five jkersona. Fifteen or sixUren i« an ideal size,
tli9nfj;li only six or eight are needed for a lively discue&itan- fn
order to tttlaiu a desired ei^e, it i^ oftt^n prcieti<;al to orf^^nize
two or more groups whi('h racci at different times or phicea. At
a lar^e Ciimp whi^re distances are ^reat it is a good idea lo hold
several meetings at \arious localronfl which will enable pc-rsoniicl
to attend widiout having to walk lon^ distanrcB-

A good leader can make big ceutributiona to the fiiieecss of
infiirmal discussion^. If be is tui:lful and friendly in personality.,
he will probably be able to draw ont the best in the men who
make up Uie grcn^p. It is a very helpful thing in a lively discus-
sion tu h-avc a tolerant leader wlir> accepts a participant's npinion
as Homotbing to be considered thous^htfidly instead of jiinipiii^
in at once to refute a view diat disagrees with \ih own-

u

Th-e leafier zilicnjlil ht: *il»Jr to think cfitirkly iijid to cxpre&s.
liiniM^ir dr-iirly ami nltti i'mnimi)^ of worcJs iinil lijn<^. TF lir luijs
H LToo-il Aenne of liTrnior^ Ihe will be iiMe lo e^ise leiieioii from time
In time hy jul^iii^ rt^fiiiirW. The heUcT he hkes Iifh job iinil the
(h't'peF hi.'! ttilpref^t in JJn-; ^iilijeel utiikrr ili^rii^'^inni^ the inoro
ftiicreesr«l \\n-r wliolc cilli^ir is likely lo he. Tli,ii of eoiirae does
ni>t tii^stn lliiii lie fihciiihl ;Ml"oj»t flrt fiijr <>f nriifi^ii^l lirnr1Jne&&,
hill ritlh^r iftiil hf^ shi^iild ]i:lv<.- ji ^c-miitit; frio^ndly 'jnU^rcM iii WtA
j»roajp inif! it>i |)nihlrin=i. Siifh i% li'juler will ■waul t-o feel eoii-
fidi-Til. ot }kiriiK<']r ill liisiHMiitj* iho |t:»rtiruljtT* (h^cii^inn let'tinifjiu-
that 19 nsecl^ and Im ^viil want lo he as famillnr na jxtt^ihle wrtli
ihr Kuhjw^l ihat i.^ (-Iidhj^ti fiir enidy.

Tli^rse nijiy fii^cru very liiph qualiiiealioiiH, hnl at ir a rare i^f»ni-
iii^inil lliiet ivifl iiul procliu'r^ in;iny incii ivhrh rjn meet iheni.
jMorenver, it Hhi>ii|il iiiM lie fiir^<tUeri thai ^kill develoj^R hy iirue-
lire, SonictiiDes men fan he foiuid who already ha'vehinl jjnielicc
in ^I'mliii^i 4^riMip d].sriiK!^ii>iir!;. Qlliertf will fiinl that llieir skill
win l-iirrc;k^4; he the diseiihisinii ^ronpsi continue. And, a:^ will Ix^
fihovni later, even a Icailer without expc^ricnce can do a t^ood
job if he taken the Ironblc 1i> |>repare. earefiilly fi^r hip> niertings.

a. Relation fif .he li-ailer to ike ^oup: The rehitTon&liip of
z\ ili^riJrtsion Jfra-ili^r to IiIk ■^riiup dr^eiB froni tlic roJivc^nticMijI
idea (>f mililnry icadcrfiliip. Unlike a roniniiiinlerp. a dlt^eiiseion
leiish-r does not lead by example or attempt to inspire tionfidcnce
in hirKsrII' nm nu e\]ifTL Hr ninr^i not Ik: at ]iro|>a^aii4list. On llie
rontmry, he niiisl himself he an in^iuirer. lie wiTia confidence in
Ills l(;adershj]> hy hiis iic4|iiap]i1;nn'e whh the hiiet^roniid iff the
diseij'isifin :mi\ hy |iropo!*iT><i ;r way Ifi the iiexl step in llie th^
rufiti'iziit. Ht- nlot'pi not /«Ar lh(^ nest step untl eYpeitt the oilier
inrinbers to fullow. He is in essence a good tenrlivr rallier than
ail :ieadejnir leeliirer.

Tht> wkillftn leader opeiii^ the di^cnsHion with a hrief Btatemeitt
of the ejiicplion and ilie rjaliciit f;i<is ndate-il to it. This lakei*
perhap^; five minnle^. Then he wliirls ihe diiieiispton wilh j

15

i\uenl\ou Xhat redir<^4-lfi Xhv: hilk. Al llii- I'lid li^^ ^iiJiimarizp? all
m;iji>r |>oiratjt l1i:tt h;ivi^ ri-m ronKir^tTi^il. xvill^oiiL Htteniptini; 1o

riiis ]at^X pmnl \» fmpurl^nl. Tlie le^tlter iiiti^t ;ivoic] the ti^iii|i-
tsLliciii li> rliiirli llie^ i|ii4rij»iMic»t Willi Nunic slsileil luni^'Jiisiitii. hit:
iini^l rrTTH^mlirr ihiit um^ iif his chief dwEies is lo leinr' cill i-nii-
rlijr^iuir-^ Ui llir mall's hIii^iL

Th-e t^iircettp of a *ht^i-ufi^\itii tlttpciuh upon tike lliiVM^iiirirlriLfe,
hr«;uiHh, i.nn\ opeiiiTiiiHfidiiras- »f the taJk lluil tukts jrjjiri^^ — iii>t

|»*^^«4*ll is w^JerleJ iis Iriirier^ il iti wita^ ^vh^.■ll<.a^T |»<jf^fiiljle tu havti

uii iilliGer pr«_Q«TiL :il the tti^^iM jihi;. Siiii't.^ ofl'-^tiiiy eilurstliiiih is a

htiiclion of e-i»nhi]i^n4]. n Te]nesf.^tiiiii\\v. af ihi- l.^olllln^lL(Jc>^

«hi>ijli] see thai ihe objwlivi.*s of ilisnisKioii ure ntiuiiitfj na i>iii--

lined here.

Tlir le^nliT, cif rriiirwe, ni^ed iiol [*ie\ iJut he ehoiild never state
his own opiiiiitii. Tfn^re arc many <«-rrtwionK when he cini <lo sii
in a inihnncr thiit will not jeupitnli'^i.' hi^ htuii^fliit^ as rlkairiiiiiii
ij| the ^rm^p. Jle i^xpre^isee Jiis owi] ikpinioiit* u>i llie ollicrs do
when the opportnnil}' wct^nrs, hut he if* usuitlly more anroefrftful
III luB leader&hij) dt« Jie ri'dii-ceM the iijimuut uf {li^cLis^^ion time

IVlfUiy leyit^i-fi at4si<r|^ ll)^ npenin;; Hliilf'nii^Ttt »r fiiii»l ^iininiary
nr l>ot}i of ihoni Ici iiK-iiiht'rs of llir ^nnip^Li ^Ji^viro wliii-h \tt
parlieularly UHtrfnl when some ^nni]> Tiieinherw are rv^'ii hrller

DOfJ'l LET EM ^f ^ /Xh GO lO iLEEP

r6

infftTnu^l on llu' siiUjH'l llk;iTL 1^ llu» h'udf'T. This is nn i1lnstr»-
lioii ti( Imw ihr le:Hk'r tmii bolli ^ikhiiiliri'y Ihk jnli jukJ j;cI v^lii^ibh-
or)ti-c;itiojinJ rt^shihtJ l>y dek>^^lii]j^ oertiiin luska ti^ othera. A-h u
furthiT i>^Jhni|i1oH ^t one m4*(<iii]^ llie leiidc^r nii^it ask one indi-
vi<ljj;il li> ^ivi' iIk' iTilmihirlory h1:3Ii?iiii'ii1 of TiirlH hhJ n^[]W^t
\i Hecum] to lake iiiitiLilPS ami in;iLt:f llit i^iintiii^ry whirti clo^e^
iSe mceiiii^. In ibifl vasf the Irmlrr wniil^E Iw re-e-|KJiisil>le for
lilt.- n|><:-iiiEiH^ i|ueE4|inii ami for f^EJiiliit^ tlie ^-onr^e c/ llic fliHriih-
Hiion willk Tii?ces»!iaTy <|tii^f«lions iitifi mlerim 8Hinri»ries.

I(. Pri>parnliiin bv lln^ l4>!]il<'r: Tin- Ij^ader miisl prepare for
isacb nn^cliiij' ifaoroii^Iily. 'I'lii?i as fjir ninrr iiii|>(>rl:fcni llian lliat
he ]>e Tijcile in llii- ntniliirl cif tlir arlu-al iiieeliii^. By c^refut
preparation a l«?n"ier can fJo jmirh lowaril asfiiiririp an irirro*!-
iiif> mrt'lin^ rvrai if lie ih not an i-x|ierimre(] eliairmart. Tiki?
iK'ci'Pwiry pri'naralioiis ran l>r hricflj' slalerU l>ni lliey reipilrc
linu- iiiiil th-ii-ii^lil.

(ll The le-iiler inii^t. if pi>Kfiil>h\ leani in ailvavtc^'. the iiiler-
chIs aniT ]a>Jii1^ eT view of ihi' iiiiJiviihjiil^ in h]^ /"roup. If lie
ran talk jiifomtiilly witli llii'm hrJore i\iv nnfrlin^, Jir run Jeani
thf -s-c-fieriil poiiiLl of vit-^^ vf eaili antl al the ^aiaie Ijiiie ht^lp

PHEPABE YOVRSELF
TJFOROUGHIY

17

fat'li to b-eronif iit-tjiiLiinterl with liini. Thir^ will R-iul Ut break
^lowii any titilTTtrss wliiili niiiy he rintiirjil in ttir tir^l mrt'thi^ i>i

(2 ) The If^iKler niiifl fiiniiliari^^i: liifn^lf with ibe Pnl>jcct for
dist'ii^pioii In iIh> fvieni nOA-t::^^nfy f*»r intpllignil lt»a(^^rKhip. T\\\e
drtes ncii tne^uh tlidl hf is ohli^rd to m^k*^ him^iG-lf an <^x|>erl on
iJiiy f^nbj^*ot thiit may rf'oinf* inif> liirt ]hroi^raiM. To^ Mo -bo waiil(l
h<^ |>rel1y -iv}»vioii>j1y iiniJo.L^iblo. But be Jinit^l knou' i-niMifili i^tout
ihe impfsriant i»^'^ii(='>9 to nialili' laiiii In ki'i'ji lh£' trsiiri of talk on
llir iTavL arul iihrpvin^ iiyrwun]. Liki^ !i ^iKxJ inslrijrliir lie iiiu^t
not li«^(^itale In aflinil Isu'k. of iiiforni:jiiiiri- WIimi ;i ipicstion
aiisejc, bijt jiurnial priMrediire iij any case is to rlirrri ii it* !*onie
group iiiL^inln^r Asr aii*wcr_ If no one siiflirH^titly infornirtl is
prrficiit, lie ran wiili ;i ferlin^ fiF jjorfert assi^rctin'e sijfi^iiesl a
^ourrt: froni Mliirf? tlio tiiismii|^ farlt^ may Ih: Krt-iiret].

I'd) Tlie leader sJiDii}ii pn-piire un otilliiie iif llie conrBe of
thr rli^'ur^Hion nti bt- fon-w-ft* iL lie wilK eilbrr up pari <»f bis
ottMiiir ur fli-parali:ly^ pn^p;irr ii lisl of ijiieeliitnp vrhidi may or
nluj^Lib] he iiskfid. }\f riHiHl not, bouever, jicnijit Jii& jirepiired

IFT 'EM SMOKE

ftUr KEEP THE ROOM

VEhnitATfD

la

outline to Ipecomi; u »lrail jacke.t for ilic dieciiBsion- The actual
discuBdion tan be expected to folloiv a JirtWrnt course fnini the
one planned in aJvancc, Init an outline will as8i«t the leader in
hi& ptr6i>na] preparation. It will also help him to dietinguiah
helwpf^ m^jyr J^Bues, wliirh flio-uld lnr ^lcvcioped wlien they
ariae, and minor or unreluLf^d issues, which E^hould he quickly
paeeed over.

(4^ The leader mnet decide in advance whether he uill tieft
aBsisl^iL leaders, and niuEt Bee ihal tliey loo are prepared.

(5) The lender musi dei^ide wlielher he will use euch aide to
presi-iiting hie bai^ic facie as a Idarklio^ird^ <Oiari^ diagrams^ of
nlliijr visual aide. He niuel have any aueh desired materialH remedy
for use.

<^. Conduct of lhe meelin^; In di.'&tril>ing the d«ti^ vf the
leader much huA ialready heeii Btat^ d ^h" ihiphed about llie <^on-
duci rf>f the nicciinf^- Mere is a Biinimary of a numbor of addi-
[ional detaili4 whirh iJic li^ader niiiRt liav*? in mind;

(l.( Physical enrroutidiTi^s Hlmitlil Ite att cutnfortahle iind in-
formal as post^ibli;. Wh('llt(?r tlie proiip is seated outdoors- or in
a library, day room, service elub, nr tent, llie memherw sliould
arranire themselves so as to he able to see each other. Smoking
^hinild be pcniiiltrd. If (he nn'rlin»?; is l»tld indoors^ the leader
^lould be careful ihal the room \s properly veutilated.

(2) The length uf ihr nifrelin<( should be rigidly limited. An
hour 19 aboul the righl timr. It i» beller 1o chiae a nieetiifcjj;
while ihe interest in llie subject k hi^h llian to risk boredom
by ullowtn<; jl to ('onlinue overtime tii order to attain ^ome aim
or eonebision preconceived by the lead<*r. Many of the best
radio rorumi^ close in tlie very middle of lively digeu^Jons. It is
not necessary to exhaust iho sulijeirt — and the audience.

f3J To a iN'wIy orirjintKed ^roup the leailer should Liunoimce
briefly the procedure to be need; ihat p<'ri?<'^ny lilies arc nnt to
be diH^ut«-cd and thai commehte or ^juestionB Tniml hear on ihp
Mihjerl **r be dit^oHnv^ed.

19

CLASSIFY TYPfS

14 I SliiuuSiitiii^ anil ^hiflirij^ the Jif^neaitkn i^ tli^^ most im-
porluiil |i»h tif llie^ lefh(3<?r cliiriiiir llie ^irlti^il iiit^cliiig- H«^ hlioiild
f^tcitie ;ilinn£t eiatirE-l^ by n^kiii^ queslioiie, by briefly eitiii^ a
Bpecific ca8e r-ullowed by ^i tjne^lion^ or by Hunijriitrizini>- HU
ijiK'^lioiis Hbould usL for rejMtnb and Cjiiisen (wliy? U for facts
(ivlin^t? », for i'ircuinRl!Jiir(?w tiiider wliii^li ^'ertaiii l1ain<^ may he
Inn* (when? I , for rxpressions uf o|jiTti4"ii {wli:il do yoti ifiiiiL? i,
am\ for cuninion |£roiiTid iipcjii wfiirli ecime a^reenieiil may be
reacheiL The leader tiliocdii ^ivoid Tbeloriral cjurHiioii^ <tiid Any
(|iiehiii»n so obvious lli^tl it i-;iii he aiiwwt^rrd j*lmply hy "yee"
iir '^iio/^ These UHu^illy blork 4I Ism salon.

KfEP ON

THE TRACK

Very oecawionany a qiiesiioi] re^juirinp "y*^" ***" ''»o'' f*^'' ^"i
URgwer^ however, can be used effectivelv. A leailer for example
will stale hriefiy i\ drfinilf? posiliim ihat can be taken wkh
rf^H|>e(rt to an i^ue. He will then a«k a member whuni lie [luiulK
out: ^i)o yon a^jref* wilh that r»r rloii^t ymi':'"'"' The member*

20

HAhlCLE THEM SKILLFL^LLY

^^yefT (hr "no" uinli^r llic rii^lit rirciiiiislaru'+'j* will nl^irl ;i liil of
liruli^els Qji iJir )>ijrt nf tlio^f- who ilba^ee with liiiii. :iii(l tlir
disciiBBiufi iH <ifr ti> ix iiirw >t£in.

Skillful IciidertL vtijll iisk tjuer^li^kiiini only wlii^n rtrc-c»i»inr>'. M^in)-'
^ofiil i\i\rM\ttnfi will I'nine from tlic irroiip, Tliry flhimlil la- t-u-
(loiinitieil by Irit'iiiUy coiiiiimit: "Th-il irt ^i {IoihI *5iirplititi» WIm
ran imnwtr il?" Thi; li-^aclenwiinlly lu^eih only l<i Htarl, lo rliiiii^i^
tlic direction €>f ihe di^rii^sioii, lo hriifcfir tlie membere l>ark whf n
\\my Wtilidrr loo j^ir. nml lr> hnii^f tint (lilTc^i^jil, pirinli:! of ~vh'w.
(St l^iUb (-oiilrollni^' i\ut\ vixcowrA^YU^ [larticiifnlioit by iill
ni<'m)>t^Ttf rt'quirt'P i]ni|tTMiii}<liTi;j; ;nid lart. Th*^ trtlknti\T mem-
bcr fiboiihl b^ ^l}f>H'0-i| 4>ii1y hU ^bjli'C (if lb(< tirue^ :iinJ if^'ii
&lioiild be tliankcfl for hie etitU^nionl anil reminded Uiat -t'vtsryom?
muHt hyvi? }iiH. up]i-or]iJinly to wpt-ak. Tin; sileiii nn^JuJu^r ran Ik^
eni!iJiira^ed lu epL^ak if lIie? lettde-r uill sitJc hitn a direct i|iie&tir)ii
iibikiit wliif}k lit^ IE knowiL t(> puf^iefw informalioii or lo liold an
opinion. Thr <i]iaiiion:iiril mi-mbiT must be led In LLndt'r-<1;iiid
iIilI! [jo-^ilimis dilTt-ri-nt frikiii lits^ ;ir<^ rv:tM>n:ib1e and that llioni^^lM-
ful persons dit i-liaiL<ie their opinions. \^ ben the ani:c<lo1al iiiriii-
hcr launches forth inlo liis personal experience at preul lon^llin
he muptt be hiindled i}* tl»r lulkalivc Tiicnilier. The iin|iitti(-nt
inenilier is lookini^ for ^i i|iiick^ i-ure-all solntioii rtnd is pcrbapt^
too lazy lo t3iink a probJem throiji:}i. He ncals to he iolil thai,
rhr pmeeaa of diacnt^^'^ion eoiisit^is^ nol of ^iviii^^ but of carf^rully
fteareliin^ for ronrhi^ions n|)on whieh each inilividnal iiMiidly
niu«t decide for himself.

I6j ^'bcn Uic di^eUKsion zanders too far from ihe f^libjC'Ct

21

pAHel l^i&cu»ion

111' \^]irii Jl f;iuf?s fiignA ^f flap;^iii^^ il is a ^hi>iI tiling lo flnnnn:jTi7e
the chi(-r points TtKuIr^ up Iti lliiii nt^iniont. The didrueeioii (-:iii
then he redir^cleil by jkiiollif^r (|iK!^ian!i fronfc itn^ L'ailcr.

(7 I AriiiotJEice thp siil>j('4'l, linu-, p)a<'e, arn3 ^poehil B|)t^uki^r
<if any) of the next mf-eling in a Hcries. Tf ^ fiubjt'ot for the
next Tneetin|j; liaa not heen dct^icled upon^ tnkc ihe Ja^t nihujLe
or fwn Irt seciirt^ sii^fscstiofis fr^m llie jtrinip. Fijul uiil if the
(rroup woiili] like to roiilimae iJi^cu^^in^ 8onie is&iie tli^it hag been
raised, hut has not brrn a\|>lorf<l ihoroii^lil)' iluriiL^ the meel-
in^r. Or ahV for >i ribow i»f liand^ oti two or ihree otlicr subjects
vvbiub iii^y be intere^liii^ lo llie. members.

2. I'atiel ilUi'Utisioii ; A pMiu-^l et^n^i^ls of a ^^ni^iEl ^mnp ^if t;i\
ur eifrlii |>ergond, who carry on a ^nidud an^t informal disicu^slon
before an nndienE'e n& if Elie pnijel wen? meeting alone. Tbo
prnceedingg of tlie punel ^liuubl Ite llu? j^uine aa tho&« de&eribed
for informal di^ii^^^rikii; vehjiiteerin^ of faints, a»:kii]<:E qne^^lions^
^talin^ iijiiiiionH — all ^^^pn-j^seil M'ilb ;irniLilily, wilh rfxpet't for
ibe eoiiLribiilioni^ of olh^'^r iiH'inhi'rs. wWlioiit spe-ei~lk inLikiii^^ ami
without making invidious personal referenceUi. Tbis primary
funriion ^lionld otrnpy ajrproiiimntHj Iwo-thinls of tbr iilbtiled
lime — way forty niiniiti^s of an boiir's nu'^riiiii;. TIk^ nerondary
function of the panel ie to annwcr quefitions frcii] the andiente,

Tbie dieeiiFi^ion inelli-nd an puitii]>]i- f«>r lih<' when a reliilively

22

large audience is nnHriiKilrtl. Tlie ilkMlviinla^e of the metliod
l^ Ihal i\ cojiiinep moel ihf \hv: Jlsciissiui] to iJie panel ilscJf. The
Audien^^f lislfin?? anil i^ ^iveci ;i rluncr to aek qiieBtions, hut for

PaiiH diwii5sioii.q, jf wf^Jl <.oniluc1eJ, are UEfuall)- more interest-
ing to tile auiljcn<'c lluiii iit ihi^ sinfiksep^^uker ftiruni. Tln=ry pro-
vide 3^iifli('ieni1y varie*J clasl* nf opiiiioii ntn} pn'sciitatioii of fatts
lo pive Gveii llu- i|iej<'1 iiu-nili4^rs of llacj jkudit-nre ;( fcoling; of
vkarJciNNi parlicipaliuu.

Qiiiility uiu] iii^^k.^ of Iriid^^rj^liip in p:iiht-| flJKrii^t^ioii arc eniiiJiir
lo ihose ilceerili-eil for iiiri>rm:il diseiissi-o-u. The WJer miiwl in
adililion lake speeijil rare la h("Iw;| j>un<;l meinb<>re uho can
lliluk ami ^jie^k <*ffe<'liTeJy, He niuflt al&o ho sirri; lliat they
prei>ar*' tht^niselvea to Jiwusk ihe siibjecl. Duriu^ the iJi^L^ugtiiuri
hy the piine] ihc li'ailer Ikis suli^taiillally ilii? s;inif? Jutjes as in
inrtirntiil dihcussiuii f-vri^f>t llial lir -^limihJ kt'ep liiuj^el^ more in
ihe hu<^kirroimd a» ehairiuaii of die piiiiii:], H<^ ran do so i>ecause
earh tneniher i>f the panel is in rt'alhy an aRsisluiit to the Ifadt-T
and i& rrspoiisihle for h-pcrHlr roiilrihulicniK lo the proceed in ji^rt.

When the r^iihjecl is thruwii open lu llit^ liiiutit-, it i« the lcader''B
job to ret-ogui^fie upprnpriate qiu^J^lioT>3 and to rejei:t those not
hiearing on \\ig siihjeet or iiivolviii^ persriuahtii:^^ Some queu-
tionf^ he hijy unswt^r hini^i^lf^ hnt usually Jie ^Ikould rerpeiit the

qufj&tioii and call up<tiL : t>f the puiu:J Iw answer it. By pre-

hminary ^irm^uiieenienl the leader may al.sf» tt-l] the midii^nt-c
iJiat they m^iy dm^t^t qiu^tionf^ at parlii^ular juembei^ of tlic
panel if they eh(»->sr. In iiny 4^aFe, during the questioti period
llie Jeader need^ in rn^iiilain ^jirirt reiilriiL Qti mi^Ti}' OCCi^^onB
thii^ iriay hr the to-u^het^t |jar1 of his Q^ignmenl lo carry o-fT
efiidently and wiah ^eoil liiTmor.

While il iy eiistuniitry lo runfine UTidienee qiieslionf* to a spc-
r.ii'w. period^ ^onie k^iideiv perniil i|-iFeF«tioTiK frooi the Huor ill any
lime. Unloft* very ean-fnlly liinilod hy the le^ider^ tliis prai'lice
may interfrie with cflTeelive ditJt'Ui^ioii hy the pjinel-

Arran^iiaii ihe punel properly will lend effct-liveuetifl lo lliis

23

SINGLE-:SPEAKEt

form of -fliJiciisftion. Tlie iiirmlxTs hIi-i>»iIi1 fare ihr 8i>c]ience. One
pu8»ih[o iiTTiaiii^ciiujit i> allii^irak^iJ t>ji pagi^ 22. [l ie iTii|ji>rliitit
that (^»ch |}anf^l nhtriiilter ii^tjiisl Sii^ rliiiir so ih^hl lir; i-iiii see every
ulhrr member wHIiotii eHnrl. Tlir rliiiimi^ni will also lind thai
llie best plm-ej4 fnr liih reH(iii--»1 spciiker^ are :tl ihe extreme eii-tln
of the tiible- He ^liniihl kee.p the more reticent iaienil>er£ elose
to him Mt \hi\t hp- can rt:iiflil)^ druw tlieni i»ul witli ilirf;ct qiice-
tiotiH. it llie (|uieler u-iieB Bit on tlte friJi^eti of the paneJi, th-e
morf: vpliible nie-rnhftrB -afe -ijuitf^ |ak*'l)' !*> fnoiiopnlize the
■diK:iiwi<>iiT

3. 8in^)e-!«peiiker rnriim: 'VWis j% a ^itoA lyp"' 'if jirescnlalioii
wlirn »ii inilivHliioI wIh» ih jiji ''^expert*' atkcl .n strong puhlie
fipeaker can he secureii for the meeting. If a series of such
foriimr^ are lo be |)l>iriiiefl. il will he nece&w-ary in al\ probahilily
to euTl Lrpitn u ililTereut speaker for eaeh orcaetoii. LSonietinieR it
may be ]>OBeihlr lo imale siicJk speakers from nearby imivereiti-cs
or profew^icniiil and cilher local at^sorialiojis. Often rompetenl
Bpecialiete may Ije friiinrl anaong ihe oflieerp antl men of the

ooiY]j||ji|]r|.

The 5iii^li'-[^ji(:!aker f<»ru»j huS ih*; diHridvantiitr^ of i>r<;&^nt]ng
for -conBidcTalioii oniv ^ne ]>oint of view — that of the apeaker-
An oe4*iiMon;i] ^peaki-r may Iry to ■I'^xplEiin v^ariime poBitione thai
may ht? lakvn *in ibe h^ttih of ihe known fiu-t^ which he nntlifiE^.
It in nevertheleeii diAirnh for hipi. In spite of the momt {^unfti-i^-n-

24

tioiie^ effnrU In iivoi-i] nlre^^ln^ lii-n i>wri i>-i>iiil iif vifrw Tiii»re than
(ilhere. rr Gill' EiiHliriire or aiiy eizjjhJL' fnichoia ^f il hiJln ta
agrOe ^ilJi hini^ what folluws ihc Bpcf^ch ie apt Lo l><^ a. battle of
wits. Such sk ]>alL)e may uy tite pkill and g^od liuoior of both
the speaker and the leader-chairman^

A s(^G(ind dij^dv-Einta^e of t\H\ Bm^ie-epeakv^T foriini is tliat the
meeling iR basert on a leiitiirc. Men hear go many of these that
(Hily the heet of thmn i^irt Gcro^. TIHr Ie not to eay that ihe
Kin^le-^ix^jtv^^r F^hruni is- :i pixir niethuiL Willi iFic riirht tJ.|9e;iker
:ind inider a L-4>ttr|petL'ttl i-h^iirni^n, it f^all hi', lii^hly Ktinkiilall9i|r l-n
ihe lh]iikin<r of itn'-. 4iiih4.'i]rr.

The i'liJirtimi^ of tlie leader nr niuilemior of a feiriini ron^^iNl
tif the following:

(ll To jNTcpare hiniself hi :idia.ri<'e on tlif j^iihjecl,

(21 To iiifoniL ihe audience iibont fonini proccdnre — how
long thr rtiM^aker will talk, wlien the aiidienre may ask i|u€6lions,
wlml IvinJs of questions will lie rei:o[:^iizeiI by the nkoderalor,
and how lon^ the r|[ir6tioii prnod will last. (An nddxcas of
twi^nty Lii- lliirl.y miiiuti^s anil u ijueatioii perin-d of about twenty
niinutc^s are re connn ended.)

(3? To introiliire the tcpenker^ explaining why hv has been,
invited tci ^|irjhk :ijic| .^htiiji^ rhv ^(o^^tlnn wliicli he will di^^U^.
(ll lA m\ti*r{iiui to tell the iUidieni^^- uhal |:toint of view tA-wavd
the ifnt^^tion iii n^jtri'^eiilr'^d by the ^iic^ker.)

(4S T(j 4L>!Him^ ^iwmI ijn(*?4|ii>niia<r fnni) ihe Hii^r- (Three fir
four hnllviJualf may ]tv. jilantL-d witli tij>ecilje- 'joei^tinn^ in tlie
anili4Mii'e. Or t^i^iu-^d. wrillon i|urstioiis may hv ^oJicitod hk ad-
vain^e. The ftrai sn^tfjirKlioii jitj* naiiirully into the qnej^linn pe-
riod^ the iierond ja likc^ly lo make the forum ont-and-flried^
choiij^h it is &ojneti£iies ut^efnl. t

(31 Tu reco^rnize (jucsEioncr^ in |)arliamentary fashion and
lo reHtule Atiilahle <|uesllonK for ihe Kpeakc^r (Ai-^eptahle ([ueB-
tiond aek for aJ(liFion:il farl^^ for an elaboration ur pxplanation
of eonie s.|iil4'TtK-nl alrp^rly niadi^ or for an ex|>refi*iioii of
i»pmii>n- 1

25

(61 To train the auilieitc^ to nliok to tlie point and lo be
tolcrunt of Mpiriiiiim 4:onlrLtry to llieir av^n.

Two lypea of and.i«^nL'G mcmJi-Krtf arc likely lo rt^ifuirc special
Landling by the moderator. Tlic man who triea to make a speecli
in die guise of a quefition may he stopped by a request to xe-
phrase hJB queeiiort bdofly. The man wlio merely paiaphra«ce
what thp speaker ha^ already said (or the sake <>f h^^sring hktn-
6e!f talk ^houl^l he inlf^mipled with a rem^tk lh-4\ hi$ ^tutement
liiia beetL o-i>vered l>y the speaker. Iii ^efierat the itiodcr:itoT 'will
liavc lo hcJp the :mdieii«^ undertilmid. iu part hy reoo-gjtiizing
relevant (fue-ationi^ mid prjiisiiig ufkut^ually |food otiea.

4. Dialo|;iie: Tlie dialogue in a kind of inrortnal lecture-
forum* lis procedure is J'imilar to thai of ihe forum cxn^pl that
the leader or jnonlf^rator a<;tB a» an int<:rhKjjtor- Hk prepar4rn
^a carefully ae does the chief speaker. To tihirt the ditrCiisBion he
^skA tile expert a direct qiieRtii>n. When he liui* received n r<:ply,
he may give fioirtt knl(^q7r<:tfltion or r^mm^^hl of hi* 0*vn and
follow with another qhie^lioii. TIuJn he guides the spe^iker from
leauti la ifl(<u<? until tlie rtuhj^^'t hus hceri as fully presented ^e
the timr allows. AiidtPiiee qiice-tioning »f either member of the
dialog I e follows.

Benauge th<? nioderatnr Iifi^ the opportunity of ^indinfr the
expert aud het-auwe hi* mnv ntrcpft a position that diffj-r*; from the
Jatier*e, the Ji^lofiiie ueed not havt' tliir din-adv^nta^e of present'
ing only one poim of view. In ihe hands of a skillful intcr-

DIAlOGua

26

locnior il liosseftBeB for a lar^t^ iiiulie-nce advantages stmilar to
those of n puiiel discuBttiuii-

5, Symposiiini; This iii Blill iiiiotlx-r lype of foruiik. By j»ro.
viding Iwo or three sppakere, each charged wijli tlie duly of
presenUn^ a tlifferenl point of view, ilie eympoeiiim consciously
attempts to direcl ^ludience Altontion lo yanoiii^ approachea to-
ward tlir problem under c:oiiKidctralior. In ihia it leaves less to
<:hance tlian does llie iaifornial di^u.^ion or thv panel disc^u^inn.
It j§ to be preferred to ihe sin pie -speaker foritin unless the ^iii^le
pxptrt can make d brilliant prt^senialion. Naturally its tiurr^^ss
will al8i> depend upon the iroinpelem-e of I he symposium
members-

A paE:^Bible dif^advanla^i^e of the symposium is inhereni in divid-
ing ihtr lertur<^ time bel.v^een Iwo or three individuals, iVo one
of them can give anything hiil a trnrsory treatjnent of his phiie^e
of the subject. Thii» ihe e^ympot^Jiim may lose jn depth while
it ^iliti& in Wmpreheneiven^'Bi*. This l<^nd<^lfcry U* l«ck delail^^
t)%a1n)&n1 nifliy bf b^latkc^e-d hy spr^jidiii^ the syuiposium oy&r
several nkeetin^^^ all dealing; with ihe same general enhj^cL

Participation by the audit^ncc ib iie-ually mOTe liniHed in ihe
^ympoj^iiim ihan it is it* the fiingle-ftpealter forum or ihalngtie,
luit llu' ^f^neral techn[i|iie^ i. e., the dnlies of the nioderalor, tlie
speakers, and th(? audience, arc ihe same as in the siiigle-pipeakpr
forum-

6. Dehat4^; Uuleas debate ift lifted lo Mimnlale a d is^llIi^Bion

DEBAFE

27

ihiit f*ill">vp* th<" lormd! fij»eecKe6, 11 will noi h^ a nmAtnii^iive
acuvily f*>r llie e4lut.!i1ioiirtl pro{2;rani. Dcliale, however, is ^Urac!'
live 10 Ani-ericdns for two FcaBoii&- Most of ne Jiave JiBtuned to
Rebates anil n^any of us have taken part in them at school or
■college: so Uie eetliiig 13 familiar- TIil- compelilive feature of
debate appeals lo Anusrioan uuilierioeH. But the eombalive alnioH-
phere of ilehale ^teniee the basic prhiciplcB of cliBciiesiou. Theae
imply an impartJa) examination of the facte cinrl an ultrmpt to
reach a Bohitiou acceptable from a number of viewpoints- K
debute ie uJKt^d, the only way lo uieet this <liJemma is to tlirow
t}ie subjeet open for dlscus&ion by the aiidicnc4^ wilh the debaters
jietin^f ns the experts. ■

There are other dieaflvanta^eH to the debate form. Debate
implies tlial there are only two eiries — aflimialivc and ncgalivc —
to the (jnestioiij. while numerous public ii^rtue^fl are many-sided,
riirlliemiore* all members of each team must support one &ide
or the oUjer of lli-e proposition re^ardlce^^ of whether they agree
fully with il. To tbie ^xlent debate is f^^rt^^^d. artifioial, a*id
rpgitl.

Tlte aubjec-t (at deliiiU-^ ntust be j^ phrased that ont: side will
catt^^oTically ifpbold if |Uie AlHrmative ) ^ mid i\\v. other will
oppoHc it (ibe NeLralive^- Normally each team will hnve two or
three members. The debate be^in.^ with the lirst speaker for
the AflBxjiiatJve. The main speeelics ithemate from Affrrmative
tn Negative imtil the lant Kj>eakor for the Ne^^ative lias fiuihlied-
Jn preparing tlieir main speeches iht' team members divide be-
tween lliem tbt^ siatemenis uf fan wn\ i^sue» wliirli they wi«li
to make. After the main speeches llie rebuttal speeebei* be"iui.
Tlic iirst <»f lliese :s made by a speaker for llir JSejcativc followed
by an Ailirnialive rebnltnl, uiid en on. Tti llie rebuttal r«peeehe?4
each member tries to di&prove or raiee objeclioiis to points made
by the oppi^.^ing leum. For lliis purpose each &ide has made notes
of arguments or lads advanred by llieir o]iponents.

[ii debating: il ia customary for speeially appointed jiidf^ea or
IIm' lUidieiu'e lo \4}te ^^jUiit on ibr n<i^ritjH ipf llitt ijurHli^vii or on

ftA

llie -effecli veneris uf the fjr<^e-w»l!itioHe, Then -0% erytody gjops home^
liiiviit|r vif^wei.l ;i purely jK'itdvmic (.■^Jtcrcise, To iii^kc debaii'*
m^fiil in lilt Army i^diii'aliouaJ prugrnni a (jiieeliou period l^y
ihe audience shoulr] repliR^e llie voiiiig. Tlie ([uesBioiiingL slioiild
be contrnllt'd by ihe rb.iLnnati uf the deh^le^ uMtiu ilie metbnrlB
4ilreik<ly referr<?d lo in llii* paiuplilcl.

ir the dehnle is 1*> be at all i-ffe*rive, the rkbiiler^ luuel be
4:onfcpeleii] speaker!^ muel be able tn ihiiiL c|iiick^ly ou llieir
fe-el^ aiid iiiusi be ae-c|nn]ii1ccl with ibe rDrniDlitiefi iif the debate
meljhod- They nuiM rilbrr be exj>»:rls in the siibjecl or make
iheniaelveet such ]ty .->ludy- Each leum iiiirs-l dii ii ^ochI deal of
joint preparation of speeches and i^tudy of »r|ntmciitP thai may
l>t^ advanecJ fay their opponents.

In conrlu^ioii ii may be waid ibat lli^ debate in in j^encral not
well adapted Ut ihe allainnkent uf the ohjeeti¥e& t^j\en in Sec-
tiwii r. Thr; ppiril vf distwefioij in ibe Army U iiilrnde-d to be
one in which tlu- ebief purpo-scH ure t^ekiiifi iiin^rniiilion und
<;jtplor]ng a variety o-f opinions^. Sime atky deliJiite aL-lion like
tlii- i^asftJii^ vi r<=^>?vluhone ie not <lci^irud on tli*^ pari *>f m^u,
piarti^v.Ti advofi:dcy of u ^iveii upirduii — ati inlef^ral pjtri of dehal^
— does no\ easily fit ihe Arjiiy proj^mni.

7. Qiii'&iioii box: Till- ijuf^lloit bo\ may be used a? an :iid to
!:|]]nu]ale iiii aiulienee wbjirli it in fenred may not vuFnnleer
ipue&tion^ froui the Heior. Il ran be used with any <kf ihe /orma
41-1' diticiii^riion al1ende<l by a i|net;lioi] period.

The ineeJianie^ of Mie tjuf'^iiun t>u\ are tiinipU'. All ibat \a
jjetietisary it* a ntrate^teaJly loeated and svfrll-adverlij^ed l>ov. lit
it interested per^oii^ may pla^^e i]ii(?.-«|i(iiiK ht udviuiri^ «>f ibe meet-
in;;. If thf^ i|Ue>^lione are to be wriMeJi uiil aud c.'oJleei<^d duriiiji
LL meeting. LIilt aLulieiice sbonid be Efiip}>Jied with s^Jit^e i>i pajjer
4jr sntal] eardt^, RniMif^b pemilt:^ ='hi>uld be on hand tu be)}f juen
who ilu not ejirrr one.

riie L|uealion bu.v iri a dev'ree wbrrh naay aaaiM ibe leader h^
eontrol iJie L|ne^lii>iiiii^ very n^illy, lieeaiuse he trau trtdeet ft't

29

answer in adviitice only those (|iie.BlionR lie fleeiiin RuilabTe, The
Jiftadvanta^e nf tin?* use is lli;il il re^luir^ {iiiilir^ncc parlii-^ipaliiin
a^lnionl Ln Jiothiii^, with au atleiidant Jrop in iiiterer^L II is
recomiii ended only for use at large nieclii^^s wlien for some
reason il is iltHiralile In limU lli»^ rmii^tz of (jueslions or wlieii it
in believed lli»t efioiilnncoua fjueatioTia may not come from i|ie
audieiicG.

Another uee for the ijue^lion htu iB lu rollt^cl idf^^hs for future
dE8i:upaions.

V. Group discussion in isolated units

Conimnndinj:^ officers and orieiitatioji nflicer^ of 5mn)l tinit.s in
ifiulateil Ifrrulifirit^ will finil ^rrMjp i1i^riatH?^]iins {\ v^liiahli' orif-iluly
activity that strongly ji|)|iealn to llieir laiore iitlcllit^eihl men.
Under certain ci>ii(]iliiJiit^« t'ffcctive gfovp dibii:iifl&i*>iij3 i^aii iiv:

^A

or[:;tiiiiM4"<l even in llir iit'Miii:(' laf rcfenjiri^ niiilerijilt*- *llir mam

1. Prcfienre willnii \\m- i<»iiiJir;in»l itT i»ne nr more nLilJ\j^1uiiJt'
(pnTmil>i> eiilit^lt.'d |>mionjn-J I who v/i]\ iHfike t^miL-t^el iil

innl <^lli^'^ T'"^)! I'f i-\|i(-ruMJ*e i" ^lircelin-; (liK^iisflirfvjih: w1u» will

2. Kviflr-iii'e lliiil ii iiumlxT of iyim> In llic romiUiiinl wuiilil
like lo dis^nisjA rnrn-aU iiiTiiirh \hm\ jtiolvJr'sne^ ihiti iinrrrTii Mta^jTL
Tlijs rviJriirf niny rniisiM of e^it^liii^ ^'tniil rtrrtf^ifinr^"" i»f <l<nfl>l-
fii) viiliie U" mimrle.. ii(f4rn3i;iil_v i-\jirrKsi'il th'^tn't^ i'i wlhirh
kiao'^Ji'ii;:^' hut* rotiie i.i» re^|i(ints'ilrlr offii-iTF^ or it^r^J-rujulJ-i'-jj
aMiWriilrly ^irllicred l>y iiiliirjii»l ■jiifirliojiinni'i'.

3. riew?ii(-p of Riiine men wIhisc ('(Iu*::ilSon mhI tnlcrrwli^ cin^
mich lb:il lliey H';<n 1"' nhcil hk r\jH'rU In j^ivi- dlsriisstnn ^iitiip
JHeiiiliors h<-jrk(^rinj]itl f^iclj* <i^n sulhjiTlh wklili il ih defied lo

li> J>^<>1n1etl iiiiilH where Ik>oV«. |jfiiiij>liVts i""' ]niio(lie!ils Tor
rf-CiTeiin- HT4- J-H'kili[i hnl wliere ihe ^lIn■l■^ L^fnsrijliiil i-nndilioiiei
lif>!ifcn l]"<" fciJlowiiif^ ]Brureilnri. is rei aniiliH^tk^liMl to n-ITH-iirs whn
ilesjri^ lo or^iirilKe. iJiM-iisfiioii primps:

FIRST— Del IT mine llie wnljierlj* lln- men iire iflrenily Kilkii)^
Jilxml or uoiiJal like lo ilkrns8. iih wrll its llif^ii: ^I'lnoT^il inleri^l
ill (liMi«fi[*i-cm,. To iK"eoni|tlisli iJiis tmik-i' iiisi- i>f juur jH-rr^uiia]
knowleciiie ol jJie TiieiiV tnli-rcj^l^^ llie kmtwlrifjie |HitfHtsse<l Jty
oilier oHieerK <»r niHieomniitkBioDed oJIieers, nr mi iiiiiiTn\u\
(|iii-^fioniniire.

SE(^0N1>— SeiiriTl) ihe eomniitnil for |>oFfiibl(^ ili^ni^»i(pn
Ica^lerf* ainon^ eirli.-^liil pei^nnnel. Tn aecwinplish tliis* <ltfliv
upon your own or olJierfs" iief|ii!ijiil!i]je<' >vj13i ijuliviiliift)*" w
yiwwr iiiiSli n*iJ Bi^itr^'l) llie lilf of S|»]i|ieT's (^li»:i|ffj4iMi*>n Cilr^^^

THIRD— Gfluviiss the oomniflnd for "experts** who will suh-
^litule for referenc*; materialfi. Tit jn^<-onipliah ihie, bepin by
notinfT ilie ran^e of eubjecte the ^roiip may wit^h to lalk abouL
Frc>]ii there, pruc-eed ilirough every possible persoiifiL contact
to find men whu have special knowledjie of Uieee siibjctrte, but
tlo not neglect to iearch the file of Qnaliiieation Carde. These
cards cuiitain a ma&a d hiforniation ;]bout nieir^ riviliaih trains
ing and special interests- Finally^ interview selected men to
find out whether they have the background knowledge you
need for yuur purpose^

FOUBTH — Your final step consiste of selentiiig a subject
and an expert for a first mccling* of finding convenient physi-
cal arrangements for tl»e rieednp, and of pnblEci^m^ ihe new
Hctivhy in Buch a way as to reach all pereoDncI who may want
to attend.

BUT REMEMBER— Your program will stand or fall «m the
quality of the leadership aihd the avaJlabiltly of either experts
or adequate reference niaienat^. Constructive discii^iojis muat
have basic l>ackgrmind ijifornaatiou. Tliey must also l>e con-
ducted in accordance with relatively simple^ common sense,
and well-recoj;nizied principles which have been described in
thifl inannal,

VI. Checking the results

Tliere are several melliodn of t'Kiimalinfz whether llie diai-UB-
K-ion program is fzettiu|i rcBiills, From fliikRie that are listed hert^
it i» su^^egted tlial eaeli leailer Helect Nuch as appear to oiTer
him a practicable combination for checkini: the results of litE

own program.

1. A1le1lda^cl^: The regiiTarily witli which partteular indi-
viduals :itlf.'n(1 ihi- iiieetin^n ^md tli-e growth in atti^ndaiice arc
indicatioutt of Hucceee.

32

2. Attituiles: A rerord ^aii h^ kept uf any cliange in the alti-
tudee t>f group mCmbere with r^&pecl to sucli points as:
a. Tol^f^nce of 4p|jii»ing Opiaion^
V Williii^ees to ask questions fkn<) «;v:pri^i^ <:>pjni<»n$-
e. Skill in asking pertinent and important quc^ations.
d, Willin^eBg to Listen.
€. Avoi^anoe of pBr&analities iri remarks-,
f- Friendly interest in ath(!r ^roup members,
g. Desire in ijonlinne llie ili^ictii^ftian after th« meetiiLg^

3i ReadiJij;^ habits; Incre-aaed uHe -o-f book^ 4ind niagasinee in
the library before and after the diecueEion m-ay h^ taken as a
rign of airred imtteet, if the library provides pertmeni niateri^lr

4. Group parttcjpatLoni h ie poeeible to appoint someone to
keep track of the proportion of available time taken up by the
group nieinbftrp as difitinguished from speaker or leader. The
higher thih proportion je, the more aucceBsful ig the meetings An
increase in the number of indiviJuale parti^'lpatin^ from nit'et-
ing to m^^ting i^ ii healthy &i^U.

5. Germane disciiseiun; If the minmet^ «liow ll^ul the thread
of di&cLi§Bion k-epi clor^e to the un»ouiiced subject^ ihe dUru^^ion
may be eoii**idered to have been well led. This is not to say,
however, ihat very effective di&euHsioujii may not develop from an
important side issue of the planned subject.

6. Inler^fst at elose of diseussion ; IF the <rr4>up or aridienee
has evidently ni>l bad enouf^h when the leader eloPes the mit**l*
Jng, the meeting ii^ an obvioudi fiiii>ces8-

7. Post-cli^H^Hssion inlere&t quefitionnaireg: It If possible tu
develop a brief <]iieslJonnaire to mea&ure the tiurce^^ of diE?eii&-

ftion meetings. The c|U^*tiou(iaire should fit local meed^T It ean
contain eucb questions 3L5.t

^

B^

Wa^ ihe meeting (bubjci,-!) inic^rpsiing?
□ very nmoderflLfcly □ noi ai all.

b.

Will you i^ome aealn? □ Yes D Ho.

r.

Did ihe leader C^pcoker) talk

G too tong G ju:^t long, enough G too littltf?

d.

Did yon take pari in ihe ^^is^IJ5^-^■ort ?" |^ Yr.- Q No.

1".

Suggc^i liclow vhai ¥«u would 4!oitaidtr an imrretitine bnbject for

VII. Reference materials

A aeri^ of referen<^e pamphlets for ih-e use of di&cnBBian
Icailers is publi&lied by the W»r DepHrlment as iLumbered Edu-
catiim Manuals in the eame format aa thia ^uide. Each of llie^
pamphiels, except the present one, includes factual material
about gome quesiion that may he of interest to personnel in the
Army. Each c-ontaina specific suggestions to the leadeir as to how
to handle tlie issue in a discu8«ion meeting. The suhject of each
pamphlet h^B been cho&cn after an analysis of research studies
made of the iiitereat& of Army personnel. Tlie manuscript for
ciitAt paniphlc-t is written in popular style and is prepared hy
an authority ou th& anljjeet for ihi^ Historical Sfiirict Bo4ird of
the Amf:rie(in Hiati>n(ial AAHX^iuticiii. The general title for the
et:jifcs is C- '- Rfyundrable. New volumes of the scries are to
he published at frequf^nt intervnla Orientation and cduealion
officers vlR receive a sample diEtribntion of each a& it comes out,
together vith instruetions for requisitioning additional copies
that may be desired.

Reference ntaterials published by the ^ ar Department are
restricted lo those that comply with Title \ of Public Law 277.

34

(See W. D, Bulletin No. 5, 1944 and W. D. Circular No, 128,
1944.) Before materials published by any private or public
agency including those listed below are used for off-duty dis-
cussion, commanding officers should satisfy themselves that the
materials comply with A.G.O. letter [A.G. 014.35 (28 Apr 44)
WD-MB-M] dated 27 April 1944, subject: Restrictions in new
"Federal Voting Law" on dissemination to members of the
armed forces of polilical argument or political propaganda.

Magazines are a rich soiirce of reference material for discus-
sion. Because they are commonly available, among the more
useful for this purpose are The Readers' Digest, Netvsweek,
Time, Life, and Fortune. The first four are included in the Unit
Sets of Magazines distributed to oversea commands.

Reference pamphlets that will be useful to discussion leaders
are distributed by a large number of publishers. They can
readily be secured for groups within the continental United
States. Some of the publishing organizations are given in the
list below. The list is annotated with information about the
character of pamphlets put out by each distributor, prices, and
addresses from which pamphlets can be purchased out of library
funds or other funds available to the leader.

List of Publishers

American Coimcil, Institute of Pacific Relations, 129 East 52nd
Street, New York, N, Y-, publishes two series of pamphlets, one
independently and the other in cooperation with the Webster
Publishing Company- Subjects have to do with the Pacific Area.
Typical are Meet the Anzacs; Asians Captive Colonies; China —
America's Ally; Our Far Eastern Record; Modern Japan; Land
of the Soviets. List prices vary from 5 to 50 cents. On orders
of over 25 copies discounts vary from 20 to 40 per cent depend-
ing upon the individual pamphlet and the number ordered.

Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, 8 West 40th

35

It^ms, T*iiin\t\i\vi^ Tnit^artt Grcat<'r Froodom^ ih :iii excellent study
guiilt? lo a v^TJely of postwar prublcnis. IjIbI price 15 crnt&

ForelgD Polii^y A^ociation, 22 East 3Rrti Slreet, New York^
N, Y*, pijiliahea Headline Books and Fnrvi-^a Policy RcparLt.
Subjftntfl (Jeal wjth foreign nations and tlirir 5ocia], economic*
and poliJisfll pri>tilt"ms. Typiral Hcojllini' fii»^hs: America's
BanU'trtrnrs: Russia ni ll''«r: Thr Strii^^lr f*>r ^Vorld Ordi^r:
Look at Latin Antcrim: ATni'rifan Foreign P'flicy: East and
tf^^St ftj Si«*5^ Fun'ign Ridiry Kiportfi *jn nirf^nt intern Htiottdl
ptAbl&ril^ ntc ptiblmlie<J nn the let lUiil ISth of e^ch manth.
Priteii -(botli tieri^^sJ 2.S ot^HlB per copy. Ditffinintfri of 20 jicr rent
on 10 to W i-opji-t^ inifl of Mi [i*;v i^ent on KM) to 499. Special
(fiecouniB on nTtiJBLi»I]y lartre airderE.

National Flannm|£ A&&ocialion, 80(1 Slet Slreel, N. W.. W^aeh-
inptoni, D. C. ptihlislu's mbitorluls on poftlwjr problems in a
aeries exiled Piannin^ Fainjdticrs. Typical @nbjecl»: Rcltrf for
Eiiropr: Otithiok jar Domestic Air Transp<frt : OirtUrok for the
Railrttofi huhisfry: JFht^n Df^mohilizariun Da\ Comrs: Post War
fndti3lriali2:ation of China^ Li-st price 25 cenls,. (Ji^scounte of 10
per cent on 10 lo 50 copies, 15 per rent on 50 1o 100, arid 20 per
cent on 100 or more.

OsfonI UiiiverftiJy Precw^ 114 Fifib A-veiiue, New York, N. Y.,
pii:bliflliet^ eerirfi called America in a World <ii W^ar. Typical t'-nb-
jeolai An. Alias of the i'.S-S.fi-; Rttdio in IVattim*^: Ftitnce and
ihi^ (F^tr; Wmnt^n in f/jo War Pnuiuvnatti German CeopftHti^s^
List ptiee 10 tei^tfl. DiEcoiinta v^-ary from 10 to 40 p-er oent.

Pnblie Affaire Commitlc^c, .SO Rftekcfeller Ptiiza, New York,
iN. \^^ pnbli.^hf"^ p^ni]kblcti^ on world and ii»tion:il nffaire. Typ-
ii^a! i^ubjeets-: Safeguarding Our Civil Libi^rties: Rebuilding
Europe — After Victory; Freedom from Want: The Airplane and
Tornorrow*s fP'orld^ Li^t price 10 centP-. Diecount of 20 per cent
on orders for over 2!^ -mrl under 100 copies: 2-i [>cr cent on
quantities over 100: gpcciul diwonnte on orders over 500.

Twentielb Centnry Fund. .^,10 Mesl 42nd Street, New York,

36

N. Y-, |iulilielie(> iA useful Btuily and ilititiu^i-on ni^inuitT i^alU^I
t^arfinw. Fneis and Post War FrobU'ms, ^vtiicli coutuiiif :i ]>ihHog-
rapli}" of over 200 titles. List [»ricc 50 <]eiits.

H. W, Wilson Company, 950 Univereily Avenue, New York»
N. Y., publislies a sericB of books called The Reference Shclj^
Th^sse bookfi are colleclions of iipceche^ artirles, and other
<fri^jj^i«E dociiinenf^ Leariiig upon hilcIj siibjectB as Plans for a
Ptfst M^«r JVitrtd. frutcpcndencc for Intlia^ J^^aj^c Slabiliza.tion
uml Inflalioa. And Federal Hi'^ilafiim of l^ahor VaronA, Liflt
prii:e Sl-2i3 per cupy. Dija^wiiit W per cent.

37

Discussion Leadership Bibliography

IIO"W" TO I-EAD CROUP DISCUSSION. By LcRoy E. Bowman.

Published by the Wompu'e Press, 600 Lexinglon Avenue, New

York, N. Y. (1942).
DISCUSSION r PRINCIPLES AND TYPES. By A- Craip Bainl

Published by McC^raw-Hill Book Company, Inc., ^^0 West

42ncl SmeU Nf?w York, N. Y. (1943),
DISCUSSION METHODS FOR ADULT GROUPS. By Th*inia^

Fflnt^lcr. Piiblif^het] ity \he AiiacrkMii Ast)*>ci«ii*in f"J" Adult

Ed|ir;iiif>Ti, 52.S W^^sl 12nil» SfrcTU Ntw York, N. Y- (1934).

DISCUSSION METHODS, By Garfaud and Phillips. Y-dume
12, N». 2 «r Thi' H^'i^Ti'^rr Skrff. piiblifihrd by H. W, Wileoi.
Company, 950 Univcraily Avcnur, New York, iN. \. (1940».

3S

BF TACTFUL ANO nUENOLY . . .

BE Sj^JCERE AN& KNOW VOUR ^TIJFF.