Guide for discussion leaders

COPYRIGHT 1944

BY THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

TTiis pamplilet is one of n aeries maflt- availaMt- l*j' the ^iir
Oepnrtmeiil under ihc HCriep litle G. L RimmUabU'. Ab tin-
general tille indieutes, G. I. Rotijultuhtv puniplilcte* providt'
material wfiicli orieiitatinn and education cidicer^ iimy iJ!^e in
ccmdiiclTiip proup diBCiiesions or forniim as part of an oflT^hity
eduration profiram.

TTie ronlenl of entli paniplili't has hevn approved l*j" Uiu Hie-
Inricfll Ser\'iee Board of the American Hiplorical Aspocialion.

WAR DEPARTMENT
Washiiistoii 25. D, C, 26 June 1944.

EM 1, O. I. Roundtable.' Guidf fur DiHt-urmon Lt'oiitTs in pub-
linhed for llie information of all enni'enied.
[A.G. 3CK).7 (26 .Inne 441]

BV ORDER HE I'HK SECRKTAR^ OE WAR:

G. C MARSHALL,

Chief of Staff.

OFEraAL:

J. A, ULIO.

Majiir Gi-nvral

Thf Ailjiiltinr (ivtu'rni.

DISTRIBUTION: X

{Aildilinnal ropit'j* i*lion]il l»e reqniHtioned from USAFI, Madi-
son. Wisconflin. or nrarr-st Overt^en Braiiolij

Guide for
Discussion Leaders

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Why dfscussion groups in th« Army? i

II. Stimulating interest , , , - 3

III- Choosing subjects Ti

IV. How to lead discussion 13

1. Informal dltcuhian greup. r ...,.-..-.. ^ .. - , - 14

a. Punvi ditcuHJan ...,,..... 23

3, Sfnglfl-ipaokar forum . , 24

4- Piclogui - afr

5p Sympoiliim . - - - - - ... - 27

6. Dsbalo 27

7. Ou«1ian box , , - 29

V. Group discussion in isolated uniti 30

V(. Checking the result! 32

VIL Reference materials 34

GUIDE FOR DISCUSSION LEADERS

Jf ^ Jf

L Why discussion groups in the Army?

OnrH ie an Amij" of citizens Irainetl in deiiiocFalic ways. It is
made up ol' men eduralecl al {luhViv nA:]niah mu] iiiu\ers\tieA^
pxpcriciiced in Imsinees and profeBsioiial life, accii^Iomed to
ri'udJng jiowepapcra and nu^azine^ and to drawing Gut liuoke
from piibJic libraries. They liavc li«lent.Ml !o radio (comment alora,
attended and lakt'n ]>art in fonims, .-ifirted petitions, and joined
rausefi. Tliey are Aniem'aii eitizens who are need to asking
queglions and to holding opinions ahont cvtrythinj: that touches
their livpp,

Whether their opinioni) are we]] foiuided or not, they exprcee
them freely. To tlic extent that thny do not h;ive facts from
which to draw conclneiong, their opinions are lik<?]y lo b*; nn-
Honnd. If lliey lark facts, their morale may be weakened by
uncertainly almiit the purposet< and proltahle results of the com-
bat for which l]iey are so liji-hly trained.

One of tlir most efl'cctive ways of making it possible for men
to pet at the facts and to prc^parc tlieniselve?^ for the problemr^
that await them as citizenn after the war is to make it possible
for them to take part in informal discussion groups or forums.
Sncli discussions afford a chance lo cherk informatJon and lo
compare and iesl onl opinionf^.

This pamphlet tells how^ to organize discussion groups and
fonime thai will serve lhir» impnrlmit ediicatinnal purpose.

Tlie oLjei^tJvcFi of a f)iH;iiti&ioii |jrof;r-ani in ilit Army >ire:

1. To fiiriiitih inforRLatioi^ not utherwi.^e uvailalile lu tro»|>}<,
on inlcrndtioiial, ndlional, commnnily, and personal prob-

2. To train men in democralic methods of sUidyiiig and eolv-
inp conmmnity, nalioiial, jiiiil intenintionul probU-nm.

3. To offer men opportunity for orderly e!«elianpe and adjust-
ment of individual opinions on public jssui's of contempo-
rary in»p*jriiinrr.

4. To strengthen mnrale hy a»i:ii^ljnf; men to ret-o^nJze, ana-
lyze, and understand proldems that othrnvise may trnuhle
and eonfut^e them.

Warning:! It is important th;it all nffioerw who arc "livfu or
who as^^urne reNpoji^ihilily for ciri-anizin'' itr for leading; Army
dis<;usdions interpret the third objective with care, in phra&in[j
thiK objective ihe emphai^is has bi-cn ]>luecd di-libcralcly upon
indh'idual opinions. It in di-eirrd that officially ronducled off-
duly dj^ruhtiions alteniiil neither to JTidoetrinale men willi a
partieidar point of view nor lu lead them to any type of action
aueli as passing resohitions^ initiating petitions^ or otherwise
cryslallizinf: a group opinion. The ]iurpo.se of the meelings
should be that of offeriufE informalion and providinjx opportunity
for study. The leader should meet his (iroup wilh lite attitude
of an educator^, not wilh ihat of a propagandist,

II. Stimulating Interest

For pome lime discujision p;roups and forunit* of one type or
anotlier have been an active part cif off-dnty ednralion in many
Army i^amps and commands. The snccess and persistence of
many of these <^roup^ make it ohvitiUK thai lliin \^ ji kind of
arli^ity in which many Army men are interested. Research
studies within the Army have found personnel to be equally
inieregted in discussin-; problem* related to the war and prob-
lems relattrd to the home front.

It is 1o he expccled. however, thai a relatively nmalT propor-
tion of any organization will show sustained interest in organ-
ized diseitssion as a phase of the off-dniy edueationaJ program.
For those who are interesled, there is no better way of strength'
ening their understanding of the war and eonsequently rheir
morale llian hy mental exercise on aignificaiii and worlh-while
questions, Tlieir minds, hi any ease, will be inquiring and active.
Thhikin^ troid^lesome problems through will nirengilien theif
good mora]i\ That, in turn, in likely to hecome contagions and
to have a good efTet-t upon the morale of others who do not join
in the discussion groups.

Any military personnel may want to join voluntary discussion :
offirers, warrant ofHcrna, enlisted men, WAC personnel, or nun^rs.
Groups made up of all these classes of individuals have been
successfully organized. The decision whether lo limit attendance
to one or more of th(»«e elasF^es must he made in light of ioeal
condition** within tJie command. It is not inipoftr^ible aW lliat
civilians who work and live at an Army |jc)*i| may waiit to join
in organizt^d diseuri^'iiin. In most innlances, it is preferable for
them to have their own group; hut again iti this matter the local
situation will rule. Whatever decision is made to limit attend-
ance should be taken with the purpoae of creating favorable
eonditiotis for freedom and informality in discussion.

To organize a snccessful diseu^J^ion group it is eseential to
determine, hrst, the quewiionfl thai the men will want to diseuHa.
The special interests of the men at the time of organizing the
frrrit meetings in particular must he taken into account. Remote
and academic topics will misfire; topics of immediate concern
to tiie men will enahfe the leader to reach his objedive. (See
Section III, Choosing subjcrtf*. )

An.oflieer respon^ble for orfi^anizing a vohuitary discussion
group is advised to do more than annnunre lliat at 19,30 on
Thursday there will he a meeting of interested personnel to
organize diFic:uasionF4 of current and postwar issues. The leader
or sponsor of the group should do i^nme Apade work firflt. The

FIRST DO SOME SPADE WORK

foUu^ini! ddi^vices will lii-lp litjii ilftt^niinii^ liu^ iiKiiiy |>i.-rr4oji<:
are iiitere&led and wiial HLibjcrlr« lli^^y \vunlii Jikt 1u Ltik :i]>i>ijL

I. Alt inierehl igii4-!sli4iiitiui>-r : A .--luiyl r|iiei4LioTiiiuirL- rjii
be quiokfy j>r('p;ire4l ;iJiil iiiJiiii.'()>rni|ilii-il. Il .-^liiiulil i.'i.knt:iii» l^ii
lypet^ of t|ne^«finll^. 'l'llc^ Jirst hill iiii|Liirr u]ii'lJif-r llii> jiicii ure
iiiUTf^stt'tl ill ^11 oj>j>orliHjiL\ Ut (lisnt^.^^ iiiiiler iiiforinrd JfiiiltTi^
HiibjeolB haviiL<^ in iln ullli w^ir ntu[ j>i>^|h:ir problff^ihr^: uhetber
ilu'V wtkiilil |jrc'f<T ti» ln'iir jui I'^ptrl jiivi' ii '^lii»rl Ijilk on th<'
|>ri>]»leiij^ 1(1 Ue lollitneil b^ ijiir?j|irj|i<;; or kIi^lIjot \\ify ^oiiJil
pri-'fer nimply to bear tipt^-iiil lerliircrs. The seroinl lype of ipje?*-
tioii will enile<ivor lu ilitn'^civi-r ijili-rrr^lK in spit'i-ifir rjue^^tioiis.
Tbree y/ay^ of jrellinji ifiis infiirniMliciii iin- j^iijififskuL Om' is lo
let tbf men iimki:' a free Hioiiv by writiiiu ibe thiibjerlH ibey
would cliuoRe on fle\~er:il liliiiik liiie.n I'nllowinu ;i shtleineni like:
"On ihr bni's l]i.'lo\s urilr llir ,<iijliji^rts wbirli yon ^vonbl Hki"^
In i]isriir4E<^-" A -;eri»n(l \Miy i^ lo lii^t a (iu/en or rncm- ^^nbji-i-lr^

CAMP X
Curreut Affairs Forujii QuefitioDnnire
It ia proposed to orgatdze a current affaire fotum or dia-
cuHsion groap for interested personnel to meet one evening
a week. Ydu can aei^iet the ofliear in charge to plan a pro-
gram of th^ grealer^L interest to the g;reateat niunber of men
hy checking the ouawera to the queetiona below:

1. Would you like to know junrc abfiul currCDt aftaitB?

yea □ no n

2. Which of the folloving meihorfs nf leapnin^ ahout purrent nlFaii^
w<>LjLd yuu prEfi:r? Chert odh.

G Speech hy an aiithoritv^» followed by qutaiion period.

n Speech by an duihortty. »iihoui ei ciueaiiun ptinod.

G Infcrriiial diacubbiao of current ijlTaiiB under Iroined leaders.

3. Check below three &ubjecE£ ivltich you personolly vfould be moBt
interested lo dis^uRE or lo hear dinniiised:

National Afjairsj laiertiatiofial Prot^enn^

□ PIht& lor [joAlwar rniploy- G Colooifll policies

mcnl G Lend-lea&c

□ ProbloQid of amaU bu^ini-ds G Price of la^iliTig peace
G Social fi^curity G l'ri>pagando in KQrtime
[J Universal military iraining

PerRonal Affairs: Enemies:

G Educational opporlunilieA foi G Germany

Moldiera D Japan

D MarriflKe in i^anime n What ahoui ihc War Crim-

G] CITcrt of workiDi; wivdd un inah?

postwar tuiployment

AlUes:
G Russia
G China

G Britain <iiid tlic Brilibli
G Francn
G Balkans

J. Sugnest below Mibjci^ts in wbirh yoa iire inlcrpetcd but which
have not been mentioned under iiRm No. 3:

(Cradt- and OrBaniiationl

FIGUAE I.

5

pelecrcd from among iiiternationftl. national, community, and
pergonal prohlems. After each piibjrct a blank is provided- The
inelniciion accompan^'in^ the lift ehould at^k. thai from three
to five cljoicee be cliecked. A lliird way la to combine ihe two
methods ohove. Below the check list the man may be asked to
write on blank lines any Piibject in which he is inlererted, bnt
which ha? not been included in the list For a suggealed ques-
tionnaire see Figure 1.

Tlie Jeader ^officer or enlisled man) preparinp the qnestion-
nairc will deride whelher lie i^ill ^et more authentic iitfomiul ion
from llie men by having the questionnaires unsigned. Thif disad-
vantage of nsing uni^i^ed questionnaires is that an opportunity
i* lost to secure the names of interested individuals.

2- Announoemenl : Once the plans for holding a meeting are
made, interest may he sirmidaled or maintained by ajmounce-
Dienls in the camp newspaper^ over tlie local broadcasting eya-
tern, on slides during movie showings, or at formations. Such
anuuunremeni* are useful whellier tbey deal \iith preliminary
meetings to determine group intereeis or with information about
the time, place, and subject of a spei/ific di&cuesion llial has been
decided npou-

3, Bulletin boards: An obvious way to stimulale interest in
discussion group* — - proposed or already fnnclioning - — is to
maintain well-located bullcliu hoards. Posters, maps, newspaper
chppinge, and photographs shoidd he effectively arranged, A
clearly printed beading which gives the discussion subject can
he used to tie the whole exhibit together.

Aiiutlicr liulleliii Iiiiard clevirc^ ]» lo iii^kf^ a li^ rif inlripiiinp
qucslioiiB whit'h are boniitJ lo tume up ilurin^ ihc dit^rii^i^iiiii.
Arraii^K ihem imcler stuiip f^udi hoaJiii" ap "Ho yoii ever won-
der — ?'' and place ji nlo^aii iieluw like ^'Come Id nnd fiel

I he anawere."^

Malerjiil on bulletin hoards fihuu]d be re^nlurly elmnjced,
Biillelin boards on wbirli (■\liil>ilB are not etnistanlly Hianged
are of no vahie whiifhiiever.

Yon do nol have lo dittcard llie ideji of jxisien; and map8
bc^cauEe yun eaniini retpii.^ilion ibcni- Homemade onee^- lhere*ft
al k^ast one fair arlit^L in every cintfil — ciri^ often more intereel-
provokiii<x Uiiiii profc^onal prodiit-tionu. Every a^^reu<ilJon of
men foJlowti with interest llie i-reutionis of its members.

4- Moviei^: Films ^liown in ibc Army often leave niianswered
qnefltioTiK in the niind^ of the andienee. Tbe le<id<'r ran rapitalize
itpun ihf.at: by liniint^ thi- ditH-iintiion of n ]nirticidar i^ne ini-

mediately after ibe i^bciwin;; of a slimnlaliiifj fibn. For example,
'niie Ballli' of Kiissia" in ibe "Wliy We Fj^il'^ series mav ^riniu-
late a lively rlis^'usBioii on lliu |rcirtiwar ;tspiralions of the U-S.S,R.

r^

ONt GOOD ARTIST
IN EVERY OUTFIT

-ty<i

V-

fdo:^^

MOVIES OREN LEAVE UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
IN THE MINDS OF THE AUDIENCE . . ,

Similarly G, I. Movit- n■icilw^^* oflcn proviile provocalive din-
rii>4f*ion maJi'rial: C I. Movir }{eleutie Nu. J3 roiilfliiis a i^ertioi]
i^u11e<| "The Duh'h Tradilion." ^vhiell imty lie iiiM-'d as a slarling
poiiil Tor lalkiii^ ovir wUai shmilc) lie 4U»nu ahout rolomee in ihc
pni^lMiir perioil^

5, Exhibils of hoikki^ and peHo*lk-aIs: LibrariattH kiio^ Low
1(1 arrmiiri^ i.-xlirl>ils for llic piirpotie uf .--n^i-t^tttiJt^ r<:d<lii||> U* iJic
men. Siriiilar exliiiiil^ rHiiled It* n piibjtvl rliH^'n Utr ilii^c-ii.'^fioii
may ]>e itrran^^ei] liy the leader \vith the lielji of a liJtrariaii and
L-an be wl up in eilher library or serviie einb. By sn[j;^eslin^
prelinifnary recnlini:^ fxliibils will not only 8liniiiljite inli'rej^i in
un Hjirioiiiii-ed rlii^'ii?4sion^ but will also leacj 1<> more Tiiformed
disi^ns^ion on tb*^ pari of *troii]> meniliers wlio do aonie read-
infi. The exhibits, lied in witfi dt.s^'Orir^iiiri plans by nnan^ of an
arre^ling poitler or i';irj|^ ejMi he used eillier lo proinoli- ibe idea
i>f jironp diseiL^Hion or n |rarlreiilar niee^lin|^ ibaf lias been an-

Boonced. The a(lva»lapes of library or service elul» eshiljite of
books and periodicalB arc Iwd. Thf'so (?xliil»tB are eeeii by larpe
numbers of men when their minds are relaxed and rcccplive,
Second — and this is purti<'iilarly true of library cxhibil^ — tliey
are seen by officers and men who have finflicienl iniellcclual
interest to seart}» for reading materials. Amon^ this type of
personnel are fonnd tlie indivichials who will most desire to
takt; pari in disi'iisaion.

6. Oi^oni/inji eonimitleeB : Either before promoting a vol-
uiitiiry dlBenssion <^roiJ|> or vfry soon after ihe initial publicity,
it may be an excellent plan nndci" aome circnmstances to invite
a half dozrn oflii'ers and men In form iin ori^ani^in-i conimillct^.
The purpose of liavini; ijuvh u committee is to slart ihf f-roup
off with tlie eslal>lisbed policy of having menilier^ of the fi^rnup
determine their own program. More sustained intere^l in .my
voluntary arliviiy ia often set^ured if tlie participants have a
^are iu deciding its i»elbodB aiid specific objcH'tivos. The sug-
gestion for the inclnsion of Imth oflic-erf; anr] i^nli^lcd men is
made hernurte it ha.^ been found by experience that fret? die-
cnssion on a common ■n'oniid by holh adds ^ratly to the inter-
est ill llie activity. Oflirr^rs wiiu join witli enlisted men for thi^
purpose mufil at't as fclhiw inqiiirerw if the full benefit of eucb
a joint aL-|jvity is to be atlained.

Naturally care must he exercised in Uie selection of men in-
vited to form the committee. It is preferable to invite thu.se
who may have already expre.ssed inlere^pt in \]ic program, it
will assist the work of the committee if some of iheni bave had
experience on similar L-ommiltees in professional^ businerit;^ or
community life. Each one sln>uhl ideally have two character-
ietics. His intellectual interests should be stich that he realises
tlic imporlanee nf a citi/.enry informed on public issues and that
he understands the vahic of diecnssion as a method of study.
Hie personality shonld be one tliat will enable him to .sell the
program to other men with whom he is associated.

10

7, Portional invitation^: UsunHj il h pnstii1>1e to flisrover
wJk^il iriflivEtJu^ls are likely tu Idvc' i>i|ieri^il interi'Ki in foniiiis
and djeeiissioii g:roiq>*i. Interest ipieF^tiunii'iiri:-?*. if sip^it^d, will
give one clue. Casual conversation may offer another. Members
of sijcli a conimiltee as tliat c1eaeri]>ei] above shnnid be able to
sujj|jly namc^ of other persons also. The ofliecr or enlisted man
who ia organizing the program wouhl do well lo jot down any
namrH he is ahle lo t^ei-iire in [In^ roiirsr of ]u» normal eontarts
willi oilier^- Bolh leader and eommittee mendiers eaii ^lininlalc
interefit in the meetings liy iei^uin^ t^'-'''^**"^^ invitaliouB to afleud.

III. Choosing subjects

Clkoosini; suhjeetri for fomms or disrnssion [iron|>H is a critical
part of organizing the activity. No matl^^r what mellkod nf select-
ing subjeetri i.s ;iilo|)ted. it ,'<bi>iild roHnJi in a rhoioe which will
hold ihi^ group together. The li-<ider nniy liave in mind epcH'ifie
.^ohjeetH whieli be personally believer are important for the men
to diseiiH.4, He fihonld remember, however, thai be is iironjoling
a voluntary iicli^ily. He- ni"<^ds In fio'l Kid>jeel* upon which be
can expect to make a snereWul start. Ouee the group is orgun-
ined, be will have the o]»portunity of selling subjects for ^hiili
ibe iiiemberj# — if apprc»ached *VohP dnring lb'' development
period — might exjiress bllle enlbn^iasm.

One caution irs lo be observed in rhoosing snbjeetf*. No enhject
will lead to a valuiible disi^ussion nnlen^ ihe essential farts are
avaibihie to the group. Limit, then, the ehoice of snhjects either
to thoHe for ubirb aileqiiale referenee mi^rerr^iU are al band, or
lo those for wbiefi Mime jivailalile expert ran supply ibe faels at
the meeting. Unless tltis eantion ir^ observed, discussion meet-
ings are likely to fail in their purpose an<f may end in bickering
that reacts unfavorably upon mnrab'. Il follows ibat trivial and
highly personal snliject^ thai may lead lo a ^^gripe session^ are
lo he studiously avoided.

n

I- Aiiui^si»^ (if iiilrri>[ c|ui'htiiiiMiLijrt'H: '\'\i'}-^ i-« ittu- iEiL[>iirt:iiiI
ir^ of ihp (||jt^liimii;iir(^ flt'^irnbi-rl c.'jirliir. In rouiiliii}- llir^ voUv
for qiicslioiid c'li''i.'ki.<l i>r li?<h'i! by lln' ruLri. ri Mil! Iir holfifiif
to ri;arraiige them m ihe urder of prufiTcncr as iiiJicaled by
the tmmbcr of votes ret-eived by each. Tbi' U-adcr can ibiiP
get a roiifzh Uh'ii of tbe ^oricnil in^fri'si cif bis j;niiiji. Tbe
H|>e<:iiie Hnbjcrls jtrofprre*! wi[[ bc!p biiii di-lcniiiiio wlifther,
in tbe maju, ibf men arr inliTi'Sti-il iji nirn-ni war or in por^l-
^iir iincfllioii-?. ulirlfn'r lln:'\ ^vaiil In *li*<rii^s -u!>jci'|s of iiijlj-
lary. liili-nuilJoiiaL iiaiioo;ib i'oiiijiiojot\. or |M^rsiiii^i[ iitiport.
All :iiialy8is of t[ii> son will \iv. bi'l|)fiil 'ilso ro ^i pro^rajii
vi»rrimitl(H\ In U'^iiii^ (!u- LOuKsis il ik liiil io-i'ei-^:ir> for tbe
leuder or bis rronjniltci^ if fje liai^ on»', lo rlioose llioi^e siil>-

jects wbiiii ba\.' Hu' lari^csi o Iht i»f voin*. Tbe data from

tlie ijnrslioioiarri.' may be ii-ed r:il[irr as :i |>nidr lo rlie run^e
*»f inleresi lln'v (jispbiy. lin? eboirt- of *)ue^lionj^ for <bsriis-
tfioii muM bike iolii jii-roiinl tbe ;i\:ii|;ibiblv i»f reference
njalerral fur sMirly, ibe jin'serirr in ibe eoionnoid of hiiitalde
exjjerls, I bo jiid^iiienl of I lie lead it and bi^- I'oimoillee, tbe
poJieies of tbe conouaTidoi^ o^ieer, tbi- timeliness of the Mi)*-
jectfl F<iigge!4led, and similar eons! derations.

2. Pro^rum i-otnmillre: Il bas already been ftlressed rfiai
inleresi may l>e struiiilated h^ ni^Oi'' an or^ani^iii;^ eonimiller.
If <i eojnmiller h nsi.'rL tlie best uay lo nuike lY ffferlive is lo
^ive it llie s|>i'eific job of ]danriiiii> ilu' jtm^ram. Tbe mem-
bers ran evainine the d:i1a seeured li) lln' diidiT from Inleresi
i||jei4licinn;iin> and ran adiT ibeir o\^ii ideas mIiooI tbe firefi-r-
eiiee^ of Jin-ii vxlio an- likelx lo allcnd ibe )ne('lin<£S. If ibe
eummittee is rsdlrd lo^ellnT earl>. it I'an assist i\\ ihe prejiara-
tjoij of ibe i|neslioiinaire. The i-omniillee ran also ilt-lerniim-
wbat use sball he made of experts: \vb<il evperlp^ ma) be
avaihible: wheilier lo |d;io smiill iOid in fori mil di^eiissioii
groiifts. birder formiir^. or |iane] diseiissioiis^ uheri an<l nfien-
tbe mpeliriui4 will be held; wbelher ■finale meelinjis nr a serreb

i^lioiild be pluiiirf*f). K a tierietf 1^ ^ei|lr<1 iipuu. the cojninitlee
I'iiii selert ii iitlr Utr il like "<'.jmi|) Blank Korum'" or "G- I.
Roundlable/'

3. PhraMn^ ihp i|iieMioii: Wlipu .1 lopir hfm heen decided
upon. »l iR im|H»iianl to plirart' il hh i» diN-ij^RnhV que«tioii,
SiTcli Ji i|Tiefllion will dri^w allenlion sliar|>ly lo a niajnr igBiie
ci^i^ociated wiih llir topic- Mo^l rh'Ii fjiieBtionB should nfk for
a '^es^' or a ^'no" answer Fcir exajiiple^ ;»j*Kiinie ihal ihe
f<i]bject for di^'iJit^ioir is the type i>( et-oimiiiic nnd political
syjileni ihrtl niiiy i?nier<ie 111 France after the war. A topical
ldir?sin^ of this mibjcci Jikc^ "Fo*^lwar France" ie relativeJy
iiiiinlere^tiiif- »nd cerliiitily inrlirali^r^ nn diHi-nM^ablc isxiie. The
i]ueBtion, ^^Will ihe French Re]>iihlic- live a^ain?" niake^ a
better phrnsinp. it iuvitt^p ihe marRbaling of facts ubont
French eetinomy iind }toli1h^s iimurid like alTirriTHlive ^uid nef>a-
live positions which may br lakeu *vilh respect to the ques-
lion. Sometimes a IcaiW may he tempfeil to phraise bie
qiieriion i^o Afi merely tn <isk for jni'oriiLHlinii: "What sort of
government for pttslwar Francey^ This type of <|i]estion may
occasionally appear appropriate, but it in never an strong a
sprin^hoiirfl from which to laimch a discntwion as a question
that points the isenr clearly.

IV. How to lead discussion

frrenp dir^cii^srcm ran he ori^aiiiKcd in :i iiinnlrer of diiTert'ut
ways. Tbt^ nietJiorls ns<-(l in a ^iven command will depend
npon the local Aitnalion as judged by ibe rndividnal wbo
takes tbe lead in the planning- In ime niiit, small and in-
formal discn^iun groups muy be preferred, wit}i little tise
of pnbbc speakers. In another, the popular American fonim
for a larjic audience may he dewired.

Six common methods of discussion are described, Il ic^
recommended that the lea<ler study in particular what is said
about informal disi'Lissi on. Even if one of the more Formal di^

cuasion scltinge h chosen as suitable for use iii a given ronkmanil,
utauy of tlie ^ui^get^iiiin^ fur i-tmilnrliag inritmial discus&ione ivili
bu found applicable to tbe panel, tlic forums and tbe symposium
jiietlioda,

1. Informal iliec-uesion group: Uuilor Uiouglitful nm] effee-
iTve leadi^rship infoniMl iliH'Uh'sioii is ibe b^'st of all nii^lbods of
allaioing ibe olij<^clivcs ouliiiieil in Section I. This is Iruc bu-
cauge ibe small and informul ^roiip encourages parlieipation by
every member. Maxiniiim learning cif fatts aud cscliange of
viewpoJnlH in poHnible. Morale is bttilt up in ejvh indiviibral
who fi^Js he baft bad -a clirei-i share in ihc proceeilin|;s. Further-
more, die; bi:sl way to learn ia by (biing. If, Uierrfore, one of
the goals of tlir^cusFiion is training in ex|il(iring fm-ls an<] opinions
related to important puidic issues, informal diseussion i-roups
■will provide lhi& trainini- for a murU larger proportion of group
members (ban ibe more formal mellioils suitable ^vben attend-
ance ia large.

Jnfonutd discussiim groups may profitably be limilcd hi size.
Give and tuLc of rjiiestion and npinicin lietween all members
normally will ncil be attained iu a meetiu"; of miicb more ihan
twenly or twenty-five persoua. Fifteen or uixloeo ie an ideal size,
tboii^h ouly six or cipbt are needed for a lively diseussitin. In
order to attain a desired size, it is often praetieal to organize
two or more [groups whieh meet at different times or places. At
a large camp where dislanees are jj^reat it is a j^ood idea Iu hold
several meetings at various lotrulioriH wliirli will enable personnel
to attend without having io walk long distances.

A good leader can make big L-oulrihutions to tbe HiireerM* of
mriirniul di^cnssion. If be is tactful and friendl)' in personality,
be will probably be able to draw out tbe best in the men who
make up tlie groop. It is a very bclpful thing in a lively diacuB-
sioTi to have a tolerant leader who accepts a jiarlicipajkt^a opinion
as something to be considered tlumgbtfully iiiHtead of jmnping
in at once to refute a view that disagrees with his own-

14

The leader shnuliT be ahlc Xo think <]uick1y and to espresB
him^lf rk'^rly jjimI ^^itti ernnnmy nf >vor<U .mil lime. Tf he Iihjs
ji good ^en^e of Itiiiiior, he will be alth- li> eaee lerieion from time
1o lime l>y joking rt-niiirkK. The hcllrr be liket* bis job Jiinl llie
ilerper his inler^vt in Jl»c' ^nbjeel umk-r ili^ms^ion, the mure
Micressfnl the whole allair ie likely to he. Thai of course does
not nieau lli;il lie sliriiihl iiiJopl an air of arlifu'ial Jirarlinesfs
hnl rjither ibat ho shoiihl have a gi-nuiiic friendly iiitere^l in biH
«irnijp iii)d lis |>rnhlrni!*. Siieb :t Icarler will w^iTil to frrl I'oii-
lidenl of liirtiM-lf in handlini; the |iartii:iibir d]^eii8^i(iii tecbiiiciLu:
ibat 19 iiMvl, and be xtilj want to he ae familinr nn pos&ihic with
the siihjecl ihiil Ik i-l»nnen for ^Eiidy.

Tbe8c may ^^eeni very lii^h ijiKilifiealioiiH, hnt it is s rare com-
mand that will tit)} produce many men who run nieel. them.
Morenver^ il Hbi>ijld not he fnrpirien ib^H. r^kill deve]o|>r4 hy prae-
tiee, Somettnkea men eati he fonnd who already have bail jiraelirc
ill h-adin<r irronp ilij^enbibiion^. Dibf-rJii will lind that their gkill
will iiirrea^e a^ ibe di^'UF^Kioii tl^onpt? continue. And, us will be
8hown laler, even a leader williont experienre eaii do a <:ood
jub if he takea the trouble to prepare carefully for his meetings.

a. Relation of ihe It^ailer Ut the ^oiip: The reiaHonj^liip of

a di'^ruK'^ioti leadiT to bis irrciup differt^ from the eonventinnal
idpa of military iea<lerfibip. Unlike a mmniander, a disi-ussion
lender does not lead by example or altempl to insj>rre eonlidence
in bimMi'll as an i'\piT|. He ninsl not \ii: a pro]>a^amlisf-. On tbe
contrary, he mnsi bimnelf be iui imniirer. He wins eonlidejiee in
bin lr4idiT>^bip hy bis ai^ijoainlaikre wilb tbe hai^k^ronncl nf the
dit^-n>!siMn and hy j^roposin^ a way lo liie ne\l step in ibe dis-
eUKHiiin, He does not fitke tbe next step and ex]>eel tbe other
members to follow. He ik in etwence a <rood trarber ralher than
an aearlemie leeUirer.

Tbe skillful leader opens tbe iliseuBsion with a brief elatemenl
or tbe qne^'^liori ;nid the r^:iJieiit fsicls related 1o il^ This takes
j^erbaps five mninli'^. Tben he starls ihe disrnssion wilb a

15

piiiiilfrd (|iu*titioii. He k.ee|)fl the (ttsriitt^ioii alivr, if it faltrrK. hy
hiininiiiriKiii*^ |iointi4 iiijiti' or i-nMirs cmisijlrri'il iUirl by iu'^kiii*' :i
<|i]estioii thai reilireria tht- t:ilk. Ai iIh- L-rid hf ^LiminnrtKrA all
major pointR ihal have hp*-n fonftiilrred, willioiit aTtemjiling to

riiig Ja^l pi>irtl \e ijnporlaiil. Tlie li.Milfr iiiu^t avotd lliu loiiij}-
talion to c)im-h ihtr i|i^riJ»vion wilh mhiif slaied i-unrhiKiun. He
iiiiij^il ri'nu^nilirr lli:it oiit' of his chief dutJeB te \o lenvr- all ■'mi-
i'}|iF*ioris In llic indiviilLKit.

Th(? Biureths of a diBcuasinii i]e|ieiiils iipnn the tlioiifrltlfiFhiL'Sfi,
bri;u<UI>. iiTiil njn*Timiinli''hn"i^f; i»|' lh<- lalk llial liik<i^ jihiri' — imt
i]|i()ii SLK'li tjii^ihle TfSiillH jkS n^iirlLi.'fiiiiiH n'urlit^il. If ait eiili>^tod
perecmi h srU^vicA »a \v\tt\fr^ rl \& witte whciieviT pu^eihle to have
aji (iflioer prer^ejil al iIk- nifcliri;:. Sincr i>ff'ihjr\ riliir:Lliriii is a
fmx'liim of citmiiiaiK], n rejircst^nlalivt; uf Lhi- coiikfiinuitt^r
tihonhl tuee thai ihe objeHivi'fl iif ilifrci'iifwion ure iitlained a8 ont-
lim'fl here.

Till' feadiT, *jf foiirf^i.", iired iiol i'eL^I iliiit he sIioliU never etnte
hij^ uvtu opiniojK There wre many oi-eHflionE^ whfn he irnn dfi »n
ill a iiiajiiKT tlial wiH moI jeof^j^rJi'^i' his sl^iiitliiL^ atn chairman
ol" tlie u;ronj>. lie rxprtfii^os hie owji opinions iis ihe ollierj^ do
when the opportnniiy ot'ciirfi, IjuI he is ii»^iiu]]y more rtnroeftflful
in hia leader^hi|i -.in he reduces the amount of dijitciissron time
wliieh he personally nses.

Many leaders ussi^i ihe o|>eiiin^ slalemi^ril or final *<iimmHry
or hotli of them tci int-inhi-rs of ihe ^nM]|>- -a di-vire uhirli is
partieidarly ueeftil when siome ■;n»n]» mt-inbers are even belter

DON'T LET EM Vf ^ Xk GO TO itEEP

informed cm iIk- ^iiltjei-t lliaii \» ihv lea<k-r. Thix is i\n illu^trd-
lion of ]iu\v ihe leu<Ier run bolli eiiiiiilify liU jn]t and get valuuLI?
I'diic^itioiiaJ riL'8ii}|p hy <]el(.'|^;iliii^ lertiiiii liisk^ lu olfiers, At^ a
FurlhiT <'\j»i»|il<\ i\\ one nirelin^ On.- Iradrr mi^lil ask one indi-
vidual to f^vc tlie inlrodiH'irtry ^l^lemi'iii of fyrls <»nd rcqaeel
ii ^rond to hjke niitiiilps i^u^^ iiijikr iht' t^iimijiiiry whiidi clo^eti
ihe mcclinp. In lhi>i rase the Irsulrr wonhl be respontiible for
ihc opening ifiiet^liiin and for frijiibo^ tlie course of tlic ditM^uti-
8io>k with neeeesary (|notil)oim and interim rinnkmaries.

Ii. Pn-|>uralion by ibe Feni]<*r: Tin- leader mupl prepare for
eacli nn-Ttiiij; ihoroni^liK. 'I'liis is fiir niorf^ ini|n>rlun| llian ibal.
he he fai^ile in ibe eondm-t of ihr aeliial meeting. By oarefnl
preparalion a lender cjiii d<i nnu-h loward rtJwnrinp an inlercsi-
iii*" mi-t'linj' r\('^n if he iK not an c'x|ierieijred rbiiirniart, Thr
necessary |irc[>Jkra1ioii[i ijni l»e brii'Hy titalerl, bnl ibey reqnirr
time atnl thon^hi,

{ 1 1 The leader tiiusI, if por^fiibh'- 1e:im in advance tlie inler-
e8lri and poinle of view of the hiilividual^ hi bis f^roiip. If he
ran talk informally wilb ihrm lirfcm' ihr niertiii[^, Im ran leiim
the iieneral poinl of view uf eaeli and at the t^ame lime hel]t

MEPARE VOUftSElF
THOROUGHLY

77

cin'li In lifi-onit ai?i]iijiinterl with liini. This will lend to break
rfowM any BtifTrii'^^' wliicli niuy he naliiral in the firM mt^eiin^ of
thr f-roiip.

{2 ^ The leader niiiPl fiiniili:»riKC himself with the subject for
di&cii6Hion 1(1 the extent nei.-e»sary for intellifzent li'ader.^hip- Tlu6
does nol meiin that he in ohlij^ed to nijiki' himself an expert on
iiny MihjiTt lh;it may eoine inio lii^ proiirani. To do eo wi>ii]d
be preity oliviously in]|ii)iiwihle. But he innnl know rnoii<^h itboat
ihe impnrliint it^snc-j^ 1o I'MJihle him lo Lei'p llii' train nf talk on
the- Lrark and mnvin^ furward. l.ikf a f^ooil ini^lnirlnr he nitist
nol hesitate to aibnit lark of iiifomialion. When a (|ncEtion
arises, bin ni»rmal |>rnrediiTe in any eii^ie is lo rlin'rl it to Mime
j;roiip niL-nkher tor answer. Jf no one linllirit^ntly informed is
present, be ean ^v^lh a feidin^ of perferl atwiiranee j^iifigest a
source fniin whicli llie nii^^'iiii^ faets may be i^ei'iired.

I J f The leadrr }^hoiild prepare an outline of tlie eonrse of

thp dij«'usnion us be fanititep it. He will, either as part of biS

onlline or H^[*arale|y. pri'pare n lisJ of ipjestions wbieb may or
Hlioidil be asked. He must mil, however, jiemiil bis prepared

LET 'tM SMOKE

BUT KE£? THE ROOM

VEh^ltATfD

18

outline lo become u iilraii jackel for llic di«(?iit^iori. The actim)
diflcuesion ran Ijc expelled to follow a {liffcrcnt courj^e from ihe
one planned in advan(:f^ but an oullLiie u'ill a^i^I the leader in
hh peraonal preparation, ll will aleo help him to dietin^uish
between major ieeues, whieh flionld be developed ^ben tliey
arise, and minor or unrelated issues, which sbould he quickly
pas^d over.

(41 The leader most decide hi advance whether he will use
assistant leaders, and must see ihut tliey too are prepared,

(5j The leader musl dei^idr whether he will use such aids to
prceentinj^ his basic facts as a Idarklioard, charts, diagrams, or
otliRt visual aids. He must have any such desired materialH ri:ady
for use,

G. Conduct of the mei'tin^: Jn drHrribin^ the dutie-s of tliB
leader much has already been slated or implied about the eon-
dnri of the nierlinpp. Ik^re is a siunniary of a number of addi-
honal detads which the leader must have m mind:

(1 1 Physical surroundin^rg Hliould l>e as comfortable and in-
formal as possible. Wbclher Ibe f^roup is seated outdoors or in
a library, day room, service rlob, ar lent, the membcrw should
arran<ie themselves so as to he able to see each other. Smoking
should be permitted. If ihe meeting is held iinloors. the leader
should he careful that the room is properly ventilated.

(2) The Icnglh of the meelin^ should be rigidly lin*ited. An
hour is about the ri^bt lime, h h beiler to close a meeting
while the interest in ibe subject is bi^b than to rit^k boredom
by allowing it to continue overtime in order to attain some aim
or conclusion preconceived by the leader. Many nf the best
radio forums elosi- in tlie very middle of lively discus-sions. It is
not necessary to exlian.''t the subject — and the audience,

{3) To a newly orgaiii/ed ^roup the leader should annoimce
briefly tlie procedure to be used; that personalities are not to
be discussed and that comments or questions must bear on the
snhjeet or be disallowed.

19

CLASSIFY TYPSS

^4) 5^ti mill ill iiig itiul gfiidin^ ihe (li^cd^icm ir^ tin' inopi im-
|ii)rl>iJJl j**i* (if llie le^icler clurin*; ihe iirliijil iii(^cl-iiJ<;. Ht' hlinulil
f£ij»de almost entirely' by agkiii^ iguetiljons^ by briefly citing a
spprihc cartp fckjlowed by n qiirMion^ or by sumiiuiri/inii. Hii*
ijiicMioiiJ!; nbould a^k for rfai^onft anti caiiflefl (wliy?U for (acln
(wbal?), for circumHtaiK-eH umler ^liicli certain lliin^ may he
Inu' ^wben^ i , for e\|ire«iioiiw of o|iiTtii»Ti (wlial ilo yoti lliiiik? I,
unci for uumnmn gnmnij iipcin hfiicb ntfine uf^reeiiienl may be

reaohpfl. The lo-adef ^liouKl uvoid rhelorit'^il qnrrJlionhJ and ^ny

cjiie^lioji so obviOH8 llial il lan br answered t^imply hy "yes"
or ^"no/" Tbese usually block di^i'iinBiou.

KEtP ON
THE TRACK

Very orraHionally ^ quepiio" reijuiring "y^'' ^^ "no"^ for an
ijnewer, bowever, cnn be aeed effectively. A leader for example
will filalt" brii^Ry n dofinile position ibnl can be taken wilb
rei^pect lu an isaue. He will tben ask a member wboni be piiinlK
ont: "Do yoii u^ec wilb ihat or don't yon?" Tbe member's

30

HANDLE THfM SKILLFULLY

"yes" or "no" unilfr llic rij^hl rirciiinslanrt'js will nlarl a lul fif
|>ro1retf oji iJir ]Kirl itf tho'^i.- w\ut ilina^re^ (villi kiiiii, :jjii1 l\u*
dietiu&sioii it* off to a iii^w Ntari.

^killrnl Iciiderti uill a^k ijueKliiiiiK i>n|y wlit^n iir'^rR^nry. Many
ilotn\ qiirKlicini? will lojiie from llie i-rtiiJiJ- Thi-y nlumlil Ik: cii-
c'inirii^eil by rripiully roinnimi: "Thai iH a piottil iiuestion. Who
can jmtiwer ilii'" The leader usually iieerln only lo ^iJtrU lo eliuii^ie
the (lirei'iion of ihe ilipniJ^sion, lo hrit»fj ihe memberfi hat-k when
ihey Wfiiiilcr Ino I'ar. au*} lo hniii£ mil ilijTiTpnL poinlti of view.
i3t Biillt eonlrollNi|f aiirl i-nonura^hii; participaliotk by iill
iiiemherj= requires Hnilerslanilioj; autl Infl, The talkitlive mem-
ber bIiouIiI ho alhiueil imly his ehdre of ibe Time, jind llieii
^lioiild be thanked fnr bi^ Elalemeot iknil reminileil that everyone
mue*t huViT Win np|torMiinly to speiik. The ^ilenl member eao he
eneonratieil lu Bpeak if ibe lotkder wiM ai^k him a direct r|iied1ioii
ahikiJt which he is known tci por^i^enfl infornialioii or lo bold ni\
opinion. Tile iipinionuled memhiT must be led lo mider^laml
ibat positions iltfTerent I'rom liis are reaM>nubh^ and ihat ihou^lt^
fill per^onH do ehani^e their o]>itiioiiB, \^ hen the anerilolal mem-
ber lamiehes forth inio hJH personal experienn^ al jireal len^lli,
he must be bandied a? the lalkalive member. The impatient
memlter 1b lookin<^ for a ijuiek^ lure-all soliilioii and h pi'rliaps
too lazy to think a problem throiJ<:h. lie needs to he (old thai
the proeofts of dij^eiiH.sJon eon^isis, nol of giving, but of carefully
nearebinu; for eonebi^rons npon which eaeh individual iiJ^nally
nini4l decide for hiniBclf.

(6 J When tbe iliBcnr^ion wanders too far from ibe subject

21

PAKEl OI&CUSaiON

or wJn*n il fjives signs o{ llajipinp;, it is n ^ond llnnj: lo rqummarize
ihc chii:f points niiiilp up lo tliiU nionitni. TJie <^ia^u^!aioiI tan
then be redirected by another qiir^lioii From llie Ii^arlt'r.

(7) Annonnce rln^ nii]>jcti, lim.', plufe, and s|ieL-r:il speuki^r
(if uny) of llie nr\l nn-elin^ in a scries. If si subjei;! for llie
next nieetinfi^ has not heen deciJeil upon, take the last minute
or two to si^ciirc siii^^e^tioiis from l}ie i^roiip. P^ind mil if the
^roup would like to coiitinne <[iHCU8sinp some issue that has been
raised, bnt has rot been explored llionmjrhly duriiiji the meet-
in^^ Or iir^L for ;l r<how of hands on two or ihree other snltjeetti
uhii'h may be interesting to the members.

2, Panel dtsrussjoa : A panel i-onsists of a snrall f^roujj uf six
or ei^ht persons, who carry on a ^nided and infonnal discussion
before an audience as if llie jKiiii'l wen' meelirij- alone. Thr
procet^diiigg. of llie panel shonhl he the same as those described
for informal drscussron: vofunleerini; of facts, askini; qneslious,
statin" opiniouH — all exprcj^sed wilh ;;enialily, wilh respeel for
the eoniributions of oilier nu-'oihers^ wiLliniil Kj>eerh niakin^. and
without making invidious personal references. This primary
ftinetion should occupy approximately two-thirds of the allotted
lime — say forty minutes of an hour's meelin*;. The secoI^dary
fimetion of the panrd lh to answer i|neslions from the audience.

This discuH^ion method is suitable for iihc when h relnlively

22

largi' aiidiciite \» imluijiiito*!. The iliwudvanlage of die method
iH d»at il <^ojitinL'8 mohl of ilic Jt!^L-ii£^iuii In d»e panfl ilsclf. Tlie
audieace Uitten^ qikI is piven .1 clianci' to agk qucstious, bul for
ihe moel part in puKi^ivr nnd retopdvc,

Pam'l dieoussioiKs, if well mndnctcJ, uni ii^u^lly more interesi'
ing \i> tlir nuilicncc ihan i^ l}if .'iini-lr-spojiki^r fcitiini. Tln-y pro-
vide suiririeiiily vcirii^d riash of opinion iinil present a lion of facia
lo pive even llii- ipiicl oit-mliers of llu? iiiidienre a feeling of
viciiriuii^ parlicipntitjii.

Quiilily und Ih^Uh of Irjtdersliip in punel disc-iission are eimiliir
lo iJiose deRcrilied for informed dif^m^aion. The li'ader miisl in
addition laki^ sjieeiid eure to nelecl panri members who can
lliink and sjicuk <^ffrrtively. He mutit uIho lie tt-vrc that they
pre|>are themselves to diKiiiss Uie snbjecL Dnrinf; the discns^iun
by ihe [Kinel Uic lejiJer Ikus snJ>Filai]ii:illy die t^.imi; duties a» in
infornknl disenssion except ihal he fthonld keep hinie^elf more in
ihe bueki^ronnd as ehairnmn of llir panel. He can do so beeause
each member of iFir panel is in reality an aSHiHlunl to llit^ h'ader
and JB responsible for Hjierilie c-oniribniiiniB lo the proeeedhi^A.
Wlien the t^nhjecl is thrown open to die bon^, it is the lcader''s
job to recognize appropriate ipieslioni^ and to reject ihoBe not
bearing on Uie snljjeel or involving persona litii v. Some queb-
tiont^ he may unswer himself, bnl usually he ^houhl repeal ibe
question and call upon ciiii: of tho panel lo answer it. By pre-
liminary annonneement ihe leader may alno lell the audience
thai they may din'el queslione at parlieular nienibera of ihe
panel if they ehoosc. In any ease, durini; ihe question period
ihe leader needs In maintain sirii-l enntrol. On many Dceasions
this inay bt? ihe loii<'hest part of his assi^inmenl to earry off
efiieiently ajid wilb ^ood liimior.

While it in eustomary lo eonline ondienee questions lo a spc-
i^ifir period* some leaders permit qirr^lionr^ from the Huor at any
lime. Unlof^ very earefnily limited hy die leader, this prarllee
may interfere with clfeelive diiicHi^ion by the panel-
Arranging ihe panel properly will lend effecliveness lo ibin

23

F09UH

form of diecii^ion. Tlie iiii^nihtTH kIioiiItI fare ilir audience. One
potiRible arranffcnu-iit is illii^lriileii on page 22. I| is important
thcil fiwU |>iiiic-T nkfiiifier ikdjnsi lii^ rbair so ihal lir ran i^ee every
other meniher willionl eH'iirl- VUr t'li^iirman will hIao (nid that
ihe best plai'CH for hi^ remliesl tipoakera nre at tlie extreme end^
of lh*T liible. He t^honlil keep the more relirenl memhere close
to him Fio thai he ean rij^adily draw rhem mil with ilirrct qncs-
tionr^. if ihe ijtiieter uiiee STt on the fringeti of the pjiiel^ the
niorp volnble nirmhpre are <piitP likely lo mnnopnlize the
dittcnsAkiii.

3. Single^F^peaker fitriim : ThiM is a {^itod typi: of prreenlatjoii
when an imHvidtial who \» an ^^expert^ and a slroiig public
speaker vai\ h** secured for the meelhi^, !f a series of such
forumfi are lo be planned, il ^*ill be iieueasary in all probability
to eaf] npon a differenl speaker for each oceasion. Sometimes il
may he poseibln lo invite pnc]> i^peakers from nearby nniversifies
or |jrofex8ional anci either local assoHalionH. Often eompetenl
Bpeeiahstfl may he found among the officers and men of the
rnmmanrL

The siii^jc-hpeaker fiirum bus ihe disadvantatii; of pr<teentinp
for contsideralion only one point of view — thai of the speaker,
Aji occatJiiHial npfaker may Iry lo explain varions poBiti^mfl tllol
may be taken on the basis of the known facts which he outlines.
It is neverthtles8 difEirnIt for hinu in HpriP of ihe snoft conseien>

24

lioiiF^ elTiiru 1i> iivoul sire^ping Iiik own [»i>iiil itf view more tliaTi
cklhent. If \\\e iiiMlirnre or any ^izahle rractiuii uf il fciiln to
ai^oe wllU him, whal follows llic epitecli ie tipl. lo be a battle of
wiU, Such a liiiiile may try ilie ekill auJ good humor of both
tlie speaker and the leader-chaiiTnan,

A second disadvantage of ibc si ngle-spe alter fonini is lliat the
meeting h based on a lei^lure. Men bear ho many of tbese ibat
only the best of ihcni i^ot across. Tliis is not to say that the
xin^le-r^pciiker fiirurii in it poor metliuiL With ihc Hirht speaker
jiiiil mider a tompetenl (-hairmiin, il ran bt? ]ki{!;hly t^limiilalinjf In
ibe lliinkin^ of ihc uiidieiire.

The fuiirlrons of tlie leader nr modemior of ci foriini eon^ipt
of the following:

(1) To prepare himself in advance on the auhjet^t-

(2) To inform ihe audience about forum prorednre — how
long the speaker will talk, when ibc audii-nre may ask cjue^ilJons,

wlial kiiida of que^lionE will be rei'ot^'tiized by the moderator,
and hotv lon^ the ipicstion period wilJ last^ (An address of
rwi'iity ti> lliirly minutet^ and a i|nestion period of about twenty
minuter are reconmiendcd. )

{3) To introduce (be speaker^ explaining; wliy he lias becR
invited to speak and sljitioi^ the i|iiestioi] whieli he will dis^'UHS,
(It is important to tell the uudienee what point of view toward
(he ipieslion h repro^enled by the s|jeaker.)

(4l To asrtiire i-ood ipicslionio^ fnm» the Huor. (Three or
four individuals may be planted with specific ipiestionjH in the
audience. Or npu'ci. wrillen (fiicrJiions may be sohcitcd in ad-
vance. The firsi sii4^i|;eslion fits naturally inio the (piesticio pe-
riod; tlie seeond i^ likely lo make the forum en t-and- dried,
though it is Mmielimes useful, f

(-11 To rccoj^ize c|neEtioncrs in parliamentary fashion and
lo restate fliiilable qnestinnn for ibe speaker. (Aecet>taide <tnes-
tionti aBk for additional farlH^ for an elaboratton or explanation
of some HialemenI already made, or for an expression of
opinion J

25

(6| To Irain ihe audience |o i^Uck lo tlie point and lo be
tolerant of opiiiiuiiH <:otklrLtry to iheir own.

Two types of audieiii't? nifmlHTv ure jikidy lo n^qinrc flpecial
handling by the nioderaior. The man who tries to make a (Speech
in die guise of a question may he stopped by a request to re-
phrase his question briefly. The man who merely paraphrases
whal the speaker has already said for the sake of hearing him-
self talk should be inlcmipled with a remark thai his statement
has been covered by tlie speaker. Tn general the moderator will
bavc lo help ibe audience imderMlaud its part by reoo^iizing
relevant questions and praising ufkusually good ones.

4. Dialoffue: Tbe dialogue is a kind of iufunnal 1ec:ture-
ftirum. Its procedure is nmilar to that of tlie fonnn cxcepi ibat
the leader or moderator acts as an interlch'ulnr. He prcparcH
as carefully as does the chief speaker. To slart the discussion he
asks the expert a direct question, Wlien he hai* received a reply,
he may give some interpretaliori cir rommeiil of Iijm own and
follow willi another question. Tims be guides the speaker from
issue to issiie until tbe siibjet't has been as fiiHy pret^ented as
the time allows. Audience questioning of either member of the
dialogue follows.

Because the moderator bas the njtportimity of gnidinR the
expert and because he may j<lress a position ihat difFerw frcjm the
latter'e, tbe dialogue need not have the disadvantage of present-
ing only one point of view. In ihe handt^ of a skillful inter-

DIALOGUf

locator it poEBe^ae^ fur a Urf/t: audience advantages Bmiilar to
those of a panel digeuefliun.

5- S^inpoBiiim: Thia is aiill uuother lype of forum. By pro-
viding Iwo or ihree epeakere, each charged with the duly of
presenting a diiFereut puint of view, the sympoeiuni coTificiou^ly
attempts to direct audience attention to varioui^ approaches to-
ward the prohleui under tronHdcTulion. lu ihifl it leaves less to
ch-ince than doea the infornml dit^ iir^iiiu or the panel diseuesinii.
It is to he preferred to the single-speaker forum unless the siufi^le
expert can make a hrillianl prcj^'nlnliou. Naturally its siirress
will also depend ufion tlie uompeience of the symposium
ni embers.

A por^sible dir^advanlage of the symposium is inherent in divid-
ing the lecture lime helween li*o or three individuals. iVo one
of them can give anything hut a cursory treatment of his pha^ie
of the subject. Thus ihe symposium may lose in depth while
it gains in eompreheni^ivencss. This tendency to lack detailed
treatment may be balanced by spreading the symposium over
several meeting:!;, all dealing with the same general snhjecl.

Participation by the audience is usually more limited in the
symposium ihan it is in the single-speaker forum or dialogue,
}iu1 ihe general techntque, i. e.^ the duties of the moderator, the
speakers, and the audience, are the same as in tlie single-speaker
forum -

6. Debate; UnlesH debate is used to stimulale a disi'U?*ftion

DfHATE

27

that fciJlowB the lurma] dpeechee, ii will nnl be a con^triirlive
activity for the educulionnl program. Deliale, liowever, ie attrac-
tive to AniericanB for two rcaHous. Mot^t of ub have JiBtcncd to
debates and many of li^ liave taken part in them at echool or
college: so tlie Betting is familiar. The compelilive feature of
debate appeals to American amliences. Bui tbe combative atmos-
pbere of deliali^ itt^niefl the baaie principles of discussion. ThtJ^c
imply an impartial examination of tbe facte aud an attempt to
reacb a solution acccplablt from a number of viewpoinls. If
debate ie used, llie imly way to meet tbis dilemma ie to tbrow
the subject opeu for discussion by tlie audience wilh tlic debatert^
acting as tbe experts.

There are other ditiadv ant ages to the debate form. Debate
implies tlial lliere are only two sides — aElimialive and negative —
to tlie question^ while uumeroiie public ii*»iiefl are many-eided.
rurtliermorc, all members of each team muat su|jport one side
or tlie otiier of the proposition regardless of whether they agree
fully with iL To this extent debatt is forced, artificial- and
rigid.

Tbe Hubjeet for delmte muat be so pbraaed that one aide will
categorically uphold it (the Affirmalive ) . and ihe other will
opjio^e it (ibe Nci'altvt ) . Normally euc-b leuiii will have two or
three members. Tbe debate hepiiK* with the first speaker for
ihe Affirmative. The main speeches allemale from Affirmative
to Negative until the last ^jieuker for the Negative has fiui^bed-
In preparing tlieir main speechee the team members divide be-
tween ihem Xhr rtiatenieius of faei luid issuer* wbirli they wish
lo make. After the main speeches the rehullal epeeehc.^ begin.
The first of these is made by a speaker for tbe Negative followed
by an Aflirniiilive rebuttal, and ^o on. Tn the rebultiil F^peeeboH
each member tries to disprove or raiee ubjeclions lo points made
by the oppi>.4Jng team. For this purpose each side has made notes
of arguments or fact^ advanced by their ojiponenls.

[ii debating it is customary for specially appointed judges or
tlie audience tn vote either nn tbi' merits of tbe qnetiliun or nn

ta

tlie itffeclivejiet^th of the fireefT-^iilutiuni?, Then everybofly ^oe» home,
having vieweil a purely iK'itdemit- (exercise. To inuke ilebaiea
useful in ihe Arm)' educcilioiiiiJ prtifirrum a ijueslioii period hy
the nudieiK-e should replace llie voiiii^. The (]ije?lioMiii^ (should
be controlled hy ihe eh^irnmti of ihe del>iile. nt^hi^r ihe meihofiB
already referred to in ihi? pi»ni]>hlet.

If the dehale is to be al ull effective, the debaler^ uiuel be
compeleul Fipenker>i<, must he able ta ihijik c|iiu'kly on their
feel^ and niu&l be aei:|uainted with llie formalities of the dehale
meUtod- They niusi either he e\pi^rlt! in the suhjeet or make
ibeniselves sueh by .^^luily^ Eacb leant miisl d<i u "uml ijejil of
joint preparation of speeehea and study of nrfaimcnls that may
he advaneerl by their opponenls.

In conohisioM it n»ay he ^riid ll»at ibe debaie in in general nut
well adapted to the attaiinnent i>f the objective^ ^iveii in Sec-
tion I. The spirit of discussion in the Army i*- inlcnded to be
uue in wbicli the chief purpoM^h are seekirif^ iufurmation and
exploring a variety of opinions. Since any definite action like
the passing of rcHolulions is not dcsiri?rl on the |)ar1 of men,
purtis'^n advocacy of a ^iven opinion — an iniei^ral pan of debate
— doee not easily fit the Army proj-ram.

7. Qiie&liuM liux; Thf question ho\ may be used as an aid to
stimulate an iiiidicm'e >vbii-1i il \t^ feared nuiy not vuhmleer
i|uestions from the Moor. Il can be usi-d with any of llie forms
j>f diseui^iun allended by a {|ueslioii period.

The mei'lniitic.^ of the ijiiesMon ho\ are simple. All llial is
necessary is a Hlratc^icaily lociilcd juiJ \* ell-ad verliscd box. In
it inlcrcsled persons may place ijueuiioni:* in advauee of tbc meet-
in^. If the (|nc>tions are to be wriltei* out and colh'cled durin|i
a meeting, ihe audience slionld be supplied with sItpH oi paper
or small cards, Knouf>)i pencils should be on hand to h<dp juen
who du not carry one.

The ipieslioii bo\ is :i device which may assist llie leader lo
control the iiueslionin^ \i'ry ri|>idly, hec^iiL:^^ he can select U't

29

aii&wcr in advance only those qneslioTiH lie deeitiw suitable. The
ilif-ail van tape of thin line is ihul il reiliuTS unilit^nce p;irlieipalion
ulniosl 111 nothiii^^ with au attendant droji iu inlerot^l. li is
recommended only for nse al lar^e mectinjie when for Mime
reason it i^ deniraMe In limit ihr rani-r of ijuestione or wlien it
is believed that spontaneous (jueations may not cume from the
audienee.

Another use for the ijuesliini liox is to roJIecl ideas for future
dtscussiona.

V. Group discussion in isolated units

Commanding ofTieers and orierilatiun oflioers of gmall luiits in
ii!iulated loi'iilions will find ^roup ilismeflinns ii vuhiahle off-di^ly
activity that slron^ly ii|i|)ealn to l}ieir more inlelh^ent men.
Under certain conditions, effective group djt^uesiotis <^an he

9A

411 Jill jliittib^ iiri' lhc."*:c:

1, Prepenr<^ wilhiii thr i-mniiMnrl i-f «'in- i»r more imliviiluiilii
(im'frriililv i-tilii^li-i] ittTf^onJii] t wlifi >vil1 ikifike hnii-f'^Mul
[^nuij* li'fidiTK — nif'ii of iii1rlFir:vnr<: w\t*\ li;iv<^ f|(iitlilii's nf
lijiilcrslni* iiml iK'lirvc- m Uir |n>wsi|»ililiefr nf I'n-c |]isc'iitHAifiii.

Pi>p<hili[v llki'ri' ;irr funtH'r li-iirhcrK, Jjiwyt-rh. |itihlii- epi-Jikrrs-
;irii| (ilbiT jnc'ii i"f i'\ji('n*'iii<' i" Tlirc'rliii^; <liKtiissjfnif; wlii» will

2. Kvirli-niT lltjil a mmrlxT of >m-n in llic ntiiiik);iii<l woiiJil
like 111 (lisr-iis,-- i-iirn-iit :iir:i)i'h !»iiil |tni]»li'mH \\iM rinircrii llM-ni-
Tliis <'vi*|riiri' niiiy riiiiM>^l <>f e\ihhii[; '''Inill M's-icnis^' (»f ili»iilil-
III) viilin" \u mor^rlc^ iikri>rm:illy *-xj.r<'.N«i*l dchircp itt whirh
kiinu'li'ii^i- liJk^ 1-1 in II- li> rc^tKiiiMlilr nffiriTh. or itirorrii:ilii>ii
<k-lihfr;i1r]y ;£;il]»C'r<-(] Iry iiilnfiiutl (jiU'r^lNtjiiJiiirr.

.1, Prew^MCi" of RrtlWf mni wliOBi' ("diHiilii^n fiini inlert^^iln arc-
Hn<-|> lli:il IIm'V ''iiM 1"' iiM'il iiK f-\]K'rls !(■ f;ivi- ilisiiiMsicii «rini|»
mi'mlH-r,'" l>iirk;iroiiml fiii-lrt im siiJkjctlr^ wliirU il ih ili'^ireii lo

Lj iK(>lnti-(] miils wln-n' IiooVk }':ii»ii»lilrl^, jnul |H'rii«lir:ils for
rH't^miri' arr |iirkiii|; Imt \\lii^rf iLi- llirri- i-t!hc-ii|j;il vouililiojiK
hold,, ihf ftdlduiiii^ iiroiTihin- is rcrniinni'mleTl !<■ i»IIii:<'rh who
ileBire lo or^niiiKc iliM^irvion ^ronjis:

FIRST— Del iTlMiin' llii- siil^jerlK l|n- ini-n iiri- iiln^iidy liilkiTif^
iilto^it tit wfiiiFil lik*' l(» di^nisk. ,iji well »fi ihi^ir fjciHrnf iiiIitckI
iij ilisi-iissinn^ To jii-roiiijili!><li llti^ nj^iki' ifKr of yoiir |ic'rr:oiKil
kiiowlc'd[;f of ihv iin^nV inlrn?K|i% llii- koownloifp' |ior^i-Kt;i^i} by
oFlii-r iiilic'iTs or noiii-oiikiiiisi^ioiir-t] i>fli< ith;. or ;kii infiiniKil
ijkir^^rioiLiiJiin'.

SECOND— Soarrh ihc romni^kul for jjoPftiMc- ili^iiesinn
leailerh among tnili^iv d poreoijnrl. To .ir<-(kkik|>1i>^h tbif draw
ik|>on y*>"i' "Wii or ollirr-^"" iir'|n:iinl:iikrt' willi ijnlividTiiiTp liv
your kiiiil, ^iiktl e(?ar<'h llic ijlc of SoMin'ri (Jiiiilifir^ilion t«nK

91

THIRD— Ganvaaa the t'omniiind for "experts*' wba will sub-
Htitule for reference malerials. To ai'iioniplish ihie, be^n by
ijotiiif; ihe range of eubjccte tbe ^roiip may whh to lulk abouL
Troiu tbere, proceed llirougli every posaible personal eontaet
to fiod men wbo bave Bpeeial knowIedg;e of ibeec eiibjccte, but
do nol neglect to searcb ibe filir of QiiulrHoation Carda. These
cards contain a niaas of inforniation about nien^fi ei\'ilian train-
ing and ftpecbil interests. Finally, interview seiected men to
find out wbetber tbcy have tbe backgronml knowledge you
need for your purpose.

FOURTH — Your final step consifltH of selecting a subject
and an expert for a first nictating, of finding; convenient pliysi-
val arrangements for ibe meeting, and of publicizing ibe new
iietivity in sucb a way as to reacb aU personnel wbo may want
to attend.

BUT REMEMBER— Your program wiR nand or fall on the
quality of the leadership and tbe availability of either experts
or adequate reference materials. CoiiJ^lmrtive diHeu^ion^i mnsi
have basic liackground information, Tbey muat also he con-
ducted in accordance with relatively simple, common eenae^
and we 1 1 -recognized principles which have been described in
this manual.

VL Checking the results

There are several melhodtf of estimuting whether ibe diseus-
i*ion program is getting rcsulls. From those that are listed hcrf
il is suggested tbal each leader ^elei-I such us appear 1o ofl^er
him a practicable combination for checking tbe results of bis
own program.

li Attendance: The regularity with wbirh particular indi-
viduals attend thi- lueetings and the growth in attendance are
iiHlication»« of success.

32

2. Altilurles: A rerord can he kept of any change in the alti-
tudes of group members with re&pect to eiieh points as:

a. Tolerance of opposing opinion.

b> Willingness lo ask ijueslions anrl expre^r^ upinions-

c. Skill iu asking pertinent and important qucatione.

d. Willingness to listen.

e. Avoidance of personalities in remarks,

f. Friendly interest in other group members.

g. Desire to t^ontinne llie disenesion after the nieeting-

3. Reading habits: Increased use of hooka and magazines in
the library before and after the discussion may be taken as a
sign of stirred interest, if the library provides pertinent malerial-

4> Group participation: Tt is poHsiblf to appoint someone to
keep track of the proportion of available time taken up by the
group members as distinguished from speaker or leader. The
higher this proportion is^ tlie more sueceseful is the meeting. Ail
increase in the number of individuals participating from meet-
ing to meeting i» a healthy E^giK

5. Germane discuaBion: If the niinitles show that tlie thread

of diseussion kept close to the iitinounced subject^ the discuj-sion
may he considered lo have heen well led. This is no! lo say,
however, that very effective discussioiiB may not develop from an
important side issue of tlie planned subject.

6. Interest at close of discussion: If the group or audience
has evidently not had enough when the leader clows the nn-ft-
Jng, the meeting is an obvious auccesa.

7. Posl-dUeussion interest questionnaires: It is possible to
develop a hricf questionnaire to measure the t^uiccss of discus-
sion meetings. The cpiestionnaire i<houId fit local needs. It can
contain such quesLions as:

33

H- Wa» the labeling (subject) iniereaiinB?
□ very □modi^rfltely □ not at all.

b. Will you rome aBoiji? O Yes □ No.

r. Dill ihe Itader (apeakcrt lalk

G liKt long G juBl long enough G ^oo liltli.-?

cl. Hid yoo take part in ihe rlii^rut^tTiDn? G ^*'-'' D No.

t. Suf;|!;e?t llt'lo^^' what you wnuld cnnsidfr an inifre>itiiip> Kabjert for
n rDMiing nii-cling:

VIL Reference materials

A aeries of reference pamphlets for the use of diBcuBeion
leaders is published by the Wnr Depaiiment as numbered Edu-
cation Manuals in the eame formal aa ihifl o;uide. Each of Uieae
pamphlelB, except the present one^ includea factual material
about some question tliat may be of inleresE to personnel in tbe
Army. Eaeh eontains specific supgeelions to the leader as to how
lo handle the issue in a discussion meeting. The aubject of each
pamphlet has been chosen after an analysis of research studies
made of ihe interests of Army personnel. The manuscript for
eaeb pamphlet is written in popular style and is prepared by
an authority on the suhjeet for the Historical Service Board of
the American Historical Aseoeiatinn, The general title for tbe
eeries is G- /> Roundtahle. New volumes of tbe series are to
be published at frequent intervals. Orientation and education
officers will receive a sample distribution of each as it comes out,
together with inatructions for requisitioning additional copies
that may be desired.

Reference materials published by the ^ ar Department are
refitricted to those thai eomply with Title V of Public Law 277.

34

(See W, D. Biilletm No. 5, 1944 and W. D, Circiilar No, 128,
1944.) Before materials piililished. by any private or publie
agency including those Imed below are ut*ed. for off-duty dis-
cussion, commciiiiling ofliirets should fiatiafy themaelveB that ihe
materials comply with A,G.O. ktter [A.G. 014.35 (28 Apr 44)
WD-MB-M] dated 27 April 1944, eubject: Restrictiona in new
^'Federal Voting Law'^ on dissemination to members of the
amied forces of pohtical argument or political propaganda.

Magazines are a rieh aouree of reference material for diBcus-
sion. Because they are eommonly available, among llie mora
useful fox this purpose are The Readers' Digest, ^ieifsweek.
Time, Lifcy and Fortune. The licet four are included in the Unit
Sets of Magazines distributed to oversea commands.

Reference pamphlets that will be useful to discussion leaders
are distributed by a large number of publishers. They can
readily be secured for gronps wilhin tbe continental United
States- Some o( the publishing organizatiune are given in the
list below. The list is annotated with information about the
character of pamphlets pnt out by each distributor, prices, and
addresses from which pamphlets con be purchased out of library
funds or other funds available to the leader-

List of Publishers

American Council* Institute of Pacific Relations, 129 Eaet 52nd
Strectj New York, N« V., pubHahce two aeries of pamphlets* one
independently and the other in cooperation with the Webster
Publishing Company. Subjects have to do with the Pacific Area,
Typical are Meet the Anzacs; Asia's Captive Colonies; China —
-America's Ally; Our Far Eastern Record; Mftdern Japan; Land
fij the Simif^ts. List prices vary from 5 to 50 cents. On orders
of over 25 copies discounts vary from 20 to 40 per cent depend-
ing upon the individual pamphlet and the number ordered,

Commiesion to Study the Organization of Peace, 8 West 40lh

d5

Strcei, Npw ^ nrk, N. \ ., piililishes nialeriHlK cm postwar prob-
lems, PiiRiphlrU Tiiiiard Grpan*r fra'tiom^ is an eveelleiit sliidy
^ijiU«; In :i Viirtely of poelwur problems. List price 15 ccjils.

Foreign Policy Aeeociation. 22 Eaat 3Rili Street, New York,
N, Y., piJkli^hefl Headline Books ami Fnrrjfin Policy Reports^
Subjcc^td ileal willi foreign nntion,^ ami tlirir Rociah economic,
and poliliral prnhlemf*. Typical Ht^atllint' Bnohs: America's
ttattli'lront-s: RiiKsia at War-^ Thv Stntfi^ff j**r World Ordt^r:
Look al Latin Amerii'a: Aim'riran Fori'ifiit Pidicvi East and
West of Sitfz^ Fiin'ign Ptdiry Ht'porrs on eurrenl inteniiitional
problems tire ptibbsbed <in ibe Isl iiml J5lh of eiub nmnlb.
Prices ^botli beries I 25 cents per eopy. DiisriHinls of 20 per cent
on in to 99 oopieti anfl of 40 per cent on 100 to 409. Special
dieeounls oit nrniBLiitlly )ar<£e ordere.

National Planning Association, 800 21et Street, N. W., Woah-
ington, D. (L, pnblisbeti ntateriak on |>ostwar prnblem^ in a
series called Planninf^ Patnphlt^rs. Typical enbjecis; Relief for
EuTop*': Outlook for Dortit^stii' Air Transpitrt: OntUrok for thf
Railroad Indnstrv: When Dejnifhiiizatitm Day Comfs: Post War
Inditslriafizafion oj China, List price 25 cenle. Dtsconnts of 10
per cent on 10 to 50 copies, 15 per cent on SO to 100, and 20 per
cent on 100 or more,

Oxforil Universily Press, 114 Fiflb Aveiine. New York, N. Y»
pirblishes ^erii-s called America in a II orfd at If'nr. Tyjiical sub-
jeota: An Atlas of the IKSS^R.: Htidio in Ifartinie: France and
tkr ffar; Womi'n in flip War Production' German Geopolitics.
List price 10 cents. Dieconnls vary from 10 to 40 per cent.

Pnblic Affairs Commitlce, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York-
N. Y., pnblislies panifditets on world and national affairs. Typ-
ical r*iibjecls: Safeguarding Oar Civil Liberties; Rebuilding
Europe — After Victory: Freedom from Want; The Airplane and
Tomorrow's Worlds List price 10 cents. Discount of 20 per ceni
on orders for over 25 and under 100 copiee; 25 per cent on
quantities over 100; special disconnte on orders over 500,

Twentieth Centnry Fund. 330 West 42nd Street. New York,

36

fS. Y,^ publialies u ueeful study und r]iHi:iiHj4iun ni^inual L'ullril
U^arfini*' Fficts and Post Ff «r ProbU'ms, wliirli cuiitains a hihliofi;-
ra]i)iy of ovur 200 titlca. List price 50 fle»t3.

H. W. Wilson Contpany, 950 University Aveuue. New York,
N, Y., piiblialies a series of books called The Referfncc Shclj^
These books are coTlerliojin of ftpeecliee, artirlpw, and other
(iri^ital dociimenlH bearing upon auch subjects as Plana jor a
Ptfsr (Fnr if'iirtd. Irnicpendti'nrf' for India^ If'/if^e Slahitizatiim
and Inflaiii/n, and Federal Ri^gidaiitm nj Labor Unions. Lint
price SLS!) j»er eopy^ DijjU'oiinl 10 per c'eut.

37

Discussion Leadership Bibliography

HOW TO J.EAD GROUP DISCUSSION. By LcRoy E, Bowman.

PublJtihed by ihe Woman's Press, dOO l^xinglon Avenue, New

York, N. Y. 09121.
DISCUSSION: PRINCIPLES AND TYPES. By A. Craig BairJ.

Published by McGraw-Hill Bouk Company, Inc., .^30 West

42nd Street, New York, IN. Y. (1943).
DISCUSSION METHODS FOR ADULT GROUPS. By Thomas

Fanfilcr. Published by ihe Amerieaii A^eocialion for Aduli

EduratioTi, 525 Wi^sl 12nil» Smel, New York, N. Y. (1934).

DISCUSSION METHODS. By Garland and Pliillips. Vcdume
12. No. 2 of The Hvfinncc Shrif. published l»y H. W, Wilson
Company, 950 Univerj^ily Avpnue, New York, N. Y. (1940).

KfEP ir

LIVFir

38

BE TACTFOL AND FRIENDLY . . .

BE SINCERE AND KNOW YOUM STUFF.